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THE
JOURNAL
OF THE
Bombay Natural History Society.
EDITED BY
JVC. PHIPSOW, G.XKE.3E.S.,
AND
VOL. XVI.
Consisting of Five Parts and containing Eight Coloured Plates,
Thirty-one Lithographs, Eleven Photographs and Eighty-seven Blocks,
Dates of Publication,
Part I (Page* 1 to 191) ... ... ... ... M. nth Dec, 1904.
„ II(Pages 192 fo 898) *•• « 15£7t J.^., 1905.
„ III {Pages 399 £o 531)... ... ... 5th Aug., 1905.
„ IV (Pages 532 £o 763) ... ... ••• ... ... ... ... •>. 2n<2 2Vou., 1905;
„ V {Index, (fee.) «. w •*• ••• ... ••• «•• m Slrf ^aa., 1906»
J$ 0 m ft a g :
PRINTED AT THE TIMES PRESS.
CONTENTS OF VOLUME XVI.
PAGE.
The Birds of Travancore, By H. S. Ferguson, f.l.s. With
Notes on their Nidification. By T. F. Bourdillon, f.l.s.
Part III 1
New Species of Indian Hymenoptera. By Major C. G. Nurse,
113th Infantry, Indian Army 19
Sexual Colour- Dimorphism in Birds. By D. Dewar, i.c.s.... 27
Note on Sexual Dimorphism. By L. C. H. Young, b.a 37
Note on Sexual Dimorphism. By Capt. W. G. Liston, i.m.s.,
m.d., f.r.s.e... ,«,.'. 39
Notes on the Birds of Chitral. By Capt. H. T. Fulton, d.s.o. 44
Water- Yielding Plants found in the Thana Forests. By G.
M. Ryan, i.f.s., f.l.s 65
The Birds of the Madhubani Sub-division of the Dar-
bhanga District, Tirhut, with Notes on Species noticed
elsewhere in the District. By C. M. Inglis, Part VIII... 70
The Butterflies of Ceylon. By Major N. Manders, r.a.m.c,
F.Z.S., F.E.S 76
Description of Sixty-eight New Shells from the Persian
Gulf, Gulf of Oman, and North Arabian Sea, dredged
by Mr. F. W.Townsend, of the Indo-European Telegraph
Service. By James Cosmo Melvill, M.A., f.l.s., f.z.s., and
Robert Standen, Assistant Keeper, Manchester Museum, '
Part I. (Plates A, B) 86
List of Indian Birds' Eggs in the Bombay Natural History
Society's Collection on 1st September 1904 99
On Some New Species of Silver-Pheasants obtained in Burma,
by Capt. W. G. Nisbett, Lieut. It. Clifford, and others.
By Eugene W. Oates ]12
Insect Life in India and How to Study it, belng a Simple
Account of the more important Families of Insects,
with Examples of the Damage they do to Crops, Tea,
Coffee and Indigo Concerns, Fruit and Forest Trees in
India. By E. P. Stebbing, f.l.s., f.z.s., f.f^s 115
The Moths of India. (Supplementary Paper to the Volumes
in " The Fauna of British India"), Series III, Part II. By
Sir G. F. Hampson, Bart., f.z.s., f.e.s. (With Plate D) ... 132
5L
vi CONTENTS.
PAGE.
Miscellaneous Notes—
1. — Some Notes on Birds taken at Coonoor, Nilgiris, in May
1904. ByD. Dewar 153
2. — The Occurrence of the Black-capped King-fisher
(Halcyon pileata) in North Lakhimpur, Upper Assam.
By H.Stevens 154
3, — The Yellow-bellied Fly-catcher (Chelidorhynx hypoxan-
ihum). By H. Stevens 155
4. — The Occurrence of the Red-breasted Goose (Branta
ruficallis) in India. By E. 0. Stuart-Baker, f.z.s. 155
5.— The Occurrence of the Masked Fin-Foot (Heliopais
personata) in Lakhimpur. By E.C. Stuart-Baker, F.z.s. 1 56
6.— The Enemies of Butterflies. By E. H. Aitken 156
7. — The Recent Plague of Locusts in Bombay. By E. H.
Aitken 157
8. — The Himalayan Nutcracker (Nucifraga hemispila). By
William Capper. Col., D. M. E. in India 158
9. — The Himalayan Nutcracker (Nucifraga hemispila). By
Chas. M. Inglis 158
10. — The Black Stork (Ciconia nigra). By G. H, Evans,
f.l.s., Major 159
11. — The Great White-Bellied Heron (Ardea insignis). By
G. H. Evans, f.l.s., Major 160
12. — The Asiatic Two-Horned Rhinoceros (Rhinoceros suma-
trensis). By G. H. Evans, F.L.S., Major 160
13. — Late Stay of Snipe. By G. H. Evans, f.l.s., Major... 161
14.— The Ancestry of the Horse. By L. C. H. Young 162
15. — Birds observed in the Nilgiris and Wynaad. By A.
M. Primrose 163
16. — Cassia occidentalis. By B. H. Barlow-Poole, f.l.s. ... 166
17. — Notes on the Nesting of some Birds in the Upper
Chindwin District, Burma. By H. H. Harrington,
Captain », 166
18. — Notes on Burmese Reptiles. By G. H. Evans, f.l.s.,
Major 169
19. — The Nidification of the little Blue-winged Pitta (Pitta
cyanoptera ) in Upper Burma. By G. H. Evans,
f.l.s., Major 171
CONTENTS. vii
PAGE.
Miscellaneous Notes — contd.
20. — Vegetation in Sind. By H. M. Birdwood, c.s.i., m.a.,
LL.D 172
21.— The Russell's Viper. By L. L. Fenton, Lt.-Col., I.A. 173
22.— A Cobra Feeding on Eggs. By C. P. George 174
23.— Bee-Culture in India. By C. G. Nurse, Major, 113th
Infantry 175
24 — Assam Birds. By A. M. Primrose 176
25. — Breeding Seasons of Big Game. By E. Comber, f.z.s. 176
26. — Albinism in a Shrike. By G. C. Dudgeon, f.e.s .. 179
Proceedings of the Meetings held on the 16th June, 18th
August, 29th September and 24th November 1904 180
The Moths of India (Supplementary Paper to the Volumes
in "The Fauna of British India"), Series III, Part III.
By Sir George Hampson, Bart., f.z.s., f.e.s 193
Desckiption of Sixty-eight New Shells from the Persian
Gulf, Gulf of Oman, and North Arabian Sea, dredged
by Mr. F. W. Townsend, of the Indo-European Telegraph
Service, 1901-1 903. By James Cosmo Melvill, m.a.,
f.l.s., F.z.s., and Robert Standen, Assistant Keeper, Manches-
ter Museum. Part II. (Plates C, D.) 217
Descriptions of Two New Snakes from Upper Burma. By
G. A. Boulenger, f.r.s., v.p.z.s. ( With a Plate) 235
Some new Mosquitoes from Ceylon. By F. V. Theobald, m.a.,
communicated by E. Ernest Green, f.l.s.( With Plates A andB.) 237
Description of a New Snake from Burma (Oligodon M.cDou-
galli). By Capt. F. Wall, i.m.s., cm.zs 251
Plague, Rats and Fleas. By Capt. W. G. Liston, i.m.s.
{With Plates A and B.) 253
A Catalogue of the Heterocera of Sikhim and Bhutan. By
G. C. Dudgeon, f.e.s., with Notes by H. J. Elwes, f.r.s.,
&c, and additions by Sir G. F. Hampson, Bart., b.a., f.e.s.,
&c. PartXVIl 275
Notes on Snakes collected in Cannanore from 5th November
1903 to 5th August 1904. By Capt. F. Wall, i.m.s., c.m.z.s. 292
On Fishes from the Persian Gulf, the Sea of Oman, and
Karachi, collected by Mr. F. W. Townsend. By C. Tate
Regan, b.a. {With 3 Plates.) 318
viii CONTENTS.
PAGE.
The Fauna and Flora of our Metallic Monet. By E. Blatter,
s.j 334
Supplementary Notes on the Coccidje of Ceylon. Part III.
By E. Ernest Green, f.e.s., Entomologist to the Govern-
ment of Ceylon. (With Plates H—K.) 340
Notes on Small Mammals in Kashmir and adjacent Districts.
By Colonel A. E. Ward 35S
Miscellaneous Notes —
1. — Melanism in Black Buck. By J. Manners Smith,
Major. [With a Photograph) 351
2. — A Rare Indian Game-Bird, the Mountain Quail (Ophry-
sia superciliosa, Gray). By E. Comber, f.z.s 361
3. — Simotes splendidus. By Geo. H, Evans, a.v.d., f.l.s.,
Major 362
4. — Note on the Digestion of Eggs by Cobras and Daboias.
By W. B. Bannerman, m.d., Lt.-Col., i.m.s 363
5. — Do Wild Animals ever die of Intestinal Obstruction ?
By W. B. Bannerman, m.d., Lt.-Col., i.m.s 363
6. — Kiug-Crows and Mynas as Mess-Mates. By D. Dewar,
i.c.s 364
7. — Occurrence of the Scaup Duck (Nyroca marila) in Oudh.
By F. Wall, Capt., i.m.s., cm.z.s 367
8. — Luminous Plants 367
9.— An Egg-eating Cobra. By E. Brook Fox 369
10. — Locusts. By Cecil E. C. Fischer, i.f.s 369
11.— The Habits of the Leaf Butterfly. By E. Ernest Green. 370
12. — Breeding Seasons of Big Game in India. By A. H. A.
Simcox, i.c.s 370
13.— Notes on the " Houbara." By Reginald H. Heath 372
14. — Occurrence of the Black-capped King- fisher ( Halcyon
pileata) in Waltair. By P. Roscoe Allen 373
15. — The Breeding of Russell's Viper ( Vipera russellii). By
F. Wall, Capt., i.m.s,, cm.z.s 374
16. — The Crocodile ; its Food, and Muscular Vitality. By
A. H. A. Simcox, i.c.s 375
17. — The Urial of the Punjab and Ladak. By R. L 376
18.— Abnormal Sambar Head. By J. D. Invorarity. (With
a Plate.) 378
CONTENTS. is
PAGE.
Miscellaneous Notes — contd.
19. — The Goosander (Merganser castor). By A. M. Primrose... 378
20. — Trout, and other Fish and Fishing in Ceylon. By R. A.
G. Festing 37i>
21.— Big Game. By R. G. Burton, Major, 94th Russell's
Infantry 384
22. — Double-headed Snakes. By F. Wall, Capt., i.m.s., c.m.z.s. 386
23. — Winter Plumage of the Male Bengal Florican (Sypheotis
bengalensisj. By F. Wall, Capt., i.m.s., c.m.z.s 388
24. — Note3 on some Bangalore Snakes. By F. Wall, Capt.,
i.m.s., o.m.z.s 389
25. — Egg-eating Cobras. By F. Wall.. Capt., i.m.s., c.m.z.s. 395
Proceedings of the Meetings held on the 22nd December
1904 and 9th February 1905 396
Description of New Species of Moths from India and Burma.
By G. C. Dudgeon, f.e.s , 399
The Common Striped Palm Squirrel. By R. C. Wrought
ton, f.z.s. ( With a Plate.) 406
Rough Notes on Six Common Hill Orchids. By Major M. B.
Roberts, l/39th Garhwal Rifles. {With 3 Plates.) 414
Birds nesting in the Murree Hills and Gullies. Part I.
By Lieut.-Col. R. H. Rattray. {With Plates A and B.) 421
The Orchids of the Bombay Presidency. Part I. By G. A.
Gammie, f.l.s 429
The Moths of India (Supplementary Paper to the Volumes
in "The Fauna of British India "). Series III, Part HI.
By Sir George F. Hampson, Bart., f.z.s., f.e.s 434
The Economic Uses of Shells. By E. Comber, f.z.s 462
Further Notes on the Flora of Northern Ganjam. By
Cecil E. C. Fischer, i.f.s 473
A List of the Birds found in and about Madras. By D.
Dewar, i.c.s 484
Miscellaneous Notes —
1. — Tigers hamstringing their prey before killing. By C.
W. Allan, b.f.s., Divisional Forest Officer, Pegu
Division , 499
2.— Nesting of the Hoopoe. By Arundel Begbie, Major
(Indian Army) , ,. 501
x CONTENTS.
PAGE,
Miscellaneous Notes — contd.
3. — Food of predaceous Flies. By F. Gleadow, i.P.s. 501
4. — Occurrence of White's Thrush (Oreocincla varia) in
Assam. By William Moore 502
5. — Hereditary melanism. By W. B. Ferris, Lieut.-Col. ... 502
6. — Curious ferocity of the Indian Tree-pie (Dendrocitta
rufa). By Arundel Begbie, Major 502
7. — Breeding Seasons of Big Game — (1) The Nilgai or
Blue-Bull (Boselaphus tragocamelus). By C. W. M.
Hudson, i.c.S. (2) The Persian Gazelle (Gazella
subgutturosd). By J. W. Nicol Cumming, Supdt.,
Seistan Arbitration Mission • 503
8. — Strange mortality amongst Termites in Tea-Bushes. By
E. Ernest Green 503
9— Size of Snakes. By L. C. H. Young 504
10. — A congregation of Harriers. By C. H. Donald 504
11. — Size and breeding of Snakes. By John Hagenbeck ... 505
12. — Tiger versus Bear. By G. K. Wasey 506
13.— Plucky Pee- wits. By J. Manners-Smith, Major, v.c.,c.i.e. 507
14. — Notes on the occurrence of Bonellis Eagle [Hieraetus
fasciatns) in Cutch and on some Falcons and Hawks
observed at the old Fort at Bhuj. By A. Delme
Radcliffe, 105th L. Infy 507
15. — Occurrence of the Black-capped Kingfisher (Halcyon
2?ileata) in the Godavari Delta. (A Correction.) By
P. Roscoe Allen , 511
16. — On the occurrence of the Lady Amherst's Pheasant in
Burma. By E. Comber, f.z.s 512
17. — Catastrophe amongst the young of the Indian Cliff-
Swallows (Hirundo fluvkola). By Arundel Begbie,
Major, Adjt., Cawnpore Vol. Rifles *. 512
18. — Nest of the Brown-backed Indian Robin (Thamndbia
cambaiensis). By Arundel Begbie, Major, Adjt.,
Cawnpore Vol. Rifles « 513
19.— A bold Tiger. By H. Tyler, i.c.S 513
20. — Arrow heads in a Bison. By H. Tyler, i.c.S 513
21.— Bird's nesting near Mhow, C. I. By Martin Young,
m.b.o.u., 1st York, and Lane. Regt ,...0. 514
CONTENTS. xi
PAGE.
Miscellaneous Notes— concld.
22. — A Snake's nest. By Arundel Begbie, Major 516
23. — The Himalayan Nutcracker (Nucifraga hemispila). By
C. H. Donald 516
24. — Eagles as barometers. By 0. H. Donald 517
25. — First record of the nidification of the Indian Hobby
(Falco sevp.rns). By K. C. Macdonald (d.s.p.) 518
26. — A Woodpecker's dilemma. By G. H. Evans, Major,
F.L.S 518
27. — Food of Python molurus. By G. H. Evans, Major, f.l.s. 519
28. — Breeding of the Banded Krait (Bungarus fasciatus) in
Burma. By G. H. Evans, Major, f.l.s 519
29.— Fireflies. By W. S. Millard 520
30. — Curious accident to a Dragonfly. By W. S. Millard ... 521
Correspondence —
Shooting in the Bombay Presidency 521
Proceedings of tbe Meetings held on 16th March 1905 and 6th
July 1905 525
A Popular Treatise on the Common Indian Snakes. Part I.
By Capt. F. Wall, I.M.S., CM.z.S. (With Plate T and Diagrams
I, Hand III) 533
Notes on Rhinoceroses in Burma, R. sondaicus and suma-
trensis. By Vety. Major G. H. Evans, f.l.s 555
The Orchids of the Bombay Presidency. Part II. By G. A.
Gammie, F.L.s. ( With Plate I) 562
The Common Butterflies of the Plains of India. Part I. By
L. C. H. Young, b.a., f.z.s., f.r.s. {With Plate I)... 570
Descriptions of Indian Micro- Lepidoptera. By E. Meyrick,
B.A., F.R.S., f.z.s 580
A Visit to Narcondam. By B. B. Osmaston, i.f.s 620
The Culicid Fauna of the Aden Hinterland, their Haunts
and Habits. By W. S. Patton, m.b. (Edin.), Lt., i.m.s.
{With Plates A, B, C, and D and a Map) 623
On the Distribution of the Varieties of Cobra (Naia
tripudians) in India. By Lt.-Col. W. B. Bannerman, m.d.,
b.sc, i.m.s., Director, Plague Research Laboratory, and
Aesistant Surgeon J. P. Pocha, in charge of the Venom
Department, P. R. Laboratory. {With 2 Maps) 63S
2
xii CONTENTS.
PAGE,
The Mangrove of the Bombay Presidency, and its Biology.
By E, BJatter, s.j. (With Plates A and /?.).. ^44.
Birds nesting in the Murree Hills and Gullies. Part II. By
Lieut.- Col. R. H- Rattray. {With Plates C, D and E.) 657
Insect Life in India and how to study it, being a simple
account of the more important families of insects with
examples of the damage they do to crops, tea, coffee
and indigo concerns, fruit and forest trees in india.
Part IV. By E. P. Stebbing, f.l.s., f.z.s., f.e.s 664
Birds of Seistan, being a list of the Birds shot or seen in
Seistan by Members of the Seistan Arbitration Mission,
1903-05. By J. W. Nicol Cumming, Superintendent,
Seistan Arbitration Commission 686
The Moths of India (Supplementary Paper to the Volumes
in " The Fauna of British India"). Series III., Part
III. By Sir George Hampson, Bart., f.z.s., f.e.s 700
Further Notes on the Butterflies of the Lucknow District.
By G. W. V. de Rhe-Fhilipe 720
An Appeal for Lizards. By F. Gleadow, i.f.s , 723
A New Mouse-hare of the Genus Ochotona , 727
Descriptions op three new species of birds obtained during
the recent Expedition to Lhassa. By Henry E. Dresser,
m.b.o.u., f.z.s 728
On Dolphins from Travancore. By R. Lydekker 730
On a remarkable new Squirrel from Burma. By OMfield
Thomas 737
Miscellaneous Notes. —
1. — The Indian Chevrotain or Mouse-Deer (Tragidus
meminna). {With a Photograph and Map.) By E.
Brook Fox 739
2. — Interesting Birds from the Shan States. By E. Comber,
f.z.s., Hony. Secy., Ornithological Section, Bo. Nat.
Hist. Socy 739
3. — The Nesting of some Birds in Burma which have not
been recorded before. By H. H. Harington,
Captain 740
4.— Albinism in the Black Buck. ( With an 'Illustration.)
By C. J. Robertson Milne, Major, i.m.s 742
CONTENTS. siii
l1 AGE.
MISCELLANEOUS Nc-TBS — Contd.
5. — A white Kakar or Muntjac {Cervulus muntjac'). ( With an
Illustration.) By J. Manners Smith, Major 742
6. — Wild Boar without testes. By H. E. Medlioott, Lieut.,
r.f.a., Hony. Secy., Ahmed;ib:id Tent Club 743
7. — Note on the breeding of the Krait (Bungarus cceruleus).
By W. B. Bannerman, Lt.-Col., i.m.s 743
3.— Additional Notes on the Birds of Chitral. By H. T.
Fulton, Capt 743
9. — Note on a curiously malformed head of Himalayan Ibex
(Capra sibirica). ( With an Illustration.') By St.
George Gore, Col., r.e , 744
10. — A possible case of hybrid breeding of Shrikes. By
ArundelBegbie, Major, 16th Rajputs 745
11. — The Egg-laying of Eudynamis honorata (The Indian
Koel). By Arundel Begbie, Major, 16th Rajputs... 746
12. — Breeding Seasons of Big Game. The Brown Bear
(Ursus arctus). I'y D. B. Thomson, Major, I. A.
(Retired) 746
13. — Food of predaceous Flies. By K. E. K angle, Capt.,
96th Berar Infantry 747
14.— Notes on Birds' nesting round Quetta. By R. M. Betham,
Major, 101st Grenadiers 747
15.-_Wild Dogs hunting. By J. Manners Smith, Major 751
16. — Food of the " Muskrat " or the Grey Shrew (Crocidura
ccerulea). By W. B. Bannerman, Lieut.-Col., i.m.s. 751
1 7 —Double-headed Snakes. By F. Wall, C.M.z.s., Capt.,
i.m.s 752
18. — Accident to the young of the Indian Cliff-Swallow
(Hirundo fluricola). By Martin Young, m.b.o.u., 1st
York, and Lane. Regt 753
19, — Lady Amherst's Pheasant in Burma— A Correction. By
E. Comber, f.z.s 753
20.— Shooting Notes from the Central Provinces. By F. W.
Caton Jones, Lieut.-Col., R.A.M.C 754
21. — Notes from Nepal. By J. Manners Smith, Major ... 755
22. — Tigers hamstringing their prey before killing. By L. L.
Fenton, Lieut.-Col. 756
xiv CONTENTS.
PAGE.
Miscellaneous Notes — concld.
23.— Curious end of a Dragonfly. By L. L. Fenton,
Lieut.-Col 756
24.— Tigers hamstringing their prey before killing. By S. B.
Bates, f.z.s., &c 7^7
25.— A Congregation of Brahminy Kites (Ealiastur Indus).
By K. Foulkes (Madras Survey) "57
26.— The Food of Kingfishers. By S. B. Bates, f.z.s., &c. 758
27.— Food of Snakes in captivity. By W. S. Millard, Hony.
Secy., Bo. Nat. Hist. Socy 758
Proceedings of the Meetings held on 31st August and 5th
October 1905 759
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS.
VOI-TJJVIE
PAGE
Aitken, E. H. ; The Enemies of
Butterflies 156
; The Recent Plague
of Locusts in Bombay 157
Allan, C. W., I.F.S. (Divisional
Forest Officer, Pegu) ; Tigers
hamstringing their prey before
killing ... .-. 499
Allen, P. Roscoe ; Occurrence of
the Black-capped Kingfisher
(Halcyon pileata) in Waltair ... 873
; Occurrence of the
Black-capped Kingfisher in the
Godavari Delta (a correction) ... 511
Bannerman, Lt.-Col. W. B., M.D.,
I. M.S. ; Note on the digestion of
eggs by Cobras and Daboias ... 363
; Do wild animals ever
die of intestinal obstruction .. 3CS
■ ; Note on the Breeding
of the Krait (Bungarus cceruleus) 743
; Food of the Muskrat
or the Grey Shrew (JJrocidura cce-
rulea) 751
and Assistant Surgeon
J. P. Pocha ; On the Distribution
of the varieties Of the Cobra in
India ... ... ... ... ... 638
Barlow-Poole, B. H., I. F. S. ;
Cassia occidentals 166
Bates, S. B., F, Z. S., etc. ; Tigers
hamstringing their prey before
killing 757
; The Food of
kingfishers 758
Begbie Arundel, Major; Nesting
of the Hoopoe 501
— j ; Curious fero-
city of the Indian treepie (Dendro-
citta rufa") 502
; Catastr ophe
amongst the Young of the Indian
Cliff-Swallows (Hirundo fluvicola) 512
■ ■ ; Nest of the
Brown-backed Indian robin (Tham-
nobia cambaiensis) 513
PAGE
Begbie Arundel ; A Snake's Nest. 516
; A possible case
of hybrid breeding by Shrikes ... 745
; The egglaying
of Eudynamis honorata (The
IndiaD Koel) 746
Betham, Major R. M. ; Notes on
Bird's nesting round Quetta ... 747
Birdwood, H. M., C.S.I. , M.A.,
L.L.D.; Vegetation in Sind ... 172
Blatter, E., S.J. ; The Fauna and
Flora of our Metallic Money ... 334
; The Mangrove of
the Bombay Presidency and its
Biology 644
Boulengeb, G. A., F.R.S., V.P.Z.S.;
Description of two new snakes
from Upper Burma (with a Plate) 235
Burton, Major R. G. ; Big Game ... 384
Cappeb, Col. William (D.M.E. in
Indit*) ; The Himalayan Nut-
cracker (Nucifraga htmispila") ... 158
Comber, E., F.Z.S. ; Breeding Sea-
sons of Big Game 176
; A rare Indian
Gamcbird, the Mountain Quail
(Ophrisia superciliosa, Gray") ... 361
; The Economic
uses of Shells 462
; On the Occur-
rence of the Lady Amherst's
Pheasant in Burma 512
; Interesting Birds
from the Shan States „ 739
; Lady Amherst's
Pheasant in Burma (a correction) 753
Ccmming, J. W. Nicol (Supt.,
Seistan Arbitration Mission) ;
Breeding Seasons of Big Game.
The Persian Gazelle QGazella
Subgutterosa") 503
. ; Birds of Seistan,
being a list of the Biids shot or
seen in Seistan by the Members of
the Seistan Arbitration Mission,
1903-5 686
XVl
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS.
PAGE
Dewar, D., I.C.S. ; Sexual Colour-
Dimorphism id Birds 27
■■ ; Some Notes on
Birds taken at Coonoor, Nilgiria,
in May 1904 153
; King-Crows and
Mynas as Mess-mates 364
; A List of the
Birds found in and about Madras 484
Donald, C. H. ; A Congregation of
Harriers «, 504
■ ■ ; The HimalayanNut-
cracker (_ATucifraga hemispila) ... 516
; Eagles as Barome-
IciS •■• •*# ••> ■*• ••• Oil
Dressler, Henry E., M.B.O.U.,
F.Z.S. ; Descriptions of three new
species of Birds obtained during
the Recent Expedition to Lhassa.. 728
Dudgeon, G. C, F.E.S.; Albinism
in a Shrike 179
. ; A cata-
logue of the Heterocera of Sik-
khiin and Bhutan. Part XVII ... 275
. . ; Description
of new species of Moths from
India and Burma 399
Evans, Major G. H.,A.V.D., F.L.S. ;
The Black Stork QCioo/iia Niger) 159
; The Great White-
bellied Heron {A rdea insignis') ... 160
; The Asiatic two-
horned Rhinoceros {Rhinoceros
gumatrensh) 160
; Late stay of Snipe ... 116
;G H., A.V.D., F.Z.S. ;
Notes on Burmese Reptiles ... 169
; The Nidification of
the Little Blue Winged Pitta
{Pitta Cyanoptera) in Upper
Burma 171
; Simotes Splendidus. 362
; A Woodpecker's Di-
lemma ... 518
; Food of Python
Molurtcs ... 519
■ ; Breeding of the
Banded Kv&it^Bungarus faseiatuf)
in Burma 519
PASB
Evans, Major G. H., A.V.D., F.Z.S.;
Notes on Rhinoceroses in Burma
(.ft. Sondaious and R. Sumat remit). 555-
Fenton, Lt.-Col. L. L., I.A. ; The
Russell's Viper
— — ; Tigers hamstringing
their prey before killing
* ; Curious end of a
173
766
755
Dragonfly
Ferguson, H.8., F.L.S. ; The Birds
Of Travancore with Notes on their
Nidification, by T. F. Bourdillon,
F.L.S., Part III „ i
Ferris, Lt.-Col. W. B. ; Hereditary
Melanism 502
Festing, R. A. G. ; Trout and other
Fish and Fishing in Cejlon ... 379
Fischer, Cecil E.C.,I.F.S.; Locusts 369
; Further Notes
on the Flora of Northern Ganjam 473
Foulkes, K. ; A Congregatiou of
Brahminy Kites (Ilaliastur inclus) 757
Fox, E. Brook ; An Egg-eating
Cobra „ ... 369
; The Indian Chevro-
tain or Mouse-Deer (Traytilus
meminna) with a Photograph and
Map 739
Fulton, Capt. H. T., D.S.O.; Notes
on the Birds of Chitral 44
; Additional Notes
on the Birds of Chitral 743
GAMMIE, G. A., F.L.S.; The Orchids
cf the Bombay Presidency, Part I. 429
; The Orchids
of the Bombay Presidency, Part
II, with Plate 1 562
George, C. P.; A Cobra feeding on
eggs 174
Gleadow, F., I.F.S. ; Food of Pre-
daceoua Flies 501
; An Appeal for Li-
zards... ... ... ... ••• 723
Gore, Col. St. George, R.E. ; Note
on a curiously malformed head
of the Himalayan Ibex (Capra
sibirica~) (with an illustration) ... 744
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS.
XVI;
PAGE
Green, E. E., F.E.S., Entomologist
to the Government of Ceylon ;
Supplementary Note? on the
Coceides of Ceylon, Part III.
(With Plates H— K) 340
■; The Habits
of the Leaf Butterfly 370
■ ■; Strange Mor-
tality amongst Termites in Tea-
bushes ... ... 5C3
Hagenbeck, John; Size and Breed-
ing of Snakes 605
Hampson, Sir G. F., Bart., F.Z.S.,
F.E.S. ; The Moths of India (Sup-
plementary Paper to the Volumes
in " The Fauna of British India "),
Series III., Part II. (with Plate D) 132
; Series III.
Part III, 193,434,700
Harrington, Capt. H.H. ; Notes
on the nesting of some birds in the
Upper Chindwin District, Burma. 166
; The Nesting of
some birds in Burma which have
not b°en recorded before ... ... 740
Heath, Reginald H. ; Notes on the
Houbara • 372
Hudson, C. W. M., I.C.S. ; Breeding
Season of Big Game ; The Nilgai
or Blue- Bull (Baselaphus tragoca-
melns') 503
Inglis, CM. ; The Birds of the
Madhubani Sub-division of the
Darbhanga District, Tirhut, with
Notes en Species noticed elsewhere
in »he District. Part VIII ... 70
; The Himalayan
Nutcracker {Nucifraga Ifemispila') 158
Inverarity, J. D. ; Abnormal
Sambar Head 378
Jones, Lt.-Col. F. W. Caton,
R.A.M.C. ; Shooting Notes from
the Central Provinces 754
Liston, Capt. W. G , I.M.S., M.D.,
F.R.S.E. ; Note on Sexual Dimor-
phism 39
PAGE
Liston, Capt. , Plague, Rats and
Fleas (With Plates A. & B.) ... 253
Lydekker, R. ; On DolphinB from
Travancore 730
R. L. ; The Urial of the Punjab and
Ladak 376
Macdonald, K. C. (D.S.P.) ; First
Record < f the Nidification of the
Indian Hobby QFalco severus) ... 518
M ANDERS, Major N., R.A.M.C,
FZ.S, F.E.S. ; The Butterflies of
Ceylon 76
i Medlicott, Lieut. H. E., R.F.A. ;
J Wild Boar without Testes 743
■ Melvill, James Cosmo, M.A.,
F.L.S., F.Z.S,and Robkrt Stan-
Df.N ; Description of sixty-eight
new shells from the Persian Gulf,
Gulf of Oman, and North Arabian
Sea dredg d bj Mr. F. W. Town-
send, of the Indo-European Tele-
graph Service. Part I, Plates A.— B. 86
; Part II, Plates C --D. ... 217
Meyrick, E., B.A., F.R.S., F.Z.S.,
etc., Descriptions of Indian Micro-
Lepidoptera 580
MlLLARP, \V. S. ; Fireflies 520
; Curious Accident
to a Dragonfly 521
. ; Food of Snake-5 in
Captivity ... .. 758
Milne, Major J. C Robertson,
I. M.S. ; Albinism in the Black
Buck (wi'th an Illustration) ... 742
Moore, William ; Occurrence of
White's Thrush in Assam (J)rco-
cincla varia) ... 502
N angle, K. E., Capt.; Food of Pre-
daceous Flies 747
Nurse, C G., Major, F.E.S.; New
Species of Indian Hymenoptera... 19
— — ; Bee Culture in India 175
Oates, Eugene W.; On some new
Species of Silver Pheasants obtain-
ed in Burma, by Capt. W. G. Nis-
bett and Lieut. R. Clifford and
others ... ... ... ... 112
Osmaston, B. B., I.F.S. ; A Visit to
Narcondam 620
XVlll
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS.
PAGE
Patton, Lieut. W. S.f M.B., I.M.S.;
The Culieid Fauna of the Aden
Hinterland,their haunts and habits,
with Plates A,B,C & D aud a Map 623
Pogha, J. P. (Asstt. Surgeon, Parel
Laboratory), and Lt.-Col. W. B.
Bannerman, I. M. S. ; On the
Distribution of the Varieties of
the Cobra QNaia tripndians) ... 638
Primrose, A M. ; Birds observed in
the Nilgiris and Wynaad 163
. — ; Assam Birds ... 176
. ; The Goosander
{Merganser castor} 378
Radcliffe, A. Dklme ; Notes on the
occurrence of Bonnelli's Eagle
{Hieraetus fasciatus) in Cutch.aud
on some Falcons and Hawks ob-
served on the ohi fort at Bhuj ... 507
Rattray, Lt.-Col. R. H. ; Birds*
nesting in the Murree Hills and
Gullies. Part I. (with Plates A & B) 421
_ Part II. (with Plates C,
D & VA ) ••• ••• ••■ ••• o^'
Regan, C. Tate, B.A. ; On Fishes
from the Persian Gulf, the Sea of
Oman and Karachi, collected by
Mr. F. W. Townsend (with 3
Plates) ... ••• ••• ••• 318
Rhe-Philippe, G. W. V. de ;Further
Notes on the Butterflies of the
Lucknow District 720
Robert?, Major M. B. ; Rough Notes
on Six. Common Hill Orchids ... 414
RYAN, G. M., I.F.S., F.L.S. ; Water-
yielding plants found in the Thana
Forests ••• ••• 65
SlMCOX, A. H. A., I.C.S. ; Breeding
Seasons of Big Game in India ... 370
; The Cro-
codile ; its Food and Muscular
Vitality ... ... ••• ••• 375
Smith, Major J. Manners ; Melan-
ism in Black Buck (With a Photo-
graph) ••. ••• ••• 361
; Plucky Peewits 507
■ ; A White Kakar or Muntjac
CCervulus Muntjac} (with an illus-
tration) ... ... ••« ••• "*2
. . ■ ; Wild Dogs Hunting ... 751
PAGE
Smith ; Notes from Nepal 755
Standen, Robert, and J. Cosmo
Melvill ; Description of Mxty-
eight new shells from the Persian
Gulf, Gulf of Oman and North '
Arabian Sea, dredged by Mr. F. W.
Townsend of the Indo-European
Telegraph Service, Parts I. aud II.
(with Plates A, B, C, & D) ... 86, 217
Stebbing, E.P.,K\L.S.,F.Z.S., F.E.S.;
Insect Life in India and How to
Study It, being a simple account
of the more important families of
Insects, with Examples of the
Damage they do to Crops, Tea,
Coffee and Indigo concerns, Fruit
and Forest Trees in India ... 115, 664
Stkvens, H. ; The Occurrence of
the Black-capped Kingfisher
{Halcyon pileatu) in North La-
khimpur, Upper Assam ... ... 154
; The Yellow-bellied
Flycatcher (Chelidorhynx hy-
poxanthum') ... ... ... ... 155
Stuart-Baker, E. C, F.Z.S. ;
The Occurrence of the Masked
Fin-foot (Heliopais personuta') in
Lakhimpur ... 156
— — — ; The Occurrence
of the Red-breast d GooseQBranta
rufic(dlis') in India 155
Theobald, F.V., M.A. ; Some New
Mosquitoes from Ceylon ccmmu-
nicated by E. E. Green, F.E.S.
(With Plates A & B) £37
Thomas, Oldpield ; On a Remark-
able New Squirrel from Burma... 737
Thomson, Major D. B. ; Breeding
Seasons of Big Game. The Brown
Beer QUr*us arctut) 746
Tyler, H., I.C.S. ; Arrow heads in a
Bison ... ••• ••• ••• 513
; A Bold Tiger 513
Wall, Capt. F., I.M.S., C.M.Z.S. ;
Desciiptu n of a New Snake from
Bnrma. Oligodon McDoutjalli ... 251
; Notes on Snakes col-
lected in Cannanore from 5th
Nov. 11)03 to oth Aug. 1904 ... 292
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS.
xix
PAGE
WALL,Capt. ; Occurrence of the
Scaup Duck {Nyro>-a merila) in
Oudh 367
; The Breeding of
Russell's Viper {Vipera russtllW). 374
; Double -headed
Snakes 386, 752
; Winter Plumage of the
male Bengal Florican (Sypheotig
bengalensis} ... ... 3S8
; Notes on some Bangalore
Snakes ... 389
; Egg-eating Cobras. 31*5
; A Popular Treatise on the
Common Indian Snakes Part I. (with
Plate I, & Diagrams I, II & III). 533
Ward, Colonel A. E. ; Notes on Small
Mammals in Kashmir and Adjacent
Districts 358
PAGE
Wasey, G. K. ; Tiger vs. Bear... 506
Wroughton, B.C., F.Z.S.;The Com-
mon Striped Palm Squirrel (With a
Plate) 406
YoctnG, L.O.H., B.A., F.Z.S., F.E.S. ;
Note on Sexual Dimorphism ...
- ; The Ancestry of
the Horse
; Size of Snakes
-;The Common But-
372
162
504
teiflies of the Plains of India,
Part 1 (With Plate I.; 570
YonNG, Martin, M.B.O.U. ; Birds Nest-
ing near Mhow, C.-T 514
■ ' ; Accident to the
young of the Indian Cliff-Swallow
QHirundo fiucicola') 753
LIST OF PLATES.
VOI-TJIVIJSS 3
86
To fac«
page
The Wigeon (Mareca penelope?) ~ 1
New Shells from the Persian Gulf, Gulf of Oman and North Arabian Sea,
dredged by Mr. F. W. Townsend, of the Indo-European Telegraph Service,
1901-3. Plate A.
„ n „ „ Plate B.
Indian Moths, Plate D ... , 152.
The White-eyed Pochard (JNyroca africana ) .. ... ... 193
New Shells from the Persian Gulf,. Gulf of Oman and North Arabian Sea,,
dredged by Mr. F. W. Townsend of the Indo-European Telegraph Service,
J JUJ. - o* XiJALO ly» ••• ••• *• • ••• ■•• ••« ••• #.« 9## 1j 1 o
„ „ „ « „ Plate D. 226
New Snakes from Burma « 236.
New Mosquitoes from. Ceylon. Plate A 242
,i ), » » ,j ■** ••• ••• ••• ••• ... ... 246
Male Fleas „ A ■>
3 ( *** ••* •*• •** ••• •*• 2iia
New Fishes collected by MjvF. W. Townsend. Plate A ■»
» » >» »>. i» ™ f •** •*•
» » » »i »> °
332
356
Ceylon Coccidse, Plate H 1
» » » I (
>» » » J I
» » » K '
Melanism in Black Buck ... ••• ... ... ... ... •.. ... 361
Abnormal head of Samber ... ••• ... ••• ... ... ... ... 378
The Shoveller (JSpatula elypeata) 399
Palm Squirrel, Buffon— Histoire Naturelle, 1763 408
Ccelogyne cristata I Hate A ... 4U
Ccelogyne oo\raeea '
Dendrobium amcenum 1 «, . t> iie
> r late a ... ••• ••• ••• ••» •>. ... tio
JEri des mul tiflo ru m '
JEriAes odovatum) -m .„ o ji-io
> xiaie \j ... ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• *ic>
Phaius albut >
Nest of the Himalayan Streaked Laughing- Thrush (Trocha-^
lopterum Mneatum.') t Plate A... 424
Nest of the Himalayan Tree-creeper (fierthia himalayana,') J
xxii LIST OF PLATES.
T&facv
page
Nests of the K Short-Billed Minivet " (Perierocoiug bremrostris.) Plate B ... 426
The Nukhta or Comb Duck (jSarcidiomit melanonota) 533
„, m c , I Lachegis qramineus (Poisonous-.) 1 r,, , , __,
Two Tree-Snakes. ... < ? v ' > Plate I. ... ... 53b
' Dryophis mycttrizann (harmless.) >
Laclmgii gra-mineus (The Common Green Pit-Viper) Diagram 1 538
Dryophis mycterizans. (The Common Green Whip-Snake.) Diagram II. ... ) rA.
>» j, „ ,r Diagram III. ... '
Dtndrolium c hi oroj?s, Lin A\. Plate I. 568
The Common Butterflies of the Plains of India, Plate A, 576
Map of the Aden Hinterland 624
Diagrams of Anuphtles arabiensis n. sp. and Dthaii n. sp. Plate A 626
Diagrams of Anopheles tibani n. sp., Plate B C2&
Diagrams of Anopheles jehafi n. sp, and Azriki n. sp. Plate C ... .„ ... 630
Diagrams of Culex arabiensis n. sp., Stegomyta sttgens, Wiedemann and
Culieib acarid. Plate D 634
Distribution of varieties of Cobras in India Map A
si » i) ... ... ... Map B
Mangrove of the Bombay Presidency, Plate A 646
i, 5j » Plate B 654
Nest of the " Grey-headed Ouzel " in a bank (Merula eastanea.') |
Nest of the same under the end of a fallen tree. Plate C. ...I
Eggs of the Jungle Nightjar (Ca primulgus indicus) Plate D 660
Nest of the "Koklas" or Pukras-Pheasant (Pucrasia macrolopha') \
Nest of the Woodcock (Scolopax rusticula') r
The Indian Chevrotain or Mouse Deer QTragulus meminna') 739>
Key map of the Indian Region snowing the probable distribution of the
"Mouse Deer" (Tragulus meminna) „ 739
Albinism in Black Buck and Muntjac UZ
\
642
658
Plate E ... 662-
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JOURNAL
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Vol. XVI. BOMBAY. No. i.
THE BIRDS OF TRAVANCORE.
By H. S. Ffrgusson, F.L.S.
WITH NOTES ON THEIR NIDIFICATION.
By T. F. Bourdillon, F.L.S.
Part III.
( Continued from page 673, Vol. XV.)
Order COLUMBjE.
Family CoLUMBiDiE.
Sub-family Treronince.
(234) Osmotreron affinis. — The Grey-fronted Green Pigeon,
Blanford, No. 1274 ; Jerdon, No. 775.
This pigeon is common in forest both in the low country and on the
hills at low elevations. In the hot months it ascends them up to 3,000
feet. " I once obtained the nest of the Malabar Green Pigeon at an
elevation of 2,400 feet above sea level. I noticed the bird building or I
should never have discovered the nest, which was placed in a bushy tree
at a height of 40 feet from the ground. It contained only one egg.
The nest was a mere platform of loose sticks six inches in diameter.
This was in February. The size of the egg, which was, of course, pure
white and glossless, was M0 X "85.— T. P. B."
(235) Osmotreron bicincta. — The Orange-breasted Green Pigeon.
Blanford, No. 1278 ; Jerdon, No. 774.
This is by no means so common as the last, but may be met with in
the low country in forest not far from the coast.
2 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
Sub -family ( ■arpopJiagince.
(236) Carpopiiaga .enea. — The Given Imperial Pigeon.
Blanford, No. 1284 : Jordan, No. 780.
This fine pigeon is only found in forest in the low country. I
have never met with it away from the coast, nor have I seen it about
the hills*
(237) Ducula cuprea. — Jerdon's Imperial Pigeon.
Blanford, No. 1288 ; Jerdon, 'No. 781 (partim.)
Unlike the last, this bird is only found in the hills, where it is common
in heavy forest at all elevations. " It has two broods in the year, but only
lays one egg at a time. These two breeding seasons are in April and
again in November. I have seen a bird building in the latter month,
and have had the young bird brought to me in January. The nest is a
loose structure of twigs without any lining, and exactly resembling
an English Wood Pigeon's. I was so fortunate as to find a nest at
an elevation of 4,000 feet above sea level and twenty feet from the
ground, placed in a mass of tangled iml (Beesha travancorica). The
bird was sitting and returned to look at the nest, so we had a full view
of her. Besides this I have had an egg sent me which had been taken
at an equally high elevation. The egg is white and rather glossy ; it is
small for the size of the bird, being only 1'38 X 1'0—T. F. B."
Sub-family Phahince.
(238) Chalcophaps indica. — The Bronze-winged Dove.
Blanford, No. 1291 ; Jerdon, No. 798.
This beautiful dove is common on the hills at all elevations during
the dry weather ; at other times they confine themselves to the lower
slopes. Mr. Bourdillon writes : — " I found a nest with two eggs in a
bush about eight feet from the ground at Shaliakarai : the eggs were pale
?afe-au-lait, and glossy, and measured 1* X *81."
Sub-family Columbinae.
(239) Columba intermedia. — The Indian Blue Bock-Pigeon.
Blanford, No. 1292; Jerdon, No. 788.
Common in the low country, frequenting paddy fields. During the
dry months they ascend the hills up to 2,500 feet elevation in South
Travancore, feeding during the day and returning in the evening to
their roosting places in the low country. There is a large colony on
a rock that rises out of the sea at Capo Comorin.
THE BIRDS OF TRAVANCORE. 3
(240) Alsocomus elphinstonii. — The Nilgiri Wood-Pigeon.
Blanford, No. 1299 ; Jerdon, JSTo. 786.
This is a common bird at Ihe summits of the hills in South Travancore
and at Pirmerd, and also on the High Range.
(241) Turtur suratensis. — The Spotted Dove.
Blanford, No. 1307; Jerdon, No. 795.
Abundant at the foot of the hills throughout the range. During the
dry weather it ascends the hills, and I have shot it on the Cardamom
hills and the High Range. " It breeds abundantly in the plains and
along the foot of the hills. They have two or three broods in the
year — between April and September. The nest is very slight and is
usually placed from about eight to twelve feet from the ground. —
T. F. Br
(212) Turtur cambayensis. — The Little Brown Dove.
Blanford, No. 1309 ; Jerdon, No. 794.
This little dove is by no means common, and is only to be found in
the dry region of the extreme south, not far from Cape Comorin.
(243) Turtur risorius. — The Indian Ring-Dove.
Blanford, No. 1310 ; Jerdon, No. 796.
Like the last, this is rare and only to be met with in the same
locality.
Order GALLING.
Sub-order Alectropodess.
Family Phasianidce.
(244) Pavo cristatus. — The Common Peafowl.
Blanford, No. 1324 ; Jerdon, No. 803.
This well known bird was at one time common at the foot of the hills
in South Travancore, but is no longer. It is also found on the hills
about Pirmerd.
(245) Gallus sonnerati. — The Grey Jungle-fowl.
Blanford, No. 1330 ; Jerdon, No. 813.
Found at all elevations from the foot to the summit of the hills.
During the cold weather the cocks may be heard crowing, especially in
the early morning and towards sunset. They breed in February and
March in South Travancore. Mr. F. W. Bourdillon found a nest, a
mere depression in the ground, containing three eggs in March. I
found one, also in March, containing seven eggs which were placed in a
4 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
dead stump of a tree about three feet frcm the ground. Mr. T. F.
Bourdillon found a nest at Pirmerd on August 20.
(246) Galloperdix spadicea. — The Red Spur-fowl.
Blanford, No. 1349 ; Jerdon, No. 814.
This spur-fowl is common throughout the low country wherever
there is forest. It does not ascend the hills, but frequents the foot of
them. Breeds in. April.
(247) Excalfactoria chinensis. — The Blue-breasted Quail.
Blanford, No. 1354; Jerdon, No. 831.
This pretty little quail is said " not to have been observed on the
Malabar Coast, south of Bombay." It is, however, to be met with in
the grass lands at Pirmerd. Stone coloured eggs, densely spotted with
minute spots of brown and black, were brought to Mr. Bourdillon in
June at Malayattur in North Travancore. They measured '93 X '75,
and are, I believe, the eggs of this bird.
(248) Coturnix communis. — The Common or Grey Quail.
Blanford, No. 1355 ; Jerdon, No. 829.
The Museum contains no specimens of this quail, but I am informed
that it is not uncommon' on the grass lands at Pirmerd, where it is known
as " the drummer" from the purring sound it makes.
(249) Perdicula asiatica. — The Jungle Bush-Quail.
Blanford, No. 1357 ; Jerdon, No. 826.
Numbers of these birds are brought round alive from the eastern side
to Trevandrum for sale; they are not taken in Travancore but in the dry
district of Tinnevelly. They may be found, however, about Cape
Comorin, but so far as I am aware nowhere else in Travancore.
(250) Microperdix erythrorhyncus, — The Painted Bush-Quail.
Blanford, No. 1359 ; Jerdon, No. 828.
I have only found this quail on the Cardamom hills and the High
Range ; at the latter place and at Pirmerd it is the commonest species
by far. Mr. T. F. Bourdillon took the eggs at Pirmerd in December.
(251) Francolintjs pondicerianus. — The Grey Partridge.
Blanford, No. 1375 ; Jerdon, No. 822.
This, as I have already pointed out, is one of the birds that are found
alike in Northern Ceylon and in South Travancore, being fairly cemmon
in and about the neighbourhood of Cape Comorin, but not found else-
where.
THE BIRDS OF TRAVANCORE. 5
Order HEMIPODII.
Family Turnicid^:.
(252) Turnix pugnax. — The Bustard Quail.
Blanford, No. 1382 ; Jerdon, No. 832.
Not uncommon in scrub jungle in the low country.
(253) Turnix tanki. — The Indian Button Quail.
Blanford, No. 1384 ; Jerdon, No. 834.
I have not met with this quail myself and there are no specimens in
the Museum, but it appears to have been recorded from Travancore, so 1
include it in my list.
Order GRALLjE.
Sub-order Fulicarle.
Family Rail idee.
(254) Hypot^enidia striata.— The Blue-breasted Banded Rail.
Blanford, No. 1389 ; Jerdon, No. 913.
These birds may be found scattered about in marshy thickets near
the coast. From the contents of the stomach, beetles appear to be
their chief food.
(255) Porzana pusilla. — The Eastern Bailloris Crake.
Blanford, No. 1393 ; Jerdon, No. 910.
This is apparently a rare bird in Travancore. A single specimen
was brought to me alive in December. It had evidently bred here as
there was a young one with it.
(256) Rallina superciliaris. — The Banded Crake.
Blanford, No. 1395 ; Jerdon, No. 912.
As recorded by Mr. F. W. Bourdillon a single specimen of this
crake was procured by me in 1875 in some paddy fields near the foot
of the hills in South Travancore at about 400 feet elevation. I have not
met with it since.
(257) Amaurornis fuscus. — The Ruddy Crake.
Blanford, No. 1398 ; Jerdon, No. 911.
This bird has only been recorded from Mysore and the Wynaad
in Peninsular India, but it is fairly common in Travancore. The
Museum contains six specimens — one purchased from an Anjengo
collector without locality, two from an old collection, both labelled
Travaneore, and three taken at Kuttyani near Trevandrum in
April.
6 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
(258) Amaurornis pbcenicurus.— The White -breasted Waterhen.
Blanford, No. 1401 ; Jerdon, No. 907.
Found throughout the low country round the edges of paddy fields.
Breeds in April.
(259) Gallinula chloropus. — The Moorhen.
Blanford, No. 1402 ; Jerdon, No. 905.
The Moorhen is by no means common in Travancore ; the Museum
possesses only a single specimen.
(260) Gallicrbx cinerea. — The Water-Cock.
Blanford, No. 1403 ; Jerdon, No. 904.
Not uncommon in and about rice cultivation in the low country.
(261). Porphyrio poiiocephalus. — The Purple Moorhen.
Blanford, No. 1404 ; Jerdon, No. 902.
Common in all the larger lakes wherever there are reeds and rushes.
Breeds in July and August.
Sub-order Otides.
Family Otidhlce.
(262) Sypheotis aurita. — The Lesser Florican or Likh.
Blanford, No. 1416 ; Jerdon, No. 839.
A very occasional visitor to Travancore ; the only record I have of
its occurrence is in 1876, when one was shot in some rushes in
Trevandrum.
Order LIMICOLjE.
Family (Edicnemidj^.
(263) (Edicnemus scoiopax. — The Stone Curlew.
Blanford, No. 1418 ; Jerdon, No. 859.
1 have on more than one occasion seen and shot this bird when
snipe shooting at Valey, four miles from Trevandrum, where the soil
is sandy and the place is clothed with shrubs and cocoanut trees. They
were sometimes in small parties of three or four ; at others, solitary. It
breeds here in August.
Family Glareolid,e.
Sub-family Cursoriince.
(264) Cursorius coromandelicus. — The Indian Courser.
Blanford, No. 1422 ; Jerdon, No. 840.
My collector shot two of these birds eight miles south of Qnilon on
some sandy plains in June 1902. Four more were subsequently
THE BIRDS OF TRAVANCORE. 7
obtained twelve miles .south of Quilon. Among them was a young
bird in quite immature plumage, so that I believe they must breed here.
I have not found this bird in any other locality, and do not think it is
likely to be seen further north.
Sub-family Glareolince.
(265) Glareola laciea. — The Small Indian Pratincole or Swallow-
Plover.
Stanford, No. 1427 ; Jerdon, No. 843.
I have only received this bird from North Travancore, where flocks,
consisting of a dozen or more individuals, were met with by my
collectors at Velyani, near Alwaye, frequenting open flats on either
side of the Alwaye river up to Malayaltur. Their food was mostly
beetles and mosquitoes. They were found hunting for insects well after
sunset.
(266) Metopidius indicus. — The Bronze-winged Jacana.
Blanford, No. 1428 ; Jerdon, No. 900.
This bird may be met with throughout the country in suitable loca-
lities, that is, where there are lakes or tanks well covered with weeds and
water-lilies.
(267) Hydrophasianus CHIRUBGUS.— The Pheasant-tailed
Jacana.
Blanford, No. 1429 ; Jerdon, No. 901.
Flocks of these very handsome Jacanas are common in the tanks in
South Travancore, especially about Nagercoil, where they may be seen
running over the woed-covered water, keeping, however, well away from
Family CHARADRIIM.
Sub-family Charadriince.
(268) Sarcogrammus indicus. — The Red-wattled Lapwing.
Blanford, No. 1431 ; Jerdon, No. 855.
Common in the low country all over Travancore, going about in twos
and threes or in small flocks, and generally found in the neighbourhood of
water. It breeds in March.
(269) Sarciophorus malabaricus.— -The Yellow-wattled Lapwing.
Blanford, No. 1433 ; Jerdon, No. 856.
Common like the last, but frequents open ground away from water.
Its plaintive cry may be heard long after dark has set in.
8 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
(270) Chettusia gregaria — The Sociable Lapwing.
Blanford, No. 1437 ; Jerdon, No. 852.
This bird is said to visit North- West India in winter as far south
as Ratnagiri. In January 1900, when out snipe-shooting, I shot
two of these lapwings out of a flock of five that were feeding in
some paddy fields in Trevandrum. I have not met with any since.
No doubt, the failure of the rains in 1899 in the North and the
consequent famine had driven these stragglers so far south of their
usual haunts to a land where famine is unknown and the rains
never fail.
(271) Charadrius fulvus. — The Eastern Golden Plover.
Blanford, No. 1439 ; Jerdon, No. 845.
Flocks of these plovers may be met with commonly in North and
Central Travancore about Cherayankie, Parur and Vycome in winter
frequenting swampy flats and in paddy fields.
(272) iEGiALrris geoffroyi. — The Large Sand-Plover.
Blanford, No. 1442 ; Jerdon, No. 846.
A rare winter visitor to the coast. A single specimen was shot tit
Neendakaray, near Quilon.
(273) iEGiALiTis mongolica. — The Lesser Sand-Plover.
Blanford, No. 1443 ; Jerdon, No. 847.
A winter visitor to the coasts, but sometimes found inland. Curiously
enough, one specimen was obtained on the High Range at 6,000
feat elevation. It is often seen in company with the Little Ringed
Plover.
(274) jEgialitis alexandrina. — The Kentish Plover.
Blanford, No. 1446 ; Jerdon, No. 848.
This plover was found to be fairly numerous at Neendakaray in
January.
(275) jEgialitis dubia. — The Little Ringed Plover.
Blanford, No. 1447 ; Jerdon, No. 849.
I do not think this bird is a resident, but it comes very early to the
coast. I have seen stragglers at Cape Comorin early in August, and flocks
of them may be seen as late as April. They are abundant in the dry rice
fields after harvest and about the shores of tanks and beds of streams
in the low country.
TB\E BIRDS OF TRAVANCORE. 9
Sub-family Hwmatopodinoe.
(276) Bjematopus ostralegus. — The Sea-pie or Oystercatcher.
Blanford, No. 1450; Jerdon, No. 862.
The oystercatcher is- a more or less rare winter visitor to the coast. It
is generally found in small flocks of half a dozen or so, feeding on crust-
aceans mostly.
Sub-family Totan'moe.
(277) Numenius arquata. — The Curlew.
Blanford, No. 1454 ; Jerdon, No. 877.
Like the last only found in the coast in winter, but n pt in any great
numbers.
(278) Numenius phzeopus. — The Whimbrel.
Blanford, No. 1455 ; Jerdon, No. 878.
May be found in suitable places along the coast in fair numbers from
October to April. I have usually found it solitary.
(279) Totanus hypoleucus. — The Common Sandpiper.
Blanford, No. 1460 ; Jerdon, No. 893.
One of the most widely spread of birds. It is common in the paddy
fields everywhere from September to May, usually in pairs or in small
parties of four or five ; on the margins of tanks or on the seashore
its clear piping note may be heard.
(280) Totanus glareola. — The Wood Sandpiper.
Blanford, No. 1461 ; Jerdon, No. 891.
This is by far the commonest of the sandpipers, and may be found in
abundance in the wet paddy fields from August to May either solitary
or in flocks.
(281) Totanus ochropus. — The Green Sandpiper.
Blanford, No. 1462 ; Jerdon, No. 892.
Not nearly so common as the last. It may generally be found in the
winter months solitary about the borders of tanks or the beds of rivers.
On one occasion I shot one in a swamp on the High Range at an
elevation of 6,000 feet in January.
(282) Totanus stagnatilis. — The Marsh Sandpiper or Little
Greenshank.
Blanford, No. 1463 ; Jerdon, No. 895.
My collectors met with flocks of these birds on the seashore at Manaho-
dam Bar and at North Parur. They were in company with T. glottis.
2
10 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
(283) Totanus calidris. — The Redshank.
Blanford, No. 1464 ; Jerdon, No. 897.
A single specimen was shot by my collectors at Neendakaray in
January 1903.
(284) Totanus glottis. — The Greenshank.
Blanford, No. 1466 ; Jerdon, No. 894.
Like the others a winter visitor. I have not met with it in the
South, but my collectors saw flocks of them on the sides of the rivers
and in marshes in North Travancore, and obtained specimens at Yet-
tamanne, Shertally, and Vycome.
(285) Tringa minuta — The Little Stint.
Blanford, No. 1471 ; Jerdon, No. 884.
A fairly common visitor to the coast of North Travancore in winter,
but not found inland. It often associates with Tringa subarquata. It
forms larger flocks, as a rule, than the other stints.
(286) Tringa subarquata. — The Curlew Stint or Pigmy Curlew.
Blanford, No. 1477 ; Jerdon, No. 882.
This fine stint is found from October to April on the coast of North
Travancore, especially about Manakodam Bar. When it associates
with Tringa minuta, only a few individuals are found, but it forms flocks
of from eight to twelve when alone.
(287) Tringa platyrhyncha. — The Broad-billed Stint.
Blanford, No. 1479 ; Jerdon, No. 886.
A single specimen of this stint was shot by my collectors at Mana-
kodam Bar in January 1903.
Sub-family Scolopacinoe.
(288) Scolopax rusticula. — The Woodcock.
Blanford, No. 1482 ; Jerdon, No. 867.
Occasional specimens of this bird may be met with in grass land
bordered by forest in South Travancore at elevations of about 4,000
feet in the winter. On the High Range in similar localities before the
forest was cut down for coffee and tea cultivation, it used to be fairly
common at this period.
(289) Gallinago nemoricola. — The Wood-snipe.
Blanford, No. 1483 ; Jerdon, No. 868.
A solitary bird, of which the Museum possesses only one specimen shot
od the High Range.
THE BIRDS OF TRAVANCORE. 11
(290) Gallinago ccelestis. — The Common Snipe, Full or
Fantail Snipe.
Blanford, No. 1484 ; Jerdon, No. 871.
About one-quarter or sometimes a third of the whole bag in a day's
snipe shooting here will be found to consist of these birds. Further
North I am told that they form even a higher proportion. They
arrive later than the pintail, and leave earlier.
(291) Gallinago stenura. — The Pintail Snipe.
Blanford, No. 1485 ; Jerdon, No. 870.
A few stragglers arrive early in September, and again a few belated indi-
viduals may be found at the end of April. Between these dates varying
numbers may be met with. They are fond of harbouring in the low scrub
jungle surrounding the rice fields both before and after the crops are cut.
(292) Gallinago gallinula. — The Jack Snipe.
Blanford, No. 1487 ; Jerdon, No. 872.
A few specimens of this little snipe used generally to be found solitary
from year to year in certain damp rushy ground in Trevandrum ; since
this has been taken into cultivation, I have not met with any more.
(293) Rostratula capensis. — The Painted Snipe.
Blanford, No. 1488.
This beautiful bird is fairly common throughout the low country
wherever there are rushy marshes. When shooting, I have also often
flushed it from paddy fields. It breeds here, and I have had eggs brought
to me in December and young birds in February.
Order GAV1M.
Family Larid^e.
Sub-family Larince.
(294) Larus icthyaetus.— The Great Black-headed Gull.
Blanford, No. 1489 ; Jerdon, No. 979.
In January 1903 the Museum collectors shot five specimens of this
fine gull at Kayankolam Bar. They do not appear to reach the coast
much earlier than this, as in December of the same year there were no
birds to be seen at this place.
(295) Larus ridibundus. — The Laughing Gull.
Blanford, No. 1490 ; Jerdon, No. 981.
This bird was found to be fairly common at the same locality as the
last at the same period.
12 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
(296) Larus brunneicephalus. — The Brown-headed Gull.
Blanford, No. 1491 ; Jerdon, No. 980.
In December 1901 I found numbers of these gulls surrounding some
fishermen who were drawing their nets in a shallow lake close to the sea
near Cape Comorin. They moved quite fearlessly around them, but
when I sent a man to wade in, they would not let him approach ; but I
secured one subsequently on the sandy banks.
(297) Larus affinis. — The Dark-backed Herring Gull.
Blanford, No. 1494 ; Jerdon, No. 978.
A single specimen was obtained by the Museum collectors at Kayan-
kolam in January 1903.
Sub-family Sterninm.
(298) Hydrochelidon hybrida.— The Whiskered Tern.
Blanford, No, 1496 ; Jerdon, No. 984.
This marsh tern is abundant in North Travancore, frequenting the
coast, the backwaters and paddy fields in the winter months.
(299) Hydroprogne caspia. — The Caspian Tern.
Blanford, No. 1498 ; Jerdon, No. 982.
This fine tern was found in fair numbers at Kayankolam Bar in
January 1903. It is not so gregarious as the last, being generally seen
in pairs.
(300) Sterna anglioa. — Gull-billed Tern.
Blanford, No. 1499 ; Jerdon, No. 983.
Fairly common in winter about the back waters of North Travancore
and also frequenting the coast at Manakolam Bar.
(301) Sterna media. — The Smaller Crested Tern.
Blandford, No. 1501 ; Jerdon, No. 990.
This is the commonest and most abundant of the terns, and may be
found frequenting the back waters and coast from Quilon northwards.
It is fond of sitting on the wooden posts that mark the channel through
the lakes.
(302) Sterna bergii. — The Large Crested Tern.
Blandford, No. 1502 ; Jerdon, No. 989.
Numbers of this fine tern were found at Kayankolam Bar and further
North in January and December 1903,
THE BIRDS OF TRAVANCORE. 13
(303) Sterna fluviatilis. — The Common Tern.
Blandford, No. 1506 ; Jerdon, No. 986.
An occasional winter visitor to the coast of South Tra van core. I have
noil met with it at all in the North. The few specimens taken have been
immature.
(304) Sterna saundersi. — The Black-shafted Ternlet.
Blandford, No. 1511 ; Jerdon, No. 988.
A single specimen was shot in North Travancore on the coast in
January 1903.
Order STEGANOPODES.
Family Pelecani^.
(305) Pelecanus philippensis. — The Spotted-hilled Pelican.
Blandford, No. 1523 ; Jerdon, No. 1004.
I have not secured a specimen of this bird, but it occurs in South
Travancore, and I once saw three flying over the parade ground in
Trevandrum.
Family FREGATIM.
(306) Fregata ariel. — The Small Frigate-bird.
Blandford, No. 1525.
A young bird of this species was taken at Perumathoray about ton
miles from Trevandrum, ami was brought to me alive.
Family PHALACROCORACID^.
Sub-family Phalaerocoracince.
(307) Phalacrocorax javanicus. — The Little Cormorant.
Blandford, No. 1528 ; Jerdon, No. 1007.
The Museum does not contain any specimen?, of this bird, but I have
seen it in the tanks and lakes in and about Nagercoil in South Tra-
vancore.
Sub-family PlotlnOc.
(308) Plottts melanogaster. — The Indian Darter or Snake-bird.
Blanford, No. 1529 ; Jerdon, No. 1008.
This bird is common on all the larger fresh water lakes throughout
Travancore. It is abundant on the lake formed by the Pergar dam at
3,000 feet elevation on the hills, and equally common on the Sasthancotta
lake in the low country. It breeds here in September as in North
India and not in February as in Madras and Ceylon. " I once found a
colony of these birds nesting above the Athirapuzha fall in the Kodasheri
14 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
river in September. They had taken possession of an island in midstream,
where they had built their untidy nests on small trees about 20 feet
high, and there were fresh and hard-set eggs in them in all stages of
incubation, while half-fledged birds scrambled about the branches or
flopped into the water at our approach. The nests were about one foot
in diameter and roughly built of twigs. The eggs are white and covered
with a chalky coat and measure 2 inches by 1£. Some of the eggs
are rather larger at one end than the other, while others are truly
fusiform with pointed ends. — T. F. B."
Order TUBINARES.
Family Procellariid^e.
(309) Puffinus persicus. — The Persian Shearwater.
Blanford, No. 1539.
A single specimen was taken at Valey, four miles from Trevandrum,
and was brought to me alive.
Order HERODIONES.
Sub-order Platale^e.
Family Ibidce.
(310) Ibis melanocephala. — The White Ibis.
Blanford, No. 1541 ; Jerdon, No. 941.
I am doubtful whether this bird is a resident here. I have only seen
it in the cold weather at Sastancotta. They feed by day in the paddy
fields, and are difficult to approach ; but they generally roost in trees on
the banks of the lake, and specimens can be obtained by waiting for
them in the evening.
Sub-order Ciconi^e.
Family Ciconiidce.
(211) Dissura episcopus. — The White-necked Stork.
Blanford, No. 1548 ; Jerdon, No. 920.
The Museum only contains one skin of this bird, obtained on the
banks of the river at Palode. Another specimen was brought in alive
taken on the banks of one of the tanks about Nagercoil.
(312) Leptoptilus javanicus. — The Smaller Adjutant.
Blanford, No. 1551 ; Jerdon, No. 916.
This bird is by no means common, but may be found about the tanks
in South Travancore. Live specimens have been brought in to the
gardens from time to time. One of these lived for several years in
THE BIRDS OF TRAVANCORE. 15
captivity. It was very pugnacious, and with one blow of its beak split
open the head of another bird newly introduced into its run as a com-
panion. On one occasion a jackal found its way into the run, and in
the morning was found dead with its skull pierced by the beak of the bird.
(313) Anastomus oscitans. — The Open-bill.
Blanford, No. 1553 ; Jerdon, No. 940.
This stork is very common, and large flocks may be met with on the
marshy borders of all the larger tanks and fresh water lakes. I have
seen numbers of them perching at sunset on the same trees with flocks
of Plotus melanogaster. I have not taken the eggs, but I conclude
that the breeding season must be in June, as all those I saw in January
were in the grey plumage. Natives say that they will feed on dead
bodies, but I have not seen this myself.
Sub-order Ardb^e.
Family Ardeidce.
(314) Ardea manillensis. — The Eastern Purple Heron.
Blanford, No. 1554 ; Jerdon, No. 924.
Mr. F. W. Bourdillon records this heron as "abundant at the Vel-
larney Lake, " seven miles from Trevandrum. This used to be a
favourite resort for all kinds of water birds, but since the reeds, with
which it was more or less covered have been removed, only a few
whistling teal and some snake birds persist. No herons are to be seen
there now. I have seen and shot the Purple Heron at Sastamcotta.
It is a solitary bird and very shy, never to be seen in the open except on
the wing, but always in sheltered bays where there are reeds or thickets
of pandamus. It breeds in July and August.
(315) Ardea cinerea. — The Common Heron.
Blanford, No. 1555 ; Jerdon, No. 923.
The common heron frequents the backwaters along the coast
throughout Travancore, but is not found in the interior. One has lived
in captivity in the public gardens over seventeen years.
(316) Herodias alba. — The Large Egret.
Blanford, No. 1559 ; Jerdon, No. 925.
The large egret is by no means common in Travancore, and it is only
lately that the Museum has secured a specimen. It is a wary bird and
impossible to approach when feeding in the paddy fields at most
times solitary. At Sastamcotta they roost in company on the trees
16 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
round the lake, and can be secured by waiting for them after sunset.
They appear to be the last to seek repose, as they come in long after the
ibises and snake birds have gone to rest.
(317) Herodias intermedia.— The Smaller Egret.
Blanford, No. 1560 ; Jerdon, No. 926.
This bird is fairly common about the edges of the backwaters mid
lakes from Quilon northwards. It is not nearly so abundant in the
South. Unlike the large egret, it is usually to be seen in companies
of at least three or four and often more. It is not easy to get at, as it
is decidedly shy.
(318) Herodias garzetta. — The Little Egret.
Blanford; No. 1561 ; Jerdon, JSro. 927.
The little egret is not uncommon about the back waters along tho
coast, going about solitary or in pairs.
(319) Bubulcus coromandus. — The Cattle Egret.
Blanford, No. 1562 ; Jerdon, No. 929.
This is by far the commonest of the white egrets, and may be found in
numbers in all paddy fields throughout Travancore along the backwaters
and in cultivated land. It assumes the breeding plumage about April.
(320) Lepterodius asha. — The Indian Keef-Heron.
Blanford, No. 1563 ; Jerdon, No. 928.
A single specimen was obtained by the Museum collectors at Ayren-
tenga, on the coast near Kayankolum. It was perched on a cocoanut
palm.
(321) Ardeola grayi. — The Pond Heron.
Blanford, No. 1565 ; Jerdon, No. 930.
One of the commonest and most familiar of birds throughout the
whole country.
(322) Butorides javanica. — The Little Green Heron.
Blanford, No. 1567 ; Jerdon, No. 931.
Mr. F. W. Bourdillon says that this " is a winter visitor. It, is very
silent and solitary. During the months of November to March it is
to be found among the rocks of the larger streams up to about 2,000 feet
elavation, and always in dense jungle." It is common in the low
country from November to April, but I have not met with it at any other
time of the year. This seems to agree with the habit of the bird as
recorded by Colonel Legge in Ceylon, who says of it : " Throughout the
THE BIRDS OF TRAVANCORE. 17
year it is to be met with near Kotte and similar places on the west
coast ; but, as a rule, it is not often seen after April in that part of the
island."
(323) Nycticorax griseus. — The Night Heron.
Blanford, No. 1568 ; Jerdon, No. 937.
I have not come across this bird myself, but the Museum possesses
two skins, and the collectors found it fairly common at Perambiilum, in
North Travancore, and at other places round the Vembenad lake.
The inhabitants, however, refused to allow them to shoot any
specimens.
(324) Gorsachius melanolophds. — The Malay Bittern.
Blanford, No. 1569.
Mr. F. W. Bourdillon obtained a specimen of this fine bittern on the
hills at about 2,500 feet elevation in 1878. Since then I have received
two specimens taken alive. One of these is now living in the Public
Gardens. No doubt, they were captured on the shore shortly after
their arrival on the coast, for these birds are jungle haunters.
(325) Ardetta sinensis. — The Yellow Bittern.
Blanford, No. 1571 ; Jerdon, No. 934.
1 have not shot this bird myself, but the Museum collectors
brought back several specimens from North Travancore, where it was
found solitary on the banks of the back waters about Cottayam and
Vycome.
(326) Ardetta cinnamomea. — The Chestnut Bittern.
Blanford, No. 1572 ; Jerdon, No. 933.
This little bittern is common throughout Travancore on all the lakes
and backwaters. It is fond of taking up its stand in the canals cut
through the ground laid out for the cultivation of young cocoanut
palms.
(327) Dupetor plavicollis. — The Black Bittern.
Blanford, No. 1573 ; Jerdon, No. 932.
The black bittern is not uncommon along the backwaters. It parti-
cularly frequents the canals whose banks are densely clothed with trees
and bushes, especially where there is a thick growth of screw pines. I
have never seen it away from such localities. It remains under cover
during the day, but may be flushed by the too near approach of a passing
boat. At dusk it comes out to search for food.
3
18 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVl.
Order ANSERES.
Family Anatid^:.
Sub-family Anatince.
(328) Dbndrocycna javanica. — The Whistling Teal.
Blanford, No. 1589; Jerdon, No. 952.
The whistling teal is common on all weedy tanks and lakes through-
out Travancore. On one such piece of fresh water, near Sastamcotta, I
saw hundreds in April 1902 ; but in December 1903, in the same place,
not a single one was to be found. It is, perhaps, commoner in the North
than the South.
(329) Nettopus coromandelianus. — The Cotton Teal.
Blanford, No. 1591 ; Jerdon, No. 951.
This pretty little teal is, I think, only a winter visitor, and is never
abundant at any time.
(330) Nettium crecca. — The Common Teal.
Blanford, No. 1597 ; Jerdon, No. 964.
A single specimen of this bird was shot in South Travancore.
(331) Querquedula CIRCIA. — The Garganey or Blue-winged Teal .
Blanford, No. 1601 ; Jerdon, No. 965.
Large flocks may be met with on the backwaters in North Travancore
in winter.
(332) Podicipes albipennis. — The Indian Little Grebe or Dabchiek .
A permanent resident and not uncommon; breeds in August.
Blanford, No. 1617.
19
NEW SPECIES OF INDIAN HYMENOPTERA.
By Major C. G. Nurse, 113th Infantry, Indian Army.
{Read before the Bombay Natural History Society on 18th August 1904.)
In addition to species now described for the first time, I have, as usual,
given the names of several others obtained by me which are new to India,
so as to render the list of those that are known to have occurred within
Indian limits as complete as possible. I sent a number of Chrysididce
to M. du Buysson, and he informs me that the following three species
described by me as new, belong to species already described. As his
knowledge of this family is probably unrivalled, and he has opportunities
for comparing specimens with types and others which are denied to a field
entomologist like myself, I defer to his opinion, and suppress my species —
Notozus kashmirensis (Nurse) = N. violascens (Mocs.).
Ellampus timidus {Nurse) — E. hypocktta (Buyss.).
Chrysis thalia (Nurse) = C. acceptabilis (Rad.).
As regards the genus Notozus, I cannot agree with Col. Bingham in
uniting it with Ellampus. The two genera seem to me to be distinct,
though allied. M. du Buysson keeps them distinct, as does Dr. W. H.
Ashmead in his classification in the Canadian Entomologist, and Col.
Bingham has shown no reason for uniting them.
HOLOPYGA GLORIOSA (Fabr.) VAR VIRIDIS (GW.).
Five specimens from Quetta.
Hedychridium amatum, n. sp.
9 Front sharply angled below vertex, and with very thick, snow white
pubescence, hiding the sculpturing; head, pronotum and abdomen closely,
remainder of thorax more coarsely punctured ; head as wide as pronotum,
abdomen about the length of thorax, and with a median longitudinal
carina on second segment. Shining green, with a cupreous effulgence on
second abdominal segment ; antennae and tarsi rufo-testaceous ; wings
clear hyaline, tegulse deep blue. The whole insect is covered with a
short, sparse, greyish pubescence, and the last few joints of the antennas
with a thin, silvery pile, the latter only visible with a microscope.
Long. 4-5 mm.
Habitat : Deesa.
Nearest to H. minutum, but may be distinguished by the cupreous
effulgence being confined to the second abdominal segment, and by the
carina on the same segment,
20 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI,
Hedychridium rotundum, n. sp.
9 Head and thorax closely and coarsely, abdomen closely and very
finely punctured, the third segment somewhat less finely than the second;
front above the base of antennae somewhat convex, head slightly wider
than pronotum, abdomen much wider than thorax, very rounded pos-
teriorly, shorter than the thorax and median segment united. Head
and thorax blue-green, dark-blue on the front and at the different
divisions of the thorax ; abdomen shining metallic green, without any
cupreous effulgence ; antennae and tarsi rufo-testaceous ; wings hyaline,
tegulae reddish brown ; a very little sparse greyish pubescence on the
cheeks and abdomen.
Long. 5 mm.
Habitat : Deesa.
Nearest to H. amatum above, but may be at once distinguished from
it by the very finely punctured abdomen.
Hedychrum lama (Buyss.).
This species is not uncommon at Quetta.
Hedychrum monoghroum (Buyss.).
One specimen from Quetta.
Chrysis pulohella (Spin.).
One specimen from Quetta.
Chrysis sara, n. sp.
$ Slenderly built ; facial cavity quadrate, pubescent, margined by a
slight carina ; head and thorax closely but not deeply punctured, the
punctures largest in the centre above ; abdomen more finely punctured
than head and thorax, apical portion of third segment with a pellucid or
chitinous margin, which is bi-emarginate or tridentate, all the teeth blunt,
the middle one projecting furthest. Dark-blue, with greenish reflections ;
antennae, except the first two joints, rufo-piceous; all the tarsi pale rufo-
testaceous; pubescence short, greyish, sparse ; wings hyaline, the ner-
vures pale.
Long. 3-5 mm.
Habitat : — Quetta ; a single specimen.
This species, having a pellucid margin to the third abdominal segment,
would belong to Klug's genus Spintharis, but I follow du Buysson in
considering that this difference is not of sufficient importance to warrant
the separation of Spintharis from Chrysis.
NEW SPECIES OF INDIAN HYMENOPTER'A. 21
Chrysis deposita, n. sp.
9 Facial hollow not very concave, terminated above by a slight
carina ; head and thorax finely and somewhat closely punctured,
abdomen, especially the second and third segments, more finely and
closely punctured than the head and thorax ; pronotum transverse anteri-
orly, with a slight median impression, its sides very slightly concave ;
second abdominal segment with a trace of a median longitudinal carina,
third segment with its apical margin bluntly rounded, without teeth, and
with an anteapical series of eight or ten distinct, rather large, fovese.
Bright green ; the central quadrate portion of the mesonotum and the
lateral angles of the median segment dark-blue ; second and third
abdominal segments with coppery effulgence ; antennte and tarsi piceous ;
wings hyaline, nervures rufo-piceous to piceous.
Long. 7 mm.
Habitat : Quetta ; a single specimen.
Nearest to C. pelopcecida from Jerusalem.
Chrysis chlorochrisa (Mocs.).
In the Entomologist, Vol. XXXVI, p. 40, I described under the
name of C. hogget what appeared to me to be a new species of Chrysis.
I sent specimens to Lt.-Col. Bingham and M. du Buysson. The former,
in Vol. II, Hymenoptera, of the Fauna of India series, united C. hoggei
with C. perfecta (Cam.) from Barrackpore. M. du Buysson identified
the 9 as C. subccerulea (Rad.) and the $ as C. chlorochrisa (Mocs.). In
his volume on the Chrysididse of " Species des Hymenopteres d'
Europe," p. 500, M. du Buysson observes that the $ described by
Radoszkowsky, as C. subccerulea is C. chlorochrisa (Mocs.). Accepting
this identification of the $, and taking into consideration that both
Radoszkowsky and I united these as the same species quite independently,
it appears to me that the name of chlorochrisa should stand for both
sexes, and that both C. subccerulea (Rad.) and C. hoggei (Nurse) must be
sunk as synonyms. Whether C. perfecta (Cam.; is another species or
only a variety I cannot express an opinion, not having seen a specimen.
I may mention that I have about a dozen specimens of each sex, all
obtained at Quetta, and I have no doubt whatever that they are one
species. I should not venture to differ from such a high authority as M.
du Buysson without having considerable material at my disposal.
•22 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
Chrysis dentipes (Bad.).
Two specimens from Quetta.
Chrysis psittacina (Buyss.)
A single specimen from Quetta.
Chrysis urana, n. sp.
9 Head and pronotum somewhat irregularly but closely, remainder
of thorax more coarsely punctured, abdomen closely and finely punc-
tured ; head somewhat wider than pronotum, the latter with its anterior
margin strongly rounded, and with a median longitudinal depression ;
first abdominal segment with three deep impressions at base, second
segment with a trace of a longitudinal carina, third segment with an
anteapical series of fovea which are large and conspicuous in the middle,
obscure laterally ; the segment quadridentate, the teeth long and acute,
about equidistant, the central pair projecting much beyond the lateral
ones. Dark-blue, with greenish reflections, antenna and tarsi piceous ;
wings hyaline, nervures rufo-testaceous to piceous.
Long, 6-5 mm.
Habitat : Quetta ; two specimens.
Nearest to C. grohmanni (Dahlb.).
Chrysis reparata, n. sp.
$ Head as wide as pronotum, transverse, viewed from the front
slightly longer than broad ; the space between the base of the mandibles
and the lower margin of the eyes very large, the base of the antenna
being distinctly below the level of the lower margin of the eyes ; clypeus
raised in the centre, its anterior margin slightly emarginate ; antenna
filiform, the second joint of the flagellum the longest, nearly twice the
length of the next joint ; clypeus and front finely and shallowly punc-
tured, the size of the punctures increasing towards the vertex, where
they become close, deeper and almost granular ; thorax coarsely punc-
tured, the punctures being finer at the base of the mesonotum than else-
where on the thorax ; abdomen longer than head and thorax united, very
broad, closely punctured, the punctures being smaller than those on the
thorax, those on the first abdominal segment only slightly so ; second and
third segments with a very distinct longitudinal carina ; five teeth on the
third segment as follows ; the middle tooth short, obtuse, the two outer
pairs acute but not very long ; the anteapical series of fovea distinct.
Dark-blue, the clypeus and front in some specimens light green ; second
NEW SPECIES OF INDIAN BYMENOPTERA. 23
abdominal segmont with a lateral spot light green ; scape, first two
joints of flagellum, and legs, except the tarsi, bluish green ; remainder
of flagellum, and the tarsi piceous ; the anterior portion of the mesono-
tum black; facial hollow with rather long, thick, silvery pubescence,
antennse and all the tarsi with thick short pile ; fore wing with the base
hyaline, the apical half very slightly infuscated, hindwing hyaline ;
nervures piceous, tegulse purple.
Long. 11 mm.
Habitat : Quetta ; three specimens.
EUCHRCEUS PURPURATUS LFabl\).
Fairly common at Peshin and Quetta ; the wings of those that I
obtained are hyaline, not infuscated as is usual in this species.
EucHRozoiDES, n. gen.
Differs from Euchrceus in having the mesopleurae produced into a
conspicuous tubercle, the sides of which are carinate ; the radial cell is
broader and more open at apex than in Euchrceus, and the teeth on the
apical abdominal segment are longer and more regular than in that
genus ; there is, moreover, scarcely a trace of pubescence in either sex.
This genus is closely allied to Euchrceus, but the very conspicuous
tubercle on the mesopleurae is, I consider, sufficient to separate them.
In the shape of the radial cell it approaches Spinolia, and its position
would seem to be between these two genera.
EUCHRCEOIDES OBLATUS, n. sp.
9 Facial hollow closely and finely punctured, vertex very closely,
but more coarsely punctured, granular; thorax more coarsely punctured
than vertex, especially on scutellum and postscutellum ; first and second
abdominal segments, especially on the disc above, more sparsely and
shallowly, third segment closely and finely punctured ; head slightly
broader than pronotum, no transverse carina above the facial hollow,
but a slight longitudinal carina in front of anterior ocellus ; third joint of
antennae slightly longer than the fourth ; pronotum with the sides
slightly converging anteriorly, and with a median impression at
base; mesopleurae with a very large tubercle, the sides of which
are carinate ; abdomen about as long as head and thorax united,
third segment longer and less bluntly pointed than in the genus
Ewhrcvus, almost semicircular, with fourteen teeth, the latter very
regular ; a subapical row of about eighteen small foveae. Metallic
24 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
coppery green, the elypeus and abdomen more distinctly coppery golden ;
antennae very dark red, the first two joints metallic purple ; anterior
femora metallic green, anterior tibiae and intermediate and posterior
femora and tibiae metallic purple ; anterior tarsi dark testaceous, inter-
mediate and posterior tarsi piceous ; ventral abdominal segments
metallic purple ; almost entirely devoid of pubescence or pile ; wings
hyaline, nervures blackish, tegulae of the same colour as thorax.
$ Similar, the abdomen proportionately broader, the third segment
shorter and more obtuse at apex, the teeth longer but not quite so
regular ; a slight carina above facial hollow, and the portions of the
front on each side of the carina which runs towards the anterior ocellus
flattened and depressed, the punctures on this portion running into
longitudinal striae ; the elypeus and the whole of the front below the
anterior ocellus deep-blue, changing into purple in some lights ; second
joint of antennae metallic green.
Long, 8 mm.
Habitat : Quetta ; a single specimen of each sex.
Parnopes vakillbsi (Bwjss.).
One specimen from Quetta.
Mutilla vesta, n. sp. {Dudgeon MS.)
Eyes wide apart, small and round ; head and thorax coarsely
punctured, abdomen longitudinally striate ; head slightly wider than
thorax, rounded and without a carina ; thorax sub-hexagonal, being
extended laterally into a sharp tubercle, dorsally convex ; abdomen with
the first segment constricted, and with a sharp ventral carina. Head,
antennae, legs, and abdomen black ; thorax brick red ; head and thorax
sparsely clothed with coarse black hairs, abdomen with black pubescence,
a broad band of golden pubescence on the apical margin of the first, and
a narrower one on the apical margin of the second segment ; son e
golden pubescence on the sides of the third and fourth segments ; tibiae
and tarsi with silvery pubescence.
Long. 29 mm.
Habitat : Baijnath, Kangra Valley, 3,000 feet.
Position in Bingham's key — A. f. a. Much larger than any of the
others in this group, and differs in having the first abdominal segment
constricted, with a broad gold band on its apical margin, and also in the
eyes being small and wide apart.
NEW SPECIES OF INDIAN BYMENOPTERA. 25
ASTATA LUCINDA, n. sp.
Front and mesonotum minutely and shallowly punctured, scutel-
lum and postscutellum almost impunctate, median segment minutely
rugose, abdomen smooth and sinning ; clypeus very concave at base, its
anterior margin emarginate ; antennae long, filiform, the second joint of
flagellum longer than the third ; front above the base of antenna raised,
with a median notch ; an impressed longitudinal line on scutellum ;
abdomen small, shorter and narrower than the thorax, pygidium smooth.
Black ; a large irregular spot on the front below the ocelli, a spot below
the bases of the wings, and two oval spots on each of the first two
abdominal segments, yellow, the spots on first segment frequently coa-
lescing ; tibiae and tarsi of anterior legs red ; pubescence white, very fine
and silky, but somewhat sparse ; wings clear hyaline and iridescent, a
fuscescent patch on the radial and second and third cubital cells ; radial
cell short, broadly truncate at apex ; second cubital cell almost triangular >
third cubital cell about half as wide above as below ; tegulae yellow ;
nervures of forewing for the most part brownish testaceous, except for
a short distance from the tegulae, where they are very pale yellowish ;
those of hind wing very pale.
Long. 6-8 mm.
Habitat : Quetta ; six specimens.
Nearest to A. quadri punctata (Rad.); but may beat once distinguished
by the antennae being entirely black.
Ammophila bolanica (Nurse).
When I described this species in Journal Bombay Natural History
Society, Volume XV, p. 8, I had not obtained a male. I subsequently
caught both sexes in coitu, and found that the $ differs to a consider-
able extent from the 9 , so I give its full description.
$ Head and thorax apparently finely punctured, but with the
sculpturing almost hidden by the pubescence ; median segment very
minutely striate, the striae at base being outwardly divergent, becoming
almost transverse towards the apex of the segment ; abdomen impunct-
ate, pruinose ; clypeus very long, its anterior margin produced and
slightly emarginate or notched ; scutellum slightly notched : median
segment rather long, gradually sloping and narrowed towards apex;
petiole slightly longer than the next abdominal segment. Black;
clypeus and front with rather long silvery pile, intermixed with long
i
26 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY , Vol. XVI.
black hairs ; thorax with blackish pubescence; abdomen with segments
2 — 4 above covered with short but conspicuous silvery pile ; wings
hyaline, with the apical margin of forewing infuscated as far as the
neuration.
Long. 12-15 mm.
ElJMENES MONTANA, 11. sp.
$ Clypeus smooth, front punctured, the punctures increasing in
size towards the vertex, where they are close and deep ; thorax, median
segment, and petiole closely but shallowly punctured, almost granular ;
remaining abdominal segments impunctate ; clypeus produced, its
apex transverse ; mesonotum with two impressed parallel longitudinal
lines on it's apical half ; scutellum with a slight median longitudinal carina
at base ; median segment almost vertical, with a broad groove ; petiole
shorter than thorax, narrow at base, widening towards the centre, where
it is three times as wide as at base ; second abdominal segment as long as
or longer than the petiole. Red ; the clypeus and the portion of front
immediately above it yellowish ; apical four joints of antennse, vertex,
and some marks on mesonotum blackish ; second abdominal segment
narrowly black at base, then red, then with a broad black band, it's apex
narrowly yellow ; the visible part of the remaining abdominal segments
yellow ; ventral abdominal segments similarly coloured, except that
the second segment has no yellow band at apex : almost entirely without
pubescence ; wings flavo-hyaline, with infuscated patches at apex of*
forewing, nervures rufo-testaceous, darker towards apex, tegulce red.
Long, (to end of second abdominal segment). 17 mm.
Habitat : Quetta ; two specimens.
This species is in colour very similar to E. petiolata (Fabr.), but the
petiole in that species is about twice as long as in the present and is
differently shaped. The present species is nearest to E. arbmtorvm
(Penzer) as regards the shape of petiole, but differs in colouring.
Halictus orpheus, nom. nov.
In Vol. LXX, Part II, of the Journal of the Asiatic Society, p. 148,
1 described a species of Halictus under the name of H. te&taceus. I
find that this name had already been given to a North American species,
and I, therefore, propose to rename my species H. orpheus. In a genus
like Halictus, which occurs almost all over the world, it is very difficult
to be certain that a name has not been used before.
27
SEXUAL COLOUR-DIMORPHISM IN BIRDS.
By D. DEWAR, i.c.s.
{Read before the Bombay Natural History Society on
18th August 1904.)
Probably more than half the species of birds display sexually dimor-
phic plumage. This colour dimorphism varies from an almost imper-
ceptible difference, as in many woodpeckers and some parakeets, to a
divergence so great that the male and female were originally supposed
to belong to different species. As an extreme case of sexual dimor-
phism, the Indian paradise flycatcher (Terpsiphone paradisi) may be
cited.
We are still almost completely in the dark as regards the causes of
this sexual differentiation, and we are likely to remain so until more
light has been shed on the causes which determine the origin of
variations.
It is needless to say that Darwin attributed such dimorphism to
sexual selection. His theory is that in the great majority of species,
there is competition among the males for females, and that the latter
are therefore able to, and actually do, exercise a selection. They are
able to pick and choose their mates, and they select the most brilliant
of their suitors. Thus have arisen the beautiful plumage and all the
accessory plumes of cock birds.
These decorations have in many cases not been transmitted to
females, because natural selection tends to obliterate all conspicuous
colours, and in the case of females there is no opposing force, in th
shape of sexual selection, at work. It is, however, mere waste of time to
enunciate Darvin's theory of sexual colouration, since my listeners are,
one and all, doubtless better acquainted than I am with the writings of
the most illustrious of naturalists. Wallace declines to accept Darwin's
theory, and it seems to me that we have no option but to do likewise.
There is insufficient evidence (1) of feminine selection, and (2) that
females select the most beautiful males.
In those cases in which females have been known to choose their
mates, their selection has been very capricious.
Darwin, with characteristic fairness, quotes much evidence which
goes to show that the female, when she does select, chooses, not the
most beautiful, but " the most vigorous, defiant and mettlesome male,"
28 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
Darwin quotes Mr. Tegetmeier as saying " that a gamecock, though
disfigured by being dubbed, and with his hackles trimmed, would be
accepted as readily as a male retaining all his natural ornaments."
There is some direct and, it seems to me, very conclusive, evidence
which tends to disprove the Darwinian theory of sexual selection.
Take the case of the paradise flycatcher. It will be remembered
that the male of this species does not attain his full plumage until after
the moult of the fourth autumn. Nevertheless the male certainly finds
a mate in his second and third years. In the face of this foot, it seems
impossible to ascribe his subsequent white plumage to selection by the
female.
Considering the great significance of the changes in the plumage of
the male paradise flycatcher, it is surprising that the bird has not
attracted a greater amount of attention. The life-history of the male
birds of paradise appears to exhibit a similar phenomenon.
The life-history of these birds was not known when Darwin set forth
his theory of sexual colouration. It was, however, a matter of common
knowledge that the immature plumaged males of some species did breed.
On this subject Darwin writes : " The fact of birds breeding in their
immature plumage seems opposed to the belief that sexual selection has
played as important a part, as I believe it has, in giving ornamental
colours, plumes, &c, to the males, and by means of equal transmission,
to the females of many species. The objection would be a valid one, if
the younger and less ornamental males were as successful in winning
females and propagating their kind, as the older and more beautiful
males. But we have no reason to suppose that this is the case." Now,
I submit that considering the comparative paucity of the white plumaged
paradise flycatcher males, there is every reason to believe that in this
species the young males are very successful in finding mates.
Wallace's theory is that the brilliant plumage and all the accessory
ornamentation of male birds are the expression of surplus energy ; that
in most instances these characters have not been transmitted to the
female, because it is important that she should be inconspicuous when
sitting on the nest. The origin of the ornamental appendages of birds,
writes Wallace, is to be found " in a surplus of vital energy, leading to
abnormal growths in those parts of the integument where muscular
and nervous energy are greatest. The continuous development of these
SEXUAL COLOUR-DIMORPHISM IN BIRDS. 29
appendages will result from the ordinary action of natural selection in
preserving the most healthy and vigorous individuals, and the still fur-
ther selective agency of the sexual struggle in giving to the very strong-
est and most energetic the parentage of the next generation In
many groups in which this superabundant energy is at a maximum,
the development of dermal appendages and brilliant colours has gone
on increasing till it has resulted in a great diversity between the sexes,
and in most of these cases there is evidence to show that natural selection
has caused the female to retain the primitive and more sober colours of
the group for the purposes of protection."
Wallace is able to adduce much evidence in favour of this theory,
and his writings on the subject doubtless form a most valuable contribu-
tion to our knowledge of sexual dimorphism ; but it is, I venture to
say, absurd to pretend that the theory offers a complete explanation of
the phenomena in question.
In the first place, it fails to explain why some species are sexually
dimorphic as regards plumage, while some are not.
Were all birds which nest in holes or construct covered nests sexual-
ly monomorphic as regards plumage, and were all those which build
open nests, and of which only one sex performs the work of incubation,
sexually dimorphic, then, Wallace's theory would explain every-
thing. The need of protection of the sitting bird would of course
account for its duller plumage.
Unfortunately for Wallace, many birds which nest in holes are sexu-
ally dimorphic, while many which nest in the open, and of which only
one sex performs the duties of incubation, are sexually monomorphic.
Further, there are some sexually dimorphic species, which build open
nests, and of which both the male and female birds sit alternatively on
the eggs. Darwin mentions the case of Pyranga (estiva, one of the
most splendid birds in the United States, where the male is vermillion,
and the female light greenish brown. As Darwin remarks, " if
brilliant colours had been extremely dangerous to birds whilst sitting
on their open nests, the males in these cases would have suffered
greatly."
Again, the sexual dimorphism of many species is so slight, that I do
not think that it can possibly be accounted for by the greater need of
the female for protection,
30 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. [XVI.
Take, for example, the case of the common sparrow, or better still
siuce the nest is built in more open places, the rufous-backed sparrow
(Passer pyrrhonotus). Is it possible that the slight amount of sexual
differentiation exhibited by the species can render the female so much
less conspicuous when sitting on the nest as to render the dimorphism
necessary ?
If we answer this question in the affirmative, how is it that female
orioles, ioras, and minivets have been allowed to become so conspicuous ?
If it be alleged that these birds build very carefully concealed nests,
and the female can therefore afford to wear showy plumage, I would
refer to the bulbuls. Both the white-cheeked and red- whiskered forms
build open nests in the most exposed situations, such as a raspberry
bush, or croton plant — yet the two sexes are alike and far more con-
spicuous when sitting on the nest than any cock sparrow would be.
Speaking of such slight sexual differentiation as that exhibited by
sparrows, Darwin says " such differences in colour must be accounted
for on the principle of some of the variations in the males having been
from the first limited in their transmission to the same sex ; as it can
hardly. be maintained that these differences when very slight, serve as
a protection to the female." If I have learned anything from studying
nature, it is that minute differences of colour are of very small import-
ance to a species.
If every slight variation in the shade of its plumage appreciably
affected the chances of a bird in the struggle for existence, there
would be none of that diversity of colour exhibited by individuals
of the same species.
As conspicuous examples of species of which the individuals of the
same sex vary greatly in colour, I may cite the common bee-eater
( Merops viridis)- and the Madras white-headed babbler ( Crater opus
griseus).
Then, again, many species which have similar habits and live in
identical environments, exhibit very great diversity of plumage.
Wallace writes : " Mr. Darwin has taught us that natural selection
cannot produce absolute, but only relative, perfection, and, as protective
colour is only one out of many means by which the female birds are able
to provide for the safety of their young, those which are best endowed
in other respects will have been allowed to acquire more colour
than those with whom the struggle is more severe,"
SEXUAL COLOUR-DIMORPHISM IN BIRDS. 31
With the first part of the above passage I am in entire accord, but
I must most emphatically disagree with the last portion, if it mean that
all birds tend to acquire bright plumage but only those which are
best endowed for the fight for existence have been allowed to
acquire it.
I do not believe that, when we see a dull hen-bird, we can assert that
owing to the great severity of the struggle for existence, the bird has
not been permitted to acquire bright feathers. It seems to me that
some birds tend to vary in the direction of bright plumage while others
do not.
The mynas are a very successful race of birds, and I do not think
that it is in accordance with facts to say that the reason they are not so
brightly clothed as kingfishers are, is that they would have perished in
the struggle for existence had they been thus gorgeously arrayed.
Nor do I think we are justified in saying that the mynas have not
sufficient surplus energy for the formation of bright colours or accessory
plumes.
Mynas, rather, are not brilliant birds as regards plumage, because they
have not chanced to vary in the direction of bright feathers. When I
use the words " chanced to vary ", it must not be thought that I
allege that variation is due to chance. I use the expression merely
because the laws which govern variation have yet to be discovered.
As further proof of the comparative insignificance of colour I may
cite the conspicuous crows and drongos, which build open nests, but
which, nevertheless, flourish like the green bay tree.
It seems to me that in nature an ounce of good solid pugnacity is
worth many pounds of protective colouration so far as the struggle for
existence is concerned.
I do not believe that it is possible to find any one grand cause
accounting for all sexual dimorphism. I think it more probable that
there are a vast number of factors, working in different degrees on the
various species, which have brought about these complex phenomena.
Some of these factors have come to light, while others have yet to be
discovered.
The direct action of the sexual organs on external appearance is, I
believe, an important factor, and one to which sufficient attention has
not been paid.
32 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
That the generative organs do affect the external appearance of an
animal, is fully proved from the results of castration of various animals.
Take the case of the distorted horns of castrated deer.
Again, many birds when kept in confinement refuse to breed and it
not infrequently happens that such birds do not attain the full brilliancy
of their plumage. " The male and female of the splendid scarlet ibis "
writes Darwin, " are alike, whilst the young are brown ; and the scarlet
colour, though common to both sexes, is apparently a sexual colour,
for it is not well developed with birds under confinement, in the same
manner as often happens in the case of brilliantly coloured male birds."
I am of opinion that many of the differences in the plumage of the
sexes are in some way correlated with the sexual organs.
As an example of what we may call correlative sexual colouration
i may quote the fact that the inside of the mouth of the male hornbill
(Buceros bicornis) is black, while that of the female is flesh-coloured.
Darwin himself admitted that sexual selection could not account for the
inside of the male hornbill's mouth being black, nor can we suppose
that this blackness is due to superabundant vitality exhibited by the
male.
Again, the knob on the base of the bill of the Chinese goose (Anser
cygnoides) is larger in the male than in the female. As another example
of correlative sexual dimorphism, I may mention the difference in the
shape of the neck of the mare and the horse. Anyone with a little
experience, if made to mount a horse blindfold, can tell when once on
its back, from the shape of the neck, to which sex the animal belongs.
Then, again, there is the case of the condor, cited by Darwin. The
iris of this bird is at first dark-brown, but changes at maturity into
yellowish-brown in the male, and into bright red in the female.
As a rule the development of the sexual organs tends to produce, or
at any rate to be concomitant with, increased brilliancy of plumage.
There are, however, exceptions. Thus Darwin states of certain
young woodpeckers, they " have the whole upper part of the head
tino-od with red, which afterwards either decreases into a mere circular
red line in the adults of both sexes, or quite disappears in the adult
females. " This disappearance of a bright colour can only be explained
on the Darwinian hypotheses, on the assumption that the tastes of the
female are quiet, and that she has persistently selected the male who
SEXUAL COLOUR-DIMORPHISM IN BIRDS. 33
had but little colour on his head. In order to account for the colour
of some species, Darwin has to suppose that the taste of the female has
undergone a somewhat violent change. This of course is a gratuitous
hypothesis totally unsupported by any evidence.
Sometimes females acquire at a late period of life " certain characters
proper to the male. " Darwin himself admits that this phenomenon
cannot be explained by any kind of sexual selection. He gives exam-
ples, on pages 178-180 of Vol. II of the Descent of Man. He asserts
that " the laws of inheritance can alone account for such phenomena. "
This is but another way of saying that we cannot explain the
phenomena in question.
As is well known to everybody, some birds assume a nuptial garb at
the breeding season. This I would attribute, not to the action of
sexual selection, but to the direct effect of the organs of generation
upon the general system.
In this connection the nuptial plumage of the heron tribe is most
interesting. It is unnecessary to remind you, that in many of these
birds, such as cattle egrets and paddy-birds, both sexes assume nuptial
plumage.
Darwin thus expresses himself upon this subject —
" Some members of the heron family offer a still more curious case
of novelty in colouring, having apparently been appreciated for the
sake of novelty.
The young of the Ardea asha are white, the adults being slate-
coloured ; and not only the young, but the adults of the allied Buphus
coromandus in their winter plumage are white, this colour changing
into a rich golden buff during the breeding season. It is incredible that
the young of these two species, as well as of some other members of the
same family, should have been specially rendered pure white and thus
made conspicuous to their enemies ; or that the adults of one of these
two species should have been specially rendered white during the winter
in a country which is never covered with snow. On the other hand, we
have reason to believe that whiteness has been gained by many birds as
a sexual ornament. We may therefore conclude that an early progeni-
tor of the Ardea asha and the Buphus acquired a white plumage for
nuptial purposes, and transmitted this colour to their young ; so that
the young and the old became white like certain existing egrets ; the
34 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
whiteness having afterwards been retained by the young whilst ex-
changed by the adults for more strongly pronounced tints. But if we
could look still further backwards in time to the still earlier progenitors
of these two species, we should probably see the adults dark-coloured.
I infer that this would be the case, from the analogy of many other
birds, which are dark whilst young, and when adult are white ; and
more especially from the adult of the Ardea gularis, the colours of
which are the reverse of those of A. asha, for the young are dark-
coloured and the adults white, the young having retained a former
state of plumage. It appears therefore that the progenitors in their
adult condition of the Ardea asha, the Buphus and of some allies have
undergone, during a long line of descent, the following changes of
colour : — firstly a dark shade; secondly pure white, and thirdly, owing
to another change of fashion ( if I may so express myself }, their
present slaty, reddish, or golden-buff tints. These successive changes are
intelligible only on the principle of novelty having been admired by the
birds for the sake of novelty."
This is very magnificent but it partakes of the nature of a piece of
special pleading rather than of science. If the nuptial plumage of
herons can be explained only on the principle of novelty having been
admired by the birds, then it is impossible to account for it.
It seems to me that the sexual dimorphism of the plumage of certain
cuckoos can be explained only on the theory that the organs of gen-
eration affect the external anatomy of the bird in some unknown and
not understood way.
These birds do not incubate their own eggs, hence there would
seem to be no reason, so far as natural selection is concerned, why
the female should not be arrayed in the same kind of plumage as the
male.
Darwin would doubtless say that there is a reason, viz., that the male
must tend on account of the tastes of the females to secure brioht
plumage, even though it handicap them in the struggle for existence,
whereas the females are under no such necessity.
Unfortunately for the Darwinian theory the sexual dimorphism
displayed by some species of cuckoo is very slight. It would, I sub-
mit, be absurd to believe that these slight sexual differences are due to
the preference of the females for showy males.
SEXUAL COLOUR-DIMORPHISM IN BIRDS. 35
In some cuckoos, then, it would seem that sexual dimorphism is due,
neither to sexual selection, nor to excess of vitality on the part of the
males, but is rather correlated in some unknown way with the gen-
erative organs.
The sexual dimorphism of the koel is possibly to be explained in a
different manner. It will be remembered that these birds victimise
crows. Crows seem to be aware that the koel is an enemy, for they
never lose an opportunity of attacking the male bird. But, unless my
memory serves me false, I have never seen a crow chase a female koel.
Is it a fact that it is only the male koel which is detested by the crows ?
Do these latter fail to recognise the female as one of the same species ?
If so, the sexual dimorphism in this case is easy to account for. It is
important that the male should be conspicuous in order to attract the
attention of the crows and lure them away, while the female cuckoo
deposits her egg. Young koels, when first they acquire feathers are
black, presumably in order that their foster parents may mistake them
for young crows. Later they assume the mottled plumage of the
adult female, presumably in order that the crows shall not recognise
them as their arch-enemy, hence the wonderful immunity from attack
which young koels seem to enjoy.
In the case of cuckoos which victimise small, helpless birds such
dimorphism is unnecessary for the welfare of the species, and so must,
I think, be attributed to the influence of the sexual organs.
This brings me to a point which I would venture to emphasise,
viz., that not one but many causes have operated to cause external
sexual dimorphism. The sexual dimorphism of one species is to be
accounted for in one way, and that of another in an altogether different
manner.
It is probable that that form of sexual selection whereby the most
pugnacious and mettlesome males secure the most wives has contributed
largely to the sexual dimorphism of polygamous species, in which the
dimorphism is often so very marked. But the fact that the paradise
flycatcher is monogamous shows that it is possible to ascribe too much
importance to this factor.
Then, again, it is tolerably certain that in the case of birds sitting on
open nests, natural selection has tended to keep the general hue of
female birds dull and inconspicuous,
36 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
But there is, I think, a tendency to overrate the action of natural
selection in this respect.
While considering the question of sexual colouring it is important to
remember that the struggle for existence waxes exceedingly fierce
among the young of a species. The mortality among young birds even
after they are fully fledged, is enormous. When a bird has attained
the age of sexual maturity, the odds are in favour of its surviving long
enough to give birth to a family. Now, in most species, the male does
not acquire his full plumage until he is ready to breed. This is
precisely what we should expect if these colours and appendages are
in some way or other connected with the sexual organs.
The mere fact that they appear so late allows them to be developed
to a greater extent than they could possibly be were the young born
like the adult.
I am aware of the unsatisfactory nature of this paper in that its
tendencies are mainly destructive. Throughout it I have tried to
destroy, but have made no attempt to create. I can offer no hypothesis
in place of those which I seek to disprove. To say that sexual dimorphism
in a bird's plumage is in many cases due to some occult action of the
sexual organs, is, I am aware, no explanation. If we accept the view
herein enunciated we have to admit that in some species the sexual
organs exercise little or no effect on the external plumage, while in
others the effect is very great indeed. Again, in some the effect is but
slight, while in a few cases the effect is considerable, but of short dura-
tion. Why this should be, we do not know. But, if I am able to give
no explanation of the phenomena under consideration, the theories of
Wallace and Darwin display the same defects. The former makes no
attempt to discuss isolated phenomena ; it is merely a rough generalisa-
tion. The theory of Darwin deals with details, but in a most unsatis-
factory manner. Let me, for example, quote Darwin's explanation of
the fact that the young of the scarlet ibis are brown while both the
adults are red. It is as follows : " When the adults are brightly coloured,
we may conclude that such colours have been acquired through sexual
selection by the nearly mature males ; but that the transmis-
sion, though limited to the same age, has not been limited to the same
sex. " When we ask why the one limitation and not the other, the
theory of sexual selection remains silent.
37
NOTE ON SEXUAL DIMORPHISM.
By L. C. H. Young, B.A.
In criticising Mr. Dewar's paper, I would like to say in the first place that
he gives a much wider significance to the term than is generally accepted. The
difference in the necks of a mare and a horse would not ordinarily be described
by the term, any more than the average difference in breadth of shoulders in
man and woman. By sexual dimorphism is generally understood the presence
in one sex of some abnormal character which, if man did not know to the
contrary, might lead him to suppose they were different species. The point
may be easily illustrated by the two best known species of Felis. In the tiger
there is no sexual dimorphism, although the sexes are abundantly distinct in
average measurements ; the mane of the male lion is. however, a clear instance
of the phenomena under discussion.
Sexual dimorphism is one of the largest and most difficult questions in the
whole of Biology, and it is as impossible to deal with it properly in one paper
as in ten minutes criticism. Moreover, it is found in all but the lowest orders
of creation, and although I would not suggest that the same laws necessarily
govern it in all, it only tends to confuse us to try and deal with it in one
class to the exclusion of others.
An enormous amount of literature has been written on the subject, and in so
far as Mr. Dewar is criticising Darwin's theory of sexual selection, he is
whipping a dead horse ; for no one, I think, accepts this one of Darwin's theories
at present except in a limited number of cases as a working hypothesis for want
of a better. But we must not make the mistake of regarding Wallace's theory
as contradictory to it. One regards the question from a physical and the other
from a metaphysical point of view.
Granted that abnormal growths, colours, etc., take place during the breeding
seasons they are more likely than not to show themselves at these centres of
muscular and nervous energy which are nearest the seats of excessive vitality,
i.e., the head, lungs, and caudal regions. But this does not answer the question
why.
Of the much that has been written in answer to this question " why " only two
theories are important — one is Darwin's that they are acquired because they
are beautiful, while the other side maintain that they are of the nature of a
hereditary diseased growth or hypertrophy resulting in almost every case from
some habit, generally that of fighting, characteristic of the males during the
breeding season. This of course begs the whole question whether characters
acquired during lifetime can be transmitted to descendants, but there is no
time to discuss that now, or even the theory itself, in any detail. £uff.'ce it to
say that, if the hypotheses are granted, it is quite wonderful how the theory fits
in with the known facts, and especially in cases where the dimorphism takes
a peculiar direction it has generally been found that the creature has some
peculiar method of fighting, etc., affecting the hypertrophied region. Stags'
horns of course give a conspicuous example of the theory, while cock's combs
38 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
and hollow-horned ruminants are instances where the character has been partial-
ly transmitted to the other sex also.
Pressed to extremes, however, the theory becomes ridiculous, as when it is
sought to explain the hairy chins of men by the supposition that, in primal
savagery, men were in the habit of biting each other's chins when fighting.
It is no criticism of either this or Darwin's theory to ask why it does not
exist in all animals, because both theories presuppose an excess of males over
females or polygamous habits which amount to the same thing ; as a matter of
fact among almost all vertebrates where sexual dimorphism occurs, this is
known to be the case.
Mr. Dewar cites the case of kingfishers and mynas, and asks why, according to
Darwin, mynas should not be the more brilliant of the two. But he presupposes
that brilliant colours are more difficult to acquire than sombre ones, which
in the present state of our knowedge — or ignorance — is not justifiable.
The colours of the myna's English cousin — the starling — would, one might
suppose, be extremely difficult to acquire, although the general result is quite
sombre.
There are many isolated cases of dimorphism for which special explanations
can be offered as in the case of the New Zealand bird, the two sexes of which
invariably feed together — one having a beak suited for boring holes in rotten
trees, and the other for scooping out the grubs.
But I would maintain that the majority of cases among vertebrates at least
must be explained by the relative incidence in particular cases of a number of
laws or tendencies of which I think the following are the four chiefest : —
(1) The natural tendency of like to produce like.
(2) The natural tendency of the sexes to be unlike.
Not sufficient emphasis is laid on this point. The whole course of Natural
History — by which I mean the history of the growth of creation from the mos-t
primitive forms to the highest — is almost as much a history of the specialisation
of the functions of the sexes as of specific structures.
Without going into detail one need only refer to those organisms of which
there is only one sex, to the next series where the two sexes are partially
developed, but where parthenogenesis is still the rule and on to the higher forms
in which the sexes gradually become more permanent and parthenogenesis rarer.
(3) The natural tendency of every creature to protect itself from its
enemies, either by acquiring weapons of offence or defence or by superficial
protective colours or structure.
(4) The natural tendency of the males of all species whererivalry exists
among that sex to disregard (3) in a greater or less degree during the breeding
season, when characteristic modifications, the result of pugnacity or sexual
admiration or other cause have a chance to come into play.
I think the action of these four tendencies on the blood, etc., of the males,
excited by the procreative instincts, will account in a genera] manner for the
facts.
NOTE ON SEXUAL DIMORPHISM. 39
The latter part of Mr. Dewar's paper does not call for much comment as
regards the main theory under discussion. I would merely remark as regards the
assumption of a white garb by certain birds during the breeding season, that
white is not a pigment* but the absence of it and the concentration of the vital
energies in another direction is just as likely to cause an absence of pigment a
excessive vitality in other species might produce abnormal pigment.
L. C. H. YOUNG.
NOTE ON SEXUAL DIMORPHISM.
By Captain W.G. Liston, I.M.S., M.D., F.R.S.E.
I listened with much pleasure to Mr. Dewar's paper on sexual dimorphism
and cannot refrain from making a few remarks thereon, especially in view
of Mr. Young's criticism of the paper.
I feel constrained to believe that were Darwin still alive he would no longer
attribute sexual dimorphism to sexual selection. Already before his death
he saw that he had not paid enough attention to the part played by use
and disuse, environment, etc., in modifying the order of Nature.
Mr. Dewar seems to me to be on the right track when he insists on the
importance of the organs of generation as a factor in the development of sexual
dimorphism. Indeed, I think, we must take a broader view than either Darwin
or Wallace did, and consider sexual dimorphism as a phenomenon based on the
fundamental idea of sex.
When we contemplate the universe as a whole, we are made aware of
the action of two opposing principles. Newton established the law of
motion that to every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. The
naturalist well knows that plants break up the carbon dioxide gas given
out by animals, appropriating to themselves the carbon and letting free
the oxygen, which can again be used by the animals. Here the plants
break down what the animals have built up. Again, plants build up from
simple inorganic elements, complex protoplasmic molecules which furnish food
for herbivora, and after assimilation by them are given back by excretion
as simple inorganic bodies which in their turn serve as food for the plants. In
this instance animals break down bodies which the plants have built up.
In the chemical and physical world the great law of the conservation of
energy teaches us that while there may apparently be a breaking down there is
at the same time a building up. The familiar example of the burning
candle will call to mind what I mean. Indeed, wherever we look there
is a breaking down and building up process going on — there is katabolism
associated with anabolism.
I believe that it was Thomson and Geddes who first pointed out that the
essential difference in the sexes depends on the fact that the male element has
always katabolic tendencies, while the female element has essential anabolic
* Iu writing out my notes for the Journal I, of course, accept the Chairman's correction
that where I used the word " colour " here I meant " pigment. "
40
JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
proclivities. They expressed the contrast in the sexes as an antithesis between
a relative anabolic and a relative katabolic preponderance in the protoplasmic
life of the creature. They directed attention to the large size and more
sluggish nature of the ovum and the smaller size and more active nature of
the sperm; these are essentially anabolic and katabolic features. For the
fertilisation of a single ovum a single sperm cell is only necessary ; but in the
process many sperm cells (often thousands ) are involved, all, save the single
necessary one, are dissipated, broken up, and lost. The katabolic tendency in
the male element is very marked in this inslance. Males essentially dissipate
energy, females conserve it. Now we all know how important a relation exists
between the generative or sexual and the vegetative cells. Stimulation of the
former reflects itself in the latter. It is undoubtedly this katabolic stimulation
of the veg3tative cells, communicated through the male generati\e cells during
the rutting season in certain animals, which makes the males so fierce, energetic,
and destructive. The katabolic stimulus communicated to the vegetative cells,
through the male generative cells may be dissipated in various forms of energy —
e. g., excessive growth, excessive bodily and nervous activity, and, as I hope to
show, excessive brilliancy of colour.
This katabolic stimulus of the male generative cells on the vegetative cells is
the fundamental cause of sexual dimorphism.
This idea of sexual dimorphism enables us to understand why castration is
followed by cessation of growth of horns and other structures characteristic of
the male, and how animals with the characteristic male features little developed
are essentially more feminine in their nature.
When we come to consider colour dimorphism I think the Chairman has
drawn attention to an important fact which has to be kept in mind. He drew
Mr. Young's attention to the fact that white was a colour — indeed a combination
of all colours — and black is no colour. Yet the white colour of a
feather is essentially due to the absence of pigment, while a black feather
contains much pigment. A knowledge of the chemical constitution of the
animal pigments, I believe, will not help us much to solve the question of
colour differences in birds. The solution of the colour problem is more likely
to be found in a more intimate knowledge of the physical laws affecting colour
than in a knowledge of the chemical constitution of the coloured bodies. Let me
instance a single chemical substance which shows a distinct colour dimorphism.
The red iodide of mercury, when heated, is volatilised and may be condensed
on a glass plate as a yellow crystalline crust consisting of rhombic plates. When
this is rubbed or even scratched, an immediate change takes place, the rhombic
plates becoming broken up into octohedra while the colour at the same time
alters from a yellow to a brilliant scarlet. Here the chemical constitution
remains the same but the colour has altered on account of physical laws.
The brilliant colours of male birds, especially that beautiful play of colours
often seen on their heads and necks, is probably due to microscopically minute
ridges and grooves on the feathers which reflect and retract the light and so
NOTE ON SEXUAL DIMORPHISM. 41
cause the rainbow-like show of colours. These ridges and grooves are an
exaggerated growth, the result of the stimulus conveyed to the vegetative cell
from the male generative cells. The excessive brilliance of colour of male
birds is essentially due to their sexual katabolic tendencies, that feature of all
male animals which results in the dissipation of energy. Fortunately, other
hws come into play which prevent the waste of energy ; in this instance, the
energy is conserved in the formation of those wonderful microscopic ridges and
grooves which give brilliancy to the feathers of male birds. I will not attempt
to explain why the energy should be conserved in this particular manner, but
I feel that it has been done for some useful purpose which will best be
understood by those who have made a special study of birds ; perhaps,
however, it is only another example of that beauty in design which we see in all
nature.
In conclusion, may I hazard an explanation of the unusual frequency of ■white
feathers in male birds? You are aware that in a frog there are pigment cells in
the skin which are capable of contracting and relaxing. At rest they are
relaxed and the frog assumes a dark colour. During stimulation they are
contracted and the frog assumes a light colour. Now this power over pigment
cells in the skin is exemplified to a greater or less extent in all animals. May
it not be possible that the katabolic stimulus of the male generative cells, in the
case of the birds, has led to a contraction of the pigment cells. This contrac-
tion maintained for long periods would end, through the operation of the law
of disuse, in first the atrophy and later the complete disappearance of pigment,
a white colour would thus be produced.
Coming now to consider Mr. Young's remarks on Mr. Dewar's paper I cannot
agree with him that Mr. Dewar has given a wider significance to the term
sexual dimorphism than is generally understood. Mr. Young's definition is very
inexact and eminently non-scientific. In the term sexual dimorphism must be
comprised all those differences which constantly distinguish the males from the
females in any one species. The subject, Mr. Young rightly remarks, is a
difficult one to discuss in a single paper chiefly because of its extensive appli-
cation to the whole of the animal and vegetable kingdom, even I maintain to
the lowest forms of life. Such a widely spread difference must essentially rest
on a great fundamental law operating in all cases. In this respect my opinion
differs entirely from Mr. Young. Moreover, I believe, it may be advantageous
to study this law in the single specialised class of birds, especially if the study
is made from an intimate knowledge, a specialist's knowledge, of the class ; a
knowledge not obtained from museums and books alone but from a study of the
birds in Nature. Such a special study prevents the tendency to arrive at gene-
ralisations which, if founded on incomplete knowledge of details, are sure to
mislead.
I fail to understand Mr. Young's remark that " granted that abnormal growths,
colours, etc., take place during the breeding season they are more likely than not
to show themselves at those centres of muscular and nervous energy which are
6
42 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI
nearest to the seats of excessive vitality, i.e., the head, lungs, and caudal regions.
But this does not answer the question why."
I was not aware that the head and lungs and tail were endowed with excessive
vitality. As I have already remarked, the katabolic stimulus of the male
generative cells on the vegetative cells is the fundamental cause of sexual
dimorphism. The energy which results from this stimulus may reveal itself in
excessive bodily or nervous activity or in brilliancy of colour. But while in
this way energy is set free it is never wasted, it is conserved, and I believe
always conserved to some useful purpose. To every action there is an equal
and opposite reaction. The reaction checks waste and diverts the energy into
useful channels. Hence it comes about that in opposition to the katabolic
tendencies of the male, other subsidiary laws are called into play, e. g., the law
which maintains that useless structures and organs disappear and atrophy while
useful structures and functions are developed. But even this law is limited by
other laws which check too great specialism. The brain of man for example
is a most useful organ, and it would be theoretically advantageous to develop it
to a maximum extent, but other factors prevent this specialising. Without a
well-developed body the brain becomes useless. Mens sana in corpore sano
is eminently true. A tool without the hand to work it is no good. One law
reacts against another law so that extremes are prevented. It would be quite
impossible for me at present to consider the many laws that are thus called into
play. I cannot believe that the four tendencies as Mr. Young has called them,
suffice to explain the facts. The fundamental reason for sexual dimorphism
lies in the fact that the male has katabolic tendencies while the female has
anabolic proclivities, and these tendencies are prevented from developing into
extremes by the operation of many other laws, the laws so called into play
differ in individual instances; a knowledge of these laws will answer Mr. Young's
question why ? The answer will not be the same in every case, and it can only
be made by a special study of individual groups, such as Mr. Dewar has at
present attempted in the case of birds.
Wm. GLEN LISTON, M.D., F.R.S.E,, Captain, I.M.S.
REPLY TO CAPTAIN LISTON.
By L. C. H. Young.
I cannot avoid making some reply to Captain Liston because he seems to
have misunderstood in some respects the drift of my remarks.
In the first place as to the definition of " sexual dimorphism," I did r.ot
intend to make any definition but merely to explain in an untechnical manner
that discussions on sexual dimorphism were generally confined to the explanation
of what naturalists term " secondary sexual characters, "and these are certainly
the only ones which Darwin and Wallace discuss.
If we include in it those differences which must exist in every species as being
essential to the sexual relation we are getting outside the subject discussed in
Mr, Dewar's paper altogether.
NOTE ON SEXUAL DIMORPHISM, 43
He criticises my expression " Excessive vitality, " and no doubt I expressed
very loosely and in part inaccurately what I meant in an endeavour to be
intelligible to a mixed and untechnical audience.
I intended merely to state Wallace's theory that the catabolic stimulus will
act most at the centres of muscular and nervous energy named during the
period of salacity.
Captain Liston has given us very lucidly the physiological explanation of this
and here we are in entire agreement.
But in my remarks I expressly took for granted this theory as the cause
" how " these characters came into existence, but stated that it did not answer
the question " why," i. e., why these growths, colours, etc., take the form they
do in particular cases.
It is this " why " that Darwin sought to answer by sexual selection.
Captain Liston cannot explain the " why " except as another example of that
beauty in design which we see in all nature. That it is an example of the
beauty we find in all God's handiwork I quite agree, but this does not answer
our question.
Captain Liston says he is in entire disagreement with me, when I said that
many individual cases would require special explanation and cited the case of
the Huia in New Zealand, but he is evidently still thinking of the "how"
while I was speaking of the " why."
With regard to his remarks on colour we are in substantial agreement, and I
need occupy your time no further.
44
NOTES ON THE BIRDS OF CHITRAL.
{October 1901 to October 1902.)
By Capt. H. T. Fulton, d.s.o.
(Read before the Bombay Natural History Society on 16th June 1904.)
The notes from which this article is compiled, were collected during
the " garrison " year, 15th October 1901 to 15th October 1902.
Information gathered during so short a period cannot be considered
in any way to be full. I have been unable to find any previous note
on the subject, with the exception of an article published by Captain
MacMahon, C.S.I., C.I.E., F.Z.S. (" Notes on the Fauna of Chitral ")
printed in the Journal. Asiatic Society of Bengal, Vol. LXX, Part II,
No. I of 1901.
This list will, therefore, I trust, be found useful to others who may
wish to take up the subject during their stay in the district.
The bird-life of Chitral is most interesting on account of its variety,
which is due not only to the varied topographical character of the
country, but also to its position.
I give a description of the country which is only intended to convey a
roujjh idea of its character.
Chitral is a long narrow triangular strip of country, and is the basin of
the bead waters of the river variously known as the Mastuj, Chitral and
Kunar. The country is bounded on the north-west by Wakhan, on
the west by Kafiristan, on the south-east by Dir and on north-east
by Yasin. The river rises in the north-east and flows in a south-south-
westerly direction, passing out of the country at its south-western
boundary and flowing on through Afghanistan, joins the Kabul River.
There are several large streams flowing into the river, of which the
Arkari meets it a few miles above Chitral and is the most important,
and the Turikho and Shishikho are also to be noted.
The valleys are narrow and the mountain sides steep.
The elevation of the country above sea-level varies from 25,500 feet
at Tirach Mir to about 3,600 feet where the river passes out of the
valley. The lowest pass into the country is about 10,000 feet.
Roughly a line drawn east and west through the village of Chitral
divides the country into the wooded (south) and treeless (north) portions.
The wooded portion is mostly clothed with fine deodars up to an elevation
of about 13,000 feet, the poorer ground being covered with holly.
NOTES ON THE BIRDS OF CHITRAL. 45
The treeless portion is bare, with the exception of patches of birch and
a small stunted willow and fruit-trees in the orchards.
Parts of the treeless portion are quite destitute of anything except
small herbs, more especially that portion which is for a great time of
the year under snow. These parts, however, are covered with a most
luxuriant herbage immediately the snow melts, and form the summer
grazing grounds on which finches, larks, pipits and buntings abound.
The valley i3 one of several parallel routes of the great migratory
highway and is the cause of there being —
(1) Large numbers of certain species present for longer or shorter
periods during certain seasons.
(2) Stragglers found throughout the year, probably the sick and
the lame left on the roadside.
The country is also visited by certain species that either leave the
north to winter in warmer quarters or vice versa.
During my short stay in the country I was only able to cover a
small portion of the district. These notes are confined entirely to the
birds found in those parts visited, which were roughly —
(1) The valleys on the right bank below Chitral.
(2) The Shishi Koh and the valleys on the left bank below Drosh.
(o) The main valley as far as Shost.
(4) The Turikho Valley.
(5) The range between the main valley and the Turikho.
With two exceptions all the birds are identified from skins.
I have to thank Mr. E. Comber for kindly checking the identification
of the birds I sent him, and also for sending to the Natural History
Museum, South Kensington, some 80 species which I was unable to
identify or which we were doubtful of.
I have also to thank Dr. Sharpe and the authorities at the South Kensing-
ton Museum for their courtesy in enabling me to identify the above birds.
The numbers and nomenclatures are in accordance with Oates' and
Blanford's Birds of British India.
ORDER I.— PASSERES.
• Family Corvidce.
(4) Corvus biacrorhynchus. — The Jungle-Crow.
This species is common all the year at the lower ranges (4,500 feet)
and ascends the valleys to 11,000 feet in summer. It is very common
40 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI
round Drosh Fort all the year. I saw it at Madaglasht and in all
the lower valleys, but not up the river above Chitral.
(9) Corvus monedula. — The Jackdaw.
A pair of these were obtained at Drosh — a male in February and a
female in May. Another pair were seen in June ; no other birds were
noted. Possibly there are more further south in the wooded valleys
and in Kafiristan.
(10) Pica rustica. — The Magpie.
Very common on cultivated land in the upper valleys of Chitral.
In December I saw one in Aiyon village (4,500 feet), and in June and
July at Khot (10,000 feet), Madaglasht (14,000 feet), Dizg (8,000 feet).
(24) Garrulus lanceolatus. — The Black-throated Jay.
Very common all the year throughout the wooded valleys of Lowei
Chitral from 5,000 feet to 10,000 feet.
(28) Nucifraga multipunctata. — The Larger-spotted Nutcracker.
I obtained only one specimen (female) in the Pattison Valley, 7,000 feet,
and no others were seen. This bird is probably common in Kafiristan.
(30) Pyrrhocorax alpinus. — The Yellow-billed Chough.
Very common. In winter they come down as low as 5,000 feet, and
in summer their highest elevation is 16,000 feet. I noticed none below
Drosh and none north of the head of the Turikho Valley-Shost Line, and
none on the east side of the valley, nor in Yasin.
The feet are red (Blanford) usually, but in two specimens, both female,
the feet were almost as black as the feathers.
(31) Parus atriceps. — The Indian Gray Tit.
These birds are very common in the wooded valleys of Lower Chitral
and also in the orchards of the upper valleys as far north as Sanoghar.
In summer they are found at elevations of 12,000 feet. I noted two
nests, both in holes in walnut trees ; one at Maroi, 25th June and one
at Reshan, 26th June. In both cases the young were well fledged.
They were very common in the Bimboret Valley in March and April.
(37) iEGiTHALiscus leucogenys. — The White-cheeked Tit.
Present throughout the year in the wooded valleys of Lower Chitral.
They are very numerous and were found on the same date at 6,000 and
12,000 feet. (April.)
(44) Lophophanes melanolophus. — The Crested Black Tit.
Very common from 5,000 to 12,000 foot in the wooded valleys.
NOTES ON THE BIRDS OF CHITRAL. 47
(47) Lophophanrs rufinitchalis. — The Simla Black Tit.
Very common from 5,000 feei upwards to 12,000 font in the cedar
forests.
(N. S.) Cyanistes tianschanicus.
This is an entirely new species recorded within Indian limits, which,
I think, may well be called the Chinese Blue-tit.
I obtained only five specimens, but there were any number of birds
about.
The only locality in which they were observed was on the river bed
at Shost, 10,000 feet, in July, where there were numbers in the dense
scrub of stunted willow, juniper and birch.
They are very like the European Parus coeruleus, but without the
blue head and nape, and the yellow of the under parts is less bright in
the full-grown birds and brighter in the young.
Dr. Sharpe has promised to send me a description of this species
which will be published in a later number.
Family Crateropodidce.
(91) Teochalopterum simile. — The Western Variegated
Laughing-Thrush.
Very common in the lower wooded valleys up to 6,000 feet through-
out the year.
This is one of the birds the Chitralis " hawk, " and they require quick
hawks to catch them before they get into cover.
(99) Trochalopterum lineatum. — The Himalayan-Streaked
Laughing-Thrush.
Even more common than Simile and usually found in the same
localities but at higher elevations.
(187) Myiophoneus temmincki. — The Himalayan Whistling- Thrush.
Common in pairs throughout Lower Chitral. In winter at 5,000 feet
and in summer up to 11,000 feet.
(269) Hypsipetes psaroides. — The Himalayan Black Bulbul.
A summer visitor, arriving in the beginning of April. Common in
the lower valleys.
(284) Molpastes leucogenys. — The White- cheeked Bulbul.
A visitor during the summer, arriving in March and leaving in October.
Very common at elevations up to 7,000 feet, in the wooded valleys.
(In October this was the commonest bird in the Dir Valley.)
48 JOURNAL, BOMBA Y NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
Family Sittidce.
(320) Sitta kashmirensis.— Brook's Nuthatch.
Very common in the deodar forests on the dividing ranges between
Dir and Chitral, and Chitral and Kafiristan, at elevations up tc
11,000 feet. It is found as low as 6,000 feet in the winter. At that
season they are most common on the walnut trees.
(323) Sitta lbuoopsis.— The White-cheeked Nuthatch.
This nuthatch is very common in the deodar forests at elevations of
7,000 feet in winter to 12,000 feet in summer.
Family Dicruridce.
(327) Dicrurus ater. — The Black Drongo.
A summer visitor, arriving in the middle of April. Common in the
lower valleys at low ranges, 5,500 feet being the highest altitude up to
which any were observed. None were seen above Chitral.
Family Certhiidce.
(341) Certhia himalayana. — The Himalayan Tree-Creeper.
A single specimen $ was obtained in August at 8,000 feet.
(348) Tichodroma muraria. — The Wall-creeper.
Common between October and April at 4,000 to 6,000 feet. They
do not appear to breed in Chitral, as I saw none from April to Sep-
tember in any of the valleys, nor on the ridges up to 17,000 feet.
Neither did I see any in Yasin in July.
(A few were seen in the Dir Valley in October.)
Family Sylviidce.
(401) Sylvia althcea. — Hume's Lesser White-throated Warbler.
Three specimens were obtained in May at elevations of 5,000 to
7,000 feet.
(418) Phylloscopus humii. — Hume's Willow- Warbler.
Only two specimens were obtained — a male in April at 10,000 feet,
and female in September at 6,000 feet.
Family Laniidce.
(473) Lanius vittatus. — The Bay-backed Shrike.
Very common. A summer visitor, arriving in the beginning of May,
ant] leaving towards the end of September. It frequents the lower
valleys up to 6,000 feet.
NOTES ON THE BIRDS OF CHITRAL. 49
(476) Lanius brythronotus. — The Rufus-backed Shrike.
Also a common summer visitor, arriving in the middle of April and
leaving in September, ascending in June to elevations of 7,000 feet.
(477) Lanius tephronotus. — The Grey-backed Shrike.
I obtained only one specimen (female) at Drosh, 5,000 feet, on 8th
April, and it is probable that my identification of the specimen was
incorrect. It may however have been a stray bird in a flight of either
of the other species Lanius vittatus or erythronotus.
(495) Pericrocotus brevirostris. — The Short-billed Minivet.
A summer visitor, arriving in the middle of April. It is common at
elevations of 7,000 to 10,000 feet in the wooded valleys of Lower Chitral-
They are certainly migratory, perhaps only locally, as I saw none in
the valley even as low as 4,000 feet between October and April.
Family Oriolidce.
(518) Oriolus kundoo. — The Indian Oriole.
Very common. A summer visitor, arriving in large numbers during
the beginning of May and leaving in August and September.
The beautiful flute notes of this bird can be heard during the summer
in every village orchard in the Shishi Koh and in the Chitral Valley as
far as Sanoghar (8,000 feet).
Family Sturnidce.
(532) Sturnus menzbieri. — The Common Indian Starling.
Common. A winter visitor. I was surprised to find none present even
on the high grazing grounds at 15,000 feet during summer. It evidently
migrates north, leaving in April and returning in October and November.
(542) Agropsar sturninus. — The Daurian Myna.
Only one specimen $ was obtained out of a flock of some 17 birds.
I got the specimen on 16th July at 11,000 feet at the head of the
Turikho Valley. The previous known distribution within Indian limits
is Burmah, so that its presence so far west is very interesting.
(544) Temenuchus pagodartjm. — The Black-headed Myna.
Very numerous in summer. This species arrives during the end of
April and beginning of May. None were seen above Chitral. Breeds
at elevations of 5,000 and 6,000 feet.
(549) Acridotheres tristis. — The Common Myna.
Common at lower elevations throughout the year, and up to 8,000 feet
in summer. I saw none in the upper valley above Chitral.
7
50 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
(558) Hemichelidon sibirica. — The Sooty Flycatcher.
Only a single specimen, a male, was obtained at Drosh on 7th May.
Family Muscicapidve.
(561) Siphia parva. — The European Red-breasted Flycatcher.
Common in the orchards of Lower Chitral during the winter and as
late as the middle of April. It is quite possible that it is resident.
(589) Alseonax ruficaudus. — The Rufus-tailed Flycatcher.
Two specimens only were obtained, both males, at 4,000 and 7,000
feet in April.
(598) Terpsiphone paradisi. — The Indian Paradise Flycatcher.
A summer visitor, arriving in the beginning of May and leaving in
August. Not numerous, and only ascending the valley as far as Drosh.
None noted above 5,000 feet.
Family Turdidce.
(610) Pratincola maura. — The Indian Bush-Chat.
A resident. I obtained specimens among the scrub on the banks of
the streams at 6,000 feet in the Bimboret nallah in February. I did
not see them again till September, when large numbers arrived at
Drosh, evidently migrating south. I believe they breed in the country.
(620) Saxicola opistholeuca. — Strickland's Chat.
The commonest bird in the higher valleys in summer up to elevations
of 10,000 feet and in the lower valleys in winter. There were numerous
young birds as low as 6,000 feet in June and July.
(619) Saxicola capistrata. — The White-headed Chat.
I obtained specimens at elevations of 7,000 to 11,000 during May,
June and July. In May I found a nest at 7,500 at the foot of a small
shrub.
(630) Henicurus maculatus. — The Western Spotted Forktail.
Not numerous. Present in winter at 4,500 to 6,000 feet in the wooded
side valleys of Lower Chitral. I saw none in the summer, but they are
probably present. I found them in the Pattison and Bimboret nallahs.
(638) Chimarrhornis leucocephalus. — The White-capped Redstart.
I obtained only 5 specimens — two males near Shost, 11,000 feet, in
July, and one male and two females at Baradam, 8,000 feet, in August.
(637) Miorocichla scouleri. — The Little Forktail.
Very common during the winter at elevations of 4,000 feet, among
the scrub at the bottom of the valley between Drosh and Chitral.
NOTES ON THE BIRDS OF CHITRAL. 51
In April they seemed to suddenly disappear, and no more specimens
were obtained till August, when I got them at Baradam (8,000 feet).
I cannot say I saw any of them plunging into the water as stated by
Oates ; in fact, most of the birds I saw seemed to stick more to the
scrub, and seldom were near the water like Henicurus maculatus.
(644.) Ruticilla rufiventris. — The Indian Redstart.
Very commun at the head of the Turikho Valley above Ruah, between
elevations of 10,000 and 14,000 feet, in July.
(645) Ruticilla erythrogaster. — Guldenstadt's Redstart.
Common in winter along the rivers and streams as low as 4,000 feet
(Drosh). They migrate to higher ranges towards the end of March, and
by the first week in April none are to be found around Drosh.
I obtained one specimen (female) during the summer (25th July) on
the Shajinali Pass, 14,000 feet.
(646) Rhyacornis fuliginosus. — The Plumbeous Redstart.
Common in the lower valleys in Chitral from 4,000 to 7,000 feet, in
winter, and breeding in June as low as 4,000 feet (Drosh). I saw none
above Chitral, nor did I see any above 7,000 feet, in summer.
(647) Cyanecula suecica. — The Indian Blue-throat.
Passes through on its way south during the latter end of September
and beginning of October. The northern migration is probably in
April, but I observed no specimens at that time.
The birds were obtained at Drosh, 4,000 feet.
(657) Adeldra (leruleicephala. — The Blue-headed Robin.
Present throughout the year in the wooded valleys of Lower Chitral at
elevations of 6,000 to 9,000 feet, according to season.
(677) Merula atrigularis. — The Black-throated Ouzel.
A single specimen, a male, was obtained at 11,000 feet on 27th April.
(678) Merula unicolor. — Tickell's Ouzel.
Fairly common between 6,000 and 9,000 feet in April and May and
probably all the summer, in the wooded valleys of Lower Chitral.
(691) Petrophila oinclorhyncha. — The Blue-headed Rock-Thrush.
I only obtained one specimen at 7,000 feet on 5th May.
(693) Petrophila cyanus. — The Western Blue Rock-Thrush.
Present throughout the summer at elevations of 5,000 feet to 10,000
feet. First noted in May at 8,000 feet, July 10,000, and September
5,000 feet. Not common.
52 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
(694) Monticola saxatilis. — The Rock-Thrush.
Two specimens, both females, were obtained in September and October
at 7,000 feet. The former with an egg.
(695) Tuedus viscivorus. — The Missel-Thrush.
Common in the valleys of Lower Chitral. In winter it descends to
6,000 feet and in summer is to be found up to 13,000 feet.
A nest with 4 eggs was found at 12,000 feet on the 26th of April, and
the tree, nest, and bird were covered with snow.
(709) Cinclus asiaticus.— The Brown Dipper.
Not uncommon in the wooded valleys of Lower Chitral, throughout the
year at 4,000 to 10,000 feet and upwards.
Family Ploceidce.
(734) Uroloncha malabarica. — The White-throated Munia.
A summer visitor, arriving about the middle of May and only found
up to 4,000 feet in the valley.
Although it is stated that this sub-family is not migratory (Fauna of
British India, Birds, Vol. II, page 181), this species certainly migrates
perhaps only locally. There were none in the valley during winter and
until the end of April, when large numbers arrived on the cultivated
ground below Drosh.
Family Fringillidce.
(740) Coccothraustes humii. — Hume's Haw-Finch.
I only obtained two specimens of this species, both during the second
week of May at Drosh. I am uncertain whether it breeds in the country,
but am inclined to believe it does.
(754) Propasser thura. — The White-browed Rose-Finch.
Only one specimen, a male, was obtained of t his species in Pattison
nallah at 9,000 feet (30th April).
(755) Propasser pulcherrimus. — The Beautiful Rose-Finch.
This species arrives about the middle of April. All the specimens I
obtained during April, and I saw none in the summer, and am not certain
whether they breed in the country. They are very common during their
stay and frequent the cedar forests at elevations from 6,000 to 10,000 feet.
(761) Carpodacus erythrinus. — The Common Rose-Finch.
Common during July on the grazing grounds at the head of the
Turikho Valley at elevations from 10,000 to 15,000 feet, where it prob-
ably breeds, and in winter at 5,000 feet around Drosh.
NOTES ON THE BIRDS OF CHITRAL. 53
(762) Carpodacus severtzovi. — Severtzoff's Rose-Finch.
Only one specimen, a male, was obtained at Gharaghar, 13,000 feet,
on ] 0th July. There were a good many about, but as I was pressed for
time, I was unable to obtain more. They were on open grassy ground
with large rocks scattered about, just below snow line.
(764) Erythrospiza mongolica. — The Mongolian Desert-Finch.
I obtained only a pair at the head of the Turikho Valley at 10,000 feet
on 9th July. They probably breed in the country.
(764a) Rhodopechis sanguinea.
This species has not previously been recorded within Indian limits.
I only saw two birds at Ruah in the Turikho Valley at 10,000 feet, and
unfortunately was only able to obtain one specimen. It is a very fine
large finch.
I do not think there can be any doubt that it visits the Indian
region, by which I mean any part of the country south of the Hindu
Kush. The birds were feeding on open grass land with scattered
boulders.
(767) Carduelis caniceps. — The Himalayan Gold-Finch.
Very common in summer, but not resident in winter. Arrives in
April in large numbers, and breeds in the country. It feeds on the seeds
of thistles, etc., and is found chiefly on the higher grazing grounds up
to elevations of 13,000 feet.
I watched a pair building in the Rah-Roshan Valley at 12,000 feet
(20th July). The nest was placed in the fork of a small birch about
4 feet from the ground, and although incompleted was similar to that of
the European Gold-Finch (C. elegans).
(768) Callacanthis btjrtoni. — The Red-browed Finch.
A summer visitor. All the specimens I obtained were shot in the
deodar forests at 8,000 to 9,000 feet, during August.
(770) Acanthis brevirostris. — The Eastern Twite.
Fairly common on the high grazing grounds at elevations of 10,000
to 14,000 feet in July and August. I obtained a nest at 13,000
feet.
It was built in a wormwood plant at a height of some 6 inches off" the
ground. The nest was well made and constructed of the dried flower
stems of a small yellow flowered vetch, lined with the seed-down of
a stunted willow.
54 JOURNAL, BOMBA Y NA TORAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
The eggs were 6 in number, averaging "75" X "5", of pale greenish
colour, with a few small scattered spots, blotches and lines of reddish
brown, more numerous at the thicker end.
I tried to catch the hen with a butterfly net, and as I did not succeed,
I left the nest till nest morning when I took the bird, nest and eggs.
(771) Metoponia pusilla. — The Gold-fronted Finch.
Present throughout the year, but not numerous in the winter. Large
numbers pass through Drosh in April.
I found a pair nesting in July at 12,000 feet at the head of the Turikho
Valley, where they were fairly common among the birch and stunted
willow.
(776) Passer domesticus. — The House-Sparrow.
Not present during winter. They arrive from the plains about the
beginning of April, breed in the country, and leave early in October.
They nest in the trees. In the Upper Chitral valley the nests were
very common in holes in the cliffs.
Noted as far up the valley as Sanoghar (7,800 feet).
(778) Passer hispaniolensis. — The Spanish Sparrow.
Passes through the country, not a resident in winter, and none
observed in summer. Numerous in the middle of April, arriving later
than the first arrivals of P. domesticus, and returning in October on
their way to the plains.
(779) Passer montanus. — The Tree-Sparrow.
Present in large numbers throughout the year. They nest mostly in
buildings from April to August at elevations of 4,000 to 7,000 feet.
It will be seen that P. montanus and domesticus thus appear to change
their breeding places. This is probably due to the former being in
possession of the best nesting sites when the latter appear.
(780) Passer ctnnamomeus. — The Cinnamon Tree-Sparrow.
Fairly common throughout the year at elevations of 6,000 to 8,000
feet in the wooded valleys of Lower Chitral.
In April I saw flocks of 50 and 60 birds in the Bimboret Valley.
In May I saw an unfinished nest in the Pattison Valley at 8,000 feet,
and another in June in a willow tree in the Shishi Koh at 7,000 feet.
This pretty little sparrow is evidently a good mimic. I heard one in
the Bimboret Valley imitating the song of the Indian Grey Tit (Parus
atriceps) to perfection.
NOTES ON THE BIRDS OF CH1TRAL. hb
(787) Fringillauda sordida. — Stoliczka's Mountain-Finch.
This finch is very common in summer on the grazing grounds at
elevations of 10,000 to 14,000 feet. I was surprised to see them in large
flocks in July, with apparently no young birds with them. As I saw
them in April and May at elevations of 6,000 feet they must nest during
the end of May, and early part of June.
(788) Fringillauda brandti.— Brandt's Mountain-Finch.
Numerous in Bangol at elevations from 13,000 feet and upwards in
July. I saw them nowhere else.
(793) Embbriza stbwarti. — The White-capped Bunting.
Very common in the valleys of Lower Chitral at elevaiions of 5,000
to 12,000 feet according to season.
(794) Embbriza stracheyi. — The Eastern Meadow-Bunting.
Very common at elevations of 4,000 to 14,000 feet throughout
the country according to season. I saw numerous young birds just
out of the nest in June and July, some at 9,000 and others at
14,000 feet.
(801) Emberiza rutila. — The Chestnut Bunting.
I only obtained a male in April in the Golan Valley at 7,000
feet.
Family Hirundinidce.
(805) Chblidon kashmiriensis. — The Kashmir Martin.
Common from April to October and evidently breeding in the
country.
(808) Cotile rip aria. — The Sand-Martin.
Common from April to October.
(810) Ptyonoprogne rupestris. — The Crag-Martin.
Appearing about the middle of April and remaining till October.
Found at all elevations up to 13,000 feet.
(824) Hirundo rufula. — The European Striated Swallow.
Although I only obtained two specimens of this species, I believe it to
be as common as the other species noted above. Both specimens (male
and female) were obtained in April at 6,000 feet.
Family Motacillidce.
(826) Motagilla alba.— The White Wagtail.
Present throughout the year at elevations from 4,000 to 10,000 feet
according to season.
56 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
(829) Motacilla personata. — The Masked Wagtail.
Present throughout the year at elevations of 6,000 to 12,000 feet
according to season. I obtained two fully fledged young at Ghazin
(10,000 feet) on 27th July.
(832) Motacilla melanope. — The Grey Wagtail.
I only secured one specimen, male, at the end of March at 6,000 feet
(Bimboret).
(835) Motacilla beema. — The Indian Blue-headed Wagtail.
Only one specimen (male) was secured of this species at Drosh on
19th April. They were however very numerous at the time, and were
evidently passing through the country.
(838) Motacilla citreoloides. — Hodgson's Yellow-headed Wagtail.
I only saw a pair of this species, of which I obtained the male above
Ruah (10,000 feet) on 9th July.
I have no doubt that it was then breeding.
(840) Anthus trivialis. — The Tree-Pipit.
There are, I believe, a few stragglers of this species present through-
out the year at elevations of 5,000 to 12,000 feet according to
season.
Family Alaudidce.
(855) Otocorys penicillata. — Gould's Horned Lark.
Present during the summer (July) at the head of the Turikho Valley
at elevations of 13,000 feet and upwards. Probably present at lower
ranges of the valleys of Upper Chitral during winter.
(859) Melanocorypha bimaculata. — The Eastern Calandra Lark.
This lark is very plentiful during the end of February and beginning
of March on its northward migration. I saw a Chitrali shooting large
numbers of them at Drosh, bagging as many as a dozen at a shot. I did
not note their return.
(860) Alauda arvensis. — The Sky-Lark.
Fairly numerous throughout the year at elevations of 5,000 to
11,000 feet according to season. I obtained fully fledged young birds
at 11,000 feet at the end of June.
(862) Calandrella braohydactyla. — The Short-toed Lark.
Large numbers of this species passed through Drosh during the first
week of October on their winter migration to the south. I did not note
their northward migration.
NOTES ON THE BIRDS OF CHlTRAL. 57
(864) Calandkella tibetana. — Brook's Short-toed Lark.
Only two specimens — a male and female — were obtained, both at
Sangoghar (8,000 feet), in May.
ORDER II.— EURYKEMI.
ORDER III.— PICI.
Family Picidce.
(946) Gecinus squamatus. — The West-Himalayan Scaly-bellied
Green Woodpecker.
Common throughout the year in all the wooded valleys of Lower
Chitral at elevations of 4,000 to 8,000 feet.
(961) Dendrocopus himalayensis. — The Western Himalayan
Pied Woodpecker.
Common in the wooded portion of Lower Chitral at elevations ot
5,000 to 11,000 feet. They are very common in winter in the village
orchards. I noticed a pair building in a dead deodar at the end of
April at 11,000 feet.
(969) Dendrocopus auriceps. — The Brown-fronted Pied
Woodpecker.
Fairly common in the wooded portion of Lower Chitral at elevations
of 4,000 to 10,000 feet.
(1003) Iynx torquilla. — The Common Wryneck.
I only obtained one specimen which was " hawked " at Resham
(6,500 feet) on 19th May.
ORDER IV.— ZYGODACTYLI.
ORDER V.— ANISODACTYLI.
Sub-Order Coracice. Family Coraciadoe.
(1024) Cora oias garrula. — The European Roller.
Passed through on its migration to the north in the beginning of May,
remaining in the country for a week or so. Not noted on its return
to the south. Possibly stragglers occasionally breed in the country.
Sub-Order Meropes. Family Meropklm.
(1029) Merops apiaster. — The European Bee-eater.
Arrives at the end of May. The majority pass through on their
northward migration, and a few remain in the wooded valleys
of Lower Chitral at elevations uf 4,000 to 8,000 feet where they
evidently breed. Probably returns to the south in October, but none
were noted.
8
58 JOURNAL, BOMB A ¥ NA TUBAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
Sub-Order Upupce. Family Upupidce.
(1066) Upupa epops. — The European Hoopoe.
Not a winter resident. Arrives at the end of March from the south.
I noted a pair at the head of the Turikho Valley in July at 14,000 feet.
They are fairly numerous at lower ranges. Breeds in the country.
ORDER VI.— MACROCHIRES.
Sub-Order Cypseli. Family CypselidcB.
(1068) Cypselus melba. — The Alpine Swift.
Common in summer at elevations of 5,000 to 16,000 feet. Arrives at
the beginning of April and leaves in September. Breeds in the
country.
(1069) Cypselus apus. — The European Swift.
Arrives in the beginning of April and leaves in September. Very
common at elevations of 5,000 to 8,000 feet, and less common up to
14,000 feet.
ORDER VII.— TROGONES.
ORDER VIII.— COCCYGES.
Family Cuculidai.
(1104) Cuculus canorus. — The Cuckoo.
Arrives during the end of March, and is fairly common in summer
at low elevations. I also saw and heard them in the birch jungle at the
head of the Turikho in July at 12,000 feet.
ORDER IX.— PSITTACI.
Family Psittacidce.
(1141) PalvEornis schisticbps. — The Slaty-headed Paroquet.
A summer visitor. The earliest noted arrivals were a flight of some
30 birds on 25th March flying strongly up the valley at a high
elevation. They flew straight into a snow-storm, and evidently disliking
the temperature wheeled about and flew down the valley at a good pace.
I saw none above 7,000 feet.
ORDER X.-STRIGES.
Family Asionidae.
(1159) Syrnium biddulphi. — Scully's Wood-Owl.
This owl frequents the wooded valleys of Lower Chitral an J is not very
common. Its single hoot can be heard frequently at elevations up to
8,000 feet. As I obtained an egg from a female on 23rd March, it would
appear that it breeds during March and April.
NOTES ON THE BIRDS OF CHITRAL. 59
(1167) Bubo ignavus. — The Great-horned Owl.
I only obtained two specimens, both at Drosh (4,500 feet). One
(a female) was caught in a starving condition in December.
(1173) Scops giu.— The Scops Owl.
Common in summer in the valleys of Upper Chitral and probably in
Lower Chitral, although not noted.
ORDER XI.— ACCIPITRES.
Family Vulturidce.
(1198) Neophron percnopterus. — The Egyptian Vulture, or
Large White Scavenger Vulture.
As I did not skin any of this genus I am not certain whether this
species or N. ginginianvs is seen in the country during summer.
Possibly both species will be found to visit the lower country. Not
present during winter. They appear in March and remain till Sep-
tember, seldom mounting to any altitude above 7,000 feet.
Two nested in a small cave in the face of a cliff overhanging the
river, and the female was sitting at the end of March. They are not
very common.
Family Falconidce.
(1199) Gypaetus barbatus. — The Bearded Vulture, or
Lammergeyer.
Present throughout the year. Common around Drosh. During
summer they ascend to high elevations. During winter they are
found at lower ranges and can usually be seen about the Fort feeding
on offal, etc.
(1208) Hieraetus pennatus. — The Booted Eagle.
I only obtained one specimen (male) of this species, on 11th May,
at Drosh, 4,500 feet.
(1230) Milvus melanotis. — The Larger Indian Kite.
Only one specimen (male) obtained, 16th April, at 6,000 feet.
(1232) Elanus o^ruleus. — The Black-winged Kite.
Not present in winter. Arrives in April and is common in summer
in the wooded valleys of Lower Chitral, and about cultivation.
(1233) Circus macrurus. — The Pale Harrier.
A single specimen $ obtained at Drosh, 4,500 feet, in April.
(1247) Accipiter nisus. — The Sparrow- Hawk.
A single specimen $ obtained in May at 8,000 feet.
60 JOURNAL, BOMB A Y NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
(1260) Faloo subbutbo.— The Hobby.
Only one specimen, a female, was obtained at Reshan (6,000 feet)
in May.
(1265) Tinnunculus alaudakius. — The Kestrel.
Very common throughout the year at elevations of 4,000 feet and
upwards according to season. While resting on a pass overlooking the
Wakhan country, at an elevation of 18,000 feet, a pair of these birds
crossed over from the Chitral side (July). They are very common round
Drosh. In winter they are not in the least shy, allowing one to
approach quite close to them and then only rising to alight a few yards
further off. In summer they may be frequently seen hovering over the
crops. They commence nesting in April.
ORDER XII.— COLUMBiE.
Family Columbidce.
(1292) Columba intermedia. — The Indian Blue. Rock-Pigeon.
Common throughout the year in the valley of the Chitral river up to
Shost (10,000 feet) and in some of the side valleys.
(1296) Columba leuconota. — The White-bellied Pigeon.
The " Snow Pigeon" is not uncommon in summer at elevations
of 11,000 to 14,000 feet at the head of the Shishi Koh and Turikho.
In the latter valley, although I was unable to find a nest, I believe
the birds were nesting. (July.) (Also noted in Yasin. July).
(1305) Turtur perrago.- The Indian Turtle-Dove.
A common visitor to the valleys of Lower Chitral. Arrives during
the second or third week in April, and leaves in August and September.
I noted what I believe to be birds of this species at the head of the
Turikho Valley in July in the birch jungle at 11,000 feet.
(1307) Turtur suratensis.— The Spotted Dove.
Common in summer in the valleys of Lower Chitral at elevations of
4,000 to 8,000 feet. Not a winter resident. Arrives in April. Depar-
ture not noted.
(1309) Turtur cambayensis. — The Little Brown Dove.
Only one specimen, a male, was obtained on 18th April at Drosh.
It is probably common.
(1310) Turtur risorius. — The Indian Ring-Dove.
Common in cultivated districts, arriving in April from lower country.
It is not present in winter.
NOTES ON THE BIRDS OF CH1TRAL. SI
ORDER XIII.— PTEROCLETES.
ORDER XIV.— GALLING.
Sub-order. — Alectropodes.
Family Phasianidai.
(1334) Pucrasia macrolopha ( Var. castanea). — The Koklas or
Pukras Pheasant.
This fine pheasant is common on some of the heavily timbered moun-
tain sides of Lower Chitral, viz., Pattison, Asreth, and the valley behind
Drosh Fort.
It is generally found above 7,000 feet, but ranges lower in winter.
Specimens are very difficult to obtain owing to the dense nature of the
ground they keep to. There are probably large numbers of them in Dir
and Kafiristan. At the head of the Pattison valley their harsh cry can be
continually heard in spring. It is also to be heard in the Asreth Valley.
It is the call of the male that has led to the belief that the jungle fowl
( Gallusferrugineus) is to be found in the country. I made a special point
of trying, if possible, to find the jungle fowl and have no doubt that none
exist. All the camps at which the cry of the jungle fowl is said to have
been heard, are far above the limit of elevation to which they are known
to extend. It can be easily understood that the cry kok, kok, kok, kokras,
or the plain kokras has been mistaken for that of the jungle fowl when
heard at any distance. When however the call is once heard near at
hand it cannot be possibly confounded with that of G.ferrugineus.
(1342) Lophophorus rbfulgens. — The Monal.
This beautiful pheasant is common on the wooded ridges of Lower
Chitral. In winter they are found at elevations up to 10,000 feet and
in summer still higher.
(1355) Coturnix communis. — The Common or Grey Quail.
Passes through the country during the end of April and beginning of
May in small numbers.
A certain number stay in the country and possibly breed. They may,
however, be only stragglers who have been unable to continue their
migration.
I saw a pair at the head of the Turikho Valley in July at 14,000 feet.
(1370) Caccabis chucar. — The Chukor.
Very common throughout the year all over the country, ranging in
summer up to 12,000 feet and perhaps higher, and in winter 4,000 feet.
62 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
I noted a hen with chicks in the Turikho Valley at 12,000 feet on
12th July and another at 6,000 feet on 27th July.
(1378) Tbtraogallus himalayensis.— The Himalayan
Snow-Cock.
Present throughout the year at elevations of 6,000 feet and upwards.
The Snow-Cock is found at ranges as low as 6,000 feet near Drosh in
March and April. They migrate to higher altitudes towards the middle
of April, and are during summer to be found on the open country at
16,000 feet and perhaps higher.
They are shy and difficult to get, as they gradually make towards
almost inaccessible points, and consequently when shot fall hundreds of
feet, so that when picked up they are usually badly mangled. I saw
two clutches of young birds between 15,000 and 16,000 feet on the edge
of the snow line on 20th July. (Turikho.)
OEDER XV.— HEMIPODII.
ORDER XVI.— GRALLiE.
Family Rallidce.
(1405) Fulica atra.— The Coot.
Only one specimen obtained at Drosh (4,000 feet) 20th March.
ORDER XVII.— LIMICOL^l.
Family Charadriidce.
(1436) Vanbllus vulgaris. — The Lapwing or Peewit.
A winter visitor, not numerous, but fairly common on the flat culti-
vated land along the river. Remains till late in May and some probably
breed in the country.
(1437) Chettusia gregaria. — The Sociable Lapwing.
Fairly common in the main valley during winter. Generally in
small flocks of 4 or 5,
I also obtained specimens at the head of the Bimboret Valley on the
swampy ground at 6,000 feet during April.
They were at Drosh at the end of May and probably breed in the
country.
(1460) Totanus hypoleucus.— The Common
Sandpiper.
Only one specimen, a male, was obtained at Chitral on 30th May.
(1461) Totands glareola. — The Wood
Sandpiper.
One specimen, a male, was shot at Drosh on 8th May,
NOTES ON TBE BIRDS OF CHITRAL. 63
(1462) Totanus ochropus. — The Green Sandpiper.
Common in Lower Chitral along the river bank in March and April
and beginning of May. I am certain they breed in the country
although I obtained no eggs.
I found numbers of them at the head of the Turikho Valley at
elevations of 9,000 to 14,000 feet in July.
(1471) Tringa minuta.— The Little Stint.
Common in April and May along the river bed, evidently on their
northward migration.
(1480) Phalaropus hypbrboreus. — The Red-necked Phalarope.
Only one specimen, a male, was obtained at Drosh on 14th September.
(1482) Scolopax rusticula. — The Woodcock.
Not numerous. Present throughout the year in the wooded valleys
of Lower Chitral (5,000 feet).
Specimens were obtained in Utzun in January and May, Bimboret
(6,000 and 7,000 feet) April, and Shishi Koh (7,000 feet), June.
Evidently breeds in the country.
(1484) Gallinago c^lestis. — The Common Snipe.
Only a few noted at Drosh the third week in April on their north-
ward migration.
(1486) Gallinago solitaria. — The Himalayan
Solitary Snipe.
Not common. One specimen was obtained in December at the
mouth of the Shishi Koh (4,000 feet), two in the Bimboret Valley at
7,000 feet (March), a few others were also seen there.
In May I saw a pair in the Pattison Valley at 6,000 feet.
ORDER XVIII.-GAVI^].
Family Laridce.
(1490) Larus ridibundus .— The Laughing Gull.
Only one specimen, a female, was obtained at Drosh on 9th March.
ORDER XIX.— STEGANOPODES.
ORDER XX.— TUBINARES.
ORDER XXI.— HERODIONES.
Sub-order Ardece. Family Ardekice.
(1555) Ardba cinerea.— The Common Heron.
A female was obtained on the 9th March at Drosh (4,000 feet) and
several passed through at the end of March, flying north. I saw a pair
64 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XV 1.
at the junction of the Turikho with the Chitral River (7,000 feet) at the
end of June.
(In October I saw a pair on the Panjkora River below Robat DirJ
ORDER XXII.-PH(ENICOPTERI.
ORDER XXIII.— ANSERES.
Family Anatidce.
Sub-family Anserince.
(1583) Anser indicus. — The Barred-headed Goose.
Although I did not see any specimens of this species in Chitral it is
probable that it occurs.
This species breeds on the Shandur Lake which is just over the Chitral
border, and I saw several tamed birds that had been taken as nestlings
the previous year.
Sub-family Anatince.
(1592) Anas boscas. — The Mallard.
It passes through on its northward migration, beginning early in
March and continuing till the end of the month, and on its return
passage, beginning about the second week of September. This species
does not winter in the country.
(1597) Nettium crecca. — The Common Teal.
Passes through to the north during March and first week in April
in large numbers, and returns south about the beginning of October.
A certain number winter in the country.
(1599) Mareca penelope. — The Wigeon.
Passes north during March and first week in April, returning south
in October.
Does not appear to be very numerous, nor does it winter in the
country.
(1G00) Dafila acuta. — The Pintail.
Does not winter. Passes north towards the end of February and
March. The return south was not noted.
(1602) Spatula cltpeata. — The Shoveller.
Passes north during March and the first week in April. The return
migration was not noted.
ORDER XXIV.— PYGOPODES.
65
WATER-YIELDING PLANTS FOUND IN THE
THANA FORESTS.
By G. M. Ryan, i.f.s. f.l.s.
{Head before the Bombay Natural History Society on 29th Sept. 1904.)
Calycopteris floribunda, commonly known as Ukshi in Thana, is one
of the most interesting (if not the most interesting) scandent shrubs of the
Thana District. In alluding to it as such, however, it is necessary to
explain that this is not its habit of growth in all parts of India. In the
''Flora of British India" it is described as "a diffuse dense
shrub not at all scandent," but Sir Dietrich Brandis, in his
" Flora of N.-W. Central India," and Mr. Gamble, in his " Manual of
Indian Timbers," both refer to it as possessing a climbing habit.
In the Thana District it may be seen both as a diffuse shrub and
formidable scandent one. When standing isolated in waste areas it
seems to acquire the former habit in consequence of being lopped annu-
ally for fuel and tahal,* and when growing in the forest amidst large-tree
growth it assumes a scandent form. Attention cannot help but being
directed towards this interesting member of the vegetable world, espe-
cially at the commencement of the hot weather when in flower, for it
then forms a most attractive plant. As a climber its pretty pale
golden flowers bedeck the illuminated heights of a tree covering it,
as it were, with glory, and as a shrub its pale golden inflorescence
is even still more abundant and handsome. It has often been a
surprise under the circumstances why Calycopteris floribunda has not
been more utilized as an ornamental plant in gardens in Western
India. Its climbing habit probably has been a barrier to its in-
troduction, but this can easily be checked by yearly attention. A
very fine specimen of the shrub exists in the hanging gardens on the
Gibbs Road, Malabar Hill. Bombay, and Mr. W. S. Millard, one of the
Honorary Secretaries of the Natural History Society, who is superin-
tending the horticultural improvements at Malabar Point, states that
specimens of this scandent shrub may be seen in Government House
grounds there. The Ukshi, when a scandent shrub, ascends the bole of
a tree in a characteristic manner, climbing from left to right. Having
established itself in the forest in some spot not far from a tree it extends
* Tahal is the term used in the Thana District for the branchwood and leaves which are
cut to provide wood-ash manure for the rice nursery beds.
9
66 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
its leading shoot till it reaches the branch of an adjacent one. It pro-
ceeds to embrace the bole at first in several loose coils and then to
stretch its leader out as if in search of a further exterior support, failing
to find which it returns to the original bole and forms three or four
constricting coils round it, continuing to adopt the left-to-right habit.
Releasing its grasp again it succeeds by a series of wide curves or
swoops to reach the illuminated heights of the crown. Here it commences
to form a net-work of branches, spreading across the crown, and perhaps
overhanging it, until at length some of the branches are suspended in
graceful festoons. A tree thus invaded naturally is unable to expand and
eventually dies ; but the climber itself does not stop its course. Hav-
ing, perhaps, reached the ground, especially where the tree invaded is a
small one, its growth is further stimulated by its lower branches rooting
in the soil and forming new individuals. It also possesses the faculty
of reproducing itself by root-suckers, so that when once it has entered a
forest and if the leaf canopy has not completely formed, it spreads in all
directions by this means and also by means of its stoloniferous branches.
In some instances after having reached the illuminated heights of a
tree it is stimulated also to throw out another arm from its base, and this
latter instead of attaching itself to the bole of the host and climbing up
it, embraces one of its own scandent shoots that have grown old with the
tree and been stripped of its foliage and coils tightly round it, restrict-
ing its circumferential growth at the parts in contact with the coils,
forming strands like those of a cable. Such a scandent form is
common in the canopied forests of the Bassein Range where the Ukshi.
both as a climber and a shrub, may be seen to advantage.
In these interesting forests, which are at the base of the Tungar plateau
in Bassein, the Ukshi stems here reaqh a girth of 1 to 2| feet. Where
the latter have grown old with the trees and where the older portions
have been stripped of their foliage they resemble ropes loosely stretched
between the ground and tree summits and between tree and tree, formino-
swings in some places and rope-ladders, as it were, for the monkeys.*
The branches of the Ukshi being annually lopped around villa oes
between January and April for tahal as already explained it is not often
seen in flower in such localities. The smaller twigs are utilized for
native tooth brushes. The most interesting characteristic: of the plant is
* Vide Earner's " Natural History of Plants."
WATER-YIELDING PLANTS FOUND IN THE THAN A FORESTS. 67
its faculty of storing in its climbing stems, and especially those which
have grown old with the trees, a liquid resembling water which
is commonly drunk by the wild tribes to allay thirst when water is not
available. Such liquid is found in the stems at almost all periods of
the dry season, but in greater abundance during the hot weather.
It is obtained only from the stems of the scandent shrub. To obtain it
a piece of the stem five feet long is entirely removed from the stem and
held up vertically, a vessel being placed beneath into which the water,
as we may call it, dribbles as freely as from a tap. As much as a quart
has been drawn from four pieces of the following dimensions in this
manner : —
Length. Girth.
2'-8" 1'
2'-7" 10"
2'-3" 1'
2'-2" 10"
In order to procure the water it is necessary that the operation of
removing the required piece from the bole should be quickly performed,
i.e., the sections above and below should be made as rapidly as possible ;
otherwise most of the water rises in the stem and fails to exude. If a
section is made at one end only, or if an incision merely is made in the
wood, little or no exudation of the water takes place. On being drawn
it resembles clear spring water in appearance and is not at all unpleasant
to drink. After exposure for a few hours, however, it turns a pale amber
colour.
Through the courtesy of Mr. W. L. Harvey, I.C.S., C.I.E., Muni-
cipal Commissioner, Bombay, the following interesting report of the
analysis of the sample of the water has been made by the Municipal
analyst, and Mr. Harvey, in forwarding the report, adds — " The Health
Officer is of opinion that it is not injurious to health if used for drinking
purposes " —
Total solids 0-07 percent.*
Mineral matter ... ... ... ... ••• 0*02 „
Organic and volatile matter ... ... ... 0*05 „
Total acids (in terms of c.c.N/ 10 alkali required). 6'8 „
Volatile acids ( do. do. ) 5'1 „
Fixed acids ( do. do. ) 1*7 ,,
68 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
" The organic matter was found to consist of a tanin and traces of
albuminoids and gummy matter, while alcohol, starchy and saccharine
matter was tested for with negative results. The free acid in the sample
consists of acetic and other acids. The mineral matter in the sample
consists of chlorides, sulphates, lime, ferric oxide and sodium oxide
together with traces of nitrates and potassium."
The water in a plant like Calycopteris floribimdci, possessing such
interesting economic value, is doubtless on occasions put to successful
use by the wild tribes, especially the Kolis and Kathodis who of late
years have been committing dacoities in the Thana District. Capturing
the dacoits has always been a difficult task, but it was thought this task
would be facilitated during the hot weather when most of the pools, &c,
had dried up in the forests. The police accordingly, in expectation of
apprehending their prey, have kept a watch over the different pools in
the jungles, but without much, if any, result. May not the water provi-
ded by the Ukshi have been the charm which enabled the dacoits to keep
the police at arm's length ? Under the facilities provided by the plant for
quenching thirst the dacoits would be able to be independent of all pools
and springs, and could wander at will through the forests. This sugges-
tion is thrown out to some of our experienced, not to say smart, police
officers whose attention is invited to the interesting economic use to
which it is possible to apply the Ukshi, presuming such use has not been
heard of before.
The climber is found in some of the numerous canon-like ravines
which exists along the western projection of the ghats, an area
which for a long time has been the favourite haunts of the dacoits, and it
is also a noticeable plant in the forests surrounding the well-known
Tungar plateau as already stated. Its sylvicultural requirements are
moderate amount of illumination and a humid and relatively cool atmos-
phere with a freely drained laterite soil, so that it flourishes best in the
hilly forest along the Konkan Sea Coast and in the moist ravines more
inland in the localities already alluded to.
Another climber known as Nandvel ( Vitis adnata, Wall.) is exceed-
ingly common in the forests almost all over Thana District, which also
yields a harmless beverage which is utilized similarly to quench thirst
when water is not available in forests, but it produces slight throat
irritation after swallowing, which renders it less popular than the water
WATER-YIELDING PLANTS FOUND IN THE THAN A FORESTS. 69
from Calycopieris. It is often found where the latter does not exist
however, and under such circumstances it is frequently resorted to
instead for drinking purposes.*
Forest guards have told me that they have been under the necessity
of resorting to the water from Nandvel when working in some out-
of-the-way forests or on the summit of a hill slope when marking-
coupes, and it was in this way that my attention was first attracted to
the interesting quality possessed by Nandvel and which ultimately led
to my ascertaining the same uses in the Ukshi.
At page 7, Volume XXII, of the ': Indian Forester" Viiis latifoliaf
is reported, I see, to yield also a beverage which the Dehra Dun students
sometimes indulge in when in the forests. A few other trees, etc., in the
Thana forests are found which yield liquids resembling water from either
the roots or their stems and which are turned to various economic,
medicinal and other uses, and a description of these it is proposed to
leave for another occasion when an opportunity offers.
• When marching through the forests along the Waitarna River in Mokhada with
Mr. Clyton, I.C.S., it was observed how frequently the Nandvel had been out.
f Vitix lafifoUa is also found in the Thana forests, and it probably also yields water
similar to Vitis adnata. Both are known as Nandvel.
70
THE BIRDS OF THE MADHUBANI SUB-DIVISION OF THE DAR-
BHANGA DISTRICT, TIRHUT, WITH NOTES ON SPECIES
NOTICED ELSEWHERE IN THE DISTRICT.
By C. M. Inglis.
Part VIII.
{Continued from page 343 of Vol. XV .)
Addenda et Corrigenda.
(4) Parus atriceps. — The Indian Grey Tit.
I mentioned that this species arrived about the third week of September, but
in 1901 I obtained one on the 17th July, near Baghownie.
(11) Otocompsa emeria. — The Bengal Red-whiskered Bulbul.
This species is a rare bird near Baghownie. I have only seen one or two
specimens.
(327) Acrocephalus stentoreds. — The Indian Great Reed-Warbler.
Oates, No. 363 ; Hume, No. 515,
On the 19th November 1902 I obtained a female of this species near
Baghownie.
(328) Ch^etornis locostelloides.— The Bristled Grass-Warbler.
Oates, No. 392 ; Hume, No. 441.
On the 17th June 1902 several specimens were procured in the Ramowlie
grass which lies between Hatauri and Anarh.
(329) Phylloscopus tytleri. — Tytler's Willow-Warbler.
Oates, No. 406 ; Hume, No. 500 bis.
A Willow-Warbler was brought to me on the 8th October 1901 by a boy
who shot it with a pellet bow. I take it to be this species.
(32) Tephrodornis pondicerianus. — The Common Wood-Shrike.
A nest containing three fresh eggs, along with one of the parent birds, was
brought to me on the 12th March 1904. It was found in a mango grove near
Baghownie.
(40) Oriolus kundoo. — The Indian Oriole.
In 1901 this species arrived at Baghownie on the 10th March, ten days earlier
than the date I gave when writing about this species.
(45) Temenuchus pagodardm. — The Black-headed Myna.
I have taken the eggs of this species in June. I also got a single young one,
fully fledged, from a hole in a kheir tree on the 18th of that month, so the
eggs must have been laid some time in May. Towards the end of April a pair
was seen making nesting arrangements, but up to date of writing, the 6th May,
they have not laid.
(46) Acridotheres tristis. — The Common Myna.
A bird was seen a few miles from Baghownie, which had a pure white tail.
The remainder was in ordinary plumage.
(49) Sturnopastor contra. — The Pied Myna.
A nearly pure albino of this species was brought me by a mir-shikar on the
30th August 1903. I append a description of the same.
THE BIRDS OF THE MADHUBANI SOB-DIVISION. 71
Whole plumage pure white, with the following exceptions : — Remiges pure
black, except the first or fifth primaries on one wing and the fifth on the other
wing, the first on that wing being black. First secondary also white. One or
two of the median coverts also black ; some black feathers near the nares and
a few on the crown also — black patch on the side of the breast near the bend of
the wing ; one or two greyish feathers on the breast and abdomen. Rump mixed
black and white. Rectrices black except the outermost feather, which is white.
(53) Cyornis rubeculoides.— The Blue-throated Flycatcher.
A fine male was procured near Baghownie on the 26th November 1902.
(56) Terpsiphone paradisi. — The Indian Paradise Flycatcher.
Adult males sometimes have the feathers of the tail next the central one
lengthened, as has been noticed in the case of S. affinis by Mr. E. C. Stuart
Baker.
(61 : Pratincola leucura. — The White-tailed Bush Chat.
A pair of birds of this species was shot on the 21st March 1904 at Benoa
where a small party were seen in a large grass.
(62) P. insignis. — Hodgson's Bush Chat.
Males of this species were obtained at Baghownie in October 1902.
(330) Thamnobia cambaiensis — The Brown-backed Indian Robin.
Oates, No. 661; Hume, No. 480.
In December 1900 one of my men fired at a bird, which, I think, must have
belonged to this species, and as it had white on the coverts, it was a male.
(68) Cittocincla macrura. — The Shama.
One was fired at and missed on the 28th August 1901. A female shot near
Baghownie on the 9th October of the same year, and which was dissected by
myself, was in male plumage with the mouth yellow.
(80) Spor^eginthus amandava— The Indian Red Munia.
From observations taken from specimens in captivity, males do moult into
a winter plumage. This year I intend keeping notes on the subject.
(81) Carpodacus erythrinus. — The Common Rose-finch.
A flock of about twenty were seen near Baghownie flying on the 14th March
1904 in some jungle, out of which three were shot.
(331) Emberiza fucata. — The Grey-headed Bunting.
Oates, No. 790 ; Hume, No. 719.
A male of this species was got near Baghownie on the 25th March 1904. The
testes were greatly enlarged. Oates says he has never seen a specimen of this
Bunting from the plains proper, but evidently Jerdon was correct when he said
it was found sparingly there in places.
(332) Melophus melanicterus. — The Crested Bunting.
Oates, No. 803 ; Hume, No. 724.
A small party was found at the same place and on the same date as the
Rose-finches. They kept to the trees and would not come to the ground. I
wanted my mir-shikar to snare some, but he was unable to do so, so several
specimens were shot.
72 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
(333) Anthus striolatus.— Blyth's Pipit.
Gates, No. 846 ; Hume, No. 601.
Several specimens were obtained near Baghownie, and a nest with four eggs
was'taken there on the 16th April 1904. They appear to keep more to the
shade of trees, such as the kheir. &c.
C104) Alauda gulgula— The Indian Sky-lark.
A nest with two eggs was taken on the 28th April 1904 near Baghownie, and
several others were found, but without eggs.
(334) Pitta bracuyura.— The Indian Pitta.
Oates, No. 933 ; Hume, No.
A single male of this species was got in a mango grove, near Baghownie, on the
13th May 1904. It had just alighted on the ground from one of the mango trees
and was by itself. None of the native fowlers round here recognize the bird, so
it must be very rare. This is the only one I have ever seen, and it is not a species
that is likely to be overlooked. A female got on the 21st of the same month.
(130) Halcyon pileata.— The Black-capped Kingfisher.
Several more specimens have been procured since writing about this species.
Though undoubtedly rare, it is not so scarce as I thought it was. Native
name Allah tanlci. All white varieties or albinos of birds are called Ablak
by the native fowlers here, so they evidently take it to be only a variety of
H. smymensis.
(335) Anthracoceros albirostris — The Indo-Burmese Hornbill.
Blanford, No. 1053 ; Hume, No. 142.
A hornbill came to a tree quite close to the bungalow. One of my servants
saw it there, and said it had been there all the morning. I went to have a look
at it, but could only see the breast and abdomen, which were pure white, as the
bird was hidden by a clump of parasite (Loranthus sp.) My servant saw the
bird, and said the head and the neck was a mixture of black and white, the upper
breast was black and the abdomen white. The bill, he said, was yellowish. I
did not disturb the bird, as I expected my man in with my gun at any moment
and thought I might get a shot at it. It flew away, however, before he arrived.
I showed the man who saw the bird a skin of A. albirostris, and he said it was
like it, except the head and neck, which were banded with black and white.
I cannot identify the bird unless it was this species.
(336) Cagomantis merulinus.— The Rufous-bellied Cuckoo.
Blanford, No. 1113 ; Hume, No. 209.
An adult male of this species was shot near Baghownie on the 7th November
1903.
(148) Pal/EORNIS CYANOCEPHALDS. — The Western Blossom-headed Paroquet.
A nest with two eggs was taken from a hole in a sisso tree at Jainagar on
the 20th March 1904. This is the first 1 have seen.
(150) Strix Candida. — The Grass-Owl.
I have seen several of this species in some small grasses near Hatauri, and
some also frequent the large Ramowlie grass.
THE BIRDS OF THE MADHUBANI SUB-DIVISION. 73
(154) Scops giu. — The Scops Owl.
Another specimen, a female, was got near Baghownie on the 20th November
1902,
(155) S. bakkamcena. — The Collared Scops Owl.
A nest containing four slightly incubated eggs was found in a hole in a
peepul tree not far from Baghownie.
(157) Ninox scutulata. — The Brown Hawk-Owl.
One or two more specimens have been obtained near Baghownie since
writing about this species.
(180) Accipiter nisus. — The Sparrow-Hawk.
I obtained a specimen at Baghownie on the 28th November 1902.
(337) Turtur orientalis. — The Rufous Turtle Dove.
Blanford, No. 1304 ; Hume, No. 793.
A solitary specimen was shot by me in my compound at Baghownie on the
27th August 1903. It was undoubtedly this species as I compared it with my
Cachar specimens.
(193) Turtur ferrago. — The Indian Turtle Dove.
I have also taken the eggs of this species in July as well as during the
months previously mentioned.
(199) Coturnix coromandelica. — The Rain Quail.
The first and only specimen of this*species obtained by me was got on the 5th
May 1904. It was a male and was near Baghownie along with some Grey and
Button Quail.
(338) Francolinus gularis. — The Swamp Partridge.
Blanford, No. 1376 ; Hume, No. 823.
A pair were brought me on the 19th March 1904 by a mir-shikar, who says
he snared them in a large grass in the E. of this subdivision. He also
mentioned that he had got the eg<*s, but ate them. He has promised to get
me more birds and, if possible, the eggs. Mr. Edgell wrote me that he had
shot this species in the Monghyr District. My pair are kept in an aviary
along with a male Black Partridge and a lot of other birds. They never appear
to quarrel with any of the other species ; in fact, they used to be bullied by an
Australian Crested Dove (Ocyphaps lophotes). They are rather quiet birds,
only occasionally uttering a loud qua, qua, qua, which ascends in tone. I
have heard no other note. They are very shy, keeping hid most of the day.
The hen is not as shy as the cock.
(217) Anthropoides virgo. — The Demoiselle Crane.
A flock came to the Kamla, near Jainagar, about the end of April, out of
which one was secured.
(218) Sypheotis bengalensis. — The Bengal Florican.
I have at last succeeded in getting a specimen of a Florican. It was
brought here on the 28th of August. It was snared somewhere in the District
and was alive when brought, but I believe in a very emaciated condition, the
sides of the head are buff and the greater portion of the back is mottled.
10
74 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
(339) Vanellus vulgaris.— The Lapwing.
Blanford, No. 1436 ; Hume, No. 851.
A single bird was snaredat the Maiser chaur on the 8th August 1903, but
was too much damaged for preservation. This is the only one that has ever
been got here.
(340) Chettusia geegaru. — The Sociable Lapwing.
Blanford, No. 1437 ; Hume, No. 852.
A few were got at the Maiser chaur on New Year's Day, 1903, and again a
few more on the 1st February of the same year.
(236) Numenius pha;opus. — The Whimbrel.
A second specimen, a male, was got at the Maiser chaur on the 12th Sep-
tember 1903.
(215) Pavoxcella pugnax. — The Ruff and Reeve.
On the 15th February 1904 a male Ruff was. shot near Raghownie with a
white head and neck, except one or two dark feathers on the crown. Mr.
Finn wrote an article on this form, to which he gives the sub-specific name of
Pavoncella pugnax leueoprora, in the Journal of the Asiatic Society of Rengal,
Vol. LXXI, Part II, No. 1 of 1902.
(341) Tringa subarquata.— The Curlew Stint.
Blanford, No. 1477 ; Hume, No. 882.
A single male specimen, changing from summer to winter plumage, was
snared on the Maiser chaur and brought to me on the 8th August 1903.
(254) Larus ichthyaetus. — The Great Rlack-headed Gull.
Another specimen of this fine gull was got on the Renoa chaur on the 3rd
March 1904. It was a male, in breeding plumage.
(268) Phalacrocorax carbo. — The Large Cormorant.
A fine bird in breeding plumage was got on the Renoa chaur on the 21st
March 1904.
(277) Ciconia nigra.— The Rlack Stork.
At last I have succeeded in obtaining a specimen of this stork. A fine male
was snared on the Roopuspur chaur on the 9th January 1904. I append the
dimensions and colours of the soft parts of this specimen. Length 42" ; wing
21" ; tail 9'5" ; tarsus 8" ; bill at front 7*6" ; bill at gapeS" ; expanse 75'8". Rill,
orbital skin and legs vermilion ; former tinged with brown except at tip and
base and front of tarsus brownish ; iris light brown. The native name I gave
was correct.
(281) Leptoptilus javanicus. — The Lesser Adjutant.
Another specimen, a male, was got near Raghownie on the 15th September
1903.
(287) Herouias intermedia.— The Smaller Egret,
Two males, in full breeding plumage, have been obtained since my note on
this species. One was got at Fureckeer in the Monghyr District on the 22nd April
1903, and the other at the Hurrietta chaur in this district on the 25th May of
the same year.
TEE BIRDS OF THE MADHUBANI SUB-DIVISION. 75
(300) Sarcidiornis melanonotus. — The Nukta.
A couple more specimens of this duck have been got, both females. One
was secured on the Maiser chaur on the 8th January 1903, and the other on
the Benoa chaur on the 12th March 1904.
(301) Khodonessa caryophyllacea. — The Pink-headed Duck.
Another pink-headed Duck was brought on the 25th June of this year. It
was snared on the Benoa chaur, where the first specimen came from. This
one seems very healthy and is at present in my water aviary in the com-
pany of a pair of Mandarins (Mx galericulata), a wild Duck (^4. boscas), two
Spot-Bills {A. pcecilorhyncha) , a Shoveller (£. clyjieafa), a blue-winged Teal
(Q. circia), a pair of Nicobar Pigeons (C. nicobarica), and an Australian Crested
Dove (0. lophotes). They all seem to get along together well enough.
(307) Anas boscas. — The Mallard.
I have received another specimen from this district. It is a male, and was
brought to me by a native fowler. At present I have got it alive.
(308) A. pcecilorhyncha.— The Spotted-billed Duck.
I believe this species breeds near Muktapur Factory in this district. This
cold season, 1903-04, has been one of the worst for migratory wild fowl.
Nothing decent has been seen or brought me, with the exception of the above-
mentioned Mallard. Two of these ducks were brought here at the same time
and from the same place as the above-mentioned pink-headed duck. One of
them is at present alive in my tealery, and the other died. A third one was
brought on the loth July from the same place ; this one is also alive. There
were, I believe, about half a dozen of these birds in the chaur, but with bird
lime the mir shikar only managed to snare one.
76
THE BUTTERFLIES OF CEYLON,
By
Major N. Manders, r.a.m.c, f.z.s., f.e.s.
{Read before the Bombay Natural History Society on
24th November 1904.)
The Island of Ceylon has now been so thoroughly ransacked for
butterflies that assuredly very few species remain to be discovered, pro-
bably not more than half a dozen at the outside. Some general conclu-
sions regarding their origin and distribution may now be ventured on
and an analysis of the various species may be of some interest.
Before doing so it may be as well to recall the chief geographical
features and climate of the Island, as it is on these two factors that the
variation of butterflies, to my mind, chiefly depend. Cape Comorin, at
the extreme end of the Indian Peninsula, almost reaches the 6th degree
North latitude and is opposite Puttalam in Ceylon, a small village not
more than eighty miles north of Colombo. The effect of this position
is that nearly two -thirds of the Island is sheltered, as it were, by the
Indian Peninsula, and this causes a remarkable contrast in the sheltered
and unsheltered portions of the Island. It will be noticed, further, that
the Hill districts of Ceylon are confined to the south-west portion of the
Island, so that the whole of the northern and eastern part is either shel-
tered by the mountains of India or those of Ceylon, and this causes a
very marked difference of climate in different parts of the Island. The
South-West monsoon passing up the East Coast of Africa is deflected off
the Island of Socotra across the Arabian Sea and divides into two cur.
rents, one of which strikes the Western Ghauts and the other the south-
west portion of Ceylon. That current which strikes the Indian Pen-
insula loses its moisture in the Western Ghauts and Anamallai and
Travancore Hills and reaches Ceylon north of Puttalam as a com-
paratively dry wind, and certainly a distinctly dry wind by the time
it reaches Trincomalee on the east of the Island.
On the other hand, the mountains of the south-west portion of Ceylon
receive the full benefit of the South- West monsoon in the Hills and
comes to the South-East portion of the Island as a dry wind in a similar
manner as in the north.
It will be noticed, therefore, that in the greater part of the Island
the South- West monsoon is a dry wind. On the other hand, the North-
East monsoon travelling over the Bay of Bengal reaches the northern
THE BUTTERFLIES OF CEYLON 77
and eastern part of the Island loaded with moisture, and a tremendous
downpour, almost continuous, is the result. The mountains also
receive a yery fair amount, and even Colombo on the western sea
board is treated to heavy afternoon and evening thunderstorms.
The climate of the Island, speaking generally, runs thus : From the
end of January to the end of May it is dry all over the Island and
there is very little wind ; at the end of May to the end of September
the South-West monsoon brings heavy rain to the Ceylon Hills, but a
dry wind to the rest of the Island ; at the end of October the North- East
monsoon brings heavy rain all over the Island, but more particularly
to the northern and eastern parts.
The Hills begin to rise about thirty miles from the western coast
and sink again into the low country at a very considerable distance
from the eastern and northern sea boards. As it is, that portion of
the country devoted to tea and cocoa cultivation, and therefore more
inhabited by Europeans, and as it possesses, near by, the most important
harbour of Colombo and being, withal, the most beautiful and conse-
quently the most visited district in Ceylon, it has obtained a notoriety
certainly most deserving, but at the same time of undue prominence,
taking into consideration its small area compared with the rest of the
Island.
There is no doubt that the usually received ideas regarding Ceylon
are, if taken as a whole, erroneous, for of the large number of globe-
trotters and others who visit Ceylon annually not one in a thousand
visits the low country, but confine their peregrinations chiefly to
Kandy and Nuwara Eliya in the Hill district.
The physical configuration of this portion of the Island and that of the
Western Ghauts being so similar, and the climate also being almost
identical, together with, in all probability, a land connection in far off
times, probably accounts for the remarkable similarity of the butterflies
found in these regions.
They form a very natural group which extends to the North Kanara
district in India and thence gradually thins out and disappears a little
to the north of Bombay. It also extends to the Nilgiris, which are
an off-shoot of the Western Ghauts, but which have in addition some
species such as Colias Nilgiriensis of palaearctic affinities. The similarity
of the butterflies of the rest of the Island with those of the Deccan and
78 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
plains of the Madras Presidency is likewise to be accounted for by like
conditions of physical characteristics, climate and propinquity.
Two hundred and thirty species of butterflies have been recorded
from Ceylon. Of these 163 are mostly common and widely distributed
insects, such as Pyrameis cardui and require no further mention, as the
Ceylon insects do not vary from those found elsewhere. The following-
three species are confined to Ceylon, but show affinity to Malayan or
Chinese species : —
Danais exprompta.
Euploea corus=elisa.
Elymnias singhala.
Fifteen species are confined to Ceylon : —
1.
9
-J .
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Danais taprobana.
Lethe dynsate.
Lethe daretis.
Euthalia vasanta.
Lampides coruscans.
Lampides lacteata.
Cyaniris lanka.
9. Aphnaeus minima.
10. Hantana infernus.
11. Sarangesa albicilia.
12. Baracus vittatus.
13. Suastus minuta.
14. Halpe egena.
15. Halpe decorata.
8. Aphnaeus greeni.
The following 47 species form the Indo- Ceylon group, those in italics
are found in South India and Ceylon and nowhere else ; the others
are confined to Ceylon and are probably local races of South Indian
insects : —
18. Cethosia nietneri.
19. Cynthia asela.
20. Cirrhochroa lanka.
21. Kallima philarchus.
22. sAtella ceylonica.
23. Ergolis taprobana.
24. Libythea rama.
25. Libythea lepitoides.
26. Abisai'a prunosa.
27. Cyaniris singalensis.
28. Arrhopala pirama.
29. Hypolycima nilgirica.
30. Horaga cingalensis.
31. Lomura arcuata.
32. Ch eritra jaffra.
33. Rapala lankama.
34. Rapala lasulina.
1.
Hestia jasonia.
2.
Danais ceylanica.
3.
Euploea asela.
4.
Euploea sinhala.
5.
Euploea montana.
fi.
Mycalesis rama.
7.
Mycalesis subdita.
8.
Mycalesis patnia.
9.
Elymnias fraterna.
10.
Discophora lepida.
11.
Charaxes psaphon.
12.
Parthenos cyaneus.
13.
Euthalia evelina.
14.
Limenitis callidosa.
15.
Neptis sinuata.
16.
Cupha placida.
17.
Rohana camiba.
35.
Prioneris sita.
36.
Ixias cingalensis.
37.
Teracolus tripuncta.
38.
T. eucharis.
39.
Appias taprobana.
40.
Hebomoia australis.
THE BUTTERFLIES OF CEYLON. 79
41. Huphina remba.
42. Nepheronia ceylunica.
43. Troides darius.
44. Papilio jophon.
45. Papilio mooreanus.
46. Uiades parinda.
47. Parata butleri.
With regard to those species which show relationship to Malayan
or Chinese species, it appears to me possible that all may have been
introduced indirectly by man's agency, for the following considerations,
which if sound, show that the butterfly fauna of Ceylon has no real
connection with the Malay peninsula or countries adjoining thereto.
Elymnias ( Dyctis) Singhala is undoubtedy a local race of E. lutes-
cens, a variable Malayan species, and was, until a few years ago, almost
entirely confined to the Royal Botanic Gardens at Peradenia near
Kandy, and even now is confined to the immediate neighbourhood.
The larva feeds on various species of Palmacece and it appears to me
possible, if not probable, that the Malayan species was introduced into
the Island with some species of Palm from Singapore or its neigh-
bourhood. If this should have been the case it gives us some guidance
as to the length of time it has taken to produce a local race of
Elymnias.
The Peradenia Gardens were started about the year 1820. E. Sin-
ghala was described in 1874, so we may say, that it has taken less than
46 years to produce this new distinct species.
The other species Danais exprompta and Euploea corus have much
in common ; the distribution of both is identical, and both are capable
of surviving very rough usage ; they are entirely confined to the
coast and twenty miles or so inland, that is to say, the foothills extend-
ing from Galle in the south to about ten miles beyond Colombo on
the north. The food plant of D. exprompta is unknown, but that of
E. corus is a common jungle tree.
D. exprompta is one of the numerous local races of D. simik's, a
Chinese species, which is called D. vulgaris in Burma, D. persimilis
in Siam, and so on. Euploea corus is probably most nearly allied to
E. castelnaui, a Malayan species. Neither D. exprompta nor E. corus
have any relation to the Indian species of the Danaince. Galle was,
until some thirty years ago, the first port in the Island, Colombo at
that time being in a very inferior position^ but, with the completion of
80 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
the breakwater at Colombo, Galle very rapidly fell from its high
estate and is now almost deserted. Taking into consideration the
tenacity of life exhibited by the Danaince, it does not appear to me
altogether improbable that the progenitors of these two species were
accidentally introduced into the Island at Galle, and have survived in a
restricted area and have there developed local races.
I may mention that immediately to the south of Galle the dry
portion of the Island commences and is of quite a different character to
the country north of it. In the neighbourhood of Galle these two
species are fairly abundant, but they become scarcer as one approaches
Colombo, and possibly extended cultivation may have something to do
with this. The larva of E. corns is not infrequently brought in by
natives for sale, as it is very conspicuous and easily collected. It is
remarkable what a large proportion suffer from the attacks of parasitic
flies in spite of the warning colouration.
With regard to the fifteen species confined to Ceylon and hitherto
recognised as distinct, it is quite possible that further knowledge of the
South Indian butterflies will prove that even this small number will be
still further reduced. Euthalia vasanta may be only a pronounced local
race of E. garuda which is somewhat scarce in Ceylon, and the local
race in this instance would appear to be gradually supplanting the
parent form. Aphnceus greeni is known by a single specimen only
and may not be distinct. It was captured by Mr. E. E. Green in an
open space in jungle on the summit of the Great Western Range at an
elevation of 5,000 feet, a locality very difficult of access and not visited
by an entomologist either before or since Mr. Green's visit. Aphnceus
minima was described by Butler from a Ceylon specimen, and the
type is now in the South Kensington Museum. I have a similar
specimen which I look at Trincomalee in company with a crowd of
the common A. vukanus, and I have no doubt that it is merely a
sport or occasional aberration of that species though it looks fairly
distinct.
Lampides coruscans and L. lacteata are also to my mind doubtfully
distinct : they may be forms of L. elpis.
Danais laprobana is a very distinct and handsome species unlike
any other of the genus known to me. It is entirely confined to
the Hills and rarely descends below 4,000 feet. Above this it is
TEE BUTTERFLIES OF CEYLON. 81
abundant, particularly i about Nnwara Eliya, 6,200 feet, and the Hor-
ton Plains, 7,000 feet.
Lethe daretis is also very distinct and is likewise confined to the
higher elevations, rarely descending below 4,000 feet. Above this it is
common in bamboo jungle nearly all the year round. The female flies
low among the bushes and along jungle paths. The males are rarer, or
at any rate are less frequently met with, and have the habit on sunny
mornings of flying rapidly round tops of forest trees far out of reach
like our Apatura iris.
Cyaniris lanka is another insect seldom met with below 4,000 feet.
The males are abundant nearly all the year round, sucking up moisture
from damp sand. The female is much less frequently seen, and u&ually
occurs in the light jungle and often among the tea bushes.
The Hesperiadce in the above list, with the exception of JSaiar.gtsa
albictlia which is of general distribution, are confined to the Hill dis-
tricts and adjoining low country. They are mostly rare, but probably
only require looking for. Halpe decorata is particularly rare and has
only been taken, so far as I know, in one locality, Avisawella, about
twenty miles from Colombo, and this locality has, I believe, now been
destroyed.
Lethe dynsate is in some respects the most interesting butterfly in
Ceylon. Though described by Hewitson so long ago as 1863 it still
remains one of the rarest of Ceylon butterflies. It is not confined to
the Hill district, and though exceedingly rare and local has been found
within twenty miles of Colombo on the coast as well as at Nuwara Eliya
at an elevation of 6,200 feet. Structurally it is of special interest, as it is
the sole representative of the Sub-genus Hanipha moore, characterised
chiefly by the sex mark of the male being confined to the fore-
wing, thus forming a connecting link between those species of Lethe
which have a sex mark on both wings and those with none on
either wing. The species may yet be found in Southern India, and I
can give no reasonable explanation of its occurrence in Ceylon to the
exclusion of other countries. Its nearest allies, Liethe gulnihal, latiaris,
&c, occur in North-East India, Tenasserim and Malaya, but not, so far
as I know, in Peninsular India.
The species of the Indo-Ceylon group as a whole show a distinct
tendency to depth of colouring and marking when compared with the
11
82 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI
allied Indian species from the Himalayas or even Sikhim. The follow-
ing genera will serve as examples : —
7. Cyaniris.
8. Loxura.
9. Appias.
10. Nepheronia.
11. Troides.
Again, without exception, all the local races of Ceylon butterflies,
though belonging to the above group, are darker in colouration than
their allied Indian relatives ; as instances I may give —
1.
Danais.
2.
Charaxes.
3.
Parthenos.
4.
Cethosia.
5.
Cirrhochvoa.
6.
Ergolis.
1. Hestia jasonia.
2. Euploea (in partj.
3. Mycalesis patnia.
4. Elymnias fraterna.
5. Charaxes psaphon.
6. Limenitis calidosa.
7. Cethosia nietneri.
8. Cirhochoroa lanka.
To account for this is by no means easy, and I doubt whether an
entirely satisfactory explanation is at present forthcoming. One point
seems clear, and that is that all the species are influenced by some
agent, having a continuous and universal action on them. Knowing as
we do that changes of temperature, rainfall and the like have a marked
influence on certain species, causing the so-called " wet " and " dry "
season forms, it seems reasonable to assume that climate is a marked
factor in causing this intensity of colouring in the Indo-Ceylon group,
and if this is the case it seems to me a logical conclusion that climate has
had a great deal more to do with the colouration of butterflies generally
than some entomologists are ready to allow. So far as our knowledge
goes at present it is impossible to say at any rate among tropical
butterflies exactly how much heat or moisture is necessary to produce
a " wet " or " dry " form, but undoubtedly there is a good deal of
evidence to show that heat and moisture tend to produce certain
colours and intensify, or reduce, the colouring of a species according
to its geographical and climatal conditions.
Deep blue or purple in a tropical butterfly is almost invariably
indicative of a habitat of deep jungle amidst sombre surroundings with
a elimate of heavy rainfall and a high temperature throughout the year,
as for instance, Thaumantis diores. The deep blue of Kallima limborgii
has doubtless been produced by the above conditions.
It may be assumed that the various species or local races of the
orange-banded Himalayan and Burmese Kallima are derived primarily
THE BUTTERFLIES OF CEYLON. 83
from one species which we knew as K. inachus. It extends over
hundreds of miles of country from Tenasserim in the east to the Murree
Hills in the west. The climate of this extensive area is naturally
extremely diversified and the colouration of the butterfly ranges from
an Oxford blue in the east to an almost Cambridge blue in the west.
The former colour is produced by continuous heat and heavy continuous
rainfall. In Sikhim and Nepal, the heat and rainfall are not continuous
throughout the year, the late winter and spring months being dry and
somewhat cold in the localities frequented by Kallima, though both
heat and rainfall in the lower vnlleys are very great in the summer
months ; such a climate produces typical K. inachus. In the Western
Himalayas there is bright sunshine, and though the heat is considerable
it is nothing like that of Sikhim, and both it and the rainfall are far less
than further east. This climate produces K. kuegelii. In the neigh-
bourhood of Mussoorie in the Dehra-Dun both the dark and light-
blue forms occur, from which I infer that the climate is not sufficiently
pronounced either way to produce a permanent form, but permits both
to flourish. A somewhat similar pale form of K. limborgii occurs,
together with the type in the Shan States where the climate is more
temperate and the rainfall less than in Tenasserim where limborgii
only is found. The climate of the Indo-Ceylon region is in many
respects similar to Lower Burma, there being rain during the greater
portion of the year and continuous tropical heat, which two factors
together have probably caused that intensity of colouring which dis-
tinguishes the butterflies of this tract of country. Similar causes have
in all probability produced the still greater amount of colouring which
distinguishes the local races of Ceylon butterflies from their neigbhours
across the Gulf of Manaar. But to ascertain with any hope of success
the exact amount of extra rain and heat* necessary to develop these
forms seems at present hopeless.
Some assistance may be derived from the study of the seasonal
changes to which many Ceylon butterflies are subject. In some parts
of the world, as in South Africa or the plains of Panjab, the same
climate exists for several weeks or months over several thousand
square miles of country, and an insect captured in Peshawar in June,
would not necessarily vary from one captured in Mooltan in the same
• If the local race of Elymnias lutescens has been produced in less than 50 years, the
time required might not be so great as is generally presumed.
84 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY , Vol. XV I.
month. In Ceylon it is quite different ; though I have given above
the characteristics of the climate generally it is to be remembered that
it is an insular one, and secondary variations are considerable and
dependent on very many topical causes. For instance, the rainfall
at Colombo is about 75", 120" being the heaviest ever recorded ;
whereas at Labugama, only 26 miles off, the rainfall, due no doubt to
proximity to the Hills, is no less than 150" or over ; and many other
instances throughout the country could be adduced. A comparison of
the butterflies from the above two localities would not be likely to
show any differences, as the places being so approximate the inter-
mixture of individuals would be too great.
A comparison of the rainfall of the Ceylon Hill district and that
of Travancore is exceedingly difficult to make with any degree of
accuracy, and I have insufficient data to work on.
*Mr. H. S. Ferguson has given in his paper on the Birds of Travan-
core certain meteorological data, which I have compared with Ceylon
statistics. It appears that the rainfall in the Ashambu Hills, which
extend from Cape Comorin to 40 miles north with an average altitude
of 4,100 feet, have an average rainfall of from 80 to 100 inches ;
whereas in Ceylon the average rainfall at a similar altitude is 100 inches
and over, and at an approximate altitude of 1,500 feet an average of
over 200 inches.
So far as I can gather from statistics available, it seems clear that the
average rainfall in Ceylon is distinctly higher than in corresponds o-
districts in Travancore. I have no means of ascertaining whether there
is any marked difference in the temperature, but I should say Ceylon
undoubtedly is the warmer. It lies further south, and being insular the
climate is more equable ; the extensive forest area of Travancore would
cause increased evaporation with a lowering of the temperature after
heavy rain. I may add that the rainfall of Trevandrum, 50 miles from
Cape Comorin, is 65 inches, and that of Colombo, about the same dis-
tance south of the Cape, over 75 inches.
The above considerations, though by no means conclusive, tend to the
hypothesis that the heavier rainfall and intenser heat of Ceylon have
been the most important agents in producing the depth of colouring
which distinguishes the local races of Ceylon butterflies. This naturally
The Birds of Travancore, by H. S. Ferguson, Jn1.,B<>m.Nat. Hia.'Soc Vol. 15, page 249
THE BUTTERFLIES OF CEYLON. 85
leads up to the question of so-called " wet " and " dry " seasonal forms
and the causes thereof.
There is no doubt that with the curious exception of certain species
of Pierince the " wet " season form is invariably darker than the " dry."
Specimens of many species which do not produce marked seasonal forms
if caught in the rains show a depth of colouring which is absent in
" dry " weather (Le., Cynthia).
86
DESCRIPTIONS OF SIXTY-EIGHT NEW SHELLS FROM THE
PERSIAN GULF, GULF OF OMAN, AND NORTH ARABIAN
SEA, DREDGED BY MR. F. W. TOWNSEND, OF THE
INDO-EUROPEAN TELEGRAPH SERVICE,
1901—1903.
By James Cosmo Melvill, m.a., f.l.s., f.z.s., and Robert Standen,
Assistant Keepek, Manchester Museum.
Part I. Plates A, B.
{Reproduced from the Annals and Magazine of Natural History Ser. 7, Vol. Xll.)
Two years ago we published a Catalogue * of the Mollusca of the Persian
Gulf, &c. (Cephalopoda, Gastropoda, and Scaphopoda only), mainly collected
by Mr. Townsend in 1893—1900, and enumerating 935 species. In the interim
further large consignments have been frequently forwarded by the same ener-
getic collector from many different stations and depths, including especially the
results of one particularly profitable dredging on 7th April, 1903, in the Gulf
of Oman, lat. 24° 58' N., long. 56° 54' E., at 156 fathoms, which, it is no exag-
geration to say, positively teems with novelties. All this has naturally delayed
publication of the second portion — to contain the Pelecypoda — of the above-
mentioned Catalogue.
At the present opportunity we offer descriptions of many Gastropoda,
mostly of small size, though a few— e. g., Murex, Marjoricz, Trichotropis pul-
cherrima, and the highly sculptured and unique Pleurotoma navarchus — are
more conspicuous. The Scotef are enumerated elsewhere.
Amongst the " minutiora" we would call especial attention to the two new-
species referred to Homolaxis, the H. comu-Ammonis, especially, being entirely
evolute from the apical whorl and exactly like a microscopic " ram's-horn."
Cyclostrema euchilopteron, prominulwn, and Emarginala undulata are very
wonderful in their sculpture. A Fluxina, the first recorded from the Old
World, and the curious Rissoina reyistomoides are both noteworthy. So is a
new species of Metula (M. daphnelloides) and many Pleurotomida3, this family
ever having the pre-eminence in abyssal waters. The Kleinella sympiesta, also
near akin to K. cancellaris and sulcata of Adams, belongs to a genus which has
not before been known to exist in the Arabian Sea or Persian Gulf.
To Mr. Edgar Smith, I.S.O., and Mr. E. R. Sykes we must express our best
thanks for assistance, likewise to Mr. G. B. Sowerby, and Mr. W. Neville Sturt.
of the India Office.
EMARGINULA UNDULATA, sp. n. (PI. A. fig. 1.)
E. testa parva, delicata, albida, oblonga, apice multum recurvo, margiuem
posticum fere superirnpendente ; radiis costalibus ad 40, majoribus cum
minoribus saepius alternantibus, posticis crassis, firmis, cseteris delicatis, un-
dulato-crenatis, undique transversim elegantissime et arete concentrice liratis,
* Proc. Zool. Soc. l'JOl, vol. ii. pp. 327—460.
t Joura. of Conch, s., pp. 340 sqq.
Journ. Bomb) ay Nat.. Hist. Soc
Plate A.
J- Gx»e en. del .et litK
Mi litem Br os imp.
NEW SHELLS from the Persian Gulf,
Gulf of Oman, and North Arabian Sea, dredged by
Mr. F. W. Townsend, of the Indo-European
Telegraph Service, 1901-3.
Jour n. B omb ayNa,t . Hist . S o c .
Plate B.
J Gr-een del etHtK.
MmtevriBros .imp.
NEW SHELLS from the Persian Gulf,
Gulf of Oman, and North Arabian Sea, dredged by
Mr. F. W. Townsend, of the Indo-European
Telegraph Service, 1901-3.
DESCRIPTIONS OF SIXTY-EIGHT NEW SHELLS. 87
liris undulatis, continuis ; fissura angusta (in longitudine 2£ mm.) ; cicatrice
fissuralivel septo conspicuo, circa 30-loculato, loculis crasse foraminatis,
apertura oblonga, intus alba, margine crenulato.
Long. 5-50, alt. 2-50, lat. 3*75 mm.
Hab. Gulf of Oman, lat. 24° 58' N., long. 56° 54' E., 156 fathoms.
A particularly delicate species, with wavy crenulate rays, crossed by very
characteristic, concentric, close-meshed lirse, continuously covering the rays
and whole surface.
EMARGINULA CAMILLA, sp. n. (PI. A. fig. 2.)
E. testa ovato-oblonga, depresso-conica, delicata, alba, apice supra medium
recurvo, superficie omnino pulchre radiata vel costulata ; costulis ad 45, ltevi-
bus, nitidis, gemmato-nodulosis, majoribus cum minoribus ssepe alternantibus,
liris undique spiraliter conjunctis ;, interstitiis quadratulis, profunde forami-
natis ; fissura antica angusta (in longitudine ad 2 mm.), septo inconspicuo ;
apertura ovato-oblonga, intus alba, margine multicrenato.
Long. 6*50, lat. 4*50, alt. 3 mm.
Hab, Gulf of Oman, lat. 24° 58' N., long. 56° 54' E., 156 fathoms.
Of the same character superficially as E. Candida, Ad., from Japan, elongata,
Costa, &c, but differing from all in greater delicacy and fineness of sculpture.
• CYCLOSTREMA HENJAMENSE, sp. n. (PI. A. fig. 3.)
C. testa parva, depresso-discoidali, delicata, albida, profunde sed anguste
umbilicata ; anfractibus 5, quorum duo apicales heves, mamillati, vitrei,
cseteris apud suturas paullum excavatis, ultimo spiraliter septem-carinali, cari-
nis duabus ad peripheriam quam maxime conspicuis, undique longitudinaliter
arctissime et oblique costulatis, costulis supra coronulatis et gemmatis, regione
umbilicari circa marginem carinata, deinde costulis longitudinalibus perspec-
tive delabentibus ; apertura subrotnnda, intus alba ; peristomate crassiusculo
continuo.
Alt. 3, diam. 6 mm.
Hab. Persian Gulf, Henjam Island, 10 fathoms, amongst coarse sand and
broken shells.
A little species, which appears on the borderland between Cyclostrema and
Liotia, the mouth-characters being Cyclostremoid- It is a particularly attrac-
tive species, the se-ven keels on the last whorl being closely longitudinally inter-
sected by oblique riblets, these being gemmulate at the points of junction.
CYCLOSTREMA SUPREMUM, sp. n. (PI. A. fig. 4.)
C. testa minuta, planato-discoidali, alba, nitidula, profunde umbilicata ; an-
fractibus 5, apud suturas excavatis, quorum duo apicales multum canaliculati,
laevissimi, vitrei, caeteris depressiusculis, penultimo uni ultimo tricarinato,
undique arctissime oblique costulato ; costulis laevibus, interstitiis spiraliter
tenuistriatis, costularmn numero ultimum apud anfractum circa 28, infra
88 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
peripheriara et circa regionem umbilicarem laeviore, costulis ad basim fere
evanidis ; apertura oblique ovali, intus alba, labro paullum incraesato.
Alt. 150, diam. 4 mm.
Hab. Persian Gulf, near Fao. Likewise off Bunder Abbas, 5 fathoms, mud
bottom.
A most exquisite species, beautifully cancellate and sculptured, though more
or less smooth below the periphery and around the narrow but deep umbilicus.
The whorls are all channelled at the sutures, this with a lens being very distinct
at the apex.
The nearest ally is, perhaps, C. eburneum, Nevill (Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, xliv.
part 2, p. 101, pi. viii. figs. 21,22), which is, however, alarger shell, with coarser
sculpture proportionately.
CYCLOSTREMA ANNELLARIUM*, sp, n. (PI. A. fig. 5.)
C. testa parva, discoidali, profunde umbilicata, supra plana, alba, solidula ;
anfractibus tribus, quorum ultimus magnopere aliis exsuperans, rotundatus,
undique costi3 longitudinalibus circularibus, numero ad quinque et viginti,
praeditus, interstitiis pulchre striatis ; apertura rotundata, labro continuo,
crassiusculo.
Alt. 1, diam. 2mm.
Hab. Gulf of Oman, lat. 2-4° 58' N., long. 56° 54' E., 156 fathoms.
Exceedingly small, but well marked, being deeply umbilicate, flattened above,
three-whorled, the last whorl large, provided with about twenty-four rounded
longitudinal ribs. We know no species exactly comparable, C. conicum, Boog
Watson, being, perhaps, the nearest, from Pernambuco (' Challenger ' Ex-
pedition).; but this, as its name implies, is conical in form. The interstices
between the ribs are, as in C. conicum, beautifully spirally striate.
CYCLOSTREMA PROMINULUM, sp. n. (PI. A. fig. 6.)
C. testa depresso-discoidali, delicata, alba, minutissima, profunde umbilicata ;
anfractibus quatuor, quorum duo apicales perlaeves, subvitrei, caeteris duobus
spiraliter undique multiliratis ; liris laevibus, simul ac interstitiis, ultimo
permagno, ad peripheriam acuticarinato ; carina prorainente, deinde ad
basim lateribus obliquis, basi tumidula ; apertura rotunda, labro tenui.
Alt. 1, diam. 2 mm.
Hab. Gulf of Oman, lat. 24° 58' N., long. 56° 54' E., 156 fathoms.
A very minute species, deeply umbilicate, white, with the surface uniformly
multilirate, the lira at the periphery being metamorphosed into a strong, very
prominent, and acute keel.
CYCLOSTREMA EUCHILOPTERON f, sp. n. (PI. A. fig. 7.)
C. testa parva, profunde umbilicata, albo-lactea, subpellucida, tenui, nitidi-
uscula, discoidali ; anfractibus quatuor, apicali vitreo, laevi, omnibus, prajter
* Anncllus, a smallerine.
•j-su, x£,Xof» "fipov, from the winged process iu connexion with the lip.
DESCRIPTIONS OF SIXTY-EIGHT NEW SHELLS. 89
ultimum, depressis, undique concentrice tenuiliratis, ultimo recto, tribus
carinis acutissimis prsedito, prominulis, quorum superiore carina extia labrum
projecta porrectionem trialatam prsebente ; apertura rotunda, labro extus
tricarinato, intus simplici.
Alt. 2, diam. 3'50 mm.
Hab, Gulf of Oman, lat. 24° 58' N., long. 56° 54' E., 156 fathoms.
A wonderful little form, which seems from the description to come nearest
to C. Yerreauxii, Fisch., from California. It is a discoidally depressed, deeply
umbilicate species, the last whorl furnished with three very prominently ridged
keels, acutely projecting, and terminating in a triangularly winged extension
of the upper part of the outer lip. Several examples, but by no means so
abundant as ft quadricarinatum, M. & S., which was in thousands at the above
locality.
LIOTIA ROMALEA*, sp. n. (PI. A. fig. 8.)
L. testa ovato-rotunda, parva, solida, anguste umbilicata ; anfractibus 5, ad
suturas excavatis, quorum duo apicales lasves, margaritacei, cseteris, antepe-
nultimouni-,penultimo bi-, ultimo tricarinato, undique longitudinaliter arete
costatis, costis crassis, interstitiis striis longitudinalibus arete prseditis, basim
versus, circa umbilicum, costis magnopere tumescentibus, spatio interstitiali
spiraliter profunde fenestrato ; umbilico profundo, perspective ; apertura
rotunda, intus albescente ; peristomate albo, multum incrassato, obscure
quinquangulari, continuo.
Alt. 5, diam. 5 mm.
Hab. Persian Gulf, Sheikh Shuaib Island, 10 fathoms ; Maskat, 10-15 fathoms;
also Gulf of Oman, lat. 23° 30' N., long. 57° 10' E„ at 10 fathoms.
Several examples of a typical Liotia, coarser and smaller than L, echinacantha,
but beautifully sculptured and with conspicuously thickened peristome, which
is seen with the aid of a lens to be very obscurely five-angled.
LIOTIA ECHINACANTHA, sp. n. (PI. A. fig, 9.)
L. testa globosa, anguste sed profunde umbilicata, pallide straminea, robusta
anfractibus quatuor, quorum apicalis depressus, planatus, ceteris pul-
cherrime et arctissime sculpturatis, antepenultimo duobus, penultimo tribus,
ultimo sex squamarum ordinibus prsedito, squamis echinatis, spinarum instar,
cavis, anfractu ultimo (et penultimo) ordine superiore, squamis incurvis,
magis conspicuis, arctissime accincto, infra peripheriam, circa umbilicum,
tribus ordinibus multe minoribus ; apertura rotunda, intus margaritacea ;
peristomate crassiusculo, umbilico corneo, multispirali.
Alt. 6, diam. 7'50.
Hab. Persian Gulf, Gulf of Oman, Maskat, 10-15 fathoms.
A very beautiful little shell, not very near any of the genus with which we
are acquainted. The scaly spines are characteristic, being fluted, hollow, and
* pix)fji.i'Kios) robust.
12
90 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
profusely covering the surface, thrice-ranked on the penultimate, six-ranked
on the last whorl ; but three, however, of them are conspicuous, more parti-
cularly the one in both whorls just below the sutures. Around the umbilicus
the three rows are not so highly developed. The operculum is horny and
multispiral.
ENIDA PERSICA, sp. n. (PI. A. fig. 10.)
E. testa parva, depresso-conica, solidula, profunde sed anguste umbilicata,
albo-straminea,hic illic, praacipue apud peripheriam, spiraliter pallide rubro
vel brunneo maculata ; anfractibus 6, apud suturas gradatulis, quorum duo
apicales vitrei, canaliculati, Iseves, cseteris, prsecipue ultimo, spiraliter liratis,
simul ac infra, juxta suturas, forti carina prseditis (ultimo anfractu apud
peripheriam bicarinato), longitudinaliter obliquissime sed obscure costulatis,
co3tulis apud ultiraum saspius fere evanidis, ad juncturas lirarum prsecipue
supra, gemmulatis, infra peripheriam usque ad umbilicum spiraliter
pulcberrime tenuiliratis ; lira majore interdum cum minore alternante,
undique minute gemmulatis ; apertura subquadrata, labro paullum incrassa-
to, regione umbilicari excavata.
Alt. 3, diam. 5 mm.
Hab. Gulf of Oman, lat. 24° 58' N., long. 53° 54' E., 156 fathoms.
Allied to the type of the genus E.japonica, Ad., but differing in both size
and form. It is not so large or handsome as the recently described E. Toim-
sendi, Sowb., from a neighbouring locality. The sculpture is elaborate for so
small a shell ; the lirse and carinas on the last whorl number together six above
the periphery, while below it there are ten, all being more or less granulate ;
the base is flattened, umbilical region somewhat excavate, mouth squarrose ;
the painting is pale red blotching, of a trigonal shape round the last two whorls,
and most conspicuous at the periphery. Many examples occurred at the very
prolific dredging-station mentioned above.
EUCHELUS TOWNSENDIANUS, sp. n. (PI. A. fig. 11.)
E. testa oblongo-conica, staminea, solidula ; anfractibus 7, quorum tres pallide
straminei, apicales minute orenulati, subhyalini, casteris spiraliter fortiter
costatis ; anfractu penultimo, simul ac antepenultimo, costis quatuor,
ultimo novem (quorum quinque supra, usque ad peripheriam) undique
gemmulatis, interstitiis favulosis, quadratis ; apertura ovato-rotunda, labro
regulariter brunneo-zonulato, intus multiplicato, margine columellari
sinuoso-crenulato.
Alt. 11, diam. 6'50 mm.
Hab. Persian Gulf ; Gulf of Oman, Maskat, 15 fathoms ; also at lat. 24° 58'
N., long. 56° 54' E., 156 fathoms.
An Euchelus of somewhat familiar aspect, but not precisely comparable with
any species either in our National Collection or mentioned in existing mono-
graphs.
DESCRIPTIONS OF SIXTY-EIGHT NEW SHELLS. 91
SOLARIELLA ZACALLES*, sp. n. (PI. A. fig. 12.)
S. testa depresso-conica, profunde et late umbilicata, pernitida, laevi, solida,
leete, rufo-brunnea, flammis fulgetrinis maculisque spiralibus hie illic
depicta ; anfractibus 6, quorum apicales If crystallini, lasves, ca3teris ventri-
cosulis, supra, juxta suturas, regulariter spiraliter gemmatis, dein con-
centrice tenuiliratis, interstitis perleevibus, ultimo infra peripheriam nitido
lsevissimo, intus umbilicum pulchre multilirato, liris arete gemmato-crenu-
latis, circa umbilicum ipsum radiatim breviter multisulculoso ; apertura
obliqua, subrotunda, intus margaritacea, labro tenui, columella simplici,
nequaquam reflexa.
Alt. 4, diam. 9 mm.
Hab. Persian Gulf ; Gulf of Oman, Maskat, 10—45 fathoms ;also in lat. 24°
55' N., long. 57u 59' E„ 37 fathoms, sand and mud, and lat. 24° 58' N., long.
56c 54' E„ 156 fathoms.
We at first considered this species (and so inserted it in our Catalogue f) as
identical with Minolta gilvosplendens, Melv., from the Philippines % ; but,
though extremely similar, there exist some very salient points of distinction.
The latter is far more conical and the body-whorl obscurely bicarinate at the
periphery, the umbilical sculpture in both being identical, this sculpture being,
in fact, the chief point of difference between the species under discussion and
Solariella radiata, Phil., from the Agulhas Bank, which is perfectly smooth and
simple as regards its umbilical region.
The species of Solariella and Minolta are in great confusion, and monographs
of these two genera are much wanted. The Rev. Dr. Gwatkin is devoting
much time to the anatomy of the various forms, and finds many vital differen-
ces in the radula of some whose shells are nearly allied. We trust he may be
induced some day to publish the results of his researches.
CALLIOSTOMA THRINCOMA& sp. n. (PI. fig. A. 13.)
C. testa conico-pyramidali, imperforata, solida, sculpturata, pallide strami-
nea, spiraliter fusco-maculata, vel unicolore ; anfractibus octo, apicali
vitreo, globulari, cseteris stramineis, ad suturas impressis, tegulatis, spira-
liter undique pulcherrime granoso-liratis, supra, juxta suturas, carina pro-
minula decoratis, ultimo anfractu ad peripheriam bicarinato ; apertura
quadrata, margine columellari triangulatim incrassato.
Alt. 11, diam. 9 mm.
Hab. Persian Gulf ; Gulf of Oman, near Masket, lat. 23° 30' N., long. 57°
50' E., 88 fathoms.
Near C. similare. Reeve. A highly chased and sculptured species, though of
small dimensions, and conspicuously keeled around every whorl just above the
suture, the last whorl at the periphery being bicarinate.
* ^aicaXXns, extremely beautiful.
f Proc. Zool. Soc. 1901, vol. ii., p. 349.
J Journ. of Couch, vi., p. 407, pi. ii., fig. 8 (1801). O/n'-yxw.aa, a battlement.
92 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI .
LEPTOTHYRA RUBENS, sp. n. (PI. A. fig. 14.)
L. testa globosa, parva, imperforata, solida, nitidula, infra ltevissima, pallide,
strarainea, flammis castaneis decorata ; anfractibus 4-5, quorum If apicales
apice ipso vitreo-albo, mamillato, ceteris gradatulis (ultimo rotundiore),
undique infra medium lasvibus, nitidis, supra arete spiraliter sulculosis,
ultimo ad peripheriam pallide spiraliter zonato, infra ad basim pulchre
rubente ; apertura rotunda, labro vix incrassato, nisi marginem apud colu-
mellarem albo-callosum, nitidum.
Alt. 4, diam. 4'50 mm.
Hab. Gulf of Oman, lat. 24Q 58' N., long 56° 54' E„ 156 fathoms.
A highly coloured little shell, which occurred somewhat plentifully at the
above locality. The many specimens we have seen agree in sculpture and
coloration almost uniformly. Near L, lata, Montr.
TR1CH0TR0PIS PULCHERRIMA> sp. n. (Pi. A. fig. 15.)
T. testa tenui, supra pergracili, attenuato-f usiformi, alba vel straminea, och-
racea epidermide contecta ; anfractibus octo, quorum duo apicales hyalini
laaves, cseteris multum apud suturas impressis, spiraliter acute bicarinatis,
ultimo quadricarinato, epidermide quasi-costulas longitudinales setulosas
arete prsebente ; apertura late ovata, in typico specimine aurantia, in
minore alba, labro effuso, tenui, columella fere recta.
Alt. 24, diam. 12 mm. (sp. maj.).
Hab. Gulf of Oman, on telegraph-cable, lat. 27° 12' N., long. 51° 50' E.,
25 fathoms.
We have already* described another species of this usually Arctic genus from
the Gulf of Oman, viz. T. Toionsendi — a much smaller form. The present is
far handsomer, being conspicuous for its graceful, rapidly attenuate whorls,
much impressed suturally, the upper whorls twice, the lowest four times cari-
nate. Two examples so far only obtained, the perfect larger example orange-
mouthed, the smaller white. A third species, as yet undescribed, has lately
been found to occur in small quantity in the dredging at 156 fathoms in the
Gulf of Oman.
SOLARIUM (TORINIA) CERDALEUM^, sp. n. (PI. A. fig. 16.)
S. testa anguste umbilicata, solida, pulchre sculpturata, depresso-conica, fusco-
straminea ; anfractibus 5, quorum 1 J apicales pallide rufi, nitidissimi, hyalini,
caeteris quatuor ordinibus gemmarum spiralium, interstitiis minute unistriaiis,
prseditis, quorum inferi regulariter hie illic brunneo-maculatis, in penultimo et
ultimo anfractu ordine summo, juxta suturas, magno, gemmulato, ultimo ad
peripheriam tribus carinis conspicuis brunneo-maculatis, simul ac infra, apud
basim, septem ordinibus spiralibus decorato, duo circa umbilicum gemmulas
* Proc. Zool. Ooc. 1901, vol. ii. p. 360.
f xs/iSaXsor, advantageous.
DESCRIPTIONS OF SIXTY-EIGHT NEW SHELLS. 93
inaximas crenelliferas prsebentes, interatitiis spiraliter unistriatis ; apertura
obscure quadrata, intus suboehracea, nigro-brunneo zonata, labro angulato,
tenui, marginem ad columellarem nitido, albo, incrassato, spiraliter tomato.
Alt. 5, diam. 8\50 mm.
Hah. Persian Gulf, Fao, on telegraph-cable, November 1902.
Of the same alliance as S. dormosum, Hinds, ci/Undraceum, Mighels, &c, but
differing in the several characters as above given.
SOLARIUM ABYSSORUM, sp. n. (PI. B. fig. 1.)
S. testa parva perdepressa, acutissime carinata, profunde umbilicata, tenui,
albescente ; anfractibus quatuor, quorum apicales 1^ tumidi, perleeves, hyalini
cseteris apud suturas anguste canaliculatis, supra, juxta suturas simul ac infra,
spiraliter liratis, interstitiis utrinqu arete gemmulatis, deinde superficie media
nitida, irregnlariter longitudinaliter oblique striata, ultimo anfractu circa
peripheriam acuticarinato, carina utrinque plano-marginata, infra, basim
versus, spiraliter unilirato, dein superficie intermedia longitudinaliter rudi-
crenata, circa umbilicum ipsum dnobus gemmularum ordinibus instructa,
umbilico pulchre scalari ; apertura trigonali, labro tenui, umbilicum nequa-
quam obtegente.
Alt. 3, diam. 6 mm. (spec. maj.).
Hab. Gulf of Oman, lat. 24° 58' N., long. 56° 54' E., 156 fathoms.
A great many examples, but no live specimens occurred, and but few in per-
fect condition. Allied to S. oxytropn, A. Ad., in form, but not in sculpture.
FLUXINA DALLIANA, sp. n. (PI. B. fig. 2.)
F. testa perminuta, albo-hyalina, immaculata, depresso-discoidali, umbilicata;
anfractibus 4, quorum apicalis globosus, mamillatus, submimersus, cseteris ad
suturas canaliculatis, ventricosulis, hevissimis, ultimo ad peripheriam acuticari-
nato, carina marginata, sub lente elegantissime et minutissime crenellifera, basi
convexiuscula, circa regionem umbilicarem paullum excavata, umbilico angusto,
set prof undo, scalari, margine acuto, simplici ; apertura subquadrata, columella
recta, supra umbilicum triangulatim reflexa.
Alt. 75, diam, 1*50 mm. (sp. min.).
„ 1, „ 2 „ (sp.maj.).
Hab. Gulf of Oman, lat. 24° 58' N., long. 56° 54' E., at 156 fathoms.
One of the most minute of recent shells ; it agrees, however, in many parti-
culars with Fluxina discula, DalP, dredged in the ' Blake ' Expedition off
Dominica, W. I., at 982 fathoms. This, however, is nearly five times as
large as our species, which was very rare in the above station.
We venture to dedicate this very interesting addition to the Oriental fauna
to Dr. W. H. Dall, of Washington, who has done perhaps more than any other
author to elucidate the benthal Molluscan fauna, and is the founder of the
genus Fluxina.
Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard College, vol. xviii. p. 273 (1889).
94 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVI.
HOMALAXIS CORNU-AMMONIS, sp. n. (PI. B. fig. 4.)
H. testa minuta, alba, omnino evoluta, delicata, depressulo-discoidali ; anfrac-
tibus quatuor, quorum duo apicales connexi, vitrei, globosi, duobus ultimis
hexagonis, utrinque tri-carinatis, squamosis, carinis sex minute et formosissime
echinulatis, undique longitudinaliter tenuiliratis, liris arctis, inconspicuis ;
aperture sex-angulata, intus alba, labro tenui.
Alt. 2, diam. 5 mm.
Hab. Gulf of Oman, lat. 24° 58' N., long. 56° 54' E., 15G fathoms.
A very extraordinary, though minute, species, the chief peculiarities con-
sisting in the completely evolute hexagonal whorls, the keels being most
beautifully echinulate, the spaces also between the carinas are longitudinally
Urate. In form it is discoidally depressed, with two glassy globular apical
whorls. We cannot exactly follow the reasons which prompt Dr. Fischer
(Man. de Conch, p. 714) to propose a subgenus Pseudomalaxis for H. zancha
Phil., and consider all the true Homalaxis, Desh., tertiary fossils. In our
opinion both the species now described belong to the typical genus, and it
would be impossible to disassociate H. pernambucensis (Wats.), described as a
Bifrontia, from them. In the latter the last whorl is partly evolute.
The Rev. R. Boog Watson (Report 'Challenger ' Exped. xv. p. 137) would
allow the barbarous term Omalaxis, Desh., 1832s (afterwards altered to Ho-
malaxis), to lapse, it being derived from two languages, and institute Bifrontia,
also of Deshayes, 1833. But we fear that very many terms used in Zoology,
and accepted, are likewise of hybrid origin, and Homalaxis must therefore
stand, in spite of its disadvantageous origin.
HOMALAXIS ROTULA-CATHARINEA sp. n. (PI. B. fig. 3.)
H. testa minuta, depresso-discoidali, alba, delicata, semievoluta ; anfractibus
quatuor, rectis, utrinque bicarinatis, apicali immerso, simplici, antepenultimo
leevi, parum nitente, penultimo, simul ac ultimo, pulcherrime sculpturatis,
evolutis, utrinque bicarinatis, carinis— prsecipue externis— apud margines mi-
nute echinato-crenulatis ; apertura quadrata, labro tenui, margine columellari
paullulum reflexo.
Alt. 1, diam. 3 mm.
Hab. Gulf of Oman, lat. 24° 58' N., long 56° 54' E., 156 fathoms.
A most exquisite shell, in many points resembling H. zanclea, Phil., but
more delicate in every detail. H. disjuncta, Lam., a tertiary fossil from Grignon,
is very much larger indeed, but comes in the same category as our species,
which occurred frequently at the above locality. It bears, in miniature, an
almost exact resemblance to a catherine-wheel, hence the specific name.
CERITHIUM VERECUNDUMf, sp. n. (PI. B. fig. 5.)
C. testa parva, solidiuscula, eleganter fusiformi, attenuata, pallide straminea ;
anfractibus decern, quorum apicales duo fusci, non hyalini, cseteris apud
* Deshayes, Encyclop. Method, vol. iii. p. 659,
t Verecundus, modest.
DESCRIPTIONS OF SIXTY-EIGHT NEW SHELLS. 95
suturas multum impressis, tumidulis, tribus liris spiralibus, ultimo quatuor
omnino accinctis, longitudinaliter costulis obliquis decoratis, ad juncturas
C03tularum lirarumquo gemmuliferis, gernmulislEevibus, nitidis, anfractibus hie
illic variciferis ; apertura oblonga, labro paullum incrassato, apud basim
prolongate*, columella fere recta.
Long. 4*20, lat. 1 mm. (sp. maj.)
Hah. Gulf of Oman, lat. 24° 58' N., long. 56° 54' E., 156 fathoms.
A fairly abundant little species, which may be distinguished by its pale
straw-colour, irregular varices, channelled sutures, and gemmuled lirae. The
most frequent form, however, is smaller than that selected for the type, the
apex and general shape being the same, while the whorls are less ventricose,
and there is rarely to be seen any trace of varices. This small form may
possibly be a separate, very nearly allied species ; if so, the line of demarcation
is almost too slight to permit of verbal differentiation.
SCISSURELLA (ETHERIA,sp.n. (PI. B. fig. 6.)
S. testa parva, heliciformi, angulatim ovata, obtecte umbilicata, supra
depresso-conica, undique alba, delicatissima, eleganter sculpturata ; anfracti-
bus 4, quorum apicalis parvus, mamillatus, cseteris infra, juxta suturas, bica-
rinatis, undique longitudinater oblique tenuiliratis, et spiraliter obscure
striatis, sub lente ad juncturas pulchre et minutissime gemmulatis, ultimo ad
peripheriam bicarinato, inter carinas ad labrum sinu perlongo, angusto ;
apertura subrotunda, intus alba, labro ad sinum paullum effuso, margine
columellari supra umbilicum angustum extenso.
Alt. 1*28, diam. 2 mm.
Hah. Gulf of Oman, lat. 24° 58' N., long . 56° 54' E., 1 56 fathoms.
One of two species of Scissurella extracted sparingly from shell-sand gathered
at the above rich locality, in company with what we are inclined to consider
S. aedonia, Watson (cf. ' Challenger ' Report, xv. p. 114, pi. viii fig. 3, a, b).
The species before us is exceedingly beautiful and delicate, the surface finely
sculptured, with the anal slit narrow and a millimetre in length. There is some
affinity to S. aedonia, Watson, from Pernambuco, but our species is far more
depressedly conical and the outer lip more prolonged at the base.
FOSSARUS (COUTHOUYIA) UNICARINALIS, sp. n. (PI. B. fig. 7.)
F. testa minuta, anguste umbilicata, oblonga, nivea, pulcherrime sculpturata,
anfractibus quinque, quorum duo lasves, vitrei, globosi, apicales, caeteris
turritis, undique longitudinaliter tenuiliratis, simul ac spiraliter delicatissime
striatis, anfractu penultimo cum ultimo infra, juxta suturas, conspicue unicari-
nato ; carina etiam conspicua circa umbilicum, usque ad basim peristomatis
in quo immergitur, succingenda ; apertura ovata, peristomate nitido, candido
incrassato, planato, margine columellari quoque incrassato.
Long. 3, lat. 2mm.
Hah. Arabian Sea, off Bombay, lat. 18° 48' N., long. 71° 45' E„ 40 fathoms.
96 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol XVl.
An excessively small pure white Couthouyia, but of most distinctive character,
the sculpture being remarkably ornate and fine. The last two whorls are
sharply keeled, and on the body-whorl another keeled projection surrounding
the narrow umbilicus merges at the base with the white, thickened, and
flattened peristome. Aperture ovate, columellar margin thickened.
ADEORBIS AXIOTIMUS* sp. n. (PI. B. fig. 8.)
A. testa paullum depressa, prof uncle urabilicata, alba, delicata, subpellucida
anfractibus 4, quorum apicalis fere immersus, minutus, huic proximus anfrac-
tu? magnopere inflatus, nitidulus, ultimo castero^multum exsuperante,undique
cum penultimo, tenuissime longitudinaliter striato ; apertura magna, ovato-
rotunda, labro tenui, simplici, continuo.
Alt. 75 diam. 2 mm.
Hah. Gulf of Oman, lat. 24° 58' N., long. 56° 54' E., 156 fathoms.
Very delicate and aubtransparent ; the apical whorl is almost immersed and
depressed owing to the tumidity of the next, which is shining and almost
smooth, the last whorls being beautifully and finely striate.
ERA10 RECONDITA,} sp. n. (PI. B. fig. 9.)
E. testa parva, nitida, alba, Isevissima, tenui ; anfractibus 5|, apicali obtuso
mamillato, cseteris laavibus, immaculatis, ultimo magnopere exsuperante ;
apertura angusta, labro supra paullum effuso, nitido, albo, incrassato, intus
minute denticulato.
Long. 5, lat. 3mm. (sp. maj.).
Hob. Gulf of Oman, lat. 24" 58' N., long. 56° 54' E., 156 fathoms.
Var. (vel sp.?) HAPLOCHILA, nov. (PI. B. fig. 10.)
E. testa ut supra, sed labro intus simplici, piano, nequaquam denticulato.
Hah. Gulf of Oman, cum prsecedente.
Although this var. is not denticulate in the inner side of the lip, we cannot
disassociate the two forms of this interesting Erato. It is evidently benthal in
its habit, and the discovery of more specimens may furnish links to bind these
two forms yet closer together.
EULIMA DECAGYRA, sp. n. (PI. B. fig. 11.)
E. testa minutissima, Candida, polita, fusiformi, superne multum attenuata ;
anfractibus 10, apicali obtuso, diaphano, pernitido, ceteris applanatis, politis,
ultimo basim versus ovato, solidiusculo ; apertura parva, ovata, labro paullum
incrassato ; columella declivi, apud basim angulatim incrassata, nitida.
Long. 2'75, lat. 1mm.
Hah. Gulf of Oman, lat. 24° 58' N., long. 56° 54' E., 156 fathoms.
A shining, white, polished species, noteworthy for its gradually attenuate
spire, ovate thickened base, and aperture proportionately small. We do not
* aij-joTJ/CAos, worthy of honour,
t Reconditus, hidden
DESCRIPTIONS OF SIXTY-EIGHT NEW SHELLS. 97
know any Eiilima exactly comparable nor, we may add, so minute. We are
indebted to Mr. Sykesfor having extricated two examples from a mass of
shell-sand.
R1SS0INA ISOSCELES-, sp. n. (PI. B. fig. 12.)
R. testa eleganter attenuato-fusiformi, cinereo-alba, solidula ; anfractibus 9,
quorum 3 apicales hyalini, bulboso-globulares, cseteris longitudinaliter arete cos-
tulatis, apud supernos magis f ortibus, paucioribus, undique sub lente spiraliter
tenuissime striatis, infra peripheriam ultimi anfractus angulatam evanidis ;
apertura ovata, labro effuso, basim versus paullum producto, incrassato
columella obliqua.
Long. 5*25, lat. 2 mm.
Hab. Gulf of Oman, lat. 24° 58' N., long. 56° 54' E., 156 fathoms.
An attenuate graceful species of the typical section of the genus, angled
below the periphery, nine-whorled, the three globularly bulbous apical whorls
being distinctive, the longitudinal ribs on the fourth and fifth whorls being
fewer and more pronounced than on the lower — indeed they become obsolete
below the periphery of the body~whorl. With a lens the delicate spiral stria-
tion is discernible. Mouth triangularly ovate, outer lip produced at the base.
RISSOINA (ZEBINA) REGISTOMOIDES, sp. n. (PL B. fig. 13)
R. testa perminima, globulari, solidula, Isevissima, nitida ; anfractibus 5
quorum apicalis obtusus, vitreus, cseteris apud suturas subimpressis, ventri-
cosulis, ultimo paullum effuso, obliquato ; apertura ovato rotunda, labro
incrassato, albo, nitente.
Long. 2'25, lat. 1*50, mm.
Hab. Gulf of Oman, lat. 21° 58' N., long. 56° 54' E., 156 fathoms.
"Very minute, but extremely interesting. We are indebted to Mr. E. R.
Sykes for its discovery, while sorting shell-sand received from the above most
rich dredging. It is much smaller and more globose than any Zebina yet
described ; the peristome is wonderfully incrassate for so small a shell and
quite simple, never dentate, thus being unlike any of the numerous varieties
of R. tridentata, Mich., = Eidima curta, Sowb. The facies is eulimoid, but it
possesses the apex of Rissoina, and we are satisfied as to its location here. The
trivial name is suggested by its form, when magnified, though more globular,
somewhat resembling terrestrial Reg i stoma fuscum, Gray.
EUL1MELLA CARMAN1CA, sp. n. (PI. B. fig. 14.)
E. testa minuta, fusiformi, albo-lactea, lasvissima, polita, tenui ; anfractibus
8-10, quorum apicales heterostrophi, hyalini, lactei, cseteris fere rectis, apud
suturas leniter canaliculars, supernis paullum gradatis, ultimo recto, pro-
longate ; apertura quadratorotunda, labro recto ; collumella obliqua, simplici.
Long. 4, lat. 1*20 mm.
* }ao<jKi\r.st from the basal shouldered angles.
13
98 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI .
Hob. Gulf of Oman, lat. 24° 58° N., long. 56° 54' E., 156 fathoms.
A pure white, polished, fusiform species, very slightly attenuate ; upper
whorls gradate, all slightly channelled suturally, more or less straight. Mouth
somewhat square, outer lip porrect, squarely produced at the base. Columella
oblique, simple. Several specimens occurred. Not so elegant as E. kaisensis,
Melv., the only other of the genus yet recorded from this region. " Carmania,"
from whence the specific name is taken, is the ancient name of that portion of
Persia impinging on the northern shores of the Gulf of Oman.
(To be continued?)
99
LIST OF INDIAN BIRDS' EGGS
in the Bombay Natural History Society's Collection
on 1st September 1904.
o »
No. in
P., Brit.
Scientific Name.
English Name.
6fl
. bo
1-^ *-*
India.
£w
Order 1— Passeres.
Family— CORVID.E.
Sub-family- -Corvine.
1
1
Corvus corax ...
The Raven ... ... ... ...
4
2
4
„ macvorhynchus
The Jungle-Crow
2
3
7
., splendens
The Indian House-Crow
4
4
8
,, insolens ...
The Burmese House-Crow
4
5
10
Pica rastica
The Magpie ...
5
6
12
Urocissa occipitalis ... ...
The Red-billed Blue Magpie
2
7
14
Cissa chinensis ... ...
The Green Magpie
3
8
16
Bendrocitta rufa ...
The Indian Tree-pie
4
9
18
„ himalayensis
The. Himalayan Tree-pie
6
10
19
„ frontalis
Sub-family Paring.
The Black-browed Tree-pie ...
2
11
31
Parus atriccps
The Indian Grey Tit
4
12
34
,, monticola
The Green-backed Tit
3
13
35
JEgitlialiscus erythroccplialus ...
The Hed-headed Tit
1
14
61
Scceorhgnchus gularis
Family— CRATEROPODID.ffl.
Sub-family Ceateropodin^e
The Hoary-headed Crow-Tit
3
15
62
Dryonastes rufi.collis ... ...
The Rufous-necked Laughing-
Thrush
3
16
69
Gavmlax leualopltu*
The Himalayan White-crested Laugh-
ing-Thrush
2
17
72
„ pcctoralis
The Black-gorgeted Laughing-
Thrush
5
18
73
„ moniliger
The Necklaced Laughing-Thrush ...
6
19
74
„ gularis ...
McClelland's Laughing-Thrush
4
20
80
Ianthocincla rufhgularis,,, ...
The Rufous-chinned Laughing-
Thrush
1
21
84
Trochalopterum chrysopterum ...
The Eastern Yellow-winged Laugh-
ing-Thrush
3
22
87
., pJiceniceum ...
The Crimson-winged Laughing-
Thrush
1
23
91
,, simile
The Western Variegated Laughing-
Thrush
2
24
93
,j cachinnans ...
The Nilgiri Laughing-Thrush
2
25
98
„ virgatum
The Manipur Streaked Laughing-
Thrush .,
1
26
103
Stactocichla merulina
The Spotted-breasted Laughing-
Thrush
3
27
105
Argya caudata
The Common Babbler
4
28
106
„ gularis ... ... ...
The White-throated Babbler
4
29
J 07
,, malcolmi ...
The Large Crey Babbler
4
30
110
Crateropus canorus ...
The Jungle Babbler _
O
81
116
Pomatorhinus schist iccps
The Slaty-headed Scimitar Babbler ..
O
32
1-21
,, dbscwrus
Hume's Scimitar Babbler
t>
33
122
„ ferruginosus „
The Coral-billed Scimitar Babbler...
1
100 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
No. in
CD
og,
F., Brit.
Scientific Name.
English Name.
uu
&CJ2
India.
*-
Sub-family— Timeliin^e.
34
134
Timelia pileata
The Red-capped Babbler
1
35
135
Dumetia hyperythra ... ...
The Rufous- bellied Babbler
2
36
139
Pyctorhis sineiisis ... ...
The Yellow-eyed Babtfer
4
37
142
Pellorneum mandellii ...
Mandelli's Spotted Babbler ... ...
4
38
144
„ ruficeps
The Spotted Babbler
2
39
148
,, ignotum ... ...
The Assam Babbler ... ... ...
4
40
151
Drymocataphus tickelli ... ...
TickelFs Babbler
2
41
163
Alcippe ncpalensis ... ...
The Nepal Babbler
5
42
164
„ phceocephala ... ...
The Nilgiri Babbler
3
43
165
,, phayrii
The Burmese Babbler
4
44
169
Stachyrhis nigriceps
The Black-throated Babbler
2
45
170
„ chryscea
The Golden-headed Babbler
3
46
172
Stachyrhidopsis ruficeps...
Sub-family Brachyptertgin;e.
The Red-headed Babbler
3
47
187
Myiophoneus temmincki ... ...
The Himalayan Whistling-Thrush...
4
48
189
,. horsfieldi
The Malabar Whistling-Thrush ...
3
49
191
Larvivora brunnea ...
The Indian Blue Chat
2
50
194
Brachypteryx rufiventris
The Rufou-bellied Short-wing
2
51
198
Drymochares ncpalensis
The Nepal Short-wing
8
52
199
Hodgsonius phamicuroides
Hodgson's Short-wing
2
53
201
Tesia cyaniventris
Sub-family— Sibiin^e.
The Slaty-bellied Short-wing
2
54
211
Actinodura egertoni
The Rufous Barwinor
4
55
225
Yuhina nigrimentum
The B)ack-chinned Yuhina
2
56
226
Zosterops palpebrosa ...
The Indian White-eye
6
57
228
„ simplex
Swinhoe's White-eye
3
58
232
Ixulus fla vicollis
Sub-family— L I otrichin^e.
The Yellow-naped Ixulus
3
59
243
AEffithina tiphia
The Common Iora
3
60
245
„ nigrilutea ... ...
Marshall's Iora
2
61
252
Chloropsis jerdoni ...
Jerdon's Chloropsis ...
1
62
257
Meslu argentauris ... ...
The Silver-eared Mtsia ,
5
63
201
Psaroglossa spiloptera
The Spotted-wing
2
64
262
Hypocolius ampelinus
Sub-family — BrachypodiNjE.
The Grey Hypocolius
4
65
263
Crhuger flaveolus
The White-throated Bulbul
2
66
269
Hypsipctes psaroides
The Himalayan Black Bulbul
1
67
272
Hemlxus Jlavala
The Brown-eared Bulbul
4
68
278
Molpastes hcemorrhoiis ... ...
The Madras Red-vented Bulbul
4
69
279
„ burmanicus
The Burmese Red- vented Bulbul ..
3
70
282
„ bengalensis ... ...
The Bengal Red-vented Bulbul
3
71
284
„ hucogenys
The White-cheeked Bulbul
8
72
288
Olocompsa emeria ... ...
The Bengal Red-whiskered Bulbul..
2
73
289
,, fuscicaudata ... ..,
The Southern Red-whiskered Bulbul
3
74
290
,, Jtaviventrw ... .,
The Black-crested Yellow Bulbul ..
2
75
305
Pycnonotus luteolus ... ...
The White-browed Bulbul
3
76
306
,, blanfordi
Family— Dicru rid^e
Blanford's Bulbul
3
77
327
Die rums liter ..«
The Black Drongo
4
78
328
,, longicaudatus ...
The Indian Ashy Drongo
. 1
7!)
«JOO
,, cineruceus ...
The Grey Drongo
. 4
so
334
Ckaptia cenea
The Bronzed Drongo
(i
LIST OF INDIAN BIRDS1 EGGS.
101
&,
fcco
No. in
F., Brit.
India.
Scientific Name.
English Name.
° m
60
. 60
O rvj
81
82
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
335
339
340
347
357
363
374
381
382
383
384
394
399
402
424
434
448
458
463
464
465
466
469
473
474
475
47i>
479
488
500
501
510
512
518
529
538
539
544
549
551
552
553
Chibia hottentotta
Bhringa remifer ...
Disscrmirus paradiseus ...
Family— Certhiid.e.
Salpomis spilonota
Pnoepyga pusilla
Family— Sylviid.e.
Acrocephalm stentoreus ...
Orthotonus sutorius
Cisticola cursitans ...
FranUinia gracilis
,, rufescens
„ buchanani ...
Hypotais rama
Sylvia jerdoui
„ affinis
Acanthopneuste magnirostris
Cryptolopha xanthoschista
Ho rornis fortipcs
Suya crinigera
Prin ia flaviventris
ii socialis
,, sylvatica ...
„ inornata ... ...
Family — Laniid^:.
Sub-family— Laniin^k .
Lanius lahtora
„ tittatus ... ...
j, collurioidis
„ nigriceps ...
,, erythronotus
j, isabeUinus ...
Tcphrodornis pondicerianiis
Pericrocotus peregrinus
„ erythropygius
Graucalus macii ...
Sub-family— Artamin^:.
Artamus Juscus
Family— Obiolid^:.
Oriolus hundoo
Family— ST urni D^E.
Sturnus humii ... ...
Sturnia malabarica
„ nemoricola
Temenuchus pagodarum,M
Acridothercs tristis ...
„ ginginianus.,,
jEthiopsar Juscus
„ grandis
...
...
...
...
The Hair-crested Drongo
The Lesser Racket-tailed Drongo
The Larger Racket-tailed Drongo
The Spotted-Grey Creeper
The Brown Wren
The Indian Great Reed-Warbler ...
The Indian Tailor-Bird
The Rufous Fantail- Warbler
Franklin's Wren-Warbler ...
Beavan's Wren-Warbler ,
The Kufous-fronted Wren-Warbler
Sykes' Tree-Warbler
The Eastern Orphean Warbler
The Indian Lesser White- throated
Warbler
The Large-billed Willow- Warbler
Hodgson's Grey-headed Flycatcher-
Warbler
The Strong-footed Bash- Warbler
Th* Rro*n Hill- Warbler ...
The Yellow-bellied Wren-Warb'.er.
The Ashy Wren- Warbler _
The Jungle Wren-Warbler ...
The Indian Wren-Warbler ...
The Indian Grey Shrike
The Bay-backed Shrike
The Burmese Shrike ...
The Black-headed Shrike ...
The Rufous- backed Shrike ...
The Pale-brown Shrike ...
The Common Wood-Shrike ...
The Small Minivet
The White-bellied Minivet ...
The Large Cuckoo-Shrike ...
2
6
2
6
8
6
8
6
3
3
2
1
1
3
3
1
4
4
6
5
The Ashy Swallow Shrike ...
The Indian Oriole
••• •••
The Himalayan Starling
The <irey-b>aded Myna
The White-winged Myna
The Black-headed Myna
The Common Myna ...
The Bank Myna
The Jungle Myna
The Siamese Myna
7
4
3
12
4
3
3
2
1
102 JOURNAL, BOMB A Y NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
Km
No. in
P., Brit.
India.
Scientific Name.
English Name.
bo
. 60
O rvi
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
555
556
568
575
576
579
581
588
590
591
592
595
598
599
601
604
605
607
608
609
615
618
628
629
631
632
633
644
659
661
662
663
667
671
673
676
678
683
685
686
691
693
695
699
705
Sturnopastor contra ...
„ superciliaris
Family— Muscicapid^;.
Cyornis superciliaris
jj rubeculoides
,, tickdli ... ...
Stoparola melanops
„ albicaudata ...
Alseonax latirostris
„ muttui ...
Ochromda nigrirufa
Culicicapa ceylonensis ...
Niltava macgrifforice
Terpsi/phone paradisi
„ affinis ...
Hypothymis azurea
Rhipidura albifrontata ...
„ albicolUs ...
,) pectoralls
Family — TtrRDlD.33.
Sub-family— Saxicolin^e.
Pratincola caprata
„ atrata
Oreicola ferrea
Saxicola picata , ,
,, chrysopygia
Cercomela fusca ...
Sub-family— Ruticillin^e.
Henicurus guttatus
„ schistaceus ...
,, immaculatus ...
Ruticilla rufiventris ... .,
Notodela leucura ... ..
Thamnobia cambaiensis
„ fulicata
Copsychus saularis ...
Sub-family— Turdhsle.
Merida simillima
nigripileus
castanea ...
boulboul ...
unicolor ...
Geocichla wardi ...
,, cyananotus
,, citrina ...
Petroph ila einclorkyne.
„ cyanus
Turdus viscivorus
Oreocincla nilgiriensis
Zoothera marginata
ha.
The Pied Myna
The Burmese Pied Myna
The White-browed Blue Flycatcher.
The Blue-throated Flycatcher
Tickell's Blue Flycatcher
The "Verditer Flycatcher ...
The Nilgiri Blue Flycatcher
The Brown Flycatcher
Layard's Flycatcher ...
The Black and Orange Flycatcher...
The Grey-headed Flycatcher
The Small Niltava
The Indian Paradise Flycatcher
The Burmese Paradise Flycatcher ...
The Indian Black-naped Fly-
cutciiyr ••• ... ••• •••
The White-browed Fantail Fly-
catcher
The White-throated Fantail Fly-
catcher
The White-spotted Fantail Fly-
( mi '.' 1 1 or ••• ••■ ••• i
The Common Pied Bush-Chat
The Southern Pied Bush-Chat
The Dark-grey Bush-Chat ...
The Pied Chat
The Red-tailed Chat
The Brown Rock-Chat
The Eastern Spotted Forktail
The Slaty-backed Forktail ...
The Black-backed Forktail ...
The Indian Redstart
The White-tailed Blue Robin
The Brown-backed Indian Robin
The Black-backed Indian Robin
The Magpie-Robin
The Nilgiri Black-Bird
The Black-capped Black-Bird
The Grey-headed Ouzel
The Grey-winged Ouzel
Tickell's" Ouzel
The Pied Ground-Thrush
The White-throated Ground-Thrush
The Orange-headed Ground-Thrush
The Blue-headed Rock-Thrush ...
The Western Blue Rock-Thrush ...
The Missel-Thrush
The Nilgiri Thrush
The Lesser Brown Thrush
3
5
3
3
4
4
1
o
2
2
7
3
4
o
O
6
9
3
5
o
1
4
3
4
3
LIST OF INDIAN BIRDS' EGGS.
103
o g ! No. in
.§ F., Brit.
&% India-
Scientific Name.
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
740
775
776
779
780
781
803
184
809
185
811
186
813
187
814
188
818
189
819
190
823
191
830
192
831
193
836
194
847
195
853
196
871
197
873
198
874
199
875
200
877
201
879
English Name.
o.
168
720
169
721
170
722
171
723
172
726
173
727
174
734
175
735
176
738
Family— Ploceid^s.
Sub-family— Plocein^e.
Ploceus baya ...
,, megarhynchus ...
„ bengalensis ...
„ manyar
Sub-family — Viduin.e.
Munia atricapilla
Uroloncha acuticxuda ...
malabarica
punctulala ...
Sporaginthus ama ndava.,.
»
Family— Fringillid^e.
Sub-famil.v— Coccothr Aus-
tins.
Coccothraustes liumii
Sub-family— FringilliN/E.
Gymnorhis flavicollis
Passer domesticus... ... ,
montanus ...
cinnamomeus ...
tktveolus ... ... ,
»
The Baya
The Eastern Baya
The Black-throated Weaver-Bird
The Striata d Weaver-Bird ...
The Chestnut-bellied Munia...
Hodgson's Munia
The vVhite-throatel Munia ...
The Spotted Munia
The ludian Red Munia ...
Sub-family — Emberizin^;.
Mdophus melanicierus ...
Family- Hi rundinid^;.
Cotile sinensis
Ptyonop rogue concolor ...
Hirundo rustiea
„ gutturalis
„ smithii ...
Hirundo Jiuvicola
„ erythropygia ...
Family— Motacillid^e.
Motacilla hodgsoni ...
,, maderaspatensis
„ feldeggi
Anthus ru/ulus
Oreocorys sylvanus ...
Family — Alandid^e.
Mirafra erythroptera ...
,, microptera ...
Galerita cristata ...
,, deva
Ammomanes phcenicura ...
Pyrrhidauda grisea ...
Hume's Hawfinch
The Yellow- throated Sparrow
The House- Sparrow
The Tree -Sparrow
The Cinnamon Tree-Sparrow
The Pegu House-Sparrow ...
The Crested Buntin <
The Indian Sand-Martin
The Dusky Crag -Martin
The Swallow
The Eastern Swallow
The Wire-tailed Swallow
The Indian Cliff-Swallow
Sykes' Striated Swallow
Hodgson's Pied Wagtail
The Large Pied Wagtail
The Black -headed Wagtail
The Indian Pipit
The Upland Pipit
The Red-winged Bush -Lark
The Burmese Bush -Lark
The Crested Lark
Sykes' Crested Lark ...
The Rufous-tailed Finch-Lark
The Ashy-cmwne.l Finch-Lark
• ••
0
...
3
...
2
.,
3
2
2
1
9
2
6
7
4
3
2
6
2
6
10
2
104 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
o
Km
No. in
F., Brit.
India.
Scientific Name.
English Name.
U-l
0 00
fcD
Family — Nectariniid.*:.
Sub-family— Nectakin-iin^.
202
203
204
895
900
901
Arachnechthra asiatica ... ...
„ minima ...
„ zeylonica
Sub-family — & rachnotherinje.
The Purple Snn-Bird
The Small Sun-Bird
The Purple-ruraped Sun-Bird
3
4
2
205
906
Arachnothera magna
Family — Dic^ElDiE.
The Larger-Streaked Spider-hunter...
2
20(5
921
Piprisoma squalidum
Family— Pittilve.
The Thick-billed Flower-pecker
G
207
208
927
933
Pitta nepalensis
„ brachyura
Order II— Euryl.emi.
Family — EttryL^emid^e.
The Blue-naped Pitta ...
The Indian Pitta
3
2
209
210
211
942
943
944
Serilophus lunatus
„ rubripygius ...
Psarisomas dalhousice
Order III— PiOl.
Family— PiCID^e.
Sub-family — Pioin^e.
Gould's Broadbill
Hodgson's Broadbill
The Long-tailed Broadbill
4
4
4
212
213
214
215
21G
950
951
972
98G
902
Gecinus occipitalis ... ...
,, cklorolophus
Liopicus malirattensis
Braehyptcrnus aurantws
Crysocolaptcs gutticristatus
Sub-family— PicuMNiNiE.
The Black-naped Green Woodpecker.
The Small Himalayan Yellow-nap ed
Woodpecker
The Yellow-fronted Pied Wood-
pecker
The Golden-backed Woodpecker ...
Tickell's Golden-backed Woodpecker.
6
4
2
3
1
217
1001
Piciunnus innominatus ... aH
Order IV— Zygodactyly.
Family— Capitonid^e.
The Speckled Piculet
1
218
219
220
221
222
1007
1008
1012
1017
1019
Megalama virens
Thereiceryx zelonicus
C'yantps asiatica ... ... ...
„ J'ranMini... ...
Xantholcema hwmatocephala ...
Order V— Anisodactyli.
Sub-order— Coraci^e.
Family— CoRACiADyE,
The Great Chinese Barbet
The Common Indian Green Barbet...
The Blue-throated Barbet
The Golden-throated Barbet
The Crimson-breasted Barbet or
Coppersmith
1
5
3
2
3
223
224
225
1022
1023
1024
Coracias indica ...
j, affiants ... ...
„ garrula ... ...
The Indian Roller
The Burmese Holler
The European Iioller
5
1
1
LIST OF INDIAN BIRDS' EGGS.
105
No. in •
F., Brit.
India.
Scientific Name.
English Name.
No. of
I Eggs.
Sub-order— Meropes.
Family — Meropid^e.
226
227
228
1026
1027
1029
Merops viridis
„ philippinus
„ aplaster
S ub-order — H a lc y ones.
Family — Alcedinid^e.
The Common Indian Bee-eater
The Blue-tailed Bee-eater
The European Bee-eater
3
1
4
229
230
231
1033
1035
1044
Ceryle varia
Alcedo ispida
Halcyon smyrnensis ...
Sub-order— BuCEROTeS.
Family— Bucerotid^e.
The Indian Pied Kingfisher
The Common Kingfisher
The White-breasted Kingfisher
6
5
2
232
233
1062
1065
Lophoccros birnstris ... ...
Rhhioplax vig'd ...
Sub-order— Qpttp^e.
Family — Upupi d^e.
The Common Crey Hornbill
The Helmeted H ornbill
2
I
234
1066
Upupa epops
Order VI— Macrochires.
Sub-order — CypSEli.
Family— Cypselid^e.
Sub-family— Cypselin^E.
The European Hoopoe
4
235
236
237
1073
1075
1076
Cypselus affinis
Tachornis batassiensis .. ...
j, infwmatus ... m
Sub-family— CH^TURiN^:.
The Common Indian Swift
The Palm-Swift
The Eastern Palm-Swift
8
3
4
238
1081
Collocalia fuciphaga
Sub-order— CaPrim ulgi.
Family— Caprimtjlgid^:.
The Indian Edible-nest Swiftlet
2
239
240
241
1090
1091
1093
Caprimulgus monticola ...
„ asiaticus ...
„ macrurus
Sub-order — Podargi.
Family — Podargid^e.
Franklin's Nightjar ... ~.
The Common Indian Nightjar
Horsfeld's Nightjar
2
4
2
242
1097
BatracJiostomus hodffsoni •••
Order VII— Trogones.
Family— TroGONID.e.
Hodgson's Frogmouth ... ...
1
2<J3
1101
Harpactcs crytkrocephalus ...
The Red-headed. Trogon
o
14
106 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XV I
O <1>
"CO
No. in
F., Bnt.
India.
Scientific Name.
English Name.
■* ha
a M
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
1104
1118
1120
1123
1129
1130
1133
1138
1139
1141
1164
1168
1169
1180
1184
1190
1191
1192
1194
1196
1197
1198
1199
1200
1203
1207
Order VIII— Coccyges.
Family— CuculiDjE.
Sub-family— Cuculin^e.
Cwculus canorus ...
Coccystes jacobinus ...
Sub-family— PhceniCOPHAIN.k.
Eudynamis honorata
Rhopodytcs tristis
Taccocua leschenaidti ...
Centropus sinensis
„ bengalensis ...
Order IX— P^ITTACI.
Family - PsiTTAClDiE.
Palceornis torquatus
,, cyanocephalus
„ schisticeps ... ,
Order X— Striges.
Family— Asi oni dm.
Sub-family— BUBONIN.&.
Ketupa zeylonensis ...
Bubo bengalensis
„ coromandus ...
Athene brama
Glaucidium radiatum
Order XI — Accipitres.
Family — Vclturid^e.
Vultur monnchus ...
Otoggps erdvus
Gyps/ulvus
,, indicia
Pscudogyps bengalensis ...
Neophron ginginianus ...
„ percnopterus ...
Family— Falconid^:.
Sub-family— Gyp^tin^e.
Gypaetus barbatus
Sub-family— Falconing.
Aquila chrysaetus ...
,, vindhiana ...
Eieraetus fasciatus
The Cuckoo
The Pied Crested Cuckoo
The Indian Koel
The Large Green-billed Malkoha ...
The Sirkeer Cuckoo
The Common Coucal or Crow-Phea
SilJlt' «*■ ... . .. •■• ••
The Lesser Coucal ,
The Rose-ringed Paroquet
The Western Blossom-headed Paro
qUet ... ... -.. ... ••
The Slaty-headed Paroquet
The Brown Fish-Owl ...
The Kock Horned Owl
The Dusky Horned Owl
The Spotted Owlet ...
The Jungle Owlet
The Cinereous Vulture
The Black Vulture or Pondicherry
Vulture
The Griffon Vulture
The Indian Long-billed Vulture
The Indian White-backed Vulture
The Smaller White Scavenger Vulture
The Egyptian Vulture or Large White
Scavenger Vulture
The Bearded Vulture or Lammer-
geyer
The Golden Eagle
The Indian Tawny Eagle
Bonelli's Eagle
1
•1
2
3
1
4
1
LIST OF INDIAN BIRDS' EGGS.
107
&
GQ
No. in
F., Brit.
India.
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
231
282
283
2«4
285
286
287
288
2«9
290
291
292
293
294
295
29G
Scientific Name.
English Name.
o w
to
->• bo
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
1216
1220
1223
1224
1226
1228
1229
1231
1232
1239
1241
1247
1257
1260
1264
1265
1273
1278
1281
1282
1283
1291
1292
1309
1310
1312
1321
1324
1325
1328
1330
1336
1339
1342
1349
1351
1352
...
•••
Circaetus gallicus ...
Butastur teesa ..
Haliaetus leucoryphus
,, leuc.ogaster
PoUoaetus ichthyaetm
Haliastur Indus ...
Milvus govhula ...
,, migrans ...
Elanus cceruleus ...
Buteofcrox ...
Astur badius ... ... ..
Accipiter nisus ...
Falcojugger
,, subbuteo ... ... ..
jEsalon chicquera
Tinnunculus alaudarius ...
Order XII— Columb^e.
Family— COLtTMBiDiffi.
Sub-family— Treronin^e.
Osmotreron phayrei ...
>} bicincta
Treron nepalensis ... ' .
Sphenocercus apicicauda...
„ sphenurus ...
Sub-family— Phabin^e.
Chalcophaps indica
Sub-family— Columbine.
Columba intermedia ...
Turtur cambayensis .,, ■
,, risorius ...
Macropygia tusalia ...
Order XIII— PteroCleteS.
Family— PteroClhxe.
Pteroclurus exustus ... .
Order XIV— Galling.
Sub-order — Alectoropodes.
Family— Phasianidje.
Pavo cristatus
„ muticus
Gallus ferrugineus
„ sonnerati
Gennceus albicristatus
,, horsfieldi
Lophophorus refulgens ... .
Galloperdix spadicea ... ,
„ bicalcarata ...
Bambusicola fytchii
The Short-toed Eagle
The White-eyed Buzzard-Eagle
Pallas's Fishing-Eagle
The White-bellied Sea-Eagle
The Large Grey-headed Fishing-
Eagle
The lirahminy Kite
The Common Pariah Kite
The Black Kite
The Black -winged Kite
The Long-legged Buzzard
The Shikra
The Sparrow-Hawk
The Laggar Falcon
The Hobby
The Turumti or Red-headed Merlin...
The Kestrel
1
2
2
1
2
2
o
4
4
2
4
3
2
1
3
7
The Ashy-headed Green Pigeon
The Orange-breasted Green Pigeon...
The Thick-billed Green Pigeon
The Pin -tailed Green Pigeon
The Kokla Green Pigeon
The Bronze-winged Dove
The Indian Blue Rock-Pigeon
The Little Brown Dove
The Indian Ring-Dove
The Bar-tailed Cuckoo-Dove...
The Common Sand-grouse
The Common Peafowl ...
The Burmese or Javan Peafowl ..
The Red Jungle-fowl
The Grey Jungle-fowl
The White-crested Kalij Pheasant ..
The Black-breasted Kalij Pheasant.
The Monal
The Red Spur-fowl
The Ceylon Spur-fowl
The Western Bamboo-Partridge
3
3
4
1
1
1
4
1
6
1
1
5
2
3
108 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
<m
No. in
P., Brit.
India.
Scientific Name.
English Name.
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
307
1356
308
1363
309
1364
310
1365
311
1370
312
1371
313
1372
314
1373
315
1374
316
1375
317
1377
318
1378
319
1381
320
1382
1389
1395
1398
1400
1401
1402
1404
1405
1409
1413
1414
1416
1418
1419
Coturnix coromandelica ...
Arboricvla rufigularis
j, intermedia
,, atrigularis
C'accabis ehucar ...
Ammoperdix bonhami ...
Francol'mus vulgaris ...
„ pictus
„ chinensis ...
,, pondicerianus
Perdix hodffsoniae ...
Tetracgallus himalayensis
Sub-order — PERISTEROPODES.
Family— MegapOdiiDjE.
Megapodius nicobariensis
Order XV — Hemipodii.
Family— Tttrnicid^E.
Turnix pugnax
Order XVI— Grali^E.
Sob-order— FulICARi^:.
Family— Rallid^e.
The Black-breasted or Rain Quail ...
Blyth's Hill-Partridge
The Arrakan Hill-Partridge
The White-cheeked Bill-Partridge...
The Chukor
The Seesee ,
The Black Partridge or Common
Francolin
The Painted Partridge
The Eastern or Chinese Francolin
The Grey Partridge
The Tibetan Partridge ...
The Himalayan Snow-Cock ...
...
...
...
Hypotanidia striata
Rail inn superciliaris
Amauromis fuscus
„ ahool
„ phamicurus .
Gallinula ch/orcpus
Porphyria polio cephalus,
Fulica atra ... ,
Sub-order— Grues.
Family— Grtjid^e.
Grus antigone ... ...
Sub-order— Otides.
Family— Otidid^e.
Otis tetrax
Fupodotis edwardsi
SypJieqfis aurita
Order XVII— Limicol^e.
Family— CEDiCNEMiDiE.
(Edicnemus scolopax
Esacus recurvirostris ...
The Nicobiir Megapode
The Bustard-Quail
The Blue-breasted Banded Rail
The Banded Crake
The Ruddy Crake
The Brown Crake
The White-breasted Water-Hen
The Moorhen
The Purple Moorhen
The Coot
The Sarus
The Little Bustard
The Great Indian Bustard ...
The Lesser Florican or Likh...
The Stone-Curlew
The Great Stone-Plover
5
2
3
2
10
4
1
1
4
2
6
2
6
5
1
3
6
7
LIST OF INDIAN BIRDS' EGGS.
109
J. Of 1
ecies.
No. in
P., Brit.
Scientific Name.
English Name.
CM
. bo
India.
Family— Dromadtd^e.
335
1421
Dromas ardeola ... ... ...
Family— Glareolid-S:.
Sub-family— CurSokiin^e.
The Crab-Plover t
t*i
336
1422
Cursorius coromandelicus
Sub-family— Glareoun^e.
The Indian Courser
2
337
1427
Glareola lactea
Family— PARRID.E
The Small Indian Pratincole or
Swallow-Plover ,.
6
338
339
1428
1429
Metopidius indicus
Hydrojihasianus chirurgus ...
Family— Charadriid^e.
Sub-Family— CHARADRHNiE.
The Bronze-winged Jacana
The Pheasanttailed Jacana
5
6
340
311
342
343
344
345
1431
1433
1435
1443
1446
1447
Sarcogrammus Indicus
Sarciophorus malabaricus
Hoplojiterutt ventralis
JEgialitis mongolica ...
,, alexandrina ... ...
„ dubia
Sub-famih — H^matopodin^e.
The Red-wattled Lapwing
The Yellow-wattled Lapwing ...
The Indian Spur-winged Plover
The Lesser Sand-Plover
The Kentish Plover
The Little Ringed Plover
5
3
4
4
2
2
346
1451
ffimantopus candidus ... ...
Sub-family — Totanin-e.
The Rlack-winged Stilt
1
347
348
349
350
1460
1468
1476
1478
Totanus hypoleucus
Pavoncella pugnax
Ti'inga crassirostris ...
„ alpina ... ...
Sub-family— Scolopacin.e.
The Common Sandpiper . .
The RnfE and Reeve
The Eastern Knot
The Dunlin
1
1
1
2
351
1483
Eostratula capensis
Order XVIII— Gavi,e.
Family— Larid^e.
Sub-family — Larin.e.
The Painted £nipe
3
352
1492
Larus henvprichi
Sub-family— Sternin^!.
The Sooty Gull
3
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
1496
1498
1501
1502
1503
1504
1505
Hydrochelidon hybrida
Rydroprogne caspia ... ...
Sterna media
„ bergii
jj seena ... ... ..
,, melanogaster
„ albigena ,
The Whiskered Tern
The Caspian Tern
The Smaller Crested Tern
The Larger Crested Tern
The Indian River-Tern
The Black-bellied Tern
The White-cheeked Tern ...
8
3
a
2
4
4
3
110 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
© *;
,'5
No. in
F., Brit.
India.
Scientific Name.
English Name.
60
360
361
362
363
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
37-2
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
1508
1510
1511
1513
1517
1520
1527
1528
1529
1541
1545
1548
1549
1552
1553
1554
1555
1559
1560
1561
1562
1563
1565
1568
1570
1572
Sterna dougalli ... ... ..
„ minuta ... ... ..
„ saundersi ...
,, ancestheta
Sub-f amil) — RynohopiN.«.
Bhynchojps albicollis
Order XIX— Steganopodes.
Famly — Phalacrocoracim:.
Sub-family— Pbalacrocora-
cin^b.
Phalacrocorax carbo
„ fuscicolUs ..
„ javanicus
Sub-family— Plotin^e.
Plotus melanog aster ...
Order XXI— Herodiones.
Sub-order- Platale^e.
Family — Ibidid^e.
Ibis melanocephala ... ..
Family— Plataleid^e.
Platalea leucorodia
Sub-order— Ciconle.
Family— Ciconiid.e.
Dissura episcopus
XenorAynchus asiaticus ... ..
Pseudotantalus leucocetphalus ..
Anastomus oscitans
Sub-order — ARDE^a.
Family - Ardeid.e.
Ardea manillensis
„ cinerea ...
Berodias alba ...
„ intermedia
., garzetta
Bubulcu* coroma ndus
L&pterodius asha ...
Ardeola grayi
Nycticorax ffriseus
Arietta minuta
„ cinnamomea
...
...
The Roseate Tern ...
The Little Tern
The Black-shafted Ternlet
The Pauayan Tern „.
The Large Cormorant
The Indian Shag
The Little Cormorant
The Indian Darter or Snake-bird ...
The White Ibis
The Spoonbill ..
The White-necked Stork
The Black-necked Stork
The Painted Stork ...
The Open-bill
The Eastern Purple Hoi on
The Common Heron ...
The Large Egret
The Smaller Egret
The Little Egret ...
The Tattle E^ret
The Indian Reef-Heron
The Pond Heron
The Night Heron
The Little Bittern
The Chestnut Bittern
29
6
5
4
The Tndian Skimmer or Scissors-bill. 8
4
2
4
1
1
4
3
A
3
3
3
1
2
4
3
4
2
3
LIST OF INDIAN BIRDS' EGGS.
Ill
No. of
Species.
No. in
F., Brit.
India.
Scientific Name.
English Name.
bo
Order XXII— PhceniCOPTiiri.
Family — Phcenicopterid^e.
386
1575
Phcenicopterus roscus
Order XXIII— An seres.
Famil} — Anatid^:.
Sub-family— Anatin^E.
The Common Flamingo
4
387
388
389
390
391
39-2
393
1584
1589
1590
1592
1593
1606
1614
Sarcidiornis melanonotus ...
Dcndrocycna javanica ... ...
,, J'ulva
Anas boscas
„ pmcilorhyncha
Nyroca ferruginea
Merganser senator ... ...
Order XXIY— Pygopodes.
Family— Podicipedid^e.
The Comb Duck or Nukta ...
The Whistling Teal
The Large Whistling Teal
Ihe Mallard
The Spotted-billed Duck
The White-eyed Duck
The Red-breasted Merganser
2
6
•>
2
6
4
394
395
1615
1617
Podicipes cristatus
„ albipennis
The Great Crested Grebe
The Indian Little Grebe or Dabchick.
1
4
112
ON SOME NEW SPECIES OF SILVER-PHEASANTS OBTAINED IN
BURMA, BY CAPTAIN W. C. NISBETT, LIEUT. R.
CLIFFORD AND OTHERS.
By Eugene W. Oates.
Amongst the pheasants that I have received from Burma during the last two
years there are three well-marked new species of Silver-Pheasants. The first
two that I shall describe belong to an entirely new section of these birds,
in which the males combine a black wing with a barred tail, and the females
have the middle tail-feathers with the two webs of different colours. The third
species is of remarkable interest, as it has now been rediscovered after an
interval of eighty years. The bird was, however, never described nor named,
and it was only known from a coloured drawing.
Genii'ius obscurus, sp„ n.
In the adult male the head, crest, and the whole lower plumage are glossy
blue-black. The hind-neck, mantle, back, and all the upper wing-coverts are
bluish black, sparingly speckled with pale buff. The rump-feathers and upper
tail-coverts are bluish black, broadly margined with white and very sparingly
dotted with pale buff on one or both webs. The primaries are brown ; the se-
condaries black, with a few buff specks on the margin of the outer web of each
feather. The outermost tail-feather is black ; the middle pair black with
narrow, broken, diagonal white bars on the whole of both webs, except the
terminal quarter of the outer web, the margin of the basal half of the inner
web being plain white. The remaining tail-feathers are of an intermediate
character, the second from the outside being black with a few specks of white
at the base of the outer web and the feather next the middle pair being black
with a few diagonal white lines on the basal three-fourths of the outer web.
In another male, which is probably a year younger than the specimen
described above, the specks or dots on the upper plumage, wing-coverts, and
secondaries are more numerous and form narrow, zigzag, broken lines. The
markings on the tail-feathers are less numerous and the middle tail-feathers
have the inner web entirely black.
Length of wing 9*25 inches, of tail 1P5 inches. The legs are of a brown
colour.
The female resembles the female of G. Horsfieldi in all respects, except in
the coloration of the tail. The general colour of the plumage is reddish brown,
the feathers edged paler and vermiculated in an indistinct manner with black ;
those of the breast and belly marked with cream-coloured shaft-streaks. The
quills of the wing are brown, mottled with fulvous on the outer webs. The
outermost tail-feather is entirely black ; the next six are also black, the
second from the outside having a few white specks at the base of the outer
web, the specks increasing in number on each successive feather and gradually
combining into narrow wavy bars, the seventh feather being cross-barred all
over, except at the tip. The two middle feathers are of a rich dark chestnut
on the outer web and of a pale chestnut on the inner, both webs being longitu-
ON SOME NEW SPECIES OF SILVER-PHEASANTS. 113
dinally marked with wavy black bars, those on the outer web being much
broader than those on the inner. Length of wing 8*5 inches, of tail 9-5 inches.
The legs are of a brown colour .
Both sexes of this pheasant were sent to me by Captain W. G. Nisbett from
the Katha District of Upper Burma.
Gennoius Cliffordi, sp. n.
In this species the male is unique in being streaked with white on the mantle
and the female is remarkable in having black spots on some of the feathers
of the wing.
In a very old male the head, crest, and the whole of the lower plumage are
glossy blue-black. The hind-neck and mantle are black, each feather with a
narrow streak, which is white mottled with black, and about an inch in length.
The upper back is plain black. The lower back and rump are black,
each feather with a white margin and one or two broken white vermiculations
just, above the margin. The primaries are dark brown ; the secondaries black,
with a few white specks on the margins of the outer webs of the outermost
feathers. The upper wing-coverts are black, a few of the lesser coverts with
white shaft-streaks ; the inner median and greater coverts with a very narrow
but conspicuous white margin. The middle tail-feathers are diagonally marked
with equal bands of black and white, the margin of the inner web being plain
white. The next feather is black, everywhere banded narrowly with white.
The next is blaek, sparingly marked with broken bars of white. The next,
again, is black with a little white at the base only. The four outer feathers are
plain black. The upper tail-coverts are black, covered with broken white
bands more or less parallel to the margin.
Length of wing 10 inches, of tail nearly 16 inches. The legs are brown.
A young male, with the spurs half-grown, has the plumage of the same cha-
racter as the bird just described, differing in some details. The streaks on the
mantle are large and triangular, extending in some cases to nearly the whole of
the feather, and the white much broken up. The upper wing-coverts are speck-
led with white, and the white margin to the inner median and greater coverts
is indistinct. T'\e visible portions of the rump-feathers are black with a broader
white margin, but lacking the broken white vermiculations above the margin.
On the other hand, there is much white speckling on the concealed portions
of the feathers. The middle tail-feathers, which have only a very slight curl
outwards, are black, very sparingly banded with white. The next three are
still more sparingly marked and the outer four are entirely black.
Length of wing 9'5 inches, of tail nearly 10 inches. The legs are of a
brownish flesh-colour.
The female has the upper plumage and wing-coverts of a russet-brown,
colour, each feather vermiculated with black, the shaft and the margin much
paler, some of the inner median and greater coverts with a black patch or large
spot near the tip of one or both webs. The primaries are brown ; the second-
aries brown, vermiculated with black and mottled with rufous, the innermost
114 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
with a black patch near the tip of the outer webs. The middle tail-feathers are
dull chestnut on the inner web, vermiculated with black ; and black on the
outer web, vermiculated with chestnut on the margin. The other tail-feathers
are all black. The lower plumage is black, the margins of the feathers pale
brown. Each feather of the breast and belly has a very broad, pointed
ochraceous streak, occupying quite half of the feather and in some cases
three-quarters, and mottled with black. The feathers of the sidfjs of the body
and flanks have bright ochraceous shaft-streaks.
Length of wing 9 inches, of tail 8-5 inches. The legs are pale brown.
Specimens of this pheasant have been sent to me by Lieut. R. Clifford, of
the 22nd Punjabis, and I have much pleasure in associating lis name with
the species. It occurs in the Myitkyina District, east of the Irrawaddy
river.
Genncms assimilis, sp. n.
In the year 1826 Crawfurd went on a mission to the Court of Ava, and in the
course of his travels met with a pheasant, of which a coloured drawing was
made. So far as I can ascertain, nothing was known of this drawing till Gould
reproduced it in the background of his plate of Diar dig alius prcelalus in his
" Birds of Asia." I have often looked at this drawing of Gould's and wonder.'
ed why the artist should have depicted the female of Genixvus rufipes, the
Ruby Mines Pheasant, with flesh-coloured legs. The mystery was cleared up
when I received from the Ruby Mines a bird which corresponded precisely with
Gould's figure. On writing to one of my correspondents, I learn that there is
in the Ruby Mines District a pheasant with pale legs, very similar in other
respects with the red-legged species, and equally well known. I hope, there-
fore, soon to acquire the male.
The female of the present species has the whole upper plumage and the
upper wing-coverts of a uniform umber-brown, the shafts and the margins
of the feathers somewhat paler ; the crest a darker brown, vermiculated with
black ; the upper tail-coverts also thickly vermiculated with dark brown.
The primaries are dark brown, mottled with fulvous on the outer webs ; the
secondaries are umber-brown, vermiculated with black. The tail-feathers
are diagonally barred and vermiculated with a combination of umber-brown,
fulvous, black, and very pale buff, inner webs being darker and more coarsely
marked than the outer. The whole lower plumage is dark blackish brown
each feather with two broad, zigzag, Y-shaped marks of an ochraceous colour,
the outer being close to the edge of the feather, the inner much smaller and
frequently forming only an irregular and coarse streak on and about the shaft.
Length of wing nearly 10 inches ; of tail 10 inches. The legs are flesh-coloured.
The main points of difierence between the female of this species and those of
G. rufipes, of which I have a large series, are the flesh-coloured legs, and the
absence of black vermiculations on the upper plumage and upper wing-coverts.
{The above was published hi the AtweJs and Magazine of Natural History.
Vol. LXXXI1, October 1904.)
115
INSECT LIFE IN INDIA AND HOW TO STUDY IT,
BEING
A SIMPLE ACCOUNT OF THE MORE IMPORTANT FAMILIES OF INSECTS
WITH EXAMPLES OF THE DAMAGE THEY DO TO CROPS,
TEA, COFFEE AND INDIGO CONCERNS, FRUIT
AND FOREST TREES IN INDIA,
BY
E. P. STEBBING, f.l.s., f.z.s., f.b.s.
Continued from Volume 15, page 386.
Chapter V.
Order IV — Hymenoptera.
In the adult Insect four membranous wings are present ; they have no
scales upon them, are usually transparent and never very large, the hinder
pair being smaller than the front ones ; the cells formed by the ner-
vures in the wing are irregular in size and form, and never very numerous
(less than twenty on the front, than fifteen on the hind wing). Mandi-
bles are present and are conspicuous even when the other parts of the
mouth, as is often the
case, form a proboscis
or sucking tube. The
females are furnished at
the extremity of the body
with either a saw, a
sting, or an ovipositor ;
these parts may be either
kept withdrawn, when
not actually in use,
within the body or may
be permanently pro-
truded. Metamorphosis
is complete, both a grub
and pupal stage being-
present. In the pupal
stage the parts of the FlG_ 3Si_s>iarva . j>pupa). c> imag0 0f a species of
perfect Insect are seen Bombus.
nearly free, each covered with a very delicate skin. Fig. 33 shows
the larva, pupa and imago of a bee (Bombus).
116 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
The Order Hymenoptera includes the wood-wasps, saw-flies and gall
flies, the numerous tribes of the ichneumon flies and
chalcid flies, and the ants, bees, and wasps. It is a large
Order, in which a very large number of species remain
to be discovered and described, and this is especially the
case in India.
In the adult Insect the head is short and broad and
deeply constricted off from the prothorax and never sunk
into it ; sometimes it is attached to this latter by a stalk-
like process. The mandibles are powerful biting organs,
and the proboscis is at times of some length, it being used
for sucking up sweet liquids into the mouth (fig. 33, c)
The prothorax is but feebly developed, the dorsal portion
being separated from the ventral half, the former being
Fig. 34.— Divided , , , i , , ,
trochanter of firmly fused to the mesothorax, whilst the lower portion
an Ichneumon: (with the first pair
«, coxa ; &, di- of j ^ js movablo.
vided- trochan- , _ n
, „. Meso- and meta-
fcerj; cy, femur
(after Sharp), thorax are usually
immovably united, but in the saw-
flies and wood-wasps they are
freely movable. The legs have
large cox.se, and the trochanter is
often divided into two joints (in the
Tenthredinidce, Uroceridce, Cyni-
pidce and Tchneumonida) as seen
in fig. 34 which shows the divided
trochanter of an ichneumon ; the
tarsus is five-jointed, the first joint
being longer than the following fig. 35.— Wings of Xylocopa. A, the pair of
wings separated ; as, the position
of the hooks. B, the same wings
when united by the hooks. C,
portions of the two wings : a,
the series of hooks ; b, marginal
hairs ; <?, portion of edge of
front wing, of which the other
part has been broken away in
order to show the hoots.
one. The upper and lower wings
are connected by a row of small
hooks, attached to the upper edge
of the lower wing, which catch
on to the stout- curved edge of
the front wing, the two wings
on one side thus acting as one
piece. Fig. 35 shows the wings of a carpenter-bee (Xylocopa} and
INSECT LIFE IN INDIA AND HOW TO STUDY IT. 117
the way in which they are connected together. In all but the
Tenthredinidce and Siricidm there is a deep constriction between
what appears to be the thorax and the body (cf. figs. 87 c and 49).
The abdomen is thus said to be stalked.*
The eggs when being laid pass through the hollow stabbing or
boring apparatus at the end of the body of the female, in many cases
a prick or cut being made in .an animal or plant with this instrument
for the reception of the egg. This apparatus may also serve as a sting
(e.g., in the wasp).
The grubs are usually white in colour and blind (see fig. 38, a) ; only
in the Tenthredinidce and the Siricidce do they resemble the caterpillars
of the Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths) (cf. fig. 39). The larvae often
form cocoons to pupate in.
One of the most remarkable facts connected with this Order is the
prevalence of parthenogenesis (or the production of young by the female
without the concurrence of the male) in a considerable number of widely
separated species. In some members of the Order it. is believed that the
reproduction is entirely parthenogenetic. In the gall-making Cynipidce,
parthenogenesis is frequently accompanied by alternation of generations,
a generation consisting of two sexes being followed by another consist-
ing entirely of females, which in its turn gives rise to a bi-sexual
generation.
The Order is divided into two very distinct Sub-orders dependant
upon the manner in which the abdomen is joined on to the thorax,
viz. : —
I. — Hymenoptera Sessiliventres. — Insects with the abdomen broad at
the base, its first segment not completely joined to the thorax.
II. — Hymenoptera Petiolata. — The abdomen connected with what
appears to be the thorax by the slender joint forming a marked
constriction between the apparent thorax and the abdomen.
I. — Hymenoptera Sessiliventres.
The abdomen is not stalked but is nearly continuous in outline with
the thorax (see fig. 37, e). Trochanters are divided into two portions.
The saws or boring apparatus at the end of the body of the female are con-
cealed or only just visible. The larva has three pairs of thoracic legs and
* This constriction really occurs in the first abdominal segment and not in the thorax.
This first abdominal segment is firmly fixed to the thorax, and the constriction occurs
between it and the second segment of the body.
118 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
often numerous abdominal ones (see fig. 39). The food is vegetable, some
species feeding in galls on plants, others in the interior of twigs, whilst
others again bore into and live in the hard wood of trees and shrubs. The
majority, however, live upon the leaves of plants. Those which live in
wood resemble coleopterous larva? in appearance, whilst the species
living and feeding upon leaves resemble the leaf-eating lepidopterous
caterpillars (see figs. 37a, and 39).
Fam. I. Cephidse— Stem Saw-Flies.
Slender Insects with a weak integument and slender antennae. The
female bears a saw at the end of her body. The larvee live in the stems
of plants or in the tender shoots of trees and shrubs.
Little is known about these Insects in India. One. however, — an
undescribed species — has been found boring into the bases of the young
new needles of the deodar ( Cedrus deodara) in the spring. The needles
of this tree develop on the branches in small rosettes (fig. 36, c). If
these small spine-like leaves be examined when attacked by this minute
insect, they will be seen to have swollen up at their bases in such a
manner that the needles coalesce at the bottom as seen in e. A closer
examination shows that the swelling is convex on the outside,
concave on the inner one (fig. 36, d), and in this small concave
elliptical- depression a tiny orange yellow grub will be found. This
Ik;, ;?<; — Cephus :' sp. a larva ; b imago ; '•, Deodar branch showiug effects of larval
attacks ; d, attacked needles with bases swollen up. a, and J, mucb en-
larged (N.-W. Himalayas),
is the larva of this small cephid and is shown in fig. 36o. The irritation
set up by its feeding operations causes the swelling at the base of the
INSECT LIFE IN INDIA AND HOW TO STUDY IT. 119
needle ; from four to six weeks are spent in the larval stage. The
pupal stage is a short one, and about the middle of June or beginning
of July the tiny brilliant metallic blue flies shown in fig. 36, b, issue. The
length of this insect is *th of an inch onlv. The attacked rosettes
turn yellow and die, and occasionally a considerable amount of defoliation
is accomplished in this manner on young deodar saplings in the North-
West Himalayas.
We have yet much to learn about the members and life histories of
this family.
Fam. II. Siricidae or Urooeridse— Wood- Wasps.
Large Insects of bright conspicuous colours ; the female is provided
with an elongate cylindrical boring instrument at the extremity of the
body. Antennae are filiform and elongate ; the abdomen has eight
dorsal plates, and the tibia of the front leg is provided with a spur ; the
anal lobe of the posterior wing is large. The larvse live in wood, in
wh'ch they gnaw long winding
passages ; they are blind yel-
lowish-white grubs, with three
pairs of short thoracic legs
but have no abdominal legs.
The pupa (see fig. 37, d) is
naked — that is, it is not en-
closed in any cocoon.
Until recently our Indian
Stridden were little known.
The life-history of a magnifi-
cent species of Sirex, Sirex
imperialism not unlike the well-
known and oft-quoted Sirex
gig as of Europe, has been re-
cently partially worked out by
the writer and will be de-
scribed shortly here.*
-Stre.v impertam a, larva ; a, pupa, 9 : .
ct imago, $. (N -W. Himalayas.) Sirex imperialis is a large
handsome insect, the general colouring of the male being a deep metallic
* For a fuller account sec { Departmental Notes on Insects that affert forestry'' ,
No. 2, p. 151, and plate VII.
Ftq. 37.
120 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
blue, green, and rich chestnut, the wings having a coppery sheen on
them. The female is a deep metallic gieen on its upper surface. The
grub is stout, thick, canary yellow in colour and about 1^ inches in
length. The pupa is unenclosed in any cocoon, being pale yellow in
colour. (See fig. 37, a, d, c.)
The female lays her eggs in the wood of dead spruce (Picea morinda,
Link.) in the North-West Himalayas, drilling holes into the tree by means
of the auger and drilling apparatus at the end of her body. The larvae
on hatching out bore winding galleries in the wood (see fig. 38), these
galleries having no apparent definite direction. The grubs evidently
spend more than a year thus boring in
wood, larvae of various sizes being obtain-
able at any time. The tunnels made are
tightly packed with the wood sawdust pass-
ed through the body of the boring larvae.
When full fed the grubs change to pupae at
the end of their tunnels with no special
preparation, and the pupa is thus found
lying naked at the end of the boring, occu-
pying the only free space unblocked with
wood refuse in the gallery. The larvae
pupate about June, and fully developed
adults emerge in July. When ready to
leave the tree the mature sirex bores its
way out by a circular boring, an eighth of
an inch in diameter, drilled in the wood by
means of its powerful mandibles, and it in-
variably chooses the shortest route to the
outside, the gallery having, however, usual-
ly a slight upward direction.* July is
given as the month during which the Insect
Fig, 38.— Block of Spruce wood nas Deen observed to issue at elevations of
showing galleries between 6,000 and 7,000 ft. in the North-
made by larvae of -rxr , -rj- i Ti. • i
. . 7. West Jriimalavas. It is, however, an un-
birex wipertalts. "
(N.-W. Himalayas.) doubted fact that on occasions the Insect
• Vide a note on the habits of the larvre and adults of Sirex and Thalessa by
the Author in Nature of August 21st, 1902.
INSECT LIFE IN INDIA AND HOW TO STUDY IT.
121
issues during other months from wood which has been transported to
other elevations, the time passed in the larval and pupal stages being
considerably lessened in hotter temperatures.
This sirex is capable of doing the most serious injury to timber, as
the winding galleries of the larva and the exit holes of the mature
Insect riddle the wood and make it useless for anything save fire-
wood. Fig. 38 shows a piece of wood from a large spruce tree
containing numerous galleries made by the larvse. Further study of
the habits of this Insect may show that it attacks other coniferous trees.
Two other as yet und escribed species of this genus have also been
recently found boring into spruce in a manner very similar to that
pertainable to the sirex.
Fam. III. Tenthredinidse— Saw-Flies.
This is an important family, but little is known about its members in
India and practically nothing about their habits. The
perfect insects have at times a superficial resemblance to
a large blue bottle fly, but can be distinguished by
having the four wings instead of two ; there are no
spurs on the front tibise of the legs. The larvse are
very like caterpillars (cf. fig. 39), having three pairs
of thoracic legs and six to eight pairs of abdominal
ones ; in this they differ from lepidopterous caterpillars,
which never have more than five pairs of abdominal
legs. Saw-fly larvse feed exposed on the leaves of
plants in the same way as caterpillars, or they may live
in galls, etc. The eggs are laid in the bark of the
twigs of the food plant and may result in large wounds
on these latter.
I have said that the life-histories of these Insects have
been very little studied in India, but one or two crop-
Fig. 39.— Saw-fly feeding forms being known. Within the last two years,
larva feeding however, three species, as yet undetermined, have
UP°dl rN w ^een f°uud feeding upon coniferous trees in the North-
Himalayas.) West Himalayan forests. Of these one infests the
deodar, a second the spruce, and the third the silver fir. Observations
made on their habits show that they all feed upon the spring crop of
16
122 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
needles of these trees, pupating some time in July. The larva? are bright-
green in colour and about an inch or a little over in length. When
feeding they take up a very characteristic position, which greatly aids in
* d
Fig, 40. — Dehra rose leaf Saw-fly, a, larva on a rose leaf; b, cccoon attached to
stem ; c, pupa ; d, imago ; e, leaf with empty cocoons from which
flies have issued. (Dehra Dun.)
their recognition, for they coil the lower end of the body round the leaf
upon which they are feeding. When full grown they change to pups
within small light-brown elliptical cocoons, the covering of which is
of parchment-like consistency, which they attach to a needle. In the
case of the silver fir saw-fly the larva pupates at the beginning of July,
the mature fly issuing about the middle of the month. These conif-
erous saw-flies require careful study, as it is probable that they will
play a not unimportant role in the forests as their management be-
comes more intense.
Almost every year a plague of green saw-flies make their appearance
in the autumn on rose bushes in Dehra Dun gardens and entirely
strip many bushes of their leaves. This year (1904) it was possible
to obtain the flies in thousands from the innumerable larvse upon
the rose trees. The caterpillars spend about two weeks in this stage
and 4 — 6 days as pupse. The pupa is enclosed in a cocoon attached
to the leaf. The flies on issuing apparently pair and lay eggs almost
immediately. Fig. 40 shows the larva, cocoon, pupa and fly of
this pest.
II.— Hymenoptera Petiolata.
The hind body is connected with the thorax by means of a deep
constriction, so that there appears to bo a stalk between it and the
INSECT LIFE IN INDIA AND HOW TO STUDY IT. 123
thorax. This stalk may be long or short, but is always present. This
sub-order is divided into three series —
1. Parasitica or Terebrantia, including the families Cynipidce,
Chalcididce, Ichneumonidce, and Braconidce.
2. Tubulifera — comprising the Chrysididce.
3. Aculeata — including the families Apidce, Diploptera,
Fossoria and Formicidce.
Series 1. — Parasitica or Terebrantia.
The trochanters (the second joint of the leg) are of two pieces (cf.
fig. 34), and the female is furnished with an ovipositor at the extremity
of her body.
Fam. IV. Oynipidse— Gall-flies.
Small, frequently minute, Insects, usually black or pitchy in colour,
in which the abdomen is short and compressed, with an ovipositor
arising from the ventral surface. The mesonotum is often very convex
and has behind a prominent scutellum which projects so as to overhang
the metanotum and the median segment which are perpendicular.
The sculpture of these parts is often deep and very remarkable. The
wings have only a few cells in them aud have no stigma (a black patch)
on the anterior margins of the upper wings. The antennse are of
importance in identifying a cynipid. They are straight, simple, and
are composed of a few (12 — 15) joints. The larvse live either in galls,
on plants or parasitically in the bodies of other insects, either singly or
several together. The female bores into the living portions of plants
(stems, leaves, buds) by means of the spine at the end of the abdomen,
and deposits an egg in the hole
thus made ; later on, the plant
tissue swells up in different
ways owing to the irritation
set up by the larva feeding
upon the tissues. The different
forms of gall thus arising are
characteristic of different spe-
cies of insect. In many species
a regular alternation of a par- Fig. 41.— A gall-fly.
thenogenetic and a true sexual generation exists, the two generations
being dissimilar and causing galls of very different appearance.
124 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
Little is known about the life-histories of gall-flies in India, and the
study of this interesting family greatly needs some energetic workers.
Fig. 41 shows a gall-fly imago.
Fam. V. Proctotrypidae.
Small Insects with only a few or at times no nervures in the wings :
the prothorax is closely adherent to the mesothorax, reaching backwards
at the sides to the points where the wings are attached. There is often
a black spot (stigma) on the front wing which distinguishes them from
Cynipidse. The abdomen is pointed, and the pointed apex is often
deflexed downwards ; the ovipositor is not coiled but is retractile, and
when extended is tubular in form and apparently a continuation of the
tip of the body. This tubular ovipositor forms the chief distinguishing
feature of the family from other parasitic Hymenoptera.
The larvae, as far as our present knowledge of these Insects goes, live a
completely parasiiic life
in the bodies or eggs of s^^-!?7s^iis=UJL-i=
other insects or of spi-
ders, one or several
being present in a single
egg or insect's body.
Fig. 42.— Pupation of Proctotrypes sp. in body of a
beetle larva (after Sharp).
They usually pupate in the position in which they have fed, enclosed each
one in a more or less distinct cocoon.
Fig 43.
-Platygaster oryzce which is
parasitic on the rice-fly pest.
Antenna, enlarged, is shown
to right. (Bengal.)
Little is known about this family in India. Fig. 43 shows the
minute Proctotrypid known as Platygaster oryzce, Cameron, which is
In fig. 42 Dr. Sharp* has shown a
remarkable case of this pupation ;
"a larva of some beetle has had a
number of eggs laid in it by
a species of Proctotrypes. The
grubs hatching out from the eggs
have fed upon the beetle larva
and then pupated ; the pupae are
shown projecting from the body
of the host, a pair of the parasites
issuing from each segmental
division in a remarkably symme-
trical manner."
In the Cambridge Natural History, Insects, Part I (Vol. V).
INSECT LIFE IN INDIA AND HOW TO STUDY IT. 125
parasitic on the rice-fly pest {Cecidomyia oryzce, W. Mason) which
causes considerable damage in the rice fields. This latter pest will
be considered under the Order Diptera. The Proctotrypid probably
lays its eggs in the Cecidomyid larvte and the grubs on hatching
out feed upon the former. The parasite was bred out from the
rice pest by Mr. Wood Mason when Superintendent of the Indiau
Museum. Fig. 43 shows the parasitic fly much enlarged, and to
the right the enlarged antenna to show its structure. It will not
improbably be found that this family is of the greatest economic use to
the agriculturist in India in keeping down the members of many
of the more minute pests attacking crops. As such its study, whilst
affording a rich field for new discoveries, will well repay him who
takes it up.
Fam. VI. Chalcididse— Chalcid-Flies.
The prothorax is capable of some movement, its angles do not
extend backwards to meet insertion of wings. The antennae are
elbowed, consisting of from seven to thirteen joints. The wings have
no system of cells in them ; there is a single well-marked nervure
running from the base near the front margin (costa), afterwards it
passes to the costa and gives off a very short vein more or less thicken-
ed at its termination. The insects are frequently of brilliant colours
and remarkable form.
The species known number over 4,000, and of these 3,000 are
European. There is little reason to believe that the family is not
equally well represented in the tropics, the insects, owing to their minute
size, not having yet been worked at or collected. Observations have
already shown the writer that the family appears to be very well
represented in India, where it probably, economically, does a vast
amount of good.
The larvae may live in galls, feeding on the larvae of the makers of
the galls ; others attack caterpillars, others pupse only ; some flourish
at the expense of bees or other Hymenoptera or of Coccidse and
Aphidse (Hemiptera), and some deposit their eggs in the egg-cases
of Blattidse (cockroaches), whilst others prey upon parasitic and useful
Tachnid flies. A little is known about some thirty or forty Indian
species.
126 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI-
Fig. 44. — Cotesia flavipes, which is parasitic upon
the well-known destructive sugarcane
borer Chilo simplex. (Bengal.) Antenna
enlarged on the right.
Cotesia flavipes, shown in fig. 44, is a tiny fly which lays its eggs in
the caterpillars of the
destructive sugarcane,
borer Chilo simplex (a
moth which will be treat-
ed of later) and serves to
keep the numbers of this
destructive pest in check,
since the chalcid grubs feed
upon and kill off the
caterpillars. In a similar
manner Chalcis euplcea
shown in fig. 45, very effectively keeps down the numbers of some very
important tea and sal tree defoliating
caterpillars (Lymantria and Dasychira) in
the Bengal Duars and Assam. At times
these caterpillars get the upper band and
swarm in incredible numbers, clearing
every leaf from the bashes and trees.
This leads after a few weeks to a similar in-
crease in the numbers of the chalcid, which
finally succeeds in bringing down to due
J i Fig. 45
proportions the numbers of the moth cater-
pillars. The family Coccidae or scale Insects
(Order Hemiptera) contains many serious
pasts both to crops and planters. Observation has shown that many
of these are parasitised by
■"%», iljp /^ ^-~°~\ chalcid fiios. The eggs are
laid as usual by the female
chalcid in the body of the
scale Insect, and the grubs on
hatching out feed upon and
destroy the scale. Amongst
chalcids which are known
Fig. 4f5. — Aphelinus tliece, which is narasitic upon
the tea scale bug. True size of insect is t0 be of use in this way maY
Blightly less than -5 millim. (India.) be mentioned Aphelinus thece
(shown in fig. 4G) parasitic on the tea scale bug (Chionaspis thece),
Cirrhospilus coccivorus, Encyrtus nietneri, E. paradisicus, Scutellista
Chalets tuplcea parasitic
upon tea and sal leaf
defoliating caterpil-
lars. (Bengal Duars.')
INSECT LIFE IN INDIA AND HOW TO STUDY IT. 127
cyanea, Marietta leopardina, Cephaleta purpureiventris, C. brunneiven-
tris and C. fusciventris parasitic on the brown bug (Lecanium cojfece)
of coffee and Encyrtus nietneri and Chartocerus musctformis parasitic on
the white bug (Pseudococcus adonidum) of coffee. This list of parasitic
chalcids shows that the family, although the individuals are so minute, con-
tain species of extreme importance to man, and agriculturists and planters
would do well to remember that minute flies hovering about during
severe infestations of defoliating caterpillars or serious scale insect
attacks are probably there as friends and not enemies. Another
chalcid is parasitic upon the so-called cheroot-weevil (Lasioderma
testaceum), and cigar merchants in India should learn to distinguish
between this miuute friend when flying about in the godown
and the beetle
which is the real
author of the
damage. The
chalcid is of
course beneficial.*
As yet undeter- X3
„ .-„.,., . . mined species of
:TG. 47.— Chalcid parasitic ,, n \, , Fig. 48.— Perllampus sp., parasitic
upon useful tachnid
flies (Bengal Duars)f .,
parasitic upon the larvse of Polygraphs, Pityogenes and Scolytus bark-
boring beetles in blue pine and deodar trees in the North-West
Himalayas.
Mention has been made of the fact that some chalcids prey upon useful
parasitic Insects such as the great family of Tachnid two-winged flies
(Order Diptera). A species of Perilampus, Perilampus sp. (fig. 48) is
thought to be parasitic in this way upon one or both of the flies Trycolyga
bombycis and Masicera dasychirce which are parasitic upon the caterpillars
of the moth of a species of DasycJiira. The larvee of this latter Insect
commit serious defoliation in tea gardens and in sal forests in the
Bengal Duars and in Assam. This is an instance of a chalcid which
is a foe and not a friend to man, since its grubs live in and feed upon
the larva of a beneficial Insect.
oa the cheroot- tn9 family «ave
weevil). Calcutta.) been found
"Vide Circular on Agri. Econ. Ent. No. 12, the Cheroot- Weevil. Issued by Trustees,
Indian Museum, Calcutta, 1903.
128 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
Fam. VII. Iclmeumonidae— Ichneumon Flies.
The Ichneumons are Insects with a long slender body and many-jointed
antennae. The wings have a well -developed series of nervures and
cells in them ; the space on the front wing separating the second pos-
terior cell from the cubital cells is divided into two cells by a transverse
veinlet. The abdomen is attached to the lower or posterior part of the
median segment. The female has usually a long protruding ovipositor.
(See fig. 49.) These Insects are parasitic in their larval stages.
The egg is deposited by the mother in or on or near the body of the
grub. The larva on hatching out is a little white legless maggot which
feeds upon the fatty tissues of its host, the latter eventually dying of
exhaustion, although it may have sufficient strength to turn into
a pupa first. When full fed the ichneumon grub spins itself up
into a cocoon. This it may do inside the now dying or dead host
larva, or it may attach the cocoon to the outside of the skin,
or it may lie free outside the latter. It often happens that two
or more eggs are laid upon the caterpillar by the ichneumon fly
and then several cocoons are obtained from the dead caterpillar
or from the pupa into which it has changed. Owing to the peculiar
methods of existence of its members it will be obvious that this
family performs a very important service to man by keeping down
defoliating larvae and stem and wood-boring pests and, in fact, Insect
pests of all kinds. At the same time it is also injurious to some
extent owing to the fact that it also lays its eggs and kills off
useful predaceous and parasitic Insects. From the little we already
know of the life histories of some of our Indian Ichneumonidse it
has become evident that the family is of the very first economic
importance in this country, and its study, therefore, for this reason
alone, is strongly advocated.
The members of the genera Rhyssa and Thalessa are among the most
remarkable of the ichneumon flies. These Insects have ovipositors of
two to four inches in length (fig. 49) and are parasitic upon species
of the family Siricidse which, as above described, live in solid wood.
The following is a note on a portion of the life history* of a new
and undescribed species of Rhyssa, Rhyssa sp. f which is parasitic
* Vide foot-note on p. 119.
f Col. C. T. Bingham hopes to shortly describe this species for me.
I IS SECT LIFE IN INDIA AND HOW TO STUDY IT.
129
upon Sire® imperialis already mentioned as infesting spruce in the
North- West Himalayas. The adult Insect appears on the wing about
the beginning of June. The female is a
fairly large handsome fly, black in colour
with yellow spots upon the thorax and a
pink spot on either side of each segment of
the body. It is one inch in length with
an ovipositor of one and a half inches
(fig. 49). Dead mature Insects have been
found in some numbers in spruce riddled
by Sirex imperialis, the tunnels in which
the ichneumons were found communicating
with the Sirex ones in such a manner
as to leave no doubt that the former Fig. 49.— Rhyssa sp. parasitic
was parasitic upon the latter. The larval "?on . e ar,a3 , °
1 L Sirex imp er la Li s
and pupal stages of the ichneumons have (N\-W. Himalayas) \»
not yet been found. There can bo little doubt that this parasite
is of the greatest service in keeping down the numbers of the
borer. It appears to itself suffer when the wood-wasp larva has
gone very deep into the wood, as the ichneumon fly on becoming
mature has then apparently not sufficient strength to boro its way
out of the tree and dies in the wood after having gone a certain
distance.*
Pimola punctator, Linn., is an ichneumon common in parts of
Bengal and Assam. It
is a well-known para-
site of the silk-worm
moth Anthercea roylei,
Moore, and has also
been reared in the
Indian museum from
several species of Sa-
FiG. 50.— Pimpla imnc'atov, 2 and 9, parasitic upon .., en r
. . a . '.?. ,_ *'1. . T . . turnndce,a family of
species of Saturnnda . (Reared in Indian
museum, Calcutta.) \. moths whose cater-
pillars are serious defoliators. The male and female are shown in fig. 50.
The wheat and rice weevil is parasitised by the tiny coppery-green
* For a fuller account, vide Departmental Notes on IusectS'that affect Forestry
No. 2, p. 155, and plate VII, Fig. 2.
17
130 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
ichneumon fly shown in fig. 51. The fly lays its eggs on or in
the grubs of the weevil as they lie feeding
inside the grain. The ichneumon grub, on
hatching out, feeds upon the weevil grub,
but in such a manner as not to kill it until
both have reached their full size. The weevil
grub then dies, the fly grub changes to a
pupa, from which issues the small copper- Fig. si.—Petromalus oryzm
coloured ichneumon fly. This latter pairs,
and the female then flies about over grain
heaps searching for a grain containing a
weevil grub in which, when found, she lays an egg.
parasitic upon the
wheat and rice
weevil (Calcutta)
X 6.
Fam. VIII. — Braconidae— Bracon-flies.
These Insects are very similar to the ichneumons. The antennae
■consist of many, nearly always more
than 15, joints, and the wings have
a moderate number of cells in them.
They can be distinguished from the
ichneumons by the fact that the
hind body has a much less degree
of mobility of its segments, and the
upper wings differ, the series of cells
running across the wing being only
three in the ichneumonides whereas they are Fig. 52.— Diagram of wing of
four in the bra-
conides, and a
centre cell be-
hind 2 and 3 is
divided trans-
versely into two
in the former,
but is undivided
Fig. 53, — A Braconid fly.
in the latter
( fig. 52 ). If
these d i s t i n-
Ichneumon (A)
and of Braconid
(B). 1, 2, 3, 4
series of cells ex-
tending across
the wing; a, 6,
divided cell of
the Ichneumon
wing correspond-
ing with, a, tbe
undivided cell of
the Braconid
wing. (After
Sharp.)
guishing characters are remembered, the two families can always b.
INSECT LIFE IN INDIA AND HOW TO STUDY IT.
131
distinguished from one another. Fig. 53 shows a braconid fly. The
habits of this family are similar to the last, it being believed that its mem-
bers are nearly all parasites. Usually they attack the larvae, but they
are bred in great numbers from pup 33 and occasionally from imagoes
of other Insects. The family requires careful study in India where
its members are undoubtedly of the greatest service to man both in
the field, plantation and forest. The writer has recently bred out Bracon
flies from two Scolytid barkboring pests — Scolytus major and S. minor
(Order Coleoptera) — which infest deodar trees- in the North W -est
Himalayas. The flies lay their eggs in or on the scolytus grubs and the
Bracon larvae feed upon the latter.
132
THE MOTHS OF INDIA.
SUPPLEMENTARY PAPER TO THE VOLUMES IN
" THE FAUNA OF BRITISH INDIA."
SERIES III. PART II.
By Sir G. F. Hampson, Bart., f.z.s., f.e.s.
(With Plate D.)
(Continued from page 653, Vol. XV.)
Genus Sfhingn^opiopsis.
Sphingoncepiopsis, Wllgrn. GEfv. Vet. Ak. Furh. XV. p. 138. Type.
(1858) nanum.
176. Sphingon^piopsis pumilio.
LopJmra pumilio , Boisd. Spec. Gen. Lep. Het., I. p. 311
(1875).
„ pusilla, Bull. P. Z. S., 1875, p. 244.
„ minima, Butl., P. Z. S., 1876, p. 310, pi. 22, £. 4.
Habitat. — Assam ; Khasis ; Penang ; Malacca.
Genus Eurypteryx.
Eurypteryx, Feld. Reis. Nov. p. 5 (1874). non descr. ; Boisd. Type.
Spec. Gen. Lep. Het., I. p. 46 (1875) molucca.
151. Eurypteryx bhaga.
Darapsa bhaga, Moore, P. Z. S., 1865, p. 794.
Habitat.— Sikhim ; Bhutan; Assam; Nias.
Subsp. obtruneata, Roths. Nov. Zool. LX.,Suppl., p. 595 (1903).
Habitat. — Celebes.
Genus Rhodosoma.
Type.
Rhodosoma, Butl. Trans. Zool. Soc, IX. p. 534 (1877) triopus.
208. Rhodosoma triopus.
Macroglossa triopus, Westw. Cab. Or. Ent., p. 14, pi., 6, f. 4
(1848).
Habitat. — Sikhim ; Bhutan ; Assam.
Genus Macroglossum.
Type.
Macroglosssum, Scop. Intr. Hist. Nat., p. 414 (1777) stellatarum.
Psithyros, Hiibn. Verz., p. 131 (1827) stellatarum.
Rhamphoschisma, Wllgrn. GEfv. Vet. Ak. Furh. XV. p. 139
(1858) trochilus.
Bombylia, Hiibn. Tent. Ined , stellatarum.
A. Hindwing on underside with the base white or yellow-
ish-white bombylans.
THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 133
B. Hindwing on underside with the base reddish or yellow
or with yellow patch on inner area.
a. Hindwing with the costa dilated into an antemedial
lobe aqnila.
b. Hindwing with the costa normal.
a\ Forewing with band from middle of costa totornus. hemichroma.
b1. Forewing without band from middle of costa to
tornus.
a2. Head and thorax with two broad grey stripes
on the olive-black ground colour mitchelli.
b . Head and thorax without two broad grey stripes.
a3. Forewing the basal area black or greenish black
sharply defined by the straight antemedial
band.
a4. Abdomen brown below faro.
b* . Abdomen tawny below passalus.
b3. Forewing with the basal area much paler than
the antemedial band.
a4. Hindwing with very narrow tawny brown
border stellatarum.
J4. Hindwing with more or less broad tawny or
black border or almost entirely black.
a5. Hindwing tawny without yellow band or
with a yellow band defined on outer
side towards costa.
a6. Hindwing tawny.
a1' Forewing with the antemedial band
filled in with black regulus.
b1 . Forewing with the antemedial band
not filled in with black gyrans.
b6. Hindwing with tawny yellow band.
a1 . Forewing with sharply defined grey
medial costa area ; antemedial
band very oblique particohr.
b~. Forewing without grey medial costal
area.
a8. Abdomen with the lateral yellow
patches separate.
a9. Forewing with the brown post-
medial spot very prominent... assimilis,
b9. Forewing with the brown post-
medial spot not prominent ... belis.
b*. Abdomen with the yellow lateral
patches confluent affietitia.
134 JOURNAL, BOMB A Y NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. Z VI.
bs. Hindwing with sharply defined brownish
black terminal band often dilated at
middle, or with the yellow band ob-
solescent.
a6. Forewing on upperside with the post-
medial lines not prominent, no grey
subapical patch on costa or streak on
vein 6, or brown subapical spot, or
brown dorsal spots on abdomen.
a1. Abdomen blackish brown ventrally. sylvia.
b~ . Abdomen greyish yellow or tawny
ventrally ..... corytlms.
bn. Forewing or abdomen with all or some
of these markings dintinct.
a1. Forewing with apicaJ patch on costa ;
vein 6 not grey before the black
subapical spot ,. .. .. saga.
b' . Forewing without grey subapical
patch, or vein 6 streaked with
grey before the black subapical
spot.
a*. Forewing with the antemedial band filled in with black
on outer half ; underside of wings blackish brown semifasciata.
ba. Forewing with the antemedial band not filled in with
black on outer half ; postmedial lines distinct ; un-
derside of wings tawny insyida pcecilum.
c*. Forewing with the antemedial band not filled in with
black or entirely black.
a9. Forewing with the antemedial band and post-
medial lines more or less confluent glauco[dera.
b'\ Forewing with the antemedial band and post-
medial lines separated by a greyish area.
aio. Forewing with vein 6 streaked with grey ;
hindwing with the yellow band not incurved... prometheus.
6;o. Forewing without grey streak on vein 6 or
hindwing with the yellow band incurved.
a11. Forewing with grey streak on vein 6 ; palpus
dirty cinnamon grey variegatum.
b1-. Forewing without grey streak on vein 6
or palpus greyish white.
a12. Forewing with the antemedial band filled
in with black, its outer edge straight ;
medial area grey, band-like ; 2nd post-
medial line dilated below vein 6 ; palpus
THE MOTHS OF INDIA. ?,5
greyish white ; abdomen olive brown
above fringilla.
b1-. Forewing as in heliophila, but the 1st post-
medial line as strong as 2nd line divergens.
c1-, Forewing with the antemedial band not
filled in with black.
avi. Forewing and abdomen on underside
bright tawny, or the latter black with tawny
spots.
a14. Size small.; $ with the harpe not divided, insipida.-
b14. Size small ; $ with the harpe divided ... troglodytus.
c1+. Size large ; medial area of forewing wide.
$ with the harpe divided pyrrhosticta.
b.:A Forewing and abdomen on underside
less tawny and more cinnamon sitiene.
183. Macroglossum stellatarum.
Sphinx stellatarum, Linn, Syst. Nat., X. p. 803 (1758).
,, flavida, Retz., Gen Ins., p. 33 (1783).
Macroglossa nigra, Cosm., Le Nat., XIV., p. 280 (1892).
Habitat. — Europe ; N. Africa ; W. & C. Asia ; Japan ; China ; Sind ;
Punjab ; Cochin China.
191. Macroglossum bombylans.
Macroglossa bombylans, Boisd., Spec. Gen. Lep. Het., I, p. 334 (1875).
walkeri, Butl., P. Z. S., 1876, p. 4.
Habitat. — Japan ; China ; Punjab ; Sikkim ; Bhutan ; Assam.
179. Macroglossum regulus.
Macroglossa regulus, Boisd,, Spec. Gen. Lep, Het., I., p. 335 (1875).
„ fervens, Butl., P. Z. S., 1875, p. 4, pi. 1, f. 3.
Habitat. — Bombay ; Canara ; Nilgiris , Ceylon.
181. Macroglossum gyrans.
Macroglossa gyrans, Wlk., VIII., 91 (1856).
zena, Boisd., Spec. Gen. Lep. Het. I. p. 337 (1875).
bombus, Mab., Ann., Soc. Ent. Fr. 1880, p. 347.
„ burmanica, Roths., Nov. Zool., I., p. 58, pi. 5, f. 3 (1894).
Habitat.— Punjab ; Bombay ; Madras ; Nilgiris ; Ceylon ; Burma ; Borneo ;
Java ; Flores ; Sumba ; Letti ; Kisser
182. Macroglossum affictitia.
Macroglossa affictitia, Butl., P. Z. S., 1875, p. 240, pi. 36, f. 7.
vialis, Butl., P. Z. S., 1875, p. 240, pi. 36, f. 5.
Habitat. — Madras ; Nilgiris ; Ceylon.
182a. Macroglossum particolor,
Macroglossum particolor, Roths., Nov. Zool., IX., Suppl., p. 636, pi. iv, f. 13
1 903).
Habitat. — Mahe ; Madras.
136 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI
184. Macroglossum belis.
Sphinx belis., Linn, Syst. Nat., X., p. 493 (1758).
Macroglossa pyrrhula, Boisd., Spec. Gen. Lep. flet., I., p. 338 (1875).
„ opts, Boisd., Spec, Gen , Lep. Het. I., p. 345 (1875).
Habitat. — Loo Choo Is.; China ; Punjab ; Sikhim ; Buutan ; Assam ;
Madras ; Ceylon ; Tonkin.
195' Macroglossum assimilis.
Macroglossum assimilis, Swains., Zool. Illust., pi. 64 (1821).
Macroglossa gilia, Herr., Schaff. Ausser. Eur. Schmett, f. 107 (1854).
„ bengalensis, Boisd., Spec. Gen. Lep. Het., I. p. 341 (1875).
„ taxicolor, Moore, P. Z. S., 1879, p. 387.
hdia, Hmpns., 111. Het. B. M., IX., p. 58, pi. 157, f 15 (1893).
Habitat.— Madras ; Nilgiris ; Ceylon ; Java.
195a. Macroglossum pyrrhosticta.
Macroglossa pyrrhosticta, Butl. P. Z, S., 1875, p. 242, pi. 38, f. 8.
catapyrrha, Butl., P. Z. S., 1875, p. 243, pi. 36, f. 6.
Habitat. — Japan ; Loo Choo Is. ; China ; Sikhim ; Bhutan ; Annam ;
Tonkin ; Philippines ; Lombok.
195&. Macroglossum troglodytus.
Macroglossa troglodytus, Boisd., Spec. Gen. Lep. Het., I, p, 344 (1875),
Habitat. — China ; N. and S. India ; Ceylon ; Java.
194. Macroglossum insipida.
Macroglossa insipida, Butl., P. Z. S., 1875, p. 242.
„ limata, Swinh., Cat. Het. Mus. Oxon, I., p. 4, pi. 1, f. 1 (1892).
Habitat. — X. and S. India ; Ceylon ; Andamans ; Penang ; Borneo ; Java.
&ub$p. papttanum, Roths., Xov. Zool, IX., Suppl., p. 642, pi. iii., f. 9 (1903).
Habitat. — Ferguson I. ; d'Entrecasteaux Is.; Sudest ; St. Aignan ;
Queensland,
Subsp. pcecilum, Roths., Nov Zool., IX., Suppl., p. 643, pi. iii., f. 17 (1903).
Habitat. — Loo Choo Is.
189. Macroglossum sitiene.
Macroglossa sitiene, Wlk., VIII,. 92 (1856).
„ sinica, Boisd., Spec. Gen Lep Het., I., p. 340 (1875).
„ nigrifasciata, Butl.,:P. Z. S., 1875, p. 24, pi. 37, f. 3.
„ orientalis, Butl., Trans. Zool. Soc, IX., p. 528 (1877).
Habitat.— Nilgiris ; Ceylon ; Philippines.
189a. Macroglossum fringilla.
Macroglossa fringilla, Boisd., Spec. Gen. Lep. Het., I., p. 352 (1875).
„ heliophila, Boisd. Spec. Gen. Lep. Het, I., p. 354, pi. II, f. 2 (1875)
hanita, Swinh., Cat. Het, Mus. Oxon., I., p. 5, pi. 1, f. 2 (1892)
„ loochooana, Roths., Nov. Zool., I., p. 67 (1894),
Habitat. — Loo Choo Is. ; Honkong ; Formosa ; Tonkin ; Nilgiris ; Borneo ;
Philippines ; Java.
196. Macroglossum divergens.
THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 137
Hacroglossa diver gens, Wlk., VIII., 94 (1856).
Habitat. — Ceylon .
196«. MACROGLOSSUM PROMETHEUS.
Macroglossum ar citatum, Moore. Lep. E. I. C, p. 262 (1857), non descr.
Macroglossa prometheus, Boisd., Spec. G6n. Lep. Het., I., p. 355 (1875).
Habitat. — Ceylon; Penang ; Malacca ; Borneo ; Philippines ; Nias ;
Java.
Subsp. inusitata, Swinh. Cat. Het. Mus. Oxon., I., p. 6 (1802).
Macroglossa iuconspicua, Roths., Nov. Zool., I,, p. 68 (1894).
Habitat. — New Guinea: Robsell. J.; St. Aignan ;Fkrglsson ami Tkobriand
Is ; Queensland.
196&. Macroglossum variegatum.
Macroglossum variegatum, Roths., Nov. Zool., IX., Suppl.. p, 653 (1903).
Habitat. — Sikkim ; Assam ; Sumatra ; Borneo.
184a. Macroglossum saga.
Macroglossa saga, Butl., Ent. Mo. Mag., XIV., p. 206 (1878).
„ Mushiueims, Roths., Nov. Zool., I., p. 66 (1894).
,, glaucoplaga, Hmpsiu J. Bomb. N. H. Soc, XIII., p. 40, pi. B,
f. 13 (1900).
Habitat. — Japan ; Sikhim.
190. Macroglossum glaucopteka.
Macroglossa glaucoptera, Butl., P. Z. S., 1875, p. 241, pi. 36, f. 9.
obscuripex, Butl., P. Z. S., 1876, p. 309, pi. 22, f. 5.
„ lepscha, Butl., Trans. Zool. Soc, IX., p. 635 (1877).
fuscata, Huwe, Bed. Ent. Zeit., XL., p. 358, pi. 3, f. 5 (1895).
Habitat. — Bengal, Calcutta ; Ceylon ; Penang ; Malacca ; Java.
187. Macroglossum semifasciata.
Macroglossa semifasciata, Hmpsn., Moths. Ind., I., p. 115 (1892).
Habitat. — Burma ; Labuan, Borneo ; Java.
201. Macroglossum aquila.
}[itcroglossa aquila, Boisd., Spec. Gen Lep Hut., I., p. 340 (1875).
interrupta, Butl., P. Z. S., 1875, p. 242, pi. 37, f. 2.
Habitat. — SikHiM ; Assam ; Cochin China; Malacca ; Borneo ; Philippines.
186«. Macroglossum sylvia.
Macroglossa sglria, Boisd. Spec. Gen. Lep. Het., I. p. 350 (1875).
„ obscura, Butl. P. Z. S., 1875, p. 5, pi. 1, f. 2.
Habitat. — Formosa ; Assam ; Ceylon ; Perak; Java ; Celep.es.
186. Macroglossum corythus.
Macroglossa corythus, Wlk., VIII., 92 (1856).
proxima, Butl. P. Z. S., 1875. p. 4, pi. 1, f. 1 (1875).
Habitat. — S. India ; Ceylon.
Subsp. 1, platyxanihum, Roths., Nov. Zool., IX., Suppl., p. 660, pi. iv,
f. 1(1903).
Habitat. — Loo Choo Is.
18
138 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
Subsp. 2, luteata, Butl., P. Z. 8., 1875, p. 241, pi. 37, f. 5.
Habitat. — China ; Formosa ; Sikhim ; Bhutan ; Assam ; Bukma ; Tonkin ;
Penang ; Perak ; Andamans ; Borneo ; Philippines ; Java ; Flores ;
Sdmba ; Celebes.
Subsp. Z,pylene, Feld., Sitz. Ber. Ak. Wiss. Wien., XLIII., p. 29 (1861).
Macroglossa phlegeton, Boisd. Spec. Gen. Lep. Het., I., p. 346 (1875).
„ motacilla, Boisd. Spec. Gen. Lep. Het., I., p. 347 (1875).
,, cyniris, Boisd. Spec. Gen. Lep. Het, I., p. 350 (1875).
„ approximans, Lucas, The Queenslander, XXXIX., p. 834 (1891).
labrosa, Swinh., Cat. Het. Mns. Oxon., I., p. 5 (1892).
„ moluccensis, Roths. Nov. Zool, I., p. 67 (1894).
Habitat. — Moluccas ; New Guinea and adjacent Islands ; Queensland.
Subsp. 4, xanthurus, Roths., Nov. Zool., IX., Suppl., p. 662 (1903).
Habitat. — Tenimber Is.
Subsp. h,fuloicaudata, Butl., A., M. N. H. (5), X. p. 155 (1882).
Habitat. — Bismarek Archipelago ; Solomon Is.
Subsp. Q,fuscicauda, Roths., Nov. Zool., IX., Suppl., p. 663 (1903).
Habitat. — Loyalty Is.
200. Macroglossum hemichroma.
Macroglossa hemichroma, Butl., P. Z. S., 1875, p. 243, pi. 37, f. 1.
Habitat. — Assam ; Borneo ; Philippines ; Java.
198. Macroglossum passalus.
Sphinx passalus, Drury, Illustr. Ex. Ins., II., p. 52, pi. 29, f. 2 (1773).
„ pandora, Fabr. Ent. Syst III., p. 380 (1793).
Macroglossa sturnus, Boisd. Spec. Gen. Lep. Het., I., p. 349 (1875).
Habitat. — Loo Choo Is. ; China ; Formosa ; Cochin China.
Subsp. rectifascia, Feld. Reis. Nov., pi. 75, f. 7 (1874).
Habitat.— S. India ; Ceylon.
199. Macroglossum faro.
Sphinx faro, Cram., Pap. Exot., III., p. 165, pi. 385, f. c. (1780).
Habitat.— -Loo Choo Is ; S. India ; Penang ; Perak ; Borneo ; Java.
197. Macroglossum mitchelli.
Macroglossa mitchelli, Men. Enum. Corp. Anim. Petr. Lep., p. 95 (1857).
Habitat. — Java.
Subsp. imperator, Butl., P. Z. S.,Cl875, p. 243, pi. 37, f. 4.
Habitat.— Assam ; S. India ; Ceylon.
Genus Rhopalofsyche. Type.
Rhopalopsyclie, Butl. P. Z. S., 1875, p. 239 nycteris.
177. RlIOPALOPSYCHE NYCTERIS.
Macroglossa nycteris, Ko\\., Hiigel's Kashmir, IV., 2, p. 458, pi. 19, f. 5 (1844).
volucris, Wlk., VIII., 94 (1856).
Habitat. — Loo Choo Is. ; W. China ; Ppnjab ; Kashmir ; Sikhim ; Bhutan ;
Assam,
THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 139
178. Rhopalopsyche bifasciata.
Jihopalopsyche bifasciata, Butl., P. Z. B., 1875, p. 239, pi. 3G, f. 4.
Habitat.— B. India ; Ceylon.
Subfamily Peegesin^e.
A. Proboscis with the base exposed ; palpi with the 2nd joint not contiguous.
a. Palpus with the 2nd joint distinctly narrower than
the 1st, more or less tapering apically , Cechenena.
b. Palpus with the 2nd joint not narrower than the 1st. Ilhagastis.
B. Proboscis with the base not exposed ; palpi with the
2nd joint contiguous.
a. Palpus with the scaling at apex of 1st joint dense
and regular on innerside.
a1. Palpus with apical tuft of scales on innerside
of 2nd joint directed downwards and inwards.
a2. Palpus with the scaling of 1st joint on outerside
longest just below the apical cavity Rhyncholaba.
b1. Palpus with the scaling of 1st joint on outerside
longest at base « Theretra,
b1. Palpus without apical tuft of scales on inner
side of 2nd joint Hippotion.
b. Palpus with the scaling at apex of 1st joint not
dense, and irregular on innerside.
a1. Palpus rough with long scattered hairs Pergesa.
b1. Palpus without or with very few long scattered
hairs Celerio.
Genus Celerio. Type.
Celerio, Oken, Lehrb., Naturg. III., I, p. 761 (1815) gallii.
Phryxus, Hiibn., Verz., p. 137 (1827). lineata.
A. Pulvillus present.
a. Forewing with the veins traversing the brown
band pale, the pale band sharply defined lineata.
b. Forewing with the veins not pale.
a. Forewing with the costal area on upper-
side brown and clearly defined gallii.
b. Forewing with the costal area pale with
a large patch beyond apex of cell, a
prominent broad basal band niccea,
B. Pulvillus vestigial, represented by a very small process or flap.
a. Forewing with the costal area on upperside
brown and sharply defined, the veins on brown
postmedial band not pale, terminal band
slightly paler than postmedial band ; under-
side not rosy red sygophylli.
140 JOURNAL, BOMB A Y NA TURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
b. Forewing if the costal area is all brown with the
veins on postmedial band pale, or the ter-
minal band pale, or underside rosy red euphorbia.
154. Celerio euphorbia.
Sphinx euphorbias, Linn, Syst. Nat., X., p. 492 (1758).
„ esulce, Hiifn., Berl. Mag. IL, p. 180 (1774).
Deilephila par alias, Xickerl , Bohm. Tag., p. 22, f. 2 (1837).
„ Itelioscopice, Sely-Longch. Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., I., p. 40 (1867)
, grentzenbergi, Staud. Ent. Nachr., XI,, p. 10 (1885).
lafitolei, Thierry, Mieg. Le Nat., XL, p. 181 (1889).
, rnbrescens, Garbowski,Sitz. Ber. Ak. Wiss Wien., p. 917 (1892).
defecta, Calb. Iris, II, p. 88 (1899).
„ nigrescent, Roths., Nov. Zool., IX., Suppl, p. 720 (1903).
redricta, Roths., Nov. Zool., IX., Suppl., p. 720 (1903).
Habitat. — Europe to S. England and S. Sweden ; Caucasus.
Subsp. 1, dahli, Geyer. Hiibn. Samml. Eur. Schmett. Sphing., pi. 36, f. 161-4
(1827).
Habitat. — Corsica ; Sardinia.
Subsp. 2, tithymali, Boisd. Icon. Hist. Lep. II. p. 30, pi. 51, f. 1 (1834).
Habitat. — Canaries.
Subsp. 3, mauretanica, Staud, Cat. Lep., II. , p. 36 (1871).
Deilephila deserticola, Bartel., Ruhl. Grosschemett, II, p. 79 (1899).
Habitat. — Morocco ; Algiers.
Subsp. 4, conspicua, Roths., Nov. Zool., IX., Suppl., p. 720 (1903).
Habitat. — Asia Minor ; Syria.
Subsp. 5, siehei, Fung. Berl. Ent. Zeit, XL VII, p. 235, pi. 3 (1903).
Habitat. ClLIClA.
Subsp. i'». centralasiai, Staud, Stett. Ent. Zeit,, XLVIII, p. 64 (1887),
Habitat. — Transcaspia ; Afghanistan.
Subsp. 7, robertsii, Butl. P. Z. S., 1880, p. 411, pi. 39, ff. 9-10.
Deilephila peptides, Christ. Ent. Nacher., XX, p. 333 (1899).
Habitat. — Transcaspia ; Afghanistan.
Subsp. 8, nervosa, Roths. Nov. Zool., IX. Suppl., p. 721 (1903).
Habitat. — Punjab ; Simla.
Subsp. 9, costata, Norden. Bull. Mosc, XXIV., 2, p. 444, pi. xi ff. 3-4 (1851).
Habitat. — Tuansp.aikalia.
155. Celerio gallii.
Sphinx gallii, Rott., Naturg, vi , .1(17 (1775).
Deilephila phileuphorbia, Mutz, Wiegm. Arch. Naturg., VIII., pi. 171, pi. 8
(1840).
Habitat Europe ; W. & C. Asia ; Japan ; Kashmir.
Subsp. intermedia, Kirby, Faun, Bor. Am. IV, p. 302 (1834).
Deilephila chamcenerii, Harris, Sillim.. Journ. Sc„ Art. xxxyi.. p. 305 (1839).
., canadensis, Guen. Am. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1868, p. 7.
THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 141
Habitat. — Canada ; U. S. A. to Colorado and Georgia.
155a. Celerio nicea.
Sphinx niccsa, Prunner. Lep Pedem., p. 8(5 (1798).
cyparissice, Hiibn. Samml. Eur. Schmett. Sphing. f. 115 (1827).
Habitat. — S. Europe ; Caucasia ; Transoaspia,
Subsp, 1, castissima, Austant, Le. Nat., V, p. 360 (188:5).
Deilephila carnea, Austant, Le. Nat., XL, p. 232 (1889).
Habitat — Morocco ; Algiers.
Subsp. 2, lathyrus, Wlk,, VIII., 172 (1856).
Habitat. — Punjab ; Kumaon.
1556. Celerio zygophylli.
Sphinx zygophylli, Ochs. Schmett., II., p. 220 (1808).
Habitat. — S. Russia ; W. & C. Asia ; Persia ; Afghanistan.
153. Celerio lineata.
Sphinx lineata, Fabr. Syst. Ent., p. 541 (1775).
„ daucus, Cram. Pap. Exot., II., p. 41, pi. 125, f, D (1777).
Habitat. — Canada to Argentina.
Subsp. livornica, Esp. Schmett., II., p. 88 (1779).
Sphinx Jeoechlini, Fuessly, Arch. I., p. 1, pi. 4 fP. 1-4 (1781).
Habitat. — S. Europe ; N. Africa ; Natal ; W. & C. Asta ; Persia ; Afghan-
istan ; China ; Punjab ; Bengal, Calcutta.
Genus Pergesa.
Type.
Per r/esa, Wlk., VIII., 149 (1856) porcellus.
Cinogon, But!., Trans. Ent. Soc, 1881, p. 1 asJeoldensis.
A. Hindwing with the terminial area bright rosy red ... elpenor.
B. Hindwing with the terminal area suffused with cinna-
mon . rivularis.
119. Pergesa elpenor.
Sphinx elpenor, Linn. Syst. Nat., X., p. 491 (1758).
„ porcus, Retz. Gen. Ins., p. 34 (1783).
Elpenor viHs, Oken, Lehrb. Naturg. LTl.-L, p. 760 (1815).
Deilephila standfussi, Bartel, Riihl. Gross Schm. II., p. 122 (1900).
Metopsilus elpenorellus, Staud. Cat. Lep. pal., p. 104 (19(H).
Habitat. — Europe ; W. & C. Asia ; Amurland.
Subsp. 1, lewisi, But!., P. Z. S., 1875, p. 247.
Habitat. — Japan ; China.
Subsp. 2, macromrroj. Butl., P. Z. S., 1875, p. 7.
Habitat.— Ass a.m.
119a. Pergesa rivularis.
Chcerocampa rivularis, Boisd. Spec. Gen. Lep. Het., I., p. 280 (1875).
fraterna, Butl., P. Z. S., 1875, p. 247.
Habitat. — Chitral ; Punjab ; Sikhim ; Sind.
142 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
Genus Hippotion.
Type.
Hippotion, Hiibn., Verz., p. 134(1827) , celerio.
Isoples, Hiibn., Verz.; p. 134 (1827) .. eson.
A. Hindwing not red velox.
B. Hindwing red or ferruginous, at least on basal area.
a. Hindwing with black postmedial band celerio.
b. Hindwing without black postmedial band.
a'. Hindwing with the base black echeclus.
b ' . Hindwing with the base red.
a-. Palpi with prominent white lateral line near
eye raffled.
b2. Palpi without prominent white lateral line
near eye boerhavite.
127. Hippotion velox.
Sphinx velox, Fabr., Ent. Syst. III., I., p. 378 (1793).
vigil, Guer. Deless, Voy. Ind., II., p. 80, pi. 25, f. 1 (1843).
Panacra lignaria, Wlk., VIII., 156 (185G).
Sphinx phamyx, Herr. Schaff. Ausser. Eur. Schmett., f. 478 (1856).
Chcerocanipa swvrihm, Moore, P. Z. S., 1862, p. 362.
yorleii, Boisd., Spec. Gen. Lep. Het., I., p. 248 (1875).
Panacra rosea, Roths., Nov. Zool., I., p. 79, pi. 6, f. 14 (1894).
lifuensis, Roths., Nov. Zool., I., p. 79 (1894).
griseola, Roths., Nov. Zool., I., p. 80 (1894).
„ pseudovigil, Roths., Nov. Zool., I., p. 80 (1894).
Habitat.— N. & S.India ; Ceylon ; Burma ; Andamans ; Nicobars ; Penang ;
Java ; Christmas I. ; Lombok ; Sumba ; Tenimber Is. ; Amboina ; Buru ; New
Guinea ; d'Entrecasteaux Is. ; Louisiades ; Queensland ; Lifu ; Fiji.
123. Hippotion celerio.
Sphinx celerio, Linn. Syst. Nat., X., p. 491 (1758).
„ tisiphona, Linn. Syst. Nat., X., p. 492 (1758).
Phalcena inquilmus, Harris, Esp. Engl. Ins., p. 93, pi. 28, Lep. f. 1 (1781).
Hippotion ocis, Hiibn. Verz., p. 135 (1827).
Deilephila albolineata, Montr. Am. Soc. Linn. Lyon (2), XI. p. 250 (1864).
Habitat. — Old World except far north and New Zealand.
121. Hippotion echeclus.
Olicerocampa echeclus, Boisd., Spec. Gen. Lep. Het., I., p. 233 (1875).
„ elegans, Butl., P. Z. S., 1875, p. 8, pi. 2, f. 1.
Habitat. — Assam ; Madras, Madura ; Burma, Bassein : Sumatra ; Philip-
pines ; Java ; Lombok ; Celebes ; Sumba.
122a. Hippotion rafflesi.
Clmrocarrqm rafflesi, Butl. Trans. Zool. Soc, IX., p. 556 (1877).
vinacea, Hmpsn. 111. Het. B. M., IX., p. 57, pi. 1 57, f . 2 and pi. 175
f . 2, 2 a (1893).
THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 143
Habitat. — N. & S. India ; Ceylon ; Sumatra ; Java ; Celebes.
122. HlPPOTION BOERHAVLffi.
Sphinx boerJiavice, Fabr. Syst. Enfc., p. 542 (1775).
vampyrus, Fabr. Mant. Ins. II., p. 98 (1787).
„ octopunctata, Gmel. Syst. Nat., I., 5, p. 2386 (1790).
Cheer ocampa rosetla, Swinh. Cat. Het. IV! us. Oxon., p. 16 (1892).
Habitat. — N. & S. India ; Ceylon ; Burma ; Malacca ; Penang ; Bunguran ;
Natuna Is. ; Sumatra ; Borneo ; Java ; Lombok ; Sumba ; Celebes ;
Kisser ; Larat ; Key Is. ; New Guinea ; Trobriand Is. ; Louisiades ;
Woodlark ; N. Pommern ; N. Lanenberg ; N. Hanover ; Solomons ;
Queensland.
Genus Theretra.
Type.
Theretra, Hiibn., Verz., p. 135 (1827) nessus.
Oreus, Hiibn., Verz., p. 136 (1827) gnoma.
Gnathostypsis, Wllgrn. (Efv. Vet. Ak. Forh., XV., p. 137 (1858) capensis.
Hathia, Moore, Lep. CeyJ. II., p. 19 (1882) latreilei.
A. Hindwing red.
a. Hindwing with the base black.
a1. Thorax with dorsal grey stripe ; abdomen without
lateral basal black patches mffusa.
&'. Thorax without dorsal grey stripe; abdomen with
lateral basal black patches alecto.
b. Hindwing with the base red pallicosta,
B. Hindwing not red or with narrow, ill-defined reddish
tawny band.
a. Abdomen with dorsal lines or tawny or ochreous sub-
dorsal stripes arising from segment 3 and no pro-
minent lateral basal black patches.
a\ Palpus with the cavity large and sharply defined, nessus.
b'. Palpus with the cavity more or less concealed or
made irregular by rough scaling.
a- . Forewing with broad grey subterminal band ... griseomarginata
b~. Forewing without broad grey subterminal band.
a3. Forewing with the stigma situated on an ill-
defined dark patch, postmedial band curved
or indistinct except at inner margin where
with the antemedial band it forms a square
patch, or the wing nearly all brown insignis.
b° . Forewing with the stigma isolated, followed
by a straight oblique dark band, formed
of two or three distinct lines.
a4. Abdomen with the pale dorsal line simple,
white pinasirina.
1 44 JO URN A L , BOMB A Y NA TURAL HIS TOR Y SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
b\ Abdomen with the pale dorsal line more or
less prominently formed of two lines.
a\ Forewing with the dark postmedial band
formed by lines l-2'3, the last heavier
than line 2 oldmlandice.
b\ Forewing with the dark postmedial band
formed by lines 1*2, line 3 separate
and not so heavy as line 2, especially to-
wards inner margin lycetus.
b. Abdomen without dorsal lines, or with black lateral
basal patch and without yellowish subdorsal stripe.
«'. Palpus with the cavity at end of 1st joint partially
concealed by rough scaling.
a'2. Abdomen above olive chestnut, below ferrugin-
ous or red „ , cutanea.
b- . Abdomen above drab, below butf or vinaceous
buff , latreillei.
bl. Palpus with the cavity at end of 1st joint sharply
defined.
a- . Forewing with series of dark points on the line
arising from apex « bukduvali .
I)'-. Forewing without series of dark points on the
line arising from apex, or the line incurved to
costa ; abdomen without dorsal lines.
a'1. Forewing with the apical line joining a post-
medial line with which it forms a single line
from apex to inner margin clothe.
!>'■'>. Forewing with the apical line, if present, sepa-
rate from the postmedial line which is in-
curved towards costa gnoma.
157. Theketra nessus.
Sphinx nessus, Drury., Illustr. Ex. Ins., II., p. 46, pi. 76, f. 1 (1773).
„ equestris, Fabr., Ent. Syst. hi., I., p. 365 (1793).
Charocampa rubimndus, Schaufuss, Nung. Otiosus I., p. 18 (1870).
Habitat.— Japan ; Punjab ; Sikhim ; Bhutan : Assam ; Bombay ; Madras ;
Ceylon ; Burma ; Malacca ; Sumatra ; Nias ; Borneo ; Java ; Lombok ; Alor;
Tenimber ; Amboina ; New Guinea ; Louisiades ; d'Entrecasteaux Is. ; Tro-
briand Is. ; Queensland ; Lieu.
141a. Theretra boisduvali.
Sphinx boisduvali, Bugn., Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., 1839, p. 115.
Chorocampa punctivcnata, Butl., P. Z. S., 1875, p. 248.
Habitat —Turkey ; Asia Minor; Sikiiim ; Assam; btMA'iRA; Borneo;
Java ; Lombok.
141. Theretra clotuo.
THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 145
Sphinx clotho, Drury, Illustr. Ex. Ins., II., p. 48, pi. 28, f. 1 (1773).
Deilephila ojrene, Westwd., Catt. Or. Ent., p. 13, pi. 6, f. 1 (1848).
Chcerocampa bistrigata, Butl., P. Z. S., 1875, p. 249.
„ aspersata, Kirby, Trans. Ent. Soc, 1877, p. 241.
Habitat. — N. & S. India ; Ceylon ; Andamans ; Malacca ; Sumatra ; Borneo ;
Philippines ; Java ; Lombok ; Sumba ; Dili ; Timor ; Celebes.
Subsp. celata, Butl., P. Z. S., 1877, p. 472.
Chcerocompa luteotincta, Lucas, Queenslander, XXXIX., p. 894 (1891).
„ cloacina, Miskin, Pr. Roy. Soc. Queensl., VIII., p. 16 (1891).
Theretra lifuensis, Roths., Nov. Zool., I., p. 78 (1894).
Habitat. — New Guinea ; Fergusson I.; Trobriand Is.; St. Aignan ; Bougu ;
Solomons ; Queensland ; Lieu ; Amboina ; Ceram ; Tenimber ; Key Is.
141&. Theretra gnoma.
Sphinx gnoma, Fabr., Syst. Ent., p. 526 (1775).
„ butus, Cram., Pap. Exot , II., p. 88, pi. 152, f. A. (1777).
Chairocampa gonograpta, Butl., P. Z. S., 1875, p. 249.
Habitat. — S. India ; Ceylon.
140. Theretra latreillei.
Sphinx latreillei, MacLeay, King's Surv. Austr., II., p. 464 (1827).
Chasrocampa comminuens, Wlk., xxxi, 31 (1864).
deserta, Butl., Trans. Zool. Soc, IX., p. 638 (1877;.
walducki, Butl., Trans. Ent. Soc, 1877, p. 398, pi. 9, f. 2.
„ amara, Swinh., Cat. Het. Mus. Oxon., p. 17, pi. 1, f. 9 (1892).
Habitat. — Amboina; Ceram,; Bourn ; Obi; Key Is. ; Aru ; New Guinea;
Queensland ; W. Australia ; Bismarck Arch. ; Solomons.
Subsp. lucasi, Wlk., VIII, 141 (1856).
Deilephila spilota, Moore, Cat. Lep. E. I. C, p. 277 (L57).
Cheer ocampa procne, Clemens, Journ. Ac Nat, Sci. Philad., IV, p. 151 (1859).
tenebrosa, Moore, Lep. Ceyl., II., p. 20, pi. 86, f. 2'2« (1882).
Habitat. — N. & S. India ; Ceylon ; Malacca ; Andamans ; Sumatra ; Njas ;
Borneo ; Philippines ; Lombok ; Sumba ; Celebes ; Dammer I.
120. Theretra alecto.
Sphinx alecto, Linn., Syst. Nat., X., p. 492 (1758).
Habitat. — Formosa ; N. & S. India ; Borneo ; Njas ; Java ; Sumba wa ;
Sumba ; Celebes ; Larat ; Tenimber ; Key Is.
Subsp. cretica, Boisd., Ann. Soc Linn., Paris, 1827, p. 118, pi. 6, f. 5.
Theretra freyeri, Kirby, Cat. Lep. Het., I., p. 650 (1892).
Habitat.— Asia Minor ; Syria ; Persia ; Transcaucasia ; W. Turkistan.
121a. Theretra suffusa.
Chcerocampa suffusa, Wlk., VIII., 146 (1856).
hector, Boisd., Spec Gen. Lep. Het., I., p. 230 (1875).
Habitat.— China ; N. India ; Penang ; Perak ; Singapore ; Sumatra ; Bor-
neo ; Java.
124. Theretra lycetus.
19
146 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
Sphinx lycetus, Cram., Pap. Exot. I., p. 96, pi. 61, £. D (1775).
Chcerocampa rosina, Butl., P. Z. S., 1875, p. 248, pi. 37, f. 6.
„ prunosa, Butl., P. Z. S„ 1875, p. 622.
Habitat.— Punjab ; Sikhim ; Ceylon ; Burma ; Penang ; Java.
125. THERETRA OLDENLANDI.E.
Sphinx oldenlandice, Fabr. Syst. Ent., p. 542 (1775).
„ drancus, Cram., Pap. Exot., II., p. 56, pi. 132, f. F (1777).
„ argentata, Haw., Trans. Ent. Soc, 1842, p. 334, non descr.
Xylophanes'.gortysjKubn., Samml. Exot. Schmett., Zutr., III., p. 28, ff. 513'14
(1827).
Chcerocampa sordida, Wlk., VIII., 148 (1856)..
puellaris, Butl., P. Z. S., 1875, p. 623.
Deilephila proxima, Austant, Le Nat., 1892, p. 69.
Habitat.— Japan ; China ; Formosa ; N. & S. India ; Ceylon ; Penang ;
Sumatra ; Borneo ; Philippines ; Java ; Sumba ; Celebes ; Amboina ; Key
I. ; New Guinea.
Subsp. formata, Wlk., VIII., 148(1856).
Habitat.— Queensland ; W. Australia ; N. S. Wales.
126. Theretra pinastrina.
Sphinx pinastrina, Martyn, Psyche, pi. 29, f. 81, and pi. 30, f. 85 (1797).
Chcerocampa silhetensis, Wlk., VIII., 143 (1856).
bisecta, Moore, Lep. E. I C, p. 278, pi. 11, f. 5'5a (1857).
Habitat.— Japan ; Formosa; N. & S. India ; Ceylon ; Burma ; Penang ; Suma-
tra ; Borneo ; Java.
Subsp. intersecta, Butl., P. Z. S., 1875, p. 623.
Habitat.— Philippines ; Celebes ; Sumba ; Amboina ; New Guinea ; Bismarck
Arch ; Solomons ; Queensland.
128. Theretra insignis.
Panacra insignis, Butl., A. M. N. H. (5), X., p. 432 (1882).
Habitat. — Andamans.
Subsp. kuehni, Roths., Nov. Zool., VII., p. 274, pi. 5, f. 2 (1900).
Habitat. — Java; Dammer I.; Tenimber.
130a. Theretra griseomarginata.
Chcerocompa griseomarginata, Hmpsn., J. Bomb. N.H. Soc, XL, p. 281, pi. A.,
f. 12 (1898.)
Habitat.— Sikhim.
144. Theretra pallicosta.
Chcerocampa palUcosta, Wlk., VIII., 145 (1856).
Habitat —Hongkong ; Assam ; Canara ; Ceylon ; Burma.
138. Theretra castanea.
Pergesa castanea, Moore, P. Z. S., 1872, p. 566.
Chcerocampa hyporhoda, Hmpsn., J. Bomb. N. H. Soc., XIII., p. 39, pi. B.
f. 12 (1900).
Habitat. — Canara.
THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 147
Genus Rhyncholaba.
Type.
Rhyncholaba, Roths., Nov. Zool, IX., Suppl. p. 789 (1903) acteus.
158. Rhyncholaba acteus.
Sphinx acteus, Cram., Pap. Exot., III., p. 93, pi. 248, f. A (1779).
Panacra butleri, Roths., Nov. Zool., I., p. 80 (1894),
Habitat.— N. & S. India ; Ceylon ; Penang ; Borneo ; Nias ; Java ; Lombok ;
SUMBAWA ; SUMBA ; BOURN.
Genus Rhagastis.
Type.
Rhagastis, Roths., Nov. Zool., IX„ Suppl., p. 791 (1903) velata.
A, Hindwing on underside with prominent black stigma albomarginalus.
B. Hindwing on underside without black stigma.
a. Palpus with the 2nd joint much constricted at base, acuta.
b. Palpus with the 2nd joint not constricted at base.
a1. Thorax dorsally suffused with red ; underside
of body and wings rosy red gloriosa.
bl. Thorax not dorsally suffused with red.
a'2. Forewing with single series of prominent
white subterminal lunules lunata.
b-. Forewing with two series of white spots, or
broad diffused band or no white subter-
minal markings.
a3. Forewing with series of white subtermi-
nal spots preceded by a straight white
line from apex to vein 4, then a lunulate
line to vein 1 ; underside of body and
wings ochreous olivacea.
b3. Forewing without these markings.
a*. Wings on underside densely irrorated
with brown ; terminal band of fore-
wing not conjoined to brown basal
area ; no white subterminal scaling
on forewing above ; abdomen with
lateral yellow stripe velata.
54. Wings on underside less densely
irrorated with brown ; forewing with
the terminal band conjoined to basal
brown area between veins 5 and 4.
a5. Forewing on underside with the
costal half of cell of the reddish
colour of disk ; abdomen without
yellowish lateral stripe ; forewing
with the costal edge pale creamy... confusa.
148 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
b"\ Forewing on underside with the cell
wholly brown ; abdomen ventrally
yellowish white ; forewing on
underside with the stripe connect-
ing the basal and terminal areas
heavy aurifera.
137. Rhagastis velata.
Pergesa velata, Wlk., XXXV., 1853 (1866).
Habitat. — Sikhim ; Bhutan ; Assam.
137a. Rhagastis acuta.
Zonilia acuta, Wlk., VIII., 195 (1856).
Habitat. — Sikhim ; Bhutan ; Assam ; Penang.
1375. Rhagastis aurifera.
Pergesa aurifera, Butl., P. Z. S., 1875, p. 7.
Habitat. — Sikhim ; Bhutan ; Assam.
137c. Rhagastis confusa.
Theretra albomarginata, Hmpsn., J. Bomb. N. H. Soc., XIII, p. 39, pi. B, f.
(1900) nee Roths.
Rhagastis confusa, Roths., Nov. Zool., IX, Suppl., p. 795, pi. 14, f. 12 (1903).
Habitat. — Sikhim ; Assam.
137(Z. Rhagastis lunata.
Chcsrocampa lunata, Roths., Nov. Zool., VII., p. 274 (1900).
Habitat. — Assam ; Khasis.
Subsp. sikhimensis, Roths. Nov. Zool., IX, Suppl. p. 797 (1903).
Habitat.— Sikhim.
136. Rhagastis olivacea.
Pergesa olivacea, Moore, P. Z. S., 1872, p. 566.
Habitat. — Punjab ; Sikhim ; Bhutan ; Assam.
135. Rhagastis gloriosa.
Pergesa gloriosa, Butl., P. Z. S., 1875, p. 246.
Habitat. — Sikhim ; Bhutan ; Assam.
135a. Rhagastis albomarginatus.
Metopsilus albomarginatus, Roths., Nov. Zool., I., p. 78 (1894).
Habitat. — Sikhim ; Assam.
Subsp. everetti, Roths., Nov. Zool., IX., Suppl., p. 799 (1903).
Habitat. — Sumatra ; Borneo.
Genus Cechenina.
Type.
Cechenina, Roths., Nov. Zool., IX., Suppl., p. 799 (1903) helops.
A. Forewing on upperside with five to seven almost
straight lines on terminal half ; abdomen dorsally
striped.
a. Mesonotum without pale medial band ; forewing
with seven lines e,ti minor.
THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 149
b. Mesonotum with pale medial band ; f orewing with
eight lines lineosa.
B. Forewing on upperside without straight lines on
terminal half ; abdomen not dorsally striped.
a. Forewing with broad subbasal umber brown band
or patch , helops.
b. Forewing without subbasal umber brown band.
a1. Forewing with the basal area, also the thorax,
dark green , mirabilis.
bj. Forewing with the basal area clay colour with
a black spot cegrota.
142. Cechenina mirabilis.
Chcerocampa mirabilis, Butl., P. Z. S., 1875, p. 248.
Habitat. — Punjab.
142a. Cechenina .egrota.
Chcerocampa cegrota, Butl., P. Z. S., 1875, p. 246.
Theretra catori, Roths., Nov. Zool., I., p. 75 (1894).
Daphnis chimcera, Roths., Nov. Zool., I., p. 86, pi. 6, f. 16 (1894).
Habitat. — Assam ; Perak ; Borneo ; Java.
139. Cechenina helops.
Philampelus helops, Wlk., VIII., 180 (1856).
„ orientalis, Feld., Reis. Nov., pi. 77, f. 1 (1874).
Habitat. — Sikhim ; Assam ; Malacca ; Sumatra ; Borneo ; Java.
Subsp. ^api/awa, Roths., Nov. Zool., IX., Suppl., p. 802 (1903).
Habitat. — New Guinea ; Neu Pommern.
143a. Cechenina minor.
Chcerocampa minor, Butl., P. Z. S., 1875, p. 249.
Theretra striata, Roths., Nov. Zool., I., p.76 (1894).
Habitat. — Japan ; Formosa ; Sikhim ; Bhutan ; Assam ; Siam.
143. Cechenina lineosa.
Chcerocampa lineosa, Wlk., VIII., 144 (1856).
major, Butl., P. Z. S., 1875, p. 249.
Habitat. — Punjab ; Sikhim ; Bhutan ; Assam ; Malacca ; Sumatra ; Borneo.
NOTODONTID^E.
237a. Pydna endoph^a, n. sp. (PI. D. f. 1).
£. Ochreous : head and thorax tinged with brown; palpi dark brown at
sides. Forewing with the inner margin narrowly red-brown ; the wing sparsely
irrorated with rufous ; two rather obscure antemedial series of rufous points
angled on median nervure ; a point below costa above angle of cell ; two obscure
postmedial series met at vein 4 by an oblique series from apex, then oblique to
the antemedial series on inner margin ; a subterminal and a terminal series.
Hindwing rather yellower.
Habitat. — Kanara, Karwar (Davidson). Exp. 38 mill. Type in B. M.
2386. Pydna frugalis, Leech, Trans. Ent. Soc, 1898, p. 302.
150 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
ft. Brownish grey ; palpi and frons dark brown ; abdomen tinged with red-
dish brown. Forewing irrorated with a few dark scales and tinged with reddish
brown, especially on inner and terminal areas ; two black points near base ;
antemedial black points on costa and below cell ; an indistinct postmedial
crenulate curved line with black points on the veins and a fuscous mark on it
beyond lower angle of cell joined by an oblique streak from apex ; a terminal
series of black points. Hindwing strongly tinged with fuscous brown.
$ . More rufous.
Habitat. — W. China, Pu-tsu-fang, Moupin ; N.-W. Himalayas, Kangra
Valley 4500' (Dudgeon).
Exp. $ 42, 9 48 mill.
241. Pydna sikkima, insert (syn.) Pydna essa, Swinh. A. M. N. H. (6),
XVII., p. 360.
262a. Stauropus mioides, n. sp.
$. Head and thorax grey-white tinged with green ; branches of antennae
red-brown ; palpi black at sides ; abdomen whitish, dorsally fuscous, except at
extremity. Forewing whitish tinged with green, especially towards base and
thickly irrorated with dark-brown ; a small dark spot below origin of vein 2 and
another at lower angle of cell placed on a fine indistinct line excurved from
below costa to vein 5, then bent inwards to lower angle of cell ; a subtermind
series of dark-brown spots, those below costa and above vein 5 displaced in-
wards ; a series of oblique dark strios on termen. Hindwing dark reddish
brown ; the costal area whitish tinged with green and irrorated with dark brown
and with diffused dark postmedial and subterminal bars ; inner margin and cilia
white ; the underside white.
Habitat. — Assam ; Khasis, Exp. 46 mill. Type in B. M.
280. DlCRANURA HIMALAYANA.
Larva pale green ; the dorsal area whitish ; the 3rd somite produced to a
Somewhat pointed hump ; a subdorsal white line angled upwards below the
hump ; stigmata ringed with black ; anal somite produced to two long flagellate
tails, whitish granulated with black, the terminal halves crimson. Food planx
willow (G. C. Dudgeon).
307. Spatalia argentifera £=309 S. coskdis 9 . Specimens of both sexes
bred (T. R. Bell).
317a. ICHTHYURA TRANSECTA.
Larva. Grey-brown with a broad dorsal dirty white line interrupted by a
dark brown patch at 4th somite which is slightly humped ; lateral and sub-
lateral series of yellow-brown tubercles ; a pale line above the lateral series of
tubercles ; 4th somite with two pale red tubercles on a red patch in the centre
of the brown one and with two white patches on each side of it ; a similar
red patch with tubercles on 11th somite. Head dark brown clothed with
whitish hair similar to that arising from the tubercles.
Food plant salix babylonica.
Pupa red in a slight cocoon formed of the leaves.
THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 151
Syntomid^e.
403Z>. Oekyx pleurasticta, Hmpsn., A. M. N. H. (7), VIII., p. 165 (1901)
(pi. D. f. 2).
£. Purple-black ; back of head orange ; pectus with lateral orange spots ;
tarsi with the 1st joint white ; abdomen with dorsal orange patch on 1st
segment and band on 5th, the intermediate segments with lateral spots. Fore-
wing with hyaline spot below the cell near base ; a wedge-shaped patch in end
of cell and another below base of vein 2 ; a round spot above base of vein 2 and
more elongate spots above veins 3-4 and 6. Hindwing with hyaline patch below
middle of cell and round spot above vein 2.
Habitat. Kanara, Siddapah (Davidson), Exp. 24 mill.
451a. Syntomis madurensis, Hmpsn., A. M. N. H. (7), VIII., p. 166 (1901)
(pi. D. f. 27).
<£. Antennae with long branches ; black-brown ; frons and patagia with
orange patches ; hind tibia with orange streak ; tarsi with the 1st joint orange ;
abdomen with orange bands on 1st and 5th segments and small spots on ter-
minal segment. Forewing with quadrate hyaline spots below base and in end of
cell ; an oblique spot below vein 2 ; spots above veins 3 and 4 and a smaller spot
above 6. Hindwing with orange medial band from cell to inner margin.
Habitat. — Madura, Ammanaya-nahramir (Campbell). Exp. 22 mill.
455. Eressa confinis, insert (syn.) Eressa catoria, Swinh., A. M. N. H. (7) 6,
p. 305.
(To be continued.')
152 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI
MOTHS OF INDIA (HAMPSON).
Description of Plate D.
1.
Pydna endophce.
2.
Ceryx pleurasticta.
•>
o.
Clelea refulgens.
4.
Euproctis fulvinigra.
5.
Cossus rufidorsia.
6.
Striglina ignepicta.
7.
Cania plumbifusa.
8.
Aroa campbelli.
9.
Lenodora hyalomelce na.
10.
Euprroctis laniata. $
11.
„ laniata. $
12.
„ xantlwsticta. $
13.
„ xanthosticta. v
14.
Odonesi is fossa.
15.
Ratanla furvivestita.
16.
Nola brachystria.
17.
Marumbanympha.
lb.
Ovipennis binghami.
19.
Asura obliquilinea.
20.
Hypsa donatana.
21.
Macrobrochis fiavicincta.
22,
Lymantria moesta.
23.
Dosychira cerebosa.
24.
„ magnolia.
25.
Leueoma pellucida.
26.
Euproctis virgo.
27.
Syntomis madurensis.
28.
Euproctis ■mirabilis.
29.
„ macrostigma.
30.
Paracossus furcata.
31.
Idonauton nigribasis.
32.
Euproctis dana.
33.
Pantana ochrota $
34.
„ ochrota £
Sir. G.F.HAMPSON, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc.
Plate D.
Horace Knight ad nat lith.
West, Newman chromo.
INDIAN MOTHS.
15H
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES.
No. I.— SOME NOTES ON BIRDS TAKEN AT COONOOR,
NILGIRIS, IN MAY 1904.
Pomatorhinus horsfteldi. — The Southern Scimitar Babbler.
This bird is very common about Coonoor. It usually occurs in small flocks
from three to eight in number. Although very partial to thick damp under-
growth these birds do not hesitate to enter gardens. I have seen them in
wayside bushes and on a comparatively open hill-side on which there was a con-
tinuous chain of bushes and small trees. The birds keep well to cover. They
are very skilled climbers, making their way with great facility through thick
bushes and trees, progressing in much the same way that Crow-Pheasants do.
They are equally clever iu running up and down tree trunks, being almost as
nimble as nuthatches.
This Scimitar Babbler feeds on insects which it picks off leaves, off the
ground, or from the trunks of trees. It uses its long bill as a probe, by means
of which it drags out insects which lurk in the crevices of the bark of trees.
On one occasion I saw one of these birds devouring something large which it
held with its foot as a crow does, and took pecks at it. I was unable to make
out the nature of the object but the bird took half a dozen bites at it before it
was disposed of.
The bird has several notes, A common one is a loud Ko-ko-ko-e-e-e.
Sometimes one bird calls Ko-ko-ko and another answers Ko-ee. When the
birds are feeding in company, they keep up a continuous chatter, which is not
unpleasing to the ear. When alarmed this bird gives vent to a harsh cry very
characteristic of the babbler tribe.
Its habits are so similar to those of the Nilgiri Laughing Thrush (Trochal-
opterum cachinnans), also very common about Coonoor, that it is difficult to
determine which of the varied notes heard belong to each species.
Zosterops palpebrosa. — The Indian White-eye is very common in this part of
the Nilgiris, being, in fact, almost as numerous as the Hill-Bulbul (Otocompsa
fuscicaudata). I found several nests belonging to this species.
Most of them contained only two eggs. So far as I could determine, the eggs
take twelve or thirteen days to hatch out.
Sitta frontalis. — The Velvet-fronted Blue Nuthatch is very numerous in the
Coonoor forests.
I saw many Tailor birds (Orlhotomm sutorius) some of which were in breeding
plumage, Coonoor is about 6,000 feet above the sea-level. This bird therefore
ascends higher than 4,000 feet, the limit given by Oates.
Cyornis tickelli. — Tickell's Blue Flycatcher is fairly abundant at Coonoor.
It is a noisy bird, continually uttering a characteristic note. This consists of a
couple of sharp chicks, followed by a little tune of about six notes, not unlike
that of the White-browed Fan-tail Flycatcher but harsher and not so loud.
Stoparola albicaudata. — The Nilgiri Blue Flycatcher is numerous, not infre-
quently coming into gardens. Does this species feed on fruit as well as insects ?
20
154 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
Unless I am mistaken in the species, I have on several occasions seen both old
and young birds eating fruit. I saw young birds on May 18th and 21st. The
whole plumage, except the wings and tail, was brown, spotted with yellow.
Ochromela nigrirufa. — The Black and Orange Flycatcher is not uncommon
about Coonoor. Jerdon's description of its habits is good, except that the
eminent naturalist says "it is a very silent bird." The bird is anything but
silent. It continually gives forth a cheeping note, one which might emanate
from an insect. The bird always seems to take a low perch about two feet
from the ground.
I saw a young bird on May lftth and another on May 21st. I saw the latter
receive an insect from the mother.
The young birds are coloured as follows : The whole head, neck, breast,
and (I think) the back is yellow, heavily spotted or mottled with dark-brown.
The tail, which is very short and broad, is bright-yellow.
The abdomen and under-tail coverts are very pale-yellow. The note of the
young bird closely resembles that of the adult.
Culicicapa ceylonensis. — The Grey-headed Flycatcher.
Its habits are rather phlegmatic for a Flycatcher. I have watched one in the
early morning, sitting for five or ten minutes on end on a branch, looking very
sleek and comfortable ; but it was "taking in" everything, the head being in
constant motion. The bird will then suddenly become very active for a few
minutes, making a number of little sallies into the air, as is the wont of fly-
catchers. It does not by any means always return to the perch it left, although
it usually comes back to the same tree or bush. It has a feeble twittering note.
It is not a shy bird, and will often allow one to approach within six feet of
where it is perched, and when disturbed flies only a few yards. It is fairly
common in the woods about Coonoor.
Rhipidura albifrontata. — The White-browed Fantail Flycatcher is very
numerous about Coonoor. I came upon a nest placed in the fork of the lowest
branch of a tree about ten feet from the ground. The nest was as described
in Oates, in it were three eggs, also as described by him. These hatched out on
May 19th. It is perhaps worthy of mention that, so far from these eggs being
protectively coloured, I could easily distinguish them for a distance of 15 feet.
Aiihiopsar fuscus is the common myna in this part of the world. One bird
had a nest containing young, situated in the broken-off branch of an old tree.
The young birds must have hatched out about May 5th.
D. DEWAR.
Madras, May 1904.
No. II.— THE OCCURRENCE OF THE BLACK-CAPPED KING-
FISHER (HALCYON PILEATA) IN NORTH LAKHIMPUR,
UPPER ASSAM.
On the 7th April Halcyon pileata made its appearance in this quarter, fre-
quenting a jan which leaves the River Dejoo at the base of the Duphla hills and
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 155
after flowing a tortuous course through open cleared ground joins the Runga-
nuddie. I had some slight doubt as to my first observations being correct owing
to a drizzling rain and bad light at the time ; but I had ample opportunities
of noting its black head, white collar and dark blue colouring of the back com-
pared with H. smyrnetisis before the day closed. Whilst not very wary yet it
gave one the impreasion that I was fresh to its surroundings and this dispelled
any hopes I had that the bird was breeding in the vicinity, although some clumps
of bamboos overlooking stagnant water afforded it a safe retreat, from the open
steep clay banks of the jan where H. smyrnensis had located itself. As it
has not made its appearance since that date, I am inclined to think it was
performing a local migratory movement, possibly from a higher altitude during
a period of very wet weather.
H. STEVENS.
North Lakhimpur, Upper Assam, May 1904.
No. III.— THE YELLOW-BELLIED FLYCATCHER
(CHELIDORHYNX HYPOXANTHUM.)
The distribution of Chelidorhynx hypoxanthum in all probability extends
across the plains in the Dibrugarh district during the cold season, as at that time
it is fairly plentiful here. Contrary to Blanford's observations as to this species
occurring in small flocks, on the dozen or so opportunities afforded me of observ-
ing this flycatcher, although once I noted three within a distance of 100 yards,
each bird was acting independently and on the other occasions singles have
invariably been the order. In habits it is truly Rhipidurean in the manner of
darting out in quest of food and returning to the same perch; favourite localities
frequented are forest-lined streams, brushwood and fallen trees in forest
clearings and it very often haunts these quarters in company with Culicicajja
ceylonensis. Measurements of specimens in the flesh. Length 4", bill from
gape "3 which differ from Oates somewhat, 4*7 and '4 respectively.
H. STEVENS.
Rungagora, Upper Assam, January 1904.
No. IV.— THE OCCURRENCE OF THE RED-BREASTED GOOSE
{BE ANT A RUFICOLLIS) IN INDIA.
In early April of this year I was asked by Mr. M, S. Mondy whether there
were any geese found in India with red necks, and on my replying "no " he
said that he had seen four such on the banks of the Brahmapootra in company
with a large flock of the Common Grey Goose. He then gave me a minute
description of these geese, from which I had not the slightest hesitation in
identifying them as Branta ruficollis, the Red-Breasted Goose.
Mr. Mondy had no idea what he was describing and had seen no such geese
before. These four had, however, differed so conspicuously from the others
that he took a very careful note of their appearance although, unfortunately
he was unable to obtain a specimen.
156 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
In the Bengal Sporting Magazine for 1836, VII., p. 247, it is said that four
birds of this species were seen and one shot near Nagpnr, but the article
referred to is anonymous and of little value.
E. C. STUART-BAKER. F.Z.S.
Dibrugarh, Assam, July 1904.
No. V.— THE OCCURRENCE OF THE MASKED FIN-FOOT
{HELIOPA1S PERSONATA) IN LAKHIMPUR.
On the 14th June I had sent to me a very fine $ specimen of the Masked
Fin-foot which was obtained by Dr. Gregerson in a forest bheel or swamp on
the borders of this district. This bird which was breeding possessed a tiny
fronted shield and a yellow horn or fronted wattle about £" long and which
appeared to be erect during the bird's life. In colour it was a brilliant chrome
yellow like the beak. I have never seen this wattle referred to and it appears
to have been unnoticed up to now so that we may presume it to be seasonal.
On the 10th June, I believe in the same bheel, Dr.T. More obtained a fine
female. The soft colours of this bird are far brighter than hitherto described,
probably also due to the bird being in breeding condition.
E. C. STUART-BAKER, F.Z.S.
Dibrugarh, Assam, July 1904.
No. VI— THE ENEMIES OF BUTTERFLIES.
I have been interested in the letters which have appeared in the Journal
lately on the subject of enemies of butterflies. The subject is of some impor-
tance in connection with the various forms of " protection " which are found
among them. A great many writers seem to assume that the principal enemies
against which butterflies have to guard themselves are birds, but I believe this
is an utter mistake. In fact, I believe that butterflies can afford to disregard
birds altogether. This is certainly not because birds do not like them as food,
but because every bird soon finds out that they are not worth the trouble of
catching. The peculiar zigzag flight of a butterfly makes it very difficult for
even a king-crow, or a bee-eater, to capture one on the wing, and when it thinks
it has succeeded, it gets a mouthful of wings and misses the body. I remember
only two instances which have come under my own observation. In one case a
bee-eater caught a Danais, but dropped it as soon as it had tasted it, and the
Banah flew away little the worse. In the other case the butterfly, Euthalia
garuda, had been slightly crippled by some accident, which a king-crow detected
at once, but it had some trouble to catch it. The flight of a moth is straight
and offers little difficulty, accordingly a moth can scarcely show itself by daylight
without being pursued. Dragonflies can cope with butterflies, however, and con-
stantly feed on the smaller kinds, especially the Lycaen/dce, which they may be
seen hawking over grass. I once saw a large dragonfly feeding on a Catopailia
catilla, but in the case of a butterfly of that size it must be very difficult for
even a dragonfly to get hold of the body in the midst of so much wing.
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 157
The real enemies of butterflies are, I believe, lizards and frogs and. no doubt,
tree snakes. Therefore all protective colours and forms found among them
are intended to conceal them when at rest. When a butterfly is found with a
large piece torn out of both hind wings, as we so often find them, it has had a
narrow escape from a lizard. KalUma, when at rest on the trunk of a tree,
always turns its head downwards, though this somewhat spoils its resemblance
to a leaf. I believe the reason is that the danger is greatest of a lizard ascend-
ing the tree. Chameleons are very fond of butterflies, epecially Pierince.
E. H. AITKEN.
Kurrachee, 30</i June 19.04.
No. VII— THE RECENT PLAGUE OF LOCUSTS IN BOMBAY.
With reference to the letter published in the last number of the Journal by
Mr. A. B. Mosse, in which he states that, while Acridium succinctum was ravag-
ing the country round Bombay, Acridium peregrinum was invading Mahi
Kantha, Kaira and Ahmedabad, perhaps the results of my observations of
these two species may be of some interest. A. succinctum (if there is no doubt
about the correctness of the name) has long been a familiar insect to me as the
big grasshopper of the Deccan. Even on the coast it is common, and some-
times very common, on hilly ground where there is long grass. But whenever
there has been a visitation of locusts and I have been able to secure specimens,
the species has been A. peregrinum. During the great plague of 1883, when
Matheran and, I think, Mahabuleshwar too were reduced to desolation, many
stragglers fell into Bombay and they were A. peregrinum. I have often met
with them at other times, once as far south as Rutnagherry. But all I have
seen have been manifestly visitors. Their breeding grounds are in the north.
In Sind they are " endemic," breeding in the sandhills of Thar and Parkar and
overspreading the province several times a year. On occasions, perhaps when
for some reason they have been more prolific than usual, they set out on those
great migrations which have given them such a terrible reputation since the
days of Moses : for I believe there is no doubt that this is the species mentioned
in the book of Exodus. Their powers of flight are marvellous. Especially
when they first arrive they sail about with such ease and grace that I have
mistaken them for huge dragonflies. I do not believe that A. succinctum can
be compared with them in this respect, and I have always till lately refused to
recognise it as a " locust " in the popular sense. But evidently it also, when
times are hard, breaks out and overflows its proper limits. Unfortunately
there appear to be no reliable records of the extent to which it may spread.
It should surely be possible even now to ascertain exactly how far the present
swarm has extended.
There is another curious fact to which attention should be directed. I have
obtained, through the kindness of friends, two lots of specimens of this swarm
and they are all of a rich red colour. From the accounts in the newspapers
I gather that this has been their tint everywhere. Now the colour of A.
158 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
succinctum, wherever I have met with it living quietly at home, is a yellow, or
yellowish green. Only the underwings have a rosy tinge. I have lately dis-
covered, however, that A. peregrinum is subject to a similar change of colour.
When a swarm arrives, its uniform is red ; but when it has passed away, the
stragglers that remain soon acquire a pale yellow tint. Some become grey.
Is the red colour of both species a symptom of the migratory fever, or the result
of a long journey in the sun ?
E. H. AITKEN.
Kurrachee, 30 th June 1904.
No. VIII.— THE HIMALAYAN NUTCRACKER (NUCIFRAGA
HEM1SPILA).
Regarding the round holes made in walnuts, concerning which there has
been much discussion in the Journal, may I venture to disagree with those who
assign the cause to the action of a woodpecker.
During last season I had a house in Simla, and there was near it and over-
shadowing an outside " bachelor quarter," a large walnut tree in very full
bearing. Every morning on the path below the tree and on the roof of the
quarter were any number of walnuts with a neat circular hole driven com-
pletely through about the size of a two or four anna bit. The hole was
evidently bored from outside of one side and the nut turned round to enable
similar action to be taken with the other half.
I used to have the bored nuts carefully swept up daily and the tree watched.
Never, did we see a nut fall during the day, nor did a woodpecker visit the
tree but at dusk regularly flying squirrels came to the tree, and I am decidedly
of opinion that they and not birds are the "culprits." Birds do not feed in this
manner at night — the squirrels I refer to do.
Besides, look at the front upper teeth of this squirrel — they are long and
hooked, and if I may say so, almost hinged to the jaw and are just the instru-
ments to produce the noted result.
The squirrel, too, holds nuts in his paws when at work. How is the wood-
pecker going to manage ?
WILLIAM CAPPER, Colonel,
D. M. E. in India.
Simla, 17th July 1904.
No. IX.— THE HIMALAYAN NUTCRACKER (NUCIFRAGA
HEMISP1LA).
When my copy of the Journal arrived I had the pleasure of seeing Mr. W. P.
Masson and we read with interest Lt.-General Osborn's note on this bird and its
walnut-eating propensities. I asked Mr. Masson to see if he had any notes on the
subject, and he kindly sent me the following : —
" Anent that article in the Bombay Natural History Society's Journal, regard-
ing the nutcracker (Nucifraga hemisirila) breaking the shell of the walnut to get
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 159
at the contents, it is entirely wrong as regards our bird in Sikhim. Our Sikhim
birds are never found at a lower elevation than 9,500 ft. high, whereas the wild
walnut is only found between 6 and 8,000 ft.; probably the walnuts in Kulu grow
at a higher elevation and have a much thinner shell than those got in Sikhim.
The shell of the walnut in Sikhim is intensely hard and takes a strong blow with
a heavy hammer to break one and what is there in it after breaking — just
a thin streak of hard woody flesh. No nutcracker or woodpecker could
ever bore into one of these wild walnuts ; if they attempted to do so their
bills would probably break long before any impression was made. I have
seen nutcrackers tearing the moss off a rhododendron shrub to get at the
insects and larva? which congregate underneath. I have also seen them
on the high ranges in September feeding on a sort of red raspberry which
ripens there." I suggest the following : — If these holes are not made by a
rodent, which is most probable, as suggested by Mr. Osmaston they might
perhaps be formed by a grub which had got into the walnut before the shell
hardened and which had either worked its way through or else eaten the inner
coating of the shell and thus made it thinner. As nutcrackers sometimes and
woodpeckers always feed on insects, they might probably be noticed probing
these holes or breaking the thin shells in search of the larva? which they
contained. I spoke to some forest officers about this and they thought it
quite possible.
CHAS. M. INGLIS.
DarJEELING, 22nd July 1904.
No. X — THE BLACK STORK ? {CICONIA NIGRA ?)
On the 29th November 1903, we observed a flock of some 30 birds, un-
doubtedly storks, fishing in the shallows off a sand bank. They were very
wary, and unfortunately, owing to a number of boats and people being about at
the far end of the sand bank, it would have been unsafe to use a high velocity
rifle, and they would not permit any one to get close enough to use a scatter
gun.
Owing to their fishing and playing about, and while some slept and others
sunned themselves, we were able by the aid of a very good telescope and
binoculars to make out a good deal about them. The notes I made on a slip of
paper are as follows : —
Body, dark blackish glossed with bronze. Upper breast bronze green, lower
breast, abdomen, flanks, and under tail, white. Beak, legs and around eyes,
crimson. From this it occurred to me that they could hardly be any other
than a flock of black storks (Ciconia nigra). They were the only ones
seen on the trip down from Myitkyina and I have never met with these
birds on any previous trip or for the matter of that anywhere else in the
province.
G. H. EVANS, F.L.S., Major.
Rangoon, Wth July 1904.
160 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL, HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
No. XI.— THE GREAT WHITE-BELLIED HERON
TARDEA INSIGNIS.)
On the 29th November 1903, 1 was at Hsenbo, a station above the first defile
on the Upper Irrawaddy. I saw a very large heron, unknown to me, sitting
on a half stranded snag at the end of a bank, and I asked Col. S
who was with me to try and shoot the bird with his -303. He missed the first
shot ; the second, however, dropped the heron which proved to be a splendid
bird. Measurements and description were taken at once.
Length of bird from tip of beak to claw ... 5-4"
Do. bill from eye to tip 8*2o"
Do. tibia 9"
Do. tarsus (including claw) ... 7#25"
Spread of wing ... ... ... 40"
From tip to tip ... ... 84"
Length of wing bone ... .... 24'
Head. — Naked around eyes especially in front of and under eye skin greenish
yellow colour.
Distinct crest or heron plume.
Throat. — White for 2" under jaw.
Neck. — Grey or slatey with some long feathers towards base.
In these feathers the midrib was altogether white, while the barbs for more
than half way were bluish ; remaining feathers white.
Body, i.e., breast and abdomen — White, except for a few heron-like feathers
on upper breast which were tinged grey. The outside of thighs were slatey
blue. The under tail coverts, axillaries, etc., were quite white.
The wings and upper tail coverts slatey blue in colour. Mantle darkish
slate. Colour of beak, legs, and feet blue black.
G. H. EVANS, F.L.S., Majok.
Rangoon, Wth July 1904.
No. XII— THE ASIATIC TWO-HORNED RHINOCEROS
(RHINOCEROS SU3IATRENSIS.)
The following measurements of an adult female of this species were kindly
taken for me by a friend who shot the animal : —
Length from muzzle to root of tail ... ... ... ... 7'_«)"
Girth behind shoulder
Girth of foreavm
Length of tail ...
Height at shoulder
Basal length of skull ■
Zygomatic breadth
Horn anterior ...
Horn posterior ...
6'-6"
2'-0"
l'-8"
4'-li"
l'-10£"
O'-ll"
4f"
1"
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 161
The skin, as regards distribution of hair, resembled that of an adult buffalo,
and in its thickest part measured f". The contents of the stomach consisted
of wild mangoes and other fruit, leaves and twigs of a tree not recognized, and
also twigs and leaves of a species of bamboo known locally as " Kayen-wa."
This cow had evidently quite recently dropped a calf, as she was in full milk.
No calf was with her, though search was made near by, nor were any foot-
marks of a calf discovered. Tt is highly probable that the calf was killed by a
tiger a few days after birth, move especially as the old cow was found to be
severely bitten on one hind leg. The udder had two fairly large teats, each of
which showed eleven largish openings.
2,ather more than half a pint of milk was drawn off. It was thin watery of
a bluish tint, had a very pronounced saline taste, but no markedly distinct
odour. When discovered she was lying in a rocky pool. On being hit she rolled
over on her side, but immediately recovered herself and charged, closely fol-
lowed by a second rhino (bull), who had been up to this time unobserved, as he
was behind some rocks. Fortunately a very lucky shot, at about six paces,
killed the wounded animal, and as she fell her consort at once turned tail.
When charging the wounded one gave peculiar grunts and kept her jaws open
as though with every intention of biting. The people about the hills state that
rhinos do bite.
G. H. EVANS, F.L.S., Major.
Kangoon, 10th July 1904.
No. XIII.— LATE STAY OF SNIPE.
In No. IV of Volume XV I read some notes on the above subject. I am
inclined to the opinion expressed by Mr, Aitken, viz., that there are places
where seclusion and good fare tempt a few birds to defer their migration.
In Lower Burma the snipe season may be said to be September and October,
i.e., we find the first snipe in about the middle of August and they are very
scarce towards the end of October. Nevertheless, some snipe, after migrating
temporarily somewhere or other, .return to certain grounds in Lower Burma
where good bag$ may be made in January and February, and I have on one
or two occasions shot 10 to 15 couple early in March. ■
A large number of birds come to these particular grounds in some seasons,
at others not so many. They evidently come more or less all together, as the
number does not increase and a successful weekly visit means so many birds les?
for the next shoot. I have frequently seen a few (perhaps two or three couple
of birds) on the edge of the Myitkyo swamp as late as the middle of April.
In Upper Burma they may also be found very late on certain grounds ; for
instance, last year in Kyaukse district there were any number of snipe on a
ground where some fields were being irrigated from a tank. Unfortunately
no snipe cartridges were at hand, so they were not molested, but with straight
shooting a bag of twenty couple might have been made. This was on the
lGth, 17th and 18th April. In this district there are certain very late grounds,
21
162 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
that is, if visited in January a bag of 10 to 12 couple is as much as one can
make by hard tramping and moderately straight shooting, whereas late in
February or first week in March 50 couple or more may, with straight shooting,
be got. The latest date I have recorded shooting a snipe is in the Myittha
valley on the 12th May 1890, when I obtained 5 having seen perhaps a dozen —
much higher up than where Captain Lane found them.
It would be interesting to know whether the snipe were fan or pintails, I
am inclined to the opinion that the very late birds here are nearly always the
latter. I observe Oates, in his Manual of the Game Birds of India, notes in
Volume II, page 457, that they may very occasionally be met with in June.
I have little doubt that in Burma certainly a few may be met with as late
as this, and I would go as far as to say that I think there may be a few snipe
who spend the year here in different suitable localities.
I fancy the Upper Ohindwin district is the most likely district in which
to find snipe staying very late.
These late snipe are, in my opinion, from a gastronomic point, not very good,
being rather muddy and dry to the taste.
G. H. EVANS, F L.S., Majok.
Rangoon, 1627t July 1904.
No. XIV —THE ANCESTRY OF THE HORSE.
With reference to the interesting letter, signed R. L., extracted from the
Field, on the above subject, which appeared in this Journal, page 70o, Vol. XV.,
I have been in some doubt as to what are his conclusions on the evidence
produced.
At the time that Equus sivalensis flourished, we must suppose that the Sivaliks
were not connected by land with Kattiawar and Peninsular India, or ever had
been, while the present home of Equus prejeivalki was probably under the sea.
The existing genus Equus is characteristic of (though, of course, not confined to)
the desert sub-region of the Palearctic region, i.e., the comparatively narrow long
strip of land reaching from Morocco to the frontier of Manchuria. Now, apart
from its shape, it is, from the geologically recent origin of this land, hardly
credible that a genus so isolated and therefore ancient as Equus could have orig-
inated there.
We must, therefore, suppose that the surviving species retreated therefrom
one or other of the surrounding regions before the advance of man and other
enemies, being so constituted that they could longest maintain their independ-
ence and existence in open steppe-like country.
The question is from which of the surrounding regions did they retreat. The
historical evidence collected by Victor Helm in the " Wanderings of Plants and
Animals" goes to show very strongly that the horse was not a European animal ,
and I think, if we remember, that at the time the Sivalik deposits were forming,
the Thibetan plateau was probably a comparatively low-lying upland ; we shall
find this latter region the most likely original home of the horse.
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 163
I am not sufficiently an anatomist to know whether sivalensls can be regarded
as a direct ancestor or only a collateral of the existing Mongolian horse ; but I
would say in passing that the rudimentary presence of face glands in Asiatic horses
as compared with their entire absence in the more highly domesticated horses of
Europe (by domesticated, I mean more highly modified by the breeder's science),
is no evidence whatever that they are descended from distinct wild species.
As to the Kattiawar ponies, it is now generally admitted that the Gujars were
one of those tribes of " Scythians " who invaded India between the death of
Asoka and Mahmud of Ghazni, and there is little doubt that the Kathis were of
similar origin and brought their Mongolian ponies with them, the breed of
which they have jealously preserved ever since.
L. C. H. YOUNG.
Bombay, August 1904.
No. XV.— BIRDS OBSERVED IN THE NILGIRIS AND WYNAAD.
Having now had the opportunity of overhauling a part of my collection of
skins, I send thesa rough and unscientific notes (in the order in which
I have gone through my specimens) on a few birds observed in the Nilgiris and
Wynaad during a stay of 18 months in those parts. Some few of them and
their eggs I was able fortunately to collect. Should these notes prove of any
interest to members I shall be glad to continue them, but as they are likely to
be very imperfect I should be glad of any aid that could be given me by any
momber who takes an interest in the birds of those districts. I start with Striges
and Accipitres, having but just looked over these.
Order— STRIGES.
Ketupa zeylonensis. — The Brown Fish Owl.
Blanford, No. 1164.
This was common on the Nilgiris and even more so in the Wynaad.
Huhua nepalensis. — The Forest Eagle Owl.
Blanford, No. 1170.
I twice came across this fine owl in the "Wynaad. I do not know if the
cry of this bird be that of the " Devil bird, " but my next-door neighbour, a
Ceylon planter, called my attention one night to a most eerie cry (or series of
yells) which he said was made by the Devil bird, and having seen a pair of
these owls near the garden a day previously I concluded it might be their
call (?)
Scops bakkam^ena.— The Collared Scops Owl.
Blanford, No. 1178.
The species of Scops that I came across in the Nilgiris and Wynaad I con-
clude was this ; it was very common in the latter district, but I did not unfortu-
nately collect it.
Athene brama. — The Spotted Owlet.
Blanford, No. 1180.
I fear I overlooked this very common bird.
1(54 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
Glaucidium radiatum. — The Jungle Owlet.
Blanford, No. 1184.
I have seen this bird as high as 5,000 feet elevation in a shola near the
Terramia Tea Estate, but I do not think it is common.
Order— ACOIPITRES.
Family — Vulturidce.
Otogyps calvus. — 'The Black Vulture.
Blanford, No. 1191.
Not uncommon in either district ; it breeds, I think, chiefly on precipices in this
part of India. I saw a nest on some rocks near the Craigmore toll gate,
Ooty.
Gyps indicus. — The Indian Long-billed Vulture.
Blanford, No. 1194.
This bird perhaps occurs, but I did not observe it.
Pseudogyps bengalensis. — The Indian White-backed Vulture.
Blandford, No. 1196.
This is, I think, the most common vulture, though these birds prefer to
patronize the plains rather than the hills, and are nowhere really plentiful at
the higher elevations.
Neophron ginginianus. — The White Scavenger Vulture.
Blanford, No. 1197.
This is a very common bird round Badaga and other villages. Nilgiris
Kotagiri has a large colony round the filthy " Kota " village, in the centre of
that pretty little station, though where they bred I;was unable to discover.
It is not quite so common in S. Wynaad.
Family — Falconidm.
Sub-Family — Falconince.
Hieraetus pennatus. — The Booted Eagle.
Blanford, No. 1208.
I believe both this and H.fasciatus are not uncommon on the Nilgiris, but my
stay there was too limited for me to speak with certainty : perhaps, however,
some member will kindly correct me if I be wrong. I have heard sportsmen
speak of both.
Lophotriorchis kieneri —The Rufous-bellied Hawk-eagle,
Blanford, No. 1209.
I have a specimen of what I believe to be this bird shot in the Wynaad.
Ictinaetus mala yensis.— The Black Eagle.
Blanford, No. 1210.
This very handsome eagle is a fairly common bird on the Nilgiris. I was told
it bred on precipices (the Gunjara precipices) somewhere near Kil Kotagiri in
company with many other hawks. For this, as for all the larger hawks and
eagles, I believe the Nilgiri Game Association offers a reward, as they are said to
be most destructive to small game.
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 165
Spizaetus cirrhatus.— The Crested Hawk Eagle.
Blanford, No. 1211.
Observed in both districts.
Spilornis chef.la. — The Crested Serpent Eagle.
Blanford, No. 1217.
I cannot recollect having seen this bird on the Nilgiris. I probably over-
looked it ; it was, however, not uncommon in the heavy forests of the S.
Wynaad.
Haliastur indus. — The Brahminy Kite.
Blanford, No. 1228.
This is not very abundant on " the hills " : still it is far from uncommon.
Milvus govinda — The Common Pariah Kite.
Blanford, No. 1229.
Common round stations, — not so much so on the tea and coffee estates out
in the district.
Elanus c.eruleus — The Black-winged Kite.
Blanford, No. 1232.
I saw a pair of these birds hawking, at Poda Padi, at the foot of the S.
Wynaad hills. I do not know if it occurs at the higher elevations.
Circus macrurus — The Pale Harrier.
Blanford, No, 1233.
I saw a few of these birds near the Terramia Tea Estate during the cold
weather, but I think Harriers generally are rather uncommon at the higher
(5,000 ft. to 5,600 ft.) elevations.
Circus melanoleucus — The Pied Harrier.
Blanford, No. 1236.
Same remarks apply as to C. macrurus : if anything it may be met with a
little more frequently, or perhaps its more boldly marked plumage catches the
eye quicker (?)
Circus ^eruginosus — The Marsh Harrier.
Blanford, No. 1237.
I saw an old bird of this species at the edge of a small swamp near the
Terramia garden.
Astur badius. — The Shikra.
Blanford, No. 1244.
Very common in both the Wynaad and Nilgiris.
Lophospizias trivirgatus. — The Crested Goshawk.
Blanford, No. 1246.
I saw a few specimens of this bird in the Wynaad. I do not think it can be
common.
Accipter nisus — The Sparrow Hawk.
Blanford, No. 1247.
I did not personally observe it, but think it may likely occur in the Nilgiris
and possibly breed ?
166 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
Peenis cristate— The Crested Honey Buzzard.
Blanford, No. 1249.
I collected two specimens of this bird and saw a few others.
Falco severus.— The Indian Hobby.
Blanford, No. 1261.
I neither saw nor shot this bird in the Nilgiris myself, but was told it bred in
that seeming paradise for eagles and hawks, the Gunjarra precipices.
Tinnunculus alaudaeius. — The Kestrel.
Blanford, No. 1265.
The Kestrel was, I think, the commonest hawk on the Nilgiris and bred freely
on mostly inaccessible rocks. I, however, was fortunate enough to obtain a nest
containing 4 eggs in March 1903.
Tanaehat P. O., A. M. PRIMROSE.
Assam, July 1904.
No. XVI.— CASSIA OCCIDENTALS.
With reference to Mr. Fischer's remark in the last issue on Cassia occidentalis,
I have also found in this district that the plant has only six perfect stamens.
The remark in Hooker about the petals must be a clerical error since it is the
sepals which are lilac and conspicuously veined.
As regards the stamens, there appears to be a considerable variety. Roxburgh,
II, 343, gives only eight stamens, of which only four would appear to be fertile.
"The Flora of Bombay" (Cooke) and " Bengal Plants " (Prain) both,
however, agree with Hooker.
Anantapue, Madeas Presidency, B. H. BARLOW-POOLE, I.F.S.
1st August 1904.
No. XVII.— NOTES ON THE NESTING OF SOME BIRDS IN THE
UPPER CHINDWIN DISTRICT, BURMA.
No. 553.— THE SIAMESE MYNA i.E. GRANDIS) AND No. 554.— THE COLLARED MfNA
(M. ALBICINCTUSy
The distribution of these two mynas in Burma seems to be very well defined,
both being common in the Shan States, again appearing in the Bhamo District,
and from there across into the Myitkyina and Upper Chindwin Districts.
They are essentially birds of a damp climate, preferring fairly open country
with large expanses of " Kine " or Elephant grass. In the Upper Chindwin,
M. grandis appears as low down as Mingin, and gets commoner the higher one
goes up the river ; whilst sE. albicinctus does not appear until about 40
miles above Kindat, from there it is quite as plentiful as Al. grandis.
Both seem to prefer nesting in colonies of their own species or along with
other mynas of different kinds ; and any old tree, and especially if it be a
Ficus of sorts, will have all the available holes filled up with nests of these two
mynas. This peculiarity of birds nesting together was very marked in a tree
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 167
at Kindat, in which the following birds were found nesting in the month of
May : the Siamese myna, coirmon house-myna, white-winged myna, common
pied-myna, red turtle-dove, Burmese red-vented bul-bul and king-crow ; and
a month before from the same tree a friend of mine took eggs of the " Blue-
Jay " and Palaomis rosa ; another tree at Thamanthi was inhabited by the
Siamese, collared and grey-headed mynas and one nest of the lineated barbet.
The holes taken up by the first three all seemed to have been made by barbets
or wood-peckers ; one huge decayed branch which was unsafe to climb was full
of mynas' nests, the birds going in and out like pigeons from a dovecote.
The strangest nesting site of JE. grandis and albieinctus was finding their nests
in holes along the banks of the river. The Chindwin above Kindat flows through
fairly level country and has steep sandy banks forming ideal nesting places for
sand-martins and the blue-tailed bee-eater which were nesting in thousands.
While going up the river by launch we were surprised to see mynas in numbers
flying in and out of holes in one bank. On getting out our glasses we found them
to be of the above two kinds. This was in the latter half of May and was
rather late, as the majority had hatched out or had hard-set eggs. A fortnight
or so earlier one could have got eggs by the hat-full, as they were nesting in
colonies after the manner of bee-eaters. Whether the holes were originally
made by other birds and then enlarged by the mynas or dug out entirely
by them would be hard to say, as in many cases the mynas were nesting in the
same colony as the bee-eaters, but others I think must have been made solely
by the mynas, as they ran from only one foot to two or three feet in depth. Both
kinds of mynas were found nesting together, but generally managed to keep
apart. All the nests were of the usual myna type— made of grass, rags,
feathers, etc. The extraordinary thing about the nests was, however, that every
nest we pulled out had pieces of snake skin, we must have examined some
dozen nests or more and found it the rule without exception, so that it was not
the weird fancy of a few birds, but the fashion or protective instinct of all.
The eggs are of the regular myna blue colour, the Siamese mynas as a rule
laying rather long pointed eggs, and the Collared mynas slightly smaller and
rounder ones, JE. grandis laying in clutches of three to four, rarely two, and
JE. albieinctus generally four and very rarely five.
We also found Jb. grandis nesting in the roofs of houses and in Hpongi-
choungs.
No. 1503.— THE RIVER TERN (& SEEN A) ; No. 1425.— THE LARGE SWALLOW. PLOVER
(<?. ORIENTALIS); No. 1427.— THE SMALL SWALLOW-PLOVER «?. LACTEA).
On the 30th May I went out to try and get a good supply of Siamese and
Collared mynas' eggs, so dropped down river by country boat. Shortly after
starting I saw a lot of Terns and Swallow- Plovers hovering over a sand-bank,
and thinking that they might still be breeding I landed and extended my three
men, and sure enough we found many nests of S. seena and G. lactea ; but
the disappointing thing was that the birds seemed quite satisfied with one or two
168 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XV L
eggs, and not laying up to the authorised scale of three and four. Nearly all the
eggs were hard-set, a large number of young birds were also about. I was for-
tunate finding four nests of the Large Swallow-Plover (G. orientalis). These again
were quite content with one and two eggs, as two of the nests contained two in-
cubated eggs each and the other two one each, also incubated. This last bird's
eggs were very difficult to find, as they were laid on grassy mounds on the sand
bank, whilst the Terns and Lesser Swallow-Plovers laid out on the bare sand. It
was very interesting watching the strange antics the two kinds of swallow-plovers
went through to entice one away from their eggs or young, while the Terns
kept shrieking and swooping at our heads. We only took a few eggs of the
first two kinds, but might as well have taken the lot, as two days after the river
rose considerably, submerging all the sand-banks. It seems as if these birds go
on nesting as long as they possibly can, as a friend of mine kindly got me eggs
of <S, seena and G. lactea in March last from sand-banks in the Upper
Chindwin.
No. 22.—THE HOODED RACKED-TAILED MAGPIE [C. CUCULLATA) : BubmesE
NAME— NA-PA-JU.
This handsome little Magpie is well distributed over the dry zone of Upper
Burma, being found in the Yamethin and Meiktila Districts and across into
the Lower Chindwin and as far, up as Mingin in the Upper Chindwin.
It seems to be very partial to what is known in Burma as " Themin jungle,"
a fairly open thorny scrub-jungle.
I was unfortunately laid up by an accident in April last and was unable to go
out after the nests of this magpie. It was very aggravating, as I had marked
down a tract of jungle where it seemed very fairly common. However, the
Deputy Commissioner kindly came to my help promising to try and get some
eggs brought in, so I gave him a skin of " Na-pa-ju," asking him to order nests
to be brought in complete with branches and eggs. The necessary instructions
were given, and resulted in two nests, with branches complete and some eggs,
being brought in early last May. Both nests were exactly similar in make
and description and were built in a thorny tree, and would, I imagine, be rather
difficult to find, as they were very flimsilj, but neatly, put together, light being
seen through in all directions. The nests consist of two distinct parts, first a
neat saucer 'Shaped structure of " wait-a-bit " thorns, very like the miniature
inverted dome or upper covering to the nest of the Common Magpie (P.
rusticci), inside this was placed a small well-made nest of grass stems and
creepers, the thorns coming up well over the aides of the nest, the whole
idea of nest giving one the impression that the bird feared enemies from below
and not from above. The dimensions of nests were — outer diameter of thorny
structure about six to seven inches and about five inches deep, of nest proper
diameter about three inches by one and a half inches deep.
Eggs measure about '95 X '1 , and are coloured very like ZJ, frontalis, a grey-
stone ground colour with olive spots, some having a distinct zone. There can be
no doubt as to the identity of the eggs, as C. cucullata is the only bird in the
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 1G9
dry zone whose eggs remain unidentified. I have shewn both nests and eggs to
K. 0. Macdonald, describing locality and date, so I hope he will be fortunate
enough next year to get a good series of egg^, as the bird is fairly common in
certain tracts.
Monowa, Burma, H. H. HARRINGTON, Captain.
9th August 1904.
No. XVIII.— NOTES ON BURMESE REPTILES.
Dryophis mycterizans.
In a paper on Burmese Snakes. Vol. XIII, page 615, Captain Wall and 1
mentioned a specimen containing three apparently mature young. I killed a
female on 4th May containing five young, without trace of an egg envelope.
Dryophis prasinus.
A specimen killed in jungle by a Burman, 5th June, contained nine (9) eggs.
This snake in the adult stage is described in Boulenger's Reptilia : —
' Fauna British India' — Reptilia and Batrachia, as ferocious, while Dryophis
mycterizans is said to be a very gentle snake. My experience is that both
are gentle enough when left alone, but when irritated Dryophis mycterizans
often loses his temper badly, and with open jaws strikes violently, raising the
fore part of the body well off the ground in order to do so, while I have
rarely found prasinus at all vicious, even when subjected to considerable
irritation.
Lycodon fasciatus.
In Volume XIII, page 372, Captain Wall and I described two specimens of
this apparently rare snake. I have been fortunate in obtaining a third from a
friend who killed it at Maymyo, 3,000'.
Length 2'-7"
Tail 6£"
Anterior chin shields equal to posterior.
Ventrals 203.
Subcaudals 86.
Colour as already described ; there are 28 reddish yellow bands on body and
14 on the tail.
SlMOTES ALBOCINCTUS.
This is the first specimen I have received or seen in Burma. It was killed
on the 6th April 1902 at Sadon, Kachin Hills, 4,500'.
Length 2'-10".
Tail 6".
The internasal suture almost equals the prefrontal.
Loreal shield united with the praefrontal.
Ventrals 202.
Subcaudals 58.
There are in all 23 light, black-edged bands involving two scales, the
intervals eight scales.
22
170 JOURNAL, BOHBAt NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI'
DlPSADOMORPHUS CYANEA.
This snake I consider is a very rare one in Burma, On the 1st instant I
was fortunate in receiving a very fine female ; she was killed in a garden at
Kokine some three miles from town.
Rostral just visible from above.
Loreal depth slightly less than length.
Temporals 2 + 4 R, 2 + 3 L.
Ventrals 247.
Subcaudals 124.
Length 4'-9" ; tail, which was whip-like, 14".
Colour above, a uniform dark, grass green ; under jaws bluish white
turning to slight yellow at fifth ventral, after which the colour was
more pronounced. The specimen was rather mutilated about the
body. I found on opening up a wound into the abdominal cavity two
eggs uninjured, two damaged. There may have been others which were
destroyed.
The eggs measured 1*25" x '62". There was no trace of an embryo ;
the contents consisted of a thick creamy material of a pale yellow
colour.
The food, etc., of Chrysopelea ornata.
In Boulenger's Reptilia and Batrachia, page 372, it is stated that "it feeds
almost exclusively on Geckos." I believe that Geckos do constitute a main
feature in their bill of fare. It is clear, however, that they are not averse to
an occasional change. On the 8th July 1900 Captain Wall and I received a
specimen which contained a bat, Taphozons longimanus. Two specimens since
sent to me each contained a bat, unfortunately too far digested for easy
recognition. It is notable that these two specimens were killed about houses,
that is on creepers over the trellis work of porches, where there is little
doubt they found bats an easy prey. Another specimen I caught while it
was lying on a bamboo contained a flying lizard, which I made out to be
Draco tazniopterus.
With regard to the breeding of this snake. In a paper on Burmese Snakes,
Vol. XIII, page 614, Captain Wall and I mentioned a specimen with two
enlarged ovarian follicles received on 27th May 1900 ; again in same paper a
specimen received on 26th June 1900 containing 9 eggs (5 in one ovary, 4 in the
other).
Since this, specimens have been received by me ; one female on 3rd June
1904 containing 11 eggs (7 in one ovary, 4 in the other) : a brood of young
(6) found by a Mali on 14th June which measured from 4|" to 6": in August
two young specimens, from size perhaps 6 weeks old. One measured 13^",
tail 2|"; the other 14", tail 3|". In Vol. XIII, page 345, Captain Wall
and I described the colour of a young specimen which differs from that of
the adult, and I have observed that all the young specimens are as we then
described.
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 171
Naia sputatrix.
One specimen, Southern Shan States —
Scales across hood ... .., ... ... ... 21
Scales midbody ... ... .. -. ... 17
Ventrals ... ... ... ... ... ... 170
Subcaudals 27, first 6 single.
Length ... ... ... ... ... ••• 56"
Tail (docked) 6"
Colour a uniform deepish black with no marks: of any description on hood or
body. One fairly dark ventral band below the neck.
Ophisaurus gracilis.
I have on several occasions received specimens of this curious lizard, accom-
panied by letters of enquiry as to the nature of the peculiar ' snake ' sent. In
Boulenger's work, page 159, Rangoon is mentioned as a habitat. Though my
residence here extends over a number of years, I have never seen nor heard of
a specimen captured here. This might of course easily happen, but that a
great variety of snakes, insects, etc., find their way to my bungalow. I am
quite certain of one thing, however, and that is it is an extremely rare reptile
here. The specimens received and those taken by myself were all at places
of considerable elevation, i.e., from 2,500' to 5,000'. If I remember rightly,
Mr. Hampton informed me it is by no means rare about Mogok in the Ruby
Mines district.
It may be interesting to note that on the 7th August 1903 a friend living at
Maymyo 3,000', while engaged in digging out stumps from his garden came
across two of these lizards at the root of a stump some 15" to 18" underground,
and while effecting their capture discovered eight eggs. The lizards and eggs
were sent to me. The latter were of a dirty whitish brown colour tinged
with red. Measurements varied a trifle, but they were about *8" x '48" and
contained embryos measuring 2^" in length.
The specimens were just as described in Boulenger's Reptilia : 'Fauna
British India' — Reptilia and Batrachia.
G. H. EVANS.. F.L.S., Major.
Rangoon, 10th August 1904.
No. XIX— THE NIDIFICATION OF THE LITTLE BLUE WINGED
PITTA (PITTA CYANOPTERA) IN UPPER BURMA.
On the 26th July 1904, while walking home along a path through light
jungle, I flushed a Pitta close to the path (about 1^ yards). I soon detected a
nest, so retired and took cover near by. After considerable waiting the bird
returned, and I was able to recognise it. The nest was situated on a mound
and only slightly hidden by some blades of long grass. The opening faced the
path, which I fancy was one only occasionally used by odd persons visiting
jungle. What struck me was the enormous size of the nest for a bird so
small ; it consisted of old bamboo and other twigs and a few leaves loosely
172 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
laid about. The interior was neatly lined with fibre, and the entrance hole
was just above the ground. There were five eggs, quite fresh. I ran a tape
lightly over the rough structure, which measured 17" across and 11" from the
upper part of entrance to back of nest. The entrance measured 3" x 4".
I took three eggs : they measured as follows : —
1" x 0-85". . -95" x S". 1" x 0-H5"
Colour as described in Vol. II, page 28:3, of Hume's ' Nests and Eggs,' 2nd
edition, Oates.
G. H. EVANS, F.L.S., Major.
Eangoon, 10th August 1904.
No. XX.— VEGETATION IN SIND.
( Extract from an address entitled " The Province of Sind," by H. M. Bird-
wood, C.S.I., M.A., LL.D., late President of the Bombay Natural History
Society, read before the Society of Arts, London, on 23rd April 1903.)
Within the area watered by the canals all vegetation is luxuriant. Where the
soil is deep and rich, as it is in most of the alluvial tracts, the cereal crops
develop a growth unknown on used-up lands elsewhere. At Jacobabad, a body
of spearmen, riding through a field of "Jowari," the great Indian millet
(Sorghum vulgare), have been known to effectually screen themselves, horses,
spears, and all, in the lofty shelter of the cornstalks. In the forest reserves
near the Fuleli at Miani, the " Babul, " or gum Arabic tree (Acacia arabica),
and the " Kandi " (Prosopis spicigera), the two commonest forest trees of Sind,
attain a height and girth beyond anything seen in Guzerat.the garden of India,
or the Deccan, where the Babul is very much "At Home." In the Collector's
garden at Larkhana there is a splendid Ailanthus excelsa, excelling in size and
vigour of stem, branches, and its great pinnate leaves, any of the fine trees
in the grove so well known to travellers at one of the villages on the road from
Wattar to Mahableshwar. The "Tali," or Blackwood (D alb gia lati folia), also
thrives in Upper Sind, but not so luxuriantly as in the neighbourhood of Agra.
At Shikarpur, the magnificent avenue of " Sirras " trees (Albizzia lebbek)— an
entirely modern growth of British times— gives a most grateful shelter from
the hot son of March or April ; nor can I soon forget the plantation of Chinese
Tallow-trees (Sapium sebiferum) near the little English cemetery at Sehwan,
below the massive mud fort on the Indus, which, some say, was built by
Alexander, and some, by Shem, the son of Noah — with what authority, in either
case, no one can perhaps say. I have grown these shapely trees, which, in
general contour and size, are comparable to the Birch, on the red soil of
Malabar Hill in Bombay and on the sandy soil of the University Garden on the
Esplanade, and successfully ; but they have never displayed there the rich
sunset-tints, purple and crimson and gold, with which they glorify the
landscape in the crisp, chilly evenings of the late autumn in Sind.
Nor will any Sindhi be slow to pay his tribute to the pervading grace
of the endless self-sown tamarisk thickets of every landscape in Sind of which
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 173
any stream or pool of water forms a part. In his carefully prepared
" List of Trees, Shrubs, &c," of the Jerruck division, Mr. G. K. Betham includes
three species of tamarisk, one of which, the " Asri" (Tamarix articulata) is a
tree of fair size. In some parts of Sind the tamarisk jungle gives cover to vast
numbers of wild pig.
Beyond the reach of the silt-laden waters the dry and hardened ground is
almost bare, and in such places the physical contrast is most striking between
the landscapes of Sind and the hilly tracts of some other parts of the Bombay
Presidency. My recollection of particular plants is not recent, but I have re-
freshed my memory from a paper I wrote only a few years after I had left
Sind, and I then noted that where there was any vegetation at all the charac-
teristic plants, in places beyond the influence of the river and the canals,
were those of the desert — the " Kirar " or leafless Caper (Capparis aphylla) —
essentially a lonely plant, but beautiful, with its countless brick-red flowers, —
the " Pilu " (Salvadora persica) with fleshy leaves, and strings of translucent,
rounded, glutinous fruit, shining like pearls — and the Parkinsonia aculeata, with
clear, yellow, crumpled flowers, freckled with brown, and spiny branchlets,
which once suggested to a great Italian painter his idea of " the Crown of
Thorns. " Then there is an undergrowth of Camel-thorn ( Alhagi camel orum),
which, near Kandahar and Herat, yields manna " at flowering time, after the
spring rains," and is an agreeable food for camels and useful for
door-tatties in the hot weather ;* and of various plants of the Goose-
foot tribe (Chenopodiacece), one of which, the Sueda maritima, yields,
according to Mr. Betham, " an impure carbonate of soda, used in soap-
making, calico-dyeing and washing," and is also a favourite food of the camel.
And there is that curious plant, the " Panirio " (Wiihama coagulans) , of the
potato tribe, whose juice curdles milk into " panir " or cheese. In these arid
tracts, with such strange herbage, the traveller misses the fresh, bright tints
which enliven the forests of the Konkan and the western Ghats in the early
spring of March or in the second spring of the early weeks of June. The
prevailing tones are sad, secondary, bluish-greens, and the same faint colours
repeat themselves everywhere on uncultivated lands, and are only rarely relieved
by the deep, glossy greens of the Salvadora. There is nothing like it in the
rest of the Presidency, except in the districts nearest Sind. It is to the Flora
of Africa that the indigenous vegetation of Sind is most closely allied.
No. XXI.— THE RUSSELL'S VIPER.
On the 14th February last, whilst encamped in the Dantra district of the
Mahi Kantha, I killed a Daboia (Vipera russellii) of such an unusually large
size that perhaps it may be considered worthy of record in our Journal.
One of my servants, on rising from his midday sleep, noticed the quite fresh
trail of a large snake so near to the spot where he had been lying that it must
almost have touched him. On drawing the notice of my butler to the trail
* Dr. Dietrich Brandis' " Forest Flora of North-West and Central India, " p. 145.
174 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
which could not be mistaken in the deep soil, the latter followed it across the
field to an old Umra tree, near my tent, where he discovered the snake lying,
coiled up, amongst the roots. On hearing him call out " Samp " I rushed out
with a gun and killed the reptile. On drawing it out and measuring it, it
turned out to be a Daboia no less than 5'-4|" in length.
I have killed a good many of these snakes at different times, but this one was
by far the largest I have ever come across.
On examining the mango tree under which my man had been sleeping I dis-
covered a hole in it at the very base of the trunk, for which the snake had
evidently been making when its path was blocked, for a few days later the
same man saw another snake — probably the mate — peeping out of the same
hole. Unfortunately I arrived too late to despatch it, too.
In the Dantra district the Daboia is known as the " Kh?:d chitra " — " Khad "
being the G-uzerati for grass and " chitra " may stand (?) for " cheetah, " the
ordinary term (with " dipdo " — " the spotted one ") in these parts for the pan-
ther, but of this I am not quite sure. In the Konkani districts of Savant Vidi,
where a large number of deaths are annually put down to the bite of this
snake, it is known as the " Gharias." I find the same name is applied here in
Kashmir to a snake which the natives tell me is very venomous. This cannot,
I think, also be the Daboia of India, but so far I have not seen a specimen
although the snake is said to be fairly common.
L. L. FENTON, Lieut.-Colonel, I.A.
Kashmir, September 1904.
The specimen above recorded by Colonel Fenton was undoubtedly a very
large one, but in this Journal, Vol. VIII (page 565), Mr. F. G-. Brook-Fox
stated that he had killed two which measured 5'-6" each. The largest
specimen in our collection was obtained by Mr. J. C. Anderson, at Hurda, C. P.
and measured 5'-2".
According to the standard authority, Fauna of British India Reptiles, by G. A
Boulenger, the Daboia (Vipera russellii) is found in Kashmir up to 6,000 feet.
EDITOR.
No. XXII— A COBRA FEEDING ON EGGS.
A cobra attacked, at 10 a.m. the other day, the nest of a Guinea-fowl sitting
in my compound, and as none of the servants would kill it my wife sent for me.
I arrived about 40 minutes afterwards, and found the cobra coiled up within 24
inches of the nest and the Guinea-fowl still sitting. I shot the cobra and press-
ed two eggs out of the dead body, one of these eggs hatching. The curious
thing was that the Guinea-fowl wasstil! sitting on her nest within a couple
of feet of the cobra after it had taken two eggs and that one of the eggs
should have hatched after having been inside the snake for from 30 to 40
minutes.
C. P. GEORGE,
Secundekabad, \Wi September 1904.
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 175
No. XXIII.— BEE-CULTURE IN INDIA.
With reference to Mr. Phipson's remarks, at the last meeting of the Society,
on the subject of Bee culture in India, the following notes may be of interest.
There are in India, so far as is known, only three species of the true honey-
bee (Apis), viz., A. dorsata, A. indica, and A. florea. A number of other
forms have been described, but these all appear to be varieties of the
above three species. A. indica is closely allied to A. mellijica, the European
honey-bee, and only differs slightly in colour and size, being smaller and
darker.
A. dorsata is a large and very fierce species, frequently dangerous in the
jungle when irritated, and I am not aware that attempts have ever been made
to domesticate it. Mr. David Hooper, in a recent number of the "Agricultural
Ledger," gives the following reasons against any attempt to cultivate this
species as a hive bee : —
" (1) The bee builds naturally in the open.
" (2) It builds normally only one comb, so that the honey cannot be
removed without removing the brood also.
" (3) Although the comb is very large, it is not so great in cubic capacity as
the combs built by A. mellijica, which is readily cultivated, and the habits of
which are well understood.
'• (4) It is only found in a tropical climate."
The first three seem to me to be valid reasons enough ; the last is not
strictly correct, as A. dorsata is common at Simla, where the winter is very
severe, and probably also in other parts of the Himalayas.
A. indica is more or less domesticated and cultivated in Assam, most
districts of the Himalayas, the Kuram Valley, and Kashmir. Its habits are
similar to those of the European A. mellijica. Experiments have been made,
probably with this species, in some of the Bombay hill stations, but, according
to Mr. Hooper, with no very signal success.
A. Jlorea is a small species ; the comb is usually built on a small tree or bush
(at Deesa I nearly always saw them in thorny bushes) ; this species is common
throughout India, but would scarcely repay domestication, and the reasons
against its cultivation would appear to be the same as those against that of A.
dorsata.
I scarcely understand Mr. Phipson's remark about " non-migratory "
species ; I have never heard that any species of bee are migratory. The Apis
nigrocinctus mentioned by him is A. indica under another name.
Besides the above, several species of Melipona (Trigona) produce honey
ani wax in commercial quantities, but as the species of this genus are very
small, no attempt has, I believe, been made to domesticate them. They are
stingless, or, at any rate, have no appreciable sting.
Apiculture is a profitable business if carried out on a sufficiently large scale
by one who really understands it. A few years ago I came across a man
whose brother was engaged in it exclusively in one of the Australian colonies
176 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
and who was doing very well. He told me the number of hives kept by his
brother, and the quantities of honey and wax exported by him, and they
appeared to be enormous, so he must have been working on a very large
scale. I gathered that the Australian Government gave some sort of bounty
on the amount exported.
I have an idea that an attempt was made some time ago to introduce A.
mellifica into the Nilgiris, but I do not know with what success. 1 see no
reason why bee-keeping should not succeed in India, and I should think that
there are possibilities in front of it. The greater part of the wax exported
from India is at present obtained from wild bees.
C. G. NURSE, Major,
Bombay, October 1901. 113th Infantry.
Bombay, 2Uh October 1904.
No. XXIV.— ASSAM BIRDS.
I should be glad to know if Gecinus striolatus, the Lesser Indian Green Wood-
pecker, is at all a common bird in Assam. It seems to be here as my collector
has already brought in two males, this, after my having shown him specimens
of the bird from S. India, he declares it is very common, he also tells me, on
having seen specimens of Megalcena marshallorum The Great Indian Barbet
and Cyarops franklini , that both birds are procurable here in February, but I
very much doubt this. I may mention that both the Black Partridge and the
Bengal Floriken are common birds here. I am told that a former manager used
not unfrequently to shoot as many as four and six of the latter in a morning
and this without much trouble.
A. M. PRIMROSE.
Mornai Tea Estate, Tamarhat P. 0.,
Gauripor, Assam,
October 1904.
No. XXV.— BREEDING SEASONS OF BIG GAME.
If I remember rightly—for I am writing under circumstances that
prevent my refreshing my memory — I alluded on one occasion in the Society's
Journal to the limited field for original observations by naturalists amongst the
larger, compared with the smaller, mammals, in view of the fact that the former
attracted so much more attention both by their size and by the fact that many
of them were closely studied by sportsmen. Although this is perfectly true
from a comparative point of view, there is a great deal that we have yet to
barn regarding the habits and life-history of big game, more especially in
connection with their breeding seasons. I therefore take the opportunity of
directing the attention of our members to the following important note that
appeared over the well-known initials " R. L." in the Field of 3rd Septem-
ber 1904.
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 177
" In the course of his Presidential Address to the zoological section at the
recent Cambridge meeting of the British Association, Mr. Bateaon took occasion
to emphasize the supreme importance of a thorough investigation of all the
phenomena connected with the breeding of animals as affording the chief clue
which is likely to explain the complex problems of heredity and evolution. He
compared, indeed, the breeding-pen in its importance to zoology to the test-tube
in chemistry, and remarked that every variation from type is due to a patho-
logical peculiarity. Although these remarks referred in the main to the case
of domesticated animals, or of wild animals kept in captivity, it is manifest that,
from the standpoint of the evolutionist, it is of scarcely less importance that we
should possess accurate and trustworthy information with regard to the varia-
tion produced in the breeding seasons of wild animals by climate, station, and
environment generally. For it is quite evident that if a species breeds in one
district at a certain time of the year, and some months earlier or later in a
second district, we have, ipso facto, a pronounced element in favour of variation
in its offspring, and thus a valid cause for the eventual production of a new
variety or species. As a well-known investigator of this subject has recently
pointed out to me, our knowledge of the breeding seasons of big game in general
is in an exceedingly unsatisfactory and crude condition ; so imperfect, indeed,
as to be practically useless for the purposes of exact study. Take, for instance,
such well-known works as Blanford's Mammals of India and the Great and
Small Game of Africa, published by Rowland Ward, and edited by Mr. Bryden,
and the unsatisfactory state of our information on this subject will be at once
apparent. Jn the former work, for instance, we find the oft-repeated statement
that the breeding time of a particular species is " about " such and such a month ;
while in the case of such a well-known animal as the Himalayan serow we find
the statement that whereas, according to Hodgson, a single young one is born
in September or October, Adams gives the spring as the time when the fawns
come into the world. Such statements (though no fault, be it observed, on the
part of the author of the invaluable works in question) are, of course, abso-
lutely useless for any generalisations with regard to the breeding seasons of
groups of animals. Take, again, the case of the sambar deer, in which, as stated
in Mr. Blanford's volume, doubt still prevails with regard to the dates of the
breeding season and of the shedding of the antlers, both of which are evidently
correlated. In peninsular India, for instance, the stags are said to rut in
October and November, but in the Himalayas not till the spring, whereas the
antlers are reported to be usually dropped in March in the one area and in
April in the other. Obviously there is something wrong in this. In addition
there is the well ascertained fact that some stags do not shed their antlers at
the usual time, while some are stated to retain them for more than one season.
The probability would seem to be that in the plains the sambar has two breed-
ing seasons, and that stags born at one season shed their antlers and breed at
a different time of year from those which are produced at the opposite season.
All this requires, however, to be ascertained by careful and accurate observa-
23
178 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
tion on animals in the wild state, for those kept in a state of captivity cannot
be relied upon to afford trustworthy data on such a matter.
" As regards the large game of Africa, our information with regard to their
seasons of breeding is much more defective than is the case with those of India;
and in the work on African big game already cited, which, be it noted, has been
written almost entirely by sportsmen practically acquainted with the animals they
describe in their native haunts, it is really surpsising how very little definite
information^ supplied on the subject in question. In the case of some species
nothing at all is said, while in that of well-known forms with a wide geographi-
cal range, such as the kudu, the date of the breeding season is given in one or,
perhaps, two districts. Such information is practically valueless in the case of
an antelope whose range extends from Cape Colony in the south to Somaliland
on the east and to Angola on the west coast ; and what we want to know are
the dates of the breeding season in these widely-sundered areas as well as in
the intervening districts. As to the period of gestation in the big game animals
of Africa, little or nothing seems to have been recorded. Sportsmen are unlikely
to be able to supply the information required with regard to the latter subject,
which will probably have to be obtained from animals kept in captivity. They
have, however, unique opportunities for acquiring trustworthy data with regard
to the breeding seasons of the various species that may come under their notice,
and when the interest and importance attaching to information of this nature
become generally known, I have strong hopes that British sportsmen will not
be behindhand in endeavouring to supply what is vanted in this matter. The
columns of the Field will, I feel sure, be always open to letters containing
definite and exact information on this subject, while it is probable that lists of
the dates of the breeding seasons of a number of species would be accepted for
publication by the editors of some of our zoological journals.
" For further information with regard to the periods of gestation of the larger
herbivorous mammals we must look, at all events in the main, to the officials of
zoological gardens and menageries, and, above all, to the owners of private
collections in parks both in this country and in Africa, where the animals live
under conditions more like those of their native homes than is the case in
ordinary menageries. "
This so ably points out the directions in which our investigations should
be pursued and the weak points in our knowledge of the life-history of big
game that I feel there is little that I need add to the appeal. Many of our
members have almost unique opportunities of gathering the information
required, and I would emphasize the point that it is only by the accumulation
of authentic notes from all parts of the country that reliable conclusions can
be arrived at. As the protection of game has lately engaged the attention of
the Government of India with a view to legislation appointing close seasons,
further information regarding breeding seasons will afford useful data for the
effective carrying out of this object, which every sportsman must have at heart.
There is often a certain reluctance amongst many of those who can collect
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 179
and supply the information to take the trouble to put their observations into
proper shape for publication, but I would urge all those who may be deterred
by this or other reasons to let us have any " definite and exact information on
this subject, " however rough it may appear, for even if it is not in the form of
a note for publication by itself, it will, however meagre, so long as it is definite
and exact, help towards the accumulation of records from which most valuable
information can be deducted when all are tabulated and compared.
E. COMBER, FZ.S.
Burbington, Somerset, 12th September 1904.
No. XXVI.— ALBINISM IN A SHRIKE.
A few days ago Mr. P. F. Campbell, Assistant Manager in the Holta Tea Com-
pany, Kangra Valley, told me he had seen a pure white Shrike on the plantation
which he had left a man to mark while he returned for his gun.. He then went
after it and shot it. The bird, which I skinned and preserved, is pure white,
with the exception of a faint irroration of grey on the outer webs of the
posterior primary wing feathers and of the two outer tail feathers on the right
side, also both webs of the secondary and tertiary wing feathers, the latter
being tipped with very faint rufous. The irides were dark brown and the bill
and legs flesh colour. The rictal bristles, of which there are 7 on one side and
6 on the other, are strongly developed and white. The following are measure-
ments taken from the skin: — Length 9*2", tail 4'5"; wing 3'5"; tarsus 1*1" ;
bill from gape '9".
Owing to there being no markings by which to distinguish this specimen, I
have concluded that it is an albinism of Lanius tephronotus, a common bird here —
in fact the only Shrike which I have seen within a couple of miles radius. It
is evidently a young bird, as many of the feathers of the back and rump are
not completely developed. The preserved skin is in the possession of Mr.
Campbell, who, I have no doubt, would send it to the Society for examination
if requested to do so,
G. C. DUDGEON, F.E.S.
Palampur, Punjab, 20th September 1904.
180
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE MEETING HELD ON THURSDAY, THE 16th JUNE 1904.
A meeting of the members took place at the Society's Rooms, on Thursday,
16th June 1904, Mr. James MacDonald presiding.
NEW MEMBERS.
The election of the following new members since the last meeting was
duly announced : —
Mr. 0. E. Allen, I.P.S. (Tharrawaddy, Lower Burma) ; Mr. F. Walter
(Rangoon) ; Lieut. H. S. Eliot, R.A. (Quetta) ; Mr. C. F. Grant, I.C.S. (Ran-
goon) ; Mr. W. H. B, Salmon (Bolarum) ; Mr. J. R. Huggins (Koraput) ;
Mr. R. EI. Ellis, I.C.S. (Chittor, N. Arcot) ; Mr. H. Fearon (Ooconada) ; Lieut.
R. J. B. Yates (Jubbulpore) ; Lieut. G. H. E. Twemlow (Wellington) ; Capt.
E. E. Beddek (Cannanore) ; Capt. G Clarke (Cannanore) ; Mr. N. A. Worlledge
(Cannanore) ; Dr. G. F. Goldsmith (Lashio, N. Shan States) ; Mr. W. A Knyvett
(Gaya, Bengal) ; Major F. W. G. Wadeson (Fort Sandeman) ; Dr. E. H. Hunt
(Secunderabad) ; Mr. F. A. Moller (Darjeeling) ; Mr. G. A. Miller (Darjeeling) ;
Major C. H. Hale, R.A.M.C. (Rangoon) ; Capt. H. N. Baker (Singapore) ;
Mr. E. Hicks (Tezpur, Assam) ; Major F. de B.Young (Poona) ; The Secretary,
American Museum of Natural History (New York) and Mrs. A. C. Hearsey
(Ranikhet).
The Honorary Secretary drew the attention of those present to the fact that
out of the above 25 new members none were residents of Bombay and very
few belonged to the Presidency. It constituted good evidence that the Journal
of the Society was being read and appreciated in distant parts of the country.
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE LIBRARY.
Faune Entomologique de L'Afrique tropicale.
Descriptions of new species of Aculeate and Parasitic Hymenoptera from
Northern India, by P. Cameron. From the Author.
Descriptions of new Genera and species of Hymenoptera from India, by P.
Cameron. From the Author.
Description of a new species of " quartinia" from Deesa, India, etc., by P.
Cameron. From the Author.
Description of a new species of " Athalia " {Tenthredimdai) from India, by
P. Cameron. From the Author.
Memoires de la Societe Zologique de France. Tome XV.
Blood Immunity and Blood Relationship, by Dr. G. H.F. Nuttall, F.R.S.
From the Author.
The Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, 1903. In exchange.
PROCEEDINGS.
181
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE MUSEUM.
Mr. H. M. Phipson, the Honorary Secretary, acknowledged receipt of the
following contributions to the Society's Collections : —
Contribution.
Description.
Contributor.
1 Malabar Whistling Thrush
(alive).
Mr. R. C. H. Barnard.
Mr. D. A. MacMillan.
Mr. P. Gerhardt.
Mr. E. L Barton.
1 White-tailed Bush Chat...
Mr. S. L. Whymper.
Br. H. Coltart.
Drymoeataphut assamensis..
Schceniparus rufigularis ...
2 Red-throated Tit-Babblers.
1 Close-barred Sand Grouse..
1 Himalayan Viper (alive).
A quantity of Marine shells
from Aden.
1 Skin of the large Brown
Flying-Squirrel.
Do.
Do.
Major H. A. F. Magrath.
Mr. C. Vernon Purkis.
Mrs. Cabral.
Major A. F. Pinhey, CLE.
Major C. Hudson, I.M.8
Aneistrodon Mmalayanus ...
Some land shells, &c. from
Mr. James Marten.
Assam.
Boar's Tusks, ?|in.
...... • '
Mr W. Kirkpatrick.
Mr. W. Sparke.
Do.
Mr. A. T. Whittle.
A collection of 187 Birds'1
Capt. G. A. Ferreau.
1 Cinereous Vulture (alive).
A collection of Birds1 Eggs
from Quetta.
4 Rats from Kashmir
Major T. E. Marshall, R.A.
Do.
Col. A. E. Ward.
89 Eggs of 33 Species of
Birds.
1 Red-crested Pochard ....
Mr. It. H. Heath, C.E.
Do.
2 Black-bellied Sandgrouse..
Do.
Do.
Do.
1 Snake and Eugs (showing
that this Viper is ovi-
parous).
Mr. G. A. Miller.
Mr T.J. Tomkin.
G Eggs of Common Fla-
mingo from the Runn of
Cutch.
H. H. the Rao Saheb of
Cutch.
Mr. P. Fischer.
1 Slow Loris and young ...
Capt. W H. Lane.
PAPERS READ.
The following papers were then read and discussed : —
1. Plants introduced into the Victoria Gardens, Bombay, since 1896, by C.D.
Mahaluxmivala ; 2. The Wild Plantain, by G. M. Ryan, I.F.S. ; 3. Notes on
the Flora of Northern Ganjam, by Cecil E. C. Fischer, I.F.S. ; 4. The Birds of
Chitral, by Capt. H. T. Fulton, D.S.O. ; 5. Natural Checks on Over-increase,
by Major A. Newnham ; 6 Fly-fishing in the Bombay Presidency (Megalops
cyprinoides, a fly-taker), by W. A. Wallinger ; 7. Melanism amongst Panthers,
182 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
by T. A. Hauxwell, I.F.S.; 8. The Indian Edible-nest Swiftlets (Collocalia
fuciphaga) in the Pulney Hills, by R. Foulkes ; 9. Some notes on Butterflies
and Moths, by L. C. H, Young, B.A. ; 10. Two notorious Insect Pests, by R. S.
Hole, I.F.S.
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE MEETING HELD ON 18th AUGUST 1904.
A meeting of the members took place at the Society's rooms, on Thursday,
18th August 1904, Bev. F. Dreckmann, S.J., presiding.
NEW MEMBERS.
The election of the following new members since the last meeting was duly
announced : —
Capt. A. E. Hamerton, R.A.M.C. (Ferozepore) ; Dr. A. F. G. Kerr
(Chiengmai, Siam) ; Mr. W. T. Page, F.Z.S. (London) ; Mr. W. N. Edwards
(Majulieghur, Sootea P. 0., Darrang, Assam) ; Mr. J. D. Stuart (Minbu,
Burma) ; Mr. E. Steiner (Bombay) ; Mr. M. G. Sykes, I.C.S. (Cuddalore,
Madras Presidency) ; Mr. G. A. D. Stuart (Nellore) ; Mr. H. Calder (Rangoon) ;
Mr. Felix L. Dames (Berlin, Germany); H.H. the Rajah of Dhar (Dhar, C.I. ) ;
Mr. T. Moore (Russellkonda, Ganjam District) ; Major J. W. L. Elgee (Banga-
lore) ; Mr. C. Lucas (Bombay) ; Mr. Norman A. Macleod (Jaffirbund, Lalla
P. 0.) ; Capt. J. H. Dickson (Quetta) ; Lieut. A. G. Lyell (Lansdowne) ; Lieut.
H. W. Long, R.A.M.C. (Jullundur) ; Mr. S. A. Wood, I.F.S. (Loilem, S. Shan
States) ; The Professor of Zoology, Madras Christian College (Madras) ; Mr. F.
W. Chanter, C.E. (Bombay) ; Major L. P. Chapman, R.E. (Bombay) ; Mr.
Cassamali Jairajbhoy Peerbhoy (Bombay) ; Mr. C. H. Stowell (Grant Road,
Bombay) ; Mr. W. W. Bulkley (Jeypore) ; Mr. G. Marjoribanks, I.F.S.
(Belgaum), Col. F. W. Trevor, R.A.M.C. (Bombay) ; Mr. A. S. Lawrie (Russell-
konda, Ganjam District) ; Mr. M. Crampton (Russellkonda, Ganjam District) >
and Mr. R. C. C. Carr, I.C S. (Caittoor, N. Arcot District).
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE MUSEUM.
Mr. H. M. Phipson, the Honorary Secretary, acknowledged receipt of the
following contributions to the Society's collections : —
Contribution.
Description.
Contributor.
A collection of named moths
from Darjeeling.
1 Indian Sloth Bear (alive)
2 Tiger Cubs (alive.)
A collection of Fresh Water
Fishes from Lucknow.
1 Changeable
Hawk-Eagle.
1 BonellPs Eagle
A collection of Spiders
from Ganjam
1 Scaly Ant-eater (alive) ..
Eggs of the Upland Pipit...
Melursus ursinus.
Felis tigris
Spizcetus limncetug
Hiercetus fasciatus
Mante pcntadactyla
Oreocorys sylvanus.,
Mr. G. A. Miller.
Mr. H. P. Le Mesurier.
Major F. W. C. Jones,
K.A.M.C.
Major A. T. Newnham,
F.Z.S.
Mr, H. H. Clutterbuch,
I.F.S.
Do.
Mr. C. E. C. Fischer, I.F.S.
Mr. J. Black.
Mr. F. Field.
PROCEEDINGS.
183
Contribution.
Description.
Contribution.
A Clutch of Eggs of the
White-crested Kalij Phea-
sant.
1 Bnake
4. Cobras (alive) >
17 Phoorsas (alive)
1 Ground Snake
1 Snake
4 Mouse-Hares sp.n
Some Lepidoptera from
Quetta .District.
3 Chukor Partridges from
Arabia (alive).
14 Growing Cocos de Mer
nuts from Seychelles.
1 Malav Bittern
Gennceus albicristatus
Gongylophis conicus
Naia tripudiaus .....
Echis earinata
Eryx johnii ...
Tropidonotus plumbicolor .
Ochotona icardi sp. n
Cacabis chucar
Lodoicea Sechellarum
Gorxachiua melanolophu-s
Mr. F. Field.
Capt. J. S. Oxley, I.M.S.
Col. W. B. Banneiman,
I.M.S.
Do.
Major H. D. Merewether.
Mr. D. A. MacMillan.
Col. A. E. Ward.
Mr. Neville Eliot, R.A.
Major F. V. Whittal.
Monsr. R. Dupont.
Mr. J. B. Russell.
Minor Contributions.— Mr. F. Napier, Capt. G. M. Morris, Mr. J. W. Watson,
and Mr. Bapu W. Telang.
The following contribution to the library has been made :— The Manual of
Plague, by Major W. E. Jennings, M.D., I.M.S. By the Author.
PROPOSED PUBLIC MUSEUM.
The correspondence between the Proposed Museum Committee and the
Bombay Natural History Society was placed before the meeting, and the
following extract shows the opinion of the committee on the subject :—
" We are strongly of opinion that the Government of Bombay should possess
a Scientific Museum in this city, and that a trained staff should be engaged
from Europe with the object of carrying on research in every branch of
Natural History, commencing with those which have a conspicuous economic
value, but we think it would be worse than a mistake to undertake the
formation of such an institution unless ample funds for endowment as well as
for building are provided.
" A museum as a mere exhibition of natural history specimens is, in our
opinion, of very little value, but as the head-quarters of a scientific staff, engaged
in research, and containing working collections from which knowledge may be
obtained, it then becomes an institution of enormous value to the State. For
instance, it is obvious that, as a Maritime people, we ought before this to have
done something to improve the coast fisheries of India, but nothing practical can
be done in this direction until we possess a more complete knowledge of the
marine fauna. At present we know nothing of the migration of sea fishes
or the periods and places at which they breed, and such knowledge can
only be obtained by means of systematic collections made by trained natur-
alists.
" To possess such a museum, therefore, it is necessary to consider what will
be the working expenses of the scientific staff as well as the proba ble cost of a
building to contain collections and laboratories.
184 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
" The Government of Bombay state in the resolution that they can see their
way to 2% lakhs towards the erection of a museum, but they do not say that
they are prepared to meet the heavy recurrent expenditure which would be
necessary to provide for the requirements of a scientific museum staff. To
ascertain what these expenses would amount to we can only refer you to the
report of the Calcutta Museum for 1902, in which the working expenses
considerably exceeded half a lakh per annum, irrespective of the gazetted
salaries.
" The erection of a building that would be suitable for a museum, as well as
a public library (see Government Resolution) on a conspicuous site in Bombay
would cost, we should think, three or four times the amount mentioned in the
resolution.
" The Bombay Natural History Society, which consists of about 900
members throughout India, Burma, and Ceylon, possesses very valuable collec-
tions gathered from the whole of the Oriental region, but they are essentially
working collections and are not suitable for public exhibition, the object of the
Society being in the direction of research rather than display, as is shown by
the character of its publications.
" We note that it is intended to restrict the collections in the proposed
museum to the area of the Bombay Presidency, but if it is the intention of the
Government to undertake scientific research in all branches of local natural
history, this Society will be in a position to render material assistance, and will,
we need hardly say, be willing to do so."
A PRINCELY OFFER.
The Honorary Secretary stated that His Highness the Rao Saheb of Cutch
had offered to subscribe Rs. 1,000 a year, for three years, to this Society, if
it could see its way to engage an expert from Europe to make a marine zoological
survey of the Bombay Coast, including the Gulf of Cambay and the Runn of
Cutch. The cost of such an undertaking would, it was thought, amount to
about Rs. 92,000, or, say, Rs. 7,500 a year, for a period of three years, and the
task was consequently beyond the powers of this Society unless generous support
such as that offered by H. H. the Rao of Cutch, were forthcoming from
others. The Committee of the Society had already addressed letters pointing
out the advantages of such a survey to all the States which possess a sea
frontier on the Kathiawar and Konkan Coasts.
GOVERNMENT GRANT,
The Honorary Secretary stated that the Government of Bombay had made
a grant of Rs. 2,500 to the Society for the present year, and that they had
been good enough to promise to continue the grant (provided funds were
available) so long as the Society continued to publish the results of its investiga-
tions and researches on subjects of public utility.
A vote of thanks was passed to the Government of Bombay for its
assistance.
PROCEEDINGS. 185
COLOURED PLATES.
The Honorary Secretary stated that orders for the following Coloured Plates,
for the Society's Journal, had been placed in the hands of their London Chromo
Lithographers :— 8 Plates of Ducks; 1 Plate of Moths ; 4 Plates of Snakes ;
4 Plates of Orchids ; and 3 Plates of Cuckoo's Eggs— total 20 Plates.
The cost of these Coloured Plates would be about Rs. 350 each (or Rs. 7,000
in all), so that it was most important that the Society should obtain as many
new members as possible in order to provide the funds for these useful
illustrations.
PAPERS READ.
The following papers were then read and discussed : — 1. Sexual Colour-
dimorphism in Birds, by D. Dewar, I.C.S. ; 2. The Ancestry of the Horse
by L. C. H. Young, B.A. ; 3. New Species of Indian Hymenoptera, by Major
C. G. Nurse, F.E.S. ; 4. The Enemies of Butterflies, by E. H. Aitken ; 5. The
Himalayan Nutcracker, by Col. W. Capper, D.M.E. in India ; 6. The
Asiatic Two-horned Rhinoceros, by Major G. H. Evans, A.V.D., F.L.S.
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE MEETING HELD ON THURSDAY, THE 29th SEPTEMBER
1904.
A meeting of the members took place at the Society's rooms, on Thursday,
the 29th September 1904, Mr. L. C. H. Young presiding.
NEW MEMBERS.
The election of the following new members since the last meeting was duly
announced : —
Mrs. M, Deakin (Bombay) ; Captain V. G. Drake-Brockman, I.M.S.
(Bharatpur) ; Mr. F. H. Abbott, Secretary, Agri-Horticultural Society of
India (Calcutta) ; Lieutenant J. C. McKenna (Myitkyina, Upper Burma) ;
Lieutenant H. D. S. Keighley (Myitkyina, Upper Burma) ; Mr. C. C. Reid,
I.C.S. (Calcutta) ; Mr. G. H. Belcham (Ratnagiri) ; Lieutenant J. L. Tweedie
(Lucknow) ; Mr. A. L. Godden (Silchar, Cachar) ; Mr. H. R. Hume, D.S.P
(Kaira) ; Mr. R. A. Wilson, I.C.S, (Nagpur, C. P.) ; Captain H. K. Colston
(Mhow, C. I.) ; Lieutenant A. 0. Cameron (JMhow, C. I.) ; Mr. F. G. Arnould
(Kawant, Rajputana) ; Mr. Mahomedbhoy Currimbhoy Ebrahim (Bombay) ;
Mr. J. O'B. Donaghey (Bangalore) ; Mr. C. C. Boyd, I.C.S. (Karwar) ;
Mr. George Service (Bombay) ; Lieutenant F. H. Humphrys (Lahore) ; and
Mr. R. K. Dadachanji (Bombay).
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE MUSEUM.
Mr, H. M. Phipson, the Honorary Secretary, acknowledged receipt of the
following contributions to the Society's collection : —
Contribution. Description. Contributor.
A collection of Moths and Mr. G. C. Dudgeon, F.E.S.
Butterflies from the
Himalayas.
24
186; JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVL
Contribution.
Description.
Contributor.
A Lizard from Baluchistan
2 Cobras (alive)
1 Snake
1 Snake (alive")
1 Monitor (alive)
1 Bat ,
2 Terapins
Some Insects and Spiders
Butterflies
1 Snake (alive)
1 Snake
Agama isolep is
Naia tripvdians
Simotes albocinctus
Zamenisfasciolatus
Varanus Bengalensia ......
Cynopterus marginatus
Platystermm megacephalum
(from Si am)
From Quetta
Python molnrus
Oligodon 3fcDougaW
■?p.n.
Col. R. H. Light.
Col. W. Bannerman, T.M.S.
Do.
Do.
Dr. V. L. Mankar.
Mr. C G. Fee.
Mr. H. D. G. Garrett.
Mr. C. B. C. Fischer, I.F.S.
Mr. Neville Eliot, R.A.
Mr. D. J. Tata.
Mr. E. McDougall.
Minor contribution from Mrs. Payne.
Contributions to the Library : — Annals of the Royal Botanic Gardens,
Calcutta, Vol. X, Part I, in exchange.
Catalogue of Birds in the British Museum, Parts XVI to XXV, from the
Trustees,
BEE CULTURE.
Mr. H. M. Phipson stated that he had lately been trying to interest the
Agricultural Department on the subject of bee culture in the hope that they
might see their way to carry out properly conducted experiments on the
domestication of the two species of Indian bees which are not migratory (Apis
nigrocinctus and Apis dorsata), and also possibly to introduce the European
hive bee (Apis mellifica). Seeing how largely honey is used by the people of
this country for the preservation of fruit and for sweetmeats, it is surprising
that bee culture has not been further developed. Dr. Thedore Cooke made
some interesting experiments several years ago, in Poona, with Apis indica, but
as this species of bee is known to be migratory the experiments led to dis-
appointment, as on the approach of the hot season the swarms fled to the hills
along with the Government officials. Had the experiments been made with
the rock bee (Apis dorsata), which is twice the size of the other, the results
might have been very different.
Mr. L. C. H. Young, the Honorary Secretary of the Insect Section, read
some extracts from the latest work on the subject of Indian Hymenoptera, by
Col. C. T. Bingham, and suggested that members of the Society living in the
Punjab, Kolhapur, and other places, where experiments had been made, should
be asked to communicate with the Society on the subject.
FLEAS.
The Honorary Secretary stated that Capt. W. G. Liston, I.M.S., had kindly
offered to read another paper before this Society, at the November meeting, on
the subject of fleas and the part they play in the propagation of plague. Capt.
Liston, it will be remembered, read a paper on this subject on the 15th March
1903, but he has since devoted much time to it and an account of his recent
investigations will be of the greatest interest.
PROCEEDINGS.
187
PAPERS READ.
The following papers were read and discussed : —
1. Water-yielding Plants found in the Thana Forest, by G. M. Ryan, I.F.S. ;
?,. Cassia occidentalis, by B. H. Barlow-Poole, I.F.S. ; 3. Birds observed in the
Nilgiris and Wynaad, by A. M. Primrose ; 4 Notes on the Nesting of some Birds
in the Upper Chindwin District, Burma, by Capt. H. H. Harrington ; 5. Notes on
Burmese Reptiles, by Major G. H. Evans, A.V.D., F.L.S ; 6. Notes on the
Hornbills of the Pegu District, by C. W. Allan, I.F.S ; 7. The Russell's Viper
by Lt.-Col. L. L. Fenton ; 8. A Cobra Feeding on Eggs, by C. P. George, all
of which will appear in full in the Society's Journal.
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE MEETING HELD ON THURSDAY, THE 24th
NOVEMBER 1904.
A meeting of the members took place at the Society's rooms on 24th Novem-
ber 1904, Colonel W. B. Bannerman, I.M.S., presiding.
NEW MEMBERS.
The election of the following new members, since the 1st meeting, was duly
announced : — Mr. Julian North (Calcutta) ; Mr J. May (Parlakimedi, Ganjam
District) ; Mr. A. Panton (Bombay) ; Mr. Purshotumdas Visram Maoji (Bom-
bay) ; Rev. Joao Rebello (Margao, Goa) ; Captain C. B. Harrison, I.M.S.
(Madura) ; Mr. T. D. Hamilton, I.F.S. (Rangoon) ; Mr. J. Harding Pas.coe
(Kolla Kombi, Nilgiri Hills) ; Mr. Gordon Dalgliesh (London) ; Mr. W. R. Le
Grand Jacob, I.F.S. (Darjeeling) ; Mr. C. W. Dunn, I.C.S. (Rangoon) ; Lieu-
tenant J. A. Pottinger (Rangoon) ; Captain W. D. A. Keys, I.M.S. (Bombay) ;
Mr. G. F. Curran (Mysore); and Mr. C. G. de C. Ireland, I.C.S. (Dehra
Dun).
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE MUSEUM.
Mr. H. M. Phipson, the Honorary Secretary, acknowledged receipt of the
following contributions to the Society's collection : —
Contribution.
Description.
Contributor.
1 Snake (alive)
Lycodon travancoricus ...
Col. W B. Bannerman,
I.M.S.
1 Snake Calive)
Lycodon aulicus
Do.
A collection of Orthop-
Mr. S. Lightfoot.
terous Insects,
1 Snake (ilive)
Eryxjohnii
Mr. R. C. Farrel, I.F.S.
1 Snake
Dipsis multimaculata
Mr. S. Lightfoot.
A collection of Mantidse,
Do.
Grasshoppers, &c.
1 Snake (alive)
Helicops schistosus
Capt. F. Wall, I.M.S.
1 Snake
CallopMs trimaculatus ...
Capt. J. Oxley, I.M.S.
3 Lizards from Pegu
Liolepis belliana ...
Mr. C. W. Allan, I.F.S.
2 Flying Lizards from
Draco blanfordii
Do.
Pegu.
A number of Cage Birds
Mr. G. De Saone.
(alive).
188 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI,
Contribution.
Description.
Contributor.
4 Species of Snakes
A number of Beetles
1 Malay Bittern ...
1 Snake ... ... •
1 Snake (alive)
1 Crimson-breasted Barbet
or Coppersmith.
1 Indian Pied Kingfisher
1 Franklin's Nightjar
1 Pied Crested Cuckoo
1 Rose-ringed Paroquet ,
1 Painted S:md -grouse ,
1 Large or BUck-bellied
Sand-grouse.
1 Large Pin-taied Sand
grouse.
3 Common Kand-grouBe ..
1 Grey Partridge
1 Red Shank
4 Wood-snipes
1 Western Bamboo Par-
tridge.
A collection of Mantidse
1, Snake
1 Saake (alive)
1 Snake
1 Saake
1 Snake " Dhaman "
2 Hawk Bill Turtles from
Port Blair (alive).
31 Eggs of Roseate Tern
3 Snakes
1 Black-tailed Godwit
1 Snake (alive)
2 Snakes
1 Snake
Lycodon aulieus, v ar .
Lycodon travancoricus.
Bungarus candidus
Polyedontophis subpuncta-
tus.
Buprestidce spm
Gorsachius melanolophus ...
Bungarus canitidus
Zamenis mucositis ... ...
Xantholcena hcemstucephala.
Ceryle varia.
Capriiuulgus monticola
Cocr.ystes Jacob inus
Palceornis torquatus
Pterocles fasciatus
Pterocles arenarius
Pteroclurus alchata
Pteroclurus exustus
Francolinus pondicerianus.
Tot anus calidris
Gallinago nemoricola
Bambusicola fytchii
Psammophis leithii
Dipsas forsteni
Simotes amensis ... ...
Oligodon sp... ... ... I
Zamenis mucosus
Chelone inbricata
Sterna doug alii
lycodon aulieus, dark va-
riety.
Limosa cegocephala
Tpimeresurus monticola ...
Psammodynastes pulveru-
lentus.
Poly odontophus eollaris ...
Capt. P. Wall, I.M.S.
Do.
Do.
Mr. F. G.Arnold.
Mr. R. G Foster.
Mr. C. H. Donald.
Do.
Maj. C. G. Nurse. F.E.S.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Mr. S. Lightfoot.
Do.
Do.
Mr. T. Ruttonji.
Col. Bannerman, I.M.S.
Mr. C. H. Donald.
Do.
Mrs. Inglis.
Mr. C. Gilbert Rogers,
I.F.S.
Mr. W. F. Jardine.
Col. W, B. Bannerman,
I.M.S.
Mr. H. S. Symons.
Mr. A Wright.
Mr. J. Donaghey.
Do.
PLAGUE, EATS, AND FLEAS.
Captain Liston defined plague as a rat disease which was not unfrequently
under favouring circumstances communicated to man. The disease, there-
fore, among men might almost be said to be accidental and certainly avoida-
ble if there were a distance between rats and men. He said that the idea
that rats played the most important part in the spread of plague was no new
one, it was recognised by the ancients as well as by more recent authorities
who had practical experience of the disease If it was a rat's disease then it
was likely that the disease had its own distinct laws of origination and con-
tinuance among these animals. It was precisely this study of the disease in
rats that had been neglected. Before any progress could be made we wanted
to know more about the life and habits of rats. He then proceeded to dis-
PROCEEDINGS. 189
cuss a few of the habits of rats that had an important bearing on the spread
of plague. He considered, first, the species of domestic rats. There were two
very distinct species : Mus decumanus, the common rat found in Europe ; it
was a burrowing rodent and lived in drains and cellars. Mus rattus was the
common rat of Bombay and the Bast generally ; it lived in the roofs of houses
and even trees ; it was a truly domestic rat. Plague might rage as an epizootic
among rats of the species of Mus decumanus and man would have little
chance of infection, but an epizootic of this disease among rat of the species
Mus rattus was very liable to be communicated to man. The species
of rat affected with plague had an important bearing on the spread of
the disease in man, not from any inherent difference in the susceptibility
to the disease in the particular species, but because of the habits of
the species. The disappearance of plague from Europe was coincident
with the invasion of that Continent by the brown rat and the displacement of
the black rat by that species. While the habits of the black rat played an
important part in the spread of plague, the habits of men encouraged or dis-
couraged the prevalence of this species of rat. In Europe the brown rat dis-
placed the black rat as pucca buildings became erected, as drainage systems
were developed, as stables were separated from dwelling-houses, as shops,
warehouses and granaries were no longer used as human habitation. As stone
and wooden floors displaced mud and rush-covered ground, as beds became
used in place of heaps of straw, so the black rat was driven from his haunts
and the brown rat had it all his own way. man and rats were separated from
one another and plague ceased to trouble, for man played an important part
in spreading the diseases among rats. Rats like men were gregarious in their
habits, they had their maharwaras and buniapuras, some rats lived on the
refuse of the people and others installed themselves in the granaries of the rich.
There was little communication between these communities in the same
village or town, and there could be still less communication between the rats
of one town and those of another except through human agency. Ships, rail-
ways, and roads, the means of conveyance of merchandise, were also the means
of communication between rats of one town and those of another ; the rats as
" stowaways" were conveyed with human merchandise. As this was a chance
means of communication, the larger the means of transport the chances were
greater : hence ships transferred rats in this way more frequently than
railway trains. Seaport towns, therefore, were specially liable to be infected
by this method, viz., from rat to rat through merchandise conveyed by man.
Another habit of rats that had an important bearing on the spread of plague
was their habit of migrating as a community when scared by an unusual mortal-
ity among them In this habit they resembled man. Plague could under
these circumstances be spread from one rat community to another rat com-
munity in the same town where fresh focus of infection might be set up.
This habit also increised the chances of infected rats being conveyed by
merchandise. Again, the breeding season of rats played an important part
190 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
in the spread of plague, because the number of susceptible individuals was
increased ; and (2) the number of fleas (the transmitters of infection) were
also greatly multiplied. If plague was a rat disease, how was it communicated
to man ? He then passed on to consider how the flea acted as a transmitter of
infection. He classed plague together with certain epizootic diseases which
were communicable to man, viz., anthrax, glanders, and hydrophobia. He
considered the means by which these diseases were transmitted, and said that
plague differed from them all. The microbe of this disease produced no spore
or seed like the anthrax bacillus, it multiplied by fission as a plant might be
multiplied by cuttings. There were two sorts of cuttings : resistant,
which could be kept out of their natural soil for a long time, and non-resistant,
which had to be placed shortly after removal from the parent plant into
suitable soil. The germ that caused glanders belonged to the former class ; the
plague germ and the virus of hydrophobia to the latter class. But in the cases
of hydrophobia there was direct transf errence of the poison from the rabid
dog to man by a bite. This did not usually occur in plague. There was a
third method of reproducing plants, viz., by using a gooty. It was by this
method that plague was propagated in men and animals. The flea acts as the
gooty. The plague germ found in the flea's stomach a daily supply of the
very food it required, viz., animal blood ; it was not acted on by the digestive
juices of the flea, and here it was securely protected from light, dessication,
and contaminating bacteria, which acted on the plague germ as weeds do on a
delicate plant. The flea, however, being animate acted both as gooty andraali,
and transferred the plague germ by its bite to suitable soil, the animal body.
He then considered the various species of fleas, and some of their habits. He
pointed out that flea-ridden animals often had their own characteristic flea.
The rat flea was seldom found on man ; how, then, could plague be conveyed
from rat to man or from man to rat by means of fleas ? He detailed how the
question had been solved. It depended on the migration of rats in the pre-
sence of an unusual mortality among them. They left their fleas behind and
these latter in sheer hunger attacked men and other animals. He recorded
experimental proof of this fact in the case of a certain epidemic among
guineapigs and in the case of an outbreak of plague in a chawl in Bombay.
While normally rat fleas were never found on guineapigs, in the above case they
swarmed on them. 18 aloue were taken on one sick guineapig. Man seldom
harbours the rat flea ; he had found one rat flea in 246 fleas caught on man
under normal conditions. In the case of the chawl above recorded, of 30 fleas
caught on man no less than 14 were rat fleas. He then briefly referred to
experimental methods of plague infection in animals, and stated that one or
two germs were able to kill an animal when introduced under the skin by a
needle, while millions of germs were necessary by any other method. Which,
then, was likely to be the most common method of infection ? Granted that
infection generally occurred through the skin, he showed that there wa3 a
mass of evidence against the introduction of the bacillus through accidental
PROCEEDINGS. 191
cuts and abrasions, and everything pointed to the virus being introduced by
such an insect as the flea. He also explained the seasonal and endemic pre-
valence of plague in terms of the habits of rats and fleas. He pointed out that
infection in neighbouring towns and villages was chiefly conveyed by man to
rats by means of rat fleas carried on clothing. He concluded by pointing to
many facts in connection with the epidemiology of plague which could be ex-
plained in no other way than that the flea was the transmitter of infection —
such facts as the notorious infectivity of houses particularly at night, and the
efficiency of oil and tobacco as preventives against plague. He would have liked
to consider preventive measures against plague, but time did not permit. He
said, however, that to his mind since it was impossible to place a distance
between rats and man except by years of sanitary improvement and education,
the only method that held out any hope of salvation now and until sanitary
reforms were carried out, was to acquire immunity to plague by inoculation.
The Honorary Secretary stated that Captain Listen's paper would be pub-
lished in full in the Society's Journal.
OTHER PAPERS.
The following papers were also read and discussed : — " Bee Culture in India,"
by Major C. G. Nurse. " Description of a new Snake," " Oligodon McDougallt,
by Captain F. Wall, I.M.S., C.M.Z.S. "The Butterflies of Ceylon." by
Major N. Manders, R.A.M.C., F.Z.S., F.E.S.
PALMS GROWING IN BOMBAY.
Mr. H. M. Phipson exhibited photographs of 21 different species of palm
trees growing in Bombay under natural conditions.
COBRAS DIGESTING WHOLE EGGS.
Colonel W. B. Bannerman, I.M.S., stated that with reference to Mr. C. P.
George's paper on this subject, read at the last meeting of the Society,
he had, as then promised, made several experiments with the live cobras in his
possession at the Government Laboratory at Parel, which showed that a hen's
egg, with the shell intact, if pushed carefully down into the snake's stomach,
became entirely dissolved in the course of 48 hours.
VANILLA FRUITING IN BOMBAY.
Mr. C. D. Mahaluxmiwala exhibited a bunch of vanilla pods grown in the
Victoria Gardens, and explained the process of artificial fertilization which it
was necessary to resort to hi this country in the absence of the proper insect.
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JOURNAL
OF THE
B O T& B^ Y
Natural §p8tor£ ji0ri%
Vol. xvi. BOMBAY. No. 2.
THE MOTES OF INDIA.
SUPPLEMENTARY PAPER TO THE VOLUMES IN
"THE FAUNA OF BRITISH INDIA."
SERIES III. PART III.
By Sir George Hampson, Bart., f.z.s., f.e.s.
(Continued from pag e 151 of this Volume.")
ZyG-ENIDvE.
501c. Clelea refulgens. n. sp. ( PI. D, f. 3).
$ . Black ; head, thorax and abdomen suffused with golden green, antennae
with violet-blue. Forewing with the basal half suffused with golden-green with
copper reflections ; a golden-green discoidal spot and postmedial band excurve
from costa to vein 4, then oblique and not reaching inner margin ; a brilliant
blue-green terminal line. Hindwing with the base brilliant metallic blue ex-
tending as a streak below cell to beyond middle and on inner area nearly to
tornus. Underside of forewing with metallic blue streaks on costa and below
cell to middle ; hindwing with the base metallic blue extending on costal area
to beyond middle and continued as a fine line to apex and on termen, in cell to
middle and on area below the cell to termen, a discoidal spot.
Habitat.— Manipur, Mao 6000' (Doherty). Exp. 28 mill. Type— -in B. M.
532. Pidorus geminus, insert (syn.) Pidorus lenos Swinh., A. M. N. H. (7) 6a,
p. 305.
p. 269. Under Cyclosia insert (syn.) Pintia, p. 258.
545. Pintia ferrea is the $ of 577. Cyclosia papilionaris and 575 C. nigres-
cens and 576 C.parvula are varieties.
547. Pintia latipennis is the $ of 578. Cyclosia australinda, many speci-
mens of both sexes bred (T. R. Bell).
Psychid^;.
625a. Acanthopsyche (Dasaratlia) canarensis. n. sp.
£. Uniform cupreous brown. Forewing with veins 4-5 stalked; 7 from
cell. Hindwing with vein 5 from middle of discocellulars.
194 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
Habitat. — Kanaka, Karwar (Davidson). Exp. 24 mill. Type — in B. M.
6'dSu. Psyche (Heylaertsia) laniata. n. sp.
ft. Head, thorax and abdomen black-brown clothed with long hair ; anten-
nae with long branches to near extremity ; wings rather thickly clothed with
long black-brown hair-like scales. Forewing with vein 3 from before angle
of cell ; 5 from above angle ; 6 from well below upper angle ; 7#8 shortly
stalked; 9-10 on a long stalk; 11 from cell. Hindwing with vein 3 from
before angle of cell ; 4*5 stalked ; 6 absent.
Larva case covered with fragments of leaves, straw, etc.
Habitat.— Ceylon, Matale (Pole). Exp. 14 mill. Type—m B. M.
Cossid^:.
651c. Cossus cashmirensis is a distinct species from acronyctoides ; the
antennae are bipectinate with the branches long at base, whilst in the latter they
are nnipectinate with the branches short at base, then increase in length before
middle ; the former also is a larger, broader-winged insect with the markings
darker.
Section III. Antennae of male thickened and laminate, but not pectinate.
6516. Cossus FUSCIBASIS.
651&. Cossus rufidorsia, n.sp. (PI. D, f. 5).
ft. Head, thorax and abdomen grey-brown with a rufous tinge. Forewing
grey-brown thickly striated with dark-brown ; the inner area tinged with
rufous ; an indistinct dark line from costa beyond middle to inner margin near
tornus and with another indistinct line just beyond it ; an obscure irregular
subterrninal line furcate in places. Hindwing fuscous brown.
Habitat. — Sikhim (Dudgeon). Exp. 36 mill. Type — in B. M.
Genus Paracossus, nov.
Palpi upturned slender not quite reaching vertex of head ; antennae of male
bipectinate with short branches diminishing regularly to apex ; tibiae with the
spur short, hind tibise with two pairs. Forewing with vein 3 from before angle
of cell ; 5 from above angle ; 6 from below or from upper angle ; 7. 8. 9. 10
stalked ; 11 from cell. Hindwing with veins 3*4 from angle of cell, 5 from
above angle ; 6 from below upper angle ; 8 free.
Section I. Forewing with vein 6 from angle of cell.
656&. Paracossus parva, n. sp,
£ . Pale grey-brown ; abdomen darker dorsally. Forewing with fine dark
striae ; the inner area tinged with reddish
brown; a fine black medial line slightly bent
outwards at median nervure below which
it is excurved ; an oblique line from costa
to upper angle of cell, then following the
discocellulars and with a slight fork on
outer side, bent inwards on median nervure
and angled outwards on vein 2, then
incurved ; a postmedial line incurved from costa to vein 4 where it is angled
THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 195
outwards, then incurved and sinuous and connected by an oblique streak at vein
4 with the irregularly waved subterminal line which is indistinctly forked in
places. Hindwing semihyaline fuscous brown with the veins darker.
Habitat.-^- Ceylon, Matele (Pole). Exp. 28 mill. Type— in B. M.
Section II. Forewing with vein 6 from well below angle of cell.
656c. Paracossus, furcata. n. sp. (PI. D, f. 30).
9 . Brownish-grey. Forewing with dark striae, an indistinct oblique brown
antemedial line bifurcating and enclosing an eliptical spot at middle ; a medial
line bent obliquely outwards from median nervure to submedian fold where it
is connected by a streak with the postmedial line which is strongly incurved
below vein 4 where it is connected by an oblique spur with the irregularly
waved subterminal line which is obscurely furcate in places. Hindwing pale
fuscous brown.
Habitat.— Pegu, Magane. Exp. 34 mill. Type— in B. M.
Drepanid^;.
712a. Drepana fulvicosta, Dudgeon, J. Bomb. Soc, XII, p. 652 (1899).
Almost pure white; frons brown; antennse, tibiae and tarsi tinged with fulvous ;
wings irrorated with silvery scales. Forewing with the costal edge pale fulvous ;
a very indistinct oblique waved medial line from cell to inner margin and similar
postmedial and subterminal lines. Hindwing with indistinct waved postmedial
and two subterminal lines.
Habitat. — Punjab, Manpuri; Bhutan. Exp. 34*38 mill.
741. Problepsidis albilinea, Warr. Nov. Zool., VI., p. 4.
£. Antennae strongly laminate ; forewing with vein 11 from the cell.
Brownish-ochreous irrorated with black ; palpi, frons and fore tibiae and tarsi
in front black ; abdomen dorsally suffused with black. Forewing with two
highly waved, curved, indistinct fuscous antemedial lines ; a similar medial line ;
two very obliquely placed black discoidal points ; a postmedial highly waved line
oblique from vein 4 to inner margin before middle ; a similar outer postmedial
line with interrupted white strigas on its oblique portion ; a subterminal dentate
line with black points on it ; cilia chequered with black. Hindwing with two
nearly straight antemedial lines ; the medial area yellow with a black dis-
Ooidal point ; a dentate line just beyond middle followed by two indistinct
waved lines, then a nearly straight postmedial line ; a subterminal line of small
dentate marks • a fine terminal line.
Habitat. — Assam, Khasis. Exp. 42 mill.
744a. Deroca hidda, Swinh., A. M. N. H. (7), 6, p. 306.
Differs from hyalina in its small size ; the vertex of head white. Forewing
with the antemedial and medial lines angled inwards in submedian interspace.
Habitat, — Assam, Jaintia Hills. Exp. 32 mill.
746a. Phalacra multilineata, rename P. acutipennis, Swinh. A. M. N. H.
(7), XI., p. 502 (1903).
747. Phalacra excisa, insert (syn.) P. multilineata, Warr., Nov. Zool.,
IV., p. 16.
196 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
THYRIDID.E.
764a. Striglina ignepicta. n. sp. (PI. D, f. 6).
£. Head, thorax and abdomen olive-brown; palpi and antennae marked
with white ; pectus white ; legs banded with white ; abdomen with subdorsal
fiery red spots on last three segments and a slight white dorsal line on terminal
segment, the ventral surface banded with white. Forewing dark olive-brown
with darker striae ; a maculate patch of fiery red below costa beyond middle
with some white points above it on costa ; an ochreous spot in end of cell with
a round hyaline spot below it ; cilia white at tips. Hindwing dark olive-
brown with slight fiery red suffusion between vein 5 and tornus towards which
it develops into more distinct spots ; cilia white at tips. Underside strongly
striated with white ; forewing with the yellow in end of cell extending round
the hyaline spot and with some silvery suffusion before and beyond it.
Habitat— Bombay ; Castle Rock (Davidson). Exp. 14 mill. Type— in B. M.
811. Dysodia ignita, insert (syn.) Dysodia bipuncta and D. levis, Warr., Nov.
Zool., VII., p. 100.
Limacodid^:.
822c. Macroplectra ceylonica. n. sp.
g. Yellow-brown irrorated with fuscous. Forewing with ill-defined ante-
medial black line from cell to inner margin ; a very ill-defined postmedial line
from vein 8 to 3. Hindwing black-brown, the cilia yellow-brown.
Habitat.— €eylon, Matale (J. Pole). Exp. 16 mill. Type— in B. M.
822c?. Macroplectra inconspicua, n. sp.
£. Antennae greatly thickened and flattened.
Ochreous ; head, thorax and forewing to the obscure, very oblique postmedial
line, suffused with rufous.
Habitat. — Bombay, Castle Rock (Davidson). Exp. 12 mill. Type— in B. M.
852a. CONTHEYLA ROTUNDA, n. sp.
Grey-brown. Forewing with slight dark irroration ; a series of black points
from costa beyond middle, excurved to vein 6, then becoming subterminal; hind-
wing slightly darker ; cilia of both wings yellowish at base.
Habitat.—!*. Kanara, Karwar (T. R. Bell). Exp. $ 16, $ 20 mill. Type-
in B. M.
Cocoon covered with white secretion leaving points and patches of red-brown.
This species resembles the genus Spatulijimbria except in length of palpi.
874a. Idonauton nigribasis, n. sp. (PI. D, f. 31).
$. Antennas much thickened and rather flattened with a large tuft of scales
between their bases ; cilia of both wings very long and spatulate at extremities.
Head and thorax black-brown, the vertex of former rufous ; abdomen
rufous tinged with fuscous. Forewing rufous ; the basal area black-brown
with nearly straight outer edge ; cilia dark-brown and grey at tips. Hindwing
fuscous brown ; cilia dark brown and grey at tips.
Habitat.—N. Kanara, Karwar (T. R. Bell). Exp. 16 mill. Type— in B. M.
THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 197
884a. Cania notodonta, insert 891a. Narosa uniformis, Swinh., which has
priority.
885a. Cania plumbifusa, n. sp. (PI. D, f. 7).
g. Antennae bipectinate to apex. Head, thorax and abdomen ochreous
tinged with brown ; palpi, frons and forelegs fuscous. Forewing ochreous
suffused with leaden silvery especially on costal area ; an ill-defined waved
rufous line on discocellulars, then retracted to origin of vein 2, then to before
middle ; subterminal line blackish, bent outwards below costa ; then punctiform
to vein 5, then obsolete and represented by some black scales above tornus.
Hindwing ochreous, the cilia dark at tips, at apex and towards tornus. The
underside with the costal half of forewing suffused with black ; a blackish
discoidal spot.
Habitat. — Assam, Khasis. Exp. 20 mill. Type — in B. M.
894. Belippa ferruginea is a distinct species ; B. laleana is the 9 of 896
B. Apicata and it, as also the $ of B. lohor, is indistinguishable
from the same sex of B. ferruginea, whilst the males are quite
distinct.
Lasiocampid^;.
901. Taragama dorsalis.
Larva. l-85". Reddish-brown with long buff-colored hairs hanging down from
head and sides, erected when the larva moves or is disturbed ; head covered
with hairs ; the 2nd and 3rd somites with a sort of hood covering a band of
deep umber-brown ; each somite with a prominent dorsal red tubercle with
short black hairs and a smaller red tubercle behind it ; the l'Zth. somite with
two very prominent black tubercles with black hairs -, a lateral series of buff-
colored tubercles from which the long hairs arise.
Food plant various Acaccias. (W. H. Campbell.)
938a. Lenodora crenata, Hmpsn.
#. Head, thorax and abdomen pale ochreous brown ; anal tuft rufous.
Forewing red-brown, an ochreous white streak on subcostal nervure from base
to just beyond upper angle of cell ; a dull ochreous band beyond the cell
between veins 8 and 2, diffused on inner side, its outer edge very oblique
and crenulate. Hindwing pale red-brown, the costal area and cilia rather
darker.
Habitat.— Ceylon, Horton Plains G-7000'. Exp. 42 mill.
940&. Lenodora tiyalomel^na, n. sp. (pi. D, f. 9).
<£. Head, thorax and abdomen mauve-grey ; palpi and sides of face, pectus,
legs, and ventral surface of abdomen pale yellowish. Forewing fuscous black ;
the co3tal edge pale yellowish ; an oblique semihyaline white band from
below apex to above inner margin near base where it is met by pale hair at
base ; some white hairy scales on termen and in cilia. Hindwing hyaline ; the
veins, costal area and termen fuscous black ; cilia white at tips.
Habitat.-- Madras, Palni Hills, 7000'. (Campbell.) Exp. 38 mill. Type—
inB. M.
198 JOURNAL, BOMB AY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XV I.
942a. Odonestis fossa, Swinh., A. M. N. H. (6) xrx., p. 410. (PI. D, f. 14.)
<£. Dark red-brown. Forewing with indistinct antemedial line angled
outwards below costa ; a small dark-edged white discoidal spot ; a straight
oblique dark-brown line from apex to inner margin before middle ; an indistinct
oblique strongly dentate subterminal line. Hindwing with traces of a slightly
incurved line from apex to tornus.
9 . Yellower brown ; forewing with the oblique line very slightly curved
towards inner margin.
Habitat. — Assam, Jaintia Hills. Exp. <£ 52, $ 66 mill.
LyMANTRIADjE.
971. Aroa pyrhochroma, insert Orgyia melaxantha, Wlk., xxxiii., 324
(1865) which has precedence ; the type must have come from India, not
Cape Colony.
975a. Aroa campbelli, n. sp. (PI. D, f. 8 ).
$. Head and thorax olive-brown ; abdomen grey mixed with fuscous,
Forewing pale olive thickly suffused and irrorated with fuscous brown ; some
diffused white on basal inner area ; a pale olive medial striga from costa ; an
oblique white band irrorated with brown from costa beyond middle to middle of
inner margin towards which it expands widely, slightly incurved to costa and
with its outer edge indented at vein 5. Hindwing pure white with terminal
olive fuscous band, moderately wide at apex, narrowing to a point at tornus.
Habitat.— Madras, Palni Hills, 6000'. (Campbell.) Exp. 26 mill. Type—
inB. M.
982. L&lia exclamationis, insert (syn.) Lcalia adalia, Swinh. A. M. N. H,
(7), vi, p. 305. A large form from the Jaintia Hills. Exp. $ 42, $ 50 mill.
976. LuELIA SUFFUSA.
Larva. Black clothed with rather long whitish hairs and with tufts of long
spatulate black hairs on each side of 1st somite and in middle of 11th somite ;
four brown dorsal pencils of hair on 4th-7th somites ; round whitish dorsal
tubercles on 9th and 10th somites ; a broad subdorsal yellow line and lateral
yellow striations obscured by the hairs ; a sublateral yellow line. Head and
legs pale brown or black. Food plant — grasses..
Pupa in a rather loose pale buff or brownish cocoon. (Dudgeon.)
983. L^ELIA TESTACEA.
Larva. Dark buff with a paler dorsal stripe with dark medial line ; neck
canary-yellow ; each somite with prominent tuft of brown hairs ; very thick
tufts of umber-brown hairs on somites 4, 5, 6 and 7 ; head glabrous, brown.
989a. Pantana ocHROTA;n. sp. (PI. D, ff. 33-34).
<£. Head and thorax fulvous yellow, the branches of antenna? blackish \
abdomen dark fulvous brown. Forewing fulvous yellow, the costal half
suffused by red-brown, at termen extending to vein 2 ; a yellowish discoidal
lunule. Hindwing with the costal half fuscous brown, the inner half fulvous,
$. Uniform ochreous, the abdomen more orange.
Habitat.— Travancore, Pirmad (K. S. Imray). Exp. $ 38, $ 52 mill.
THE MOTES OF INDIA. 1#>
993. Thiacidas postica.
Larva. 1'3". Head red with white V-mark ; body pale yellow-green with
broad white dorsal stripe edged by faint black crenulate lines ; a lateral series
of black spots ; six red tubercles on each somite from which arise long grey
hairs. Food plant — Zizyphus jujuba. (W. H. Campbell.)
1004a. Dasychiracerebosa, Swinh. Trans. Ent. Soc, 1903, p. 483 (PI. D^
£.23).
Head, thorax and abdomen brown mixed with grey ; antennae of male with
the branches rufous. Forewing grey, thickly irrorated with brown ; an in-
distinct curved sub-basal line from costa to submedian fold ; a double waved
antemedial line ; discoidal lunule defined by brown ; postmedial line minutely
dentate, slightly angled outwards below costa and at vein 4, then incurved ; an
indistinct diffused waved subterminal line. Hindwing pale brownish ; the
underside greyish thickly irrorated with brown, a discoidal spot and diffused
postmedial line.
Habitat.— Punjab, Simla. Exp. $ 44, 9 50 mill.
10146. Dasychira magnalia, Swinh. A. M. N. H. (7), xxii, p. 198 (1903)
(PI. D, f. 24).
$ Head, thorax and abdomen dark brown mixed with grey. Forewing dull
reddish-brown suffused with fuscous and slightly irrorated with grey ; an ill-
defined rufous patch below base of cell irrorated with large dark scales ; an
erect waved black antemedial line ; an ill-defined lunulate ochreous discoidal
patch with its centre defined by black, a dentate postmedial line angled
outwards at veins 7 and 4, then strongly incurved ; an ill-defined pale rufous
subterminal line angled outwards at vein 7, inwards at discal and submedian
folds and excurved at middle. Hindwing reddish fuscous brown ; the underside
with discoidal spot, postmedial line angled outwards at discal fold and indistinct
diffused subterminal line.
$ Rather uniformly darker, the lines of forewing less distinct.
Habitat.— Assam, Khasis. Exp. 42 mill.
1030a. Lymanteia mcesta, Swinh., Trans. Ent. Soc, 1903, p. 484 (PI. D, f. 22).
$. Head and thorax grey mixed with brown ; abdomen brownish grey.
Forewing brownish grey, thickly irrorated with fuscous ; an indistinct antemedial
line angled outwards below costa ; an oblique black streak on lower disco-
cellular with a diffused oblique fuscous striga above it on costa ; an indistinct
dentate subterminal line slightly angled outwards at veins 7 and 4, then incurved.
Hindwing pale brownish.
$ Wings rather greyer.
Habitat.— Punjab, Kasauli, Kangra Valley. Exp. $ 38, £ 44 mill.
1031. Lymantria obsoleta, insert Bombyx serva, Fabr. Syst. Ent. 3, i, p. 474
(1793) which has precedence.
1049. Gazalina chrysolopha insert, (syn.) Gazalina intermixta, Swinh.
A. M. N. H. (7) 6, p. 306.
1057a. Euproctis yirgo, Swinh. Trans. Ent. Soc, 1903, p. 393 (PI. D, f. 2G).
200 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
ft Pure white ; tibiae tinged with fuscous ; anal tuft orange ; underside of
forewing with the costal area suffused with fuscous.
Habitat. — Burma, Rangoon, Thayetmyo, Katha, Mandalay. Exp. 24 mill.
1063. Euproctis inconcisa del. Artaxa dispersa.
1065a. Euproctis macrostigma, n. sp. (PI. D, f. 29).
ft. White ; antennae and thorax tinged with orange. Forewing with the
costa tinged with orange ; the wing irrorated with large orange scales below
costa to beyond middle, from cell to inner margin from before middle, ex-
tending up to vein 5 beyond the cell and to termen between veins 5 and 3 ; a
large round black spot in end of cell and two subapical spots, the upper small*
Hindwing slightly tinged with yellow.
Habitat.— Ceylon Kandy (Pole). Exp. 18 mill. Type— in B. M.
1071a. Euproctis laniata, n. sp. (PI. D, ff. 10-11).
ft. Head dull ochreous ; palpi blackish at base; antennae brown; thorax
ochreous mixed with black; abdomen black with some ochreous hair at base,
the anal tuft orange at tip ; pectus, legs and ventral surface of abdomen
ochreous. Forewing black, the basal area irrorated with large ochreous scales ;•
the costa orange ; ante- and post- medial ochreous lines formed by large erect
scales and angled in discal fold ; cilia orange. Hindwing black, the cilia
orange.
9 Head, thorax and forewing clothed with very long rough white woolly
hair ; the black areas replaced by brown ; the costa of forewing, the lines and
cilia of both wings yellowish white.
Habitat.— Madras, Palni Hills, Kodaikanal, 7500' (Campbell). Exp. ft 36r
$ 32 mill. Type— in B. M.
^1072a. Euproctis dana, Swinh. Trans. Ent. Soc, 1903, p. 408 (PI. D, f. 32)..
ft. Fulvous orange. Forewing with fine pale very slightly waved medial
line and almost straight postmedial line. Hindwing fulvous brown, the cilia
orange. Underside of both wings suffused with fuscous brown except the
margins and cilia.
Habitat.— Kashmir, Dana. Exp. 22 mill.
1074c. Euproctis fulvinigra, n. sp. (PI. D, f. 4).
ft. Head and thorax orange fulvous ; legs whitish ; abdomen fuscous black
with the anal tuft mostly fulvous. Forewing orange fulvous with slight darker
irroration ; the costa pale ; pale ante- and post- medial lines, the former angled on
median nervure, the latter excurved at median nervules. Hindwing fuscous
black, the cilia whitish ; the underside irrorated with whitish, the costal area
white.
$ . Abdomen fulvous tinged with fuscous, the anal tuft fulvous ; hindwing
with the termen and cilia yellow.
Habitat.— Sikiiim (Pilcher) ; Khasis. Exp, 26 mill.
1077. Euproctis guttata, insert Bombyx flava, Fabr. Syst. Ent., p. 57a
(1775) which has precedence.
1093a. Euproctis xantiiosticta, n. sp. (PI. D, ff. 12-13).
THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 201
ft Yellowish white ; thorax mixed with rufous, Forewing suffused with
rufous and with traces of some six waved and diffused lines ; two orang<
below costa towards apex and a small spot above vein 3. Ilindwing yellow.
9 White. Forewing with a few fulvou3 scales below origin of vein 2 ; two
fulvous spots below costa towards apex, a point below vein G and a spot
above vein 3.
Habitat. — Bombay, Karwar, Kudra (Davidson). Exp. ft 28, 9 34 mill.
1102a. Euproctis bidentata , insert Artaxa dispersa, Moore. Lcp. Atk.
p. 50, pi. ii., f. 6, which has precedence.
11026. Euproctis mirabilis, Swinh. Trans. Ent.Soc. 1903,?pl. 415 (Pi. D, f.28).
ft Yellow ; palpi blackish above. Forewing, except costal area, overlaid with
large brown scales and from before middle to the subterminal line with a num-
ber of still larger raised blackish scales, leaving an ill-defined medial yellow line
excurved and forming a patch at median nervure ; the subterminal line repre-
sented by a series of silvery spots emitting short streaks below veins 7 and 4 ;
the inner margin with large silvery scales and very long spatulate brown hairs
from before middle to tornus ; terminal area with the vein streaked with orange.
9 Forewing with the brown scaling and silvery spots carried outwards as
broad fasciae to termen below veins 7 and 4 ; abdomen brownish.
Habitat. — Andamans, Exp. ft 26, 9 32 mill.
1114a. Leucoma pellucida, Swinh. Trans. Ent. Soc.1903, p. 381 (PI. D,f. 25.)
White ; frons and outer side of palpi pale orange ; femora and tibiae tinged
with orange ; mid tarsi of male with black streak on 1st joint above ; wings
nearly hyaline, the costal edge of forewing and tips of cilia of both wings
orange ; forewing with oblique black streak on lower discoccllular.
Habitat.— Assam. Khasis. Exp. ft 46, 9 56 mill.
1124. Dendrophleps semiiiyalina, 9 like the ft in structure, and appearance
except that the wings are wholly white without any hyaline.
Habitat — Sikhim ; Andamans.
The 9 described, Swinh. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1895, p. 14, and Moths Ind., IV.,
p. 491, belong to Caviria ochripes, Moore.
Ratardid/e,
1130a. E.ATARDA FURVIVESTITA, n. Sp. (PI. D, f. 15).
9 Head, thorax and abdomen fulvous. Forewing dark-brown with a slight
reddish tinge ; the veins streaked with greyish ; traces of numerous greyish striat-
ed lines. Hindwing rather paler brown with a reddish tinge ; the veins greyish
Habitat.— Assam, Khasis. Exp. 52 mill. Type — in B. M.
HYPSID/E.
1140a. Hypsa donatana, Swinh. A. M. N. H. (7) XI , p. 504 (1903) (PI. D, f.
20s.)
ft Head, thorax and abdomen orange ; palpi with the extremity of 1st and
2nd and the 3rd joints black ; antenna; black except 1st joint in front ; tegula:
patagia pro- and mcta- thorax with black patches ; legs white streaked with
2
202 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
Mack ; abdomen with dorsal bands and sublatcral series of black spots, Forewing
grey-brown, the veins streaked with white ; a basal orange patch with a black
spot at base of costa, two subbasal spots and four on its outer edge, the one
in cell small, elongate and displaced outwards ; a very large white patch ex-
tending from the orange patch to beyond middle and from discal fold to
vein 1, beyond the cell extending up to vein 7, its outer edge oblique and
dentate, at vein 2 extending to near termen. Hindwing white with postmedial
black spot in discal fold and subterminal spots below vein 2 and at tornus ;
a terminal maculate band interrupted by the white veins and narrowing from
apex to tornus. The underside with elongate spot in cell of forewing and
rounded spot at upper angle ; hindwing with the costal area black, spots in
cell and on discocellulars and a postmedial spot above vein 7.
Habitat. — Tennasserim, Donat Hills. Exp. 60 mill.
1308a. Mackobkochis flavicincta, n. sp. (PI. D, f. 21).
£ Head, thorax and abdomen black-brown ; palpi orange except 3rd joint j
neck with broad orange ring ; abdomen with orange-yellow bands except
dorsally on 1st two segments, the bands broader on ventral surface,
Forewing black-brown ; a pale yellow fascia in base of cell, then bent down-
wards and in submedian fold extending to beyond middle ; a fascia on inner
margin to beyond middle ; an eliptical spot in middle of cell ; a reniform
discoidal spot with its lower edge slightly angled inwards on median nervure ; a
small postmedial spot below costa and a band between veins 5 and 1, tapering
above and constricted in submedian fold. Hindwing pale yellow ; some-
brown hair at base of inner margin ; a black-brown terminal band extending on
costa to near middle, its inner edge bent outwards at vein 5, then sinuous to.
tornus ; the underside with dark costal fascia and subterminal spot below costa.
Habitat. — Cachak, Exp. 56 mill. Type — in B. M.
Family Arctiad;e.
Sub-family Arctian;e.
Key to the Genera.
A. Forewing with veins 7-8-9-10 stalked.
a. Proboscis more or less aborted.
a1. Hind tibia; with the medial spurs absent.
a2. Fore tibia? with curved apical claw Amsacta.
b2. Fore tibia; without apical claw.
a:i. Head and thorax clothed with rough wool-
ly hair „ Manas.
b*. Head and thorax smoothly scaled Creatonotus;
l*. Hind tibia? with the medial spurs present.
a"2. Fore tibia? with curved apical claw Estigmene.
b2. Fore tibia; without apical claw....
e3. Thorax clothed with rough woolly hair.
a4. Eyes small Phragmatolhs,
J4. Eyes large » Diacrisia.
THE MOTnS OF INDIA, 203
b4. Thorax smoothly scaled Pericallia.
b. Proboscis fully developed Nicica.
B. Fore wing with vein 9 from 10 or 9 and 10 anastomose
ing with 8 to form the areole.
a. Proboscis aborted, minute.
a1. Forewing with veins 9*30 anastomosing with
8 to form the areole , Euarctia,
b1. Forewing with vein 9 from 10 anastomosing with
8 to form the areole Arctia.
b. Proboscis fully developed.
a1. Palpi upturned the 3rd joint porreGt.
az. Forewing with vein 3 from close to angle of
cell ; hindwing with vein 8 from middle of cell. Axiopana.
b2. Forewing with vein 3 from long before angle
of cell ; hindwing with vein 8 from near end
of cell Migoplastis.
bl. Palpi with the 3rd joint upturned.
a2. Forewing with the areole long and narrow Rhodogastria.
b2. Forewing with the areole shorter and broad.
a3. Hind tibia; with the spurs long , liaroa.
b3. Hind tibia? with the spurs short Utctheisa.
cl. Palpi porrect « Sccusio,
e. Forewing with veins 7*8 and 9*10 stalked Parapladis.
Genus nic^ea.
1243. NlOEA LONGIPENNIS.
Genus Pueagmatobia.
Type,
Phragmatobia, Steph. 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. II., p. 7 (1828) fuliginosa.
Chelis, Ramb. Cat. Lep. And. II. p. 25G (18G6) maculosa.
Neoarctia, Neum. and Dyar. Ent. News. Philad, IV., p. 141 (1 893). beam.
Proboscis aborted, minute ; palpi porrect, reaching as far as or to just beyond
frontal tuft and clothed with long hair ; eyes very small ; head, thorax and
abdomen clothed with rough woolly hair, the head retracted ; tibia? with the
spurs short. Forewing with vein 3 from close to angle of cell ; 4*5 from angle,
or 5 from above angle ; 6 from upper angle or stalked with 7 ; 7*8-9*10 stalked ;
11 from cell. Hindwing with veins 3*4 from angle of cell ; 5 from above
angle ; G'7 from upper angle or stalked ; 8 from middle of cell.
In the typical section the antennae of male are ciliated.
Sect. II. (Chelis) Antenna) of male bipectinate with moderate branches.
A. Forewing with the subterminal line angled in-
wards at vein 4 1208. postflavida,
B. Forewing with the subterminal line not angled
inwards at vein 4 1205. parvuia.
204 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
.Genus MiENAS.
Type.
Manas, Hiibn Vcrz., p. 167 (1827) vocula.
Lemyra, Wlk., VII, 1690 (1856) externa.
Borseba, Wlk., XXXI, 318 (1864) surcjens.
Savara, Wlk., XXXI, 320 (1864) nee. Wlk., 1862 ,.t simplex.
Buocea, Wlk., XXXV, 1983 (1866) simplex.
Palustra, Bar, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (5) III, p. 300 (1873) laboulbeni.
Eutmnia, Wllgrn. (Efv. Svensk. Akad. Forh., XXXII (1), p.
132 (1876) nee. Thorns. Col. 1857 scapulosa.
Probosci aborted, minute ; palpi porrect, not reaching beyond the frons ;
head, thorax, and abdomen clothed with rough woolly hair ; antenna; of male
bipectinate with long branches, of female with short branches ; tibiae clothed
with rough hair, the spurs short, hind tibia) with the medial spurs absent ;
abdomen of female with thick flocculent anal tuft. Forewing with vein 3
from towards angle of cell ; 5 from above angle ; 6 from upper angle ; 7-8-9*10
stalked ; 11 from cell. Hindwing with vein :3 from before angle of cell ;
5 from first above angle ; 6-7 from upper angle ; 8 from middle of cell.
cs^-^V, s^^^===^ ^ ^' Forewing pale
P^fe^V^V ^__ z-r y^ i^sN, brownish ochre-
^jpli^lu ^|— ===^ JF \P^ ous 1240. simplex.
%s&' vf v\\vy OP I B. Forewing brown
^a^ ' or blackish 1241. fumipennis.
Mcvnas simplex $ \
Genus Diacrisia.
Type.
Diacrisia, Hiibn., Verz.,p„ 169 (1827) sannio.
Rhyparia, Hiibn., Verz., p. 183 (1827) purpurea.
Cycnia, Hiibn., Vcrz., p. 184 (1827) sordida.
Cycnia, Hiibn., Zntr., 1, p. 7 (1827) non descr tenera.
Euthemania, Steph. 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. II, p. 68 (1828) ... sannio. •
Spilosoma, Steph. 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. II, p. 74 (1828) lubricipeda.
Diaphora, Steph. 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. II, p. 77 (1828) mendica.
Arctinia, Eichw. Zool. Spec. II, p. 195 (1831) caisarea.
Lacydes, Wlk., Ill, 683 (1855) spectabilis.
Alpluca, Wlk., Ill, 683 (1855) fukohirta.
Alpenus, Wlk., Ill, 686 (1855) maculosa.
Aha, Wlk., Ill, 699 (1855) lineata.
Andala, Wlk., Ill, 774 (1855) unifascia.
Tsia, Wlk., VII, 1698 (1856) intricata.
Sanura, Wllgrn. (Efv. K. Akad. Forh., XV, p. 214 (1858) ... lineata.
Thyrgorina, Wlk., XXXI, 317 (1867) indica.
Ilhma, Wlk., XXXI, 319 (1864) , lutescens.
THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 205
Pyrrharctia, Pack. Proc. Ent. Soc. Philad, III, p. 120 (1804). Isabella.
Echlida, Wlk., XXXII, 386 (1865) indica.
Icambosida, Wlk., XXXII, 400 (18G5) nigrifrom.
Acymba, Rarab. Cat. Lup. And., II, p. 235 (1869) spectabilis.
Eyralpenus, Butl. Cist. Ent., II, p. 35 (1875) testacca.
Spilarctia, Butl. Cist. Ent., II, p. 39(1875) lutea.
Leucaloa, Butl. Cist. Ent., II, p. 44 (1875) .. eugraphica.
Epatolmis, Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc., 1877, p. 348 cmarea.
Rhyparioides, Butl. A. M. N. H. (4), XX, p. 395 (1877) nebulosa.
Thanatarctia, Butl. A. M. N. H. (4), XX, p. 395 fl 877) infernalis.
Gonerda, Moore P. Z. Z., 1879, p. 395 peromata.
Challa, Moore P. Z. S., 1879, p. 398 , bimaculata.
Carbisa, Moore Lep. Alk., p. 41 (1879) venosa.
Hyarias, Swinh. Cat. Het. Mus. Oxon. 1, p. 184 (1892) niceta.
Elpis, Dyar. Ent. News. IV, p. 36 (1893) , nubra.
Proboscis aborted, minute ; palpi porrect, hardly or just reaching beyond the
f rons ; head and thorax clothed with rough hair ; antenna; of male bipectinate ;
tibiae fringed with hair. Forewing with vein 3 from near angle of cell ; 5 from
or from above angle ; 6 from or from below upper angle ; 7'8*9'10 stalked ; 11
from cell. Hindwing with vein 3 from near angle of cell ; 5 from or from
above angle ; 67 from upper angle or shortly stalked ; 8 from near middle of
cell.
A. Forewing with the ground color pure white.
a. Wings sparsely clothed with hairy scales.
a'. Tegula3 orange 1189. nigrifrons.
bl. Teguloa not orange.
a2. Abdomen crimson above 1199. rhodophiia.
b-. Abdomen not crimson above.
d\ Forewing with black point in upper
angle of cell.
a4. Forewing with antemedial series of
spots angled on median nervure,
and oblique series from apex 1188. multivittata.
b\ Forewing with curved antemedial
and subterminal series of spots ...1187. indica.
b3. Forewing without black point in upper
angle of cell 1200. melanosoma.
b. Wings thickly and smoothly scaled.
a\ Forewing with the markings consisting of
more or less developed black points.
a2. Abdomen crimson above 1185. crythrosona.
b2. Abdomen orange above 1160. lubricipeda.
b\ Forewing with maculate bands 1190. unifascia.
206 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
B. Forewing yellowish white, buff, yellow, or orange,
sometimes tinged with crimson.
a. Hind wing with the ground color whitish or buff.
a ' . Abdomen orange above.
a2. Forewing whitish to buff.
as. Wings not suffused with fuscous.
a4. Forewing with antemedial black or
fuscous spot or point on costa.
as. Forewing without short sub-
terminal streaks on each side of
median nervules.
a6. Patagia with black points 1161. subfascia.
b°. Patagia without black points.
a7. Femora crimson above obliqua ab. todaraQ
b\ Femora orange above 1163. punctata $.
bs. Forewing with short subterminal
streaks on each side of median
nervules 11G6. mona.
b\ Forewing without antemedial black
spot or point on costa.
a". Forewing with incomplete series of
points from apex.
a6. Palpi crimson at base obliqua ab. dalbergce.
b°. Palpi yellow at base punctata $>.
cn. Palpi dark at base casirjneta ab.
i5. Forewing with oblique maculate
band from apex to middle of
inner margin 1192. obliquivitia,
c5. Forewing with curved subterminal
series of spots from costa before
apex 1194. flavens.
b*. Wings almost entirely suffused with fus-
cous black 1193. venosa.
b"-. Forewing orange 1171. Jiavalis.
b\ Abdomen crimson above.
a'1. Forewing orange tinged with crimson.
a3. Forewing with the veins not scarlet ...1184. rubitincta.
b\ Forewing with the veins scarlet 1177. crythripldeps.
b'. Forewing buff or yellowish white.
a3. Forewing with black fascia on base of
costa 1181. comma.
b\ Forewing without black fascia on base of
costa.
TEE MOTHS OF INDIA. 207
a4. Forewing yellowish white.
a5. Patagia without black stripes 1105. stigmata.
b5. Patagia with black stripes .1218. leopardina.
ft4. Forewing buff.
a6. Palpi crimson at base 1172. obliqua.
bs. Palpi dark at base 1179. casignela.
b. Hindwing orange or yellow.
a1. Forewing with series of black spots.
a2. Forewing yellowish white 1159. mult? guttata,
b2. Forewing buff , 11G7. gopara.
b1. Forewing with black point in upper angle of
cell.
a2. Forewing with some postmedial points... metaxantha.
b2. Forewing without postmedial points 1169. bimaculata.
c. Hindwing crimson or strongly tinged with crim-
son.
a1. Hindwing with postmedial black band.
a2. Forewing with black stripe below me-
dian nervure 1203a. bretaudiaui.
b2. Forewing without black stripe below
median nervure ,...1203. peromata.
b1. Hindwing without postmedial black band.
a2. Forewing without medial series of spots
or maculate band.
a8. Forewing with dentate black subter-
minal line 1164. dentilinea.
bs. Forewing without dentate black sub-
terminal line obliqua ab. confusa.
b2. Forewing with two medial series of
spots 1195. biseriata.
c2. Forewing with medial maculate band
forking towards costa ....1198. eximia.
C. Forewing brown buff to red-brown.
a. Antennae black.
a1. Hindwing crimson or strongly tinged with
crimson.
a2. Forewing with antemedial black point
on costa obliqua ab. lodar a $
ft2. Forewing without antemedial black point
on costa.
a3. Forewing with postmedial maculate
black line.
a*. Antennae with the shaft black
above .......1173. Montana.
208 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
b*. Antennae with the shaft white
above 1175a. albicornis.
b3. Forewing with postmedial series of
well separated spots castanea 9 .
6l. Hindwing buff.
a~ . Forewing with ante and postmedial scar-
let lines with series of black points on
them , 1176. rubilinea.
b2. Forewing without scarlet lines.
a3. Forewing with the veins not streaked
with black 1196. sordidescens.
bs. Forewing with the veins streaked with
black 1217. tigrina.
c1. Hindwing black-brown 1175. castanea ft.
b. Antennae whitish 1174. strigulata.
D. Forewing grey, grey-brown or blackish.
a. Forewing without series of white spots.
a1. Abdomen brown 1186. fuscipennis.
b1. Abdomen crimson above 0 — 1 197. sikkimensis.
b. Forewing with series of white spots.
a1. Hindwing with the ground-color white 1213. fulvohirta.
b1. Hindwing with the ground-color pale
yellow 1227. impleta.
1160. Diacrisia lubricipeda, Linn. Syst. Nat., I., p. 505 (1758).
Bombyx lubricipeda alba, Hufn. Berl. Mag., II., p. 412 (1766).
Phalcena lepus, lietz. Gen. Spec. Ins., p. 37 (1783).
Bombyx menthrasti, Esp. Schmett., III., p. 334, pi. 66, If. 6—10 (1786). lliibn
Enr. Schmett., II., ff. 152-153. Godt. Lep. Fr , IV., p. 362, pi. 37, If. 5-6. Stcph .
111. Brit. Ent. Haust., II., p. 75, pi. 16, f. 3.
Bombyx mendica, Rossi. Faun. Etrur., II., p. 174 (1790).
Phalcena erminea, Marsh. Trans. Linn., Soc, I., p. 78, pi. 1, f. 1 (1491).
Chelonia luxerii, Godt. Lep. Fr., IV., p. 360, pi. 37, f. 4 (1822).
Spilosoma sangaica, Wlk., XXXI, 294 (1864). Butl. 111. Het. B. M., III., p. 5,
pi. 42, f. 5.
nabitat.— Europe ; America ; W. Siberia, Altai ; E. Siberia, Amur ;
Japan ; Corea ; China ; Pdnjab, Murree. Exp. 34-46 mill.
1163. Diacrisia punctata, insert (syn.) 1168 Spilosoma ummera.
1192. Diacrisia obliquivitta, insert (syn.) 1170 Spilosoma jucundum.
1171. Diacrisia flavalis, insert (syn.) Spilosoma lativitta, Moore P. Z. S,
1865, p. 809.
1165. Diacrisia stigmata, insert (syn.) 1182 Spilosoma lactcatum.
1218. Diacrisia leopaudina, insert (syn.) Ardices liturala, Wlk. Char. Lep.
Het., p. 12 (1869).
1172. Diacrisia omjqua, Wlk., III., 679 (1855) $ ncc. ?.
THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 209
Spilosoma todara, Moore P. Z. &., 1872, p. 574.
Spilarctia nydia, Bull. Cist. Ent., II., p. 41 (1875), id. 111. Het. B. M., V.,
p. 32, pi. 85, f. 12.
tone, Butl. Cist. Ent., II., p. 41 (1875), id. 111. Het. B. M., III., p. G,
pi. 42, f. 6.
„ confusa, Butl. Cist. Ent., II., p. 42 (1875), id. 111. Het. B. M., V.,
p. 33, pi. 85, f. 13.
mollicula, Butl. A.M.N.H., (4), XX., p. 395 (1877), id. 111. Het. B.M.,
III., p. 6, pi. 42, f. 7.
Spilosoma mandarina, Moore A.M.N.H., (4), XX., p. 88 (1877).
howqua, Moore, A.M.N.H., (4) XX., p. 88 (1877).
Spilactia howra, Moore Lep. Atk., p. 40 (1879).
dalbergice, Moore P. Z. S. (1888), p. 394. Butl. 111. Het. B. M.,
VII., p. 28, pi. 122, f. 2.
Spilarctia bi/ascia, Hmpsn. HI. Het. B. M., VIII., p. 55, pi. 140, f. 21 (1891).
Spilosama bisecta, Leech Trans. Ent. Soc., 1899, p. 148.
Differs from D. casigtieta in having the palpi crimson at base.
Ab. 1 dalbergice. Abdomen of female orange-yellow Kangra.
Ab. 2 confusa. Hindwing above wholly, and sometimes the
forewing above, tinged with crimson Bombay, Travan-
core, Burma.
Ab. 3 bifascia. Forewing with the series of spots more
complete ; underside with black fascia in and
below cell and two postmedial bands Nilgiris.
Ab. 4 todara. Head, thorax and forewing of male strong-
ly tinged with red-brown, the hindwing with
crimson. Female : abdomen orange above ; wings
whitish ochreous with the black markings
reduced Nilgiris.
Habitat.— J af an ; Core a ; China ; India ; Burma. Exp. $ 42—58, 9
50— 06 mill.
1179. Diacrisia casigneta del. confusa, howqua, nydia, howra.
Ab. 1 abdomen orange-yellow above.
Habitat.— W. China ; N.-W. Himalayas ; Tibet ; Sikhim ; Exp. £ 46, 9
52—62 mill.
1167a. Diacrisia metaxantha, Hmpsn. Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M., III., p. 293,
pi, XLV., f. 14.
9 . Head and thorax ochreous white ; head tinged with yellow ; palpi black,
yellow below ; antenna? black ; tegulae and patagia with black points ; fore coxa)
with black spots; legs striped with black above ; abdomen orange above with
dorsal black spots on three medial segments. Forewing ochreous white with
black point in upper angle of cell ; postmedial black points above veins 6 and 4
and on one side below vein 3 ; two subapical points and two points on teimen
210 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL IlISTOttY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
above middle. Hindwing orange with slight black point in end of cell and posi-
medial point below costa. Underside of forewing suffused with orange to>
beyond the cell, except on costal area ; hindwing with the apical area whitish.
• Habitat. — Burma, Myingyan. Exp. 50 mill.
1169. Diacrisia bimaculata insert (syn.) 1191 Thyrgorina discalis.
1173. Diacrisia Montana insert (syn.) 1178 Spilosoma brunneum.
1196. Diacrisia sordidescens, Hmpsn. Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M., III., p. 304T
pi. XLVI., f, 2 (1901) = Spilosoma sordida, Moore, nee. Hiibn.
1174. Diacrisia strigatula, insert (syn.) Chehnia cervhia Wllgrn. Wien. Ent.
Mon., IV, p. 162 (1864).
Genus Amsacta. Type.
Amsacta, W\k., IV., 804 (1855) « marginalis.
Proboscis aborted, minute ; palpi porrect to just beyond the frons and fringed
below with long hair ;
frons usually clothed
1\N lf\\ li^v\ with rough hair ; fore
"ZW/fl&k isr^SirN V*^ P jfc ^ )fc w ^bise with more or less
£**■ \ t / developed curved claw
on inner side and short,
Amsacta lineola $\ cIaw on outer ; hind ti-
biae with one pair of spurs. Forewing with vein 3 from close to angle of cell ;
4-5 from angle ; 6 from upper angle ; 7-8-9-10 stalked ; 11 from cell. Hindwing,
with veins 3-4 from angle of cell ; 5 from just above angle ; 6*7 from upper
angle or shortly stalked ; 8 from middle of cell.
Sect. I. Antennas of male bipectinate.
A. Forewing with well-defined crimson fascia on
costa 1237. insolata.
B. Forewing with the crimson costal fascia very
slight or absent lineola.
1239. Creatonatus emittens insert Amsacta lineola, Fabr. Ent. Syst. 3, 1, p. 465
(1793), which has precedence, and Spilosoma strigata, Wlk. Char. Lip. Het.,
p. 10 (1869).
[Sect. II. Antennas of male serrate.
A. Tcgulse edged with scarlet or abnormally with orange.
a. Hindwing with the termen yellow 1234. flavimargo.
h. Hindwing with the termen not yellow 1233. collaris.
B. Tegulaa not edged with scarlet or orange.
a. Forewing with the ground-color white 1232. moorei.
b. Forewing with the ground-color pale brown... 1238. albistriga.
1238. Amsacta albistriga.
Laxva 1'3". Head prominent, glabrous red ; body pale red-brown irrorated
with very small black spots ; dorsal and lateral series of white spots in the
sutures between the somites, each somite with a yellowish red band with two
THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 211
small dorsal and eight lateral tubercles of paler red on each with tufts of reddish
hair arising from them ; legs red, claspers pale red. Food-plants almost
anything. (W. H. Campbell.)
Genus Creatonotus. Type.
Creatonotus, Hiibn. Verz., p. 169 (1827) gangis.
Amphissa, Wlk., III., 084(1855) transiens.
Phissama, Moore Lep. E. I. C, p. 362 (1859) transiens.
A. Abdomen crimson above -. gaugis.
B. Abdomen orange above * 1242. transiens.
1231. Creatonotus interruptus, insert Phalana gangis, Linn. Amcen. Acad.
VI., p. 410 (1764), which has precedence.
Genus Estigmene. Type.
Estigmene, Hiibn. Verz., p. 184 (1827) acraa.
Phaos, Wlk., III., 627 (1855) interjixa.
Leucarctia, Pack. Proc. Ent. Soc. Philad., III., p. 124 (1864) acraa.
Epilacydes, Butl. Cist. Ent . II., p. 27 (1875) ...., simidans.
Nyaca, Moore Lep. Atk., p. 43 (1879) ..„ florescens.
Nayaca, Moore Lep. Atk., p. 43 (1879)... imbuta.
Rajendra, Moore Lep. Atk., p. 43 (1879) biguttata.
Sect. I. {Estigmene). Antennas of male bipectinate with moderate branches.
A. Abdomun dorsally crimson.
a. Hindwing with the ground-color yellow ...1215. imbuta.
b. Hindwing with the ground-color white 1214. florescens.
B. Abdomen dorsally orange 1210. quadriramosa. .
Sect. II. {Rajendra) Antennas of male serrate.
A. Forewing with the ground-color blackish.
a. Forewing with maculate white patches ......... ceyhnensis.
b. Forewing with white fascia.
a1. Forewing with the white fascia bent below
end of cell, then running to apex.
a'1. Forewing with the upper edge of the fascia
slightly excised beyond lower angle of
cell „ irregularis.
h"1. Forewing with the upper edge of the
fascia not excised beyond the cell perrotteti.
&'. Forewing with the fascia regularly curved
to apex 1219. vittata.
c. Forewing black with hardly a trace of fascia.. .1221. nigricans,
B. Forewing with the ground-color white.
a. Forewing mostly suffused with black 1236. negrita,
b. Forewing not suffused with black 1235. laclinea.
1220a. Estigmene ceylonensis, Hmpsn, Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M. hi,, p. 347,
pi. xlvii, f. 9 (1901).
212 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
<j>. Head and thorax dark-brown ; palpi crimson at base; vertex of head
white with brown spots ; teguloc
white with brown spots and
^M^ ^fT"" ^^^ j^ slightly edged with crimson ;
§^MWi ^=^==^ §^ patagia with the lower half
white with brown spots on
■»>?,
shoulders ; femora whitish to-
Eatigmene vittata $ \. wards base, crimson above ;
abdomen crimson above with dorsal, lateral, and sublateral series of brown
spots, the ventral surface white with brown bands on terminal segments. Fore-
wing dark-brown, with irregular white marks at base and small pink marks on
inner margin, the basal marks conjoined to two irregular white antemedial
conjoined spots extending from middle of cell to vein 1 ; two conjoined, curved,
postmedial bands from lower end of cell to vein 1, with a small spot below
them on inner margin and another above their outer extremity ; points below
middle of costa and on discocellulars ; two postmedial points from costa and
three obliquely placed from just before apex ; a curved series of six spots
on terminial area between veins 6 and 1, and some points on termen. Hindwing
crimson ; the costal area brown to beyond middle, with white point at middle
and conjoined to spots at middle and end of cell ; a subterminal bar from
costa to vein 5 ; a spot on vein 2, and a terminal spot on vein 1.
Habitat— Ceylon, Hambantota. Exp. 32 mill.
12206. Estigmene irregularis, Moore Lep. Ceyl., II., p. 72, pi. 107, f . 2 (1882).
$ Head and thorax black-brown ; basal joint of antennae pink ; pinkish
white fasciae meeting on vertex of head, thence diverging on tegulse and patagia,
which last have black spots ; femora crimson above ; abdomen crimson above
with dorsal series of short black bands, the ventral surface black. Forewing black
with white fascia from base below the cell, its lower edge excised at middle, at
vein 2 bent upwards to apex, its edges waved and emitting a small tooth at
lower angle of cell. Hindwing pale crimson, the costal area black ; a black
discoidal spot ; a subterminal band from costa to vein 5, a spot on vein 2 and
a terminal spot on vein 1.
Habitat— Ceylon. Exp. 32-36 mill.
1220. Alphcm biguttata, insert Estigmene perrotteti, Guer. Icon. R. Amin.
Ins. p. 514 (1844), which has precedence and del. Rajendra irregularis and
Spilosoma lativitta.
1235. Estigmene lactinea, insert (syn.) Rhodogastria frederici, Kirby, Cat.
Het., p. 223 (1892).
Genus Pericallia.
Type.
Pericallia, Hiibn. Vera., p. 182 (1827) matronula.
Pleretes, Led. Verb. Zool.-bot. Ges. Wien. I]., p. 77 (1853)... matronula.
Alop», Wlk. III. 619 (1855) ricini.
Anas, Wlk. III. 658(1855) , galactina.
THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 213
Satara. Wlk. XXXI. 320 (1864) distinguenda.
Arctioneura, Feld. Reis. Nov., p. 2 (1874), non descr ccquata.
Meringocera, Feld. Reis. Nov., p. 6 (1874) distinguenda.
Tatargina, Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1877, p. 366 picta.
Pangora, Moore, Lep. Atk., p. 42 (1879) distorta.
Melanareas, Butl. 111. Het. B. M.t VII, p. 29 (1899) imperialis.
Proboscis aborted, minute ; palpi porrect to just or well beyond the frons ;
head and thorax smoothly scaled ; tibiae with the spurs short. Forewing with
vein 3 from before angle of cell ; 5 from above angle, or abnormally 4-5
shortly stalked ; 6 from upper angle ; 7. 8. 9. 10 stalked ; 11 from cell. Hindwing
with veins 3 and 5 from near angle of cell ; 6'7 from upper angle ; 8 from
middle of cell.
Sect. I. (Alope.) Antennae of male bipectinate with moderate branches, of
female serrate.
A. Hindwing crimson or yellow 1206. ricina.
B. Hindwing pale brownish 1207. transversa.
Sect. II. {Areas.) Antennae of male bipectinate with
very short branches.
A. Abdomen dorsally crimson or tinged with scarlet.
a. Forewing with the ground-color scarlet 1278. i>icla.
b. Forewing with the ground-color not scarlet.
ax. Hindwing crimson.
a2. Forewing with double oblique series of spots or
maculate band from lower angle of cell to
inner margin 1224. sipahi.
ft2. Forewing with irregular white fascia from base
to beyond the cell.
os. Forewing with the fascia continued obliquely
to termen below apex 1223. pannosa.
ft2. Forewing with the fascia joined by a band
from costa before apex 1222. dentata.
iT. Hindwing yellow, often partly suffused with
crimson.
a2. Forewing with white fascia in cell and subme-
dian interspace 1229. imperialis.
&2. Forewing with white spots in cell and submedial
interspace 1228. galactina.
c2. Forewing with narrow oblique medial fuscous
band 1183. melanopsis.
B. Abdomen orange above.
a. Forewing with postmedial white band arising from
costa well before apex 1226. tripartita.
b. Forewing with oblique band from apex 1225. obliyuifascia,
1228. Pekicalia galactina, insert Areas cana. Druce.
214 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
A. M. N. H. (7) iii., p. 234 (1899), a form from Sumatra with the hindwing
wholly suffused with scarlet.
Sect. Ill, (JEthalidd) Antenna? of male ciliated.
A. Vertex of thorax with dark stripes.
a. Forewing with, usually complete, postmedial white
band 1209. erosa.
b. Forewing with irregular postmedial, usually conjoin-
ed, white patches on costal and inner areas 1212. matherana.
B. Vertex of thorax with dark spots 1210. distorla.
1212. Pericallia matherana insert 1211 F 'angora rubelliana which is
the local race of it from Canara, Nilgiris, and Travancore with the yellow
replaced by scarlet.
Genus Euarctia.
Type.
Cardnopyga, Feld., Reis. Nov. p. 2 (1874), non. descr. Hmpsn.
Moths Ind., III., p. 492 (1896) lichenigera.
Euarctia, Staud. Stett. Ent. Zeit XLVIII., p. 79 (1887) proserpina.
1254. Euarctia lichenigera.
Genus Arctia.
Proboscis aborted, minute ; palpi porrect to just beyond the frons ; antenna:
of male bipectinate with moderate branches, of female serrate ; head, thorax
and base of abdomen dorsally clothed with woolly hair ; tibia? with the spurs
short. Forewing broad, vein 3 from near angle of cell ; 5 from just above
angle ; 6 from just below upper angle ; 9 from 10 anastomosing with 8 to
form the areole ; 11 free. Hindwing with vein 3 from near angle of cell ; 5
from just above angle ; 6*7 from upper angle ; 8 from middle of cell.
A. Antennae with the shaft white above caia.
B. Antennae with the shaft black above except sometimes
at extremity..... ...... , tibetica.
1202. Arctia caia, Linn., Syst. Nat. 1, p. 500 (1758) Hiibn.
Eur. Schmett II. ff. 130-131.
Phalcma erinacea, Retz. Gen. Spec. Ins., p. 36 ( 1783).
Arctia caja var wiskotti, Staud. Hor. Ent. Ross xiv., p. 333 (1878).
„ orientalis, Moore, A. M. N. H. (5), I., p. 230 (1878).
Habitat. — Europe ; Armenia ; N.-W. Himalayas ; Khasis.
Subsp. 1 americana Harr. Rep. Ins. Mass, p. 246 (1841).
Tegulae with a broad white band in front.
Habitat. — W. Siberia, Altai ; E, Siberia, Amur ; Japan ; Alaska ; Canada,
Br. Columbia ; U. S. A., N. E. States.
Subsp. 2 Utahensis, H. Edw. Ent. Am. II., p. 166 (1887).
Head and teguhe crimson, the latter with a broad white band in front ;
abdomen scarlet ; hindwing yellow.
Habitat. — U. S. A., Utah, Colorado.
1204. Arctia, tibetica insert (syn ) 1201 A. mttadra.
THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 215
The type is a female with the white markings of forewings reduced to a few
points ; hindwing with the subterminal spots conjoined into a band connected
with the base by streaks on costa and veins 2 and 1 ; some spots on apical
half of termen. A variety has the hindwing yellow.
A. intercalaris is a distinct species.
1205. Arctia Parvula is from Cape Coloney, the locality Himalayas is
erroneous.
Genus Baroa.
Type.
Baroa, Moore, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 28 pmctivaga.
1307a. Baroa vatala.
Genus Utetheisa.
1280. Utetheisa elata, F&br=venusta Hiibn., is from Madagascar, Mauritius
and Johanna. I ; the localities Sikhim and Sumatra.for the species are erroneous.
Utetheisa cruentata, Butl., is from Mauritius, and the locality Sikhim for
the species is erroneous.
Sect. I. Antenna? of male bipectinate with very short branches.
1279a. Utetheisa antennata Swinh. A. M. N. H. (6) xn., p. 215 (1893).
$ Head and thorax yellowish white ; palpi at tips, antenna?, spots on
vertex of head, tegulse, patagia, pro-,meso-and metathorax black ; legs striped
with black ; abdomen white, the anal tuft tinged with ochreous. Forewing
yellowish white ; a subbasal black spot on costa, followed by crimson spots
on costa and above vein 1 ; an antemedial series of five black spots, angled
below the cell, followed by crimson spots on costa and above vein 1 ; a
curved medial series of black spots conjoined from costa to below cell, followed
by crimson spots on costa, at origin of vein 2 and above vein 1 ; the postmedial
black line strongly bent outwards in cell to discocellulars and below the cell
broken up into spots, with a crimson spot beyond it at origin of vein 3, and
black spots above veins 2, 4 and 6, followed by two curved series of irregular
marks conjoined into blotches ; three black streaks below costa towards apex ;
a crimson subapical spot and a series of black spots on termen and cilia.
Hindwing white with terminal black band rather broad at apex, emitting a
short streak above vein 5 and narrowing to a point at tornus.
Habitat.— Nicobars. Exp. 36 mill.
Sect. II. Antenna? of male ciliated or minutely serrate.
1279. Utetheisa pulchella.
Genus Secusio.
1272. Secusio strigata.
Genus Axiop(ena.
1255. Axiopcenamaura.
Genus Rhodogastria.
Type.
Rhodogastria, Hiibn. Verz ; p. 172 (1827) , aslreaa.
1250. Rhodogastria astreas.
216 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
Genus Miqoplastis.
Sect. I. (Dondera) Hindwing of male with the termen strongly excised
between vein 4 and tornus ;
antennae with the branches
moderate.
1260. Miqoplastis alba.
Sect. II. (Migoplastis),
Hindwing of male with the
termen not excised ; antennas
with the branches long.
1258. Miqoplastis coe-
recta.
Migoplastii correcta $
Genus Pabaplastis.
Type.
Paraplastis, Hmpsn. Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M. III., p. 507 (1901)... hampscni.
Proboscis fully developed ; palpi upturned, the 2nd joint reaching vertex of
head, the 3rd somewhat porrect ; frons with a slight tuft of hair ; antennae
bipectinate with moderate blanches in both sexes ; tibiae with the spurs short.
Forewing with vein 5 from well before angle of cell ; 5 from just above angle ;
6 from upper angle ; 7*8 and 9*10 stalked; 11 from cell. Hindwing with vein
3 from well before angle of cell ; 5 from well above angle ; 6*7 stalked ;
8 from middle of cell ; male with the termen strongly excised towards tornus,
the inner margin folded over below ; the terminal area between veins 6 and 1
on upper side clothed with rough scales.
1259. Pabaplastis hampsoni.
1230. Abeas arginalis belongs to the genus Callimoepha. Eypsidce.
1244. Leucopabdus tigeina belongs to the Noclvidce.
1245. Camptoloma binotata belongs to the Noctvidce.
The genus Sebastia, Kirby Cat. Lep. Het., p. 383 (1892) = Moorea Hmpsn.
Moths Ind. II., p. 32 (1894), belongs to the Eypsidce.
The genera Calpenia and Callimorpha belong to the Ilypsidw,
217
DESCRIPTION OF SIXTY-EIGHT NEW SHELLS FROM THE
PERSIAN GULF, GULF OF OMAN, AND NORTH ARABIAN SEA,
DREDGED BY MR. F. W. TOWNSEND, OF THE
INDO-EUROPEAN TELEGRAPH SERVICE,
1901—1903.
By James Cosmo Melvill, m.a., f.l.s., f.z.s., and Robert Standen,
Assistant Keeper, Manchester Museum.
Part II. Plates C, D.
{Reproduced from the Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Ser. 7, Vol. XII.)
Continued from page 98 of this Volume.
SYRNOLA MUSSANDAMICA, sp. n. (PI. C. fig. 1.)
S. testa parva, Candida, nitida, polita, semipellucida ; anfractibua duodecim,
quorum duo apicales heterostrophi, bulbosi, cseteris apud suturas haud pro-
funde canaliculatis, nitidis, politis, ultimo longitudine penultimum et ante-
penultimum anfractum exsequante ; apei'tura ovata, labro haud eft'uso, tenui ;
columella obscure uniplicata.
Long. 5*50, lat. P50 mm. (sp. min.) ; long. 7, lat. 2 mm. (sp. maj.).
Hah. Gulf of Oman, Mussandam, 47 fathoms.
A shining, white, polished shell, somewhat excavate at the sutures, twelve-
whorled, of which the five lowest are much the same girth. The apical whorls
are heterostrophe, in common with all of the Pyramidellidae. There is no
Syrnola very near this in the North-Indian fauna ; indeed, it seems to impinge
closely on Eulimetta.
MORMULA PERSARUM, sp. n. (PI. C. fig. 2,)
M. testa pergracili, attenuato-fusiformi, ochraceo-brunnea, tenui ; anfractibus
12, quorum apicalis heterostrophus, kevis, albovitreus, cseteris ventricosulis,
apud suturas impressis, arete longitudinaliter costatis ; costis obtusis, crassis
interstitiis spiraliter liratis, liris supra ssepe evanidis, obscure undique infra-
suturas ad medium univel bi-albizonatis, ultimo anfractu infra peripheriam
ad basim planato, simpliciter spiralilirato, anfractibus interdum varicosis ;
apertura rotundo-ovata, labro tenui, dorsaliter varicoso, albo-stramineo
vel brunneo ; columella alba, recta.
Long. 12'50, lat. (ad aperturam) 3-50 mm.
Ilab. Persian Gulf, Gulf of Oman, Maskat, 15 fathoms.
Allied to M. Macandrece, A. Ad., but with more regular whorls and ribs, the
varices being fewer and less pronounced. The colour also is more uniform,
being of a warm fuscous chestnut, and the outer lip not denticled within.
A remarkably elegant shell.
ACT^OPYRAMIS LMTITIA °, sp. n. (PL C. fig. 3.)
A, testa parva, oblongo-fusiformi, alba, nitidiuscula, solida ; anfractibus 5 — 6
quorum apicalis heterostrophus, laevis, vitreus, cseteris apud suturas gradatulis
pulcherrime cancellatis et decussatis, costis ad juncturas sulcorum spiralium
nitidis, gemmulatis ; apertura ovata, labro paullulum incrassato ; columella
fortiter uniplicata.
* Lcetttia, delight, gladness.
218 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
Long. 3, lat. 1 mm.
Hab. Persian Gulf, Mussandam, 47 fathoms.
Of the same character as A. granulata, A. Ad., from the Philippines, but
only half the size (3 as against 6 mm.).
There appears to be a close connexion between certain of this genus and
some included at present in Miralda, A. Ad. It is often hard to draw any
precise lines of demarcation between these genera.
ACTjEPYRAMIS BREVICULA, sp. n. (PI. C. fig. 4.)
A. testa minutissima, abbreviata, alba, compressiuseula, solida ; anfractibus
quatuor, quorum apicalis heterostrophus, vitreus, laevis, cseteris suturis
gradatulis, longitudinaliter crassicostulatis, spiraliter undique rudiliratis ;
apertura ovata, apud basim paullum incrassata ; columella uniplicata.
Long. l-75, lat. 1 mm.
Hab. Persian Gulf, Sheikh Shuaib I., 15 fathoms.
Very minute, but characterized by its compressed abbreviate form and rude
ssulpture, the whorls all gradately angled at the upper part. The figure
hardly shows the ribs sufficiently prominently, and there is no decussation or
granulation to speak of.
PYRGULINA MANORS (Melv.). (PI. C. fig. 5.)
Turbonilla (Pyrgostelis) manorce, Melv. Mem. Manch. Soc. vol. xliii. (1898.)
no. 4, p. 23, pi. i., fig. 22.
Hab. Gulf of Oman, lat. 24° 58' N., long. 56° 54' E., 156 fathoms.
We have caused this species to be again figured on a highly magnified scale,
the result being to decide us that it should be considered a Pyrgulina, allied to
Edgarii, Melv., and interstriata, Souv., in spite of the apparent absence of
the columellar plait. The original specimens came from off Manora Point,
Karachi, where they were plentifully dredged at a slight depth by Mr.
Townsend.
SCALA (CONSTANTIA) INTERTEXTA, sp. n. (PI. C. fig. 6.)
M testa gracili, fusiformi, albida, delicata ; anfractibus 10, quorum apicales
tres parvi, vitrei, laeves, cylindrici, caeteris ad suturas multum impressis
pulcherrime regulariter decussatis, ad juncturas lirarum spiralium cum costulis
fimbriolatis, ultimo anfractupaullum prolongato ; apertura obliquiovata
labro effuso ; columella paullum incrassata, simpliei.
Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 7, Vol. xii.
Long. 7, lat. 1*75 mm.
Hab. Gulf of Oman, lat. 24° 58' N., long. 56° 54' E., 156 fathoms.
Rarely has a small mollusk caused such perplexity as in the present instance.
Two examples alone have occurred, but both have the apex perfect, this being
non-heterostrophe, though in most other particulars the form and texture re-
call such pyramidelloid genera as Mormida, Pyrgulina or Mumiola, especially
one species of the latter genus — M, spirata, A. Ad. — which also occurs in the
same seas.
Joura. Bombay Nat. Hist . Soc,
Plate C .
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NEW SHELLS from the Persian Gulf.
Gulf of Oman, and North Arabian Sea, dredged by
Mr F. W. Townsend, of the Indo-European
Telegraph Service, 1901-3
DESCRIPTIONS OF SIXTY-EIGHT NEW SHELLS. 219
Mr. Edgar Smith considers Cnoba egregia, A. Ad. (which should be removed
from that genus), the nearest approach to our shell, and suggests that it might,
at all events provisionally, be located in Aclis. In lip-characters it assimilates
this genus, while resembling in the decussating sculpture a Oirsotrema, e.g.,
dentiscalpium, Wats. But perhaps the subgenus Censtantia of Scala is best
fitted for its reception, for it seems comparable with C. Standeni, Melv. °, also
from the Gulf of Oman, in more than one point.
NASSA {ALECTRYON) H1MER0ESSA f, sp. n. (PI. C. fig. 7.)
N. testa minuta, ovata, albo-vitrea, delicata, apud basim et ssepe ad suturas
pallide stramineo-suffusa, vel zonata ; anfractibus 6 — 7, quorum 3| apicales
lseves, vitrei, spiraliter unicarinati, cseteris apud suturas gradatulis, longitu-
dinaliter arete lsevicostatis, interstitiia undique tenuiliratis ; apertura fere
rotunda, intus alba, labro incrassato, intus spiraliter striato ; columella
paullum excavata, canali brevissimo.
Long. 5, lat. 2 mm.
Hab. Gulf of Oman, at several dredging-statiens in lat. 23° to 25° N.,
long. 57° to 59° E.
Depth ranging from 7 — 156 fathoms.
We at first confounded this species with N. babylonica, Watson, and most
probably the latter does not occur in the Persian Gulf region. The present
species is locally very abundant, and the fine smooth ribs, small size, subpellucid
substance, and less graduate whorls will serve to distinguish it.
TRITON1DEA SOWERBYANA, sp. n. (PI. C. fig. 8.)
T. testa ovato-f usiformi, solidula, epidermide setulosa tenuiter contecta, albida,
infra, juxta suturas et infra medium anfractus ultimi castaneo-zonata ;
anfractibus 8 — 9, quorum apicales 3£ pellucidi, Isevissimi, cseteris ventricosis,
multum apud suturas impressis, longitudinaliter costatis, costis crassis, nume-
rosis (ultimo anfractu apud 10), omnino spiraliter arctissime liratia ; apertura
rotundo-ovata, alba, labro arcuato, crassiusculo, intus albo, multicrenulato ;
columella recta, operculo corneo, tenui, nucleo apicali, canali bievi, paullum
recurvo.
Long. 31, lat. 18 mm.
Hab. Gulf of Oman and Mekran Goast, especially between Gwadur and Jask,
from 25 — 30 fathoms, " usually occurring with Murex malabaricus " (F. W. T.).
Also lat. 25° 20' N., long. 58° 50' E., at 90 fathoms, in company with
Latirus pagodceformis, Melv., June 1903.
This beautiful species was first pointed out to us as distinct by Mr. G. B.
Sowerby. It is near the old Buccinum ligneum, Reeve, = Tritonidea cecillei,
Phil. It differs in being of stouter build, with the whorls not so scalate.
There is likewise an affinity with T. erythrostotna, Reeve, but the lip is never
coloured in the slightest degree.
• Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist, sec 7, vol. iv, pp. 92, 93, pi i., tig. 11.
■j- i/A.!fntisf pleasing.
220 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
METULA DAPBNELLOIDES, sp. n. (PI. G. fig. 9.)
M. testa eleganter fusiformi, albida, delicata, mitrali ; anfractibus 9, quorum
4'i apicales albo-vitrei, lseves, spiraliter circumcarinati, supernis una.inferis
duabus carinis prseditis, ceteris apud suturas gradatulis, undique longitudi-
naliter pulcherrime et arete costatis (ultimi anfractus ad 46), costis rectis,
hevissimis, nitentibus, interstitiis spiraliter liratis, infra, juxta suturas, plica
spirali conspicua ssepe pradita, superficie hie il lie obscure stramineo maculata
et depicta, ultimo anfractu (11 mm. in longitudine) gracili, paullum producto ;
apertura anguste oblonga, intus alba, nitida, labro paullulum effuso, crassius-
culo, intus multidenticulato ; columella incrassata, pernitida, simplici, basi lata,
Long. 17, lat. 5'50 mm.
Hob, Gulf of Oman, lat. 24° 58' N., long. 56° 54' E., 156 fathoms.
Two species of the genus occurred together, the above being mitriform,
elegantly spindle-shaped, and white ; the other is the Buccinum metula,
Hinds, = Metula Muihii, Adams and Reeve, which should properly, we
consider, be known by the duplicated name of Metula metula (Hinds). This last
is larger, with coarser ribs and spiral liration, and does not possess the obscure
straw maculations of the M. daphnelloides.
The apical whorls are well worth examination. Four or five in number, out
of a total of nine in all, they are glassy vitreous white, the extreme apex
mamillate, small, the next whorl with one keel, the others twice spirally
carinate, the remainder of the whorls being closely longitudinally ribbed ; ribs
smooth and shining, white, the interstices closely spirally lirate. The mouth
and lip of the new form resemble those of Metula hindsii, but are finer and
the inner labral denticulations more numerous.
MUREX (OCINEBRA) MARJORIsE, sp. n, (PI. C. fig. 10.)
M. testa sol'da, ovato oblonga, albo-cinerea ; anfractibus sex, undique costatis,
costis percrassis, varicosis, sex-fimbriato-squamatis, numero anfractum apud
ultimum quinque, ad medium anguliferis, spiraliter squamato-liratis, liris
rudibus, crassis ; apertura rotundo-ovata, labro extus pulcherrime multi-
fimbriato, albo vel stramineo, crasso, intus nitido, 9 — lC-crenulato, canali
brevirostrato, fere clauso.
Long. 25, lat. 13"50 mm.
Hab. Persian Gulf, Sheikh Shuaib Island, 15 fathoms.
An exceedingly elaborately frilled species, the fimbria} being thick and
squamate, with fluted processes. In form this shell recalls M. coceineus, A. Ad. •
the outer lip is either white or straw-coloured, the canal is shortly rostrate,
almost closed. M. cyclostoma, Sowb., is a near ally ; we have Erythraean
specimens of this, but the form is much more rotund and the fimbriations in
no way so elaborate.
PER1STERNIA CORALLINA, sp. n. (PI. C. fig. 11.)
P. testa solida, parva, ovato-fusif ormi, cinereo-albescente ; anfractibus 6, apicali
lsevi, simplici, ceteris longitudinaliter crassicostatis, costis paucis, in ultimo
apud 7, undique spiraliter rudiliralis ; apertura anguste ovata, pallide
DESCRIPTIONS OF SIXTY-EIGHT NEW SHELLS. 221
punicea vel carnea, labro intus denticulato, margine columellari paullum
reflexo ; columella quadriplicata, canali brevi, recurvo.
Alt. 13, lat. 9 mm.
Hab. Persian Gulf, Gulf of Oman, near Maskat, 10 fathoms.
A somewhat solid, small, but well-grown Peristemia unlike any species
known to us, being superficially similar to a Coralliophila ; indeed, as suggested
by the specific name, we should imagine it would be found ultimately inhabiting
corals. The surface is chalky-ash, longitudinally rudely ribbed, crossed by
equally coarse spirals ; mouth pale pink, ovate, outer lip thickened, seven-
denticled within, columella four-plaited.
MITRA {COSTELLARIA) DIACONALIS*, sp. n. (PI. C. fig. 12.)
M. testa fusiformi, solidula, albo-straminea, apicem versus attenuata ; anfrac-
tibus 12, quorum apicalestres fusco-hyalini, perlseves, casteris apud suturas
paullum gradatis, arete longitudinaliter costatis, costis lasvissimis, albis,
nitidis, interstitiis spiraliter sulculosis, nitentibus, undique hie illic stramineo
vel ochraceo, prascipue juxta suturas et apud peripheriam maculatis et infra,
depictis ; apertura anguste oblonga, intus striata, ochracea, labro tenuir
paullum effuso ; columella quadriplicata.
Long. 13, lat. 4-25 mm.
Hah. Persian Gulf, Sheikh Shuaib Island, at 15 fathoms, among coral-sand.
A Costellaria allied to M. scitula, Ad.} which, however, possesses the whorls
more scalate and with darker maculations and shading ; it is, moreover, a
smaller species. To M. impressa, Reeve, known to us only by a figure, there
is a resemblance : this shell, however, is of a uniform dark hue, and the ribs
seem more incrassate. The number of longitudinal costse in our species on the
body-whorl is from 26 to 28.
MARGINELLA {GLABELLA) ALCHYMISTA\, sp. n.
(PI. C. fig. 13.)
M. testa parva, fusiformi, nitidissima, subdiaphana, delicata ; anfractibus
quinque, lasvissimis, apud suturas paullum impressis ; apertura oblonga, labro
nitido, incrassato, intus supra conspicue unidentato, superficie omni dorsalite
laevi ; columella quadriplicata.
Var. A. CHRYSALCHYMA, nov.
Testa aureo-straminea, dorsaliter, cum labro, omnino rufo-suffusa, vel spiraliter
bizonata.
Long. 5, lat. 2'50 mm.
Hab. Persian Gulf, Gulf of Oman, Maskat, 10 — 15 fathoms.
Var. B. LEUCALCHYMA, nov.
Testa major, omnino Candida, immaculata ; labrum candidum, nitens.
Long. 6, lat. 3 (sp. maj.).
Hab. Persian Gulf, Gulf of Oman, Maskat, 10 — 15 fathoms; also at 156
fathoms, lat. 24° 58' N., long. 56° 54' E., and at 205 fathoms, lat. 24° 5' N.,
long. 57° 55' E.
* Diaconus, a deacon.
t Alchymista, an alchemist.
222 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
A very pretty, shining Glabella, its spire more elongate than fusiformis, Hinds,
with which it has been hitherto confounded, and as which it is inserted in our
Catalogue-. It is comparable with 31. alia, Wats. ("Challenger" Expedition),
from Cape York, N. E. Australia.
If slightly local, it is very abundant where it occurs. The colour in the var.
a is a subdiaphanous golden brown or straw, and there is a very conspicuous
suffusion just behind the outer lip of deep rufous brown, bifurcating over the
labrum itself. The commoner form is var. b, larger as a rule, and pure milky-
white throughout, very smooth and somewhat shining. In one or two exam-
ples an intermediate form seems to occur, the last whorl being here white,
obscurely bizoned with two chestnut lines, or, indeed, occasionally trizoned. In
fact, it is a variable species.
TEREBRA HELICHRYSUM\, sp. n. (PI. C. fig. 14.)
T. testa gracillima, multum attenuata, aciculata, nitente ; anfractibus 22, quorum
3.| apicales lseves, vitrei, cseteris paullnm apud suturas gradatis, laste stramineis>
supra, juxta suturas, zona calosa spiraliter prseditis, hie illic regulariter allio
et rufo maculatis, deinde, inter costas breves, longitudinales, obtusas, nitidas,
prof unde interstitialiter foraminatis et sulcatis, costis anfractus ultimi ad
basim evanidis ; apertura ovata, parva, labro tenui, canali brevi.
Long. 24, lat. 5 mm.
Hab. Persian Gulf, Mussandam, 47 fathoms.
A most elegant species, the tumid callous zone just below the sutures delicate-
ly variegated spirally with white and pale rufous, then obtusely ribbed, the
interstices, especially the upper row, being deeply pitted.
PLEUROTOMA (GEMMULA) NAVARCHUSt, sp. n.
(PI. B. fig. 15.)
P. testa eleganfcer fusiformi, solida, paullum nitente, pallide cinereobrunnea ;
anfractibus tredecim, quorum duo apicales nitidi,hyalini,perlaeves, cseteris npud
suturas impressis, ventricosulis, infra suturas spiraliter pulcherrime et arete
nodoso-cingulatis, nodulis hie illic ruf o-maculatis, deinde fortiter uniliratis,
simul ac infra, juxta suturas, bisulcatis, superficie intermedia lata, nitida
longitudinaliter, obliquissime costulata, ultimo anfractu cseteros exsequante,
infra cingulum liramque spiralem usque ad peripheriam lsevi, deinde anguste
aulculoso, infra usque ad basim sulculis tornatis, latioribus, liris intermediis
regulariter rufo maculatis ; apertura oblonga, intus planata, labro tenui, sinu-
lato, haud prof undo ; columella fere recta, canali subprolongato.
Long. 64, lat. 18, apertura cum canali 28 mm. longa.
Hab. Persian Gulf, Gulf of Oman, lat. 25° 19' N., long. 58° 10' E., 140
fathoms.
One specimen only dredged, at the locality just given, of a superbly tornate
and sculptured Pleuroioma, near P. carinata, Gray, Kieneri, Eoumet, or
* Proc. Zool, Soc. 1901, vol. ii., p. 425.
f 'i\!xpvaov, an everlasting, from the bright rufous spottingt
J vauapx"?, an admiral.
DESCRIPTIONS OF SIXTY-EIGHT NEW SHELLS. 223
congener, Smith, being remarkable for ita regular beaded spiral zone just below
the sutures of each whorl, above which are two spiral clearly-cut grooves,
the middle of the upper whorls being most beautifully obliquely costulate, the
costas terminated above by a double sulcus surrounding a narrow spiral lira.
The last whorl, equalling the others in size, is almost entirely grooved and
spirally lirate, the lirse below being rufous-spotted. Outer lip thin, perhaps
not quite fully developed, sinus well marked, but not deep ; columella some-
what straight ; canal broad and rather prolonged.
The discovery of this mollusk, the finest Gastropod yet discovered by Mr.
Townsend, if we except Conus chjptospira, M. & S., adds another magnificent
Pleurotomid to the many fine species of this family obtained in contiguous
waters, during the "Investigator" Expedition chiefly (such forms as P. symbiotes,
Wood-Mason & Alcock, P. congener, Smith, and P. subcorpulenta, fcmith °
occurring to one's recollection at once), and gives another proof of its wonder-
ful development in Indian seas.
DRILLIA DIVES, sp. n. (PI. C. fig. 15.)
D. testa gracili, fusiformi, delicata, albo-cinerea ; anfractibus decern, quorum
tres apicales brunnei, omnino hyalini, lgevissimi, cseteris apud suturasimpressis,
ventricosulis, longitudinaliter obliquicostatis, costis anfractum apud ultimum
circa undecim, undique spiraliter striatis, supra, juxta suturas, zona spirali
rufa decorata, ultimo anfractu simili modo bizonato, ad basim producto albo,
nitido ; apertura oblonga, labro paullum incrassato, sinu lato, haud prof undo,
canali brevi.
Long. 17, lat. 5 mm.
Hab. Persian Gulf, Gulf of Oman, Maskat, 15 fathoms.
Allied to D. chjdonia, M. & S. (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1901, vol. ii, p. 437, pi. xxiii,
fig. 24), but the whorls are not angled, the colouration is quite different, and the
spiral ribbing is coarser in D. dives.
DRILLIA PHILOTIMA t, sp. n. (PI. C. fig. 16.)
D. testa attenuata, fusiformi, solidula, albo-cinerea, aspera ; anfractibus 11,
quorum duo apicales vitrei, f usci, cseteris ventricosulis, regulariter obliquicos-
tatis, costis anfractus ad superos paucis, crassioribus, in ultimo et penultimo
numerosis, ad quindecim, et angustioribus, brunneo tinctis, suffusis, et maculatis,
transversim nodiliratis, ultimo anfractu dorsaliter juxta labrum varicoso,
brunneo suffuso et zonato ; apertura oblonga, angusta, intus alba, labro
paullum effuso, sinu distincto, profundo, canali lato, brevi ; columella recta.
Long. 30, lat. 8 mm.
Hab. Persian Gulf, off Bahrein Islands, 30 — 50 fathoms.
Only one example secured of a distinct and handsome Drlllia, the nearest
approximation to which is to be found in D. latifasciata, Sowb., from Japan,
considered by some authors as synonymous with D. japonica, Lischke. There
is no beading at the sutures, however, and the form is more graceful.
* Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist, ser. 6, vol. xiv, pp. 160, 161, pi. iii, figs, 4—80.
j- piXoTj/a,*}?, honoured.
224 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
DRILLIA CONTINUA, sp. n. (PI. C. fig. 17.)
D. testa attenuata, fusiformi, lsevissima, alba, nitida ; anfractibus 10^, quorum
1£ apicales subvitrei, nitidi, complanati, cseteris longitudinaliter paucicosta-
tis, costis exacte inter se continuis, lsevibus, albis, infra medium delicate
uniangulatis, anfractu ultimo apud basim paullum pyriformi, numero costarnm
ad octo ; apertura subobliqua, oblonga, intus alba, labro haud multum incras-
sato, sinu lato, sed non profundo.
Long. 10, lat. 3*75 mm.
Hab. Persian Gulf, Mussandam, 47 fathoms.
Akin to D. opalus, Reeve, and conspicuous for its exactly continuous longi-
tudinal ribs, those of whorl succeeding whorl descending in a perfectly straight
line to the base. These whorls are slightly once-angled beyond the centre.
The whole surface is white, with a slight ochreous tinge, and smooth.
DRILLIA GRANATELLA, sp. n. (PI. 0. fig. 18.)
D. testa parva, Isete punicea, solida, nitida, fusiformi ; anfractibus 6, duobus
apicalibus perlsevibus, puniceis, hie illic albo suffusis, cseteris crassicostatis,
costis paucis, laivibus, nitidis, numero ultimum apud anfractum circa 7,
superficie omnino laevissima, dosaliter juxta labrum gibberula ; apertura
breviter ovata, labro tenui, albo-suffuso, sinu lato, canali brevissimo.
Long. 5, lat. 1*50 mm.
Hab. Persian Gulf, Gulf of Oman, Maskat, 15 fathoms.
This little species, though so small, is, in our opinion, a Drillia rather than
Mangilia, being nearly allied to the beautiful series of Drillia — viz., dwjecta,
Smith, per&ica, Smith, and resplendens, Melv. — peculiar to the same region.
It is a remarkably smooth and shining shell, and the pomegranate-pink colour
(like the fruit of Punica granatum, L.) seems characteristic and quite peculiar.
DRILLIA LITHORIA* sp. n. (PI. C. fig. 20.)
D. testa parva, fusiformi, pallide rufa, solidula ; anfractibus 8, quorum 2
apicales leaves, vitrei, cseteris magnopere supra medium anfractum tumescen-
tibus et spiraliter Doduliferis, nodulis paucis, gemmatis, dein, anfractus apud
supernos, tornatis, ultimo anfractu basim versus spiraliter paucilirato, liris
pulchre et minute gemmatis ; apertura quadrato-ovata, labro tenui, sinu lato,
haud profundo, canali brevi.
Long. 8, lat. 2"50 mm.
Hab. Persian Gulf, Bahrein Islands, 6 fathoms, coral-sand.
A small highly-coloured species, with conspicuous, spiral, swollen, nodulous
an»le just above the centre of the whorls. We cannot connect it nearly with
any other species.
DRILLIA AUDAX, sp. n. (PI. D. fig. 1.)
D. testa oblongo-fusiformi, solida, parva, albo-straminea ; anfractibus septem,
quorum tribus nitidissimis, hyalinis, lasvibus, apicalibus, cseteris trinis, antepe-
nultimo quaternis, ultimo circa viginti spiralium lirarum ordinibus accinctis,
ad anfractus supernos gemmulatis, supra suturas, etiam, lira spirali fortiori
* >.lQo!} in sense of a precious stone.
DESCRIPTIONS OF SIXTY-EIGHT NEW SHELLS. 225
decorato, omnibus his liris stramineo-ochraceis ; apertura ovato-oblonga, sinu
distincto, lato, canali brevissimo, Iato, margine columellari excavato.
Long. 9-25, lat. 2-50 mm.
Hab. Gulf of Oman, lat. 24° 58' N., long. 56° 54' E., 156 fathoms.
A little species of bold contour, and very distinct in both sculpture and
painting of the spiral straw-coloured lira; surrounding the whorls, wbich are
not costulate. One spiral lira, acute and prominent, is especially noticeable at
the base of each whorl, just above the sutures.
A good many examples occurred in the dredging, as above, in shell-sand.
MANGILIA COMIDELEUCA *, sp. n. (PI. D. fig. 5.)
M. testa parva, angulari, fusiformi, omnino albida, solida ; anfractibus 9,
quorum duo apicales lreves, globulares, vitrei, cscteris ad medium angulatis
longitudinaliter paucicostatis, spiraliter undique rudiliratis, interstitiis albis
labro dorsaliter multum incrassato, angulari ; apertura sinuoso-oblonga, sinu
perlato, margine columellari tristriato, canali lato, brevi.
Long. 8, lat. 3 mm.
Hab. Persian Gulf, Mussandam, 47 fathoms.
Most resembling M. spurca, Hinds, found abundantly in the same region, but
differing in colour (the new form being entirely white), in size (8 as against 14
or 15 mm.), and in greater angularity of whorl. The somewhat sinuous or
trigonous aperture and very thickened peristome are the same in both species.
Only one or two examples have yet occurred.
CLATHURELLA OPSIMATHESJ sp. n. (PI. C. fig. 19.)
C. testa oblongo-f usiformi, solidula, nitida, cinerea, albo et fusco zonata ; an-
fractibus 10, quorum 3 apicales, cseteris circa suturas Isevibus. planatis, alitor
undique longitudinaliter crassicostatis, costis paucis (numero ultimum apud
anfractum 10), spiraliter pulchre superne 3-, ultimo 10-liratis (ad periphe-
riam albizonato), liris albo-cinereis, conspicuis, supra costas angulosis ; aper-
tura oblonga, labro incrassato, echinulato, fusco et albo depicto, sinu lato,
haud prof undo ; columella recta, canali lato, brevi.
Long. 1650, lat. 6 mm.
Hab. Persian Gulf, Sheikh Shuaib Island, 15 fathoms.
Hitherto confounded with C. (Glypliostoma) ritgosa, Migh., a quite different
species. It is a prettily sculptured and painted shell, with conspicuous beading
and spiral well-cut liree.
CLATHURELLA SYKESII, sp. n. (PI. D. fig. 4.)
C. testa parva, perangusta, attenuato-fusiformi, albo-cinerea ; anfractibus 8 — 9,
quorum apicales duo lreves, cseteris ad suturas permultum impressis, angulosis
ventricosis, longitudinaliter acuticostulatis, costis paucis, numero ultimum
apud anfractum circa 9, undique spiraliter liratis, liris rudibus (in pcnultimo
et ultimo circa G), prominulis ; apertura ovata, labro tcnui, sinu conspicuo
profundo, canali longo.
* xo/aiSti, altogether ; Xsuxos, white.
t o-^i/naQny, ]Ute in being discerned.
226 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVI.
Long. 7, lat. 2 ram.
Hob. Gulf of Oman, lat. 24° 58' N., long. 56° 54' E., 156 fathoms.
We are indebted to Mr. Ernest R. Sykea for calling our attention to this curi-
ous little species, so like a Fusus in miniature. It is one of the narrowest
ClathurelloB in proportion to its length yet discovered, and is wonderfully
symmetrical throughout. All the examples, of which there are several,
are dead, and perhaps in life there may be colouration of some kind. It is
common at the above station, in company with another nearly allied Clutlmrella
that we hope to describe shortly.
CLATUURELLA QUISQUILIA*, ep. n. (PI. D. fig. 7.)
C. testa attenuata, fusiformi, angusta, solidula, omnino albida ; anfractibus
9 — 10, quorum duo apicales bulbosi, keves, vitrei, cceteris paucicostatis, costis
crassis, numero ultimum apud anfractum 5, spiraliter undique liris rudibus
succinctis ; apertura ovato-trigona, labro incrassato, sinu lato sed non pro-
f undo ; columella fere recta, canali brevi.
Long. 7, lat. 2 mm.
Hab. Persian Gulf, Mussandam, 47 fathoms ; also Gulf of Oman, lat.
24° 58' N., long. 56° 54' E„ 156 fathoms.
Attenuate and narrow, thickly longitudinally ribbed, and encircled through-
out with markedly coarse lirations. It did not occur at all plentifully at the
above station, only three or four examples having as yet been seen.
DAPIINELLA (PLEUROTOMELLA) NEREIDUM^, sp. n. (PI. D.fig. 2.)
D. testa ovato-oblonga, subpellucida, delicata, albo-lactea ; anfractibus 8—9,
quorum 2^ vel 3 apicales pallide rufi, tcnuissime decussati, cceteris ad medium,
angulatis, ad suturas paullum impressis, arete canccllatis, interstitiis quadra-
tulis, costis lirisque transversis crystallinis, ultimo anfractu supra medium
angulari, costis dorsaliter juxta labrum saope evanidis ; apertura anguste
ovata, intus alba, labro tenui.
Long. 7, lat. 3 mm.
Hub. Gulf of Oman, lat. 24° 58' N., long. 56° 54' E„ 156 fathoms.
A crystalline form of unusual beauty. In form this assimilates P, filifera
Dall,but the apical whorls are not smooth, but decussate.
DAPIINELLA {PLEUROTOMELLA) AMPIIITRITES%, sp. n.
(PI. D. fig. 3.)
D. testa ovato-cylindrica, delicata, subhyaliua, albo-lactea ; anfractibus 7 — 8,
quorum 2§- apicales albi, sub lente pulchrc decussati, ceteris longitudinaliter
lirato-costulatis, spiraliter liris crassioribus succinctis, ad juncturascostularuin
cum liris gemmulatis, nitidis, infra medium anfractus antepcnultimi ct penul-
timi duabus spiralibus liris magis conspicuis, carinifcris, simul ac in ultimo
ad pcripheriam ; apertura ovato-oblonga, intus hyalina, alba, labro tenui,
canali brevi, paullum recurvo.
* Quisguilice, trilley,
"|" Nereidum, of the sea-nymphs.
X AmphUrite, a sca-goddes-s, Wife of Neptune.
Joiirn. Bombay Nat .Hist .Soc
Plate D.
4-.
10.
9.
11
]+.
17
16
18
19
20
J.Green del. eL iitK
?.liy,i
kj'H 'jrns jrm
NEW SHELLS from the Persian Gulf,
Gulf of Oman, and North Arabian Sea, dredged by
Mr, F. W Townsend, of the Indo-European
Telegraph Service, 1901-3.
DESCRIPTIONS OF SIXTY-EIGHT NEW SHELLS. 227
Long. 8, lat. 3 mm.
Hub. Gulf of Oman, lat. 24° 58' N., long. 56° 54' E., 156 fathoms.
The two species D. amphitrites and D. wreidum occur together, but we
think it correct to separate them, though undoubtedly they are nearly allied.
The present species is the less angular, rather larger, and of a more roundly
cylindrical form.
DAPHNELLA THYGATRICA » sp. n. (PI. D. fig. G.)
D. testa parva, fusiformi, tornata, albo-straminea,longitudinalliter pallide rufo-
tincta ; anfractibus 7, quorum fcrea apicales apice ipso lam mamilato, duobus
pulchre sub lente decussatis, ceeteris spiraliter ad medium, ultimo ad periphe-
riam duplo-carinatis, lirisque kevibus, fortiter succinctis, ultimo anfractu ad
medium, inter carinas, recto ; apertura oblonga, labro tenui, sinu obscuro,
margine columellari incrassato, albo, nitido, canali lato, paullum producto.
Long. 7, lat. 2'50 mm.
Hob. Gulf of Oman, lat. 24° 58' N., long. 56° 54' E., 15G fathoms.
A small Drillia in miniature, looked at superficially, but the decussate apical
whorls are Daphnelloid. It occurred somewhat commonly at the above station.
DAPHNELLA THIA f , sp. n. (PI. D. fig. 8.)
D. testa delicatissima, subpellucida, attenuato-fusiformi, albida, nitida ;
anfractibus octo, quorum 3£ apicales ochro-tincti, pulchre deeui-sati, ceteris
tumidulis, liris arctis longitudinalibus spiralibusque decussatis, liris interdum
pallidule stramineo-tinctis nitidulis ; apertura oblonga, labro tenui sinu lato
baud profundo, canali brevi, lato, paullum producto.
Long. D^Ojlat. 3 mm.
Hab. Persian Gulf, Sheikh Shuaib Island, 15 fathoms ; Gulf of Oman, lat.
24° 58' N.,long. 56° 54' E., 156 fathoms.
Most delicate and beautifully closely encircled with decussating lira;, a faint,
straw-coloured or golden tinge being sometimes observable on them. Tho
specimens from the first locality mentioned are not so tumid on the body-
whorl ; we cannot, however, separate them, even varietally, from the typical
form from the Gulf of Oman. This differs from D. boholensis, Reeve, not
only in the fine decussations, but in the canal being more prolonged and
greater tumidity of whorls.
DAPHNELLA BUCCINULUM%, sp. n. (PI. D. fig. 9.)
D. testa ovato-rotunda, bucciniformi, delicata, alba, interdum pallide ochraceo-
suffusa ; anfractibus 7, quorum 3 apicales rufi vel straminei, tenuissime
decussati, cseteris arete et delicate obliqui cancellatis, ad suturas impressis,.
tumidis, inflatis, ultimo anfractu pyriformi ; apertura oblonga, labro tenui,
sinu indistincto, margine columellari excavatulo.
Long. 7, lat. 3*75 mm.
Hab. Gulf of Oman, lat. 24° 58' N„ long. 54° 56' E., 156 fathoms.
* 9u7aTT,p, a daughter.
f QfTof, divinely beautiful,
% Buecmulum, dim. of JJuccinuni, from the resemblance.
228 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
An inflated Buccinoid species, very delicate and beautifully cancellate
throughout, which occurred not uncommonly at the above station in company
■with so many other, mostly minute, but hitherto unknown, mollusks.
DAPHNELLA EPICHARTA*, sp. n. (PI. D. fig. 10.)
1). testa minuta, subpellucida, tenui, oblongo-fusiformi, nitida, alba vel obscure
stramineo-diffusa ; anfractibus 6, quorum apicales 3 delicatissime sub lente
decussati, ceeteris paullum ventricosis, fere leevibus, sed irregulariter spiraliter
tenuissime liratis, ultimo anfractu interdum apud medium laivi ; apertura
angusta oblonga, labro fere recto, incrassato, albo, nitide, intus simplici ;
calumella recta, canali brevi, sinu perobscuro.
Long, 5, lat. 1*75 mm.
Hah. Gulf of Oman, lat. 24° 58' N., long. 56° 54' E., 156 fathoms.
A minute but puzzling form. The sinus and other Pleurotomid characters
are so slightly expressed that it might at first sight be considered an JEsopus,
or even an Olivella. The delicate decussation of the apical whorls shows the
true relationship. It is somewhat frequent at the above station. Some ex-
amples are almost smooth, the apical lirse being more or less obsolete.
DAPHNELLA HEDYA f, sp. n. (PI. D. fig. 11.)
D. testa fusiformi, pallide castaneo-brunnea, apicem versus, simul ac ad basim
delicate puniceo-tincta ; anfractibus novem, quorum 3£ subhyalini, castanee-
punicei, minutissime decussati, tribus his proximis variciferis, tribus ultimis
rotundatis, tumidulis, undique arctissime et pulchre clecussatis, ad juncturas,
gemmuliferis, gemmulis microscopicis, nitidis, supra, infra suturas, spiraliter
castaneo-maculatis, ultimo anfractu dorsaliter obscure bizonato ; apertura
oblonga, labro crassiusculo, intus lam, sinu haud profundo, canali paullulum
ad basim reflexo, puniceo tincto.
Long. 14, lat. 5 mm.
Hah. Persian Gulf, Sheikh Shuaib Island, 15 fathoms.
Though at first sight this little species seems to present a familiar appearance,
it is really distinct from any specie3 hitherto recognized. Compare it with
D. patula, Rve., for instance : the chestnut markings are more or less similar,
but the whole texture of the shell is distinct, the minute gemmulifcrous
decussation, the elegant rounded whorls, the smallish oblong aperture present-
ing notable points of difference.
DAPHNELLA EUPHROSYNE, sp. n. (PI. D. fig. 12.)
D. testa attenuata, gracili, albida, tenui ; anfractibus decern, quorum quatuor
apicales castaneo-suffusi, minutissime decussati, caiteris ventricosulis, un-
dique spiraliter arete liratis, liris gemmuliferis, nitidis, inoequalibus, numero
ultimum apud anfractum tres et viginti ; apertura anguste oblonga, labro
tenui, sinu haud profundo, canali apud basim producto, lato.
Long. 15, lat. 4 mm.
II ah. Gulf of Oman, lat. 24° 58' N., long. 56° 54' E., 15G fathoms.
* ti,iy,r,tT0';-> pleasing,
-j- nSus, sweet.
DESCRIPTIONS OF SIXTY-E1GIIT NEW SHELLS. 229
Doubtless allied to D. boJwlensis, Reeve, but possessing two more -whorls,
while it is more graceful and attenuate throughout ; peristome not so effuse,
canal more prolonged, and spiral liration more distinct and regular. Again, it
differs in its beaded liration from any form of D. axis, Reeve, which it resem-
bles in form, and which also occurs in the same seas. Were it not for the
absence of columellar plication, it would more than resemble a Mitra of the
subgenus Concilia. The peculiar beauty well merits for it the specific name
proposed, of one of the three Graces.
CYTHARA ELEGANTISSIMA, sp. n. (PI. D. fig. 13.)
C. testa pergracili, fusiformi, albida ; anfractibus 6, quorum 2£ apicales obtusi
plani, minute sculpti, cseteris supra medium tenuiter angulosis, dein rectis,
undique longitudinaliter rudiliratis, liris inconspicuis, spiraliter liris crassi-
oribus succinctis (in ultimo circa 14) ; apertura anguste oblonga, intus alb labro
sinu lato, haud prof undo, incrassato ; columella fere recta, basi prolongata.
Long. 8, lat. 2*50 mm.
Hab. Gulf of Oman, lat. 24° 58' N., long. 56° 54' E., 156 fathoms. Also lat.
25° 30' N., long. 57° 30' E., 88 fathoms, mud.
A very elegant form, as implied by the specific name, with markedly obtuse
apex, probably not quite full-grown. The coarse longitudinal lira), crossed by
more distinct, but equally rough, spirals, are characteristic. Very rare. Since
description, another example has been procured, with perfect thickened lip,
sinus broad and shallow.
CANCELLARIA (TRIGONOSTOMA) LUSCINIA*, sp. n.
(PI. D. figs. 14, 15.)
C. testa parva, attenuato-fusiformi, tenui, albida, vol pallid e olivaceostraminea ;
anfractibus septern, quorum tres apicales tumidi, vitrei, perlarves, ceeteris
longitudinaliter irregulariter sed arete costatis, ad suturas excavatis, costis
crassiusculis, undique transversirn tenuiliratis, liris tenuibus superficiem totam
circumambicntibus ; apertura oblongo-ovata, margine columellari triplicato.
Long. 11, lat. 4 mm. (sp. maj.).
Hab. Arabian Sea, lat. 18° 58' N., long. 71° 45' E., 40 fathoms.
This is the little species alluded to by us in our former paper as having been
dredged near Bombay, as above, in April 1901. It is allied to C. macrospira,
Ad. and Rve., but much smaller in every detail. The shell is attcnuatcly spindle-
shaped, thin, cither translucent white or pale straw-olive, seven-whorled, the
three uppermost whorls being glassy, globular, and swollen, the remaining three
or four closely but irregularly ribbed, somewhat excavate, as are nearly all the
section Trigono stoma of Cancellaria, suturally. The transverse lira) surmount
the ribs and are not interrupted. The columella is thrice-plaited.
KLEINELLA SYMPIESIA^, sp. n. (PI. D. fig. 1G.)
K. testa perforata rotundato-ovata, alba, obesa, compressa ; anfractibus 5,
quorum 1^ apicales vitrei, perlasves, cseteris apud suturas gradatulis, ventrico-
* Luscinia, a nightingale.
■\ tu/aWshtoj, compressed.
2:>.0 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
sis, undique delicate decussatis, interstitiis quadratulis ; apertura ovato-lunari,.
labro paullum incrassato, margine minute crenuluto, supra late excavato.
Loug. 5, lat. 3"50 mm.
Hab. Gulf of Oman, lat. 24° 58' N., long. 56° 54' E., 156 fathoms.
Only two species, of which the best known is K. cancellaris, A. Ad., from
Corca and Japan, have hitherto been described of this genus, and to these we
venture now to add a third. Undoubtedly, they have a close family affinity to
each other : the K. sympiesta may be known by its particularly obese and com-
pressed form and tumid body-whorl ; the umbilicus i9 deep and the outer lip
minutely crenulate on the margin.
Judging alone from conchological grounds, the animal being absolutely un-
known, we should assign to this genus a place near Ackeon, Montft., and not,
as suggested by some authors, consider it one of an outlying group of the Pyra-
midellidoe. Indeed, were it not for the total absence of the columellar plicae,
we should regard it as a member of the genus just mentioned (Actaon).
CYLICHNA (MNESTIA) BIZONA, A. Adams. (Pi. D. fig. 17.)
Bulla (Cylichna) iizoua, A. Ad. in Sowerby, Thes. Conch, pt. 11, vol. ii.,.
p. 595, pi. cxxv.,fig. 148.
Hub. Gulf of Oman, Maskat, 15 fathoms.
A large local form (alt. 7, diam. 3 mm.), which we figure, as contrasting with
the Chinese examples in the Cumingian collection and with others. It is a
species of wide distribution, being reported from China, Singapore, Fiji, and
Torres Straits.
CYLICHNA JECORALIS, sp. n. (PI. D. fig. 18.)
C. testa oblongo-cylindrica, delicata, apud basim paullum effusa, apice imper-
forate, plicato, subhyalina, superficie lasvi, nitida, antice posticeque spiraliter
striata, pallide livido-olivacea ; apertura pyriformi, supra angusta, intus
cinerea, labro paullum eft'uso, tenui ; columella obscurissime plicata.
Alt. 11, diam. 5 mm.
Hab. Persian Gulf , Gulf of Oman, Maskat, 15 fathoms.
Without a knowledge of the anatomy of these small species of Tectibranchs,
it is often mere guesswork assigning them to generic positions. This species,
however, seems best located in Cylichna, in our opinion. It is a delicate^
moderate-sized species, of a peculiar hepatic tint, this suggesting the proposed
specific name.
RETUSA OMANENSIS, sp. n. (PI. D. fig. 19.)
R. testa parva, cylindrica, albo-lactca, subhyalina, tenui, supra, truncatulo
apice fere immerso ; anfractibus 3, supra excavatulis, marginibus apud
suturas acutis. prominulis, superficie omni spiraliter sub lente delicatissime
striata ; apertura postice latiore, oblonga, antice angusta, labro recto, ad
basim rotundata ; columella obscure uniplicata, margine paullum incrassato.
Alt. 4, diam. 175 mm.
Hab. Gulf of Oman, lat. 24° 58' N., long. 56° 54' E., 15G fathoms.
DESCRIPTIONS OF SIXTY-EIGHT NEW SHELLS. 231
A most delicate and minute species, of the same character as Utriculus com-
planatus, Watson, from Papua (" Challenger " Hep. xv., p. G50, pi. xlviii, fig. 9)?
but that species is longitudinally striate. We follow Pilsbry (Man. Conch, xv,
p. 203) in the nomenclature, and would refer to his reasons for the substitution
of Eetusa, Brown, 1827, for the more familiar Utriculus, Brown (in parte),
1844, non Schumacher, 1817.
ATYS FLAVOVIRENS, sp. n. (PI. D. fig. 20.)
A. testa ovata, in medio tumida, utrinque producta, tenuissima, subdiaphana,
pallide flavo-virente, apud medium laevi, nitida, antice, simul ac postice,
spiraliter paucistriata, apice plicato, labro tenui, paulluin eft'uso ; apertura
anguste lunari ; columella uniplicata,
Alt. 7, diam. 3 mm. (sp. maj.).
Hah. Gulf of Oman, Maskat, 15 fathoms.
Allied to A. tortuosa, A. Ad., from the Philippines and Torres Straits ; the
shell is smaller, and more green than yellow-tinged. Mouth narrower, the
anterior as well as the posterior striae being fewer and less pronounced. Many
examples.
MATHILDA CARYSTIA* , sp. n.
31. testa gracili, fusiformi, eleganter attenuata, brunnea, brunneonigra, vel, im-
primis, castanea ; anfractibus 12—13, quorum apicalis heterostrophus, pervi-
treus globularis, cceteris apud suturas impressis, binis pracipuis Iambus
carinis prgeditis, sexvel septem ultimis ter minoribus asperis, omnibus acutis,
prominulis, interstitiis quadratulis, ultimo anfractu 9-carinato, quorum tres
circa peripheriam maxime conspicui ; apertura fere rotunda, labro tenui,
crenulato ; columella alba, crassiuscula, recta, nitida.
Long. 12, lat. 3 mm.
Hob. Persian Gulf , Koweit, 10 fathoms, mud and sand.
A very select species, having the vitreous heterostrophe apex so character-
istic of the genus ; turritelloid in shape, elegantly attenuate, the upper whorls
with two principle carinas and three lesser keels, the lowest whorl nine-keeled,
of which three, at the periphery, are the most important. The quadrated
spaces at the interstices, and liraa extending longitudinally over the lower
carina), have a beautiful effect as regards the sculpture. The colour is either
pale chestnut, dark chestnut, brown, or blackish. The two other species from
the same region, M. gracillima and zmitampirf (of which the latter has since
occurred in the Gulf of Oman, lat. 24° 58' N., long. 5G° 54' E., 156 fathoms),
differ in size, colour (both being white), and, in the case of M. gracillima, in
squareness of aperture. A general family likeness, however, pervades all the
members of this exquisite genus. This new species, and also the next, will be
figured subsequently.
SOLARIUM (TORINIA) ADMIRANDUM, sp. n.
S. testa parva, depresso-discoidali, late perspective umbilicata, alba, delicata ;
anfractibus quatuor, quorum apicalis profunde submersus, huic proximus
* xipvov xapiWiov, from the chestnut colour.
t Proc. Zool. Soc. 1901, vol. ii, pp. 379, 380, pi. xxii, figs. 18, 19.
232 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
vitreus, tumescens, laavis, ceteris depressis, pulcherrimc sculpturatis, juxta
suturas spiraliter carinatis, dein tribus liris minoribus, cum carina fortissima
spirali exterius succincta, inter quam et peripheriam lira minore interposita,
peripheria quam maxime acuta, pulcbre et minute echinulata, ultimo subtus
ad basim imprimis sulco forti, dein duabus vel tribus carinis spiralibus con-
spicuis praxlito, carina supra umbilicum, sicut peripheriali, pulchrc sculp-
turata et echinulata, umbilico ipso simili modo echinulis, minoribus decorato ;
apertura rotunda, peristomate tenui, carina peripheriali ad medium conspicua.
Alt. P20, diam. 3 mm.
Ilab. Gulf of Oman, lat. 24° 58' N., long. 56° 54' E., 156 fathoms.
Among very numerous examples of S. homalaxis. Melv., which appears fre-
quent from Bombay northwards, three specimens occurred of a far more select
form, which is now described. Its sculpture is most elaborate, the very acutely
keeled periphery, bordered (as is the inner basal keel) surrounding the umbilicus
with short mucronate crenulations, is most distinctive. The two species of
Homalaxis found in the same dredging, and described earlier in this paper, are
of a similar texture and bizarre sculpture, especially as regards the aforesaid
carinal ornamentation.
With regard to the Mollusca treated of in this paper, it will be well to
state that four types are in the collection of Mr. E. 11. Sykes, viz., Rissoina
regktomoides, Eulima 10-gyra, Fluxina Dalliana, and Clathurella SyJcesii. All
the rest, with co-types of the last two just mentioned, will be placed in the
British Museum (Natural History).
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
Plate A.
Fig. 1. Emarginula undulata.
Fig. 2. Camilla.
Fig. 3. Cyclostrema Jienjamense.
Fig. 4. supremum.
Fig. 5. anneUarium,
Fig. 6. promiuulum.
Fig. 7. ■ ■ euchilopteron.
Fig. 8. Liotia romalea.
Fig. 9. echinacaulha.
Fig. 10. Enida persica.
Fig. 11. Euchelus Tonmsendiauus.
Fig. 12. Solariella zacalles.
Fig. 13. Calliostoma tlirincoma.
Fig. 14. Leptothyra rubens.
Fig. 15. Trichotropis pulcherrima.
Fig. 16. Solarium \Torinia~) ccnlaleum.
Plate B.
Fig. 1. Solarium abyssorum.
Fig. 2. Fluxina Dalliana.
DESCRIPTIONS OF SIXTY-EIGHT NEW SHELLS.
233
Fig, 3. Homalaxis rotula-catharinea.
Fig. 4. ■ cornu-Ammonis.
Fig. 5. Cerithium rerecundum.
Fig. 6. Scissurella cetheria.
Fig. 7. Fossarus {Coathouyia) unicarinalis.
Fig. 8. Adeorbis axiotimus.
Fig. 9. Erato recondita.
Fig. 10. , Var. haplochila.
Fig. 11. Eulima decagyra.
Fig. 12. Rissohia isosceles.
Fig. 13. {Ztbind) registomoides.
Fig. 14. Eulimella carmanica.
Fig. 15. Pleurotoma (Gemmula) navarchus.
Plate C.
Fig. 1. Syrnola mussand arnica.
Fig. 2. Mor mida per sarum.
Fig. 3. Actaopyramis latitia.
Fig. 4. brevicula.
Fig. 5. Pyrgulina manora', Melv., var.
Fig. 6. Scala (Constantia) intertexta.
Fig. 7. Nassa (Alectryon) himeroessa.
Fig. 8. Tritonidea Soiverbyana.
Fig. 9. 3/etula daphnelloides.
Fig. 10. Murex ( Ocinebra) 3Iarjorice.
Fig. 11. Peristernia corallina.
Fig. 12. Mitra (Costellaria) diaconalis.
Fig. 13. Marginalia (Gla.bella) alchymista.
Fig. 14. Terebra helichrysum.
Fig. 15. Drillia dives.
Fig. 16. philotima.
Fig. 17. continua.
Fig. 18. granatella.
Fig. 19. Clathurella opsimailies.
Fig. 20. Drillia lithoria.
Plate D.
Mr/. 1. Drillia audax.
Fig. 2. Daphnella nere'idum.
Fig. 3. Amphitrites.
Fig. 4. Clathurella Sykesii.
Fig. 5. Mangilia comideleuca.
Fig, 6. Daphnella thygatrica.
Fig. 7. Clathurella quisquilia.
Fig. 8. Daphnella thia.
234 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol XVI.
Fig. 9. Daphnella buccinulwn.
Fig. 10. epicharta.
Fig. 11. hedya.
Fig. 12. — — Ewplirosyne.
Fig. 13. Cythara elegantissima.
Figs. 14, 15. Cancellaria (Trigonostoma) luscinia.
Fig. 16. Kleinella sympiesta.
Fig. 17. Cylichna (Mnestia) hizona, A. Ad., var.
Fig. 18. - — jecoralis.
Fig. 19. Retusa omanensis.
Fig. 20. Atysfiavovirens.
2:J,5
DESCRIPTIONS OF TWO NEW SNAKES FROM
UPPER BURMA.
(With a Plate.)
By G. A. Boulenger, f.r.s., v.p.z.s.
(Read before the Bombay Natural History Society on March 1905.)
A small series of Reptiles collected in the neighbourhood of Mogok,
Upper Burma, by my friend Mr. Herbert Hampton, and presented by
him to the British Museum, contains besides examples of little known
species, such as Acanthosaura kakhienensis, Anders. [Caloes fece,
Blgr.), Dinodon septentrionalis, Gthr., and Amblycephalus andersoniiy
Blgr., two snakes which are evidently new to Science, and of which J
have much pleasure in sending descriptions to the Bombay Natural
History Society.
OUGODON HERBERTI. (PI. fig. 1).
Nasal undivided ; portion of rostral seen from above nearly or quite
as long as its distance from the frontal ; no internasals, the rostral
wedged in between the nasals and in contact with the prefrontals ; fron-
tal longer than its distance from the end of the snout, shorter than the
parietals ; no loreal, the prefrontal in contact with the second labial ; ono
pre and one postocular ; temporals 1+2 ; six upper labials, third and
fourth entering the eye ; three or four lower labials in contact with the
anterior chin-shields, which are longer than the posterior. Scales in 13
rows. Ventrals 189-190 ; anal divided ; subcaudals 37-40. Dark grey
above, with four, dark brown longitudinal bands, the median pair sepe-
rated by a yellowish brown vertebral stripe, which, anteriorly, may be
broken up into elongate, hexagonal, black-edged spots ; an oblique
yellowish streak on each side of the nape, coverging towards its fellow
on the occiput ; head dark brown, with two yellow spots on the sides,
one in front of the eye, the other behind ; orange-red below, almost
every other ventral shield with a black square spot at the outer end.
Total length 560 millimetres ; tail 80.
Two specimens, male (v. 190 ; c. 40), and female (v. 189 ; c. 37).
This very well characterized, species differs from all those with which
I am acquainted in having only 13 rows of scales, a character asciibed
to the insufficiently described O, dorsale, Berthokl, in which the anal
is single. O. brevicauda, Gthr., is the only other species known to
lack the internasal shields.
236 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
Amblycephalus hamptoni.
(PI. fig. 2).
Rostral a little broader than deep ; internasals three-fifths the length
of the prefrontals, which enter the eye ; frontal slightly longer than
broad, longer than its distance from the end of the snout, two-thirds
the length of the parietals ; supraocular about half the width of the
frontal ; loreal nearly twice as deep as long ; two prseoculars and one
postocular, the latter produced to below the eye, which is thus excluded
from the labials by a narrow rim ; temporals short, 1 + 2 ; seven or eight
upper labials, last longest ; three pairs of large chin-shields. Scales in
15 rows, dorsals feebly keeled. Ventrals 202 ; anal entire ; subcaudals
96. Body strongly compressed. Pale brown above, with numerous
blackish bars interrupted on the middle of the back ; two black longitu-
dinal streaks on the back of the head and nape ; sides of head and lower
parts yellow ; a few black dots on the belly and under the tail.
Total length 555 millimetres ; tail 150.
A single male specimen.
This species appears to be most nearly related to the imperfectly
describe^ A. modestits, Theob., from Pegu.
Explanation of the Plate.
Fig. 1. OUgodon herberti, upper, lower, and side views of head
and anterior part of body, and enlarged upper and side views of head.
Fig. 2. Amblycephalus hamptoni, upper view of head and
anterior part of body, and enlarged upper, lower, and side views of
head.
Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist Soc.
fcr
Kr
.Green dei.etli'tti
Mmtern Bros .imp .London.
NEW SNAKES FROM BURMA.
1 OK^odon herberti.
2 . Amblycepnalus hampt om
237
SOME NEW MOSQUITOES FROM CEYLON.
BY
F. V. Theobald, M,A.,
Communicated by E. Ernest Green, F. E. S.
(With Plates A & B.)
A small colleotion of mosquitoes taken by Mr. E. E. Green in Ceylon
included four new genera and eight new species which are described
here. Besides these, a single 9 of Donitz's Anopheles deceptor ; 9 '&
of Myzorhynchus barbirostris, Van der Wulp ; 9 's of Giles Stegomyia
pseudotceniata, also 9 Tceniorhynchis ager, Giles ; Culex tigripes, Grand-
pre ; Mansonia annulifera, Theobald— all new to the Island.
The Anopheles deceplor shows, on examination of the scales, to belong
to Meigen's genus Anopheles as recently restricted by me.
Some $ and 9 Myzomyia ross u, Giles, were very pale varieties. No
other species in the collection had any peculiarities.
Two of the new genera Lophoceraomyia and Rachionotomya are of
particular interest on account of their peculiar structure, the latter
having a large scutellar spine, the former a strange modification of the
verticillate hairs which appear to form definite organs ; what purpose
they serve is at present unknown.
Genus MEGARHINUS, Rob. Desvoidy.
Essai sur les tribu des Culicides, Mem. Soc. d Hist, de Paris, TIT, p. 412
(1827).
Megahhinus minimus, nov. pp. (fig. 1).
Thorax shiny black with metallic bronzy scales, some blue and greeii
scales at the base of the wings ; pleurae silvery white ; prothoracic
lobes blue. Head bronzy brown with metallic green and blue border
around the eyes. Palpi long, acuminate and thin, deep violet ; pro-
boscis deep violet. Abdomen metallic violet and purple with creamy
lateral spots, the apical segment coppery red ; basal lobes of genitalia
deep brown. Legs brown with violet reflections, creamy at the base
of the femora and below the femora.
$ Head black with deep bronzy brown flat scales behind and over
most of the surface with sometimes metallic reflections and with
metallic green and blue scales around the eyes. Two black onsetse
project forwards between the eyes and one on each side of the median
pair. Antennje brown, the basal joint large and globular, black with
238 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
a grey sheen at the sides. Clypeus black ; proboscis metallic violet.
Palpi long, thin, metallic violet, acuminate ; composed of four segments,
the acuminate apical one slightly longer than the penultimate segment,
the penultimate and the preceding one nearly equal (fig* 1 b) ; on the
penultimate segment are a few short black spines*
Thorax shiny black clothed with metallic brassy flat scales of two sizes,
mostly spindle-shaped, with a patch of pale blue ones at the base of the
wings and a few rather short black spines ; just behind the root of the
wings are some large flat apple-green scales. Prothoracic lobes clothed
with flat mauve and pale blue scales ; scutellum black with small flat
brassy, green and coppery scales on the large mid lobe, dusky over on
the lateral lobes ; border-bristles brown ; metanotum dark-brown ;
pleura? yellowish-brown with dense flat snowy white scales. Abdomen
expanding apically, metallic deep blue and violet basally and extending
to the last few apical segments which are more brilliant, their bases
with green and blue scales, their apical portions with violet and coppery
red, the apical segment and to some extent the basal lobes of the
genitalia with fiery red and coppery scales ; no caudal tuft (fig. 1 c), but
the two last segments have short, dense, black lateral bristles ; on the
first segment is a large creamy lateral patch, there are also more or
less prominent basal creamy lateral patches to the other segments ;
venter creamy yellow, except for the black apex.
Legs uniformly black with metallic violet scales ; fore ungues un-
equal, the larger uniserrated, of the hind legs also unequal, and apparent-
ly simple, three of the hind small, much curved, equal and simple.
Wings (fig. la) small, scales brown, those at the base showing violet
reflections; the first sub-marginal cell so minute that it is scarcely
perceptible to the naked eye ; second posterior cell fairly large and broad
about half the length of its stem ; the third long vein carried well past
the cross-veins as a scaled vein ; supernumerary cross- vein about three
times its own length nearer the apex of the wing than the mid, mid
cross-vein small, joining the posterior cross-vein which is about five
times the length of the mid. Halteres dull ochreous.
Length of body 6 mm ; of palpi 4 mm.
Habitat : Yatiyantota, Ceylon.
Time of capture : March, (1902).
SOME NEW MOSQUITOES FROM CEYLON. 239
Observations. — Described from a single perfect £. Whether it will
oome in Megarhinus or Toxorhynchites it is not possible to say, but I
fancy it is a true Megarhinus. Its small size will at once separate it
from all known members of the two genera. It is also peculiar in
having spines or bristles in the place of a caudal fan and in the very
minute first fork-cell. The abdomen shows all manner of metallic and
color reflections.
Genus STEGOMYIA, Theobald.
Mono. Cidlcid L, p. 283 (1901.)
Stegomyia annulirostris, nov. sp.
Head creamy grey ; proboscis black with a median white area.
Thorax brown with creamy white scales scattered over it, most dense in
front ; pleurae brown with white puncta. Abdomen deep brown, the
third, fourth and fifth segments with basal median triangular white
spots, apical segments yellow-scaled, lateral white median spots to all
the segments. Legs with very narrow pale basal bands to some of the
tore and mid tarsi, broader ones on the hind pair ; knee spots snowy
white, also base of hind femora.
$ Head covered with flat silky creamy grey scales which have a
rusty brown hue at the sides when seen in some lights. Proboscis
black with a clear median white band. Palpi short, black-sealed, the
apex apparently truncated. Antennae brown, basal segment testaceous.
Thorax black clothed with rather long, thick silky white and creamy
narrow curved scales, most densely in front and rather broader scales
in front of the scutellum ; golden-brown bristles project over the
roots of the wings ; scutellum covered with small flat white scales
and with golden-brown border bristles ; metanotum reddish-brown ;
pleurae brown with patches of white scales. Abdomen deep blackish-
brown, the third, fourth and fifth segments with a basal white median
spot, somewhat triangular on the fourth and fifth segments, the apical
segments with yellowish and creamy scales, except the extreme apex
which is black, no markings dorsally on the first and second segment,
each segment with lateral median white spots ; border-bristles small
pale golden.
Legs brown with some basal white bands : on the fore legs there is a
narrow band at the base of the metatarsus and first two tarsi ; the base
of the femora paler than the remainder ; in the mid legs traces of
similar pale bands and a white prominent knee spot, on the venter
240 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
the whole foot is shiny creamy white ; in the hind legs the greater
part of the femora are white, the apex only dark and the white basal
bands on the metatarsi and first three tarsi broader than on the
other feet ; fore and mid ungues equal, uniserrated, the hind equal
and simple.
Wings with brown scales, fork-cells short, upper border darker than
the rest of the wing ; first sub-marginal longer and slightly narrower
than the second posterior cell, its stem nearly as long as the cell, stem
of the second posterior cell as long as the cell ; posterior cross- vein
some distance from the mid cross-vein. Lateral vein scales rather long.
Halteres with pale stem and fuscous knot.
Length 4 mm.
Habitat : Peradeniya, Ceylon.
Time of capture : January, (1902).
Observations. — Described from a single 9 .
It differs from all known Stegomyias in having a banded proboscis
and in thoracic ornamentation. The mid tarsi look all dull white in some
lights ; this is due, I fancy, to the neutral surface of the segments being
pale-scaled. The thorax is slightly rubbed, but is evidently entirely
covered with the pale scales which now and again present the same
rusty hue as that seen in the head scales.
Stegomyia mediopunctata, nov. sp.
Head with a snowy- white median area, black at the sides and with
a few white lateral scales ; proboscis black, unhanded ; palpi black with
white apex. Thorax deep brown, the front with a broad area of large
white scattered narrow-curved scales, the remainder with pale dull
brown scales ; scutellum white-scaled in middle, brown laterally ;
abdomen black, segments with basal median white spots. Legs deep
brown, the fore and mid metatarsi and first tarsals with small white apical
bands, the hind with broad white basal bands to the metatarsi and first
tarsal, second tarsal all black, third nearly all white except for a minute
black apex, fourth black.
9 Head clothed with large flat scales, those on the middle snowy-
white, on each side black with a few white ones on the extreme sides,
a few black bristles project forwards ; clypeus black ; proboscis black ;
palpi black scaled with snowy-white apical scales ; antenna? deep brown,
basal segment black with a crown of snowy-white scales. Thorax deep
SOME NEW MOSQUITOES FROM CEYLON. 241
brown covered with rather large irregular narrow-curved scales, those
in the middle in front being white, those behind and at the sides pale
dull brown ; scutellum prominently trilobed, the median lobe with large
flat white scales, the lateral lobes with large flat, dull brown scales and
with brown border-bristles ; pleurae brown with patches of white scales.
Fore legs brown, a narrow pale band at the base of the metatarsus
and first tarsal, the mid legs the same, only there is a distinct snowy-
white knee spot ; hind legs with the base and venter of femora white,
the base of the metatarsi and first tarsal segment white, the second tarsal
all black, the third all white but for a small black apex, last tarsal small
all black.
Wings with typical brown Stegomyian scales ; first sub-marginal
cell longer and slightly narrower than the second posterior cell,
its base slightly nearer the base of the wing, its stem about half the
length of the cell ; stem of the second posterior nearly as long as the
cell ; posterior cross-vein about twica its own length distant from the
mid. Halteres with fuscous knob.
Length 3 mm.
Habitat : Peradeniya, Ceylon.
Time of capture : November (1901).
Observations. — Described from a single female in excellent condition.
The curious leg banding will at once separate it from all known
Stegomyias.
Genus TRICHORHYNCHUS, nov. gen.
Head clothed with small flat scales in front forming a broadish area,
similar ones at the sides, narrow-curved ones over most of the median
area and many narrow upright forked ones ; antennae with long seg-
ments, verticillate hairs scanty, the internodes densely hairy ; palpi of $
rather prominent, apical segment long, slightly swollen. Thorax with
narrow-curved SGales,also the scutellum. Abdomen and legs normal.
Wings with dense scales on the veins of the apical area, those on the first
long vein and the branches of the second dense, intermediate in form
between Culex and Tamiorhynchus, those on the upper branch of the
fourth shorter and broader than the rest.
This genus is very marked and comes between the Stegomyian group
and the true Culex. It can at once be told by the cephalic scale
structure, and the densely hairy antennae are also very characteristic.
242 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
Trichokhynchus fttscus, nov. sp. (fig. 2).
Head brown with a greyish border around the eyes and at the sides
composed of small flat scales. Palpi, proboscis and antennae deep
brown ; thorax tawny to testaceous brown • pleurae pale ferruginous.
Abdomen ferruginous to dusky brown, brighter brown beneath. Legs
deep brown, paler basally; unhanded. Wings rather short, fork-cells
short.
9 Head (figs. 2, a. & e.) with small flat grey scales forming a broad
border around the eyes and with similar flat scales at the sides, in the
middle small dull golden narrow curved scales and fine black upright
forked scales behind. Palpi (fig. 2, g.) short, brown, testaceous beneath ;
proboscis brown, the testaceous hue present as in the palpi ; clypeus
(fig. 2, h.) pale yellowish brown ; antennte ( fig. 2, d.) brown, basal
segment pale yellowish-brown, very pilose between the verticels.
Thorax bright ferruginous clothed with narrow-curved mouse-colored
and dull golden scales and with numerous bristles of a more or less dull
hue ; scutellum (fig. 2, c.) bright testaceous with small narrow-curved
scales as on the thorax ; seven border-bristles to the mid lobe, meta-
notum bright chestnut-brown ; pleurae pale ferruginous with frosty
sheen in some lights and a few pale bristles.
£l Abdomen dusky brown, ferruginous brown in some, lights covered
with dusky brown scales and with rather short pale border-bristles ;
venter brighter brown.
Legs deep brown, coxae and venter of femora paler ; ungues equal
and simple.
Wings rather short, the scales dense on the apical area, especially on
the branches of the fork cells and on the first long vein, these scales
broader than in Culex, approaching Taeniorhynchus form ; fork-cells
rather small, the first sub-marginal longer and very slightly narrower
than the second posterior, its stem more than half the length of the cell,
its base a little nearer the apex of the wing ; stem of the second posterior
as long as the cell ; scales on the upper branch of the fourth vein rather
broader than elsewhere. Posterior cross-vein nearly twice its own
length distant from the mid ; mid and supernumerary meet at an angle.
Halteres pale, with faintly fuscous knob.
Length 5 mm.
Habitat : Peradeniya, Ceylon.
Time of capture : December (1901).
Jouroai Bombay Nat. H'st. Soc Vol. XV!
Plate A
FIG. 2
FIG 3
CORTE7 A CO* LITH. BOM0AY.
NEW MOSQUITOES FROM CEYLON
SOME NEW MOSQUITOES FROM CEYLON. 243
Observations. — Described from a single 9 in perfect condition. It is
an obscure species, resembling a Culex, unless examined under the two-
third power when its generic characters are at once seen both in regard
to cephalic and wing scale structure.
Genus PSEUDOGRABHAMIA, nov. gen.
Head clothed with narrow- curved, upright forked and flat lateral
scales. Mesothorax with narrow-curved scales ; scutellum with small flat
scales only on the lateral lobes, small flat ones on the mid lobe, except
along the posterior border where there are narrow-curved scales ;
metanotum nude. Wings with rather broad cone-shaped scales
especially on the basal half of the veins, thin lateral ones on the apical
halves and rather broader ones on the stems of the fork-cells ; fork-cells
short. Male palpi with the two apical segments rather swollen, also the
apex of the antipenultimate ; the apical segment bluntly acuminate,
both end segments with hair-tufts and also hairs on the apex of the
antipenultimate segment.
This genus looks very much like grabhamia, but can at once be told
by the scutellum having small flat scales, not all narrow curved ones
as in that genus.
PSEUDOGRABHAMIA MACULATA, nov. Sp.
Thorax reddish -brown with two rather indistinct small pale spots;
pleurse with silvery puncta. Abdomen with basal white bands. Legs
with mottled scales and basal white bands. Wings short with small
fork-cells, scales mottled. Antennae of $ flaxen ; palpi brown with
three narrow pale bands ; apical joint acuminate.
$ Head brown with scattered greyish-white, rather broad narrow-
curved scales, very small narrow-curved golden ones around the eyes and
numerous black upright forked scales. Antennae deep brown, the basal
globular segment black to brown, the base of the second segment bright
testaceous. Clypeus black ; proboscis with deep brown, black and
scattered white scales. Palpi short, with deep brown scales, except at
the apex where they are white. Thorax deep brown with very small
reddish golden-brown narrow curved scales nearly all directed posterior-
ly ; ornamented with four round silvery grey spots on the mesonotum,
similar colored ones just in front near the head and another spot
on the front of the root of the wings and scattered grey scales in front
of the scutellum ; pleurae brown with grey puncta ; scutellum with
small flat white scales only on the lateral lobes, small flat white ones
244 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
on most of the median lobe with a few narrow-curved pale golden ones
on its apical edge, with bright brown border bristles. Abdomen deep,
blackish-brown with basal white bands and with short pale golden
border-bristles.
Legs deep brown, the femora and tibise and metatarsi with scattered
pale scales, the knees white, metatarsi and first three tarsi of the fore
and mid legs with basal pale yellow to almost white bands, last tarsal
segment all deep brown ; in the hind legs all the segments have basal
white bands ; ungues of the fore and mid legs equal and uniserrated,
of the hind equal and simple. Wings short with the fork-cells short,
the scales mottled brown and creamy grey ; scales on the basal areas
of the veins and the median paired ones cone-shaped and broad, the
lateral ones on the apical halves linear and very narrow, except on the
branches of the first fork-cell where they are broader ; on the stems
of the fork-cells they are much broader and cone-shaped ; some of
the scales are asymmetrical ; first sub-marginal cell longer and slightly
narrower than the second posterior cell, its base slightly nearer the
apex of the wing, its stem about the same length as the cell ; stem
of the second posterior slightly longer than the cell ; posterior cross-
vein not quite its own length distant from the mid cross- vein.
Length 3'8 to 4 mm.
£ Antennae banded brown and grey, plume hairs bright flaxen.
Proboscis not mottled as in the 9 . Palpi long ; the two apical seg-
ments and the apex of the penultimate slightly swollen ; the apical
segment about the same length but narrower than the penultimate,
the remainder of the palps looking like one long segment, the jointing
being invisible owing to the scales ; color deep brown ; creamy white
scales form an apparent band at the base of the two apical segments
and there is another very narrow pale band half way down the remain-
der of the palps ; the two apical segments have blackish plume-hairs
and also both sides of the apex of the anti-penultimate segment. Legs
as in the 9 ; fore and mid ungues unequal, both uniserrated ; the
hind ones simple (? equal). Wings much as in 9 .
Length 4*3 mm.
Habitat : Galgamuwa, Ceylon.
Time of capture : August (1902).
Observations. — Described from two perfect 9 's and one $ . The
species is very marked, but unless examined microscopically might
SOME NEW MOSQUITOES FROM CEYLON. 245
asily be placed in Grabhamia, from which it is separated by the small
flat scutellar scales.
Genus LOPHOCERAOMYIA, nov. gen.
Head clothed with narrow-curved scales and numerous upright
forked ones. Palpi short in the $ ; in the $ longer than the proboscis or
only half its length. Proboscis swollen apically. Antenna normal in the
$ , verticillate and pilose ; in the $ plumose, some of the verticillate
whorls modified into variously formed organs, apparently formed out of
modified verticillate hairs. Thorax; clothed with narrow curved scales,
also the scutellum. Abdomen and legs normal. Scales on the veins
on the apical area of the wings dense, the lateral vein scales broader
than in Culex, those on the first long vein short and rather broad, upper
costal border spiny, no lateral vein scales on the basal areas.
This genus can be easily told on the $ by the curious antennal
organs and in both sexes by the wing scales from Culex which it ap-
proaches in general appearance. I am also describing two new species
in this genus from New Guinea and India in the catalogue of Culicid
Be
in the National Museum, Budapest.
LOPHOCERAOMYIA UNIFORMIS, nov. Sp. (figs. 3, 4).
Head brown with a grey border around the eyes ; proboscis deep
broad slightly swollen apically ; palpi deep brown. Thorax tawny brown
pale at the sides ; pleura grey, green or pale brown. Abdomen deep
chocolate brown, unhanded ; venter dull ochreous. Legs long deep
brown, except for pale coxa and venter of femora. Wings transparent ;
fork-cells small ; male palpi brown, acuminate, longer than the
proboscis.
$ Head brown, clothed with narrow-curved grey scales and numerous
upright black forked ones behind, becoming fewer and browner near the
front, thus covering most of the grey-scaled head and giving it a brown
appearance except around the eyes where the grey scales only exist ;
clypeus testaceous ; proboscis black, swollen apically, about two-thirds
the length of the whole body, labellce testaceous ; palpi thin and rather
long, about one-fifth the length of the proboscis, black scaled ; antennae
brown with narrow pale bands and black verticillate hairs.
Thorax shiny brown, clothed with narrow-curved tawny brown scales
which become much smaller and almost black just before the scutellum
bristles long and black, scales at the sides somewhat paler in certain
lights ; scutellum pale brown with small narrow-curved dark scales *
246 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
metanotum pale brown ; pleura pale grey, dull white or pale green,
almost nude. Prothoracic lobes small, nude, pale brown.
Abdomen deep rich chocolate brown to dull brown ; no banding or
lateral spots ; border-bristles pale ; venter dull ochreous.
Legs deep brown, rather long, the coxse and bases of femora grey ;
ungues all equal and simple. Wings with the branches of the first
sub-marginal cell and the stem with rather long scales, those on the
first long vein typical, also the spiny upper costal border ; other lateral
vein-scales may appear linear, but when flattened are much broader
than in a true Culex ; fork-cells short, the first sub-marginal considerably
longer and narrower than the second posterior ; its base nearer the base
of the wing, its stem about half the length of the cell ; stem of the
second posterior as long or longer than the cell ; mid cross-vein longer
than the supernumerary, both united, posterior cross-vein longer than
the mid nearly three times its own length distant from it ; fringe dark
and dense.
Halteres with pale stem and fuscous knob.
Length 3*5 to 4 mm.
$ Palpi (fig. 4) long thin, longer than the proboscis by the last and
nearly half the penultimate segments, with a few spines or hairs only
on the two apical segments, the two segments nearly equal, black,
remainder of palpi dull yellowish-brown. Fore ungues unequal, uniser-
rated ; hind equal and simple ; mid ?
Antennal organs as figured (fig. 3 a, b.). Wings with short fork-
cells, the first sub-marginal considerably longer and narrower than the
second posterior ; its base a little nearer the base of the wing, its stem
about two-thirds the length of the cell ; stem of the second posterior
slightly longer than the cell ; posterior cross-vein longer than the mid,
sloping backwards and about two-and-a-half times its own length
distant from it ; with the exception of the apical portions of the veins
there are no lateral vein scales, only a narrow single row of median
ones. Halteres pale with fuscous knob.
Length 4 mm.
Habitat : Peradeniya, Ceylon.
lime of capture : May (1902.)
Observations. — Described from two <£'s and several 9 's. It generally
resembles LK fraudator, Theobald and L. fragilis, Theobald, but the
$ can at once be told by the different palpi and antennal organs.
Journal Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. Vol. XVI.
Plate B.
FIG. 4-
FIG.S
a/.
FIG. 6
&.
NEW MOSQUITOES FROM CEYLON.
SOME NEW MOSQUITOES FROM CEYLON. 247
Genus WYEOMYIA, Theobald.
Mono. Culicid II, p. 267 (1901), and III, p. 310 (1903).
WVEOMYIA GREBNII, n. Sp. (fig. 5).
Thorax brown with bronzy scales ; pleurae silvery white. Abdomen
black with two pure white basal bands on the apical portion and with
prominent basal silvery white lateral patches, triangular in form.
Proboscis rather short, black ; legs black, unhanded.
9 Head entirely clothed with large flat brown and violet scales, a few
grey ones at the sides ; proboscis not much more than half the length
of the whole body, deep blackish brown ; palpi dark-scaled with some
creamy scales apically.
Thorax shiny black with large flat metallic bronzy, dull green and
mauve scales ; scutellum with similar flat scales of various dull metallic
tints ; metanotum brown with short black chaetae ; pleurae testaceous
with silvery grey spots.
Abdomen black, the fifth, sixth and seventh segments with basal white
bands, the sides of all the segments with basal triangular white spots,
most prominent on the basal segments; the abdomen is compressed
basally, depressed apically.
Legs blackish ; venter of femora pale unhanded, rather thick ; ungues
small, equal and simple. Wings with brown scales, the lateral vein-
scales linear, rather dense, first sub-marginal cell longer and narrower
than the second posterior cell, its stem about two-thirds the length of the
cell, stem of the second posterior as long as the cell ; posterior cross- vein
nearly twice its own length distant from the mid.
Length 4 mm.
$ Head clothed with flat dusky scales ; antennae (fig. 5) brown, the
lower third with the long verticillate hairs, upper two-thirds with dense
short hairs only, except for one group of three or four long ones towards
the middle of the short-haired area ; palpi small, black-scaled ;
proboscis rather longer than in the 9 , black.
Thorax clothed as in the 9 ; prothoracic lobes white-scaled.
Abdomen black with rich violet reflections and with basal lateral white
triangular spots ; apical segment expanded, basal lobes of genitalia very
large, scaly and hairy. Legs brown unhanded.
Length 4 mm.
Habitat : Peradeniya, Ceylon.
Time of capture : January and February (1902).
248 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
Observations. — Described from a perfect $ and 9 . It is the only
member of this group yet found in Ceylon. The general appearance at
once separates it from all allied forms, except Phoniomyia longirostris,
but the proboscis is shorter and not longer than the body as in that genus.
The metanotal chsetfe are difficult to see, and the strange $ antennse
are rather contorted, so only a diagramatic figure is given.
RACHIONOTOMYIA, nov. gen.
Head clothed with flat scales only ; palpi moderate sized in 9 ;
proboscis long, as long as the whole body ; antennse of 9 densely pilose,
hairs rather long. Palpi moderate clavate. Thorax clothed with
spindle-shaped scales • scutellum drawn out into a large thick back-
wardly projecting spine hiding to a large extent the metanotum, on the
basal area of the scutellum flat scales which also occur on the base of the
wings, the spine with scales also, some flat, some on ventral surface
forked. Abdomen normal, but the scales large and rather loosely
applied, giving a faint rugged appearance. Wings with rather short
fork-cells, median scales on the branches of the second long vein thick
and dense, also on first long vein, lateral vein scales scanty, linear but
broader than in Culex ; upper costal border spiny. Legs normal. Male
unknown.
This genus is very marked owing to the strange scutellar process. It
is the only genus in which I have seen any marked structural peculia-
rity in the scutellum, all other genera having the scutellum simple
(Anophelinze and Corethrinse) or trilobed (Culcinte, &c).
RACHIONOTOMYIA CEYLONENSIS, nOV. Sp. (fig. 6).
Head brown with dull violet reflections and a grey border around
the eyes ; palpi, proboscis and antennae dark brown ; proboscis as
long as the body. Thorax brown to testaceous brown, pleurse bright
clear brown with some silvery white scales ; scutellar spine brown.
Abdomen deep brown above, ochreous below, neither banded nor
spotted. Legs deep brown, pale testaceous at their bases. Wings
with brown scales.
9 Head clothed with large flat scales, brown in some lights, dull
violet in others, around the eyes a border of dull white or grey scales ;
two black bristles project forwards between the eyes and traces of
others at the sides ; proboscis deep brown, as long as the whole body,
curved upwards ; palpi deep brown ; small, but prominent clavate ;
SOME NE W MOSQ UITOES FR OM CEYLON. 249
antennas deep brown with grey pubescence, and black verticillate
hairs ; the globular basal segment with a grey sheen.
Thorax varying from deep brown to bright testaceous brown covered
with irregularly placed rather large flat spindle shaped scales of a
brown or bronzy hue, in front an.d on the prothoracic lobes small
rounded flat grey scales, over the roots of the wings some larger
flat scales, pale brown, grey or dull creamy colored, those at the
sides also larger and flatter ; a few short brown curved bristles in front
of the base of the wing and a row of long ones over the base curved
backwards ; scutellum (fig. 6, a, b,) deep brown, sending out a large thick
tapering blunt process backwards, covered with flat scales of dull grey
hues, the scales on the process smaller than on the base, the process has
also small thin forked scales below and is pale apically ; metanotum
chestnut brown; pleura? bright brown with flat white scales. Abdomen
covered with large flat brown scales above showing dull violet reflec-
tions ; ventrally dull ochreous, apparently no border bristles and the
large scales rather loosely applied to the surface ; apex with a few
bristles and some small fine black scales.
Legs rather long and thin, deep brown with dull violet and bronzy
reflections in some lights, coxae bright brown with some white scales ;
femora with dull white scales beneath.
Wings with the fork-cells small, the front sub-marginal longer and
narrower than the second posterior, its base about level with the base
of the second posterior cell, its stem very nearly as long as the cell,
stem of the second posterior also nearly as long as the cell ; posterior
cross-vein a little more than its own length distant from the mid, the
mid and supernumerary meeting at an angle ; scales on the branches of
the second long vein and on the apex of the first rather broad, flat
and dense, on the remainder of the first rather spinose, on the other
veins the lateral scales are linear but thicker than in Culex, median
vein-scales single ; upper costal border spinose^
Halteres with small yellow scales on the stem, dusky on the knob.
Length 4 mm.
Habitat : Peradeniya, Ceylon.
Time of capture : October, (1901).
Observations. — Described from a single perfect specimen, except
for the ungues. It is a very obscure -looking insect except for the
strange scutellar process.
250 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
Plate A.
Fig. 1. Megarhinus minimus, n. sp.
a. wing of male.
b. palp.
c. anal segments.
Fig. 2. Teichorhynchus tfuscus, n. sp.
a. head.
b. prothoracic lobe.
c. scutellum.
d. antenna.
e. head (side view).
/. frontal hairs.
g. palp.
h. clypeus.
Fig. 3. LOPHOCERAOMYIA UNIFORMIS, n. sp.
Antenna of male.
a. enlarged verticillate hairs.
b. scapal knob.
Plate B.
Fig. 4. LOPHOCERAOMYIA UNIFORMTS.
Palpi and proboscis of male.
Fig. 5. Wyeomyia greenii, n. sp.
Antenna of male.
Fig. 6. Ehachionotomyia ceylonensis, n. sp.
a. scutellum.
b. scutellar process.
c. metanotum.
d. palp.
251
DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SNAKE FROM BURMA.
Oligodon McDougalli.
By Capt. F. Wall, i.m.s., cm z.s.
(Read before the Bombay Natural History Society on 24th November 1904.)
This specimen was obtained at Sandarang, Burma, by Mr. E,
McDougall, after whom I have ventured to call it.
The description is as follows. Male ?
Length — 13| inches ; tail 1| inches.
Rostral in contact with 6 shields, of which the sutures with the inter-
nasals and nasals are subequal, and larger than the 1st labials. Portion
visible above greater than distance to frontal. Intemasals a pair ; the
suture between them sub-
equal to that between the prse-
frontal pair, about one-third
the internaso-prsefrontal su-
ture. Prcefrontals a pair ;
the suture between them
about one-third the prsefron-
to-frontal suture. In contact
with internasal, nasal, 2nd
labial, praeocular, supraocular,
and frontal. Frontal in con-
tact with 6 shields ; the sup-
raocular suture rather larger
than the rest, which are sub-
equal ; length much greater
than distance to end of snout,
equal to parietals, about one-
third greater than supra-
oculars ; breadth about three
times each supraocular at a
point opposite the centres of
the eyes. Nasals undivided ;
in contact with the 1st and
2nd labials ; nostril lying in
the middle of the upper half of
the shield. Praoculars one ;
, Cx not extending on to crown.
Oligodon McDovgalli. Bp. nov. (x 5.) uuu BAW 8
252 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
Eye moderate; pupil round. Postoculars one. Temporals one anterior
in contact with two labials, the suture with the 6th about twice 5th.
Labials 7; the 3rd and 4th touching the eye; last two largest, subequal.
Anterior sublinguals larger than posterior ; in contact with 4 infralabials.
Posterior sublinguals in contact with one another, and with 4th
infralabial. Pentagonal is the 4th and much the largest shield of
the series ; in contact with two scales behind ; broader than posterior
sublinguals. The first infralabial suture is about half that between the
anterior sublinguals. Scales two heads lengths behind head 13 ; midbody
13 ; two heads lengths in front of vent 13. All rows subequal, even last
not enlarged. Apical pits and keels absent everywhere. Supracau-
dals in even rows ; midtail 6, end in twos (2 rows), fusion at the steps
from the eights downwards effected by the blending of the two rows
lying uppermost on each side. Ventrals 200 ; evenly rounded ; the
ultimate row of scales barely visible on either side. Anal divided.
Subcaudals 39; in pairs. Colour dusky-black laterally, with a rufous
brown, vertebral stripe from nape to tip of tail involving the vertebral
and half the adjacent row ; this stripe is edged by a series of linear black
spots, most evident anteriorly. A linear black line on the confines of
the 2nd and 3rd rows above the ventrals, interrupted anteriorly, and
ending at vent. A supra-anal black bar and another subterminal,
caudal, black bar. Head blackish. Kostral rufous-yellow, blotched black
below. Labials mottled black and rufous-yellow. A rufous collar in-
complete vertebrally. Chin, and throat rufous-yellow, mottled black in
the sutures. Belly black, mottled fawn. Beneath tail black laterally,
crimson centrally, the colour of a ripe yew-berry, and reminding one
of the tail of Simotes cruentatus. The head is of the same calibre as the
body, the neck very little evident, and the body wonderfully protracted
and of even girth throughout.
253
PLAGUE, RATS AND FLEAS.
By Capt. W. G. Liston, i.m.s.
(With Plates A. & B.)
{Read before the Bombay Natural History Society
on 2ith November 1904.)
You may, perhaps, think that the choice of such a title for a paper to
be read before a Natural History Society is somewhat out of place, and
would have been more suitable for a medical gathering. Perhaps you
are right, but I feel sure that the subject has a proper place under the
circumstances. We are daily becoming more aware of the important
part played in the spread of disease by the numerous animals and
insects which surround us, and, as you will learn in the course of my
remarks, plague is a disease which is pre-eminently dependent on such
surroundings. A knowledge of Natural History is becoming a more
important, I may say an all-important, branch of the medical pro-
fession. Quite apart, however, from such facts, plague is in the midst
of us, carrying on its deadly ravages, and adding daily to its already
uncountable death roll hundreds who, through ignorance of its mode
of spread, fall victims to the scourge. Any ray of light shed into the
darkness which surrounds the aetiology of this disease should not be
confined to the medical world, but be cast upon the people that they
may, perhaps, be enabled thereby to grope their way through the dark-
ness to a place of safety.
You will appreciate the relation between Natural History and
plague when I define the latter as a rat-disease. Not unfrequently,
under favouring circumstances, it is communicable to man. The disease
among men, therefore, might almost be said to be accidental, and cer-
tainly avoidable if there were a distance between rats and men. The
communication of the disease to man is conditional on the propinquity or
distance of rats and men from one another, and is dependent partly on
the habits of the former and partly on the modes of living of the latter.
The ideas embodied in the above definition are not new. That
plague is essentially a rat-disease was known to the ancients.
We find the disease attributed to these animals by the priests
and diviners of the Philistines, who instructed the people in these
words — "Make images of your emerods and images of your mice that
mar the land." They were to do so as a trespass offering to the God
of Israel. (*) In the Bagavathi Purana the people are advised at th©
254 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
moment rats fall from the roof above, jump about, and die to leave their
homes with their friends and relations, and to live in the plain. (2) In
Knmaun, where the disease has been known for long, the experience of
the inhabitants has taught them that when rats die it is time to quit
their homes for the jungle to save themselves from plague. It is stated
in a report of the outbreak of 1834-35 that " the appearance of the
disease in a village had been observed to be preceded by a mortality
among the rats of the village." (3) Coming to more recent times,
Hankin, in reviewing the various circumstances that produced plague
in Bombay, inferred that the incidence of Plague in localities and houses
was in relation to their accessibilty to rats rather than to filth, over-
crowding, &c. (4) Simond also came to a similar conclusion from his
experience of the disease. (5)
Dr. Ashburton Thompson, from his experience of the outbreak of
plague in Sydney in 1900, formed the opinion that plague-rats consti-
tuted the sole source from which the infection was communicated to
man. (6) Dr. G. J. Blackmore, formerly Chief Plague Medical Officer,
Port Elizabeth, very clearly and conclusively proved that the epidemic
in that town was altogether spread by rats. He writes : " To sum up
shortly, in places where infected rats were found, plague cases followed ;
and in places where there were no infected rats, only four cases of
plague occurred, and in these cases the source of infection could not be
traced at all. In no case was there direct evidence of man-to-man
infection, and in most cases the possibility of it was definitely exclud-
ed." (J) I need not quote further in this connection. It is absolutely
certain that rats are the most important factor in the spread of plague.
If plague is a disease of rats, then it is likely that the disease may have
its own distinct laws of origination and continuance among these
animals, man becoming affected chiefly when the disease is most pre-
valent among rats. It is precisely this study of plague among rats
that has been neglected. Before any progress in this connection can
be made, it is necessary to know something about the life and habits
of rats.
What do we really know about rats ? Very little. Now this is one
reason why I am reading this paper before you to-day. You are all
naturalists and, no doubt, keen observers. May I ask you to direct
your attention to rats ? Any notes upon the habits of these animals
will be thankfully received by me.
PLAGUE, EATS AND FLEAS. 255
Let me here discuss some of the important facts connected with the
habits of rats, which have a bearing on the development and spread
of plague, so far as they are known to me. In the first place, as you
are aware, there are various genera and species of rats. I have tried
to classify (more or less casually, I must admit) the Indian town or,
village rats ; but I have completely failed. There appear at first sight
to be many species. I visited the British Museum when at home, and
saw Mr. Oldfield Thomas on this subject ; and he assured me that any
rat I sent from Bombay would be likely to be either a Mus rattus or
Mus decumanus. I was discussing this matter the other day with a
member of this Society, Mr. Aitken, and he suggested that it might
be as easy to classify pie-dogs as the rats in Bombay. I am inclined
to agree with him. There is apparently one fact evident that Mr.
Oldfield Thomas is quite right in distinguishing only two very distinct
species of domestic rat — Mus decumanus and Mas rattus.
Mus decumanus, the brown rat or Norway rat, is a large rat
which in European countries has gradually displaced the smaller
black rat, Mus rattus. This brown rat is much more a burrowing
rodent than the black rat, and likes to live in drains and cellars ; while
the black rat prefers the roofs of houses and even trees to live in. The
black rat, then, is, in a truer sense, a domestic rat ; and it is the common
domestic rat of India. This fact is an extremely important one from
the point of view of plague. The immunity of European countries in
the present day can, to a large extent, be attributed to the ousting
of the black rat by the brown rat. The changes in the habits of man
in European countries within the last two or three centuries, the
development of drainage systems, the separation of workshops from
dwelling-houses, the isolation of granaries and stables from human
habitations, has led to the extermination of the black rat or at least to its
separation from man. The opportunities for the infection of man with
plague from rats have thereby been lessened, and, consequently, in
Europe the development of plague in rats runs almost independently of
the development of the disease in man. No more striking instance of
this can be given than the experience of Glasgow. (8) Plague first
broke out among the people of this city in the autumn of 1900; thirty-
six attacks, with sixteen deaths, was the result of this epidemic. The
origin of the disease could not be traced. All the cases were more or
less associated with one another, and arose chiefly from three houses in
256 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
"which "wakes" were held over the bodies of individuals who had died of
plague in the houses. At the time of this epidemic no rats were found
affected with plague. There is good reason to believe, however, that al-
though not found, yet the epizotic actually existed ; for, after an interval
of a year, a second outbreak occurred, this time among individuals
associated with a rag store. Rats affected with plague were found here,
and continued to be found affected with the disease in various parts
of the city at irregular intervals, for a period of two years. The only
epidemic plague associated with this epizotic plague was that which
occurred in some five individuals who worked in the rag store, and in
other five individuals who worked or lived in the cellars of the Central
Hotel. Plague-infected rats were found in the basement of certain tea
rooms in Gordon Street. A rat warren was discovered, which, when
the burrows were broken up, gave a bag of 67 rats which had either
been killed or found dead. Of these 67 rats no less than 40 had plague.
Rats affected with the disease were found in other places, and con-
tinued to be found, as I have remarked, for nearly two years ; but
no plague occurred in men. It is evident we were here dealing with
epizotic plague among rats of the species Mus decumanus. You note
the diseased animals were found in cellars and burrows — places
where rats of the species Mus decumanus are generally found — places
where they were more or less isolated from man. Had the epizotic
occurred among rats of the species Mus rattus, which inhabit houses,
a very different tale would have been told. It is interesting to note
the oradual disappearance of plague from Europe about the end of the
17th century — a time which was coincident with the invasion of the
brown rat and the displacement of the black rat by that species. The
species of rat affected by the disease has an important bearing on the
spread of plague in man, not from any inherent difference in suscepti-
bility to the disease in the particular species of rat, but because of
the habits of the species. Another important difference will be noticed
when I come to describe the fleas infesting these species of rats.
Now while there is the striking difference in the habits of the
two species of rats, we have equally striking differences in the habits
of the people inhabiting Europe and the East. I have referred to the
fact, that, perhaps, the invasion of Europe by the brown rat may have
been aided by the change in the habits of the people. As pucca
buildings began to be erected, as drainage system developed, ^as stables
|U^J2_ OJi^Uwp. ,<£Co©
o^Ca^wP
PLAGUE, EATS AND FLEAS. 259
proportionate to the severity of the destruction. Tims, if a trap is set,
say, in one room which is frequented by rats, they will probably quit that
room for a neighbouring room. But if a wholesale destruction is produced ,
as by placing poison in several places in a house, the rats will quit the
house completely. Just so is it with plague. If conditions are such
as are unfavourable to the rapid spread of the disease, the infected rats
may linger on in a particular house, not being so thoroughly scared by
the moderate mortality as to quit the house ; infection may thus smoulder
on in a particular house till the conditions become favourable to the
extensive spread of the disease. I shall now consider what these fav-
ourable conditions are. They are associated with the breeding season
of rats, and are due to the increase in the number of susceptible in-
dividuals and the multiplication of fleas, the carriers of infection.
The season at which the greatest number of young rats are present
has a twofold influence on the spread of plague. In the first place, the
arrival of young members among the community increase the number of
individuals susceptible to the disease.
In the second place, the breeding season is, as a rule, the period of
increase of the fleas which are peculiar to the rat. You must be
familiar with the fact that kittens and puppies are especially covered
with fleas. If you wish to get a particular flea which has a certain
bird for its host, your best chance of obtaining that species of flea is to
find the bird's nest. So precisely is it with the rats. Rat fleas are
most numerous at the time when young rats are most numerous. I
fancy I hear somebody say : " Oh ! rats breed all the year round ; they
have no seasonal breeding time." This is true and it is not true. Rats
do often breed all the year round ; but I am equally certain that there
is a season when more young rats are found than at any other season ,
and this season in Bombay is precisely the plague season. This is a
very difficult matter to prove, and I should be very much obliged if
any member could devise a practical method by which it could be
proved. My inference has been made from observing the number of
young rats brought to the Laboratory at certain seasons, and by
noting the number of pregnant females which come for post-mortem
examination. I am sorry, however, that I have no figures to offer
wherewith to support my observation.
An epizootic of plague among a rat community is very often associated
with a sudden and extensive spread of the disease ; in proportion as
260 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
there are more susceptible individuals present in that community, so the
disease spreads more rapidly and extensively. A large number of the
rats die from the disease ; the rats become scared and migrate. The
conditions in such a migrated rat community now are (1) there are a
number of individuals which have recovered from the disease, and are
therefore immune. (2) There is a greatly reduced number of indivi-
duals susceptible to the disease, because of the large number of deaths
among the susceptible. (3) There are a few individuals which still har-
bour the disease and which have escaped with the others. (4) There is
a greatly reduced number of fleas among the community, the infected
fleas having for the most part been left behind. These are conditions
where the chances of infection are greatly reduced, — where it is possible
for one case to follow another only in slow succession, — where the panic
of the rats, by the reduction of the mortality, has been quelled. Time
passes ; the disease smoulders ; gradually the rats return to their tld
haunts, where above all other places they find food and shelter. The
favourable breeding season comes round again, the number of sus-
ceptible individuals rapidly increases, and the number of fleas pari passu
is multiplied. Conditions are re-established for a fresh and extensive
outburst of the disease. Numbers of rats die from the disease. Again
the rats migrate, and plague attacks man. It is thus that I would
explain the seasonal endemicity of plague.
In the above remarks I have endeavoured to show the importance
attaching to the particular species of rat inhabiting any place which
may be subjected to plague infection. The black rat, Mus rattvs, the
common domestic rat of India, of which there are probably very many
varieties, has habits such as bring it into intimate contact with man.
I have tried to show that the prevalence of this rat is in great part due
ito the habits of men in the places where it is found, — that it is possible
by abolishing certain habits and customs to give the ascendency to quite
a different species of rat, which is not so domestic as the Indian rat. In
short, plague is likely to spread among men in proportion as Mus rattus
is more common, and Mus decumanus less prevalent; in proportion*
too, as men's habits are less or more civilised. I have drawn atten-
tion to the gregarious habits of rats, which would speedily end an epi-
zootic of plague among them were it not for their habit of " migration,"
which causes infection of fresh communities in the same town or village
by direct intercourse ; and in distant towns, through human agency,
PLAGUE, RATS AND FLEAS. 257
were separated from dwelling-houses, as shops, warehouses, and
granaries were no longer used as human habitations, as stone and
wooden floors displaced mud and rush-covered ground, as beds became
used in place of heaps of straw, so the black rat was driven from its
haunts and the brown rat had it all his own way. Man and rats were
separated from one another, and plague ceased to trouble ;. for, as will
be shown later, man plays an important part in spreading the disease
among rats.
An observant correspondent, the Rev. J. H. Lord, who is much
interested in the origin and spread of plague, very briefly puts it as
follows : —
" What a timid and scared animal a rat is at home, living away in
sewers or- barns or hay stacks, as a rule only occasionally venturing
among men. But here, in India, on the contrary, it is a confiding,
almost domestic, animal, encouraged to impudence by the very aversion
of Hindus to the destruction of animal life, while, on the other hand,
modes of human life out here cause masses of people to live huddled
together- in what are almost barns and warehouses, in closest contact
with rats ; and throughout the East it is more or less so, and I would
even suggest that the plague has been able to catch on at various places
more or less according as conditions are similar or dissimilar to what I
have described, e.g., at Alexandria, the Cape, Lisbon, Glasgow, (fee-
also, when the plague in the Great Plague of London did catch on
there, was it not perhaps because people were living a good deal in the
insanitary way, then, as to overcrowding and contact with rats, &c,
that they do in the East now ? "
So much for the difference between the two species of rats, the habits
of each species, and the habits of man, which bring men and rats more
or less in contact with one another.
Rats, like men, are gregarious creatures ; they have their communities
in each town or village — communities which have little or no intercourse
with one another. They have their maharwaras and buniapuras ; some
live upon the refuse of the people, others install themselves in the gran-
aries of the rich; little communication, as I have said, takes places
between these communities, but still less communication can there be
between the rats of one town and those of another, except through
human agency. Our high seaways, railways, and cart roads, all of
them channels for the conveyance of merchandise, act also as a means of
9
258 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI,
communication between the rats of one town with those of another ;
stray individuals are carried along with merchandise ; stowaways, as they
might be called, are taken from one town to another. This is only a
chance means of communication between rats of one place and those of
another ; and the chances are, of course, greater where the means of
conveyance is larger. Ships transport rats, therefore, in this way much
more frequently than railway trains, and railway trains more frequently
than carts.
Another habit of rats must here be considered, a habit too in which
they resemble uneducated men. On the occurrence of any unusual
mortality, from any cause, among a community of rats, they quit the
place where the mortality has occurred ; — they migrate as a community.
In this way infection is often communicated from one community of rats
in a village or town to another in the same village or town. Here a
fresh focus of infection may in consequence be set up. Occasionally
some individuals of such a migrating community may seek refuge in a
ship or railway train or cart, and may carry this infection through
human agency to another town. This is one important way in which
plague may be spread from one place to another by human agency. Sea-
port towns, as will be understood from what has been said above, are
most frequently infected in this way. I would instance Sydney, Port
Elizabeth, Durban, Lisbon, Glasgow, etc.
But there is another means of communicating the disease by means
of human agency from rats of one town to those of another town, which
will be discussed later when the part played by fleas in the spread of the
disease is considered. I mention this fact here because it becomes
possible only in connection with the migrating tendency of rats. I need
hardly discuss at length this migrating instinct (shall I call it 7)
which impels rats to shun places which are associated with their death or
destruction. Who has not set a trap for rats and found, that after two
or three have been taken, the rats will not look near the trap again ?
Who has not noticed, that if a good dog or cat is introduced upon rat-
infected premises, after a few of the animals have been destroyed the
others disappear ? Who has not noticed, that poison placed for rats will
cause the disappearance of far larger numbers of them than are actually
destroyed by the poison? This habit of migration, due to fear of destruc-
tion, is a very important habit of rats in the spread of plague. I should
like, however, to emphasize the fact that the extent of the migration is
PLAGUE, RATS AND FLEAS. 263
and other adverse circumstances in uncongenial surroundings. While
other non-spore-bearing bacteria readily perish when removed from
their natural soil. The more resistant germs which do not produce
spores have a protective wall which shields their internal contents.
The Bacillus mallei is a fairly resistant non-spore bearing germ. We
should expect, therefore, glanders to he a disease which might be
capable of transference from diseased animals, by various agents, to
healthy animals ; but the period of the vitality of the bacillus outside
the bcdy of an animal would be short, compared with the period of
vitality of the spore-bearing anthrax bacillus. And this is precisely
what we do find. Thus, we have such cases recorded as that of a
woman who developed glanders three days after washing the clothes of
a man who had died of the disease, or a case of a person who acquired
the disease by heing struck by the fist of a man who owned a glandered
horse. Generally, however, the infection is more direct from the sick
horse to man.
When we come to hydrophobia, we find that in order to produce the
disease, infection must always he obtained direct from the diseased
animal to the healthy, — generally by its bite. The germ is incapable
of existing for any time outside the animal body.
Now, the plague germ does not bear spores ; hence it cannot remain
alive for a long period exposed to air and light and other adverse
agencies, in the way the anthrax bacillus does. Nor yet has the plague
germ any resistant cell-wall. Plague is certainly not conveyed to man
by direct inoculation as hydrophobia is. How, then, can we explain the
infection of man from the rat ?
A little further thought on the methods of reproducing plants adopted
by the mali will enable us perhaps to solve the problem. Has he any
other method of making cuttings? Of course, there is the method of
making a gooty. He selects a certain part of the plant, and ties around
it some moss and earth which he keeps constantly moist. Many plants
which could only be propagated by means of cuttings with difficulty
can thus easily be reproduced. Have we anything analogous to the
gooty in the case of plague? I believe the flea is the gooty. The
plague germs which abundantly circulate in the blood in the final stage
of the disease are taken up along with the blood by the flea. I show
you a specimen under the microscope which is a section through the
stomach of a flea. This flea was fed on a plague-sick rat, and allowed
264 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
to digest its meal for 48 hours. The result is, that almost all the blood
has been digested and absorbed, and the plague germs remain unaffect-
ed,— in fact, they appear to have multiplied, because they are far more
numerous, than they could have been when ingested with the blood,
and their appearance would indicate multiplication to one who is
acquainted with bacilli which have been stained under such circum-
stances.
In the flea's stomach we find the plague germ in surroundings which
will daily supply it with the -very pabulum it desires — animal blood.
The germ is not destroyed by the digestive juices of the flea. It is
protected from light and dessication and the presence of contaminating
bacteria, (weeds in other words,) — conditions which would have put an
end to its existence if it had remained exposed on earth. We have all
the conditions which are fulfilled by the gooty in the case of the plant.
The gardener after a certain time cuts off the new plant below the gooty,
and transfers it to its natural soil. So, too, the germ within the flea
has now to be transferred to more suitable soil, the animal body ; and
this is accomplished by the bite of the flea itself. The flea, being animate,
fulfils the double function of gooty and mali.
And now, to understand the last part of my subject, it is necessary to
say a few words about fleas. It would be possible to write pages on
the subject. My difficulty is to tell you enough in a short space, to
fully explain the relation between fleas and the plague. I hope, there-
fore, you will bear with me if I detain you a few jmoments longer.
There are four species of fleas met with in this country commonly
associated with men and rats. Specimens of these are displayed under
the microscopes. I can only now mention them by name, and detail
a few of the habits of these species.
The most common flea and the one most universally distributed is the
cat flea, Pulex felis, sometimes also called Pulex serratkeps. This flea
is, for the most part, found on cats and dogs ; but it is frequently taken
on man too. I have also found it on rats, monkeys, sheep, deer, goats f
guinea-pigs, the hedge-hog, and the horse. It is a rather small flea,
but variable in size ; and is of a dark colour. It is frequently found in
light airy places, and it is not so nocturnal in its habits as the other
fleas. Then, there is the human flea, Pulex irritans. It is a large
fairly light-coloured flea, found almost exclusively in human habitations,
and in only those of them which are dark and more or less dirty. I
PLAGUE, RATS AND FLEAS. 261
chiefly by ships or rail conveying merchandise. I have suggested that
infection of rats in neighbouring towns and villages is affected by means
of fleas carried by men. Finally, the breeding season of rats plays an
important part in the spread of plague in man. Plague, which is
essentially a rat disease, attacks men only when it is excessively pre-
valent among rats. The disease lingers on in these animals during the
off-plague season, and bursts out afresh among the rats when the
number of susceptible rats is increased by births ; and when the fleas,
the carriers and transmitters of the infection, are more plentiful.
If plague, then, is essentially a disease of rats, are there any other
diseases which are peculiar to animals, and which are occasionally
communicated to man ? Does a study of these diseases furnish us with
any evidence which may explain by analogy how plague is, or is not, or
cannot be communicated to man ? How is plague communicated from
rats to men ?
The following are epizootic diseases which are occasionally communi-
cated to man, and I would class plague along with them ; namely,
Anthrax, Glanders and Hydrophobia.
Anthrax is a disease of cattle which is caused by a spore-bearing
bacillus. It gives rise to at least two forms of disease in man and in
this respect resembles plague ; namely, a disease called Malignant Pus-
tule which is produced by the inoculation of the bacillus under the skin ;
and " Wool Sorter's " disease, which is produced by the inhalation of
the bacillus, into the lung, as occurs in primary plague pneumonia.
Glanders is a disease of the horse which is due to a bacillus, the
Bacillus mallei. The disease is generally found in man among farriers,
grooms, nakers and others who are associated with horses. In man the
disease is very fatal.
You are all familiar with hydrophobia, which is a disease of dogs, and
which is occasionally communicated to man, and is in him a fatal
disease.
Let me here digress by giving a popular exposition of the bacterio-
logy of these diseases. Germs or bacteria are divided into two classes,
the pathogenic, or disease-producing, germs ; and the non-pathogenic
germs, which are abundantly found, in nature, in the earth and air all
around. Now bacteria are fungi, which, as you are aware, are a class of
plants or vegetable organisms. In plant life, therefore, we find many laws
which are equally applicable to bacteria. Now, just as you know that
262 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
some plants grow in earth and others in water, so we find some bacteria
capable of growing in earth, and others capable of growing in the animal
body ; these latter are the pathogenic or disease-producing germs. Just
as you would not expect a " water lilly" to grow on dry earth, so you
cannot expect the pathogenic bacteria to find a suitable soil in the earth ;
or earth organisms a suitable soil in the animal body. I know of no
pathogenic organisms which have been proved to be capable of develop-
ment in earth ; and the plague bacillus is no exception to this rule.
You are familiar with the fact that plaDts can be reproduced either by
seeds or by cuttings. Bacteria multiply in the same way. Some bacteria
produce spores, which are practically seeds ; and others reproduce
themselves by a simple process of cleavage, — a portion is given off from
the parent bacterium, which is capable of reproducing itself, as a cut-
ting does. Now a seed can be kept for a long time in surroundings
which are unsuitable for its development, but when introduced into
suitable soil it buds forth and blossoms. It is precisely so with spore-
bearino- bacilli, they are capable of withstanding long periods of dessi-
cation, etc., and ultimately when introduced into suitable surroundings
they develop and multiply. Anthrax is a pathogenic, spore-bearing,
bacillus. By that I mean that its soil is the animal body, and it is able
on account of its spores or seeds to lie dormant in surroundings which
are unsuitable for its development — such surroundings as are found in
earth, on hides, and wool. Hence we find that anthrax in the cattle in
India can give rise, months afterwards, to anthrax in man in England.
The disease germs in the form of spores are transferred on the hides
and in the wool of the animals which have died of anthrax in India to
England, where among the workers in hides and wool the anthrax
spores, which have lain dormant during the voyage, may find suitable
soil when introduced into a cut or abrasion on the hand or other part of
a hide-worker or wool-sorter, producing anthrax in the unfortunate
man.
A^ain, we know that cuttings from some plants, for example the
rose, can be left exposed to air and light for some time, while cuttings
from other plants must be directly inserted into suitable soil after
removal from the parent plant. The resistance depends on the texture
of the plant, whether it has a hard protective covering, or only a thin
cuticle. Precisely so is it with bacteria ; some bacteria, which repro-
duce themselves only by fission (cuttings), can resist light and dessication
PLAGUE, RATS AND FLEAS. 285
come now to rat fleas. The common flea found on Mils rattus is Pulex
theopis. It is therefore the common rat flea of India. It is a small
light-coloured flea, which is particularily sensitive to light, loving
the dark ; and it is, therefore, more or less nocturnal in habit. It is sel-
dom found apart from the rat in this country* and lives chiefly in the
haunts of the black rat, among grain bags and in the roofs of houses,
etc. At first sight it is very like the human flea. The flea commonly
found on Mus decumanus is called Ceratophyllus fasciatus. In so far as
Mus decumanus is rare in this country, this ilea is also seldom found in
India ; but it is the common flea found on the rat in Europe.
These fleas can be distinguished from one another in both sexes by
noting if there is a comb of bristles behind the head. Pulex felis and
Ceratophyllus fasciatus have both got combs in this situation. Pulex
felis has in addition a set of teeth-like bristles surrounding its mouth ;
Ceratophyllus fasciatus has not got these bristles. Pulex irritans and
Pulex cheopis have no comb of bristles behind their head. They are
readily distinguished by the length of the anti-pygideal bristles, which
are short in the human flea and long in the rat flea. The claws of the
human flea, too, are very large and scythe-like; while the rat flea has
more elegant scycle-shaped prehensile organs. The males of all four
species are at once distinguished by the characteristic shape of the
claspers.
Now you will notice that most of these fleas have a particular host.
The cat flea, however, is more or less an exception to this rule, for it is
often found on other hosts than cat or dog. If this is the case, how is it
possible to explain the infection of man from the rat, when, under ordin-
ary circumstances, the human flea is only found on man, and the rat
flea on the rat ? This fact, more than any other, I think, has prevented
men from accepting the flea theory of the spread of plague, for not a
few instances have now been reported in which plague has been directly
communicated from the diseased rat to the healthy rat by means of flea&
But, it is objected, how can men become infected if the rat flea is never
found on man ? I have had the good fortune to discover an explanation
of how the rat flea can communicate the disease to man, although nor-
mally the rat flea, Pulex cheopis, is scarcely ever found on man.
In March 1903 some guinea-pigs, which had died in the Victoria
Gardens, were sent to me for examination. I found that they had died
of plague. I immediately visited the gardens to see if I could find any
10
266 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI,
fleas on the guinea-pigs ; to my surprise they were covered with fleas.
An examination of these fleas showed that they were rat fleas, Pulex che-
opis. The following history of the disease was given to me by the
Superintendent. A few days before the guinea-pigs became ill, dead
rats had been found near their cage. The guinea-pigs had then sickened,
and two keepers who had charge of them took plague and were seut to
hospital. One or two of the guinea-pigs had died before the dead
animals were sent to me for examination. When I saw the guinea-pigs
in the gardens many were sick, but some appeared healthy. It was.
interesting to note that the sickly were those most infested with fleas.
From one sick guinea-pig no less than eighteen fleas were removed.
This is an important fact to note, in that, thereby the number of in-
fected fleas will be greatly increased. An examination of a large
number of guinea-pigs kept in our Laboratory stock showed that these
animals seldom harbour fleas, the only flea found on them under normal
conditions is a very occasional Pulex fells. This unusual infection of
the guinea-pig by Pulex cheopis remained for some time a mystery;
but an explanation was gradually forthcoming. Here, no doubt, in-
fected rat fleas had communicated the disease to the guinea-pigs ; but
why were rat fleas found on guinea-pigs ? The problem was solved in
the following way. A friend who lived in two semi-detached bungalows
kept a cat. One of the bungalows was used as a nursery for the chil-
dren, and the nursery was the favourite haunt of the cat. When the
hot weather came on, the children were sent to the hills, the nursery
was shut up, and the cat had to find other quarters. About a month
later my friend had to re-open and enter the nursery to get some things
for the children. No sooner had he entered than he was bitten by a
flea, and then by another and another, and to his surprise he found
many fleas on his legs. He caught these fleas and brought them to me,
and when I examined them I found them to be cat fleas. Now as Ions
as the cat lived in the nursery, fleas never troubled the inmates, but
when the cat had been excluded the cat fleas swarmed on to man.
Starvation apparently had driven them to man.
Another opportunity presented itself in the case of a stable. This
stable had been shut up for some weeks, but had formerly been inhabited
by a dog as well as a horse. When the door of the stable was opened,
fleas literally swarmed out on to the man who opened it, almost as a
hive of bees might do when disturbed. One had only to approach the
PLAGUE, RATS AND FLEAS. 267
stable door, and immediately one's trousers were covered with fleas.
These fleas were Pulex felis, which we saw was the common dog flea.
Here, again, driven by hunger, in the absence of the dog, man was
attacked. Herein lies, too, the explanation of the swarms of fleas one
reads and hears of in dak bungalows in India. Somebody has been
there before with dogs. The dogs left with their master, but left their
fleas behind. The bungalow was shut up for a time, another sahib
entered, this time without a dog. He is immediately attacked by the
fleas.
Finally the proof was completed by the following experience for
which I am indebted to the Revd. J. H. Lord. On April 20th last
year he sent me some fleas which had been caught on man in a house
which was infected with plague under the following circumstances.
About the 6th or 7th of April, rats began to die in large numbers in the
chawl in which this house was situated. Suddenly the deaths amongst
rats ceased and on April 11th the people became troubled with fleas.
The fleas were so numerous that they had to quit their rooms and sleep
out in the verandah. While living in the verandah on April 17th one
of the inhabitants of the particular room in which the fleas were taken,
became infected with plague. Another case occurred on the same day
in a room adjoining. This room was separated from the aforementioned
room only by a partition 6^ feet high. On the same day the information
about this chawl came to Mr. Lord. He succeeded in getting the
people who inhabited the room where the above case occurred to collect
some of the fleas which they said troubled them, and he sent the collec-
tion to me on April 20th. An examination of this collection was most
instructive. Now I must tell you that on previous occasions, of 246
fleas which were caught on man under normal conditions I had only
found one rat flea, Pulex cheopis. But of the collection of 30 fleas
caught on man under the circumstances above recorded no less than 14
of these were rat fleas. Nothing could be more striking.
Now what is the explanation of such unusual invasion of the guinea-
pig and man by rat fleas ? You note, that in both cases, a few days
before, rats had been noticed dead in considerable numbers ; then no
more rats were found dead, and plague broke out in the guinea-pigs
and men. Taking this in conjunction with the facts above recorded
regarding the starved fleas, I think the explanation is that, either the
rats had been almost completely exterminated by the plague, or what is
268 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
more probable on the occurrence of a large number of deaths, they had
migrated. In consequence the fleas which they left behind them in
their nests and haunts had to seek food somewhere else, and under these
circumstances had attacked the guinea-pigs and men. Herein I think
we have the explanation of the common phenomenon (1) plague
amoug rats with many deaths, (2) a lull, (3) then plague among men.
Since these cases occurred I have been on the look out for fresh
opportunities, but you will readily understand that information of this
s^rt is difficult to be obtained by one individual. Will you help me to
examine such cases ? When you hear of any unusual number of deaths
among rats from plague, please let me know at once ; and if we are
unable to persuade the people to catch the fleas on their persons, I
propose to use guinea-pigs to trap the fleas by placing these animals in
the probably infected rooms and then we shall be able to see whether
rat fleas are straying about, for they will take to the guinea-pigs and
can easily be captured on these animals.
If rats can communicate the disease to man it is equally certain that
man can carry the disease to rats. I have already explained how the
disease can be communicated to distant towns and villages from in-
fected rats in one place, to those in the other place by human agency.
But there are other well-recognised cases where infection has been
carried from one village to a neighbouring village by man, where the
possibility of the direct transference of infected rats from the one place
to the other is absolutely excluded. The record of such cases is almost
legion. I take 2 cases of 12 recorded in the excellent report on Plague
and Inoculation Operations in the Amritsar District in 1903 by Captain
S. Browning Smith, I. M.S.
Kadgil (the name of the village). tl Here the disease Was brought
from Tharu, by Buta, a weaver, in November 1902. He died after
three days' illness, and three other deaths occurred in this house within
five days ; rats died in this house, and were allowed to remain, and the
house was locked up ; plague did not spread at the time, and no other
case occurred for two months, when dead rats were noticed in some
sweepers' houses that adjoined Buta's house ; seven days after dead
rats were seen, the disease appeared among the sweepers."
" Phailloke. The disease was brought from Chala, Lahore District,
hj Chet Singh, who returned to Phailloke on the 25th March 1903.
•Rats began to die on the 29th March 1903. Chet Singh fell ill on
PLAGUE, HATS AND PLEAS. ■ 269
the 2nd April, and died on the 8th April. Three other cases occurred
in the same house. "
Captain Browning Smith remarks : " The above is a case where it
seems that infection was brought in the clothes of the man ; rats were
infected from this, and the man himself was infected from the rats. "
The cases speak for themselves. The explanation I offer is that a man
living in an infected village takes fright when he finds cases of plague
occurring among others in his own house. The infection of this
household was clearly brought about in the way I have described
above ; rats died, the remaining ones migrated, the hungry infected fleas
they left behind attacked man ; man became infected — some of these
fleas having got among the clothes of the fugitive man, he has carried
them to the village to which he has fled. The fleas may have in
the meantime attacked him and if so he died of the disease shortly
after his arrival ; but possibly the fleas may have failed to get through
his clothes, the man then remains unaffected. When transferred to
the new village in this manner, the floas find themselves in fresh rat-
infested premises, and are not long in scenting out their natural host
the rat. They infect the rats, the disease spreads among the rats
rapidly, they die ; the rest take fright and migrate; man becomes
infected.
But why press this flea theory, you will say, when we know
perfectly well that the excreta from infected animals is capable of
infecting fresh animals. This is a gratuitous assumption. Have
you tried it? I have. Healthy rats can live in the same cage with
infected rats without acquiring the disease, if only fleas are
excluded. I told you of such experiments when I read a paper
before you in March last year. Since then other persons have
independently confirmed my observations, particularly Dr. Klein.9 I have
here been able to prove that although susceptible animals do take plague
through the alimentary canal if fed on large quantities of grossly conta-
minated food, yet they can eat food which has been contaminated by a
relatively small quantity of plague without harm. Moreover, what is
more important, they are not infected with the insufficiently large
quantity of plague which is contained in the various excreta of plague-
infected man or animals. I have fed rats on such excreta, and kept
them in contact in a small cage with clothing which had been soiled by
dying plague patients, and they have not suffered from the disease.
270 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVL
But when even one or two germs are introduced by a needle under
the skin, death almost always results. Thus, a guinea-pig has died
of plague after receiving one quarter of a c.c. (about 4 drops) of
a ten millionfold dilution of a 48-hours' broth culture of plague.
In this quantity I was able to show there were not more than one
or two germs. If only one or two germs are necessary to infect
an animal by injection under the skin, while millions are necessary
by any other channel, which is more likely to be the common method of
infection ?
Simond <10) long ago showed that phlyctenules (blisters occasionally
found in cases of plague, and which reveal the point of inoculation of
the bacillus) often occur in parts little liable to abrasion (such abrasions
might permit the plague germs to enter the blood), but which are fre-
quently attacked by fleas. If cuts and abrasions were the chief source
of infection, phlyctenules would be commonly found on the soles of the
feet of those who go about bare-footed, but this is not the case. Phlyc-
tenules in this situation are extremely rare, while they are most common
just in the situations which are most subject to be attacked by fleas.
Again, the boot- wearing people of Australia suffered as frequently from
buboes in the groin as the bare-footed natives of Bombay ; — 73 percent,
in the one case, 67 in the other (-11\ If the bacillus lived in the soil,
it would have been reasonable to expect a larger number of groin
buboes in the bare-footed natives than in the booted Australians.
Moreover, the common sources of infection with plague are dark, dirty,
overcrowded, vermin-infested houses ; also clothing and grain. It is
just on these surroundings that fleas may be found. We know,
too, that houses and clothing can be indirectly infective through the
medium of a healthy uninfected individual. The healthy individual
carries with him something, presumably infected fleas, to another indi-
vidual who sickens with the disease.
The seasonal prevalence of plague can to my mind be most easily
accounted for by the greater prevalence at some given time of some
intermediary host of the plague bacillus after the same manner as the
prevalence of malaria is associated with the prevalence, at certain definite
seasons, of certain species of mosquitoes of the genus Anopheles. On
several occasions fleas have been noted to be specially abundant prior to
or during the course of an epidemic of plague. I will only mention
2 instances. Thus, for example, Dr. Tid swell's attention was directed
PLAGUE, RATS AND FLEAS. 27t
early in the epidemic of plague in Sydney in 1900 to the unusual
prevalence of fleas in the infected quarters. He writes : " At the time
the rats were dying in large number upon the whaif , to which attention
was called above ; the fleas there were so numerous that the labourers
tied string round the bottom of their trousers to protect themselves
against the onslaughts of the vermin" (l2). Again, in connection with
the rat epidemic of plague at Cardiff in February 1901, I quote from
the Local Government Board Keport for 1902 : " Fleas in considerable
numbers were observed on the white flour sacks in the warehouse
mentioned " <' 3). I have on more than one occasion been told that before
an outbreak of plague occurred, fleas were noticed to be very prevalent ;
the only wonder is, as Tidswell (l4) has expressed it, that such a fact
should have been noticed at all, for the social status and domestic habits
of most people among whom plague occurs is not such as to invest
a little incident of this sort with remarkable novelty. Finally, there
are many facts to my mind which cannot be explained on any other
hypothesis ; I will only mention a few of them here.
Mr. Nigel Paton, who is in charge of a large oil store in Bombay,
wrote to me after reading my paper published in the Medical and Phy-
sical Society's Transactions last year, (15> that he had been at a loss to
explain why every year during the plague epidemic he lost several hands
employed by him in the office connected with the store, while, since
the plague has broken out in Bombay, he did not remember a single death
from plague having occurred among the hands he employed in the store
itself, although the hands employed in both departments lived in much
the same manner, and in the same infected surroundings. Unfortu-
nately he could not support the statement by statistics, but he said
it was a well-known fact in the office, and had annually been commented
on. His explanation of the fact now is this, that the men in the oil store
itself were constantly handling oil, to such an extent indeed, that their
bodies were covered with it ; and he presumed that probably the smell
of the oil, or some other cause connected with the oil, prevented the
infected fleas biting the oil workers, and so they escaped the disease.
Now Mr. Paton's experience is by no means unique. In 1797 it was
observed by Mr. Baldwin, the British Consul in Egypt, that among the
millions of inhabitants who died of plague in that country in the space
of four years, not a single oilman or dealer in oil had suffered <l6>.
Sir J. McGregor remembered that all the men employed in applying
272 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
oil to the camels' feet during the Egyptian campaign escaped the plague
(l7>. Mr. Jackson states that the coolies employed in the oil stores
of Tunis smear themselves with oil, and are rarely affected with plague
when it rages in that city (18). It is also stated by Luigi of Pavia
that during the 27 years he was attendant at the pest house in Smyrna,
he found friction with oil more efficacious than any other medicine both
as a prophylactic and as a means of cure (1S). In the plague
epidemic in India in 1815 and 1819 Mr. White, talking of the common
practice in many parts of India — friction to the body with oil, says
" This (practice) has, upon very good authority and extensive experience,
been supposed a complete preventive, as well as a powerful agent in
the cure of plague " (20). Mr. McAdam says : " Another remark
which the natives make, and which I think is likely to be just, as.
they are not apt to take notice of anything that is not extremely
obvious, is, that those engaged in the expression of oil are not liable to
infection " <2X>. Can the relative immunity of Calcutta and Madras
compared with Bombay and the Punjab be due to the habit of
daily anointing the body with oil in the former two presidencies ? I
was very much struck by this habit in Sambalpur, where recently
I was Civil Surgeon ; the people in this district follow partly the habits
of the people of Calcutta and partly those of Madras. I was informed
that the Jubbulpore Municipality placed it on record during a very
severe epidemic two years ago that tobacconists who lived in their
shops were peculiarly exempt from the disease.
It is notorious how frequently visits at night to plague-infected houses
have been followed by fatal results while the same houses could be
entered with impunity by day. In this connection the following
quotation from the report of Dr. Watson on the Mahamari (plague)
of Kumaon is of interest (22> : " The experience of Dr. Eenny, Dr.
Pearson, Dr. Francis and others has proved that a medical officer can
without danger feel the pulse of a plague patient and give him medicine,
and also that medical officers can without danger examine by dissection
the body of a man who has died of plague. That is to say, he can
do these things by day, with the sun shining and the air tolerably warm.
I do not believe he could do any of them with impunity after night-
fall. " Take these facts in conjunction with the observations I have-
made that Pulex cheopis shuns the light, and the facts which I com-
municated to you in the paper which I read before you last year. I
Jourr>ai Bombay Nat Hist. Soc Vol, XV<
Plate A
P. Chropis
P. Ikritans
^~
P. Felis
C. Fasciatus
CORTEJ ,( CO. HTM. BOUBAV
MALE FLEAS.
D. A. TURKHUO M. 8. DEi .
Journal Bombay Nat Hist. Soc Vol. XVI
Plate B
P. Cheopis
P. Ikritans
P. Fklis
C. Fasciatus
CORTEZ <t CO. UTH. BOMBAY.
FEMALE FLEAS.
L: A. F'JRKHUO M 8. "f
PLAGUE, RATS AND FLEAS. 273
then told you that I had noticed that on certain days I whs able to get
many ileus from the rats sent to the Laboratory, while on other days
none were obtained. As many as 53 rats on one day were examined
and not a single flea was obtained, while on another day 13 rats yielded
22 fleas. In seeking for an explanation for this I noticed that when
the rats were brought to the Laboratory in a dark iron cage, fleas were
plentifully found on the rats, while when they were brought in an open
wire caire no fleas were found on them. I also noticed that if the rats
were kept in open cages in a light place, all the fleas that were placed
on them disappeared.
It would be possible thus to greatly enlarge upon this subject ; but
already I have occupied you far beyond the usual time devoted to a
paper. I had sketched out in my plan of this paper a heading which
was to deal with the lessons to be learned from the facts placed before
you. I cannot, however, do so to-day ; perhaps some other opportunity
may present itself. I will only say that it is obvious that any changes
which will free Bombay or India of plague can only be introduced
gradually, as the people become more educated and civilised, and learn
that rats are the most important factor in the spread of the disease. If
we cannot speedily place a distance between ourselves and rats, we
can at least protect ourselves from the danger of their propinquity by
acquiring immunity to plague by inoculation. This is to my mind the
only measure that offers any hope in combating the disease in the near
future.
LIST OF REFERENCES TO LITERATURE.
cl> I. Samuel VI. 5.
« Quoted in " The Plague Inspector, " uy Lieut.-Ool. W. G.
King, p. 157.
<3) Appendix XXV, Indian Plague Commission's Report, Vol. II,
p. 335.
<4> llankin, Atmales d l'Institut Pasteur, 1898.
<5) Simond, Annales d l'Institut Pastour, 1898.
(6> Report on the Second Outbreak of Plague in Sydney, 1902, p. 2.
*7> Blackmore " Rats & Plague, " Lancet, 11th October 1902.
^8> Local Government Board Reports, 1901-1902, p. '621.
<9> Local Government Board Reports, 1902-1903.
^lu> Annales d l'Institut Pasteur, October 1898.
11
274 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
(11> J. A. Thompson, Journal of Hygiene, April 1901, p. 166.
<12> F. Tidswell, Journal of Sanitary Institute, Vol. XXI, Pt. IV,
p. 569.
(l3> Local Government Board Report on Plague, by Bruce Low,
1902, p. 31.
<"> F. Tidswell, Journal of Sanitary Institute, Vol. XXI, Pt. IV,
p. 569.
<-15) Liston, Transactions of Bombay Medical & Physical Society,
February 1903.
<16) Duncan's Annals, 1797.
O7) Medical Sketches, 1804.
<18) On the Commerce of the Mediterranean, p. 46.
<19) Quoted in Cyclopaedia of Practical Medicine, Article "Plague.'*
C2°) Transactions of Bombay Medical & Physical Society, Vol. I.
(21> Transactions of Bombay Medical & Physical Society, Vol. I.
(22) Appendix XXV, Indian Plague Commission's Report. Vol. II,
p. 364.
275
A CATALOGUE OF THE IIETEROCERA OF SIKHIM
AND BHUTAN.
By G. C. Dudgeon, f.e.s.,
With Notes by H. J. Elwes, f.r.s., &c.
and
Additions by Sir George F. Hampson, Bart., b.a., f.e.s., &o.
Part XVII.
(Continued from page 613 of Vol. XV.)
Family NOCTUIDjE— contd.
Sub-family CUCULLTANjE.
Genus Cugullia, Sohrank.
1807. C. albescens, Moore.
Sikhim. I have this only from the Punjab, but it is probable that it
occurs all along the Himalayas at suitable elevations. (A single speci-
men from Mollor identified by Sir Geo. Hampson. — H.J.E.)
1808. C. nigrifascia, Hmpsn.
Sikhim. Mr. Elwes took a single specimen of this at light at Darjeel-
ing in August.
1810. C. brevipennis, Hmpsn.
Sikhim. I have not seen this. (I do not know the authority for
the Sikhim specimen recorded by Sir Geo. Hampson, my only example
is from the Nagas.— H.J.E.) (Darjeeling, Moore Coll. in B. M.— •
G. F. II)
1812. C. pullata, Moore.
Sikhim. I have seen only this from Kulu in the Punjab. (I took
one of this fine large Cucullia on Tonglo in July and suppose it to be a
high-level species. — H.J.E.)
1806a. C. poliorhiza, Hmpsn.
Yatung. I have a single specimen of this from Mr. Lister obtained
at the frontier station. Although it is in bad condition it is easily re-
cognised by comparison with Sir Geo. Hampson's figure in the Bo.
Nat. Soc, Vol. XIII.
Genus Polia, Ochs.
(Out of all the species placed in this genus in Moths of India and
recorded from Sikhim it appears from Sir Geo. Hampson's new
classification the following Nos. belong to the genus Crymodes in the
27S JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
s\ih-him\y AC ftOXYC TIN ^ :— I78C, 1787, 1788,1790, 1791, 1792r
3796 ; while 1794 is said to be a Cucullian of uncertain genus and
1793 and 1797 are not in the B.M. collection and are therefore at
present uncertain. I am leaving only the last three in this genus.)
1794. P. griseimfa, Hmpsn.
Sikhim, 10,000 ft. No specimens. (1 have four specimens, one of
which I took on Tonglo, the others at or near Darjeeling. — II.J.E.)
1793. P. microsttcta, Hmpsn.
Sikhim. I do not know this. (The unique type of this came from
Moller. I do not know where it was taken, but I suspect it is not
rightly placed here. — II.J.E.)
1797. P. sinuata, Moore.
Sikhim, 10,000 feet. (Another of the rarities which I took on that
wonderfully successful expedition along the Nepal frontier during the
height of the rainy season in 1886. — II.J.E.)
Genus Sydiva, Moore.
1765. S. nigrosgrisea, Moore.
Sikhim. This species which I have not seen would appear to come
into this sub-family and should therefore be separated from Ancara
m which it is placed in Moths of India and which latter genus belongs
to the next sub-family. (I took one on Tonglo in July and have
others from Atkinson and Moller, the latter dated 30th May 1888. —
II.J.E.)
Genus Elwesia, Hmpsn.
1597. E. diplostigma, Hmpsn.
Sikhim, 10,000 feet. I believe this species has been obtained at high
elevation, but I have not seen it. (The type female I took on Tonglo.
I have one male from Knyvett's collection. — II.J.E.)
Genus Bombycia, Steph.
1710. B. rubida, Hmpsn.
Sikhim, 10,000 feet. I do not know this. (The unique type was
taken by me on Tonglo at light in July and is in rather worn condition.
—II.J.E.)
1799. B. grisea, Moore.
Sir Geo. Hampson removes this from Folia to this genus.
Sikhim, 15,000 feet. (Of this T have never seen a specimen except
iu Atkinson's collection.— H.J.E.)
HETEBOCERA OF SIKHIM AND BTIUTAN. 277
Genus Epunda, Guen.
1740. E. lagenifera, Moore.
Siklum. This insect was placed with the next in the genus Euplexia
in Moths of India, hut belongs to this sub-family. (1 have five from
Sikhim and one from Manipur which I believe to be this species. —
Il.J.E.)
1751. E. pardaria, Moore.
Sikhim. Placed in Euplexia in Moths of India, but should be
removed to this sub-family.
Sub-family ACRONYCTINjE.
Genus Crymodes, Guen.
1786. C. herchatra, Swinh.
Sikhim, 7,000 feet ; Bhutan, 6,400 feet. I have only taken this in
at light. (This pretty little Noctuid was common on the Nepal frontier
from 10,000 to 12,000 feet in July.— Il.J.E.)
1787. C, sikkimensis, Moore.
Sikhim, 10,000 feet. (I took two on Tonglo and have another from
the Tibet frontier or Chumbi valley. — H.J.E.)
1788. C. canosparsa, Hmpsn.
Sikhim, 12,000 feet. (This is a common species on the Nepal frontier
from Tonglo up to Jongri at 13,000 feet or upwards. — Il.J.E.)
1790. C.endroma, Swinh.
Sikhim and Bhutan. Occurs but rarely at high elevations in Bhutan
in September. (Also common on the Nepal frontier, but I did not take
it as high up as the last. — Il.J.E.)
1791. C. dentata, Hmpsn.
Sikhim, 10,000 feet ; Bhutan, 7,000 feet. I have five specimens
brought in by my collectors taken in July. (Rather like, but I think
quite distinct from the last species and found along the Nepal frontier
from Tonglo to Sundukpho. — Il.J.E.)
1703. C. castanea, Moore.
Sikhim, 7,000 feet. Taken by Col. Pilcher probably at Darjeelmg
from whom I obtained a specimen. (I have only one specimen of this
fine and distinct species from the interior of Sikhim. I do not think it
occurs at Darjeeling, but if so must be rare. — Il.J.E.)
1796. C. juncture/,, Hmpsn.
Sikhim, 7,000 feet. (Of this distinct species I have only two from
Moller's collection. The elevation given is doubtful. — I1..EE.)
278 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
Genus Sesamia, Guen.
1798a. S. fumea, Hmpsn.
Sikhim, 1,800 feet. The type of this was taken by me at Pankabaree,
1 have not seen another. This species, which was originally placed in
the genus Polia, Sir Goo. Hampson now refers to Sesamia, Guen.
Genus Sphetta, Wlk.
1585. S. apkalis, Wlk.
Sikhim, 3,000 feet. I have taken this at Vah on the Tukvar spur
and bred others from larva? taken at the same elevation. The dates on
my specimens are May, June and August. The expanse of my specimens
is greater than that recorded in Moths of India, being 47 millim. $
and 53-59 millim. $ .
Genus Amphipyra, Ochs.
1655. A. monolitha, Guen.
Sikhim. I have this from the Kangra Valley, but never saw a speci-
men from Sikhim or Bhutan. (Not in B. M. from Sikhim — G.F.H.)
(I doubt its occurrence in Sikhim — H. J. E.)
1658. A. cupreipennis, Moore.
Sikhim. This also I have not seen (Sikhim in B. M. — G.F.H.)
Genus Euplexia, Steph.
1711. E. nuhllata, Hmpsn.
Sikhim. Taken by Moller at 6,000 feet. I have no specimens. (Twa-
in my collection without exact locality. — II. J. E.)
1712. E. indislans, Guen.
Sikhim and Bhutan, 1,800-4,000 feet. I cannot separate this from
the next when trying to identify females. The only feature which is
<lifferent in the male is the ferruginous suffusion present in indistans, but
I have a specimen of niveiplaga with the white patch on the reniform
which is distinctly reddish on the underside. My specimens were taken
in April, May, July and September. (Either species may have the
white patch on reniform. — G.F.H.)
1713. E. niveiplaga, Wlk.
Sikhim and Bhutan, up to 5,000 feet. All the forms of this are ap-
parently equally common. I have taken it in May, June, August, Sep-
tember, October and November.
1715. E. fidvistigma, Moore.
Sikhim and Bhutan, 1,800-6,000 feet. I also think that this species and
the next will eventually lie found to be one. The darker suffusion of
HETEROCERA OF SIKH IM AND BHUTAN. 270
the innor half of the forewing in sodalis is the only distinguishing mark I
can see in some of the redder forms of the latter species. My specimens
are all marked May. (I have two specimens from Sikhim and one from
the Khasias which agree with the type of Hadena constellata, Moore
placed by Hampson as a synonym of this. — H. J. E.)
1717. E. sodalis, Butl.
Sikhim and Bhutan, 3,000 feet up. A very common insect occurring
in May and June.
1717a. E. oxydata, Hmpsn.
Sikhim, 7,000 feet. I do not know this. (Sikhim, Pilcher in B. M.
— G. F.H.)
1795a. E. pyroxantha, Hmpsn.
Yatung. This will probably be found on this side of the passes also.
Sir Geo. Hampson thinks that the position of the insect is better in this
genus. It was originally described as a Polia.
1721. E. conducta. Wlk.
Sikhim and Bhutan, 1,800-2,500 feet. This is a common species oc-
curring in May, June, August and September. The form galaxia, Butl.,
is rarer and I have only taken it at 4,500 feet in Sikhim and in the
Kangra Valley. Apart from the difference in the ground colour of this
latter form from typical conducta the reniform which is formed of dis-
tinct white spots in a cluster is much further from the postmedial line.
It seems to me to be distinct, but my series is not long enough to
determine.
1722. E. albhnaculata, Moore.
Sikhim and Bhutan, 2,000-5,000 feet. Not uncommon in May,
June, August and September, attracted to light. (I took it at Darjeel-
ing at light. — H.J.E.)
1723. E. leucospila, Wlk.
Sikhim and Bhutan, 1,800-7,000 feet. This species has apparently a
greater range in elevation than the last, but I have not taken it so
frequently. (I took this at Darjeeling and have it also from Manipur.
— H.J.E.)
1724. E. albirena, Moore.
Sikhim. I have only one specimen with no elevation recorded.
(Four specimens from Moller's collection, of which one is dated 21st
October 1888, probably from low elevation. — H.J.E.)
280 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
1725. E. subcurva, Wlk.
Sikhim, 1,800 feet. This is a rare species in Sikhim ; my only
specimen was taken by me at light at Punkabaree in April.
1737. E. metallka, Wlk.
Sikhim. I have not seen this species. (Sikhim, Atkinson, Mailer in
B. M. — G.F.II.) (I have four specimens of this fine species from
Atkinson's and Moller's collections. — II.J.E.)
1728. E. discisignata, Moore.
Sikhim and Bhutan, 6,400-6,700 feet. I look a specimen in Septem-
ber at Rissoom and another in the same month at Pasheteng. (A
common species at Darjeeling at light and varies a good deal. 1 also
have it from the Naga Hills. — II.J.E.)
1780. E. chalybeata, Moore.
Sikhim and Bhutan. I have one specimen of this taken by my
collectors in Bhutan, but with no record of elevation or date. ( 1 took
this at light on Tonglo and have it also from Moller's collection.
— II.J.E.)
1732. E. melanospila, Koll.
Sikhim and Bhutan, 1,800-7,000 feet. A very common species
especially at about 5,000 feet. My specimens are dated May and
September.
1733. E. aurigera, Wlk.
Sikhim and Bhutan, 2,500-10,000 feet. A common insect attracted
to light at many different elevations. I have specimens taken by
myself at Tukvar, Badamtam, Fagoo, and Darjeeling in March and
June and have received specimens through my collectors from Yatung
and the Sikhim frontier.
1734. E. albinota, Moore.
Sikhim, 9,000 feet. I have only one specimen taken in the interior
in July. [Also taken by me at light on Tonglo in July. — II.J.E.)
1734b. E. chlorogrammata, limpsn.
Sikhim, 1,800 feet. I took one specimen which is now in the
British Museum collection as the type at Punkabaree.
1735. E. aurovirid/s, Moore.
Sikhim and Bhutan, 1,800-2,500 feet.— I have only taken this in
August and September attracted to light. It is apparently not very
common, (The form albidisca, Moore which Hampson treats as a
HETEROCERA OF SIKUIM AND BHUTAN. 2»t
synonym, seems to me distinct. I have three from Sikhim and one from
the Khasi $ which agree with each other. — H. J. E.)
1736. E. literata, Moore.
Sikhim. I do not know this. (Sikhim, type Moore coll., and Pitcher
in B. M.^-G. F. II.) (I have two of this pretty species, one of which
I took at light at Darjeeling in July. — H. J. EJ)
1737. E. calamistrata, Moore.
Sikhim and Bhutan, 3,000-5,500 ft. Occurs but not commonly in
September and October. (I took it also at Darjeeling. — II. J. E.)
1738. E. aurantiaca,, Hmpsn.
Sikhim, 8,000 feet. I have not seen this. (I have four specimens
which came from Mailer's collection. — II. J. E.)
1739. E. stellifera, Moore.
Sikhim and Bhutan, 6,700 feet. An insect which I take to be this
species I took at Pasheteng in September.
1741. E. plumbeola, Hmpsn.
Sikhim. I do not know this species. I have six specimens from
Holler's collection, some dated June. A very distinct species. — 11. «/. E.)
1742. E. gemmifera, Wlk.
Sikhim and Bhutan. I have a specimen taken in Bhutan in May.
(Not a rare species in some parts of Sikhim, but I never took it myself.
—H.J.E.)
1743. E. alboviltata, Moore.
Sikhim and Bhutan, 3,000-7,000 feet. A common insect attracted to
light in June, September, October and November. (This agrees with
a specimen in Dick's collection from N. Japan. The var. siuuala, Moore
has much narrower silver bands. — H. J. E.)
1744. E. distorta, Moore.
Sikhim. I have not seen this. (Sikhim, Pitcher in B. M. — G. F. II.)
(I have only one perfect specimen of this very beautiful species from
Knyvett's collection taken 14th May 1889. — ZT. J. E.)
1747. E. indica, Moore.
Sikhim. (This cannot easily be identified, but I have one which
I took at Darjeeling which I believe to be this. — H.J.E.)
1749. E. pidcherrima, Moore.
Sikhim. I have only taken this in the Kangra Valley and have
specimens from Kulu. It must be rare in Sikhim. (I have several
specimens, of which I took two at light on Tonglo. — ILJ.E.)
n
282 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
1750. E. atrovirens, Moore.
Sikhim, 7,000 feet. Two specimens taken at light in July. (Not
are at light at Darjeeling. — H. J. E.)
1752. E. venoscij Moore.
Sikhim. 1 have not taken this. (Sikhim, Russell in B. M. — G. F. H.)
1753. E. confluensj Moore.
Sikhim. Another insect unknown to me. (Both of the above are
unknown to me and must be rare in Sikhim. — H. J. E.)
1754. E. mucronata, Moore.
Sikhim. (I have three from Moller's and one from Atkinson's collec-
tion.— H. J. E.)
1755. E. t'camba, Swinh.
Sikhim and Bhutan, 7,000-10,000 feet. This seems to be not un-
common in July at high elevation, but I have never taken it myself. I
have only five examples taken by my collectors. (Quite a common
species on Tonglo in July and occurs at Darjeeling also. — H. J. E.)
1756. E. costa/is, Moore.
Sikhim and Bhutan, 6,400 feet. I took two specimens at Kissoom
in September. (Two from Sikhim in my collection and two from the
Khasias. — II. J. E.)
1756a. E. niveifascia, Wlk. (Plate III, Fig. 27.)
Sikhim. My only specimen was taken by me at light at Punka-
baree and is now in the British Museum collection.
1869. E. ochreipuncta, Hmpsn.
Sikhim. This is unknown to me. It was included in the genus
Caradrina until now. There is a specimen from Col. Pilcher's col-
lection in the B. M. (The type from Moller's collection agrees with the
Khasia specimen. — H, J. E.)
1757. E. viridinigra, Hmpsn.
Sikhim. I have only one specimen with no record of elevation or
date upon it.
1758. E. cyanolinea, Hmpsn.
Sikhim, 10,000 feet. I do not know this. ( A high elevation species
which I took at Tonglo occurs also up to 12,000 feet. — //. J. E.)
1758a. E. come rvulo ides, Hmpsn.
Sikhim. Described from specimens in Col. Pilcher's collection. I
do not know it.
1760. E. partita, Moore.
Sikhim, 10,000 feet. {Pitcher in B. M.— G. F. H.)
HETEROCERA OF SIKHIM AND BHUTAN. 28?,
1761. E. lageniformis, Hmpsn.
Sikhim. (I have four from Holler's and one from Atkinson's collec-
tion.—//. J. E.)
1762. E. heterocampa, Moore.
Sikhim. I do not know any of these last three. (A distinct species
which I took on Tonglo at light in July, and which occurs along the
Nepal frontier up to 12,000 feet.—/?. J. E.)
Genus Ancara, Wlk.
1767. A. rubra, Hmpsn.
Sikhim, Yatung. I have one specimen from the latter locality with
no date. (I have one from Sandukpho, about 12,000 feet, and another
from Moller's collection. — II. J, E.)
1768, A. thalpophilokles, Wlk.
Sikhim, 1,800 feet. I have taken this at light in May, June and
July at Punkabaree.
1770. A. glaucoclilora, Hmpsn.
Sikhim. I do not know this. (I have one from Moller's collection
(the type) and three from the Khasias which agree with it. — //. J. E.)
Genus Magusa, Wlk.
1771. M. tenebrosa, Moore.
Sikhim and Bhutan, 1,800-3,000 feat. I have six specimens taken by
me at light at Fagoo and Punkabaree which shew great variation in the
markings of the forewings. One specimen has a central longitudinal
fascia with white patches below it. I have specimens from the Kanora
Valley also taken in July and September at 4,500 feet. My Sikhim and
Bhutan examples were all taken in July and August.
Genus Eurois, Hiibn.
1772. E.retrahens, Wlk.
Sikhim. I have not taken this, (I have taken this at Shillono- in
the Khasia hills, but never saw a specimen from Sikhim and doubt its
occurrence there. — H. J. E.)
1774. E. decorata, Moore.
Sikhim and Bhutan, 6,000-7,000 feet. I have two examples taken by
my collectors in July and September. (One of the commonest species
at light on Tonglo and extends along the Nepal frontier to 12-13,000
feet.—//. </. E.)
1775. E. separata, Moore.
Sikhim. I have no specimens of this. (I took two on Tonglo and
got another from the same frontier — II. J. E.)
284 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI,
1776. E, simulate*, Moore.
Sikhim and Bhutan, 6,000-7,000 feet. I have a specimen from
Lingtu taken in September. — (I have three Moller's collection. —
//. J. E.)
1835. — E. monilis, Moore.
Sikhim. This insect was originally placed under the genus Amyna.
in Moths of India. I have not seen a specimen. (I also have not
seen it. — H. J, E.)
1780. E. leucosticta, Moore.
Sikhim, 10,000 feet. I do not know this. I have nothing that I
can identify certainly with this. — H. J. E.)
1780a. E. chalcochlora, Hmpsn. (Plate II, Fig. 9.)
1781. E. fiavipicta, .Hmpsn.
Sikhim. Another insect I have not received. (I have only the
type specimen from Moller's collection. It is probably a high-level
species. — H. J. E,)
1782. E. fortissima, Moore.
Sikhim and Bhutan, 2,000-7,000 feet. All my specimens were
taken by me at light in September. The male has a curved tuft of
long scales each side of the last segment of the abdomen. (I have
only two specimens from Atkinson's collection.- — H. J. E.),
1783. E. cuprima, Moore.
Sikhim and Bhutan. I have specimens taken in May and August
at about 5,000 feet elevation. It was originally named clialybeata,
Wlk. in Moths of India. (I believe that I have two species under this;
name which were taken on Tonglo at light, but I cannot identify them
certainly. — H. J. E.)
1783a. E. clialybeata, Wlk.
Sikhim. I do not know this.
Genus Dipterygia, Steph.
1800. D. noeturna, Hmpsn.
Sikhim and Bhutan, 1,800-4,000 feet. This is a very common insect,
especially at the lower elevations. I have taken it throughout the
rains at light at Tukvar, Badamtam, Punkabaree and Fagoo.
1802. D. sikhima, Moore.
Sikhim. My only, specimen is now in the British Museum collec-
tion. (I have specimen from Moller's collection dated 2nd June. —
//. J. E.)
HETEROCERA OF SIKHIM AND BHUTAN. 285
Genus Acronycta, Ochs.
1813. A. ancedina, Butl.
Sikhim, 6,800 feet. I have only one example taken at the electric
lamps in Darjeeling in June.
1816. A. sinens, Wlk.
Sikhim and Bhutan, 1,800-3,000 feet. I have four specimens, three
of which I took at Punkabaree in July, August and October and the
other at Fagoo in August. The male differs from the female in
having the forewing slightly more prolonged and the hindwing reduced
in area, vein 4 being more nearly approximated to 6 and forming a
slight fold between them. (I have one only from Moller's collection.
—H. J. E.)
1819. A. denticulata, Moore.
Sikhim, 1,800 feet. I took one female at Punkabaree in July. This
sex differs from the male in the hindwing being completely suffused
with brown. My specimen otherwise exactly corresponds with Butler's
figure in 111. Het. vii, pi. 125, fig. 8.
1822. A.fasciata, Moore.
Sikhim, 1,800 feet. I took one example at light at Punkabaree in
July. My specimen is a female and corresponds fairly well with
Butler's figure of " Hyboma divisa, Moore" in 111. Het. vii, pi. 125,
fig. 7.
1823. A. obliqua, Moore.
Sikhim and Bhutan, 1,800-3,000 feet. This is the commonest species
of the genus which I have taken within these limits. My specimens as
present in my collection were taken by me at light at Punkabaree and
Fagoo in May, June, July and August. The dark fascia on the fore-
wing from the middle of the costa through the reniform to the centre of
the inner margin distinguish it from any other Acronycta I have seen.
Genus Toxocampa, Guen.
1826. T. dorsigera, Wlk.
Sikhim. (I have a specimen from a high elevation on the Nepal
frontier which I cannot distinguish from those from the Khasias and
Burmah. — //. J. E.)
Genus Conservula, Grote.
1827. C. indica, Moore.
Sikhim. I have only taken this twice in Sikhim. My specimens
are unfortunately without date or elevation. I took a specimen also in
286 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL BISTORT SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
the Kangra Valley, Punjab, in September at 4,500 feet. (I have speci-
mens from Moller's and Knywett's collections, but never took it
myself.— H. J. JE,)
Genus Prodenia, Guen,
1829. P. littoralis, Boisd.
Sikhim and Bhutan, up to 6,000 feet. A common insect attracted
to light from June to September.
1829a. P. synstictis, Hmpsn. (Plate II, Fig. 23.)
Sikhim, 1,800 feet. I took one specimen at Punkaharee in August
1897.
Genus Spodoptera, Guen.
1831. S. mauritia, Boisd.
Sikhim and Bhutan, up to 5,500 feet. A very common and some-
what variable insect of which I have specimens taken in March and
from May to November.
Genus Amyna, Guen.
1833. A. selenampha, Guen.
Sikhim and Bhutan, 3,000 feet up. A variable insect occurring in
large numbers in some localities particularly attracted to fruit. I have
taken it in June, July and August. One form has a large white spot
below the reniform on the fore wing.
1833a. A, apicalis, Moore.
Sikhim and Bhutan, 1,800-2,500 feet. Not uncommon in June,
October and November. Occurs in the Kangra Valley also.
1834. A. octo, Guen.
Sikhim and Bhutan, 1,800-3,000 feet. Very common with at least
three fairly well marked forms, some of which may prove to be distinct.
One red form with a sub-apical grey spot on the forewing has the
forewing somewhat truncated ; this is probably the form renalis, Moore.
Genus Berresa, Wlk.
1837. B. turpis, Wlk.
Sikhim and Bhutan, 1,800-3,000 feet. I have six specimens in my
collection taken by me at light in July, September and November at
Faooo and Punkabaree.
Genus Callopistria, Hiibn.
1838a. C. variegata, Swinh. (Plate III, Fig. 25.)
Bhutan, 3,500 feet. I took three specimens of this at light at Fagoo.
in August and September.
TIETEEOCERA OF SIEHIM AND BHUTAN. 287
1839. C. strigilineata, Hmpsn.
Sikhim. I have not seen this. (Two from Moller's collection and
tme taken by myself near Darjeeling agree together, but differ in
being larger, paler and with the apical markings on the forewing some-
what different from two Khasia specimens so named by Sir Geo.
Hampson. — H. J.E.)
18395. C. harmonica, Hmpsn.
Sikhim, 1,800 feet. I took one specimen of the type at Punkabaree
at light. It curiously resembles a well-marked specimen of Caradrina
transversa, Moore.
1842. C. repleta, Wlk.
Sikhim, 1,800-3,000 feet. I took this fairly commonly at Punka-
baree in May, July, August, September, October and November.
1843. C. rivularis, Wlk.
Sikhim and Bhutan, 1,800-3,000 feet. Very common in June,
August, September, October, and November at light at Fagoo and
Punkabaree. I have two specimens also from the Kangra Valley
taken in August at 45500 feet.
1846. C. placodoides, Guen.
Sikhim and Bhutan, 1,800-3,000 feet. Common at light in June,
July and August.
1848. C. indica, Butl.
Sikhim and Bhutan, 1,800-3,000 feet. I have six specimens taken
by me at light in June, July and August at Punkabaree and Fagoo
and six more taken in June and July at 4,500 feet in June and July
in the Kangra Valley.
1849. C. recurvata, Moore.
Sikhim and Bhutan, 1,800-5,500 feet. I have seven specimens of
this taken at light in June, July, August and September at Tukvar,
Fasoo and Punkabaree.
Genus Elusa, Wlk.
1850. E. bipars, Moore.
Bhutan, 2,500 feet. Occurs commonly at Fagoo in July and October.
It is distinguishable from E. antennata, Moore, by the outer third of
forewing being pale reddish brown.
1851. E. cyathicomis, Wlk.
Sikhim and Bhutan, 1,800-3,000 feet. Common at Punkabaree and
Fagoo. Some specimens have the reniform spot pure white. My spe-
cimen I took at light from June to September.
28S JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
1852. E. antennata, Moore.
Sikhim and Bhutan ; 1,800-3,000 feet. Common at light from
May to September.
Genus Caradrina, Ochs.
1854. C. cognata, Moore.
Sikhim and Bhutan, 1,800-3,000 foot. I have taken this at Badain-
tam, Fagoo and Punkabaree chiefly in June and July. It is not very
common.
1855. C. exigua, Hiibn.
Sikhim, 1,800 feet. I have only two specimens of this insect which
I took at light at Punkabaree in March.
1856. C. kadenii, Freyer.
Sikhim and Bhutan, 1,800-5,000 feet. I have five specimens of this
species taken at light. They were obtained in January, March, June
and October. There are generally four conspicuous black specks on the
costa, and the reniform and postmedial line are generally defined with
ochreous red.
1857a. C. terminata, Hmpsn.
Sikhim and Bhutan, 1,800-2,500 feet. A very common insect, espe-
cially at Punkabaree. It is somewhat like C. kadenii, Freyer, but the
forewing is always shorter, there are never more than two black specks
on the costa, and the area beyond the posi medial line is generally suf-
fused with cupreous fuscous. I have seventeen specimens in my collec-
tion taken by me at light in January, March, May, June, July, Septem-
ber and October.
1 858a. C. atrescens, Hmpsn.
Sikhim, 1,800 feet. This species, of which I obtained a number at
Punkabaree, is very distinct from anything else I know in the genus.
The large quadrate black patch on the costa at the middle and the black
patches on the postmedial area combined with the buff-white ground
colour give it the appearance of an Acronycta. Sir Geo. Hampson
thinks this may be referable to the genus Euplexia.
1860. C. delecta, Moore.
Sikhim and Bhutan, 1,800-3,000 feet. This is not uncommon in
the winter and spring months at low elevations. I have ten specimens
in my collection bearing dates February, March, April, October and
November. The orbicular and reniform spots on the forewing are
HETEROCERA OF SIKEIM AND BHUTAN. 289
represented by black subquadrate patches divided up by fine pale lines,
the former into 5 and the latter into 9 parts.
18(J7. C. transversa, Moore.
Sikhim and Bhutan, 1,800-3,000 feet. This is another well-marked
species which I have taken commonly at light at Punkabaree and
Fagoo from May to September.
1872. C. picta, Swinh.
Sikhim. I have not seen this. (I have four specimens from Moller's
Collection which agree with one from the Khasias. It seems to me that
the species included in Caradrina differ so widely in fascies that they can
hardly be kept under one genus. — H. J. E.)
1874. C. pectinata, Hmpsn.
Sikhim, 1,800 feet. Occurs rather rarely at Punkabaree in July,
September and October. I have also a specimen of a female from the
Kangra Valley (Punjab) identified by Su* George Hampson. The male
has the antennpe pectinated.
1875. C. reclusa} Wlk.
Sikhim, 1,800 feet. I have only two specimens of this rare species.
The forewing somewhat resembles that of C. Ihieosa, Moore, but is
suffused with ochreous on the basal half, and the collar and abdomen
are black.
187G. C. externa, Wlk,
Sikhim and Bhutan, 6,700 feet. I have only one specimen that I
took at Pasheteng in October. (A single specimen from Atkinson's
collection. — H. J. E.)
1877. C. lineosa, Moore.
Sikhim and Bhutan, 1,800-3,000 feet. I have fourteen specimens
of this, one of which was wrongly identified by Sir Geo. Hampson as
Radinacra placida, Moore which is placed as a synonym off C. quadri-
punctata, Fabr. The reniform is generally composed of a round white
speck with a smaller one above it, but there is sometimes a third one
below as well. In the specimen referred to as identified as Radinacra
jdacida the specks are suffused with reddish.
1879. C. divisaj Moore.
Sikhim. Sir Geo. Hampson says that this is not from Sikhim in
B. M. (I have two from Kynvett's and two from Moller's collection
which agree with the type of divisa, — //. J. E.)
13
290 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
1882. C. cervina, Moore.
Sikhim. I have not taken either of these last two. (I have not seen
this.— H. J. E.)
1883. C. castaneipars, Moore.
Sikhim, 6,400 feet. I have only taken this on two occasions. A spe-
cimen in my collection is marked " Rissoom September."
1887. C. fasciata, Moore.
Sikhim, 6,700 feet. I have two specimens which I took in September
and October. (Common at light at Darjeeling. I am not sure that I
have not two species under this name. — H. J. E.)
1889. C. indistincta, Moore.
Sikhim and Bhutan, 1,800-3,000 feet. A very common insect at
Punkabaree, but taken only in the cold weather. My specimens are
dated January, March, September, November and December. The
forewing of this species is much broader than that of other species of the
genus, the third joint of the palpus is long, and the collar somewhat
peaked. The reniform spot is dark and indistinct, reticulated with lines
of the ground colour. The postmedial line sometimes has a series of
black streaks between the veins on both sides of it.
Genus Tathorhynchus, Hmpsn.
1890. T. vinctalis, Wlk.
Sikhim and Bhutan, 1,800-2,500 feet. Occurs, but not commonly,
in June and July attracted to light.
Genus Auchmis, Hiibn.
1941. A. intermedia, Brem.
Bhutan, 6,400 feet. I only took this once at Rissoom, but have
specimens from Simla and from the Kangra Valley. (I have only
one from Sikhim, where it must be rare. — H. J. E.)
Genus Nonagria, Ochs.
1943. N. inf evens, Wlk.
Sikhim, 1,800 feet. This is rare in this locality. I took two specimens
at light at Punkabaree in June and October. ( I have only seen one
from Sikhim taken in August. — H, J. E.)
1945. N. robust a, Hmpsn.
Sikhim. I do not know this. ( I have four of this fine species from
Moller's and one from Knyvett's collection. I believe it to be a high-
level species. — II. J. E.)
HETEROCERA OF SIKHIM AND BHUTAN. 291
1946. N. submarg mails, Hmpsn.
Bhutan, 2,500 feet. I have one specimen taken at light in May.
Genus Leogyma, Guen.
1958. L. tibialis, Wlk.
Sikhim and Bhutan, up to 5,000 feet. A common insect attracted
to light in May, June and August.
1959. L. judicata, Wlk.
Sikhim, 1,800 feet. I have only one specimen of this. My specimen
is without the black costal marks, but has postmedial curved and snb-
marginal straight lines of indistinct fuscous scales. The hindwing has
three minute black specks on the subapical margin.
1960. L. biplaaa, Wlk.
Sikhim. I do not know this. (I took a single perfect specimen of
this beautiful and distinct little species at sight at Darjeeling on 20th
June 1886.— #. J. E.)
1960a. L. pilcheri, Hmpsn. (Plate II, Fig. 2.)
Sikhim. The type of this was procured by Colonel Pilcher at Dar-
jeeling.
1961. L. maculata, Hmpsn.
Sikhim. ( I have a specimen taken by Dudgeon which agrees with
the type. — II. J. E.)
Genus Apsarasa, Moore.
1962. A. radians, Westw.
Sikhim and Bhutan, 4/5,000 feet. This is a rare species, of which I
have only taken three specimens. It occurs in May and June.
Genus Cosmia, Ochs.
1873. C. ocftreimargo, Hmpsn.
Sikhim, (Pilcher) in British Museum collection. This was originally
placed in Caradrina. Cosmia is in Acontiinoe in Moths of India, but is
removed to here doubtfully by me. (I took the type of this at Dar-
jeeling at light in August and have two others from Sikhim. — B. J. E.)
292
NOTES ON SNAKES COLLECTED IN CANNANORE
FROM 5th NOVEMBER 1903 TO 5th AUGUST 1904.
By Capt. F. WALL, i.m.s., c.m.z.s.
(Read before the Bombay Natural History Society on 16th March 1905.)
Family Typhlopid.<e.
Typhlops Acutus.
This snake is called by the Malabaris " Kooroodan pamboo," " blind-
snake," which name is also applied to the Cgecilian Uroeotyphlus
oxyurus. A single adult specimen was brought to me alive on the
2nd December. It wriggled vigorously in my grasp, but made no
attempt to bite me.
Family BOIDJ].
Sub-family BoiNiP.
Eryx conicus.
An extremely common snake, called by the natives " Mandalee."
This name is also given by them to Russell's viper, from which they
are apparently unable to distinguish it. They are extremely afraid of
it, and many have been the entreaties I have received not to handle
it. I have had many in captivity, but it is an uninteresting, sluggish
reptile, and does not thrive well, usually refusing food. It will some-
times snap at an offending object, but as often takes little or no notice
of it, and will even refuse to retract its nose from the glass of its cage
when drummed against. Its courage and strength are exemplified
by its power of overcoming full-grown squirrels (Sciurus palmarum).
On two occasions I had captor and victim brought in to me, and one of
those snakes only measured 1 foot 4^ inches ! I have often wondered
what tactics it can adopt to effect the capture of these very active and
comparatively large creatures. These are not the only instances known
to me in which squirrels have fallen a prey to this snake. One specimen
had swallowed a large frog (Rana tiyrina). Another of 9J inches had
oaten some small mammal, too digested to identify. It kills its victims
bv crushing, and I have always found them dead before the snake has
begun swallowing. It has a habit, like many other snakes, of crouching
or pressing itself to the ground when molested, and this is most noticeable
in the hinder part of the body. Its movements are slow, and it cannot
be got to hasten ; on the contrary, if worried, sulks, and remains coiled
nod stationary. I obtained oG specimens. The sex is not recorded in 18,
and of the remainder 9 were males and 9 females ; 15 were obtained in
NOTES ON SNAKES COLLECTED IN CANNANORE. 293
the driest and hottest months, viz., March and April. In the wet months
th3y were correspondingly scarce, May, June, and July producing only
5 specimens. My largest specimen was 2 feet 4f inches, and the
smallest, which, I believe, was a hatchling, was 8J inches. The navel
involved 5 ventral shields, and 43 intervened between it and the anal.
A pregnant female, 1 foot 8f inches, contained 6 eggs with no trace of
embryo on the 7th December 1903.
It is quite common to find some of the sub-caudals divided. The
first infralabials sometimes fail to meet behind the symphysial.
Family COLUBRID^.
Sub-family Coi/UBRIN^:.
Lycodon aulicus.
Called by the natives " Choorrta." Of the 50 specimens collected
the sex is not noted in 7, and of the 43 remaining 25 were females
and 18 males. The females have longer bodies than the males and, it
seems, rather shorter tails.
Ventrals £ 192—203. Sub-caudals 55—70.
„ $ 177—186. „ 63—73.
Only 3 specimens exceeded 2 feet in length.
It was fairly abundant throughout the year, but perhaps more so
during the dry weather.
I found a gecko ingested on two occasions and a mouse once.
It will be observed that I have recorded in the following table a very
fair sequence of events from the reported coition of a pair in Novem-
ber to the appearance of hatchlings in May and June. The smallest
mother was 1 foot 6^ inches long. The eggs, from 3 — 10 in number,
were unusually elongate, being often more than twice as long as broad
and the largest measured If inches in length. I foiled to hatch any
of these out in spite of many endeavours. Hatchlings measured from
7^ — 7f inches, or about one-third the length of a large adult. The
navel involved 3 — 4 ventrals, and 20—23 ventrals were interposed
between it and the anal. 39 of the 50 specimens belonged to
Boulenger's varieties D and E* ( the L. capucinus and the L.
unicolor of Boie.), neither of which, however, I think, can claim to be
regarded as distinct forms, as I found every gradation between
them. In fact, two hatchlings obtained on consecutive days from
the same small heap of tiles, and which, I think, may reasonably be
* Cat. Snakes, Brit. Mus., Vol., I, pp, 353-4.
294 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
considered as members of the same brood, were a good deal dissimilar.
The one typical of variety D had 20 conspicuous saffron bars on the
body, and an occipital bar ; the other, almost typical of variety E,
had a few barely perceptible indications of bars on the forebody, and no
occipital bar. The colour in all these was lightish brown, of vari-
able shades, like tea and milk, or an unvarnished new cedar pencil, and
in almost every specimen the bars were distinctly yellow and not white.
The yellow, however, speedily became white in spirit. The bars which
numbered as many as 24 on the body involved 1 — 2 scales vertebrally,
and the intervals longest anteriorly 6 — 10 scales. Seven specimens I re-
ferred with some doubt to Boulenger's variety A. This very handsome
form constitutes a very distinct variety, and resembled the young krait
so closely that I was most careful to assure myself of its identity before
handling it. These specimens were so remarkably similar as to leave
the impression that they must breed true inter se. The colour
was chocolate or dark purplish-black, and there were from 11 — 19 well-
defined white bars on the body, involving 2 scales vertebrally, the
intervals longest anteriorly involving 12 — 19 scales. Usually some of
the anterior labials were mottled brown, otherwise these shields were
uniformly white.
Many — in fact, most — of my specimens were caught at night by
warders at the jail during their rounds, illustrating what is already
well known of its nocturnal habit. Many have been caught in
the near vicinity of, if not actually in, habitations. I found them
agile creatures, displaying sometimes much spirit. I was frequently
bitten by them in attempting capture or handling those in
captivity. Many specimens, however, when grasped gently — an art in
which I am little pruficient — displayed little or no vice, and suffered
themselves to be handled with impunity. The bite is trifling : it cannot
be said to cause pain, though one is sensible of the impress of their
teeth on the skin, and sometimes even a minute speck of blood may be
discirned at the spot. On one occasion one vibrated its tail vigor-
ously under excitement. I have known it more than once fix itself into
rigid coils, so that I could toss it like a bit of knotted cane into the air,
without it loosening its folds. Its climbing powers are very remarkable
and little inferior to some of the tree-snakes. I have seen it many
times clamber with the ease of a lizard up the perpendicular faces of
its box, and retain its grasp while stationary in a wonderful manner.
NOTES ON SNAKES COLLECTED IN CANNANORE.
295
OS
p
43
no
h
H
CO
□
^]
CD
t3
>
J
H
03
0
ij
o
-+j
_$
a? "
ci 3
03
a
4
h
Remarks.
21-11-03.
23-11-03.
25-11-03.
28-11-03.
10-1-04.
15-1-04.
20-1-04.
4-2-04.
8-2-04.
8-2-04.
12-2-04.
17-2-04.
18-2-04.
27-2-04.
27-2-04.
E
$
I'll!"
H"
A
$
V 5"
H"
A
9
2' 2£"
A in
*4
A
9
2' 3|"
4|"
D
E
D
9
9
9
1' W
v'H"
2|"
•••
E
$
V hi"
91H
D2
D
9
...
• •■
d'e*
9
l'"8i"
91//
°2
A
9
• * •
*••
D
*
1'7"
3f"
...
9
»••
...
D
9
i' sr
91(1
°8
181
184
200
66
62
203
177
58
70
177
196
197
68
64
63
186
196
65
59
No
Yes
No
Yes
Anterior chin shields in
contact with 4 infra-
labials. Reported
" in copula "
Blackish-purple with
13 very distinct
white bars — incom-
plete white collar.
One temporal right side.
10 ovarian follicles
impregn.a ted. 13
white bars on
body, on dark pur-
plish-black ground.
Purplish-brown with
18 white bars body
very distinct.
3 postoculars.
Right
side
No
Yes
Yes
Extracted
Bungarus
contained
(l§"x§").
Temporal
with 7th
right side.
Labials 10
3rd, 4th, 5th and 6th
touching eye
right side.
from a
candidus,
4 eggs
confluent
labial on
with the
on
3 right postoculars;
anterior chins touch
4 infralabials ; 4th
and 5th subcaudals
entire. Contained
5 eggsCl^-ljV).
10 labials, the 3rd,
4th, and 5th, touch-
ing the eye. Con-
tained 5 eggs (li"x
7 n\
16 )•
Anterior chins touch 4
infralabials.
Died 17th March '04.
Contained 5 eggs
(tI"-H").
Contained 4 eggs U
9_//
6
* Implies intermediate between D and E.
296 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI,
.a
0
0
■ 1
>>
^3
to
GO
*2
03 -^
Remarks.
CS
C3
M
60
n
0>
S3
c3
2
CD
93
0
CS
0 60
P
>
te
J
El
>
00
<
s
2-3-04.
DEJ
9
1/ Hill
1 • 8
3i"
• ••
...
2
Left
side
3 impregnated ovarian
follicles.
4-3-04.
DE*
8
• ••
• • a
• • •
...
1
Yes
5-3-04.
E
$
V 8|"
4J."
*8
...
...
2
Jj
7-3-04.
D
...
• ••
.. •
...
2
11-3-04.
D
"$
...
...
...
...
1
Yes
3 postoculars on right
side.
11-3-04.
DE-
9
•>•■
• ••
2
»
Right anterior chin
shield touches 4
labials, 5 impregnat-
ed ovarian follicles.
12-3-04.
D E *
$
1' 8|"
91//
°8
• ••
...
2
No
7th labial confluent
with temporal.
17-3-04.
D
9
■ ••
■ • •
• Of
2
Yes
Laid 3 eggs 22nd March
1904 and a 4th on
28th March 1904.
17-3-04.
E
9
• • ■
...
• • •
• • 1
2
»
Died 20th April 1904,
and contained 4
eggs.
21-3-04.
D
$
*••
...
• ••
2
No
24-3-04.
D
S
V R£"
Q7//
°8
...
1
Yes
24-3-04.
D
$
1' 10|"
43//
^*8
...
2
J>
12-4-04.
D
• ••
...
2
j j
14-4-04.
D
9
• ••
...
..
2
jj
9-5-04.
A
9
i' iii"
q 1//
203
55
2
J?
Dark plumjam color
with 16 white bars
on body.
12-5-04.
E
$
1' 8JM
4*"
...
...
2
>>
13-5-04.
DE5
9
1'9"
3|"
. . .
...
2
>•
1 6-5-04.
D
71//
'8
If"
■ •*
2
•J
Navel involves 4 ven-
trals, and 23 intervene
between it and anal
shield.
18-5-04.
E
9
1' 10|"
*&"
...
...
2
No
Contained 4 eggs.
18-5-04.
D
$
V 3£"
3"
• •«
...
2
Left
side
Contained a lizard
(Hemidactylus).
19-5-04.
D E o
$
I' 10i"
41"
• ••
...
2
No
27-5-04.
A
9
1' 4|"
01//
^8
197
62
2
Yes
19 white bars on body.
8 labials, 3rd and 4th
touching the eye on
left side.
6-6-04.
DE*
$
1' 9|"
4i"
180
65
0
No
Temporal confluent
with 7th labial on
left side.
7-6-04.
D E •
$
1' 6"
3|"
181
73
2
V
Two loreals, the ante-
rior touching the
internasal, parietals
divided transversely.
• Implies intermediate betw oen D and E.
NOTES ON SNAKES COLLECTED IN CANNANORE.
297
0
6
+3 ,
as
OB
m 43
..
rf
h a
C3 O
REMARK3.
.
>>
•
c!
P
G>
«
43
60
j
V3
0
^
0 M)
43
H
.■
a
ifn
C
.a
cS
SB .2
«
a
M
a)
CS
09
cs
O
Q
>
a
i4
H
>
m
<
&
7-6-04.
D
9
1'2"
24/'
192
62
2
Yes
Contained a lizard
(Hemidactylus fren-
atus).
10-6-04.
DE*
9
i' Hi"
Q7//
°'8
196
64
2
No
Contained 6 eggs
(about f ").
10-6-04.
DE*
t»«
73//
'4
U"
195
61
2
»
Navel involves 4 vent-
rals, 23 between it,
and anal.
11-6-04.
D
7 Ml
'4
U"
2
Right
side.
Navel involves 3 vent-
rals, 20 between it
and anal, contained
a young lizard
(Hemidactylus fren-
atus).
13-6-04.
D
9
1' 9£"
4|"
197
64
2
No
22-6-04.
• ••
9
...
...
• ••
• ••
• a?
...
Pregnant. Esc a p e d
from captivity.
27-6-04.
A
$
2' If"
ASH
-8
186
63
2
Yes
Chocolate with 11
white bars.
18-7-04.
D
9
1' 91"
91"
°8
194
70
2
rt
19-7-04.
D
<£
1' 5*"
31"
178
66
1
No
23-7-04.
D
1' 11 f
4"
198
6G
2
»
Two loreals on left
side, the anterior in
contact with the
internasal.
3-8-04.
• ••
...
...
•••
• ••
...
• ••
...
Contained a mouse.
Lycodon travancoricus.
One specimen only came into my hands. It was a live female
measuring 1 foot 5f inches, tail 3^ inches, and it allowed me to handle
it with impunity. In color ft was dark purplish-brown, the dorsal
bars and flank reticulations so common among members of this genus
were straw coloured. After two days' immersion inspirit the yellow
had become white. Ventrals 177. Subcaudals 65, all paired.
POLYODONTOPHIS SuBPUNCTATUS.
I obtained one small specimen, I think a female, 8| inches long, of
which the tail accounted for 2 inches. Ventrals 102. Subcaudals 67.
The navel involved 3 shields and 28 intervened between it, and the anal
Temporal single, and in contact with the 7th only of the labial
series. A cuneate scale is wedged, between the 7th and 8th labials
which, if included as a labial, would make these shields number 10.
* Implies intermediate between D and E.
14
298 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
Oligodon suhgriseus.
Natives called this " Choorta," but they confuse it, I think, with
Lycodon aulicus which is universally called by this name. I got 4
specimens, one live adult was an active, and restless little creature,
wriggling constantly from my grasp, but offering no malice. The one
caught on the 14th March was evidently a hatchling. It measured
4i|", about « quarter the length of a good sized adult. All belonged
to var A. (Boulenger)'*. The nasals are peculiar, and appear to me to
be divided into 3 parts by a Y-shaped suture, the arms of which are
wide, and the nostril is slit-like and occupies the anterior arm.
.a
ad
BO
"3
■a
0
Kemabks.
©
09
Q
K?
CD
CO
OD
'3
+3
a
O
■Q
co
25-11-03.
rt
1' 2|"
93''
^8
172
46
2
17 bars body, 5 tail.
12- 3 04.
$
1' 6|"
3±"
160
47
2
14- 3-04.
f-'4J|"
3'/
s
184
41
0
17 bars bodv, 5 tail.
10- 7-04.
...
0'6&"
168
...
...
Tail incomplete, 15 bars body.
Zamem's mucosus.
This is called " Chayra" by the natives. Of the 56 specimens, the
sex was unrecorded in 19. Of the remainder, 19 were males, and 18
females.
It would appear from the accompanying table that it was most
abundant in the cool weather, but this conclusion must be made with
reserve, as I discouraged the capture of this species. I think it is pro-
bably equally in evidence all the year round.
Frogs, and especially Rana tigrina, seemed to form their staple diet.
The only two pregnant specimens were obtained in August and
November, the eggs numbering 13 and 11, respectively. Though I
have always failed to make one menace me in the open, even when at
bay, 2 specimens I had in captivity showed themselves extremely vicious
hurling themselves repeatedly against the glass of their cages in their
endeavours to strike at me. Both, too, during these outbursts of anger
gave vent to a peculiar noise. I have never heard any other snake
produce, resembling that scolding sound made by cats when brought
to bay. CoinciJent with this remarkable sound, and probably in
some way concerned in its production the neck, and upper body
* Cat., Snakes, Brit. Mus., Vol. II, pp. 243-4.
NOTES ON SNAKES COLLECTED JN CA.NNANORE.
299
for some inches were markedly compressed, and the throat pouched.
If the snake was attentively observed at this time it was
noticed that the altered ventral contour with its bulging down-
wards, corresponded to an equal bulging upwards of the dorsal aspect,
which could only have been achieved through an arching of the spine.
This snake is active, and has always appeared to me very swift in its
movements, and I was much surprised therefore on June Gth when I
gave chase to one in full flight measuring 5 feet 9^ inches and caught
it up, and killed it. I paced the ground traversed by both, and found
I had run 38 yards whilst the snake covered 18. I frequently en-
countered it in the paddy fields, and have met as many as 7 in one
day. When it took to the water, it kept its head above water, and
could rarely be induced to immerse it.
The male appears to grow to a greater length than the female
and this is especially interesting with reference to a remark of Dar-
win's, who says* he is informed by Dr. Giintherthat in snakes the males
are always smaller than the females. Of the 14 specimens measuring 6
feet and over in which the sex is recorded, 11 were males, and 3 females
and the longest male measured 7 feet 6£ inches against the 6 feet 6
inches of the longest female.
Reference to the following table shows that the scales are subject to
much variation : —
Scales.
%
^c
09
.a"
•3 a
Remarks.
te
J?*
e >
w
15
S 3
w
a> «-
f3
?
0
£j&
o
5°
P
m"
CO
to
s
'ct
49
a
a
■=2
.0
S3 O
5-11-03.
9
6' 0i"
V 10"
200
13G
17
16
12
Subocular absent.
7-11-03.
• ••
• ••
...
...
17
16
14
9 labials, the 5th and
6th touching the eye.
9-11-03.
•••
5' 5i"
...
...
■ •■
17
17
14
3 postoculars on right
side.
10-11-03
• ••
6' 6£":
1' 10|"
• • •
17
16
14
1 loreals.
11-11-03.
*»%
i' nr
0' fU"
• • ■
129
17
17
12
12-11-03.
$
6' 2"
l' 10"
...
• • ■
17
16
14
12-11-03.
i
5' 11£"
I' Hi"
• 4 t
...
17
17
12
Subocular absent. 3
postoculars on right
side.
13-11-03.
9
5'0"
l' 5£"
• * i
17
17
14
7 labials, the 3rd and
4r,h touching the
eye on left side.
* « Descent of Man," p. 538.
300 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
O
Scales.
la
co S3
00 TJ
ja <u
^> >
TO
a o
g
to
C3
TI
P
a
>>
o
CD
to
a
a
>
.a
3
03
si
9*
d
Remarks.
14-11-03
14-11-03
14-] 1-03.
14-11-03
16-11-03.
18-11-03
16-11-03
20-11-03.
22-11-03.
23-11-03!
29-11-03.
2-12-03.
5-12-03.
6-1-2-03.
9-12-0D..
18-12-03.
20-12-03.
21-12-03.
21-12-03.
28-12-02
30-12-03.
31-12-03.
25-1-04.
7-2-04
10-2-04.
11-2-04.
19-2-04
7-3-04,
11-3-04.
18-d-04.
9
$
9
9
9
9
$
9
$
« •*
9
$
9
6'0"
6'1|"
5' 2\"
6' 6"
5' H"
4' 9£"
V 84"
l' H"
V 6i"
1' 1U"1
i' H"
1' 74"
V 44/'
6' llfl'lli"
7/ 31,
6' 8i"
5' 54-"
I'll"
1' 10"
l"-7P
5' 8|" 1' 7"
5' 6|" 1' 7^"
2' 3-f" 0' 6F1 •••
7' 64/'2' Of, ...
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
16
16
17
16
18
17
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
17
17
16
16
17-16
17
14
14
14
14
14
13
14
12
12
14
*12
14
14
12
14
14
12
14
13
14
12
12
2 loreals.
Contained
eggs.
} postoculars.
11 large
Subocular absent on
left side.
3 postoculars. Contain-
ed a large frog
(Rana tigrina).
Subocular absent.
Contained a largo
frog {Rana tigrina').
Tail incomplete.
Contained a large
frog {Rana tigrina).
Contained two frogs
{Rana tigrina').
Contained a f vog(Rana
tigrina), a lizard
{Calotes versicolor),
and a toad ( Bufo
mela?iostictus).
Ant. chins touch 4
infralabials. Con-
tained a frog ( Rana
tigrina), caudal ex-
tremity swallowed
first.
2 loreals.
NOTES ON SNAKES COLLECTED IN CANNANORE.
301
Scales.
to •
■r a
.a -3
J3 i>
DO
a a.
a o
Remake*.
•43
1-1
CD
2 3
■a
o
■5 a
03 O
.a t-i
•*J
M
a
.~
B
M
,o
■a
a
03
c
0>
CO
3
a]
l>
d
t/3
C4
§
cV-
23-3-04.
*••
amm
30-3-04.
9
3' "bj"
0' 9|"
• • •
• • •
17
17
14
9-4-04.
• • *
2' 6"
• • •
...
* • •
• • •
...
...
25-4-04.
$
6' 10i"
1' 11"
• ••
• • •
17
17
14
9 labials, the 5th and
6th touching the
eye.
3-5-04.
$
■ ■•
• ••
■ • •
• ••
17
16
14
3 postoculars left side.
7-5-04.
• • •
• ••
■ •■
• ••
17
16
12
2 loreals right side.
1 6-5-0-1.
"$
6' 6f
i' n"
-•*
■ ••
17
14
12
17-5-04.
9
3' If
0' lOf"
• ••
••*
• ••
Ate a snake (Trojndc-
notus stolatus) caged
with it, 30th May
1904.
21-5-04.
$
• • •
• ••
• ••
• • •
17
16
14
22-5-04.
6' 10"
i' H"
9^
• ■ •
...
• ••
• ••
30-5-04.
$
5' 8£"
r 8±"
202
137
17
17
14
6-6-04.
9
5' 9f
1' 7"
200
• • •
17
16
12
Tail incomplete.
6-6-04.
$
6' 6"
• ••
■■■
...
17
16
12
7th labial confluent
with a posterior
temporal.
22-6-04.
$
4' 4"
1' 3|"
• ••
*•*
• • •
...
• • •
Killed in act of swal-
lowing a frog.
24-6-04.
$
7' 0£'
1' llf
196
128
• • •
■ • •
• ••
4 loreals on left side.
Contained a large
rat.
29-6-04.
$
3' 1"
0' 11"
192
132
17
16
14
4th labial subdivided
to form a second
subocular.
11-7-04.
$
3' Hi"
i' 2'
195
131
17
17
13
Ant. chins touch 4
labials on right
side.
1-8-04.
9
5' 9i"
1' 7|"
197
127
17
17
14
Labials 9 with the 5th
and 6th touching the
eye on left side.
Contained 13 eggs
measuring f4" — §a"
Y ~ II R //
A 20 " SO •
Dendrophis jrictus.
The " Villoonee " pronounced more like " Billoonee " of the Mala-
baris, from, I am told, " Villoo," a bow, and " Ooni," to thrust into.
They have some legend about this snake fixing its tail in the ground,
and poising on this extremity with its body in the shape of a bow.
6 specimens came into my hands, 5 males and 1 female. The only one
302 JOURNAI, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
I had alive never attempted to bite me though it struggled vigorously
in my grasp. The labials in all were 9 with the 5th and 6th touching
the eye.
A
00
00
C3
p
Remarks.
©
Q
CO
to
a
'3
E-<
a
17-11-03
9
3' H"
V 05" 168
115
27-11-03
$
2' 4£"
0' 8f 176
1!8
Ant. Chins
touch 4 labials on right
23- 3-04
A
3' or
0'lir(168
117
side.
26- 4-04
$
3' 0£"
O'llfj ...
...
13- 5-04
#
3' 0|"
O'll "I ...
...
27- 6-04
$
2' 1\"
0' 9|"170
115
The scales two headlengths behind the head number 15 in all, midbody
15 in all, two headlengths in front of the vent are 9 in 5 male speci-
mens, 11 in the female.
Tropidonotus stolatus.
This snake is called " Therlian " by the natives.
Of the 50 specimens collected 17 were females, and 20 males. The
sex was not recorded in the other 13.
It was far more abundant in the rains, 39 of the specimens being
obtained in June and July, whereas in the dry season, it is hardly to
be found at all, only 2 specimens were brought me during the four
months January to April.
The only two occasions on which I found anything in the stomach
frogs had been eaten, and in captivity they ate frogs readily.
Coition was accomplished in the early rains (May and June), and
the eggs from 5 to 10 in number were deposited in July and August,
hatching as late as November. A hatchling measured 6J inches, or
about one quarter the length of a large adult. Specimens I caught,
and had in captivity allowed themselves to be freely handled, and
rarely attempted to bite. Some when flushed evinced alarm by erect-
ing themselves, and flattening the forebody.
All specimens were adorned with blotches or spots of pale blue, or
vermilion in the anterior part of the body. Of the 50 specimens 16
were adorned with red, 31 with blue and in 3 this is not recorded.
Of the 16 red, 6 were males, 7 females, and 3 unrecorded. Of the
31 blue, 14 were males, 10 females, and 7 not recorded. With refer-
ence to the coloration of snakes Darwin* quotes Dr. Giinther as having
•* Descent of Man," p. 538.
NOTES ON SNAKES COLLECTED IN CANNANORE.
303-
informed him that he could almost always distinguish the male from
the female by his more strongly pronounced tints. In this connection
the following excerpt from my notebook of June 10th is especially
interesting : — A jail warder on the evening of the 9th June encountered
and caught 5 specimens of this species in close proximity. The next
morning I examined the spot, and ascertained that though no two were
actually found together, they were all flushed within 20 to 30 yards of
ono another, on a piece of ground bare except for a few strips of grass
on the bunds of a dried up paddy field. One proved to be a female
heavily pregnant with 6 nearly matured eggs, the rest were adult males,
I supposed attracted to her in ignorance of her maternal expectations.
The female was very brilliantly blotched vermilion on the foreback, and
spotted on the belly with the same colour, her throat was bright orange.
One male was identical in colouring, another differed by lacking the
spots of vermilion on the belly, whilst the other two were unadorned with
vermilion. It seems clear, therefore, that in this species the brilliant
adornment is not of sexual import, since it is not the prerogative of
either sex. A glance too at the accompanying table shows that it is not
of seasonal significance. There seems to be little difference in the length
of the sexes, or in the relative lengths of the bodies, and tails, but the
females have rather fewer subcaudals (62-68) than the males (67-80).
43
J3
43
to
03
13
BEMABKS.
<0
4->
•H
M
to
a
-•
43
.a
SS
OS
(a
a
'3
CD
0
o
K~
ro
kJ
H
>
w
16-11-03.
Red.
9
1' Id}"
J8
...
...
Labials 7, the 3rd and 4th
touching the eye on the left
side.
21-11-03.
Blue.
H"
...
• ••
•••
A hatchling ?
2-12-03.
Blue.
...
• • •
...
• ••
6-12-03.
Red.
• • •
• • •
• a •
• • •
11-12-03.
Blue.
9 i"
n"
• ••
18-12-03
Blue.
• • •
•• •
...
*••
29-12-03.
Blue.
.. •
...
«••
* . •
Labials 7, the 3rd and 4th
touching the eye on right
side.
7-1-04.
Blue.
9
1' 8f"
ki//
J4
138
68
2 postoculars right side. Tem-
poral confluent with parietal.
Ant. Chins touch 4 labials.
19-4-04.
Blue.
$
• ••
...
...
22-5-04.
Red.
?
i'H"
4. A//
...
■ at
Ant, Chins touch 4 labials.
Contained a frog. 6 ovarian
follicles impregnated.
24-5-04.
Blue.
$
•* •
...
• ••
• • •
Reported found coupled.
304 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
Q
to
a
BO
rf
o3
03
3
t-
03
o
.Q
1
1 >
3
Re marks.
4-6-04.
9-')-04.
10-6-04.
10-6-04.
10-6-04.
10-6-04.
10-6-04.
14-6-04.
16-6-04.
18-6-04.
19-0-04.
21-6-04.
21-6-04.
21-6-04.
21-6-04.
Bine.
Blue.
Bed.
Bed.
Bed.
Blue.
Blue.
Blue.
Blue.
Blue.
Blue.
Bed.
Blue.
Blue.
Blue.
22-6-04.
23-6-04.
Bed.
Bed.
27-6-04.
Bed.
29-6-04.
Bed.
4-7-04.
5-7-04.
5-7-04.
Blue.
Blue.
Bed.
5-7-04.
6-7-04.
8-7-04.
9-7-04.
Blue.
Bed.
Blue.
Blue.
9-7-04.
10-7-04.
Blue.
Bed.
9
$
$
$
$
$
9
$
$
9
9
9
$
9
9
$
J
1'9"
1'9"
7i»
H"
9.1"
*2
V 6"
1'3|"
1'5|"
i'sr
Vli
V 71"
1'3§"
l'9i"
l'5f"
1'7 *
1'7|"
1'5£"
1'6 "
i' H"
V 7|"
1' 5|"
5"
o±"
4i"
A3'l
A. I"
5"
41"
*4
43//
*8
*8
4f"
4|"
4 s//
H"
4£"
43//
*4
4F
140
143
140
138
138
142
140
139
138
144
143
138
142
68
75
67
67
72
75
65
62
56
62
142
74
139
67
138
67
139
78
143
72
139
74
142
71
137
71
Contained 6nearly mature eggs.
Tail incomplete.
Tail incomplete.
4 postoculars on right side.
Labials 7, the 3rd and 4th
touching the eye on left side.
Ant. Chins touch 4 labials. 4
specimens brought, 3 escaped.
Labials 7, the 3rd and 4th
touching the eye.
6 ovarian follicles impregnated.
Labials 7, the 3rd and 4 touch-
ing the eye on left side. 4
postoculars. 8 ovarian folli-
cles impregnated.
Labials 7, the 3rd and 4th
touching the eye. Laid 5
eggs 29th July 1904 (U"—
±-8" V _?_" 0 "\
20 •* 20 25 J'
10 ovarian follicles impregnat-
ed.
Tail incomplete. Labia's 7,
the 3rd and 4th touching the
eye.
Labials 7, the 3rd and 4th
touching the eye on left side.
Ant. Chins touch 4 labials
on left side.
Labials 8 with the 4th and 5th
touching the eye. Ant. Chins
touch 6 infralabials on right
side. Contained 7 eggs.
Contained 5 eggs.
Labials 7, the 3rd and 4th
touching the eye on the left
side.
Tail incomplete. Labials 8,
the 4th and 5th touching the
eye on left side.
NOTES ON SNAKES COLLECTED IN CANNANORE.
305
a
0)
60
00
J*
a
M
03
a
•^2
=3
fit
0
t3
>
a
RBMAKKS.
10-7-04.
15-7-04.
15-7-04.
18-7-04.
21-7-04.
28-7-04.
30-7-04.
30-7-04.
Red.
• ••
• ••
...
• • *
...
Blue.
$
1'5 "
4|"
142
80
Blue.
9
• • •
•••
...
Blue.
$
r 6|"
4f"
140
76
Red.
9
1'7|"
A3II
*4
141
G6
Blue.
$
...
...
...
...
Blue.
9
...
...
■ • •
...
Blue.
9
...
...
■••
...
Labials 7, the 3rd and 4th
touching the eye. Ant. Chins
touch 4 labials.
Contained a frog eaten caudal
extremity first.
Contained 8 eggs, 7th and 8th
labials confluent on left side.
Pregnant, died in my absence.
Pregnant, discharged eggs later
when absent from home on
leave.
The scales in all were alike. Two heads lengths behind the head 19 ;
niidbody 19 ; two heads lengths in front of the vent 17.
Tropidonotus piscator.
"Neer Kolee" is what the natives call small specimens. This means
" Water fowl " and I notice Oates * mentions this name as applied to at
least three ducks in Southern India, the ruddy Sheldrake, the Comb
duck, and the Spotbill. Large specimens are called " Neer Mandallee,"
the latter term apparently being equivalent to " snake ".
Of the 39 specimens, 10 had the sex unrecorded, and of the rest 8
were males and 21 females making it appear that females are more
numerous. Both my largest specimens were females. Males had
longer tails.
Like the last it is most in evidence during and after the rains.
Three specimens had eaten frogs, and on more than one occasion one
was brought wriggling on a hook which had been baited with a frog by
native urchins. It will be noticed from the following table that eggs
were deposited in January, and a hatchling appeared in March.
The scales in all were the same, vh., 2 heads lengths behind the head
19; midbody 19; 2 heads lengths before the vent 17.
• The Game Birds of India, Part II., pp. 92, 103, 150.
IS
306 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
CD
REMARKS.
a
60
+3
a
43
k
a
.7!.
a
&
■fl
a
rJ)
6-11-03.
$
1' 6|"
y
133
• • •
Tail incomplete. Contained a small frog.
9-11-03.
...
•••
-..
...
••■
Two specimens.
10-11-03.
*• •
Three specimens.
11-11-03.
$
2'*4"
8|"
• ••
11-11-03.
?
•«•
• ••
...
•■■
Bright olive green dorsally, bright crim-
son in the flanks.
11-11-03.
9
3' 2£"
9£"
r • •
•••
Contained a large frog {Rana tigrina).
12-11-03.
S
...
m
Another specimen sex undetermined.
12-11-03'
...
■ ••
• ■•
•••
12-11-03.
9
»••
• • •
• • •
...
Olive brown with very large black spots.
13-11-03.
9
«••
• ••
• • ■
• ••
14-11-03.
9
• ••
• ••
• ••
• ••
17-11-03.
9
2' 10"
8f
■ •■
• » •
18-11-03.
9
2' 4£"
7£"
...
#B«
20-11-03.
9
2' 6"
8"
...
• • •
Dull brown, chequered buff, and blackish.
24-11-03.
9
...
■ ••
"•*
• ••
25-11-03
$
3'1"
11"
• ••
• ••
25-11-03.
$
2' 8^"
10"
• • •
• • •
28-11-03.
9
• • •
• ••
-• •
Another specimen. Sex undetermined.
6-12-03.
• • •
• ••
*••
4- 1-04.
9
2''7|"
8|"
...
• ••
Contained 20 nearly mature eggs.
10- 1-04.
9
3' 1\"
10|"
• **
...
Deposited 57 eggs, 14th Jan. 1904 in her
tin of. water.
23- 3-04.
• ••
*••
■ • ■
:••
A hatchling. 4 praefroutals.
29- 3-04.
»••
...
• • •
■ •■
• ••
14- 6-04.
9
...
•••
...
• ••
Sloughed, 19th June 1904 and again 13th
July 1904.
15- 6-04.
9
1' 2|"
°4
142
75
20- 6-04.
9
1' 0"
9 1//
°8
136
74
5th labial transversely divided on right
side.
24- 6-04.
$ ? 2' 3|"
1\"
140
73
I failed to discover any trace of ovaries
in spite of a long, and careful search.
28- 6-04.
$
■ . •
...
• ••
...
2- 7-04.
9
1' 5"
U"
145
79
7- 7-04.
9
i' iy>
...
...
...
Tail incomplete.
13- 7-04.
9
2' 5£"
• •
141
• ••
Tail incomplete. 9 labials, the 4th only
touching the eye on left side.
21- 7-04.
9
1' 4^"
41"
142
75
31- 7-04.
$
1' 3£"
4±"
130
81
2- 8-04.
9
«y 7 l //
O <g
9"?
141
Tail incomplete. Left praefrontal di-
vided into two. Contained a very
large frog {Rana tigrina).
NOTES ON SNAKES COLLECTED IN CANNANORE. 307
Sub-family HOMALOPSIM.
Cerberus rhynchops.
I obtained 2 female specimens. Of one I noted that it struggled
violently in my grasp^ wreathing itself round my wrist, and exhibiting
considerable strength. Of the other the length was 3 feet 3 inches,
tail 6^ inches, ventrals 148, sub-caudals 50 but the tail was not com-
plete. The anterior chins were in contact with 4 infralabials. Scales, 2
heads lengths behind the head 25 ; midbody 25 ; 2 heads lengths before
the vent 19. It contained a large fish 8 inches in length. Under
provocation it hissed loudly, and protruded a whitish tongue in a lazy
way. Its mode of progression was very peculiar, and very similar
to that recently noted by Flower* in relation to an African viper
( Cerastes Vipera). During progression it always threw a coil sideways
in advance of the head, up to which the head subsequently moved,
and before the body was extended, the coil was again thrust forward.
It gave the impression that it was moving sideways. As I have noticed
before this snake depressed its hinder body when alarmed.
Gerardia prevostiana.
My only specimen was obtained on 8th November 1903. It was
lying sunning itself in a shallow pool of water, and made no move-
ment when I walked over it snipe shooting. My wife following in my
steps discovered it.
Length 19f inches, tail 2^ inches, Ventrals 151, SubcaudaJs 31,
Scales 2 heads lengths behind head 17 ; midbody 17 ; 2 heads lengths
in front of vent 15. Like all the other Homalopsids occurring in
Indian limits except Hypsirhina plumbed and Fordonia leucobalia, the
nasal shields touch one supralabial only, viz., the first. The temporal
touches one labial only, viz., the 6th.
Sub-family DIPSADOMORPHIM.
DlPSADOMORPHUS TRIGONATA.
This snake coiled itself before striking exactlyas I have reported in
an earlier volume of this Journal, of the D. Multimaculata. A con-
siderable length of the body was raised off the ground and thrown into
figure of 8 loops, with the head poised centrally. It struck out viciously
under provocation. In captivity I noticed, it rested on branches coiled,
as if on the ground, unlike all the other tree snakes with which I am
*" The Field, " 18th June 1904.
308 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
familiar and which lie extended along or across the branches in graceful
curves distributing their weight on many points.
as
•
id
*Q
03
p
■43
GO
~*
43
M
00
c
0
.Q
*-*
H
>
1
REMABKS.
11-11-03,
28-11-03
16-3-04.
29-4-04.
12-5-04.
23-5-04.
1-8-04.
• ••
2' 1|"
4|"
218
83
...
• ••
• • •
• ••
• ••
$
...
...
• ••
*••
...
...
• ••
...
...
9
1' H|"
4.JL"
*4
...
...
9
2' 6A"
Kill
J2
230
76
9
2' 2|"
4f"
230
78
Labials 9, the 4th, 5th and 6th touching
the eye on the right side.
Contained a lizard {Calotes versicolor).
Contained a lizard {Calotes versicolor").
Labials 8, the 4th and 5th only touching
the eye.
The scales were the same in all specimens, and also in 2 sloughs I
found on hushes, 2 heads lengths from head 21 ; midbody 21 ; 2
heads lengths before vent 15.
Dryophis mycterizans.
The " pachola " of the Malabaris. 1 obtained 49 specimens, the sex
was not recorded in 28, and of the rest 15 were females and 6 males.
The accompanying table makes it appear oommonest in November*
but this is not the case as far as I am aware. I had to discourage
the natives from bringing it in, it proved so plentiful. I believe it
will be found equally in evidence all the year round.
The females appear to grow much larger, my largest male was 4
feet, 4f inches, and I obtained 7 females of greater length, the largest
being 6 feet and £ inch. The males had longer tails. The ventrals in
the two sexes were about the same, but the subcaudals were much more
numerous in the males (166 — 170) than in the females (137 — 149).
Lizards proved the favoured article of diet.
My one pregnant specimen contained immature eggs late in July.
Two specimens I judged to be hatchlings* were received late in
November.
• Ferguson " B. N. H. S. Jl. " Vol.2, p. 6, "records the birth of ycang measuring
'' abaut seventeen inches."
NOTES ON SNAKES COLLECTED IN CANNANORE.
309
Q
x
8
60
a
o
REilARES.
22 specimens in November of which I record the following : —
12-11-03.
12-11-03.
14-11-03.
17-11-03
20-11-03.
21-11-03.
22-11-03.
23-11-03.
25-11-03.
1-12-03.
5-12-03.
10-12 03.
16-12-03.
20-12-03
20-12-03.
28- 1-04.
29- 1-04.
29- 1-04.
21- 4-04.
27- 4-04.
29- 4-04
27- 5-04.
18- 6-04
21- 6-04.
1 1- 7-04.
29- 7-04.
30- 7-04.
9
$
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
I
$
9
3' 3£"
3' 6£"
5' W
5' li"
4' 4f
• ••
1'5"
1' 6|"
3' U"
• ••
4'"oV
3' 8f
5' 0£"
4' 9i"
5' 33"
1' 8"
6' Of
4' 4.]"
2' 8"
2' 6^"
1' 4" J179
1' 3*" 176
1' 11^" 176
r 9r
1' 9f
7'i"
1'3"
169
170
171
174
144
140
118?
Temporals 2.
Temporals 2 on left side.
Suboculars 2.
1' 6"
1' 9 j"
1' 8f"
1' llf"
2' 11"
l'lOi" ...
1' 01" 177
170
145
10|"
2' 9 A" 1' 1£"
4' 10" 1' 9f"
2' H"
lOf"
171
169
175
174
166
147
167
149
137
ventral divid-
Tail incomplete.
Tail incomplete. Last
ed. Temporals 2.
3rd and 4th labials confluent.
Labials 8, the 4th and 5th touching the
eye, no subocular, 1 postocular.
I believe a hatchling.
Do.
Labials 9, the 6th only touching the
eye.
Last ventral divided.
Contained a lizard (Caloles versicolor).
1 specimen in February, 2 specimens
in March, 5 specimens in April.
Last ventral divided. Labials 7, the
4th only touching the eye on the right
side.
5 specimens in May.
Last ventral divided. Labials 9, the 6th
only touching the eye on the right
side.
Anterior chins touch 4 infralabials only.
Navel involves 4 ventrals and 9
tervene between it and the anal.
in-
Anterior chins tonch 4 infralabials only.
2 suboculars. Contained a gecko.
Labials 9, the 6th only touching the eye
on the left side. Captured in act of
swallowing a loriquet {Loriculus ver-
nalis). Contained 7 eggs, the largest
\%' with no trace of embryo.
The scales
the head 15 ;
show some variation posteriorly. 2 heads lengths behind
midbody 15 ; 2 beads lengths in front of vent 11 or 9.
31 U JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
Sub-family HYDROPHIIKE.
Hydrus platurus.
One female specimen of Boulenger's variety E.* Length 2 feet
6| inches ; tail 3| inches. Ventrals about 339. There were 3 prae-
oculars on the right side ; and 2 on the left. Labials 10 with the 5th
only touching the eye. The scales 2 heads lengths behind the
head 52 ; midbody 58 ; 2 heads lengths in front of vent 51. The
2nd supralabial did not touch the praefrontal on either side. There
was a loreal on the left side. There were two small cuneate scales
between the frontal, and parietal shields.
DlSTIRA GILLESPLE.
This rare snake has been already reported, and described by me in
the Bombay Natural History Journal, Vol. XV., pp. 723 — 6.
Enhydris curtus.
Evidently quite a common snake on this coast. The anal shield
was divided into 4, except where noted otherwise. The praefrontals
touched the 2nd labial in all specimens.
I obtained 11 specimens, of which I have tabulated the following : —
CS
O
9-2-04.
11-2-04
11-2-04
16-2-04.
16-2-04.
23-2-04,
11-4-04
7-5-04
5-6-04,
$
l' H"
i' &l"
V 7f
2' 9£"
1' H"
2' 5"
2' 9 J"
2' 9f"
OS
a
u
a
>
SCALES.
2 heads length
behind the
head.
.a
2 heads length
in front of
vent.
Remarks.
24"
If
2|"
A4
n"
H"
3"
165
31-30
37
33
194
34
40
38
164
30
37
31
159
30
36
32
163
31
37
31
15 1
31
35
33
30
36
31-32
...
30
36
34
183
36
43
39
8 supralabials, the 3rd and
4th touching the eye.
Labials 8, the 3rd, 4th
and 5th touching the
eye on right side.
Said to have been " in co-
pula " with last.
Prefrontals touch 2nd and
3rd labials. Anal 6-fid.
Labials 6, the 3rd and 4th
touching the eye. No
spinose ventral tuber-
cles.
Labials 5 on right side.
Anal 6-fid,
Labials 7, the 4th only
touching the eye. Ta-
ken on land close to a
backwater 1* miles
from the sea.
• Oat. Snakes, Brit. Mus., Vol. Ill, p. 268.
NOTES ON SNAKES COLLECTED IN CANNANORE. 311
Enhy&rina Valakadyen.
Of the 29 specimens collected, the sex is not recorded in 16. Of the
remainder there were 5 males and 8 females. Three of the latter were
mothers, with young in an advanced state of development, and in the
aaorregate these contained 19 foetus, of which 7 were males and 12
females, so that the latter appear to predominate.
It appeared to be equally common near the shores throughout the
whole year. I could have obtained them in bucketfuls at any time,
but had to discourage the fishermen from bringing them in on account
©f expense in rewards.
The few specimens that had fed contained fish only, and it was a
matter of daily occurrence for sepoys and others fishing off the rocks
to pull up their lines with one of these snakes wriggling on the hook.
I had 4 pregnant females, on dates indicating that the young 4 — 9 in
number are discharged about January and February. The young were
suspended in a pellucid, viscid, fluid, resembling castor oil in colour,
and consistency, overlying a mass of yolk, and encapsuled in flaccid,
capacious, and completely transparent thin -walled chambers, bearing no
resemblance to the eggs of any other snakes I have seen. The embryos
were coiled spirally, and occupied that region of the chambers nearest
to the vertebral column, and those of the most advanced brood measured
from 10| — 11 inches. These lived for some minutes after liberation
from their enveloping membranes, during which the pulsations of the
heart were very obvious. Placed in spirit the males extruded their
genitals in the act of dying.
It is evidently of a peaceful disposition. I never excited one to
strike at or bite any offending object, and none of the many soldiers
and others who habitually bathed in the sea, where they were very
plentiful, were ever bitten.
It is extremely tenacious of life, and is most difficult to kill.
I kept some specimens alive for ten days, and many left their
ghurrahs of water and wandered for days about the flower-pots
in a sunken verandah. It was able to make some progression
on land in a heavy laboured way. My largest specimen was 4
feet, 7 inches. The smallest pregnant female measured 3 feet 2
inches. The females had a much deeper conformation of body than the
males. The male claspers were bifid on each side as in vipers, they
were villose, and had a median raphe posteriorly which divided and
312 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVL
passed up each limb. The extremities of these organs were not
surmounted by tentacles, and were therefore unlike what obtains in
most snakes.
My notes on this species are too imperfect to quote in extenso,
but the following abnormalities are worth mention. The prefrontals
were not in contact with the 2nd labial in 7 specimens, including 4
specimens of a brood of 4. The 4th labial did not touch the eye in
7 specimens, including 3 of a brood of 6. The prseoculars were 2
in 2 specimens of a brood of 4. The 1st and 2nd labials were confluent
in 3 specimens of a brood of 9. The postoculars were 2 in 2 female
specimens and in 7 males. It is curious that in the brood of 9 all
the males had 2 postoculars, and all the females only 1. In the
brood of 6 the same was observed. The frequency of the same
abnormality in the same brood suggests its inheritance from one or other
parent.
Sub-family ELAPINAE.
Bungarus candidus.
Called " valla pamboo " in this locality. " Valla " I am told means
" bangle. " Males were much more numerous than females. The
colour of the hatchling was unlike the adult?, the white arches being
exceptionally distinct. There were 30 distinct linear arches on the
body arranged in pairs, and 9 on the tail. Anterior to these were 3
broad white bars involving 2 scales vertebrally, and evidently occasioned
by a confluence of a pair of the arches which subsequently occurred
as discrete lines. The intervals between the most anterior bars involved
12-13 scales vertebrally. They gradually shortened to implicate 6-8
scales in the back part of the body between each pair. An ill-defined,
but very distinct, white oblique streak occupied the temporal region.
I kept two alive for a few days ; both I believe must have been
injured. They frequently used to nibble one another in a playful
way, opening their jaws and shifting their grasp along each other's
bodies as though selecting a suitable spot in which to bury their fangs.
I could not through the glass of their cage discover any wounds as a
result, but the younger died the day after my witnessing this somewhat
dubious playfulness on the part of the larger snake. Their lengths
were 2 feet 10 inches and 1 foot 7^ inches.
In all the specimens the scales were alike, viz., 2 heads lengths behind
the head 15 ; midbody 15 ; 2 heads lengths in front of the vent 15.
NOTES ON SNAKES COLLECTED IN CANNANORE.
313
The supracaudals in all were in odd numbers, a very unusual charac-
ter in snakes, but occurring with few exceptions where the subcaudals
arc entire. The enlarged and hexagonal character of tho vertebral
row was retained, though somewhat modified, in the whole length of the
tail as I have remarked in previous notes. All specimens belonged to
var. C. ( Boulenger* ) cceruleus.
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REMARKS.
13-11-03,
17-11-03
£6-11-03
20- 1-04.
17- 3-04.
23- 0-04.
9
2'10"
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217
39
8
1'7J"
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212
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213
43
$
ior
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209
40
Contained a snake {Lyrodon milieus)'
1 foot 6| inches long. Recorded
B. N. H. S. J., Vol. XV, p. 706.
I believe a hatchling ; navel involved
3 ventrals, and 20 more intervened
between it and the anal shield.
Naia tripudians.
Called by the natives here " Moorookan " and " Sairpoom." From
the annexed list the disparity of the sexes will be seen to be vastly in
favour of tho male.
All specimens were of variety A- a of Boulenger,f and almost exactly
alike in colour, viz., variegated with wheat colour, and pale dun, dis-
tributed with a slight tendency to form transverse bars, especially in tho
posterior part of tho body and tail. These colours were disposed
upon tho skin and hardly at all on the scales. The head was olive-
brown, with some or most of the sutures on the crown black. The
hood from before backwards was whitish, merging through cinnamon
or rusty red to intense black, which latter was abruptly defined poste-
riorly. A well-defined, white, black-margined, spectacle-mark centrally
and a black crescent and spot laterally. These very elegant hues and
marks, confined almost entirely to the skin, showed the snake to great
* Cad. Snakes, Brit. Mas., Vol. in, p. 369.
t Cat. Snakes, Brit. Mus., Vol. Ill, p. 381.
16
314 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI,
advantage when the hood was erect. There were from 2 to 3>
blackish-plumbeous ventral bands anteriorly. The eye was very black,
the pupil in some specimens scarcely visible, and in others indicated
only by a small arc of the iris being golden.
The only female was pregnant on 12th February with 16 large, but
immature, eggs.
Scales.
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22- 2-04.
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9- 4-04.
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3' 7"
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188
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17
Family VIPERIM.
Sub-family ViPERlNiE.
Vipera russellii.
This is called locally " Mand&llee," and as I have remarked under
Eryx conictis in this paper, these two snakes are confused by the natives,
and both treated with equal dread.
The following table indicates a considerable preponderance of males
(10) over females (1).
It appeared to be breeding in the cool weather, and the young were
born in May and June. The smallest hatchling was 9-| inches at birth,
or about one-seventh the length of a very large adult. In a state of
nature, rats proved the favoured article of diet, and my note of May
17th shows that the young subsist on mammals like their parents. The
navel involved 4 to 5 ventrals, and from 13-15 separated it from the
anal shield.
The smallest I kept alive for a day or two, in a biscuit-box. It was
very alort, resented interference of any sort, and struck most viciously at
NOTES ON SNAKES COLLECTED IN CANNANORE. 315
the mice given it, both of which it killed but did not eat. Its hiss was
louder than that of an adult dhaman. When grasped, it moved its fangs
actively after the manner of vipers in general.
All the four young were encountered in close proximity (300 — 400
yards) to the Jail Superintendent's house, one actually on one of the
pot plants in the verandah. Probably these were members of the samo
brood.
Scales.
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REMARKS.
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which escaped.
9- 1-04.
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55
27
31
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Contained a large rat.
17- 2-04.
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Contained a large rat.
17- 3-04.
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Found on a pot plant
in verandah.
1- 6-04.
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trals, and 1 3 intervene
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55
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Navel involves 4 ven-
trals, and 15 inter-
vene between it and
anal shield. Last 2
subcaudals entire.
21- 7-04.
8
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5|"
170
57
27
31
22-21
Contained a rat.
30- 7-04.
8
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168
56
27
29
21
14 vcntrals between
navel and vent.
This paper would not bo complete without some observations on the
weather.
316 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
In December 1903 there were thunder showers from the 1st to the
4th instant.
In January 1904 drizzling rain on the 2nd instant.
In February no rain.
In March heavy rain on the 18th, and a shower on the 20th.
In April, showers on the 1st, 9th, 21st, 24th to 26th, and 29th to
30th.
In May heavy rain ( the commencement of the " barra barsat ") on
the 11th continuing throughout the month with a rainfall of 12-65.
June heavy rain throughout the month registering 55'38 inches.
July heavy rain throughout the month, with a break between the
25th and 30th. Rainfall amounted to 39*36 inches.
In all, 377 specimens were collected including 21 species.
With the exception of a few rarities the sex was ascertained by
actual dissection, so that the pregnant specimens recorded were without
doubt the only ones in this state. I think tabulated notes such as 1 have
appended with most of the above species would, if carefully kept, throw
a good deal more light upon these creatures than might appear at first
sight. Many deductions of an entirely unexpected character may be
drawn from some such system, but a much larger number of statistics
are necessary to establish correct information, and I appeal to those
interested in the subject to contribute what they can in this manner.
As an illustration of the unexpected I will give another extract from
my note book, selecting Bungarus fasciatus for my purpose.
It will bo seen from the following table that most of the specimens
were obtained in the month of July, and I must mention they all wore
caught about the Jail at Insein near Rangoon, except one in Rangoon
itself. If their measurements be carefully studied, it will be seen that
they fall into groups according to their lengths : thus 4 specimens
ranged between 1 foot 5f inches and 1 foot 9 inches ; 2 specimens
between 2 feet 4| inches and 2 feet 7 inches ; 3 specimens between 3
feet 7 inches and 3 feet 11 inches, and 1 specimen was 4 feet 5f inches.
It certainly appears to me that these must represent the offspring of
successive years, in which caso ono may deduce that the rate of growth
for this species is proximately one foot a year. Now the length of a
hatchling and the length of a pregnant specimen would allow one to
judge the age at which they acquire maturity. It is to be regretted
NOTES ON SNAKES COLLECTED IN CANNANORE.
317
that the sexes in this very interesting series were not investigated, and
I frequently have to deplore similar gaps in past notes which are badly
needed to confirm or refute conclusions drawn : —
Bungarus fasciatus.
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Remarks.
?-7-99
?-7-99
P-7-99
3-7-99
8-7-99
8-7-99
8-7-99
10-7-99
15-7-99
31-8-99
31-8-99
?-9-99
?-9-99
14-8-00
24-6-00
l'7i"
1' 7i"
2' 7"
3' 8"
3' 7"
1' 9"
1' 5f"
3' 11"
2' 4£"
1' 10"
2' 0 1 "
4' 5 1"
3' 11"
5' 9"
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55"
216
215
215
216
214
210
208
221
216
218
217
216
Anterior chins touch 4 infralabials.
32 Postoculars confluent with supraoculars.
33
32
33
32
34
30
35
31
32
34
Anterior chins touch 4 infralabials.
Anterior chins touch 4 infralabials.
Anterior chins touch 4 infralabials.
318
ON FISHES FROM THE PERSIAN GULF, THE SEA OF
OMAN, AND KARACHI, COLLECTED BY
Mr. F. W. TOWNSEND.
(With 3 Plates.)
By C. Tate Regan, B.A.
(Read before the Bombay Natural History Society on 16th March 1905. J
Mr. F. W. Townsond, who has, within the lust tew years, presented
to the British Museum several collections of fishes from the Persian
Gulf, the Mokran Coast and Karachi, and also some specimens dredged,
at considerable depths in the Sea of Oman, has again collected a large
series at these localities and also at Muscat.
This contains examples of 18 species which are described below as
new to science. I have added complete lists of the Fishes of the
Persian Gulf and the deep-sea forms from the Sea of Oman which
have been received from Mr. Townsend. In the case of those from
Muscat, I have given only those species which do not appear in
Steindachner's recent list (Denkschr. Ak. Wien., lsxi, 1902, p. 123),
whilst a list of those from the Mekran Coast is being published in
the Imperial Baluchistan Gazetteer.
Willoy (Zool. Results, vi, p. 719, 1902) has noted the vertical position
of Amphisile when swimming, and gives a figure representing it with the
head upwards. One may feel inclined to suspect the correctness of this
figure in view of the following interesting observation of Mr. Townsend
on specimens of A. strigata (Gthr.) : — " Some of them were sufficiently
alive when dredged to swim in a tub of water, the position they took
up being head down, and they swam about in a vertical position using
the three fins near the tail to propel themselves, the middle fin seeming
to have the most business to do."
Mr. Townsend writes that Mr. and Mrs. Whitby Smith have taken
great interest in his collecting, and I have named two new species,
Percis Smithii and Callionymus margaretce, in their honour.
1. DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES.
Hemirhamphus sindensis.
Depth of body about If times its breadth and 9^ times in the length
(without caudal) ; length of head 2;^ times. Diameter of eye I3- times
in the postorbital part of head and nearly equal to the interorbital
width. Length of lower jaw in front of the termination of the upper
jaw a little longer than the rest of head ; upper jaw as long as broad ;
ON FISHES FROM THE PERSIAN GULF. 319
prseorbital a little deeper than long. Dorsal 14 ; anal 15 ; both scaly
and commencing nearly opposite each other ; pectoral as long as
distance from posterior margin of operculum to anterior edge of pupil ;
origin of ventrals equidistant from anterior edge of praeoperculum and
base of caudal ; caudal forked. Scales deciduous, 50-55 in a longi-
tudinal series. A silvery stripe on the side becoming broader
posteriorly.
Length, to base of caudal, 188 mm.
A single specimen from Karachi.
APOGON HOLOTjENIA.
Depth of body nearly oqual to length of head, 2f times in the length
(without caudal). Snout § as long as eye, the diameter of which is 2|
times in the length of head, interorbital width about 5 times. Lower
jaw slightly projecting ; maxillary extending to below posterior edge of
pupil. Outer edge of prseopercle, suborbital ring and supraclavicle
finely serrated. Dorsal VII, I 9. Anal II 8. Second dorsal spine
?-4 the length of third, which is stronger and slightly longer than the
fourth and equal to \ the length of head ; second anal spine -3- the length
of head ; soft dorsal and anal with outer edges emarginate ; pectoral
extending slightly beyond, ventral nearly to origin of anal ; caudal
notched, with rounded lobes. 25-26 scales in a longitudinal series.
Caudal peduncle I2 times as long as deep. Head and body with longi-
tudinal black stripes ; a median one from between the eyes nearly to
origin of spinous dorsal ; on each side one from the snout, running-
above the eye and the lateral line to the caudal peduncle ; a second from
the upper part of eye running below the lateral line to below the soft
dorsal ; a third from tip of snout through the eye and along the middle
of the side to the extremity of the caudal ; a fourth from tip of lower
jaw through the base of pectoral to the caudal peduncle; faint traces of
a dusky stripe at the base of both soft dorsal and anal.
Length, to base of caudal, 44 mm.
Three specimens from Muscat, 15-30 fathoms.
This is the species figured by Day* as A. endekatcenia (Blkr.) and which
Bleekor considered to be identical with A. fasciatus (White). Several
species have been confounded under this latter name, which differ from
each other not only in form and proportions, but also constantly in the
* Fish. Iudia, pi. XVI, fig. 7 ( 1 fig. 4 also).
320 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
arrangement of the stripes on the body. The British Museum possesses
examples of the true A.faseiatus from New South Wales and also from
Dr. Bleeker's collection. This is the species figured by Bleeker f. In
it the middle lateral stripe forms a large blotch on the base of the cau-
dal fin, the upper lateral stripe is strongly curved above and quite
distinct from the lateral line, and the stripe between them is short, extend-
ing only from the eye to the edge of the operculum.
Apogon halinensis (Blkr.) has been figured by GuntherJ ; the middlo
stripe extends to the end of the middle caudal rays, the upper lateral
stripe is nearly straight, and there is no stripe between these two.
Apogon novemfasciatus (C. V.) has also been figured by Giinther § ;
it is very similar in coloration to A. balinensis, but the stripes are
broader, and end at the base of the caudal.
Apogon mblanot^nia (PI. Ill, fig. 4).
Depth of body 2§-3 times in the length (without caudal) ; length of
head 2f times. Snout § as long as the eye, the diameter of which is
2 |-3 times in the length of head, interorbital width 4^ times. Lower
jaw shorter than the upper ; maxillary extending to below posterior edge
of pupil. Outer edge of prseoperculum and suprascapula serrated. Dorsal
VII, I 9, Anal II 8. Dorsal spines stout, the second \ as long as
the third, which is a little longer than the fourth and more than \
the length of head ; second and spine § the length of head ; outer
odgos of soft dorsal and anal straight or slightly emarginate ; pectoral
and ventral extending to origin of anal ; caudal notched, with rounded
lobes 23-25 scales in a longitudinal series. Caudal peduncle l^-lf
times as long as deep. Body with longitudinal blackish' stripes which
are, anteriorly, broader than the spaces between them ; a median
one from between the eyes to the spinous dorsal, dividing to run on each
side below the bases of the dorsal fins and reuniting on the upper part of
the caudal peduncle ; the second, slightly curved, from above the eye to
the upper part of the root of the caudal ; the third from the upper part of
the eye to below the second dorsal ; the fourth from the eye along the
middlo of the side, ending in a spot at the base of the caudal ; the fifth
from the snout through the lower part of the eye and the base of the
pectoral to the lower part of the root of the caudal ; the sixth from the
t Atlas Ichtfrjrol., VITT, pi. 48, fig. 4.
% Fiscbe Siidsee, pi. XX, fig. B.
§ l.C. fig. A.
ON FISHES FROM THE PERSIAN GULF. 321
lower jaw to the anal ; a blackish stripe on the basal part of both soft
dorsal and anal fins.
Length, to base of caudal. 73 mm.
Nine specimens, from Charbar, Mekran Coast, from Karachi, from
the Nicobars (Day Coll.) and from Zanzibar (Playfair Coll.) This species
is closely allied to A. fasciatus (White) and A. endekatcenia. (Blkr.),
differing from both in the arrangement of the stripes, the wider
interorbital space and the included lower jaw.
Apogon spilurtjs (PI. Ill, fig. 5).
Depth of body about 2f times in the length (without caudal), length
of head 2|-2| times. Snout shorter than eye, the diameter of which
is 2f times in the length of head and greater than the interorbital width.
Maxillary extending to below posterior edge of pupil ; lower jaw scarcely
projecting. Outer edge of prseoperculum serrated ; other bones of the
head entire. Dorsal VII, I 9. Anal II 8. Dorsal spines rather slen-
der, the second about half as long us the third, which is somewhat
stronger but not longer than the fourth ; longest dorsal spine about
| the length of head ; second anal spine 5-5 the length of head ; soft
dorsal and anal with their outer edges emarginate ; pectoral extending
a little beyond, ventral nearly to origin of anal ; caudal notched, with
rounded lobes. 26 scales in a longitudinal series. Caudal peduncle
lg-H times as long as deep. A blackish longitudinal stripe from the
snout through the eye to the edge of the prseoperculum ; a blackish
spot on each side at the base of the caudal, usually above the lateral
line and sometimes confluent dorsally with its fellow ; a blackish stripe
along the base of the anal.
Length, to base of caudal, 50 mm.
Five specimens from Karachi.
This species bears a considerable resemblance to the Japanese
A. notatus, which is at once distinguished by the strongly projecting
lower jaw.
Apogonichthys nudus (PI. Ill, fig. 6).
Depth of body about 3§ times in the length (without caudal), length
of head nearly 3 times. Snout shorter than the diameter of eye, which
is ^ the length of head and greater than the interorbital width. Cleft
of mouth very oblique, the maxillary extending to below the anterior
\ of eye, the lower jaw projecting. None of the hones of the head
serrated ; praeoperculum with posterior edge slightly emarginate and
17
322 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
angle rounded. Dorsal VI, I 9. Anal II 11. Dorsal spines feeble,
the second or the second and third the highest ; soft dorsal and anal
with slightly cmarginate outer edges ; pectoral extending beyond origin
of anal, ventrals to the vent ; caudal notched, scales deciduous. Caudal
peduncle twice as long as deep. A blackish line along the middle of
the side from the operculum to below the end of the soft dorsal ; fins
immaculate.
Length, to base of caudal, -11 mm.
Nine specimens from Karachi.
Very closely allied to A. gracilis (Blkr.), which has II 12-13 anal
rays, the first dorsal spine the highest, and the dark lateral stripe ex-
tending from the snout to the caudal.
ClRRHITIOHTHYS CALLIURUS (PI. II, fig. 3).
Depth of body about 2| times in the length (without caudal), length
of head 3^-3^ times. Snout as long as the eye, the diameter of which
is of times in the length of head, and a little greater than the inter-
orbital width. Maxillary extending to below anterior \ of eye ; prseorbital
entire, its depth § the diameter of eye ; praoperculum strongly serrated ;
supraclavicle serrated. Dorsal X 12, the fifth or sixth spine the longest,
more than \ the length of head ; the first soft ray produced, reaching
the caudal when laid back. Anal III 6, the second spine the longest,
as long as longest soft rays and nearly g the length of head. Pectoral
with 7 simple rays, extending a little beyond origin of anal ; ventral
extending to origin of anal ; caudal truncate or slightly emarginate.
11-13 scales in a longitudinal series ; 4-4| between first dorsal spine
and lateral line ; vertical fins covered with scales in their basal halves.
Brownish, marbled with darker, the soft dorsal and anal and the caudal
peduncle almost blackish ; caudal fin pale yellowish, sharply separated
from the dark colour of the caudal peduncle, with a pink tinge at the
base, a dark posterior margin and a few dark spots.
Length, to base of caudal, 85 mm.
Two specimens from Muscat, 15-30 fathom^.
Platycbphalus nigripinnis (PI. I, fig. 2).
Depth of body 6 times in the length (without caudal), length of head
3 times. Snout scarcely longer than the eye, the diameter of which is
4| times in the length- of head, interorbital width 1\ times, breadth of
head 1? times. Maxillary extending to below anterior ^of eye. Upper
surface of head flatfish, with ridges not or very feebly seriated and not
ON FISHES FROM THE PERSIAN GULF. 323
distinctly spinate. Praeoperculum with 3 spines, the upper 1£ times in
tho distance from its base to the eye. Dorsal IX, 12, the third spine
slightly longer than tho second or fourth and nearly | tho length of
head ; soft dorsal highest anteriorly, the second ray as long as tho longest
spine. Anal 12. Pectoral extending ^ the distance from its base to
origin of anal, ventral a little beyond origin of anal. Caudal truncate.
80 scales in a longitudinal series ; only the anterior 10-12 scales of the
lateral line distinctly spinate. 5 or 6 indistinct dark blotches or bars
on the side of the body ; fins blackish, the anal pale at the base and
with a narrow light edge.
Length, to base of caudal, 105 mm.
A single specimen from Muscat, I 5-30 fathoms.
Platycephalus townsendi (PI. I, fig. 1).
Depth of body 7 times in the length (without caudal), length of head
3 times. Snout 1^-li times as long as eye, the diameter of which is 4^
times in the length of head, interorbital width D-10 times, breadth of
head If times. Maxillary extending to below anterior \ of eye ; upper
surface of head with weakly serrated ridges bearing very indistinct spines.
Prseoperculum with 3 spines, the upper 1% times in the distance from
its base to the eye. Dorsal IX, 12, the third spine nearly \ the length
of head ; soft dorsal highest anteriorly, the second ray as long as tho
longest spine. Anal 12. Pectoral extending \ the distance from its
base to origin of anal, ventral a little beyond origin of anal. Caudal
truncate. 53-56 scales in a longitudinal series ; only the anterior 16-20
scales of the lateral line distinctly spinate. Brownish : some darker
spots or bars on the cheek ; base of the operculum blackish ; the naked
area above the pectoral and covered by the opercular flap is white, with
black vermiculations. Spinous dorsal blackish, the spines spotted ; soft
dorsal with about 5 longitudinal series of spots on the rays : caudal and
ventral blackish, with obscure spots, anal pale or dusky ; pectoral barred
with spots.
Length, to base of caudal, 157 mm.
Two specimens : Karachi ; Muscat.
Platycephalus maculipinna (PI. I, fig. 3).
Depth of body 7^-8 times in the length (without caudal), length of
head 3-3^ times. Snout l\-l\ times as long as the eye, the diameter
of which is 4^-5^ times in the length of head, interorbital width 8 times,
breadth of head 1§-1§ times. Maxillary extending to below anterior £
324 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI,
of eye. Upper surface of head with ridges bearing some short spines
at intervals, but not serrated, except the supraorbital ridge, which has 3
or 4 teeth. Praeoperculum with a strong spine at the angle, as long us
its distance from the orbit ; below it a short spinous projection and some-
times another weaker one below that. Dorsal IX, 12 ; the third or
fourth spine the highest, nearly \ the length of head ; soft dorsal highest
anteriorly, the first ray as long as the longest spine. Anal 13. Pecto-
ral extending \ the distance from its base to origin of anal, ventral to
origin of anal. Caudal truncate. 100-104 scales in a longitudinal
series ; lateral line spinate for its whole extent. Spinous dorsal with a
large black blotch between the sixth and eighth spines ; soft dorsal with
small dark spots on the membrane in front of each ray ; caudal blackish,
with a pale lower edge ; anal pale, immaculate ; pectoral with small dark
spots ; ventral blackish, with a narrow white edge.
Length, to base of caudal, 190 mm.
Three specimens from Muscat, 15-30 fathoms.
Lbpidotrigla omanensis (PI. II, fig. 2).
Depth of body 3^-3? times in the length (without caudal^, length
of head 2§ times. Snout a little longer than eye, the diameter of which
is 3^-3f times in the length of head and equal to the depth of the
prseorbital. Inter orbital width 5 times in the length of head. Maxil-
lary extending to vertical from anterior margin of eye or a little
beyond. Snout with a pair of short strongly divergent pointed pro-
cesses, with entire or minutely denticulated edges ; interorbital space
strongly concave, and with a well-marked transverse groove behind it.
Dorsal VIII, 14 ; the second and third spines the longest, less than
\ the length of head. Anal 14. Pectoral extending to above 5th
ray of anal, ventral to origin of anal. Caudal slightly emarginate.
Scales feebly ciliated, those of the lateral line unarmed ; 53-57 scales in a
longitudinal series, 2^ series above the lateral line ; 21-23 spiny plates
along each side of the bases of the dorsal fins. Inner surface of pectoral
black, without white spots but with a white margin which is broadest
below ; spinous dorsal blackish posteriorly ; other fins immaculate.
Length, to base of caudal, 88 mm.
Three specimens from the Sea of Oman at a depth of 180 fathoms.
In the allied L. spiloptera (Gthr.) the outer edges of the prceorbital
spines are parallel instead of divergent as in this species, whilst the
number of fin-rays is different.
ON FISHES FROM THE PERSIAN GULF, 325
Percis Smithii.
Depth of body G times in the length (without caudal), length of head
4 times. Snout shorter than eye, the diameter of which is 3-3£ times
in the length of head and nearly 3 times the interorbital width.
Maxillary extending to below anterior edge of pupil. Prseoperculum
denticulated ; suboperculum finely serrated. Dorsul V, 22 ; the fourth
spine the longest, more than § the length of head and more than
twice as long as the fifth. Anal 19. Caudal slightly emarginate.
Pectoral as long as the distance from anterior edge of eye to extremity
of opercular spine. Ventrals extending to the vent. 60 scales in a
longitudinal series. Brownish (in spirit) with traces of darker
blotcues or bars on the side ; spinous dorsal pale ; soft dorsal with
two rows of white spots ; caudal with undulating alternate light and
dark cross-bars and with a pair of dark spots near the base ; pectoral
pale, with a dark axillary blotch ; ventral pale, with the innermost
ray blackish ; anal pale, immaculate.
Length, to base of caudal, 113 mm.
Two specimens from Muscat, 15-30 fathoms.
Callionymus persictjs (PI. Ill, fig. 1).
Depth of body 6f-7f times in the length (without caudal), length
of head 3£-3g times ; breadth of head 4-4^ times. Diameter of eye
3-3| times in the length of head; eyes contiguous; gill-openino
small, superior ; prseopercular spine straight, with serrated inner edop
and a forwardly directed spinous process at its base. Lateral line single.
Dorsal IV, 9 ; the anterior fin, in the male, elevated, and with the rays
produced as filaments, in the female lower and with the rays not
produced ; rays of the second dorsal equal, the last reaching the base of
caudal when laid back. Anal 8, the posterior rays the longest. Vent-
rals extending to pectorals beyond origin of anal. Caudal, in the male,
elongate, as long as the fish, in the female about ^ as long. Body with
4 or 5 irregular dark cross-bands and with dark mottlings and lioht
spots. Males with a V-shaped or heart-shaped blackish blotch on the
throat, on each side of which alternate light and dark longitudinal
stripes separated by narrow white lines extend back from the apex of
the lower jaw over the gill membranes on to the ventral fin.
Anterior dorsal dark, with undulating oblique white lines and with a
small black spot at the upper margin just behind the second ray ; second
326 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
dorsal with 3 or 4 rows of oblong dark spots ; anal with a blackish band
on its outer halt', which is continued on the lower part of the caudal ;
caudal with several vertical series of oblong dark spots.
Length, to base of caudal, 56 mm.
Twelve specimens from the Persian Gulf, from the Mekran Coast
and from Muscat.
Callionymus Maugaket^ (PI. Ill, fig. 3).
Depth of body 8 times in the length (without caudal), length of head
3-3^ times, breadth of head 4 times. Diameter of eye 2| times in the
length of head ; eyes contiguous; gill — opening small, superior; prteoper-
cular spine straight, with serrated inner edge and a forwardly directed
spinous process at its base. Lateral line single. Dorsal IV, 9 ; the
anterior fin, in the male, with the first ray produced into a filament ;
second dorsal with the rays equal, the last reaching the base of caudal
when laid back. Anal 8, the posterior rays the longest. Ventral ex-
tending beyond origin of anal. Caudal, in the male, elongate, as long
as the fish. Body with dark spots and markings ; a blackish oblong
or triangular patch on the throat (in the male) ; anterior dorsal blackish,
with white bars anteriorly and white spots posteriorly ; second dorsal
with 3 or 4 rows of oblong dark spots ; anal with a blackish marginal
band, which is continued on the lower part of the caudal ; caudal with
vortical series of oblong dark spots.
Length, to base of caudal, 47 mm.
Two specimens (males) from Muscat, 15-30 fathoms.
Very similar to C. persicus, but with a larger eye and without the
elevated anterior dorsal and the striped throat of the males of that species.
Callionymus muscatensis (PI. Ill, fig. 2).
Depth of body 7 times in the length (without caudal), length of bead
(to gill — opening) 3| times. Eyes contiguous, their diameter ^ the
length of head ; gill — opening in front of the upper edge of the base of
pectoral ; prseopercular spine straight, with both outer and inner
edges denticulated, the inner edge with 5 teeth, the outer with 3 or 4,
the anterior of which is directed forwards. Dorsal IV, 8 ; the anterior
fin elevated and its rays produced in the male ; caudal, in the male,
elongate, nearly § the length of the fish. Anal 8, the last ray elongate in
the male. Greyish, with darker markings; caudal with dark cross-bars or
series of spots; anal with a dark margin; dorsal fins, in the male, black-
ON FISHES FROM THE PERSIAN GULF. 327
isli; in the female, anterior dorsal with a large oblong black spot between
third and fourth rays ; second dorsal with series of spots on the rays.
Length, to base of caudal, 35 mm.
Two specimens from Muscat, 15-30 fathoms.
This species approaches the genus Vulsus in the structure of the
prseopercular spine.
Blbnnius persicus (PL II, fig. 1).
Depth of body nearly equal to length of head and 5-5f times in the
length (without caudal). Diameter of eye about £ the length of head
and twice the interorbital width. Snout uearly vertical ; cleft of mouth
extending to below posterior margin of eye. No canine teeth. A pair
of well-developed simple tentacles inserted close together on the occiput
and a pair of smaller simple tentacles at the anterior nostrils ; no supra-
orbital tentacles ; no occipital crest. Dorsal XII, 20 ; the spinous
portion composed of flexible spines, the longest § the length of head,
the twelfth much shorter, about \ the length of the longest ray, which
is | the length of head ; a notch between the two dorsals ; last dorsal
ray connected by a membrane to the procurrent rays of caudal. Anal 23.
Caudal truncate rounded. Pectoral slightly longer than head, extending
to origin of anal. Sides of body with 6 obscure dark blotches or bars
and anteriorly with 4-6 vertical whitish stripes which extend across
the abdomen below, posteriorly with small white spots ; spinous dorsal
with 3 dark bars, running obliquely forwards and upwards, confluent at
the margin and below continuous with those of the body ; second dorsal
dusky, with oblique white stripes running backwards and upwards and
breaking up into spots near the margin ; caudal dusky, barred with
white spots ; anal with blackish marginal and light intramarginal bands.
Length, to base of caudal, 72 mm.
Three specimens from the Persian Gulf, 10-20 fathoms.
Salarias anomalus (PL II, fig. 4).
Depth of body nearly equal to length of head and 4|-5 times in
the length (without caudal). Diameter of eye nearly \ the length
of head and twice the interorbital width. Forehead projecting beyond
the snout ; cleft of mouth extending to below posterior margin of
eye. No canine teeth. Anterior nostrils with a pair of well-developed
simple tentacles, which arise almost at the orbital margin in front of
the middle of the eye ; no supraorbital or occipital tentacles, no occipital
crest. Dorsal XII, 19-20, the spinous portion composed of flexible
328 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
spines, elevated, the longest spines in some examples ( ? females)
less than the depth of body, in others ( ? males) produced, more than
the depth of body ; second dorsal low, the last ray attached by a
membrane to the caudal peduncle anterior to the procurrent caudal rays.
Anal 23-24. Caudal rounded, but with the outer rays produced, giving
a trilobed appearance. Pectoral shorter than the head, not extending
to origin of anal. Brownish ; fins pale ; margin of anal and middle rays
of caudal blackish.
Length, to base of caudal, 60 mm.
Several specimens from the Persian Gulf and the Mekran Coast.
Petroscirtes mekranensis.
Depth of body equal to length of head, 5^ times in the length
(without caudal). Snout not projecting beyond the mouth, which
extends to below the middle of eye. Diameter of eye \ the length of
head and greater than the interorbital width. Canine teeth strong,
specially in the lower jaw. A well-developed triangular crest extend-
ing from between the eyes nearly to origin of dorsal ( ? in males only) -
no tentacles. Dorsal 32, highest posteriorly. Anal 23. Caudal
rounded. Pectoral •!, ventral § the length of head. 6 pairs of dark
vertical bars on sides of body, and posteriorly small white spots also ;
head with similar bars which are, however, irregular and somewhat
oblique ; occipital crest with dark vermiculations ; dorsal anteriorly
with dark median and marginal longitudinal lines ; anal and pectoral
with dark lower margin.
Length, to base of caudal, 4K mm.
A single specimen from Jask, Mekran Coast.
Petroscirtes townsendi (PI. Ill, fig. 7).
Depth of body about 5J times in the length (without caudal), length
of head 4§ times. Snout projecting beyond the mouth, which is
transverse inferior, below anterior part of eye. Diameter of eye ^ the
length of head and equal to the interorbital width. No canines in the
upper jaw, those of the lower jaw strong. Head without crest or
tentacles. Dorsal 34, with the rays gradually decreasing in length in
the latter half of the fin. Anal 22. Caudal emarginate. Pectoral f ,
ventral x the length of head. Brownish, fins pale ; anterior part of
dorsal with a prominent black marginal stripe.
Leneth, to base of caudal, 31 mm.
A single specimen from Jask, Mekran Coast.
ON FISHES FROM THE PERSIAN GULF. 329
2. LIST OF DEEP-SEA FISHES FROM THE SEA OF OMAN.
1. Uroconger Upturns, Richards ... ... (140-205 filths.)
2. Scopelus pyrsobolus, Ale. ... . . (225 faths.)
3. Harpodon squamosus, Ale ... ... (170-243 faths.)
4. Champsodon vora.v, Gthr. ... ... ( -140 „ )
5. Physicultus argyropastus, Ale. ... (107-205 ,, )
6. Epinephelus praeopercularis, Blgr. ... ( -175 „ )
7. ,, undulosus, Q. G.... ... ( -170 ,, )
8. Synagrops philippinensis, Gthr. ... (170 faths.)
9. Parascolopsis tovmsendi, Blgr. ... (140-225 faths.)
10. Gobius cometes, Ale. ... ... ... (180 faths.)
11. Laeops macrophthalmus, Ale. ... ... (180 ,., )
12. Cynoglossus carpenteri, Ale. ... ... (170-243 faths.)
13. Solea umbratilis, Ale. ... ... ... (98 faths.)
14. Tetraroge guentheri, Blgr. ... ... (142 „ )
15. Minous inermis, Ale. ... ... ... ( -180 faths.)
16. * T/'igla arabica, Blgr. ... ... ( -180 ,, )
17. Lepidotrigla omanensis, Rgn.... ... (180 faths.)
18. Callionymus carebares, Ale. ... ... (98-180 faths.)
19. Neobyihites steaticus, Ale. ... ... (175 faths.)
3. LIST OF FISHES OF THE PERSIAN GULF.
1. Amphisile strigata, Gthr.
2. \Psenes indicus, Day.
3. Epinephelus tauvina, Forsk.
4. „ argus, Bl. Schn.
5. „ fuscoguttatus, Forsk.
(). ,, chlorostigma, C. V.
7. ,, merra, Bl.
8. Anthias townsendi, Blgr.
* Trigla hemistieta (non Schlegel) Day, Fishes of India, Snppl. p. 791 (1888), and
Alcock. Gat. Ind. Deep-sea Fishes, p. 67 (1899).
f Psenes indicus is only doubtfully distinct from the Atlantic Ps, regulvt (Poey).
The latter has been figured by Goode k Bean (Oceanic Ichthyology, fig. 229) under
the name Ps. maeulatus (non Lutken). According to this figure the scales are more
numerous iu a vertical series than in Ps. indicus (compare Day's figure) bnt other
differences are not evident,
18
330 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
9. Anthias hypselosoma, Blkr.
10. Apogon quadrifasciatus, Val.
11. ,, bifasciatus, Riipp.
12. ,, nigripinnis, C. V.
13. Mesoprion annularis, C. V.
14. „ erythropterus, Bl.
15. Pagrus spinifer, Forsk.
16. Lethrinus striatus, Stdr.
17. Scolopsis ghanam, Forsk.
18. Pristipoma strident, Forsk.
19. Diagramma pietum, Thunb.
20. Pseudochromis persicus, Blgr.
21. ,, nigrovittatus, Blgr.
22. Heniochus mac role pidotus, L.
23. Drepano punctata, L.
24. Teuthis nebulosa, Q. G.
25. Pomacentrus jerdoni, Day.
26. ,, obtusirostris, Gtbr.
27. Glyphidodon sindensis. Day.
28. „ eoelestinus, 0. V.
29. Platyglossus hyrtelii, Blkr.
30. „ roseus, Day.
31. ,, dussumieri, C. V.
32. Pseudoscarus jantochir, Blkr.
33. Scorpaena cirrhosa, Thunb.
34. Pterois russellii, Benn.
35. Scomber mierolepidotus, Riipp.
36. Gob ins albopunctatus, C. V.
37. „ ophthalmotcenia, Blkr.
38. „ towuseudi, Blgr.
39. „ hoplopomus, C. V.
40. Eleotris diadematus, Riipp.
41. Psettodes erumei, Bl. Schn.
42. Pseudorhombus arsius, Ham. Buch.
43. Synaptura zebra, Bl.
44. Percis nebulosa, Q. G.
45. Callionymus persicus, Rgn.
46. Blennius persicus, Rgn.
ON FISHES FROM THE PERSIAN GULF. 331
47. Salarias sindensis, Day.
•18. „ dussumieri, C. V.
49. „ fasciatus, Bl.
50. ,, opercular is, Murr.
51. „ anomalus, Rgn.
52. Petroscirtes barbatus, Ptrs.
53. Batrachus grunniens, L.
54. Antennarrius nummifer, Guv.
55. Monacanthus oblongus, Schleg.
56. „ tomeutosus, L.
57. Ostracion cyanurus, Bupp.
4. FISHES FROM MUSCAT.
The following arc not included in Steindachner's List of Fishes Ironi
thj East Coast of Arabia : —
1. Trygon walga, Miill & Henle.
2. Mxirtvna pseudothyrsoidea, Blkr.
3. Pegasus nutans, L.
4. Amphisile strigata, Gthr.
5. Epinephelus merra, Bl.
6. Cirrhitichthys calliurus, Rgn.
7. Apogon thurstoni, Day.
8. „ holotcenia, Rgn.
9. Genyoroge bengalensis, Bl.
10. Upeneus indicus, Shaw.
11. Equula rivulata, Schleg.
12 Platyglossus bimacidatus, Riipp.
13. Duymceria Jiagell'ifera, 0. V.
14. Scorpoena cirrhosa, Thnnb.
15. „ rosea, Day.
16. Minous inermis, Ale.
1 7. Apistus alatus, C. V.
18. Prosopodasys leucog aster, Richards.
19. Platycephalus subfasciatus, Gthr.
20. „ nigripinnis, Rgn.
21. „ toivusendi, Rgn.
22. „ macidipinna, Rgn.
23. Lepidotrigla bispinosa, -Stdr.
332 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
21. Gobias andamanensis, Day.
25. Percis pulchella, Schleg.
26. „ smithii, Rgn.
27. Trichonotus setigerus, Bl. Schn.
28. Callionymus filamentosus, C. V.
21). ,, persicus, Rgn.
oO. „ margaretoc, Rgn.
31. ,, muscatensis, Rgn.
o2. Bleunius semifasciatus, Riipp.
oo. Rhomboidichthys pa?itherinus, Riipp.
o4. „ grandisquamis, Schleg.
35. ,, poecilurus, Blkr.
5. FISHES FROM THE MEKRAN COAST
AND KARACHI.
A list of the Fishes collected by Mr. Townsend on the Mekran Coast
is being published in the Imperial Baluchistan Gazetteer. In this,
Apogon fasciatus (White ), Equula nuchalis (Schleg.), and Callionymus
longicaudatus (Schleg.) should be replaced by Apogon melanotoania
(Ltgn.), Equula daura (Cuv.), and Callionymus persicus (Rgn.) respec-
tively, and the following species should be added : — .
Opisthognatlms nigromarginatus, Riipp.
Platyglossus dussumieri, C. V.
Minous monodactylus, Bl. Schn.
Gobius ornatus, Riipp.
Eleotris diadematus, Riipp.
Salarias anomalus, Rgn.
Petroscirtes punctatus, C. V.
„ mekrauensis, Rgn.
„ townseudi, Rgn.
Karachi falls within the province treated of in Day's " Fishes of India,"
and the additions, except in the case of the new species described above,
are unimportant.
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-"■ Apogcn 5. A. spilurus . 6.ApogorvicTn.t}Yys raidus .
7. Petrosairtes townsendi .
ON FISHES FROM THE PERSIAN GULF. 333
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
Plate A.
Fig. 1.
Platycephalic townsendi.
» 2.
„ nigripinnis.
„ o.
,, maoulipinna.
Plate B.
Fig. 1. Blennius persicus.
„ 2. Lepidotrigla omanensis.
3. Cirrhitiehthys oalliurus.
5>
„ 4. Salarias anomalu.s.
Plate 0.
Fig. 1. Callionymns persicus, $ ; la
„ 2. ,, musoatensis.
„ 3. ,, margaretse.
„ 4. Apogon melanoteeniu.
„ 5. ,, spilurus.
„ 6. Apogonichthys nudiis.
„ ?• Petroscirtes townsendi.
i *
334
THE FAUNA AND FLORA OF OUR METALLIC MONEY.
By E. Blatter, S.J.
(Read before the Bombay Natural History Society on 16th March 1905).
Some time ago, I was asked by a friend to examine some specimens
of our current coins with a special view to plague bacilli. Fulfilling his
wish I subjected a good number of pieces to careful examination. I
detected a great variety of things belonging both to the animal and
vegetable kingdom, as well as to the inorganic world. Though I did
not succeed in satisfying my friend with these results, as I did not
observe a single specimen of that plague-engendering organism, I
nevertheless might interest some of the readers of this journal by a short
determination of the plants and animals belonging to the flora and fauna
of our metallic money.
I need not say that in this examination I made use of the common
ways of sterilisation, of culture media, and the different methods of
staining which are necessary for the exact study of the micro-organisms.
I began with scratching a small particle from the surface of a coin.
Examining it in sterilized water with a low magnifying power I could
not distinguish anything but a brown, dark, untransparent, shapeless
mass, and some cylindrical bodies protruding on the surface of that
conglomerate. I crumbled the object, and now the single pieces had
changed colour entirely, looking yellowish and showing a granular
structure. Using a power of 525 I could easily detect the nature of
those elongated bodies. In this and the following cases small portions
of hair were observed, and amongst these especially the roots were of
frequent occurrence. This is quite natural, as the root of each hair is
lodged in the follicle which descends into the subcutaneous fat, and is
thus surrounded by a more sticky substance than the shaft. Sometimes
intimately connected with the hair follicles, sebaceous glands were
observed. As the hairs taken from the different parts of the body all
show certain characteristic peculiarities, it was not difficult to trace
the origin of the various particles. In this way I detected hairs which
are found on the head, on the arm, in the arm-pit, in the nose, on the
eye-brow. With a higher power I could even distinguish single
cortical scales which cover the long fibrillated cells of the hair. A
power of 1,000 disclosed the presence of parasitic fungi and of a mite,
called iJeinodex folliculorum ho minis, which seems to choose the hair
THE FAUNA AND FLORA OF OUR METALLIC MONEY. 335
follicles and sebaceous glands of man as a favourite haunt. Of silk,
cotton, and wool, I saw threads of sometimes considerable length.
This was all I could detect without further preparations. For a
better examination of the rest I dissolved some scrapings in ti watch-
glass of lukewarm sterilized water. After two hours the apparently
homogeneous substance was divided into a layer of fine sediment on the
bottom of the vessel, into free-moving particles, and a greyish layer on
the surface of the water. When I repeated this experiment and always
examined one portion after the other, the microscope showed the
following details. Floating on the surface there were bodies of chiefly
vegetable origin : stellate hairs of a plant belonging to the order of
SolanaceEe, glandular hairs of one of the Labiatse, sporangia without
spores of a fern belonging to the Polypodiacese, small particles of wood
of a dicotyledoneous stem, a tangential-longitudinal section of the stem
of a grass, macerated to such an extent as to be wholly transparent.
The greatest portion of the surface material consisted of exceedingly
small particles of mostly organic origin, which were obviously in a
state of decomposition and did not give, therefore, any possibility of
identification.
When I examined drop after drop, many of them disclosed micro-
scopical organisms of various colour, shape, and size. A strong
magnifying power showed globular cells, mostly isolated, but some-
times united into small groups. The bright green contents of the cells,
the presence of chromatophores, the small starch grains in the chroma-
tophores, which were visible in an iodine solution, of the size of 2 — 6 <",
and finally the comparison with the organism which I suspected to
be the same and which I had found on the outer surface of a flower-pot,
made it sure that the object in question was Pleurococwis vulgaris,
Menegh. In the same way I found another alga, a species of
Nitzschia Hassal, which belongs to the diatoms. The chromatophores
were completely reduced, wherefore it was one of the diatoms which
assume a saprophytic mode of life. Its size was 50 — 60 ^ in length.
In another case the field of view showed small globular and elliptic
cells, 6 fj. in length. Within a delicate membrane several small
vacuoles, sometimes a large one, could be recognized. A culture in
Pasteur's fluid enabled me to observe multiplication by budding. From
the circumstance that gemmation is peculiar to the saccharomycetes and
from other microscopical characters obtained by hardening and staining
336 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XV J.
1 came to the conclusion that the plant was Saccharomyces ellipseoideus,
Rees, or wine yeast. Another species of the same genus, Saccharo-
myces mycoderma, Rees. exhibited elliptical and cylindrical cells of
5 — 7 p, in length. It is the plant which forms a thin membrane on the
surface of already fermented liquids without causing fermentation itself,
v.g. in half-empty bottles of wine.
May I be allowed now to enumerate in a shorter way what else the
microscope revealed to the observing eye.
Of the organisms belonging to the Schizomycetes or Bacteria, the
following were examined : —
Micrococcus ure^e, Oohn. — Diameter of cells 1*1 — 2 ^ ; 2 — 8 in-
dividuals were united into chains. It is the cause of fermentation of
the urine, splitting up urea into ammonium carbonate.
Micrococcus crepusculum, Cohn. — Cells short, oval. Diameter
2 v. It is found in various infusions. In company with Micrococcus
crepusculum I found Bacterium termo, Ehrl. Length 1 — 3 ^ Twice
or three times as long as broad, cylindric or elliptic, usually in pairs.
It is the ferment of putrefaction of liquids.
Vibrio rugula, Mull. — Length 6 — 17 ^. Is found in ponds, rain-
water, and also in faeces.
Beggiatoa roseo-persicina, Zopf. — Pinkish or violet. Found on
fresh and salt water in places where vegetable and animal bodies putrefy.
They give the water the blood-red colour.
Clostrydium butyricum, Prazm. — In the presence of this bacterium
butyric acid is formed from various carbohydrates. The rod-like cells
measure in length 2 — 2'5 ^, in breadth 1 ^.
Bacterium aceti, Zopf, the acetic acid bacteria which oxidise
alcohol to acetic acid.
Staphylococcus Pyogenes. — It is a spherical coccus 0*9 ^ in
diameter, found irregularly in masses or clusters. It is one of the
bacteria which cause suppuration. I was not able to identify the exact
variety.
Bacillus tuberculosis, Koch. — The tubercle bacillus varies very
much in size. I found some of 2'6 — 3*4 ^ in length, and others
of 4 v.
Didymiium SchRad. — As I found it only as plasmodium and with-
out sporongia and spores, I could not make sure of the specific charac-
ters. Of the Zygomycetes there were only two species.
THE FAUNA AND FLORA OF OUR METALLIC MONEY. 337
Mugor stolonifer, Eh i'h. It forms white growths on various
substances, especially on putrefying vegetable bodies.
Gh/Etocladium, Fres. It is a parasite on Mucor stolanifer, Ehrh.,
found on animal excreta. The fungus showed sexual spores (Conidia).
There was only one of the Haplomycetes, a species of Tonda Pers.
Identification was impossible, as I observed only spores without myce-
liums. The torulas' form dust-like coats on various bodies, usually on
dead and sometimes on still living bodies.
The animal kingdom offered only few representatives.
Amoeba tbrrigola Grbbf. — Diameter of the whole body 350 — 400 /*,
I found it dead in the state of encystation.
There were some 2 or 3 species of infusorians, but for want of a
sufficient number of specimens, determination was impossible.
Of rarer occurrence were red blood corpuscles, fat cells of adipose
tissue, small portions of the epidermis of human skin, pus cells and even
eggs of insects.
Very frequent were starch-grains of different plants :
Starch-grains of potato.— By them the light is reflected to differing
degrees. Their hilum is not the geometrical centre, but lies nearer to
one end. Length 60 — 100 /*.
Starch-grains of wheat ; they are circular, their lamination regular,
their diameter 35 — 40 /* .
Starch-grains of rice ; they are very small, polyhedral ; compound
grains of great beauty are met with. Diameter 6 — 7 ^ .
Starch-grains of West Indian arrowroot. The lamination is less clear,
but more Uniform than in potato starch. A cleft in the form of a V
characterises the starch of arrowroot.
Also white and black pepper was found. The only difference between
the two kinds of pepper is, that in the white there are no particles of
the exocarp and no parenchyma of the seed-vessel.
Cinnamon-powder, which was observed, is distinguished by the fol-
lowing elements. Thin spindle-like bnst fibres, circa 50 ^ in length ;
thick-walled cells of the bast parenchyma, containing starch, slerenchyma
with or without starch, oil-glands, crystals of calGium-oxalate from the
cells of the medullary rays.
The greatest part of all the m itter detected on money, and found,
as the. chief constitutent part of the sedimentary layer, was diist»
&iz. microscopic and ultramicroscopic bodies of inorganic origin. Of
19
338 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI,
only a small number of minerals the crystallographic characters
could be recognized by means of the polarising miscroscope and by
the application of re-agents, v. g. of silica, calcium carbonate, etc.
Besides the bacteria above enumerated I could trace the presence of
some two or three others. But as they were only few in number, and
fresh and good food supply did not induce them to multiply, a definite
identification was, of course, beyond the bounds of possibility.
That there may not arise any misapprehension in the reader's mind,
I must not omit saying that not all of the above mentioned forms of
organisms Were found on each and every coin, but that, on the con-
trary, there was amongst the examined pieces a pretty good number
which did not exhibit the actual presence of life at all.
If we bear in mind, where nearly all of those micro-organisms usually
or, to use a more correct expression, exclusively occur, we cannot help
confessing, that they are associated with the presence of decaying mat-
ter. And again if we consider, through what hands and pockets a coin
may travel in the course of one single day, We shall not have the least
difficulty in understanding how the fauna and flora of our money came
into existence.
When I had already finished this paper my attention was drawn upon
two letters addressed to the Editor of the Times of India. On the 10th
February 1905 the Baroda correspondent, Dr. R. V. Dhurandhar, writes
the following lines : —
" Will not the Government of India think twice before extinguishing
copper coins and substituting bronze and nickel ones in their place, in
the face of modern research in that direction ? The Health Board of
New York some time back undertook an investigation to ascertain how
far gold, silver, copper, and paper currencies assist in the transmission
of disease germs from place to place, and they found on miscroscopio
examination that, while other currencies swarmed with germs, none
were found on copper coins."
Further on he adds: " Bronze though coppery, contains tin, and
sometimes lead and zinc, and, therefore, is not as good a germicide as
pure copper."
The second letter (llth February 1905), written by Mr. S. G.
D'Souza, contains these remarks: " In common with Mr. Dhurandhar
I quite agree that copper, far from transmitting disease germs, is a most
potent agent of prevention of the same. — In those days when cholera
THE FAUNA AND FLORA OF OUR METALLIC MONEY. 339
regularly made its dreadful ravages in Bombay every third year, the
coppersmiths were to a man immune from it. I, therefore, think the
substitution of bronze and nickel coins for copper ones undesirable."
These two letters afford me the welcome opportunity of expressing
my full agreement with the views advanced in them. hun, Ihi r,
however, says, that " while other currencies swarmed with germs none
were found on copper coins." If I, as regards our metallic money,
said the same, the statement would surely not agree with the facts, as
the above mentioned organisms were seen not only on silver-coins but
also on copper-currencies. The only difference was that the plants and
animals detected on copper were devoid of life, while those on silver-
coins, in most cases, were animated. And so we may say with
Dr. Dhurandhar, that copper is an excellent germicide.
;540
SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES ON THE COCCIDyE OF CEYLON-
By E. Ernest Green, f. e. b.,
Entomologist to the Government of Ceylon.
Part III.
{With Plates H—K.)
Since the earlier appearance of my " Supplementary Notes " in this
Journal (Vol. XIII, Nos. 1 and 2), a fresh mass of material has been
accumulate 1, necessitating a further series descriptive of new species of
Dispidince from Ceylon. Nor can it be supposed that the supply is yet
exhausted, although the original number of species recorded in my
monograph has now been more than doubled. Large areas of the Island
still remain unexplored (as regards CoecidcB) and new species are
frequently discovered even in the best worked localities, as may be seen
from the frequency with which the name " Peradeniya '* appears in the
following pages.
Genus ASPIDIOTUS.
Aspidiotus longispinus, Morgan. (PI. H, fig. 1.)
Aspidiotus longispina, Morg., Ent. Mo. Mag., XXV., p.. 352.
Morganella longispinus, Ckll., Bull. 6, Dep. Agric. (1897).
H'emiberlesia longispinus, Leon., Riv. Pat. Veg„, vi. (1897).
Morganella maskelli, Ckll., Bull. 6, Dep. Agric, p. 22 (1897).
$ Puparium black, circular, moderately convex, dense and usually
more or less obscured by fragments of bark. Diameter 1*10 mm.
$ Puparium not observed.
Adult § subcircular, the pygidium only slightly projecting beyond
the general curve. Colour whitish ; the chitinous parts stained a deep
brown. Pygidium (fig. 1) with two rather narrow prominent conver-
gent median lobes almost or quite contiguous. Margin on each side
fringed with numerous narrow elongate squames, some of them deeply
fimbriate, others obscurely so. Spines deep black, stout, long and whip-
like, projecting far beyond the squames. No circumgenital glands. In
all my examples the terminal half of the pygidium is densely chitinous
and deep coloured, obscuring all pores and other characters. Diameter
0*50 to 1 mm.
Adult $ unknown.
Habitat. — In Ceylon, beneath loose bark on stems of the " Jak" tree
( Artocarpus integrifolia). The scales are frequently embedded in th»
loose tissues of the cortex. (Peradeniya.)
SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES ON THE COCCID.E OF CEYLON. 341
Aspidiotus cuculus, ii. sp. (PI. H, figs. 2, 3.)
9 Puparium very irregular in form, due to the fact that it has to
accommodate itself to the cavity which it inhabits. This cavity is of a
conical shape and may contain as many as five of the insects, the puparia
being then crowded and pressed together, elongated in the direction of
the duct of the gall. Colour dull brown, usually comprising portions of
the pellicle and derm of the former occupant. It is difficult to isolate a
single individual for purposes of measurement, but the united mass has a
length of about 2 mm.
$ Puparium not observed.
Adult 9 (fig. 2) white or pale yellow. Long pyriform, Pygidium
terminating in two stout obscurely emarginate lobes ; the margin for a
short distance beyond them thickened and irregular (fig. 8). Two
groups of about six long stout spiniform squames on each side of lobes,
divided by a small marginal prominence. A larger conical point imme-
diately beyond the outer group. Anal orifice small. Dorsal pores very
minute and inconspicuous. No circumgenital or parastigmatic glands.
Length 1 to 1*25 mm. Breadth 9*75 to 9*85 mm.
Adult $ not observed.
Habitat. — Female insects occupying the galls of another Coccicf
( Amorphococcus mesuce), after that insect has died, whether on account
of the intrusion or from natural causes, I have as yet been unable to
determine.
Aspidiotus (Chrysomfhalus) pedronis, n. sp. (PI. H, fig 4.)
Puparium clear brownish straw-colour ; pellicles paler, circular,
flatfish. Diameter 2*50 mm.
$ Puparium not observed.
Adult 9 broadly pyriform. Pygidium (fig. 4) with six prominent
floriate lobes approximately equal in size. Interlobular squames nar-
row, deeply fimbriate, of same length as lobes. Three broad aciculate
serrate squames beyond the outer lobe on each side. Circumgenital
glands in five groups ; median group with 1 or 2 pores ; upper laterals 5
to 6 ; lower laterals about 6. Dorsal pores oval, moderately large and
conspicuous, communicating with long trumpet-shaped ducts. Length
1*59 mm.
Adult $ not known.
Habitat. — On leaves of undetermined tree. Pedrotalagalla, at an
elevation of about 8,000 feet. April.
342 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
Differs from A. dictyospermi in having the lobes of more equal size
and in the much smaller and more ill-defined paraphyses.
Aspidiotus (Chrysomphalus) malleolus, n. sp. (PI. H, figs. 5, 6.)
9 Puparium opaque snowy white ; dense, broad and flat ; irregu-
larly deltoid. Pellicles pale straw-colour, usually marginal. Long
diameter 4'50 to 5*50 mm.
$ Puparium similar but very much smaller. Length 2'25 mm.
Adult 9 (fig. 5) rather densely chitinous, elongate ; cephalotho-
racic segment broadest, with a deep constriction behind ; mesothoracic
segment narrowest ; segments well-defined, but margins not produced,
Pygidium (fig. 6) with eight rather small but stout rounded lobes, their
outer edges obscurely emarginate. Squames rather small but pro-
jecting beyond the lobes, not conspicuously fimbriate. Six large con-
spicuous clavate paraphyses and many smaller ones. Circumgenital
glands numerous, in two curved groups. Median dorsal area of
pygidium conspicuously reticulate (as in A. trilobitiformis and its allies).
Length 1'75 to 2'25 mm.
Habitat. — On under surface of leaves of Mimusops hexandra. Ele-
phant pass, N. P. March.
The specific name has been suggested by the hammer-like form of
adult female.
Aspidiotus (Chrysomphalus) cistuloides. n. sp. (PI. 1, figs. 7, 8).
9 Puparium (fig. 7) dull blackish-brown ; broadly oval, somewhat
pointed behind ; the ventral scale dense and strongly developed, the
hinder portion steeply up-tilted and projecting beyond the margin
of the dorsal scale. Dorsal scale rather strongly convex ; subconical ;
the pellicles placed on the summit, nearer the anterior extremity.
Larval pellicle only exposed, reddish. Length 1*35 mm. Breadth
about 1 mm.
$ Puparium of same colour, but flattened, smaller and more elongate.
Length 1*25 mm. Greatest breadth 0*75 mm.
Adult 9 turbinate ; a deep constriction separating the pro- and meso-
thorax and a less-marked constriction behind the meta-thorax. Derm
rather densely chitinous. Margin of pygidium (fig. 8) strongly cristate.
There are six lobes, with difficulty distinguishable from the other
marginal prominences. Median pair bluntly conical, with slightly
emarginate sides. Second and third pairs sharply conical, each with a
denticle on outer margin. Second pair smallest ; third pair largest.
SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES ON THE COCCIDyE OF CEYLON. 343
Beyond the third lobe the margin is broken into strongly serrate
prominences. Squames and spines small and inconspicuous. Four
moderately developed elongate paraphyses on each side, and numerous
smaller ones between them. Anal orifice small, elongate, distant from
margin about three times its own length. Circumgenital glands con-
sisting of a single small group (of from 2 to 4 orifices) on each
side, and two or three isolated orifices between them forming a broken
median group. Dorsal pores minute and inconspicuous. Length 1 to
1*10 mm.
Adult $ not observed.
Habitat. — Occurring sparsely on leaves of Cinnamomam. Pera-
deniya. January.
The peculiar form of the female puparium gives it the appearance
of a small capsule resting on the leaf. In this particular it closely
resembles a species from Java, on Piper nigrum (to be described later
under the name of A. capsulatus.)
Aspidiotus (Chrysomphalus) quadriclavatus, n. sp. (PI. I, fig. 9.)
$ Puparium flat, subcircular, very dark chocolate-brown. Larval
pellicle exposed, prominent, of same colour as the secretionary area.
Nymphal pellicle completely concealed. Diameter 3 mm.
$ Puparium similar in colour and texture to that of $ , but
smaller and oblong. Length 2 mm. Breadth about 1 mm.
Adult $ dull pale purplish. Pygidium (fig. 9) with eight stout
bluntly pointed lobes, their sides slightly emarginate : the seoond pair
somewhat smaller than the others and situated close to the median
lobes. Margin beyond the lobes thickened and cristate. There are
four very large and conspicuous clubbed paraphyses and two smaller
and simple — exterior to the others. ISquaines small and obscure.
Dorsal pores small and inconspicuous. Circumgenital glands presum-
ably in five groups, but forming together an almost continuous arch,
difficult to separate into its component parts, narrowest in the middle and
thickening at the extremities. Orifices numerous — 75 to 100. Anal
aperture minute. Greater diameter (longitudinal) 1*25 to 1*75 mm.
Adult $ not observed.
Habitat, — On upper surface of leaves of Murraya. exotica. Pera-
deniya. July.
Both $ and 9 puparia are very firmly attached to the leaf. It is
difficult to remove them entire.
344 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XV I.
The puparia are scarcely distinguishable from those of A. rossi, but
the exceptionally large paraphyses and the disposition of the circum-
genital glands distinguish it from that or any other species of
Chrysomphalus,
Aspidiotus (Aonidiella) taprobanus, n. sp. (PI. I, fig. 10).
9 Puparium pale, transparent, straw-colour : pellicles slightly darker,
Flatfish ; irregularly oval. Ventral scale thin and delicate, adhering
to under surface of dorsal scale in such a manner as to leave a central
channel. Greatest diameter 2 to 2-25 mm.
$ Puparium smaller and paler : more elongate. Length 1*50 mm.
Adult 9 yellow. Pyriform. Pygidium (fig. 10) with six promin-
ent rounded floriate lobes of equal size. Squames broad and deeply
fimbriate : the outermost three aciculate. Paraphyses small and incon-
spicuous, one at inner side of base of each lobe. No circumgenital glands.
Pygidial characters very similar to those of A. aurantii, but ultra- lobular;
squames not bifid. Length 1 to 1*25 mm. Breadth about 0*75 mm.
Adult $ not observed.
Habitat. — On leaves of Phyllanthus myrtifolius : usually on upper
surface. Peradeniya. May.
The species differs from aurantii in the simple form of the ultra-lobular
squames. The derm is more delicate and never becomes densely chiti-
nous : nor are the pygidium and abdominal parts withdrawn into the
body as in aurantii.
Aspidiotus (Targionia) PByllanthi, n. sp. (PI. I, fig. 11).
9 Puparium dull black, with a raised whitish disc on larval
pellicle : moderately convex : more or less concealed beneath the corky
outer bark. Diameter 1 to 1'25 mm.
$ Puparium grayish, (a whitish bloom overlying the blackish se-
cret ionary area). Pellicle very dark shining brown, with a raised
whitish circle in centre. Length 1 mm.
Adult 9 circular : the pygidium only slightly projecting, demarked
from abdomen by a curved series of irregular thickened chitinous
patches. No parastigmatic or circumgenital glands. Pygidium (fig. 11)
with eight well-defined stout emarginate lobes, each with a conspicuous
elongate paraphysis at its base. No pectinate squames. Dorsal pores
small, circular. Diameter 0*60 to 0'70 mm.
Adult $ brownish orange: nolal plates and scutellum paler: apo-
dema castaneous. Form bread, depressed. Head small ■ ocelli black :
SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES ON THE COCCID^ OF CEYLON. 345
rudimentary eyes colourless, inconspicuous. Terminal joint of antenna
with one knobbed hair at apex and two at side. Foot with four
knobbed hairs. Wings • ample, hyaline, slightly iridescent. Genital
sheath very long and narrow, as long as or longer than abdomen :
sharply pointed. Total length 0*75 mm.
Habitat. — On Phyllanthus myrtifolius. Peradeniya. February.
Female insects on steins and twigs, more or less concealed beneath the
outer layers of the bark. Male insects on both surfaces of the leaves.
The pygidial characters approach those of A. tenebricosus, Comstock,
but differ in the form, number and arrangement of the paraphyses and
in the absence of pectinate squames.
Aspidiotus (Cryptophyllaspis) occultus, var. klongatus, n. var.
(PI. I, figs. 12,13).
Aspidiotus occultus, Green, Gocc. Ceylon, pt. 1, p. 56.
Cryptophyllaspis occultus, Ckll., Check List, Suppl., p. 396.
$ Puparium consisting principally of a delicate film lining the cavity
of the gall, the pellicles forming an operculum at its base.
The gall itself (fig. 12) is irregularly cylindrical, constricted towards
the base, the ends often studaed with irregular tubercles. Length of
gall about 2 mm.
$ Puparium not observed; but probably occupying shallow
depressions on the surface of the leaf as in the type.
Adult $ elongate oval, abruptly constricted towards the base of the
pygidium. Pygidium (fig. 13) with 6 prominent lobes. Median pair
large and deeply coloured : others smaller and pointed. Squames ex-
tending beyond the lobes : stout, deeply fimbriate and furcate. Anal
aperture elongate, narrow. No circumgenital glands. Length 1 mm.
Greatest breadth 0*50 mm.
Adult £ not known.
The galls are massed on the under surface of leaves of Grewia sp.;
the aperture opening on to the upper surface. Heneratgoda. Feb.
Differs from type in its elongate form and greater size : in the
cylindrical (instead of globular) form of the gall : and in the position
of the galls on under (instead of upper) surface of the leaf.
Aspidiotus (Chrysomphalus) dictyospermi, Morg.
Ceylon examples are all of the variety pinnulifera (Mask.).
In addition to other food-plants mentioned, it occurs on Optmtia
cochinellifera. (Peradeniya. February.) The puparia on this plant
are almost white.
20
346 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
Aspidiotus trilobitifoemis, Green.
Occurs also on Ixora coccinia. (Peradeniya. February.)
Odonaspis penicillata. n. s.p. (Pi. I, figs. 14 to 16,)
9 Puparium (fig. 14) very pale fulvous: pellicles orange, usually
concealed beneath the whitish secretion, situate at anterior extremity.
Very firm and compact, the ventral scale as dense as the dorsal ; tho
two scales so firmly adherent that it is difficult to extract the insect
uninjured. Elongate: broadest immediately behind the pellicles: tapering
posteriorly : flattened beneath : strongly convex in front, depressed
towards hinder extremity. Length 1*50 to 2 mm. Greatest breadth
1 to 1*10 mm.
$ Puparium (fig. 15) similar ; but smaller, narrower and paler.
Length 1 mm.
Adult 9 clear pale purplish : oval. Pygidium (fig. 16) bluntly
pointed : somewhat resembling that of O. inusitatus, but with a
strongly cristate margin, three of the points on each side being larger
and more prominent (possibly representing lobes). There is a
moderately broad and deep excision at the extremity from which
springs a dense brush of tapering hairs, the tips meeting in a point
like a small paint-brush. No circumgenital glands. Numerous minute
circular pores in the denser chitinous area. Six stout and moderately
long paraphyses. Anal aperture near base of pygidium. Length
0*75 to 1*10 mm.
Adult $ very pale purplish pink : ocelli black. Legs, notal plates
and genital sheath stained with reddish-yellow. Body rather slender :
not depressed as in typical Aspidiotus. Abdomen without lateral
flanges. Wings long and rather narrow. Genital sheath long and
slender. Antenna 10-jointed : terminal joint with one knobbed hair
at apex and two at side. First pair of feet with 4 digitules : second and
third pairs with two only (1 on claw and 2 on tarsus). Total length
1 mm., of which the genital sheath occupies nearly one-third.
Puparia crowded on stems of a large Bamboo (Gigantochloa aspera),
half embedded amongst the tomentose hairs around the nodes : attached
by anterior extremity only. Peradeniya. May.
Allied to 0. inusitatus, but easily distinguished by the termina
pencil of hairs and more cristate margin of pygidium.
(Note. It is probable that my Chionaspis simplex (Cocc. Ceyt.
Part II, p. 160, PI. LVII) is more nearly allied to this group, in spite
SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES ON THE COCGIBJE OF CEYLON. 347
of its elono-ate form. The pygidial characters agree more with those
of the genus Odonaspis than with Chionaspis.)
AONIDIA EOHINATA, n. sp. (PI. J, figS. 17 to 19.)
9 Puparium (fig. 17) dull reddish-brown (yellowish when immature),
roughened with innumerable slender curved spines which are firmly
attached to the nymphal pellicle and persist after treatment with caustic-
potash. Circular ; strongly convex. Larval pellicle deciduous, — pushed
off durino' orowth of nymphal pellicle. Diameter 0*35 mm.
$ Puparium pale-yellowish. Oblong oval : secretionary area flattish :
pellicle strongly convex, situate at anterior extremity. Length 0*75 mm.
Adult 9 (fi>. 18) subcircular. Rostral apparatus very large and
conspicuous. No parastigmatic glands. Pygidium (fig. 19) with six
excurved thorn-like processes (? lobes). Diameter about O'SO mm.
Adult $ not observed.
On Hemicyclia sepiaria. Anaradhapura. February.
The insects are thickly clustered on the under-surface of the leaves
and are surrounded by a whitish bloom such as is noticeable around
some species of Fiorinia and many Aleurodidce.
Aonidia pusilla n. sp. ( PI. J, figs. 20, 21 %).
9 Puparium (fig. 20) oval ; yellow ; obscured — in very fresh ex-
amples —by a thin covering of whitish secretion which, in older examples,
persists only as a marginal fringe, leaving the yellow nymphal pellicle
exposed. Larval pellicle deciduous. Nymphal pellicle with median area
stronoly convex and globose : cephalic area flattened and anteriorly pro-
duced : pygidial area similarly produced backwards and apparently articu-
lated with the body of the scale to form a hinged operculum beneath which
the young larvae escape : margin of pygidium with ten narrow prominent
lobes, and broad semilunar pores between them. Total length 0*50 mm.
$ Puparium oval ; somewhat larger, but much less convex : pellicle
pale-yellow, occupying anterior two-thirds of puparium : secretionary
area whitish, translucent. Length 0*65 mm.
Adult 9 broadly oval : pygidial area very slightly prominent. No
parastigmatic or circumgenital glands. Margin of pygidium (fig. 21)
with two small conical lobes, one on each side of a median clavate
prominence which projects beyond them : margin immediately outside
the lobes also projecting in three or four small rounded prominences.
Some scattered circular pores. Anal orifice large and conspicuous.
Length about 0*30 mm.
348 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
Adult $ not observed.
On upper surface of leaves of Carissa spinarum. Elephant Pass,
Northern Province. March.
In the characters of the female puparium, this species approaches
Aonidia bullata.
Aonidia crbnulata, Green.
Taken also at Elephant Pass, N. P., on Memecylon. In these example
the number of floriate processes is not constant, sometimes amounting to
a total of 30. A few delicate filiform ducts open on the margin. In
one example a single conical lobe appears asymmetrically on one side.
Aonidia planchonioides, Green.
Adult $ pale yellow: apodema reddish. Body flattish and broad, —
especially at point of attachment of wings.
Aonidia spatulata, Green. (PI. J, fig. 22.)
Adult $ very pale violaceous : notal plates pale ochreous. Form
broad, depressed. Gense very prominent, lobulate. Foot with 4
digitules. Terminal joint of antenna (fig. 22) with knobbed hair at
apex and a similar one on the side. Wings broadly rounded.
Aonidia mesuji, Green. (PI. J, fig. 23.)
Adult $ (fig. 23) almost circular in outline. Lateral margin of
abdomen dilated. Colour creamy white : thoracic plates outlined with
brownish-purple. Antennae violaceous. Legs pale fulvous.
Gymnaspis spinomarginata, n. sp. (PI. J, figs. 24, 25.)
9 Puparium bright yellow ; smooth and polished ; minute ; circular
very strongly convex (more than hemispherical) : consisting of the
inflated nymphal pellicle with or without an inconspicuous secretionary
extension. Larval pellicle deciduous. Diameter about 0*30 mm.
$ Puparium not observed.
Adult 9 (fig. 24) yellow : oval : strongly convex : divisions of
segments very indistinct : margin closely set with tuberculate tubular
spines connected with filiform ducts. Mouth-parts very large. Pygi-
dium (fig. 25) with four narrow prominent lobes, each with a sharp
tooth-like prominence on outer and inner edges. Compound spiniform
squames (?) between and beyond the lobes. A submarginal series of
broad semilunar pores — as in Parlatoria. No circumgenital or para-
stigmatic glands. Length about 0'25 mm.
Adult $ not known.
SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES ON THE OOCGIDM OF CEYLON. 349
A minute and obscure species, occurring in small groups on under-
surface of leaves of Mesua ferrea. Peradeniya. February.
Placed provisionally in the genus Syngenaspis : but possibly requiring
a new genus for its reception. The general characters of the pygidium
are suggestive of Parlatoria from which it differs in the absence
of circumgenital glands. The remarkable marginal of tubular
spines appear to be homologous with those found in some species of
Fiorinia.
Parlatoria proteus, Curtis. (PI. J, fig. 26.)
Aspidiotus proteus, Curtis. Gard. Chron., p. 676, (1843).
Diaspis parlatoris, Targ. Studii sul Cocc, p. 14, (1867).
Parlatoria proteus, Sign. Ann.Soc. Ent. Fr., (4), ix, p. 450, (1869).
(Sign. Essai sur les Cochen., p. 132.)
9 Puparium broadly oval: flattish. Brownish-ochreous : opaque
or semidiaphanous. Pellicles overlapping ; situated at anterior extre-
mity; occupying about half the expanse of the puparium. Length
1*50 mm.
$ Puparium narrow, elongate. Pellicle yellow, with broad blackish
or greenish median fascia. Secretionary area pale ochreous. Length
1 mm.
Adult $ pale pinkish-purple. Broadly oval before gestation : shrink-
ing after oviposition, until the breadth often exceeds the length.
Pygidium broadly rounded : margin (fig. 26) with six prominent,
conical, slightly floriate lobes. Squames broad and deeply fimbriate,
extending along margin of abdominal segments. Broad conspicuous
lunate pores in the interspaces between the lobes and at close intervals
along the margin beyond. Circumgenital glands in four groups with
few orifices— 5 to 7 in each group, upper group usually with the larger
number. Length 0*50 to 0*75 mm.
Adult $ not observed.
On upper surface of leaves of an orchid ( Cymbidium bicolor). Kand v.
December. Also on both surfaces of a cultivated orchid at Watagoda.
Examples on the undersurface (which in this plant is the more exposed)
have the puparium darker and more opaque, whilst those on the other
surface are semi-transparent and paler.
The species is almost universally distributed, being recorded from
nearly every part of the world. In temperate regions it is found only
upon plants under glass.
350 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
Parlatoria pbrgandii, Comst., var. mytilaspiformis, Green.
Parlatoria pergandii, Comstock, Rep. U. S. Dep. Ag. 1880, p. 327.
Parlatoria mytilaspiformis, Green, Coco. Ceyl., pt. ii, p. 164.
I now agree with Dr. Leonardi that this insect is merely an extremely
elongate form of pergandii — a species which differs from P. proteus
principally in the possession of a small sharply conical fourth lobe on each
side of the pygidium, separated from the third lobe by three fimbriate
squaraes. This fourth lobe is replaced — in proteus — by a fimbriate process.
In var. mytilaspiformis, the fourth lobe is minute and inconspicuous.
In typical pergandii it is somewhat larger.
Parlatoria pergandii, var. phyllanthi, n. var. (PI. J, fig. 27).
Differs from type in the coloration of the 9 puparium (fig. 27),
the secretionary area of which is pale transparent ochreous, and the
pellicles bright castaneous or brownish orange, each with a broad black
median fascia. Length 1*50 mm.
$ Puparium with the fascia on pellicle greenish. Length 1 mm.
Adult $ broadly oval. Pygidium as in type : fourth lobe small,
about one-quarter the size of the other lobes. Length O60 mm.
Adult $ not observed.
On leaves of Phyllanthus myrtifolius. Peradeniya. May.
Parlatoria (Websteriella) atalantle, n. sp. (PI. J, fig. 28).
$ Puparium pale yellow : occupied almost completely by the large
nymphal pellicle, with a very narrow fringe of whitish secretion. Flat-
fish : oval, the larval pellicle slightly projecting in front. Posterior
parts depressed, with an indistinct median carina. Length 1 mm.
Breadth 0*75 mm.
$ Puparium pale yellow, pellicle straw-coloured : narrow elongate,
with parallel sides and rounded extremities. Posterior half depressed,
with indistinct median carina. Length 0*80 mm.
Adult 9 pale yellow. No parastigmatic glands. Pygidium (fig.
28) with six broad irregularly serrate lobes. Squames elongate,
narrow, with extremities very obscurely fimbriate : two in each
interspace between the lobes, and two or three beyond. A few
similar squames on margin of last abdominal segment. Semi-lunar
pores small, rather inconspicuous, three on each side. Near the base of
pygidium, on each side, is a small rounded prominence homologous
with the rudimentary fourth lobe occurring in some other species of
Parlatoria. Anal aperture central. Circumgenital glands in four small
SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES ON THE G0G01DJE OF CEYLON. 351
groups: upper laterals usually with 6, lower laterals with 4 orifices.
Length O50 mm.
Adult $ not observed.
On undersurface of leaves of Atalantia zeylanica. Haragama. July.
Allied to P. aonidiformis : but differs in the more oval form of
puparium and in its paler colour. The lobes of pygidium are much
broader and less prominent.
FlORINIA BIDBNS, 11. Sp. (PI. J, fig'S. 29,30).
9 Puparium (fig. 29) consisting almost solely of the pellicles,
with little or no marginal secretion. Elongate, narrowly fusiform,
highly convex. Lateral margins of nymphal pellicle deeply and
irregularly crenulate : posterior extremity constricted at base of
pygidium which is slightly upturned. Pygidium of nymphal pellicle
with two prominent divergent lanceolate lobes and a series of large
lunate marginal pores. The larval pellicle covers fully half the
puparium. Length 0*72 mm.
$ Puparium snowy white, elongate, narrow : not carinate ; consid-
erably longer and much more conspicuous than that of the female.
Length 1 mm.
Adult 9 elongate, narrow. Rostral apparatus large and conspi-
cuous. Antennte close together : interaiitennal tubercle very small.
Pygidium (fig. 30) with two parallel prominent lobes of the shape
of incisor teeth. Two very long spiniform squames between the lobes,
and two exterior to each lobe. Circumgenital glands with few
orifices, in a more or less continuous arch. Length about 0'40 mm.
Adult $ not observed.
On undersurface of leaves of undetermined tree. Anaradhapura.
February.
Chionaspis subcorticalis, n. sp. (PI. K, fig. 31).
9 Puparium white, or grey, or brownish from intermixture of
particles of bark beneath which it rests. Surface rough, granular
or powdery. Pellicles pale yellow, the nymphal one concealed
beneath a layer of whitish secretion. Form usually irregular and
contorted; dilated posteriorly : moderately convex. Length 2 to
2*50 mm.
$ Puparium not observed.
Adult 9 very pale yellowish or creamy white. Oblong : broadest
across abdominal area: margins of abdominal segments moderately
352 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
produced. Spiracles without parastigmatic glands. Pygidium (fig. 31)
with the median lobes large, prominent and very conspicuous, rounded
or-bluntly conical, broader than long, minutely serrate. Second lobes
duplex, small, conical, inconspicuous. Third lobes obsolete or represent-
ed by serrate marginal prominences. Squames spiniform, increasing in
size towards base of pygidium ; none on first space, one on second, one
on third, two on fourth, and four on basal space. Oval dorsal pores
very large and conspicuous, the innermost series represented only by
one or two marginal pores. Circumgenital glands in five groups, with
numerous orifices : median group 10 to 12 ; upper laterals 25 to 26 ;
lower laterals 20 to 27. Anal aperture close to median group of glands.
Length 1 to 1*50 mm. Breadth 0*50 to 0'90 mm.
Eggs bright pale orange.
Beneath loose bark on stems of " Jak " (Artocarpus integrifolia) and
other trees. Peradeniya ; Matale.
Near Clu polygoni: but differing in the larger median lobes, in the
obsolescent third pair of lobes, and in the greater number of dorsal
pores.
Chionaspis strobilanthi, n. sp. (PI. K, fig. 32.)
9 Puparium snowy white, or with a faint creamy tinge. Dense and
opaque. Surface with a few irregular raised lines, as in Ch. varicosa.
Ventral scale well developed. Pellicles very pale yellow. Form
oblong, strongly dilated posteriorly. Length 3 mm. Breadth 1*50
to 2 mm.
$ Puparium white; obscurely tricarinate. Densely covered with
curling silky filaments. Length 1*50 mm.
Adult 9 bright yellow. Of normal form : abdominal segments
soarcely produced. Margin of thorax and abdomen with many con-
spicuous oval pores. Antenna consisting of a prominent truncate
tubercle, with several short hairs at extremity and a stout long curved
hair from the side. Parastigmatic glands at orifices of- anterior spiracles
only. Pygidium (fig. 32) with conspicuous median incision ; the sides
of the cleft occupied by the median lobes which are large, united at the
base, widely divergent, the free edge minutely serrate. Second lobes
minute, duplex, inconspicuous. Third lobes represented only by small
marginal prominences. Squames moderately stout, increasing in size
towards base of pygidium. Oval dorsal pores large and conspicuous, in
SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES ON THE COCCID^E OF CEYLON. 353
linear series. Circumgenital glands in five groups, with moderately
numerous orifices. Length 1 to 1*25 mm. Breadth 0*60 mm.
Adult $ not known.
Eggs numerous , bright yellow.
On Strobilanthus, sp. Haputale. February.
Allied to Ch. megaloba, from which it differs in the considerably
larger size, in the narrower mesal lobes, and in the presence of conspi-
cuous oval pores on the margins of the thorax.
Chionaspis coronifera, n. sp. (PL K, figs. 33, 34.)
9 puparium white, sometimes tinged with ochreous : pellicles
reddish. Strongly convex, the sides sloping up and forming a median
longitudinal rounded ridge, — the form probably accentuated by the
situation of the puparium on the extreme margin of the leaf. Length
2 mm.
$ puparium white : distinctly tricarinate : pellicle pale yellow.
Length 1*50 mm.
Adult 9 after gestation reddish : densely chitinous, with exception
of penultimate segment. Thoracic area strongly convex, the posterior
dorsal area overhanging the abdomen. Early adult not densely chiti-
nous, and of a paler colour. Rudimentary antennas (fig. 33) of remark-
able form: each consisting of a chitinous ring bearing from four to six
stout spines and a central longish curved stout bristle. Behind each
antenna is an oval translucent space. Other similar translucent spaces
are scattered over the cephalo-thoracic area. Margins of abdominal
and post-thoracic segments with numerous oval pores (obscured in the
more densely chitinous examples). Pygidium (fig. 34) with large
conspicuous oval dorsal pores, in more or less definite series. No
circumgenital glands. Marginal squames spiniform, stout. Lobes
bluntly lanceolate, small, pale and very inconspicuous : set back on the
ventral surface and scarcely projecting beyond the margin. Median
pair simple : second pair duplex : third pair apparently simple. In the
denser examples, the dorsal area of the pygidium has some large clear
oval spaces (distinct from the dorsal pores). Length 0"75 to 1-50 mm.
Adult $ not observed.
On leaves of undetermined tree. Galgammuwa, N. W. P. August.
The female puparia are attached to the extreme margins of the
leaves. Male puparia grouped on under surface.
21
354 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
Chionaspis cinnamomi, n. sp. (PI. K, figs. 35,36.)
9 puparium reddish oclireous, usually with a broad median longitu-
dinal brownish fascia. Form elongate, narrow : secretionary area only
slightly dilated : flatfish, with a more or less distinct median longitudinal
ridge. Length 2 to 2'75 mm. Breadth about 0*75 mm.
• $ puparium not observed.
Adult 9 (fig. 35) elongate, narrow; the unusual form being due to
extension of the thoracic parts which occupy nearly three-quarters of the
entire length. The second pair of spiracles are situated at the extreme
hinder border of the meta -thorax. Pygidium (fig. 36) pointed. Median
lobes prominent, contiguous, the inner edge longest, the free edge
minutely serrate and sloping evenly to the margin. Other lobes obsolete.
On each side, immediately exterior to the medium pair of lobes, is an
elongate clavate chitinous paraphysis. Margin of pygidium irregularly
indented. Squames spiniform, stout. Spines rather long. Some
conspicuous oval pores on margin, but none on the discal area. No
circumgenital glands. Three or four minute circular pores on each side
of anal orifice which is approximately central. Length 1 to 1'50 mm.
Breadth about 0*30 mm.
On upper surface of leaves of Cinnamomum, Pundaluoya.
In the absence of the male scale, the generic position of this species
is somewhat uncertain. The form of the median lobes suggests affinities
with the Hemichionaspis group.
Chionaspis the^e, Mask., var. ceylonica, n. var.
Maskell's original figures and description of the adult female are
not sufficiently minute for accurate determination. But a study of
specimens collected by Dr. (now Sir George) Watt, near Kurseong,
India, agree more closely with Maskell's type, in the form of the
puparium (which is broadly dilated behind) — than with the Ceylon form
(which is very narrow and elongate). The Indian examples also show
a distinct second lateral lobe which is entirely wanting in examples
from Ceylon. I must therefore consider the latter a well-marked
variety for which I now propose the name ceylonica.
Leucaspis cockerelli, (de Charmoy). (PI. K, figs. 37 to 40.)
Fiorinia cockerelli, de Charm., Proc. Soc. Amic. Scien.,
p. 33, (1899).
9 puparium (fig. 37) elongate, very narrow, almost linear, tapering
to a point at each extremity. Moderately convex, with a well-defined
supplementary notes on the coccid^e of ceylon. 355
sharp median ridge. Puparium almost completely occupied by the
large nymphal pellicle which is of a dark reddish- brown colour,
Secretionary area thin and diaphanous, except along the median ridge_.
where it is thickened and forms a white crest. There is a narrow
secretionary extension in front of the larval pellicle, and an abruptly
narrowed extension at the posterior extremity of the puparium.
Ventral scale very thin and delicate : easily ruptured. Larval pellicle
long and narrow. Total length of puparium 2*50 mm. Length of
larval pellicle 0*75 mm. : nymphal pellicle 1*60 to 1*75 mm. Greatest
breadth of puparium 0*50 mm.
$ Puparium not observed.
Adult $ (fig. 38) elongate narrow : broadest across abdominal area.
Pale violaceous, tinged with red. There is an almost complete series
of coarsely serrate processes — marginal on the pygidium, but carried
inwards along the ventral surface of the body, gradually increasing
its distance from the actual margin and closely embracing the rostrum.
Rudimentary antennae close to rostrum. A small stout thorn-like spine
in front of and exterior to each antenna. Posterior margin of pygidium
(fig. 39) with four narrow prominent sharply pointed lobes, each
with a more or less conspicuous smaller point on its lateral edges..
Squames long, narrowed at base, dilated and deeply fimbriate at
extremity : two in each interspace and three exterior to the lobes,
beyond which are the serrate processes described above. Dorsal pores
minute and inconspicuous. Circumgenital glands in nine groups, four
supplementary groups being anterior to the normal five — (see fig. 38).
Length 0"75 mm.
Margin of nymphal pellicle (fig. 40) with four tricuspid lobes and
broad deeply fimbriate squames. A series of broad lunate marginal
pores.
Eggs violaceous.
On Dracaena cantleyi and Pritckardia grandis, in the plant-houses,.
Royal Botanic Gardens, Peradeniya. On the Pritchardia, the scales —
though numerous — are very inconspicuous, being ranged along the
prominent ridges of the leaf, near the base, where they resemble small
adpressed scaly hairs.
Originally described from Mauritius, under the name of Fiorinia
coekerelli, de Channoy. The marginal fringe and supplementary gland
356 JOURNAL, BOMB A Y NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
groups are characters that suggest its more proper inclusion in the
genus Leucaspis.
EXPLANATION OF PLATES H to K.
Plate H.
Fig. 1 Aspidiotus longispinus ; pygidium of adult female.
„ 2 ,. cuculus ; adult female, ventral view.
„ 3 „ „ ; pygidium of adult female.
,, 4 „ pedronis ; pygidium of adult female.
„ 5 „ maleollus ; adult female, ventral view.
„ 6 „ „ ; pygidium of adult female.
Plate I.
Fig. 7 Aspidiotus cistuloides ; puparimn of female.
„ 8 „ ,, ; pygidium of adult female.
„ 9 ,, quadriclavatus ; pygidium of adult female.
„ 10 „ taprobamts ; pygidium of adult female.
„ 11 „ phyllanthi ; pygidium of adult female.
,, 12 „ occultus v. dongatus ; galls of female.
„ 13 ,, „ ; pygidium of adult female.
,, 14 Odonaspis penicillata ; puparium of female.
„ 15 ,, ,, ; male puparium.
„ 16 „ ,, ; pygidium of adult female.
Plate J.
Fig. 17 Aonidia echinata; puparium of female.
18 „ ,, ; adult female, ventral view.
19 ,, „ ; pygidium of adult female.
20 „ pusilla ; puparium of female.
21 ,, „ ; pygidium of adult female,
22 „ spatulata ; terminal joint of male antenna.
23 ,, mesuae ; adult male, dorsal view.
24 Gymnaspis spinomarginata ; adult female, ventral view,
25 „ „ /margin of pygidium.
26 Parlatoria proteus ; margin of female pygidium.
,, 27 „ per gandii \. phyllanthi ) puparium of female,
„ 28 ,, atalantice; pygidium of adult female.
,, 29 Fiorinia bidens; female puparium, ventrolateral view.
,, 3Q ,, „ ; pygidium of adult female.
if
Journal, Bombay Natural History Society
Plate H
o °
. 19 /
E. E. Green del.
Ceylon Coccid^e
Journal, Bombay Natural History Society
Plate I
0 (DO
0 O «>0
8
E. E. Green del.
Ceylon Coccid^e
Journal, Bombay Natural History Society
17 > .... 18
Plate
E. E. Green del.
Ceylon Coccid/E
Journal, Bombay Natural History Society
Plate K
<8ggp
O
E. E. Green del.
Ceylon Coccid^e
SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES ON THE COCCIDJE OF CEYLON. 357
Fi
(Ow
Plate K.
Chionaspis subcortical is; pygidium of adult female.
strobilanthi ; pygidium of adult female.
coronifera ; antenna of adult female.
» 5 pygidium of adult female.
cinnamomi ; adult female, ventral view.
» '> pygidium of adult female.
37 Leucaspis cockerelli; puparium of female.
38 „ „ ; adult female, ventral view.
39 „ „ ; pygidium of adult female.
40 „ „ ; pygidium of nymphal pellicle.
ng to reduction during photo-process, it is impossible to give
g. 31
32
33
34
35
35
?>
j>
»
the exact amount of amplification of the several figures).
358
NOTES ON SMALL MAMMALS IN KASHMIR AND
ADJACENT DISTRICTS.
By Colonel A. E. Ward.
(Redd before the Bombay Natural History Society an 16th March 1905.)
I am asked to contribute a short paper " showing what has been
done and what remains to be done in research after the small
mammals of Kashmir." I scarcely know what to write, for very little
has been accomplished ; a few definite results have been attained, but a
good deal of the nomenclature is provisional, and it is hoped that our
knowledge may shortly be supplemented.
The drawback to rushing into print at this stage is that much may
have to be unsaid. To clearly point out how backward our collections
are I take the lib ?rty of quoting a letter sent to me by Mr. Oldfield
Thomas last September ; in it he writes : — "I doubt if you realize that
we have no specimens except yours of the commonest Kashmir
species, or indeed of India generally (except from Wroughton) and,
therefore, we have none with the data measurements, &c, that now-a-
days make the chief value of specimens, &c."
It is not very difficult to collect animals that live above around,
but burrowing mammals are hard to deal with, hence progress is very
slow.
We have practically settled that Mus vicerex is the common rat of
Kashmir. It belongs to the rufescens group, and is described by
Mr. Bonhote — "Annals and Magazine of Natural History," Ser. 7,
Vol. XI, May 1903.
Mus mettada has been identified and was caught in Eastern
Kashmir at elevations varying from 7,000' to 8,000', and other speci-
mens are now under consideration ; this rat is described in the " Fauna
of India." I was much surprised to find the Metad at high elevations.
Mus decumanus. All the Kashmir specimens which we had provi-
sionally marked as such, turn out to be vicerex, but the brown rat is
to bo found in Poonch and in many other parts. Nesocia hardwickei
(the short-tailed mole rat) is fairly common in the outside ranges and
has been procured in Poonch.
Mice are at present engaging attention. The common mouse which
swarms in the rice fields in autumn, and also lives in the villages, has
been provisionally admitted as bactrianus (the Persian Field-mouse).
NOTES ON SMALL MAMMALS IN KASHMIR. 350
Mus arianus (the Persian Long-tailed Field-mouse) has Dp to
date been only found at considerable elevations, where it burrows in
the grassy slopes, and is partial to places where sheep have been
folded in the summer. This little rodent is very hard to trap, and
seems to be found in small colonies only.
Mus sublimis (the Upland Mouse) may possibly be the common
mouse of Ladak, but whether the mice which have been collected in
Western Tibet, and the extreme northern parts of Ladak belong to
this species I cannot say, and as usual I shall hereafter look to
Mr. Bonhote for his kind aid.
I fully expect to find other mice, probably Mus l&ggada, naturally
some form of Miisculus, and most likely new species ; what is wanted
-is a general collection of these animals from all the remoter districts :
these should be labelled with accurate data and measurements.
I scarcely like to touch on the Voles. Up to date I have only been
able to send you Microtus brachelix and M. stracheyi. I have speci-
mens provisionally labelled fertilis. Mr. Bonhote tells me brachelix
s.n& fertilis are closely allied. We look to do a good deal amongst the
Voles but many specimens are required, and America is ahead of us in
possessing them. I can only promise that you shall have what I can
send from time to time as soon as the British Museum has autho-
ritatively named them. I have a letter from Mr. Thomas in which he
most kindy offers to help in this respect.
Next in interest come the Mouse hares. The Bombay Natural
History Society have specimens of a new species ; those 1 first sent
were provisionally labelled as Royles vole (Lagomys roylei) but have now
been named wardi. The papers thereon are not yet through the press.
Mr, Bonhote has sent me a list of mouse hares, and amongst these we
have found L. curzonice at Hanle, Ladak, at an elevation of about
13,500', and ladacensis (provisionally named) in Western Tibet, and also
in the Changchenmo Valley.
To turn to the list which is purely tentative, we may look for
erythrotus and rutilas described as closely allied. L. ladacensis and
ozotona which may be bracketted together for the present ; Uoslowi
from Southern Tibet ; curzonice and its ally melanostomus from Tibet ;
hodgsoni from Ladak ; and auritus which may be the same as griseus
(Bonhote) ; whilst macrotis and auritus (Blanford) are said to bo
identical.
360 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
I am afraid there is little to be gained at present by the perusal of
the above, what we want is many specimens, my only object in
dwelling on the mouse hares is the hope that some one will help to
remove the difficulties under which we work.
Turning now to the Tnsecttvora — Crocldura murina is very plentiful.
I have captured this musk shrew in the jungles and in houses ; with
the exception of these species the only other specimens I have are
Chlmarrogale himalayica, the Himalayan Water Shrew. This is a bold
little creature and has twice been secured owing to its having attacked
small fish which were being landed. Years ago I found the Tibetan
"Water Shrew but unfortunately lost the specimen whilst on my return
journey.
Mr. Thomas is asking for a large series of Marmots. I am afraid
we cannot do much from the N.-W. Himalayas. The Tibet Marmot
(Arctomys lumalayanus) I have sent to the British Museum, and it will
be easy enough to collect any number of the Red Marmot (.4. caudatus).
The other small mammals, which are of interest, are hares, and
squirrels. Bats are, I believe, very much required, but they are
perplexing, and all that I can do is to try and collect those that come
in my way ; these I am sending to the British Museum from time to
time and any duplicates I hope to secure for Bombay.
361
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES.
No. I— MELANISM IN BLACK BUCK.
( With a Photograph.)
I am Sending you herewith a photograph of a Black Buck (Antilope cervicapra)
shot here by Sahibzada Nasrullah Khan, the eldest son and heir of Her High-
ness the Begum of Bhopal. As you will see, it is dark-coloured throughout,
without the usual white belly and legs.
The Sahibzada has shot many hundred bucks, but has never seen a similar
specimen before.
It is, I suppose, an instance of melanism.
J. MANNERS SMITH, Major.
Bhopal, C. I., 6th September, 1904.
No. II.— A RARE INDIAN GAME-BIRD, THE MOUNTAIN
QUAIL (OPHRYSIA SUPERC1LI0SA, Gray;.
Judging by the enormous number of sportsmen in India who indulge in
small game shooting, it is very extraordinary that one of our recognised game-
birds should have been entirely lost sight of for thirty years or so. I refer to
Ophrysia superciliosa ('Gray), the so-called Mountain Quail. Whether it should
rightly be described as a quail, a partridge or a pheasant still remains to be
proved, but so far as is known its proper place is somewhere between or near
the Blood Pheasants (Ithagenes) and the Spur-fowls (Galloper dix). It was first
described in 1846 from a specimen in the great Knowsley Menagerie, which
was believed to have come from India. Subsequently a few specimens were
obtained close to Mussooree between 1885 and 1868 during the cold weather,
but since then only one single specimen has been shot, in 1876, near Naini Tal.
Whether it is a resident or a winter visitor from some cold climate is uncer-
tain, and except that it is reported to have been found in small coveys of six or
ten which skulked in grass jungle and brushwood, nothing much is known of
its habits and nothing whatever of its life history.
It is with a view to encouraging any of our members, who may have the
opportunity, to keep a look-out for this rare bird, that I call attention to its
existence, of which few probably are awai'e. I am sure that many of our
enthusiastic ornithologists would be proud to have their names coupled with
it as its re-discoverer ! Under the circumstances perhaps I may add a few
words briefly describing its general appearance. In size it is about halfway
between a quail and a partridge — say 10 inches in length — with a 3-inch tail
and a 3|-inch wing. The plumage is long and soft, the general colour of the
male being olive-brown with black and white about the head and throat, and
of the female cinnamon-brown with greyish pink about the head and neck.
The bill and legs are red.
If by any chance any reader of this note should be lucky enough to come
across the bird it is to be hoped that he will be able to find some means of
22
362 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
preserving the body in spirits or formalin as well as the dried skin, in order
that its anatomical characters may be investigated.
E. COMBER, F.Z.S.
Bombay, 22nd October, 1904.
No. Ill— SIMOTES SPLENDIDUS.
In Volume XIII, page 537, " Miscellaneous Notes," is published a note by
Captain Wall and myself " On the occurrence of S. splendidus in Burma or a pro-
bable new species." The specimen was a peculiar one, in that there were four
prefrontals as well as internasals, and we were inclined to consider it an abnor-
mal splendidus or a new species. I have now no doubt as to its being the former.
I have since seen two specimens of this snake, evidently rare, as the descrip-
tion in Boulenger's work " Reptilia and Batrachia " is from the single speci-
men at that time known. It certainly is a very rare reptile here.
All three specimens are from Upper Burma, viz., Sagaing, Ruby Mines and
Yamethin districts. In the two specimens above referred to — one young, the
other an adult — the internasals are four in number, and the arrangement is as
before described, i.e., the median pair small and projecting back to the pre-
frontals. The prefrontals are in each specimen two.
In the young specimen the —
Ventrals are .,.. 174.
Subcaudals ... 35-37?
Scales ... 21.
Length ... ll£"
Tail ... If"
As regards colouring, it agrees with that given by Boulenger except that the
indentation in the spots before and behind are not as pronounced in the young
as in the adult, and I cannot discern the faintest trace of a yellowish median
line. There are 17 spots on the body and 3 on the tail.
On the 23rd October while returning to camp along a ridge, perhaps a 1,000 ft.
elevation, I noticed, lying at full length and motionless on my path, a Simotes
which I thought from the previous specimens must be a splendidus. It had
recently sloughed and was indeed most beautifully marked. It made no
attempt to move, though there was long grass a foot distant, until I struck it,
when it dilated its neck in the manner some specimens of T. stolatus or T.
jriscator do when irritated, and hissed quite audibly, so much so that my tracker
remarked it was like a Mwe-bwe (Russell's Viper), but not so loud. When I
placed the stick close to its head, it struck. On arrival in camp the Burmans
declared it was a very young python, no doubt owing to the beautiful marking.
Ventrals ... 175.
Subcaudals ... 43.
Scales ... 21.
Length ... 28f*
Tad ... 4"
There are 16 spots on the body and 4 on the tail.
Geo. H. EVANS, A.V.D., F.L.S., Majok.
Rangoon, November, 1904.
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 363
No. IV —NOTE ON THE DIGESTION OF EGGS BY
COBRAS AND DABOIAS.
With reference to Mr. C. P. George's Note printed on page 174 of this
volume, and in accordance with a suggestion made by Mr. Phipson at the last
meeting of our Society, I have made the following experiments with the live
snakes at my disposal at the Government Laboratory, Parel, with a view of
ascertaining how long snakes take to digest a hen's egg if swallowed with the
shell intact.
Our first attempt was a failure, in so far as the egg broke in the cobra's
gullet while being pushed down.
No trace of the egg or its shell could be found next day on palpating the
snake's body. The animal passed a motion 16 days afterwards, in which a few
pieces of egg shell were observed.
The second cobra was successfully fed with an entire egg, by using long
forceps to open the gape, and by oiling the shell freely. "When examined on the
following day, a bulging was noticed about f down the body, which proved to
be the egg. On feeling this lump a distinct crackling was felt, pointing to the
commencing disintegration of the egg. Twenty-four hours later all trace of
the egg had disappeared.
A third cobra was similarly fed with a like result.
It thus appears that the cobra requires 48 hours to digest a whole fowl's egg.
In the case of the Russell's viper it was found impossible to introduce even a
bazaar egg, so we had to content ourselves with pigeon's eggs.
The result was the same as in the case of the cobra, viz., the egg could be felt
after 24 hours as a softish lump which crepitated distinctly under the fingers,
and it had disappeared entirely in 48 hours.
W. B. BANNERMAN, M.D., Lt.-Col., I.M.S.
Plague Research Laboratory, Parel.
Bombay, November, 1904.
No. V.— DO WILD ANIMALS EVER DIE OF INTESTINAL
OBSTRUCTION.
In the course of numerous post-mortem examinations on animals from the
Victoria Gardens, Bombay, two cases of death from obstruction caused by the
presence of foreign bodies have come under the notice of the officers of this
laboratory. It strikes one as incongruous that such misceilanous feeders as the
bear and Cassowary should thus die, yet the following prove3 that, in captivity
at least, such is the fact.
CASE I. — In September 1903, a common Indian Black Bear died of some
intestinal trouble in the Victoria Gardens, Bombay.
It was sent here for examination, and the cause of death was found to be
peritonitis due to perforation of the small intestine caused by the impaction of
a mango stone.
364 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVL
CASE II. — In- October 1904, a dead Cassowary was received from the same
gardens.
The bird was reported to have been ill for some time with " liver complaint."
An examination revealed the presence of a small green cocoanut in the
gizzard, which completely filled it.
This organ was acutely inflamed, and the first portion of the gut below the
gizzard was also inflamed, and showed many points of haemorrhage.
Now it is reasonable to suppose tbat che Cassowary being a desert bird may
not have known what a green cocoanut was and sampled it out of curiosity, but
one would think a bear would be familiar with mangoes and have learned to
avoid such fruit if found to disagree.
Can any one throw light on this point, viz., do wild animals die in the jungle
from such mishaps as the above ?
W. B. BANNERMAN, M.D., Lt.-Col., I.M.S.
Plague Research Laboratory, Parel.
Bombay, 22nd November, 1904.
No. VI.— KING-CROWS AND MYNAS AS MESS-MATES.
Some time ago I noticed that a king-crow (Dicrunis ater) was frequently to
be seen squatting motionless on the ground in the midst of a little gathering
of mynas {Acrldotheres tristis). At the time I paid but little attention to the
matter ; but further observation showed that the presence of the king-crow
was a very common phenomenon. Consequently I formed the habit of watch-
ing for flocks of mynas feeding on the ground and then looking to see whether
a drongo was in attendance. To my astonishment I found that he is more
often present than absent. I may safely say that in Madras a number of
mynas feeding without a king-crow in attendance is at the piesent season the
exception rather than the rule. If the birds are feeding on an open maidan, the
king-crow stands on the ground ; if, however, there are trees, posts or other per-
ches handy, the drongo settles on them rather than on the grass. I believe that
this is a case of commensalism. The king-crow keeps near the mynas for the same
reason that they attend cattle, that is to say, in order to profit by the commo-
tion the moving beast or bird causes among the insects that live on the surface.
A king-crow may often be seen squatting on the ground at a distance from
any other birds ; when this is so the drongo usually hops about and picks
insect food from off the ground. In the presence of mynas he behaves very
differently ; he sits motionless, but keeping a sharp look-out, and now and
again takes a little flight after some tiny insect which I believe has been put
up by a moving myna. The king-crow and the mynas share the insects be-
tween them : the latter take chiefly those which keep to the ground, while
his royal highness makes short work of any which take to their wings when
disturbed. I am convinced that this is a genuine instance of commensalism and
not merely chance company. Firstly, the presence of the single king-crow
among a company of mynas is too frequent to be a mere chance association, and
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 365
secondly the drongo moves with the party of mynas. If the grass be at all
luii"1. it is difficult to distinguish between the mynas and their companion, for
the tail of the latter is hidden and from a little distance the colour of both
species looks the same. The king-crow, however, does not walk about as the
mynas do ; he is the one stationary member of the little company. Hence he is
soon left behind : but before his beaters have moved far, he flies after them
and alights in the midst of them. On one occasion, I watched, for over
half an hour, a flock of eleven mynas and the attendant drongo. The latter
kept near the grasshopper-hunters the whole time, sometimes in the midst of
them, sometimes a little way behind, while occasionally he would fly ahead in
the direction in which the little flock was moving. In the course of my watch-
ing, the birds on two occasions took fright at something and each time flew
away to some distance. As soon as the mynas again settled down to feed, the
king-crow joined them. On one of the occasions the latter gave the alarm and
flew off, hurriedly followed by the mynas ; on the other the mynas took the
lead, followed by the drongo. It is rare to see more than one king-crow with a
company of mynas. The reason of this is, I believe, that the king-crow likes to
be " cock of the walk." Having attached himself to one party of mynas he
looks upon their hunting-ground as his special preserve for the time being, and
resents the intrusion of others of his species.
If a second king-crow comes up, a fight ensues, and the stronger bird allows
the weaker no peace, constantly giving chase until the latter departs. The king-
crow does not appear to attach himself permanently to one flock of mynas.
On a large piece of ground I have seen four separate flocks of mynas each with
a king-crow in attendance, and the drongos sometimes change flocks just as
one's fox-terriers, when half way through their meal, change plates ; each
seems to covet his neighbour's possessions, and the exchange appears to give
satisfaction to both parties.
Knowing what a little tyrant the king-crow is, I always look carefully to see
whether he commits robbery on the mynas. Only upon one occasion have I
found him guilty of this offence, and the circumstance is, I think, sufficiently
remarkable to be recorded.
I was watching some mynas feeding on the grass in the Botanical Gardens,
Madras, when suddenly a king-crow, which I had not observed, swooped down
upon one of the birds, planted his claws in its back and pecked most viciously
at its head. While punishing the myna the king-crow uttered his harsh note
of anger. The myna too made a great outcry, and wriggled away, but the
king-crow again attacked it from overhead. The scuffle was so violent, and
the movements of the birds so rapid, that it was difficult to see exactly what
happened. After the contest had lasted from forty seconds to a minute the
king-crow flew off, carrying in his beak what I at first took to be a myna's
feather. Fortunately the drongo settled in a tree a few yards from me.
I immediately turned my glasses on to him and then saw that what he had in
his beak was a wriggling worm. This had been the bone of contention. The
366 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
king-crow had evidently, before I noticed him, been watching the myna and,
seeing it unearth the worm, the little robber fell upon it with beak and claw.
However, he seemed to find the worm more difficult to swallow than to capture.
The worm could not have been less than two inches in length and the drongo
had hold of it by one end. His efforts to dispose of his wriggling victim were
amusing to watch. Presently the worm wriggled itself free and fell. The
king-crow swore vigorously and dropped after it, but he had net to descend far,
because the luckless worm caught in the petiole of a leaf. The drongo again
secured it, took it to a broad branch, and after grappling with it for about a
minute swallowed it whole.
Highway robbery of this description is, I think, not common. In most cases
the mynas appear to be on excellent terms with their black neighbour : they
strut about quite close to him, and behave as though they were unaware of
his presence. I have never seen them make any attempt to mob him. Except
upon the occasion just mentioned I have not seen the drongo attack the myna.
Such attacks cannot be very frequent, for so courageous a bird as the myna
would never tolerate the presence of the king-crow if he frequently committed
larceny.
I believe that the arrangement is merely one of commensalism. The king-
crow benefits, hence bis presence. He as a rule does not harm or impede the
mynas, for he takes the insects they do not trouble to chase, and, indeed, he
is sometimes useful as a sentry, so they tolerate his presence.
King-crows very frequently use cattle as perches. No sight is commoner
in India than that of a king-crow perched on the back of a cow, sufficiently far
forward to avoid the swish of the tail. Until recently I was under the im-
pression that the drongo utilised the quadruped merely because its back formed
a convenient point of vantage whence he could obtain a good view of the
surrounding country. I am now inclined to think that the king-crow derives
the additional advantage of having the ground beaten for him by the moving
cow. The myna uses cattle as beaters ; why then should not the drongo do
likewise ?
I must confess that until recently I had not noticed this commensalism
between the king-crow and the mynas, and since I have noticed it I have not
been outside Madras, so cannot say whether a similar relationship exists else-
where. I am inclined to think it does, and has uot been noticed, because mynas
being such very common birds naturalists are apt to pay but scant attention
to their doings. Moreover, seen from a distance a king-crow sitting on the
grass is easily mistaken for a myna. Again, the present season in Madras has
been an exceptionally dry one ; it is therefore possible that the king-crow is
more dependent than usual on the insects which frequent the ground.
I shall be interested to know whether other members of the Bombay
Natural History Society have noticed this case of commensalism.
D. DEWAR, I.C.S.
Madras, December, 1904.
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES.
367
No. VII.— OCCURRENCE OF THE SCAUP DUCK (NYROCA
M ARIL A) IN OUDH.
On Sunday 11th December last our bag contained among others a scaup
duck [Nyroca marila) which flying solitary fell to Captain K. L. W. Mackenzie's
gun. It was much damaged as a specimen, but I have sent the skin to the
British Museum. Oates in his book " The Game Birds of India, " Vol. II, pp.
337 et seq., mentions this duck as a rare winter visitor, and nearly all the few
records he mentions of its occurrence in India are from places considerably
north of this. I may mention that one specimen of the marbled duck
(Marmaronetta angustirostris) was obtained by Major H. A.Cooper the same day.
O O £* & & O &
Bince writing the above I have met the Revd. J. Gompertz, Senior Chaplain
of Fyzabad, an experienced and enthusiastic sportsman who has kept detailed
notes of his bags for some years. He tells me he has several times shot the scaup
duck in Oudh and elsewhere, proving that Oates' remark (The Game Birds of
India, Part II, p. 338) as to its being probably a commoner duck than records
lead us to suppose, is correct. My informant has very kindly allowed me to
make the following extracts from his note book relative to shooting this duck : —
Date.
Number.
Locality.
19th January 1897
23th January 1897
9th November 1898
30th November 1898
21st December 1898
28th December 1898
loth November 1899
29th November 1899
14th January 1903
1st December 1903
7th December 1904
Parbattia, Gonda District, Oudh.
Ditto.
Kadir Talao, Roorkee District.
Ditto.
Ditto.
Ditto.
Ditto.
Ditto.
Raniarpur, Oudh.
Quaila, Wr. Akbarpur, Oudh.
Barabanki District, Oudh.
F. WALL, Captain, I.M.S., C.M.Z.S.
Fyzabad, lith January, 1905.
[The Scaup has been recorded as far south as Bombay, shot by Mr. J. D.
Inverarity, vide this Journal, Vol. II, page 97. — Editors.]
No. VIII.— LUMINOUS PLANTS.
There are many things in nature of which the average person is ignorant.
It would perhaps surprise him to be told that several species of fungi are
luminous. Some years ago Mr. G. A. Gammie, now Professor of Botany in
the Poona College of Science, contributed to our columns an interesting article
on " Luminous fungi." Since then we have seldom come across any reference
to luminous plants. Close observers, for instance, have noticed that our com-
mon Tuberose lily {Polyanthes tuberosa), the "Gool-i-shubbo " of the natives,
gives off sparks on a hot evening. We have noticed these sparkling emanations
3C8 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
from a bunch of tuberoses on a dark hot night, and they have seemed to us to
partake of the nature of electric sparks. Of course, the light may have been
phosphorescent, but it is not improbable that, under the influences of heat and
electricity, combined with moisture, several tropical plants might exhibit a bril-
liant light. A writer in the Journal of Horticulture recalls an incident of some
sixty years ago when there was exhibited before the Royal Asiatic Society the
roots of a singular plant, presumably a species of Orchis, which grew amidst the
jungle below the Madura Hills, in India. It was phosphorescent, and even if
dried could be made to shine with the brightness of a glow worm when the
surface had a wet cloth applied for a short time. The editor of the Gardeners
Chronicle found that a small piece of this root retained its power of lighting up
a good while, only the light got feebler. The Brahmins, it was said, knew its
peculiarity but all the plants did not possess this luminosity at their roots. They
imagined the light of it drove away demons. Amongst the Himalayan hills the
natives describe slopes and valleys that are lighted up on damp nights by some
species of grass, as they think, possibly it is by crawling luminous insects.
The same writer tells us that what is commonly known as " touchwood,'r
and, on account of its rapidly kindling property, is used for lighting fires, is
apt to be luminous. Schoolboys for generations have been in the habit of
carrying pieces of such wood into their dormitories to produce a sudden illumi-
nation at night. The wood of the Willow is specially notable for its readi-
ness to take fire. In the Northfleet Marshes, near Gravesend, the writer saw
numerous old Willows that had been almost stripped of bark, with the surface
of the wood blackened as if burnt. It would seem the wood was scorched by
a spark from some pipe, or by the fierce rays of the sun, but did not burn
away. Perhaps, since its luminosity can sometimes be developed by friction,
touchwood may retain heat, though we usually ascribe its brilliancy to phos-
phorescence. What is singular also, the sap of some trees in exotic regions
appears luminous, as it flows from a wound. One shrub, indeed, has been
named Euphorbia pliosphorea from this fact, and there are other instances.
We have it on the authority of the late Professor Henslow that the European
Dittany, Dictamnus fraxinella, evolves some inflammable gas in the evening,
and, should the air be still, if a light is brought near, the plant will be envelop-
ed in a transient flash, but receives no injury. Before his time the daughter
of Linnaeus had stated that a plant of D. alius, which she approached with a
candle, became surrounded by a light blue flame. Dr. Hahn suggested the
Dittany might produce hydrogen or evolve an ethereal oil from the flowers ; he
made many experiments amongst species of Dictamnus unsuccessfully, but at
last found a rather faded plant, from which, when he held a match, came a
reddish crackling flame, having an incenselike smell. Then he ascertained this
can only happen during the limited period of the flower's fading, and also that
there are glands containing an aromatic oil. A Himalayan species of the genus
has the reputation of making a brilliant display after dark, even when nob
approached by a light.
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 369
The writer we have quoted records also that electricity is said occasionally
to have a peculiar effect upon the garden Tuberose (Polyanthes tuberosa). A
plant of this has, he says, been observed, on a sultry evening after thunder
to send out an abundance of small sparks, coming chiefly from such flowers
as were fading. In 1843 Mr. Dowden described to the British Association a
luminous appearance witnessed one August evening on the double variety of
the common Marigold. This was seen by four persons. During the twilight
a golden flame appeared to play from petal to petal of some of the heads,
making a sort of corona round the discs. This emanation grew less vivid as
the light decreased, then vanished. Most of the scientists considered this was
a case of visual deception, but several years after Dr. Lankester established
it as a fact, if one very exceptional. He noticed such a flame in the same species
and also in the Hairy Red Poppy, the flashes of light occurring at the end
of a hot dry day. Another gentleman stated that on a June evening about nine
he saw flashes of light pass along three scarlet Verbenas growing a foot apart in
his garden. He called the attention of his gardener and several other persons to
the spot, and the sight lasted quite a quarter of an hour. There was a smoky
appearance in the air after the flashes, which reminded one of the summer
lightning in miniature. Subsequently the same phenomenon was noticed
amongst some red Pelargoniums, and it was repeated many times during July
and August, when the weather was sultry and electric. Friends are requested
to watch their Chrysanthemums at dusk, since that flower is reported to be
now and then luminous, presumably the white and yellow varieties. Other
luminous plants are the White Lily, the Nasturtium, the Sunflower, the Evening
Primroses and some wall mosses.
(Indian Planting and Gardening, 17lh December 1904.)
No. IX— AN EGG-EATING COBRA.
With reference to Mr. C. P. George's note on Cobras feeding on eggs, page 174
(No. XXII) of this Volume, I enclose a photograph taken by me a short time
since of a large-sized cobra killed on a Guinea-fowl's nest; the nest contained 15
eggs and the cobra had swallowed six.
After killing the cobra the six eggs were pressed out and set, three of them
eventually hatching out. *The photograph distinctly shows the distention of
the snake.
Bankipur, 1st January, 1905. E. BROOK FOX.
No. X.— LOCUSTS.
The Colouring of Acridium peregrinum.
With regard to Mr. Aitken's note on the above subject on page 157 of Vol.
XVI., No. 1 of the Journal, it may be of interest to note that a swarm of Locusts
which visited this place in June (12th) 1901 consisted of specimens of both
colours (red and yellow) in very nearly equal proportions, the red predominating
slightly.
* The photograph referred to Las been placed in the Society's album.— Editors.
23
370 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
I sent 5 specimens (3 red and 2 yellow) to Mr. E. P. Stebbing, F. E. S., who
confirmed the identification, so there is no error as to the species.
CECIL E. C. FISCHER, I.F.S.
Chatrapur, Ganjam District,
January bth, 1905.
No. XI— THE HABITS OF THE LEAF BUTTERFLY.
The Resting Position of Kallima.
In Mr. Aitken's note on " The Enemies of Butterflies " (Journal, Bombay
Natural History Society, Vol. XVI, No. 1, p. 157) is the following passage : —
" Kallima, when at rest on the trunk of a tree, always turns its head down-
wards, though this somewhat spoils its resemblance to a leaf." The author
goes on to suggest that this position is assumed for the purpose of facing an
enemy that may be ascending the trunk. He adds that the principal enemies
would be lizards.
I cannot help thinking that Mr. Aitken is mistaken — both in his estimate of
the resemblance and in his explanation of the position adopted by this butterfly.
I maintain that the inverted position of the butterfly by no means detracts
from its resemblance to a leaf. The colouration and pattern of the underside
of Kallima is such as to very closely simulate a dead leaf. Dead leaves do not
naturally retain an erect position: nor do leaves— living or dead' — commonly
grow direct from the trunk of a tree. But it is no unusual thing to see a with-
ered leaf arrested in its fall and accidentally attached to a tree-trunk by the
strands of some spider's web. It is just such a semi-detached leaf that Kallima
resembles when resting in its customary position. To add to the deceptive
appearance, the butterfly sways itself slowly from side to side, just as a
detached leaf would be moved by a current of air.
As for the idea that a lizard would necessarily approach its prey from below,
it seems to me that a tree-haunting lizard is just as likely to attack from above
or from one side. The direction will depend entirely upon the relative position
of the lizard and the butterfly at the time. Lizards of the genus Calotes (sys-
tematic butterfly-eaters) generally affect the extremity of a spray or end of a
branch. When they do take up a position on the trunk of a tree, it is usually an
inverted position, like that of the Kallima itself. A Gecko, seeing a large insect
pitch on the trunk, would probably gain the level from the opposite side of the
tree, then stalk its prey round the corner.
E. ERNEST GREEN.
Peradeniya,
Ceylon, IQth January, 1905.
No. XII— BREEDING SEASONS OF BIG GAME IN INDIA.
Having read with interest Mr. Comber's note No. XXV in the last issue of
the Journal, I beg to bring to your notice a few facta which have come to
my notice during the Christmas holidays and to make the suggestion that if a
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 371
large number of members who shoot would record their observations in the
jungle, materials would probably be forthcoming for an inductive chain of
reasoning on the subject of the breeding seasons of game.
I was shooting with three friends in a jungle in East Khandesh which
abounds in Sambar and Chital. About the 20th of November, as I did not
know the jungle, and dislike to ask friends to shoot in a country where I do
not know my way about, I rode over and made the acquaintance of the local
shikaris. They proposed a beat. We had one drive, and I killed a Chital with
fair horns, to which were still adhering some sheds of velvet, but these, however,
were easily peeled off. I saw other stags, but none in velvet. The beaters
picked up a young Chital fawn only a few days old, which could not run, and
I have it as a pet.
On December 24th our camps assembled, and we shot almost daily till
January 3rd. Only two Chital were bagged. One had horns quite clean of
velvet and the other was almost entirely in velvet. It was peeling only off
one brow antler, and the ends of the tines were still soft. I raised my rifle
once to shoot at a large stag which came quite close to me, and dropped it
again on seeing that he had young horns only half grown. In another beat
two stags went by with only one horn each, the others not being broken, but
clean gone. One fawn only born a few days, and unable to run, was picked up,
shown to me and released, and another was observed in a thicket where its dam
had left it. Other fawns of various sizes were seen. Four Sambar were shot,
all with clean horns and no signs of velvet, and many other stags were seen, but
none had velvet so far as could be observed. Such fawns as were seen were all
well grown and I should say about 6 or 8 months old. There were signs, how-
ever, on the trees that the Sambar had been scraping their horng not long ago,
which would seem to indicate that they have not long got rid of the velvet.
The net results of observation of some hundreds of Chital and Sambar in the
same jungle would seem to be these : —
November 20. — One Chital stag shot just finishing the shedding of velvet,
One Chital fawn picked up, only a few days old.
December 24 — January 3. — One Chital stag shot in velvet, which he was
beginning to shed. One Chital stag observed with horns sprouting. Two
Chital stags observed, each of which had shed one horn.
One Chital stag and many seen, with horns clean of velvet. Two newly born
Chital fawns observed. Many Chital fawns in various stages of growth observed.
Four Sambar stags shot, none having any velvet on their horns. Several
Sambar fawns observed, all of some months' growth. Signs on trees observed
of recent scraping of their horns by Sambar.
The above are simply the facts as I observed them. If some scores of
similar sets of observations were collected, I fancy that from the date of the
stag's horns and the size of the fawns, the breeding season might be calculated
with fair accuracy.
Bhusaval, dth January, 1905. A. H. A. SIMCOX, i.c.s.
372 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
No. XIII.— NOTES ON THE " HOUBARA "
{OTIS MACQUEENI).
The Houbara, "Tilur " of the Punjabi, has been extraordinarily plentiful this
cold season in the Sirsa District, as many as 12 having been shot in one day by
two guns and a total bag of 49 made by one gnn between the 20th of November
1904 and the 15th of January 1905. One of the largest birds I have handled
weighed 4 lbs. 2§- ounces uncleaned, and I took the following measurements with
a steel tape: —
Xjengun »•• ••• ••• ... ... ••• ... ••• -"' —
Wing ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 16"
_L arsus ... ... ... ... ..t ... ... ... o oo
x ail ... ... ■-. ... ... ••• ... ... «? ■"£)
Bill from gape ' 2'25"
Length of foot 2'20"
This Houbara (a fine male) was shot on the 11th of January 1905 and
looked like a young Ostrich stalking along, except for his tell-tale ruff ! This
ruff is an exceptionally fine one. The longest feather? measured 6'40 long.
The feathers forming the crest on the top of the bead tape 3*10 and the
whole plumage is in magnificent condition. I find that about this part of the
Punjab the " Houbara " affects sanely hammocks intersected with crops cf
" rye " or mustard, and should you find such a place, and the day be still and
not too cold and windy, you may have the luck to see 8 to 11 birds stalking
majestically along. I find also that generally after the third flight the birds
will allow you (provided you are riding or stalking behind a camel) to get
amongst them, as they then get accustomed to your camel and try to escape
notice by " squatting. " This is the time to test the powers of your own
eye-sight and the observing power of your camel-driver, for a " Houbara, "
squatting on sand with his head laid out flat, is indistinguishable at a
distance of 10 yards. It is then you will give vent to an " anathema " on
all the " Otis " tribe (for should you turn away thinking that you must have
been mistaken and no bird had alighted, marked you ever so carefully the
spot as you thought) you may perchance get too near an old hen bird that has
been there all the time and with a flap, up she will get and flap away, but
covered by the body of your camel until too late to fire. The "Houbara" is
not a swift flyer and is not a difficult bird to bit or bring down. The colouring of
their wing covers and backs very closely resembles the sand on which they delight
to live, and when " squatting," should the ground be absolutely level, the eye will
pass over the bird in mistake for a clod of sand or some debris blown together.
To get on anything like shooting terms with the " Houbara " it is advisable
to circle round on your camel, when they will on a still day let you get quite
close and you may shoot 5 or 6 as they get up one after the other. I. put
forward the theory that on a windy day their feathers are liable to get
blown up and so cause them to be detected, and this makes them impatient
and impossible to approach. They feed generally in the morning and evening
on seeds and insects, and there is a small weed that covers the open sandwastes
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 373
in this part of the Punjab that they are very fond of. It has a small flower
like a " forget-me-not." In cloudy and windy weather they feed during the
middle of the day, but they are then very wild, and it is next to impossible to
shoot them. Colonel Reginald Heber-Percy, of " Badminton " Library fame,
who paid Sirsa a short visit at Christmas time in order to try for record
Black-Buck and Chinkara heads, told me he found many " Houbara " south
of this place and practically lived on tbem all the while he and his wife
were in camp. I may add that although they were not fortunate enough to bag
any record heads, Miss Heber-Percy shot a good Chink just under record
dimensions. Mrs. Heber-Percy while in Kashmir during the summer of 1904
shot 2 record Thar 14£ and 13£ respectively, and these were officially measured
for the Kashmir Record book. The Colonel and his wife left Calcutta on the
15th for Burma, as he wishes to obtain a good example of the Thamin, Cervus
eldii, for the joint collection of his brother (Major Algernon Heber-Percy)
and his own at Hodwet Hall in the old country.
A few birds began to arrive at the end of September, but they did not become
plentiful till December 1st, when reports from many villagers came in of the
quantities seen. The cold snap immediately following Christmas time again
seems to have scattered the birds, which have since become scarce. Imperial
Sand-grouse have not been at all plentiful this year, but a great number of birds
travelled south and over Sirsa on the 1st, 2nd and 3rd of January. I hear
since that the Imperial has been shot here near Ajmere, in Rajputana. The
Houbara leave us about the 15th of March for Afghanistan and Tibet.
Blanford tells us that " a few stragglers may remain and breed in the
Bikanir Desert." I, however, have never seen or heard of one during the hot
months, though several times I have had Jcubher brought in of the Great
Indian Bustard, Eupodotus Edwardsi, and a fine bird weighing lGf lbs. was
brought to me killed about 12 miles out.
Sirsa, 20th January, 1905. REGINALD H. HEATH.
No. XIV— OCCURRENCE OF THE BLACK-CAPPED KINGFISHER,
HALCYON PILE AT A, IN WALTAIR.
On the 15th of this month, whilst camped on the Naidupatem creek, a
tributary of the Upputern river, I obtained a specimen of Halcyon pileaia, the
Black-capped Kingfisher. The Upputern river flows from the Kolem lake to
the sea between the deltas of the Godavery and Kistna, and the latitude of
Naidupatem is approximately 16°N, and the longitude approximately 81°67'E.
The bird was sitting on the stump of a dead tree near the creek opposite to
the village.
The next day I saw another specimen of the same Kingfisher near the
Lutchmepuram lock on the Upputern river. I send you by post the specimen
I shot at Naidupatem. This, it would appear, is the first occasion on which
this beautiful Kingfisher has been reported from this locality.
Waltair, P. ROSCOE ALLEN.
Camp Chelupett, \Wi January, 1 905.
374 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVT.
No. XV —THE BREEDING OF RUSSELL'S VIPER
(VIPER A RUSSELLII).
Among a number of snakes which have recently died in the Plague
Research Laboratory at Parel, and which Lieutenant-Colonel Bannerman,
I.M.S., has been kind enough to send me, was a gravid Russell's viper whose
pregnancy was remarkable for the paucity of the brood and the season of
its occurrence. It contained a solitary foetus. Now of all the snakes I know,
excepting Tropidonotus piscator, this viper is the most prolific, as may be readily
understood from the breeding notes I have collected from various sources, and
herewith append in tabular form : —
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MISCELLANEOUS NOTES.
375
The Assistant Surgeon at Pare] Laboratary, who has favoured me with
some notes on events of a domestic nature which have occurred in that
Institution, says this snake produces from 20 to 40 at a birth, and always
about the month of May. The embryo derived from the specimen which
has evoked these remarks, measured 9£ inches, and so would probably have
been boru in the month of November. Keference to Mr. Cholmondeley's note
shows that the length of those hatchlings that came under his notice varied
from 9-10 inches, and it will be noticed that several of the young recorded by
others were deposited in the months of May and June. I collected two
specimens at Cannanore last year in the month of May, measuring 9§ and \Q\
inches, respectively.
The Parel foetus, which was developed from the left ovary, occupied a thin
transparent, membranous chamber, 2^ inches in length, which when opened
allowed a little clear, oily, fluid to escape, but retained a small quantity of
transparent jelly-like material which had to be picked off. It was folded into
four. The 154th and 155th ventrals were perforate, and the 156th and 157th
furrowed, and 17 others intervened before the anal shield. Its sex could not
be discovered.
I was much struck with the length of the maternal ovaries, the right of which
measured 6£ inches. I counted 89 follicles in this ovary, and found they varied
from 25 — 3o mcn m length. Th« following comparison between the mother
and foetus is interesting, especially with reference to the scales. It is also
noteworthy that in the mother the vertebra,! spots were not outlined whitish,
w.hilst in the foetus they were.
Length.
Ventrals.
Sub-
caudals.
Scales.
2 heads
lengths
behind the
head.
Mid
body.
2 heads
lengths
in front of
vent.
Vertebral
spots in
xosary.
Mother
Foetus
4' 9"
9£"
174
173
48
50
27
28
31
29
23
24
24
24
Fyzabad, 21st January, 1905.
F. WALL, Captain, I. M. S., c.M.z.s.
No. XVI.— THE CROCODILE ; ITS FOOD AND MUSCULAR
VITALITY.
I shot a crocodile 11 feet 3 inches long in the Tapti yesterday about 11 a.m.
On cutting it open in the afternoon we found that the stomach contained
several goat's hoofs, about 21bs. of pebbles of various sizes, and a lot of the
fleshy stalks of white lilies (Crinums) which grow on the banks. Is it not
rather peculiar that first of all every bit of the goat or goats should have
disappeared except the shells of the hoofs, and secondly that the crocodile
376 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
should have included lily stalks and pebbles in its diet ? Another thing I
noticed was that though I smashed the base of the skull with a '577 magnum
bullet, and killed the creature outright about 11 a.m., yet the whole body was
jumping and quivering about 3 p.m. when we had got the skin off and cut oft*
the head. It was thrown out in a field, but the muscles continued jumping
till sunset quite enough to move the legs perceptibly— so much so that the
vultures which hovered about continually dared not touch the carcass yester-
day. Is this not extraordinary vitality ?
A. H. A. SIMCOX, i.c.s.
In Camp, Bhusaval.
23rd January, 1905.
No. XVII— THE URIAL OF THE PUNJAB AND LADAK.
Sportsmen, I have been informed, find considerable difficulty in distinguish-
ing between the various local forms of the Asiatic wild sheep known in the
Punjab as the urial, in Astor as the urin, and in Ladak as the sha or shapo,
and scientifically as Oris vignei ; and there is little wonder in this, seeing that
even naturalists (chiefly from the want of a sufficient series of specimens) are
far from being in accord on these points.
The urial, or sha, is closely allied to Ovis gmelini, the wild sheep of Armenia
and North-Eastern Persia, of which the so called 0. ophion of the Troodoo
Mountains of Cyprus is nothing more than a local race. In both these two
species the colour of the coat tends more or less markedly to rufous chestnut,
the rams have a large ruff of long hair on the throat, and the ewes develope
small horns. The urial, or shapo, is distinguished by the colour tending very
generally to fawn, but more especially by the forward curvature of the horns,
which sweep along the sides of the face, and show more or less pronounced
angles bordering the flattened front surface. The old rams do not show the light
saddle mark which is so conspicuous in the Armenian wild sheep. So far as I
can at present determine, four local forms or races of urial may be recognised,
their distinctness from one another being based partly on actual physical
differences and partly on geographical distributions. From this it will be infer-
red that it will not be possible in all cases to refer a given specimen to its
respective race without knowing its place of origin. This, however, is a difficulty
to which we are gradually becoming accustomed as the refinements of system-
atic zoology increase.
Firstly, we have the typical urin (Ovis vignei typical) of Astor, from which,
the shapo of Ladak appears to be inseparable. This Ladak urial, as it
may be convenien'ly called, is a comparatively large form, in which the coat is
fawn-coloured rather than foxy rufous. As a rule, the horns of the old rams
turn markedly inwards at their tips, and have their front angles moderately
prominent. Secondly, there is the Baluchi urial (0. vignei llanfordi), in which
the horns tend to turn outwards at the tips, forming a more open spiral, and
have the front angles prominent and occasionally showing a banded structure.
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 37?
This race (at first regarded as a distinct species) was described by Mr. A.
O. Hume in the Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal for 1877, on the
evidence of the skull of a ram from the Kelat district of BaluchistaD, in
which the tips of the horns curve outwards, so as to form a very open spiral.
So open, indeed, is the spiral that a portion of the inner surface (which in
other urial is completely concealed) is visible in a front view. In a skull from
Kelat, in the British Museum, the spiral is, however, much less open, and
there is no marked outward divergence of the tips, still it must evidently
belong to the same race. Moreover, the presumption is that the urial from
the rest of Baluchistan and Afghanistan, and, in fact, from the Trans-
Indus districts in general, likewise belong to 0. v. blanfordi, as the Indus must
almost certainly form an impossible barrier to these sheep. In confirmation
of this view, it may be mentioned that the horns of a very fine male urial
obtained by Dr. Aitchison, when on the Delimitation Commission in Afghan-
istan, show a tendency to form an open spiral, and have very prominent
front angles. In another head in the British Museum, from the hills north
of Peshawar, the front angles are more prominent than in any urial I have
ever seen, and are also raised into a number of knobs, but there is no
decided tendency to an out-turning of the tips, although the spiral is rather
open. It is practically certain that the specimen is racially distinct from the
true urial of the Cis-Indus districts. On the other hand, an urial head figured
on page 383 of the third edition of Rowland Ward's Horn Measurements,
shows a decided outward turn of the tips of the horns, and, in fact, appears
to be very similar in this and other respects to the type of 0. blanfordi. The
specimen, which is the property of Major H. F. Taylor, is stated to be from
" the Punjab, " and there is accordingly nothing to prevent its having come
from the Trans-Indus districts. If the owner could confirm this in the columns
of the " Field" he would strengthen the evidence in favour of the distinctness
of 0. v. blanfordi.
As regards the third race of the species, namely, the true urial (0. v. cycloceros)
of the Salt Range and other hills of the Cis-Indus districts of the Punjab, this
appears to be a smaller and redder animal than either of the preceding, with
the horns forming a very close spiral, and showing no tendency to turn out at
the tips, while their front angles are not prominent, and the anterior one is
often more or less rounded off.
Finally, we have the Kopet-Dagh urial (0. v. arkal), from the range dividing
Persia and Turkestan, in which, as exemplified by a fine skull presented by Mr.
St. George Littledale to the British Museum, the front surface of the horns
is very broad and nearly flat, with but few transverse wrinkles, and very
prominent front angles.
Any additional information, and more especially photographs, which would
help to solve the urial question, would be acceptable.
R. L.
(The above appeared in the " Field, " 2ith December 1904.)
24
378 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
No. XVIII.— ABNORMAL SAM BAR HEAD.
{With a plate.)
The stag whose head is shown in the accompanying sketch was shot in the
Hoshangabad district, Central Provinces, near the Tawa River by A. G.
Hendley, Major, Indian Medical Service, in the month of December 1900.
The stag was a very large light-coloured stag, incisor teeth much worn and
chipped, an indication of age. He was in good condition, was in company of
several hinds, and had no injury to any of his organs. It will be seen that the
horns have no brow antlers. The left horn divides into three spikes. The
right horn also divides into three spikes, one being much smaller than the other
two. At one time there had been a 4th spike to this horn near the shortest
spike, but it had broken off, leaving a rough triangular mark at the point of
fracture. The five longest spikes from burr to point varied in length from
21 inches to 29 inches, the shortest 11 inches. Width between tips 29 inches,
girth of beam below division — right horn 10 inches, left horn 11 inches.
J. D. INVERARITY.
Bombay, January, 1905.
No. XIX.— THE GOOSANDER {MERGANSER CASTOR).
I am sending the following notes on the Goosander (A/, castor) which, not
being a very common duck, may be of some interest to readers of the Journal.
On the 19th instant, my collector brought me in 3 fine males of the Goosan-
der, in most perfect plumage, which he told me he had shot on the Gadadhar
river some five or six miles from this garden ; that, moreover, they were
numerous and far from shy : so determining to find out the truth, I went
myself on the 22nd and personally can fully confirm the correctness of the
man's statement.
The Gadadhar is a fine stream rising, I believe, somewhere in the higher
Bhutan Hills. At the point nearest this it is fairly swift, flowing over small
rocks, pebbles, and sand, and now in the cold weather the water it contains is
beautifully clear and icy cold. Wherever there are shallows it forms into small
rapids ; these the Goosander especially seems to frequent, though it may also
be seen in the broader parts as well. The banks are sandy and more or less
thinly wooded, but the chief jungle is grass, null and efcra.
The birds are found in parties of 5 to 20, the males keeping as a rule quite
apart from the females, and except when much disturbed by firing do not get
mixed up with them.
The drake is most conspicuous, his handsome black and white plumage show-
ing up at a distance ; he swims high, and early in the day may be seen actively
diving through and about the rapids, occasionally standing up in the water
stretching his neck and flapping his wings.
The female owing to its smaller size and the general slaty colour of its
plumage seems to sit much lower on the water and is also shyer than the male
though I may remark neither bird will readily allow one to get within
Journal Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc Vol. XVI
CORTE/ A CO. IITH. BOMBAY.
ABNORMAL HEAD OF SAMBER
Shot bu Ma.or A. G. HENDLEY, I. M. S. Dec. 1900.
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 371
gunshot from the bank. One female shot contained about 8 or 10 email
fish 2" to 3" in length. Both birds on this part of the river are really far
from shy, but this is not surprising, being practically in Cooch Behar where I am
told game is preserved and every other native does not carry a gun. Even the
Buddy Sheldrake, that cutest of birds, will here allow a fairly near approach
in a native boat if one only talks, and does not pretend to be more than the
ordinary boat load of people that they are so accustomed to see passing up
and down the river all day and every day. The same holds good with regard
to the Goosander, which will allow one to get within 25 or 30 yards, and even
then may be seen with head or bills resting on their backs or preening them-
selves (this during the heat of the day) ; a nearer approach sets tbem swimming
as a rule up stream ; any peculiar silence in the boat or an attempt to stop
or turn directly towards them, puts them at once on the wing. Skittering
along the water for some little distance and then flying low over it, 6 or 8
feet, perhaps less, they will, if not fired at, alight again at the next rapid or
broken water. Their flight is, to me, strong and noisy, the whistling of their
wings being distinctly heard as they approach the boat. They will not, I
notice, pass directly over a boat, but pass to either side at a distance of about
20 or 25 yards, merely rising a very little.
Cripples swim down stream, the current seeming too strong for badly winged
birds to make much headway against ; when hard pressed their diving is rapid
and constant, varied by rapid rushes along the surface, they go under at the
proverbial " flash," and it is surprising the time they keep down and, helped
by the current, the distance they travel.
I have not been brave enough to try the flesh, but my Sonthal servants
and a Christian Baboo, however, have ; the former say that the Cormorant is
preferable, the latter that he succeeded in making the 2nd bird I gave quite
nice — " no fishy ' — by cooking it with lime (chunam) and many other strange
and wonderful ingredients.
The name amongst the Bengalies on the Gadadhar for this duck is " Pattee
hans." I do not know if they apply this to any other species besides, but
give it for what it is worth, as few vernacular names for this bird seem to
be known.
All the specimens I have got are fully adult birds in perfect plumage.
A. M. PRIMROSE.
Mornai Tea Estate, Tamarhak P.O.
Gaukipur, Assam,
25th January, 1905.
No. XX— TROUT AND OTHER FISH AND FISHING IN CEYLON.
In the Fishing Gazette of November 5, 1 suggested that it would be very inter-
esting to know how our friends in Ceylon were getting on with their trout
stocking and preserving efforts. In reply to this Mr. R. A. G. Festing, one of
the members of the Ceylon Fishing Club, very kindly sends me the following
380 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
particulars. I see from the rules that the good standard of llin. is fixed as
the limit below which trout must not be retained — R. B. M.
Dear Sir, — In your editorial notes in the Fishing Gazette of Nov. 5 you
ask for information about trout breeding in Ceylon. The following lines may
be of some interest to readers of your paper.
The first experiments in trout breeding were made in 1880 by the late Mr.
H. L. Hubbard. In 1882 a few fish were turned into the stream at Nuwara
Eliya, and ova have been more or less regularly imported since 1886. When
the Ceylon Fishing Club was started I do not know. At first the ova of brown
trout and Loch Levens only were imported ; but in 1889 the ova of rainbow
trout were introduced. The experiment proved successful, the rainbows
taking kindly to the Ceylon streams, and they are now far more popular than
the brown trout on account of their superior sporting and edible qualities.
The fish imported have thrived well, and now run to a large size. I do not
know what the record size is, but Mr. Plate's big rainbow trout mentioned in
your paper about a year ago (I could not find the reference) is probably one of
the biggest. Fish up to 31b. are fairly common. The average of takable fish
is a little over a pound — at least, that is my experience, but more expert
anglers may have a much better average.
Spasmodic attempts have been made in the past to breed fish artificially from
the imported stock ; but the difficulty has been to find males in milt when the
females are ripe. No attempt, I bolieve, to breed fish artificially has so far been
a success. A few years ago the trout started breeding naturally. Whether
these naturally bred fish are pure rainbows or hybrids I do not know. But
with the fish now breeding naturally there should be no difficulty in stocking
all the likely up-country streams, and it is possible that the Ceylon Fishing
Club may in a few years be in a position to supply India with ova or fry.
With this end in view the club has lately been considering the question of
getting out an expert from home to build hatcheries and instruct them how to
breed trout.
As to the streams— they are all fine trout streams with plenty of natural
food and plenty of good running water. There is no danger of the carp
fouling the water as suggested by you. The carp keep to the lakes and
lower portions of the Nuwara Eliya streams. They do not wander far from
the slack water.
The Horton Plains stream, which is the finest bit of stocked water here, is
an ideal trout stream, combining all the best qualities of English trout streams,
except a regular rise of fly. At its head it is a very small stream with deep
holes and good " elbows " thickly fringed with rhododendron bushes. One has
to throw a fly very accurately to drop it into these pools. There are good
gravelly shallows in the tributary- streams which should make excellent
spawning beds. As the stream increases in volume there are deep rocky pools,
big enough to hold salmon, long stretches of slack deep water, enticing stickles
and some fine waterfalls— in fact, every sort of water to tempt the trout. And
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 381
in addition to this, the stream flows through glorious country. No description
that I can write would ever do justice to it. To give a rough general idea-
imagine Exmoor from six to seven thousand feet above sea level with "patana"
grass instead of heather. I wish I had some photographs to send you, but all
mine are stuck in my book.
The two small streams at Nuwara Eliya flow into lakes, the outlets from
which are practically blocked against fish attempting to descend. The Horton
Plains and Ambawella streams end, so far as trout fishing is concerned,
abruptly as huge waterfalls, down which no fish is likely to descend voluntarily.
This, I ihink, accounts for the fact that rainbow trout have been so success-
ful in these streams. They cannot escape, as they have done from so many
English waters in which they have been tried.
In the streams fly only is allowed, a No. 6 hook, Redditch scale, being the
largest size permissible. A No. 6 hook is a large one, and permits small salmon
flies being used. This may seem like " poaching " to some people, and perhaps
the size might with advantage be reduced. But it must be remembered that
the fish are not free risers. There is too much bottom food and not enough
surface food. And in the big pools a small fly passes unnoticed a long way
above the fishes' heads. For brown trout I have found a good sized March
Brown do as well as anything. The rainbows undoubtedly prefer something
brighter, and few flies are better than a very small Silver Doctor ; and though
other fishermen may prefer other flies, I would always take these two with me,
whatever the condition of the water. In the lakes artificial spinning bait is
allowed, but the weeds are a nuisance, and I have not often attempted spinning,
and have only once succeeded in landing a fish on a Devon minnow in Lake
Gregory.
As to rods, everyone naturally suits his own fancy ; but a small rod is, in my
opinion, essential for the small streams. I have an 8£ft„ 3foz., cane rod, by
Foster, which is an ideal weapon. It will throw a very accurate fly, and I
have landed fish of about 2|lb. on it. A larger rod is wanted for the bigger
waters where a long cast is necessary.
The chief enemies with which the fish have to contend are otters, kingfishers,
big cannibal trout, and poachers. Of otters I have seen any number while
fishing. It is contended by some that the otter really does no harm, that he
captures only the big sluggish cannibal, who well deserves his fate. This
may or may not be true, but otters do undoubtedly disturb the water, even if
they do not catch the smaller and livelier fish. I have seen rising trout most
effectually " put down" by an otter swimming through the pool, and nothing
would persuade them to rise for the rest of the day. In waters such as these
where the fish are not free risers, anything that discourages them from rising,
should be eliminated.
In concluding these notes on Ceylon trout, I wish to remark that my
experience of them is very small compared with that of those favoured beings
who live near the streams. A week or ten days' holiday snatched once and
3»2 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
again from a reluctant Government, and a three months' sojourn at Nuwara
Eliya, is all the time that I have had to become acquainted with these fish.
Perhaps others, much better qualified than myself to write about the subject,
may send you an account of Ceylon trout. In which case this screed need
never appear in print. But in case none of your subscribers from this island
comes forward to answer your appeal, these notes are offered for what they
are worth.
But besides trout, which are restricted to a certain altitude in the hill
country, there is good fishing to be had in the low country of Ceylon, in
river, lagoon, sea and tank ; and it may not be out of place to offer a few
remarks on some of the fish that the writer has caught.
Very little is known from an angler's point of view, about lagoon and tank
fishing in Ceylon. There are a few enthusiasts to be met occasionally who
will speak of great captures ; but we badly want a second Thomas, not only
to show us how to catch the fish, but to tell us what fish there are worth
catching. Until I came to this district, about two years ago, I was quite
unaware of the splendid opportunities for sport with rod and line in the low
country, and I believe many other keen anglers here are similarly ignorant.
I therefore offer these remarks with less diffidence than they otherwise deserve,
only hoping that brother anglers may eome forward and contribute their
quota of experience to the pages of the Fishing Gazette.
The most common of low country fish is the Singhalese " lula" — the Indian
" murral." The Tamils call him " viral." His classical name is Ophio-
cephalus striatus. He is to be found in nearly all tanks and rivers that do
not run dry ; but he will live a long time without water apparently. A tank
near here was completely dry for a month or six weeks last year. When the
rain came and the fields were being irrigated, I was shooting snipe, and picked
up several fair-sized lula in the padi field below the tank. They had evidently
been washed through the sluice of the tank ; but where they came from is
a mystery, for the tank in question is not fed by any river. They must have
been lying up under the grass and mud along the edge of the tank " bund. "
Thomas, in his " Rod in India " (2nd edition), treats the lula, or murral,
with scant ceremony. He regards him as a poor sort of pike to be eaptured
with frogs and similar bait. But the lula is really a gentleman to be regarded
with respect, for he rises to the fly freely and is a good table fish in spite of
his bones — two supreme qualities. He does not fight very hard — about as
well as a chub perhaps — but he often leaps clear of the water as soon as he
feels the hook. A clear, calm day with water low is the best time for taking
him with a fly. He is just the opposite of the trout in this respect. I have
seldom caught them when there has been any wind or when the water was
high. He will take a dry fly — if you are a dry fly purist — but the best ones
I have caught have been taken with a large Red Palmer fished wet. There
is a small red Dragon Fly on which the lula feeds in the evenings, and then
the Red Palmer or Foster's " Caterpillar " will do great execution.
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 383
The lula is said to run to 3ft. in length. The largest I ever saw was about
51b. or 61b., which was taken by a native in a wicker-basket trap. The
natives here also catch good ones with a live bait and float on a hand-line. Or
when the water is low they " drive " them into nets staked across a narrow
opening in tank or river. The largest I have caught with a fly was just 31b.
I got three fish one evening weighing 8jlb. Doubtless larger ones might be
caught with a frog, but who would use bait so long as fish were to be canght
with the fly ? Strong tackle is necessary, as one drops one's fly into a hole
between the weeds, and if Mr. Lula takes it, it is a case of " Pull devil, pull
baker " — to haul him safe into a more open spot.
There are many other tank fish, but I have not caught any that rose so
freely to fly or was such good eating as the lula ; and these notes are already
becoming too long. I will just mention a species of carp which I have caught
with fly in tanks here up to nearly |lb. I think this fish is the Olive Carp, or
Barbus clirysopoma. He corresponds as nearly as possible with Thomas'
picture and description of this fish.
Of lagoon fish in this district the most common is the " koduva " (Tamil).
His classical name is Lates calcarifer. A right handsome fish he is with
his deep shoulder, prominent back fin, sheeny body and brilliant eye. But
he is not so good as he looks. I have heard his flesh described as a mixture
of cotton-wool, mud, and needles — not exactly a " table " fish ! but the
natives dry him and eat him. He runs to a huge size — how large I am afraid
to say. I have seen him caught with a live bait on hand-lines well over 301b.,
and I have caught them myself with spoon and spinning bait over 201b., and
hooked one monster that — but that is another story.
He cannot be said to be lively in his play. He is a sulky, dogged brute,
but very strong. He takes out line slowly but surely, and woe-betide your
tackle if you try to stop a big one too quickly ! I hooked a good one once on a
brand-new line that was absolutely sound. He "towed" away about 100
yards, when I thought he had gone far enough and put the pressure on. The
fish thought differently, and we parted company, the running line breaking,
I tested the line when I got home and found it would stand a dead strain of
14glb. This will give you some notion of their power.
The koduva takes the bait very quietly. Often you feel nothing at all, and
find your line being slowly taken out as you try to reel in. In my experience,
the only way is to let the fish go and follow him as best you can — in a boat
if one is available. Disaster has always been the result of my trying to check
them. How far they will go with their slow " towing " pull I don't know. A
writer in Thomas' book mentions having followed a huge one for 400 yards,
but I doubt if this was all in one stretch without any occasional pause.
Many ara the stories the writer could tell of brave fights with this and other
lagoon monsters — how, for example, an enthusiastic brother angler hooked a
" big 'un " at dusk which kept him busy all night, and how, in the small hours
of the morning, the haggard, weary-eyed angler was still holding on to his
384 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
giant fish and was shouting for the gaff as the fish at last showed signs of
yielding. I draw a veil over the closing scene. The fish turned out to be a
young crocodile !
Another fine lagoon fish is the " kalai." I have not been able to identify him.
I thought at first he was the same as the Bamin or Paumben salmon, but on
referring to Thomas I find he is not. He does not run so large as the koduva ;
but he is a far finer fighter. Weight for weight he will play as well as a salmon.
He is to be caught in the same way as a koduva, with live bait, natural
spinning bait or spoon. But the strongest tackle and hooks are necessary.
Lastly, I would mention the " seer. " He is properly a sea fish, but comes
into creeks and estuaries occasionally. He will take a fly or spoon, is excellent
eating, and fights to the last ounce of his strength. But my experience of rod
fishing for these fish is very small. I have only caught two or three on a fly in
Galle Harbour.
I have caught several other kinds of fish, and there are probably many others
unknown to me which are well worth catching, but these remarks will show, I
hope, that good fishing is to be got in the low country of Ceylon, and I would
advise any keen angler about to visit the country to bring a fly and spinning
rod and suitable tackle.
I have given no details as to the class of rods, lines and tackles most suitable
to this low country for fear of trespassing on your patience, which I fear I
have overtaxed already, but if anyone requires any particulars I shall be very
glad to give him any information I can through the Fishing Gazette.
R. A. G-. Festing.
(The above appeared in the " Fishing Gazette" 1th January 1905.)
No. XXI— BIG GAME.
ON THE BREEDING SEASONS AND OTHER MATTERS.
In the last issue of this Journal some notes regarding the breeding season of
tnamirals, with particular reference to big game, were published. It is com-
plained with much truth that our knowledge on this point is very limited,
while the complaint is also made of the vagueness of such information as exists
regarding the subject under review. We are told that in Blanford's Mamviah
of India the statement is of ten repeated that "the breeding time of a parti-
cular species is ' about ' such and such a month. " Is it possible, however, to
be more explicit V My own experience indicates that the breeding season of
many animals is so variable, or is spread over so considerable a period, that
more exact statements are likely to be erroneous. Can any one say that the
tiger, for instance, has a breeding season that can be confined within the limits
of one month ? I think not, for cubs of the same age may be found at
different periods of the year. My own experience of these animals has unfor-
tunately been confined to the months of March, April, and May. But I have
found them during those months to have cubs varying between a few days
(on April 11th), three or four months (on 7th May), and six months of age
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 385
(in March). I recollect instances of young cubs, two or three weeks old,
being caught in May, in July, and in December.
I have seldom found tigers in pairs, but, as already mentioned, my expe-
rience has been confined to the hot weather. In one case I found tracks of a
tiger, day after day for some time, with which were a tigress and a large cub —
perhaps nearly a year old. The tiger, a large one, was going lame on one hind
leg, which made a track like that of a plantigrade animal. Tracking these
animals, I kicked open a dry dropping, and found it full of tiger's hair whilst
it also contained a good-sized tiger-claw. Presumably another of the species
had fallen a victim to the big tiger, which had been injured in the hind leg
in the encounter. I have heard of several similar instances of cannibalistic
propensities on the part of the great felines.
Out of forty tigers which I brought to bag, there were only five pairs,
whilst in one other case two out of a family of three were shot. The
remaining twenty-eight were single animals. Perhaps they reside more in
pairs at other seasons of the year. In two instances the pairs were young
animals of perhaps three years of age, and in one case a very old pair with
faded coats and worn canines were said, by the inhabitants of the hamlet near
which they were killed, to have lived together for many years.
It is generally said that there are more females than males of this species.
In my experience the males preponderate, and out of forty only fourteen were
tigresses. None of these had unborn cubs in them.
As with tigers, so in the case of panthers I have comparatively seldom found
pairs, and have shot more males than females. I have had in my possession on
two occasions young cubs born in the month of December ; another cub, shot
in March, was probably born in December also.
The last panther I saw— which, by the way, nearly killed me— was found to
contain four unborn cubs which would probably have been produced in about
a fortnight. This was in the middle of March.
Bears also appear to have young at uncertain periods. In April 1889 a
brown bear cub {Ursus isabeUinus):about 3 weeks old was caught, and another
about the same age which I found in the Tilail Valley of Kashmir on the 26th
May. On the 30th May I came upon an old bear with two well-grown cubs,
which I judged to be about six months old. But could they have been born
during hibernation ? On 4th June, 1890, 1 shot a black bear (Ursus labiatus) in
the Satpuras with a cub three or four weeks old. On 25th April, 1894, I killed
a black bear with two cubs which could not have been less than six months of
age. In February, 1897, we caught two cubs a few weeks old, still riding pick-
aback on the mother, and next day we saw two more about six months old.
It is frequently stated that tigers invariably commence eating their prey
at the haunch, and panthers at the stomach. Certainly I have never known
tigers begin at any other portion of the body, but panthers not infrequently
commence at the haunch also. The last panther I encountered had bitten
the tail off a large buffalo that he had killed, and had eaten a portion of the
25
386 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
hind quarters. Occasionally one comes across strange happenings with regard
to animals tied up. On one occasion a goat tied up for a panther was killed
by a porcupine, perhaps by accidental collision. A friend of mine found one
of his buffaloes gored to death by a bison, the ground all round being trampled
by the enraged wild beast.
Since writing these notes I have received the Journal for June, 1904, where
I find several interesting questions discussed concerning big game. There is
nothing new in Colonel Stewart's note regarding the original home of the tiger.
I think it is generally accepted that the tiger i3 an immigrant into India from
northern regions. The animal's impatience of the heat of the sun in southern
latitudes, and habit of lying immersed in water in the heat of the day — the
only feline addicted to this — point to a northern origin. At the same time it
may be doubted if the southerly immigration of the tiger has taken place as
recently as Colonel Stewart appears to indicate. Tigers abound in Java and
Sumatra, and must have presumably got there before those islands became
separated from the mainland. This may have been within recent geological
but not historical times. Another contributor writes on "Tiger versus Bear, "
and asks if there are other instances on record of encounters between these
animals, of which he cites an example. I do not think such combats are un-
common, and a tiger should have little difficulty in disposing of the small Malay
bear, when he is able to kill and devour the much more formidable black bear
of the Indian plains. Sanderson, in his " Thirteen years among the wild leasts of
India,'''' tells us of a tiger which was in the habit of preying on the hapless bruin
in preference to other game. In the Melghat Forest, North Berar, in 1890,
the skin of a bear was brought to me, quite fresh, with many holes in it in-
flicted by a tiger. The villagers said there had been a prolonged combat
between the two animals, and the bear managed to get away, but so badly
wounded that it was easily disposed of by the inhabitants who had been at-
tracted to the spot by the roarings and howlings of the combatants. In 1896 I
found on the top of a hill near Fort Mahor, Hyderabad, the remains of two
bears which had been killed and devoured by a pair of tigers. Tigers will
resort to strange diet when hard put to it, and the hairy pelt of a bear must be
difficult to digest. I have found the remains of crabs and once of a large
python eaten by a tiger, and one frequently finds porcupine quills embedded
in the paws. One large tiger I shot had several suppurating sores on the
back of the neck from which porcupine quills were extracted. This looked as
if he had been rolling on his victim, although my shikaris would have it
that the porcupine had shot the quills at his enemy, like arrows from a bow !
R. Q. BURTON, Major,
Poona, February $th, 1905. 94th Russell's Infantry.
No. XXII.— DOUBLE-HEADED SNAKES.
No doubt everyone in India is familiar with the so-called double-headed
snakes which many jugglers include among their stock in trade. The snakes
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 387
exhibited as such by this fraternity are usually the earth snakes, creatures
remarkable among their kind for the bluntness of their tails, a condition
which lends itself peculiarly well to the artifices of these people, who mutilate
or otherwise modify them so as to make them resemble the head. The snake
usually selected for this purpose, both on account of its abundance and size, is
John's Earth Snake {Eryx jolinii).
It is perhaps not so well-known that genuine double-headed snakes do occur
occasionally as freaks, but in these instances both heads are always attached
to the anterior extremity of the body constituting what is technically called
anterior dichotomy.
Dichotomy (Greek dicha in two parts, temno I cut) arises from a cleavage
of one or other pole of the developing embryo, and may occur anteriorly or
posteriorly. It may be partial when the reduplicated heads, sterns, or bodies
remain more or less attached to one another, or complete when two separate
organisms are derived, so that this phenomenon accounts for one method by
which twins are produced. There are abundant examples of monstrosities in
man and the lower animals formed by this process to be found in various
museums, and it is therefore not surprising that the same abnormality occurs
occasionally in snakes.
I have just had an opportunity of examining a young specimen of the
common Lycodon aulicus exhibiting this anomaly, which I found on the
shelves of the Fyzabad Museum. This specimen has the head and neck
reduplicated, and a reference to my notebook shows that all the records of
this peculiarity I have been able to collect from various sources, are examples
of anterior dichotomy. I have never heard of an example of posterior dicho-
tomy in snakes, though the condition doubtless occurs, and has been observed
in frogs and other reptiles. This Fyzabad specimen, which measures a shade
over 5| inches, is evidently a hatchling. The dual nature of the head and neck
is very evident to sight and touch for f of an inch. The reduplicated parts
are placed side by side, and are connected by a web except for ^ of an inch
where the snouts are quite free. The web commences opposite the 8th supra-
labial shields, and is placed rather nearer the ventral aspect, so that the chins are
approximated. At the point where the two necks blend, is a pronounced
rounded dorsal prominence. The size and sodden condition of the specimen
render the detail of the scale characters somewhat difficult to determine with
accuracy ; however, I have made the following observations : — The prseocular
touches the frontal shield on the right side of the left head only. The rows of
scales anterior to the dorsal prominence, i.e., over the cleft part of the body, are
variable, but number about 27 ; behind this they are the normal 17. There are
189 ventrals, those beneath the bifurcated parts are not double, but extend
completely across both trunks. The navel implicates the 167th and 168th
shields so that 21 intervene between it and the anal shield, which is divided.
The subcaudals are 62. In other respects the scales and shields are normal.
The following from my notebook may add to the interest of this note.
388 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
Buckland in his " Curiosities of Natural History " (p. 177) says there are
two specimens of snakes with two heads on one body in the Royal College of
Surgeons' Museum, London, and one of these he identified as Coluber nalrix
(now Tropidonotus natrix), the common grass snake found in England.
In the Journal of the Linnean Society for 1868 is mentioned a sea-snake,
Hydropliis sublcevis (now H. cyanocinctus) caught near Madras, with two heads.
Nicholson in his book "Indian Snakes" (p. 22) mentions a young two-headed
Tropidonotus quincunciatus (now T. piscator) in the Madras Museum, and says
" this monstrosity is apparently rather common amongst the sea-snakes" and
further remarks : " they do not, however, appear to survive their birth long, the
specimens to be found in museums being of small size." That these freaks are
as common as Nicholson remarks, I am inclined to doubt, and Mr. Phipson in
a letter to me, dated 2nd February 1905, says : " I have been collecting snakes
in this country for the last 26 years, and have examined thousands of sea-
snakes in the fishermen's nets here, but I have never seen an instance of this
form of teratology." The specimen I have described in this note is the only
one of many hundreds of snakes I have examined in the fresh state and in
museums which was so distinguished.
In " The Field''' for 31st October, 1903, a Mr. Fulton writes as follows :—
" Some time ago when in Australia I was one day helping the men on a sheep
station to collect wood previous to the shearing season. In cutting up some old
timber we came across an old snake with several young ones. One of these had
two perfect heads on, so I secured it, and brought it home."
S. S. Flower in the P. Z. S., 1899, p. 677, mentions a water snake, Homalopsis
buccata, in the Siamese Museum, with " two heads, side by side, each about
equally perfectly developed."
In the Madras Times for 13th January, 1897, a specimen of a two-headed
snake is mentioned in the possession of a Mr. E. C. Fischer, of New York City,
then in Madras. It was identified as an American hog-nosed snake Heterodon
simus and was about a foot long, and over four months old.
The following remarks were made : — " The snake lives in a glass box, and
feeds with both heads simultaneously on milk, raw meat, and blood. Mr. Fischer
finds it best to feed both heads at once, for strange to say, they appear to be
jealous of each other, and sometimes fight ; at other times they play with one
another. The animal seems to know Mr. Fischer, for it comes to the side of
its box, and welcomes him by protruding its tongues in sign of joy. A photo-
graph of the snake was recently given in the Scientific American.
Fyzabad, 1st February, 1905. F. WALL, Captain, I.M.S., C.M.Z.S.
No. XXIII.— WINTER PLUMAGE OF THE MALE BENGAL
FLORICAN (SYPHEOTIS BENGALENSIS).
There appears to be some doubt about the male winter plumage of the Bengal
Florican, since some of our best ornithologists are at variance on this point.
The most recent work I have access to is Oates' " Game Birds of India." In
part I, p. 418, this author describes the male in winter plumage, and the female
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 389
at all seasons as similar, entirely ignoring the observations of earlier writers
many of whom show that some males at least are attired in a modified nuptial
garb. Blanford, in " The Fauna of British India"— Birds., Vol. IV, p. 200, begins :
" Coloration. Female (and, according to some, male in winter plumage)",
evidently holding an opinion different from that expressed by Oates, He
then describes the male in breeding plumage, and remarks later : " The
black plumage of the male is acquired by a moult, and is retained partly or
wholly by some birds in the winter ; but in others, probably younger, it
appears to be replaced by the ordinary garb of the female" and quotes Blyth
as having witnessed this latter change in birds kept in confinement. Hume and
Marshall in " The Game Birds of India, Burmah and Ceylon, " Vol. 1, pp. 24
and 25, say : " Young males, up to the beginning of March, entirely resemble
the females, but the moult then commencing gradually assimilates them to the
adults, which never lose, . . . the striking black and white garb that
. . . is proper to the male sex." Later on this remark appears to me
to be contradicted by the following : — " Two young but full grown, or nearly
full grown, males before me, shot in January, have the black bodies and white
wings of the adult, but the heads and necks are like those of the females."
I have just had an opportunity of examining a pair of these birds shot in
the Kheri District, Oudh, on January 31st, 1905. The female needs no
remarks, but the male, very dissimilar in its livery, nearly agrees with the two
males just quoted from Hume and Marshall. I made the following obser-
vations. $ Length 27£", wing 13^", tarsus 5f."
Plumage, except the wing and under parts, as in the female. The 1st quill
is blackish brown with whitish fulvous mottling in bars on the inner web.
The 2nd quill deep black at tip and on the outer web, pure white on inner
web. 3rd, 4th, 5th and 6th quills pure white tipped black. The 7th and 8th
quills blackish-brown beautifully marbled in whitish bars. The 9th and 10th
quills pure white with black tips. All shafts black throughout.
The secondaries are pure white except the basal f — fth of the shafts which are
black, and the inner webs which are progressively increasingly black from with-
out inwards from their bases, the whole web being black in the innermost three.
The upper coverts are white mottled fulvous, the 7th and 8th greater coverts
coloured like the corresponding quills. The lower plumage, including that
on the thighs, is black up to the lower part of the breast, except the greater
primary coverts which are pure white basally. The measurements of the
female are — Length 29£", wing 14", tarsus 6".
F. WALL, C.M.Z.S.,
Fyzabad, February 5th, 1905. Captain, I.M.S.
No. XXIV.— NOTES ON SOME BANGALORE SNAKES.
A two months' holiday in Bangalore during August and September, 1904, fur-
nished me with the following notes on some species common in that locality : —
Tropidonotus piscator. — The Canarese name for this species is neer havu
which equals " water-snake. " I witnessed one instance of the extreme
390 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
ferocity of this notably fierce snake. Two sampwallahs had a specimen,
among others, which they displayed for my benefit. This specimen fasten-
ed itself on to the great toe of one man who was sitting tailor-fashion, and
it was only by prizing open the creature's mouth with considerable force that
it could be made to release its hold, and almost at once it fastened itself again
on to the man's leg. requiring a repetition of the same violent measures. Blood
oozed fairly freely from both wounds.
Tropidonotus stolatus. — A small one measuring 1\" was brought to me on
the 29th of September.
Macrophthodon plumbicolor. — The " kassaru hdvu " or " green snake " of the
Canarese.
This is evidently a very common snake about Bangalore, though Nicholson
does not mention it as such in his list on page 175 of " Indian Snakes." It ia as
timid and gentle as the next species, allowing itself to be freely handled at all
times. Like the next species, too, it flattens itself under excitement. One I
had in captivity for some months fed voraciously on frogs. The eggs evidently
hatch about August and September as will be seen from the following list. The
two specimens mentioned under the date 29th of October were found together
and were, therefore, probably just hatched from the same clutch of eggs.
Scales
GO
CO
•a .
rf
m
D3
bug
- CD
43
REMAliliS.
GO
rt
K*l
<u a
«— • p.
3
w a
r-3
go at
a
03
c«
o
W-E
o
o
03
CD
a
CD
'cS
43
o
o
o
ffi
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cc
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Eh
>
£/2
►3
£
OJ
*p.
w
Aug.
29th
?
6"
111
8
153
43
0
2
23
25
19
2 postoculars on loft
side. 15 ventrals
between navel and
anal shield.
U
?
6|"
1.1//
157
37
1(B)
o
mi
23
23
17
18 ventrals between na-
vel and anal shields.
Last 3 sub cau dais
entire.
Sep. 2.
9
51"
311
4
• • •
■ • •
• • •
.. .
.. .
• ■•
Mutilated.
9th
9
61"
i mi
16
156
42
0
2
23
25
19
16 ventrals between
navel and anal. Died
16th February 1905.
12 follicles enlarged.
10th
9
2'Qh"
5111/
°T6
153
41
1
0
21
23
16
y X i" — 4 Postoculars
on right side.
16th
...
Adult
.. •
152
.?
0
2
23
23
17
A slough found emerg-
ing from hole in
bathroom.
?
...
...
it-
149
42
1
2
25
25
19
Hatchling with no date
in private collection.
?
9
...
...
153
34
0
2
23
25
17
An adult in Bangalore
Museum.
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 391
The posterior sublinguals touch 3 infralabials 4th, 5th and 6th, or 5th, 6th and
7th. The 6th or 7th of the inf ralabial series constitutes the pentagonal which
is broader than the posterior sublinguals, and in contact with 3 scales
posteriorly. Keels in both sexes are present in all rows of scales, to the tip
of the tail, excepting the ultimate row for a variable extent in the forepart
of the body.
Helicops schistosus.— This is evidently a very common snake in this locality,
as every simpwallah had some, and could procure them in numbers to
order. The rule that the females in snakes are larger than the males, is
certainly exemplified in this species. It is of a very inoffensive disposition,
never attempting to bite, though some of my specimens had ample provo-
cation. At one spot in the Hotel garden the grass beneath some trees
was long, and all my specimens when liberated invariably made for this
patch about 10 to 15 yards distant. No matter how often they were
brought back into the open, they repeated their endeavours, and though
frustrated, never tried to bite me when effecting their recapture. They
would glide under or over such obstacles as a handkerchief placed and
flourished in their way, or through or over my feet, in preference to
taking a more circuitous direction to avoid them. In motion they slightly
erect the head, and move briskly and fast. When alarmed they erect the
head, and flatten the body down to the vent, to a very remarkable degree,
far more so than any other snake I know. This flattening is more evident
in the females, and I witnessed it most often when they were disturbed
in opening their box. At liberty they behave similarly, but they strive to
escape so hurriedly that one has not the same opportunity of observing this
peculiarity. The eye is rotated more actively, and to a degree I have never
witnessed in other species, and to this it owes its very appropriate generic
name Helicops ( Gk. HeliIcos=vo\\ing, ops eye). Though so common the
sampioallalis had no vernacular name for it. They all told me it frequented
the bamboos in the Lai Bagh, and many of the specimens were caught on the
bamboo vegetation some feet from the ground. They denied its frequenting
water, which surprised me, for the high-placed, slit-like nostrils proclaim
its aquatic tastes.
Three specimens were brought to me on the 27th August — 2 males and 1
female ; all were captured lying on the same bamboo stem about 10 feet from
the ground. Two of these were observed to be " in copula" at about 5 p.m.
on the 26th, and a futile attempt at capture made, which was not pressed,
the men fearing that the pair might disengage, and jeopardise their chance
of obtaining my reward of five rupees. Another and a successful attempt
was made on the morning of the 27th, and strange to say the snakes were
produced from a cloth at about 11 a.m. still united. I carefully investigated
the conjunction on several occasions, being favoured by the docile nature
of the species, and their lengthy union, which lasted, without intermission
(so far as I am aware), until some time after 12-30 p.m. on the 28th idem.
392 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol XVI.
Subsequent to this no repetition of the act was witnessed. During the time
I had them under observation (25^ hours) the left clasper of the male, and this
only was engaged with the right orifice of the female, and this leads one to
speculate whether, as certainly appears physically possible, two males may
sometimes serve one female or vice versa. If disturbed, beyond the flattening
of the body already referred to and the spasmodic protrusions of the tongue,
no alarm was displayed, and no malice offered. Both parties were equally
undemonstrative rarely evincing any movement, and then only altering their
position somewhat ; they did not lie coiled in one another's embraces, nor
wreath their tails round one another as I have heard related of other snakes
under similar conditions. The ventral apposition was so limited that nobody
looking at them would have suspected their sexual relationship. The male
was killed on the 2nd September, but the female survived until the 23rd of
January 1905. Upon investigation 11 follicles in one ovary and 7 in the other
were slightly larger (i inch long), and more opaque and yellow than the rest.
During the whole of her incarceration she refused all food, and the
impaired vitality consequent upon this, augmented by the colder climate of
Fyzabad, probably occasioned the arrest of normal developments, and it will
be observed that in the female specimen of the last species, which had been
in captivity since the 10th of September and died on the 16th February,
follicles were evidently impregnated, but their development similarly interfered
with. No male snake had been in company with this specimen within the
above dates.
The following scale characteristics have escaped notice, or not met with the
attention they deserve. The lower temporal shield touches 3 supralabials, viz.,
the 6th, 7th and 8th. The posterior sublinguals touch three infralabiale, viz.,
the 5th, 6th and 7th, as in most of the genus Tropidonotus. The 7th of the
infralabial series is the pentagonal and is broader than the posterior sublinguals,
and in contact with 3 scales behind, as in most Tropidonoti. The scales ante-
riorly number 19, midbody 19 or 17, and posteriorly 17. The step where the
reduction takes place occurs very near the middle of the body, sometimes
before, but more often after this point. The reduction is effected by the
absorption of the 4th row above the ventrals into the row above or below. I
paid careful attention to the keels in the sexes, and could discover no accen-
tuation of this condition in the male sex, confirming similar observations in
many other species. The keels are absent in from 2 — 4 rows anteriorly (two
heads-lengths behind the head), 2 rows in mid-body, and from 0-2 rows in
the posterior body (2 heads-lengths in front of the vent), and cease in the
median rows where the supracaudals number four. The red line running along
the confines of the 5th and 6th rows above the ventrals (where the scales are 19)
and the 4th and 5th rows (where the scales are 17) is much more conspicuous
in the males.
The tongue is dull blue black.
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES.
393
The penis is studded with tentacles from base to tip.
Scales.
□q
£1
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to
43
00 .
9 .
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Cl
REMARKS,
Aug.
26th
9
2'
am
°2
7 1//
' a
149
69
27th
9
2'
H"
H"
148
64
27th
$
1'
di"
6j"
144
80
27th
$
1'
lif"
7"
142
77V
28th
s
1'
j2
^4
147
64
28th
*
1'
^2
AMI
^4
144
81
28th
£
1'
3f
9
144
y
Sept.
4th
9
2'
3 s"
F.1II
148
6b
4th
a
1'
5 i"
5"
140
80
4th
9
1'
or
5"
148
67
4th
a
1'
3"
°8
146
82
4th
a
1'
9f"
6i"
139
78
4th
<?
1'
11"
6f"
143
79
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
1"
19
19
19
19-17
19-17
19
19
17
19-17
19
19
19
19
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
2 postoculars on right side
Died in captivity 14th
January 1905.
Died in captivity 23rd Jan-
uary 1905,
Tail incomplete.
Tail incomplete.
Labials 8, the 4th touching
the eye on left side occa-
sioned by confluence of
normal 4th and 5th. 5th
infralabial subdivided
both sides.
Internasal partially divided
behind mesially.
Internasal partially divided
behind mesially.
Zamenis mucosus.—A samp wallah on the 20th August brought one freshly
caught, and about 5$ feet in length. This when liberated attacked his
mongoose with great courage and determination, and inflicted a bite. When
separated it compressed its neck, and uttered that peculiar scolding sound
I have referred to in other notes in this Journal upon this snake. Another
specimen was sent to me dead, and measured 7 feet 4| inches. It was a male.
I measured the slough of one in the Bangalore museum which had just been
presented, and found it taped 9 feet 1£ inches, the tail being 2 feet 7£ inches.
Though I have heard of larger specimens this is much the largest measurement
of this species I. have personally become acquainted with , and this allowing for
considerable reduction for the stretching the slough undergoes. A native
official in the museum told me this snake is eaten by the Tigala caste of Tamils,
and he called a man of this caste employed in the garden. From him I elicited
the following information. He told me the snake is called by them " Jair
26
394 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XV L
potoo" which I am informed is Canarese '' jair " centipede, and " potoo ''
animal. (Rice in his work on Mysore, Vol. 1, p. 188, gives " kere" as aCanarese
name for this species.) It is much esteemed by them as food, and is reputed
of excellent benefit in the wasting of certain diseases. These people having
skined and cleaned it, cut off about 4 inches from the head and about
the same length in front of the vent. The rest is cut up into pieces, and
cooked, the flesh resembling chicken in colour and taste.
The same man told me water snakes, cobras, and other poisonous snakes were
disdained by his caste, and that none of the organs —bile, fat or other parts —
entered into their dietary, or medicines.
Coluber helena. — A nice little specimen was brought to me alive on the 6th
September which I killed on the 9th. Length 2' 2|", tail 6|". Ventrals 231, sub
caudals 94. It was an active restless little creature, and when teased showed
fight, by erecting and throwing its anterior body into broad sigmoid curves
which it straightened in the act of striking. It struck out repeatedly, and in
an upward direction much like Zamenis mucosus. Prior to striking when
poised ready for action, the neck was markedly compressed, and at the same
time the throat pouched and vertebral region correspondingly arched, exactly
as in Zamenis mucosus. The skin between the scales was brought well into
view, and was pinkish blue coloured, giving the reptile a Very strikingly hand-
some appearance.
Dryophis mycterizans. — Called by the Canarese " Hassru Muligay." It
appears to be common, as all the sampwallahs had one or more on show. When
poising preparatory to striking, the neck is much compressed, and at the
same time the throat pouched, but there is no bowing of the vertebral region
as in the last two snakes.
SCALfcS.
ca
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on
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,
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REMAKES.
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■S*d
52 c:
rt
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,
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& Eh
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25
X
a
d
£2
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•— ■ n-<
as
Q
CD
o
EH
2
ca
2-
<D
Sept.
5th
$
• » i
179
146
15
15
11
The List ventral divided.
7th
V
10J"
185
158
15
15
11
Contained a frog (Rana
tigrina).
23rd
$
...
176
169
15
15
11
P. WALL, C.M.Z.S.,
Captain, I.M.S,
vz.vbAi). llth February, 1905
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 395
No. XXV.— EGG-EATING COBRAS.
The interesting note of Mr. C. P. George's in the last Journal (page 174)
with reference to the hatching of a guinea-fowl's egg after its recovery from
a cobra's stomach, remarkable though it is, has an almost exact parallel which
Miss Hopley in her work on snakes relates (page GO). She mentions a cobra
being killed from which a hen's egg was extracted, marked, and placed under a
guinea-fowl which in due course hatched out.
F. WALL, C.M.Z.S.,
Captain, I.M.S.
Fyzabad, 17th February, 1905.
39G
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE MEETING HELD ON 22nd DECEMBER 1904.
A meeting of the members took place at the Society's rooms on 22nd
December 1904, Major C. G. Nurse presiding.
NEW MEMBERS.
The election of the following new members since last meeting was duly
announced : —
Life member : Meherban Piraji Rao Bapu Saheb Ghote, Chief of Kagal,
senior (Kagal, S.M.C.). Members : Mr. A. D. S. Arbuthnot, R.E. (Bombay) ;
Mr. L. Bagshawe (Bombay); Captain R. H. Griffith, R.F.A. (Kirkee) ;
Mr. E. Wilson (Dehra Dun) ; Rev. P. G, Tibbs (Deolali) ; Mr. W. H. Ruddle
(Secunderabad) : Mr. R. W. D. Ashe, I.C.S. (Nellore, Madras Presidency) ;
Mr. E. Pakenham-Walsh (I.C.S.), (Penukonda, Anantapur District).
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE MUSEUM.
Mr. H. M. Phipson, the Honorary Secretary, acknowledged receipt of the
following contributions to the Society's collection : —
Contribution.
Description.
Contributor.
1 Gadwall
1 Hobby
1 Common Indian Nightjar
(alive)
1 Large Pin-tailed Saud-
grouse
1 Green-Shank
1 Horsefields Nightjar ...
] Barn-Owl (alive)
1 Indian Koel (alive)
Some pearls and pearl shells
from Coast of Cutch....
1 Snake
1 Snake
3 Snakes
Chaulelasmus streperus
Faloo subbuteo
Caprlmulgus asiaticu*
> Ptcroclurus alchata .
Totanus glottis
Caprim ulguft macrurvs
Strix flammed
Eudynamis honorata
Psammophw leithii ...
Lycodon striatus ...
Typlilops bramirms ...
Mr. A. Dunbar-Braader
I.F.S.
Mr. J. D. Inverarity.
Mr. J. P. Chrystal.
H. K. the Maharaja of
Bikanir.
H. H. the Maharaja of
Bikanir.
Mr. R. G. Foster.
Rev. J. George, S.J.
Rev. J. George, S.J.
H. H. the Rao Paheb of
Cutch.
Capt. F. Wall, I.M.S.
Capt. P. Wall, I.M.S.
Capt. F. Wall, I.M.S.
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE LIBRARY.
These included 300 Zoological Records from 1896-97 and 1899 to 1902, from
the Trustees of the British Museum.
PAPERS READ.
The following papers were then read and discussed : — " Shell-fish and
their shapes, " by E. Comber, F.Z.S, " Description of two new Snakes from
Upper Burma," by G. A. Boulenger, F.R.S., V.P.Z.S. " Do wild animals ever
die of intestinal obstruction ?" by Col. W. B. Bannerman, I.M.S. "Melanism
in Black-Buck," by Major J. Manners Smith. "On fishes, from the Persian
Gulf, the Sea of Oman, and Karachi, " collected by Mr. F, W. Townseud. by
C. Tate Regan, B.Ar
PROCEEDINGS.
397
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE MEETING HELD ON THE 9th FEBRUARY 1905.
A meeting of the members took place at the Society's rooms on the 9th
February 1905, Mr. J. D. Inverarity presiding.
NEW MEMBERS.
The election of the following new members since last meeting was duly
announced : —
Mr. R. 0. Thompson (Bangkok, Siam) ; Mr. Hugh S. Gladstone (England) ;
Mr. H. C. Aberholser (Washington) ; Mr. R. D. Bell, I.C.S., (Poona) ; H. H.
the Sahebzada Nawab Mohammed Nasrulla Khan (Bhopal) ; Lieut. H. R.
Watson (Secunderabad) ; Mr. E. S. Rindley, C.E., (Raipur) ; Mr. K. B.
Williamson (Jubbulpore) ; Mr. S. W. Coxon (Damoh, C. P.) ; Major W. G. R.
Cordue, R.E. (Bombay) ; Capt. L. Hulke (Ajmere) ; Mr. Hans Blascheck
(Bombay) ; Mr. C. E. L. Gilbert (Dhulia).
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE MUSEUM.
Mr. H. M. Phipson, the Honorary Secretary, acknowledged receipt of the
following contributions since the last meeting : —
Contribution.
Description.
Contributor.
A collection of butterflies
Mr.
T. R D. Bell, I.F S
from N. Kanara.
Sarekliornis melanonotm ..
Mr.
W. F. L. Tottenham,
I.F.S.
Francul/nus vulgaris
Miorotus irachelex
Mr
R H Heath C E
Onl
. A. E. Ward.
Microtus stracheyi
Do.
Macropteryas eoronnta
Mr.
D. G. Hatchell.
Pellor neum ruficeps
Mr.
R. B. Woosnam.
Aleippc phaocr-phala
Do.
1 Southern Red-whiskered
Otooompsa juxHcandata ...
Do.
Bulbul.
1 Greenish Willow Warbler .
A oanthopneuste viridanus
Do.
Tnpaia elUoti
Do.
Croc/dura ccerulea
Do.
3 Jungle Striped Squirrels...
Sciurus tristriatus
Do.
1 White-tailed Eat
Mux Manfordi
Mus platythrix
Mux Sp
Do.
2 Brown Spiny Mice
Do.
Do.
1 Hammer-headed Oyster ...
Avicula vulgaris
Mr.
E. R. Jardine.
Zamenix fasciolatus
Halcyon pileata
Pol
W. Bannerman,I.M S.
P. R. Allen.
1 Black-capped Kingfisher...
Mr.
Mr.
Mr.
M. Mackenzie
Ardetta cinnamomea
Chettitlia leucwra ...
S. Armstrong.
Do.
1 Screech-Owl
Strix flammea
Mr,
C. H. Donald.
Circus macruvux ...
Do.
Pitta braehyura .,.
Gavialis gangeticus
h. ;
Do..
Skin of Fish-eatingCrocodile
from Sind.
5. Lord Lamington.
Herpestes urva
Mr.
H. Slade.
Aretomys himalayanvs
Strix flammed
Col
Mr.
A. E. Ward
Naranji Dwarkadas.
398 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol XVI :
PAPERS READ.
The following papers were read and discussed :■— 1. Shells : (&) Their uses
to Man, by E. Comber, F.Z.S. 2. King-Crows and Mynas as messmates, by
D. Dewar, I.C.S. 3. Occurrence of the Scaup Duck (Ni/roca marila) in
Oudh. by Captain F. Wall, I.M.S., C.M.Z.S. 4. Egg-eating Cobras, by
E. Brook-Fox. 5. Locusts. The Colouring of Acridium peregrinum, by
Cecil E. C. Fischer, I.F.S. 6. The Habits of the Leaf Butterfly (Kallima), by
E. Ernest Green, F.E.S. 7. The Breeding Seasons of Big Game in India, by
A. H. A. Simcox, I.C.S. 8. Notes on the Houbara, by R. H. Heath, C.E.
EXHIBITS.
The following interesting exhibits were placed before the meeting by
Mr. Comber, demonstrating some of the uses to which shells can be put : —
A number of dessert dishes, salt-cellars, spoons and ornaments, made from
shells, lent by Messrs. Bhicajee and Co., Bombay.
Conch or Chank shell {Turbindla rapa) with brass mouth-piece, used in
Hindu temples as a trumpet.
Giant Clams (Tridacna gi'jas) used as fonts in churches in France.
Cowries, used by Parsee Hat-makers for polishing cloth.
Cowries, used as money in India.
Bangles cut out of the Chank shell (Turbinetta rapa).
An assortment of buttons, studs, paper knives, spoons, penholders, sleeve-
links and knife handles.
3 Decorative panels of carved Mother-o'-pearl shell, lent by Messrs. Hinode,
and Co., Bombay.
3 Cameos and 1 pearl scarf pin, lent by Messrs. Marcks and Co., Bombay.
1 Revolver with Mother-o'-pearl handle, from Messrs. Hollis and Co.,
Bombay.
Seed pearls presented by H. H. the Rao Saheb of Cutch.
The shells used in India for making building lime.
The shells of edible species used in India as food.
i
o
M
^
Hi $
uj EH
tf) 3
UJ i,
I-
c5
JOURNAL
OP THE
BOMBAY
ml Itstarj! jlflririir.
Vol. XVI. BOMBAY. No- 3-
DESCRIPTION OF NEW SPECIES OF MOTHS
FROM INDIA AND BURMA.
By G. C. Dudgeon, f.b.s.
(Read before the Bombay Natural History, Society on 6th July 1905 )
ZYGMIDjE.
CHALCOSIIN^.
SOKITIA VIBIDIBASALIS, n. sp.
$. Head, thorax, first three abdominal segments dorsally and
whole of hindwing, which latter is unmarked, fuscous brown ; terminal
segments of abdomen dorsally and laterally light blue ; breast, under-
surface of abdomen and first joint of palpus buff-white; collar crimson.
Forewing rather narrow, dark brown with an almost straight, pale
primrose, oblique postmedial band from the costa at the end of the
cell to the posterior angle, this band is about 2£ millimetres in width
throughout and farther from the base than that of nigribasalis,
Hmpsn. ; all veins and interspaces on the basal two-thirds of the wing-
nearly as far as the pale band suffused with green ; veins from just
before the pale band and beyond it defined with blue-green, within
these limits there is no suffusion in the interspaces. Underside fus-
cous brown without the green suffusion ; the postmedial band broader
with a curved subapical light-blue band beyond it ; hindwing with the
whole of the cell, a streak on each side of vein lc. and a submarginal
series of four lunules light -blue.
400 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
This species differs from nigribasalis in the green suffusion on the
hasal two-thirds of the forewing, the position of the pale hand on the
same wing, and the ahsence of any markings on the hindwing. The
white undersurface of the abdomen and the blue lnnnles on the under-
surface of the hindwing are also distinctive marks.
Habitat. — Daunat Range, Tenasserim (Hauxwell). Exp. 36 mill.
Type — In coll., Dudgeon.
ACANTHOPSYCHE (METJSA) THEIVORA, 11. sp.
Characteristics. — Fore tibia with a spine : veins lb. and lc. of the
forewing anastomosing. Out of four examples in the Indian Museum
collection two have a veinlet from beyond the juncture of veins la and
lb. towards the inner margin and two are without a trace of this veinlet :
veinlets in the cells of both wings with long forks : a bar between
veins 7 and 8 of the hindwing.
$. Head, thorax, abdomen and both wings uniform fuscous.
Larval case composed of fragments and whole leaves attached to a
rather soft case. The food plant is said to be tea.
Habitat. — Sikhim. Exp. 30-33 mill. Type — Tn the Indian Museum
collection.
This species has been identified in the Indian Museum collection ,
one specimen said to be by Sir Geo. Hampson,
as Amatissa consorta, Tempi., but this is a pal-
pable error as both in form and neuration it is
widely distinct from that species. The neura-
tion best corresponds to lhat of the subgenus
Metisa of Acanthapsyche, but it will be seen
from the above description that it is not quite
normal. Both wings have vein 6 present and
Acanthopsyche (Metisa) thei- °
vom. Dudgeon. 4 and 5 from a point.
The absence or presence of a single veinlet from lb. towards the
inner margin in the forewing appears to be a character of not even
specific value.
Owing to the wrong identification of most of the insects of this
family in the Indian Museum collection, considerable confusion has
been caused in publications referring to them as agricultural pests.
Names seem to have been attached to specimens utterly regardless of
whether they were even genericaUy correct. Incredible as it may
seem, one describer has given a name' to an insect of which only the
DESCRIPTION OF MOTHS FROM INDIA AND BURMA. 401
larval case was known, the moth not having been procured. To give
a new name to a lepidopterous insect upon such data is equivalent to
the description of a new botanical species from the possession of a piece
of the root only.
PSYCHID.E.
Mahasena destructor, n. sp.
Characteristics.— F 'ore tibia with a spine : veins lb. and lc. of the
forewine anastomosing without veinlets to the inner margin: cell of both
wings rather long : (brewing with all veins present, 4 and 5 and 8 and 9
on long stalks, 6 reaching the margin close to termination of 5, veinlet
in the cell with very short fork or none : hind wing with 4 and 5 stalked,
vein 8 anastomosing with 7 twice, before and after the cell forming a
triangular areole and reaching the margin separated again. This latter
peculiarity I have not seen in any other species of the genus.
$. Head and thorax covered with long greyish hair, sides of
the latter defined with dark brown. Forewing
greyish brown with a slight cupreous tinge,
nervules defined with black, the basal two-thirds
of the interspace between 3 and 4 with an elongate
hyaline spot, a marginal triangular buff- white
spot between veins 6 and 7 and smaller buff
marks on the margin between veins 4 and 5
Mahasena destructor, Dud-
geon, and 7 and 8, these latter sometimes wanting.
Hindwing uniform cupreous brown with the veins slightly defined with
darker.
Larval case formed of twigs of the tea plant placed longitudinally.
Habitat.— Sikhim and Bhutan, 1,000-4,000 ft. Exp. 20-23 mill.
Type — In coll., Dudgeon. There are also six specimens of this
species in the Indian Museum, three of which are marked as tea pests
from Chittae-one- received from Mr. Wood -Mason.
This insect is the most destructive tea Psychid in the Darjeeling and
Terai districts and has long been confounded with Clania erameri, with
which it is superficially somewhat similar. It can be immediately dis-
tinguished by the forewing wanting red markings and by the position
of the elongate pale marginal or submarginal spot, a conspicuous one
filling the whole fork between veins 4 and 5 in C. crameri, whereas
M. destructor has the largest conspicuous pale spot between V9ins 3 and
4 and has only a marginal speck between veins 4 and 5.
402 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
NOCTUIDiE.
ACRONYCTIN^.
NONAGRIA UNIFORMIS, 11. sp.
Neuration. — Vein 6 of the forewing from the angle of the cell.
Section I, veins3 and 4 of the hindwing from the cell.
D„ Antennae of the male fasciculate.
$ aud 9 • Forewing uniform brownish ochreous sprinkled with
a few fuscous scales chiefly in the cell and on the inner and outer
margins, forming minute spots sometimes, one below the median ner-
vure before the origin of vein 2, one below vein 2 half-way to the outer
margin and two below vein 6, one of which is just beyond the discocel-
lulars and the other half-way to the outer margin ; the outer margin
defined with an internervular row of dark specks ; cilia long and
intermixed with fuscous. Hindwing pure white unmarked irridescent
near the base and below the costa. Sides of palpi and inside of tibia?
of forelegs of the male dark brown. Female with the antennae simple
and the palpi and forelegs unmarked.
Habitat. — Burogah, Bengal; Surat, Bombay. The larva is reported
as destructive to sugarcane. Exp. $ 29 mill.; 9 30-37 mill.
Types sent to British Museum.
This species differs from any other described Indian species of
Nonagria in that the antennae of the male are fasciculate combined with
veins 3 and 4 of the hindwing being from the cell. The collection of
dark scales forming specks on the forewing are placed similarly to those
found in Nonagria infer ens, Wlk.
Described from four specimens sent me by Mr. Maxwell -Lefroy and
received by him from Mr. Mackenzie, and from others collected by the
former gentleman in the Bombay Presidency. There are several
examples also in the Indian Museum collection.
ERASTRIAKffi.
Erastria niveiguttata, Dudgeon ; Jour. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc, Vol.
XIII, p. 85, plate II, fig. 4.; Dudgeon in Hmpsn., Jour. Bo. Nat.
Hist. Soc, Vol. XIV, p. 205.
Sikhim, 1,800 ft. Type in B. M. coll.
ACONTIANJ1.
Pterognia irrorata, n. sp.
Section II. B. Forewing with the cilia crenulate, outer margin more
•mgled. Male with antennae fasciculate, female minutely ciliate.
DESCRIPTION OF MOTHS FROM INDIA AND BURMA. 403
$t Forewing ochreous, suffused with pearly white and striated with
ferruginous, the striations coalescing on the discocellulars and below
the end of the cell also beyond the postmedial line towards the pos-
terior angle. The thorax and forewing clothed with large flattened
scales. Forewing with a pale subbasal line ; an antemedial whitish
line oblique to just below the origin of vein 2 whence it is waved to
the centre of the inner margin, this line as well as the basal portion of
vein 2 is defined outwardly with dark brown ; a black patch at each
angle of the cell ; a sinuous postmedial whitish line defined outwardly
with ferruginous ; a submarginal series of dark patches of scales below
veins 2, 3, 4 and 5. Cilia long and ferruginous, extending along the
inner as well as the outer margin. Abdomen and hindwing pale, the
outer area of the latter broadly fuscous. Retinaculum bar-shaped.
9. Differs from the male in being less ferruginous, the brown
striations being of a warmer tint. There is also a large gold lunate
spot on the discocellulars generally with a small gold spot attached at
its centre outwardly and a dark spot at its lower extremity. The
antemedial line is continued in its obliquity to the margin, meeting
the latter just before the origin of the postmedial line ; there is no dark
definition of vein 2. The antennae are minutely ciliate towards the
ends. Underside of both sexes with an oval buff discocellular spot
and broad marginal buff band on both vxings, the ground colour being
fuscous.
Habitat.— Sikhim 1,800 ft. Bhutan 2,500 ft. Exp. Male 40-43
mill. Female 44-48 mill.
The male is somewhat similar to P, striatum, Moore, from the
description, but is much larger and has the antennse fasciculate. The
"female is somewhat like P. episcopalis, Swinh., but has crenulated
cilia to the forewings and the metallic spot gold and smaller.
Described from four males and five females in my collection.
Sarrothropesle.
Barasa costalis, Dudgeon in Hmpsn. Trans. Ent. Soc, Lond., 1895,
p. 305 ; Dudgeon Jour. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc, Vol. XIII, p. 268,
pi. Ill, fig. 29. Sikhim ; Bhutan, 1,800-2,500 ft. Type in coll. Dudgn.
FOCILMSLE.
Zethes macaviata, Dudgeon in Hmpsn. Jour. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc,
Vol. XIV, p. 216. Sikhim, 1,800 ft. Type in B. M. coll.
This species superficially resembles a Macaria in markings.
404 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
EPIPLEMIM.
DlRADES UNICAUDA, HmpSn.
I have recently reared a number of both sexes of this species from
larvae found feeding upon the young leaves and buds of Gardenia.
The male is exactly similar in shape and markings to Hampson's
figure of JD trades binotata, Hinpsn., but cannot be identical with it, as
D. binotata is placed as synonymous with D. theclata, Moore, in Moths
of India, Vol. Ill, and this latter species is figured as having veins 2, 5,
6, and 7 developed in the hindwing of the male, which is not the ease
in my specimens. The females eared by me have all the veins of the
hindwing developed, and correspond fairly well with Hampson's figure
of Erosia unicauda in 111. Hot. VIII, tig. 21, which is undoubtedly a
female though recorded as a male. Were it not for the neuration of
D. theclata being distinctly shewn as more or less normally formed in
Moths of India and the sexual patch shewing it to be a male, I should have
said that the insect called D. theclata was the female of D. unicauda,
jiS the description of the former corresponds fairly well with the latter.
The accompanying sketch shews the neuration of the hindwings of
both sexes of D. unicauda bred by me.
Fold containing pale -
flocculent scales.
The larva is brownish grey covered over with shiny black tubercles
with yellowish suffusion round their bases each bearing a few short
hairs. The cocoon is formed of particles of mould or dry leaves wtbbed
together below or on the surface of the ground. My specimens were
in the pupa state for ten days and emerged in August and September.
The female insect has the forewing identically similar to the male,
but it is more violaceous. The hindwing is violaceous grey with the
media] line angled on vein 4, and the postmedial area with a somewhat
shining reddish subcostal patch. The tails are well developed at the
extremities of veins 4 and 7 and less so at vein 6. Vein 5 is very weak
but traceable nearly to the base, the discoce41ular veins are wanting.
(Vein 5 at first sight appears very distinct owing to its being in the
line of the wing fold, but it is scarcely recognisable in a transparency.)
DESCRIPTION OF MOTHS FROM INDIA AND BURMA. 405
PYRALIDiE CRAMBIN^
Chilo aukicilia, n. sp.
Antennae of the male flattened by coalescing lamellae separated dis-
tinctly.
g. Brownish ochreous, irrorated with fuscous ; a raised dark-
metallic spot in the cell, another at the origin of veins 4 and 5, one
above and one below vein 2 ; a few golden scales in and beyond the
cell ; a postmedial row of black dots incurved towards the costa with
golden scales upon them ; a marginal row of black dots ; cilia golden.
Hindwing brownish white, cilia slightly silvery.
9 . Differs from the male in being larger and in having the ground
colour pale ochreous with the metallic spots smaller. Antenna simple.
Habitat. — Burogah, Bengal ; Sikhim and Bhutan. Exp. Male
18 mill., female 25-27 mill.
Type sent to British Museum.
Described from one male received from Mr. Maxwell- Lefroy sent
him by Mr. Mackenzie and from five females in my own collection, one
of which had been marked " Platytes argentisparsalis, Hmpsn. " by
Sir Geo. Hampson. Mr. Mackenzie has found this insect doing damage
to sugarcane in company with Chilo simplex, and both species have
been reared by him.
ANEKASTIINiE.
POLYOCHA SACCHAEBLLA, n. Sp.
Section II, B. Differs from Sect. II, Hmpsn. in Moths of India,
Vol. IV, in vein 10 of the fore wing not being stalked with 8 and 9.
Antennee of the male with a large tuft of bicoloured scales in the sinus
at the base of the shaft and uniseriate rather shurt branches. Palpi
obliquely upturned in the male, rostriform in the female.
$. Head, thorax, abdomen and forewing uniform pale ochreous
brown more or less suffused with fuscous in and beyond the cell. Hind-
wino- white.
9 . Differs from male in wanting the fuscous suffusion except
slightly at the apex of the forewing.
Habitat : — Burogah, Bengal. E.rp. 32-34 mill..
Types sent to British Museum.
Several specimens of this spncies were sent me by Mr. Max well- Lefroy
reared by Mr. Mackenzie. It is said to be destructive to sugarcane in
Behar.
406
"THE" COMMON STRIPED PALM SQUIRREL.
By R. C. Wroughton, f.z.s.
(With a Plate.)
{Read before the Bombay Natural History Society on 6th July 1905.)
Blanford in his " Mammals" describes the common striped palm
squirrel under the name of Sciurus palmarum, L.
Since the " Mammals" was published, however, Mr. Thomas, in the
P. Z. S. (1897, p. 925), referring to a paper published by Dr. Forsyth
Major, on the subdivisions of the Sciuridai (P. Z. S., 1893, p. 179),
wrote : — " This general arrangement being founded on such a careful
and highly competent examination of the skulls and teeth, it was
evident that systematic workers would have to consider how
best they could utilise Dr. Major's invaluable contribution to the
subje t 1 would now venture to suggest that all thr sub-
genera (with the exception of Atlantoxerus) in Dr. Major's scheme
should be recognised, for ordinary systematic purposes, as full genera,
especially as all of them have long been considered as perfectly natural
groups and have been arranged as such in the revisions of Trouessart
and other authors."' Again in the "Ann : and Mag :" (1898, Ser. 7, Vol.
II, p. 249), Mr. Thomas wrote : — '' For the information of workers in
the East, to whom all the literature may not be accessible, it may be
noted that by the recent splitting up of Sciurus into several genera
the Indian squirrels — taking Blanford's 'Mammals' as a
standard — S. bicolor, indicus, macrurus belong to Batufa ; the species
(except rufigenis and lohriah) from ferrugineus to atridorsalis and also
maclellandi to Sciurus ; and S. rufigenis, lokriah, palmarum. tristriatus,
layardi, sublineatus, and berdmorei to Funambulus."
Hence in the Table on p. 370 of the " Mammals " if lohriah and rufi-
genis h& put under C and maclellandi under B. we shall have —
A = Gen. Batufa.
B = Gen. Sciurus.
C = Gen. Funambulus.
As a first step then our common striped palm squirrel becomes
Funambulus palmarum. But, since I obtained, in 1898, two striped
squirrels, within \ mile of each other, on the north bank of the Tap'ti
River, about 40 miles from Surat, 1 have felt convinced that more
than one form was lumped under the specific name palmarum. Lately
" THE" COMMON STRIPED PALM SQUIRREL. 407
I have had an opportunity of examining the skins and skulls in the
National Collection at South Kensington. Though the material avail-
able for study is unfortunately still very limited, there is enough to show
very clearly that there are at least two quite distinct forms : —
A. With three pale dorsal stripes and a bund of short, bright
rufous hairs along the underside of the midrib of the tail.
B. With an additional pale stripe on each side, sometimes indis-
tinct but always discernible, and having no rufous band of
short hairs under the tail.
My difficulty has been to decide which of these forms is the
palmarum of Linne and to settle the question 1 have gone rather
thoroughly into the literature.
Olusins, in 1606, described an animal under the name of Mustela
ajrkana. His description is confessedly based on a picture and some
notes, furnished to him by a friend, Jacobus PLiteau (of Rouen?)
He wrote of it "in utraque mandibula binis longioribus dentibus in
anteriore rictus parte proeditus : comedens, clumbus insidebat, anterioii-
bus pedibus cibum tenens et versans," which rather indicates a squirrel.
He added : "' Cauda quidem attollens, minime tamen supra caput retror-
quans sed in latum nonnunquam valde explicans, pavonis caudce pcene
instar." Any one who has watched the palm squirrel will recognise
this as a fair description of him, by a man who was mentally com-
paring him with the European squirrel. All this Clusius must have
got from his friend's notes, but when he adds " pedes in qulnque digitos
erant divisi, quaternos antrorsum spectantes quintum autem
brevem, retrorsum spectantem " he certainly was describing from his
picture.
There followed notices of this M. africana by —
Eusebius Nierembergius in 1635.
J. Jonston in 1657.
J. Ray in 1693.
but all these were merely paraphrases of, or extracts from, the original
account by Clusius.
In 1762 Brisson published his u Regnum Animale, " from which I
quote in full : —
" Sciurus palmarum ; Mus palmarum (Vulgo.)
Sciurus colons ex rufo et nigro mixti tceniis in dorso flavicantibus — •
L'Scureuil Palmiste,
2
408 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XV x
liaj. Syn. quad., p. 216.
Clus. Exot. p. 112.
Johnst. Quadr., p. 105.
Eus. Nieremb. Fig., p. 172.
Pili corporis ex rufo et nigro variegantur : pili caudoe supra ex nigro
et flavicante, infra vero sunt ex flavo rufe, cum duabus tceniis longi-
tudinalibus in utroque latere liigris, altera toenia etiam longitudinali
albicante utrinque teiminatis : tres sunt, insuper in dorso, secundum
ipsius longitudinem, tcenioe flavicantes, in utroque scilicet latere una,
alter in medio dorso.
Habitat — Asia, Africa, et America.."
There is a mark against this species which, as explained in his preface,
means a species " quam propriis oculis examinare mihi fiat concessum."
There are three points in this description to which I would call
attention, viz. : —
1. For the first time 6 pale dorsal stripes are mentioned.
2. The rufous band along the midrib of the tail below is distinctly
mentioned.
3. No mention is made of the three-toed fore-feet.
In 1766 was published the XII edition of Linne's " Systema
Naturae " (S. palmarum is not mentioned in the X edition). The notice
of this species (Lib. 1, p. 86) is as follows : —
Sciurus palmarum.
S. subgriseus, striis tribus flavicantibus, caudaque albo nigroque
lineata.
Sciurus coloris ex rufo et niffro mixti, lineis in dorso flavicantibus.
Briss : Quad : p. 1 56.
Mustela africana. Clus : Exot : p. 112. Raj : Quad : p. 216.
Habitat — America, Asia, Africa.
Cauda disticha erecta non abumbrans Pedes 4-5. Auricula? rotunda?."
In the absence of any specific indication in his own description the
fact that Linne quotes Brisson as his authority establishes the form with
3 pale dorsal stripes and a rufous band under the tail as the typical
palmarum, L.
The puzzling point is where did Linne get his character " Pedes
4-5 " ? for none of his authorities mention it. The only place he could
have found it was Vol. X of Buffon's ' Histoire Naturelle ' which was
published in 1763. J extract from it a description of" Le Palmiste."
>
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" THE " COMMON STRIPED PALM SQUIRREL. 409
" La Palmiste qui a servi de sujet pour cette description n' etait pas
adulte II y avait cinq doigts aux pieds de derriere et seule-
ment quatre a ceux de devant La couleur du poil de la
queue etait melee de gris et de brun noiratre qui semblait former des
anneaux forts etroits, chaque poil avait du noir pres dela racine, du gris
audessus du noir et enfin du noir a la pointe.
Jai observe un autre palmiste qui etait empaille et qui m'a paru de
meme espece que le precedent Les poils de la queue
formaient un panache, chaque poil etait de couleur rousseatre a son
origine, il avait ensuite du noir, du rousseatre, du noir et enfin
1'estremite etait blanche."
I have seen no specimen in which the hairs of the tail were tipped
with black. But whatever the immature specimen may have been the
other was almost certainly the same form as the one described by Brisson
and possibly the same specimen. Moreover Buffon's plate shows, as
clearly as is possible in an uncolour picture, the rufous band of short
appressed hairs on the undersurface of the midrib of the tail. ( Vide
plate which is carefully copied from Buffon's picture, omitting only
th;i background, and for which my acknowledgments are due to Miss
Edwards.)
Neither Brisson nor Buffon gives an exact locality for the specimen
on which he bases his description. But it would probably be the
E. coast of Madras ; at any rate in the absence of any more exactly
indicated locality I think we may accept the three striped form of
Madras as the typical form of Funambulus palmarum, L. and I
propose to make a new species for the five striped form under the name
of Funambulus pennant//.
FUNAMBULUS PALMARUM, L.
Sciurus penicillatus, Leach, Zool : Misc : Vol. 1., p. 6, 1814.
Funambulus indicus, Lesson, 111 : de Zool : PI. XLIIJ, 1832.
The individual hairs on the upper surface of the body, including the
fac3, vertex (which however is often strongly tinged, with red).
Shoulders and flanks are particoloured, or broadly ringed, with black
and dirty white or pale buff, the general result is a very finely speckled
appearance varying from red-brown to grey-brown according as the
pide portions of the hairs approach more or less to buff. On the back
there is a ' saddle -mark ' area always darker than the general body
colour and usually much redder or browner. This variation in colour
410 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI..
however seems to be purely individual for in the tine series of specimens
from Trivandrum there is a specimen in which this saddle-mark differs
from the body colour in little more than shade and even that only
slightly while in another it approaches black as in F. trisriatus. Waterh.
and there are all intermediate grades. Down the centre of this saddle-
mark, from the nape to the base of the tail is a pale coloured streak,
which corresponds in colour with the paler portions of the body hairs,
just inside the lateral edges of the saddlo-mark are two similar streaks,
parallel to the central one; the exact distance inside the edge of the
saddle-mark varies in different individuals. The lower surface of the
body from the chin to the vent and including the inside of the legs is
dirty white to pale buff ; where the upper and lower colours meet
along the sides there is often an area on which the pale belly colour is
strongly tinged with brick red. Lesson's plate of F. milieus represents
an exceptionally pale animal and shows the pale colour extending
from under the chin upwards over the cheeks to the eye:;, Leach's plate
of penicillatus does not; both forms are present among the Madras, &c,
specimens. The rump and lower surface of the tail are coloured a
bright cinnamon brown, the hairs on this red band of the tail are short
like those of the body while the rest of the tail hairs are long (1 inch or
more), and annulated, commencing with buff at the root, then black,
white, black and well marked white tips. Looked at from above the tail
appears to be obscurely, transversely barred black and white ; while
from below there is seen a central rufous band bordered with black
which again is bordered with white.
Length of head and body about 150 mm. ; tail about the same.
Habitat. —Madras.
F. tristriatus, Waterhouse, is apparently the forest form of j>almarum
and the latter is probably the former adapted to civilisation, though
having been named earlier it is senior ' systematically ' to tristriatus.
F. tristriatus is much the darker of the two, the palest specimen I ha\e
seen being darker than the darkest palmarum; the rufous vertex of the
head which is without exception in tristriatus is often absent in pal-
marum ; and the obscurely barred appearance of the tail of palmarum
is wanting in tristriatus, owing to the greater length of the white tips
of the hairs. Waterhouse gave no locality for the type of his tristria-
tus except ' S. India ' but there are specimens in the National Collection
from Madras (? Presidency) and Travancore. I have tabulated the
THE " COMMON STRIPED PALM SQUIRREL.
411
skull measurements of these as well as of the corresponding forms of
palmarum and of the specimen from Guzerath referred to at the com-
mencement of this paper. I have taken the measurements of the type
tristriatus from its skull but I find they agree almost exactly with those
given (in inches and lines) by Waterhouse in his paper in P. Z. S;,
1889, p. 118.
F. tristriatus.
F.
palmarum.
Z
a,
H
Average
Madras
specimens.
... 8 g
Average
IV adras
specimens.
Average
Travan core
specimens.
Guzerath
specimen.
Greatest length of skull
40-75
40-25
44
37'5
40-5
40
Zygomatic breadth ...
24
24
25
21
23
23-5
Interorbital breadth...
13*25
13
13-5
11
11-5
11-5
Length of nasals
1 2-5
13
14
12
12
12
L. of upper tooth row
9
8-5
9
7-5
8
8
Palate from henselion
19
1925
20'5
17
18
18
The way in which the increased skull measurements of Travancore
tristriatus, over the type, are repeated in palmarum is significant, and I
think justifies the separation of the Travancore form as a geographical
race or sub-species.
F. palmarum, L. comorinus sub. sp. n.
Differs from typhnis by its much soberer grey colouration and by its
larger skull measurements as given above.
Habitat. — Travancore.
Type. $ B. M. 95. 10. 9. 19. Obtained by Mr. H. Ferguson at
Trevandrum, 23rd January 1895. Many specimens.
FuN^MBULUS PENNANTII. Sp. 11.
Palm squirrel. Pennant, Hist. Quad. Ed. Ill, p. 149, 1793.
Habitat. — Mandvi Taluka of Surat District.
Type : $ B. M. 98. 4 2. 25. original number 45, obtained by myself,
27th February 1898. Length as in palmarum.
The body colouring is very much as in palmarum, comorimis but
along the outside edg? of the 'saddle mark,' on each side there is a
supplementary pale stripe. This stripe being bounded on the outer
412 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
side by the general body colour, and that tou at a point where it is
commencing to pale down to the meeting line with the belly colour,
seems often faint but is always discernible. There is no band of
short, rufous hairs along the midrib under the tail as there is in
palmarum. All the tail hairs are long, and ringed black and white
as in the upper tail hairs of palmarum.
Pennant gives no locality for the specimen he describes ; he says
however " Governor Loten did me the favour of informing; me that it
lived much in the coco trees and was very fond of ' sury ' or palm
wine, which is procured from this tree, from which it obtained the
name of ' suricatsje ' or the little cat of the ' sury.' " I have failed to
identify the ' Governor Loten' mentioned in this extract, but ' Hobson
Jobson ' gives ' sury ', or ' soure ' as a name used for toddy by
Tavernier (1663) and de la Boullaye le Gouz (1650). The latter cer-
tainly wrote from Surat so I think we may accept Guzerath as the
home of Pennants' Palm Squirrel. I have, therefore, taken the specimen
obtained by me in the Mandvi Taluka of the Surat District as the type
of a new species which I have named after the eminent English
Zoologist Pennant who first described it.
The following table gives the skull measurements of the type d
pennantii as compared with the Guzerath specimen of palmarum which
I obtained at the same time and with a form from Rawalpindi : —
Guzerath
palmonnn.
Typical
pennantii.
Rawalpindi
pennantii.
Greatest length of skull
40
39
38
Zygomatic breadth
23-5
22
22
Interorbital breadth ...
11-5
11
10-5
Length of nasals
12
1 1 -5
12
Length of upper tooth row ...
8
7
7
Palate from henselion
18
16
Hi
Funambulus pennantii argentescens, sub. sp. n.
The pattern of the colouration is identical with that of typical
pennantii ; it is much paler however and almost all rufous tint has dis-
appeared, the general body colour is a pale French grey and the stripes
" THE" COMMON STRIPED PALM SQUIRREL. 418
and belly bright white. The skull measurements given above indicate
a narrower face and somewhat longer muzzle and the animal generally
is somewhat smaller.
Type : 9 (B. M. 5. 4. 2. 3.) Original number 13 ; obtained by Major
Birrell, R.A.M.C., at Rawalpindi, 10th December 1900. Five speci-
mens (3 immature) presented to the Museum.
There are other specimens in the collection which seem to show that
there are other local races deserving separation, but no localities are given.
It would almost seem that palmarum is a South, and pennantii a
North Indian form, but there is not sufficient material available to
theorise profitably ; all that I can at present say is that they occur to-
gether on the West Coast at about 21° N. Lat. and even so much ' with-
out prejudice'. We know that in S. India where tristriatus occurs as the
Forest form, palmarum is found about human dwellings and cultivations,
where pennantii is the ' civilised' form, what is the Forest form? This
and the interesting question of geographical variation in the two species
must wait till more localised specimens are available. May I appeal to
members for specimens ? There is no difficulty in obtaining specimens
anywhere or at any time of the year ; printed instructions for ' mak-
ing ' specimens may, I believe, be obtained from our Hon. Sec. (if not
I shall be happy to furnish them to any one who will write to me) and
— experto crede — there is very little difficulty in ' making ' the speci-
mens— anv smart native servant can be taught to do it satisfactorily,
provided the measurements are personally verified. Any specimens will
be gratefully received by the Director of the Natural History Museum.
(Cromwell Rd., London, S.W.).
It remains only for me to record my obligation to Mr. 0. Thomas of
the N. H. Museum for the advice, sympathy and encouragement he
has given and always been ready to give me, and I wish also to ac-
knowledge the kindness of Mr. Gerrit S. Miller of the United States
National Museum, Washington, U.S.A., who, though he himself had
only a limited time for work at South Kensington, repeatedly spared
some of it to help a beginner.
414
ROUGH NOTES ON SIX COMMON HILL ORCHIDS.
By Major M. B. Roberts,
1/39th Garhwal Rifles.
With 3 Plates.
{Read before the Bombay Natural History Society on 6th July 1905.)
I have written the following rough notes on orchids (though abso-
lutely ignorant of the science of botany, I regret to say) partly on ac-
count of seeing an appeal to members to send in contributions to the
Journal and partly in the hope that some member well versed in the
subject may give us the benefit of his knowledge and experience in an
article or series of articles on orchids.
Of all the beautiful and interesting flowering plants, orchids form,
perhaps, one of the most interesting orders. And what, it may be
asked, causes so much interest to be taken in this particular order of
plants? The answer to this question is necessarily a long one ; but,
to put it as concisely as possible, the great attraction that orchids have
for one lies in : — (1) The enormous size of the order and its wide
distribution all over the world, except in the coldest regions ; (2) the
great beauty and delicious scent of the flowers of many kinds on the one
hand and the weird forms (often amounting to the mimicry of insects
and, it may be added, to the mimicry of evil smells — a Bulbophyllum
from Borneo imitates the smell of a dead animal) of some on the other ;
(3) the marvellous ways in which many genera propagate themselves or
can be artificially propagated and the even more wonderful means that
Nature has devised for their fertilisation by insect agency ; and (4) the
peculiar and widely differing habits that various genera exhibit both in
their modes of growth and of flowering. There are many other items
which one could add to this list, but the above will suffice.
But, unfortunately, there are several obstacles in the way of the
amateur who wishes to learn even a little of this large subject, chief
among which is the difficulty of obtaining any moderately priced and not
too scientifically written books on orchids. There are, of course, many
splendid scientific works on the subject which are comprehensible to the
botanist ; but these are not only very unintelligible to the ordinary
mortal, and are beyond the reach of most of us financially, but such
works can only be found in large libraries which do not exi*t where
many of us are stationed.
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What the amateur in India requires is a simply written, well illustrat-
ed book describing the best flowered varieties of orchids and giving
instructions how to grow them, water them, and allow them to rest ; the
latter being one of the most important points in growing orchids success-
fully.
Many of the finest orchids in existence come from Burma and Assam,
whilst India and Ceylon can boast of a great number of beautiful kinds.
So if only some one could be found to write a book on the lines above
suggested for the orchids of these countries, it would be a great boon to
us amateurs. I have seen large quantities of a lovely orchid ruthlessly
wasted out of sheer ignorance of the habits and requirements of the plant.
In the particular case referred to, these orchids were obtained from a
deeply shaded ravine, and, on arrival, they were put on the top of a dry
masonry wall in the blazing sun with the idea that they would flourish
there. Needless to say, they never flowered, and were soon scorched up
to nothing. If these same plants had been wired on to a large shady
tree, they would not only have flowered wTell, but, by now, would have
nearly covered the tree, and, for six weeks every year, would have been
a sight worth going far to see.
In the following notes on a few common local orchids it should be
noticed that they have special reference to orchids found in the Central
Himalayas between Naini Tal on the East and Mussoorie on the West,
for it seems quite probable that similar orchids obtained from Darjeeling
or Assam might be found at totally different altitudes, whilst their seasons
of growth, flowering, and rest would doubtless be much affected by the
differing climates of these localities.
1. Coelogyne cristata. (Plate A.) — A beautiful epiphyte, growing
mostly on oak trees or on well shaded rocks from 5,000 to 6,00U feet above
sea level. Season of rest, October to February (inclusive). Season of
flowering, March and April. Season of growth, immediately after
flowering till September. This is a handsome evergreen plant, composed
of a strong ground-stem, from below which the wiry roots grow, while
from the top at intervals the semi-transparent green pseud obulbs are
thrown out, one every year. These pseud obulbs are about two inches
long, and in all orchids possessing them they form the natural reservoirs
from which the plant keeps up its strength during the season of rest ; at
the end of the growing season they have become very fully inflated as it
were, whilst by the end of the season of rest they are much shrivelled,
3
416 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
though still containing moisture. From the top of each bulb grow two
lance-shaped leaves which last for three or four years. The flower stalk
begins to show in February from below the last-formed pseudobulb.
The normal number of flowers in the wild plant is five, though six are
occasionally found. They measure about three inches across, are pure
milk-white with beautifully waved, petals and sepals, and have a yellow
stain on the lip and its crests.
It is a pity to cut these lovely flowers, for they soon fade : if required
for table decoration, it is better to include the stem with two or three
pseudobulbs and roots complete, for the latter can easily be hidden in
moss, and under these conditions the flower will remain perfect for three
or four weeks with a little ordinary care ; and when it shows signs of
fading, the plant can be wired on to the bark of a shady tree, with the
certainty that it will grow and. thrive and flower again next year.
Nest to growing these orchids on shady trees or rocks, the most
effective way is to plant them in a large shallow wooden tub which is
easily made out of the bottom of a cask. This tub must be well drained
with large holes cut in the bottom, and it should be raised, off the ground
to prevent any chance of the drainage holes becoming filled up with soil.
It should be filled with lumps of charcoal of all sizes, pieces ofbroken pots
or brick, bits of fibrous wood, a few dead leaves, and a little sand the
mixture should quite fill the tub and be higher in the centre. Then the
plants (having had all useless old stems, pseudobulbs, and roots cut off) are
laid on, and their roots covered over with moss, the whole being secured
with copper wire. Such tubs should be looked to every year, for these
orchids grow fast, and overcrowding only leads to much deterioration.
Water should be given very sparingly when the plants show signs of
flowering, and in increasing and finally large quantities during the season
of growth, at the end of which it should be gradually diminished and then
entirely stopped. On no account should water be given to any orchid
(except in very small quantities) during the season of rest, for by doing
so either the plant will be forced into fresh growth at an unnatural season,
or, should the flowering season be near, it will be found that this causes
the newly formed flower buds to shrivel up and drop off — to " damp off '
as it is technically termed. The only exception that should be made to
this rule is in the case of a weakly plant which it is necessary to force
into strong growth, but in this case no flowers can be looked for until
the following year.
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ROUGH NOTES ON SIX COMMON HILL ORCHIDS. 417
2. Ccelogyne ochracea. (Plate A.) — An epiphyte which particu-
larly affects oak and rhododendron trees, the latter for choice, and
one that grows within a very restricted area of elevation at about
5,500 feet. The whole plant is smaller and more compact than the
last species, its pseudobulbs and leaves are much yellower in colour,
and the flowers are smaller and are produced on upright stems instead
of on drooping ones. The flowers are very sweet scented at times,
the scent resembling that of a carnation. When the flowering is over
the bottom of the flower stem itself developes into the new pseudobulb
with its two lance-shaped leaves, so that in an old plant the flower-
stalk bearing one or more seed vessels is seen to be growing out of the
top of the pseudobulb instead of from below as is the case with
Ccelogyne cristata. The flowers are creamy-white, with yellow and
ochre markings on the lip.
Season of rest, October to April. Flowering season, throughout
May. Season of growth , June to September.
3, Dendrobium amoenum. (Plate B.) — On trees of all sorts,
batween 4,500 and 5,500 feet elevation. The pseudobulbs of this
orchid (as of most, if not all, Dendrobiums) are the jointed reed-like
stems of the plant itself, which grow to about two feet in length.
About April the joints of last year's stems (particularly all the upper
ones) will be seen to be swelling, and gradually these swellings will
dsvelop into buds, two or three at each joint; and, if the plant be a fine
specimen, the splendid show of flowers makes up for the want of leaves,
for, unfortunately, this Dendrobium is not evergreen, but drops its leaves
annually. Whilst flowering, or just after, the new growth will be
observed pushing its way from the base of the flowering stem, and as it
grows it throws out small lance-shaped leaves from the joints. The
flowers, which measure about two inches across, are white with magenta
tips to the petals, sepals and lip, whilst the latter is marked with yellow
inside as well. The flowers have a delicious scent of violets. I have
never observed this orchid flowering from stems more than one year
old, whereas many Dendrobiums go on flowering from old stems for
years.
Season of rest, October to April. Flowering season, during May.
Season of growth, June to September.
Many Dendrobiums are easily propagated by cutting off an old stem
and laying it in moss kept thoroughly damp, thus inducing young plants
418 JOURNAL, BOMBA Y NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XV J.
to be thrown out at some of the joints. When these are sufficiently
grown, the old stem is cut away immediately above and below each, and
the young plants caD then be grown in a pot or on a block of wood
with a little moss, or be wired on to a tree ; but Dendrobium amoinum
is very shy of this sort of treatment, though it will occasionally develop
young plants.
4. Auricles multiflorum (also known as A. affine.) (Plate B.) — A
compactly growing little plant, living entirely on trees at from o,000 to
4,50u feet elevation. The general appearance of the plant is a bunch of
spotted, brownish, leathery leaves, much curved, channelled, and unevenly
dented at the top. From this bunch of leaves the flower stalks hang-
surrounded by their cylindrical masses of densely packed pretty little
rose-coloured flowers. . The iErides have no pseudobulbs on which
to depend for nourishment during their season of rest, so one imagines
that the fleshy leaves and numerous roots have to answer the purpose.
But, curiously enough, these orchids are usually found in dry situations,
so it seems probable that a somewhat dry treatment would best suit
them.
5. jErides odoratum. (Plate C.) — An epiphyte found between 3,000
and 4,500 feet on trees only. Unlike the last species which has numer-
ous, but flat, roots that burrow deep into the moss on the large branches
of trees, this orchid is provided with very long, round elastic roots
which fasten themselves firmly here and there to the smaller branches
on which no moss grows. It is, therefore, much more one's precon-
ceived idea of what an iErides or " Air Plant " should be.
The flowers are, perhaps, more curious than beautiful, being very
fleshy in texture, and are very sweet scented. They are cream-
coloured with amethyst shading, and have a curious up-turned spur at
the back. When the flower spike first begins to form, it is covered
with a gummy substance. The flowers are somewhat variable in their
time of appearance, but are usually to be found out in May, June
and July. Like all our Himalayan orchids, this species does most of
its growing during the rains. Its season of rest may be put down
between October and April. With regard to the watering of this
genus, as of all orchids which have no pseudobulb, the best rule to go
by seems to be never to allow the leaves to shrivel.
6. Phaius albus. (Plate C.)— Authorities appear to differ as to the
naming of this genus, some adhering to Phaius or Phajus, whilst others
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ROUGH NOTES OX SIX COMMON HILL ORCHIDS. 419
insist that it should be Thunia. However, the name here given was
received from the late Director of the Botanical Department of
Northern India on sending a specimen to be named by him, and this is
good enough for an amateur who knows nothing and cares less about
the warfare between Phaius and Thunia. These orchids grow both on
trees and rocks. They have curved stems up to about two feet in
length, thick at the base and tapering to a fine point. These in the
young growth are clothed with leaves from top to bottom, the lower
ones being small and roundish, while the upper ones are lance-shaped :
all are of a slightly bluish tinge, and they all clasp the stem. One of the
advantages of this orchid is that its flowers appear on the com-
pletion of the new growth and on the same stem as the leaves,
which adds much to its beauty. The flowers are very handsome
and continue to be thrown out from the end of the stem in
succession for a considerable time. They are very large and pure white,
except the lip which is marked with yellow on the top and with fine
purple lines in the throat. The lip, too, is exquisitely frilled and covered
with very fine crystalline hairs. Phaius albus has a large range,
growing from 3,000 to nearly 6,000 feet above the sea. Season of
rest, October to April. Season of growth (during which also they
flower), May to September. They usually flower in July and August.
It is stated that this is the only orchid from which cuttings can be
taken and that it is only necessary to cut up an old stem (at the time
when the new growths have fully developed) into equal portions and
put them in a pot as though they were ordinary cuttings. But this
orchid of its own accord throws out many young plants from the old
nearly dried up stems ; so all that need be done is to cut off" such a
stem, tack it on to the bark of a tree, and assist the young roots to take
by fastening a little damp moss over them.
Watering. — Wild orchids will always be found in such situations (the
rounded branches of trees or steeply sloping rocks) that perfect drainage
at their roots is assured. There are of course exceptions or apparent,
exceptions, such as some of the Cymbidiums which delight in getting
their large fleshy roots into a hole containing much decayed matter and
holding ;i considerable amount of moisture ; but these orchids are,
perhaps, more terrestial than epiphytal in their habits. Others, again,
which appear to us to be placed by Nature in very open dry situations,
probably receive much more moisture than we imagine from the
420 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
tremendous drenching dews that fall at night from October to April
(the season of rest, be it noted) ; and these latter orchitis will frequently
be found to be those for whom Nature has provided no regular reservoirs
in the form of pseudobulbs. Looking to all these circumstances, the
nearer we can follow Nature, or even go further and assist her by
offering additional water in an exceptionally dry season, probably the
better our results will be.
Practically all orchids require copious watering during their growing
season.
Perhaps it is unnecessary to add that rain water is best, river water
next best, and spring water the worst. But the matter is rather an
important one.
Copper wire and copper tacks only should be used for wiring orchids
on to trees, baskets, tubs, &c, as it does not injure the plants or their
roots.
Exporting orchids is a very simple and easy matter, and a few hints
may not be out of place here. October and November are quite the
best months at all events as far as Himalayan orchids are concerned, for
they have stopped growing then and have begun to rest, and even if
they arrive at home in frosty weather, it does not seem to affect the
hardier kinds. Orchids are more frequently killed than not, and always
seriously damaged if packed during their growing season. The plants
should be taken from trees and rocks with ordinary care so as not to
damage new roots especially, and should then be placed in dry, but
shady, situations, where there is plenty of air, to allow of their becoming
thoroughly dry. This treatment should last for about a fortnight, and
the plants can then be packed tightly with plenty of dry moss ( to
prevent shaking ) into an ordinary wooden case, such as a box to hold
a dozen of wine. No air holes are necessary, provided the plants have
been well dried. It might be as well to print on the box : — " NOT
TO BE STOWED NEAR THE BOILERS." A small lead label,
marked with a number, may with advantage be tied on to one specimen
of each species packed in the box, and a list containing similar numbers
be posted home, under each of which is given the name, locality,
habits, and any other information thought needful regarding each
kind that has been despatched. Orchids sent home as above recom-
mended sixteen years ago from here are still thriving and flowering
splendidly every year.
421
BIRDS NESTING IN TBE MURREE HILLS AND GULLIES.
By Lt.- Colonel R. H. Rattray.
Part I.
(With Plates A and B.)
{Read before the Bombay Natural History Society on 6th July 1905.)
The scope of this article is the hills round our Punjab hill station of
Murree with an altitude of 6,000 feet to about 7,300, and the neighbour-
ing hills at Changla and Dungagalis. The hills run up to about 9,000
feet near these stations, with a hill, Miranjani, near Dungagalis
about 1 0,000 feet. The hills are for the most part well wooded.
I propose giving an account of two years' nesting in these hills. The
illustrations are photographs taken by me on the spot, with the imme-
diate surroundings of the nests as little interfered with as possible.
Oates' and Blanford's numbers are used.
4. Corvus machrorhynchus.— The Jungle-Crow.
Very common in all the hills up to 9,C00 feet. Breed freely. All the
nests I have seen were on high fir trees.
13. Urocissa flavirostris. — The Yellow-billed Blue Magpie.
These birds are not rare round Murree, but I did not find many nests.
The two nests found were slight rough structures, at no height up the
trees ; both were on oak trees. Around Dungagalis this was one of the
common birds. I took some 14 or 15 nests during May and June.
The colour of the eggs is very variable, but the shape very constant, a
long narrow egg much pointed at small end.
24. Garrultjs lanoeolatus. — The Black-throated Jay.
Very common both round Murree and the Galis. Breed as usual
during May and June.
26. Garrultjs bispecularis. —The Himalayan Jay.
A common bird, but nests difficult to find. At Murree I only took
one nest ; this was on 16th June 1903 ; it contained one young one just
hatched and 2 hard-set eggs. This year round Changla and Dungagalis
I obtained 4 or 5 nests. The nest and eggs are almost indistin-
guishable from those of last species, but are, as a rule larger.
31. Parus atriceps. — The Indian Grey Tit.
Common, and breed in holes in trees and houses at Murree, but I did
not see any on the higher hills round or at the Galis. I do not think
they breed above 6,500 feet in these hills.
422 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
34. Parus monticola.— The Green-backed Tit.
Very common on all the hills, and breeds everywhere. It is a very
familiar bird and nests near houses, often in holes in walls of houses.
35. jEgithahscus erythrocephalus.— The Red-headed Tit.
Common at Murree, but less so in the higher hills of Changla and
Dungagalis. Nests generally in low bushes, but at Murree I once found
a nest some 40 feet up in a fir tree, built in a clump of fircones. I onlv
obtained one nest at Changlagali.
42. Maohlolophus xanthogenys. — The Yellow-cheeked Tit.
Rare. I took two nests at Murree and did not see the bird this year
round the Galis. This bird is more of a forest bird than the other tits,
and always builds in holes in trees. I have never seen them round
houses.
44. Lophophanbs mrlanolophus. — The Crested Black Tit.
Rare in Murree, but common in all the higher hills, -one of the
commonest birds on Miranjani. Nests in my experience in holes in
trees, but at Dungagali I found one nest in a hole in the wall of the
house occupied by the Chaplain. It was within 2 feet of a door through
which servants were passing in and out all day.
91. Trochalopterum simile. — The Western Variegated Laughing-
Thrush.
Very common both round Murree and the Galis up to 10,000 feet.
Nests generally about 15 to 20 feet up in a fir tree, often quite at
the end of the bough. Eggs generally 3, but I have found 5. I
once at Murree found a cuculine egg in a nest of this bird, I think
the egg of Hierococcy.c sparverioides<i\\e, Large Hawk- Cuckoo. I also
on one. occasion found an egg of this bird in a nest of Rhyacornis full-
ginosus, the Plumbeous Redstart.
99. Trochalopterum lineatdm. — The Himalayan Streaked
Laughing-Thrush.
I think the commonest bird round Murree and the Galis. This bird
is constantly selected by cuckoos to act as foster parent, generally I
think by Cuculus micropterus. — The Indian Cuckoo. My illustration
is of a nest in a low thick bush that looks like a species of Rue, about 3
feet from the ground.
187. Myiophoneustemmincki. — The Himalayan Whistling-Thrush.
Common. Breeds both at Murree and the Galis. Nothing particular
to notice about the bird.
BIRDS NESTING IN THE MURREE HILLS. 423
191, Larvivora brunnea. — Indian Blue Chat.
Common at Murree, less so in the higher bills. 1 found one nest high
up on Miranjani hill. This bird invariably builds either at roots of
bushes or in the sheltered sides ot nullahs. It is a shy bird and keeps to
thick undergrowth. The male has a shrill loud alarm cry of several
notes when its nest is approached ; the female sits close. The nest of this
bird is very commonly selected by Cuculus mlcropterus to deposit its
eggs in. It breeds late. I have found- most nests in end of June and
beginning of July. Eggs clear deep blue, unspotted or marked.
204. Lioptila capistrata. — The Black-headed tSibia.
Fairly common, nests very hard to find; they are generally high up
in a dense fir tree. The nest is a very neat structure and generally
placed low down in a bough. Eggs pale blue, in some almost white,
spotted and boldly blotched with red marks like dried blood and a few
subsidiary markings greyish purple. The birds often give away the
nesting site by keeping up a shrill cry. They desert the nest if the tree
is climbed, even when the nest is not touched by hand. 1 have taken
nests both at Murree and Dungagali.
226. Zosterops palpebrosa.— The Indian White-Eye.
Common low down round Murree. All nests I have taken were sus-
pended between 2 small twigs in a bush about 3 to 5 feet from th? ground.
1 took two nests in 1904 near Changlaouli • one contained five eggs,
237. Pteruthius erytrropterus.— The Red-winged Shrike-Tit.
The birds are fairly common round Murree and Dungagali from 7,000
feet upwards, but the nest is, I think, without exception the most diffi-
cult to find. It is a strong neat cradle suspended between 2 twigs always
high up near top of the tallest trees. During 1903 I found 3 nests —
2 on fir trees and one on a tall oak tree ; one nest contained 3 eggs.
The eggs are peculiar : a broad oval in shape, of a pinkish white, with a
mass of claret-ooloured spots almost forming a cap round broad end.
More liken bulbul's than anything else.
260. Cephalopyrus flammiceps. — The Fire-cap.
This beautiful little bird is rare near Murree, but quite common on
the high hills near Galis. I obtained one nest only with young ones at
Murree and 5 or 6 nests at Dungagali. The nests are always at least 20
feet up in a small hole in a tree, and unless the bird is seen carrying
building materials, is impossible to find. Eggs very fragile, of a very
pah) blue, 3 or 4 in number.
4
424 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. AVJ.
269. Hypsipetes psaruides. — The Himalayan Black Bnlbnl.
Common at Murree, less so at the Galis. Nothing new to remark
about nesting habits, etc.
321-3. Sitta ledoopsis. — The White-cheeked Nuthatch.
Fairly common above 8,000 feet. None near Murree. A common
nestino site is rnVh up in a tall fir tree that has been struck by light-
ning and cracked down the centre ; a convenient place in this crack
is selected. Eggs 5 to 8 in number. I obtained seven nests round
Dungagali and Miranjani in June. I saw many pairs, but failed
to find the nest, as the bird is very cautious in approaching the
nest hole.
328. Dicrurus longioaudatus. — The Indian Ashy Drongo.
Common from Murree to Dungagali. Nests very difficult lo get
down, as they are generally at the end ot a very thin branch. At
Murree I found an egg I attribute to Surniculus lugubris in a nest of
this bird,
341. Certhia himalayana. — The Himalayan Tree-Creeper.
Very common. I took numerous nests at Murree, Changla and
Dungagalis. The nests are generally fairly low down under a piece of
bark in a fir tree. Most nests found in May, a few in June. The illus-
tration shows fairly the site of nest which was placed under the bark
under the small cross, a few pieces of grass, etc., showing. The tree was
a large fir that had been struck and cut down by lightning.
342. Certhia hodgsoni. — Hodgson's Tree-Creeper.
Very rare. I once found a nest with 3 very hard-set eggs on the
highest point near Murree, shooting the hen bird off nest. Height about
7,500 feet. This is the only instance in which I have seen the bird,
and had I not shot the bird I should have taken it for C. himalayana.
It is possible birds are missed on this account. The eggs are exactly
similar to those of C. himalayana.
415. Phylloscopus proregultjs. — Pallas's Willow- Warbler.
Common and breed freely round Changla, Dungagalis and Miran-
jani. I took eggs from 6 nests in one week on top of Miranjani from
9,500 feet to 10,000 feet. Nests difficult to find, as the bird is wary and
nosts are often high up in a fir tree.
418. Phylloscopus humii. — Hume's Willow -Warbler.
Very rare. I had no idea this bird was found near any of the hills
round till I found a neat with 4 much incubated eggs, shooting the hen
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BIRDS NESTING IN THE MURREE HILLS. 425
bird off nest. The bird was a typical humii. Nest on the ground near
root of a tree and made almost entirely of fine grasses domed over ;
very neatly lined with very fine grass. No feathers.
422. Acanthopneuste viridanus. — The Greenish Willow- Warb-
ler.
Very rare. It is possible the bird is otten overlooked owing to its
general likeness to others of the genus. I found one nest on 1st July
190-4, shooting the hen bird off nest myself. The nest was marked down
by one of my collectors, so I went with him and took eggs and shot the
bird. The eggs looked small for a magnirostris, but when I examined
the bird I saw I had got a prize. The nest was under the roots of a tree
in a cutting, the earth had been washed away leaving a tangle of roots.
Nest a mass of moss forming a cup with a neat lining of fine grasses.
Eggs 4, slightly incubated and pure white ; size about the same as
Acanthopneuste occipitalis.
424. Acanthopneuste magnirostris. — The Large-billed Willow-
Warbler.
Fairly common. This bird was first discovered breeding near
Changlagali by Major K. Buchanan. I maJe a great search with 3
collectors, and between us obtained about 5 nests during the end of June
and first half of July. The nests are very difficult to find and all of
one type and in similar situations as the last species ; all were in a tangle
of roots on sides of roads where the earth had been washed away.
Nest of moss more or less domed and lined with grasses, but no inner
lining of very fine grass. Eggs pure white. I noticed one peculiarity
about this bird : generally one egg was laid with a break of a day before
the second was laid, then two and sometimes four days passed without a
third egg, then 2 more on successive days. I found up to 5 eggs in a
nest, but I think 4 the usual number,
428. Acanthopneuste occipitalis. — The Large-crowned Willow-
Warbler.
Very common, especially round Murree. Nests in almost any
situation. I found them in holes in trees, in banks, in stone walls, under
eaves in houses, and under a large stone in a deep ravine. Nest hole
almost always lined below and sides, leaving a small hole towards top.
I have found 5 eggs of Cuculas saturatus and 3 of Cticuh/s poliocepJialus,
in these birds' nests. On two occasions the nest was the full depth of
my arm inside tree stumps.
426 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XV J.
429. Acanthopneuste trochiloides. — Blyth's Crowned Willow-
Warbler.
Not common. I think the nests of these birds are often left undis-
turbed, being mistaken for last species. I procured 2 nests at Murree
in 1903, both in holes in stone walls supporting banks. Nest and eggs
similar to last species, but a good deal smaller as a rule.
434. Cryptolopha xanthoschista. — Hodgson's Grey-headed Fly-
catcher- Warbler.
Decidedly rare. I have seen very few birds and only once procured
eggs, shooting the bird near Changlagali.
458. Suya CRINI«ERA,— The Brown Hill-Warbler.
Quite common I obtained numerous nests at Murree, Ghangla
and Duneragalis.
495. Pericrocotus brevirostris. — The Short-billed Minivet.
Common everywhere. I obtained nests at Murree, Changla and
Dungagalis. I think these are without exception the most beautifully
made nests I have ever seen. Always high up in trees and often almost
inaccessible. The eggs match nest exactly. Some 7 or 8 nests taken
at Murree were on Hr trees, one on horse chestnut. At Dungagali I saw
5 nests on a wild cherry tree and 2 on chestnuts and only one on a fir-
tree. A few nests had a few feathers as lining. My photographs show
two types of nests — one high up on a thin cherry tree, and the other
placed on a thin bough of chestnut tree.
505. Campophaga melanoschista. — The Dark-grey Cuckoo
Shrike.
Birds not rare, especially at Murree, but nests very hard to find; they are
very small for the bird and always at the top of very high trees. At Murree
in 1903 I found 3 nests with young birds in beginning of July. This year,
1904, I procured one nest on 20 th May 1904 with one fresh egg.
518. Orioltjs kundoo. — The Indian Oriole.
Common near Murree about 5,500 fee\ I saw some nests, but did
not take them down.
5 1 9. Orioltjs galbula. — The European Oriole.
On 18th June 1903 1 found a nest of this bird at Murree with 2
much incubated eggs. There is no doubt about the identity, as I shot
the male off nest, and as it seemed different, I shot 3 males of Oriolus
kundoo and compared them. Nest in a similar situation to Oriolus
kundoo ; one egg had brown spots instead of black.
BIRDS NESTING IN THE MURREE HILLS. 427
544. Tbmbnuohus pagodarum — The Black-headed Myna.
Rare. I obtained one nest, shooting the bird below Dungagali about
5,000 feet elevation. This is the only occasion on which I saw the bird.
549. Acridotheres tristis. — The Common Myna.
Common all round Murree, but none at Changla or Dungagalis : from
this it appears the bird does not ascend the hills above 7.000 ft.
552. iEiHiOPSAR fusous.— The Jungle Myna.
Common round Murree, but like the last, none at Changla or Dunga-
galis.
558. Hemichelidon sibirica. — The Sooty Flycatcher.
Very rare near Murree, but common above 8,000 feet. I hardly
went a day into the higher hills without seeing 2 or o pairs. The nests
are, however, difficult to find, and situation various, often against side of
a tree trunk within reach of the hand, and just as often 40 feet up a
fir tree resting on the bough some distance from tree trunk. I obtained
some 12 or 13 nests during June and July this year (1904).
568. Cyornis superciliaris.— The White-browed Blue Flycatcher.
Common everywhere. I could have taken any number of nests
I wished both at Murree and the Galis.
579. Stoparola melanops. — The Verditer Flycatcher.
Very common round Murree, but less so near Changlagali. I saw
very few birds near Dungagali.
592. Culioicapa CEYLONENSis. — The Grey-headed Flycatcher.
Not common. I saw a few birds round Murree and obtained one
nest ; they were not common in the Galis.
594. Niltava sundara.— The Rufous-bellied Niltava.
Common round Murree about 6,000 ft., but none at either Changla
or Dungagalis. Nests difficult to find. Generally placed in a hole in
the bank of shady nullah, but I have found them in a hole in a tree
stump and at the roots of bushes. I once found an egg of Cuculus
canorus in a nest of this bird.
604. Rhipiduha albifrontata.— White-browed Fantail Flycatcher.
I saw 2 or 3 pairs of these birds and am sure from their actions they
had a nest near, but as I did not want eggs I did not trouble about the
nest.
610. Pratincola maura. — The Indian Bush-Chat.
Common round Murree. I obtained a great many nests there. I
saw birds near Dungagalis, but did not hunt up their nests.
428 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
615. Oreicola ferrea. — The Dark-grey Bush- Chat.
Common round Murree, Changla and Dungagalis. I also saw them
near the top of Miranjani, 10,000 ft. Numerous nests and on one
occasion an egg of Cuculus mnorus, the Common Cuckoo, in a nest of
this bird.
630. Henictjrus maculatus. — The Western Spotted Forktail.
Common round all the hills near water. Eggs taken at Murree,
Changla and Dungagali.
637. Microcichla scouleri. — The Little Forktail.
Decidedly rare. I only saw the bird near Changlagali and obtained
3 eggs on point of hatching out. Nest and eggs similar to those de-
scribed first by me in this Journal and subsequently by Mr. Osmaston.
638. Chimarrhornis lbctoocephalus. — The White-capped Red-
start.
Very rare : one nest was taken by Major K. Buchanan near Changla-
gali. I did not even see a bird.
646. Rhyacornis puliginosus. — The Plumbeous Redstart.
None at Murree, but common near every mountain stream round
Changla and Dungagalis. I obtained 7 nests this year (1904) during
June. Number of eggs vary from 3 to 6 ; general number four.
653. Tarsiger ohrys/EUS. — The Golden Bush-Robin.
Very rare. I only saw one pair near Murree and obtained the nest
with 3 fresh eggs and one of Cuculus micropterus. My collectors
found the nest building and informed me. I went and looked it up
some ten days later, and was surprised to see a strange bird leave the
nest. I hid myself and shot the hen as she returned to her nest. Nest
in a hole in a bank, rather large, made of dead leaves and moss lined
with fine grasses. The hole was under a large stone. I failed to shoot
the male, but saw him.
657. Adelura C2Eruleicephala. — The Blue-headed Robin.
Very rare, only found near the top of Miranjani. The nest and
eggs were first taken there by Major K. Buchanan, hard set, about end
of May. This year we were up during last week of May and found 4
nests with young ones. Nest in a hole in stump of dead tree exactly
similar to one described by Wardlaw Ramsay (from Major Buchanan's
account). Eggs also agreed with Wardlaw Ramsay's eggs.
(To be continued.)
429
THE ORCHIDS OF THE BOMBAY PRESIDENCY.
By G. A. Gammie, f.l.s.
Part I.
The following descriptions and remarks, unless otherwise duly
specified, are not to be taken as altogether of general application to the
order in their nature, because they are purposely restricted to illustrate
only the orchids found wild in the Presidency.
Orchids of every description are distinguished with facility by the
most superficial observers, by a fades intuitively recognized, but
difficult to define briefly in words. They can be conveniently grouped
into two divisions by their manner of growth. The first, Terrestrial,
comprising those growing with their roots imbedded in the soil and
depending upon it for nourishment, as do the majority of flowering
plants ; the second, Epiphytic, consisting of the larger proportion
orowino; on trees, rocks and similar media, but deriving their nourish-
ment, not from their hosts, but solely from the air and moisture. The
roots of the latter are usually fully exposed. These are sparse in most,
but in some form complicated masses, and they attach themselves firmly
to whatever the plant grows on. They have usually a tense, stringy,
glaucous appearance, are pale and shrivelled when dry, but plump, green
and glistening during the rainy season when viscid drops of liquid
often hang from their tips.
In popular language, plants belonging to the first division are fami-
liarly known as Ground Orchids ; those of the second are called Orchids
par excellence.
In the first division also the plants are only visible above ground
during the growing and flowering period. Epiphytes, on the other
hand, hive pseudo bulbs which remain clearly visible all the year round,
although they are sometimes devoid of leaves in the dry weather. In
these the flowers may be borne by shoots of the previous year which are
often leafless, or by growths of the current year but never by eiiher or
both indifferently. Orchids are endowed with tenacious vitality, and
the life of individual plants, especially when allowed to exist under con-
genial circumstances, seems to be of unlimited duration. They, however,
readily perish under adverse conditions, and where artificially culti-
vated, success is only ensured when they are favoured with treatment which
imitates as closely as possible the details of their natural environment.
430 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
Orchitis are found in the greatest variety and profusion in tropical
and sub-tropical regions possessing a perennially moist atmosphere
accompanied by an absence of extreme cold at any season of the year.
In India the largest proportion of the order is found in the valleys and
plains of the North-eastern frontier and Burma. In the Bombay
Presidency the most suitable natural conditions prevail only in the
forests of Kanara and the Southern Konkan. Several epiphytic
species are found throughout the range of the Ghats and Konkan, but
they do not extend beyond the heavy rainfall zone. In the Deccan
proper only a few terrestrial species are found, and these only in the
vicinity of water.
There is yet another class of orchids, of which we have no represen-
tative, termed Saprophytic, so called because they derive their nourish-
ment from decaying organic matter. In these the green coloration is
absent and their leaves are reduced to scales differing but little from
the bracts, which are the usually small leaf-like bodies subtending the
flowers.
From an economical point of view, Orchids are of very trifling
importance. Salep is said to be produced from the tubers of some, and
the fragrant and aromatic substance called Vanilla is the dried fruit of a
species of orchid. From an horticultural standpoint, however, a great
number of sorts of orchids are of extreme value on account of the
strange forms and beauty of coloration of their flowers, and many
publications have been issued dealing with their culture.
In terrestrial orchids the roots are invariably swollen atd tuberous
and are perennial, whilst the part appearing above ground is annual.
The leaves either emerge only at the surface of the ground from an
arrested underground stem, or they are placed singly at intervals
(alternate) on a more or less elongated stem.
In epiphytic orchids the stems produced in perennial succession are
usually simple but sometimes branched. In the first case they are
often bulb-like in form or, if elongate, are more or less thickened. In
the second ease, where the plants are branched (a rare cecum nee)
the stems and branches are usually slender. In all cases the term
pseudo-bulb is usually applied to the stem, whether long or short. The
blades of the leaves are of the Monocotyledonous type, having longi-
tudinally parallel nerves with weak connecting veins. They differ,
however, from the normal type in possessing a distinct articulation
THE ORCHIDS OF THE BOMBAY PRESIDENCY. 431
with the stem. They vary in consistence from fleshy or succulent to
membranous. The fleshy leaves are narrowly oblong in shape, with
usually an indented apes ; the thinner leaves vary greatly in shape. In
position they are always alternate, but when they are crowded together
this is a difficult point to ascertain. In elongate stems they are usually
disposed along two opposite sides of the stem (distichous or two-ranked).
The flower.-; are either arranged in spikes, i.e., the axis of the flower-
mo- branch is undivided and each separate flower has not a distinct stalk, or
they are arranged in racemes, when each flower has a distinct stalk.
These spikes or racemes are in panicles when the main axis, instead of
beino' simple, is divided into two or more separate branches*
When the flowers or the parts bearing them (inflorescence) appear to
rise directly from or below the surface of the ground, the whole is
called a scape, and this term is sometimes even applied to the inflores-
cence of an orchid irrespective of its position.
The part which forms the axis or the separate branches of a com-
pound inflorescence is known as peduncle or rachis ; the same term is
applied to the stalk of a solitary flower when it, of course, forms the
sole axis. The stalks of individual flowers are called pedicels. When
flowers are distinctly stalked they are pedicellate ; when the stalks are
altogether absent the flowers are sessile ; when only the vestige of a
stalk is apparent the flower is subsessile.
At the base of each flower stalk there is a body, varying from leaf-
like to scale-like in form and also varying in colour, called the bract.
The pedicel or stalk of the flower consists of a long or short actual
stalk gradually merging into the clubshaped and grooved body called
the ovary. This latter ultimately becomes the fruit and it contains an
infinite number of minute granules (ovules), which are the seeds when the
fruit developes. If the ovary be cut through transversely it will be found
to be hollow with the ovules arranged on definite lines on its inner
surface (placentas). When the fruit is ripe it bursts into three valves
liberatino- the mass of light, minute, chaffv seeds. As the fruits of
orchids are neglected in botanical descriptions no further attention
need be directed to them.
Immediately on the top of the ovary (which is thus inferior) is seen
what is popularly known as the flower. It consists of six external flat-
tened, leaf-like bodies, arranged in two series of three each, called the
perianth. The three outermost are more or less alike and are known
432 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
as sepals. The two interior and lateral, similar to these, are the petals,
and the lowermost of this series, which is usually very distinct in shape,
is called the labellum or lip. This often has a sac-like cavitv projecting
downwards from its base called the spur, and its surface usually presents
three distinct parts, two projections of varying shapes on the sides called
the lateral lobes and the terminal or mid-lobe. The centre of the lip
is often furnished with longitudinal groves or ridges.
The column stands in the centre of the flower. This is usually semi-
cylindrical and curved and flattened on the side facing the lip. At
the top of the column is the anther, the loose lid-like part is the oper
culum, and the top of the column itself is sometimes produced into a
beak or rostellum..
If the operculum be lifted off carefully with a pin, the pollinia or
masses of pollen grains may be seen lying within the shallow anther-
cells. These pollen grains may cohere into 1, 2 or •! pairs of oblong,
globose or pear-shaped waxy or glandular masses, which are free from
each other or are attached by pairs or fours to a gland or a stalk
(caudicle) may intervene between the pollen masses and gland. (In a
Dendrobium, for example, the pollen masses cohere in pairs, each pair
in its own anther cell, but they are otherwise quite free, so that, on
lifting and removing the operculum, if care be not taken, the pollen
masses fall out ; in iErides, on the contrary, on lifting the operculum,
the gland will immediately attach itself to the pencil, pin, or whatever
instrument is used.)
In front of and just beneath the anther is a viscid cavity called the
stigma. Fertilisation of the ovules in the ovary is effected by tubes
issuing from the pollen passing through the body of the column length-
wise by way of the stigma and thus reaching the ovules.
CLASSIFICATION.
The first division of Bombay Orchids is into Tribes, of which there
are four. (As this primary classification is based on characters derived
from the pollinia it is necessary to use a hand lens to distinguish thcra
correctly.) The following are their chief characters : —
Tribe I. Ejjidendrece.
Anther cells parallel distinct. Pollinia waxy, 1 to 4 in each cell,
free, or those of each cell cohering at the base by a viscid
appendage.
THE ORCHIDS OF THE BOMBAY PRESIDENCY. ,433
Tribe II. Vandece.
Anther cells usually confluent. Pollinia waxy, in 2 or 4 united
pairs, attached tu a gland by a stalk called caudicle.
Tribe III. Neottiece.
Anther cells distinct, parallel. Palhnia granular or powdery.
Tribe IV. Ophrydece.
Anther cells parallel or diverging. Pollinia in each cell 1, rarely 2,
granular, produced below into short tails which are attached to a gland
or to a rostellum.
In the first two tribes the pollen is waxy. In the first tribe the
pollinia are either free from each other, or the separate pairs cohere
slightly by viscid threads. In the second tribe the pollinia are arranged
in cohering pairs on a stalk which terminates in a gland. In the
third and fourth tribes the pollen is granular and powdery. In the
former the pollinia are distinct, in the latter they are produced into
short tails which are attached to a gland.
( Tit he continued.)
434
THE MOTHS OF INDIA.
SUPPLEMENTARY PAPER TO THE VOLUMES IN
"THE FAUNA OF BRITISH INDIA."
SERIES III. PART III.
By Sir George Hampson, Bart., f.z.s., f.e.s.
{Continued from page 216 of this Volume.')
Sub-family Lithosiana.
Genus Microtana.
Type.
Microtana, Hmpsn. A.M.N.H. (7) VIII, p. 183 (1901) Fusca.
Proboscis absent ; palpi porrect, slender, not reaching beyond the frons ;
antenna? of male ciliated, tibiae with the spurs long. Forewing with the apex
rounded ; vein 3 from before angle of cell ; 4*5 stalked ; 6 from upper angle ;
7-8"9 stalked, 7 from beyond 9 ; 10*11 from cell. Hindwing with vein 2
from towards angle of cell ; 3*4 stalked ; 5 absent ; 6'7 stalked ; 8 from middle
of cell.
1391c. Microtana fusca. Hmpsn. A.M.N.H. (7) VIII, p. 183 (1901 ).
<J. Fuscous brown ; abdomen blackish, the anal tuft ochreous. Forewing
irrorated with black ;
the costal area blackish
towards base ; small
black spots in middle
and end of cell and
beyond its extremity ; a
Microtana fusca. £ ~. blackish patch on costa
just beyond middle and another before apex ; a terminal series of black points.
Hindwing fuscous with indistinct discoidal spot.
Habitat. — Ceylon, Matele (Pole). Exp. 12 mill.
14113a. Ovipennls kinghami, A.M.N.H. (7) XI, p. 349 (1903) (PI.
D.f. 18).
$. Head and thorax white ; palpi at base, antenna;, base of tegular and a
band across patagia and thorax fuscous ; fore and mid legs and extremity
of hind tibiae and tarsi fuscous above ; abdomen ochreous with the terminal
segments grey, the ventral surface white. Forewing with the basal area orange
with obliquely sinnous outer edge ; the rest of wing pale reddish brown
becoming fuscous towards apex, the margins white, Hindwing fuscous, the
inner area pale reddish brown ; the cilia white.
Habitat— Up. Burma, Byingin, 2,500'. Exp. 20 mill.
Genus Gymnasura.
Gymnasura, Hmpsn. Cat. Lep. Phal. B.M. II., p. 425 (1900).
Type G. saginwa Turner from Queensland.
THE MOTES OF INDIA. 435
Proboscis fully developed ; palpi porrect not reaching beyond the frons
which is somewhat promi-
nent ; antennae of male ciliat-
ed ; hind tibiae with the medial
spurs absent. Forewing with
vein 3 from well before angle
of cell ; 5 from above angle ;
Gymnasura taprobana £ \. 6 from below upper angle ;
7#8'9 stalked ; 7 from beyond 9 ; ltcll free ; male with a small postmedial tuft
of scales below costa. Hindwing with vein 3-4 on a long stalk, 5 from angle ;
6*7 stalked ; 8 from towards end of cell ; wings thinly scaled.
In the type species from Australia of which the female only is known vein
11 of forewing anastomoses slightly with 12 and veins 3*4 of the hindwing are
from the cell.
1419a. Gymnasura taprobana, Hmpsn. A.M.X.H. (7) VIII, p. 184 (1901).
£. Ochreous ; abdomen whitish above except anal tuft. Forewing with a
fuscous sub-basal spot on costa ; an ill-defined antemedial line excurved below
costa and not reaching inner margin ; an oblique medial line diffused inwards to
the antemedial line at middle and slightly angled inwards in the submedian
fold ; two points on discocellulars ; postmedial, subterminal and terminal series
of points. Hindwing with the subcostal area tinged with fuscous ; faint traces
of a diffused medial line : a discoidal spot ; the termen tinged with fuscous.
Habitat.— Ceylon, Matele (Pole). Exp. 18 mill.
1426c. Asura dasara insert (syn.) Amra unihdata, Swinh. A. M. N. H. (7)
XI, p. 501 (1902).
1429a. Asura obliquilinea, Swinh. A. M. N. H. (7) VII, p. 467 (1901)
(PI. D. f. 19).
9 . Head and thorax orange yellow ; vertex of head and shoulders with
black points ; abdomen greyish dorsally. Forwing orange-yellow ; a black
point at base ; an antemedial series of fuscous points, excurvfd below costa,
then oblique and with points before it above and below median nervure : a
medial line, oblique from costa to above vein 1. then bent outwards; a black
discoidal point ; the postmedial line highly and irregularly dentate ; a sub-
terminal series of black points, the one on vein 4 nearer termen. Hindwing
pale yellow.
Habitat. — Assam, Jaintia Hills, Exp. 28 mill.
1439a. Asura disticha transfer to Stigmatophora.
Nolin.e.
1534ft. Nola bracuystria. n. sp. (PI. D. f. 16.)
£. Antenna? pectinate. Head and thorax grey mixed with brown ; palpi
blackish at sides ; tarsi banded with black ; abdomen brownish grey. Fore-
wing grey irrorated with fuscous ; very obscure brownish patches at base and
middle of costa ; an indistinct oblique brown antimedial line from cell to
inner margin ; au oblique medial line with a black point on it below costa and
436 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
a short black streak on median nervure between it and antemedial line ; a post-
medial series of black points, the point on vein 6 displaced inwards, incurved
below vein 4 and bent outwards at vein 1 ; the terminal area rather brown with
.a grey subterminal line excurved above and below middle ; a terminal series of
black points. Hindwing whitish tinged with brown especially towards termen.
- $ Without the black streak on median nervure.
Habitat. — N. Kanaka, Karwar (T. R. Bell). Exp. 16 mill.
Type— in B. M.
AGARISTin^E.
Key to the Genera.
A. Forewing with veins 7-8'y'10 stalked Eusemia.
B. Forewing with veins 9*10 anastomosing with 8 to form
the areole.
a. Frons with truncate prominence with raised rim
at extremity Chelonomorpha.
b. Frons with rounded prominence
a1 Eyes hairy Exsula.
JA Eyes smooth... Scrobigera.
•C. Forewing with vein 9 from 10 anastomosing with 8 to
form the areole.
a. Frbns with truncate conical prominence with raised
rim at extremity.
a1 Palpi with the hair at extremity of 2nd joint
long Egocera.
bl Palpi evenly fringed with hair in front Mimeusemia.
b. Frons with rounded prominence Ophthalmis.
Genus Eusemia.
A. Hindwing orange or red.
a. Patagia without yellow patches.
a] Hindwing with the terminal band excised
and narrow on terminal area Vetula.
1A Hindwing with the terminal band expanding
greatly on apical area ... 1564 Latimargo.
b. Patagia with yellow patches.
a1 Abdomen with the extremity of anal tuft
orange MoGulairix,
1A Abdomen with the extremity of anal tuft black Nipalensis.
B. Hindwing black usually with orange red spots near tornus
a. Forewing with the subterminal series of spots curved.
a1 Abdomen with dorsal orange bands ; Hindwing
with two orange spots above tornus 15G1 Adulatrix.
61 Abdomen without dorsal orange bands lf»60 Nigripennis.
b. Forewing with subterminal series of obliquely placed
white points , 1559 Negrita.
THE MOTHS OF INDIA.
437
156G. EUSEMIA VETULA.
The typical form from Java only has the subterminal spots of both wings-
yellow.
Subsp. 1. fasciatrix 15Q5—bijufjata.W\k. Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. VI, p. 85
(l8&2)-communictms-darocana Druce A. M. N. H. (6), XIV, p. 23 (1894),
Has the subterminal spots of both wings white.
Habitat. — Assam ; Malacca ; Philippines ; Borneo.
Subsp. 2. communis.
Has the antemedial and postmedial spots of forewing also white or ochreous-
white.
Habitat. — Khasis ; Cachar.
1563. Eusemia maculatrix, Westw. Nat. Libr. Exot. Moths V, p. 88, pi. 2,
f. 3 (1841>ire«ea, Boisd.
1562. Eusemia NiPAiiENSis-wiacwictfna;, Westw. Cat. Or. Ent., p. 67, pi. 33,
f. 1 (1848) nee Westw. 1841. insert (syn.) Eusemia westwoodi, Kirby Allen's Nat.
Libr. Ill, p. 65 (1897).
Genus Cheloxomoepha.
1567. Oheloxomorpha japona, Motsch. Et. Ent. IX, p. 29 (1860).
Eusemia villicoides, Butl. A. M. N. H. (4) XV, p. 141, pi. 13, f. 2 (1875).
Habitat.— J a pan ; W. China.
Subsp. 1. Fore coxas with whitish hair in front ; hind coxa} with orange hair,
abdomen without lateral, sublateral, and ventral black spots.
Habitat. — Bhurma, Hsipaw.
Subsp. 2 austeni.
Fore and hind coxas with orange hair ; abdomen with the lateral, sublateral
and ventral spots small ; hind wing with the spots beyond the cell and on inner
area conjoined.
Habitat. — Assam, Khasis.
Genus Exsula. Type.
Exsula, Jord. Nov. Zool. Ill, p. 35 (1896) dentatrix.
Proboscis fully developed ; palpi upturned, the 2nd joint fringed with long-
hair in front, the 3rd
well developed, near-
ly naked and some-
what porrect ; irons
with slight rounded
prominence ; eyes
somewhat hairy;
antennas almost
simple, slightly de-
Exsida dentatrix g j. lated towards ex-
tremity. Forewing with vein 2 from long before angle of cell ; 3 and 5 from
close to angle ; 6 from upper angle ; 910 anastomising with 7"8 to form the
areole;ll from cell. Hindwing with veins 3*4 from angle of cell ; 5 obsoles-
438 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
cent from middle of discocellulars ; P, 7 from upper angle; abdomen of male
with protrusible lateral tufts of long hair from 4th segment.
A. Hindwing orange with black discocellular patch and
terminal band 1558 dentatrix.
B. Hindwing black with blue terminal band 1556 victrix.
Genus Scrobigera. Type.
Scrobigera, Jord. Nov. Zool. Ill, p. 37 (18%) amatrix.
Proboscis f idly developed ; palpi upturned, the 2nd joint fringed with long hair
in front, the
3rd well
^>Z^ . j d e veloped ;
frons with
small round-
ed promi-
t:M ilSl \\\Vr^>0 \™& - nence ; an-
^=»f3fe tennse al-
dm&~ most simple
and slightly
Scrobigera amatrix $ \. dilated be-
fore apex ; tibiae nearly smoothly scaled ; claspers of male large and tufted with
hair. Forewing with vein 3 from well before ange of cell ; 5 from above angle ; fi
from upper angle ; 9'10 anastomosing with 7'8 to form the areole ; 11 from cell.
Hindwing with veins 3"4 from angle of cell ; 5 obsolescent from middle of disco-
cellulars which are angled outwards at its origin; 6*7 from upper angle ; male with
a fringe of long black hair on upperside in discal fold, in and beyond end of cell.
A. Hindwing with orange band in both sexes.
a. Forewing with four yellowish spots beyond the
cell 1552 amatrix.
b. Forewing with yellowish bar beyond the cell ...1551 proxima.
B. Hindwing without orange band in either sex.
a. Forewing with medial series of yellowish spots
and four spots beyond the cell 1554 vulcania.
b. Forewing without band or spots ,...1555 albomarginata.
1553. SoROBIGERA hespekioides, Wlk-jndchra, Butl. is from Borneo only.
1555. Scrobigera albomarginata, insert (syn.). Eusemia candide marginata,
Pouj. Le. Nat. XIII, p. 143(1^1)-
Subsp. 1. flaviciliata, Boisd. Rev. Zool, (3) ii, p. 104 (1874).
Agarisla fimbriata, Boisd. Bev. Zool. (3) ii, pi. 8, f. 1 (1874).
Both wings with the cilia very pale yellow.
Habitat.— PHILIPPINES.
Genus iEoocERA.
Sect. I. Forewing of male with a well developed groove of ribbed hyaline,
membrane below costa beyond middle, a clicking sound being produced during
THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 439
flight probably by friction with the tarsal spines ; the veins strongly down-
curved.
1577. Aegocera tripartita.
Sect. IT. Forewing of male with slight traces of a groove below costa beyond
middle, the veins slightly curved downwards.
A. Forewing with wedge shaped fascia beyond the
cell 1578 venulia.
B. Forewing with oblique transverse luaulate band beyond
the cell 1579 bimacula.
1578. Aegocera venulia.
Larva 1". Head smooth glabrous red ; body yellow-green irrorated with
black ; a lateral black stripe with an interrupted pale yellow crenulate line above
it ; the dorsal area with delicate transverse black stria? and with black suffusion
on alternate somites ; the penultimate somite with four red tubercles on dorsal
area and smaller lateral tubercles ; a few short light colored hairs on sides ;
prolegs red (W. H. Campbell).
Genus Mimeusemia.
A. Abdomen orange with black dorsal patch at base.
a. Hindwing with the cilia white-tipped 1584. albicilia,
b. Hindwing with the cilia not white-tipped except
at apex 1583. cey'onica.
B. Abdomen banded black and orange.
a. Abdomen with the two basal segments band-
ed with orange 1582. peshva.
b. Abdomen with the two basal segments black.
a1. Abdomen with black bands on medial
segments ; hindwing with orange patch
on base of inner area usually present ...1581. basalts.
b'. Abdomen without black bands on medial
segments ; hindwing with creamy patch
below the tell .., 1581. a. davidsoni.
C. Abdomen blackish with the anal tuft orange .. ...1580. accurata.
Genns Ophthalmis.
Type.
Ophthalmis, Hiibn. Verz., p. li!t*> (1827) lincea.
Pristocerica, Karsch. Ent. Nachr xxi, p. 349 (1895) eriojns.
Proboscis fully developed ; palpi upturned, the 2nd joint roughly scaled in
front, the 3rd long, naked, and somewhat porrect ; frons with rounded
prominence; antennas almost simple, slightly dilated towards extremity;
pectus and tibia? nearly smoothly scaled ; abdomen with slight dorsal ridges
of hair or smoothly scaled, the claspers of male large, protrusible lateral tufts
of long hair from base. Forewing with veins 3'4 from angle of cell ; 5 from
above angle ; 6 from upper angle ; 9 from 10 anastomosing with 8 to form the
areole ; 11 from cell. Hindwing with vein 2 from well before angle of
440 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
cell, 3"4 from angle ; 5 obsolescent from middle of discocellulars ; 6'7 from
upper angle.
1568. Ophthalmis funebris.
Subsp. 1 Vitheroides. Leach. Entom. xxiii, p. 110 (1890); Oberth. Et. Ent.
xvi, p. 8, pi 1, f. 4.
Forewing with the white markings larger, the spot in middle of cell
triangular; the bluish markings at base, in submedian interspace, and the
postmedial and subterminal series more developed. Hindwing with a black
discoidal band separating the spot beyond the cell from the white patch in celL
Habitat.— W. China. Exp. $ 72 9 80 mill.
The genus ZALISSA belongs to the Noctuidm.
Family Noctuidm.
Key to the sub-families.
A. Maxillary palpi absent.
a. Hindwing with vein 5 obsolescent from or from
just below middle of discocellulars.
a1. Mid and hind tibia?, or hind tibiae only, spined... Agrotincc.
bl. Mid and hind tibiae not spined.
a-. Eyes hairy Hadenince.
b'2. Eyes not hairy.
or. Eyes with long overhanging cilia Cuculliance.
b:\ Eyes not ciliated Acronyctince*
b. Hindwing with vein 5 well developed,
a'. Palpi with the 3rd joint blunt.
a1. Frenulum of female simple.
a3. Abdomen with lateral anal pencils of hair... Euteliance.
b:i. Abdomen without anal pencils of hair ;
forewing with tufts of raised scales in
cell Stictopterinar.
b2. Frenulum of female multiple.
a'2. Retinaculum of male bar-shaped.
a4. Forewing with tufts of raised scales in
cell Sarrothripince.
b*. Forewing without tufts of raised scales
in cell Acontiana.
b:'\ Retinaculum of male not bar-shaped.
a4. Mid tibiae spined Catocaliiw .
bl. Mid tibiae not spined.
a6. Eyes hairy Momince.
hr'. Ej^es not hairy.
'-i'\ Eyes with long overhanging cilia ... Plu&anm.
b'\ Eyes not ciliated.
a~ . Hindwing with vein 5 from close
to angle of cell, strong , Noctuince.
THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 441
b~ . Hindwing with vein 5 from well
above angle of cell, rather
weak ErastriancB.
bl. Palpi with the 3rd joint acuminate Hypenince.
B. Maxillary palpi present Hyblceince.
Sub-family Ageotin-E.
Proboscis usually well developed, sometimes aborted : palpi usually short, up-
turned or porrect ; frons rounded, often with rounded prominence, sometimes
with corneous plate below it, or with corneous processes of various forms ;
eyes naked, sometimes overhung by cilia, in Trichanarta hairy : antennas usually
ciliated, often pectinate or serrate ; head and thorax clothed with hair and scales
when there are usually crests on pro-and meta-thorax or ridge-like dorsal crest,
or clothed with hair only ; tibia? more or less spinose, all the tibia; being usually
strongly spined, in others the spines are reduced to one between mid and
terminal spurs of hind tibia; ; abdomen rarely with dorsal crests. Wings
usually broad, sometimes rather narrow, the termen rounded or crenulate ;
forewing with vein 1 a. weak, not anastomosing with 1 b. ; 1 c. absent ; 2 from
middle of cell ; 3 and 5 from near lower angle : 6 from upper angle : 9 from 10
anastomosing with 8 to form the areole, 7 from the areole : 11 from cell.
Hindwing with veins 1 a. and b present, 1 c. absent ; 3'4 from lower angle of
cell ; 5 obsolescent from middle of discocellulars : 6'7 from upper angle or
shortly stalked ; 8 arising free, then bent down and touching the cell, then
again diverging.
Larva. — Smooth, the warts with one hair ; all the prolegs present, the 12th
somite with dorsal hump. In the HeUothis group they usually feed on flowers ;
in the A grotis group they often hide in the earth by day and emerge to feed
at night ; the perfect insect of the former often flying in the sunshine, whilst
the latter are purely nocturnal.
Pupa buried in the earth, of which it forms an agglutinated cocoon.
Key to the Genera.
A. Fore tibia? with spines or claws.
a. Frons with prominence.
a1. Frontal prominence rounded in front.
a-. Frons with corneous plate below the prominence.
as. Fore tibia? spined at sides - Jleliclejitria.
b3. Fore tibia? not spined at sides.
a4. Forewing rather short and broad, the
apex rounded Raghuva.
ft4. Forewing rather long and narrow, the
apex somewhat produced Timora.
b'1. Frons without corneous plate below the
prominence > Chlorklea.
&-. Frons with truncate conical prominence.
a'-. Eyes small and reniform Orosagrotis.
ADJOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol XVI.
b'1. Eyes large, rounded.
a3. Fore tibiae short with three long claws on
inner side at extremity and short claws on
outer side Micragrotis.
6s. Fore tibias spined and without claws Euxoa.
cx. Frons with slight vertical ridge Feltia.
b. Frons without prominence.
a!. Head and thorax clothed with hair only Episilia.
b\ Head and thorax clothed with hair and scales
and with more or less developed thoracic
crests.
a1. Prothoi-ax with ridge like crest Rlchia.
J2. Prothorax with spreading crest,
a". Abdomen dorsally rather flattened.
a4. Forewing narrow, the margins sub-
parallel Hermonassa.
b* . Forewing broad, triangular Agrotis.
b3. Abdomen not dorsally flattened Lycophotia.
B. Fore tibiae, without spines or claws.
a. Eyes hairy.
a1. Eyes small, reniform Trichanarta.
bl. Eyes large, rounded Tricheurois.
b. Eyes not hairy.
a1. Frons with rounded prominence with corneous
plate below it Adisura.
61. Frons obliquely rounded, with slight roughened
prominence at extremity Neurois.
c1-. Frons smooth,
a.-. Mid tibia? spined.
a3. Eyes ciliated ; thorax clothed with hair
only,
a4. Palpi long, upturned, the 3rd joint porrect Paraxestia.
bA. Palpi short, oblique IsocMora.
6s. Eyes not ciliated.
a4. Head and thorax clothed with hair only. Mythimna.
bi. Head and thorax clothed with hair and
scales.
a5. Abdomen dorsally flattened.
ae. Palpi with the 3rd joint long and
naked Epilecta.
b'\ Palpi with the 3rd joint short and
slightly hairy below Triphoma.
6*. Abdomen not dorsally flattened Eurois.
h- . Mid tibiae not spined Protagroth.
THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 443
Genus TricbaNARTA.
Type.
Ala, Stand. Stett. Ent. Zeit, 1882, p. 49 (nee. Loch. Gust.
1877) picteti.
Trichanarta, Hmpsn. Moths, Ind., iv, p. 507 (1896) ladacensis.
Sect. II. (Trickanarla). Antenna? of male ciliated.
lG19,a. TRICHANAhTA LADACENSIS.
Genus Eaghuva.
A. Forewing with dentate postmedial line perdentaia.
B. Forewing with postmedial series of black points.
o. Forewing with discoid al spot, no fuscous fascia on
medial nervure confertis&ima.
h. Forewing without discoidal spot, a fuscous fascia
on medial nervure and vein 4 2)e>'sfr'ata-
1619Z>. Raghuva perdentata, Hmpsn. Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M., iv, p. 30, pi.
.55, f. 11 (1903).
g. Head and thorax ochreous mixed with black ; abdomen ochreous. Fore-
Avincr ochreous suffused with rufous along median nervure, between veins 2 and
-5 and beyond the postmedial line ; a highly dentate fuscous antemedial line ; or-
bicular small, round, whitish with fuscous outline and centre ; reniform fuscous,
with irregular outline ; the postmedial line strongly bent outwards below costa,
then highly dentate, excurved to vein 4, then oblique and defined by white on
•outer side ; some pale and black marks on apical part of costa and a terminal series
of small black lunules ; cilia fuscous with a pale line through them. Hindwing
ochreous white with ill-defined fuscous postmedial line between veins 4 and 2,
and slight dentate brown terminal marks on the veins towards apex. Underside
of forewing with the reniform black, a curved fuscous postmedial band.
9 . Hindwing with the terminal area suffused with fuscous.
Habitat.— Br. E. Africa, Kikuyu ; Burma, Myingyan. Exp. 22-24 mill.
1619. Eaghuva confertissima.
1619c. Eaghuva peustuiata, Hmpsn. Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M, iv, p. 32, pi. 55,
f. 14 (1903).
$. Head and thorax ochreous tinged with brown ; abdomen ochreous.
Forewing ochreous ; an obscure diffused fuscous fascia along median nervure
■And above vein 4 to termen ; antemedial black points on median nervure and
vein 1 ; a curved postmedial series of black points on the veins ; a minute black
streak on costa before apex and a terminal series of points. Hindwing
ochreous.
Habitat — Punjab, Kangra. Exp. 30 mill.
Genus Chloeidea.
Type.
Chloridea, Westw. Jardine's Nat. Lebr. xxxvii. p. 198 (1841) rirescens.
Aspila, Guen. Noct. II., p. 174(1852) virescens.
Heliocheilus. — Grote, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., iv, p. 328 (1865) paradoxa.
HeUothis, Hiibn. Tent ined. dipsacea.
444 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol XVI.
Proboscis fully developed ; palpi oblique, fringed with rough hair in front
and extending to just beyond frons, which has a rounded prominence ; eyes
large, rounded ; antennae ciliated ; head and thorax smoothly clothed "with hair
and scales ; fore tibiae spined at sides and with slender apical pair of claws ;
mid and hind tibiae spined ; abdomen smoothly scaled. Forewing with vein 3
from near angle of cell ; 5 from above angle; 6 from upper angle; 9 from 10
anastomosing with 8 to form the areole ; 1 1 from cell. Hindwing with veins 3'4
from angle of cell ; 5 obsolescent from middle of discocellulars ; 6'7 from upper
angle.
Sect. I. (Heliocheilus). Forewing of male with the costa dilated and thick-
ened at middle with an elliptical patch of ribbed hyaline membrane below it
and a more elongate patch in the cell ; the subcostal nervure bent downwards
and the veins from its extremity distorted.
A. Hindwing with black fasciae in submedian fold and on
inner margin translucens.
R. Hindwing without black fasciae in submedian fold and
on inner margin hyalosticta.
1605. Chloridea translucens.
1605. a. Chloridea hyalosticta.
Sect. II. (Chloridea). Forewing of male normal.
A. Hindwing with large black discoidal spot dipsacea.
B. Hindwing without large black discoidal spot.
a. Forewing with subterminal black point above
tornus.
a1 Forewing with prominent dark marks on costa
above reniform and at postmedial band peltigera.
b ' Forewing without prominent dark marks on costa. nuhigera.
b. Forewing without subterminal black point above
tornus.
a1 Forewing with the postmedial line indistinct
and strongly dentate obsoleta.
&' Forewing with the postmedial line distinct,
double, and hardly dentate asmlta.
1601. a. Chloridea dipsacea, Linn. Syst. Nat., xii, p. 856 (1766). Esp.
Schmett., pi. 172, ff 1-3 ; Ilubn. Samml. Eur. Schmett Noct. f,
311 ; Dup. Lep. Fr., vii, pi. 119, f. 2.
Heliothis maritima, Grasl. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr, 18" 5, p. 68. pi. 7.
„ spergularia , Led. Noct. Eur. p. 230 (1857).
adaucta, Butl. 111. Het., B.M.III.,p. 19, pi. 45, f. 4 (1878).
Head and thorax pale-brownish tinged with olive ; abdomen olive-grey
irrorated with black, thickly on dorsal surface, the anal tuft tinged with rufous.
Forewing pale olive-grey ; the sub-basal line represented by black points below
costa and cell ; an indistinct irregularly dentate antemedial line ; the orbicular
usually represented by three black points in the form of a triangle ; reniform
THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 445
indistinct dusky or prominently black with black points round its edge ;
an indistinct dentate medial line from cell to inn<;r margin often with an
oblique shade on its inner edge to the antemedial line at inner margin ; the
postmedial line indistinct, dentate, with black points on the veins at extremity
of teeth, bent outwards below costa, angled inwards above vein 5 and incurved
below vein 3 ; a brown band between the postmedial and subterminal lines
below vein 3 extending to the medial line ; the subterminal line pale with dark
mark on its inner side at costa, and points on the veins, slightly angled outward;*
at vein 7 and incurved below vein 3 ; a terminal series of black points or spots.
Hindwing ochreous white ; the inner and costal areas suffused with black ;
a large black discoidal spot ; the terminal area black, its inner edge angled
outwards at veins 4 and 1 and incurved between those points ; a bidentate
pale subcostal patch between veins 2 and 4 ; cilia white with fuscous line
at base towards apex. Underside whitish ; forewing with the basal half
of inner area, the orbicular, reniform and postmedial band black ; hindwing
with the markings of underside showing indistinctly through.
Habitat. — Europe ; Canaries ; Syria ; E. Turkistan ; Amurland : Japan r
China ; Punjab, Hunza, Kashmir, Sinde Valley, Dras. Exp. 26-38. mill.
1602. Chloridea pelltigera.
1603. Chloridea nubigera.
1601. Chloridea obsoleta, Fabr. Ent. Syst. 3.1, p. 450 (1793).
Noctua armigera, Hi'ibn. Samml. Eur. Schmett, Noct., f. 370 (1827).
Heliothis pitherosa, Wlk., xi, 688 (1857).
conferta, Wlk., xi, 690 (1857J.
Thalpophilarubrescens, Wlk., xv, 1082 (1858).
Heliothis uniformis, Wllgrn. Wien. Ent. Mon, iv, p, 171 (1800).
„ punctigera, Wllgrn. Wieu Ent. Mon, iv, p. 171 (1800).
umbrosus, Grote. Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil , i, p. 219 (1803).
1601. b Chloridea assulta, Guen. Noct. II, p. 178 (1852).
Heliothis temperata, Wlk, xi, 089 (1857).
separata, Wlk, xi, 091 (1857).
succinea, Moore, P. Z. S., 1881, p. 362.
Head and thorax orange tinged with red-brown ; fore tibiae brown above :
abdomen orange ; forewing orange tinged with red-brown, the veins rufous ; a
double curved sub-basal line from costa to submedian fold ; the antemediai
line double, strongly waved, the inner line indistinct ; orbicular and reniform
with dark centres and brown outlines, the former round ; the medial line
oblique from costa to median nervure where it is angled, then incurved ; the
postmedial line double, bent outwards below costa, slightly incurved at discal
fold, incurved below vein 4 and with its inner line minutely waved and slightly
angled outwards at vein 1, the area beyond it brownish to the subterminal line
which is angled outwards at vein 7, dentate inwards to the postmedial line
at veins and outwards to termen at veins 4.3.2 ; cilia rufous. Hindwing orange-
yellow ; the terminal area broadly black with somewhat sinuous inner edge
446 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
with postmedial line just before it between veins 6 and 2. Underside of fere-
wing with the orbicular and reniform black ; both wings with blackish band
beyond the postmedial line except on inner area of forewing and costal area
of hindwing.
Habitat. — W. Africa; Japan ; Corea ; China ; Formosa ; Punjab Kulu,
Sultanpur, Allahabad ; Bhutan ; Bombay ; Ceylon ; Burma, Hsipaw ; Java y.
Australia : Samoa ; Tahiti ; Exp. 24-36 mill.
Larra, Hmpsn. 111. Het. B. M. ix, p. 92, PI. 176, f. 22.
Genus Mklicleptria.
Type.
Melicleptria. — Hi'ibn. Verz., p. 262 (1827). scutosa.
Canthylidia. — Butl Trans. Ent. Soc., 1886. p. 406 pallida.
Melicleptria scutosa, £ \
Proboscis fully developed ; palpi obliquely porrect to just beyond frons, and
slightly fringed with hair below ; frons with rounded prominence with corneous
plate below it ; eyes large rounded ; antennas of male ciliated ; head and
thorax smoothly clothed with hair and scales ; fore tibiae short and broad
with long curved claw and two spines on inner side and shorter claw or spine-
on outer ; mid and hind tibite spined, Forewing with veins 3 and 5 from
close to angle of cell ; 6 from upper angle ; 9 from 10 anastomosing with 8 to
form the areole ; 4 from cell. Hindwing with veins 3*4 from angle of cell'
5 obsolescent from middle of discocellulars ; 6*7 from upper angle.
Sjct. II, (Melicleptria). Forewing of male without glandular swelling on
costa.
1604. Melicleptria. scutosa.
Genus Timora.
Type.
Timora, Wlk., ix, 132 (1856) senegahnsis.
Sophaga, Moore, P. Z. ft., 1881, p. 362 sinuata,
Dorika, Moore. P. Z. ft,. 1881, p. 363 sanguinolenta.
Masalia, Moore, P. Z. ft., 1881, p. 364 rudiata.
Pradatta, Moore, P. Z. ft., 1881, p. 364 beatrix.
Curubasa, Moore, P. Z. ft., 1881, p. 866 lanceolula.
Rhodosea, Gri'ote Can. Ent. xv., p. 4 (1883) Julia.
Proboscis fully developed ; palpi porrect to just beyond frons and fringed
with hair belnw ; frons with rounded prominence with corneous plate be!ow
THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 447
it : eyes large, rounded ; antennae of male ciliated ; head and thorax clothed
with hair and scales ; fore tibiae short and broad, with long curved claw on
inner side and short claw on outer ; mid and hind tibia? spined ; abdomen
smoothly scaled. Forewing rather narrow, the apex somewhat produced ;
veins 3 and 5 from near angle of cell; 6 from upper angle ; U from 10 anastomos-
ing with 8 to form the areole, which is long and narrow ; 11 from cell. Hind-
wing with veins 3*4 from angle of cell, rarely stalked ; 5 obsolescent from
aniddle of discocellulars : (5"7 from upper angle.
Sect. II. Forewing of male without glandular swelling on costa.
A. Hindwing of male with veins 34 stalked.
1618. TlMORA DOKA.
B. Hindwing of male with veins 3-4 from cell.
a. Forewing with oblique postmedial pink band with
white points on it ... ... ... ... ... deconita.
h. Forewing without postmedial pink band with white
points on it.
a1. Forewing with terminal series of black points.
a-. Forewing with dentate postmedial line. sinuata.
b- . Forewing with curved postmedial series of
points ... ... ... ... ... ... aureola.
bl. Forewing without terminal series of black points.
a- . Forewing with curved postmedial series of points.
a3. Forewing not irrorated with black.
a1. Forewing golden yellow with fiery red
streaks on the veins sanguinolenta.
b*. Forewing yellowish, the costal area
tinged with pink, the inner area with
fuscous uncta.
/>'■' Forewing irrorated with black irrorata.
b- Forewing without postmedial series of points.
•v' Forewing with black point at upper angle
of cell bimaculata.
!>"■ Forewing without black point at upper angle
of cell.
a1 Forewing with prominent black fascia on
median nervure nigristriata,
bl Forewing without prominent black fascia on
median nervure.
a "' Forewing with well-defined pink fasciae
on costal and inner areas.
a'1 Forewing with the costal fascia
broad lanceolata
6" Forewing with the costal fascia nar-
row , cruentata,
7
448 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
6s Forewing without well-defined pink
fasciae on costal and inner areas.
a''' Forewing with white fascia in discal
fold.
a' Forewing with the ground-colour
ochreous flavia.
h~ Forewing with the ground-colour
chestnut bivittata.
c1 Forewing with the ground-colour
flesh-red terracotta.
d~ Forewing with the ground-colour rose
pink.
aH Forewing with the inner area not
suffused with fuscous beatrix.
b* Forewing with the inner area suf-
fused with fuscous. radiata.
b6 Forewing with yellowish fascia in discal
fold
a~ Forewing with the inner area suffused
with fuscous.
a* Forewing with the cilia wholly pink, metaphaa.
bH Forewing with the cilia white-tipped
except at apex and tornus tosta.
cs Forewing with the cilia wholly white-
tipped • albicilia.
b~ Forewing with inner area not suffused
with fuscous modesta.
c" Forewing without fascia in discal fold.
a~ Forewing ochreous artaxoides.
b~ Forewing white hololenca.
1608. TlMOBA DECORATA.
1611. TlMORA SIN U ATA.
1613. TlMORA AUREOLA.
1610. TlMORA SANCUINOLENTA.
1»il4. TlMORA UNCTA,
1615. TlMORA IRRORATA.
1616. TlMORA BIMACULATA.
1616a. TlMORA nigristriata, Hmpsn. Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M. iv, p. 110, pi. 58,
f. 2 (100?,).
$ . Head and thorax pale dull browrn ; antennae and abdomen whitish. Fore-
wing pale rose-pink ; a black streak on median nervure extending to just beyond
the cell ; a broad yellowish-white fascia below the cell extending beyond the
cell to vein 4 ; a yellowish-wrhite streak in discal fold from middle of cell to
termen and a slight streak above veins 67. Hindwing whitish, the terminal half
THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 449
tinged with fuscous brown. Underside of forewing suffused with fuscous.
Habitat. — Madras, Belgaum. Exp. 30 mill.
1607. TlMORA LANCEOLATA.
Adisura splendens, Druce, P. Z. S., 1887, p. 685.
Adisuraimitata, Druce, Biol. Centr. Am. Het. 1, p. 301, pi. 38,f. 6 (1889).
1607a. Timora cruentata, Moore, P. Z. S., 1881, p. 367; Butl. 111. Het.
B. M. vii., pi. 130, f. 9.
Curubasa marginata, Moore P. Z. S., 1881, p. 367.
Head and tegulre ochreous tinged with brown ; antenna? whitish ; thorax
whitish, slightly tinged with pink ; abdomen ochreous. Forewing straw-yellow ;
the costal and inner areas purplish pink, the inner area more or less strongly
suffused with fuscous ; cilia often pink or tinged with pink at tips. Hindwing
straw-yellow, often more or less strongly tinged with fuscous. Underside of
forewing often suffused with fuscous towards base.
Habitat . — Punjap., Sultanpore, Kala Pani, Simla, Dharmsala Exp. 26-30 mill.
16076. Timora flavia, Hmpsn. Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M. iv., p, 113, pi. 58, f. 9
(1903).
Head and thorax ochreous tinged with brown ; abdomen ochreous. Fore-
wing ochreous ; the subcostal and median nervures and nervules streaked with
pink ; a white fascia in discal fold from middle of cell to near termen with a
slight fuscous streak below it on vein 5. Hindwing ochreous white. Underside
of forewing with diffused fuscous streaks on the veins.
Habitat.— Bombay, Mhow, Deccan; Madras Belgaum, Wynad. Exp. $ 24,
$ 26 mill.
1609. Timora bivittata.
1607. Timora terracotta, Hmpsa. I\\. Het. B. M., YIII., p. 71, pi. 144,
f. 22 (1891).
Head and thorax dull brown, the metathorax pinkish : abdomen ochreous.
Forewing deep flesh -red ; a yellowish streak in basal half of submedian fold •
a white fascia in discal fold from middle of cell to termen, d< fined above and
below by fuscous streaks ; the veins of terminal area slightly streaked with
white. Hindwing white, tinged with fuscous except towards base, and in female
slightly with pink. Underside of forewing fuscous, the marginal areas pinkish.
Habitat. — Nilgiris ; Travancore, Pirmad. Exp. 30 mill.
1612. Timora Beatrix.
1612a. Timora radiata, Moore, P. Z. S., 1881, p. 364. Hmpsn., Cat. Lep.
Phal. B M., IV., p. 114, pi. 58, f. 14.
£. Head and thorax pale brownish, tinged with pink: abdomen ochreous,
suffused with brown, the ventral surface whitish. Forewing dull pink, the
inner half suffused with brown ; the costal edge whitish ; a white fascia
through the cell to termen, attenuate at extremities ; a white fascia in basal
half of submedian fold ; the veins of terminal area streaked with white ; cilia
whitish and pink. Hindwing fuscous brown, the cilia mixed with white.
Underside of forewing' with the ground-colour fuscous.
450 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
Habitat. — Punjab, Manpuri. Exp. 24 mill.
1612&. Timora metaph.ea, Hmpsn., Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M., IV., p. 115,
pi. 58, f. 16 (1903).
$. Head and thorax dull brown, the latter tinged with pink: abdomen
ochreons, dorsally tinged with fuscous. Forewing purplish-pink, the inner
area suffused with fuscous ; traces of a pale fascia in discal fold from middle
of cell to near termen. Hindwing fuscous brown ; the termen pinkish ; the
cilia pink at base, whitish at tips. Underside of forewing fuscous except mar-
ginal areas which are ochreons tinged with pink.
Habitat. — Beloociilstan ; Punjab, Mandi. Exp. 28—30 mill.
1612c. Timora TOSTA, Moore, P. Z. S., 1888, p. 411. Hmpsn. Cat. Lep.
Phal. B. M., IV., p. 115. pi. 58. f. 17.
Head and thorax pale yellow-brown, metathorax and legs tinged with pink ;.
abdomen ochreous white. Forewing with the apex somewhat produced and
acute, pink thickly irrorated with darker red; the costal edge pale ; traces of a
pale fascia below base of eel! ; a pale fascia in discal fold from middle of cell to
towards termen, narrowing to a point at extremities ; a terminal series of slight
dark points ; cilia white-tipped, except at apex and towards tornus. Hindwing
yellowish-white, the median nervules and termen in female slightly suffused
with pink. Underside of both wings pale ochreous, the costa and termen tinged
with red.
Habitat.— Punjab., Kulu, Sultanpore, Dharmsala. Exp. 34 mill.
1612(7. TlMOEA albicilia, Hmpsn. Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M., IV., p. 115, pi. 58,.
f. 18 (1903).
g. Head and thorax dull brown, the latter tinged with pink ; abdomen
ochreous, dorsally tinged with fuscous. Forewing ochreous, the costal area,
except costal edge, median nervule and nervules and vein, with diffused pink
streaks ; the inner margin suffused with fuscous : the terminal area suffused
with pink ; cilia pink at base, white at tips. Hindwing ochreous, suffused with
fuscous ; the cilia ochreous. Underside of forewing fuscous, the marginal areas
ochreous.
Habitat. — Sikkim. Exp. 26 mill.
1617a. TlMORA modesta, Moure, P. Z. S., 1 881 , p. 366. Hmpsn. Cat. Lep. Phal..
B. M., IV., p. 116, pi. 58, f. 20.
Curubasa calamaria, Moore P. Z. S., 1881, p. 367.
Pale brownish ochreous ; head and thorax brown in male ; legs tinged
with fuscous. Forewing sometimes with slight pink tinge on costal and inner
areas ; slightly paler fascia? in discal and submedian folds. Hindwing paler.
Habitat. — Punjab, Manpuri ; Jubbulpore, Bombay. Exp. 24—30 mill.
1617. TlMORA ARTAXOIDES.
1617A. Timora noLOi.EtXA, Hmpsn. Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M., IV., p. 117,
pi. 58, f. 23 (1903).
£, Head, thorax and abdomen white, slightly tinged with fuscous brown,
wings silvery white, the costa of forewing slightly tinged with brown. Under-
THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 451
side of forewing suffused with fuscous to near termen below costa only, or
the median nervule, or inner margin.
Habitat.— Abyssinia ; Madras, Belgaum. £33?. 24 mill.
Genus Adisura.
A. Forewing with the cilia wholly pink ... duicis.
B. Forewing with the cilia white-tipped.
a Forewing largely suffused with grey and irrorated
with fuscous atcinsoni.
b Forewing not suffused with grey and irrorated
with fuscous.
a1. Forewing with the costal and inner areas more
or less prominently suffused with pink, the
cilia pink at base marginalis.
b'. Forewing with the costal and inner areas not
tinged with pink, the cilia ochreous at
base .. straminea,
IGOOa. Adisura dui.cis, Moore, P. Z. ;■;., 188], p. 309. Hmpsn. Cat. Lep.
Phal. 15. M., IV.. p. 119, pi. 58, f. 26.
Head and thorax dark red-brown ; pectus and legs ochreous mixed with
rufous ; abdomen ochreous. Forewing golden-yellow ; the costal area white :.
broad deep pink fascia; on costal and inner areas ; the base of inner margin
fuscous : termen and cilia pink. Hindwing ochreous, the veins and terminal
area suffused with fuscous. Unoerside of forewing fuscous, with ochreous
streak just beyond and below end of cell ; the terminal area yellow, pink at
costa.
Habitat. — Sikki.m ; Assam, Khasis ; Queensland. Exp. 32 mill.
1600. Adisura atcinsoni.
1606. Adisura marcinalis, Wlk. XII. 830,(1857),
Heliothis delicia, Feld., Ueis. Nov., pi. 108, f. 40
Adisura similis, Moore, P. Z. S., 1881, p. 360.
1600J. Adisura straminea. Hmpsn., Ann S. Afr. Mus II., p. 258 (1902)
id. Cat. L3n. Phal, B. M.. IV., p. 121, pi. 58, f. 28.
Pale straw yellow ; sides of palpi and irons, the neck behind the eyes, and
upperside of fore and mid legs red-brown. Forewing with the costal edge white ::
somewhat paler streaks in and beyond cell and below the cell and vein 3 ; indis-
tinct dark points in and beyond upper angle of cell and a p< stmedial series
curved from cost 1. to vein 4, then oblique to submedian fold. Hindwing whit-
ish, suffused with strawcolour towards termen.
Habitat.— N. Gamiland ; Bomray, Deesa. Exp. 24 mill.
Genus Isochlora.
Jsochlora, Gtaud. Stett. Ent. Zeit., 1882, p. 39 viritUs.
Proboscis fully developed ; palpi short, oblique, fringed with long hair in
front ; frons smooth ; eyes large, rounded : antemne of male bipectinated with
moderate branches to apex ; head and thorax clothed with hair only : fore tibia^
r
452 JOURNAL, BO MBA Y NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
fringed with hair ; mid and hind tibiae spined ; abdomen dorsally clothed with
rough hair towards base and laterally fringed with hair. Forewing with the
apex somewhat produced ; veins 3 and 5 from near angle of cell ; 6 from upper
angle ; 9 from 10 anastomosing with 8 to form the areole. Hindwing with veins
3-4 from angle of cell ; 5 obsolescent from middle of discocellulars ; (>'7 from
upper angle.
Sect. I. Antennas of female bipectinate with short branches.
1948. Isochlora chi.oroptera.
Sect. II. Antennae of female serrate.
1947. Isochi.oka viiiiDis. Stand. Stett. Ent. Zeit., 1882, p. 39 : Alph. Hor.
Soc. Ent. Ross. XVII, p. 78, pi. 2, f. 5.
Isochlora viriclis $ \.
Isoohlora albivitta, Alph. Hor. Soc. Ent. Ross, XXYI. p. 448 (1892); id. Rom.
Mem., IX., p. 42, pi. l,f. 3.
Nonagria fuscovirens, Hmpsn., Moths. Ind., II., p. 285 (1894).
Habitat.— Siberia ; E. Turkestan ; Tibet ; Kashmir.
Genus Orosagrotis.
Type.
Orosagrotis, Hmpsn. Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M.,IV„ p. 135 (1903)... montana.
Proboscis fully developed ; palpi obliquely upturned, the "2nd -joint fringed
with lon^ hair in front, the 3rd moderate, porrect ; frons with truncate conical
prominence ; eyes small, elliptical ; antennae of male minutely serrate and
fasciculate ; head and thorax clothed with rough hair ; tibise spined. Forewing
rather narrow ; vein 3 and 5 from close to angle of cell ; (i from upper angle -T
9 from 10 anastomosing with 8 to form the areole; 11 from cell. Hindwing
with vein 3'4 from angle of cell ; 5 obsolescent from middle of discocellulars i
IV7 shortly stalked.
A. Forewing with the orbicular produced to a point confluent
with the reniform •■ amphora.
B. Forewing with the orbicular not produced to a point cashmirenm.
1619*/. Orosagrotis amphora, Hmpsn. Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M. FY, p. 135, pi..
59, f. 17 (1903).
$. Head and th -rax grey mixed with pale brown; teguhe with medial
black line ; abdomen brownish grey. Forewing grey suffused with pale brov n
and slightly irrorated with fuscous ; the sub-basal line represented by obscure
black points below costa and cell ; the antemedial line indistinct, blackish
777/; MOTHS OF IXDIA.
Ah
and slightly angled outwards in cell and very strongly above inner margin ; clavi-
form slightly defined by black ; orbicular and reniform with brown centres
and whitish annnli defined by brown, the former produced to a point confluent
with the latter, the cell below it suffused with dark-brown ; the postmedial
line minutely dentate, bent outwards below costa and oblique below vein 4 ;
the sub-terminal line whitish, dentate, defined on inner side by a series of small
obscure dentate dark marks ; a terminal series of black points ; cilia whitish
with a dark line through them. Hindwing pale, suffused with fuscous brown
and with a darker terminal line ; the underside whitish with small discoidal
spot and curved postmedi.il line.
Habitat.— Kashmir, Digha Pass, 15,000'. Exp. 30 mill.
1619e. Orosagrotis casiimirensis, Hmpsn. Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M. IV, p. 136,
pi. 59, f. 20 (1903).
£ . Head and thorax black brown mixed with seme grey ; abdomen fuscous
brown. Forewing
pale brown mostly
suffused with black
leaving a pale fascia
below costa ; an
indistinct curved
sub-basal line from
lightly defined by brown on inner
Orosagrotis caxhmirensis £, 1.
■costa to submedian fold : the antemedial lin
side, slightly waved, oblique from costa to above inner margin, where it is
strongly angled ; claviform defined by black ; orbicular and reniform with brown
centres and pale brown annuli defined by black, the former small, round, the
latter narrow ; the postmedial line minutely dentate, angled outwards at vein
7, then very oblique, defined on outer side by pale brown, emitting streaks
defining the dark veins to the subterminal line, which is pale, defined by
dentate dark marks on inner side, angled outwards at vein 7 and excurved at
middle ; a fine terminal dark line and line at base of ceiia. Hindwing pale
fuscous brown ; the cilia white with brown lioe at base ; the underside whitish
the costal and. terminal areas suffused with brown, a slight discoidal point.
Habitat.— Kashmir, Kardong, 14,000'. Exp. 30 mill.
Genus Micragrotis. Type.
Micragrotis, Hmpsn. Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M. TV., p. 148 (1903) ... axylkles.
Proboscis rather small ; palpi short, oblique, fringed with hair below ; frons
Avith truncate corneous prominence with raised edges and curved corneous plate
below it ; antenna? of male minutely ciliated ; head 2nd thorax clothed with
hair and scales ; foretibia? short and broad, spined at sides, with two long
curved claws on inner side at extremity, and short claw or claws on outer ; miel
and hind tibia? spined. Forewing short, the apex rounded ; veins 3 and 5 from
near an^le of cell ; 6 from upper angle ; 9 from 10 anastomosing with 8 to
form the areole ; 11 from cell. Hindwing with veins 3'4 from angle of cell;
■0 obsolescent from middle of discocellulars ; G'7 stalked.
454 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL 111 STORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
1659/. — MlCEAGKOTlS AXYUDES, Hinpsn. Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M. IV.,
p. 150. 1903.
Micragrotis axylides 5
Head and thorax ochreous mixed with fuscous ; patagia with a purplish tinge ;
tarsi with black and pale rings ; abdomen ochreous tinged with fuscous brown.
Forewing greyish ochreous suffused with purplish brown ; the veins streaked
with blackish ; two fine pale streaks in base of cell ; the antemedial line double
the inner line indistinct, dentate and angled strongly inwards on subcostal and
madian nervures and vein 1 ; orbicular and reniform small with blackish centres
and pale annuli defined by black, the former round, the cell between them and
area above it suffused with fuscous black ; traces of an oblique shade from
lower angle of cell to inner margin : the postmedial line indistinctly double,
dentate and produced to black and white points on the veins, bent outwards
below costa, incurved at discal fold and below vein 4 ; a terminal series of black
points. Hind wing yellowish white, the costal area and termen .'•lightly tinged
with brown ; the underside with the costal area irrorated with brown.
Habdat.— Punjab, Mean Meer ; Sind, Bhug. Exp. $ 25, 9 30 mill.
Genus Euxoa. Type.
Euxoa, Hiibn., Verz., p. 209 (1827) decora.
Rhyacia, Hi'ibn., Verz., p. 200 (1827) lucipeta.
Mimetis, Hi'ibn., Verz., p. 210 (1827)... decora.
Metaxyia, Hiibn , Verz.. p. 223 (1827) vitta.
Exarnis, Hiibn., Verz,, p. 225 (1827) obelisca.
Scotia, Hiibn., Verz., p. 226 (1827) cinerea.
Broth. Hiibn., Verz., p. 226 (1827) nigricans.
Agronoma, Hiibn., Verz., p. 227 (1827) .. crassa.
Georyx, Hiibn., Verz., p. 227 (1827) segetis.
Telmia, Hiibn., Verz., p. 227 (1827) curwria.
Tetrapyrgia, Wlk., XXXIII, 711 (1S65) porphyricollis.
Elegarda, Wlk., XXXIII, 712(1865) porphyricollis
Pleoneetopoda, Grote, Bull. Buff. Soc. Nat. Sci., 1. p.
136 (1873) levisi.
Orbifrons, Staud. Stett. Ent. Zeit. XXXVIII, p. 187 (1877) singularis.
Carmades, Grote, Can. Ent. XV, p. 4 (1*83), Nee. Bates Col.
I860 meerens.
Paragrotis, Pratt., Can. Ent. XV. p. 4 (1883) meerens.
Chorizagrotis, Smith, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. XXXVIII, p.
W (1800) - auxiUaris.
THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 455
h'hizagrotis, Smith, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. XXXVIII, p. 103
(1890) ■■ acclivis.
Agrotis, Hiibn., Tent ined segetis.
Proboscis fully developed ; palpi upturned, the 2nd joint fringed with hair
in front, the 3rd moderate ; frors with truncate conical prominence with raised
rim ; vestiture hairy ; tibiae strongly spined ; pro- and meta- thorax with rather
spreading crests. Forewing with veins 3 and 5 from close to angle of cell ; 6
from upper angle ; 9 from 10 anastomosing with 8 to form theareole ; 11 from
cell. Hindwing with veins 3*4 from angle of cell ; 5 obsolescent from middle
of discocellulars ; 6*7 from upper angle.
Sect. I. {Scotia). Antenna} cf male bipectinate with moderate branches
the apical third serrate.
A. Hindwing white, the terminal area more or less tinged
with brown, in female only segetis.
B. Hindwing more or less suffused with brown, especially
in female corticea.
1620. Euxoa segetis, Schiff. Wien Verz., pp. 81. 252. f. 3. a. b. (1776)
Hiibn Eur. Schmett. Noct., f. 147.
Noctua prcrcox, Hiibn. Eur. Schmett. Noct., f . 359 (1827) nee Linn.
fcrvida, Hiibn. Eur. Schmett. Noct., f. 711 (1827).
Agrotis simla, Boisd. Gen. and Ind. Meth., p. 109 (1840).
dimidia, Zell. Iris. 1847, p. 439.
„ sicania, Guen. Noct. 1, p. 275 (1852).
marginalia, Wlk. X. 339 (1856).
obliviosa, Wlk. X. 340 (1856).
aversa, Wlk. X. 345 (1856).
correcta, Wlk. X. 345 (1856).
„ denticulosa, Wllgrn. Wien. Ent. Mon. IV., p. 168 (1860).
conspurcata, Wlk. XXXII, 696 (1865) ; Moore, Lep. Ceyl. Ill,
pi, 146, f. 7 a.
repulsa, Wlk. XXXII, 696 (1865).
certificata, Wlk. XXXII, 697 (1865).
ingrata, Butl. A. M. N. H. (5) 1, p. 162 (1878) ; id. 111. Het.
B. M. II., p. 27, pi. 29, f. 9.
pallida, Stand Hett. Ent. Zeit. 1881, p. 423.
fucosa, Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc., 1881, p. 179.
lassa, Swinh. P. Z. S. 1886, p. 444.
1621. Euxoa corticea, Schiff. Wien. Verz., 81, 13 (1776) ; Hiibn. Samml.
Eur. Schmett. Noct., f. 145.
Noctua sincera, Frr. Beitr. Eur. Schmett, 544. 2 (i827).
„■ obscura, Frr. Beitr. Eur. Schmett, 628. 1. 2 (1827).
„ transversa, Wlk. X. 354 (1856).
Agrotisfraterna, Moore, Lep. Atk., p. 116 (1882).
„ amurensis, Staud,»Rom. Mem. VI, p. 42 (1892).
8
456 JOURNAL. BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
Sect. II. (Exarnis.) Antennae of male bipectinate with short fasciculate
branches, the apical part serrate.
A. Hindwing white, the terminal area often tinged with
brown.
a Forewing with the veins of terminal area defined
by pale dentate marks.
a l Forewing with the clavif orm pointed at extremity spinifera
b ' Forewing with the claviform rounded at extre-
mity .. obeliscaab. fictilis.
b Forewing with the veins of terminal area not
defined by pale dentate marks obelisca.
B. Hindwing entirely suffused with brown tibetanu.
1622. Euxoa spinifera, Hubn. Samml. Eur. Schmett Noct. f. 389 (1827).
Telmia spinula, Hubn.. Verz., p. 228 (1827).
Agrotis bkonica, Koll. Hugel's Kashmir, iv., p. 480 (1848").
„ exigua, Koll. Hugel's Kashmir, iv.; p. 481 (1848).
„ spiculifera , Guen. Noct. 1, p. 266 (1852 ■.
„ aristifera Guen, Noct. 1, p. 266 (1852).
„ ferina, Feld. Reis. Nov. pl.jllO, f. 12 (1874 .
„ hodnoe, Oberth. Et. Ent. hi., p. 45, pi. 5, f. 8. (1878).
1622a. Euxoa obelisca. Schiff. Wien. Verz. p. 80 (1776), Hubn. Samml.
Eur. Schmett. Noct. f. 123.
Noctua puris, Hiibn. Samml. Eur. Schmett. Noct. f. 416 (1827).
praticola, Hiibn. Samml. Eur. Schmett. Noct. f. 567 (1827).
fictilis, Hubn. Samml. Eur. Schmett Noct. f. 710 (1827).
Agrotis villiersii, Guen. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1837, p. 173, pi. 8, ff. 1'2.
„ declarant, Wlk„ x, 347 (1856).
Head and thorax fuscous mixed with grey ; tegulae with blackish medial
line ; tarsi banded with black ; abdomen grey-brown. Forewing purplish-brown,
the inner and terminal areas paler ; the costal area suffused with white to the
postmedial line ; a black streak below base of cell ; an indistinct sub-basal line,
curved, from costal to submedian fold ; a double waved antemedial line from
subcostal nervure to vein 1 ; claviform defined by black ; orbicular and
reniform large, grey-white defined by black, their centres slightly defined
by brown, the cell before and between them suffused by blackish, the orbicu-
lar oblique elliptical ; the postmedial line minutely dentate, indistinct, bent
outwards below costa, excurved to vein 4, then incurved ; the subterminal
line pale, defined by slight dentate dark marks on inner side ; the area beyond
it darker except at apex, angled outwards at vein 7 and dentate at veins
4*3 ; a terminal series of black points. Hindwing white, the veins and
termen tinged with brown, more strongly in female ; the underside with the
costal and terminal areas irrorated with brown, a slight dark discoidal spot.
ab. 1 fictilis. Forewing with the veins of terminal area defined by pale dentate
marks. Head, thorax and forewing usually much more ochreous.
THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 457
ab. 2 ruris. Head and thorax much greyer-brown, forewing grey-brown
irrorated with dark-brown and black ; no black below base of cell < r in cell .
the antemedial line complete and more strongly angled outwards above inner
margin ; hindwing more tinged and irrorated with brown.
Habitat. — Europe; Algeria; Armenia; Asia Minor; W. Siberia; W.
Tdrkistan ; ? Amurland ; Kashmir ; Kuijar ; Nubra. Exp. 38-40 mill.
1627. Euxoa tibetana, Moore, A. M. N. H. (5) 1. p. 233 (1878); id.
2nd Yarkand Mission, p. 10, pi. 1, f. 1G.
Agrotis modesta, Moore P. Z. S. 1881, p. 351.
„ monticola, Hmpsn. Moths Ind. ii., p. 183 (1894).
Habitat. — Lahoul ; Leh ; Kashmir, Kajaori, Goorais Valley, Barra Larchu.
Exp. 38 mill.
Sect III. (Euxoa.') Antenna? of male strongly serrate and fasciculate.
A. Forewing with veins 3' 4* 6' 7 defined by pale streaks
strongly indenting the subterminal line subtpinifera,
B. Forewing with veins 3* 4* 6* 7 not defined by whitish
streaks indenting the subterminal line.
a Forewing with the cell not filled in with black.
a1 Forewing with more or less prominent pale streak
on median nervure « cursoria.
bl Forewing without pale streak on median nervure.
a'~ Forewing reddish or fuscous brown.
ai Hindwing brown, pale towards base nyctopis.
b3 Hindwing uniformly suffused with brown brerirami.
b'2 Forewing grey brown conzpicua.
b. Forewing with the cell filled in with blackish idandica.
1622 b. Euxoa subspinifera, Hmpsn. Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M. iv., p. 205,
pi. 61, f. 19 (1903).
$ Head and thorax ochreous mixed with white ; abdomen ochreous, the
ventral surface whitish irrorated with pale-brown. Forewing whitish suffused
with yellow-brown above submedian fold, in end of cell, and above veins 2 to 6 ;
the veins with slight dark streaks ; the costa irrorated with fuscous, with double
dark striae representing the sub-basal, ante and postmedial lines, and some white
points towards apex ; claviform elongate and defined by black ; orbicular and
reniform defined by black, the former very elongate and confluent with the
latter ; the subterminal line represented by a series of small whitish lunules,
angled outwards at vein 7 and excurved at middle ; a terminal series of small
black lunules ; cilia ochreous with a slight dark line through them. Hindwing
white, the veins and a fine terminal line ochreous
Habitat. — Punjab •. Ferozpur, Exp. 32 mill.
1633. Euxoa cursoria, Kiifn. Berl. Mag. iii., p. 416 (1767); Hiibn. Samml.
Eur. Schmett. Noct. f. 540.
Noctua mixta, Fabr. Ent. Syst. hi., 2, p. 118 (1791).
„ sagitta, Hiibn. Samml. Eur. Schmett. Noct. f. 59G (1827).
458 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XV 1.
Agrotis obscura, Staud. Cat. Lep. ii., p. 86 (1871).
„ cespitis, Swinh. Trans. Ent. oc. 1885, p. 340, pi. 9, f. 5.
„ sagittata, Staud. Iris., ix., p. 249 (1896).
„ currens, Staud. Iris., ix., p. 249 (1896).
„ vaga, Staud. Iris , ix., p. 250 (1896).
Habitat. — Europe ; Asia Minor ; W. Turkistan ; E. Turkistan ;
Mongolia ; Tibet ; Afghanistan ; Quetta. Exp. 34-38 mill.
1633. a. Eqxoa nyctopis. Hmpsn. Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M., iv, p. 250, pi. 63,
f. 30 (1903).
Head and thorax reddish-brown irrorated with white ; pectus brown and
grey ; tarsi banded with black ; abdomen grey-brown. Forewing reddish
brown, the basal area irrorated with grey ; a double, waved sub-basal line
from costa to submedian fold ; a double, waved, somewhat oblique antemedial
line ; claviform slightly defined by black ; orbicular and reniform fuscous
defined by black, the former round, the latter with whitish annulus ; traces
of a waved medial line ; the postmedial line double, dentate and produced
to points on the veins, bent outwards below costa, excurved to vein 4, then
oblique ; a whitish subterminal line, angled outwards at vein 7 and dentate
at veins 4 and 3, the area beyond is tinged with fuscous ; a terminal series of
black points ; a fine whitish line at base of cilia. Hindwing whitish tinged
with brown, especially on terminal area ; the veins brown ; the cilia white
with a brown line at base ; the underside with the costal area irrorated with
brown, a dark discoidal point, traces of a curved postmedial ling and diffused
dark subterminal band.
ab. 1. Thorax with the ground-colour black-brown ; forewing dark-brown
with the double lines filled in with whitish.
Habitat. — Kashmir, Dras, Kuijar. Exp. 40 mill.
1626. EUXOA BREVIRAMI.
1626. a. Euxoa conspicua, Htibn. Samml. Eur. Schmett. Noct. ff. 718-9
(1827).
Agrotis agricola, Boisd. Ind. Meth. Add., p. 3 (1829).
„ lycarum, Herr. Schaff. Eur. Schmett. Noct. ii, p. 333, ff. 122 — 4
(1846).
„ squalida, Ev. Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 1856, ii., p. 181.
Head and thorax brown mixed with grey and irrorated with black ; tegula;
with blackish medial line ; tarsi banded with black ; abdomen grey, dorsally
suffused with fuscous brown. Forewing grey, suffused with reddish-brown
and irrorated with fuscous ; a double waved sub-basal line from costa to sub-
median fold ; a double waved antemedial line ; claviform slightly outlined
with black ; orbicular and reniform large, grey, defined by black, often with
fuscous centres, the former oblique elliptical ; a diffused waved medial line ;
the postmedial line double, dentate and produced to points on the veins, bent
outwards below costa, excurved to vein 4, then oblique ; a pale subterminal
line, angled outwards at vein 7 and dentate on veins 4'3, defined by a dentate
THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 459
fuscous brown band on its inner side, interrupted below costa, some brown
beyond it ; a terminal series of black points. Hindwing whitish tinged with
brown, especially towards termen and inner margin ; the veins brown ; cilia
white with a brown line near base ; the underside white, the costal and
terminal areas irrorated with brown, a dark discoidal point, a curved postmedial
series of short streaks on the veins, a terminal series of points.
ab. 1. Forewing wioh the markings indistinct.
Habitat.— Europe ; Canaries ; Armenia ; Asia Minur ; Syria ; Persia ; W.
Turkestan ; E. Turk>stan ; Amur; Kashmir : Kokser, liarra Larcha, Dras ;
Punjab, Kawal Pindi. Exp. 44-5n mill.
16266. Euxoa islandica. Staud. Stett. Ent. Zeit , 1867, p. 232 ; Hmpsn Cat.
Lep. Phal. B. M. iv, p. 299, pi. 66, f. 15.
Agrotis rossica, Staud. Stett. Ent. Zeit., 1881, p. 419 ; Alph. Rom.
Mem. v, p. 138, pi. 7, f. 3
Agrotis karschi Grseser, Berl. Ent. Zeit., 1889, p. 253.
„ nigra, Staud. Iris, ix, p. 251 (1896).
Head and thorax dark-brown mixed with grey-brown, the head and part
of tegulse in front of the black medial line often whitish ; abdomen grey-
brown, the anal tuft pale fulvous. Forewing grey-brown, often much suffused
with fuscous-brown ; an irregular blackish streak below basal part of cell ; the
sub-basal line double, obsolescent, interrupted, extending from costa to vein 1 ;
the antemedial line double, angled inwards on median nervine, then obliqi;e
and excurved below cell and vein 1 ; the claviform well developed, or large,
defined by black, the obicular and reniform grey-brown or whitish, the
former round or somewhat elliptical, the latter moderate, the cell before and
between the stigmata and the area just beyond the reniform blackish ; the
postmedial line bent outwards below costa, incurved in discal fold, excurved
beyond lower angle of cell, then oblique ; the subterminal line indistinct, angled
slightly outward at vein 7 and excurved at middle, with a series of dentate
marks on its inner side ; a terminal series of black points. Hindwing white
tinged with brown, the veins, a slight discoidal mark, the costal and terminal
areas brown ; the underside with the costal area strongly irrorated with brown
and with a distinct discoidal point.
Habitat. — Iceland; Russia; Mongolia ; Siberia ; Kashmir, Kuijar, Nubra.
Exp. 3.5—38 mill.
Section IV. (Chorisagrotis) — Antennas of male minutely serrate and fasci-
culate.
A. Forewing dark fuscous brown intracta.
B. Forewing ochreous tinged with rufous ... xanthiodes.
1628. Euxoa intracta, Wlk. x. 346 (1856) ; Hmpsn. Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M.
iv, p. 315, pi. 67, f. 6.
Spcelotis ambigua, Butl. 111. Het. B. M., vii, p. 54, pi. 128, ff. 10-11 (1889).
Habitat. — Japan ; W. China ; Kashmir ; Punjab; Nepal ; Tibet, Yatung ;
Sikhim.
460 JOURNAL, BOMBA Y NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
1628a. Euxoa xanthiodes, Hnipsn. Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M., iv, p. 315,pl. 67
f. 7 (1903).
<£. Head and thorax pale rufous; palpi and fore coxae redder; fore tibiae and
tarsi whitish in front ; abdomen reddish ochreous. Forewing ochreous suffused
with rufous ; an indistinct antemeduil line angled inwards in cell and on vein 1,
and outwards in submedian fold and above inner margin ; orbicular and reni-
form small, pule, indistinct, the former round, an obscure medial shade passing
between them ; the postmedial line indistinct, minutely dentate, bent outwards
below costa, excurved to vein 4, then incurved ; an indistinct minutely waved
subtermiual line, slightly angled outwards at vein 7 and excurved at middle.
Hindwing ochreous yellow, slightly tinged with fuscous brown except ontermen
and cilia. Underside of forewing tinged with fuscous to postmedial line except
on costal area ; hindwing yellow, the costal area tinged with rufous, an in-
distinct curved postmedial line.
9. More olive-yellow and lees rufous in tone ; forewing with the markings
more distinct.
Habitat — Kashmir, Barra Larcha, Goorais Valley. Exp. 38-40 mill.
Section V. (Rhiacja) Antenna? of male ciliated.
A. Forewing pale red-brown irrorated with black,
the stigmata well defined cirghisa.
B. Forewing grey, the stigmata almost obsolete peperida.
C. Forewing fuscous brown nyetina.
1628/i. Euxoa cirghisa.
Agrotis valksiaca, Frr. Beitr. Eur. Schmett., p. 109, pi. 351, ff. 3-4
(1842). nee Boisd.
Kirghisa, Ev. Bull. Mosc. 1856, II, p. 219, pi. 1, f. 7. a. b.
Squalorwn, Ev. Bull. Mosc. 1856, II, p. 22, Studf. Ins 1,
p. 218, pi. 10, f. 9.
„ Squalidior, Staud. Cat. Lep. pal, p. 146 (1902).
Head and thorax very pale red-brown mixed with black : tegulse with medial
blackish line ; tarsi banded with black ; abdomen whitish tinged with red-
brown. Forewing pale red-brown strongly irrorated with black ; a waved
3ub-basal line from costa to submedian fold, a black spot on costa between it and
the antemedial line which arises from a costal spot, is angled inwards in cell
and on vein 1 and outwards in submedian fold and above inner margin ; clavi-
form with its extremity slightly defined by black ; orbicular and reniform
defined by black, the former somewhat elliptical, a waved medial shade
passing between them ; the postmedial line dentate, bent outwards below costa,
slightly angled inwards in discal fold and incurved below vein 4 ; subterminal
line indistinct, pale, minutely dentate, angled outwards at vein 7 and excurved
at middle, defined on inner side by a series of dentate black marks and with
blackish suffusion beyond it ; a terminal series of black points. Hindwing
white, the veins and terminal area tinged with brown ; in female wholly suffused
THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 461
with brown. Underside white, the terminal area of forewing suffused with
fuscous, of hindwing towards costa only.
ab. 1 squalid/or. Rather paler ; forewing brownish grey, the markings more
distinct ; hindwing with the terminal ai*ea brownish in male.
ab. 2 squalorum. Hindwing of male with the veins only tinged with brown,
and in female the terminal area.
Habitat. — S. E. Russia ; Armenia ; Syria ; Persia ; W. Turkistan ; W.
Siberia ; E. Turkistan ; Kashmir, Dras : Exp. 36 — 40 mill.
1628c. Euxoa peperida, Hmpsn. Cat. Lep. Phal. B.M. iv, p. 329, pi. 67, f.
20 (1903).
Head and thorax grey-white pencilled with brown ; palpi blackish at sides
except at tips ; tegulse with medial black line ; abdomen brownish-grey.
Forewing grey-white irrorated with black ; a rufous shade in, beyond, and
below end of cell ; the subbasal line represented by points on costa and
median nervure ; the antemedial line indistinct, waved, with more prominent
points on costa, median nervure and vein 1 ; hardly a trace of orbicular or
reniform ; a slight fuscous shade at lower angle of cell ; the postmedial line
indistinct, dentate, with more prominent points on the veins, bent outwards
below costa excurved to vein 4, then incurved ; subterminal line hardly
defined by a very slight shade on inner side ; a terminal series of indistinct
dark points. Hindwing white, the veins, inner and terminal areas suffused
with brown ; the underside white, the costal area irrorated with brown, a post-
medial series of minute points on the veins.
Habitat. — Kashmir, Goorais Valley. Exp. 42 mill.
1628d. Euxoa nyctina, Hmpsn. Cat. Lep. Phal. B.M., iv, p. 336, pi. 67, f.
29 (1903).
£ Fuscous brown ; head and thorax slightly mixed with grey. Forewing
narrow, the margins subparallel, the apex rounded ; slightly irrorated with
fuscous ; the sub-basal line represented by a few black scales below costa and
cell ; traces of an antemedial line oblique from costa to submedian fold where
it is angled; orbicular and reniform defined by blackish, the former rounded,
open above ; the postmedial line very indistinct, bent outwards below costa,
excurved to vein 4, then incurved ; the subterminal line only defined by difiused
blackish suffusion < n inner side, curved ; a fine pale line at base of cilia.
Hindwing pale fuscous brown ; the underside whitish, the costal and terminal
areas irrorated with brown, a diffused, curved postmedial line.
Habitat— Kumaon, Ralam Valley, 12,000'. Exp. 36 mill.
(To be continued.')
462
THE ECONOMIC USES OF SHELLS.
By E. Comber, F.Z.S.
{Read before the Bombay Natural History Society on the 9th February 1905.)
I sometimes think that, while our Society is truly a field-naturalist's club,
the majority of the papers that are printed in our journal are rather too
scientific for the great bulk of our members, and although it is essential that
we should foster this scientific research in every way we can, we should at
the same time endeavour to encourage and interest the less scientific members
of the Society by trying to show them that there is a great field for
work which anyone can help in if he will take the trouble. Such work can well
take the form of the collection of information with regard to the economic
products of the country, and for this the scientific details can easily be sup-
plied by the reference of spacimens for identification to the Society's officials.
As I proceeded with the preparation of this paper I realised more and more
the extent of the field that the subject covers and the impossibility of following
up and investigating many details, but I hope it will encourage those who have
the opportunities to contribute information where they can.
I would also ask you to consider whether the most is made in this country
of the many valuable shell-fish that abound round our coasts and their products.
Shell-fish have been put to many uses by men from the earliest times. Their
shells have been employed as money in many parts of the world by uncivilised
peoples ; they have been, and always will be, used as ornaments ; the shell-
fish themselves have formed an item of food from time immemorial ; and
their shelh again have been utilised for the purpose of producing such
valuable commodities as lime.
I propose to deal with these various uses under their respective heads.
The employment uf shells as money is a subject that need not be dealt with
very fully as it is one that is bound to decrease with the advance of civilisation.
Cowries have generally been the favourite shells selected for this purpose,
owing no doubt to the beautiful polish that they possess. The so-called " Money
Cowrie" {Cyproa moneta) is the customary variety and the value of. them in
India is somewhere about 96 to one pice (| anna). Dr. Watt's Dictionary
of Economic Products (1 89L*) , to which I shall have to constantly refer, describes
them as " imported into Hornbay chiefly from the Laccadive and Maldive Is-
lands, and from Zauzibar. " I elsewhere find it noted that " Cowries are import-
ed to England from India and other places for the purpose of exportation to
West Africa, to be exchanged for native products. '" In a " Provisional List of
Notes and References to the Chief Indian Animal Products " published by Dr.
Watt in 1902 he writes : " With regard to the use of shells as coins, it is desired
to obtain any valuable information as to the extent of this traffic." The imports
of cowries into Bombay during the official year 1903-04 comprised 2,771 cwts.
from British East Africa and 4,161 cwts. from Portuguese East Africa, say
nearly 350 tons, which were valued at over Rs. 22,000. As to the imports
THE ECONOMIC USES OF SHELLS. 463
from such dependencies as the Laccadive and Maldive Islands I have been
unable to ascertain any figures. Unfortunately the exports of cowries are not
distinguished separately from other shells so that no conclusions as to the extent
of the trade can be drawn.
Turning to the question of the many ways in which shells are used for orna-
ments it is somewhat difficult to know where to commence, for the subject
could easily be enlarged upon so as to fill a fair sized book.
The two main branches of the subject are undoubtedly pearls and mother-
o' -pearl, though there is besides in India at any rate the extensive Chunk or
Conch shell fishery.
Taking Pearls first, it may be noted that from the most ancient times to the
present day India has been looked upon as the chief market of the wojld for
the best specimens ; but it must be admitted that this reputation is not alto-
gether deserved as it is really from Ceylon and from the Persian Gulf that the
majority, and certainly the best, of them come, though they largely find their
way to other countries through the Bombay market.
Pearls are of course produced by quite a large number of bivalve shells, but
the really valuable ones are found in the so-called " Pearl-oysters " of various
species belonging to the genus Margaritifera, which is a section of the genus
Pteria (=Avicula). Great confusion has existed as to the various species of
this genus, but I suppose we may take a paper by Mr. H. L. Jameson published
ia the Zoological Society's Proceedings (1901) in order, as he describes, " to
prevent further confusion of the common commercial form by zoological and
economic writers," as the most recent authoritative opinion on the subject.
From this paper it is evident that there is great variation in any one so-called
species and that the sub-division into species is more or less arbitrary.
Quoting Rev. A. H. Cooke in the Cambridge Natural History, " Pearls are the
result of a disease in the animal .... When the Avicula is large, well formed,
and with ample space for individual development, pearls scarcely occur at all
but when the shells are crowded together, and become humped and distorted, as
well as affording cover for all kinds of marine worms and parasitic creatures,
then pearls are sure to be found." It was formerly supposed that pearls were
formed around some foreign matter, such as a grain of sand, that had become
imbedded in the mantle of the animal and so been a source of irritation, but
the usual cause is now generally recognised to be either a minute parasite or
an ovum, or group of ova, that has escaped from an overgrown ovary and be-
come imbedded in the mantle. Although originating in the mantle they
frequently work their way out and lie loose between it and the shell, or be-
come attached by subsequent nacreous deposit to the mother-o'-pearl surface
of the latter. The hollow warty pearl, known as " blister pearl," is supposed
to be produced by a deposit of nacreous matter at the point of invasion of a
boring parasite. Now although the various species of " Pearl-oysters " all
produce pearls of sorts, the larger species, such as M. margaritifera (Lin.), are
fished chiefly for their marketable value for the " Mother-o'-pearl," and thei-e
9
464 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol XVI.
are distinguished from the smaller species, such as M. vulgaris (Sch.) and its
many varieties, by the entire absence of any trace of hinge teeth, which the
latter possesses in a minute form.
By far the most important pearl fisheries round the coasts of India are in
the Gulf of Manar, between Ceylon and Tuticorin, and they have been worked
for over 2,000 years. A most interesting and authentic description of these
fisheries appeared in the official publication of the Colombo Museum (known
as Spolia zeylanlca) in 1903 by the then Lieutenant-Governor, the Hon. E. im
Thurn, who visited the fishery camp in the spring of that year when the Ceylon
Government decided to allow the fishing to take place after an interval of
11 years. He even went so far as to personally inspect the oyster beds in a
diving dress, his experiences of which he fully describes. So many accounts of
the actual gathering of the shells by the divers have been published that I need
hardly go over the ground again. On the return of the fishing fleet after the
day's fishing the crews rush the baskets of oysters inside the Government
enclosure and there each " take " is divided into 3 heaps, of which Government
appropriate two, while the third is handed over to the fishermen as their
share. *
By about 9 p.m. the officials have pretty accurately ascertained the day's
total, the Government share of which is then put up to auction at the tempor-
ary court-house to the number perhaps of millions for the one day's " take."
Prices vary curiously and inexplicably in a single night, perhaps as much as
Rs. 35 per thousand being given early in the evening, while later on no more
than Rs. 22 may be bid, and yet again later still higher prices may prevail.
The washing of the pearls from the oysters is a most tedious, primitive and
disgusting process, as they are simply left to rot for a week and then the
larger pearls are sorted by hand from the seething, stinking mass. The
residue is then dried in the sun and subsequently winnowed and examined
until the smallest pearls have been picked out. The fishing goes on daily for
some two months, when Government proclaim it closed, and the whole camp
breaks up, leaving the jackals and other scavengers to take their share of the
leavings among the great mounds of fresh shells that have been added to the
accumulations of so many previous years, for these shells have not sufficient
marketable value for their mother-o'-pearl to be worth shipping to the
European markets. The Ceylon Government are now going fully into the
question of how this primitive, insanitary system of sorting out the pearls can
be improved.
From a recent notice about the Ceylon pearl fishery, that appeared in tie
New York weekly paper " Forest and Stream," I extract the following further
particulars : —
" A remarkable feature about them has always been their uncertainty and
intermittent character. For 50 years during the nineteenth century the banks
produced nothing, and from 1837 — 54, and again from 1864-73, no pearls were
collected.
THE ECONOMIC USES OF SHELLS. 465
"In view of the immense importance and value of these fisheries, an effort
was recently made by the Colonial officers of the British Government to inves-
tigate the causes of these barren years, and also to find a remedy for them ;
and Prof. W. A. Herdman was asked to examine the records on this subject
and to repoit on them. Following this report came a request by the Govern-
ment that he should make a personal investigation of the pearl banks, and with
Mr. Hornell, an assistant, he went to Ceylon and set about the work.
" The first step in the investigation was to make a complete survey of the
whole sea bottom of the area of the pearl fisheries. This was done partly by
sounding and dredging, and partly by the aid of divers, Mr. Hornell himself
doing some investigation in a diving suit. Thus was gained much information
as to the nature of the ground best suited to the growth of the pearl-oyster and
the dangers to which the animal is exposed. It has many active enemies* such
as sponges and mollucs and star-fishes, which bore through the shell, fishes and
internal parasites. Yet, on the whole, the destruction caused by these agents
is slight, compared with that caused by shifting sands, which overwhelm whole
beds of oysters, burying and killing them. A bed of oysters, examined in
March, which extended over an area of sixteen square miles, was covered by
a vast multitude of young oysters ' so closely packed that the bank must have
held not less than one hundred thousand million. ' In November of the same
year the spot was revisited and the oysters had disappeared, having been buried
in the sand or swept down a steep slope outside the bed.
" Overcrowding is another fruitful cause of destruction which Professor
Herdman suggests may be avoided by transplanting. That the star-fishes
cause much damage is shown by an example given of a crop of oysters estima-
ted in March 1902, as 5f millions, which had nearly disappeared by March
1903, from this cause."
The other great pearl producing fisheries of the world are in the Persian
Gulf, of which the Island of Bahrein is the centre, and on the N. and N.-W.
Coasts of Australia, the pearls being found in varieties of the same species of
shell as in Ceylon waters. The Persian Gulf shells are known to the trade as
" Lingah " shells from the principal port from which they are shipped, as these
shells are sent to market for their mother-of-pearl value. The general method
of procedure in the fishing is the same as in Ceylon.
On the west coast of India there are pearl fisheries at various places, but
the gems are of comparatively small value. The most important of these is off
the State of Nawanagar on the south side of the Gulf of Cutch, where the true
pearl oyster is found, although it is rare on the coast generally. In confirmation
of its scarcity, Mr. E. H. Aitken writes roe that it " is not supposed to be found
between the Persian Gulf and Ceylon, but I have a perfect specimen (very
young) from the Uatnagiri coast and two halves from Kanara. "
Having heard of the Nawanagar fisheries, and finding references to them in
the '« Bombay Gazeteer" of 1884, (Kathiawar, VIII, pp. 93 and 561), I tried to
learn something more about them. Mr. Chester Kincaid has been good enough to
466 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol XVI.
send me several specimens of the shells, which prove to be undoubted tme
pearl-oysters, and through the courtesy of the Jamnagar Diwan has supplied
me with the following notes about the fishery under date of 8th February
1905 :—
" (1 ) The yearly value of the Jamnagar Pearls fisheries is about Rs. 4,000.
(2) Pearl oysters are found along a coast line of 80 miles from Mangra near
Jodya Bunder to Pindera in the Gulf of Cutch, and also in the islards of Ajad,
Chauk, Kalumbar and Nora, which are also situated in the Cutch Gulf.
(3) The oysters are not procured by diving, but are fished off rocks when the
tide is out. During the monsoon, for some reason unexplained, the collection
of oysters is limited to 8 days in the month— i.e., 12th to 15th of each half
according to the Hindu Calendar.
(4) The fishermen are by law limited to the Waghers of ten villages, which
are Varinar, Sashana, Sika, Balachedi, Jhakhar, Sarmat, Bharana, Sahiya,
Chudesar and Bedi.
(5) The collection is left entirely in the hands of the said Waghers, who at
Divali (the Hindu new year) bring all the pearls gathered by them to the
Durbar. Then an estimate is made and a fourth of their value is paid to the
Waghers and the pearls handed over to the state treasury. This is the old tine-
honoured custom to which it is intended to revert. The British administration
however broke through it and farmed out the pearl fisheries.
(6) The present year the oysters have been given a close season."
So far as I have been able to learn this is the only part of the West Coast of
India where the true pearl-oyster is gathered. The pearls in other localities
are procured from a very different kind of shell, viz., the so called
" Window-oyster " belonging to the genus Placuna. The shells are flat,
thin and transparent, being still used in Coa and its neighbourhood as a
substitute for glass in windows. They are very abundant from Karachi to
the Kanara district and wherever they occur in any abundance they are
collected for the sake of the small pearls found in them. Of this fishery in
Karachi, Mr. E. H. Aitken writes me that it " is fanned out by Government
for a good sum. In 1900, the amount realised was Ks. 3,650 for a period of
3 years, but the farmer lost heavily and in 1904 the highest offer for a similar
period of 3 years was Rs. 1,851. Pearls may be found in as many as 10 to 20
percent, of mature shells. They are small and imperfect and not worth much
as jewels, but they are also used in native medicines and are burned to make
the black powder with which native ladies beautify the eyelids of their
children. No use is made of these oysters, or their shells, after the pearls are
removed though I believe they are considered eatable by the poor.
It may surprise some of you to hear that there formerly existed a pearl
fishery in Bombay harbour, and regarding it I cannot do better, I think, than
quote the following reference to it from the Bombay Gazetteer, (Thana),
published in 1882. " Pearls are found in the Thana creek from Belapur
to Thana. Their existence (.does not) appear to have been known to the people
THE ECONOMIC USES OF SHELLS. 467
in the district till lately . . . The shells, shimplas, are flat and round. The
pearls, which are of a pale, whitish colour, vary in size from a poppy seed
to a grain of millet. They are sometimes found the size of a pea. Except some
that are sold in the district and are used by the natives in medicine, they are
bought by pearl merchants and sent to China. Pearls are sold by the tola,
which cost about 14s. (Rs. 7) to collect, and sells at from Ks. 8 to 11. For the
last two years the right of fishing has been sold by Government; it
realised Rs. 102 in 1878 and Rs. 214 in 1879."
In 1901-02 there was much excitement about the pearls found at Belapur
and it was said that quantities were being collected.
Of other shells that produce pearls may be mentioned the fresh water
mussels of India (Unio marginalia and U. fladclens), which Dr. J. Anderson
describes as collected near Berhampur in Bengal, and similarly the seed pearls
obtained from the nearly allied fresh water mussel of the British Isles {Unio-
margaritiferus) have also a small commercial value. These small pearls, includ-
ing most of those from the " Window oyster," besides being used to some
extent for ornamental purposes, are supposed to possess invigorating powers and
are used chiefly as a medicine. Quoting Dr. Watt, they " have been used in
medicine from a very ancieniperiod. . . . They are purified for use by being
boiled with the juice of certain leaves and flowers." " They are then calcined in
covered crucibles and reduced to powder. The powder thus formed is believed
to be similar in properties to coral, and is generally used in combination with that
substance. It is esteemed in urinary diseases, consumption, &c, and is said to in-
crease the strength of weak patients. . . . The only virtue possessed by the
gem is doubtless that of an antacid, a property for which it was used at one time
in European medicine, and even held a position in the British PharmacopaW
When we turn to the second great commercial purpose to which the pearl-
oyster is put, the field before us is an extensive one. ;is is exemplified by the
array of exhibits on the table representing some of the economic uses of
mother-o'-pearl.
This term is generally employed to describe the nacreous lining of many
shells, but is more properly applied to the shells of several species of Margari-
tifera, which is of far greater commercial value on account of its lustre and
thickness, which allows of its being manufactured into such useful articles
as buttons, knife handles, spoons, plates, &c., besides the purely ornamental
articles of which there are a fairly representative selection before you.
I believe, the very pick of the shells that come on the London market are
selected and fetch a special price for export to New York for the purpose of
supplying the mother-o'-pearl side-plates for the handles of revolvers, which
are greatly appreciated by Mexican and other ' cow-boys'- in fact no cow- boy
can attain any standing in his profession unless possessed of one of these
mother-o'-pearl handled ' guns,'
The shells of M. margaritifera provide the greatest supply of mother-o'-pearl
to the European markets, being now obtained most largely from the fisheries of
468 JOURNAL, BOMBA Y NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
the N. and N.-W. Coasts of Australia, besides the Persian Gulf, Straits Settle-
ments and the Islands of the Pacific. The nacre is highly irridescent, often
somewhat steely in lustre and generally with a marginal band of dark metallic
green, bronze or brassy yellow, while some varieties are quite smoky. They are
known in the trade as ' Banda' shells with a prefix indicating the port from which
the supply is shipped to the London market, e. g., the Australian shell or
Zanzibar shell, with other distinguishing descriptive titles as the Black-lipped
Banda, &c. The ' Lingah' or ' Bombay shell' of the trade is the smaller pearl-
producing species from the Persian Gulf and is of comparatively little value for
its mother-o'-pearl owing to the large supply and limited demand.
The yearly import of mother-o'-pearl shells into England exceeded in
value a quarter of a million sterling some years ago, and may possibly now be
larger still, though a large proportion of this is re-exported to Continental
Europe. As regards local trade in Bombay I can supply the following figures
for the official year 1903-4, when the imports amounted to some 90 odd tons of
a value of nearly half a lakh of rupees, or about Bs. 33 per cwt. They were
imported chiefly from Arabian and Persian Gulf ports, and to some extent
from East Africa and Aden. Of exports from Bombay, which, as already
mentioned, do not distinguish other shells from cowries, &c, the value for the
year 191)3-04 amounted to Rs. 1,19,000, going almost entirely to the United
Kingdom and Trieste.
The process of manufacture of mother-o'-pearl buttons is thus described in
Chamber's Encyclopaedia (188S). " Small cylinders are cut out of the ?hells with
a tubular saw. These are then split into discs, which are shaped by a steel
tool, drilled with holes and finally polished with rotton-stone and soft soap, or
by a more recent method with ground charcoal and turpentine."
With the facilities that cheap labour provide, is there not surely a great field
for the development of the industry of manufacturing mother-o'-pearl articles
in this country, situated as it is so conveniently to the sources of supply ?
At present, it appears never to have been developed to any extent, and, so
far as I am aware, not a single one of the mother-o'-pearl articles that we
exhibit to-night was manufactured in India.
The next important use of shells to which I shall refer is the Chunk or Conch
fishery of Southern India. These shells are obtained chiefly in the Gulf of
Manar and also at Travancore and Tuticorin. An important paper was published
in 1894 by Mr. Thurston dealing with the details of the fisheries and industry.
Besides being employed extensively as horns blown at temples, they are manu-
factured into a number of ornamental articles, such as bracelets, rings, buttons,
&c, and this industry is chiefly carried on at Dacca and also at Dinajpur and
Sylhet. Dr. Watt appeals for " more direct commercial particulars and more
recent facts, such as extent of trade, regions of supply, markets to which
exported, season procurable, prices, &c."
In this connection I may perhaps here mention the same author's reference
to "the aquamarine shell carved work of Jaipur," but I am not acquainted with
THE ECONOMIC USES OF SHELLS. 469
this work and have not been able to obtain a specimen. Information regarding
it, the species of shell employed, and whence obtained, would be interesting.
Another ornamental use to which shells are put is the carving of Cameos,
which it is hardly necessary to describe as engraved gems in which the subject
is cut in relief. For the best cameos stratified stones, such as onyx and agate,
are used, but owing to the difficulty of obtaining suitable material shell
cameos were introduced in Italy about the fifteenth century. The most useful
shells are of course those with several layers of different colours, and I find the
" Bull's mouth " with the under layer red, the " Black helmet" with a dark onyx
ground, and the " Queen's conch" with a pinkish ground described as the most
valuable for the purpose, but I have not been able to ascertain the genera to
which these shells belong.
Before leaving the subject of the uses of shells for ornamental purposes I
must here mention the Giant Clam (Tridac?ia gigas), which have been known
to weigh as much as 500 lbs. the pair, as used for containing holy water in
French churches — notably a pair at St. Sulpice in Paris. I must also draw
attention to the many highly artistic and ornamental articles made from shells
that have been loaned to us for the occasion by Bhicaji & Co. — most of which,
I am informed, are manufactured in Siam — and the panels of Japanese work
inlaid with carved shell lent by Hinode & Co.
Our next consideration must be the uses to which shell-fish are put as an
article of food. This is a subject that might well be made into a paper by itself,
as the use of them is universal all over the marine littoral of the world.
First and foremost of course from a European point of view come the edible
oysters, which are regarded as a delicacy wherever Europeans are found.
According to Messrs. Melville and Abercrombie's paper that appeared in our
Journal, Vol. VIII, p. 345, the edible oysters of this coast are stated to be
probably confined to two species, viz., Ostrcea plicata (or crenulifera) and 0.
bicolor, but it is admitted that the discrimination of the species is very difficult.
Regarding the use of them by natives on this coast Mr. Aitken writes that
"from Bombay southwards the oyster is eaten by the Hindu fishermen and
lower castes. In Sind, where the poorer population is Mahomedan, the oyster
is not eaten, nor any other molluscs I believe. Karachi was once famous for
its oysters, but now the demand is mostly supplied from Kathiawar and Cutch.
During the last few years efforts have been made to protect them by closing
certain sections of the coast for a time and forbidding the removal of shells
under a certain size."
While on the subject of edible oysters some reference is necessary to the
artificial cultivation of them. As many as 2,000 years ago this appears to have
been undertaken on a large scale by the Romans, who appreciated oysters as
much as we do at the present day, and oyster farms have been more or less
paying concerns ever since. The most extensive on the British coasts are those
at Whitstable on the Thames estuary, where they extend over an area of more
than 27 square miles; but, large as these and other British oyster farms may
470 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
be, we are far surpassed in this industry by both the French and the Americans,
who have applied even more scientific methods of economic cultivation resulting
in a far larger output. While it has been estimated that the annual production
in Great Britain is not less than sixteen hundred millions, that in France is
much larger, and in America the estimate has been put at over five thousand
millions. The artificial cultivation of oysters has engaged a good deal of atten-
tion too in Australia, but while it is an industry that might possibly develop
to some extent on the coasts of India, there is little likelihood ff its growing
into anything like the business it is in other countries owing to the climatic
difficulties of transport to large consuming markets, as oysters do not readily
lend themselves to preservation by the process of drying or otherwise.
On the British coasts mussels and cockles are largelj collected for food and
form a welcome variety to the bill of fare of the poorer classes. Wherever
mussels can be dredged in large quantities they are shipped by the truck-load to
the large inland manufacturing towns.
Our local representative of the mussel (Mytilus smaragdinus) on this coast is
considered one of the best of all shell -fish, and our large local cockle (Cardittm
coronatum) is also eaten, while the shells of the latter are sold in retail shops to be
burnt into a special lime for eating with pan supari.
Besides the above species Mr. Aitken has kindly furnished me with the
following information about other shell-fish that are eaten on this coast : —
" Meretrix morphina, Mero'e solandri, Chione pivguis and radlata, especially
the last two, constitute a large proportion of the food of the coast population.
At low spring tides the women turn out in hundreds and wade into the creeks to
grub them out of the mud.
" Tapes malabarica is eaten even by the Mahomedans on the Ratnagiri coast,
who are not so particular as those of Sind, and allow some kinds of shell fish as
have not what they describe as ' black blood/
'' Donax incarnatus is considered a delicacy and much eaten. It is exceedingly
common on smooth beaches between watermarks. As the tide recedes each
wave leaves a number uncovered, and although they bury themselves very
nimbly, men on the watch rush in and pick them out.
" Asaphis diphos and other species of this family (Psammobiida), as well as
Anatina labiata are eaten."
Of univalves 'Gasteropoda) not mai<y are u?ed for edible purposes, but a
few _ e.g., Turbo intereostalis ( = elegans ), Purpura bufo and P. carinifera are
eaten. The latter is called bhihari (beggar) and not much esteemed.
Fresh-water molluscs, owing to their insipidity, do not form a desirable
article of diet, but land snails have been looked upon as a delicacy in parts of
Europe ever since Roman days, though they are not generally eaten in the
British Isles, or, so far as I am aware, in India. Of their excellence, however,
I can personally vouch from my own experience. The large edible snail of
Europe {Helix pomatid) was introduced into England by the Romans at the
time they held the country and about the sites of old Roman habitations this
THE ECONOMIC USES OF SHELLS. 471
particular species is still found. At the same time snails are eaten in England,
and only lately I met an old man in Somersetshire collecting them {Helix
aspersa) with an iron hook on the end of a stick from the crevices in old walls,
who informed me that he made his living by it as they were in great demand
among the glass-blowers of Bristol, who looked upon them as a great specific for
the cure of the lung diseases that many of them suffer from. In this connec-
tion Rev. A. H. Cooke gives various instances in different parts of the British
Isles of the firm belief still existing among the lower classes in the curative
powers of young slugs in consumptive cases when eaten — sometimes alive !
Of other molluscs that are extensively eaten in certain parts of the world,
I must mention the cuttlefish family {Cephalopoda). Regarding them as
food Dr. Cooke writes : " Dried Cephalopods are a favourite Chinese dish, and
are regularly exported to San Francisco, where the Chinese make them into
soup." In this connection, too, I quote Dr. Watt, who wrote (1902) : " Although
there is every reason to believe that a large trade might be organised in Indian
cuttlefish, the industry would appear to be entirely neglected." He then goes
on to refer to an account of the Chinese fisheries that appeared in the Journal
of the Society of Chemical Industries (Vol. VIII, p. 580). To what extent
they are eaten on the West Coast of India, I have failed to obtain information,
but one sees them occasionally in the Bombay Market.
On this coast, shells are very extensively burned for making lime for building
and other purposes. This is undoubtedly a really important industry, but I
have been unable to obtain any details that go further than the references
to it in the Bombay Gazetteer, so must content myself to the following extracts
therefrom : —
" At Kurla a considerable quantity of shell lime is made by burning cockle
shells found in the neighbouring creeks. This lime is what is termed ' fat,'
and is not suitable for building work. It is chiefly used for white-washing."0
" The lime in general use is made from calcined cockle shells. There is
an inexhaustible quarry of these shells in the bed of the Ratnagiri creek near
the village of Juva, about two miles from Ratnagiri. This quarry supplies the
whole district with lime, which in Ratnagiri costs Rs. 12 to 15 the hundred cubic
feet. Shell lime possesses little cementing properties and only answers when
used with laterite stone. " f
On the' Bengal coast the shells of Telescopium fuscum and Pyrazus palustris,
both estuarine species, are burnt for lime, but these do not occur in sufficient
quantities on this side for the purpose. Inland, certain fresh-water shells are
utilised for a similar purpose to some extent.
In conclusion, I shall now only refer to two peculiar, but interesting, uses to
which cowries are put. A large cowrie has for long been recognised as the
best of all known things to put into the toe of a sock or stocking when it
becomes necessary to darn them, and is commonly used for this purpose.
* Bombay Gazetteer, Thana, XIII, pt, 1, p. 21 (1882).
f Bombay Gazetteer, Ratnagiri, Vol. X, p. 31.
472 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol XV I.
The other is an almost purely local use of the cowrie. A large specimen of
Gijprcea tigris is employed for polishing the cloth that is used for covering Parsi
hats. The cloth is imported from China and the highly glazed surface is
obtained by rubbing the face of it -with a cowrie shell to which a little cocoanut
oil has been previously applied.
Finally, may I be allowed to appeal to any of our members, who may be in a
position to do so, to contribute any further notes on the uses to which shells
and shell-fish are put in this country, or further details of those to which I have
alluded.
473
FURTHER NOTES ON THE FLORA OF NORTHERN
GANJAM.
By Cecil E. C. Fischer, i.f.s.
(Continued from page 556 of Vol. XV.)
The first note was compiled when expecting to leave the Ganjam
District for good early in 1 904 As my stay continued till the first
week of 1905, I was enabled to make further notes, and the following
supplemental list is the result.
The list is, of course, even now incomplete, especially with regard to
the Cyperacece and Graminece.
The most striking features in the flora are the large preponderance of
LeguminosecB (137 species), the comparative poverty in Orehidece
(6 species), and the entire absence of UmbelUferece, of which order I
failed to find a single species growing wild,
I have practically omitted all oultivated species which are neither
truly wild nor escaped from cultivation.
Appended is a list of corrections to the first note. I regret that one
or two errors in identification crept in.
In conclusion, I wish to here express my acknowledgments of the
kind assistance and encouragement extended by Lt.-Ool. D. Prain,
I.M.S., F.LS., and Oapt. A. Gage, I.M.8., F.L.S.
SUPPLEMENTAL LIST OF PLANTS FROM NORTHERN GANJAM
DICOTYLEDON ES.
.Menispermacece.
1. Cissampelos Pareira, Linn. Flowers rains, fruit December. TJriya
Okanobindu.
2. Tinosporia cordifolia, Miers. Uriya Gundicht.
3. Cocculus villosus, DC.
Nymphceacece.
4. Nymphasa rubra, Roxb.
Capparidecv.
5. Cleome aspera. Konig. Flowers during the rains.
8. Capparis zeylanica, Linn.
Caryophylla cece.
7. Polycarpcea corymbosa, Lamk.
Portulacacecp.
8. Portulaca oleracea, Linn.
9. Portulaca tuberosa, Eoxb.
10
474 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
Elatineai.
10. Bergia ammannioides, Roxb.
Malvaceae.
11. Sida veronicifolia, Lamk.
12. Abutilon polyandrum, Schlecht,
13. Hibiscus ficulneus, Linn. Flowers cold season. Uriya Bonobhendi.
14. Hibiscus pandurseformis, Burm.
15. Hibiscus vitifolius, Linn.
Sterculiacfd'.
16. Pentaptes phoenicea, Linn.
17. Melochia corchorifolia, Linn.
18. Waltheria indica, Linn.
19. Buettneria herbacea, Roxb.
Tiliacea;.
20. Grewia orientalis, Linn.
21. Triumfetta rotundifolia, Lamk.
22. Triumfetta pilosa, Roth. Flowers cold season, up to 2,000' ; only found
in the southern extremity of the area.
23. Oorchorus acutangulus, Lamk.
24. Corchorus fasciculatus Lamk.
25. Corchorus olitorius, Linn. An escape from cultivation. Uriya Olusu
26. Corchorus capsularis, Linn. An escape from cultivation.
Malpighiacece.
27. Aspidopteris Koxburghiana, A. Juss. Flowers during rains.
Geraniacece.
28. Biophytum sensitivum DC. Flowers during rains
Rutaceos.
29. Murraya exotica, Linn.
Olacineoz.
30. Olax nana, Wall. Flowers hot season. Uriya Bhumi-aonla,
31. Opilia amentacea, Roxb. Flowers hot season. Uriya Kan-bodelia .
Celastrinea'.
32. Gymnosporia emarginata, Roth. Flowers cold season.
33. Gymnosporia Rothiana, W. & A.
34. Salacia prinoides, DC. Flowers November.
35. Hippocratea indica, Wall. Flowers during rains.
Rhamnacece.
36. Govania leptostachya, DC.
A mpdideo?..
37. Vitis tomentosa, Heyne.
38. Vitis repanda, W. & A.
39. Vitis auric ulata, Roxb.
40. Vitis pallida, W. & A.
41. Leea herbacea, Ham.
42. Leea macrophylla, Hamem.
FURTHER NOTES ON THE FLORA OF NORTHERN GANJAIil. 475
Sapindacece.
43. Hemigyrosa canescens.
Leguminusecb.
44. Lathyrus satious, Linn, Escaped from cultivation.
45. Crotolaria quinquefolia, Linn. Flowers cold season.
46. Crotolaria medicaginea, DC. var. neglecta .
47. Crotolaria retusa, Linn,
48. Crotolaria mysorensis, Roth,
49. Flemingia semi-alata, Roxb.
50. Rhynchosia rufescens, DC.
51. Rhynchosia minima, DC. Flowers hot season.
52 Rhynchosia bracteata, Benth.
53. Teramnus labialis, Spreng. Flowers rains.
54. Mucuna monosperrna, DC.
55. Millettia racemosa, Benth. Flowers rains.
56. Uraria lagopodes, DC.
57. Desmodium heterophyllum, DC.
58. Desmodium diffusum, DC. Flowers cold season.
59. Desmodium triquetrum, DC Rare, only found near Mojjagodo. Flowers
December.
60. Desmodium gyrans, DC.
ill. Desmodium gyroides, DC.
62. Alysicarpus bupleurifolius, DC.
63. Indigofera aspalathoides, Vapl. Flowers and pods rains. Uriya Nil/.
64. Indigofera trita. Linn,
65. Indigofera glabra, Linn.
66. Indigofera pulchella, Roxb. Not common. Flowers hot season.
67. Cassia pumila, Lcnnk. Flowers cold season.
• 68 Bauhinia acuminata, Linn.
69. Acacia lenticularis, Ham.
70. Acacia Suma, Ham.
71. Albizzia odoratissima, Benth, Uriya Sirisi.
72. Albizzia Lebbek, Benth. Uriya Sirisa.
Melastomaceos .
73. Osbeckia zeylanica, Willd.
Lythracece,
74. Ammannia peploides, Spreng.
75. Ammannia pentandra, Roxb.
76. Ammannia baccifera, Linn.
77. Ammannia salicifolia, Monti.
78. Punica granatum, Linn. Planted.
Onagracece,
79. Jussicea repens, Linn. Rooting in mud. Flowers soon after rains on the
edges of tanks.
476 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
Turneracece.
80. Turnera ulmifolia, Linn. Introduced as a garden plant from America and
now run wild and occurring as a common weed in the neighbourhood
of towns. The order is only represented by this one species in India,
and has been omitted from Hooker's Flora of British India, and is also
absent from Cooke's Flora of Bombay, in which latter province it has
perhaps not run wild as it has in Bengal (vide Prain's " Bengal
Plants") and in our area.
Cucurbitacece.
81. Trichosanthes palmata, Roxb. Flowers rains.
82. Grymnopetalum cochinchinense, Rusz. Flowers rains.
83. Luffa acutangula, lioxb. Flowers rains.
84. Momordica Charantia, Linn. Flowers cold season. Uriya Kobara.
85. Momordica dioica, Roxb. Flowers rains.
86. Cucnmis trigonus, Roxb. Flowers rains.
87. Citrullus vulgaris, Schrad. Hun wild.
88. Mukia scabrella. Am. Flowers rains.
89. Bryonia laciniosa, Linn.
90. Zahneria umbellata, Thwaites. Flowers hot season. Uriya Mthada-voi.
Trichosanthes anguina, Linn. ; Lagenaria vulgaris, Ser. • and Cucurbita ma-
xima Duchesne are much cultivated.
Ficoidea.
91. Trianthema monogynum, Linn. Flowers rains.
92. Mollugo stricta, Linn. Flowers hot season.
93. Mollugo Spergula. Linn. Flowers hot season.
94. Mollugo hirta, Thunb. Flowers hot season.
95. Grisekia pharmaceoides, Linn. Flowers rains.
Rubiacea?.
96. Dentella repens, Forsk
97. Hedyotis pinifolia, Wall.
98. Hedyotis hispida, Retz.
99. Oldenlandia Heynei, Br.
100. Oldenlandia brachiata, Wight.
101. Oldenlandia gracilis, DC.
102. Oldenlandia nudicaulis, Roth.
103. Randia malabarica, Lamk.
104. Knoxia corymbosa, Willd. Apt to be mistaken for an Umbelliferous
plant at the first glance.
Compositeoz.
105. Centranthemum anthelmintic um, 0. Kuntze.
106. Vernonia teres, Wall.
107. Vernonia cinerea. Less.
108. Elephantopus scaber, Linn. Flowers at the end of rains and up to De-
cember.
FURTHER NOTES ON THE FLORA OF NORTHERN GANJAM. 477
109. Ageratum conyzoides, Linn. An introduced plant, now thoroughly esta-
blished throughout the Peninsula and in Ceylon.
110. Grangea maderaspatana, Poir.
111. Erigeron asteroides, Roxb.
112. Blumea lacera, DC.
113. Lagera flava, Benth.
114 Sphceranthus indicus, Linn. Uriya Pokusungo.
115. Csesulia axillaris, Rcxb.
116. Vicoa auriculata, Cass.
117. Emilia souchifolia, DC.
118. Tage.tes patula, Linn. An escape from cultivation.
119. Siegesbeckia orientalis, Linn. Only seen on the lower slopes of Mahen-
dragiri.
120. Eclipta alba, Hassle. Uriya Kasindra. On dry soil a .small procumbent
dry weed ; much larger, erect and somewhat flashy in swamps and ditches.
121. Blainvillea latifolia, DC.
122. Wedelia calendulacea, Less.
123. Spilanthes A cmslla, Linn.
124. Bidens pilosa, Linn.
125. Glossogyne pinnatifolia, DC. In hilly country.
126 Tridax procumbens, Linn. Uriya Bhumi — Pokusungo. Another Ameri-
can invader which has become thoroughly naturalised throughout the
Peninsula and Ceylon. It is certainly the most widespread and
abundant weed in our area. It flowers sporadically throughout the year.
127. Launea pinnatifida, Cass. A small herb of the seashore sand with a
flagelli form creeping and rooting stem.
Ai least three more species could not be identified for want of developed
flowers.
Campanulacea.
128. Lobelia terminalis, Clarke.
Ebenacece.
129. Diospyros tomentosa, Roxb. Uriya Khendu. Not readily distinguishable
from D. melanoxylon, Roxb. Both species occur.
Oleaceai.
130. Jasminum Sambac, Ait.
Salvadoracece.
131. Azima tetracantha, Lamk. Flowers rains.
Apocynacece.
132. Vinca pusilla, Mun. A miniature of the introduced well-known " Dead
man's flower." V. rosea, Linn.
133. Alstonia neriifolia, Don. Not common.
Asclepiadacece.
134. Cryptolepis Buchanani, Room & Schalt. Uriya Doddara.
135. Cryptolepis elegans, Wall.
136. Strcptocaulon sylvestre, Wight.
mJODUNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XV J.
137. Pentatropis microphylla, W & A.
138. Sarcostemma brevistigma, Wight. Flowers hot season.
139. Gymnema sylvestre, Br, var. ceylanica.
140. Pergularia pallida, W. & A.
141. Tylophora asthmatica, W. & A.
142. Hoya pendula, Wight.
Gentianaceee.
143. Erythraea Roxburghii, G. Don.
144. Hoppea dichotoma, Willd.
Boraginece.
145. Heliotropum ovalifolium, Forsk.
146. Heliotropum strigosum, Willd, rar. brevifolia,
147. Heliotropum marifolium, Retz. rar. Wallichii,
148. Heliotropum indicurn, Linn.
149. Coldenia procumbens, Linn.
Convolvulacetr.
150. Cuscuta reflexa, Roxb. A leafless filamentous parasitic shrub, often com-
pletely covering the crown of bushes with a matted yellow screen.
151. Evolvulus nummularius, Linn.
152. Jacquemontia paniculata, Hallier,/. ( Convolvulus parri floras.)
153. Merremia vitifolia, Hallier, f. (lpomaa viti folia.)
154. Merremia r.astata, Hallier,/. (Iponuca angustifolia.)
155. Merremia chry^eides, Hallier,/. (Ipomcea chryseides.)
156. Ipomcea calycina, Clarke.
157. Ipomoea barlerioides, Clarke.
158. Ipomcea hispida, Rom & Schalt. (I. eriocarpa.)
159. Ipomcea Nil, Roth. (I. hederacea.)
160. Calonyction muricatum, Don. (Ipomcea muricata.)
161. Lettsomia aggregata, Roxb.
Lettsomia aggregata, Roxb. var. Osyrensis.
I have adopted the nomenclature in Prains " Bengal Plants " entering
that of the " Flora of British India " in brackets when the two differ.
SolanaceK.
162. Solanum verbascifolium, Linn. Flowers hot season. Uriya Donka-bejji.
Scrophularinece.
163. Limnophila conferta, Benth.
164. Limnophila racemosa, Benth.
165. Herpestes Monniera, H. B. and K.
166. Dopatrium junceum, Hum.
167. Vandella scabra, Benth.
168. Bonnaya reptans, Spreng.
169. Bonnaya veronicaefolia, Spreng.
170. Striga densiflora, Benth.
171. Striga euphrasioides, Benth.
172. Centranthera humifusa, Wall.
FURTHER NOTES ON THE FLORA OF NORTHERN GANJAM. 479
Lentibulariacece.
173. Utricularia reticulata, Smith, var. uliginosa.
174 Utricularia bifida, Linn.
Bignoniacea.
175. Dolichandrone falcata, Seem. Only two trees seen at the foot of the
Mohiri hills near Jogidi. Flowers in June.
Acanthacece.
176. Elytraria crenulata. Vahl.
177. Xelsonia campestris, R. Br.
178. Acanthus ilicifolius, Linn. Uriya Hollithikonti.
179. Hygrophila polysperma, T. And.
180. Ruellia prostrata, Lamk.
Huellia prostrata, Lamk var dejecta.
181. Ruellia patula, Jacg.
182. Hemigraphis hirta, T. And.
183. Phaylopsis parviflora, Willd.
184. Andrographis echioides, Nees.
185. Asystasia gangetica, T. And. (A coromandeliana.)
186. Khinacanthus communis, Nees.
Verbenacrcr.
187. Lippia nodiflora.
188. Premna latifolia, Roxb. var. mollissima
189. Symphorema involucratum, Roxb.
190 Symphorema polyandrum, Wight.
Labiatecr,.
191 Acrocephalus capitatus Benth.
192. G-eniosporum prostratum, Benth.
193. Pogostemon plectranthoides, Desf. Uriya Gondo-dulia.
194. Leucas stricta, Benth.
Amaranthacea.
195. Amaranthus viridis, Linn.
196. ^Erua Monsonia, Mart. On calcareous soils.
Chenopodiacem .
197. Basella rubra, Linn.
Polygonacea'.
198. Polygonum plebejum, R. Br.
199. Polygonum glabrum, Willd.
200. Polygonum barbatum, Linn
201. Polygonum Hydropiper, Linn.
Loranthace« .
202. Viscum monoicum, Roxb.
203. Viscum orientale, Willd.
These leafy-species together with the various species of Loranthus
in Uriya bear the generic name of Modango which is prefixed with
the name of the host.
204. Viscum articulatum, Burm. var. dichotoma. Uriya Madavi.
480 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY , Vol. XVI.
Euphorbiacece.
205. Euphorbia hypericifolia, Linn var. indica
206. Euphorbia pilulifera, Linn.
207. Euphorbia microphylla, Eeyne.
208. Bridelia retusa, Spreng. var. Roxburghiana
209. Bridelia montana. Willd. var. communis.
2 10. Bridelia stipularis, Bl.
211. Bridelia tomentosa, Bl.
212. Flueggia microcarpa, Bl.
213. Phyllanthus madaraspatensis. Linn.
214. Phyllanthus simplex, Retz.
215. Croton caudatus, Geisel. Not common.
216. Chrozophora plicata, ^4. Juss.
217. Baliosperrnum axillare, Bl.
218. Claoxylon Mercurialis, Thwaites,
219. Acalypha fallax, Muell-Arg.
220. Acalypha indica, Linn.
221. Homonoia riparia, Lour.
Tragia involucrata, Linn. var. angustifolia.
Tragia involucrata, Linn. var. cannabina.
222. Sebastiana ChamaBlea, Muell.-Arg.
Urticacece.
223. Trema amboinensis, Bl.
224. Pouzolzia indica, Gaud.
Pouzolzia indica, Gaud. var. alienata, Wedd.
225. Pouzolzia pentandra, Benn.
226. Phylochlamis spinosa, Bur.
Ceratophyllece.
227. Ceratophyllum demersum, Linn.
MONOCOTYLEDONES.
Hydrocharidew .
228. Ottelia alismoides, Pers.
Burmanniacece.
229. Burmannia cselestis, Don.
Orchidacecc.
230. Gtodorum dilatatum, R. Br. Terrestrial. Flowers rains.
231 Vanda Roxburghii, Br. A common epiphyte.
232. Habenaria platyphylla, Spreng. .
233. Habenaria plantaginea, Lindl. > Small, terrestrial herbs.
234. Habenaria commelinifolia, Wall. 1
Hcemodoraeeoe.
235. Sansevwra Roxburghii, Schult. f. Uriya Marga.
Amaryllideai.
236. Curculigo orchioides, Gmrtn.
237. Crinum asiaticum, Linn.
FURTHER NOTES ON THE FLORA OF NORTHERN GANJAM. 481
238. Criuum latifolium, Linn.
239. Pancratium zeylanicum, Linn,
Taccacea.
240. Tacca pinnatifida, Forst.
Dioscreacea.
241. Dioscorea pentaphylla, Linn. Uriya Koraba.
242. Dioscorea tomentosa, Kanig.
243. Dioscorea oppositifolia, Linn. Uriya Pitiolo.
244. Dioscorea angnina, Roxb. Uriya Kosa'lu.
245. Dioscorea H amiltoni , Hoolc. f.
All th^se flower during the rains. The tubers are eaten by the^jungle
tribes.
Liliacece.
250. Smilax macrophylla, Roxb. Uriya Muthiri.
251. Scilla indica, Bah.
252. Chlorophyton tuberosum, Bah. Uriya Bonopia'z.
Route deriacece.
253. Monochoria hasttefolia, Presl.
Commelinacece.
254. Commelina nudiflora, Linn.
255. Commelina attenuata, Kanig.
256. Commelina suffruticosa, BJ.
257. Aneilema scapiflorum, Wight.
258. Aneilema vaginatum, R. Br.
Typhacece.
259. Typha augastata, Chamb and Bury. Uriya Panitula.
Aroidece.
2G0. Pistia stratiotes, Linn. Flowers cold season. A small, rcsettc-like float-
ing plant, common on all tanks.
261. Typhonium trilobatum, Schott.
262. Amorphophallus campanulatus, Bl. Uriya Utlo, The large tuber is
eaten by the jungle tribes.
263. Plesmonium margarstiferum, Schott. The barren appendage is described
as " nought or very short," but that of one specimen found .: was 14"
long, the total length of the spadix being 5".
264. Scindapsus officinalis, Schott. An extensive climbsr.
Alismacecs.
265. Limnophyton obtusifolium, Miq.
Naiadaceo'.
266. Potamogeton indicus, Roxb.
267. Potamogeton pectinatus, Linn.
268. Najas minor, All.
Eriocaulea>.
269. Eriocaulon trancatum, Ham.
270. Eriocaulon quinquoengulare, Linn.
11 *
482 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI*
Cyperaeeoi and Graminece.
About 100 species of these two orders were collected and sent to Calcutta
for identification, As they have not yet all been dealt with, they are-
entirely omitted here.
CRYPTOGAMIA.
FlLICES.
Polypodiacete.
271. Adiantum lunulatum, Burm. )m , .,,.,,.
__ . ,. , r > 1 wo common " maiden hair terns.
272. Adiantum caudatum, Linn. J
273. Cheilanthes tenuifolia, Swartz.
274. Ceratopteris thalictroides, Brogn,
275. Hemionitis ai'ifolia, Betid.
Schiziactaz.
276. Lygodium flexuosum, Sw.
UnizocxuvEM.
Salviniacete.
277. Azolla pinuata, R. Br, A minute floating plant.
Marsileacete.
278. Marsilea quadrifoliata, Linn. ■) . _ ',
. \Lriya Sunnusunnia sago. Herbs creeping
279. Marsilea rmnuta, Linn. J
and rooting in mud. The " leaves " resemble those of Oxalis and are
eaten. Conceptacles cold season.
Lycopodine/k.
Lycopodiacete.
280. Lycopodium Hamilionii, Spreng.
Errata to article on pages 537 to 556, Vol. AT .
Page 540 — No. 63, for " carniculata," read " corniculata. "
Page ;42— No. 118, for "Crotolaria clavata, W. & A.," read " Crotolaria
saltiana, Andr."
No. 127, for " Indigofera tinctoria," read " Indigofera suma-
trana."
Page 543— No. 162, for " mungo," read " Mungo."
Page 544— No. 194, for " tora," read « Tora."
No. 199, for "absus. " read l< Absus."
Page 545— No. 219, for " intsia," read " Intsia."
No. 226, for " catappa," read "Catappa."
No. 228, for " chebula," read " Chebula."
Page 646 -No. 236, for " Guayava," read ' Guyava."
Page 548— No. 293, Jor " elengi," read " Elengi."
No. 297, for " embryopteris," read " Embryopteris."
No. 299,/or " chloroxylon," read " Chloroxylon."
Page 549— No. 315, for " Chonemorpha Grlffithii," read " Chor.encrpha
macrophylla, G. Don."
No. 321, delete Calotropis procera, Br., whidi does rot occur.
FURTHER NOTES ON THE FLORA OF NORTHERN G AN J AM. 483
Pdg3 550 — No. 367, for " Limnophila laxa, Benth.," read " Limnophila gra-
tioliodes, R. Br."
Page 551— No. 373, delete " Uricularia affinis."
No. 388, for " Roinakka," read " Ko'i'nakka."
Page 5f»2 — Nos. 396 and 397, for " Burleria." read " Barleria."
No. 401, for " Lepidagathis triuervia, Nees," read " Lepidagathis
Hamiltoniana, Wall."
No. 402, for "betonica," read " Betonica."
No. 406, for " Justicia procumbesis, Linn., read " J. diffusa,
Willd., rar. orbiculata "
Page 553 — No. 435, for " cephalotes," read " Cephalotes."
No. 457, for " tirucalli," read " Tirucalli."
No. 458, for " Euphorbia nivulia, Linn.," read " Euphorbia nerii-
folia, Linn."
Page 554 — No. 467. for " Jatropha glandulifera, Roxb.," read " Jatropha
gos-sj'pifolia, l\Oxb."
Page 555— No. 503, for " Agave Americana, Linn.," read " Agave cantuls.
Roxb."
No. 493, for " susannie," read " Susannas."
484
A LIST OF THE BIRDS FOUND IN AND
ABOUT MA DRAW.
By D. Dbwar, i.c.s.
This list is, I regret to say, by no means complete. Indeed, so full
of lacunae is it that I should not have thought of sending it to the
Journal, but for the fact that I am leaving Madras and am not likely to
return to the station, — at any rate for soma time to come.
So far as 1 have been able to ascertain no list of the birds found
about Madras exists. I therefore venture to hope that this list, in-
complete though it be, may prove of some service to bird-lovers, who
happen in future to be stationed in Madras.
Now that a beginning has been made 1 hope that some ornithologist
will ere long compile a complete list of the winged creatures seen in
the neighbourhood of the chief town of the Benighted Presidency.
The present list was put together during the cold weather of 11)04-
05, which was an abnormal one on account of the total failure of
the N.-E. monsoon. It is therefore tolerably certain that some wading
birds will have to be added to those given below.
The opportunities I have enjoyed of going outside the immediate
environs of Madras have been few, hence nearly all the birds herein
enumerated are to be found within five miles of Fort St. George.
As, however, some of the birds that find place in this list were seen
farther afield, I have taken as my area a strip of coast 10 miles
broad extending from Chingleput on the south to the Pulicat lake on
the north ; that is to say, an area of roughly 400 square miles. The
Madras man who goes out for a day's shooting is not likely to go out-
side this area.
The number given against each bird is that attached to it in the
Fauna of British India.
4. Corvus macrorhynchus. — The Jungle Crow. — The term "jungle
crow" is a misnomer, for this bird affects town almost as much as C.
splendens does. The two species are almost equally common within
the Municipal limits of Madras. It is amusing to notice the respect
with which this species is treated by C. splendens. It nests from
March to June in Ma Iras.
7. Cofvus splendens. — The House Crow. — The bird is a positive pest
in Madras. Their numbers must considerably exceed the human popu-
LIST OF BIRDS FOUND IN AND ABOUT MADRAS. 485
iiition. Crowds of thorn hang about the General Hospital, rendering
obligatory the entertainment of a special staff of ;' crow boys." These
urchins are armed with bows and arrows, and they have their work
cut out in keeping the crows out of the wards. The weak, helpless
patients are a favourite butt of the crows. The tables, which are placed
at the bedside of the patients, are provided with wire covers under
which the food is placed. Formerly weaker covers were used, but the
crows soon learned to overturn these. C. splendens' nests in Madras
during the months of June, July and August, usually in trees, but
occasionally on roofs. Dozens of families are reared up annually in
the trees of the Fort. Last year one pair tried to build on the
telegraph wire near the General Post Office in Blacktown.
Both the cock and hen birds seek materials for the nest, but the
female alone does the building. The male sits and watches in a tree
near by, and when the female has adjusted the twigs to her satisfaction,
both fly off together to seek new material. While the young are in
the nest one or other of the parents invariably mounts guard. The
young birds appear to remain about 20 days in the nest before they
leave it. About the end of the third week of their existence they
begin to sit on the edge of the nest, but do not attempt to fly until two
or three days later.
They are fed by the mother and generally treated as babies for
quite a long time after they have left the nursery. They "'squawk"
perpetually, displaying red throats.
The nest is usually built of twigs, but any flexible material is
pressed into service. Cases are on record of nests in Madras being-
constructed of soda-water bottle wire, brandy-bottle wire and even
bits of tin.
31. Parus atriceps. — The Indian Grey Tit. — This bird is by no
means common in Madras.
111. Cratempus griseus. — The White-headed Babbler.- -This is the
common babbler of these parts, and indeed is the only babbler I have seen
in the neighbourhood of Madras. Its habits are those of its class. It is,
however, less unt:dy-looking. The degree of whiteness of the head
varies greatly on different individuals. I believe that it is a case of " the
-older the bird the whiter the head." In newly- fledged birds the head
feathers are scarcely whiter than the rest of the plumage. A young
babbler makes a charming pet ; it keeps up an endless cheeping twitter.
48t3 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
243. jEy'dh'ma tiphia. — The Common Iora. — This is one cf the
most abundant birds in Madras. Its multifarious and cheerful notes
are heard in every garden.
278. Molpastes hcemorrhous. — Th:-> Madras Red-vented Bulbul. —
Very abundant.
288. Otacompsa emeria. — Bengal Red-whiskered Bulbul. — This
bird is sometimes seen wild in Madras. Probably birds which have
escaped from captivity have established themselves. On one occasion I
saw a young bird without the red patches on the side of the head.
There appear to be several pairs in Guindy Park.
302, Pycnonotus xantholcemus. — Yellow-throated Bulbul. — Oates
records this bird as having been found in Madras, but I think he must
have been mistaken, for I have never seen it about Madras, nor do I
know any one who has.
305. Pycnonotus luteolus. — White-browed Bulbul. — This bird
occurs in great numbers, being in fact almost as abundant as Molpastes.
It occurs in every hedgerow.
327. Dierurus ater. — The Black Drongo. — Needless to say this bird
is exceedingly plentiful. Numbers squat on the ground on the
" Island " keeping company with mynas and grey-headed wagtails.
It does not. seem to "hit it off'' very well with the latter, for
one constantly sees it angrily chasing a wagtail, which it never
catches.
The bird seems to breed throughout the hot weather. Last August a
pair of drongos built their nest 'high up in a tree in the Fort within
a dozen yards of my office window. As there were crows' nests on
that and all the surrounding trees, the amount of squabbling that took
place may be imagined. The screams of the irate king-crow were so
loud and frequent that they seriously disturbed my work. On one
occasion I took the trouble to count the number of fights between
these two drongos and the various crows. Between 11-45 and 12-15
there were no fewer thai: 16 separate fights ; and they kept this up
throughout the day Lr 11 days !
330. Pic runts ccerulescens. — The White-bellied Drongo. — A rare
bird. I can only remember seeing it on two occasions.
374. Orihotomus sutorius. — The Indian Tailor Bird. — Exceedingly
abundant. Its nests are found from February to August. April is the
month when most nests are likely to be seen. Single-leaf nests are
LIST OF BIRDS FOUND IN AND ABOUT 31 ADR AS. 487
difficult to find. One pair sewed up one of the If lives of one cf the
numerous cannas that were growing in pots in the verandah of my
friend, Mr. Powell. He noticed that the leaf was withering, so cut
it off. He only then discovered that it contained a half completed
nest. He replaced the leaf in the pot hoping the birds could
continue nesting operations. But they left that nest and made another
in the same plant.
I saw one nest only one foot above the ground, it was in the leaf
of a canna standing on the steps of the Gymkhana Pavilion.
384. Franklinia buchanani. — The Rufous-fronted Wren-warbler. —
A rare bird.
394:. Hypolais rama. — Sykes' Tree- warbler. — Hundreds of thousands
of these birds visit Madras in the cold weather ; their harsh, sharp,
chick, chick, seems to issue from almost every bush.
402. Sylvia ajlnis. — The Lesser White-throated Warbler. — Fairly
common.
464. Prinia socialis. — The Ashy Wren-warbler. — This bird is not
very abundant.
469. f.anius lahttra. — The Indian Grey Shrike. — There is a speci-
men of this bird in the Madras Museum, labelled "Madras," but I
have not seen the bird in the neighbourhood.
473. Lanius vittatus. — The Bay-backed Shrike. — This is the common
shrike of Madras.
476. Lanius erytkronotus. — The Rufous-backed Shrike. — This
is not common about Madras.
488. Tephrodonris pondicerianus.- — The Common Wood-Shrike. —
The bird occurs in great numbers in and about Madras, frequenting
rows of palm-trees, and gardens. It has an agreeable mellow note
which it constantly whistles.
500. Pericrocotus peregrinus. — The Small Minivet. — This bird is
fairly common, little flocks of ihem frequently ornament the garden.
When seeking the insect prey they often hang from a branch head
downwards as Tits do.
508. Campophaga syLesi. — The Black-headed Cuckoo-Shrike. —
This handsome bird is by no means rare in Madras, being more
abundant there than in most parts of India.
510. Graucalus macii. — The Large Cuckoo-Shrike. — This bird can
scarcely be said to be common about Madras.
488 JOURNAL, BOMB A Y NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol XVI.
512. Artamus fuseus. — The Ashy Swallow-Shrike. — This bird is not
very common within Municipal limits, but is found in numbers all
along the Buckingham Canal.
This bird keeps to tree-tops, now and again making little sallies into
the air. Its wings when outspread resemble in shape those of a
Bee-eater. Indeed the manner of flight of the Ashy Swallow-Shrike
forcibly calls to mind that of the common green Bee-eater.
518. Oriolus kundoo. — The Indian Oriole. — This bird is not often
seen in Madras during the hot weather, but is fairly common in the
winter. Curiously enough I do not remember having heard its mellow
note during the 18 months I was in Madras : on the other hand one
frequently hears the bird's harsh note which is like unto the mewing
of a wheezy cat. It would seem that the mellow note is uttered only
during the breeding season, and that this species does not nest in
Madras.
521. Oriolus melamcephalus. — The Black-headed Oriole. — This is
far from being common in Madras.
528. Pastor roseas. — The Rose-coloured Stalling, — This bird is not
common about Madras.
532. Sturnia menzbieri. — The Common Indian Starling. — A bird
rarely seen in Madras.
538. Sturnus malabarica. — The Grey-headed Myna. — A winter
visitor only. In the cold weather it is fairly abundant. Its habits
appear to be strictly arboreal. I do not remember ever having seen a
Grey-headed Myna on the ground. It is frequently found in company
with the Black headed Myna.
They occur in flocks and are noisy creatures. Their voices are
harsh, the notes they emit being a hoarse cackle, like the commence-
ment of the cry of ihe spotted owlet.
514. Temehuchus pagodarum. — The Black-headed or Brahminy
Myna. — This is one of the commonest birds about Madras, being even
more numerous than the following species.
Brahminy Mynas do not seem to be very particular as regards what
they eat. Numbers of them will usually be seen in the neighbour-
hood of the conservancy trenches ! Last July a couple of these birds
had a nesf in the hole through the ledge or cornice of the spire of the
Fort Church, through which the lighti ing conductor runs. Both
parents feed the young ones.
LIST OF BIRDS FOUND IN AND ABOUT MADRAS. 489
549. Acridotheres tristis. — The Common Myna.
576. Cyornis tickelli. — Tickell's Blue Flycatcher. — I have never
seen this bird at large in Madras. A live specimen was, however,
brought to me last February and said to have been taken about 6 miles
inland from Madras.
588. Alseonax latirostris. — The Brown Flycatcher. — This bird is by
no means common in Madras. I have only noticed it in winter.
598. Terpsiphone paradisi. — The Indian Paradise Flycatcher. — This
is the commonest Flycatcher in Madras and is a permanent resident. It
sometimes enters verandahs and hawks insects from the trellis-work.
604. Rhipidura albifrontata. — White-browed Fantail Flycatcher. —
This bird although not very abundant is by no means raie in Madras.
609. Pratincola atvata. — The Southern Pied Bush ( 'hat.
644. Ruticilla rufiventris. — The Indian Redstart. — A good many
of this species visit Madras in winter.
662. Thamnobia fulicata. — 'The Black-backed Indian Robin. — This
bird is fairly abundant.
663. Copsychus saularis. — The Magpie-robin.- This bird, although
by no means rare, is not nearly so abundant as it is in most stations of
Northern India.
720. Phceus baya. — The Baya. — I do not remember having
seen this bird within Municipal limits ; it is, however, by no means
rare at a distance of a few miles from Madras.
728. Uroloncha striata. — The White-backed Munia. — This bird is
not common in Madras.
734. Uroloncha malabarica. — The White-throated Munia. — This is
the commonest Munia in Madras.
735. Uroloncha punctulata. — The Spotted Munia. — This bird is not
very often seen about Madras.
775. Gymnorhis flavicoll is. —The Yellow-throated Sparrow. — This
bird is fairly abundant.
776. Passer domesticus. — The House-Sparrow.— This creature is
as numerous and impertinent in Madras as elsewhere. The sparrow
used to come inside the first hotel at which I stayed in Madras, and
made such a noise that I was obliged to change my quarters.
813. Hirundo rustica. — The Swallow.
831. Motacilla maderaspatensis. — The Large Pied Wagtail. — This
is the commonest Wagtail in Madras. It is a permanent resident; a pair
12
490 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
frequently attach themselves to a bungalow, and there bring up, in rapid
succession, a number of families in a hole somewhere about the roof.
This species has a sweet song.
832. Motacilla melanope. — The Gray- Wagtail. — This bird does not
visit Madras in very larger numbers.
833. Motacilla borealis. — The Grey-headed Wagtail. — Great flocks
of these birds visit Madras every cold weather. Their plumage is very
variable.
839. Limonidromus indicus. — The Forest- Wagtail. — I saw this
species on two occasions.
847. Anthas rufulus. — The Indian Pipit. — This bird does not
appear to be very common.
861. Alauda guhjula. — The Indian Sky-Lark. — This is a common
bird .
872. Mirafra ajjinis. — The Madras Bush-Lark. — As Jerdon re-
marks, this bird is to be found in every garden in Madras.
879. Pyrrhulauda grisea. — The Ashy-crowned Finch-Lark. — This
bird is fairly common.
894. Araclmechthra lotenia. — Loten's Sun-bird. — This beautiful bird
is very common in Madras. It has a fine voice. It nests in February
and March. The nest is much more bulky than that of A. zeyhnica.
It is usually commenced upon a cobweb at the end of a branch of a
bush. The entrance is protected by a porch. Two eggs are laid : these
have a whitish background, blotched with brown ; the brown marking?
occur chiefly at one end of the egg.
895. Araclmechthra asiatica. — The Purple Sun-bird. — This bird is
not nearly so common about Madras as A. lotenia and A. zeylonica.
901. Araclmechthra zeylonica. — The Purple-rumped Sun-bird. —
This is the commonest of the three honeysuckers. In March, numbers
of nests are to be seen. These are pear-shaped structures attached to
the end of a low hanging branch. The branch is usually an inner
one : so that the nest is likely to escape detection unless one passes under
the foliage of the tree from which it hangs.
A pair of these birds built their nest at the end of a wire which hung
down from the roof of a fernery. The occupants of the house used to take
tea in the verandah every afternoon, within a couple of yards of the nest.
The branch to which another nest in the same garden was attached,
broke and the nest fell to the ground. The broken end was then tied
LIST OF BIRDS FOUND IN AND ABOUT MADRAS. 491
on to the tree by the owners of the garden, and the Sun-birds went on
incubating as though nothing had happened.
933. Pitta braehyura. — The Indian Pitta. — This interesting bird
may almost be said to be common in Madras. Wherever there is cover,
such as shrubs or brushwood of any magnitude, there will this bird
almost certainly be found.
Jerdon writes of the Pitta : " In the Carnatic, it chiefly occurs at the
beginning of the hot weather, when the winds first begin to blow with
violence from the west, and the birds in many instances appear to have
been blown by the strong wind from the Eastern Ghauts ; for, being birds
of feeble flight, they are unable to contend against the strength of the
wind. At this time they take refuge in huts, out-houses, or any building
that will afford them shelter. The first bird of the kind that I saw, had
taken refuge in the General Hospital at Madras and subsequently at
Nellore. I obtained many alive under the same circumstances."
Some birds certainly reside in Madras all the year round, for
there is not a month in the year in which I have not seen Pittas. They
do not appear to be less abundant in the cold than in the hot weather.
They feed chiefly upon the ground, hopping about and rummaging
among the dried leaves much as Babblers do. They are shy birds,
making for cover directly they see a human being.
Crows, for some mysterious reason, appear to have a deep-rooted
antipathy to Pittas ; this perhaps accounts for the wariness of the latter.
Mr. D. G. Hatchell once picked up a dead Pitta in his verandah, which
had presumably been killed by crows. Dr. J. R. Henderson relates a
similar incident. "I was playing tennis at a friend's house here in Madras
when I saw a bird being chased by a mob of crows. It took refuge in the
drawing-room of the house, where I caught it and found that it was an
uninjured, but very much terrified, Pitta." " My impression is," he
adds, "that I have seen crows chasing a Pitta more than once in Madras."
I have never yet had the good fortune to come across a Pitta's nest.
986. Brachypternus aurantius. — The Golden-backed Woodpecker.—
This noisy bird is very common about Madras, where it seems to be
very partial to toddy palm trees.
1003. lynx torquilla. — The Common Wryneck. — This bird is not
at all common about Madras.
1008. There iceryx zeijlonkus. — The Common Indian Green
Barbet. — I have neither seen nor heard this bird in Madras, but it has
492 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
been described to me as occurring there. I have therefore included it
in this list.
1019. Xantholcema hcematocephala. — The Coppersmith. — This
is one of the most abundant birds in Madras. Its monotonous note is
heard continually throughout the day all the year round. Sometimes
in the early morning during the winter months 1 have seen 70 or 80 of
these birds sitting on one tree. I do not understand the significance of
such conjugations, for they do not appear to occur on the same tree day
after day. The tree that held them one morning was deserted the next.
1022. Coracias indica. — The Indian Holler, — This bird is not so
abundant in Madras as it is in Northern India, but it occurs in some
numbers.
1026. Meraps viridis. — The Common Indian Bee-eater. — This bird
is fairly abundant. I have not seen it breeding about Madras ; it
possibly goes elsewhere in order to bring up its family.
1027. Merops philippinus , — The Blue-tailed Bee-eater. — This bird
is not very abundant within municipal limits, but one sees many of
them when out snipe shooting ; they are fond of sitting on the ridges
which separate the flooded paddy fields.
1033. Ceryle varia. — The Indian Pied Kingfisher. — This is a very
common bird.
1035. Alcedo ispida, — The Common Kingfisher. — This bird, too,
is very numerous.
1044. Halcyon smyrnensis. — The White-breasted Kingfisher. —
This species is even more abundant than the two above mentioned.
It is found in almost every garden.-
1046. Callialcyon lilacina. — The Ruddy Kingfisher. — Blanford says
of this bird: "The specific name coramanda, although the oldest,
cannot be applied to a bird that is not found in the Peninsula of India."
But there can be no doubt that this bird is sometimes found in the
Peninsula. There are in the Madras Museum three specimens of this
bird, one of which was shot by Mr. Edgar Thurston, Superintendent
of the Museum at Guduvancheri, about 16 miles south of Madras.
1067. Upupa indica.~~The Indian Hoopoe. — This bird occurs in
great numbers in Madras.
1073. Cypseius a/finis. — The Common Indian Swift. — This swift is
not very frequently seen in Madras.
1075. Tachoniis batassiensis. — The Palm-Swift. — Thanks to the
number of toddy palms this bird is very common in Madras.
LIST OF BIRDS FOUND IN AND ABOUT MADRAS. 493
1091. Caprimulgus asiaticus. — The Common Indian Nightjar. — I
do not remember having heard this bird, but it does occur within
Municipal limits, for Mr. D. G. Hatchell tells me that he has seen it in
his compound.
1.104:. Cuculns canorus. — The Cuckoo. — It is only on very rare
occasions that this bird visits Madras.
1109. Hierococcyx varius. — The Common Hawk-Cuckoo. — This bird
does not often visit Madras. I can call to mind having heard its call
but once during my 18 months sojourn in Madras.
1118. Coccystes jacobinus. — The Pied Crested Cuckoo. — Tins bird
cannot be said to be abundant about Madras. Now and again one notices
a noisy flock of pied crested cuckoos. The birds seem to be always on
the move.
1119. Coccystes coramandus. — The Red-winged Crested Cuckoo. —
This handsome bird is not very often seen in Madras. One was re-
cently caught in the compound of Colonel Carruthers, I. M.S. He
put it into his aviary. It was exceedingly shy. I have seen it in
Guindy Park. It is probably commoner than is supposed. During
flight it looks very like a cock koel.
1120. Eudynamis honorata. — The Indian Koel. — This bird is nearly
as common in Madras as the grey-necked crow, and is proof positive
that Mrs. Corvus splendens is a very good mother.
1130. Centropus sinensis. — The Crow-Pheasant. — This is a common
bird ; one living in almost every garden of any size.
1188. Palceomis torquatus. — The Rose-ringed Paroquet. — A com-
mon bird, in the cold weather, it is much less frequently seen in the hot
months.
1139. Palceomis cyanocephalus. — The Western Blossom-headed
Paroquet. — This is not so common in Madras as the last species.
1152. Strix flammea. — The Barn Owl.
1157. Asio accipitvinus. — The Short-eared Owl. — This bird is, 1
think, fairly common. One usually comes across it while out shooting.
I saw one bird sitting in the middle of the polo-ground about 4 p.m.
It let me come within half a dozen yards of it before it flew away.
It then settled down again on the polo -ground and made no attempt
to conceal itself.
1161. Syrnium ocellatum. — The Mottled Wood-Owl.
1173. Scops gin. — The Scops Owl.
1180. Athene brama. — The Spotted Owlet. — This bird is, of course,
exceedingly abundant.
494 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
1189. Pandion hahaetus. — The Osprey. — Some of these line birds
ure to be seen fishing in most of the backwaters in the neighbourhood of
Madras.
1191. Otagyps calvus. — The Black Vulture.
1196. Pseudogyps bengalensis. — The Indian White-backed Vulture.
1197. Neophrongin ginianus. — The Smaller White Scavanger
Vulture. — For the past 20 years or more a pair of birds (probably several
pairs in succession) have brought up a family on a ledge of the steeple
of the Scotch Kirk.
1207. Hieraetus faseiatus. — Bonelli's Eagle.
1208. Hieraetus pennatus. — The Booted Eagle.
1217. Spihrnis cheela. — The Crested Serpent-Eagle.
1220. Butastur teesa. — The White-eyed Buzzard-Eagle.
1224. Haliaetus leucogaster. — The White- bellied Sea-Eagle.
1228 Haliastar Indus. — The Brahminy Kite. — This bird is exceed-
ingly abundant.
1229. Milvus goviada. — The Common Pariah Kite. — This bird, too,
exists in great numbers.
1233. Circus macrurus. — The Pale Harrier (?) — I am not certain as
to the existence of this bird in the neighbourhood of Madras. One day
when out snipe shooting I saw a bird of prey which I made out to be
a pale harrier ; but it would not let me approach near enough for a shot.
1231. Circus cineraceus. — Montagu's Harrier.
1236. Circus melanoleucus, — The Pied Harrier.
1244. Astur badius. — The Shikra.
1247. Accipiter nisus. — The Sparrow-Hawk.
1249. Pernis cristatus. — The Crested Honey-Buzzard. — I have
never- seen this bird in or about Madras ; but there is in the Museum a
specimen which was shot on the Poona-Maler Road.
1255. Falco peregrinator. — The Shahin Falcon. — Mr. D. G.
Hatchell shot one of these birds in his compound in Madras.
1260. Falco subbutea. — The Hobby. — There is a specimen of this
bird in the Madras Museum. But its label does not say where the bird
was shot. However I have seen about Madras on two or three
occasions a bird which I took to be a hobby.
1262. Erythropus amurensis. — The Eastern Red-legged Falcon.
1264. tlEsalan chicquera. — The Red-headed Merlin.
1272. Crocopus chlorogaster. — The Southern Green Pigeon. — This
bird is not at all common about Madras.
LIST OF BIRDS FOUND IN AND ABOUT MADRAS. 495
1292. Columba intermedia. — The Indian Blue Rock-Pigeon. — Not
©
so abundant as in most places.
1304. Turtur orientalis. — The Rufous Turtle-Dove. — I have not seen
this bird in or about Madras, but there is in the museum a specimen
labelled " Madras. "
1307. Turtur suratensis. — The Spotted Dove. — This is the common
dove of the locality.
1309. Turtur cambayensis. — The Little Brown Dove.
1310. Turtur risarius. — The Indian Ring Dove.
©
1311. (Enopopelia tranquebarica. — The Red Turtle-Dove.
1317. Pterotles fasciatus. — The Painted Sand -Grouse.
13-19. Galloperdix spadicea. — The Red Spur-Fowl.
1354. Excalfactoria chinensis. — The Blue-breasted Quail.
1355. Coturmx communis. — The Common Quail.
1356. Cotumix coromandelica. — The Rain Quail.
1357. Perdicula asiatica. — The Jungle Bush-Quail. — I have not
come across either this or the next species, but Hume and Marshall state
they have been found at Madras.
1358. Perdicula argunda. — The Rook Bush-Quail.
1375. Francolinus pondicerianus. — The Grey Partridge.
1395. Rallha superciliaris. — The Banded Crake. — A specimen of
this bird in the Museum is labelled " Madras. "
1401. Amaurornis phcenicurus. — The White-breasted Water-hen. —
This is a rare bird about Madras ; as are the two following species.
1402. Gall inula chloropus. — The Moorhen.
1403. Gallicrex cinerea. — The Water- Cock.
1404. Porphyria poliocephalu.i. — Th« Purple Moorhen.— The bird,
usually called the purple coot, is fairly common about Madras.
1405. Fulica atra. — The Coot.
1416. Sypheotis aurita. — The Lesser Florican. — This bird is not at
all common. Mr. Cross who goes out snipe shooting at least once a
week during the season tells me that he rarely bags more than one
florican a year.
1424. Rhinoptilus bitarquatus. — Jerdon's Courser.
1430. Strepsilas inter pres. — The Turnstone.
1431. Sarcogrammus indicus. — The Red-wattled Lapwing. — Both
this species and the next are very common about Madras.
1433. Sarciophorus malabai'icus. — The Yellow-wattled Lapwing.
406 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
1441. Squatarola helvetica. — The Grey Plover.
1442. jEgialitis geoffroyi. — The Large Sand-Plover.
1443. JEgialitis Mongolia. — The Lesser Sand-Plover.
1446. jEgialitis aleocandrina. — The Kentish Plover.
1447. Mgialitis dubia. — The Little Ringed Plover. — Hundreds of
these birds congregate on the mud flats at the mouth of the river Cooum,
and on the island.
1450. ITcematopus ostralegus. — The Seapie.
1451. Himantopus candidus. — The Black- winged Stilt.
1452. Recurvirostra avocetta. — The Avocet.
1454. Numenius arquata. — The Curlew. — -This bird occurs in con-
siderable numbers in all places where there is shallow salt water.
1455. Numenius phceopus. — The Whimbrel.
1456. Limosa belgica. — The Black-tailed Godwit.
1458. Macrorhamphus semipalmatus. — The Snipe-billed Godwit. —
1 have never seen this bird in Madras, but Jerdon records it.
1459. Terekia cinerea. — The Avocet Sandpiper.
1460. Totanus hypoleucus. — The Common Sandpiper. — This bird is
very abundant about Madras and is, I believe, a permanent resident.
1461. Totanus glareola. — The Wood Sandpiper.
1463. Totanus stagnatilis. — The Little Greenshank.
1465. Totanus fuscus. — The Spotted Redshank.
1466. Totanus glottis. — The Greenshank.
1468. Pavoncella pugnax. — The Ruff and Reeve.
1471. Tringa minuta. — The Little Stint.
1474. Tringa temmincM. — Temminck's Stint.
1476. Tringa crassirostris. — The Eastern Knot.
1477. Tringa subarquata. — The Curlew Stint
1480. Phalaropus hyperboreus. — The Red-necked Phalarope.
1 484. Gallinago coelestis. — The Full Snipe. — This bird, together with
the Pintail and Jack Snipe, visits Madras in very large numbers. Very
excellent snipe shooting is obtainable all round Madras, both in paddy
fields and tanks, during the whole of the cold weather. 50 couple is not
an uncommon bag for one gun as the result of 6 or 7 hours shooting.
1485. Gallinago stenura. — The Pintail Snipe.
1487. Gallinago gallinula. — The Jack Snipe.
1488. Rostratula capensis. — The Painted Snipe.
1489. Larus ichthyaetus. — The Great Black-headed Gull.
LIST OF BIRDS FOUND IN AND ABOUT MADRAS. 497
1490. Larus ridibundus. — The Laughing Gull. — This is the only
Gull that is common about Madras.
1491. Larus brunneicephalus. — The Brown-headed Gull.
1492. Lams hemprkhi. — The Sooty Gull. — A specimen of this
bird, labelled " Madras," occurs in the local museum.
1498. Hydroprogne caspia.~The Caspian Tern.
1499. Sterna anylica. — The Gull-billed Tern. — This tern is very
common about Madras.
1501. Sterna media. — The Smaller Crested Tern.
1502. Sterna bergii. — The Large Crested Tern.
1504. Sterna melanogaster. — The Black-bellied Tern.
1505. Sterna albigena. — The White-cheeked Tern.
1511. Sterna saundersi. — The Black-shafted Ternlet.
1527. Phalacrocorax fuscicollis. — The Indian Shag.— Some of these
birds are to be seen on the Red Hills Tank. — Captain H. N. Packard
describes it as breeding in December at the Vaden Tanjal tank near
Chingleput.
1528. Phalacrocorax javanicus. — The Little Cormorant. — This bird
is abundant on most of the large sheets of water round about Madras.
1529. Plotus melanogaster. — The Indian Darter or Snake-bird.
1538. Puffinus chlororhynchus. — The Green-billed Shearwater. I
have never seen this bird, but Jerdon is supposed to have obtained a
specimen in Madras, hence its inclusion in this list.
1545. Platalea leucorodia. — The Spoonbill. — This bird is not com-
mon in the neighbourhood of Madras.
1548. Dissura episcopus. — The White-necked Stork.
1549. Xenorhynchus asiatkus. — The Black-necked Stork.
1553. Anastamus oscillans. — The Open-bill. — Captain Packard de-
scribes this and the next species as breeding in December at the Vaden
Tanjal tank.
1554. Ardea manillensis. — The Eastern Purple Heron.
1555. Ardea cinerea. — The Common Heron.
1559. Herodias alba. — The Large Egret.
1560. Herodias intermedia. — The Smaller Egret.
1561. Herodias garzetta. — The Little Egret.
1562. Bubulcus coromandus. — The Cattle Egret.
1565. Ardeola grayi. — The Pond Heron.
1567. Bulorides javanka. — The Little Green Heron.
13
498 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
1568. Nyelieorax griseus. — The Night Heron. — A considerable
colony of these birds dwells in the Red Hills tank. These breed in
August on some trees in the islands in the middle of the tank. Mr.
Hatchell and I visited the island on 3rd September, but most of the
young birds were fledged. We found one or two nests containing
eggs and one holding a couple of young birds.
Captain Packard states that he saw thousands of these birds breed-
ing at the Vaden Tanjal tank on 1st December. He says : " Some
specimens of N. griseus were in very bedraggled plumage, it being
evidently their second brood, and the young of the first brood appeared
to be with them. Unfortunately I did not ascertain whether the Red
Hills birds bring up a second brood in December."
1573. Dupetor flavkollis. — The Black Bittern.
1575. Phoenkopterus roseus. — The Common Flamingo. — A great
colony of these birds visits the Pulicat Lake every cold weather : I
must have seen over a thousand of them there. I am told that stray
birds are sometimes seen on the Cooum at Madras.
1583. Anser indicus. — The Barred-headed Goose.
1584. Sareidiornis melanonotus. — The Comb-Duck.
1588. Casa*-ca rut Ha. — The Brahminy Duck. — Owing to the failure
of the monsoon, the tanks about Madras did not fill this year ; hence
very few ducks were seen. Moreover, I did not go outside Madras very
frequently owing to the fact that the shooting was spoiled : so the
list of ducks that follows is compiled from those in the Madras Museum
which are labelled " Madras ". I do not think that this is altogether
trustworthy : for I understand that some of the specimens were pur-
chased in the Moore Market. Upon this their claim to be called
Madras birds is based.
1589. Dendracycna javanica. — The Whistling Teal.
1591. Nettopus caromandelianus. — The Cotton Teal.
1593. Anas poecihrhyncha. — The Spotted-billed Duck.
1595. Chauselasmus streperus. — The Gad wall.
1597. Nettium crecca. — The Common Teal.
1600. Dafila acuta. — The Pintail.
1601. Querquedula circia. — The Garganey Teal.
1602. Spatula clypeata. — The Shoveller.
1604. Netta rufina. — The Red-crested Pochard.
1617. Podicipes albipennis. — The Indian Dabchick.
499
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES.
No. I— TIGERS HAMSTRINGING THEIR PREY BEFORE KILLING.
I have noticed a peculiarity in the "way tigers in Burma kill their prey. On
several occasions I have come across animals such as sambar, sine and gaurf
also tame buffaloes that have been killed by tigers, and the method adopted
seems to be to stalk the animal and suddenly bite one of the hind legs just
above the hock, severing the tendon and breaking the bone, possibly in one bite.
After this the tiger seems to follow the animal persistently, waiting for
another chance, wh^n it attacks the other leg and breaks it in the same way.
Once both the hind legs are hamstrung and broken, the animal is helpless,
when the tiger kills it easily, jumping on its back and biting the throat.
In March 1901, I found a tame buffalo in the Pegu river that had been
killed by a tiger. The spot where the buflalo (a full-grown cow) died, was
quite three miles from where it had been first attacked and one hind leg was
broken. The Karen to whom the buffalo belonged showed me the spot where
it had first been attacked. This was in some Kaing grass in the Pegu river.
There were some ten buffaloes in the herd, and when the tiger attacked the
one it eventually lulled, the herd stamp* ded down the river, the wounded one
following. The tiger followed the buffaloes for about two miles before it was
able to get in another bite, when it broke the second hind leg. Even then
the buffalo seems to have hobbled along after the herd for quite another mile
before the herd left it and returned to the Karen Te. The Karens, finding that
one buffalo was missing, went up the river to look for it, and found it just
below the mouth of the Kadat stream. When found the buffalo was still alive
with both its hind legs broken, and a part of one of the hind quarters eaten.
The Karens returned to their Te intending to come next day to cut up the
buffalo and eat it ; and although I was encamped at their Te, ihey would not
tell me about it for fear I should want to sit up over the kill and should not
let them eat it. About 2 o'clock in the afternoon I wanted some Karens to do
some work for me, and finding that no one turned up I asked the reason for it,
when I was told that nearly every one in the Te, men, women and children,
had gone out to cut up a buffalo killed by a tiger. I asked the Ranger why
I was not told of the kill, and he gave the reason I have given above. I was
very angry and sent the Ranger off at once to tie up a machan over whatever
was left of the kill. I followed myself an hour or so later, and on the way
met the Karens returning laden with the flesh and bones of the buffalo.
The Ranger made them leave the head and gut. collected them in one place
in the bed of the river, and tied a machan in a tree on the opposite bank
to that on which the kill had been.
When T got to the place, I found the machan ready, and as there was no
time to tie another machan I just sat up in the one prepared. I had been sitting
up for some time and it was beginning to get dark, when I saw the head of the
tiger looking over the bank of a nulla on the opposite side of the river and
500 JOURNAL, BOMB A Y NATURAL HISTOR Y SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
about sixty yards off. He was evidently going to cross over to the remains of
the kill and was looking to see if the course was clear before crossing, when a
large fish jumped. This frightened the tiger who hurried round and was going
up the bank when I had a hurried shot and missed.
On another occasion in the same year, 1 was out after a gaur in a forest,
some thirty miles from where the buffalo was killed in the Pegu river and
a Karen informed me that during the previous evening he was out in his old
"Ya" (cultivation) looking for vegetables when he heard a tiger roar and
immediately after a gaur bellow, and said, he thought the tiger had killed a
gaur. He would not come out with me himself but told my tracker where
to go. My tracker had no difficulty in finding the place and the tracks of
the gaur which we took up and followed. We had not been on the tracks ten
minutes when we came suddenly on to a cow gaur which ran out of a clump
of bushes, stood looking at us, and then moved off. The tracker said the herd
must be near, and we were moving on, when from the same clump of bushes
a gaur calf, about a year old, came tumbling out right on to us. We found
that the poor beast had both its hind legs hamstrung and broken above the
hock, and could not run away. This was the calf that had been attacked by
the tiger the evening before, and the m: ther was standing over guarding it.
My tracker wanted to take it home and try to cure it, but J saw it was useless
attempting to do anything, and as the poor thing must have been in great
agony, I put a bullet into it and finished it off. My tracker wanted me
to sit up for the tiger, but as 1 had to hurry on to the next camp I could not
do it.
On other occasions during the year 1902, I came across a sambur stag with
very fine horns (for Burma) killed ia the same way by being hamstrung first.
I also found a cow sine and two cow gaur killed in the same way during the
early part of this year. I was out after a gaur and had found the fresh tracks
of what seemed to be a fair sized bull, and was following it up. The tracks
being quite fresh, we expected to come up with the animal very soon. While we
were going along very cautiously, my tracker noticed the pugs of a large tiger
following the tracks of the gaur and drawing my attention to them, said " we
are not the only ones after the gaur. " He had hardly said these words
when we heard a gaur bellow as if being attacked not far ahead of us. We
hurried on as fast as we could, keeping to the tracks, hoping to come on to the
tiger attacking the gaur, and in about ten minutes we came on to the place
where the tiger had attacked the gaur This was in some thick young Dendro-
calamus bamboo. The gaur was evidently going to lie up in this for the day
when the tiger attacked it ana broke one hind leg, as we could see from the
way in which the gaur dragged one leg in walking ; we followed on the tracks
of the gaur and tiger till late in the evening, the tracks leading us through the
most awful thorn and cane jungle imaginable. We expected to come up with
them every minute but were disappointed. My tracker said the tiger would
follow the gaur till it got tired and would then get in another bite probably
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 501
that night, when it would break the other hind leg and then kill its prey at its
ease. My tracker also tells me that all the tigers in these parts kill the larger
animals by first hamstringing them.
I should be glad to know if any other sportsmen have noticed this peculiarity
in tigers in other parts of Burma and India ?
C. W.ALLAN, B.F.S,
Divisional Forest Officer,
Pegu Division.
Pegu, 15th October 1904.
No. II.— NESTING OF THE HOOPOE.
I took to-day the nest of the Indian Hoopoe (Upupa indica), and the account
of it may interest you. The bird had chosen a hole in the stump of a big
bough some twenty feet up in a large neem-tree. The hole went vertically
downwards some two feet before the nest was reached. This consisted of a
dead squirrel, all the flesh of which was completely dried up, but with a strong
fetid odour. I took five fresh eggs, measuring as follows :- "89 x '67 ; -92 X -67 ;
•87x'64; •87x,67; and -90X-66. These were to all intents and purposes
white ; only when placed beside a dead white egg is the faintest blue tinge per-
ceptible. Cither Hoopoe's eggs I possess are all distinctly pale blue, and are
nearly all within '02 of a full inch in length by '69 in diameter.
This nest appears interesting in the light of the Hoopoe's reputation for
liking a nest that smells, and also in reference to Pallas' statement that he
" once found the nest of one within the exposed and barely decomposed thorax
of a human body."
ARUNDEL BEGBIE, Major,
(Indian Army).
Cawnpore, 25th March 1905.
No. III.— FOOD OF PREDACEOUS FLIES.
Walking through a forest some 45 miles due east of Bilimora Station my
attention was attracted to a living bundle that fell buzzing and tumbling cff a
tree. Rushing up and pouncing on it I found my prisoners to be a large Cicada
in the clasp of a fly of the Asiliidcv. The Cicada's body measures 1\" long and
T%ths wide at shoulder. He is consequently a very powerful insect.
The fly had him on his back, his short beak buried in the other's chest, and
showed no disposition to let go whilst the pair were transferred to a handker-
chief. Later, he changed his suction-point to the shoulder.
The fly was about the same length, but probably not a tenth of the weight.
He was given another live Cicada the third day and pierced it in the chest,
but he would not look at other flies and bees.
F. GLEADOW, I.F.S.
Bandora, near Bombay, April lyQ5.
502 JOURNAL, BOMB A Y NA1 URAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
No. IV.— OCCURRENCE OF WHITE'S THRUSH (OREOCINCLA
VARIA) IN ASSAM.
I have this year obtained several specimens of Oreoeincla. The other day in
goinij through these I noticed one which appeared to be very much larger than
the rest. I accordingly sent the bird to Mr. E. Stuart Baker, F.Z.S., who
identified it as being White's Thrush ^Oreoeincla varia), an unknown bird, I
believe, within Indian limits. The bird was obtained on the 12th February
1905, and was shot in Ekra jungle in the Dibrugarh District.
Mr. E. Stuart Baker writes as follows : —
" The above bird was sent to me for identification by Mr. Moore. It is
undoubtedly a fine specimen of Oreoeincla varia, having a wing of 7-1"
as against only 5*3" to 5*6" of Oreoeincla dauma. The only other
specimen of the bird ever procured in British Indian limits is that
mentioned by Oates ( "Fauna of British India "—Birds — Vol. II., p.
153.) as having been procured by Wardlaw Ramsay at Toungngoo n
1876. During the last 30 years I can find no record of its having been
noticed. It is a fairly common Chinese bird extending to Japan."
Wm. MOORE.
Dibrugarh, '2dth March 1905.
No. V.— HEREDITARY MELANISM.
We have a pair of black panthers here. They were purchased about 2£
years ago from a man who said that he had brought them from North China ?
They are male and female and have twice bred together in captivity since
their arrival in Kolhapur ; on both occasions the cubs (two in number J were
quite black like the parents.
On another occasion when the male black panther mated with a panther of
the ordinary variety there was only one cub as a result and he was very beauti-
fully marked, the spots being larger, blacker and more glossy than usual, and
the peacock-eyes altogether larger and more defined ; he is here still and quite
full grown.
These panthers appear to me to be a distinct species and not a freak in mela-
nism. Ordinarily they appear quite black like the domestic cat. but if viewed
with the light shining on the coat, the spots and markings are distinctly visible.
W. B. FERRIS, Lieut.-Col.
The Residency, Kolhapur, S. M. Country.
10th April 1905.
No. VI.— CURIOUS FEROCITY OF
THE INDIAN TREE-PIE (DENDROCITTA RUFA).
Yesterday afternoon Lieutenant H. H. Smith, of the 10th Jats, saw an
Indian Tree-pie (Dendrocitta rufa), attack a young brown-backed Indian
Robin ( Thamnobiu cambaiensis) which was feeding on the ground.
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 503
The Tree-pie bit the Robin's head clean off and ate it, afterwards proceed-
ing to try and tear other parts off the body. It had partially got rid of the
right wing, when the observer interfered, and secured the body to show me.
Dendrocitta rufa is very plentiful here, as are also fruit trees, and I have
never seen one feed on anything but fruit.
ARUNDEL BEGBIE, Major.
Cawnpore, 4th May 1905.
No. VII.— BREEDING SEASONS OF BIG GAME.
I.
The Nilgai or Blue-Bull (Boselaphus tragocamelus.)
I saw a herd of three Nilgai cows yesterday in the Thasra Taluka. All
three had calves between one and two months old.
C. W. M. HUDSON, I.C.S.
Camp Kaira, 15th January 1905.
II.
The Persian Gazelle (Gazella subgutturosa.)
Vith reference to Mr. E. Comber's letter, dated 12th September 1904, pub-
lished on pages 178 and 179 of this Society's Journal, Volume XVI., No. 1,
which was kindly sent over to me for perusal by Colonel A. H. McMahon,
C.S.I., C.I.E., you might think the following facts in regard to the Persian
Gazelle {Gazella subgutturosa) sufficiently interesting for record. The first is
that the Persian Gazelle is definitely known to breed during the months of
December and January. A Bugti shikari belonging to the Seistan Mission
Camp, between the 13th December 1904 and the lfith January 1905, when the
Mission was encamped on the Farrah Hud, not only saw does accompanied by
young fawns on more than one occasion, but out of sixteen Gazelle which he
shot, found on examination, that all the females (five in number) were carry-
ing young.
The other item of interest is that the Persian Gazelle ordinarily gives birth
to two fawns at a time, as was found to be the case in all the instances referred
to above.
J. W. NICOL CUJMMING,
Superintendent, Seistan Arbitration Mission.
Seistan, via Quetta, 6^ May 1905.
No. VIII. -STRANGE MORTALITY AMONGST TERMITES
IN TEA-BUSHES.
I am sending you some specimens for exhibition at your next meeting with
a view to obtaining suggestions from other members who may have observed
the same phenomenon. The specimens were sent to me by Mr, H. L. Andrewes.
504 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
a tea planter in the Nilgiris. The following extract from his letter will
explain the specimens and the circumstances under which they were found : —
" April 13th 1905. I found rather a queer thing in the tea to-day and am
sending you specimens. As you will see— if they arrive in decent condition —
it consists of dried up termites stuck on tea shoots and the ends of stalks
which have been plucked and on the edges of leaves. There were thousands
of them on several bushes, all stuck by a darkish shiny liquid. My theory
is that, owing to the excessive drought (this being the sixth month since we
have had any rain), they came up to get liquid for purposes of their own —
perhaps for nest building, and that the tea juice made them sick, and there
they stayed until it dried and so got stuck. The tea has only just been
tipped after a prune. They certainly did not try the tea as food, for the
ground is covered with twigs. I cannot see any signs of the leaves or shoots
having been bitten, so that they must have been upset directly they stuck
their jaws in. Several, by the way, are fixed to the edges of leaves by their
jaws. They were thickest on the points of buds, and in regular lumps on
the ends of plucked shoots, and there were a good many scattered round the
edges of leaves."
Many insects, when attacked by disease, will climb up and attach themselves
to the summit of growing plants before dying. But I have carefully examined
these termites and can find no trace of fungal or bacterial disease, It is notice-
able that they are all " soldiers," and would therefore not have been occupied
in nest building. It looks like a case of concerted suicide ! I have never seen
anything like it in this country.
E. ERNEST GREEN.
Peradeniya, Ceylon, 19</j May 1905.
No. IX— SIZE OF SNAKES.
Last Friday night I killed a Phoorsa {Echis carinata) that was moving round
the dinner table. As it appeared to me to be of unusual size, in fact by far the
largest I had seen, I thought it as well to measure it and it proved to be exactly
t feet 6 inches in length. It was a very handsomely marked specimen, hav-
ing apparently recently sloughed its skin.
L. C. H. YOUNG.
Andheri, near Bombay, 2bth May 1905.
No. X.— A CONGREGATION OF HARRIERS.
What struck me as rather a curious sight, may be of interest to some of the
many readers of this Journal. Whilst going through the Jeypore hills in the
Vizagapatam District last February (the 13th to be exact), I was attracted by
seeing numbers of these hawks flying in the same direction, past my camp, over
the crest of an adjacent hill, where they all appeared to circle once or twice and
then disappeared from view the other side. Curious to know the meaning of
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 505
it and having nothing to do, I made for the top of the hill and on reaching it
found myself on rather an extensive plateau, which bore signs of not very
recent cultivation, but with the exception of a few straggling bushes, and many
stones, was now as bare as a street of any verdure.
Here, to my surprise, I saw crowds of Harriers sitting on stones and on the
ground and more were coming from every direction.
It was already late in the afternoon so I got behind a convenient bush and
decided to wait and see whether they meant to stop the night there. Before
sitting down, however, I strolled through a part of the ground, flushing several
of the birds, which did not go far, to see if I could see any signs which would
point to this being a regular roosting place of these birds, but to my surprise
found none, or at any rate not sufficient to lead me to believe they had been
there in any numbers before. I returned to my bush and hid myself as best I
could, though concealment was not very necessary, as the birds would allow me
to within 30 or 40 yards without rising. I had fortunately brought a pair of
powerful Zeiss binoculars with me, so could take careful stock of all the ground
before me. I was easily able to identify 3 different species among them and of
some I was doubtful, but they may have been youngsters in a transition stage of
plumage, so not easy to identify at any distance.
Circus aeruginosas (the Marsh Harrier) perhaps was the most numerous, then
came C. macrurus (the Pale Harrier) and C. melanoleucus (the Pied Harrier)
last. I only noticed 2 males of the latter species.
Next morning I had to pass the hill and was in time to see them making a
move. It was evidently not migration they were after (it was rather too early
in the year for that in any case), as they scattered in all directions.
Cau any one tell me if it is customary for Harriers to roost in flocks like this
on the ground ?
I have neither read nor heard of them doing so and certainly never seen
them do so before.
C. H. DONALD.
Bhadarwa, Kashmir, 15 th May, 1905.
No. XI.— SIZE AND BREEDING OF SNAKES.
A Python from Borneo.
Mr. John Hagenbeck recently received a large python from the Malay
Archipelago (probably from British North Borneo), which laid a batch of eggs
after its arrival in Colombo and incubated them herself with success, some
thirty or forty young hatching out in due course.
The following notes have been kindly supplied by Mr. Hagenbeck :—
Colombo, January 2,0th, 1905.
A gigantic python which arrived here last year from British Borneo via
Singapore laid about one hundred eggs, on the 28th October, almost filling the
box in which she was kept. On the following morning she had collected the
14
506 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
eggs, by skilful coiling of her body into a large heap which she completely
covered in such a manner that the weight of the body exerted no pressure
upon the soft-shelled eggs.
In order to maintain a constant temperature the snake slightly uncoiled
herself from time to time so that the eggs became visible, thus regulating the
temperature.
During the period of incubation I offered ducks, fowls, and geese to the
python, but she refused all nourishment.
On the 14th January she left the mass of eggs quite exposed, and I had
given up the hope of a successful issue when I discovered the first nestling with
half its body emerging from the egg, into which, however, it retired again
towards evening.
By the next day, 15th January, six young snakes, had hatched out, of which
some died, while others were very active, making darts at a cloth held near
them.
The period of incubation, lasted exactly two-and-a-half months. The young
measures from two to two-and-a-half feet long, and have now been moved
away from the parent into another box where they continue to increase in size
without having fed meanwhile.
Altogether forty-five young have been recovered from the clutch. Of these,
thirty-six still survive, which I shall attempt to rear, feeding them with frogs
and small lizards.
So far as can be ascertained, the parent python measures about 28 fett in
length and weighs 2501bs.
JOHN HAGENBECK.
(From " Spolia Zeylanica," March 1905.)
No. XII— TIGER versus BEAR.
In Miscellaneous Notes No. IV, vVol. XV, No. 4, page 707,) Tiger versus
Bear, Oapt. Lane asks if there are other instances of tigers attacking bears.
Some 5 or 6 years ago at the end of the monsoon when the grass was rank
and long, I had been out stalking at Castle Rock.
My shikari was with me and on our way home we came down a hill path
through heavy jungle and noticed various not quite fresh signs of a tiger hav-
ing been on the path. When we got to the bottom the jungle ended in a grassy
glade and within a few yards of the track, the grass had been trodden down in
a circle some 20 feet in diameter, I should think. Tufts of hair and bits of
skin and hair of the Indian Sloth Bear were strewn about in the circle, and it
was evident a struggle had taken place in which the bear had suffered badly.
It was also evident that a body had been dragged away, and following the track
for a short distance we found under a bush the remains of the bear consisting
of part of the skull and various other bits of bones, which, from their condition,
must, I think, have been there some 2 or 3 days.
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 507
I cannot remember if we found tiger's hairs iu the circle, but the hair and
skin of the bear had evidently been scratched off, and I left the place convinced
that a tiger had attacked, killed, and eaten the bear.
G. K. WASEY.
Chilton Foliat Rectory,
Hungreford Berks, May, 1905.
No. XIII.-PLUCKY PEE-WITS.
One morning when out riding at Deoli, Rajputana, during the early part of
the rains in 1898 my attention was attracted to the unusual behaviour of two
Pee-wits. One of the birds was flying backwards and forwards in much excite-
ment and constantly swooping to the ground close to where the other bird was
dancing about screaming. On coming closer I saw that the cause of all the
commotion was a large snake. I dismounted, and went for the snake which
dropped an egg it was about to swallow and made off ventre a terre. I succeeded,
however, in catching it up in about 20 yards and killed it with my riding cane,
breaking a second egg about a foot or so down its gullet in so doing. A bulge in
the snake's body made by a third egg, also broken, was plainly visible.
I then returned to where the fracas between the Pee-wits and the snake had
taken place and soon discovered the nest with the fourth and last egg still
reposing in it close by unharmed. The eggs had not long been under incu-
bation judging from the condition of the egg broken by me in killing the snake.
I replaced the egg which the snake dropped when I first attacked it in the
nest, but unfortunately circumstances prevented me from revisiting the spot
to ascertain whether the pluck displayed by the Pee-wits in the protection of
their hearth and home was followed by an equal fortitude in carrying on their
nesting operations there after so rude a shock to their nervous system.
The foresight displayed sometimes by Pee-wits in the selection of sites for
their nests was also impressed upon me once on another occasion.
I was stopping in the Dak bungalow at Mandsaur, Central India, for a day
in July 1903, when over 3 inches of rain fell in the course of a few hours. The
whole compound practically was under water after the rain closed, except a
small square foot or so of ground on the highest part of which a Plover sat
serenely throughout the flood. To the ordinary eye there would have been
no indication in the absence of this practical test that this particular patch was
on a higher level or better drained than the rest of the Dak bungalow enclosure.
J. MANNERS-SMITH, Major, V.C., C.l.E.
Nepal, 28^ May, 1905.
No. XIV— NOTES ON THE OCCURRENCE OF BONELLI'S EAGLE
(H1ERAETUS FASCIATUS) IN CUTCH AND ON SOME FALCONS
AND HAWKS OBSERVED AT THE OLD FORT AT BHUJ.
Has Cutch been generally considered to be oi.e of the districts frequented by
Bonelli's eagle (Hieraetusfasciaiufi) ?
508 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVI.
I have not seen its occurrence there recorded, although it seems to be far
from uncommon.
When I first arrived in dutch, in February 1904, 1 daily saw a pair of Bonelli's
eagles flying high over the old fort at Bhuj, and I was able to watch them a
good deal as my bungalow was at the foot of the hill, on the top of which the
fort, or rather a portion of it, is built. They were sometimes accompanied by a
handsome very rufous coloured young female, whom I also often saw by her-
self. Soon after my arrival one of my falconers caught the old male, using a
hare as a bait, but two days later I let him go, and he rejoined his mate, after
which the two continued to fly over the fort regularly just as if nothing had
happened. I saw them at odd times during the day now and then, but their
regular hours for soaring over the fort were from 5 p.m. till dark and they
used to turn up between 5 and 5-30 p. M. with great regularity, particularly dur-
ing the hot weather.
From March to October there is always a steady south-west wind blowing
at Bhuj (i. e., from my bungalow towards the fort). The result of this was
that the eagles in order to face the wind invariably came up flying slowly against
the wind from the north-east side of the fort and usually high over it until
they were a couple of hundred yards or less south-west of it, where they
took up their position, becoming apparently motionless, head to the wind.
After this they sometimes slightly changed their position and became steady
again.
Sometimes they went on like this till dark. The pair always flew quite close
to each other, usually side by side. If the young one was with them she
generally kept some distance away, and went away altogether before long.
Occasionally when the old pair were soaring in this manner, one of them
would suddenly fly forward beating hard with its wings for a short distance,
then turn over, shut them tight, and come down in the most magnificent
stoop. I often could not see what it was after, but when I did, it was as a rule
a pigeon, once a crow, and on another occasion a hare which was killed.
Whenever one eagle started off in pursuit of anything like this, the other
invariably followed immediately behind, and if the first stoop missed, No. 2
coming along behind, often killed.
I have seen them chase the blue-rocks, of which there are a great number
about the fort, but never saw them succeed in catching one though I saw one
or two apparently narrow shaves.
Tame pigeons they killed a great number of — a good many of mine too.
I sometimes went on to the top of the fort with a pigeon in my pocket, and
when the eagles came well over I let the pigeon go. I saw one or two very
fine flights this way occasionally quite close.
In April 1904 I caught the handsome young eagle. She became fairly tame,
but I regret to say died a few months later. I did not attempt training her, as
I had no time to do so myself, and my falconers with whose assistance I
might have made the experiment were all away at the time.
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 509
In August or September I thought I should like to get rid of these eagles, as
I was expecting my trained hawks from the Punjab, and intended doing a good
deal of hawking in the country round. I was afraid of the Bonelli's interfer-
ing with my hawks, as these eagles will invariably go for any hawks which they
have seen kill anything, no matter how far off, to rob them. There is danger
of their killing a trained hawk if tbey surprise it when busy with its quarry,
aai a much greater danger of the trained hawk bolting clean away out of sight
a ad being lost, on the suddsn close appearance of an eagle and particularly
Bonelli's eagle.
As I did not want to kill the Bhuj eagles, I set one of my falconers who
arrived ahead of the others to catch them, intending to let them go as soon as
the hawking season was over.
Up to this time I had regularly seen one pair of Bonelli's eagles over the fort
and never any others.
The falconer soon caught the female which was a very handsome one with a
snow white breast except for some marking on it. To my great surprise two
days later there was again a pair over the fort at 5 p.m. as before. The
following day I went out with my man and he caught the male (in the presence
of the new female). A few days later there was again a pair, who appeared
daily as regularly as the original pair had done, but only for 2 or 3 days, when
by an accident both mine escaped, and went straight back to the fort. After
this I used often, though not daily any more, to see a pair of these eagles over
the fort, but never more than a pair. They stayed much more on the other
side of the fort now, and I suppose that it must have been the original
pair again, rather scared after having been caught. The new pair had either
gone off of their own accord on the return of the old pair, or by a little
gentle persuasion, though I never saw any quarrel.
I shot a very fine young rufous coloured Bonelli when ov.t hawking 5 miles
from Bhuj in January 1905. On another occasion we were flying a young
peregrine (Falco pereyrinus) at a houbara (Houbara macqueen-i) for the first time.
She went apparently Very keenly at it, knocked a lot of feathers out of it,
and then left it, rather to my surprise. The houbara went on a bit sick,
when suddenly I saw a big female Bonelli coming along at a good height,
till she was perpendicularly over the houbara, when she turned, stooped
straight down and killed it. She flew off as I came up, so I got the houbara
after all.
I have seen a great many different kinds of birds of prey about the old
fort at Bhuj and I suppose there is hardly another place where they show
off themselves and their flying powers better. Ordinarily the only chancts one
has of observing the flying capabilities of hawks and falcons, are when
one of them happens to chase some bird near you out shooting or riding,
when you probably only see the hawk for a few minutes or even seconds and
rarely more than one at a time. But at Bhuj you can often watch two or three
falcons playing about together in the wind, stooping at each other and chasing
510 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
birds, and the performance often goes on for an hour or two. Even by keeping
trained falcons and flying them often, one never or rarely sees anything like
this, as the best trained hawks can never equal wild ones in flying, though it is
wonderful what they can do, considering the small amount of exercise they
must necessarily be dependent on.
I think that the strong breeze almost always blowing over the fort at Bhuj
is the chief attraction to the eagles and falcons, who come there to soar in and
enjoy it. The fort is on a hill about 500 feet high and these birds generally
cruise about over it at varying heights. I have seen as many as six laggar
falcons (^Falco jugger) playing about there at the same time, stooping at each
other and at rats, lizards and flying insects, dragon-flies, &c, which seem to be
their principal food.
Laggars do not seem to take birds very often, though of course thty do so
sometimes, and I have seen them after blue-rock pigeons at Bhuj.
When flying over the fort the Laggars always kept very much on the move.
They never hovered like the eagles but kept dashing about all over the place,
high over the fort at one moment, down on the ground the next, away over
the city half a mile distant and back over the fort again a few seconds later, and
so on.
During the whole of the hot weather I saw no Shahins (Falco peregrlnator)
only Laggars, but in October the Laggars disappeared, after which I rarely
saw them, but Shahins took their place, though I did not see very many of
the<e. Their flying was simply grand. They went on in a very similar
manner to the Laggars, only they flew ten times as fast when putting on
the pace, and their whole style and manner of flying was most strikingly
superior.
I believe that Hobbies have been stated to be the swiftest of hawks. I very
much doubt their being able to even approach Shahins and Peregrines in
speed.
My father, who hawked in India for many years and a good deal at home
too, with every trainable kind of hawk, used often to state this as his opinion,
and now that I have had a good many opportunities of watching Hobbies,
Peregrines and Shahins both in this country and in China, I believe that
Hobbies cannot compete with the larger falcons at all, beautiful fliers though
they are.
A little Shahin Tiercel that I often saw at Bhuj used to travel something
like a shell through the air. He went so fast you could hardly follow him
with your eyes if he passed close, and he made a loud swishing noise that you
could hear a couple of hundred yards away. I have seen him stoop a length
of several hundred yards at a flock of small birds, get one and carry it up high
over the fort, eat it on the wing and go on playing about and actually
stoop at others, with one already in his foot. I did not see him take a second
when he already had one, and I suppose he did this only from high spirits
and not in real earnest.
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 511
The Peregrine Falcon is uncommon in Cutch, and I see it is not included
in Capt. Lester's List of the birds of Cutch, As long as I was there T only saw
one, which my falconer caught and trained and which is now in my possession.
The Red-headed Merlin is one of the commonest hawks in Cutch, but they
did not frequent the fort nearly as much as the other hawks. They perch more
and soar less than other hawks I think. Kestrels I often saw over the fort, and
Shikras, which are as common at Bhuj as everywhere in India, frequently soared
there too. I also occasionally saw the Sparrow Hawk (Accipitcr nisus) there,
one of which my falconer caught, but it was not a good one and we let it go.
The Booted Eagle (B. pennatus) is frequently to be seen at the fort in the
cold weather and the Tawny Eagle (A . vindhiana) is very common in Cutch
and was a constant nuisance to us out hawking. J shot several.
One day when we were out in camp near Bhuj, I saw a Shahin coming
along straight for our tents carrying a fairly big bird. It was followed at
about 100 yards distance by a Tawny Eagle, who appeared to be neither gaining
nor losing. He was a good deal lower down than the falcon. When the latter
had just passed us she dropped her bird and the eagle turning, stooped and
caught it before it reached the ground.
I expect these eagles get a large portion of their living in this way by robbing
hawks and falcons of their prey.
A. DELME RADCLIFFE,
105th L. Infy.
Karachi, bth June 1905.
No. XV— OCCURRENCE OF THE BLACK-CAPPED KINGFISHER
(HALCYON PILEATA) IN THE GODAVARI DELTA.
(A Correction.)
On page H73 of this volume a note was published giving the " occurrence of
Black-capped Kingfisher {Halcyon pileata) in Waltair." This locality was a
mistake on the Editor's part, as Waltair is very far from the Upputeru River,
where I found the bird. I have never seen Halcyon pileata near Waltair and do
not think it likely it occurs there. The Upputeru flows from the Koleru (not
Kolem) lake, and the name of the village where I first saw the Kingfisher is
Naidupalem (not Naidupatem). Considering the notes on the distribution of
this species in Blanford's book, its occurrence on the east coast seems worth
correctly recording.
I may here mention that I saw another of this species on the Yeleru drain
near Cocanada on the 18th February last. It thus does not seem to be un-
common in the Godavari Delta.
P. ROSCOE ALLEN.
Camp Burgavalsa, Madras Presidency,
2nd June, 1905.
512 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY , Vol. XVI.
No. XVI.— ON THE OCCURRENCE OF THE LADY AMHERST'S
PHEASANT IN BURMA.
The Society lately received a skin of an adult male specimen in full plumage
of the Lady Amherst's Pheasant {Chrysolophus amJierstice) from Lieut. W. W.
Van Someran, who shot it at a height of about 9,000 feet near Sadon in the
Myitkyina district of Upper Burma.
As this is apparently the first recorded specimen that has been obtained within
British Iadian limits as recognised in the ' Fauna of British India ' the species
may now take its place in the list of our birds.
As regards the known range of the species the Cat. Brit. M us. (Birds, Vol.
XXII) merely gives the habitat as " the mountains of Western China and
Eastern Thibet " and Elliot's Monograph of the Phasianida (1872) names " China
bordering on Eastern Thibet and Yunnan to the province of Setchnen." In the
published account of the Zoological researches of the Yunnan expeditions of
18G8 and 1875, the occurrence of the species is noted "on the hills between
Sanda and Momien and in the country to the north and west " and specimens
were obtained at Muangla and Momien in the Shan country over the Yunnan
frontier.
The specimen is evidently a fine one as the tail measures 45*5 inches and the
wing 8 8 inches compared with 36 and 8*2 inches named in the Cat. Brit. Mus.
(Birds). There is a good deal more of the glossy green on the tips of the mantle
feathers the back and the bars on the central tail feathers, than the description
would lead one to expect.
Lieutenant Van Someran writes : " They live, in these parts, up at a height of
8,000 feet and more, and I have never come across one below that level. From
what I have been told they seem to be fairly common across the frontier among
the high hills on the Chinese side."
E. COMBER, f.z.s.
Bombay, 12th June, 1905.
No XVII.-CATASTROPHE AMONGST THE YOUNG OF THE
INDIAN CLIFF-SWALLOWS (H [RONDO FLUVICOLA.)
On the 14th May, I visited a culvert over a small distribution canal, within a
few miles of Cawnpore, under which a whole colony of Hirundo fluvicola (The
Indian Cliff-Swallow) had nested. The parent birds were present in great numbers,
and were continually visiting the nests. On wading under the culvert I found
that a large proportion of the nests contained dead birds— young but fully fledged.
They were in nearly every case protruding far out of the narrow entrances of
the nests, and were full of a large maggot of sorts, a few however being
practically feathers and bones, and sufficiently inoffensive to enable me to send
you one. Smaller birds than those found dead, struggled from their nests and
managed to fly off when I approached, which emphasizes the peculiarity of the
occurrence. I surmised, at first, that a sudden rise in the water must have
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 513
accounted for the disaster to the young birds, but against this there is the fact
that there were a few of the same age alive, and that the parent birds had not
deserted their nests.
ARUNDEL BEGBIE, Major,
Adjutant, CawnpuRk Vol. Rifles.
Cawnpore, 4th June, 1905.
No. XVIII — VEST OF THE BROWN-BACKED INDIAN ROBIN
(THAMNOBIA CA MBAIENSIS).
In the few books I possess dealing with the birds of India, I find no notice of
the habit T, cambuiensis (The Brown-backed Indian Robin) has of working cast
snake-skins into its nest. I have found so many cases where this has been done
and invariably with what seemed an attempt at pattern, that it appears to me
impossible that it was mere chance. In each instance the nest has been lined
with the usual horse-hair, and worked into the lining have been two narrow
strips of snake-skin, in the form of a cross. These birds are so common and
their nests so easily found, that there will be no difficulty in other observers
noting whether this habit is one of locality or of species.
ARUNDEL BEGBIE, Major,
Adjutant, Cawnpore Vol. Rifles.
Cawnpore, 4th June, 1905.
No. XIX.— A BOLD TIGER.
I wonder if any of the members of Society can parallel the following instance
of a tiger's audacity ?
Last February I was sitting up for a tiger over a couple of live pigs. The
brute came after dark, and as he was killing the second pig I fired and missed
In about a quarter of an hour the tiger was back again finishing off the pig
which was not quite dead. Again I fired and missed and went home disgusted
After I had left the machan the tiger again returned, as we found next
morning, and had his meal in peace. In the evening A. sat up in the same
place. The tiger returned to finish the pig, while it was still light, and rcet
the fate which he richly deserved. He was a young male 7 ft. 5 inch in
length, but even for a tiger just out of the nursery I think he showed unusual
during. The machan was at the outskirts of the jungle, aid seme distant c
from anywhere that the tiger could lie up during the day, and there were
several villages in the vicinity.
H. TYLEH, I.C.P.
Bhadrachalam,
godavari, madkas,
5th June, 1905.
No. XX.— ARROW HEADS IN A BISON.
While cutting up a bull bison which I shot in Mav last, two iron arrow
heads wen- found embedded in the flesh, one in the side and the other in tbc
15
514 JOUNXAL, BOMB A Y NA TURAL EISTOR Y SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
chest. A few inches of shaft was also found detached from the arrow heads.
The arrow heads must have been in the bison for years. There was abso-
lutely no sign of any wound in the skin and the bull was an old one and
in good condition.
One of the arrow heads is 7| inches long, the other is 1\ inches. They
weigh 3 tolas and 2| tolas respectively. They were deeply embedded in the
body of the bison and not near the surface, yet to all external appearances they
did not inconvenience him. The natives of these parts shoot bison whenever
they get a chance. A few months back some of them killed a solitary bull
with bows and arrows. The horns had a spread of just over 40 inches.
H. TYLER, I.C.S.
buadrachalam,
Godavari; Madras,
bth June 1905.
No. XXL— BIRDS' NESTING NEAR MHOW, C.I.
I was staying for a short time in the Nerbudda Valley in March and April
at a spot about 20 miles east of Mortakka Station on the K.-M. Railway, and
I noticed the following facts about the birds there which may possibly be
of interest.
On April 2nd I saw a small creeper that I did not know, so I shot it and
it turned out to be a Spotted-Grey Creeper (Salpornis spilono(a). I do not
think it was nesting and I did not see a second bird. It was climbing up and
down the trunks of the trees searching for insects and allowed me to approach
quite near ; unluckily I only had No. 4 shot with me and the bird was very
much spoilt in consequence. I also saw the Indian Crested Swift (31acroptery:r
coronata) on several dates and in several spots flying about, but did not
succeed in finding a nest though I searched hard in several places. I never saw
more than two at a time. The common Golden-backed Woodpecker (Jra-
chypternus aurantius) was nesting everywhere. I took three eggs from a tree on
March 24th, but in no other hole could I find eggs during the whole of my stay
in the place which lasted till April 29th.
I also noticed the Yellow-fronted Pied Woodpecker (Lioiicus mahratteruis)
but did not notice the nest hole.
I found the eggs of the Painted Sand-grouse (Fterocles fascialm) on March
28th. They were laid on the ground in a very slight depression which ccntairtd
two or three pieces of dry grass, and were situated in a fairly open patch of
jungle under cover of a small scraggy bush ; incubation had just begun I saw
several other birds, generally in pairs, throughout my stay, but did not discover
any more eggs.
The Southern Green Pigeon (Crocopus cMorogasier) was nesting. I noticed
two nests, one on March 28th and the other on April 6th, both in " Temru " trees
and about 15 and 8 feet from the ground respectively ; the first had two eggs
and the other one, quite fresh,
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 515
On April 5th I found a nest of the White-eyed Buzzard-Eagle (Butastur
teem) situated about 40 feet up in a tall tree ; it only contained one egg, pure
white. The bird sat on the top of aneighbouring tree all the while her nest
was being examined. The nest was made of sticks and quite unlined.
The Smaller White Scavenger Vulture (Neophron ginginianus) was nesting on
almost every suitable piece of cliff ; most of the nests being fairly easy of access
by the aid of a few turbans tied together. In all the nests I looked at I found
two eggs, except in one case where there was only one.
The Yellow-throated Sparrow ( Gymnorhis flavicollis) was very numerous. I
only noticed one nest containing two fresh eggs of the usual type. They
were in a natural hole in a tree which had been lined with feathers ; also a few
straws and a piece of rag.
The Spotted Owlet (Athene brama) I saw on a great many occasions and took
two eggs out of a hole on April 7th ; also securing one bird for identification.
The Indian Blue Hock-Pigeon (Columba intermedia) was nesting on the ledges
in the cliffs along the river bank. Most n^sts had young birds covered in
dirty yellow coloured down and a few had very much incubated eggs. In one
nest (April 9th) I found three eggs, one being pitted all over with lumps of
chalky appearance- It was a trifle smaller than the other two and I fancy had
been there longer, but it was not addled as I expected it to be. The others were
fresh.
I noticed two colonies of the Indian Cliff-Swallow (Hirundo fiuvicola) on
April 9th, both of which consisted of about 80 to 100 nests. The young birds
appeared to have flown in nearly every nest. I secured three eggs only, pure
white, one of which had a few very pale markings- of brown on the larger ends.
I noticed the Common Indian Swift (Cypselus affinis) occupying what I sup-
posed to be last season's nests of the Cliff-Swallow. They had been lined with
a profusion of feathers as usual. . I fancy they had young birds fully fledged
as well.
The Wire- tailed Swallow (Hirundo smithii) I also saw nesting (April 15th)
quite close down to the water; two nests had 3 eggs each of the usual type. One
nestfull was slightly incubated. I only noticed one nest of the Indian Pipit
(Anthus rufulus) which had three very much incubated eggs on April 9th.
I saw one nest of the Dusky Crag- Martin ( Ptyonoprogne concolor) with
young birds, and others inaccessible which I fancy also contained young.
The Indian Darter (Plotus melanogaster) was fairly common on the river ; also
the Black-bellied Tern (Sterna melanogaster), but I think it had hatched its eggs
as I could no' find any.
I saw one flock of seven Shovellers (Spatula clypeata) on April 14th and shot
one which was quite good eating.
The Brahminy Duck (Casarca rutila) was seen in pairs, but was very wary
and wild.
On May 9th I saw a group of about a dozen Sams Cranes (Grus antigone)
standing on a very low lying island in a fairly large tank here (Mhow) ; and
516 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. AVI.
as my punt approached I saw an Indian River-Tern (Sterna seena) stoop just
like a hawk at the heads of the Sarus, which ducked their heads nearly to the
ground each time the Tern stooped in a most ludicrous manner. I of course
expected to find some Tern's eggs but did not do so, the only eggs being one
half-incubated Red-wattled Plover's ( Lobivanellus go mis) and two practically
fresh — Little Ringed Plover (MgialiUs dubia). I searched the shore of the main
lawd as well but could not discover any Tern's eggs, so still remain in the dark
as to the cause of the vicious attacks on the Sarus.
On May 15th in the same place I saw flying what I took to be a young Sterna
seena so whether the Sarus had destroyed or hurt another one on the previous
day I do not know.
MA.RTIN YOUNG, m.b.o.u.,
1st York and Lanc. Regt.
Mhow, C. J., V.HK May, 1905.
No. XXII.— A SNAKE'S NEST.
While searching for Kingfisher's nests to-day I found a big grass nest in a
chamber at the end of a short passage bored in a canal bank. This I found
to contain a number of snake's eggs. Two hatched out while I was looking
at them, but on opening another I found the youngster quite alive, though
evidently not ready to make his appearance. Believing that snakes are always
welcome I am sending the whole lot off by parcel post to the Museum.
ARUNDEL BEGBIE, Major.
CaWNPORe, liih May, 1905.
[The snakes arrived safely and some 24 young specimens of the check, red
water snake (Tropidonotus jpiscator) were alive in the box.— \ dit< rs.]
No. XXIII— THE HIMALAYAN NUTCRA( KER (NUCIFRAGA
HEMISP1LA).
With reference to General Osborn's " Notts on the Himalayan Nutcracker,"
on page 628 of Vol. XIV, and Mr Osmaston's comments thereon on page 818
of the same Volume may I lie permitted to add mj- observations on the subject.
Before I had seen General Osborn's remarks to the effect that N. hemispila
itself perforated the little round holes one frequently finds in the wild walnut,
I had been interested in the matter and especially so, when I on one occasion
watched, through my glasses, a Nutcracker busy with a walnut. It picked up
the walnut every now and again and put it down, as though choosing a better
place and then would give it two or three smart taps. By the way it picked
it up, off the ground, I could see that the walnut must already have had a
crack or hole in it, as the beak was hardly opened more than half an inch,
and after carefully watching it I saw that I was right, as the cracked side
turned towards me and I distinctly saw a hole in it. I could not believe that
the Nutcracker had made the hole and after it went off, as it did shortly after,
I went down and examined the walnut and 2 or 3 others similarly treated.
Miscellaneous notes. 517
It struck me then that a rodent of some sort had had something to do with
it, so I determined on finding out the truth.
Very early next morning I placed half a dozen whole walnuts in a con-
spicuous spot under the tree and watched, but nothing happened that day. nor
the next. I removed the walnuts during the night and put them back in the
morning. On the third morning I was rewarded by seeing two Nutcrackers arrive
on the scene and after hopping about on the lower branches, one went down
to my walnuts, while I watched very carefully. It turned over each nut and
then hopped away. The other one then also came and had a look and behaved
similarly, neither attempting to break the nuts.
That evening I left the nuts under the tree and came back in the morning to
find two of them, with quite large holes in each and one only slightly bored.
They all struck me as having the marks of a rodent's teeth and that together
with the fact, that it had been done at night, seemed to me conclusive proof, that
a rat or more likely a flying squirrel was the culprit. In each case the kernel
had been only partially extracted and a good deal still remained. I again left
the nuts there and returned to look at them later on and found 2 of them gone
and the remaining cracked one considerably more chipped than when I last saw
it and every vestige of the inside removed.
In my own mind I have not a doubt that the flying squirrel starts the boring
and once the shell has been chipped I dare say both Nutcrackers and Wood-
peckers are capable of enlarging the opening.
Any one who has tried keeping a flying squirrel (Pleromys inornatus) as a
pet and they make delightful ones, must know the strength of that little jaw
and the sharp, hard edges of those little red teeth.
C H. DONALD.
Bhadarwa, Kashmir, %tft June, 1905
No. XXIV.— EAGLES AS BAROMETERS.
One frquently hears how one can predict bad weather by watching a flock
of sheep or kites and vultures, but it has never been brought home to me as it
has been in the last month. IVly camp is situated at an elevation of about 7,( ( 0
feet in a big deodar forest and I had on several occasions teen a pair of spotted
Hawk-Eagles {Spizostus nepalengis) in the nullah, about a miJe or more above my
camp and about, 1,500 feet above it, but they never seem to come down any
lower. One evening I was rather surprised to hear the shrill whistle of one
quite near and soon spotted one sitting on a date tree and just before sunset he
was joined by his better-half. They sat there screaming for a few minutes and
then one flew down, in among a lot of smaller trees with thick foliage and the
other one shortly after followed, but went in lower down. Next morning we
had a most terrific storm which lasted with a couple of short breaks for 5 days
(from 14th to 19th May ) and all this time, the eagles remained near at hand
and could be heard and seen at intervals throughout the day. The 19th dawn-
ed cloudy and threatening and I thought we were in for still more rain, but
518 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
about 9 a.m. I saw the eagles soaring and watched them almost out of sight.
About mid-day it cleared up and I did not see the eagles again till the other
day. They arrived as before in the evening and I said to myself, I wonder if
their arrival portends another storm. The weather though warm was quite
clear. Sure enough at night a thunderstorm came on and it simply poured.
It has rained off and on for 3 days now and the eagles are still here and I can
hear them occasionally. I have just got my nets ready and a nice fat pigeon
for a bait, so I hope to keep them here a bit longer this time.
C H. DONALP.
Bhaparwa, Kashmir, Hth June, 1905.
No XXV.-FIRST RECORD OF THE NIDIFIOATION OF THE
INDIAN HOBBY (FALCO SEVERUS).
On the 13th May I found The Indian Hobby (F. severus) breeding on the
banks of the Nujit-tha river in this district. The nest was in a hole in the cliff
about 30 feet above the water level. I should rather say the solitary young
bird was in the hole as there was no nest.
I am sending you a skin which although sufficient for identification has
suffered fearfully during the long journey in without preservatives.
I have kept the young Hobby which has now developed from an exaggerated
powder-puff into a very handsome little bird. He is very tame and if a
success I will send you a copy of a photograph I had taken of him yesterday.
K. C. A' ACDONALD (i>. s. p.)
Takokku, Upper Burma, 5th June, 1905.
[The bird sent is without doubt a specimen of Falco severus, and the
above record is therefore of great interest.
E. COMBER,
Honorary Secretary, Bird Section,
Bombay Nat. His. Soc]
No. XXVI— A WOODPECKER'S DILEMMA.
During the X'mas holidays of 1904, while out shooting in Upper Burma, one
of the Burmans picked up a Thit-touk (wood-tapper) at some little distance
from any tree. Jt proved to be a Red-rumped Green Woodpecker, Gecinus
nigrigenis (Hume). The bird was very thin and his tail feathers very sticky, due
to some resinous substance. The cause of his sad plight was soon apparent, for
under the right wing, affixed to the primaries, was a large cylindrical mass of
gum an inch and a half long, one and a quarter in circumference and weighing
ninety grains, and which the Burmans said was the gum exuded by the Gwe-bin
(Spondias mangifera). 1 imagine when he had finished his examination of the
tree he had proceeded to fly to another, but the loss of the use of his primaries
probably resulted in his downfall. I do not know if woodpeckers are help-
less on the ground ; if they are, this may account for his thin condition, as it is
possible he may have spent some time there.
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 519
Thinking the incident of interest we brought the bird to camp to shew to a
friend. On his return from the jungle I asked the Burman who had accompa-
nied me, to produce the bird, which he did. He had removed the mass of gum
from the feathers but had it in his hand, and shewed the position it was in when
the bird was found. We placed the bird on a tree alongside the hut and he
went up it in style, tapping all the way. It did not prove a land of milk and
honey, so on reaching near the top he flew off to another tree without any
difficulty, where he again promptly commenced operations. It was late in the
evening and he was evidently very hungry, as he was most assiduous in the
search for food.
G. H. EVANS, F.L.S , Major.
Rangoon, 11th June, 1905.
No. XXVII- FOOD OF PYTHON MOLURUS.
On my return to camp on the afternoon of the 24th April 1905, a friend who
had been up a stream fishing, informed me that the Burmans with him had
captured a python measuring over nine feet. On opening the reptile they
found a pheasant. My friend asked the Burmans to keep the snake, but on my
return all but the head of the snake and the pheasant (which was not quite
fresh) was cooked for the evening meal.
The head of the snake showed that it was that of a Python molurus and the
pheasant was a Genna'us Oatesi (Grant) or G. linealus (Vigors). Both varieties
were not uncommon in the jungles near by.
G. H. EVANS, F.L.S., Major.
Rangoon, 11th June, 1905.
No, XXVI II.— BREEDING OF THEBANDED KRAIT (BUNGARUS
FASCIATUS) IN BURMA.
The following note may prove of interest. On the 17th May I received a
letter from Mr. J. D. Hamilton, I. F. S., in which he mentioned that on the
day previous, while digging up some elephant tusks, he came on a Krait
(Bungarus fasciatus) with eight eggs and four young. The female had
sloughed before going underground and when found was poor in condition.
During the afternoon of the 17th he kindly sent me the female with two
hatchlings, also the egg shells of which there were eight in three lots — five in a
cluster, two cemented together, and one single.
The ' Krait ' though possessing a nice clean skin was distinctly thin. On
being touched about the body she promptly flattened herself in an extraordinary
manner, and on being irritated hissed, but made no attempt to strike. She
shewed no concern whatever about the youngsters, however much they were
molested. The snake was very sluggish.
Measurements :• —
Length 3' 11£"
Tail 4"
520 JOURNAL, BOMBA Y NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, I 61. XVI.
Unlike the mother the youngsters were particularly active. They were
extremely intolerant of the sun : an exposure of a minute or two caused them
to seek the shade.
With regard to their markings, they resemble that of the adult except that
they are very much paler. The prune purple bands are more of a leaden hue,
and the canary yellow bands a faint dirty white not at all approaching yellow.
L'he marking a, however, were so defined as to render this snake unmistakable at
first sight even at a very early age.
The and of the tail in adults is, as a rule, blunted, but in both these young
specimens it was more pointed.
Measurements : —
The hatchlings measured —
(1) Length 12f"— Tail lj".
(2) „ 11 1"— Tail 1|".
There was nothing unusual about them, The egg shells were soaked in
water and when softened indentations were removed and the shells filled with
water. Owing to the position of apertures of exit, only three could be measure;!
with anything approaching to accuracy. The average measurements taken
were 2*375" xl'5". The eggs struck me as being of large size considering the
snake measured just on 4'.
G. H. EVANS, P.L.S., Major.
Hangoon, llth June, 1905.
No. XXIX.— FIRI FLIES.
Can any of our members help in contributing some information on the life
history of these insects ? I can find no literature on the subject and the refer-
ences to the Fireflies or l.ampyridce in most natural history books only give the
West Indian form and tell us nothing of their habits.
It is surely astonishing that so little should be known about what constituted
one of the wonders of the tropical world.
The females have apparently only one segment (the last but one) of the
abdomen luminous whilst the males which are considerably smaller than the
females, have both the last two segments luminous, although it appeared to me
that the last segment had not quite the same amount of luminosity as the one
before it.
At Kh and alia (Western Ghats ) this month they seemed to frequent the
following trees more than others :— the ' Nandruk ' (Ficuz retusa), the ' Umbar '
(Ficus glomerata ), the ' Shaitan ' (Alslonia scholaris), the ' Gulmohur !
(Poinciana regia), the ' Udal ' {Albizzia stipulata) and the ' Waola ' or 'Walwar '
(Holoptelea integrifolia) and these were the trees which flashed with a thousand
lights every few seconds. At Andheri, near Bombay, Mr. Young tells me that
he has noticed them swarming in the same way round the ' Bhendi ' {Thespesia
populnea) and the wild ' Mango ' (Mangifera indica).
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 521
The females seem to be more persistent in their luminosity although it is
not so bright as in the males, whilst the latter flashed every 5 seconds at the
tops of the trees, the flashes sometimes being from right to left for six or seven
times, then all together and then left to right.
The sympathetic telepathy which seems to exist amongst the males at this
season and causes each colony frequenting the tops of one or more trees to
flash at exactly the same moment every few seconds is wonderful.
It would be interesting if some member would keep a number of these insects
alive for a few months and give us some details as to the eggs they lay, the time
taken in hatching and the appearance of the larvee, &c.
What is the larva of the Firefly like and has it any luminosity ?
W. S. MILLARD.
Bombay, loth June, 1905.
No. XX£— CURIOUS ACCIDENT TO A DRAGONFLY.
Whilst at Khandalla (Western Ghats) recently I noticed a very large dragonfly
settled on the wire by the side of the road. As it did not fly away when I
approached it I took hold of the wings with my finger and thumb, and although
it was alive and moved, I found the reason of its not flying away was that it was
impaled on the barbed wire. One of the barbs had transfixed it just where the
head joins the thorax, and it was with some difficulty that I removed it. It was
one of the largest kind of dragonfhes with a pale blue-green thorax and abdomen
striped with very dark chocolate ; the spread of the wings measured 4^ inches
and the length of head and body 8 inches.
It could not have been the work of a shrike or " butcher bird, " as there were
none about there, and I also doubt if a shrike could catch such a swift flyer as
this large dragonfly.
W. S. MILLARD.
Bombay, 20th June, 1905.
16
522 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
CORRESPONDENCE.
SHOOTING IN THE BOMBAY PRESIDENCY.
No. 3482 of 1905.
Revenue Department,
Bombay Castle, 29th April, 1905.
To A. C. LOGAN, Esq., I.C.S.
Sir,— In reply to your letter, dated the 6th April 1905, inquiring whether the
new foresc regulations prohibiting shooting in notified forests except under a
license chargeable with a fee of Rs. 25, apply to the shooting of birds other
than game, for scientific purposes, I am to say that in forests which have been
notifiad under No. 3 (a) of the Rules published in Government Notification
No. 5627, dated the 18th August 1903, shooting/or any purpose is not allowable
otherwise than in accordance with that Rule and the Rules following it.
I have the honour, etc.,
G. KEATINGE,
Under-Secretary to i-iovernment.
Mahableshwar, May \lth, 1905.
To
The SECRETARY,
Bombay Natural History Society.
Sir, — I think it worth while to send you the above copy of a letter from the
Revenue Department, that members of the Society may know how they stand
with regard to the new forest regulations. These apply to all forests of any
consequence in the Presidency.
Yours faithfully,
A. C. LOGAN, I.C.S.
Revenue Department,
Bombay Castle, 18th August 1903.
No. 5627— In exercise of the powers conferred by Section 25, clause (i),
Section 31, clause (j), and Section 75, clause (fZ), of the Indian Forest Act, 1878,
(VII of 1k78), and in supersession of Government Notification No. 6254, dated
the 25th July 1894, published at page 751 of Part I of the Bombay Govern-
ment Gazette (except in regard to the Province of Sind), His Excellency the
Governor in Council is pleased, with the previous sanction of the Governor-
General in Council, to prescribe the following rules to regulate hunting, shoot-
ing, poisoning of water and setting of traps or snares in the Reserved and
Protected forests of the Bombay Presidency excluding Sind : —
1. The following acts are absolutely prohibited in all Reserved and
Protected forests :
(a) the poisoning of rivers or other water, and the explosion of dyna-
mite therein for the purpose of killing or catching fish ;
(6) the setting of spring guns ;
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 523
(c) the taking, wounding or killing of big game, other than tiger,
panther, wolf, hyena, wild dog, pig or bear, over water or
salt-licks ;
(cZ) wounding or killing the females of deer, antelope or bison ;
(e) wounding or killing any game birds or hares during the close season
fixed in the Appendix.
2, The setting of snares or traps is prohibited in all Reserved and
Protected forests except with the written permission of the
Divisional Forest Officer.
3. {a) In any Reserved or protected forests or portions of reserved or pro-
tected forests to which the local Government may, for the purpose of strict
conservation or for the preservation of animals which are becoming rare, or for
both of these purposes, apply these and the following rules by a notification
published in the Bombay Government Gazette, hunting and shooting are prohi-
bited except under a license to be obtained from the Conservator of Forests.
(&) Every license issued under clause (a) of this rule shall permit the holder
only to hunt and shoot, and shall be valid for a period of one year from the
date of its grant in any reserved or protected forest in the presidency to which
these rides are made applicable under clause (a), subject to the condition that
before it has effect in any forest division in which the licensee does not reside
or exercise any jurisdiction, it must be countersigned by the Divisional
Forest Officer.
(c) No such license shall entitle the holder to hunt or shoot more than two
stags or bulls of each species of animal to be specified in the license, according
to a list to be prepared for each Forest Division by the Conservator of Forests.
4. Licenses shall not be refused except for special reasons to be stated in
writing.
5. Wounded game may be pursued into the forests of the division adjoining
that for which the license is valid or into a forest closed under Rule 8.
6. A license granted under these rules shall not be transferable.
7. Every person to whom a license has been granted under these rules, and
who is found hunting, shooting, snaring or trapping in any forest to which these
rules apply, shall on demand by any forest, police or revenue officer, produce
his license.
8. The Conservator may, on the recommendation of the Divisional Forest
Officer and the Collector, declare that any particular forest or part of a forest
is wholly closed for a term of years or annually for a specified season. He may
also prohibit the taking, wounding or killing of any particular species of animal
in any specified tract of forest, with a view to the preservation of such species,
but any such order shall be subject to revision by the Commissioner. To such
forests the validity of licenses granted under these rules does not extend or is
modified accordingly : provided that gazetted officers whose jurisdiction extends
to such forests, or persons holding licenses on which the Divisional Forest
Officer has endorsed special permission to that effect may kill pig, tigers and
524 JOURNAL, BOMB A Y NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
other dangerous or destructive animals in such forests. Such special permission
shall not be given for a longer period than one month in any case.
9. If any person to whom permission under Rule 2 or a license under
Rule 3 has been granted commits a breach of any provision of the Indian
Forest Act, 1878 (VII of 1878), as amended by the Forest Act, 1890, (V of 1 890)
or of any rules made thereunder, he shall be liable to the penalty of having the
permission or license, as the case may be, cancelled by the Divisional Forest
Officer, in addition to any other penalty to which he may be liable under the
Indian Forest Act, 1878 (VII of 1878), or otherwise. An appeal against
the cancellation of the permission or the license by the Divisional Forest
Officer shall lie to the Collector, and a second appeal, in case of dismissal
of the appeal by the Collector, to the Commissioner, whose decision shall
be final.
10. In any case where the Divisional Forest Officer or Conservator thinks it
advisable, he may direct that a Forest Guard or other person shall accompany
the camp of any license-holder hunting or shooting in forests, with the object
of seeing that Forest rules are not infringed by camp followers.
11. The word " hunting " as used in these rules, includes tracking for
the purpose of discovering the lie of wild animals, provided that any
person holding a license id not prohibited from employing any number of
trackers.
12. Nothing in these rules shall be taken to exempt any person from liabi-
lity in respect of any offence by injury to the forest or its produce or of any
other offence pu' ishable under the Indian Forest Act, 1878 (VII of 1878), as
amended by the Forest Act, 1890 (V of 1890).
13. Nothing in these rules shall be taken to cancel any privileges granted to
resident wild tribes except by the express order of the Collector, or to preclude
the grant of special permission by the Divisional Forest Officer or Collector to
resident villagers on special occasions.
[N.B. -Forest in which wild tribes have been given the privilege of hunting
will not generally be notified under Rule 3.]
Appendix.
The game birds referred to in Rule 1 (e) are as below, and the close season
is fixed as follows : —
For Close Section.
>lst April to 30th September.
Do. do.
Do. do.
Sand-grouse
Pea-fowl
Jungle-fowl
Spur-fowl
Partridge
...{
Pterocles fasciatus
Pteroclurus exustus
Pavo cristatus
G alius sonerati
f Galloperdix spadicea
\ Galloperdix lunulata
l Francolinus vulgaris
) Francolinus pictus
J Ortygornis or Francolinu
( pondicerianus.
Do.
Do.
do.
do.
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES.
525
For.
Rain-quail
Bush-quail
Bustard-quail
Bustard
Lik-florican
Whistling-teal
j
El
Coturnix coromandelica ...
Perdicula argoondah or ar-
gunda Perdicula asiatica.
Microperdix erythrorhyn-
chus
Turnix pugnax
Turnix gondera, or taki
Turnix dussumieri
Eupodotis edwardsi
Sypheotides or sypheotis
aurita.
Dendrocygna arcuata
javanica
Nettopus coromandelianus
Sarcidiornis melanonotus..
Anas poecilorhyncha
Close Section.
1st April to 30 September.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do
do.
do.
do.
do.
or 1st June to 30th September.
Do.
do.
Do.
do.
Do.
do.
Cotton- teal
Comb-duck
Spot-bill-duck .
The close season for Hare is 1st April to 30th September.
By order of His Excellency the Right Honourable the Governor in Council,
J. W. P. MUIR-MACKENZIE,
Chief Secretary to Government.
526
PROCEEDINGS
OP THE MEETING HELD ON 16th MARCH 1905.
A meeting of the members took place at the Society's rooms, on 16th March
19)5, Colonel W. B. Bannerman, (I.M.S.), presiding.
NEW MEMBERS.
The election of the following new members since the last meeting of the
Society was duly announced : —
Major E. Wright, I. M S.j Mangalore) ; Mr. F. Ritchie (Bombay) ; Captain
P. P. Kilkelly, I.M.S., (Bikanir) ; Mr. W. H. Chapman (Karachi) ; Mr. P. N.
Gossage (Maskeliya, Ceylon); Colonel W. L. Chester, R.A.M.C, (Peshawar) ;
Mr. Curt Haeberle (Travancore) ; Mr. A. G-, Romilly, C.E., (Bezwada) ;
Lieut James McPherson, I. M.S., (Bombay) ; Mr. T. W. DeWinton, C.E.,
(Belgaum).
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE MUSEUM.
Mr. H. M Phipson, the Honorary Secretary, acknowledged receipt of the
following contributions to the Society's Museum : —
Contribution
Description.
Contributor.
1 Long-Legged Buzzard
Bnteo ferox...
Mr. H. Bulkley.
1 Snake ...
D pi 'is triffmtata ...
...
Mr. J. Oxley.
Pearl Ovstersfrom Jaumagar
Manjarilifera sp ...
...
Mr. C. A Kinkaid.
A number of Bird Skins from
Persia ...
Capt.J W.WatsoD,I.M.S.
1 Chameleon (alive)
Chamceleon calcaratus
...
Mr. W. E. Shipp.
The following birdi from
Tibet :-
2 Blood Pheasants
Ithagenes cruentus
«».
Lieut. A. R. B. Shuttle-
worth.
1 Snow Partridge
Lerwa nivicola
...
Do.
1 Red-Billed Chough ...
Graculu* eremita ...
• ••
Do.
1 Tibetan Snow-Cock ,..
Tetraotjallus tibetanus
...
Do.
1 White-Brea«tedAsiatic
Dipper
Cinclus Kashmiri crisis
• • •
Do.
1 Brown Dipper
Cinelus asiaticus
Do.
1 Antler of the Sbou or Sik-
hirn Star* from Tibet ...
Cervus afjinis
• •*
Do.
1 Duck rShel irake)
7'adnrna comuta
• • •
Mr. T. J E. Thatcher.
4 Arabian Guineafowls ...i
Nitmida pti/orhynchu
...
Major F. Lock.
1 Snake
Pulyodontophis su bpunetatus
Mr. L. C. H. Young.
FOSSIL ELEPHANT.
The Honorary Secretary reminded the members of the discovery made by
Mr. H. F. Beale in 1903 of the Fossil remains of a remarkably large extinct
species of elephant (Elephas namadicus), associated with bones of Hippopotamus
in the banks of the Godaveri river, near Nasik. It was with the greatest
reluctance that the Committee of the Society decided that owing to lack of
accommodation in its own museum, and in the absence of any Government
museum, it was useless to bring these interesting Fossils to Bombay.
PROCEEDINGS. 527
It was, however, satisfactory to know that the remains had been carefully
excavated and will now be put together in the Indian Museum, Calcutta.
ELECTION OP OFFICE BEARERS FOR 1905.
The following gentlemen were elected as office bearers for the present year : —
President : H. E. Lord Lamington, G.C M.G., G.O.I.E.; Committee: Vet.-
Major G-. U. Evans ; Mr. E. C. Stuart Baker, F.Z.S. ; Mr. E. H. Aitken ; Rev.
F. Dreckmann, S.J. ; Mr. E. Ernest Green, F.E.S. ; Lieut. -Colonel K. R.
Kirtikar, I.M.S. ; Mr. J. D. Inverarity, B.A., LL.B. ; Lieut.-Colonel H. D.
Olivier, R.E., F.Z.S. ; Mr. G. C. Dudgeon, F.E.S. ; Mr. A. Abercrombie ; Mr. G.
M. Ryan, I.F.S. ; Colonel W. B. Bannerman, I.M.S. ; Mr. E. Comber, F.Z.S. ;
Mr. T. R. D. Boll, l.F.S. ; Major A. Newnham, F.Z.S. ; Major C. J. Nurse,
F.E.S. ; Mr. L. C. H. Young, B.A., F.E.S. ; Mr. J. McNeill, I.C.S. ; Mr. N. C.
Macleod, ex-officio ; Mr. H. M. Phipson, O.M.Z.S., ex-officio ; Mr. W. S. MUlard,
ex-officio.
ACCOUNTS FOR 1904.
Mr. N. C. Macleod, the Honorary Treasurer, placed before the meeting the
accounts for the year ending 3 1st December 1904, showing an income of
Rs. 17,027-1-5, an expenditure of Rs. 16,833-5-11, and a cash balance carried
forward of Rs. 3,307-8-5 The accounts were accepted, subject to the usual
audit, and a vote of thanks was passed to the Honorary Treasurer.
PAPERS READ.
The following papers were then read and discussed : — (1) The Fauna and
Flora of our Metallic Currency, by the Rev. E. Blatter, S.J. ; (2) Notes on
Small Mammals in Kashmir and adjacent districts, by Col. A. E. Ward ; (3)
The Goosander (Merganser castor) , by A. M. Primrose ; (4) On the Breeding
Seasons of big Game, by Major R. G. Burton ; (5) Double-headed Snakes
and other Notes, by Capt. F. Wall, I.M.S., C.M.Z.S. ; (6) Description of
two new Snak3s from Burma, by G. A. Boulenger, F.R.S., V.P.Z.S. ; (7) Fishes
from the Persian Gulf, the Sea of Oman and Karachi, collected by Mr. F. V.
Townsend, by C. Tate R^gin, B.A. Father Blatter's investigations into the
animal and vegetable life found on our current coins excited much interest,
ani it was a relief to know that the copper coins which circulate so freely
amongst the poorest, and consequently not the cleanest, classes of the commu-
nity, appear to be harmless. Father Blatter's experiments tend to confirm the
statemants recently made that copper is an excellent germicide. .He stated
that the microscopic plants and animals found by him on the copper coins were
in all cases devoid of life, while those on the silver coins were, in most cases
animated.
EXHIBITS.
Mr. G. R. Lowndes exhibited a plant of Streptosolen Jamesonii in flower,
a new introduction into Bombay, and good flowering plants of the following
Orchids : — Phalsenopsis schilleriana and Cattleya schroderse.
528 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
Mr. Millard showed the following plants recently introduced into Bombay : —
Clerodendron speciosum, Manettia bicolor, Begonia Presdt. Carnot, Bertolonia
Van Houteana and marroorata, Pteris childii and Adiantum beesonianum.
Dr. M. D. Cama, exhibited the fruit of the Egyptian ' Doum ' or Gingerbread
Palm (Hypheene thebaica), showing a small scent bottle manufactured from
the kernel of the nut, which closely resembles the true vegetable ivory
(Phytelephas macrocarpa).
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE MEETING HELD ON THE 6th JULY 1905.
A meeting of the members took place at the Society's Booms, on the
6th July 1905, the Bev. F. Dreckmann, S.J., presiding.
NEW MEMBEBS.
The election of the following 49 new members, since the last meeting
was duly announced : — Life Member. — Major Tyrell Boss (Chakrata).
Members.— Lieut. Godfrey Pearse (Agar, Malwa) ; Lieut J. E. N. Heseltine
(Banikhet, N.-W. P.) ; Mr. E. A. Partridge (Secunderabad) ; Mr. G. W.
Leeson (Goalunds, Bengal) ; Mr. George Cook (Sinbo, Myitkyina District,
Burma) ; Mr. J. E. S. Nisbet (Pyinmana, U. Burma) ; Mr. H. B. Kerr (Sinbo,
Myitkyina District, Burma); Mr. C. B. Watkins (Pyinmana, U. Burma);
Dr. C. E. Silvester (Kajaldhara P. 0., South Sylhet, Assam) ; Capt. A. H. M.
Forbes (Bareilly) ; Mr. L. C Glascock (Bombay) ; Lieut. M. J. D. Young
(Aurungabad, Deccan) ; Mr. D Brodie (Tellicherry, Malabar) ; Mr. G. B.
Coleman (Bombay) ; Mr. C H. Cardozo (Calicut, Malabar) ; Mr. L. H. Savile
(Bombay) ; Lieut. G. A. M. Praed (Uanikhet) ; Mr. C. W. B. Anderdon (Port
Blair) ; Mr. F. E. Morgan (Bezwada, Kistna District) ; Lieut. H. H. Smith
(Cawnpore) ; Mr. C. C. Longden (Palamcottah, Madras) ; Mr. H. Leslie
Andrews (Guynd P. 0., Nilgiris) ; Mr. G. Tipper (Calcutta) ; Mr. C. P. Fisher
(Nagpur j ; The Mess President, 3-th C. I. Horse (Goona) ; Mr. W. G. Moles-
worth (Waltair) ; Mr. B. G. Kilby, I.C.S., (Banchi, C. Nagpore) ; Mr. J. W. N.
Gumming (Quetta) ; Mr. G. W. Hichens (Bangoon) ; Capt. B. Selous (Mhow,
C. I. ; Mr. P. B. Gray (Poona) ; Mr. C. A. Mayer (Bhadarwa P. 0., Jummu
State) ; Mr. W. M. Watson (Bombay) : Mr. C. Fenimore Cooper (Mergui,
Lower Burma) ; Dr. S. Bowland (Bombay); Dr. G. F. Petrie (M.D.) (Bombay) ;
Mr. G. W. B. Prideaux (Taunggyi, Burma) ; Capt. W. B. Walker, B A. (Bombay),
Lieut. N. H. L. Watts (Bhamo, Burma) ; Lieut. H. H. Joll, B.F.A. (Ahmed-
nagar); Mrs. F. E. Jackson (Gauhati, Assam: ; Capt. L. B. Montresor, B.F.A. ;
(Trimulgherry) ; Mr. G. A, Durie (Keng Tung, S. Shan States, Burma);
Lieut. 0. G, Richardson (Karachi) ; Mr. A. W. G. Chuckerbutty, I.C.S.,
(Alibag) ; the Inspector-General of Civil Hospitals, Bengal, Calcutta ; Mr. A.
A. Handley (Colombo, Ceylon) ; and Lt.-Col. F. J. Jencken, R.A.M.C.,
(Deolali).
PROCEEDINGS.
529
JOUBNAL.
The Honorary Secretary mentioned that the next Journal was now in the
press and would, he hoped, be ready for issue about the end of this month. It
would contain a large number of illustrations and the commencement of the
popular series, with coloured plates, on " The Common Snakes of India," by
Capt. Wall, I.M.S., and " The Common Butterflies of the Plains of India," by
Mr. L. C. H. Young, would, he believed, attract a large number of new mem-
bers.
CONTBIBUTIONS TO THE MUSEUM.
Mr. W. S. Millard, the Honorary Secretary, acknowledged receipt of the
following contributions since the last meeting : —
Contribution.
Description.
Contributor.
Brown Wood-Owl I Byrtiium indrarri ...
Rufous-Bellied Hawk-' Luphotriorchu hivnerri
Eagle.
Pale Harrier .
Long-Legged Buzzard ..
Crested Honey-Buzzard
Kestrel ...
(heat inacrurvs ...
Buten ftrox...
Pernix crista tut
Tinnunoulus alaudarius
Snakes (alive) Tropidonotus piscator
2 Snakes (alive)
1 Potted Owlet
1 Kestrel
1 Fish from Lucknow
1 Snake
1 Blood Pheasant
1 Crimson-Hornea Pheasant.
1 Snake from Bangkok
1 Crimson- Horned Pheasant
1 Fish from Ootacamund ..
2 Tufted Pochards
1 Gadwall -
1 Blyth's Wreathed Hornbill
1 Daurian Myna
2 Snakes ,
3 Bats....
1 Skin of the Hispid Hare...
2 Spot-Bill Ducks
I Spotted Sandgrousc .
6 Fresh Water Fishes from
Kolaba.
1 Afghan Jerboa
-4 Moths from Bangkok.
Some Leaf Insects from
Ceylon.
1 Snake from Persian Gulf.
1 Snake from Persian Gulf.
1 Lizard from Persian Gulf.
Helicttp* sehntotosus
Athene brama
linwicnlug alaudarius
Zamenis diahma ...
Ithagenes crucutus
'Jragopan satura
Homalopsis buccata
Tragopan satyra
Barbus roseipennis
Nyreca fiilignla
Cnavlelasmu* str/perus
Bhyti'ic- ceros subruficollis.
Agropsar sturniuus
Naia tripudlans (banded
variety).
Lcpvg Uispidvs
Anas pnecilorhyncha
Pt.eri clurvs senega-Tins
Amba<s\i bacuUs ; Barbus
holus ; Barbus pinnaura-
tus : Bosbora danv-cniur,
Gobius gut r i s ; an it
Ophiocephalus gacliua.
Alactaga mdica
Trahala Vishnu
Phyliium scythe
DiyojiMs sp : .
Pmmmophis sp
Varanu griseus .
Mr. Chas. G ray.
V
)>
5!
5>
55
Col. W. B. Hannermaii,
I.M.S.
Mr. C. H. Donald.
Major A. Newnham.
Mr. C. H. Donald.
Capt H. R. Brown, I.M.S.
Mr. D. P. D. Adenwalla.
Col. R.H. Rattray.
Capt. C. F. G. Lang.
Mr. R. B. Heath, C.E.
Mr. C. W.' Allen.
Col. R."h. Rattray.
Mr. J. C H. Mitchell,
tor. R. H. Heath.
Mr. W.A.'Vallinger, I.F.S
Lt. W. K. Thyue, R.I.M,
w r. E. W. Trotter.
Mr. R, J. Tata.
Major Knox.
»?
55
17
530 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
Contribution.
Description.
Contributor,
21 Young Snakes (alive). ..
1 D^ert L»rk
1 Indian Monitor, (juv).
1 Himalayan Ibex Head
(Malformed).
1 Blewitfs Bush-Quail
L' Lady Amherst^ Pheasants.
•1 Singapore Cockatoo
(alive).
2 Snakes
Trupidonotus piscator
Alaemon dexertorum .
Varanus bengalevgig .
Copra aibirica.
Miemperdix blewHti
Chrytolopkiut am berstiae.
1 Indian Hobby.
1 Indian Monitor (juv)
1 Set Snake
1 Large-Crested Tern
I Smalk r-Crested Tern and 3
eggs.
1 White-Cheeked Tern and 3
1 Panayan Tern and 4 eggs.
Zamenix munotut swallowing
Pgavimophig < oudonarvx
Faleo sei'tnis
Va ra n us bmgalensi* .
Distira rob'sta
Sterna bergu
tsterno media
Stf'aa albigena..
Sterna anaestheta
Major A. Begbie.
Mr. J. W. N. Cummin?.
Mr. C. W. M Hudsoo,
I.C.S.
Col. St G. C- Gore, R E.,
C.S.I.
Mr. P. Roseal Allen.
Lt. W. W. Van Someien,
D.S.O.
Mr. F. II. Cooke.
Mr. S. Lightfoot.
Mr. K. C. Macdonald,
D.S.P.
Mr. M. C. Joshi.
Mr. C. J. Michael.
Major P. Z. Cox, F.Z.S.
° Forwarded to the Victoria Gardens.
Minor Contributions from— Mr. W. Sparke ; Mr. F. Gleadow ; Mr. F. G .
Arnould ; Capt. C. H. Turner; Mr. Wagstaff ; Mrs. A. L. Alexander; Miss
F. Bayley ; Mr. C. W. M. Hudson, I.O.S.; and Col. W. Capper.
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE LIBRARY.
Fauna of British India, ' Butterflies," Vol. I., by Col. C. T. Bingham, from
the author. " Spolia Zeylanica," from the Colombo Museum. Bulletin of the
Agricultural and Horticultural Society of Western India, Nos. 2 and 3. The
Transactions of the Entomological Society of the London, 1904, in exchange.
'• On the Elephant Mosquito," by E. E. Green, from the author.
Catalogue of Moths, Vols. IV and V. (Text and Plates), Guide to Bird
Gallery, Guide to Shell and Starfish Galleries. Guide to Coral Gallery. Guide to
Fossil Mammals and Birds, Handbook for Collectors and Blood-sucking Flies
an1! how to collect them, from the British Museum, South Kensington. In
exchange.
Catalogue of the Indian Decapod Crustacea, in the collection of the Indian
Museum by Major A. Alcock, I. M.S., F.R.S., C.I.E., and an account of the
deep-sea Hoiothurisidea collected by the R.I.M. Survey ship "Investigator,"
by R. Kochler and C. Vancv. Presented by the Trustees of the Indian
Museum.
PAPERS READ.
The following papsrs were then read and discussed : (1) The Distribution of
the Various Varieties of Cobras in India, by Lt.-Co'. W. B. Bannerman.I.M.S.;
(2) The Common Striped Palm Squirrel, by R. C. Wroughton, *'.Z.S.;(3) Birds'
PROCEEDINGS. 531
Nesting in the Murree Hills, by Lt.-Col. R. H. Rattray ; (4) Rough Notes on
Six Common Hill Orchids, by Major M. B. Roberts ; (6) Tigers hamstringing
their Prey before killing it, by C. W. Allan, B.F.S.; (G) Food of Predaccous
Flies, by F. Gleadow, F.R.M.S., I.F.-.; (7) Descriptions of New Speciesof Moths
from India and Burma, by G.C. Dudgeon, F.E.S.; (8) Strange Mortality amongst
Termites on Tea Bushes, by E. E. Green, F.E.S.; (9) Occurrence of Lady
Amherst's Pheasant in Burma, by E. Comber, F.Z.S.; (10) First Record of the
Nidification of the Indian Hobby (Fatco severus), by K. C. Macdonald, D.S.P. ;
(11) A Bandicoot in Sind, by E. H. Aitken ; (12) Eagles as Barometers, by C.
H. Donald ; (13) A Congregation of Harriers, by C. H. Donald.
EXHIBITS.
Colonel Bannerman, I.M.S , exhibited the different varieties of Cobras (alive)
and a number of spirit specimens. He mentioned that out of more than 1,000
cobras received by them at Parel only 8 were from the Bombay Presidency,
and these had been purchased. This did not speak well for science on this
side of India, and it was to be hoped now that attention had been drawn to
the subject that members of the Natural History Society and others would send
in specimens.
A curiously malformed head of the Himalayan Ibex (Capro sihirica) was
exhibited and Colonel St. G. C. Gore, 1!. E., in referring to it, drew attention
to the fact that it must have died from starvation as the malformed horn
completely closed the jaws and would have prevented it from feeding.
Mr. Narotamdass Morarjee Goculdass exhibited a beautiful flowering lily
(L. melpomene), which was much admired.
In proposing a vote of thanks to Colonel Bannerman and the other authors
of papers read, the Rev. F. Dreckmann said that he hoped that the reproach
which was lying on this Presidency would be speedily removed and that cobras
from this side of India, as well as elsewhere, would be forwarded to Colonel
Bannerman at Parel.
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JOURNAL
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BOMBAY
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Vol. XVI. BOMBAY. No 4-
A POPULAR TREATISE ON THE COMMON INDIAN
SNAKES.
Illustrated by Coloured Plates and Diac4rams.
By Captain F. Wall, I.M.S., C.M.Z.S.
Part I. — With Plate I and Diagrams I, II and III.
This and the succeeding articles with their accompanying plates and
diagrams are designed to acquaint our readers with the common snakes
of India. There is no book on the subject written in popular language,
and the few that show coloured plates are very expensive, while accuracy
of detail seems to have been largely sacrificed for pictorial effect.
If our object can be achieved, and normal specimens easily recognized,
we hope that many lovers of natural history may be encouraged to make
and record observations on the habits of these creatures, for the letter-
press will, I fear, only too soon reveal the dearth of knowledge in this
direction even with regard to the commonest kinds.
The descriptive parts of the best works are couched in terse and
scientific language, and though excellently written by experts in mus-
eums the authors have had no facilities for observing the habits of crea-
tures they only see in spirit on museum shelves. We must, therefore,
rely upon those who actually come into contact with living snakes to
supply such information.
It will be my aim to word these articles in unscientific language, espe-
cially with reference to the important matter of identification. Here, if
technical terms must be used, they will be explained by outline drawings.
The final description cannot be so treated, and being incorporated for the
sake of completeness, is intended for those conversant with the subject.
1
534 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
I shall not attempt to treat the subject exhaustively, as it seems to me
a more useful purpose will be served by dealing with the commonest and
most widely distributed species. Where a resemblance exists between
two or more species, especially where one is poisonous and the others
harmless, they will be shown together and an attempt will be made to frame
easy rules whereby they may be distinguished, but here I must repeat
what I have said in previous papers in this Journal, viz., that of all falla-
cious methods of identifying snakes, the usual one adopted with relation
to colour and markings is the most unreliable. Attention must be given
to the arrangement of the scales and shields.* We must again appeal
to our readers to render every assistance by procuring living speci-
mens without which the true colouring cannot be shown by our
artists.
The plates will show only a few inches in the middle of the body, in
preference to a full-length drawing which would necessarily be on too
small a scale in many cases to show the detail required for identification.
Our first plate represents the common green pit viper (Lachesis granii-
neus), and the common green whip snake (Dryophis mycierizans).
Before describing our first snake I think it advisable to make a few
remarks on vipers in general so as to indicate their position in the snake
world, and the relationship of this to other vipers.
The word viper is derived from the Latin virus alive and pario I bring-
forth, in reference to a method of birth unusual among ophidians, but
not peculiar to this family.f Among our Indian representatives the true
fresh water snakes (Homaloj/sidcr) and the sea snakes (ffydrophiidce)
also produce young.
It is probably this viviparous habit which has led to the belief still
hard to dispel from credulous minds, that vipers protect their young by
swallowing them. A pregnant mother approaching parturition is killed,
and living young found within her, or observed to escape from her : the
erroneous conclusion is drawn that these must have been swallowed,
especially as it is popularly understood that snakes produce eggs.
* Every scale of sufficient fize and constancy to deserve a special narce is called a shield
technically. The word scale is used technically to designate small and numerous forir.s
such as those on the back.
t The rule that vipers are viviparous is not absolute. Two African species are known to be
oviparous, viz., Atractaspis irregularis and Causus rhombeatus, and one South American
species, viz., Lachesis mutus. It is quite possible, too, that some Indian representatives may
evince a similar habit. (Since writing the above Mr. G. A. Miller has conclusively shown
that Lachesis monticola is oviparous in habit. — Vide B. N. H. S. Journal.. Vol. XV, p. 729.)
A POPULAR TREATISE ON INDIAN SNAKES. 535
I am not infrequently asked what is a viperine and what a colubrine
snake.* The distinc-
tion lies in the shape of
the maxillaries, or upper
jaw bones, which in all
vipers are shorter in
their antero-posterior
A.-Maxillary of Naia tripudians supporting solid ft j tl - vertical
tooth behind fangs.
B.— Maxillary of Vipera ruudlii. direction. They thus
C,— Maxillary of Coluber radiatus. resemble short stumpy
pillars set up on end in the front of the mouth on each side (see fig. B)
and form part of an arrangement, governed by a simple and beauti-
fully devised muscular apparatus which permits the maxillary and fangs
as a whole to be swept forwards and backwards. The fangs of vipers
which like all fangs are situated in the maxillary only, are long and
pierced by a minute canal which opens anteriorly near the tip. They
are curved backwards, and when the jaws are closed, the maxillaries
are inclined backwards, so that the fangs lie along the palate with
their points sloping upwards. In the act of striking, the jaws are
widely opened, and the maxillary is swung so far forwards that the
fang or fangs (for they may be multiple) fixed in it may assume a
forward direction. It will easily be seen how this range of movement
augments the facility with which a penetrating wound is inflicted. In
addition to these peculiarities in shape and mobility, a third point may
be mentioned, viz., that the viperine maxillary supports fangs only, and
never any ordinary solid teeth. In all colubrine snakes, i.e., all snakes
non -viperine, the maxillary is firstly so shaped that the antero-posterior
axis (or in the blind snakes Typhlopidce the transverse axis) is much
longer than the vertical (see figs. A and C), secondly it is immovable,
and thirdly in the poisonous colubrine snakes (cobras, kraits, etc.) its
armament is supplemented with one or more solid teeth. f
All vipers are poisonous, but not to an equal degree, for though some
inflict a wound which is usually fatal, others do not cause death, and in
some the effects of the poison are trifling.
There are at least 105 kinds of vipers known to science which are
grouped together into one large family ( Viper/dee). This is divided into
* Gray in his work Snakes of the British Museum, 1840, divided snakes into two 8uboTdere>
viperine and colubrine, and these terms have remained in use.
f Except in the two genera Callophis and Doliophis.
536 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
two sub-families distinguished by the presence or absence of a pit in the
side of the face between the eye and nostril, a trait in the physiognomy
too conspicuous to overlook, though the casual observer may mistake
it for the nostril, which latter should be sought for as a minute orifice
on the side of the snout in advance of the pit. This opening is called
the loreal pit owing to its being located in that region which in birds
and other creatures is called the lore. It leads into a blind rounded
chamber in the maxillary, and is lined with the same covering which
overlies the scales on the face, so that when the creature sheds its skin,
a perfect cast of the chamber is thrown off with the slough. Its function
has not yet been determined.
Vipers having no such pit are classed under a separate sub-family,
Viperince, and may be called pitless vipers in contradistinction to the
Crotalince or pit vipers. This latter sub-family derives its name from the
Greek word " krotalon," a rattle, its prototypes being the world-renowned
rattlesnakes of the American continent. It comprises four genera, two
of which are peculiar to America, and two, Lachesis and Ancistrodon,
though not peculiar to, are well represented in India and its dependencies.
Lachesis, to which our first snake belongs, is separated from Ancistrodon
by having on the head mainly small shields similar to ihose on the
creature's back.
THE COMMON GREEN PIT VIPER.
Lachesis gramineus.1
The genus Lachesis is a large one comprising forty-one known species
which inhabit Asia and America. — Of these eighteen are peculiar to
Asia, and ten some within our Indian limits.
Nomenclature (a) Scientific. Lachesis, from whom the generic name
originated, was one of the Parcae or Fates of Grecian mythology who
with Clotho and Atropos controlled man's destiny. Our readers who are
conversant with ophiology may be more familiar with the genus under
its older title Trimeresiirus,'*
* Thi- name was introduced by Lace'pede. He divided land snakes into thr<e groups,
according to the arrangement of the shields beneath the tail, In some these pass uninter-
ruptedly from side to side exactly like those on the belly. In the majority of snakes, how-
ever, they are divided in the median line by oblique alternately directed sutures so as to form
a zigzag line. Earely it happens that some of the first and some of the last shields are
divided, whilst some intervening ones are undivided. To ih;s category he applied the name
trimeresurus from the G reek words " treis" three, "meros" part, "aura" tail. The name
once created was perpetuated, and as time went on, and snakes « ere classified differently,
it became applied t'< this genus to which it is quite inappropriate, for the shields beneath
the tail are divided throughout.
Journ.B ombay Nat . Hist . S o c .
Plate I
2.
6.
9.
<
J -Green, iel.
MiivternBros. Chromo .
TWO TREE-SNAKES.
Lachesis dramineus (poisor\.crus)N0S lto 4-.
Dryopkis mycterizans (harmlessJN?? 5to9.
A POPULAR TREATISE ON INDIAN SNAKES. 537
Graniineus, the specific name, is derived from the Latin " gramen"
grass, in reference to its verdant coloration.
(b) English. — The common green pit viper is, I think, the best
English name for it, but bamboo snake as used in Hungkong, and I
believe in Assam, seems to me very appropriate.
(c) Vernacular. — * Russell makes mention of it under the name of
" budroo pam " which natives at Vizagapatam on the East Coast of India
call it. The Burmese call it " my we sein, " meaning " green snake. "
Mr. S. S. Flowerf says it is called in Siam " ngu kheeyo, " which
means " green snake " and Cantor says the Malays know it as " ular
daun " " leaf snake."
Dimensions. — The largest specimen is, I believe, that recorded by
Veterinary Captain (now Veterinary Major) Evans and myself from
Burma. It taped three feet eight inches but was quite a phenomenal
specimen. Average adults vary from about two to two and-a-half feet.
Bodily configuration. — The head is flattened, and appears unduly
broad behind owing to the pronounced constriction of the neck.'2
The body is stouter than in most snakes, and the tail tapering rather
rapidly is short and prehensile, measuring usually about one-sixth to
one-fifth of the total length. The females, as is the rule with snakes,
have shorter tails and fewer shields beneath (sub-caudals).
Colour. — This is usually a dull uniform verdant green above, rather
darker on the head and in old specimens. Underparts glossy white,
yellow or green. Upper lips, chin, and throat enamel white, or bluish,
or buff, or yellow, or greenish, these colours variously distributed in
different individuals, and in different parts of the same individual. A
well-defined white or bluish or yellow narrow line runs along flanks
from neck ending some distance along the tail. Tail yellowish or
reddish often mottled with darker hues. The eye, which is lateral and
bus a very slight inclination forwards, exhibits a beautifully golden iris,
in the centre of which is a black vertical pupil. Sometimes there are
black or blackish markings on the back with a tendency to arrange
themselves into indistinct crossbars. Sometimes the prevailing colour is
yellowish or olivaceous rather than green. Mr. W. S. Millard in a letter
to me meniions one such specimen from the vicinity of Darjeeling. " It
was warm, yellowish, olive-brown above, and bright yellow beneath."
* Ind. Ser. Vol. 1, p. 13, plate IX.
t Proc. Zool. Soc, Lond., May 16th, 1899, page 695.
533 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
It was sent to the British Museum, and identified by Mr. Boulenger as a
colour variety of this species.3 Sometimes the flank line is inconspicuous
or even wanting. The green colour is imparted to the spirit in which
specimens are preserved, and accounts probably for the change of colour
which they undergo in this medium, approaching blue rather than green.
Identification. — This is easy. Any grass green snake with a vertical
pupil like the domestic cat's must be either Lachesis gramineus or L.
purpureomaculatus or L. macrolepis. The loreal pit will confirm this
diagnosis. To distinguish between these snakes count the rows of scales
over the back in the posterior part of the body. In gramineus they
number fifteen normally, sometimes seventeen ; in purpureomaculatus
they are nineteen normally ; and in macrolepis eleven or ten. (To do
this, turn the creature on to its back, and seek for the vent, a transverse
aperture in the hinder parts. This marks the junction of the body and
tail. Count at a spot two heads lengths in front of this.)4
Haunts. — It usually frequents low vegetation, selecting a hedgerow
or tangle of bush, but shows a marked preference for bamboo in locali-
ties where this flourishes. Sometimes it is encountered in grass, and
Theobald mentions having found one in the caves near Moulmein in
Lower Burma, and another on limestone rocks on the ground. Mr.
S. S. Flower * records one coming into a house, and Captain Evans and
I have known a similar intrusion in Burma where one was killed
found lying, along a beam in a native hut having swallowed a small rat.
Giinther f mentions it hanging from branches of trees, but I think it is
more usually to be seen reclining among branches close to the ground
(say nearer four than eight feet). Mr. Hampton tells me that in captivity
they spend most of their time on the branches provided for them, and
seldom descend except at night. During the winter a few retired
under blankets, but the majority remained huddled together on branches.
Whether in grass or in bush its colour harmonises so perfectly with its
environment that it is usually not discovered until seen to move.
Disposition. — Giinther | speaking of the genus alludes to their sluggish
habits, and says they sometimes make no attempt to move out of one's
way. Later the same author says : " When roused these snakes are
extremely fierce, striking at everything within their reach." Mr.
Gerhardt in a letter to me writes : " They are very sluggish, and allow
* Proc, Zool. Soc , Load., May 16th, 1899, page 696. f Bept., Brit. India, p. 386 (1863-C4)
t » » » p. 384.
Journal Borotoyy fiat, hjtst. Sor
DIAGRAM I
R —
I.
Internasal
a.
Infralabiah
N.
Nasal
R.
liostral
SI.
Supraloreal
Sal. Suhlingual
So. Sub ocular
Su. Supraocular
a.h.c. Praeoculars
111 Supralabials
LACHESIS GRAMINEUS.r
THE COMMON GREEN PIT-VIPER.
xU
A. P. COHTEZ 4 CO. LITH. BOM6.
A POPULAR TREATISE ON INDIAN SNAKES. 539
one to take them off the bush with a stick." Russell * says of one
brought in to him " it looked fresh, and lively, and was very alert, hissed
and snapped at everything opposed to it." Mr. Hampton says in a
letter : " I consider it to be a very sluggish, harmless poisonous snake."
He continues : " When a match is struck in front of the case at night,
or a lamp is suddenly brought in front of the cage, they will strike at it.
They seem to he very hardy in captivity ; some presented to the Zoolo-
gical Society in 1886 by Mr. Bligh of the P. W. D., Burma, are still
alive and well, I hear from two sources." Stoliczka says, speaking of
specimens he had encountered near Moulmein : " All were very sluggish
and did not make the slightest attempt to escape when approached, and
even allowed themselves to be removed from the top of the plant.
Neither did they offer to bite unless when pressed to the ground with a
stick ; but when thoroughly aroused they turned round and bit furiously."
Food. — Its diet consists of small vertebrates, but some partiality is
shown towards mammals.
Gunther f observes that it feeds on small birds and frogs. Mr. IS. S.
Flower J mentions lizards, and Cantor says it preys on small birds and
tree frogs, but occasionally descends to the ground in search of frogs
and toads. Mr. Gerhardt writes to me he has only known them eat
musk rats (i.e., Crocidurce). Major Evans, A.V.D., in a letter to me
says he has known them eat a musk rat or shrew, a field mouse, a field
rat and a lizard (Calotes mystaceus). Mr. Hampton writes to me : " Rats
are its principal food in captivity," but he has known them eat a tree
sj*rew ( Tupaia), and on one occasion two moles. When hard up, he says,
they eat frogs, and he has known a snake (Lycodon fasciatus) to have
been eaten on two occasions. I have records of a musk rat bein g ingested
once, also a rat, and I saw a specimen in the Hongkong Museum in the
act of swallowing a small bird. Mr. Millard writes to me : " We find
them feed readily in confinement on small rats, mice, birds, and lizards."
Breeding. — The only information I can get in this direction is from
Mr. Hampton, who says they produce from seven to twelve young at
a time. I have examined a specimen which contained 11 eggs, G in one
ovary and 5 in the other. They were immature, showing no trace of
embryos, and were closely packed so that their longest diameters lay
vertically."'
* lad. Serp., Vol. 1, p. 13. t Hept., Brit. India, p. S86.
% Proc. Zool. Soc, Lond., Pt. Ill, 1899, p. 6S6.
540 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
Striking. — When provoked to strike this viper attaches itself firmly by
wrapping its tail and hinder body round a branch, and then with retract-
ed head, the ibrebody freed, and thrown into a broad S. it thrusts
vehemently forward with open jaws as far as the straightening of the
body permits. Mr. Millard in a letter says : " They always retain a hold
of their prey after once striking it." Mr. Hampton writes to me that in
captivity they wait until their prey passes beneath them, then strike and
hold it in the air until dead, or haul it on to the branch and then swallow it.
Mr. Millard in another letter writes : " I cannot find any one who has
ever heard them hiss." Possibly the hiss is too subdued to attract much
attention, for Russell in a passage already quoted mentions this snake
hissing, and Giinther speaking of the genus says " that they vibrate the
tail, and utter a faint hissing sound."
Poison. — Accounts of the virulence of its poison all agree in ascribing
to it a decidedly feeble action on man. Giinther * speaking of the genus
says : " Numerous cases are on record which show that the symptoms
indicating a general effect on the system were of short duration extending
only over the space of from two to forty-eight hours, and confined to
vomiting, nausea and fever. After the pain and swelling of the
bitten member or spot have subsided, the vicinity round the wound be-
comes discolored, mortifies, and is finally thrown off as a black, circular
slough, after which health is speedily restored. The bite of larger
specimens from 2 to o feet long is more dangerous and has occasionally
proved fatal." Nicholson! says of the genus " their bite produces local
pain and swelling, but no toxic symptoms."
Russell t snys the peasants who brought it in, affirmed that its power
of killing extended only to the smaller animals, not to dogs or
sheep ; and that to man its bite caused various disorders, but never death.
He substantiates this by experiment : a chicken died, but a dog and a pig,
though very ill,- did not succumb. Mr. Millard told me that the Revd.
F. Dreckman, S.J., who is well acquainted with these snakes, was bitten
in the finger by one, and suffered very little pain and inconveni-
ence. Major Evans, A.V.D., gives me three instances in his knowledge
where men were bitten, and in all cases they recovered. The Burmans,
too, assured him, when he narrowly escaped being bitten by one in jungle,
that its bite would not have proved fatal. Mr. Hampton has also
* Rept., Erit. Ind„ p. 384. f Ind. Snakes, pp. 144-5.
I Ind. Serp.,Vol. 1, p. 14.
A POPULAR TREATISE ON INDIAN SNAKES. 541
known cases of men bitten by this snake, but never a deatb in conse-
quence. On making enquiries at the Civil Hospital in Hongkong in 1901
I ascertained that no case of snake bite had ever been treated in that
institution, and as this snake is quite one of the commonest in that locali-
ty, this circumstance adds weight to the accuracy of the above remarks.
Distribution.— (a) (Geographical). — Its range of distribution is a large
one, extendiug from the Western Ghats of India through Burma, the
Malay Peninsula (including Siam and Cochin China), the whole Mala-
yan Archipelago to Southern China and Formosa on the one hand, and
from the Himalayas through the peninsula of India as far South as the
Cauvery river. The most southern record I can find is the Wynad
(Madmalley). It is not recorded from Ceylon, and Mr. Ferguson, who
has collected reptiles for fifteen years in Travancore, writes to me that
it is unknown in that territory. I can find no record of its occurrence
in the Nilgiris, Anamallay, and Palneys6.
(6) (Local). — In India it is, I believe, not found in the actual plains,
except in the Sunderbunds, but always at some altitude about 1,500 feet
and upwards, and is generally regarded as a hill snake in the Peninsula.
In Burma and Further East it is met with frequently at or near sea
level, as well as being found in upland regions.
(c) (Numerical). — Though it cannot be considered a common snake
in the sense that the dhaman {Zamenis mucosus) and paddy-field snake
( Tropidonotus -piscator) are, it is by no means uncommon in many
localities. From Mr. Millard and Mr. Gerhard t I gather it is plentiful
on th9 Western Ghats near Bombay (Karli and Khandalla), and Mr.
Millard remarks that though common thereabouts up to the end of
October, they are not seen after the middle of November. Anderson*
says: " It appears to be a common snake in the tropical valleys below
Darjeeling, where it is usually found at an elevation of 2,000 feet."
Stoliczka says it appears common in the Khasi Hills and Assam, and
also near Moulmein in Lower Burmah. He mentions he never observed
it in the interior of the North-West Himalayas. Mr. Hampton, writing
from Burma, says he has had scores of them. Out of 69i snakes
collected by Captain Evans and myself from all parts of Burma in 1899-
1900, 18 were of this species. Mr. Flower describes it as being fairly
numerous about Bangkok, and both he and Stoliczka record it as the com-
monest Lachesis in Penang and the Province Wellesley, but say it is rare
• Proc. Zool. Soc.,Lood„ 1871, y. 194.
542 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
at Singapore. I found it a common snake about Hongkong, but it
appears to b9 a rare snake as far north as the Yangtse Valley in China.
Description. — Rostral in contact with 5-7 shields, the sutures made
with the nasals being three to four times those made with the first
supralabials. Internasals one pair, sometimes in contact behind the
rostral, sometimes separated in front by one or two scales. Supra-
ocular a single well developed shield each side. Nasal normally un-
divided ; frequently more or less confluent with the first supralabial ;
frequently more or less separated from second supralabial by one or
more minute intercalary scales. Supraloreals usually single, and not in
contact with the internasals. Prceoculars three. The two lowest,
divergent forwards, bound the loreal pit. Suboculars crescentic, may or
may not touch the third supralabial, one or two rows of scales between
it and fourth supralabial. Temporal smooth or shaped like the carapace
of a tortoise, never truly keeled. Supralabials nine to twelve ; the
second with a groove in the upper half sloping into the loreal pit ;
none touch the eye. Sublinguals one pair. Tnfralabials. — The first form
a suture behind the mental ; first, second, and usually the third also,
touch the sublinguals. Scales two heads lengths behind the head 21
(rarely 20 — 19) ; midbody 21 (rarely 23 or 19 ) ; two heads lengths in
front of vent 15 (rarely 17 or 13). Apices very acuminate. Last row
much largest. Keels narrow towards tips of scales, and present in all the
rows, except the last, for a variable extent anteriorly. Supracaudals in
even numbers of rows, keels faint till lost in the sixes. Ventrals 145 — 175
( Boulenger ). Anal entire. Subcaudals 53 — 75 (Boulenger) divided.*
THE COMMON GREEN WHIPSNAKE.
Dryophis mycterizans.
Nearly all the snakes that enjoy an arboreal existence are conspicu-
ous for their beauty. Their graceful bearing, shapely proportions, and
the richness and combination of the colours that adorn them combine to
amply justify their being ranked among the most beautiful of living crea-
tures.
The common green whipsnake, which may be taken as the type of the
genus, forms no exception to this rule. In colour and markings it
very closely resembles the green pit viper, and is on this account shown
with it in the first plate ; however in. most other characteristics the two
* Stoliczka in J. A. S., Ben. Vol. XXXIX, (3), 1870, p. 217, mentions a specimen with
the 5th and (!th entire, and another in same paper, p. 221, with 3rd and 7th entire.
A POPULAR TREATISE ON INDIAN SNAKES. 543
are widely different, and if proper attention is directed to the arrangement
of the shields and scales no confusion of the two is likely to be made.
Nomenclature (a) Scientific. — The generic name is derived from the
Greek " drus," a bush, and " ophis " snake. The specific designation
is from the Greek " mucterizo," I turn up the nose, and refers to the
character of its snout.
(6) English. — The common green whipsnake is the name it is
familiarly known by, and is very appropriate.
(c) Vernacular. — In India it is known by the Tamils as "kankuttee
pamboo," meaning " eye-poking snake " ; and " pachai pamboo " or
" green snake."
On the Malabar Coast it is called " pSchola pambu," which means
cocoanut leaf snake. In Telegu it is called " pasarika pamoo," meaning
green snake, " botla pasarika," spotted green snake, and " pastiletti '!
(Russell). In Ceylon the Singhalese call it " ehetula " or " esgulla "
which Mr. E. E. Green writes me means eyeplncker, i.e., " ehe,"
plural " es " = eye, and u ugulanawa " = to pluck out. In Burma
it is known as " mywe sein," i.e., green snake, and " mywe sein mye
she," long-tailed green snake. Mr. Flower says it is called " nga
kee-o pah-king-kop " by the Siamese. Both Burmese and Siamese
apply these names equally to Dryophis prasinus, and the Burmese also
to Coluber prasinus and Lachesis graminius.
Dimensions. — My largest specimen taped 5 feet 7^ inches, but a more
usual length for adults is between 4 and 5 feet7. Gunther and Theobald
say it grows to more than 6 feet. Gunther * says it appears to remain
smaller in Ceylon, and mentions 40 inches as the largest measurement
known to him from that island. The young when born, according to
a note by Mr. Ferguson f at Travancore, taped 17 inches. Mr. E.
E. Green, j however, speaking of a Ceylon specimen, said that its young-
were 350 mm. {i.e., 13 f-") at birth. These measurements seem to
substantiate Gunther's observation.
Bodily configuration. — The head, which is long and narrow, ends in a
fleshy pointed snout, and a prominent elevated ridge extends from this
to the eyebrow. The eye, which is set laterally, has also a decided
inclination forwards. The iris is a beautiful bright golden colour
throughout. The pupil is horizontal and elongate in outline with a
* Kept. Brit. Ind., p. 306. t Bom. N. H. Soc. Jour., Vol. X, p. 6.
% Spolia Zeylanica, Vol. I, Pt. II, June 1893, p. 1.
bU JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
slight constriction near its middle. This horizontal outline endows this
snake with a very remarkable range of vision. The forward setting of
the eye, together with its elongate pupil, and the pronounced furrow
in the face in front permit an unrestricted range of vision anteriorly,
and the elongation forward of the pupil also admits of rays of light
impinging upon the retina from a point far behind the eye. Proxi-
mately I estimate the range of vision as extending through an arc
of 330 3.
The neck is markedly contracted, and the body, which is very slender
throughout, exhibits a maximum calibre about its middle, and attenuates
in both directions. It is smaller in its lateral than in its vertical measure-
ment {i.e., compressed). The tail tapers very gradually, and is longer
relatively in this snake and its allies than in any other varieties,
measuring more than a third of the total length. The whole snake in its
tenuity of outline resembles the lash of an English carriage whip ; hence
its familiar name.
Colour. — The upper parts of head, body, and tail are bright verdant
green, the surface of the scales dull. The ridge from the eyebrow to
the snout is usually pale-green or yellow. Under ordinary circum-
stances no other colouration is apparent, but when under excitement the
creature expands its body it brings into view alternate streaks of black
and white (bluish in ^young specimens), which are directed obliquely
downwards and backwards from the vertebral region. These are most
apparent in the anterior two-thirds or so of the body, and upon close
inspection are seen to be mainly produced by the colour of the skin
between the scales ; however the lower borders of the scales themselves
are also narrowly tipped. A well-defined narrow white or yellow line
runs along the entire body flank on the sides of the ventrals, and ends at
a variable distance along the tail. The chin and throat are white or
blue, sometimes mottled yellow to a variable extent. The belly is an
intensely brilliant green, of a hue distinctly lighter than on the back, and
resembles the delicate shade seen in some freshly opened foliage, such as
the mango or bamboo. A greenish colour is imparted to the spirit in
which the specimen is preserved. Very rarely specimens are met with
in which the colour is khaki, or olive bruwn. Another rare colour
variaty is mentioned, and figured by Russell,* in which the belly is
cinereous grey batween the flank lines, the rest of the snake being
* Ind. Serp. VM. 1, PI. XIII.
Journo' Bombay Nat. H'S!- Soc
DIAGRAM H
R
Fig. 4
A JT AS
jPS J°
Fig.5
Fig.6
A.S
Anterior sublinguals.
Pr. PraeocularSo
F.
Frontal
Prf. Praefrontals.
1.
Jnternasals.
P. S. Posterior Sublinguals
M.
Mental.
R. Rostral.
N.
Nasal.
S. Supraoculars.
P.
Pentagonal infralabial.
T- Temporals.
Pa.
Parietah
1-8. Supralabials.
Po.
Postoculars.
I -VII Infralabials.
A. P. CORTEZ A CO. LITH. BOM?.
DRYOPHIS MYCTERIZANS.
THE COMMON GREEN WHIP-SNAKE
x2
Jouroal Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc,
DIAGRAM HI
Fig.S.
Fcg.2.
J^rS.
C. Costals.
V Vertebrate.
DRYOPHIS MYCTERIZANS.
THE COMMON GREEN WHIP-SNAKE.
x2
A. P. COHTEZ A CO. 1.ITH. BOMB.
ffk
A FOPULAR TREATISE ON INDIAN SNAKES. 545
a normal green. I procured one such specimen some years ago in
Trichinopoly.
Identification. — This snake belongs to a genus comprising six mem-
bers, all bearing singularly pronounced features which readily distinguish
them from all other snakes. Of these it is only necessary here to
mention the pupil, which is horizontal in direction.
A fleshy elongated nasal appendage . is peculiar to two only of the
six, viz., B. mycterizans and D. pulverulentus, and these are easily
distinguished. The former is a common snake widely distributed,
green with very rare exceptions, and marked with a white or yellow
flank line always ; whereas the latter is a rare snake peculiar to Ceylon
and the Anamallay Hills in Southern India, brown in color, and with
no flank line. To sum up, any snake with a horizontal pupil, an
elongated fleshy appendage at tip of snout, and a white or yellow
flank line must be Dryophis mycterizans.
Habits — Haunts. — It may be met with in high grass, but far more
frequently on bushes, and will climb occasionally to a considerable
height. I have known toddy collectors encounter it among the foliage
of lofty cocoanut trees in Colombo on more than one occasion.
Disposition. — It is commonly reputed to be a very gentle snake
(Boulenger, Flower, etc.,) and Mr. Ferguson* implies the same thing
when he says that in Travancore it is the only snake the ordinary
native is not afraid to handle. His next sentence, however, runs as
follows : " Boys often bring them in, having first taken the precaution
to tie up the head in a bundle of rags," and my experience compels
me to think that the boys fully understand the vicious nature of this
creature. I am very familiar with this snake, and have at the present
time nearly one dozen specimens in captivity. It is very frequently
brought in to me alive, and in the manner described by Mr. Ferguson.
I do not find it, when freshly caught, at all the gentle, docile
creature I have been taught to believe. When moderately alarmed
it emits the tongue (which is a pale yellowish or pinkish organ)
with closed jaws, keeping it out for a second or two or longer. If
watched closely the two points are often seen to vibrate tremu-
lously. The tongue is rarely protruded, and retracted repeatedly in the
manner so common in other snakes. Whilst the tongue is maintained
rigidly protruded in a forward direction the snake rears its head and
* Bom, Nat. Hist. Journ., Vol. X., p. 6.
546 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
forebody, and dilates the body so that the black and white interstitial
skin becomes plainly apparent. If further excited it opens the jaws
widely, and by a peculiar power widely separates the lower jaws, stretch-
ing the intervening skin very considerably, even so much as to double
the lateral expanse of the floor of the mouth and make it shovel-shaped.
The tongue is in the meantime kept retracted and invisible, but the
opening of the windpipe is made conspicuous by the alternate dilatation
and contraction of its orifice. Seen under these conditions with head
retracted and upper body thrown into sigmoid curves, the snake pre-
sents a most formidable aspect. Even a small specimen will not hesitate
to bite viciously, and will draw blood as I have occasion to know. I
have been struck at most vehemently when my face has been opposed
to the windows of the vivarium, and the act has been repeated
several times by the same specimen after a lengthy term of captivity.
Mr. Green says when pressed it will strike out blindly, often in the
direction of the face of its opponent. Mr. Millard writes to me : " It is
when freshly caught, very fierce and bites freely." It is certainly true
that in captivity a very few days will serve to materially alter this pugna-
cious spirit in some specimens and then the snake will frequently per-
mit itself to be handled with impunity. Natives in India and Ceylon
believe that it strikes at the eyes of persons and cattle : hence the Tamil
and Singhalese names for it. This idea has received support from the
experience of Mr. Finn,* who, whilst holding two specimens in his hand,
was bitten by one which darted at his eye. Two punctures were sub-
sequently observed on the upper and one on the lower lid, and in rub-
bing his eye he removed a tooth from the wound in the lower lid.
Among foliage it can move with great alacrity, but on the ground
its movements are tardy. At rest it is always seen lying more or
less extended on the branches, never coiled like members of the Dipsado-
morphus. Its body is so slender and so light that by distributing its
trifling weight, it is capable of moving among the minutest twigs.
Food. — Guntherf says it feeds on birds and lizards. Green J says
it feeds readily upon young lizards of the genus Calotes and Geckonidcv.
Mr. Millard tells me geckoes, blood-sucker lizards, sparrows, and mice
have been eaten by specimens in captivity. I have known one in
• Reported in the Jour. As. Soc. Ben., Vol. LXVII., 1898, pp. 66-67.
t Rept. Brit. Ind.p. 306.
% Spolia Zeylanica., Vol. I., Pt. II., June 1903, p. 2.
A POPULAR TREATISE ON INDIAN SNAKES. 547
captivity eat a frog, but in its native haunts my observations show
that lizards of the genus Calotes are preferred to any other creature.
Mr. Primrose* mentions a case of cannibalism practised by this snake,
the victim being Tropidonotus stolatus. On investigating the dung of
specimens I have frequently found it contain the scales of what were
probably lizards, since no vestige of ventral shields were found such as
would result from snakes being ingested. There have been frequently
fragments of the cases of insects, such as cockroaches, and once I re-
covered a large black ant almost intact. After one in captivity had eaten
a Calotes versicolor I isolated it, and examined the resultant excrement.
From this I extracted, by softening the mass in water, the scales of
the lizard which floated up, and also fragments of insects. In this case,
I think, I am justified in. supposing the insect remains to have emanated
from the alimentary system of the lizard, as I never saw insects in the
vivarium. Giintherf and Boulengerl mention insects as the food of
young Dryophis p>rasinus, a very closely allied member of the
genus, and I wonder whether these observations were the result
of direct experiment, or if conjectured from the examination of the
dejecta.
Green § remarks: "Its manner of capturing its prey is invariable.
When a lizard is introduced into the cage, the snake slowly frees the
fore part of its body and coils itself in a zigzag fashion. Then, suddenly
darting forward, it seizes the victim unerringly just behind the head,
drags it from its support, and keeps it dangling without shifting its
hold, but gradually tightening its grip, until the lizard is suffocated.
* * * The snake never commences to swallow its prey until
all signs of life have ceased." The Revd. F. Bertram, S.J., || says :
" It does not even always wait for its prey to be paralysed before
eating it." And I agree with this remark, though it certainly does
hold on to its victim till its struggles are of little avail. In this respect
it differs from the dhaman and cobra, which commence to swallow
as soon as their prey is seized. When the victim has passed through the
jaws, the snake rears itself vertically for nearly or quite half its body
length, and then practises a series of contortions during which the
•Bom. N. H. Journ., Vol. XV., p. 347.
t Rept. Brit. Ind., p. 303.
% Faun. Brit. Ind. Rept. & Batrach., p. 369.
§ Spolia Zeylanica, Vol. I, pt. II, June 1903, p. 1.
|| Snakes and tbeir Venom, Trichinopoly, 1897, p. 11. *
548 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
forebody is thrown into shallow lateral undulations. The curves of
the undulations are rhythmically reversed, and by this manoeuvre car-
ried out with much muscular effort the mass is propelled onwards to
the stomach in a surprisingly brief interval of time.
Breeding. — This is one of the very few snakes whose breeding habits
have been observed. The young are born alive, having previously burst
their egg envelope within the mother's abdomen (ovoviviparous).
Ferguson * records one giving birth to twelve young on September
27th, 1891, in the public gardens at Trevandrum in Travancore. It had
been in captivity since June 30th of the same year, so that the period of
gestation was, at the very least, 59 days. I suspect it will prove to be
much longer, for a specimen of an allied species {D. prasinus) which had
been received in the London Zoological Gardens from Java on the
15th of August 1885, gave birth to 8 young on January 9th, 1888, hav-
ing had no male companionship during this whole period, f
Green % mentions another instance from Ceylon when one in captivity
gave birth to five young on the 16th and 17th April 1903. The fifth,
hampered by its egg envelope, succumbed two days later. All the
brood sloughed on the eighth day after birth. A specimen received by
Captain Evans and myself from
Tadoungoo, Lower Burma, on the
23rd of May 1900 (with other
snakes recently collected) contained
three young with no vestige of egg
envelope to be discovered within
the mother. Evans has recorded
„ . another specimen in this Journal
Dentition of Dryophis myctenzans l
(after Boulenger) Vol. XVI., p. .169, killed (Ran-
goon ?) on the 4th May containing 5 young, and Blanford (J. A. S. B.,
Vol. XXXIX., p. 373) mentions a specimen from Korba (Bilaspur
C. P.) containing 4 large eggs.
Poison. — This species for practical purposes is usually considered to
be innocuous. It is furnished with grooved fangs situated at the hinder
extremity of the maxillary. Its bite is reputed to be quite harmless
to man, as the following quotation will exemplify. The Revd. F.
Horn. Nat. Hist. Jour., Vol. X, p. 6.
t P. Z. S., 1886, p. 124.
X Spolia Zeylanica, Vol. I, Pt. II, June 1903, p. 1.
A POPULAR TREATISE ON INDIAN SNAKES. 549
Bertram,* S.J., records the testimony of a friend of his, who ex-
perimented on himself, in the following terms:—" I hold the fact from
his own mouth. One day a lively green snake was brought to him,
and he was assured that it had not spent its venom in any way
previously. He put his finger into its mouth, took care to jlace it
under the fangs, and then squeezed the jaws together, so as to drive the
fan os into the flesh. * * * Well, no result followed, not the
slightest ache of any kind.'1 This substantiates in a very conclusive
way the experiences of others. However, a sampioallah employed by
me in Bangalore came to me on the 5th September this year and pro-
duced two oraen whipsnakes, male and female, which he declared, he had
observed " in copula." In capturing them he was viciously bitten on the
left hand by one of them, sit about noon that day. At 4 p.m. when I saw
him the hand and forearm were greatly swollen, and he said felt numb.
He was in no pain. I saw him again a week later and he tol 1 me the
swelling subsided in about two days and that he had felt none the worse
in his general health. Russellf says : " Its bite on chickens tried
repeatedly produced no other effact than pain." The poison gland is
rudimentary, and my dissections and observations had me to believe
that it is solid like a mammalian salivary gland, and ir capable cf storing
poison. Whatever truth may lie in this assertion, the potency of the
poison must be admitted to be extremely feeble when Green | says that
young lizards will sometimes take 20 minutes to die in the grasp of its
laws, and on such a statement one may reasonably believe that the victim
succumbed to mechanical influences alone. I lately witnessed one speci-
men in captivity seize and devour a frog. It grasped the frog's ledy
close behind the forelimb, and held on tenaciously in spite of the frog in
its struo-o-les turning the snake over and over. After more than 20
minutes the snake began, through the agency of the jaws alone, shifting
its grasp towards its victim's snout, and then commenced swallowing.
Thirty-six minutes elapsed before the frog was wholly swallowed, and it
was kickuio- feebly to the end. It has nevertheless been proved that the
secretion of the parotid (salivary) gland has toxic properties. Major
Alcock. I M.S., F.R S., and Captain Rogers, I. M.S., have conclusively
demonstrated § that mice die when injected subcutaneously with a saline
• Snikea and *heir \ enom, Tricbiuopoly, 1897, p. 11.
+ In*. S^rp., Vol 1, n. 17.
+ Spo ia Zeylanica, Vol I.. Pt. II., June 1903, p. 1.
§ Proc. Royal So.-., Vol. 70, p. 451.
3
550 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
extract from this gland, and they sum up the results of their experi-
ments in the following words. " No one who has experimented with
minimal lethal doses of Cobra venom can fail to be struck with the close
resemblance of the symptoms caused by it with those recorded in the
above experiments with the parotid secretion of Dryophis and its Opis-
thoglyphous allies.
The gradual quickening of the respiration, the drowsiness and nod-
ding of the head, with jerky recovery every now and then, followed by
gradually increasing-paralysis, and a rapid failure of the respirations
after they have become laboured in character, by convulsions, and finally
by stoppage of the heart some little time after the breathing has ceased,
form a sequence of events that except for a difference in intensity, are
common to both, as also is the post-mortem picture of subcutaneous
extravasation."
Distribution :
(a) Geographical. — India, Ceylon, Burma, Siam.
(b) Local. — It is essentially an inhabitant of the plains and low up-
lands but I have records of its occurrence at an altitude above 3,000 ft.
(Salween, Burma). It frequents gardens and groves in populated
quarters, as well as jungles far removed from habitations.
(c) Numerical. — Its frequency varies much in different localities. It is
a common snake about Colombo, and a very common one in Travancore
(Ferguson). It is extremely common about Cannanore, more so I think
than is usual in other Southern Indian parts. It was by no means so
plentiful about Trichinopoly. Russell* says " this snake is very common
about Vizagapatam, and 1 believe, in the Circars, as well as in the
Carnatic." Sclaterf says this " snake, like many other Southern Indian
species, extends north-westwards as far as Mount Aboo in Rajputana."
In Burma it is hardly to be considered a common snake. Captain
Evans and I procured 14 specimens out of a total of 694. One was
found in Rangoon, and nine others came from other parts of Lower
Burmah, two reached us from Upper Burma, and two from East
Salween. Mr. Hampton writing from Mogok, Upper Burma, saya : " I
do not think it is found about here. Its place is taken by D. prasinus."
Flower J mentions having seen five specimens from Bangkok. The brown
* Ind. Serp., p. 17.
t Joum. As. Soc. Ben., Vol. LX., Pt. II, 1891.
X Proc. Zool. Soc, Lond., 1899, p. 682.
A POPULAR TREATISE ON INDIAN SNAKES. 551
variety is very rave. Werner* mentions one, and Mr. Millard tells me
the first received by the Bombay Natural History Society was recently
obtained from Malabar Hill, Bombay. The variety with the ash-grey
belly is also very rare.
Description. — Rostral very narrow, projecting. A furrow above, and
two laterally on each side. Undersurface slightly arched, and produced
backwards twice as far as upper. Contact with six shields. Internascds two.
Suture between them |-| that between the prefrontals. In contact with
1st and 2nd supralabials. Prefrontals two. In contact with interna-
sals, 2nd and 3rd supralabials, prseoculars, and frontal. ( 2nd labial only,
if loreah present, which rarely happens.) Frontal.— Length ^-\ larger
than supraoculars. Breadth ^ each supraocular or less. Contact with
eight shields ; the supraocular sutures at least three times as large as each
of the rest. Parietals contact with one postocular. Nasals single, lateral,
elongate, pierced at extreme posterior angle by a small nostril ; in
contact with one supralabial, viz.) the first. Loreal absent normally,
rarely one or two present. Prceoculars one,f in contact with frontal.
Postoculars two, small. Temporals one normally, rarely two.
Supralabials normally 8, the 4th divided into one or two upper and one
lower part, the 5th only touching the eye. Sometimes there are 9, and
then the 6th only touches the eye. Infralabials.— The first meet behind
the mental to form a suture about equal to that between the anterior
sublinguals ; 4th and 5th largest ; 5th pentagonal, 2 or 3 times as broad
as posterior sublinguals and in contact with two scales behind. Anterior
sublinguals subequal to, or rather smaller than, the posterior ; normally
in contact with the first 4 infralabials. Posterior sublinguals have no
intervening scales ; come into contact with the 4th and 5th infralabials
normally. Scales. — Two heads lengths behind head 15 ; midbody 15 ;
two heads lengths before vent 11-9. At both steps, where the scales reduce
from 15-13 and 13-11, it is the 5th row above the ventrals that
disappears, being absorbed into the row above or below. The vertebral
row is enlarged, and its scales different in shape from the cosials, which
are elongate, and set obliquely. The scales of the last row are much the
largest, those in the superjacent rows have their anterior-superior and
posterior-infeTior borders far the shortest; The scales in all snakes
* Verb. Ges. Wien, Vol. XLVL, p. 362.
t The upper divisions of the 4th supralabial may be considered by some as prajoculars, in
which case there are two or three.
552 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
overlap in two directions, viz., from above downwards and below
upwards, but the shape of the costals in this genus makes the
overlapping from below upwards far the more evident. The
relationship of the vertebral and the last row with their contiguous
rows remains the same in the whole length of the body, but the
intermediate rows alter in a remarkable way, peculiar, I believe, to
this genus. The intermediate rows, i.e., 2nd from the ventrals to the
7th, when luoked at in a transverse direction, are seen to be placed
one behind the other from below upwards in the front of the body,
but this alters, and these rows gradually acquire a contrary relationship
which i? sesn in the middle suid posterior parts of the body. The
thickened lines in figures 1 and 2 are intended to illustrate this point.
Ktels. — Carination is indistinct, and confined to a few median rows about
the anal region, the keels being nodulated in character. Supra caud als
are in even numbers ; four in the middle of the tail. They decrease at
each step by the fusion of the two uppermost rows on each side. Ven-
trals 168-206 rounded ; if the specimen is laid on its back, barely a por-
tion of the last costal row can be seen on each side simultaneously. Anal
divided. Subcaudals 127-174, divided. Dentition. — Maxillary teeth 12-15,
one or two in the middle much enlarged, fang-like, and followed by an
interspace, after which the teeth are very small ; one or two posterior
grooved fungs, situated below the posterior border of the eye ; mandi-
bular teeth increasing in length to the third or fourth, which is very
large and fang-like; the posterior small (Boulenger). Pterygoid about
sixteen, suboqual, and small.
ADDENDA.
This papor was written eighteen months ago since which time I have
acquired information which calls for some additions and modifications.
1. Here I follow Boulenger. All herpetologists have expressed
very different views with regard to this snake. The fact is the charac-
ters upon which the classification of snakes is based, are very variable
in this genus, and it is therefore almost impossible to draw hard, and
fast rules to separate some of the species, and especially this one.
I think from the specimens I have examined, it is more than likely that
Boulenger's conception of this species will require further modification.
A POPULAR TREATISE ON INDIAN SNAKES. 553
As it stands now he includes under the same title the alboldbris, elegans,
and viridis of Gray; the gramineus, and erythrurus, of Giinther, Cantor,
and Theobald ; and the gramineus, erythrurus, and mutahilis of
Stoliczka.
2. Trn shap3 of the head is variable. There are two distinct forms.
In one the broadest part is at a point close behind the eyes, behind which
it decreases so as to resemble the shape in the genus Dipsadomorphus.
This form is shown in our plate. In the other the greatest breadth is
at the angles of the jaws, the head then exhibiting that triangular
shape which is popularly considered characteristic of a poisonous snake.
There is no greater fallacy than to suppose a poisonous snake can be
recognised by the shape of its head.
3. In the Andamans and Nicobars a very distinct variety occurs,
in which the prevailing colour is brown. In some of these the hue is
uniform, in others it is variously mottled, spotted, or barred with darker
or lighter shades. In this locality the brown specimens are more
plentiful than the green.
4. Though these remarks are true of the uniform green specimens
some modification is required to include all the colour varieties, and
makes the recognition of the species much more complicated. The
following points must coexist : — (1) Head covered with small scales
throughout ; (2) Scales in 19 to 23 rows in the middle of the body ; (3)
Supraocular undivided ; (4) Presence of subocular ; (5) 9 to 12 suprala-
bials, of which the second in its upper half is furrowed into the loreal pit.
5. Father Dreckman onoe captured a famale specimen, which gave
birth to seven young, while he held her in his grasp. This is the only
authentic record I know of to prove that this species is viviparous. One
youngster of the brood I examined measured 9-J inches.
6. Mr. Thurston, the Superintendent of the Madras Museum tells
me that he once received a specimen from Nellakota in the Nilgiri Hills
7. I have since received a specimen 6 feet and f an inch in lenoth
I may here remark that the figure of this snake by Frohawk
in the Encyclopaedia Brittanica : and that by Smit in the Fauna of
British India, Reptilia, Boulenger, 1890, are to my mind purely fanciful
and inaccurate. The snake does not wrap itself round branches in the
intricate fashion depicted, at least not in a state of nature. I verv
much suspect these drawings were made from museum specimens and
arranged thus by the artists who had never seen them in life.
554 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
Our plate is from life. Mr. Green painted them frcm specimens
in the London Zoological Gardens, and his work is excellent. In figure
8 the infralabial shields are abnormal. Only 4 (not 5) normally touch
the anterior sublingual shields, and the 5th (not the 6th) is normally
the largest of the series.
{To be continued.)
555
NOTES ON
RHINOCEROSES IN BURMA,
R. SONDAICUS AND SUMATRENSIS.
BY
Vety. Major Gr. H. Evans, f.l.s.
Information relating to some of the species of Asiatic Rhinoceroses
in the' various works I have consulted appears very incomplete. In
order to add to it} it is desirable on ihe part of those who have any
acquaintance, however small, with these animals or their, habits to place
such on record. Though I consider, I have not had the luck in shoot-
ing them that I deserve, hunting them has afforded me an opportunity
of learning; a little of their habits.
There are in Burma two species for certain, viz.; the larger and
single-horned variety of the Burmans, R. sondakus, Kyan-hsin or
Pyan-hsin (elephant-rhinoceros) and the lesser double-horned, R. suma-
trensis, Kyan. On the authority of the late Dr. Mason, Kyan is the
generic term in Burma for a rhinoceros, signifying " to be firm in
structure and mind." They are known to the Karens as Ta-do or
Ta-do-khaw, and to the Shans as Sawon.
Both species may occasionally be met with inhabiting the same stretch
of country and visiting the same pools or wallows. Burmans and
Xarens, as a rule, with the exception perhaps of the hunters, are much
afraid of these animals, and this is perhaps not to be wondered at if we
bear in mind the very ferocious character attributed to them. They
are said to attack human beings without provocation, and to be most
vindictive and persevering in their pursuit of the object of their anger ;
they do not fear elephants or tigers. Furthermore they are credited
with not only stamping out but even devouring fire, and rushing in the
direction of any noise they may hear. A record such as above should
inspire awe in anyone believing the stories. I cannot learn anything
as to how the idea of their distaste for fire arose ; it is certain, however,
that it is a story very generally accepted by the Burmans. That
they are unsuccessful in keeping down forest fires about their
haunts would by these people be attributed to the fact of their
numerical weakness. Burmese and Karen hunters, who in days
gone by had some experience in hunting rhino, appear to be unanimous
in considering them dangerous animals, and especially so when wounded.
This has also been the experience of two or three Europeans over here.
556 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol XVI.
Though in exceptional cases an individual may be of a vicious
temperament and inclined to be troublesome without provocation, or
to charge when suddenly disturbed, as when lying down (as many
kinds of animals may do), my small experience tends to make me
believe that a rhinoceros is as anxious to preserve a whole hide as
most other beasts. I have more than once in dense cover been closer
than I really liked without being able to obtain a reasonable shot, the
animal knowing he was being hunted. So far I have not had one
turn on me, for which I am not sorry, not having the smallest desire
that one should do so as I have learned that however ungainly and
awkward their appearance may be it is a pure fallacy to consider them
wanting in agility. On the contrary they are astonishingly agile.
When wounded, if the assailant be in view and the animal not too sick
he may charge, and he is, as I have remarked, an active and dangerous
beast and what is worse requires some stopping. I have only heard
of a couple of instances in which unwounded animals have given
trouble. On one occasion two rhino held up a party of survey coolies
in the course of their work, and on the other a rhino chased a gun
bearer or hunter who managed to climb a tree, but had not got far
enough up before the rhino overtook him and wras able to give him
a bite as well as afford him a hoist up. The Burmans state that in
attacking, these brutes use their incisors freely, also the horn, and finish
up by trampling on their adversary.
Mason in his work on Burma, Volume 1, page 451, writes thus : —
" The common single horned rhinoceros is very abundant. Though
often seen on the uninhabited banks of large rivers as the Tenasserim
they are fond of ranging the mountains, and I have frequently met
with their wallowing places on the banks of mountain streams two or
three thousand feet above the plains."
During the past twenty years at least, and in spite of most guns
having been withdrawn, I do not think anyone in the province would
consider either species abundant or common, or even moderately so
anywhere. If they are still so it must be in tracts most inaccessible
and little visited by Europeans. It is probable that, confining them-
selves as they often do to localized areas, four to six animals or even
a couple wandering over such, by crossing and recrossing, would make
numerous tracks in many directions and this, taken in conjunction with
the fact that in such areas pools and wallows would be met with which
NOTES ON RHINOCEROSES IN BURMA. 557
they had entered, might without due consideration lead to the
impression that rhinoceroses are abundant.
I believe, however, that in the aggregate there is a fair number of
animals scattered over the country. So far I am under the impression
that R. sumatrensis is the more common.
During a residence of several years I can only recollect some eight
or nine specimens of R. sumatrensis and two of R. sondakus being-
shot by European sportsmen. This cannot be said to be a large
number if we consider the many Europeans who tour about the country
on duty, prospecting, or in search of heavy game. In several instances
the specimens of sumatrensis were come on unexpectedly, i.e., the
lucky individuals who were on the inarch or in pursuit of other game
were unaware that rhino were to be found anywhere in their prox-
imity. Some experience of the class of country they are most likely
to be found in, leads me to the belief that as far as their pursuit goes,
they are likely to enjoy immunity from annoyance, except from a few
of the more ardent sportsmen.
Distribxition. — They are to be met with in certain areas of the hilly
tracts in Upper and several of those in Lower Burma.
Habits. — Both species in this country show a decided preference for
hilly tracts and even mountainous country. I have met with tracks of
both varieties at considerable elevations, especially in places infrequent-
ly visited by men. They appear to be of a restless disposition and at
times given to wandering a, distance from their accustomed haunts. In
the hot season they are invariably found in hilly or mountainous
country, by no means necessarily well wooded, but where shade is
sufficient. They rarely range far from the perennial streams in which
there are usually numerous pools of cool water and abundant shade.
Those streams with rocky and shingly beds are preferred. The feeder
streams or gullies are also worth visiting. They are extremely partial to
water, and enter the pools during the night and also visit them during
the heat of the day. In suitable places there are regular mud baths or
wallows, some large and patronized by elephants, etc., and others much
smaller. They evidently enjoy rolling in wet mud as much as buffaloes
and hogs do. They visit the pools singly or may be found two together,
usually a bull and cow. The night, early morning and evening is spent
wandering about grazing, etc., and during the day they lie up in shade
on the hillsides or on the top of the ridges above the streams.
4
558 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
In the cool weather they may wander a good deal as also during the
rains, ranging along the ridges and visiting the head waters of streams.
During the rainy season R. sumatrensis certainly tours through the
lower-lying country, as their tracks are to be met with within, in some
places, three or four miles off the railway. They do not, J think, remain
for any length of time, but come down only in search of particular
kinds of fodder not obtainable at other times.
With regard to the nature of their food I am inclined to think that
these rhinoceroses are not great grass-feeders, but prefer to browse on
leaves, twigs, shoots, etc., and they seem very partial to fruits.
In the dry season the stomach generally contains wild mangoes, figs,
Cicca macrocarpa, leaves of trees and bamboo leaves. The fruit or
leaves, etc., of the following are eaten by these animals, viz., — the fruit
of the ' Myauk-tanyet ' (Parkia insignis, Kurz). The figs of the ' Sin-
tha-hpan' and ' Tha-hpan, ' which I find to be Ficus roxburghii and F.
glomerata, but I had doubts as to the Burmans being correct as I have
heard these names applied to other trees of this natural order. One
point may afford a clue to the species and that is the size of the fruit,
which is as large as an ordinary apple. The fallen fruit of the Cicca
macrocarpa, ' Zibyu'; Careya arborea, ' Ban-bwe'; Sandoricum indicum,
' Thit-to,' and also that of the ' Byu,' Dillenia pulclierrima. The
leaves, twigs, etc., of the Castanopsis divers/folia and tribiiloides (Kurz),
Toddalia aculeata (Kurz) ' Kyan-sa' or ' Pyan-sa ' (lit. rhinoceros-
food). 'Satsha ' of which Kurz mentions the Boehmeria hamiltoniana,
Sarcochlamys pulcherrima, Trema orientalis and Maoutia puya. The
' Ta-bu ' or ' Ta-mu,' Harrisonia bennetii and Sonneratia acuia. The
twigs, shoots and leaves of the bamboo are also freely partaken of, no
doubt those of the most plentiful variety of bamboo growing in their
haunts. That found in the stomachs of two animals was that of the
' Kayen-wa,' Melocanna bambusoides (baccifera). They are undoubtedly
partial to this bamboo, and to some extent localities in which it grows.
It is a peculiar and graceful bamboo, grows singly and to a height of
fifty feet and over. Each shoot comes up more or less equidistant from
its neighbours, and this regularity causes a ' Kayen-wa' jungle to
resemble a plantation.
Their most acute sense appears to be that of smell, and, I think, they
rely much more on it than sight or hearing. Making a certain amount
of noise, walking through the jungle, will not always disturb them, and
NOTES ON RHINOCEROSES IN BURMA. 559
they assuredly are not very quick of sight, but the faintest puff of wind
is more than enough.
The habit of depositing its ordure in one place as attributed to the
African species and R. indicus, does not apply to these rhinoceroses, that
is, if it is understood to mean that this is a place repeatedly visited for
that purpose. Small heaps or mounds, perhaps the droppings of a week,
may be found on the hillsides, where they lie up daily. But as a general
rule I do not think they can be at all particular in the matter, as one
habitually finds single droppings on their tracks on the sides of hills,
rid oes, etc, and an abundance of them scattered about in the beds of
streams. If the pools in which they lie be disturbed one has rapid
olfactory evidence that they contain more than a small quantity of their
droppings. In appearance they are much the same as that of an
elephant.
Burmans and others could afford no information of value as to the
period of gestation. I have only twice come on the tracks of young
rhinoceroses evidently at heel, and these in January.
Perhaps the most interesting feature about these creatures is the
astounding way in which they ascend and descend the steepest of hill-
sides. In fact the steeper the gradient the more it would appear to
appeal to them. A9 for many of the descents into the beds of streams,
they are quite in the nature of slides. For a human being, certainly, a
leather seat would be of greater help to him than anything else. It is
equally surprising how they ever manage to climb over some of the
rocky places one meets with, yet they do. They are the most
difficult animals I have ever attempted to follow. I thought serow
and goral quite bad enough, but rhinoceros, I think, can give them
points.
The Burmans attribute their agility to the fact of their possessing
three large separate claws or hoofs. In descending, only the centre one
is in use, the lateral ones being employed as brakes. Going over rocks,
ledges, etc., one or more toes may be employed. One thing is certain,
viz., that Karens and Burmans are as much astonished as we are at the
way they get over seemingly impossible ground.
As regards dentition, in the skulls I have seen it is quite as irregular
as has been noted by various observers.
The only sound I have heard is a kind of grunt or rather a short
harsh blowing sound. I heard one, a sondakus, emit this noise when
560 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
evidently surprised in cover. He heard us and had not got the wind.
On being hit, unless killed outright, they usually grunt, and also do so
while charging. Burman hunters say that rhinoceroses are very ten-
acious of life after being wounded. No doubt with the weapons they
used on them they were so ; the wonder is they killed them at all. As
with any other kind of game, I do not think any one has a right to press
trigger unless he has a reasonable shot, giving a fair chance of bagging
the animal.
Pace. — When disturbed they set off at a smart gallop making a great
deal of noise by rushing through all minor obstructions and as a rule
making more noise than a solitary elephant. Following up immediate-
ly is generally of little use as after being disturbed they usually travel
a long distance and keep a sharp look-out. It is therefore, as a rule,
better to give up the hunt and take up the tracks at dawn on the follow-
ing morning.
The track of a rhinoceros is unmistakable. The presence of the
impress of three claw marks is sufficient, that of sondaicus differing only
from sumatrensis in size.
I have heard it said and believe it is recorded that rhinoceroses cannot
swim. In common with many popular ideas it is a pure fallacy. Thoy
swim well, crossing rivers, etc., when they desire to do so. I re-
member an instance in which one was killed while crossing the Tenasserim.
It is unnecessary to enter into a description of these animals as this
may be found in various books on Natural History.
Burmans and Chinamen place a very high value on the horns and
blood of rhinoceroses as medicinal articles. "Wherein their virtues as
drugs lie I do not know, but they are supposed to be most potent, es-
pecially in all diseases not yielding to ordinary drugs. I expect their
fictitious powers are derived from the fact that, like the milk of a tigress
or liver of crocodile and such other materials, they are not easily
get-at-able nor always at hand to include in prescriptions. The local
doctor, in the event of his patient doing badly, can always save his
reputation by claiming that if he had some of these potent remedies
he could still effect a cure.
After hitting a rhinoceros, if he is considered to be ' in extremis ' the
tracker and any followers are down on him like vultures, the first thing,
an all important business, being to plug any bullet holes in order to
save as much blood as possible. If any be escaping rapidly from a
NOTES ON RHINOCEROSES IN BURMA. 561
wound a bamboo is there ready to receive it. Any blood that is on
the ground and lost, occasions some grief.
The blood is carried in lengths of bowel and thoroughly dried over a
fire so as to resemble those queer articles of diet popularly known as
' black puddings '. It is sold at the rate of a rupee for every rupee
in weight.
The flesh of these animals is said by Burmans, etc., to be very good.
A friend of mine declares it is so and that the liver is perhaps better
than that of some other animals. I have not tried any myself being
contented with ordinary fare.
Measurements of R. sumatrensis — Male.
Height at shoulder (between uprights) 52-|"
Length nose to dock 98"
Girth behind shoulder 85", 86"
Tail (docked) 13|"
Girth fore-arm 28£"
Length of head 32"
Length of ears 7^"
Length of anterior horn 7^"
Length of posterior horn '6\"
Measurements of skull, not taken.
Measurements o/R. sumatrensis — Female,
I have recorded in Volume XVI., No. 1, page 160, of this Journal.
562
THE ORCHIDS OF THE BOMBAY PRESIDENCY.
BY
G. A. Gammie, f.l.s.
Part II., (With Plate I.)
(Continued from page 433 of this Volume.)
The first step towards tli9 identification of an orchid is to refer it to
its tribe, and the second is to find out the genus to which it belongs.
It is usual to subdivide these tribes again into subtribes, but as the
number of genera represented in Bombay is small and as such a com-
plexity of detail would probably repel a learner, it will suffice to discuss
the genera under tribes only.
The first tribe Epndendrece, is well represented, and the genera com-
prised within it may be shortly summarized as follows : —
* Pollinia 4, not appendaged.
1. Oberonia. — Small tufted epiphytes with thick two-ranked leaves.
Flowers minute, in very dense round spikes like rats' tails.
2. Microstylis. — Terrestrial. Leaves rather broad and thin.
Flowers small, reversed, lip fan-shaped.
3. Liparis. — Terrestrial. Raceme stout or slender, lip broadly and
inversely heart-shaped.
4. Dendrobium. — Containing plants of varying habit and best dis-
cussed under sections.
Section I. — Cadetia. Stems branched, pendulous, bearing a series of
single-leaved pseudobulbs and small white flowers in clusters of 2 or 3.
Section II. — Stachyobium.
(a) Small plants with crowded, ovoid pseudobulbs, flowers small, in
racemes.
(b) Larger plants with long, cylindrical, leafy stems, floivers larger
and more numerous in the racemes.
(c) Stems slender, excessively branched, flowers small, white.
Section III. — Eudendrobium. Stems tufted ; flowers pink or yellow
in short racemes or in pairs from the joints of the leafless stems.
5. Bulbophyllum. — Epiphyte. Rhizome creeping, bearing one-
leaved, ovoid pseudobulbs, racemes moderately dense, flower yellow
with brown lip. %
6. Cirrhopetalum. — Epiphyte. Rhizome bearing, globose, one-
leaved pseudobulbs, floivers radiating in an umbel, lateral sepals very
long.
THE ORCHIDS OF THE BOMBAY PRESIDENCY. 563
' 7. Trias. — Epiphyte. Rhizome creeping, bearing small pseudo-
fjulbs, flowers small, solitary.
* * Pollinia 8, not appendaged.
8. Eria. — Plants of varying habit grouped in the following
sections : —
Section I. — Porpax. Small plants with depressed, crowded pseudo-
bulbs, clothed in a network of fibres. Flowers 1 to 3, sessile on the
top of the pseudobulb.
Section II. — Conchidium. Small species as above. Floivers solitary
or in a short raceme from the top of the pseudobulb.
Section III. — Bryobium. Also a small species. Pseudobulbs clus-
tered, depressed. Spikes 1 to 3 inches long, many-flowered.
Section IV. — Hymeneria. Pseudohdbs long, thick. Racemes from
amongst the leaves.
* * * Pollinia g, cohering in fours by granular appendages.
9. Phajus. — Epiphyte, tufted. Leaves two-ranked, thin, deciduous ;
flowers showy, in dense terminal heads.
* * * * Pollinia 4, connected by an appendage.
10. Josephia. — Epiphyte, stemless and tufted. Leaves radical,
leathery. Flowers very small, in panicles.
1 i . Pholidota. — Rhizome creeping. I'seudobidbs large, with single
leaves. Racemes long, pendulous, bearing prominent and closely set
brownish, two-ranked bracts.
Descriptions of the plants belonging to the tribe Epulendrece. — [Unless other-
wise mentioned these have been taken frcm living examples. The paragraphs
placed within brackets and signed with the initials K. K. K. are from notes
supplied by Lieutenant-Colonel Kirtikar, I. M.S. (retired). ]
1. OBERONIA.
Fleshy epiphytes, usually growing in clusters on the trunks of trees.
Leaves laterally compressed, few, two-ranked, crowded, green or brown
in colour, sword or slightly sickle-shaped, thickest in the middle and
near the base, thinning upwards and also towards the margins.
Flowers very minute in dense cylindrical spikes, sepals subequal,' petals
smaller, lip 2 to 4 lobed, column very short, pollinia 4, waxy.
Small plants.
Lip with 3 distinct lobes 1. 0. recurva.
Lip almost oblong 2. O.falconeri.
L/arger plant.
Lip broader than long, midlobe bifid or trifid. 3. 0. platycaxdon.
564 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
1. Oberonia recurva, Lindley Fl. Br. Ind. V. 680; Dalz. and
Gibs, p. 260.
Sometimes very minute and seldom more than 2 or 3 inches high,
including the inflorescence, leaves oblong, lanceolate acuminate green,
•peduncle short, bracts entire, flowers minute, yellowish red, lip minutely
gashed on the margin, lateral lobes distinct rounded mid lobe bifid sinus
usually narrow.
Distribution. — Throughout the whole of the Ghats and Konkan. Flowers in
the dry season.
2. Oberonia falconbrt, Hooh.f. Fl. Br. Ind. V. 678.
A slightly larger plant than the above but similar in appearance,
bracts slightly toothed, flowers yellowish, lip inversely heart-shaped,
oblong, margins entire, lateral lobes almost obsolete, midlobe with two
small, incurved, well separated divisions leaving a broad sinus.
Distribution. — This plant may be plentiful in the Konkan, but it has only
been received from W. S. Millard, who obtained it from Kalyan in flower in
September. It is also recorded from the Tropical Himalaya, Kumaon, Dehra
Dun, Behar and Chutia Nagpur.
3. Oberonia platycaulon, Wight. Fl. Br. Ind. V. 682.
Leaves narrowly sword-shaped acute, 6 to 10 inches long, peduncle
broad flat joined to a leaf to the top, spike 3 to 5 inches long, straight
bracts broad obtuse, gashed on the margins, sheathing the sessile ovary
flowers I inch in diameter, petals narrow, lip broader than long, with
broad, rounded lateral lobes and a very short bifid or trifid terminal one.
This species is unknown to me and the description has been taken from the
Flora of British India.
Its distribution is said to be from the Konkan to the Nilgiris and Pulneys.
Dalzell and Gibson, Bombay Flora, page 260, describe Oberonia Lindley ana,
Wight, as growing on trees on the Ghats. 1 heir description is not referred to in
the Flora of India, and I do not know the plant. There is still another large
species to be described. It is rare on the Kanara Ghats and my specimens,
notes and drawing were unfortunately lost when the Herbarium of the
College of Science was destroyed by fire some years ago.
2. MICROSTYLIS.
A terrestrial plant. Stem elongate, with 3 to 5, membranous,
ovate acute leaves with sheathing stalks. Floicers small, in terminal
racemes, sepals and petals spreading, lip flat, produced upwards into
pointed auricles, column very short, with short spreading arms
pollinia 4.
THE ORCHIDS OF THE BOMBAY PRESIDENCY. 565
1. Microstyiis rheedii, Wight. Fl. Br. Ind. V. 690 ; Dalz. and
Gibs., p. 260.
Stem 6 inches high, stout, leaves usually suffused with brown,
5 to 7 nerved, pleated, stalk up to 3 inches long, blade from 3 to 7 by
1 to 3 inches, base often unequal, raceme slender, bracts lanceolate,
deflexed, flowers fragrant greenish yellow or purple, lip kidney or fan-
shaped, finely toothed all round the margin.
Distribution. — Common throughout the Ghats, more especially southward?.
Flowers appear from June to August. Birdwood remarks that this plant is
very like a Plantago.
3. LIPARIS.
Terrestrial or epiphytic. Leaves membranous, base sheathing, flowers
small, column long, pollinia 4.
1. Liparis dalzellii Hook. f. Fl. Br. Ind., V. 698.
Stem 4 inches long, as thick as the thumb. Leaves 2 to 3, sessile
elliptic ovate acute. Raceme stout, bracts lanceolate, flowers •£ inch
in diameter, sepals 5 nerved, obtuse, lateral falcately oblong
dorsal large, linear oblong, Up broadly inversely cordate, fleshy,
dark purple, base bituberculate, column stout, incurved, wings rounded.
Distribution. — South Konkan (Dahell) according to Sir J. D. Hooker, from
whom the description is taken. The plant is unknown to me and it is included
by Woodrow in his list with this citation only.
2. Liparis (paradoxa, Reichb.f.) Fl. Br. Ind., V. 697.
Pseudobulb ovoid, 1^ inch long, invested with loose sheaths on the
narrow neck. Leaves 2, leathery, sessile, ovate-lanceolate, acute, four
by two inches, multicostate. Raceme about 8 inches high, racMs
quadrangular, angles slightly winged, bracts linear lanceolate, ^ inch
long, strongly reflexed, flowers \ inch long, thinly scattered on
the upper half of the rachis, green with a yellow tinge, dorsal sepal
oblong lanceolate, margins strongly recurved, lateral subequal and
similar to dorsal, j/etals as long as sepals, linear, margins strongly
recurved, Up green obcordate, bituberculate at base and channelled on
the disk, margins slightly orenulate, column incurved with narrow
wings.
Distribution. — Collected in flower on the Belgaum and North Kanara Ghats
in August, by Mr. T. J. Spooner, who kindly communicated living specimens
to me. Having no means of comparison I am at present quite uncertain as to
what name this plant should bear.
5
566 JOURNAL BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
4. DENDROBIUM.
Epiphytes, Stems elongate. Flowers in racemes, sepals subequal,
the lateral connected obliquely with the foot of the column and forming
with it a sac ; Up contracted at the base, side lobes usually embracing
the column which is short, pollinia 4, a combined pair in each
cell.
Section I — Cadet ia (character given in list of genera).
Flowers white, Up yellow ... ... ...1. D. macraei.
Section II. — Stachyobium.
(a) Sepals and petals white, lip pink with
dark red veins ... ... ...?. D. microbulbon.
Sepals and petals white, Up yellowish
green ... ... ... ...8. D. mabelce.
(b) Flowers greenish yellow ... ...4. D. chlorops.
Flowers white, suffused with rose ...5. D. barbatidum.
(c) Flowers white ... ... ... ...6. D. herbaceum.
Section III. — Eudendrobium.
Sepals and petals yellow, Up with purple
nerves and thick, soft, hairs ... ...7. D. macrostachyum.
Floioers waxy, shining rose colour, lip
yellow ... ... .. ...8. D. crepidatam.
Differing from above in the sepals, petals and lip being equal and
similar in colour. D. crepidatum, var. avita.
Section I. — Cadet ia.
1. Dendrobium macrabi, LindL — Fl. Br. Ind., V. 714 ; Dalz. and
Gibs., p. 260.
Pseudobulbs spindle shaped, leaves leathery, sessile, oblong obtuse.
Floioers reversed about f inch long, sepals and petals white spreading,
linear lanceolate acute, Up yellow with pink suffusion, lateral lobes
obtuse, midlobe with two diverging crisped lobules, disk between the
side lobes with two fleshy crests.
Flowers from May onwards to the end of August.
Distribution. — Common on the Belgaum and Kanara Ghats. Occurs also
in the Sikkim, Himalaya, Khasia Hills, Nilgiris, Ceylon and Java.
It forms large masses on the branches of trees and the small white flowers,
owing to their position at the very bases of the leaves, often escape obser-
vation.
THE ORCHIDS OF THE BOMBAY PRESIDENCY. 567
Section II. — Stachyobium.
(a) Small plants with crowded ovoid pseud obulbs, flowers small, in
racemes.
2. Dendrobium microbulbon, A. Rich., Fl. Br. Ind., V. 716 ; Dalz.
and Gibs., p. 261 ; D* crispum, Dalz. in Hook. Journ. Bot. IV.,
p. 111.
Pseudobulbs small, crowded, ovoid, covered with a network of fibres
formed by decaying leaves. Leaves quickly falling away, when present
one or two from the top of the pseudobulb, linear oblong acute, 2 to
3 inches long. Raceme erect, 1 to 2 inches long, with usually 4 to 8
flowers, bracts small, flowers about \ inch in diameter, sepals
and petals white, lip pink with dark red veins, midlobe crenulate,
suborbicular, lateral almost entire.
Distribution. — A common small plant throughout the Ghats and Konkan,
growing on many species of trees and shrubs. Dalzell and Gibson say that it
flowers iu July and August. I have only found the flowers throughout the
cold weather from December to March.
3. Dendrobium mabel/E, n. sp.
Pseudobulbs small, tufted, two jointed, oval, \ inch long or as
much as four jointed and 1\ inch long, joints clothed with large equi-
tant papery scales which decay, leaving their nerves as a net work
of fibres. Leaves 2, terminal, caducous, linear oblong, 3 inches long,
moderately firm. Raceme half as long again as the leaves and
rising from between them ; flowers -h inch in diameter, semipatent,
reversed, 3 to 4 or more, terminal, peduncle slender, bracteate at base
and towards the middle, pedicels with short bracts, 4; inch long includ-
ing the ovary, sepals white, sub-falcate, upper narrower than the two
lateral which are produced at the base into a short, conical, incurved
spur, petals white, oblanceolate, equalling the upper sepal, lip yellowish-
green, with faint rose blotches and streaks, hinged on the extremity
of the column foot, compressed lunate in outline, slightly 3-lobed,
lateral lobes shallow, rounded, entire, terminal equalling half the whole
length of the lip, subquadrate, emarginate, margins crinite with two
rows of irregular, thick, white hairs, disk with a channelled ridge "which
is free and bilobed at the end, extending as far as the lateral lobes.
A small plant locally common on the branches of trees and shrubs on the
Belgaum ghats and probably extending into Kanara.
Flowers during the month of October.
568 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
{b) Large plants with long, cylindrical, leafy stems, flowers larger
and more numerous in the racemes.
4. Dendrobium chlorops, Lindl,, Fl. Br. Ind., V. 719 ; Dalz.
and Gibs., p. 261.
Stems up to 18 inches long, usually rather slender, leaves on first
year's shoots, oblong lanceolate, up to 4 inches long, second year's
shoots leafless and flower bearing. Racemes lateral and terminal, many
flowered, bracts small, flowers greenish-yellow, about f inches long,
sepals oblong, petals obvate, spur short, incurved, Up flat, side lobes
moderately small, rounded, midlobe subquadrate, disk with a channelled
ridge between the lateral lobes and with a hairy surface as far as the
centre of the midlobe.
Distribution. — Throughout the Ghats and the Konkan towards the south.
Flowers appear in the cold season.
Plate 1. Fig. 1. Plant with leaves. Fig. 2. Upper part of
flowering plant. Fig. 3. Lip enlarged.
[1. Dendrobium chlorops, Lindl. —
This plant has no native name in the Konkans. But on the Malabar Coast
it is called Maravar. Neither Graham nor Nimmo seem to have found it in
the Konkans, but Dalzell and Gibson describe it in their Bombay Flora. Mr.
H. M. Birdwood has found it at Matheran. In the Thana District I have
found it growing on branches of mango trees in the rainy season. Dalzell and
Gibson say that the plant flowers in the cold weather, they- give its synonym
thus : — " D. Heymanum, Wight Jc. 909 ? " The query is Dalzell and Gibson's
own. In a manuscript pencil note General Julius Hobson, in his interleaved
copy of Dalzell and Gibson's Bombay Flora now in my possession, says in reply
to the query :— " No, I think not. " General Hobson's remark is made from
personal observation. He, as Major Hobson, was for a long time employed in
the Survey Department in the Bombay Presidency in the early sixties of the last
century. He was a keen botanist, and a careful collector and preserver of plants.
His sketches of plants or parts of plants wherever made in his interleaved copy
of D. and G.'s Bombay Flora are accurate, original and from nature. Dr.
Dalgado says that it is very common in Savantwadi and Goa. It grows in
cool places.
Williams describes it as a " very pretty flowering species producing pale
uankin flowers having the base of the lip of a bright pea-green. The flowers
last a considerable time in bloom." (Orchid-Growers' Manual, p. 329. Ed.
seventh, 1894.) I may add that the meaning of Nankin colour or Nankeen colour
in dyeing, is the shade of buff obtained from iron salts. As seen by me, in
Thana, the petals of the flowers are sometimes cream-coloured. When fresh
they have an evanescent slight smell of the English Primrose of Beacons-
field fame.
fourn. Bombav Nat. Hi
DENDROBIUM CHLOROPS, Lindl.
Fig. I. Plant with leaves. Fig. '2. Upper part of flowering p
Fig. 3. Lip (enlarge
THE ORCHIDS OF THE BOMB A Y PRESIDENCY. 569
Nairne notes thus : — " Flowers variable in size and colour (Hooker). I
venture to say that Hooker's description, as given at page 719, Vol. V., Flora
Br. Ind., is not sufficient for the purpose of identifying the plant. This pro-
bably was due to Sir Joseph Hooker having written his description from a dry
Herbarium specimen or specimens, and not direct from nature. Rheede attri-
butes medicinal properties to this plant which are worth quoting, though I
have no pei'sonal experience of them. They are translated from Latin for the
reader as follows : — ' The entire plant, recently gathered, chiefly its juice, when
given internally, cures all kinds of stomach-aches and colic, excites bile and
acts as a laxative to the intestines.' " This plant was first identified for me by
Mr. M. C. Turner of Bombay. The plate is from my collection. K. R. K.]
{To be continued.)
570
THE COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS
OF INDIA.
By L. C. H. Young, b.a., f.e.s., f.z.s.
With Plate 1.
Pakt I.— Introductory.
The object of this series of articles on the common butterflies of
India is to encourage those who have a genuine desire to collect insects,
but are deterred from doing so either from the want of any handbook
from which they could name their captures, or from their inability to
understand the scientific technicalities in the literature to which they
already have access.
It is hoped that having once named their early captures they will be
encouraged to go on collecting on a larger scale.
At the same time, as the mere identification of specimens from
coloured plates would leave a collector practically as ignorant as when
he started, and it being moreover impossible to illustrate all the species
he would be likely to meet even in one season, it is advisable to describe
simply the general structure of butterflies on the variations of which
all classification, arrangement, and ultimately, nomenclature is based.
A butterfly is divided structurally into three parts : the Head, Thorax
and Abdomen.
The Head supports the following paired organs :— (1) the eyes,
(2) the antennae or feelers, rising between them, consisting of a
great number of rings or joints which are more or less flattened,
swollen or grooved towards the tip, so as to form a club. The varia-
tions in the character of the club, as well as in the actual length of the
antennae as compared with that of the forewing, are often of consider-
able importance.
Below and in front of these are the mouth organs which consist of
(3) the labial palpi ; projecting organs of 3 joints generally thickly
scaled and varying considerably in shape. Their principal function is
apparently merely to protect (4) the proboscis or trunk which is really
a modification of a pair of organs — the maxillae — and can easily be
divided with the point of a needle. The front of the head above the
palpi is known as the frons.
The Thorax consists of three segments, which, however, are general-
ly so thickly scaled that they have the appearance of one. The first
COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA. 571
segment or prothorax supports the anterior or front pair of legs. The
second, the mesothorax, supports the middle pair of legs and the
forewings. The third, or metathorax, the posterior leg? and the
hindwings.
A butterfly's leg consists normally of 5 segments : (1) the coxa, a
short joint attached to the thorax ; (2) the trochanter which is a small
pivot connecting the coxa with (3) the femur or thigh ; (4) the tibia,
which normally carries two pairs of spurs, one pair about the middle
and the other at the apex where it joins (5) the tarsus. This is sub-
divided into 5 small joints and bears a pair of claws at the apex. The
wings are triangular in shape, the upper side being known as the
" costa, " the lower as the " dorsum" or inner margin, and the outer
as the " termen " or outer margin.
They are interlaced with a number of nervures or veins whose varia-
tions are extremely important.
For simplicity each vein is known by a number, as will be seen from
the figures b3low of the wings of Ismene jaina, which approximates very
nearly to the type from which all the variations we shall speak of
digress.
572 JOORNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
In the forewing there is a central more or less triangular cell, the
sides of which are known as the upper, lower and outer margin (or
transverse vein) respectively.
There is one vein rising free from the cell below it (No. 1) and one
free above it (No. 12) and 10 veins numbered 2 to 11 rising out of
the cell.
The hindwing is similar, except that there are only six veins rising-
out of the cell and consequently the upper one is numbered 8 instead
of 12, and. there are two free veins below the cell numbered la and lb.
At the base of vein 8 there is a short vein running to the costa known as
the " precostal spur '! which is sometimes forked and sometimes
obsolete.
--(■he precosfal spur
It will be as well to remember the technical terms for some of the
commonest variations :
If 2 veins instead, of rising independently have a common origin
from the cell and branch apart later, they are said to be " stalked."
If 2 veins rise independently and after coalesce for a short distance
and then separate again they are said to " anastomose. " An extreme
COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA. 573
form of this structure is when they coalesce through their entire length
and one vein disappears altogether ; or the process may be reversed
and the veins tend to separate again until there is nothing but a small
bar connecting them.
Often a vein becomes " abortive, " being traceable only as a fold in
the wing.
The majority of butterflies are so large that the structure of the wing
can be easily seen even without a lens, but in the case of others a drop of
benzine applied with a camel's hair brush on the underside will make
all the veins stand out clearly at once while leaving the wing quite
uninjured as soon as it is dry.
The third section of the butterfly is the abdomen, to which are at-
tached the genital appendages, but as the structure of these is of very
little importance for our purpose they need not be described here.
Butterflies are classified under seven families, the distinctions between
which as set forth in the following table should be easily understood
from the foregoing : —
A. Wings with all the veins present and rising independent-
ly from each other 7 Hespeiiadce.
A A. Forewing with one or more veins absent or stalked.
B. Anterior legs fully developed in both sexes.
C. Hindwings. 1. a. absent (i Papilionidce.
CC. „ 1. a. present 5 Pieridce.
BB. Anterior legs rudimentary in both sexes useless
for walking.
D. Forewings vein 12 greatly swollen at
base 2 Satyridce.
* DD. Forewings veins normal , 1 Nymphalidce.
BBS. Anterior legs of $ only aborted 3 Erycinidce.
BBBB. „ „ „ abbreviated or with one or
both claws absent 4 Lyccenidce.
FAMILY I. NYMPHALIDCE.
Part II. — Descriptive.
The species we are illustrating in this family belong to fifteen
different genera which may be separated by the characters given in
the following table : —
A. Hindwings with cell closed, veins 3 and 4 separate.
B. Forewings veins 9 and 10 stalked 11 Telchinia.
BB. „ „ „ separate or from a
point only
6
574 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
C. Fw. vein 5 from the middle of the
transverse vein.
D. Pnecostal nerve bent forwards, sim-
ple.
E. Anterior legs clothed with long hair-
like scales 12 Limnas.
EE. Anterior legs clothed with short
appressed scales generally fringed
with thinly scattered long hairs 13 Danais.
DD. Prascostal nerve bent backwards,
bifurcate 14 Eupluu.
CC. Fw. vein 5 approximated to 6 at
base 15 Melanitis.
A A. Hindwings veins 3 and 4 from a point or stalked,
or cell open (i.e. with the transverse *vein rudi-
mentary).
B1. Club of antennas short, broad, abrupt.
Cx. Forewings veins 3 and 4 stalked or from a point 2 Junonia.
CC1. „ „ 3 and 4 separate.
DJ. Eyes smooth,
E. Fw. veins 2, 3 and 4 equidistant at
base 1 Argynnis.
EE. Fw. space between 3 and 4 less than
half than between 2 and 3 3 HypoUmnas.
DD1. Eyes hairy 4 Vanessa.
BBl. Club of antennas long, gradual, often slight
C-. Fw. veins 3 and 4 widely separate 8 Charaxes.
CC2. Fw. 3 and 4 closely approximated at base
or from a point, or cell open.
D2. Fw. veins 5 and 6 nearly parallel.
E1. Fw. veins 9 and 10 stalked 9 Cethosia.
EE2. Fw. veins 9 and 10 separate ... 10 Kallima.
DD2. Fw. veins 5 ami 6 more or less ap-
proximated at base
E2. Fw. veins 9 and 10 stalked ... 5 Cupha.
EE2. Fw. veins 9 and 10 separate.
F. Palpi as long as or longer
than the head G Cyrestis.
FF. Palpi shorter than the
head. , 7 Apatura.
Germs Argynnis.
This is the first genus illustrated in this series and includes all those
species familiarly known as Fritilleries.
COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA. bib
It comprises a very large number of species which shew considerable
structural variation, but they form such a distinct group all resembling
each other so closely that the plan adopted by Colonel Bingham, of treating
them all as one genus, is the most satisfactory, particularly for amateurs.
The genus is, properly speaking, a Pal<earctic and Noarctic one, that is
to say, its main distribution is throughout the northern hemisphere-
There are about 16 species belonging to the Indian fauna, but all except
two are confined to the Himalayas and the hills of Assam. The
species we have figured, A. hj^perbius, and the closely allied species
castetsi are the only purely tropical forms in the genus.
Before describing these it would be as well to mention that there is
a butterfly (Cupha phalantha) found all over India, which will be
described in a later paper, which has all the typical fritillery
markings and is certain to be treated as one by a collector fresh from
home. As a matter of fact, however, it is structurally distinct and belongs
to a different section of the family. The resemblance is very curious,
as it cannot be explained by mimicry. One dare not use the word
accidental in science, but the resemblance is as yet unaccounted for by
any plausible theory.
Argynnis hyperbiUS, Johan. Male. Forewing bright orange yellow
with the following black markings : four lineal spots in the cell, the
two central ones sometimes joined above and below so as to form one
kidney-shaped spot with a yellow centre. A lineal black spot at the
end of the call. Three spots below the cell, decreasing in size towards
the base. Three quadrate spots beyond the cell, between the veins and
a fourth beyond them between veins 6 and 7. A waved line of
six round spots beyond these, the third and sixth the smallest. A
submarginal row of longitudinal spots between the veins and a marginal
row of more or less connected spots on the veins. Fringe or cilia
between them whitish.
Hindwing usually slightly paler than the forewing. An irregular
black spot in the cell, a small spot at the end of it, an irregular row
of six lunulate spots beyond the cell between the veins and a row
of five round spots bayond it. Marginal and submarginal spots as in
the forewing, but increasing in size towards the anal angle, and suffused
with bluish.
Underside. — Forewing with the basal two-thirds orange and the
apical third pale ochreous. Spots as on the upperside except those
576 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
in the apical third which are greenish olive-brown, the spaces between
them silvery white. Hind wing pale ochreous suffused over the basal
half with olive-brown with three irregular lines of silvery white spots
more or less outlined with black; a fourth row of silvery spots beyond
the olive area. Outer area of the wing with the black spots of the
upperside represented by olive ones, sometimes with silvery centres.
Female. — Spots as in the male, but the ground colour much less
bright and the apical third of the forewing suffused with bluish black.
The spaces between the spots in this area whitish and forming a more
or less continuous white subapical band.
Hindwing as in the male, but the marginal bluish suffusion more
pronounced.
Underside as in the male, except for the presence of the white band
as on the upperside of the forewing preceded by a bluish-black suffusion.
Distribution. — Ceylon, Malabar, the Himalayas, Assam, Burma.
Expanse 2f '' and 3".
The species, A. castetsi, Ober, mentioned above appears to be
confined to the Palni Hills and resembles A. hyperbius very closely
in the male, but the wings are shorter and more rounded, and the
coloration much brighter, particularly on the underside where the base
of the fore wings is pinkish and the olive- brown markings much
greener.
The female, however, is very distinct from that sex of A. hyperbius,
being similar to the male, but with the ground paler, the spots larger,
and the basal two-thirds of both wings suffused with greenish.
There is a variety of A. hyperbius found in the Nilgiri Hills which
is apparently intermediate between the two species.
Genus Junonia.
The Genus Junonia includes six Indian species, five of which are
common all over the country and are figured on our plate. The sixth,
J. atlites, L., though it does not occur in the Konkan or nearer Bombay
than Goa is yet found in all the other forest regions of the Peninsula.
The species although differing very much in colour are all so obviously
allied in general form and habit that the beginner should have no
difficulty in grouping them together at once. Messrs. Aitken, Bell, and
Davidson wrote of them in the Journal some years ago : " We have
reared all our Junonias and cannot ordinarily tell the larv?e and pupae
from one another. . . . They all feed on acanthads."
THE COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA.
ice Knight, del. Hentschel-Colourtype,
576 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XY1.
THE COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA.
Explanation of Plate A (1).
Fig. 1. Argynnis hyperbius, 9
la. do. $
2. Junonia hiertaf $
3. Junonia lemonias.
4. Junonia orithya, $
ia. do. $
5. Junonia almana,
6. Junonia iphita.
J. axirtes, ±j., tnougn ituoes not uuuur m iu« xvuii^vaui w uomci uumuaj
than Goa is yet found in all the other forest regions of the Peninsula.
The species although differing very much in colour are all so obviously
allied in general form and habit that the beginner should have no
difficulty in grouping them together at once. Messrs. Aitken, Bell, and
Davidson wrote of them in the Journal some years ago : " We have
reared all our Junonias and cannot ordinarily tell the larva? and pupa?
from one another. . . . They all feed on acanthads.
>}
JOURNAL, BOMBAY NAT. HIST. SOC.
PLATE A
THE COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA.
Horace Knight, del. Hentschel-Colourtype
COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA. 577
The outline of the wings is more or less angulate, generally sharply so
below the apex of the forewing and at the anal angle of the hindwings. The
extent to which the angular points are produced, appears to vary seasonably.
The markings of several of the species vary more or less with the seasons.
J. hierta, Fb. Bright chrome yellow. Forewing. — Costal margin
black, generally with a projection or tooth opposite the end of the
cell, though this is sometmes hardly traceable. The apical area blackish,
enclosing a creamy-white spot and with from 3 to 5 whitish sub-
marginal spots between veins towards apex. A black spot between veins
2 and 3 near margin generally joined to a broad black band along the
inner margin. A marginal blackish line, cilia whitish between the veins.
Hindwing with the basal and costal area black, this area varying
one-third to a half of the wing and containing a large blue patch. A
broad black marginal band cilia as in the forewing.
Underside forewing pale-yellow, the inner margin and apical area grey-
ish, some faint brownish streaks in the cell, sometimes joined to enclose
grey spots, a brown streak at the end of- the cell. The cream white sub-
apical spot of the upperside just traceable and a brown spot below it. The
spot between veins2 and3,as on the upperside, prominent. Hindwings grey
suffused with yellowish towards outer margin and crossed by several indis-
tinct brown lines. A brownish band from the costa to vein 3 beyond the cell.
Female similar to the male, but with two or three blackish lines in
the cell and the projection from the costal band expanding to form
a broad black spot at the end of the cell. A blue-centred spot imme-
diately below the creamy subapical spot, and the spot between veins
2 and 3 with a blue centre. Hindwing generally with one or two
black spots in the yellow area. Underside as in the male.
Distribution. — Throughout India and Ceylon.
Expanse 2
i a
J. Orithya, L. Male. Forewing with the basal two-thirds of the wing-
black, traces of bluish in the cell and a bluish patch at the anal angle.
A black blue-centred spot in an orange ring above it. Apical patch
brownish black bounded on the inner side by a broad irregular yellowish
white band and containing three conjoined spots, the two upper ones
whitish, the lower one orange black-centred, sometimes traces of a fourth
orange spot. A submargiual series of whitish spots, margin blackish.
Hindwing. — Blue, a black triangular patch on the inner margin
reaching to the middle of the cell and two orange blue centred spots
hl% JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XV J.
with black margins near the outer margin, A marginal and two
submarginal black lines, the space between them whitish.
Underside dirty ochreous white. A yellow dark outlined spot in the
cell and another at the end of the cell reaching to vein 2, two black lines
beyond it, the outer one expanding into spots about the middle. The
blackish apical area of the upperside traceable and the two eyelike spots
black, yellow-ringed. Hindwing brownish white crossed by several
irregular brown lines, the eyelike spots of the upper-side just traceable.
The female differs from the male in being much less blue, the
basal area of the hind wings suffused with blackish, the eyelike spots of
both wings larger and more prominent, and in having an orange spot
in the cell of the forewing and another at the end of it.
Distribution. — Throughout India and Ceylon.
Expanse 2i"— 2$."
J. lemonias, L. Male and female dark brown, the basal area
paler. Forewing with 3 darker lines in the cell and one at the end
of it. A pale-yellowish spot between the two middle ones, and two
conjoined spots beyond them. An irregular postmedial series of
yellow spots curving round a large eyelike spot, (black blue- centred
in an orange ring) towards the anal angle ; another series of pale
yellowish spots beyond it and a submarginal yellowish line more or
less broken into spots. Sometimes there is a second smaller ocellate
subapical spot, but this is more often absent or only faintly traceable.
Hindwing. — Brown dusted with paler, a prominent ocellate spot as
on the forewing between veins 6 and 7 beyond the cell ; two sub-
marginal and a marginal dark brown line.
Underside pale yellowish, the costal half of the forewing and the
whole of the hindwing suffused with brownish or in the dry season
with pinkish brown. Both wings traversed by numerous irregular
brown lines and on the fore wings the ocellate spot of the upperside
showing as a prominent black yellow-ringed spot.
Distribution — Throughout India and Ceylon,
Expanse 2%"— H"
J. almana, L. Male and female. Forewing bright orange-yellow.
Two irregular brown lines in the cell and a black pale centred spot at
end of the cell, a brownish streak on the veins beyond and parallel to it.
Two ocellate spots in the postmedial area between veins 2 and 3 and 5
and 6, consisting of a pinkish black white-centred spot in a whitish black-
COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA. 579
margined ring ; the upper spot much the smallest, sometimes traces of
a black spot immediately above it. Two snbmarginal and a marginal
brown line, the spaces between them suffused with brownish.
Hindw'mg bright orange-yellow with the marginal lines as in the
forewing. A large ocellate spot beyond the cell reaching from near
the costa to below vein 5 ; the centre pinkish dusted with grey and
containing one black and two white suffused patches, the inner rin a
pale-yellowish and the outer black.
Underside. Dry-season form. — Uniform pale brown. A straight brown
line across the disc of the hindwing and traces of submarginal lines.
Wet- season form. — Pale ochreous, marginal brown lines, ocellate spots,
and brown spots in and beyond the cell of the upperside prominent.
The postmedial brown streak of the forewing continued to the inner mar-
gin. Hindwing with a straight narrow whitish band across the centre
of the wing and an additional ocellate spot between veins 2 and 3.
Distribution. — Throughout India and Ceylon.
Expanse 2£" at UJ
Junonia iphita, Br. Glossy brown. — Forewing with two darker
lines in the cell and two at the end of it, an irregularly dark-brown
postmedial line, the space beyond it paler ; a darker subapical suffusion
preceding faint traces of a row of brown spots ; submarginal and marginal
brown lines. The cilia generally irregularly blotched with white.
Hindwing with the outer half paler, traces of a row of postmedial
spots and with marginal and submarginal brown lines.
Underside generally a much richer brown, the lines of the upperside
shewn as bands nearly chocolate in colour ; the postmedial spots more
prominent, ringed with pale centres and sometimes particularly towards
the costa of the hindwing, outlined with the pale-yellow patches.
This is by far the dingiest of the genus and it has a slower flopping
kind of flight, but when seen close its glossy velvetty appearance is
by no means unhandsome.
Distribution. — Throughout India and Ceylon.
Expanse 2£" at 3."
The other species of this genus, J. atlites, L., which we have not
figured, is a pale-grey insect, both wings crossed by numerous brown
lines and having a postmedial series of spots, which vary much in size
and may number seven on the forewing and six on the hindwino-
being reddish -orange with black centres in white dark-edged rings.
The markings on the underside are similar to the upper.
(To be contimied.)
580
DESCRIPTIONS OF INDIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA.
By E. Meyrick, b.a., f.r.s., f.z.s.
I.
In this and successive papers I propose to endeavour to work out
the Indian Micro-Lepidoptera (including under this head those of
Burma and Ceylon), a task of great interest and probably also of great
magnitude. For material I shall be wholly dependent on others, since
there is no likelihood of my being able to visit the region personally at
present, and I have already received much kind help and promise of
more. I venture, however, to appeal to all collecturs to assist in this
matter : very little is known at present, and even the commonest species
will be welcomed, to ascertain geographical range and variation. Full
information as to localities, elevation, dates, and larval habits is also
desired. If collectors will number the species sent in rotation, proceed-
ing to higher numbers for successive consignments, and retaining
specimens with corresponding numbers, I will send them the identifi-
cations according to these numbers. All types of species described
will eventually be deposited in the collection of the British Museum ;
but I hope also to be able to send duplicates of many species to Mr.
E. E. Green, Government Entomologist of Ceylon, and Mr. L. C. H.
Young, Entomological Curator at the Bombay Museum, to form re-
ference collections which can be consulted on the spot.
It is very desirable that specimens should be in good condition ;
poor specimens may be identified if the species is already known,
but could not be described. In particular, care should be taken to
prevent their becoming mouldy, which, I am aware, is difficult in the
tropics ; but mould will not attack insects in boxes if a small piece of
sponge is pinned in one corner (so as not to come in contact with the
box itself) and some carbolic acid dropped on the sponge ; the vapour
will not only keep off mould, but insect pests of all descriptions.
Mould on the head of small insects makes the structure unrecognisable,
and, in general, cannot be removed.
It is impossible to insist too strongly on the necessity for proper
packing ; it is very disappointing to all concerned when valuable
specimens are destroyed in transit, whilst with due care this need never
happen. I recommend that the following instructions should be strict-
ly carried out. Trie insect-box should be small and light, no strength
being required, and the cork should be good ; the specimens placed as
INDIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA. 581
close together as possible, all pins firmly fixed, and if naphthaline or
other preservative is included, it should be wrapped in muslin, and this
very firmly pinned. A piece of loose cotton wool may be pinned in
one corner to catch stray abdomens if detached. The insect-box should
then be packed in a larger box of sufficient size to allow of at least one
inch of packing all round, and at top and bottom ; this packing should
be either cotton wool or tightly crumpled paper, the latter material
being unsurpassed for cheapness and efficiency. The outer case must
be strong enough to resist moderate pressure, but any light wooden box
will serve, or a biscuit-tin does very well. The address should not be
entrusted to a tied label, as these are frequently dragged off in transit,
but gummed on the outer case. Insects thus packed were sent me by
Captain (now Lt.-Col.) Manders from the Shan States, travelling-
hundreds of miles by pack-mule over mountain ranges and unbridged
torrents before making the voyage to England, and suffered absolutely
no damage. All consignments should be addressed to me at Thorn-
hanger, Marlborough, Wilts.
All specimens must be pinned, not sent in papers ; if possible, they
should be set, as they do not relax so well as larger insects, and this
applies especially to the more minute species which can hardly be set
except when fresh. Fine pins of only moderate length should be used ;
for average Micros it suffices if there is about half-an-inch of pin below
the insect, and enough above to grasp with the forceps.
As the basis of the following descriptions I have assumed the classi-
fication, terminology, systematic characters, &c, given in my " Hand-
book of British Lepidoptera." As the work proceeds, I will give such
dichotomous tabulations of the genera and species from time to time as
may seem necessary. Meanwhile, I shall be glad to explain to corres-
pondents any difficulties that they find in identification of species.
For the material of the present paper I am indebted to Mr. E. E.
Green, Government Entomologist of Ceylon ; Mr. J. Pole, of Maske-
liya, Ceylon ; Lt.-Col. N. Manders, R.A.M.C. ; and Mr. H. Maxwell-
Lefroy, Government Entomologist of India. The name of the collector
is recorded in the case of each species.
Pterophorid^e.
Oxyptilus zanclistes n. sp.
#9. 16 mm. Head and thorax ochreous-whitish, irrorated with fuscous.
Palpi white, second and terminal joints with oblique dark fuscous bars. An-
tennae white, lined with blackish. Abdomen whitish-ochreous, mixed with
7
582 JOURNAL, BOMBAY- NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
fuscous. Segments 1 — 3 with wedge-shaped dark fuscous dorsal marks, i — 6
wholly dark fuscous on dorsum. Forewing with segnlents extremely narrow,
apex of second segment forming a very long slender sickle-shaped projection ;
fuscous, finely irrorated with whitish-ochreous ; a cloudy dark fuscous discal
dot at ^ ; an ochreous-whitish costal spot on middle of first segment; cilia,
whitish-ochreous, dark fuscous spots in costal cilia before and beyond pale
spot, two others posteriorly, and one at apex, lower cilia of first segment and
upper of second with scattered dark fuscous scales, dorsal cilia with grey pra-
tornal patch, and four slight scale-projections of two or three dark fuscous
scales each, first mixed with whitish scales. Hindwings dark fuscous, third
segment ochreous-whitish posteriorly, irrorated with dark fuscous ; cilia of
first two segments fuscous with slight purplish tinge, of third segment whitish-
ochreous, on upper margin irregularly strewn with black scales and with a
loose tuft of black scales at §, on dorsum with a rather broad patch of black
scales at § and a small tuft at apex.
Two specimens, Fort Stedman, Burma (Manders). Differs from other de-
scribed species by the especially long and slender apical projection of the
second segment of forewings.
Ojcyptilus causodes n. sp.
$$. 20 — 22mm. Head, thorax, and abdomen dark reddish-fuscous, face
without tuft. Palpi long, slender. Forewings with segments narrow ; dark
reddish-fuscous, slightly sprinkled with whitish-grey, especially on first seg-
ment ; an ochreous-whitish costal dot or small spot at middle of first segment,
and a slender ochreous-whitish bar near its apex ; cilia fuscous, with numerous
scattered blackish scales, forming a bar at lower angle of tip of first segment,
rounded dark fuscous black-edged spots at tip of second and tornus, ar.d two
undefined projections on its dorsum. Hindwings with segments linear ; dark
fuscous; cilia fuscous, on third segment mixed with black scales at base" on
both margins, with a large triangular black scale-tooth on lower margin at ^,
and a small one beneath apex.
Nine specimens, Peradeniya, Ceylon, in August and October (Green). Larva
feeds in fleshy fruits of Dillenia retusa, in August ; when about to pupate, it
leaves the fruit and attaches itself to any neighbouring support (Green).
Alucita L.
I follow Lord Walsingham's most recently expressed views in adopting the
name Alucita for the genus standing in my Handbook as Pterophorus and the
name Pterophorus for the genus there called Alucita.
Alucita sesamitisn. sp.
$. 21mm. Head, palpi, antenna?, thorax, and abdomen ochreous-whitish.
Legs white, anterior and middle pair with a blackish line. Forewings with
segments moderately narrow ; ochreous-whitish ; a fuscous discal dot at 3 ;
a small fuscous spot at base of upper margin of second segment ; first segment
with a blackish dot on costa beyond its middle, and another on its lower margin
before apex ; second segment with a blackish dot in middle of its lower margin,
INDIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA. 583
another beyond this, and a third at apex ; cilia whitish, towards tornus tinged
with greyish-ochreous towards tips. Hindwings grey, third segment becoming
ochreous-whitish towards base ; cilia whitish-grey, on dorsum of third segment
becoming whitish towards base.
One specimen, Koni, Burma, in September (Manders).
Orneodid^e.
Orneodes thapsina n. sp.
£. 21 mm. Head whitish-ochreous, crown ochreous-yellow. Palpi and
antennae ochreous-whitish. Thorax ochreous-orange, partially sprinkled with
fuscous. Abdomen ochreous-orange, segmental margins white. Legs whitish,
anterior femora and tibias dark fuscous above. Forewings orange-ochreous,
towards base partially suffused with fuscous, posterior § crossed by four irre-
gular whitish lines, partially obscurely edged with a fuscous tinge ; tips of
segments pale or whitish, with a minute dark fuscous terminal dot ; cilia alter-
nately whitish-ochreous and whitish. Hindwings whitish ; segments 1 — 5 with
six, segment 6 with three ochreous bars irregularly edged with dark fuscous
irroratiou ; cilia as in forewings.
Two specimens, Maskeliya, Ceylon, in February (Pole). Only comparable
in general colouring with the Australian 0. xanthodes, from which, however, it
is quite distinct.
Orneodes ischalea n. sp.
$ . 13 mm. Head white, back of crown mixed with fuscous. Palpi white,
externally fuscous-tinged. Antennas whitish. Thorax whitish, mixed with
fuscous. Abdomen whitish, irrorated with fuscous, with a clear white trapezo-
idal dorsal patch before middle, and a spot beyond middle. Legs white, anterior
femora and tibiae infuscated above. Forewings and hindwings whitish-ochreous,
crossed by six white irregular lines edged with fuscous irroration, sixth terminal;
base of forewing mixed with dark fuscous, costa spotted alternately with white
and dark fuscous ; cilia alternately whitish-ochreous and whitish.
One specimen, Pundalu-oya, Ceylon, in February (Green).
Epiblemid.e.
Platypeplus Wals.
Antennas in <£ simple or shortly fasciculate-ciliated. Palpi porrected or sub-
ascending. Thorax with posterior crest. Posterior tibise broadly dilated with
long dense rough scales, forming a brush on inner side, in $ with one or more
expansible hair pencils above. Forewings in £ without costal fold, termen
straight or slightly rounded, with dorsal scale-projection at f, 7 and 8 separate.
Hindwings with 3 and 4 connate, 5 approximated to 4, 6 and 7 approximated
towards base, in £ sometimes with subdorsal groove.
Closely allied to Eucosma, from which it differs essentially by the brush-
like posterior tibiae. This character is not mentioned at all by Lord
Walsingham, but his genus was based on the single species aprohola Meyr.,
which shows the structure clearly. I have also an undescribed Australian
species, and now add eight from Ceylon, so that the genus will doubtless prove
very extensive.
584 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
Platypeplus hedrcea n. sp.
$. 14—15 mm. Head ochreousfuscous, purplish-tinged. Palpi dark
fuscous. Antennae fuscous. Thorax ferruginous-brown, suffused with purplish.
Abdomen grey, apex whitish. Forewings elongate, posteriorly dilated, costa
gently arched, apex obtuse, termen straight, little oblique, rounded beneath ; deep
ferruginous, posteriorly brown-reddish on veins and suffused with blackish grey
between them ; an obtuse-triangular white costal patch, extending along costa
from before £ to f , and reaching \ across wing, on costa strigulated with black,
beneath which is a'slight grey or ochreous suffusion ; ocellus containing three
or four longitudinal blackish bars, its posterior margin leaden ; a fine blackish
line from costa before apex to termen below middle ; extreme apex orange • cilia
ferruginous, partly barred with dark grey. Hindwings somewhat distorted and
roughened with scales on dorsal § of posterior half ; grey thinly scaled towards
base, darker towards tornus ; cilia whitish grey, with darker subbasalline.
Two specimens, Kandy, Ceylon, in August and September (Green). Easily
known by the white costal patch.
Platypeplus harmonica n. sp.
$ . 18 mm. Head and palpi blackish grey, marked with white. Antennas
dark grey. Thorax dark grey mixed with white. Abdomen dark fuscous, anal
tuft whitish. Posterior tibia? with long hair pencil from base above, basal joint
of posterior tarsi with fringe of dense projecting scales above, Forewings elon-
gate-triangular, costa posteriorly moderately arched, apex obtuse, termen some-
what rounded, little oblique ; deep brown-red ; basal half mixed with olive-
green and blackish and suffusedly strigulated with white, with small scattered
tufts of raised white scales, limited by an olive-green line ; terminal half with
pairs of white costal strigulse ; a small orange discal spot at §, preceded by a
blackish suffusion ; a pale purplish transverse shade beyond this, and a double
pale ochreous subterminal stria, mixed with white broken beneath apex ; between
these some small grey spots, mixed with blue-whitish ; cilia brown-reddish,
barred with grey and white, towards tornus ochreous-yellow, and with a small
orange spot at apex. Hindwings with subdorsal groove ; dark fuscous, lighter
towards base ; cilia whitish with grey basal line.
One specimen, Peradeniya, in August ^Green).
Platypeplus erotias n. sp.
$ $. 13 — 16 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax ferruginous-brown, mixed
with blackish. Antennae brown. Abdomen fuscous. Forewings rather short-
triatigular, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen nearly straight, little obli-
que, rounded beneath ; brown, more or less suffused with light rosy-crimson
especially on margins, strigulated with dark fuscous, and strewn with spots of
raised leaden scales, some of which are sometimes tipped with white ; a small
irregular whitish-ochieous spot in disc at f ; cilia dark grey, basal half barred
with rosy-crimson. Hindwings dark fuscous, lighter towards base; cilia grey, with
darker subbasal line; in <J beneath with shallow subdorsal groove, and scales some-
what raised towards tornus, dorsal cilia thickened and curled towards tornuu.
INDIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA. 585
Five specimens, Maskeliya, Yatiyantota, and Peradeniya, Ceylon, in February,
March, July, September, and November (Green, Pole).
Platypeplus phyllochlora n. sp.
$. 15 — 17 ram. Head, palpi, and thorax dull green. Antennas grey.
Abdomen dark grey, with long lateral hair pencils on each side from near base.
Brush of posterior tibiae black on inner side. Forewings rather elongate,
posteriorly dilated, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen nearly straight,
hardly oblique, rounded beneath ; rather light green ; costa strigulated with
black and whitish ; basal third more or less strigulated with blackish ; central
fascia deeper green, more or less mixed with black, narrowest on costa,
anterior edge undefined, posterior well marked, somewhat irregular, partially
edged with white ; a dark fuscous blotch, angular and edged with white above,
roundish beneath, before middle of termen, between this and central fascia a
short curved transverse dark fuscous mark ; suffused white strigae above this,
connecting with costal strigulse ; tornal space more or less sprinkled with
blackisb and whitish ; cilia dark grey, with two or three whitish ochreoua bars
beneath apex, towards tornus whitish. Hindwings with subdorsal groove and
hair pencil ; dark fuscous ; cilia grey, with darker subbasal shade.
Three specimens, Peradeniya, Kandy, and Haragam, Ceylon, in July and
August (Green).
Platypeplus creserias n. sp.
<J. 17 mm. Head and thorax fuscous, mixed with whitish ochreous. Palpi
ochreous white, dark fuscous, above except towards apex. Antennas pale
fuscous. Abdomen fuscous, anal tuft ochreous-whitish. Forewings elongate-
triangular, costa rather strongly arched, apex obtuse, termen straight, little
oblique, rounded beneath ; fuscous, densely and suffusedly strigulated
throughout with whitish-ochreous, with some scattered dark olive-green scales ;
costa dark fuscous, with pairs of ochreous-whitish strigulas terminated by short
leaden streaks, beneath costa some reddish-ochreous suffusion ; basal patch
indicated on dorsal § by dark fuscous intermixture, outer edge bent in middle ;"
a small brown spot on middle of costa ; a triangular darker fuscous pragtornal
spot, sprinkled with ochreous-whitish ; a triangular pinkish fuscous apical
patch, streaked with dark olive-green ; cilia grey, mixed with ferruginous
and dark fuscous, above tornus with a patch of ochreous-whitish suffusion.
Hindwings rather dark fuscous ; cilia whitish-fuscous, with darker subbasal line.
One specimen, Haragam, Ceylon, in July (Green).
Platypeplus threnodes n. sp.
$. 28 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax dark ashy-fuscous, palpi with ochreous
spots beneath apex of second and on terminal joint. Antennae grey. Abdomen
rather dark fuscous, apex of anal tuft whitish. Forewings elongate, posterior-
ly rather dilated, costa moderately arched apex rounded, termen almost
straight, little oblique, rounded beneath ; blackish-fuscous, closely and
suffusedly strigulated with shining purplish-leaden, less so towards costa ; a
small roundish blackish spot in disc at §, and another above tornus ; cilia
586 JO URNAL, B OMB A 7 NA TURA L HIS TOR 7 SOCIE T 7, Vol. XVI.
purplish-leaden. Hindwings rather dark fuscous ; cilia light grey, with darker
subbasal line.
One specimen, Kandy, Ceylon, in July (Green).
Platypeplus hemiopta n. sp.
$. 28 mvu. Head, palpi, antennae, and thorax light-brown. Abdomen
fuscous, anal tuft whitish. Forewings elongate, posteriorly dilated costa,
moderately arched, apex rounded, termen slightly rounded, little oblique ;
ferruginous-brown, suffusedly strigulated with purplish-leaden, costal half pale
yellow-ochreous strigulated with prismatic whitish-ochreous, costa strigulated
with dark fuscous, and on anterior half suffused with ferruginous-brown ; some
scattered black strigulaa on dorsal half, and an irregular black transverse mark
above tornus ; a dark fuscous suffusion towards termen beneath apex, concave
beneath ; cilia brown mixed with leaden, with a pale ochreous apical patch.
Hindwings rather dark fuscous, with a small flap of white scales beneath costal
area before middle ; cilia light grey, with darker subbasal line.
One specimen, Peradeniya, Ceylon, in September (Green).
Platypeplus rhynchias n, sp.
$ $. 24-29 mm. Head, antennae, and thorax brown, face dark fuscous.
Palpi brown mixed with dark fuscous. Abdomen whitish-fuscous mixed with
dark fuscous. Forewings elongate-triangular, costa slightly arched, apex
rounded, termen nearly straight, little oblique rounded beneath ; ferruginous-
brown, strigulated and more or less suffused with purplish-fuscous, except
towards base ; costa strigulated with dark fuscous; a small irregular triangular
blackish spot above tornus ; an irregular pale ochreous terminal fascia strigu-
lated with darker, indented by a downwards-oblique acute projection of
ground colour nearly or quite touching termen below middle, which is edged
by two blackish strigae, upper curved along margin of terminal fascia to apex,
lower running towards costa at i, terminal fascia suffused upwards beneath
this cilia ; reddish -fuscous irrorated with whitish-ochreous, with two dark
fuscous lines.
Hindwings rather dark-grey ; cilia pale giey, with darker subbasal line.
Four specimens, Kandy and Yatiyantota, Ceylon, in March and November
(Green).
Notocelia helota n. sp.
ft. 15 mm., 9 20-26 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax dark fuscous, sometimes
mixed with brownish. Antenna? dark fuscous. Abdomen grey. Forewings
elongate, posteriorly dilated, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen nearly
straight, rather oblique, rounded beneath ; bent up and shortly oppressed
to 2 near origin of htter ; dark bronzy-fuscous, obscurely strigulated with
leaden-grey ; and ochreous-whitish discal dot at | ; cilia bronzy-fuscous, with
darker subbasal shade. Hindwings fuscous ; cilia light fuscous, with darker
subbasal shade.
Four specimens, Maskeliya and Badulla, Ceylon, in July and November
(Green, Pole).
INDIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA. 587
Lipoptycha ochropa n. sp.
ft. 8-9 mm. Head, antenna?, and thorax pale fuscous, face whitish- ochreous.
Palpi ochreous-whitish. Abdomen fuscous. Forewings moderately elongate,
posteriorly slightly dilated, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen slightly
sinuate beneath apex, rather obliquely rounded, light fuscous, obscurely striated
with dark fuscous, stria? rectangularly bent in middle, alternate dark stria?,
purplish-leaden on costal half ; costa strigulated with whitish ; towards middle
of dorsum four of the alternating stria? of ground colour becoming more whitish
very obscurely indicate a dorsal blotch ; four black dots before lower portion of
termen ; cilia whitish; fuscous, with dark fuscous subbasal line becoming sharper
and blackish round apex. Hindwings rather dark fuscous ; cilia whitish, with
dark fuscous subbasal line.
Three specimens taken by myself at Kandy, Ceylon, in December.
Eucelis Hb.
I agree with Lord Walsingham that this name should be adopted for the
genus standing in my Handbook as Epinotia.
Eucelis critica n. sp.
ft. 12-14 mm. Head and thorax grey, slightly ochreous-tinged, shoulders
mixed with dark fuscous. Abdomen grey. Forewings elongate, costa gently
arched, apex obtuse, termen slightly sinuate, little oblique, rounded beneath;
olive-fuscous, posteriorly whitish-tinged, with scattered blackish-fuscous,
strigula? ; costa strigulated throughout with blackish-fuscous, posteriorly with
whitish interspaces ; angulated outer edge of basal patch indicated by dark
fuscous suffusion ; central fascia suffused, dark fuscous, narrow on costa, broad
and ill-defined in disc, obsolete towards dorsum ; veins posteriorly lined with
dark fuscous, and a longitudinal patch of dark fuscous suffusion between
central fascia and termen above middle ; a silvery-metallic transverse mark
before middle of termen, preceded by four elongate black dots ; apex blackish,
edged beneath by a curved whitish strigula : cilia pale fuscous, more or less
irrorated with whitish, towards apex suffusedly mixed with dark fuscous.
Hindwings with 3 and 4 stalked ; fuscous ; cilia whitish-grey, with grey sub-
basal shade, dorsum with fringe of long blackish hairs.
Two specimens, Surat, Bombay, in October (Maxwell-Lefroy). Larva feeds
in spun-up shoots of Cajanus indicus (Maxwell-Lefroy).
TORTEICIOE.
Eboda Walk.
Antenna? in ft moderately ciliated. Palpi moderate, porrected or ascending.
Thorax without crest. Forewings without cost;:l foM ; 3 and 4 stalked, 7 to
termen. Hindwings with 3 and 4 connate, 5 absent, 6 and 7 stalked.
Apparently related to Oxygraplia, but easily distinguished by the different
neuration.
Eboda smaragdinana Walk.
{Eboda smaragdinana Walk. Cat. Suppl. 1805.)
ft ?. 14-18 mm. Head and thorax green. Palpi white, spotted with olive-
green. Abdomen dark-grey. Forewings suboblong, costa abruptly arched and
588 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
roughened with scales near base, broadly prominent and with a patch of rough
projecting scales beyond middle, apex rounded-obtuse, termen slightly rounded,
vertical ; deep emerald-green ; a round spot in middle of disc, a transverse
spot from dorsum beyond middle nearly reaching it and sometimes a subcostal
dot beyond middle mixed with ochreous and blackish raised scales, and edged
with whitish ; a narrow dark grey terminal fascia continued round apex, an-
teriorly marked with blackish and edged with white, terminating just above
tornus ; a blackish white-edged tornal dot ; cilia grey, base spotted with pale
ochreous. Hindwings dark fuscous ; cilia fuscous, tips whitish.
Seven specimens, Kandy and Haragam, Ceylon, in March, August, and Sep-
tember (Green). Walker's type is from New Guinea ; his description is unre-
cognisable.
Oxygrapha Hb.
I think it best to follow Lord Walsingham in adopting this name for the
genus standing as Acalla in my Handbook.
Oxygrapha sagmatias n. sp.
ft. 17-20 mm. Head and thorax fuscous. Abdomen pale fuscous or
whitish-fuscous. Forewings moderately elongate, costa strongly and evenly
arched throughout, apex obtuse, termen faintly sinuate, little oblique, rounded
beneath ; fuscous, obscurely strigulated with darker, more or less mixed or
sprinkled with ferruginous-brown, some very small scattered scale-tufts ; a curved
ochreous-yellow ferruginous-mixed fascia-like blotch running from dorsum near
base obliquely outwards to middle of disc, thence bent towards tornus and
terminating at §, but this blotch is sometimes (yar. 2) wholly obsolete ; a very
small white spot before apex ; cilia dark fuscous, base and a median line paler.
Hindwings pale fuscous or whitish-fuscous, suffused with darker posteriorly ;
cilia whitish-f usc6*us, with dark fuscous subbasal line.
Five specimens, Maskeliya and Horton Plains, Ceylon, in February and
March (Pole, Green).
Epagoge siderantha n. sp.
ft 9. 12-14 mm. Head and palpi pale brownish-ochreous or brownish,
palpi in ft 3, in $ almost 4. Thorax brown, with large posterior crest tipped
with dark fuscous. Abdomen whitish-fuscous, suffused with grey posteriorly,
especially in $ , anal tuft of ft whitish. Forewings elongate-triangular, ccsta
moderately and evenly arched, apex obtuse, termen sinuate beneath apex, little
oblique, rounded beneath ; ferruginous-brown : numerous scattered small
shining bluish-leaden-metallic spots, and a transverse series immediately before
termen ; in ft a triangular pale yellow costal spot before middle, and a smaller
one beyond middle ; in $ a triangular costal spot of orange suffusion beyond
middle, and a large semicircular deep orange dorsal blotch extending from £
almost to tornus, marked on dorsum with a pale yellow irregular outwardly
oblique sometimes interrupted mark before middle, and a small pale yellow
triangular spot beyond middle ; cilia pale ochreous-yellow, at tornus dark grey.
Hindwings yellow-whitish, in ft with apex and some posterior and terminal
INDIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA. 589
striguJee dark grey, in 9 posteriorly rather widely suffused with dark grey, more
strongly towards termen ; cilia ochreous-whitish, towards lower half of termen
greyish, in $ with dark grey sub-basal shade.
Three specimens, Maskeliya, Ceylon, in February and March (Pole).
Caccecia epicyrta, n. sp.
$ 18-21 mm. 9 23 mm. Head and thorax reddish-fuscous, sometimes mixed
with ferruginous. Palpi ferruginous. Abdomen fuscous, anal tuft brownish-
ochreous. Forewings moderate, posteriorly dilated, costa in $ moderately arched
anteriorly and sinuate before apex, in 9 more strongly arched and sinuate, apex
obtuse, prominent and in 9 considerably produced, termen sinuate, beneath apex,
not oblique but rather prominently bowed; 7 and 8 nearly approximated towards
base ; costal fold of $ reaching from base to § of costa, almost £ of wing in
breadth, enclosing a pnle ochreous-yellowish tuft ; ferruginous-ochreous, in 9
strigulated with brown ; costal fold of £ suffused with dark fuscous ; an oblique
triangular deep red-brown blotch from dorsum near base ; central fascia darker,
in $ suffused with the purplish-fuscous and make above middle with deep red-
brown, running from : of costa to before tornus, narroved on costa, edges
irregular and ill-defined ; a dark red-brown elongate costal spot, reaching from
middle to § ; in g a red-brown sub-apical spot, and an oblique ferruginous-
brown mark from beneath costal spot, nearly reaching termen above tornus ;
cilia ferruginous, at apex dark fuscous, towards tornus pale ochreous-yellowish.
Hindwings pale ochreous-yellowish, becoming deeper towards apex, dorsal
half grey ; cilia pale yellowish, round apex grey on outer half ; in 9 on costa
with a thickened patch of dense-grey scales from beyond middle to near
apex.
Seven specimens, Maskeliya, Puttalam, and Newera Eliya, Ceylon, from
July to September (Green). Bred from larvse feeding in fruit of plum in
May (Green) ; but very probably the larva is a general feeder. This species is
very similar to the European C. podana ; it may be distinguished structurally
by the approximation of veins 7 and 8 of forewings towards base (in podana
these diverge from base), the much broader costal fold of $, the prominent
termen of forewings, and in 9 the thickened patch of scales in costal cilia of
hindwings ; and also by the grey colour of the hindwings being confined to
dorsal half, whereas in podana it extends towards costa anteriorly.
Phaloniad^;.
Tribcnica, n. g.
Antennse in $ biciliated with very long fine cilia. Palpi long, porrected.
Thorax smooth ; posterior tibiae clothed with long hairs above. Forewings
without costal fold in $ , surface with tufts of raised scales ; 2 from very near
angle of cell, 3 and 4 stalked from angle, 7 to termen, 8 and 9 long-stalked.
Hindwings with 2, 3, 5 approximated at base, 4 absent, 6 to apex, 7 absent ;
lower margin of cell with basal pecten of hairs.
Closely allied and superficially very similar to Heterocrossa, but immediately
distinguished by the stalking of veins 3 and 4, 8 and 9 of forewings,
8
590 JOURNAL, BOMBA Y NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI,
Tribonica eremith, n. sp.
ft 9- 17-24 mm. Head white, crown in $ sprinkled with fuscous. Palpi
in ft 3, in $ 4, white, externally suffused with pale ochreous and densely
irrorated with blackish-fuscous. Thorax whitish, shoulders infuscated, in 9
more or less irrorated with fuscous. Abdomen shining whitish. Forewings
elongate, narrow, costa gently arched, apex round-pointed, termen straight,
oblique, rounded beneath ; whitish, in ft slightly, in $ more strongly strewn
with fuscous, grey, and blackish scales ; a small brownish-tinged basal patch,
edged by a nearly straight ridge of raised scales mixed with dark fuscous ante-
riorly from §• of costa to jt of dorsum ; two white tufts above and below mid-
dle at ^, edged anteriorly with dark fuscous ; a transverse ridge of white scales
in disc at §, anteriorly dark fuscous, and preceded by a patch of more or less
dark suffusion ; and ill-defined fuscous subterminal shade, more distinct in 9 ;
cilia fuscous whitish, basal half faintly darker-barred. Hind wings and cilia
ochre 0 us-grey-whitish .
Seven specimens, Maskeliya, Ceylon, in March (Pole).
Trymalith, n. g.
Anrennse in ft simple. Palpi moderate, subascending. Thorax smooth.
Anterior femora in ft with expansible hair pencil from base ; middle and
posterior tibas clothed with long fine hair above. Forewiugs without costal
fold in ft ; 2 from posterior fourth of cell, 3 and 5 approximated at base, 4
absent, 7 to apex, 8 and 9 stalked, 10 closely approximated to 8. Hindwings
with 2 remote from angle, 3 and 4 short-stalked from angle, 5 slighlty approxi-
mated to 4, 6 and 7 long-stalked ; lower margin of cell without basal pecten
of hairs.
Probably belonging to the group of Commophila, but very distinct by the
neuration of forewings.
Trymalith margarias, n. sp.
ft. 17-20 mm. Head whitish mixed with ferruginous. Palpi white, second
joint dark fuscous above. Thorax white, spotted with grey. Abdomen
yellowish-grey. Forewings elongate, posteriorly dilated, costa slightly arched,
apex rouud pointed, termen sinuate beneath apex, rounded, oblique ; whitish
with rows of undefined fuscous strigulsj or roundish spots between veins,
becoming obsolete towards middle of disc ; costa and dorsum shortly strigulated
with dark fuscous ; a dark fuscous discal dot above middle ; a rather
broad fuscous fascia at f parallel to termen, marked with darker ; an
orange apical spot, enclosing a white crescentic mark ; a praeterminal series of
dark fuscous strigulae in fuscous spots ; cilia white, with an orange basal
spot at apex, and three or four faint fuscous bars on outer half round
apex. Hindwings grey, paler or whitish towards base, veins streaked with
ochreoua-fuscous, apex white ; cilia white, sometimes with a grey basal spot at
apex.
Two specimens, Kandy and Puttalam, Ceylon, in October and November
(Green).
INDIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA. 591
GrELECHIADiE.
Sitotroga cerealella. 01.
Newera Eliya, Ceylon, in March and June (Green). This now cosmopolitan
insect (stated by Mr. Green to be destructive to rice) will probably be found
generally distributed, though liable to be overlooked ; the larva feeds on grain
of all kinds, and may do great damage in granaries.
Chaliniastis metroddta, n. sp.
A. 15 mm. Head fuscous, sides ochreous-yellow. Palpi pale ochrecus-
yellow, second joint with lower § and almost apical ring fuscous externally,
terminal joint as long as second, with base and anterior edge, except towards
base dark fuscous. Antennae dark grey. Thorax purplish-fuscous. Abdomen
fuscous, darker posteriorly, apex ochreous-yellow. Posterior tibiae shortly
rough-scaled above. Forewings elongate, narrowed anteriorly, posteriorly
rather dilated, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen nearly straight, some-
what oblique, rounded beneath ; fuscous, slightly purplish-tinged ; costal edge
ochreou3 orange, somewhat suffused into ground colour ; straight parallel
transverse whitish-ochreous lines at § and beyond f, first followed by a tri-
angular dorsal ochreous-brown patch, reaching f across wing, edged with dark
fuscous posteriorly, second rather broadly edged with dark fuscous posteriorly ;
second discal stigma dark fuscous, edged with whitish-ochreous ; a dark fus-
cous line round termen and apex, interrupted by ochreous-yellow dots ; cilia
ochreous-yellow, beneath tomus dark fuscous. Hindwings somewhat over 1,
fuscous, slightly brassy-tinged ; cilia i, whitish-fuscous, with two fuscous
shades.
One specimen, Maskeliya, Ceylon, in March (Pole).
Thiotricha orthiaslis, n. sp.
£. 13 mm. Head shining, bronzy-fuscous, with pale reflections. Palpi
light bronzy-grey, base whitish. Antennal ciliations 3. Thorax and abdomen
bronzy-fuscous. Forewings elongate, very narrow, costa gently arched, apex
pointed, termen extremely obliquely rounded ; 9 out of 6 ; dark fuscous ;
a broad ochreous-white streak occupying costal half from base, from middle
onwards gradually attenuated and leaving costal edge, not quite reaching apex ;
a fine white strigula between this and apical fifth of costa ; a black apical
mark ; cilia grey, round apex ochreous-white with two dark fuscous lines.
Hindwings almost 1, cilia 2£ : grey, darker posteriorly ; cilia grey.
One specimen, Rawalpindi, Punjab (Manders).
Epithectis stucliosa, n. sp.
<J9. 9-10 mm. Head, palpi, antenna;, thorax, and abdomen ochreous-
whitish, tinged with pale fuscous. Forewings elongate, lanceolate; pale whitish-
ochreous, brownish-tinged, towards apex with scales somewhat roughened ;
an obscure streak of fuscous suffusion from disc beyond middle to apex ;
cilia whitish-ochreous. Hindwings with apex somewhat produced termen
sinuate, 5 basally obsolescent ; pale whitish-ochreous ; cilia pale whitish-
ochreous.
592 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
Four specimens, Peradeniya, Ceylon, in December (Green). Larva
destructive to dried plants in herbarium (Green). The larval habit is
singular, but in this specialised form must be quite recent ; it will doubtless be
found to feed naturally under other circumstances.
Gelechia gossypiella. Saund.
Surat, Bombay (Maxwell-Lefroy). This species, described by Saunders as a
Depressaria, is a true Gelechia, nearly allied to the European G. malvella, which
feeds on an allied plant in the same way. It is stated to be very destructive
to cotton.
Gnorimoschema heliopa. Low.
Peradeniya, Ceylon (Green) ; Cambay, Bombay (Maxwell-Lefroy). This
species is Australian, and belongs to a group of nearly allied species native
to that region, but its food plant has not been noticed there ; it might prove
to be an indigenous Solatium. In India and Ceylon it is a serious pest of the
tobacco plant (Nicotiana) ; " the larva bores into the stem, and ultimately
causes death ; its presence may be known by a swelling of the green stem ;
it usually affects quite small plants in nurseries, but sometimes older plants ;
the point of infection is often on underside of midrib of leaf " (Green). It
does not appear to be known in America, the home of the tobacco plant ; I
showed specimens to Mr. Busck, the principal authority on North American
Tineina, and he was unacquainted with it ; but a similar (probably the same)
insect is reported to be destructive in Java. The moth is a small mottled
yellow-brown species, resembling an ordinary Gelechia of the obsoletella group.
Tipha. Walk.
Antenna? over 1, in $ simple, basal joint sometimes with short apical pro-
minence, Labial palpi in £ variably modified, second joint often much
enlarged with projecting scales, terminal joint often more or less aborted ;
in 9 long, recurved, second joint with oppressed scales, slightly rough beneath
towards apex, terminal joint as long as second, slender, acute. Posterior tibiae
and tarsi sometimes clothed with projecting scales above. Forewings with
3 absent, 2 and 4 approximated or stalked or coincident, 7 and 8 stalked or
coincident, 7 to costa or apex on termen, 9 sometimes out of 7. Hind wings 1,
elongate-trapezoidal, in $ apex obtuse, termen sinuate or rounded, in $ apex
round-pointed, termen sinuate, cilia 1 ; in $ 3 absent, 2 and 4 connate or
stalked, 5 absent, G and 7 connate or stalked, or coincident cell sometimes
open, in 9 2 remote, 3 and 4 connate or stalked, 5 near, parallel, 6 and
7 connate or stalked.
This genus shows considerable variation of structure, especially in veins 7 — 9
of forewings, and in the often greatly modified palpi and other secondary
sexual characters of the $ ; but I have no doubt that the different forms are
properly included in the same genus, which remains easily definable. From
Timyra it is readily distinguished by the absence of vein 3 in forewings, the
presence of vein 5 in hindwings of 9> and the want of the large median tuft
of posterior tibiae. The curious modification of the palpi of $ occurs in
INDIAN MICRO-LEPTDOPTERA. 593
varying degree in some species of Timyra, Crocanthes, and other allied genera,
and is certainly only a specific character. Cacogamia, Snell, would seem from
the descriptions to be a synonym of this genus.
Tipha monetella. Felcl.
{Anarsia monetella. Feld., Keis. Nov. pi. CXXXIX, 19.)
Maskeliya, Ceylon, in February (Pole).
Tipha pharetrata, n. sp.
$9. 20-21 mm. Head light ochreous-orange, crown in $ suffused with
purple-fuscous. Palpi in ft obliquely ascending, clothed with dense long
projecting scales beneath so as to be spoon-shaped, obtuse, terminal joint minute,
concealed ; dark shining steel-grey, towards base light ochreous-orange, in 9
wholly light ochreous orange. AntenniB ochreous-yellow, more or less suf-
fused with grey towards tip. Thorax ochreous-orange, patagia purplish-
fuscous. Abdomen whitish-yellowish, mixed with grey, especially in $. Legs
ochreous-yellowish, anterior tibiae in ft with recurved flap of dense yellowish
gcay scales beneath ; posterior tibiae orange, with shining bronze marks above
near bas9 and beyond middle, slightly rough aud with bJack spots above on
origin of spurs. Forewings elongate, narrow, costa gently arched, apex
rounded, termen extremely obliquely rounded ; 2, 4, 5 approximated, 7 to costa,
8 absent, 9 separate ; orange, lighter and more ochreous-tinged towards costa ;
markings shining silvery-bronze ; a spot on base of costa ; a line along sub-
median fold from rather near base to beyond middle of wing; a longitudinal
discal line from beyond £ to §', dilated at extremities, and a longitudinal spot
above its posterior extremity ; six streaks on veins starting from beyond |, and
running to posterior part of costa and termen : cilia ochreous. Hindwings in
ft with 2, 4, 5 approximated, 6 and 7 connate, in $ 3 and 4 short-stalked ;
in ft light yellowish-fuscous, in $ grey ; cilia pale brownish-ochreous, in $
pale yellowish round apex and upper part of termen; in ft with large expan-
sible subdorsal pecten of pale yellowish hairs.
Two specimens, Kandy and Peradeniya, Ceylon (Green).
Tipha spectralis, n. sp.
ft. 21 mm. Head shining golden. Palpi clothed with dense long project-
ing scales beneath so as to be spoon-shaped, obtuse, terminal joint concealed ;
shining metallic grey, above and beneath suffused with ochreous-yellow.
Antennae dark fuscous, with obscure median band of pale ochreous suffusion.
Thorax ochreous-orange, sides and posterior extremity shining metallic grey.
Abdomen ochreous-yellowish. Legs yellowish, anterior tibiae dark grey above,
with flap of recurved pale ochreous-yellowish hairs beneath, posterior tibiae and
basal joint of tarsi clothed with long hairs above. Forewings elongate, narrow,
costa gently arched, apex rounded, termen extremely obliquely rounded ; 2 and
4 connate, 5 parallel, 7 and 8 stalked, 7 to termen; light shining bronzy-
fuscous ; costa suffused with ochreous-yellow, except a basal spot ; dorsum
suffused with ochreous-yellow anteriorly, connected with costal suffusion
near base, and by a bar at i ; an indistinct ocbreous-yellowish transverse
594 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol XVI.
mark below middle of disc : cilia pale shining bronzy, on costa and towards
tornus yellowish-suffused. Hindwings with termen rather abruptly sinuate,
2, 4, 5 approximated, 6 to apes, 7 absent ; light grey, yellowish-tinged,
towards costa suffused with yellow-ochreous ; a deep longitudinal median
groove throughout, beneath which towards base is a dense expansible pecten
of long yellowish hairs ; cilia pale ochreous.
One specimen, Maskeliya, Ceylon (Pole).
Tipha pyrophanes, n. sp.
$. 20 mm. Bead and thorax shining purplish-bronzy fuscous. Palpi
ochreous-yellow. Antennas fuscous. Abdomen grey. Legs yellowish, anterior
femora and tibiae metallic grey, posterior tibiae smooth, deep yellow, apex dark
grey. Forewings elongate, narrow, costa gently arched, apex rounded, termen
extremely obliquely rounded ; 2 and 4 approximated, 5 parallel, 7 and 8 stalked,
7 to termen ; deep orange ; markings shining purplish-leaden-grey ; a very
small basal patch ; a small spot in disc at \ ; a very large patch occupying entire
apical f except towards margins anteriorly, enclosing an irregularly triangular
patch of ground colour in disc about § ; cilia shining grey. Hindwings with 6
and 7 stalked; grey ;cilia light grey, towards base suffused with whitislvochreous.
One specimen, Pundalu-oya, Ceylon, in February (Green).
Tipha phalaritis,~a.. sp.
9. 18 mm. Head and throax bluish-bronzy-fuscous. (Palpi broken.)
Antennae rather dark fuscous, with whitish median band. Abdomen dark
grey. Legs orange, femora and anterior tibiae grey, apex of middle and pos-
terior tibiae dark grey, posterior tibiae with a tuft of grey hairs above on origin
of median spurs, tarsi whitish. Forewings elongate, narrow, costa gently
arched, apex rounded, termen very obliquely rounded ; 2 and 4 approximated,
5 parallel, 7 and 8 stalked, 7 to termen ; deep reddish-orange ; markings pur-
plish-fuscous ; a very small basal patch ; a discal dot at \ ; a reniform blotch
in disc slightly before middle ; a terminal blotch occupying posterior fourth of
wing : cilia pale shining fuscous, with brassy-purplish reflections. Hindwings
with 6 and 7 stalked ; rather dark fuscous ; cilia fuscous, paler towards tips.
One specimen, Kandy, Ceylon, in September (Greenj.
Tipha brochias, n. sp.
$ . 20 mm. Head shining bronze, sides yellowish. Palpi with second
joint loosely haired, terminal joint minute ; ochreous-yellow, towards base
sprinkled with dark fuscous. Antennae pale ochreous, towards base and
apex becoming dark fuscous. Thorax dark bronzy-fuscous, tips of palagia
tinged with brassy-ochreous. Abdomen dark fuscous, apex ochreous-yellow.
Legs ochreous-yellow, anterior femora and tibiae dark fuscous above, apex of
middle femora and tibiae dark fuscous, posterior tibiae beyond median spurs,
and basal joint of posterior tarsi dark fuscous, scales slightly raised on origin
of spurs. Forewings elongate, narrow, costa gently arched, apex rounded,
termen very obliquely rounded ; 2 and 4 approximated, 5 parallel, 7 and 8
stalked, 7 to termen ; orange, paler towards costa ; markings bronzy-fuscous,
INDIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA. 595
darker-edged, suffused with shining purplish-leaden ; an elongate costal blotch
at base, extended in disc to connect with an elongate loop-shaped discal blotch
reaching to 2 ; a streak along dorsum from near base to beyond middle ; a
terminal patch occupying apical third, its anterior edge convex : cilia bronzy-
fuscous. Hindwings with 2, 4,5 approximated, 6 and 7 connate; a slight
discal groove and ridge of scales towards base ; dark fuscous ; an irregular
ochreous-yellow patch in disc towards base ; cilia fuscous.
One specimen, Maskeliya, Ceylon (Pole).
Timyra. Walk.
Antennae over l,in ft simple, basal joint elongate, in ft sometimes densely
tufted. Labial palpi long, recurved, second joint in ft sometimes clothed with
long loose rough hairs, or with fine expansible hairs inwardly, in 9 with ap-
pressed scales, rough beneath, terminal joint in ft sometimes very short,
thickened with scales, rough anteriorly, in $ nearly or quite as long as second,
slender, acute, loosely scaled. Anterior tibiae with brush of scales beneath,
posterior tibiae with large dense median tuft of long hair scales above in both
sexes, posterior tarsi thickened with rough scales or with fringe of long hairs
above. Forewings with 2 remote from angle, 7 and 8 stalked, 7 to termen or
apex. Hindwings over 1, trapezoidal, apex obtuse, termen not sinuate, cilia
f, in ft usually with deep groove beneath cell, containing long hair-pencil ; in
ft 3 absent, 2 and 4 approximated or stalked, in 9 2 remote, 3 and 4 separate
or stalked ; 5 absent, 6 and 7. stalked.
Obviously allied to Crochantes, which is, however, immediately distinguished
by the absence of veins 2 and 9 of forewings ; the large scale tuft of posterior
tibiae in both sexes is a quite peculiar character.
Decuaria, Walk., is a synonym.
Timyra macMas, n. sp.
ft 9. 20-22 mm. Head bronzy-fuscous, sides ochreous-whitish, in ft with
scales of crown directed forwards above antennae. Palpi ochreous-whitish
mixed with dark fuscous, in ft with basal joint dilated, second joint much
enlarged, very long and thickened with dense scales, above with fringe of long
projecting hairs and on inner side with long expansible whitish hair-pencil,
terminal joint ^ of second, thickened with dense dark fuscous scales, in 9
second joint with appressed scales, terminal joint as long as second, both with
anterior edge blackish. Antennas whitish-ochreous, in 9 ringed, in ft suffused
with fuscous, basal joint in ft with large whitish-ochreous tuft of scales in
front, hollowed and dark fuscous on inner side. Thorax fuscous, collar fuscous,
whitish. Abdomen pale ochreous. Legs ochreous-yellow, anterior pair dark
fuscous, except part of tarsi, middle tibiae whitish banded with dark fuscous
posterior tibiae and tarsi with long fine projecting hairs above, spotted and
streaked with dark fuscous, median tuft of tibiae ochreous-yellow, mixed with
dark fuscous. Forewings elongate, rather narrow, costa gently arched, apex
in ft obtuse, in 9 round-pointed, termen straight, rather oblique, rounded
beneath ; 7 to apex ; light brown, mixed with darker ; basal area mixed with
596 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
orange, and with orange median and plical streaks to middle ; in $ a sub-basal
tuft of erect scales ; beyond middle a broad orange slightly oblique transverse
fascia ; posterior area with white lines on veins, and along costa and termen :
cilia pale ochreous, base orange-tinged, with two dark fuscous shades. Hind-
wings in $ whitish-ochreous, posteriorly suffused with fuscous, in 9 fuscous ;
cilia as in forewings.
Two specimens, Kandy, Ceylon, in September and October (Green).
Timyra mendicella. Walk. ,
(Decuaria mendicella, Walk. Cat. Tin. 797.)
Palpi with appressed scales, very long, slender, alike in both sexes.
Antennae in <J with large tuft of scales from basal joint in front, hollowed on
inner side. Posterior tibiae and tarsi with loose rough projecting scales above,
median tuft of tibiae very large, scales yellowish, tipped with black or suffused
with dark fuscous. Forewings with vein 7 to termen. Hindwings as in
T. sphenias.
Two specimens, Pundalu-oya, Ceylon, in March (Green).
Timyra metaUanthes , n. sp.
£. 19 mm. Head pale ochreous, crown fuscous- tinged. Palpi whitish-och-
reous, second joint fringed with projecting hairs above, terminal joint as long as
second, slender. Antenna? whitish-ochreous, ringed with fuscous beneath, basal
joint with large tuft in front, on inner side hollowed and mixed with dark
fuscous. Thorax light shining brownish-ochreous. Abdomen pale ochreous.
Legs whitish-ochreous, anterior tibia? dark fuscous, fringed with hairs beneath,
middle tibia? suffused with dark fuscous, with expansible hairs towards apex
above, posterior tibiae and first three joints of tarsi with projecting hairs above,
median tuft of tibia? very large, mixed with shining metallic grey and black
scales. Forewings elongate, rather narrow, costa gently arched, apex obtuse,
termen straight, rather oblique, rounded beneath ; 7 to termen ; fuscous, irrc-
rated with whitish-ochreous except on basal and terminal areas ; an indistinct
cloudy whitish-ochreous fascia at \ ; an orange fascia before f , dilated on
costa ; cilia whitish-fuscous, with darker sub-basal shade, base pale orange-
ochreous. Hindwings fuscous, paler and thinly scaled towards base,
hair-pencil ochreous-yellowish ; cilia whitish-ochreous, more yellowish towards
base.
One specimen, Maskeliya, Ceylon (Pole).
Timyra sphenias, n. sp.
$9- 25-28 mm. Head and thorax fuscous, crown yellowish-mixed, in $
with hairs raised round a quadrate pale ochreous-yellowish area above antenna?.
Palpi fuscous, somewhat mixed with ochreous yellowish, in £ with second
joint clothed with loose rough hairs, terminal joint half second, much thicken-
ed with loose scales, in 9 second joint thickened with loose scales,
terminal joint nearly as long as second, tolerably slender. Antenna? ochreous-
yellowish, beneath infuscated, basal joint in £ with large tuft of fuscous
scales in front. Abdomen ochreous-yellow. Legs purplish-fuscous partially
INDIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA. 597
mixed or suffused with orhreous-yellowish, posterior tibiae clothed with rough
projecting hairs beneath on basal half, posterior tarsi clothed with rough
projecting hairs above, more strongly in £ . Forewings elongate, ma-row,
posteriorly somewhat dilated, c sta slightly arched, apex obtuse, teimen s might,
rather oblique, rounded beneath ; 7 to termen ; purplish-fuscous, irregularly
irrorated with dark fuscous, sometimes posteriorly sprinkled with whitish-
ochre "us ; a transverse elongate-triangular ochreous-yellow blotch beyond middle,
ape downwards, more or less nearly touching both margins : cilia fuscous,
becoming orhreous- yellow towards base, witb a darker fuscous subbasal line,
Hindwings pale ochreous-yellowish ; termen in 9 narrowly suffused irregularly
with fuscous, in $ only at apex and towards tornus; cilia pale ochreous-
yellowish.
Three specimens, Maskeliya, Peradeniya, and Pundalu-oya, Ceylon, in March
and August (Hreen).
Macrotona platyconta n. sp.
£. 16—20 mm. Head and thorax ochreous-white. Palpi whitish irrorated
with fuscous and dark fuscous, second joint roughened towards apex above and
beneath, terminal joint slightly shorter than second. .Antennas very stout,
flatly compressed, ochreous-whitish, tip dark fuscous. Abdomen ochreous-
whitish. Forewings elongate, rather narrow, costa gently arched, apex round
pointed, termen sinuate, oblique, rounded beneath; 7 to termen, 9 separate;
ochreous-whitish, towards costa and dorsum tinged and sprinkled with fuscous,
costa posteriorly more or less suffused with fuscous ; some scattered blackish
or dark fuscous scales on submedian fold ; irregular groups of black and dark
fuscous somewhat raised scales representing stigmata, pb'cal before first discal :
cilia pale whitish-ochreous, outer half irrorated with fuscous. Hindwings
with 3 and 4 connate or short -stalked, 6 and 7 long-stalked : light
fuscous ; cilia pale whitish-ochreous, outer half irrorated with fuscous round
apex.
Two specimens, Maskeliya, Ceylon, in January (Pole).
Pharangitis n. g.
Antenna; £, in $ thick, simple, basal joint moderate, without pecten.
Labial palpi long, curved, ascending, second joint thickened with scales, roughly
projecting towards apex beneath, terminal joint as long as second, slender,
acute. Forewings with 3 absent, 2, 4, 5 separate, 8 and 9 out of 7, 7 to
termen. Hindwings 1, elongate, apex round-pointed, terment faintly sinuate
cilia 1 ; 3 and 4 remote, 5 parallel, 6 and 7 long-stalked.
Apparently allied to Macrotona.
Pharangitis spatlrias n. sp.
$. 15 mm. Head and thorax white, patagia brownish-ochreous. Palpi
ochreous-yellowish, apex of second joint white, terminal joint white towards
base. Antenna? white, becoming whitish-ochreous towards apex. Abdomen
ochreous-yellowish, Forewings elongate, rather narrow, costa gently arched,
apex round-pointed, produced, termen concave, oblique, rounded beneath;
9
598 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XV J.
rather deep brownish-ochreous ; a clear white costal streak from base to §
attenuated posteriorly ; dorsum slenderly white towards base : cilia brownish-
ochreous, blackish-grey at apex and on a median shade disappearing towards
tornus, beyond this whitish-yellow on termen. Hindwings whitish-ochreous,
slightly infuscated towards apex ; cilia whitish-ochreous.
One specimen, Maskeliya, Ceylon, in March (Pole).
Antioclitha n. g.
Antennae almost 1, in ft simple, basal joint moderate, without pecten.
Labial palpi long, recurved, second joint thickened with rough scales beneath,
terminal joint longer than second, slender, acute. Posterior tarsi with basal
joint thickened with rough scales above. Forewings with 2 and 3 stalked, 5
absent, 8 and 9 out of 7, 7 to termen. Hindwings 1, trapezoidal, apex obtuse,
termen not sinuate, cilia 1 ; 3 and 4 connate, 5 absent, cell open, 6 and 7 stalked.
Allied to Onebala.
Antioclitha balbidota n. sp.
ft. 17-18 mm. Head pale greyish-ochreous. Palpi whitish, second joint
irrorated with dark fuscous except towards apex, terminal joint with extreme
base and upper § of anterior edge dark fuscous. Antennae pale ochreous.
Thorax pale ochreous, mixed with whitish and dark fuscous. Abdomen whitish-
ochreous. Forewings elongate, rather narrow, costa anteriorly gently arched,
posteriorly nearly straight, apex obtuse, termen straight, oblique, rounded
beneath ; light fuscous with some scattered dark fuscous scales, median area
suffusedly mixed with whitish ; a short blackish bar from base of costa ; a
narrow irregular blackish fascia from | of costa to before middle of dorsum,
more or less obsolete on dorsum, edged posteriorly with whitish suffusion ; a
round blackish dot, edged with whitish suffusion, in disc beyond middle ; an
ill-defined cloudy whitish transverse line from £ of costa to before tornus, some-
what angulated outwards in middle ; edge of termen and tornus suffused with
dark fuscous : cilia rather dark fuscous sprinkled with pale points, at base and
beneath tornus pale greyish-ochreous. Hindwings light fuscous, darker on
termen ; cilia pale whitish-ochreous, with two fuscous shades.
Two specimens, Maskeliya, Ceylon (Pole).
Onebala cremnaspis n. sp.
ft. 21-22 mm. Head and thorax bronzy-fuscous. Palpi ochreous- whitish,
second joint externally suffused with rather dark fuscous except towards apex,
terminal joint longer than second. Antennae whitish-ochreous, indistinctly ringed
with fuscous. Abdomen pale-bronzy -ochreous. Legs ochreous-whitish, anterior
and middle tibiae and tarsi blotched with dark fuscous, posterior tibiae dark-
fuscous. Forewings elongate, narrow, costa gently arched, apex round
pointed, termen concave, rather oblique, rounded beneath ; 2 from angle, 4 and
5 stalked, 7 to apex ; bronzy-fuscous ; extreme costal edge whitish-ochreous
except towards base ; markings blackish fuscous, finely edged with whitish-
ochreous ; an irregular triangular dorsal blotch before middle, reaching £ across
wing, confluent on dorsum with a triangular posterior dorsal patch of dark
INDIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA. 599
fuscous suffusion, whose apex reaches costa at f, its posterior edge limited by
a nearly straight fine whitish-ochreous line; a small spot on costa before middle,
and a small oblique oval spot in disc beyond middle : cilia light fuscous-ochreous,
with broad rather dark grey sub-basal shade, beneath tornus wholly dark grey.
Hindwings pale ochreous, apex and termen narrowly suffused with fuscous ;
cilia pale fuscous, at base and towards tornus becoming whitish-ochreous.
Two specimens, Maskeliya, Ceylon, in February (Pole). The colouring of
the posterior legs is a curious feature, being the reverse of what almost invari-
ably obtains.
Torodora xerastis n. sp.
$9- 15-16 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax ochreous-bronzy. Forewings
elongate, narrow, costa slightly arched, apex obtuse, termen slightly rounded
oblique : 7 to apex, 9 separate ; brownish-ochreous, ferruginous-tinged
sometimes suffused with rather dark fuscous on dorsal half anteriorly and on
veins posteriorly ; stigmata f erruginous-ochreous with some dark fuscous scales,
partially edged with whitish, plical elongate, dash-like, rather before first
discal ; a terminal series of fuscous or dark fuscous dots : cilia brownish
ochreous sprinkled with whitish. Hindwings pellucid, grey-whitish, posteriorly
and on veins suffused with greyish-ochreous : cilia whitish-ochreous.
Two specimens, Mooltan, Punjab, in August (Manders).
Torodora episticta n. sp.
$. 18 mm. Head, palpi, antennas, thorax, and abdomen whitish-ochreous;
second joint of palpi fuscous except towards apex. Forewings elongate, costa
gently arched, apex obtuse, termen sinuate, somewhat oblique, rounded beneath;
7 to termen, 9 separate; whitish-ochreous, with a few scattered grey and blackish
scales ; a black dot on base of costa, and one beneath costa near base ; a dark
grey dorsal dot near base ; stigmata rather large, blackish, plical rather beyond
first discal ; an almost marginal series of undefined blackish dots beneath
posterior half of costa and round termen : cilia whitish-ochreous. Hindwings
with 6 and 7 approximated at base ; ochreous-whitish ; cilia whitish-ochreous.
One specimen, Maskeliya, Ceylon (Pole).
Torodora epomia n. sp.
£. 23 mm. Head, thorax, and abdomen bronzy-ochreous. Palpi ochreous-
whitish, second joint externally suffused with ochreous and dark fuscous
except towards apex. Antennas pale ochreous mixed with fuscous. Fore-
wings elongate, posteriorly somewhat dilated, costa gently arched, apex round-
pointed, termen sinuate, oblique, rounded beneath ; 7 to termen, 9 separate ;
bronzy-ochreous, suffused with pale brownish except towards anterior § of
costa ; a spot of dark purple-fuscous suffusion on base of costa ; stigmata dark
fuscous, discal small, indistinct, plical and an additional dot beneath second
discal large, plical directly beneath first discal : cilia light ochreous. Hind-
wings grey, lighter towards base ; cilia pale ochreous, with grey sub-basal
shade.
One specimen, Maskeliya, Ceylon, in August (Green).
600 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVI.
Torodora spiloiella Walk.
(Cryptolechia ppilolella Walk. Tin. 746 ; C. tripitstulata Wals., Lep. Ceyl. iii,
520, pi. 209, 8).
Peradeniya, Ceylon, in April and November (Green).
Paraspistes n. g.
Antennas j, in ft simple, basal joints elongate, without pecten. Palpi
moderately long, curved, ascending, second joint thickened with appressed scales
expanded above towards apex, terminal joint shorter than second, acute.
Posterior tibiae clothed with long fine hairs above. Forewings with 2 widely
remote, 3 and 4 cunnate from angle, 5 from near 4, 6 out of 7 near base, 7 and 8
stalked, 7 to costa, 9 approximated to 7. Hind wings under 1, trapezoidal, apex
produced, termen bisinuate, cilia 2 ; 2 remote, 3 and 4 short-stalked, 5 parallel,
6 and 7 stalked.
Allied to Nothris, and very similar in most characters, but the palpi are quite
different.
Par aspistes iolomha n. sp.
ft 9. 12-15 mm. Head and thorax pale ochreous. Palpi ochreous-
whitish, second joint suffused with fusccus except at apex. Forewings elongate,
narrow, widest near base, costa hardly arched, apex round-pointed, termen
extremely obliquely rounded ; pale ochreous, dorsal half-suffused with light
brown ; a ferruginous-brown streak along costa from before middle to near
apex, cut by a fine pale oblique strigula at -f, beyond this mixed with blackish ;
stigmata blackish, sometimes indistinet, plical Very obliquely before first discal,
which is in middle of wing ; three undefined dots of blackish scales before
termen ; cilia pale ochreous. Hindwings grey, darker posteriorly ; cilia gi'ey.
Four specimens, Peradeniya, Ceylon, in July (Green). Larva feeds in pods
of Crctalaria sp. (Green).
Hypel/ctis n. g.
Antennae §, in ft shortly ciliated, basal joint moderate, without pecten.
Labial palpi long, recurved, second joint thickened with dense scales, somewhat
rough beneath and with fringe of rough projecting scales above, terminal joint
shorter than second, densely scaled, somewhat rough anteriorly and with fringe
of rough projecting scales posteriorly. Forewings with 2 and 3 st; Iked, 4 and 5
rather approximated, 7 to costa, 8 absent. Hindwings 1£. trapezoidal, apex
obtuse, termen not sinuate, cilia £ : 3 and 4 connate, 5 parallel, G and 7 stalked.
Allied to Yfsolophus and Anorthosia.
Hypelictu acrochlora n. sp.
ft. 18 mm. Head, palpi, antennae, and thorax dark purplish-btonzy-fus-
cous. Abdomen fuscous. Forewings elongate, rather nairow costa anteriorly
moderately arched, posteriorly nearly straight, apex rounded, termen somewhat
obliquely rounded, apex somewhat distorted and bent over so as to be concave
beneath ; dark shining purplish-bronzy-fuscous; a hardly paler obtusely angu-
lated transverse line from | of costa to tornus ; apical distorted portion pale
shining ochreous : cilia shining bronzy-fuscous, basal half-mixed with pale
INDIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA. 601
ochreous and ferruginous. Hindwings fuscous, paler towards base, subdorsal
hairs pale whitish-ochreous ; cilia whitish-ochreous, partially suffused with pale
fuscous, round apex with darker fuscous.
One specimen, Maskeliya, Ceylon, in February (Pole).
Ypsolophus deltaspis n. sp.
$. 21mm. Head and thorax fuscous. Palpi with second joint dark fus-
cous, tip grey- whitish, tuft long, rather triangular, terminal joint much longer
than second, ochreous- whitish sprinkled with dark fuscous, with subapical dark
fuscous band, A ntennas greyish- ochreous ringed with dark fuscous. Abdo-
men rather dark fuscous. Forewings elongate, rather narrow, slightly dilated
posteriorly, costa gently arched, somewhat sinuate in middle, apex round-
pointed, termen concave, little oblique, rounded beneath ; greyish -ochreous,
strigulattd with ferruginous-brown ; a small blackkh spot on base of costa and
a dot beneath costa near base ; costal edge anteriorly pale rosy, strigulated with
blackish ; a triangular blackish i-pot on costa before middle, reaching £ across
wing ; a transverse streak of ferruginous-brown suffusion from dorsum before \,
reaching more than half across wing ; discal stign ata small, ferruginous- brown,
near together; an undefined fascia of ferruginous-brown suflusion about f,
terminating on costa in a darker spot mixed with blackish : cilia pale ferruginous,
with an indistinct grey line. Hindwings rather dark fuscous ; cbia fuscous.
One specimen, Kandy, Ceylon, in September (Green).
Xylokyctid^:.
Amphoritis n. g.
Antennae |, in £ minutely ciliated, basal joint thickened with scales above,
without pectin. Labial palpi long, recurved, second joint thickened with
rough scales beneath, terminal joint as long as second, acute. Anterior tibiae
and tarsi very short, posterior tibiae loosely haired. Forewings with costal
scale-projections before and beyond middle ; 2 from £ of cell, 3 from angle, 7
to co-ta, 8 absent. Hindwings 1, oblong-ovate, termen not sinuate, cilia § ; 3
and 4 connate or stalked, 5 parallel, 6 and 7 stalked.
Allied to' Xylorycta. Type A. eamelodes.
Amphoritis eamelodes n. sp.
9. 20 mm. Head fuscous-whitish. Palpi whitish, terminal joint sprinkled
with fuscous except at apex, with a blackish subapical ling Ihorax fuscous-
whitish mixed with pale brown. Abdomen pale greyish-ochreous. Forewirgs
elongate, moderate, costa moderately arched, apex rounded-obtuse, termen
rounded, vertical ; fuscous-whitish, sufiusedly inorated with pale, fuscous, and
posteriorly with light ferruginous ; costal scale-projections tipped with light
ferruginous-brown ; st gmata minute, dark fuscous, plical slightly beyond first
discal, second discal edged ben'eath by a small whitish scale- tuf t ; a much
interrupted subterminal line of dark fuscous irroration beneath middle of costa
near and parallel to costa and termen to before tornus ; a terminal series of
dark tuscous dots; cilia light brown, with a dark grey antemedian shade
round apex and termen to below middle, beneath this whitish sprinkled with
602 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
dark grey on basal half. Hindwings pale brassy fuscous, paler anteriorly ; cilia
fuscous-whitish, with light fuscous subbasal shade.
One specimen, Kandy, Ceylon, in October (Green).
Amphoritis nycterodes n. sp.
$ 13 mm. Head, thorax, and abdomen dark fuscous. Palpi whitish, mixed
with dark grey, towards base ochreous-tinged, terminal joint with blackish
sub-apical ring. Forewings sub-oblong, moderate, costa gently arched, more
strongly towards base, apex rounded-obtuse, termen rounded, slightly oblique;
dark fuscous, slightly ferruginous tinged ; stigmata small, blackish-fuscous,
plical rather beyond first discal, second discal margined beneath by a dot of
somewhat raised whitish scales ; an indistinct blackish-fuscous angulated sub-
terminal line, rather near and parallel to posterior part of costa and termen ;
cilia grey mixed with darker, tips whitish-grey. Hindwings rather dark
coppery-fuscous ; cilia fuscous.
One specimen, Haragam, Ceylon, in July (Green).
Xylorycta Meyr.
I propose to widen the definition of the genus Xylorycta, so far as to unite
with it the genera Lichenaula, Telecrates, Clerarcha, Piectophila,&nA Clialarotona.
These were all published by me at the same time, and I select the name of
Xylorycta for the resulting group because I made that typical of the family
and therefore gave it precedence. The structural characters are thus extended
in the following particulars : Antennal ciliations of $ variable (£—3) ; 7 of
forewings to apex or termen ; 6 and 7 of hindwings approximated, connate, or
stalked.
Xylorycta paracyrta n. sp.
$ 23 mm. Head, thorax and abdomen whitish-ochreous. Palpi white,
second joint light fuscous except towards apex. Antennal ciliations 2.
Forewings elongate, moderate, costa rather strongly arched, apex evenly round-
ed, termen strongly rounded so as to be prominent beneath apex ; 2 from f,
7 to apex ; whitish-ochreous ; a small round cloudy fuscous spot in disc
beyond middle ; a faint curved transverse shade of fuscous suffusion at |,
parallel to posterior part of costa and termen ; cilia whitish-ochreous, on costa
and round apex suffused with ferruginous brown, tips dark grey round apex.
Hindwings and cilia pale whitish-ochreous ; 3 and 4 stalked, 6 and 7 stalked.
One specimen, Haputale, Ceylon, in February (Green).
Xylorycta psilotis n. sp.
$ 16-17 mm. Head, thorax, and abdomen ochreous-whitish, head loosely
haired. Palpi white, lower | of second joint fuscous. Antennae strongly
biciliated (3). Forewings elongate, moderate, costa moderately arched, apex
rounded obtuse, termen rounded, hardly oblique ; 2 from f, 7 to termen ;
pale whitish-ochreous, thinly scaled ; discal stigmata indicated by two or three
blackish scales, first sometimes absent ; an almost, marginal series of dark grey
or blaekish dots along termen, sometimes little marked ; cilia ochreous-whitish.
Hindwings and cilia ochreous-whitish ; 3 and 4 stalked, 6 and 7 stalked.
INDIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA. 603
Four specimens, Peradeniya and Yatiyantota, Ceylon, in March, September,
and November (Green).
Nephantis n. g.
Head with appressed scales, sidetufts small, slightly raised. Antennae £, in $
filiform, simple, basal joint elongate, without pecten. Labial palpi very long,
recurved, second joint clothed beneath and on inner side with long, rough ex-
panded hairs, terminal joint as long as second, slender, acute. Anterior tibite
and tarsi short, posterior tibiae clothed with long hairs above. Forewings with 2
from | of cell, 3,4, 5 approximated, 7 and 8 stalked, 7 to about apex. Hind-
wings, 1, elongate-ovate, cilia £; 3 and 4 stalked, 5 parallel, 6 and 7 short-
stalked.
Allied to Xylorycta, but distinguished by the rough hairs of palpi. The apex
of forewings is so rounded that the termination of vein 7 might be described as
indefinite.
Nephantis serinopa n. sp.
£ $. 20-28. mm. Head and thorax light greyish-ochreous, Palpi ochre-
ous-whitish, hairs internally marked with fuscous. Abdomen pale ochreous.
Forewings elongate, costa gently arched, apex rounded, termen obliquely round-
ed ; pale greyish-ochreous, with some fine scattered blackish scales ; extreme
costal edge whitish ; first discal stigma raised, dark fuscous, plical and second
discal indistinct, indicated by two or three dark fuscous scales, plical obliquely
before first discal ; in $ a bare whitish-ochreous patch towards dorsum near
base ; cilia whitish, towards base mixed with pale fuscous. Hindwings
whitish ochreous tinged with fuscous ; cilia, whitish, towards base fuscous-
tinged.
Five specimens, Batticaloa, Ceylon, in April (Green). Larva conceals itself
beneath galleries of web and excreta on undersurface of leaves of cocoanut
palm ; in bad attacks the palm fronds are completely skeletonized ; a serious
pest (Green).
CEcophorid^;.
Eulechria autogramma n. sp.
£. 17 mm. Head ochreous-yellow. Palpi moderate, ochreous-yellow,
second joint blackish except towards apex. Antennas grey, ciliations H.
Thorax dark purplish-fuscous, posterior extremity ochreous-yellowish. Fore-
wings elongate, costa moderately arched, apex obtuse, termen obliquely
rounded ; ochreous-yellow, with some scattered dark fuscous scales ; markings
dark purplish-fuscous ; a basal fascia, widest on costa ; stigmata moderate, plical
slightly beyond first discal ; a suffused elongate spot on costa towards middle ;
a triangular spot on dorsum towards middle, its apex almost confluent with
plical stigma ; a thick suffused curved subterminal line from | of costa to
tornus ; cilia ochreous-yellow, dark fuscous on costal extremity of subterminal
line. Hindwings grey, veins dark fuscous ; cilia pale ochreous, with two
fuscous shades disappearing towards apex.
One specimen, Maskeliya, Ceylon (Pole).
G04 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
Macrosaces n.g.
Antennae 1, in $ thick, serrulate, simple, basal joint moderate, without
pecten. Labial palpi long, recurved, second joint thickened with loosely
appres3ed scales, terminal joint as long as or shorter than second, slender, acute,
Posterior tibiae rough-haired above. Forewings with 2 from angle, 3 absent, 7
to costa, 8 absent, 11 from middle of cell. Hindwings 1, ovate-lanceolate, cilin
1^ ; 3 and i connate.
A. developmeat of the PImosaces group. Type M. thermopa.
Macrosaces thermopa n. sp.
g. 18 mm. Head ochreous. Palpi long, whitisb-ochveous, second joint
suffusedly mixed with dark fuscous except at apex, terminal joint as long as
second, sprinkled with dark fuscous. Antennae fuscous. Thorax ochreous
sprinkled with dark fuscous. Abdomen whitish-grey, apex whitish-ochreous.
Forewings elongate, narrow, costa, gently arched, apex round-pointed, termen
extremely obliquely rounded; rather deep ochreous, with scattered dark fuscous
scales, on dorsal half and costal edge irrorated with dark fuscous ; a small dark
fuscous spot on base of costa ; an irregular dark fuscous blotch in disc at ^,
representing anterior stigmata ; second discal stigma dark fuscous, and a
similar dot below it, but obscured by dorsal irroration ; a suffused dark
fuscous apical blotch ; cilia yellow-ochreous, paler towards tips, with a faint
fuscous shade, above apical blotch grey. Hindwings pale grey ; cilia whitish-
ochreous.
One specimen, Maskeliya, Ceylon, in February (Pole).
Psaliica n. g.
Antennae 1, in £ thick, serrulate, single, basal joint moderate, without pecten.
Labial palpi long, recurved, second joint thickened wkh appressed scales,
terminal joint as long as second, acute. Posterior tibiae rough-haired above.
Forewings with 2 from angle, 3 absent, 7 and 8 stalked, 7 to termen, 11 from
middle. Hindwings 1, elongate-ovate, cilia 1 ; 3 and 4 connate.
Allied to Macrosaces.
Psaltica monochorda n. sp.
$. 14 mm. Head glossy whitish-fuscous. Palpi whitish-fuscous, second
joint sprinkled with dark fuscous. Antennas pale fuscous. Thorax light glossy
fuscous. Abdomen pale whitish-ochreous. Forewings elongate, rather narrow,
costa moderately arched, apex round-pointed, termen extremely obliquely
rounded glossy whitish-ochreous, tinged with brownish, with silvery reflections ;
basal half suffused with brown, limited by a fascia of dark fuscous suffusion,
its posterior edge sharply defined and edged with white, running from middle
of costa to beyond midle of dorsum, slightly concave : a dark fuscous discal
dot at 3 ; a series of dark fuscous dots round posterior part of costa and ter-
men: cilia whitish-ochreous, towards b;ise brownish-tinged and sprinkled
with fuscous. Hindwings pale grey : cilia whitish-ochreous, tinged with
grey.
One specimen, Maskeliya, Ceylon (Pole).
INDIAN MICR0-LEP1D0PTEBA. 605
PhcBosaces Meyr..
I propose to extend the structural characters of this genus so as to include
forms in which vein 7 of forewings runs to the termen, and also those in which
the second joint of palpi is clothed with rough projecting hairs towards apex
above. In view of this extension Ilomosaces will cease to exist, being merged
in Phceosaces,
Phceosaces chrysocoma n. sp.
$. 16 mm. Head orange-yellow. Palpi light orange, sprinkled with dark
fuscous, terminal joint § of second, anterior edge dark fuscous. Antennas
fuscous. Thorax and abdomen dark purplish-fuscous. Legs yellow, anterior
and middle pair banded with dark fuscous. Forewings elongate, costa gently
arched, aoex obtuse, termen oblique, slightly rounded ; 7 to apex ; dark shining
purplish-bronzy-fuscous ; extreme costal edge yellow except at base and apex:
cilia rather dark fuscous, tips ochreous-whitish on termen. Hindwings and
cilia dark bronzy-fuscous.
One specimen, Pundalu-oya, Ceylon, in February (Green). Much like
P. anthocoma, but differing by the apical termination of vein 7, and yellow
costal edge of forewings.
Phceosaces orthotoma n. sp.
$. 19 mm. Head whitish-fuscous. Palpi very long, second joint fuscous
sprinkled with whitish, above with rough projecting whitish hairs, apex whitish,
terminal joint whitish, anterior edge mixed with fuscous. Thorax light fuscous.
Abdomen pale greyish-ochreous. Forewings sub-oblong, costa moderately
arched, apex obtuse, termen oblique, slightly rounded ; 2 from before angle,
7 to apex ; pale fuscous ; costal edge narrowly whitish-ochreous ; discal stig-
mata dark fuscous, partially whitish-edged, second large, connected with apex
of a triangular prastornal blotch of dark fuscous suffusion, its anterior edge
vertical and margined with ochreous-whitish ; a terminal series of irregular dark
fuscous dots continued round apex : cilia ochreous-whitish, brownish-tinged
on basal half, with antemedian series of faint fuscous spots. Hindwings light
fuscous, darker posteriorly ; cilia pale whitish-fuscous.
One specimen, Peradeniya, Ceylon, in November (Green).
Phceosaces aganopis n. sp.
9.19 mm. Head light ochreous, brownisU-tinged. Palpi very long, second
joint dark fuscous sprinkled with whitish-ochreous, above with rough project-
ing whitish hairs, extreme apex whitish, terminal joint ochreous-whitish,
anterior edge mixed with fuscous. Thorax light brown. Abdomen grey, apex
whitish-ochreous. Forewings elongate, costa moderately arched, apex obtuse,
terunn oblique, lightly rounded; 2 widely remote from angle,7 to termen; rather
light brown, slightly ferruginous-tinged, with a few scattered dark fuscous
scales ; stigmata dark fuscous, plical somewhat beyond first discal : cilia light
ochreous, on basal half brownish-tinged. Hindwings pale fuscous, tinged with
whitish-ochreous anteriorly, darker towards apex ; cilia pale ochreous.
One specimen, Maskeliya, Ceylon, in August (Green).
10
606 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
CCPROMORPHID^.
When originally describing the genus Coprumorpha, I suggested that it would
probably be necessary to regard it as the type of a new family, and I now think
it advisable to give effect to the suggestion. The characters of the family are
at present those of the genus ; the basal pectination of hairs on the lower
margin of cell of hindwings is a peculiar character amongst the Tineina, possi-
bly indicating some relationship to the Tortricina ; otherwise the family has
probably most affinity to the Ayluryctidcc, though differing in the separation of
veins 7 and 8 of forewings, the parallel veins 6 and 7 of hindwings, and the
thickened palpi.
Copromorpha pleurophanes n. sp.
$9. 15-20 mm. Head and thorax ochreous-whitish, thorax sometimes
sprinkled with fuscous. Tongue present, very short. Palpi dark fuscous, apex
of secoad joint white, terminal joint ochreous- white with dark fuscous median
ring. Antennae ochreous-whitish, irregularly spotted above with dark fuscous,
in $ deeply and broadly dentate. Abdomen whitish ochreous. Forewings
elongate, posteriorly dilated, costa posteriorly strorgly arched, apex rounded-
obtuse, termen rather obliquely rounded ; cell very narrow ; scales on veins
roughened, on margins of cell tufted, between veins appearing ribbed owing to
their bases being transparent ; ochreous-whitish, thinly strewn with small
fuscous spots (in Assam example towards dorsum more ochreous and mottled
with fuscous) ; costa irregularly spotted with dark fuscous ; several irregular
dark fuscous spots on margins of cell, its posterior end more or less suffused with
dark fuscous ; two or three posterior series of irregular dark fuscous marks on
veins : cilia whitish-ochreous. Hindwings ochreous-grey-whitish, with prismatic
reflections ; cilia pale whitish-ochreous.
Three specimens, Maskeliya, Csylon, in March (Pole) ; Margherita, Assam.
The difference in antennal structure from the typical species appears only specific.
ELACHISTIDjE.
Cuphodes dicastis n. sp.
ft, 10 mm. Head, palpi, antennae, thorax, abdomen, and legs ochreous-
white ; antenna? simple ; anterior tibiae with a dark fuscous line ; posterior legs
with a conspicuous small black spot on origin of median spur beneath, and with
several cloudy dark fuscous dots above on origin of spurs and apex of tarsal
joints. Forewings narrow, gradually long-pointed from near base ; ochreous-
whitish ; cilia ochreous-whitish. Hh.dwirgs and cilia tichreoi.t-whilish.
One specimen, taken near Kandy, Ceylon, by myself in December.
Paroderoes seleno/,ia n. sp.
9. 16 mm. Head and thorax light shining golden-ochreous, face whitish
tinged. Palpi whitish-ochreous. Antennas whitish, lined above and towards
base ringed with dark fuscous, towards apex with i hree dark fuscous bands.
Abd imen whitish-ochreous, three basal segments dark brown dorsally.
Forewings elongate-lanceolate, long-pointed ; brownish-ochreous ; a fine incurved
transverse whitish line at 4, above middle emitting a short whitish dash
INDIAN MTCRO-LEPIDOPTERA. 607
anteriorly, towards costa doubled and enclosing a fine blackish strigula, towards
dorsum thickened and becoming silvery-metallic, followed by a subdorsal black
dot ; wing beyond this suffused with pale ochreous-yellow, most strongly in
disc ; two indistinct whitish costal strigulae separated by a blackish dot beyond
| : cilia pale brownish-ochreous. Hindwings fuscous, with a transparent
patch towards base ; cilia light fuscous, becoming pale yellowish on costa
towards apex.
One specimen, Pundalu-oya, Ceylon, in February (Green).
Pyro tierces magica n. sp.
ft. 9-12 mm. Head shining metallic bronzy-grey. Palpi yellow, anterior
edge of terminal joint dark fuscous. Antennae dark fuscous, with broad
white subapical band, basal joint yellow in front. Thorax deep shining coppery-
bronze. Abdomen bronzy-grey. Forewings elongate-lanceolate, long-pointed ;
deep shining brassy-bronze, basal fourth and apical § bright deep coppery-
purple ; fine transverse bluish-white lines at \ and beyond middle, second
interrupted in disc ; cilia dark fuscous, base suffused with coppery-purple.
Hindwings dark grey, lighter towards base ; cilia purplish grey.
Three specimens, Maskeliya, Ceylon, in February (Pole).
Pyroderces spodochtha n. sp.
$9. 9-10 mm. Head and thorax ochreous, suffusedly mixed with
ferruginous. Palpi whitish-ochreous, suffused with deeper ochreous, terminal
joint with dark fuscous subapical ring. Antennae ochreous-whitish, ringed with
dark fuscous or blackish, towards apex with three blackish bands with whitish
interspaces. Abdomen pale ochreous. Forewings elongate-lanceolate, long-
pointed ; reddish-ochreous or ferruginous, partially irrorated with fuscous ;
markings whitish-ochreous, densely irrorated with blackish or dark fuscous,
more or less raised in disc ; a somewhat oblique fascia about $ ; an upcurved
streak from dorsum beyond middle obliquely outwards to | of costa, continued
along costa to near apex : a terminal streak from tornus to apex, usually
interrupted in middle : cilia grey, round apex becoming light ochreous, at apex
ferruginous, with short dark grey line before tips beneath apex. Hindwings
linear, grey, darker posteriorly ; cilia light grey, ochreous-tinged.
Sixteen specimens, Kandy, Ceylon, in December and February (Green). Bred
freely fro.n larvae feeding in resinous masses of a lac Coccid, Tachardia ulbizzice
(Green).
Pyroderces scwosema n. sp.
ft. 9 mm. Head ochreons-white, crown dark bronze. Palpi ochreous-
white, dark fuscous towards base, terminal joint dark fuscous except on basal
fourth Antennae ochreoup-white. Thorax dark bronzy-fuscous. Abdomen
grey, anal tuft ochreous-whitish. Forewings elongate-lanceolate ; dark fuscous,
slightly purplish-tinged ; a white vertical fascia at \, narrowed towards costa;
a rounded-triangular white spot on costa beyond middle, and another on tornus ;
cilia rather dark fuscous, lighter and greyer towards tornus. hindwings grey,
on undersurface pale yellow-ochreous on basal half ; cilia grey.
608 JOURNAL, BOMB A Y NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
One specimen, Peradeniya, Ceylon, in December (Green).
Oedematopoda cypris n. sp.
9. 12 mm. Head shining dark bronzy-fuscous, collar vermilion-red. Palpi
light ochreous-reddish, anterior edge and terminal joint internally dark fuscous.
Antennae dark purplish-fuscous, fringed with long scales above from base to
near apex. Thorax vermilion-red, meaothorax posteriorly slenderly edged with
blackish, metathorax light ochreous-reddish. Abdomen purple-blackish,
posterior edge of second segment white. Legs purple-blackish, bristles whitish-
ochreous, spurs with two or three praeapical bristles. Forewings elongate-
lanceolate, costa faintly sinuate, vermilion-red ; a small purple-black spot in
middle of base ; a dark fuscous-purple apical patch, occupying nearly ^ of
wing ; cilia dark bronzy -fuscous. Hindwings dark fuscous, basal f light
ochreous-yellowish, division suffused ; cilia rather dark fuscous, paler and
suffused with pale yellowish towards dorsum.
One specimen, Kandy, Ceylon, in December (Green). Bred from cclony of
lac Coccid, Tachardia albizzice, on Theobroma cacao (Green).
PLUTELLID.E.
Pronomeuta n. g.
Head loosely haired ; ocelli present ; tongue developed. Antennas f , in £
moderately ciliated, basal joint moderate, without pecten. Labial palpi moder-
ate, curved, ascending, with appressed scales, terminal joint shorter than
second, tolerably pointed. Maxillary palpi obsolete. Posterior tibiae smooth-
scaled. Forewings with 2 from near angle, 4 absent, 7 to apex, 8, 9, 10 from
near 7, 11 widely remote, from before middle, secondary cell and partii g-vein
well defined. Hindwings 1, elongate-ovate, cilia £ ; 3 and 4 connate, 5 parallel,
6 and 7 rather approximated, 8 free.
Allied to Yponomeuta, apparently somewhat earlier in the line of development.
Pronomeuta sarcopis n. sp.
$ 9-15-18 mm. Head, palpi, antenna?, and thorax whitish-ochreous, suffused
with pale fuscous. Abdomen light fuscous-reddish. Forewings elongate, ccsta
moderately arched, apex obtuse, termen nearly straight, rather oblique, rounded
beneath ; light fuscous or fuscous-ochreous, irregularly strewn with small dark
fuscous dots ; discal stigmata rather large, dark fuscous ; cilia pale brownish-
ochreous, tips paler. Hindwings dull fuscous-reddish ; cilia fuscous, tips whitish.
Two specimens, Heneratgoda, Ceylon, in November (Green).
Archimaga n. g. ■
Head with loosely appressed hairs ; ocelli present ; tongue short. Antenna?
I, in $ stout, simple, basal joint short, without pecten. Labial palpi moderate,
curved, ascending, second joint thickened with rough scales beneath, terminal
joint shorter than second, acute. Mixillary palpi obsolete. Posterior tibia? with
loosely appressed scales. Forewings with 2 from | of cell, 3 from towards
angle, 8 and 9 out of 7, 7 to costa, 10 from near 7,11 remote, from beyond
middle, secondary cell absent. Hindwings 1, trapezoidal-ovate, cilia •§ ; 3 and
4 connate, 5 parallel, 6 and 7 stalked, 8 free.
INDIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA. 609
Allied to Hilarographa, of which it may be a development.
Archimaga pyraclis n. sp.
* 16—17 mm. Head brownish-ochreous, sides of crown fuscous, collar edged
with ferruginous. Palpi white, basal joint ochreous, second joint ochreous or
fuscous above. Antennae ochreous. T borax white. Abdomen whitish-ochreous.
Forewings elongate, somewhat dilated posteriorly, costa gently arched, i aintly
sinuate, apes round-pointed, termen deeply and abruptly concave, oblique,
rounded-prominent beneath ; white, towards dorsum and termen greyish-tinged ;
dorsum irregularly spotted with dark fusc<us suffusion, extending about ^
across wing, largest spot prastornal ; six reddish-orange oblique wedge-shaped
strigulae from posterior half of costa, marked with rather dark fuscous on costa,
first two larger and more oblique, becoming whitith-ochreous downwards, sixth
abruptly angulated and running to apex : produced apical area otherwise
tinged with leaden-grey, and marked beneath with a longitudinal ochreous-yellow
blackish-edged bar ; terminal area tinged with whitish-ochreous ; a black
prajterminal dot in middle, and two towards tornus ; cilia whitish-ochreous,
basally brown at apex and yellow beneath it (imperfect). Hii dwings whitish
ochreous, tinged with grey towards tornus, with a praeterminal series of faint
grey spots, apex yellower ; cilia whitish-ochreous,
Two specimens, Maskeliya, Ceylon, in February and March (Pole).
Irianassa n. g.
Head with appressed scales ; ocelli present ; tongue short. Antennas |, in $
simple, basal joint short, without pecten. Labial palpi moderate, curved,
ascending, second joint with appressed scales, sligh'ly rough beneath, terminal
joint short, thick, obtuse. Maxillary palpi obsolete. Posterior tibia? smooth-
scaled. Forewings with 2 from middle of cell, 3 from 1. 4 from angle, 7 to
termen, 8 to costa, 9 and 10 from near 8,11 iemote, from middle of cell,
secondary cell well-defined. Hindwings 1, ovate, cilia 4 ; 3 and 4 connate, 5
somewhat approximated, 6 and 7 rather approximated towards base, 8 free.
Allied to Hilarographa.
Irianassa sapphiropa n. sp.
£. 17 mm. Head dark fuscous, with a bright deep blue bar above middle
of face, collar and sides of crown pale metallic blue. Palpi fuscous, towards
base whitish-fuscous. Antennae dark fuscous. Thorax greenish-br< nze.
Abdomen dark fuscous. Forewings elongate, posteriorly considerably dilated,
costa posteriorly moderately arched, apex obtuse, termen sinuate beneath apex,
hardly oblique, rounded beneath ; dark bronzy-fuscous ; basal area within a
line from £ of costa to § of dorsum suffused with golden-green with strong
purple and blue reflections ; four curved outwardly oblique pale metallic-blue
transverse strigulas from near middle of dorsum ; two pale metallic-blue oblique
streaks from costa before middle, white on costa, second much longer, and two
others less oblique from costa beyond middle ; a pale metahic-blue oblique
streak from beneath costa beyond these, almost or quite meeting a short bluiih-
sihery downward streak from apex ; two short streaks from costa before
610 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
apex first pale metallic-blue, second bluish-silvery ; two vertical purplish-leaden
streaks before and beyond tornus, reaching to above middle, partially split or
branched ; cilia brilliant purple-coppery round apex purplish-grey with blackish
basal line, with white spots on costal extremities of last two streaks. Hindwings
dark fuscous, with a paler thinly scaled longitudinal discal patch ; cilia whitish,
with dark fuscous basal line, towards apex with a patch of fuscous suffusion.
One specimen, Kandy, Ceylon, in September (Green). Both in structure and
type of markings this insect appears to approach the genus Laspeyresia in the
Epiblemidx, and possibly indicates the origin of that family.
Hilar ographa caminodes n. sp.
$ $. 12-17 mm. Head, palpi, and antenna? varying from ochreous
to fuscous. Thorax deep reddish-orange, with three dark purplish-fuscous
usually broad stripes. Abdomen dark fuscous. Forewings elongate-triangular,
costa slightly arched, apex rounded, termen sinuate beneath apex, rounded,
little oblique ; deep reddish-orange ; basal area with three longitudinal dark
bluish-leader-fuscous streaks ; costal edge dark fuscous ; five oblique pale
blue-mettalic streaks from costa between ^ and apex, edged with dark fuscous,
more or less white towards costa, last two united at apex to form a loop ;
dorsal | between £ and termen irregularly striated with dark purplish-leaden-
fuscous ; sometimes costal and discal areas much suffused with dark purplish-
leaden-fuscous ; a short leaden bar on termen below middle, preceded by a
blackish dot ; a wedge-shaped bluish-leaden-metallic dash on subapical sinua-
tion, whitish on termen : cilia fuscous, mixed with dark fuscous, and at apex
and on a subapical spot suffused with ochreous-whitish, with a dark fuscous
basal line becoming purplish-metallic on middle of termen. Hindwings dark
fuscous, darker terminally ; cilia pale fuscous, with dark fuscous basal line.
Ten specimens, Pundalu-oya, Gammaduwa, and Rangella, Ceylon, in Feb-
ruary, March, June, and August (Green).
Larva tunnels into fleshy rhyzomes of cardamom plant causing partial
abortion of flowering racemes and is a serious pest (Green).
Saptha smaragd/tis n. sp.
£ 9. 16-17 mm. Head brilliant metallic dark greenish -bronze, sides behind
eyes ochreous-yellowish. Palpi shining golden, terminal joint dark fuscous.
Antennee purple-bl ickish, with a white patch above at § from base. Thorax
metallic green, more or less coppery on back. Abdomen dark fuscous. Fore-
wings elongate-triangular, costa posteriorly moderately arched, apex obtuse
termen straight, rather oblique, rounded beneath ; blackish ; basal area metal-
lic golden-green, sometimes with coppery reflections, its edge straight, running
from £ of costa to % of dorsum ; traces of an interrupted line of ground colour
within this, near and parallel to outer edge; beyond this a fascia of ground
colour, bisected by a greenish-silvery line, and followed by a white fascia, of
which the posterior edge is suffused and connected with an upcurved crescentic
patch of white suffusion above middle, and expanded near dorsum ; post-
erior area evenly sprinkled with silvery-whitish scales ; a silvery-metallio ter-
INDIAN MICROLEPIDOPTERA. 611
minal streak, becoming pale-blue on upper half ; cilia shining bluish-grey,
basal third blackish. Hindwings dark fuscous, lighter towards base ; cilia pale
fuscous, on upper half of termen whitish, with dark fuscous basal line.
Fourteen specimens, Randy, Ceylon, in August and September (Green).
Tonricomorpha grammarcha n. sp.
<£. 23-24 mm. Head whitish-ochreous, hairs of crown mixed with fuscous
at base, frontal hairs brushed upwards between antennae. Palpi whitish-
ochreous, second joint externally yellow-orchreous, in front fuscous-tinged
laterally slightly excurved, terminal joint half second, fuscous. Antennas
fuscous. Thorax brown. Abdomen fuscous, tip whitish-ochreous. Forewings
elongate, posteriorly considerably dilated, costa gently arched, faintly sinuate,
apex rounded-obtuse, termen rounded, hardly oblique ; brown ; extreme costal
edge yellowish from \ to middle ; base of dorsum suffused with dark fuscous ;
a short yellow mark on middle of costa from which an obscurely indicated
yellowish line proceeds to dorsum beyond middle ; an obscure dark fuscous discal
spot at f ; a small triangular yellow spot on costa before apex, from which a
very faintly indicated yellowish line proceeds to termen below middle ; a
terminal series of cloudy dark fuscous dots ; extreme terminal edge whitish-
ochreous : cilia fuscous. Hindwings dark fuscous, lighter towards base ; cilia
fuscous.
Two specimens, Kandy and Peradeniya, Ceylon, in September (Green).
Tortricomorpha diphtherina n. sp.
$9. 22-23 mm. Head whitish-ochreous, crown brownish -tinged, in $
with long frontal hairs brushed backwards between antennae. Palpi whitish-
ochreous/ in $ laterally excurved, terminal joint in $ very short, in 9 half
second. Antennae pale ochreous. Thorax whitish-ochreous mixed with
brownish-ochreous or fuscous. Abdomen pale greyish-ochreous mixed with
fuscous, in £ with median lateral whitish-ochreous tufts brushed upwards to
meet above, Forewings elongate, posteriorly considerably dilated, costa gently
arched, apex rounded-obtuse, termen rounded, hardly oblique ; rather dark
fuscous, more or less strewn with brownish-ochreous scales ; markings brownish
ochreous, obscurely edged with pale yellow-ochreous ; a basal patch, sometimes
little marked, its edge running from beyond \ of costa to before middle of
dor -urn, bisinuate ; semioval spots on costa before and beyond middle; an
irregular discal patch extending from middle to £, in $ obscured by general
ochreous suffusion ; a triangular apical spot ; some irregular suffused markings
towards tornus ; a dark fuscous terminal line : cilia whitish-ochreous, brownish-
tinged except round apex, faintly barred with fuscous. Hindwings fuscous-
suffused with dark fuscous towards termen : cilia whitish-ochreous, with fus-
cous basal line.
Two specimens, Peradeniya, Ceylon, in January and Februaiy (Green).
Tortricomorpha ergusia n. sp.
9. 20 mm. Head and thorax light ochreous-brown, thorax faintly spot-
ted with a fuscous tinge. Palpi whitish-ochreous, brownish-tinged, terminal
612 JOURNA L, BOMB A 7 NA TURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
joint half second. Antennae pale brownish-ochreous. Abdomen fuscous.
Forewings elongate, posteriory considerably dilated, costa gently arched, apex
rounded-obtuse, termen rounded, hardly oblique ; ochreous-brown ; base of
dorsum suffused with fuscous ; a nearly straight somewhat irregular thick
fuscous line from beyond £ of costa to | of dorsum ; a spot of fuscous suffusion
on middle of costa ; a curved series of elongate fuscous spots between veins
from | of costa to tornus: cilia ochreous-brown, tips whitish-ochreous. Hind-
wings daik fuscous, lighter towards base ; cilia whitish-ochreous, with two
faint fuscous lines.
One specimen, Peradeniya, Ceylon, in February (Green).
Anticr,ites n. g.
Head with appres=ed scales ; ocelli present ; tongue developed. Antenna?
f, in ft moderately ciliated, basal joint moderate, without pecten. Labial
palpi moderately long, subascending. with appressed scales, terminal joint shorter
than second, pointed. Maxillary palpi rudimentary. Posterior tibiae loosely
scaled above. Forewings with \b furcate, 2 from angle, 7 to termen, 11 from
before m.ddle of cell. Hindwings 1, elongate-ovate, cilia £ ; 3 and 4 short-
stalked, 8 connected with 7 beyond cell.
Not obviously allied to any genus known to me.
A nticrates chrysantha n. sp.
ft. 16 mm Head and palpi deep yellow. Antennas dark fuscous, basal
joint yellow. Thorax dark purplish-fuscous. Abiomen dark fuscous, anal
tuft pale ochreous. Forewings elongate, rather narrow, costa gently arched,
apex obtuse, termen nearly straight, oblique, rounded beneath ; dark purplish-
fuscous ; markings clear yellow ; a very broad fascia about f, unevenly
narrowed towards costa ; a triangular praetornal spot, reaching half across
wing, and a small costal spot opposite to it : cilia dark purplish-fuscous, round
apex pale yellowish on outer half. Hindwings thinly clothed with hairscales,
dark fuscous, slightly purplish-tinged ; a patch towaids base obscurely suffused
with whitish yellowish; cilia purplish-fuscous with darker suffused subbasal line.
One specimen, Maskeliya, Ceylon (Pole).
Stachyotis n. g.
Head with loosely appressed scales ; ocelli present ; tongue developed.
Antennae |, in ft pubescent, basal joint short, with dense pecten of scales.
Labial palpi moderately long, subascending thickened with rough scales
anteriorly, terminal joint as long as second, pointed. Maxillary palpi short,
porrected, scaled. Posterior tibia; clothed with long hairs above. Forewings
with 2, 3, 4 approximated from angle, 5 absent, 7 to termen, 8 and 9 short-
stalked, 11 widely remote, from before middle of cell. Hindwings 1, elongate-
ovate, cilia | ; 3 and 4 connate. 5, 6, 7 parallel, 8 free.
Perhaps related to the New Zealand genus Orthenches.
Stachyotis epichrysa n. sp.
ft. 19 mm. Head white, face sprinkled with grey. Palpi white, second
joint greyish-tinged and irrorated with blackish, terminal joint wiih subbasals
INDIAN M1CR0-LEPID0PTERA. 613
median, and apical rings of blackish irroration. Antennae grey ringed with
whitish. Thorax whitish tinged and sprinkled with fuscous. Abdomen
whitish-ochreous. Forewings elongate, rather narrow, posteriorly somewhat
dilated, costa gently arched, apex round-pointed, termen concave, oblique ; white,
partially tinged and irregularly irrorated with fuscous, with scattered blackish
strigulae ; anterior § of costa regularly strigulated with blackish ; three irreg-
ular brassy-golden fasciae edged with pale fuscous, first subbasal, obsolete on
costa, second somewhat before middle, third at f, narrow and more or less
interrupted ; a small fuscous spot on costa at -*■ : cilia ochreous-orange, external-
ly with three rows of dark purple-fuscous points. Hindwings pale grey ; cilia
grey-whitish.
One specimen, Maskeliya, Ceylon, in December (Pole).
Tineid.e.
Opostega zelopa n. sp.
$ . 5 mm. Head aud thorax white. Antennae light grey, eyecap white.
Forewings lanceolate ; white ; a broad dark fuscous anterior fascia, on costa
extending from \ to middle, much dilated downwards and on dorsum extending
from near base to near tornus, a fine dark fuscous irregular line from f of costa
to termen beneath apex, area beyond this fuscous ; a minute black apical dot :
cilia light greyish-ochreous. Hindwings light grey ; cilia whitish grey-ochreous
One specimen, Pundalu-oya, Ceylon, in May (Green).
Gracilaria perisphena n. sp.
$$. 7 — 8 mm. Head bronzy-ochreous, face white. Palpi white. An-
tennae grey. Thorax bronzy-ochreous. Abdomen grey, anal tuft whitish-
ochreous. Legs fuscous banded with white, middle tibiae not thickened.
Forewings narrow lanceolate ; bronzy-ochreous, sometimes much mixed with
dark fuscous ; four costal and three dorsal oblique white wedge-shaped streaks,
more or less edged with dark fuscous, first costal from before middle, fourth
almost vertical, first dorsal from near base, second somewhat beyond first
costal, third tornal ; a black apical spot : cilia pale grey, at apex with a white
hook edged above with a black line and beneath with an ochreous bar.
Hindwings and cilia light grey.
Two specimens, Maskeliya, Ceylon, in April (Pole).
Crobylophora staterias n. sp.
£. 5 — 6 mm. Head, antennae, and thorax shining white. Forewings
lanceolate ; shining white ; three oblique slightly converging dark fuscous lines
from costa beyond middle, directed towards tornal spot but not reaching it.
space between two anterior pale whitish-ochreous ; a round dull golden-
metallic raised tornal spot, edged laterally with blackish, and anteriorly faintly
ringed with pale yellowish ; cilia ochreous-whitish, with three fine fuscous
lines, innermost dark fuscous. Hindwings and cilia whitish.
Three specimens, Peradeniya, Ceylon, in July (Green). Larva mines large
blister-like patches (several larvae in one blister) in leaves of Plumbago capensis,
separating the cuticle from the undersurf ace of the leaf (Green).
11
«14 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
Tonza citrorrhoa n. sp.
ft. 16. mm. Head white, loosely rough-haired on crown but not tufted,
face pale yellow. Palpi, antennae, thorax, and abdomen pale whitish-yellow.
Forewings elongate, narrow, terminally dilated, costa slightly sinuate, apex
round-pointed, termen concave, rather oblique, tornus prominent, round-
pointed ; white, with series of pale fuscous transverse strigulae between veins ;
costal half except towards termen, and veins on terminal area suffused with
pale brassy-yellow ; margins of cell, and tornal veins dotted with dark fuscous ;
minute blackish dots at apex and tornus : cilia whitish, becoming pale yellowish
posteriorly, with a dark brownish postmedian line. Hindwings whitish, towards
apex yellowish-tinged and with a few grey strigulae ; cilia white.
Two specimens, Hantane, Ceylon, in March (Greenj. This is very closely
allied to the other known species, but shows slight structural as well as super-
ficial differences. The neuration is misinterpreted in my description of the
generic characters when dealing with the Australian T. purella, and should
be as follows :— Forewings with 2 and 3 stalked from angle and approximated
throughout, 4 absent, 5 connate or short-stalked with 2, 6 from middle of
transverse vein, 7 and 8 approximated at base or connate, 7 to termen, 9 absent,
10 absent, 11 from beyond middle of cell. Hindwings with 2 widely remote
from angle, 3 and 4 short -stalked from angle, 5 from middle of transverse
vein, 6 from angle of cell to beneath apex, 7 absent, 8 closely approximated to
cell and base of 6, then diverging.
Struthisca n. g.
Head loosely scaled ; ocelli absent ; tongue absent. Antenna? f, in ft bipec-
tinated or plumose to apex, basal joint short, thick. Labial palpi rather or very
short, slender, loosely scaled, pointed. Maxillary palpi obsolete. Posterior tibiae
smooth-scaled. Forewings with 16 furcate, 7 and 8 stalked or approximated, 7
to apex or costa, 9 absent, 11 widely remote, from middle of cell, secondary cell
and parting- veins defined. Hindwings £, elongate-ovate, cilia I ; 5 absent, 6 and
7 short-stalked or approximated, 8 free.
Type S. siderarcha. This genus is a development of Melasma, and shows
analogous variability of structure, but is easily separable by the absence of a vein
in both forewings and hindwings.
Struthisca holoscia n. sp.
ft. 13 — 15 mm. Head, palpi, antenna?, thorax and abdomen grey ; palpi very
short ; antennal pectinations extremely long, | of length of antennae. Forewings
moderately elongate, costa moderately arched, apex round-pointed, termen very
oblique, slightly rounded ; 7 and 8 stalked ; grey, obscurely mottled with rather
dark fuscous : cilia grey, mixed with rather dark fuscous. Hindwings and cilia grey.
Three specimens, Maskeliya, Ceylon, in February (Pole).
Struthisca mesocentra n. sp.
ft 9. 13-18 mm. Head ochreous. Palpi very short dark fuscous. An-
tennae in ft fuscous, pectinations 4 in 9 pale ochreous. Thorax and abdomen
pale greyish-ochreous. Forewings elongate, costa gently arched, apex round-
INDIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA. 615
pointed, termen very obliquely rounded ; pale greyish-ochreous, costal edge yel-
lowish-tinged ; a round blackish spot towards dorsum before \, and one in disc
slightly before middle ; a blackish bar from middle of dorsum, reaching nearly
half across wing, sometimes incomplete ; a fuscous fascia from costa before apex
narrowed downwards and not reaching tornus ; a series of black dots along
posterior half of costa and termen : cilia whitish-ochreous. Hindwings light
fuscous ; cilia whitish-ochreous.
Three specimens, Kandy, Ceylon, in March (Green).
Struthisca thranitis n. sp.
$ 15 mm., 9 25 mm. Head pale ochreous-yellowish. Palpi short, pale
ochreous, mixed with dark fuscous except towards apex. Antennae pale ochre-
ous, in 9 mixed with fuscous, pectinations in $ 3. Thorax fuscous, patagia in
£ whitish-ochreous. Abdomen pale ochreous, suffused with fuscous on sides
and posteriorly, anal tuft pale ochreous. Forewings elongate, posteriorly di-
lated, costa moderately arched, apex obtuse, termen slightly rounded, rather
strongly oblique ; in $ whitish-ochreous sprinkled with dark fuscous, in $
whitish-fuscous coarsely strigulated with dark fuscous ; base of costa dark
fuscous ; a straight dark fuscous fascia from beneath cdsta before middle to
middle of dorsum ; a roundish spot of dark fuscous suffusion in disk beyond § ;
in $ two or three dark fuscous strigulae towards apex : cilia in £ whitish-
ochreous, in 9 whitish -fuscous. Hindwings and cilia light fuscous.
Two specimens, Maskeliya, Ceylon, in March (Pole).
Struthisca siderarcha n. sp.
£, 15 — 17 mm , 9 22 mm. Head fuscous, crown mixed with pale ochreous.
Palpi moderate, pale ochreous mixed with dark fuscous. Antennae pale ochreous,
in 9 mixed with fuscous, pectinations in $ 6, fuscous. Thorax purplish-
bronzy-fuscous. Abdomen fuscous. Forewings moderately broad, more elon-
gate in 9 , costa moderately arched, apex rounded, termen obliquely rounded ;
in $ purplish-bronzy-fuscous, in 9 metallic bluish-leaden-fuscous, in both
sexes coarsely strigulated with dark fuscous ; a moderate dark fuscous fascia
from | of costa to middle of dorsum ; a dark fuscous bar from costa at f,
reaching half across wing : cilia purplish-fuscous. Hindwings bronzy-fuscous,
darker posteriorly : cilia purplish-fuscous.
Four specimens, Maskeliya, Ceylon, in February (Pole).
Melasina Boisd.
Characters extended as follows : Forewings sometimes with 8 and 9 stalked, or
9 and 10 stalked, or 9 and 10 out of 8, or all veins separate. These differences
are probably usually available for specific discrimination, but are not always
constant even specifically, and the species exhibiting them, which agree well
together in other structural characters and superficially, must properly be
included in the same genus.
Melasina tetraspila n. sp.
$, 23 — 26 mm. Head light ochreous-yellowish, Palpi short, fuscous. An-
tennae pale ochreous mixed with fuscous, pectinations 3. Thorax ochreous-
616 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
whitish, shoulders suffused with fuscous. Abdomen pale greyish-ochreous.
Forewings elongate, posteriorly dilated, costa moderately arched, apex rounded,
termen obliquely rounded ; 9 and 10 out of 8 ; ochreous-whitish, thinly strewn
with fuscous strigulse ; costal edge suffused with ochreous ; a moderate
fuscous spot on base of costa and two on costa at ^ and f, reaching half
across wing, enclosing pale dots on costa ; a fuscous spot on middle of
dorsum, reaching £ across wing : cilia ochreous-whitish, on costa spotted with
fuscous. Hindwings pale greyish-ochreous ; cilia ochreous-whitish, basal half
more ochreous.
Two specimens, Peradeniya and Koolanda, Ceylon, in June and October
(Green).
Melasma autadelpha n. sp.
ft. 22 — 25 mm. Head light ochreous-yellow, face fuscous. Palpi very short,
fuscous. Antennae pale ochreous, pectinations 1£. Thorax pale fuscous, an-
teriorly suffused with darker. Abdomen light fuscous. Forewings moderately
elongate, rather dilated posteriorly, costa moderately arched, apex rounded,
termen obliquely rounded ; 9 and 10 out of 8 ; pale fuscous, indistinctly
mottled with darker ; cilia whitish-fuscous. Hindwings pale fuscous ; cilia
pale greyish-ochreous.
Three specimens, Koni, Burma (Manders). Very similar superficially to
M. ochrocoma, but structurally distinct.
Melasma platyzona n. sp.
9. 18 — 21 mm. Head whitish-ochreous, sides with a few dark fuscous hairs.
Palpi moderate, whitish-ochreous, second joint irrorated with dark fuscous.
Antennae pale ochreous. Thorax pale yellow-ochreous, more or less mixed
with fuscous and sometimes with dark fuscous. Abdomen pale ochreous
or whitish-ochreous. Forewings moderately elongate, costa moderately
arched, apex rounded-obtuse, termen obliquely rounded ; 8 and 9 stalked ;
ochreous-white, with a very few scattered dark fuscous scales ; three brownish
fasciae irrorated or suffused with dark fuscous ; first broad, basal, outer edge
somewhat oblique ; second broad, from middle of costa to before tornus ;
third narrow, terminal, irregular and more or less interrupted : cilia ochreous-
white, with a few dark fuscous scales. Hindwings light brassy -grey ; cilia
ochreous-whitish, with traces of a fuscous shade.
Four specimens, Peradeniya and Galboda, Ceylon, in August and December
(Green).
Melasma energa n. sp.
ft. 20-23 mm. Head pale ochreous, somewhat mixed with dark fuscous.
Palpi moderately long, dark fuscous, terminal joint pale ochreous. Antennie
pale ochreous, pectinations in ft 5. Thorax pale ochreous mixed with fuscous
and dark fuscous. Abdomen pale fuscous, anal tuft pale ochreous. Forewings
moderately elongate, costa moderately arched, apex rounded-obtuse, termen
obliquely rounded ; 9 and 10 usually stalked ; whitish-ochreous irrorated with
fuscous, and strewn with coarse irregular dark fuscous strigulae, sometimes little
INDIAN M1CR0-LEPID0PTERA. 617
marked ; dark fuscous suffusion appearing to form a basal patch, a fascia from
£ of costa to near dorsum beyond middle, an oblique streak from costa beyond
middle reaching half across wing and terminating in a darker discal spot, and a
subterminal line, but these are all very ill-defined and sometimes little marked:
cilia whitish-ochreous with two fuscous shades, outer half barred with fus-
cous. Hindwings pale fuscous, sprinkled with darker ; cilia whitish-ochreous
with two fuscous shades, sometimes very faint.
Ten specimens, Peradeniya, Tangalla, and Yatiyantota, Ceylon, in March,
April, and June (Green).
Ereunetis melanastra Meyr.
Twenty-three specimens, Udagama and Peradeniya, Ceylon, in February,
March, and November (Green). Bred in plenty from decaying bark of dead
Bevea braziliensis (Para rubber) in February (Green) ; perhaps, however, like
other feeders on dead wood, it may not be particular as to the kind of tree.
Originally described from Fiji, and I have it from Funafuti.
Epactris n. g.
Head rough-haired ; ocelli present ; tongue absent. Antennae somewhat
over 1, in $ thick, filiform, simple. Labial palpi moderately long, subascend-
ing, with appressed scales or somewhat roughened beneath, terminal joint
shorter than second, somewhat pointed. Maxillary-palpi several jointed,
folded. Posterior tibiae clothed with long hairs. Forewings with 2 from
before angle, 7 to costa, 11 from before middle, secondary cell indicated.
Hindwings under 1, ovate-lanceolate, cilia \\ ; 2 remote, 3 and 4 approximated
from angle, G absent.
Allied to Tinea, but distinguished by the long antennae and absence of vein
6 of hindwings.
Epactris melanchata n. sp .
£. 12-13 mm. Head blackish-fuscous. Palpi rather dark fuscous. Antennae
whitish-ochreous, basal joint blackish-fuscous. Thorax blackish-bronze, apex of
patagia and posterior extremity pale ochreous-yellow. Abdomen pale ochreous.
Forewings elongate, narrow, costa gently arched, apex round-pointed, termen
extremely obliquely rounded ; pale ochreous-yellow ; markings rather dark
fuscous ; a thick streak along basal f of costa, dilated near base, posteriorly
confluent with an irregular antemedian discal spot ; a dorsal mark near base, and
a short streak along dorsum before middle ; a spot on middle of costa ; an
irregular elongate spot beneath middle of disc ; an irregular subquadrate blotch
from costa about §, enclosing a costal spot of ground colour, and reaching §
across wing, its lower angles connected with median discal spot and terminal
streak respectively ; a narrow streak along termen : cilia whitish-ochreous
Hindwings pale grey ; cilia whitish-grey-ochreous.
Two specimens, Maskeliya, Ceylon, in February and March (Pole).
Chrysoryctis syruxma n. sp.
£. 12-19 mm. Head ochreous-yellow. Palpi dark fuscous. Antennae pale
fuscous, darker-ringed. Thorax dark purplish-fuscous. Abdomen bronzy-
618 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
fuscous. Forewings elongate, rather narrow, costa moderately arched, apex
round-pointed, termen extremely obliquely rounded ; shining ochreous-yellow ;
a rather narrow dark purplish-fuscous basal fascia ; costal edge slenderly suffus-
ed with dark fuscous to near middle ; a more or less undefined fuscous terminal
fascia, anterior edge irregular, running from £ of costa to tornus : cilia pale
yellowish irrorated with fuscous and dark fuscous. Hindwings bronzy-fuscous,
sometimes posteriorly dark fuscous ; cilia pale fuscous.
Two specimens, Maskeliya and Yatiyantota, Ceylon, in March (Pole, Green).
Very closely allied to some of the Australian species of the genus, yet apparently
distinct ; it differs from all by the rather narrow dark basal fascia, the Aus-
tralian species having either a broad fascia or else only the extreme base dark.
Monopis dicycla n. sp.
£.11 mm. Head whitish-ochreous. Palpi dark fuscous, tip whitish-ochreous.
Antennae dark fuscous, paler towards apex, basal joint whitish-ochreous. Tho-
rax whitish-ochreous, patagia dark fuscous. Abdomen grey. Forewings lance-
olate ; 7 and 8 stalked ; fuscous mixed with dark fuscous ; discal impression
paler and thinly scaled, surmounted by a pale ochreous-yellowish mark ; two
connected light ochreous-yellow semicircular dorsal spots, extending from near
base almost to tornus, not reaching half across wing, with a small dark fuscous
spot lying between them beneath discal impression : cilia ochreous-yellow
sprinkled with dark fuscous. Hindwings grey ; cilia pale grey.
One specimen, Maskeliya, Ceylon, in February (Pole). Allied to ferruginella,
Hb.
Monopis tripetala n. sp.
$. 17 mm. Head white, side tufts dark fuscous with pale ochreous tips.
Palpi fuscous, terminal joint pale ochreous. Antennae pale ochreous. Thorax
dark bronzy-fuscous. Abdomen light ochreous. Forewings elongate, rather
narrow, costa moderately arched, apex round-pointed, termen oblique, slightly
rounded; 6, 7, 8 separate ; dark purple-fuscous ; three semioval ochreous-whitish
blotches, first largest, extending on dorsum from near base to middle, and
reaching f across wing, second extending on costa from before middle to f and
reaching nearly half across wing, third extending on dorsum from § to tornus
and reaching ^ across wing : cilia dark fuscous, beneath tornus ochreous-whitish.
Hindwings whitish-ochreous suffused with pale bronzy-fuscous ; cilia whitish-
ochreous.
One specimen, Peradeniya, Ceylon, in December (Green). Allied to the
Australian M. meliorella.
Tinea brachychlora n. sp.
9 . 15 mm. Head ochreous-fuscous mixed with blackish. Palpi rather dark
fuscous. Antenna? pale ochreous-yellowish, basally mixed with dark fuscous.
Thorax pale yellow, anterior third dark bronzy-fuscous. (Abdomen broken.)
Forewings rather broadly lanceolate ; dark bronzy-fuscous ; markings pale
ochreous-yellow ; a patch occupying basal §, its edge acutely angulated near
costa, beneath this slightly concave ; rest of costa marked with eight short
INDIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA. 619
oblique striguke ; a slender waved streak along termen, on lower half dilated
into a triangular spot : cilia pale ochreous-yellow, at apex with two dark fuscous
hooks. Hindwings whitish-grey, more ochreous-whitish towards base ; cilia
ochreous-whitish.
One specimen, Maskeliya, Ceylon, in March (Pole).
Tinea pachyspila n. sp.
$ 9 . 10-14 mm. Headlight greyish-ochreous. Palpi and antennae light
fuscous. Thorax light greyish-ochreous, sprinkled with fuscous. Abdomen
greyish-ochreous. Forewings elongate, narrow, costa gently arched, apex
round-pointed, termen extremely obliquely rounded ; light greyish-ochreous
sprinkled with fuscous ; a round fuscous spot in disc near base ; stigmata re-
presented by round rather dark fuscous spots, first discal largest, plical beneath
and sometimes confluent with first discal, an additional spot beneath and more
or less confluent with second discal : cilia pale greyish-ochreous, somewhat
mixed with light fuscous towards base, becoming ochreous-whitish towards
tips. Hindwings bronzy-grey ; cilia pale bronzy-grey.
Three specimens, Peradeniya, Ceylon, in March (Green) ; but also stated by
Mr. Green to be common in every bungalow throughout the island. Larva
case-bearing, feeding on flannel, fur, &c., all the year round (Green) ; case
relatively large, fusiform-cylindrical, composed of silk covered with grains of
sand and fragments of cinder and brick-dust.
Nemotois corybantis n. sp.
$ 9. 13-15 mm. Head in $ dark indigo-grey, in 9 face metallic-grey,
crown ochreous-yellowish. Palpi ochreous, hairs dark fuscous. Antennae in A
white, towards base dark fuscous and thickened with metallic-blue scales, in 9
whitish ringed with dark grey, basal half much thickened, with purple-fuscous
scales, uppermost dark fuscous and terminating abruptly. Thorax in g dark
purple-bronzy-fuscous, in 9 bronzy-grey margined with orange. Abdomen dark
grey. Forewings elongate, posteriorly dilated, costa moderately arched, apex
obtuse, termen rather strongly oblique, slightly rounded ; bright orange ; a shot
silvery-metallic longitudinal streak from base above middle ; a rather narrow
direct fascia of ground colour, in $ antemedian, in 9 median, enclosed by two
bluish-silvery-metallic lines, second finely edged anteriorly with dark fuscous
and interrupted by an orange dot above middle ; wing beyond this wholly bright
coppery-purple, in 9 mixed with blackish-fuscous : cilia in $ purple-bronzy in
9 dark purple-fuscous. Hindwings rather dark purplish-grey, darker and
more purple in 9 5 cilia grey.
Six specimens, Peradeniya and Kandy, Ceylon, in July, August, and Decem-
ber (Green).
LIBRARY
<V^J^/v^
620
A VISIT TO NARCONDAM.
By
b. b. osmaston, i.f.s.
Narcondam is a small solitary island situated in the Andaman Sea in
Lat. 13°-26'. It is well out of sight of land, the nearest being the Great Cocos
and North Andaman Islands, both about 80 miles distant to the north-west and
west, respectively.
The island is about seven miles in circumference and the central peak reaches
a height of 2,200 feet above the sea.
It rises abruptly out of a deep sea from over 500 fathoms and its origin is cer-
tainly volcanic, though there are no signs of a crater or of any recent volcanic
activity.
It having been decided that the forest growth in Narcondam should be
explored with a view to ascertain whether any of the valuable Andaman Padouk
(Pterocarpus dalbergioides) occurred there, I gladly availed myself of the
opportunity of visiting such an interesting and unfrequented island. I spent
five days, October 1st to 6th, camped on the island in company with my friend
C. Gilbert Rogers during which time we thoroughly explored a great part of
the island, ascending the central peak, as well as circumnavigating the island in
a nine foot canvas canoe.
The whole island is clothed more or less densely with forest from coast line to
summit. In places the jungle is almost impenetrable ; in others one can move '
about freely in the dense shade afforded by palms (chiefly Caryota mitis) under a
lofty canopy of huge forest trees including immense figs but no Padouk or
other valuable timber.
Fresh water is not to be found anywhere on the island except at a spot near
the north-east corner where there was a small pool in the bed of a stream which
however would certainly be dry from November to April. Most of my time
was devoted to a study of the birds which, however, I found to be scarce both
in species and individuals.
Altogether seventeen kinds were observed, of which at least seven are only
seasonal visitors.
The following short account of the birds obtained may be of interest : —
(1). Rhytidoceros narcondami (The Narcondam Hornbill).
This Hornbill is, as is well known, peculiar to Narcondam where it was dis-
covered by Hume in 1873. I found it fairly numerous in the high forest which
clothes the lower slopes of the mountain down to the coast.
They are both noisy and fearless and from their conspicuous black and white
colouration are bound to attract the attention of the most unobservant.
I found them feeding exclusively on figs, and such trees in fruit formed a
centre of attraction to the birds who resorted to them from far and near. By
standing under such trees any number of shots could be obtained. I secured
altogether ten specimens which were carefully skinned and preserved. Five
A VISIT TO NARCONDAM. G21
times that number might easily have been shot but I refrained from killing more
owing to the rarity of the species. This Hornbill, restricted as it is to an area
of under three square miles must be, judging from the number of individuals,
one of the rarest, if not the rarest, bird in the world.
At a liberal estimate there cannot be more than about 200 Hornbills on
Narcondam.
(2). Palceomis magnirostris (The Large Andaman Paroquet).
This Paroquet which is so common in the Andamans is also fairly numerous
on Narcondam. It keeps chiefly to the top of lofty trees and is difficult to
procure.
The only species of Paroquet previously recorded from this island is P. tytleri
(The Red-cheeked Andaman Paroquet). I know this species well but neithei
heard nor saw anything of it — so I am inclined to think a mistake was made and
that the only species is P. magnirostris.
(i>). Aracnecthra audamanica (The Andaman Sun-bird).
This little honey-sucker is the commonest bird on the island. It chiefly frt,-
quents the coast.
(4). Myristicivora bicolor (The Pied Imperial Pigeon).
This fine conspicuous pigeon is fairly common especially near the shore.
Mr. A. O. Hume says it is only a seasonal visitor, though on what grounds
I do not know. I should not be surprised to find it proved to be a
resident.
(5). Halcyon pileata (The Black-capped Kingfisher).
I saw only two specimens of this beautiful Kingfisher, so it is presumably
rather rare.
(6). Collocalia innominala (Hume's Swiftlet).
I saw a number of these Swiftlets hawking flies around the summit of
the mountain. They probably breed in the caves along the south coast of the
island.
(7). Lepterodius sacer (The Eastern Reef-Heron).
This Reef-Heron is fairly common along the coast.
(8). Halia'etus leucogaster (The White-bellied Sea-Eagle).
I saw a pair, as well as a young bird in immature plumage.
(9). Astur (?) species.
I saw two small hawks circling around the top of the mountain. They
resembled Astur in their flight. They may have been merely accidental
visitors.
(10). Clialcophaps indica (The Bronze-winged Dove).
I shot a single specimen of this dove, the only one I saw. It is apparently
very rare.
(11). Eudynamis honor ata (The Indian Koel).
I heard and saw a good many Koel. They are undoubtedly, as in the Anda-
mans, only cold weather visitors.
12
622 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XV L.
(12). Hirundo rustica (The Swallow).
Common along the shore and near the summit. Migratory.
(13). Motacilla melanope (The Grey Wagtail).
(14). Limonidromus indicus (The Forest-Wagtail).
(15). Strepsilas interpret (The Turnstone). ^ Winter migrants.
(16). Totanus hypoleucus (The Common Sandpiper).
(17). Merops philippinus (The Blue-tailed Bee-eater).
Among mammals I found two species of Fruit Bats. The Nicobar Flying- Fox
{Pteropus nicobaricus) and another smaller species, as well as a rat which appeared
to be semi-arboreal in its habits. Of reptiles Varanus salvator (The Ceylon
Monitor) was very common, especially near the shore. They use their powerful
tails in self-defence, inflicting a nasty blow upon any one approaching them
incautiously from behind.
Skinks of various sizes were also very common as well as Calotes sp. and a
beautiful little green lizard provided with suctorial feet.
We also obtained a snake but no frogs or toads.
The ground was, as is usual on such islands, alive with hermit crabs of all
sizes, and large whitish land crabs were to be found in holes at the root of some
of the larger trees. Mosquitoes were fortunately very rare owing no doubt
chiefly to the absence of fresh water.
I saw a couple of scorpions under fallen wood.
The forest belongs to the tropical evergreen type and some of the trees
attain very large dimensions both in girth and height. Figs are very numerous,
and it is no doubt largely due to this fact that so large a number of fruit-
eating birds can support themselves all the year round on so small an area.
Towards the summit of the mountain the tree growth becomes stunted and
the vegetation alters markedly in character, such genera as Strobilanthes ,
sEschynanthus and Begonia being represented, which recall the flora of the
eastern temperate Himalayas.
The temperature at the top of the mountain at midday was 74° in the shade,
that at the bottom under similar conditions being 82°.
The view from the top wras most impressive, commanding as it does the whole
of the island, which is spread out at one's feet, surrounded by the limitless
ocean.
623
THE OULICID FAUNA OF THE ADEN HINTERLAND,
THEIR HAUNTS AND HABITS.
By W. S. Patton, m.b. (Edin.), Lt., i.m.s.
(With Plates A, B, C, D, and a Map.)
(Read before the Bombay Natural History Society on Z\st Aug. 1905.)
The following paper is the outcome of a year's study of the Culicidas of
the Aden Hinterland, the notes for which were made when serving with a
Native Field Hospital.
One could not help being struck with the large number of men who suffered
from a very severe type of malaria, and yet nothing was known about the
species of Anopheles that was carrying the malaria parasite. It was this that
led me to investigate the matter, studying, more particularly, the Anopheles
mosquitoes that are to be found in the District.
As an introduction a short description of the journey from Aden to D'thala,
the furthest British Post in the Hinterland, is given, as a very vague idea exists
as to where the Hinterland is, judging from the addresses of many letters
received there.
The Hinterland can be roughly described as that part of Southern Arabia,
outside Aden, under British Protection, stretching from Point Murad, on the
Gulf of Aden, inland in a north-easterly direction passing Kataba, the Turkish
frontier town, 9 miles from D'thala, to the Great Arabian Desert.
This boundary has already been delimitated and is roughly about 300 miles
long ; from here the boundary, yet to be mapped out, stretches in an easterly
direction reaching the coast north-east of Aden.
After leaving Aden, the first halt is made at Sheik Othaman, where there
is a rest camp on the further side of the town. Sheik, 9 miles from Aden,
has a population of about 7,000. The country house of the Resident is here,
situated in a thickly wooded garden.
The road from Sheik to Bir Said Ali, the next post about 12 miles from Sheik,
crosses a sandy desert. It is a very tedious and trying march in the hot weather.
There is a Standing Camp at Bir Said Ali and good drinking water can be
obtained from the wells close by.
Salim, 11 miles further, the next halting place, is situated about 200 yards
from the Wady es Saghir. It is a most undesirable spot, exceedingly hot and
sandy, and is infested with camel ticks, mosquitoes and sand flies.
Next morning, trekking almost due north, the Wady Tiban is met at Silula,
after leaving it on the left, the villages of Zaida, Shaka, and Al Anad are passed,
from which last, Nobat Dakin, the next post, comes into view.
Nobat, 1,100 feet up, is situated on a spur, about \ mile above the Wadv
Tiban. It is the head-quarters of the lines of communication, consisting of
a large Supply and Transport Depot with a detachment of Native Infantry
under a British Officer.
624 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
The next march to El Milleh, 14 miles from Nobat, is up the dry bed of the
Sailah Bileh for 7 miles, then the track leaves the bed and passes over the
hills to El Milleh.
El Milleh, where there is a small blockhouse, is situated on a plain, just
above a dry river bed. There is a legend attached to some graves, within a
few hundred yards of the camp, that they belong to some sailors who were
shipwrecked close by.
El Milleh to Hardeba, is a stage of 12 miles over a good track ; about 8 miles
from El Milleh, looking due east, two miles from the path, one sees the Fort
of Sulek, the centre of the late Kotaibi Operations.
Hardeba is situated on the Saileh Hardeba, and has a good water-supply
from a perennial spring below the Fort. The path onwards to Ehado, the
next halt, a nine-mile march, is along a dry bed, which in parts is thickly
wooded and rather picturesque for this part of Arabia. It is exceedingly
unwise to encamp in the river bed during the rainy season, as mountain torrents
swelled by the storms in the mountains above make their appearance without
much warning and wash everything before them.
Rhado brings one on the 7th evening to the foot of the D'thala hills and the last
march is accomplished by ascending either the Kuraba or the Robart Pass.
D'thala, a plateau 5,000 feet, named after the village, is situated at the foot of
the Jehaf Range. The climate is salubrious and compares favourably with
Indian stations such as Poona. The weather is bracing from December to March,
The rainy season consisting of June, July, and August are delightful months.
They are characterized by frequent afternoon thunderstorms, seldom raining
continuously but lasting for about two hours. The average rainfall is moderate,
amounting to about 20 inches.
After this short introduction, I will take up the detailed description of the
various mosquitoes, starting with the Anopheles. The accompanying skeleton
map of the Hinterland has the names of the different species marked on it.
It is especially intended to show the distribution of the various Anopheles
Mosquitoes that are found in the country.
After examining some hundreds of specimens of the five Arabian Anopheles,
I came to the conclusion they were distinct species for the following reasons : —
(1) The adult females differ from the descriptions of all the known
Anopheles.
(2) The eggs and larvae are distinct from any that have yet been de-
scribed.
Thanks to the excellent works of Captain James, I.M.S., Dr. J. W. W.
Stephens and Lieut. S. R. Christophers, I.M.S., on the eggs and larvae of most
of the Indian Anopheles, one is able to say a species of Anopheles is a distinct
one, if a definite difference between the eggs and the larvae of any two species
can be shown to exist.
It will be noted the five Anopheles are named after different parts of the
country, thus enabling anyone to locate these species.
Jouri). Bonjbay Nat hist Soc. VOL. XVI,
MAP OF THE ADEN HINTERLAND.
TO ILLUSTRATE THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE
ANOPHELES,
A. A ANOPHELES ARABIANENSIS.
DTHALI.
TIBANI.
JEHAFI
AZRIKI
ScoJe /=
LaJvej is aoprox
CULICID FAUNA OF THE ADEN HINTERLAND. 625
.Anopheles arabiensis n. sp.
Palpi, three white bands, remainder brown, thorax mouldy with silvery hair-
like curved scales. Abdomen brown, covered with dark hairs. Legs banded
at all joints.
Female. — Head black, occiput and nape covered with brown upright forked
scales. Long curved silvery hairs project over the eyes and clypeus. Scattered
over the back of the head there are a few narrow curved and spindle-shaped
scales.
Palpi (Fig. 1) are not densely scaled and show three white bands including
the apices. The lowest band is about a third of the way up the palpus and
is intermediate in size. The central band is the smallest and the apical the
broadest. Proboscis brown with yellow apex. Clypeus dark-brown, antennas
are dark with silvery hairs, the basal joint being large and globular.
Thorax light brown, anteriorly there are a few dark, forked and spindle-
shaped scales. Scattered over the dorsum there are long and short hair-like
curved scales. Prothoracic lobes have a few hairs on them.
Abdomen has no scales on either surface, but long brown hairs.
Wing (Fig. 2) is spotted, with costa showing 7 dark spots, four long ana
three short. Subcostal vein has two dark spots below the fifth and sixth
costal spots. The 1st longitudinal has four black spots, the second is divided
into two, sometimes three. The 2nd vein has two black spots on main stem,
two on upper and three on lower stem of each branch — often one spot is
wanting on each. The 3rd vein has two small patches near its origin and one
near its termination — this is most constant. The 4th long vein has two long
black spots on the main stem and two on each branch. The 5th has one
small spot on the main stem, two on the upper and one on the lower branch.
The 6th vein has three spots, one near its origin, one in the centre and one at
its termination. The wing fringe is dark with white areas at the junction of
all the veins and with a white spot between the junction of the (5th vein and
the base of the wing. This spot is sometimes absent.
Legs dark brown with yellowish bands at all the joints. The femur and
tibia of the hind leg are speckled, the latter often has a well marked band
at its lower end, ungues are simple and equal.
Male. — The upright forked scales are better marked, otherwise the cephalic
ornamentation is the same as in the female.
Palpi (Fig. 1) are lightly scaled, the lowest band is the same as in the female,
though less distinct. The next band is situated at the junction of the club-
shaped apical segment with the lower end, then follows a long white band,
then a small black patch, which is sometimes wanting, and lastly the apex is
white.
The thorax and abdomen are the same as in the female, sometimes a few
spindle-shaped scales are seen on the last abdominal segment.
Genitalia. — Basal segment is curved and globular, covered with brown hairs,
apical segment is long and narrow terminating in a point.
626 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
Wing ornamentation is the same as in the female. The legs are faintly
banded at all the joints. Fore ungues are unequal and uniserrated.
Larva. — Head is black, thorax dark, brown in centre, paler at the sides,
abdomen is dark brown. The antennae have no spine on outer side. Fronial
hairs simple and unbranched.
Palmate hairs are present on 2-7th segment inclusive ; there are undeveloped
hairs on the 1st segment. The blade is long and dark, the shoulder serrated
and the filament long and pointed.
Egg (Fig. 3) is boat-shaped, with a narrow striated frill extending all round the
margin of the upper surface. The float is lateral, extending nearly to each end,
but nearer the narrower. It does not encroach on the frill. The ova are as
a rule laid in the early morning on the surface of some floating object. They
are laid in irregular groups and only display star-shaped and other patterns
when disturbed by the wind or current.
Habitat and Observations. — A. arabimsis has been found from Sheik Othaman
to D'thala. It is the common anopheles of the district and is the chief and,
as far as the writer can say, the only certain malaria transmitter in nature. It
loves breeding in running water and is found in all the small streams and
irrigation channels round about Lahej. It has also been found breeding in
wells. In most parts of the country water is obtained from deep wells, 40-50
feet below the surface.
Adult females were found in the tents of the rest camp at Sheik Othaman
in February 1904 and in January 1905 larvae were found breeding in the
irrigation channels in the garden of the Resident's bungalow. A careful search
was made for larvas in June to September, but neither adult imagines nor
larva? were found. It is most probable that it comes into season early in
November and remains till April or May. This almost exactly corresponds with
the fever season at ^heik.
The same can be said about Bir Said Ali, where it breeds in the local wells.
Many adult females were caught in the tents in February 1905.
It abounds in all the pools and streams around Lahej and Salim, where
there is much cultivation. The tents occupied by the sepoys at Salim
contained large numbers of this mosquito in September, January and
February. Nobat has long been famous for its fever and it was found that
this anopheles, though present in the Wady Tiban practically all the year
round, is most numerous from March to ^November. It breeds in the wells at
El Milleh during the hot weather. It was found in the wells around Sulek and
Ulub ; it was at the latter place in May 1904 that this anopheles was found for
the first time breeding in the well near Ulub. The water was stored in tanks
in the camp and all precautions were taken from preventing any larvae from
Hardeba being brought to the camp and placed in the tanks. I personally
inspected the tanks immediately after the water was brought. Adult females
were caught every morning in a tent nearest to the Ulub well (900 yds.).
One morning the sepcy in charge informed me some larvae were brought in the
Journ. Borobay Nat. Hist. Soc. VOL. XVI.
PLATE A
FIG. 3 EGG
FIG. 1 PALPI
FIG. 2 WING
DIAGRAMS OF ANOPHELES ARABIENSIS N. SP.
FIG. 5 WING
FIG. 6
LEAF OF PALMATE HAIR
FIG. 4 PALPI
DIAGRAMS OF ANOPHELES DTHALI N. SP.
FIG. 7 EGG
CULICID FAUNA OF THE ADEN HINTERLAND. 627
water from the well. The Hardeba water was kept quite separate. This then
explained the presence of the few females which were caught every morning.
At Hardeba it breeds in the spring water and many pools which collect in the
river bed, chiefly from March to November.
It breeds in all the wells around D'thala from May to the end of October.
It was also found in two springs near D'thala. Towards the middle of October
at D'thala most of the adults bred out of larvae were very miniature and I feel
certain that if these specimens had been sent to the British Museum for identi-
fication they would have been labelled differently. They had hardly any palpal
markings and the wing fields were quite pale. This seasonal variation Avas
observed in the earlier part of the year when this anopheles begins to come into
season.
It was at D'thala that this mosquito was dissected and sporozoits were found.
When on a short visit to Am Riga in the Subahai country this anopheles
was found breeding with Culexpipiens in brackish water.
This anopheles was never found by me in Aden, but Dr. Young of Sheik
Otharaan informed me that he once observed an anopheles mosquito at Steamer
Point, which was most probably, he thought, arabiensis. I am certain this
mosquito will be found in the wells both at the Crater and Steamer Point and
that it has made its way into Aden from Sheik Othaman. When stationed in
Aden a short time I undertook to estimate the endemic index and soon found
malaria parasites in children who were born in Aden and who had never been
out if it.
This anopheles is closely related to A. rossii and A. ludlowii, but there
are some important differences, which will be seen on comparing them. Speci-
mens of this mosquito were sent to Mr. Theobald in May 1904 and they were
said to be .4. ivellcomei, Theobald. Since then I have read the description of
A. ivellcomei in the First Report of the Gordon Memorial College and it is
obvious to me that they are not the same. I sent some specimens to
Dr. Stephens, saying Mr. Theobald thought they were A. ivellcomei. He
compared them with the type in the British Museum and he informed me they
were quite distinct.
Curiously enough though Mr. Theobald informed me that this mosquito was,
in his opinion, A. ivellcomei, yet in a note on A. pharceusis he says, "it also
extends into Arabia, having recently been sent me from the Aden Hinter-
land." This note is obviously meant for A. ivellcomei as up to that time
(September 1904), when the report first appeared, this was the only anopheles I
sent to Mr. Theobald. It is hardly necessary to say not a single specimen of A.
pkarceusis was found by me anywhere in the Hinterland.
Anopheles dthali n.sp.
Palpi pale with two white bands, thorax light brown covered with curved
scales.
Abdomen greenish with darker patches in parts. Legs brown with yellowish
bands at the joints.
628 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
Female. — Head light brown with many long light brown upright forked scales ;
clypeus grey, antenna? light brown with light and dark hairs. Palpi (Fig. 4)
lightly scaled with two white bands, one at the junction of the middle with the
upper third and the second at the junction of the middle and lower third.
The apex is dark.
Thorax yellowish brown covered with pale curved hairs and scales. The
sides of the meso-thorax are greenish in some lights ; scutellum is brown with
a few curved scales.
Abdomen, greenish with darker patches, is covered with light brown hairs.
Legs are brown with faint yellow bands at all the joints.
Wing (Fig. 5), the costa has four black spots, the basal spot being the longest.
The sub-costal has one black spot near its termination.
The 1st long vein has four black spots corresponding to the four on costa.
The remainder of the wing field is pale. The wing fringe is dark. There are
no pale patches.
Male is much paler than the female, the upright forked scales on head are more
prominent. The palpi are exceedingly pale, there are practically no bands ;
thorax and abdomen same as in female.
Legs are brown with yellow areas at the joints ; fore ungues unequal and
uniserrated.
The wing has the same markings as in the female.
Genitalia. — Basal segment medium sized covered with light brown hairs,
apical segment narrow, much curved and terminating in a point.
Larva. — Head brown, thorax dark, body almost black with some light
mottling.
Frontal hairs are simple and unbranched. Antennae have a spine on the
outer border about midway.
Cephalic ornamentation same as that of Anopheles tibani (below). Palm-
ate hairs extend from 1st to 7th segment inclusive with modified hairs on the
thorax. The blade is long with no definite shoulders (Fig. 6) and is serrated
more on one side than on the other. The filament is as long as the blade.
Eq<j (Fig. 7) is boat shaped with a narrow striated frill, it is encroached
upon by the floats, which are well marked almost meeting in the middle
line.
Habitat and Observations. — This anopheles was first found breeding in a
spring near D'thala. It was never found in any of the wells around D'thala.
At Hardeba it breeds in the spring from October to April. It was found in
the tents at Sulek in January 1905 and was breeding in the well 50 yards below
the Camp.
This anopheles was also found at the new camp at Nobat, which is 1 j miles
from the river. It was then biting freely and was, I am sure, carrying the
malaria parasite, though this was not definitely settled. Specimens of this
anopheles were sent to Mr. Theobald, who informed me it was undoubtedly
a new species, bat related to Anopheles nili described in the First Report of
Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc VOL. XVI.
PLATE B
FIG. hi
LEAF OF
PALMATE HAIR
FIG. 10
HIND LEG
FIG. 8 PALPI
FIG, 9 WING
J
FIG. 13 EGG
7 V i*ii'-'tiOi
FIG
BL
/?
LARVAL HEAD
DIACRAMS OF ANOPHELES TIBANI N. SP.
CULICID FAUNA OF THE ADEN HINTERLAND. 629
the Gordon Memorial College Laboratory. It can be at once distinguished from
A. nili by the apical segment of the palpns being black, also by the two white
palpal bands.
Anopheles (Nssorhynchus) tibani n. sp.
Palpi three white bands, sometimes four, remainder black. Thorax black
with silvery mottling with many light curved scales. Legs banded, hind leg
has 2£-2§ segments pure white.
Female. — Head black with silvery dots here and there ; occiput and nape
are covered with black, upright forked scales, scattered about are many white
spindle-shaped scales. A tuft of light hairs spread over the clypeus. Palpi
(Fig. 8) are black with three white bands including the apex, the bands are
arranged as follows : — A narrow white band is situated towards the base,
a broader band about the centre and an equally broad band at apex. 'J here is-
sometimes a narrow black band dividing the apical band into two. Proboscis
dark brown and longer than the palpi, clypeus is black. Antennae dark with
light and dark hairs, basal segments are globular and have a few white scales
on its inner side.
Thorax. — Prothoracic lobes are black with long light curved hairs, dorsum
of thorax is covered with light and dark scales, with many spindle-shaped
scales. The dorsum has a general silvery appearance. Scutellum is dark
with a row of black bristles and scales. Metanotum is dark, halteres dark with
a few minute flat scales.
Abdomen is covered with black hairs, there are a few scales on the last
abdominal segment.
Wing (Fig. 9) is much spotted, costa has six dark spots and sub-costal two.
The first longitudinal has six spots, the central spot being divided into three.
The second vein has two dark spots on main stem, sometimes three and
two long ones on each branch. There is sometimes a second spot on lower
branch. The third longitudinal has a small basal spot and a long apical one,
this latter is occasionally divided into two unequal black spots. The fourth vein
has two spots on the main stems with two on the upper and two on the lower
branch. The fifth vein has two on the main stem, with two, often three on
upper and two on the lower branch. The sixth longitudinal vein has three dark
spots. The fringe is dark with light areas opposite the terminations of the
veins and their branches.
Legs are black with many white spots ; hind leg (Fig. 10) has 2|-2f white,
tarsi, the first tarsus has its lower third covered with white scales, th*
remainder is black. The metatarsus has a distinct white band at its
lower end, this band is most constant, the remainder is speckled. The tibia
is spotted and has a distinct black band at its lower end. The femur is black
with many white spots. Mid-leg all the tarsi are black, the joints are white
metatarsus, tibia and femur black with many white spots. Fore-leg, the two
lowest tarsi are black, the second has a well marked and constant white band
the first also has a pale band at its distal end.
13
630 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
Male. — There are many broad upright forked scales on the head, otherwise
the cephalic ornamentation is the same as in the female. Palpi (Fig 8) have
three, often four white bands, the basal, the smallest is often very indistinct,
the central is longer, and the apical the same as in the female, is often divided
into two. These are not complete bands as in the female ; antennae have
marked club-shaped ends, which are covered with dark bristles.
Thorax is black with a frosty appearance. The scales are the same as in the
female.
Abdomen is black, the last segment alone has a few flat scales on its sides.
Genitalia, medium sized basal segment, apical segment is dark tapering to a
fine point.
Wing same as in female, legs also the same, ungues unequal and uniserrated.
Larva. — Head dark brown to black, thorax and abdomen also dark brown.
Cephalic ornamentation is shown in Fig. 11. The antennae have a small spine
situated on the outer border ; frontal hairs are simple and unbranched.
Palmate hairs are present from 2nd to 7th segment inclusive. Blade (Fig. 12) is
long with marked serrations on one of the shoulders, the other has generally
one notch. The filament is long and pointed.
Egg (Fig. 13) boat-shaped with long narrow floats which extend almost to
both ends. They extend up to the frill which is narrow and not marked. The
floats do not approach each other in the middle line.
Habitat and Observations. — This anopheles is found in all the rivers and
springs in the Hinterland as far up as Jehaf (6,800 ft.). It only breeds in
running water and pools connected with it. It was never once found breeding
in any of the wells. It is a wild species and does not come to human habita-
tions. Experiments were made at D'thala to see if the malaria parasite
(Benign Tertian) would develope in this species, but a negative result was
obtained. Mr. Theobald agreed with me that though it is closely related to A.
theobuldi, it is a distinct species.
The main differences are as follows : 2£-2f hind tarsi are white, while only
the last two are white in A, theobaldi, the frontal hairs are unbranched and
the palmate hairs are only found 2-7th segments, the terminal filament of each
blade being long and pointed.
Anopheles (Myzomyia) jehafi n. sp.
Palpi, dark with four bands, thorax brown with many curved hair like scales ;
abdomen dark brown, legs brown, pale at all the joints.
Female. — Head dark, occiput and nape covered with broad upright forked
scales, on each side of vertex, there are a group of silvery upright forked scales
and scattered all over, there are many narrow curved scales. There are a tuft
of dark bristles spreading over the clypeus on each side. Antennae dark, clypeus
black. Palpi (Fig. 14) are densely scaled with four white bands, basal band
narrowest, central the broadest, the other two are small. The apical band is
often very small.
Journ. Bon>bay Nat. Hist. Soc VOL. XVI.
PLATE C.
FIG. 15 WIHG
FIG. 14
FIG. 17 EGG
PALPI
FIG. 16
LEAF of
PALMATE HAIE
DIAGRAMS OF ANOPHELES JEHAF! N. SP.
»
m
DIAGRAMS OF ANOPHELES AZRIKI N. SP.
FIG. 18 PALPI
FIG. 20
LEAF OF
PALMATE HAIR
CUL1CID FAUNA OF THE ADEN HINTERLAND, 631
Thorax dark brown and when denuded of its scales there are three black lines,
one central and two lateral. Jt is covered with brown curved scales with many
bristles. Prothoracic lobes are dark with bristles and narrow curved scales.
Scutellum has a row of black bristles on upper surface with a few light curved
scales scattered about. Metanotum dark with a black line down the centre.
Abdomen is brown with some light patches, there are no scales but many
long dark bristles.
Legs are brown with pale areas at all the joints. Fore-legs, the femur are
lightly scaled at upper end, the remaining segments are densely scaled.
Wing. — Costa (Fig. 15) has six black spots and three subcostal. The 1st long vein
has five spots, sometimes the small central spot is absent. The 2nd vien has three
spots on the main stem, two on the upper and two on the lower branch. The
3rd vein has three, sometimes two spots. The 4th has two long black spots on
the stem, two on the upper and one on the lower branch. The 5th vein has one
spot on its main stem, three on the upper and two on the lower branch. The
6th vein has three black spots. The wing fringe is dark with pale areas at the
termination of all the veins except the 6th.
Male. — The cephalic ornamentation is the same as in the female ; antennas dark
and plumose. Palpi (Fig. 14) have four white bands as in the female, the basal
band is sometimes absent.
Thorax lighter brown, but has the same scale ornamentation as in the female.
Legs are marked the same as in the female.
Abdomen light brown and is covered with light brown hairs. The wing has
the same markings as in the female.
Larva is a large one, the head is black and much ornamented. Thorax dark
brown, abdomen greenish, fading away to a light brown. Antenna? have no
spine on the outer side. Frontal hairs are single and unbranched. Palmate
hairs present on the 3rd to 7th segments, inclusive with modified hairs on the
2nd segment. Blade (Fig. 16) long and almost black with light patches at sides,
shoulder on both sides has many serrations, the filament is long and pointed.
Egg — -52 mm. in length and '15 mm. There is no distinct upper surface, no
floats and no frill (Fig. 17). The only resemblance that it has to an anopheles egg
is, that it is boat-shaped. Each egg is covered with a thin pellicle which easily
breaks off. These eggs were found in a spring near D'thala where the larva? of this
mosquito were breeding. They were found on some green matter and were all
in a little heap. There was no difficulty in hatching out the larvae, even though
many of the eggs sank.
I instructed my Hospital Assistant, who was on duty at Hardeba, when I
first found these eggs to try and obtain some eggs of Tcmiorhynchus tenax
from the spring. I gave him a careful description of the eggs and he sent up
what he thought was an egg raft of T. tenax. They, however, turned out to be
those of this anopheles, they were packed on moist wool and weeds. Most of
the eggs sank on attempting to float them. I was surprised after 2£ days to find
that most had hatched out. The larva? were reared and developed into the
632 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
above anopheles. This egg is the most aberrant tjpe of anopheles egg yet
described.
Habitat and Observations. — This anopheles was found in two springs near
D'thala, also on Jehaf, hence its name. It was caught in the Hospital tents at
D'thala and was breeding in the wells. In December and January it was found
breeding in the spring at Hardeba. Some specimens were caught in the tents at
Sulek in January. This anopheles has not been found anywhere else. It is
a large anopheles and is easily recognised from the other Arabian varieties by the
four palpal bands.
Some specimens were sent to Mr. Theobald, who suggested it might possibly be
A. cinereus, Theobald. A. cinereus has been placed by Mr. Theobald in his new
genus Pyretophorus but this anopheles undoubtedly falls in the genus Myzomyia.
The wing markings will at once separate it from A. cinereus. I would like to
throw out the suggestion that this mosquito is possibly a malaria transmitter in
nature. It was caught in tents and was biting freely. This, however, needs
further investigation.
Anopheles (Myzomyia) azkiki n. sp.
Palpi, three bands, apex black ; thorax light brown, abdomen brown, legs dark,
no bands.
Female. — Head covered with brown upright forked scales, scattered among
these are many brown curved scales. A tuft of light hairs is seen extending
over the clypeus on both sides; antennae are dark, clypeus is light. Palpi
(Fig. 18) are lightly scaled, with three white bands, apex is black.
Thorax is brown and covered with brown curved scales and hairs, scutellum
is dark, with bristles along its border, metanotum is almost black.
Abdomen is brown covered with light hairs, there are no scales on the abdomen.
Legs are brown with pale spots at the joints.
Wing. — (Fig. 19) Costa has five black spots and subcostal two. 1st longitudinal
has four spots. The 2nd vein has two on its main stem with two on the upper
and two on the lower branch. The 3rd has two spots, one near the base the
other at the apical end. The 4th vein has two black spots on the main stems,
one on the upper and one on the lower branch. The 5th vein has one black
spot on the stem, one short and one long on the upper and two long spots on the
lower branch. The 6th vein has one long spot extending almost up to the fringe.
The fringe is dark with no light areas opposite the terminations of the ocius.
Male. — It is much lighter than the female. The palpi often have four pale
areas, the apex often being pale. The wing is much lighter than the female,
many of the spots are wanting. The legs are brown, fore ungues unequal and
uniserrated.
Larva. — A light green larva with amber coloured head. Frontal hairs are
simple and unbranched.
Palmate hairs are present on 4th to 6th abdominal segments. Each blade is
broad and stumpy (Fig. 20) with serrated shoulders and the filament is a mere
spike ; the antenna? have a small spine on the outer side.
CCLICID FAUNA OF THE ADEN HINTERLAND. 633
The feeding brushes are placed laterally. This larva is exceedingly charac-
teristic. It suspends itself in the water like a culex larva. From the head up
to the 2nd segment are submerged.
The egg was not found.
Habitat and Observations. — This species was only found in one spring, the
Aziriki spring, near D'thala, where it was breeding in the pools with Anopheles
tibani. It is a wild species. Mr. Theobald agreed with me that it was closely
related to A . turklandi Liston. The main differences are as follows : — The costa
has five white scaled portions, the 3rd long vein has black spots and the wing
fringe has no light areas, but is dark throughout. There is no long branched
hair at the end of the antennse which is well marked in the larva of
A. turklandi.
I came across this species quite by accident, when studying A. tibani
a large number of larvae were collected and examined, this larva was found
among them. It is difficult to find if scarce, as it lies up, among green weeds, etc.,
and seems to have the capacity of remaining a longer time below the surface than
the larvse of the other four species. It is easily frightened. Many attempts
were made to procure its eggs, but all failed.
Culex arabiensis n. sp.
Thorax straw coloured with brown curved scales, with a dark line down the
centre and two at the sides. Abdomen brown with apical black bands. Tarsi
banded at all the joints, fore ungues unequal and uniserrated.
Female. — Head brown covered with brown upright forked scales, some darker
than others, with many narrow brown curved scales ; along the eyes there are
black bristles projecting forward and two marked tufts spreading over the
clypeus. Antennas pale in centre and darker at all joints. Palpi dark brown
with a small apical white spot, proboscis and clypeus are both dark brown.
Thorax, prothoracic lobes simple with a few dark bristles. Dorsum of
thorax is straw coloured, covered with brown curved scales. There are black
bristles at the sides ; scutellum is dark with a few Darrow curved scales on each
lobe.
There are from 7 to 9 bristles on the mid-lobe and four on each lateral lobe ;
metanotum is brown.
Abdomen apical black bands consisting of brown broad tile-like scales. Each
segment has a large number of brown bristles at the sides and on the dorsum.
There are cream coloured tile-like scales on the central surface.
Legs coxae brown, femora brown but not densely scaled, pale at the tibio-
femoral joint. Tibia? brown with well marked pale band at the tibio-metatarsal
joint. Metatarsi densely scaled with a band at both ends. Tarsi are
densely scaled with pale bands at all the joints. Fore ungues unequal and
uniserrated.
Wing. — Veins have brown scales. Costal, sub-costal and 1st longitudinal are
darker than the remainder. 1st sub-marginal cell is nearly twice as long as the
2nd posterior cell.
634 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
Male. — Head dark brown with many almost black upright forked scales. The
upright forked scales cease at the vertex and are replaced by brown curved
scales. Antennje dark and light with many dark, long plumes, proboscis is
dark brown. Palpi (Fig. 21) are brown with a pale band about the centre of the
2nd joint ; there is also a pale area at the basal joint. The hair tufts are brown.
Thorax. — Scale ornamentation is the same as in the female, scutelleum is
brown with a variable number of bristles.
Abdomen is banded the same as in the female. Male genitalia, basal lobes
narrow (Fig, 22), covered with dark hairs, apical segment thin and somewhat
club shaped. The wings are paler than those of the female, the legs have the
same scale ornamentation.
Larva. — Head globular, with a few branched hairs on dorsum. The antennas
are short with a tuft of hairs on the inner side. The larva is like that of
C. futigans Wiedemann. The syphon tube is somewhat narrower.
The eggs and egg-raft are the same as those of C. fatiguns.
Habitat. — This banded culex was first found in a tank on the plain near Ulub
Camp in May 1904. It was breeding in the rain water, that had collected in
this tank, with Stegomyia sugens. This species was also found in the Crater,
Aden. Specimens were sent to Mr, Theobald, who informed me it was a new
species of culex.
Stegomyia sugens Wiedemann (1828).
Auss. Tweiflug. Mxc. p. 545 (1828) Wied. Ann. Soc. Ent. d Fr. S.4. t. 1
(1863). Rigot (billatus), Bull. Soc. Ent. Ital. p. 257 (1886). Ficalbi (billatus),
Mono. Culicid. 1. 300, Theobald (1901).
This mosquito varies a little from the descriptions of the type. After exami-
ning some hundreds of specimens it was found that there were always three large
white spots on the thorax with a few smaller ones between. Scutellum has
three white spots on each lobe.
Male Genitalia (Fig. 23) are exceedingly characteristic and as far as I
know have not been described. The basal segment is long and covered with
dark hairs, on its inner surface there is a knob-like projection covered with
minute hairs.
The apical segment is thin and terminates in a flattened boss. From its
outer and upper end there projects a long curved hair-like process, which has
a blunt termination.
Larva. — Head (Fig. 24) small and black with long curved antennae. The
syphon tube is short.
Egg (Fig. 25) is the same as that of S.fasciata described by Daniels.
Habitat and Observations. — This mosquito was first found in the tank near
Ulub where it was breeding with C. fatigans. It was found breeding on the
barrels of water at Nobat. Strange to say it has never been found further
up than Ulub. In Sheik Othaman and Aden it is the common mosquito and is
a great pest. It breeds in the wells, and wherever water is stored in barrels,
Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist Soc. VOL. XVh
PLATE D.
FIG. 22
MALE GLASi-ER
FIG. 21
MALE PALP
DIACRAMS OF CULEX ARABIENSIS N. SP.
Clasper
Club shaped end
FIG. 23
MALE CLASPER
EGG
FIG. 24
EISA!) OF LARVA
DIAGRAMS OF STECOMYIA SUGENS WIEDEMANN
"fpr?
\ 7p
FIG. 26.
Ventral Aspect
5 Joints
^LJl ! "*> Dorsal Aspect
/ 1
CULICID ACARID
CULICID FAUNA OF THE ADEN HINTERLAND. 635
buckets, etc. An attempt was made to try and exterminate this pest in Aden,
and what was at first thought to be a simple matter turned out to be most
difficult. The eggs are capable of hatching after sinking and it was thus not
easy to be sure when emptying a barrel of removing all the eggs. The only
sure method was constantly oiling the water, which destroyed the larvae when
they hatched. The bite of this mosquito is most irritating, a large lump being
raised in a short time where the mosquito inserted its proboscis. The male of
this species does not bite like that of S.fasciata. It invariably accompanies
the female and will alight on one's body but never bite. It is troublesome in
the early morning and at mid-day.
The larvae are exceedingly active and are able to remain a long time below
the surface. It was never found breeding in running water.
TjENIORIiynchus tenax Theobald.
Banded Arabian variety.
Macdlipes arabiensis. Mono Culicid II, 198 (1901), and III, 258 (1903) ;
First Report Wellcome Research Laboratories, Gordon Wellcome College,
p. 78 (1904).
This species is closely related to the type except that the abdomen is very
distinctly banded and all the femora have pale basal band. The joints are all
banded. The male palpi have four white bands. In all other respects it
corresponds with the type.
Larva. — This larva is exceedingly characteristic, it is green and has a long
thin syphon tube. It is always found in pools where there is much spirogyra.
It rests below the surface among the green strands and is thus most difficult to
find. It can remain a long time below the surface only very occasionally
coming up for air.
Habitat and Observations. — It was found in the springs at D'thala, and at
Hardeba and in the river at Nobat. It is curious that the male of the type
was only recently described in the Report of the Gordon College Labora-
tories. Mr. Theobald agreed with me it was a banded variety of Tceniorhynchus
tenax, Theobald.
Culex pipiens Linneus.
For Suca (1758) Linneus ; Mono Culicid II, 132 (1901) and III, 224 (1913),
Theobald ; First Report Wellcome Research Laboratories, Gordon Memorial
College, p. 76 (1904).
This mosquito was in all the springs and wells about D'thala, also up at
Jehaf. It was found at the highest point 7,000 odd feet breeding in pools
of rain water that collected in holes in rocks. It is abundant at Hardeba and
Nobat.
Culex fatigans Wiedemann.
Auss. Liver. Insect p. 10 (1828) Wied., ft ono Culicid II., p. 151 (1901),
Theobald, and III, p. 225 U903).
This is the most common mosquito in the district and is practically found
everywhere, breeding in springs, wells and puddles. It was found on Jehaf.
636 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY , Vol. XVI.
Colex concolok Robineau Desboidy.
Memo. d. 1. Soc. d'Hist. Nat. de Paris, IV. 403.
Mono, Culicid II., p. 107, 1901 ; III., p. 230, 1903.
This mosquito is the same as Culex tigripes Grandpool. (1900). Tigripes is a
spotted legged variety of C. concolov.
It was found only once breeding in an old tank at D'thala containing rain
water. It was feeding on C.fatigans.
This completes the detailed notes on all the species of Culicidse found by
me in the district. It only remains for me to mention a Culicid acarid
which I found parasitic on two species of Anopheles. (Anopheles jehaji).
Mr. Theobald mentions it occurring on the Egyptian Anopheles. He says
" Many of the specimens showed the presence of a parasitic tick attached to
them. When alive the parasite resembles a minute preserved cherry. As a rule
this parasite is attached to the undersurface of the thorax and abdomen, but it
was once found on the wing of an Anopheles." This acarid was also found
on A. arabiensi*. This tiny insect (Fig. 26) measures 25 millimeters and is
of a lemon yellow colour. It has six legs and the claws are unequal and
uniserrated. I was at first puzzled as to how it attached itself to its
host. It struck me it might possibly be on the larvre and after some hundreds
were examined I found one attached to a larvae just on the outer side of the
1st abdominal segment. I later found two attached to pupa. The specimen
on the larva transferred itself from the pupa to the adult mosquito when it
hatched out. It was most frequently found on the under surface of the
adults close to the head, but I have seen it on the dorsum. On the pupa it
fixes itself in the concavity between the abdomen and thorax. I kept many
for days in water, but never observed any further development.
I would like to say a few words on the maximum flight of the Arabian
Anopheles and also on malaria prophylaxis which may be useful to others.
Since starting the study of the mosquitoes I was constantly making observ-
ation on the maximum flight of anopheles. At Nobat in May .1904, I lived in a
Staff Sergeant's tent on the ridge, the river was directly below about 450 yards.
The wind at night was always fairly strong and from the S.E. Every morning
I was able to capture from 6 to 10 female anopheles, (4. arabiensis) in my tent
and in the tents on tne further side about 800 yards from the river, I caught
from 50 to 60 every morning. At that time there were many cases of malaria
in hospital. The camp at Nobat has now been moved 1| miles from the
river, there is no water of any description lying between the camp and the
river and yet in January 1905 I caught a large number of A. dthali. This
anopheles was undoubtedly flying this distance to obtain its food, though
there was a large Arab village close by. The only explanation I can offer is
that as the Arab tents and houses were constantly full of smoke, the mos-
quito preferred to travel further, where they would not be put to this
inconvenience. I need hardly say that though some water was obtained
from the river, every precaution was taken to present larvaa from being
CDLlCfD FAUNA OF THE ADEA HINTERLAND. 637
brought into the camp and I could not find a single specimen in any of the
barrels. The drinking water -was obtained from a pool about '1 miles to the
norih of the camp. This pool was connected with a spring which heie came
to the surface when the sand was removed. There were no larva? here of any
description. When at Ulnb in May I found A. arabiensis always in two Or
three E. P. tents facing the Ulub well, which was !)00 yards away. About ICO
yards above the well were two Arab huts, yet this mosquito preferred to come
to the tents. I am certain it was the smcke in the tents that kept them away.
The Arabs are in the habit of driving the mosquitoes away by a smoking fire.
Now with regard to malaria prophylaxis in the Hinterland. Though I stayed
in many of the places where I knew malrria was being contracted, viz • Nobat,
Old and New Camps, Ulub and Sheik Othaman, I never contracted malaria,
because I used my mosquito curtain with extreme care, invariably fixing
it up early and never going to bed without seeing that there were no
mosquitoes inside. I only once took three grains of quinine and can only
recollect finding A. arabiensis four times in my curtains in the morning.
I would recommend any one going to the Hinterland to provide himself with a
good mosquito curtain fitted on to a camp bed and to use this curtain from Sheik
Othaman onwards. He should also observe the following points :■ —
(1) See that there are no holes.
(2) Have the curtain put up early and be most particular to have all
mosquitoes driven out that may have settled on the inside when the curtains
were turned up.
(3) To see that there is no entrance left after he has got into bed.
(4) To have a piece of cloth 'let in' (about 8 inches broad \ where his
arms or legs are likely to touch the curtains when asleep. This is so often
forgotten. Camp beds are often cramped for various reasons. It is a good plan
to have the rods fixed to the legs and diverging so that the curtain falls away
from the bed and allows more space.
(5) Wear putties when sitting out at night. I have seen anopheles
(A. dthali) at Nobat come into the mess tent at dinner time and fly round the
lamp.
(6) Not to hang up dark clothes, as mosquitoes prefer dark objects to rest on.
(7) Keep all trunks and boxes clobed as they are often means of convey-
ing mosquitoes from one place to another.
Some one will say, this is so troublesome ; but I think it is worth the trouble.
Officers often leave their servants to fix up their curtains and I am sorry to say
they are then not of much use. A native does not understand why the sahib
takes all the trouble, so it is left till late and by that time mosquitoes are
already on the wing and easily enter the net and so escape notice.
In conclusion. I wish to record here my grateful thanks to Mr. Fred. V.
Theobald, of the British Museum, for his kind help.
I trust this paper will be of some use to those serving in the Aden Hinterland
and that some will be able to fill up the many gaps.
14
638
ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE VARIETIES OF COBRA
(NAIA TRIPUDIANS) IN INDIA.
By Lt.-Col. W. B. Bannerman, m.d., b.sc, i.m.s., Director, Plague
Research Laboratory, and Assistant Surgeon J. P. Pocha,
in charge of the Venom Department, P. R. Laboratory.
(Read before the Bombay Natural History Society on 6th July 1905.)
In the year 1901 the Government of India resolved to start the
manufacture of antivenene in India, on the lines laid down by Fraser
and Calmette, and the first step in this direction was to secure a supply
of venom from the various poisonous snakes of the country. A circular
ordering the collection of snakes was therefore sent round by the
Government of India to the various Local Governments, and as a conse-
quence snakes began to arrive at the Plague Research Laboratory in
October 1901. Since that date 1,074 cobras have been collected, and
it is proposed in this paper to consider the distribution of the three
varieties we have received.
Boulenger in his " Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum "
thus describes these three varieties : —
A. — Forma Typica (C naia, L. ; N. lutescens, fasciata, brasiliensis,
siamensis, Laur. ; C. rufus, Gmek). — Yellowish to dark brown above,
with black-and-white spectacle-mark on the hood and a black-and-white
spot on each side of the lower surface of the hood. 25-35 scales across
the neck, 23-25 across the middle of the body.
B. — Var. Cjeoa (N. non-naia, Laur. ; C. ccefus, Gmel ; T. oxiana,
Eichw.). — Uniform pale brown or grey to blackish ; no marking on
the hood ; one or more dark cross-bands on the anterior part of the
belly; young sometimes with dark rings. 25-31 scales across the
neck, 21-25 across the middle of the body.
C, — Var. Fasciata, Gray (N, Jcaouthia, Less. ; W. larvata, Cant., var.
scopinucha, Cope) — Brown, olive, or blackish above, often with more
or less distinct light, black-edged cross-bars ; hood with a whitish,
black-edged ring or U, or with a mask-shaped figure ; a black spot on
each side under the hood. 25-31 scales across the neck, 19-21 across
the middle of the body.
In popular language these three varieties are : —
A — The cobra with spectacle marking on the hood = Binocell ate
cobra ;
100
7
/a
82
7
/o
75
°/
/o
50
7
/o
47
°/
/Q
26
/o
DISTRIBUTION OF VARIETIES OF COBRAS IN INDIA. 639
B — The cobra with no such marks =Anocellate cobra ; and
C — The cobra with a ring mark on the hood = Monocellate cobra.
Though the number of cobras received is large, it is unfortunate for
our present purpose that they have been sent from comparatively few
places, and it becomes therefore impossible to give a complete distribu-
tion list for India. But a beginning can at least be made, and it is
hoped that members of our Society will send us notes to enable a more
correct and complete distribution list to be made out at some future time.
A — Naia tripudians, var. forma typica, appears to be distributed uni-
formly throughout India but to be rare in Burma and China. As far
as our specimens enable us to judge, the prevalence of this variety in
the Provinces of India is as follows : —
DJLclCll [IS ■•• ••• ••• ••• • •
United Provinces of Agra and Oudh ...
Bombay ...
jt imiciD ■• > ••• ••• ••• •••
j3GD-£) cil ••• ■•• ••• • ♦ • ••• *
Central Provinces
It is the only variety of cobra we have received from the Madras
Presidency.
In confirmation of this Nicholson says (Indian Snakes, p. 106) : —
"This binocellate variety is found in the South of India and on the
coast generally." As he says in a footnote that he examined 1,200
cobras in Bangalore, it may be taken as certain that they were all
typica. From the Bombay Presidency we have received eight
snakes only, of which six belonged to this variety. As these were
purchased from local snake-charmers, who said they caught them at
Matheran or Khandalla, it is impossible to say anything about the
distribution of typica in Bombay.
Proceeding northwards, we find it uncommon in the western part of
the Central Provinces, but again common in the United Provinces. In
Bengal it is also common ; but it will be noted that 24 of our 80
Bengal specimens came from Puri and may therefore be considered a
northward extension of the Madras cobra.
As regards the Punjab, nothing can be said, as only two cobras were
received from this province ; one being typica, and the other cceca.
Captain F. Wall, I.M.S., reports that all the cobras he got in
Trichinopoly and Cannanore were of this variety, thus confirming our
640 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
results as regards the Madras Presidency. He also reports one out of
36 specimens from Burma.
Capt. P. Mackie, I.M.S., reports from Goona : —
'• In 1904, 45 cobras were examined. They were all quite black in
colour. No light one was ever seen. Only a few were examined for
ocelli and of all those examined none were found shewing taat marking.
" Up to the present date in 1905, 32 more cobras were examined and
particular attention was paid to the presence or absence of ocellate
markings. All the cobras except two were quite black and possessed, no
marks on the hood. Two small ones were seen, one of a light khaki
colour with well marked. ' spectacles ' and another cobra about 2^ feet
long of a dark greyish colour with very well marked ocelli and another
pair of subsidiary round ocelli below at the base of the hood. (This
specimen is at the Parel Laboratory.) These black cobras of Goona
tend to run to a large size and about 10 per cent, were over 5 feet
5 inches long.
'• The ground soil of Goona is of two kinds. On the lower ground in
the valleys and on the cultivated land ' black cotton ' soil is prevalent
lying on a basis of red laterite. This laterite crops up on the higher
ground and here is not covered with soil. Nearly all the cobras were
caught within a short distance of cantonments and nearly all on the
black cotton soil. The two light cobras were also caught on black
cotton soil."
Among the black cobras we received, from Saugor, there were a few
with spectacles, and this seems to show that there is a variety of
spectacled black cobra in the West of the Central Provinces and probab-
ly also in Central India.
Captain Wall reports 10 specimens caught at Fyzabad, U- P., of
which 7 were black or plumbeous — black with binocellate markings ;
1 was anocellate black, and 2 were light coloured with markings of
such a peculiar nature that he found it impossible to place them in
either ihe binocellate or monocellato group.
B. — Naia tripudians, var. cceca. — This variety, which is almost
invariably black, seems to have a much more restricted range than
typica. With the exception of nine, the whole of the 629 specimens
received came from the Central Provinces.
The nine exceptions were received from Bengal (3), United Pro-
vinces (5), and Punjab (1).
DISTRIBUTION OF VARIETIES OF COBRAS IN INDIA. 641
Captain Wall reports 3 specimens all light coloured and one with
7-8 leaden dorsal bands, got by himself in the Swat Valley, and two
more from Thayetmyo and Meiktila in Burma.
Probably most of Captain Mackie's specimens were of this variety,
though he did not examine the first lot of 45 with special reference to
this point, as we found this the case among the black cobras received
from the neighbouring Central Provinces.
C. — Naia tvipudians, var. fasciata. — This variety seems absolutely
confined to Bengal and Burma, where it largely takes the place of
typica. Nicholson, however (p. 106), notes its presence in the Central
Provinces also.
Of the 169 cobras received from Bengal, 86 were of this variety, and
from Captain Wall's report it would appear that the further east one
goes, the more common does fasciata become. Thus he says that out of
36 specimens collected by him in Burma, mostly near Rangoon, 33 were
monocellate. Again, he says that all the specimens seen by him in
Chinese Museums '' from the Yangtse Valley and further north " and
" from Hongkong and thereabouts" were fasciata with one exception,
and that was a sputatriv, a variety which has not yet been found in India.
To sum up, it would appear that typica may be looked for in any
part of India, more rarely in Burma and still more rarely in China.
Caeca is the common cobra of the west part of the Central Provinces
and Central India, and has been found also along the frontiers, from
Afghanistan, Grilgit, Swat to Sikkim. Fasciata is eminently the Bengal
cobra, and appears also to be the variety commonly found to the east
thereof, in Burma and China.
The above account of the distribution of the varieties of cobra is
interesting and worth continuing and enlarging, and I trust the publica-
tion of this paper in the Journal may induce members in all parts of
India to send notes of the cobras found by them.
What is the meaning of this distribution ? Why should one part of
the country produce spectacled cobras and another ringed ones ?
Another curious poiut raised by this collection of statistics has rela-
tion to the body colour of the cobras.
Without exception, all the ccecas received from the Central Pro-
vinces are black, while all 'the cobras received from the Madras and
Bombay Presidencies are yellow or olive coloured, or a variation
between these two shades.
642 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
From the map given at the end of this paper, those interested will
be able to see exactly from which parts of the Cenlral Provinces these
black cobras come ; and I should be grateful if any member interested
in geology would inform us whether there is anything in the soil of
these places likely to favour the production of this colour.
List showing the number of Cobras received at the Plague Research
Laboratory, from various parts of India, between \st October 1901
to Slst March 1905.
Kind of Cobra.
Serial
Name of Town.
Num-
Total.
ber.
Naia
typica.
Naia
cceea.
Naia
f j so lata.
Bengal.
1
.Alipore
...
1
•..
8
9
2
Balasore
..
10
...
«••
10
3
Bankura
...
•*•
11
11
4
Barisal
• • •
4
4
5
Burdwan
• ••
4
...
• • •
4
6
Godiia ...
• ••
8
...
8
7
Hooghly
...
5
...
5
10
8
Howrah
■ a •
10
2
9
21
9
Jehanabad
• ••
4
.. .
...
4
10
JeBsore ...
• ••
9
...
9
11
Manbhum
• ••
• 2
*••
...
2
12
Midnapore
...
b
). •
49
52
13
Poori
Total
...
24
1
• • •
25
80
3
80
169
Percentage of each
...
47-3
1-8
60-9
*• *
Bombay.
1
Thana
Total
...
6
2
...
8
6
2
8
Percentage of each
• • »
75-0
25-0
•■■
...
Central Provj
NCES.
1
Bhundara
...
1
• »•
• • •
1
2
Damon ...
• • *
9
34
...
43
3
Hoshangabad
.. •
...
3
• • •
3
4
Juhbuliore
• • •
28
15
• • .
43
5
Kbandwa
...
79
409
• • •
518
6
Naypur
■••
2
1
m
3
7
Narsin^hpur
• • •
9
33
...
42
6
Raipur ...
• • .
3
2
.« •
5
9
Sambalpur
...
58
12
• ••
70
10
Saugor ...
• • t
35
50
...
85
11
Wardha
Total
• ••
...
1
• • •
1
224
620
«••
844
Percentage ot each
...
265
73-5
• * •
>
>
•j
a
to
£
z
«
S
o
as
C
•-
3
o
>
X
o
u
o
S
a
s
o
eo
e
3
o
n
DISTRIBUTION OF VARIETIES OF COBRAS IN INDIA. 643
Serial
Name of Town
Kind op Cobra.
Num-
ber.
Naia
tt/pica.
Naia
cceea.
Naia
fasaata.
Total.
1
2
3
4
Anantapur
Bangalore ...
Coorg
Vizagapatam ...
Total
Percentage of each
• • •
• • •
• • •
• • •
3
7
1
12
MADEAS.
• ••
• • •
• • •
• • •
• ••
• • #
3
7
1
12
23
100-0
* •*
• ••
••■
23
1
2
3
Gorakpur
Mirzapur
Sitapur
Total
Percentage of each
• ••
United Pe
11
7
5
23
82-1
OVINCES OI
5
' Agea,&c.
• • •
•■■
• ••
16
7
5
5
179
• » <
28
1
Gurgaon
Total
Percentage of each
••■
1
1
50-0
Punjab.
1
2
1
500
• ••
2
• • •
Gband Total
1,074
644
THE MANGROVE OF THE BOMBAY PRESIDENCY,
AND ITS BIOLOGY.
By E. Blatter, S.J.
( With plates A and B.)
[Read before the Bombay Natural History Society on
the ?Ast August 1^05.)
There is scarcely any formation of the tropical vegetation which
biologically and physiognomically could be of greater interest
than the mangrove. Wherever in the damp parts of the tropics
there is a flat and muddy sea-shore, protected against the heavy waves
of the tide, we find within the boundaries of high and low water a
more or less developed belt of shrubs and trees to which the name
mangrove was popularly applied for a long time. It is now generally
adopted by biologists to designate that peculiar edaphic formation
which in its floral and vecological characters vastly differs from the
inland vegetation. Though most of the representatives of the mangrove
are widely spread, and, as it were, cosmopolitans, we may, nevertheless,
with Schimper,* distinguish a western and eastern mangrove. The
former, which occupies the coasts of Western Africa and America,
does not exhibit a great variety, being composed of four species only,
viz., Rhizophora mangle L., Laguncvlaria racemosa, Avicennia tomen-
tosa and Avicennia nitida. The eastern mangTove covering the coasts
of East Africa, Asia, Australia, and Micronesia is represented by the
following kinds : Ohizophoraceffi : Rhizcphora mucronata Lam., conju-
gata L., Ceriops candolleana Am., Roxburghiana Arm, Kandelia
rhedii W. et A., Brugniera gymnorhiza Lam., eriopetala W. et A.,
caryophylloides Bl.j parvifiora W. et A. ; Combretaceae : Lumnitzera
racemosa Willd., coccinea W. et A. ; Lythraceae : Sonneratia
apetala Ham., acida L., alba Smith ; Meliaceee : Carapa moluccensis
Lam., obvata Bl.; Myrsinacese : ^Egiceras ma jus Gaertn. ; Rubiacese :
Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea Gaertn. ; Verbenace?e : Avicennia
officinalis L. ; Acanthacese : Acanthus ilicifolius L. ; Palmse : Nipa
frut'icans Wurmb.
Of the 21 species here enumerated 14 occur in the Bombay Presidency,
vis., Rhizophora mucronata and conjugata, Ceriops candolleana,
Kandelia rhedii, Brugniera gymncrhizo caryophylhides, and parvi-
* Schimper : Pflaozengengraphie auf Physiologischer Grundlage, p. 423.
THE MANGROVE OF THE BOMBAY PRESIDENCY. 645
flnra, Lumnitzera racemosa, Sonneratia aptala and acida, Can/pa
obitvata, Jl\giceras majus, Avicennia officinalis, Acanthus ilicijolhis.
Here I should 1 ke to add Excaecaria aualhchu L. (Euphorbiacese),
which is not given by Schimper in the above list, but which, with good
reason, may find a place amongst the mangrove vegetation.
In the following description of the several plants it is not my inten-
tion to give their complete outer morphology, as there is no want of
excellent Floras which describe them fully ;* but what I propose is to
give a general idea of their habit, drawing the attention to those
characters only which are necessary for the understanding of their
biological peculiarities.
In the broad bolt of mangrove, which may be seen in many tidal
creeks and back-waters along the coast of the Presidency and chiefly
near tne shallow mouth of rivers still exposed to the high-water of the
sea, there is especially one kind which by its curiously spreading aerial
roots can easily be recognized as Rhiznphora mucronata, also called the
" true mangrove." It is a small, evergreen, glabrous tree or large shrub
with thick, terete branches, which are marked with leaf-scars all over.
The opposite leaves are entire, coriaceous and glabrous, bright preen
above, paler and dotted black beneath. The flowers, which arise
from axillary cymes, have white, thick, and fleshy petals with villous
margins, and a pale yellow, coriaceous, glabrous calyx. The ovoid-
conical fruit is lh in. long and surrounded at the base by the persistent,
calyx. RhizopJiora mucronata forms sometimes tangled thickets by the
interlacing of its roots, sometimes it is more isolated ; but in any
case it always occurs on the outer border of the mangrove formation
towards the open sea, thus serving as a protective outpost of the less
favoured representatives of the same formation. When the tide is
out, the ground occupied by the mangrove shows a blu'sh-blnck mud,
from which innumerable short stems and longer roots arise. The
" true mangrove " may easily be distinguished from its neighbours by
the long aerial roots which raise the main trunk above the level
of its origin and give the tree the appearance of being supported on
stilts. These arise from the usually short stem on all sides, grow-
ing first for a short distance in a horizontal direction and arching
down afterwards into the water. Soon the base of the stem,
with its original roots, dies and now the only support to the upper
• Cf. Cooke'e Flora of the Presidency of Eombay.
15
646 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol XVI.
stem find its branches are those stilt-roots which reach a height of
2 to 3 yards, and which, on account of their great elasticity, are the
best possible protective system against the continuous dashing of the
waves. The tree maybe moved forwards and backwards by the force of
wind and water, but, ultimately, it will always assume its former posi-
tion. In this way the aerial roots are like as many strong anchors which
would not allow the tree to be carried away even by the wildest play of
the waters. We may very often observe that the growing point of such
a root loses its vitality, whereas behind the apex a forked root makes
its appearance. It is evident that such a change of growth can have
a beneficent influence only under the conditions of existence in a
soft and muddy substratum. Another means of furnishing the tree
with considerable resisting power is the circumstance that not
seldom a row of secondary roots breaks through the under surface
of the primary aerial root, descends immediately in a vertical
direction into the mud, and, by a luxurious branching into roots
and rootlets, helps to strengthen the primary root. The most peculiar
feature of Rhizophora mucronaia and also, as regards the essentials,
of the other Rhizophoraceee is the mode of reproduction. If,
after the flowering season (August-December), we approach a
manorove vegetation from the sea-side, we are surprised to see,
from a distance long, green pods hanging from the branches of
the true mangrove ; but on closer examination we find that
what we naturally took for a fruit is nothing else than the
radicle of a comparatively small fruit, which does not exceed 1^
in. in length. Here we have an excellent case of vivipary in the
vegetable kingdom, the extra-seminal development of the embryo
beginning already while the fruit still adheres to the tree. The
hypocotyl, passing posteriorly into the primary root or radicle,
perforates without having a resting period, the morphological apex of
the pericarp and protrudes into the air reaching sometimes a length of
2 ft. Brandis speaks of 2 \ ft., and Haberlandt * observed radicles of
one yard in the mouth of the Sairomggong River on the Island of Singa-
pore. At the upper end the radicle is about \ in. in diameter, it grows
thicker towards the lower end, with a diameter of 1 in. and more, and
tapers into a conical point at the apex (Fig. 1, Plate A). There
cannot be any doubt as to the importance of this special shape, because,
* Haberlandt : Eine Botanische Tropenreise,, p. 186.
Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. VOL. XVI.
PLATE A
Testa
Endosperm
Cotyledons
Pericarp
FIG. 2. Longitudinal section of fruit
of Rhizophora mucronata.
Prolongation of the Cotyledons
FIG. 3. Root of Bruguiera gymnorhiza. // 'I A. p. cortez & co.
THE MAS GROVE OF THE BOMBAY PRESIDENCY. 647
on account of its club-shaped lower end, the radicle will fall perpendi-
cularly into the mud, and by means of the terminal point it easily bores
a hole into the soft substratum, where, after a few hours already, you
can find the secondary roots. In spite of this highly practical con-
trivance the radicles may be found washed up in quantities all along
the sea-shore ; but even then they are able to grow roots in any
suitable place, because the lower portion of the radicle shows positive
and the upper one negative geotropism.
The young mangrove plant is very circumspect during the first period
of her detached youth. The epicotyl grows rather slowly in the begin-
ing, and it is well that it does so, for a premature development of leaves
and branches before the young shrub has formed a strong, resistent
root system, adapted to its surroundings, could only end in an early des-
truction. For the same reason there do not appear any leaves before
the stem, consisting of long internodes, reaches the high- water level.
As soon as the stem bears branches, there is visible, just
above the ground, the formation of the first aerial roots. They
do not appear at an earlier period, as there is no need of them, for
a thin elastic shoot, being devoid of leaves, does not offer a
large surface to the action of the dashing waves. A median
longitudinal section of the fruit exhibits some further peculiar-
ities (Fig. 2, Plate A). The two cotyledons are grown together to
form a strange structure, the upper part of which is conical and serves,
as Haberlandt explains it, as an absorbing organ, through which the
embryo receives the necessary food-materials during the rapid growth
of the radicle. Behind the conical portion there follows an enlargement
of the cotyledons which, most probably, prevents the falling off of the
hypocotyl, which in the course of a short time increases rapidly in weight.
The continuation of the cotyledons through the micropyle andca. ^ to 1
in. beyond it is a tubular vagina which surrounds the epicotyl and is at
the same time an impediment of the upward growth of the embryo
before the radicle falls off.
Another species of Rhizophora which is found in the same localities
as the preceding, but is not nearly so common, is Rhizophora canjugata.
It is a glabrous shrub or small tree with elliptic- lanceolate, coriaceous
leaves, dark-green above, paler beneath. The calyx is externally rugose
and glabrous, the petals white and glabrous. The conical or obclavate,
glabrous fruit is smaller than that of Rhizophora mucranata, being only
648 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
1 in. long. Its base is surrounded by the reflexed calyx-lobes. The
protruding cylindrical radicle reaches sometimes 1 ft. before falling
from the tree. As Rhizophora conjugata does not reach so far into the
sea as Rhizophora mucronata, the stilt-roots show, of course, reduction in
their development. Besides, I could neither observe that the branches
give off aerial roots, as they do in the true mangrove.
The same process of vivipary as observed in Rhizophora takes place
in three othf»r plants of the same order, viz., Bruguiera gymnorhiza,
Lam., Bruguiera caryophylloides, Bl. and Bruguiera parviflora, W. et
A. Bruguiera gymnorhiza is an evergreen, glabrous shrub or tree.
The entire coriaceous leaves are bright-green above, paler and with a
prominent midrib beneath. The petals are setigerous, hairy at the base
and glabrous above. The thickly coriaceous fruit is surrounded at the
apex by the calyx-lobes, which afterwards drop off. It is obconic and
less than 1 in. long. The fusiform, more or less angled radicle, often
reaches 1 ft. in length before falling.
Less common, and only occurring in the southern parts of the Pres-
idency is Bruguiera caryophylloides. The shrub, branching frum the
base, bears entire coriaceous leaves, which are pale and shining above,
dull anl glabrous beneath. The white petals are hairy on the outer side
and on the margins. Each lobe of the bifid apex bears 3 to 5 bristles and
there is a longer one at the incision. The oblong obovoid fruit is only
| in. long with a slenler, cylindrical radicle of 6 to 8 in. in length.
Also found in salt-marshes but not so common is Bruguiera parviflora.
Its entire, oblong-lanceolate leaves are coriaceous, shining above, dull
beneath. The lobes of the bifid petal? hear short hairs at the apex.
The fruit, entirely surrounded by the enlarged calyx, is f to 1 in. long.
The cylindrical, striate radicle reaches 4 to 5 in. before falling.
A? to the single phases in the process of vivipary in Bruguiera, I
had no opporfcun'ty to observe the ripening of the radicle. Thus I am
not quite sure, whether the hypocotyl alone falls off, leaving the cotyle-
dons and the cilyx on the mother-plant or whether the cotyledons, the
pericarp, and the calyt follow the radicle. I came to doubt about it
after having read a description of Bruguiera erbpetala by Haberlandt.
This famous biologist was in a position to make careful observations in
the garden of Bivtenzorg. He found that fruit and calvx were 'detached
at the same moment, and he is of opinion that this circumstance is of
prominent importance in the life-history of that species. His reason is
THE MANGROVE OF THE BOMBAY PRESIDENCY. 649
this : As the protruding thick radicle grows on the tree to a finger's
length only, it happens very often that it does not fall perpendicularly
and thus fastens itself only insufficiently or not at all to the muddy sub-
stratum. Instead of it several of the numerous and. pointed calyx-lobes
hide themselves in the mud, and, as they are somewhat curved, fasten
sufficiently, the embryo lying horizontally on the ground till the first
root is so far developed as to give the plant the necessary resisting
power. The secondary roots of the Bruguieras are not completely buried
in the mud, for after a short or more less horizontal growth, they
ascend in an oblique direction to the surface and beyond it, descend
again and, disappearing in the soil, leave a knee-like portion ex-
posed to the air (Fig. 3, Plate A.) In Bruguiera gymnorhiza, especially
the roots grow luxuriously in thickness and height, so as to form round
the stem a most curious net-work of brown branches. If we examine
under the microscope a transverse section of such a root-piece of Brug-
uiera gymnorhiza, the anatomical structure of the periderm shows very
large lenticels. As these are organs which correspond to the stomita of
the epidermis and serve to admit oxygen to the living internal tissues,
we mast consider those roots as a special respiratory system. It is
obvious that the muddy substratum is not permeated by too great a
quantity of oxygm, we may even say there is a lack of it. It is just
for want of this necessary element that the plant was obliged to produce
special adaptations to its surroundings, and it did so in a very ingenious
and simple way. In Bruguiera can/opJiylloides the usefulness of
that contrivance is partially frustrated by the circumstance that the
periderm of its roots is gradually cast off. It would be an interesting
object of stuly to investigate the reasons thereof and to find out what
the effects are in consequence of it, or whether, perhaps, there arise new
adaptations in other parts of the plant.
In the tidal swamps along the coast there are two further species of
Rhizophoraceae : Ceriops candolleana, Arn. and Kandelia rheedii,
W. et A.
The former is a glabrous shrub or small tree, reaching a height of
3 to 6 ft. The opposite, entire leaves are coriaceous and glabrous. The
petioles are rugose and glabrous. The calyx-lobes are coriaceous.
The white glabrous petals are furnished at the apex with 3 short, clavate
bristles. The slightly conical, coriaceous fruit is ^ to f in. long. The
deeply grooved and angled radicle, reaching sometimes 1 ft. before
650 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
falling, thickens gradually to near the apex and then becomes acute.
The cotyledons are conferruminate.
Kandelia rheedii is a small tree with terete leafy branches. Th e
opposite, oblong, entire leaves are dark green and polished above,
reddish-brown beneath. The long calyx is externally rugose. The
lobes of the bifid petals are divided into numerous capillary segments*
The obclavate, conical-ovoid fruit is coriaceous, and reaches a length
of ^ to 1 in. The protruded, cylindric radicle is 6 to 15 in. long,
usually without ridges or grooves.
In these two plants germination takes place in the same way as in
the foregoing RhizophoraceEe. A special adaptation to the surround-
ings of Ceriops candoHeana are the so-called pneumatuphores. But as
these occur not only in Ceriops but also in other representatives of the
mangrove-formation, I shall treat of them after having given a short
description of the following three plants:
Abundantly growing in the salt-marshes in Bombay, the Konkan
and elsewhere, often covering large tracts of tidal or flooded sea-shore
to such an extent as to exclude every other plant, is a shrub or dwarf
tree, viz., Avicennia officinalis, L. or the " white mangrove."
The entire, oval-pointed leaves are nearly veinless, coriaceous, shin-
ing above, whitish below and clothed with a fine tomentum. The
broad, compressed capsule is one-seeded and dehisces by two thick
valves. The embryo of the erect seed is imperfectly covered by its
two integuments. The large cotyledons are lengthwise plaited. The
large embryo begins to germinate in the fruit before it falls.
Rather rare is Sonneratia apetala, Ham. (LythraceEe). It is a pretty
slender tree, reaching a height of 40 ft. The slender, drooping
branches bear entire, coriaceous, glabrous leaves. The calyx is thickly
coriaceous. The depressed globose capsule is about f in. broad and
supported by the persistent calyx. The many-curved, angular seeds
are imbedded in pulp. The short, foliaceous cotyledons are convolute,
the elongate radicle terete. This beautiful tree may be found v.g.,
between Bombay and Sewree and also in Mumbra and Dharamptar.
More common is another species of the same genus — Sonneratia acida,
L. The small tree, which rarely reaches a height of 15 ft., occurs on
the Island of Salsette, in Ratnagiri, Vingorla, Hareshvar, Dharamtar,
Kanara. Its elliptic-oblong or obovate leaves are coriaceous and
nearly sessile. The coriaceous calyx is borne on a very short, thick
THE MANGROVE OF THE BOMBAY PRESIDENCY. 651
pedicel. The cushion-shaped fruit is 1 to 2 in. in diameter. The cup-
shaped, persistent calyx bears the persistent base of the style, which is
about 1 in. long.
An interesting feature of Avicennia officinalis, Sonneratta acida and
Ceriops candolleana are the pneumatophores, which exhibit an aspect
widely different from those of the Bruguieras. As soon as the shrub
reaches a certain height, in Avicennia officinalis, v.g., 1 ft. or 1^, there
appear in great number around the stem within a rather large circle
erect shoots with a soft, elastic texture like cork. They resemble very
much the young shoots of Asparagus, except in colour, which, in our
case, is a brownish black. They are very seldom observed developing
leaves and growing up into bushes. If we follow them downwards we find
the point of origin to be the subterranean roots of Avicennia officinalis,
of which they are the negative-geotropic branches. In this plant they
reach 1 to 1\ ft. above the mud or the shallow water and do not exceed in
thickness \ or f of an inch, whereas in Sonneratia acida they reach 18 to
24 in. in length, by 3 in. in diameter. As they do not develop into a
shrub it is evident that they serve some othsr purpose. A transverse
section of such a root-branch gives us the looked-for explanation. In
Avicennia officinalis our attention is drawn to a large, white ring which
occupies nearly the whole plane of the section, leaving room only for a
small, darker ring in the centre and a comparatively disappearing,
protective skin. The white, loose portion is easily recognised as the
parenchymatous tissue of the primary cortex and in it the naked eye is
able to distinguish little holes which, by microscopic examination,
prove to be lenticels. Those roots, therefore, represent respiratory
organs like the over-ground roots of Bruguiera. But why do the
pneumatophores reach beyond the water-level, as there is oxygen in the
water ? We must admit that the air dissolved in water shows, on the
one hand, a higher percentage of oxygen than the atmosphere, but, on
the other also a higher percentage of carbonic acid. In consequence of
it the quantity of oxygen available to the plant is much smaller in the
water than in the air. Besides, the air diffuses very slowly in water
and thus it may easily happen that the slow movement of the water
causes a want of oxygen. It is for this reason that woody plants, the
stem-bases and roots of which are submerged in mud and stagnant
water, are furnished with special adaptations for the absorption of oxy-
gen from the atmosphere. That there are really graduations as to the
652 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
percantage of oxygen available to the plant in different media, may be
shown to evidence by the examination of a pneumatophore of Avicennia
officinalis. The respiratory root is very thin at the base, where
it is covered by mud ; it grows thicker, where it is submerged in water,
and it reaches its maximum, where it is surrounded by the atmosphere.
And if we examine the anatomical structure, we find that the various
degrees of thickness are due to the respective development of the par-
enchymatous tissue, which contains the lenticels, i.e , the respiratory
organs, The same may be observed in the species of Khizophora.
They are not possessed of special pneumatophores, but the modified
tissue of their " stilt roots " takes upon itself the function of respiration,
and here agiin it is not the portion buried in the mud, but the one
emero-inof from the mud and still more the upper part which is accessible
to the atmosphere.
Alone the muddy sea-coasts of the Konkan grows Carapa obovata, Bl.
(Mel'iacase), a small glabrous tree. The abruptly pinnate leaves are 3 to 6
in. lono- with oblong-ovate, glabrous, coriaceous leaflets. The fruit has
the size of an orange, 3 to 4 in. in diameter. When young it is apiculate.
The flashy pericarp dehisces by four valves. The angular seeds are sur-
rounded by a hard spongy testa.
The pneumatophores of this plant show great resemblance to those
of the Bruguieras ; but, whereas in the latter we have those knee-like
structures and, consequently an up-and downward growth of the roots,
we observe that the roots of the former creep horizontally just under
the surface of the muddy substratum and send above the surface of it a
wedge-shaped expansion of the upper half-cylinder, which, on the top,
is covered with a great number of lenticels.
In the South Konkan along salt-water creeks and backwaters a tall
glabrous shrub or small tree makes its appearance, Lumniizera racemosa,
Willd. Its entire or slightly crenate, sessile leaves are fleshy, coriace-
ous and crowded at the ends of the branches. The glabrous calyx of
the sessile flowers has the teeth ciliolate. The ovoid, glabrous fruit is -|
in. lono- with longitudinal strise when dry and the persistent calyx-tube
at the top.
A handsome shrub with laurel-like appearance and growing in salt-
marshes, together with the different kinds of mangrove, is Mgiceras
majus, Gaertn. (Myrsinaces). The cylindric branches bear obovate,
entire, coriaceous leaves. The umbels of the pure white fragrant flowers
THE MANGROVE OF THE BOMBAY PRESIDENCY. 653
are sessile. The cylindric, acute fruit, resembling a miniature curved
carrot, is coriaceous, striate, and one-seeded. Dehiscence is longitudinal.
The seed is curved in the same way as the pericarp. The inferior
radicle is long and enlarged at the base. The cotyledons are very
small. sEgkeras majus shows vivipary, though not in the complete
form of the Rhizophoracese. The seeds begin to germinate while still
included in the pericarp, wherefore Linnaeus gave it the name of
Rhizophora corniculata.
The rather gloomy looking salt-marshes are often beautified by a
handsome little shrub, Acanthus ilicifolius, L., which on account of
its holly-like leaves was called sea-holly. The cylindrical, glabrous
stems, rarely exceeding the height of 4 ft., are scarcely branched.
The large oblong-oval or oblong-lanceolate leaves have the base acute,
the apex acute or truncate. On each margin there are a few large,
spinous teeth, continuations of the lateral veins. Besides, they are
coriaceous, rigid and shining. The blunt, apiculate capsule, about
1 in. long, is shining and bright-brown. It is in this invariable under-
growth in the mangrove -swamps that we meet again those characteristic
stilt-roots of Rhizophora muoronata, though not in the same luxurious
form. There is no vivipary in the sea-holly ; nevertheless, a peculiarity
as regards reproduction is observed in Acanthus ilicifolius, viz., a greater
development of the embryo while still inclosed in the pericarp than is
usually the case with inland plants.
We come to the last representative of our mangrove, viz., Exccecaria
ag allodia, L., called Blinding tree in India on account of the fresh sap
being extremely acrid. The small tree bears rather thick branchlets,
marked with leaf-scars. The leaves are entire and rather thick. The
catkin-like male spikes are numerous. The sessile male flowers are
surrounded by acuminate bracts. The more slender female spikes are not
so numerous. The capsule, very variable in size, is \ — nearly 1 in. in
diameter. The blinding tree, occurring in tidal estuaries and back-
waters, is not common.
If we compare with each other the different species which make up the
mangrove formation, one fact before all is most striking, viz., that all are
possessed of coriaceous leaves. These, again, have a shining surface and
their margins entire, with the only exception of Carapa obovata which
bears pinnate leaves. If we further examine the internal structure of
the leaves, we meet the same uniformity as regards their anatomy.
16
654 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
Fig. 1, Plate B, shows a small portion of the under surface of a
leaf of Rhizophora mucronata. The epidermis, which is composed of
a single layer of cells, is on the inside distinctly marked off from the
neighbouring tissue. The outer walls of the epidermal cells are consider-
ably thickened and even the side-walls show some thickening. Though
the guard-cells always have their walls thickened in a peculiar way, they
attain a still higher development in this direction in Rhizophora mucro-
nata. The outermost layer of the external walls being in our case ex-
ceedingly well developed, covers as a cuticle the whole surface of the
epidermis, leaving open small passages only for transpiration. The
respiratory cavities, which communicate directly with the intercellular
spaces of the spongy parenchyma, are comparatively small. A complete
transverse section would show that the number and area of those
intercellular spaces is greatly reduced.
Fig. 2, Plate B, exhibits a small portion of a transverse section of a
leaf of Sonneratia acida, showing the epidermis with stomata. The
epidermis is strongly cuticularised, even the side-walls of the epidermal
cells exhibit greater cuticularisation than those of Rhizophora mucronata.
The stomata, which are somewhat raised in the foregoing figure, are
here on the same level with the epidermal cells and thus under the
horizontal band of the cuticula.
Sometimes one may observe near the sea-shore that individuals of
the same species grow in the salt water as well as in the common soil.
The comparative anatomy of their leaves shows the special adaptations
to the respective substratum far clearer than does the comparison
between plants belonging to different species. Fig. 3, Plate B, gives
the diagrammatic view of the transverse section of a leaf of Sonneratia
acida growing in salt mud, and Fig. 4 that of the same growing in
common soil. In Fig. 4 the palisade-tissue is much reduced, whereas in
Fig. 3 it is well developed near the ventral as well as near the dorsal
surface. The same reduction -is observed in the spongy parenchyma,
and, what is most important, the mangrove growing in the salt mud has
developed more and greater vascular bundles. As the ramifications of the
vascular bundles are prolonged, the bundles themselves become smaller
and smaller and, finally, are of very simple structure. When the vessels
disappear, there remain only spirally and reticulately thickened tracheids,
which prove to be excellent channels for the conduction of water. (Fig. 5,
Plate B, shows the termination of vascular bundles with tracheids.)
Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. VOL. XVI.
PLATE B
FIG. 1, Epidermis with stoma of
Rhizophora mucronata.
\°o
o •
•7*
Of
i' + S
t>*Bk£
[£_^
FIG. 2. Epidermis with stoma of
Sonneratia acida.
o o
o
o
FIG. 3. Sonneratia acida on salt
ground.
O
FIG. 4 Sonneratia acida on common
ground:
-\
FIG. 5. Tracheids of Sonneratia acida.
A, P CORTEZ & CO.
THE MANGROVE OF THE BOMBAY PRESIDENCY. 655
Especially well developed is the aqueous tissue in the old yellow
leaves of Rhizophora mucronata. The fact that these leaves are much
thicker and more fleshy than the green leaves of the same plant, is due
to the circumstance that those leaves which have become unfit for
further assimilation develop a large aqueous tissue, which serves for
some time as a water-reservoir.
What we have observed in a few representatives of the mangrove
vegetation is equally applicable in some way or another to the rest. If
we consider all those structural peculiarities, we find that they belong
to the xerophilous type, i.e., they all are adaptations which help to
diminish the transpiration of the plant. Just for this reason the
mangrove is characterized by the extraordinarily thickened and cuticu-
larised walls of their epidermal cells, because these diminish the trans-
piration from the outer surface of the leaves. In the same direction
works the circumstance that the intercellular spaces in the mesophyll
are reduced. It is a striking fact that the intercellular spaces are
always larger where there is abundance of moisture than in places
where there is only little of it as, e.g., in deserts, on a rocky ground,
on sand or gravel. Plants growing on these substrata show in the same
way the other peculiarities of the mangrove, viz., lengthening of the
palisades, depression of the stomata, formation of aqueous tissue and
multiplication of the vascular bundles. This latter contrivance renders
the regular conduction of water to all parts of the tissue easier and is, at
the same time, a means for the removal of the prepared food-materials.
One would not think at first sight that the mangrove needed the
structural modifications which are so useful and even necessary for the
existence of those plants which grow in dry places. The mangrove sends
its roots deep down into the mud, its stems are washed by the water for
many hours of the day, and the branches and leaves are surrounded by a
moist atmosphere and, nevertheless, it exhibits all the anatomical peculi-
arities charaterizing those plants which are forced by circumstances to be
economical in the expenditure of their water. It is a general experience
that salts in solution render the osmotic absorption of water by the roots
difficult. These receive much more water if it is in a chemically pure
state than from solutions, and there is fixed for every plant a certain de-
gree of concentration, usually not exceeding 3 per cent, beyond which
absorption of water by the root does not take place any more. It is for
this reason that a substratum fermented by a rich salt solution is, with
656 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol XVI.
respect to the living organism, physiologically dry. In consequence of
that physical action exercised by the salts in solution, a too great concen-
tration of salts in the assimilatory tissue would show its noxious chemical
influence upon the metabolic processes, if not at the same time, there
were a sufficient number of contrivances preventing too profuse a trans-
piration. It is especially the aqueous tissue which counterbalances
the concentration of salts in the assimilating cells. As the absolute
amount of salt increases in the course of time, we can easily understand
that it is just the old leaf which develops a rich aqueous tissue, keeping
pace in its development with the accumulation of salts in the cells of
the same leaf.
657
BIRDS NESTING IN THE MURREE HILLS AND GULLIES.
By Lt.-Colonel R. H. Rattray.
Part II.
(With Plates C, D and E.)
(Continued from page 428 of this Vol.)
673. Merula oastanea. — The Grey-headed Ouzel.
Common round Murree, but one of the commonest birds round
Changla and Dungagalis. Nests were in varied situations. I found
them in banks, holes in rocks, among roots of dead fallen trees, and in
a hole in tree trunk up to 10 or 12 feet from ground. Birds very
tame ; did not leave nest until I came within 3 or 4 yards of tree or nest.
The two photographs shew typical nest in bank and one in roots of old
dead tree.
676. Merula boulboul. — The Grey-winged Ouzel.
Very common everywhere ; found nests almost daily.
678. Merula unicolor. — TickelPs Ouzel.
Common, but not nearly so much so as the last two species both near
Murree and the Galis. Numerous nests and eggs.
690. Petrophila erythrogastra. — The Chestnut-bellied Rock-
Thrush.
Birds fairly common, but nests very hard to find. I used to see and
watch one pair daily, but failed to find nest. I found one near Murree
with 4 well-grown young ones. Nests often in very nasty places on
side of steep khuds.
691. Petrophila cinclorhyncha. — The Blue-headed Rock-Thrush.
Common near Murree, less so higher up. Numerous nests and eggs,
and on two occasions eggs of the Common Cuckoo in nests.
693. Petrophila cyanus. — The Western Blue Rock-Thrush.
Rare. I only saw birds near Murree, and during two seasons there
only obtained 2 nests, both in holes in rocks.
698. Oreooinola dauma. The Small-billed Mountain- Thrush.
Only found on the higher hills round Changla and Dungagalis ; the
bird though common is very shy and retiring, and has to be looked
for. I found 3 or 4 nests during June.
741. Pyonorhamphus icteroides. — The Black and Yellow Gros-
beak.
658 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
Common. It breeds freely, and several nests were found at Murree,
Dunga and Changlagali, Nests difficult to find and were generally
placed high up in a dense fir tree. In my opinion many birds lay
twice, at Murree, and again at Dungagali. This year I found nests at end
of May, and again, in July when numerous young birds were about
eggs were found. I think that as soon as the young are able to shift
for themselves a second nest is at once made.
745. Pyrrhula aurantiaca. — The Orange Bullfinch.
A few of these birds are to be found on top of Miranjani where they
breed. I, however, failed to find nests. On one occasion in the beginning
of July I saw a pair with 4 young ones just able to fly from tree to tree
on top of a hill near Dungagali about 9,000 ft. I am, therefore, certain
of a few nests there.
7G7. Oardublis caniceps. — The Himalayan Goldfinch.
Rare. I obtained one nest below Dungagali with 4 fresh eggs on 10th
June 1904. Elevation about 5,000 ft. These were the only birds seen,
but are said to be common by my collectors. Can it be possible that
these birds have two broods in the year — one about 5,000 ft. early in
June and a second in Kashmir high up in August. Major Buchanan
found numerous nests in Kashmir during August ?
772. Hypacanthis spinoides. — The Himalayan Greenfinch.
Fairly common at Murree and the Galis. I took four nests at
Murree and one at Dungagali this year with eggs, but found many
more that were destroyed by the heavy rain and deserted. These birds
arrive suddenly at Murree about the middle of June, and at once
set about building. 3rd July was the earliest date on which I got
eggs. Nests generally high up on fir trees, neatly made. Eggs
as described, but generally of a beautiful shape, delicate ovals and very
fragile.
780. Passer cinnamomeus. — The Cinnamon Tree-Sparrow.
Common at Murree, less so round Changla and Dungagalis. Obtained
numerous nests at all three places.
793. Emberiza stewarti. — The White-capped Bunting.
Common. I obtained numerous eggs from Murree and the Gullis.
They breed from about 5,500 ft. up to 7,500 ft.
794. Emberiza stracheyi. — The Eastern Meadow-Bunting.
One of the commonest birds round Murree, where I took numerous
nests ; it is also common round Changla and Dungagalis. The eggs are
o
■8
i — i
BIRDS NESTING IN THE MURREE HILLS. 659
exactly like those of our English Yellow Hammer, hut rather more
greenish in tinge.
805. Cheudon Kashmiriensis. — The Kashmir Martin.
Common in the Galis, not found at Murree. These hirds were breed-
ing in great numbers under the verandah in the dak bungalow at
Changla and Dungagalis ; the nests are in most cases exactly like our
Enolish Martin, but the bird out here more often takes advantage of
a beam on which to rest its nest ; it is also a more familiar bird.
810. Ptyonoprogne rupestris. — The Crag-Martin.
A few pairs of birds bred under some overhanging rocks — the place
was most difficult to get at, and only one or two nests were within
reach. Around Dungagali the birds were breeding in June, but at
Bhaganota, which is considerably lower, all eggs were hatched and in
many cases the young able to fly by the 6th June. The eggs are
marked more with a dark sepia than reel.
822. Hirundo nepaLENSIS. — Hodgson's Striated Swallow.
Common at Dungagali and Changla. I did not see birds at Murree,
I caught number of birds on nests for purpose of identification. Most
of the nests were in verandahs ; the birds were most tame and it was
most interesting watching them collecting mud for their nests.
853. Oreocorys sylvanus.— The Upland Pipet,
The birds were common enough round Murree and the Galis, but I
found very few nests. In one I found an egg of Cuculus canorus, our
common Cuckoo. This egg was absolutely fresh, while the ego-s of
foster parent were on the point of hatching out. It would be interest^
ing to know what would have happened in this case.
946. Geoinus squamatus.— The West-Himalayan Scaly-bellied
Green Woodpecker.
A common bird everywhere in the hills. I found numerous nests
with eggs and young.
950. Geoinus occipitalis.— The Black-naped Green Woodpecker.
Not nearly so common as the last, but still common. I have no
doubt, in many cases where there were young birds in the nests I did
not carefully identify the birds.
960. Hypopicus hyperythrus. — The Rufous-bellied Pied Wood-
pecker.
A rare bird at Murree, but fairly common at Dungagali. Nests very
difficult to find, as it selects a much more enclosed and dense portion of
B60 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
the forests for its nest. I took one nest at Murree and two near
Dunga.
961. Dbndrocopus himalayensis. — The Western Himalayan Pied
Woodpecker.
This is the commonest of the Woodpeckers. I took numerous nests
at both places, but most had young in nests — nests at all heights from
the ground from about 10 to 60 feet.
967. Dendrocopus macii. — The fulvous-breasted Pied Woodpecker.
Common at Murree, but I failed to find a nest, I did not see a
single bird in the Galis.
969. Dendrocopus auriceps. — The Brown-fronted Pied Wood-
pecker.
Common at Murree, but not in the Galis ; it does not appear to
breed above 7,500 feet. I took one nest with eggs at Murree and some
others with young birds.
1006. Megal^ma marshallorum. — The Great Himalayan Barbet.
Very common at all three places. Its loud plaintive cry, as Jerdon
calls it, is so much in evidence as to be a nuisance. I took eggs at
Murree and near Dungagali.
1066. Updpa epops. — The European Hoopoe.
Common at Murree and breeds. I saw very few birds higher up
round the Galis. Took numerous nests.
1068. Cypselus melba. — The Alpine Swift.
I used to see the birds often flying round Dungagali, but only late
in the season found two nests both with young ones. These nests were
not as described, but far inside a crack in solid rock on face of a preci-
pice. I could not get my arms in, but caught one young bird as it
flew out, so cannot say what the nest was made of.
1095. Caprimulgus indicus. — The Jungle Nightjar.
I found one nest near Dungagali on a bare hill side on 7th June
1904, with 2 very hard-set eggs. The eggs were, as usual, laid on the
ground exposed to the sun all day. The photo is of a nest and eggs at
Fort Munro, Baluchistan, on 28th July 1904, and exactly like the
others.
1092. Caprimulgus europ^us. — The European Nightjar.
I only found these birds near Dungagali. I took two nests — one
just inside the forest belt and the other on a bare hill side. They are not
common. Eggs exactly similar to some I took some years ago.
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BIRDS NESTING IN THE MURREE HILLS. 661
1104. Cuculus oakorus. — The Cuckoo very common. I took a
number of eggs at Murree and three near Dungagali. The eggs are
laid in a large number of nests.
1105. Cuculus saturatus. — The Himalayan Cuckoo.
Common. I took 3 eggs from oviduct of female at Murree and
some other eggs at Murree and two eggs near Dungagali. All were
from nests of Acanthopneuste occipitalis. (The Large-crowned Willow
Warbler.)
1106. Cuculus poliocephalus. — The Small Cuckoo.
Birds fairly common but not often come across unless searched for.
I took an egg at Murree and one at Dungagali 1 am not entering
into any discussion as to colouring of eggs, as this has been done in an
admirable paper by Mr. E. C. Stuart-Baker, which will appear about
the same time as this. This remark also applies to next species. I
took both my eggs from nest of Large- crowned Willow Warbler.
1107. Cuculus micropterus. — The Indian Cuckoo.
1 took numerous eggs I attribute to this bird at Murree and one at
OO
Dungagali this year. Two of the eggs were in nests of Trochalof>tenim
lineatum and the remainder in Laroiyora brunnea, the Indian Blue
Chat. I am certain the eggs are blue in some cases (about 1 in 3 eggs),
with a few darker blue or lilac spots.
1108. Hierococcyx sparverioides. — The Large Hawk Cuckoo.
Rare at Murree but fairly common round Dungagali. I took one egg
from nest of Trochalopterum simile, it is exactly like one I took some
years ago from oviduct of female. The egg is blue. Mr. Stuart-Baker
has again given the fullest information about this bird in his paper.
1112. Cacomantis passerinus. — The Indian Plaintive Cuckoo.
A rare bird. I only occasionally heard and saw it near Murree. I
took one egg there.
OO
1117. Surniculus lugubris. — The Drongo Cuckoo.
A very rare bird. I shot one bird in Murree about 5,500 feet eleva-
tion in 1899, and took an egg that must, I think, belong to this bird
near the same place as the bird was shot ; it was in nest of the Ashy
Drongo ; this egg was quite fresh while Drorigo's eggs were hard set.
1141. Pal^ornis schisticeps. — The Slaty-headed Paroquet.
Very common. I saw numerous nest holes at Murree and Dungagali
but all contained young ones.
1175. Scops spilocephalus. — The Spotted Himalayan Scops Owl.
U
662 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
Rare. I have only come across this bird once here; this year obtained
a nest with eggs shooting hen bird. This was near Changlagali.
1186. Glaucidium brodiei. — The Collared Pigmy Owlet.
Birds common at Murree and more so at Dungagali, but I have only
once this year obtained the eggs here. They hide their nest holes
most carefully. This nest had 5 eggs. I have never previously taken
more than 4 eggs.
No. 1198. Neophron percnopterus. — The Egyptian Vulture.
Birds common, but I have only seen one nest. This was taken on
11th May 1904 and contained 1 egg. a beautiful dark-coloured one.
The nest was on a ledge of rock in an almost inaccessible precipice. The
birds continued to occupy the nest, but did not lay again.
1206. Aquila hastata. — The Small Indian Spotted Eagle.
I was luckv enough to find one nest of this bird about 3 miles from
Dungagali. The nest was placed high up in a tree growing on the face
of a nasty precipice. Men only climbed up with the assistance of
ropes. The nest contained 1 incubated egg and was taken on 7th June
1904. I shot the hen bird off the nest.
1210, Ictinaetus malayensis. — The Black Eagle.
A nest with one much incubated egg near Changlagali on 4th May
1904. The nest was one of the nastiest to get at I have ever seen. It
was high up on a fir tree on the face of a very bad precipice. The bird
sat until the man was quite near the nest and then swooped down at
him till shot at. The pair continued near the nest the rest of the season,
but did not lay again. The egg is a very handsome one, smeared with
grey and dark purple ; the markings are nowhere in blotches, but
smeared, running round axis of egg, I do not think they lay more
than one egg.
1217. Spilornis cheela. — The Crested Serpent-Eagle.
I obtained one nest with the hen bird on 6th May 1904 ; it was so
much incubated it unfortunately broke in cleaning. The nest was high
up in a fir tree. The single egg was a long narrow oval much pointed at
small end. Ground colour greyish- white with a dull dingy cap of
pale brown ; it was without exception the dingiest eagle or allied egg
I have ever seen.
1229. Milvus govinda. — The Common Pariah Kite.
Common. I saw several nests at Murree and Dungagali, but did not
trouble to take them down.
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BIRDS NESTING IN THE MORREE HILLS. 663
1230. Milvus melanotis. — The Large Indian Kite.
I saw very few birds at Murree, none at Changla or Dungagalis.
I obtained one nest at Murree in 1899 ; it was high up in a tall fir
tree and contained three eggs.
1260. Falco subbuteo.— The Hobby.
A rare bird only found near top of Miranjani. I saw one nest
building, but when visited about 14 days later was found deserted.
Major Buchanan obtained eggs there some years ago.
1265. Tinnunculus alatjdarius. — The Kestrel.
Common. I obtained a nest at Murree with 4 fresh eggs, and one
this year at Dungagali with 5 eggs. I saw other pairs, but failed to
locate nests, as they were in almost impossible places.
1283. Sphentocercus sphenurus. — The Kokla Green Pigeon.
Common. Numerous eggs at Murree and Dungagali.
1305. Turtur ferrago. — The Indian Turtle Dove.
Common everywhere. I saw and obtained numerous eggs at
Murree and Dungagali.
1334. Pucrasia macrolopha. — The Koklas or Pukras Pheasant.
Common at Dunga and Changla Galis, none at Murree. I saw
several nests with 5 to 7 eggs. The photo was taken of one about
<S,000 feet elevation and is similar to all the others.
1336. Genn^us albicristatus. — The White-crested Kalij Pheasant.
I do not think this bird is common. I found one nest at Murree
about 6,000 feet after the young had hatched out. I did not see the
bird in the Galis,
1370. Caccabis chucar. — The Chukor.
There are a good number of birds round Dungagali and I think
Murree, but I did not see birds there. I saw one nest near Dunga, but
did not count the eggs for fear of disturbing the birds ; there looked
about 10 of them. I have found 15 in one nest.
1482. Scolopax rusticula. — The Woodcock.
This bird breeds freely round Changlagali from about 8,500 feet
upwards. I saw some 8 or 10 pairs, and found some 5 nests each con-
tainino- the usual 4 eg£s. The nests were all in thick forest and
generally under a shrub like Rue. The nest is a very typical one.
I hope next year to get a good photo of a sitting bird and settle the
question I lately ventilated in " The Field ' as to birds sitting with
eyes closed and bill resting on the ground.
664
INSECT LIFE IN INDIA AND HOW TO STUDY IT,
BEING
A SIMPLE ACCOUNT OF THE MORE IMPORTANT FAMILIES OF INSECTS
WITH EXAMPLES OF THE DAMAGE THEY DO TO CROPS,
TEA, COFFEE AND INDIGO CONCERNS, FRUIT
AND FOREST TREES IN INDIA,
BY
E. P. STEBBING, f.l.s., f.z.s., f.e.s.
Part IV.
{Continued from page 131 of this Volume.)
Chapter VI.
Hymenoptera Petiolata— continued.
Series 2. — Tubulifera.
The trochanters are undivided and the hind body consists of from 3-5
visible segments ; the female has an ovipositor -which is usually retrac-
tile and contains a fine pointed lance. The larvae usually live in the
cells of other hymenoptera.
Compared with the Parasitica and Terebrantia this is a small group of
Insects practically devoid of economic interest. One family is recognised.
Fam. IX. Chrysididae— Ruby- Wasps.
The Ruby- Wasps are usually easily recognisable owing to their brilliant
metallic colouring and to the curious construction of the abdomen,
which allows the Insect to curl it completely under the front parts so
as to roll itself up into a ball. The Insects have a very hard, coarsely-
sculptured integument and elbowed antennae
of usually thirteen joints. The larva has the
ordinary number of joints to its body found
in the grubs of this order and thus does not
differ as do the adults. The reason for the
fewer number of visible segments in the bodies
Fig. M.—Chrysis fusci- of the Ruby- Wasp is due to the fact that a
pennis (India and
Burma.) greater number ot the terminal segments are
drawn into the body to make the telescope-like structure containing
the pointed lance or style. Although the latter is occasionally used as
a sting it is incapable of inflicting a serious wound.
The Ruby flies do not attain a large size but owing to their brilliant
colouration they are often to be noticed in India in verandahs and
INSECT LIFE IN INDIA.
665
houses, flitting about and never stationary. Like other brilliant
metallic coloured Insects they love the hot sunshine. In India there
are numerous species amongst which may be mentioned Chrysis fusci-
pennis (Fig. 54), a metallic green Cuckoo-
Wasp with a bine sheen which is found all
over India find Burma up. to elevations of
10,000 ft. This Insect is parasitic on three
species of Eumenes, laying its eggs in the
cells of these latter Insects {vide p. infra}.
Fig. 55.— Chrysis oculata (India Another species of Cuckoo-Wasp, Chrysis
anci Burma). oculata, also found all over India, and Burma,
is metallic blue in colour with a copper-red spot on each side of the 2nd
abdominal segment. It is shown in Fig. 55.
Series 3. — Aculeata.
The trochanters of the legs consist of one piece and the abdomen
has six or seven visible segments ; the female is provided vith a retrac-
tile sting. Antennae usually 13-jointed in male, 12-jointed in female.
There are however numerous exceptions to this amongst the ants.
The larvae are legless grubs of soft consistence and live either in
cells or, in the case of the social forms, in the abodes of the parents.
The larvae of the ants and Fossarial Aculeata have the anterior parts
of the body long and narrow and abruptly bent so that their heads
hang down. The pupa is always soft and gradually assumes the
colour and hardness of the perfect Insect.
Fam. X. Apidse— Bees,
The bees are usually very hairy Insects provided with elbowed anten-
nae ; the hairs may be simple,
spiral or plumose, the parts of
the mouth are elongated so as
to form a protrusible tubular
proboscis, which is sometimes of
considerable length. The hind
body is never narrowed at the
base into an elongate stalk as is
the case in wasps and Fossores
FIG. W.-Apis dormta. The Big Indian (cf* Fi£* 56 and FiS* 67)' The
Bee (India). basal joint of the hind foot is
elongate, the tibia and tarsi of this leg being usually broad.
666 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
There are no wingless adult forms amongst the bees ; in the species
which live in societies or colonies barren females, called workers,
exist and carry on the work of the community.
The food of bees is always obtained from the vegetable kingdom
or from other bees. It usually consists of pollen worked up in
various ways. In this connection the hind legs of bees are of consider-
able importance and Sharp* makes the following interesting remarks
on this subject : " The hind lews of bees are very largely used in the
industrial occupations of these indefatigable creatures ; one of their
chief functions in the female being to act as receptacles for carrying
pollen to the nest : they exhibit, however, considerable diversity. The
parts most modified are the tibia and the first joint of the hind-foot.
Pollen is carried by other parts of the body in many bees, and even
the hind leg itself is used in different ways for the purpose : sometimes
the outer face of the tibia is highly polished and its margins surrounded
by hair, in which case pollen plates are said to exist ; sometimes the
first joint of the tarsus is analogous to the tibia both in structure and
function ; in other cases the hind legs are thick and densely covered
with hair that retains the pollen between the separate hairs. In this
case the pollen is carried home in a dry state, while in the species
with pollen plates, the pollen is made into a mass of a clay-like con-
sistence. The legs also assist in arranging the pollen on the other
parts of the body. The males do not carry pollen, and though their hind
legs are also highly modified, yet the modifications do not agree with
those of the female, and their functions are in all probability sexual."
As is well-known bees frequent flowers, but not, as usually stated,
to gather the honey. They really extract the nectar which is said to
be almost pure saccharose ; this they swallow and, according to one
authority, it is regurgitated as dextrose and levulose. Probably all
bees also eat pollen while collecting it. The pollen collected mixed
with honey serves as the food for the colony.
The young of bees are always reared in cells and these cells (except
in the case of the parasitic bees) are built by the mothers or workers.
The solitary bees store the cells with food and close up each cell after
having laid an egg in it, so that in these cases each grub feeds upon
a store of food previously provided for it. The social or colonial
baes (those living in hives, open combs, &c.) do not close the cells
* Cambridge Natural History, Vol. VI., 12.
INSECT LIFE IN INDIA. 667
in which the larvae are placed, but are fed by the workers very much
in the same way that nestling birds are fed by the parents. The
food is honey and pollen mixed in proportions which vary for different
species ; the honey seems to be specially suitable to the young larvae as
those bees which make closed cells place on the top of the mass of
food a layer consisting principally of honey which layer is first consumed
by the young grub. The larva reaches its full size in a very short space
of time but rests for a more or less prolonged period before transforming
into the pupal stage. The pupa shows the antennae, wings, legs, &c,
of the perfect insect very distinctly, the development of the latter being
quick. Some larvee spin cocoons, others do not.
There are a large number of parasitic bees, i.e., bees which lay their
eggs, either one or more, in the cell of a working bee of a
different species. The larvae developing from these eggs grow more
rapidly than those of the host and so cause the latter to die of starva-
tion.* In some cases the parasitic larva ends by consuming the grub it
has robbed before pupating.
The classification or grouping of the bees is in an unsatisfactory state.
It will be sufficient for our purpose hereto consider the following groups : —
The Parasitic bees (Denudatse), Carpenter bees (Scopulipedes), Mason
and Leaf-cutting bees (Dasygastres) and the Social or Colonial bees
(Sociales).
The Parasitic Bees (DENUDAT.E) are long-tongued solitary bees
with no pollen-carrying apparatus.
They lay their eggs in the cells of
other bees and often have a great
resemblance to their hosts. Amongst
those known in India are Stelis
parvula and S. cornida, the latter
Fig. 57.-^«0o™**«-A Parasitic being shown in Fig. 57. Kothingis
Bee (Rangoon). known of their habits.
The SCOPULIPEDES include the Carpenter bees (Xylocopa), long-
tongued solitary bees which are not parasitic. The genus Xylocopa
contains many of the largest and most powerful of the bees and is well
represented in India. They are usually black or blue-black in colour
(some species in India have a brilliant canary-yellow thorax, whilst
others have bright, yellow and red abdomens), of broad robust build, with
* Bertrand, Bull. Mus. Paris, i. 1895, p. 38.
668 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
shining integuments more or less covered with hair. They are known
as carpenter bees
from the habit of
some of them of bor-
ing into dry timber.
They will not touch
living wood nor will
they tunnel into rot-
ten wood. Sound
seasoned timber ap-
pears to be what they
prefer. They bore a
Pig. ib.—Xylooopa latipes. (India.) cylindrical tunnel in-
to the wood from which 3 or 4 parallel galleries give off in which
broad cells are placed. These cells are always isolated by a partition
formed by cemented fragments of wood which are cut out by the bee.
Little is known about the life histories of our Indian species nor do we
know how many generations they pass through during the year. Xylo-
copa latipes depicted in Fig. 58 is a large blue and green Xyhcopa,
widely distributed throughout India and ranging down into China and
the Malayan Region. It tunnels into sal wood in the Bengal Duars
Fig. 59. — Block of Padouk wood showing borings of X. latipes,
occasionally causing serious damage to the rafters of the tea factories
and other buildings, whilst others have been found boring into Padouk
in Calcutta (imported from Rangoon) and teak in Rangoon.
INSECT LIFE IN INDIA.
069
Xylocopa chloraptera is the common carpenter bee of East India,
Burma, Moulmein, &c, which selects hollow bamboos for its cells ; it
connects together the pieces cut out of the interior partitions of the
bamboo, using them as horizontal partitions inside the bamboo to
separate the internal cavity into cells. This species is much infested
with a small Chalcid parasite (Encyrtus), of which as-many as 300 speci-
mens of the fly have been bred from a single larva of the bee.
The group DASYGASTRES includes the mason and leaf-cutting
bees in which the ventral surface of the hind body is densely set in the
females with regularly arranged hairs by which the pollen is carried.
In many, as in Megachile, the labium is very large and in repose is
deflected on to the lower side of the head. This group includes some of
the most interesting and perhaps to the
general public some of the best known of the
solitary bees. The mason and leaf-cutting
bees are well-known in India.
The leaf-cutting bees cut lon^ or circular
Fig. 60.—M<:gachile portions out of green leaves to form the
anthracina. The leaf -cut- . „ . . .. . „ , T
ting bee. (United Provinces.) partitions ot tneir cells. A well-known Indian
one is Megachile anthracina (fasciculatis) depicted in Fig. 60. It cuts
long pieces out of rose or pulse
leaves and forms its cells of
these, a circular piece being cut
to serve as the lid. These cells
resemble an ordinary-sized thim-
ble. Home states that in one
specimen examined by him
thirty-two pieces of leaf disposed
in seven layers were used for
one cell, in addition to three
circular pieces for the lid.
Some kind of gummy material
is believed to be used to keep in
place the pieces forming the
interior layer. This is not how-
ever invariably the case as in a
species found by the writer in a
tunnel in blue pine wood in the
18
Fig, 61.— Nest of the leaf-cutting bee, 31.
anthracina. A, a section of a separated cell
with lid raised; larvae (a) nesting on the
food. B, portion of a row of cells. (After
Home).
G70 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
Himalayas, the leaf pieces used were merely tightly wedged in their
places. The cells are placed end to end as shown in Fig. 61 B, five to
seven cells forming a series and four to six series are believed to be
constructed by one pair of this bee, the mass being placed in a hollow in
masonry or similar position. Each cell when completed is half filled
with pollen and an egg laid in it. This bee is much infested by parasites
and is also eaten by the Grey Hornbill {Meniceros bicornis). A Lower
Burman species makes its nest in the young shoots of teak saplings,
entering by a hole at one side. One generation of the fly issues
towards the end of January.
Megachile lanata, shown in Fig. 62, is the common bee found in
Indian houses and especially verandahs.
Borne states that both sexes take part in
constructing the cells. These cells are formed
of clay and a hollow cavity of almost any
kind will be made use of; the back of a book,
an empty punkha-rope hole in the wall, the
Fig. 62.— Mega chile lanata. barrel of a rifle or gun, &c, are often found
The mason-tee. (United 1'ro- . .
vinces.) tenanted by the cells ot this insect.
The Social Bees (SOCIALES) include the genera Bombus, Meli-
pona (Trigona) and Apis.
Bombus or the bumble bees are more like wasps in their habits
than bees in that the societies die
off at the end of the season, only
a few females living through the
winter, each of which starts a
new colony the following spring.
Bombus arientalis is a large
black, yellow and red bumble
bee, very common about Darji-
liug. It is shown in Fig. 63.
Males, females and workers are
Fig. 63 — Bomlus orienlalh. A common
present in the nests. These latter Darjiling bee. (Darjiiing.)
are found in the ground amongst moss, leaves, &c.
Melipona includes several species of very small bees which are common
in India, but little is known about their life histories. They are sting-
Home. Trans. Zool. Soc, Lond., vii., 1870, p. 178.
INSECT LIFE IN INDIA. 671
less bees which build their nests in old walls, &c, the nest being formed
chiefly of chewed resin. They produce
honey and was; in considerable quantities,
but no attempt has ever been made to
domesticate them. Melipona (Trigona)
thoracica is common in Tennasserim. It is
shown in Fig. 64. M. indipennis, another
Fig. 64.— Melipona (Trigona) ° i t»
thoracica. (Tenasserim.) species, has been taken at Barrackpore
near Calcutta and is also common in Burma.
The genus Apis contains the wild honey bees par excellence of
India. In these bees we get the three forms of male, female
and worker. The males are the drones and do no work. Neither the
male nor female take any part in the provision of food either for them-
selves or the young. The colonies are permanent, i.e., they do not
end at the close of a season, the formation of a new colony taking-
place by what is termed ' swarming.' This swarming of bees is not a
nuptial flight as is usually supposed. The swarm consists of one female
and a number of workers. These workers build the new comb. The
comb consists of a number of hexagonal cells, consisting of wax, in con-
tact with one another at the sides. The queen lays an egg in each cell
and as these hatch the young larvae are fed by the workers. Some of
the cells are used for storing honey in. The fertilisation of the young-
queen takes place during a solitary flight after the swarm has settled
down. Three species are known : Apis dorsata, A. indica and A. florea.
A. dorsata is the big bee shown in Fig. 56. It constructs large nests
consisting of a single semi-elliptical comb of as much as five feet across
and two feet deep, either suspended to the underside of the branches
of lofty trees or to portions of buildings or attached to the rocks of
precipitous cliffs as, for instance, at the Marble Rocks on the Narbada
River near Jubbulpore and in the Ajanta Caves, Bombay. This bee can
be recognised by its size and elongate body. Its sting is very poisonous,
being almost deadly in the hot weather and almost certainly so to
Europeans if inflicted in numbers when the blood is in bad condition.
That this is invariably so in the case of the jungle tribes of the country
is doubtful as the writer has seen Kols and Santals with many stings in
their bodies, but apparently suffering no inconvenience therefrom. This
bee is very difficult to dislodge as it will return again and again to a
chosen site, thereby greatly disfiguring buildings. Arches in the Taj
672 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
Mahal at Agra were at one time greatly disfigured by the combs of this
insect.
The following interesting note by Major T. R. A. G. Montgomery
on the nuisance and damage committed by this bee at the Ajanta Caves
appeared in the Pioneer'* some time ago : —
The Collector of Khandeish has written to warn visitors to Ajanta
of the danger caused by bees. These industrious and vindictive insects
appear to be as dangerous now as they were in 1877, when Mr. Burgess,
the Archaeologist, " was dreadfully stung and had to remain in the
river for hours up to his chin in water." So important was the matter
formerly considered that in the 1879 edition of Murray s Handbook,
travellers to India are recommended to supply themselves, as part ot
their outfit, with "a pair of stout leather gauntlets coming up above
the wrist half-way to the elbow, and a light wire-mask with a back-
piece to protect the back of the head and neck," for use when visiting
the caves of Ellora and Ajanta as a protection against the bees, " many
persons having been so badly stung that in some cases death has
ensued." In the same guide-book we read as follows : — " Having
located himself, the traveller will do well to send for Imam, the great
beehunter of Ajanta, and inquire in what state the bees are. If likely
to be troublesome, Imam will arrange for their destruction before the
caves are visited." Apart, however, from the danger to those visiting
what Murray describes as " the most extraordinary sight that India has
to show," there is another fact I would like to bring forward, namely,
that the bees are one of the chief causes of damage to the famous wall
paintings in the caves. In Messrs. Ferguson and Burgess's book on the
Cave Temples of India it is stated that " forty years ago {i.e., about 1839)
the paintings at Ajanta were very tolerably complete and their colours
exhibited a freshness which was wonderful, considering their exposure to
the vicissitudes of an Indian climate for from 15 to 18 centuries. Since
that time, however, bees, bats and barbarians have done a great deal to
obliterate what was then so nearly perfect." As the State protection of
the remains of ancient India is now about to pass into law, might I sug-
gest to the authorities that a small portion of the money that will soon
be annually allotted for the purposes of preservation be devoted to the
eviction of the bees of Ajanta caves ? This would simply mean a trifling
amount spent in wages to Imam, the bee- hunter, if he is still alive and
* Allahabad, Pioneer, January 19th, 1903.
INSECT LIFE IN INDIA. • 673
active or to his successors if he is dead. It is not every day or in every
country that one can see paintings seventeen hundred years old, and it
will be indeed a pity if the present opportunity be not taken for esta-
blishing the periodical ejection of the bees and bats of Ajanta, on the
twofold grounds of preserving the paintings and ensuring the safety of
sightseers ; while as for the " barbarians " they will soon have become
creatures of the past. Furthermore, any steps taken in the direction of
facilitating the journey to Ajanta, and rendering a short sojourn there
more convenient than at present, would invoke the heartfelt thanks of
modern pilgrims to the desolate shrines of one of the grandest of religions.
A. dorsata appears to be common all over the country and
goes up to over 7,000 feet in the Himalayas. When disturbed it will
attack, with the utmost fierceness, both man and animals. There is a
considerable trade in its honey and wax, but to obtain them the comb
has to be destroyed and the natives are very careless in their method of
collection, pressing the whole into great balls containing pieces of twig,
dirt and other impurities. It is doubtful whether this bee can ever be
domesticated. Could it be done there can be little doubt as to the great
commercial value it would have.
Apis indica (see Fig. 65) is a smaller bee, whose habits are like the
European A. melliftca, which builds in hollow trees, holes in walls, &c.
Binghamf states that in Burma, where no species of honey-bee is domes-
ticated by the Burman, he has more than once seen a house (the houses
are chiefly built of wood) rendered nearly uninhabitable by a swarm of
A. indica taking possession of the hollows under the wooden staircases,
or of the space between the outer walls when these-were built double.
The honey of A. indica is particularly sweet and attempts have been
made to domesticate it in various parts of \ I
India including parts of Bombay, the ^^-^^^^ m&m-$ ^ss=^
Kuram Valley, most districts of the "'v^j^^^g^sg^^^^
Himalayas, and Assam. In the latter pro- ^^^^^^^^^^^
vince the matter has been taken up by *\Jr fll jfcfijj Ik
the Agricultural Department. The method f ^w \
of rearing as practised in the Khasi Hills
, , ,., , t , FlG- 65.— Apis indica. The
is crude and not unlike the old system Indian honey bee.
of rearing bees in skips practised at Home. (India.)
Attempts are to be made to introduce the bar-frame hive.
f Bingham. Blanf. Faun. Br. India. Hyraenoptera, Vol. I, 557.
G74 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
A. jlorea (Fig. G6) is the smallest of the bees ; it is about the size of a
small house fly and builds its
single comb on the branches
of trees or in bushes or under
the eaves of houses. Its honey
is very sweet, but is in too
Fig.
66— Apis fovea. The
small Indian bee.
(India.)
small a quantity to be worth
cultivation.
Fam. XI. Diploptera (Vespidae)— Wasps.
The wasps can be easily distinguished by the fact that when at rest
the upper wings are longitudinally plicate, that is, they are longitudi-
nally folded down the middle. This is
well shown in Sharp's drawing of
Eumenes flavopicta, a Burman solitary
wasp shown in Fig. 67. The trochanter
is simple, the antennae elbowed, the
eyes reniform and the mandibles long
and projecting.
The wasps are either solitary or social
and some have the three forms, males,
females and workers.
The Solitary Wasps (Eumenidce) are
more numerous than the social ones fig. 67.— Eumenes flavajricta 9
though perhaps less noticeable. They S^lefEVSS
mav be distinguished by having the claws position of repce, to
J #& lit . show folding-. (After
of the foot bifid or toothed, the middle Sharp).
tibise having only one spur at the end. There are no workers.
A common Indian Solitary Wasp is Eumenes conica (Fig. G8) which
constructs clay nests with very
delicate walls. In these nests about
a dozen green caterpillars are placed
in a mass together, there being
only one cell. It apparently usually
selects light-green caterpillars for
provisioning the nest with, although
occasionally dark coloured ones may
An esre; is laid in
Fig. 68 — Eumenes eonira. A common |1e found.
Indian Solitary Wasp. .
(India and Burma.) the nest and the larva on hatch
INSECT LIFE IN INDIA.
675
ing out feeds upon the caterpillars. This wasp is much attacked by
parasites, one of which is the cuckoo-
wasp, Chrysis fuscipennis mentioned
above. Odynerus punctum, another
Indian species shown in Fig. 69,
makes use of holes in door posts,
&c, especially vacant ones made
1 J r IG. 69.— Odynerus punctum
by large nails or screws. The hole (Bengal),
is filled with provisions and the orifice is then covered over level
with the surface of the wood so as to escape observation. This genus
is said to be destroyed by Chrysididce. The members of the genus
Khynchium also prey upon insects, usually selecting the interior of
stems for their nests. jR. hrunneum (Fig. 70) makes use of hollow
bamboo stems. Home records a case
in which a female of this species took
possession of a stem in which the
bee, Megacliile lanata, had already
built two cells. The wasp first con-
structed a partition of wood over the
spot occupied by the bee, this parti-
tion being similar to that which it makes use of for separating the
spaces intended for its own young.
This species stores caterpillars
intended for its young and this
is also the habit of another In-
dian species, M. nitidulum (Fig. 71).
This latter wasp constructs clay
cells, similar to those of Eumenes,
which it fixes firmly to wood.
The social wasps (Vespidse) live
in colonies, as in the case of the
Fig. 70. — Rhynohjum brunneum.
(India).
Fig. 71. — Rhynchium nitidulum. (Bar-
rackpore.)
social bees, consisting of males, females and workers. They build in-
geniously constructed nests consisting of a paper-like substance com-
posed of chewed wood or bark. These nests consist of one or more
horizontal combs, each composed of a number of prismatic hexagonal
uells open at their lower ends. These contain the larvae, one in each,
which thus hang head downwards. The whole nest may be surround-
ed by a firm or loose covering. The larvae are fed upon chewed
676 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
insects. The whole population of the nest dies in the late autumn with
the exception of the young fertilised females. These survive through
the cold weather months* and in the spring set about founding a new
colony. The female commences the new nest by partially constructing
a few c 3II3 and laying an egg in each. She then continues the building
work until the young larvae hatch out. These she is supposed to feed
upon saccharine matter at first, subsequently giving them chewed insect
food. In the intervals she continues the construction work and eo-o-
laying. This however naturally progresses slowly as long as the larvse
have to be fed. When these latter are full-fed they pupate and after a
short time in this stage the adults, all workers, issue and at once carry on
the construction of the nest as also the feeding of the larvee and perhaps
of the female herself. She now no longer engages in any work save
egg -laying. The adult wasps feed chiefly upon sugary matter and
fruit.
The nests of the Vespid?e are very elaborate structures formed of
quite a different material to those of the bees ; these latter, as we have
seen, secrete wax and use it to build the comb, whereas the wasps make
use of paper or card which they form from fragments of vegetable tissue,
more especially woody fibre, amalgamated by means of cement secreted
by glands ; these vegetable fragments are obtained by means of the
mandibles. In the case of our Indian wasps' nests the whole is enve-
loped in so solid and beautifully constructed an envelope of papier-
mache (Fig. 72(f), that they are enabled to pass through the heavy
monsoon rains without injury. In most of the nests of the Vespidse the
comb is placed in stories, one above the other, the stories being
in some cases held up by pillars made by the wasps, supported either
by a branch or by the outside envelope, communication being-
effected by a hole in each layer of the comb, e.g., as in Vespa velutina
(Fig. 72) or there may be only one mass or comb, as, e.g., in Polistes
* This annual extinction of the nests is exceedingly curious since it does not appear to
have any act 1 b aring upon the seasons or climate. In tropical climates where there is no
cold weather the same thing occurs. De Saussure says : " The nests are abandoned without it
being possible to discover the reason, for apparently neither diminution of temperature
nor sea city of food causes them (the Insects) to suffer. One is tempted to believe that the
death of the Insects is the result of a physiological necessity." That this is not always
the c-sh however is proved by the fact that a large nest of Vespa velutina (1), attached
to a big tre° in D^hra Dun, remained active right through the winter up to the end of Janu-
ary an was pnarentiy only killed off by the severe frosts experienced in February-March
1905 It w s blown down with the branch to which it was attached in a severe storm ic May
of the same year.
INSECT LIFE IN INDIA.
077
{ b'ig. 74). The eggs are laid in the cells when the latter are only
Fig. 72.— Ne^t of Vexpa velvtina (Dehra Dun.)**1, a-, a3, a', layers of the comb ;
b, pillars cupporting comb; o, larval cells; d, portion of the papier-
mache envelope or covering ; the res>t has been iemo^ed. (Original.)
partially formed. The subsequent building up of the cell being
accomplished as necessitated by the growth of the larva. The changes
to pupa and imago take place after the cell bas been entirely closed.
Perhaps the commonest of
Indian Social wasps is the yellow
Polistes hebraeus (Fig. 73).
Every one knows the beautifully
constructed papery nests of this
insect. This wasp is particularly
addicted to buildings and will
•attach its nests to rafters, door
frames, in fact woodwork of any
19
FiG. 73. — Polhtes hebraeus. A common
Indian Social Wasp. (Dehra
Dun.)
678 JO URN A L, BOMB A Y NA TURAL HISTOR Y SOCIETY, Vol. XV h
description or to almost any convenient spot from its own point
of view. The nest is unenclosed in any envelope ; the hexagonal
cells form an irre-
gular comb or mass
which is attached
by a stalk near
its centre, or more
correctly the nest is
constructed from a
central basal attach-
ment, the cells being
so placed that their
mouths look down-
ward s. Fig. 7 4
FlG. 74.— Nest of Polistet hebraeus, with a wasp clinging shows a partially
to it. (Debra Dun.) (Original.) . .
• ,u v • i '± formed nest ot this
insect with a wasp clinging to it.
Vespa velutina, the Indian hornet, builds nests of several feet in
length which are inhabited by a
very large number of individuals.
Fig. 72 shows a fine nest of this
species. The outer envelope is par-
tially removed to show the forma-
tion of the stories of the comb.
The Indian hornet is very fierce
when roused and will follow its
enemy for miles even through F]G 7-__Vespa orientalis CUnifced
dense jungle. Its sting in the hot Provinces.)
weather is dangerous and may have fatal results in a similar manner to
that of Apis dorsata. Vespa magnified, is the common wasp of the
Himalayas from Simla to Darjiling extending into the hills of Assam,
Burma and Tenasserim. Vespa orientalis, shown in Fig. 75, is to be
found in the Punjab and United Provinces.
Fam. XII. Fossoria— Sand Wasps.
Smooth bodied Insects, often with long legs ; they are very like wasps,
from which they may be distinguished by having their antennre curled
instead of elbowed ; the front wings are not longitudinally folded. In
INSECT LIFE IN INDIA.
679
habits they resemble solitary wasps, constructing either cells of clay
or burrows in the ground or tunnels in the wood and stems of
plants ; others form no special receptacle for their young, being
either parasitic or semi-parasitic or making use of the abodes of
other Insects, holes, etc. The habits of these Insects are carnivorous,
the cells, burrows, &c, formed being filled with Insect stores to serve
as food for the next generation. These Insects exhibit a wonderful
industry and skill in the preparation and stocking of their cells and a
remarkable variety in their habits, more especially marvellous when
it is remembered that they never see their progeny and thus the
young can have learnt nothing from their parents. Over 2,000 years
ago these Insects attracted attention and Aristotle made some ob-
servations on them, A curious Chinese tradition supposes that the
Insects forming and storing the cells are males and that having
buried the caterpillar it addressed a spell to it enjoining it to come out
as a wasp similar to itself. This tradition, ancient as it may be, is by no
means confined to China. Many instances of similar belief may be
found in India at the present day.
The ScoliidcB are parasitic Fossoria and are large powerful hairy
insects with thick legs ; their colour is usually black with bands' or
spots of red and yellow ; the hind body is elongate and has only a
very short pedicel. Little is known about the habits of these insects
in India. It is
not improbable
that, as with
their European
confreres, they
are parasitic
upon the larva*
of Lamellicorn
beetles; these
latter larva? live
in the soil or in
Fig. 76.— Scolia proeer. (India and Burma.) accumulations of
debris and the female Scolia enters the ground and, first stinging the
grub, lays an egg in it. The Scolia grub feeds upon its host on hatch-
ing out, the latter remaining alive for a considerable time. Scolia pra-
cer (Fig. 76) is a common Indian insect.
680 JOURNAL, BOMB A Y NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
The Sphegidce form their nests in burrows or construct mud cells.
Sphex lobatus (Fig. 77) is an Indian insect which provisions its nest
with Orthoptera. Rothney noted that a
large field cricket (Brachytriqies aehoe-
iinusl) was made use of. Peloptmus (Sce-
liphron) madraspatanus is common in
N.-W. India and is often known as
the ' mud-dauber'
(Fig. 78). It builds
its cells all over the
house but most often
in the in habited
rooms and is quite FlG- T^-Sphex lobatus. (India.)
fearless. The cells are 4 to 6 in number and
Fig. 78. — F el o p ee u s
(Scelit>liron~) madras- are usually provisioned with spiders, about a score
vatanus. The mud- . . m, -..„ ,. , ,
dauber (N.-W. India.) or so m number. Ine eclitice is disguised when
•completed so as to make it look like a daub of mud.
A tnpulex compre s s a,
another Indian species,
Fig. 79, makes use of
cockroaches as provisions
for its young. It does not
Fig. 79.— AmpiSex compressa. (India and Burma.) construct any Special cell
but makes use of holes, &c.
Fam. XIII. For micidse— Ants.
The antennae are elboweJ and trochanters undivided. The ants can
be distinguished from other Hymenoptera by the fact that they have a
constriction in the stalk which joins the abdomen to the thorax. The
individuals of each species are usually of three kinds, males, females and
workers, the latter which are the most usually noticeable of the three are
wingless, but the males and females are winged, though the females soon
lose their alar appendages. They are social Insects living in commu-
nities of various members, the majority being workers.
INSECT LIFE IN INDIA.
G8I
The larvae are helpless maggots, fed and tended by the workers or by
the females. The pupae are enclosed in silken cocoons, these being
the popularly called ' ant's eggs ' which may be seen in fine weather
exposed on the top of the nest.
Ants build nests which consist of passages and chambers dug out in
earth and rotten wood, stumps of trees, etc., or they may build in
the crowns of trees or bushes amongst the leaves which they fasten
together. The burrowing ones generally pile up the earth they dig
out in hillocks an 1 mounds above the level of the surface of the
ground.
The two most important
sub-families of the ants
are the Formicides, which
have only one knot in
their peduncle, the abdo-
men being usually not
furnished with a sting (Fig.
80), and the Myrmicides
with two well-marked
knots in the peduncle, the
abdomen being usually
furnished with a sting.
An example of the Formicides is the large vicious red ant, (Ecophylla
smaragdina (Fig. 81),
of India. This ant in-
habits trees, making a
nest of the leaves which
are fastened together.
Mr. E. E. Green has
recorded a peculiar habit
of this ant. The adult
has no material to enable
Fig. 81. — (Ecophylla smaragdina. The red ant of . ,
India. Worker using a larva for spinning. lt to fasten tlle leaves
(After Sharp.) (India.) together, but the larva
possesses glands which secrete a sticky substance. Several ants hold the
leaves together whilst others, each holding a grub between its mandibles,
use it to serve as an animated gum bottle to stick the edges of the leaves
B
Fig. 80.— Abdomens of ants. A. Formicides with
one joint, b, to peduncle. B. Myrmi-
cides, with two joints £», e, to ped-
uncle.
together.
Fig. 8 1 shows an ant holding a larva in this manner.
682 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
Another species is the large black ant, Camponotus compressus
(Fig. 82), which constructs its nest in the ground. This ant attacks
other ants and is also to be found
in attendance sucking up the
sweet escrotions of blights
(Aphidce) and scale insects
(Coccidoe). Although plentiful
where it occurs it is but locally Fig. 82.— Camponotus compretsus. (India.)
distributed throughout the country.
Amongst the Myrmicides may be noticed a large fierce insectivorous
iint, Sima rufonigra, called the sepoy-ant (Fig. 83) in Madras from its
colouration, it having
a red thorax and
black head and body.
It makes its nests in
dead wood and is
often found in old
FlG. 83 — Sima rufonigra. The sepoy-ant. QCoimbatore.) Ion gicorn beetle bor-
ings in sandalwood in Ooimbatore and Mysore. Its sting is exceedingly
painful. It is equally common in the north of India. Bingham ^writes
as follows on this ant : — ' S. rufonigra makes its nests in the dead wood
of trees, and very often, in Burma at least, in the clefts of the beams
and posts of the wooden rest-houses scattered over the country. Person-
ally, I opened and examined only one nest, and that was in a hollow in
a. Pyinkado tree. The hollow was low down in the tree, and the
entrance or entrances, for there were several, were quite at the base of
the tree.' This ant at times fights most fiercely with the red ant
( (Ecophylla) described above.
The common red ant of the plains of India, Solenopsis geminata,
(Fig. 84) lives in large colonies
in nests in the ground, under
stones, &g. It constructs par-
tially covered ways across roads
and is often to be seen carrying
off dead insects. It has been re-
ported as attacking potatoes and
1 & l FIG. 84. — Solenopsis gem%nata, (India.)
may do damage in nurseries.
* Bingham. Blanf . Faun. Br. Ind., Hymenoptera, Vol. 11. 109.
INSECT LIFE IN INDIA.
G83
Another example of this group is one of the granary ants Holco-
myrmex scabriceps (Fig. 85) which
builds its nests in the ground and
stores up grass and other seeds.
Quite large heaps of grain are collect-
ed by these Insects, these heaps being
Fig. So.-Holcomyrmez scabriceps either used as food as they are or
A granary ant. (Pun- allowed to ferment, the ants feeding
iab) upon the sugar contained in the fer-
menting mass. This ant is distributed irregularly throughout India
from the Punjab to Cochin, but has not been recorded from Ceylon,
Assam or Burma.
The sub-family Dorylinse with large yellow-winged males and small
'flattened yellow workers are
carnivorous hunting ants as also
are the Ponerince. The only
exception to the carnivorous
rule in the two sub-families is
the ant Dorylus orientalis which
has been reported as attacking
potatoes and cornflour plants at Fio. 8$.—Dorylus orientalis. a vegetable-
the Botanical Gardens in Cal- eating ant. 8 and 3 forms-
,, t-i i i i (Botanical Gardens, Calcutta.)
Ksutta. M. Forel, who has ' J
identified the ant on several occasions, writes that it appears almost
incredible that this ant should be the only vegetarian in the two
sub-families. Fig. 86 shows the $ and $ forms.
Some ants are in the habit of keeping Aphidce in their nests, which
they use much as we use cows, sucking up the sugary secretions emitted
by the blight. It is a common observation that when rose bushes and
fruit trees are seen to bear blight upon their branches a procession of
files of ants will be found crawling up the bushes or trees, their object
being to suck up the sugary sap given out by the blight.
Useful Hymenoptera.
The Hymenoptera include several families containing species of
direct benefit to man since they parasitise, and therefore tend to keep
in check, various injurious pests both in the field and forest. It must
however be borne in mind that the good is in some cases almost counter-
G84 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol XVI.
balanced by the fact that the same families contain Insects which are-
parasitic upon, and therefore lessen the numbers of, our useful Insect
friends. In spite of this, however, in the case of serious increases in the
numbers of an Insect pest such as a plague of caterpillars, or abnormal
increases in plant lice (Aphidce) and scale Insects (Coccidce), &c, man
is often deeply indebted to his hymenopterous allies. In this respect the
ChalcididoB undoubtedly stand out prominently ; it has already been as-
certained that the family contains species of undeniable importance and
the further study of the group in India will well repay the trouble ex-
pended upon it. We have seen (in Chapter V) that members of the
family attack such different pests as the sugarcane borer (Child simplex),
the tea scale bug (Chionaspis thece), the so-called cheroot weevil (Lasio-
derma testaceum) and tea and sal leaf defoliating caterpillars. Other species
have been found parasitic upon blue pine (Polygraphias, Pityogenes,) and
deodar (Scolytus) pests. It has also been discovered, however, that it
contains members which are parasitic upon beneficial Insects as, e.g., Peri-
lampus considered to be parasitic upon some dipterous friends. Nest to the
Chalcididce we may mention the Ichneumonidce, which are par excellence
a parasitic group, more especially affecting the caterpillars of Lepidoptera.
This family likewise is not entirely a beneficial one since it commits a
considerable amount of injury amongst silkworms reared by man for
their products, and this injury at times involves heavy pecuniary
loss. Defoliating pests of all kinds are kept in check however, such
as the Lymantrias of the tea and sal tree by Chalcis eup>loear
Acronycta ancedina of the horse chestnut by Ophion aureolatus ; Hyblcea
puera the common teak defoliator by species of Glypta, Pimpla, &c. ;
defoliating Satumiidae by Pimpla punctata? ; the wheat and rice
weevil by Pteromalus oryzce, &c. Although essentially a Lepi-
dopterous larva-parasiting group, the Ichneumonidce do not, however,
confine themselves to caterpillars. The genera of magnificent Insects
known as Thalessa and Rhyssa attack wood-feeding grubs and are in
consequence of considerable importance in the forest and orchard on this
account. We have seen that a species of Rhyssa is parasitic upon the
fine sirex wood-borer of Spruce (Sirex imperialis). Little is at present
known about the parasitic family Proctotrypidoi which contains how-
ever the important Insect Platygaster oryzce which is parasitic on the
rice fly pest ( Cecidomyia oryzce) or of the Braconidce which greatly
resemble the true Ichneumonidce. Both these families will certainly
INSECT LIFE IN INDIA. 685^
yield surprising instances of their value to man when they have been
studied.
In addition to the groups of Insects of direct value to man as indis-
pensable allies, the Hymenoptera includes others whose usefulness
comes from quite a different cause ; these groups minister to his physical
wants, providing him with certain products such as honey und wax,
suitable as articles of food and commerce. The family Apidce contains
the greater number of these Insects such as Apis dorsata and indica
considered above. The Apidce play yet another important part in
nature. The Insects largely depend upon the nectar of flowers and
pollen for their food supplies and to obtain it visit, and often enter,
the corollas of flowers. In this way they distribute the pollen, by
serving as carrier, from plant to plant and consequently play a great
part in the fertilization of the flowers and the ultimate fructification
of the plant. The great usefulness of bees and many other Insects in
this respect is by no means adequately recognised.
The Diploptera (wasps) and the Fossoria (sand-wasps) also attack
caterpillars and other Insects, paralysing them and subsequently laying
their eggs in the body and they may therefore be termed useful
insects. The sand-wasps also attack grasshoppers, laying their eggs in
Insects of this nature of several times their own bulk. For instance
Sphex lobatus attacks the large cricket Brachytrupes achoetinus which
has already been shown to be a pest in India.
Little is known about the usefulness or otherwise of the Scoliidcc in
India, but in Madagascar a species lays its eggs in the rhinoceros beetle
(Oryctes) which attacks palms in the island. It may turn out that
a species infests and keeps in check the Oryctes in India which is a
serious pest to date and cocoanut palms in Bengal, Madras and Bombay.
Our knowledge of the habits of the Formicidce in India is not as yet
sufficiently extensive to enable any definite remarks to be made
upon their usefulness to man or otherwise. The bamboo-ant, (Ecopftylla
smaragdina, feeds largely upon caterpillars, and so is possibly of some
use in keeping down defoliating pests.
From the above remarks it may be said that, taken as a whole, the
Order Hymenoptera must be considered as one of considerable usefulness-
to man.
(To be continued.)
20
686
BIRDS OF SEISTAN,
BEING A LIST OF THE BIRDS SHOT OR SEEN IN SEISTAN BY MEMBERS
OF THE SEISTAN ARBITRATION MISSION, 1903-0).
By
J. W. Nicol Gumming,
Superintendent, Seistan Arbitration Commission.
1. The Raven. (1) Corvus corax.
I saw tb.ree specimens of a large Raven at Kubak on the 25th September
1904, and a pair near Hurmak on the 18th May 1905, which I believe belonged
-to this species.
2. The Carrion-Crow. (3) Corvus corone. (Persian Kolagh.)
This is a common bird in Seistan during the winter and is frequently seen
near dwellings. I shot a specimen on the 20th March 1905.
3. The Rook. (5) Corvus frugilegus.
Is seen in large flocks in fields during the winter.
4. The Hooded Crow. (6) Corvus comix.
This Grey Crow is found mostly in the tamarisk jungles of Seistan in twos
and threes ; but at times, during the winter, large flocks are to be seen in the
open fields.
5. The Magpie. (10) Pica rustica, (Persian, Duzd, i.e., a thief.)
Not very numerous in Seistan. It is occasionally seen either singly or in
pairs in, or near, the tall tamarisk jungles with which the country abounds.
6. The Common Babbler, (105) Aryya caudata.
(Biluchi, Pinkulag ; Persian, Susu.)
Very common in the tamarisk jungles, where, however, it is extremely shy.
A specimen I shot on 25th April 1905, at Kuhak, measured 9-25 in length.
Breeds in the country.
7. The White-eared Bdlbul. (285) Molpastes leucotis.
(Persian, Bulbul.)
During my visits to Nasratabad, the capital of Seistan, in January and April
1905, 1 saw several birds which appeared to belong to this species ; but I was
unfortunately unable to secure a single specimen.
8. The Wall-Creeper. (348) Tichodroma muraria.
I have seen only two of this pretty crimson-winged Wall-Creepers while on
the Seistan Arbitration Mission, i.e., at Nad Ali on 7th March 1903, and again
at Peshawaran, 12 miles north of Seistan, on the 20th December 1904, when I
managed to shoot the latter, a female.
9. The Grey-backed Warbt^er. (?-59) Aedon familiaris.
(Biluchi, Surkhdumak.)
Very common. I shot a specimen (length 6*5) at Kuhak, Seistan, on the
22nd April 1905, on the banks of the Rud-i-Seistan, while 5 eggs with a live
bird (length 6*0) were brought to me on 11th May 1905.
BIRDS OF SEIS TA N. 687
10. The Desekt Tree-Warbleb. (397) Hypolais obsoleta.
(Biluchi, Gaz burruk.)
I have frequently seen this bird in the low bushes on the " dasht " near the
Rud-i-Seistan and shot a male specimen on the 20th March, and another on the
27th April 1905, near Kuhak. The measurements of the latter are as
follows :— length 5*0 ; wing 2*37 ; tail 2-12 ; tarsus -75; bill from gape *62 ;
middle toe and claw '43 ; distance from tip of first primary to tip of wing
T25 ; distance from tip of secondaries to tip of primaries 5.
11. The Eastern Orphean Warbler. (399) Sylvia jerdoni.
(Biluchi, Gaz burruk.)
This bird is fairly common in the tamarisk jungles fringing the Helmand
and its branches. I shot a male specimen on the banks of the Rud-i-Seistan,
near Kuhak, on 21st March 1905.
12. The Streaked Wren-Warbler. (462) Prinia lepida.
Fairly common in the tamarisk jungles. I found a nest with 4 eggs at
Kuhak on 29th March 1904, and shot a specimen at Kuhak on the 1st October
1904.
13. The Rufous Shrike. (480) Lanius 2ihcenicuroides, (Biluchi, Dik.)
I noticed several of this species on the banks of the Rud-i-Seistan on 22nd
April 1905, when I secured a specimen (length 7*25).
14. The Common Indian Starling. (532) Sturnus menzbieri.
I have on more than one occasion seen flocks of starlings in ISeistan, which, I
believe, belonged to this species ; but not having secured any specimens I can-
not be certain about it.
15. The Common Pied Bosh-Chat or White-winged
Black Robin. (G08) Pratincola caprata.
A pair of live birds was brought to me with their nest and two fresh eggs, at
Kuhak, on the 7th May 1905. The female was not grey, as stated at page 60
of Vol. II of the Fauna of British India, nor dusky brown as stated by Lieut.
H. E. Barnes at page 199 of his " Birds of Bombay " ; but its entire upper
surface (excluding rump), head, neck, upper breast, tail and wings were a rich
brown. The rump was rufous, chin whitish, and bill, legs and feet nearly
black. Prior to this I had seen a solitary male at Kuhak on the 23rd April
1905.
16. Hume's Chat. (617) Saxicola albinigra.
A couple of these birds was to be seen in the Mission Camp at Kuhak for
several days during March 1905. They were first noticed by me on the 12th of
March, and were usually to be seen perched on buildings and walls. I avoided
shooting them in the hope that they had come to breed, but after some time
they disappeared.
17. The White-headed Chat. (619) Saxicola capistrata.
I have seen only one of these birds in Seistan, which I shot, at Kaod, on the
-26th March 1903.
G88 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
18. The Isabelline Chat. (625) Saxicola isabellina.
This Chat was fairly common in Seistan during the spring of 1905. Speci-
mens were obtained by me close to the Rud-i-Seistan, at Kuhak, on the 31st
March and 3rd April. Two of these measured 6"5" and 6'75" in length.
19. The Desert Chat. (626) Saxicola deserti.
A specimen was secured by the Mission Taxidermist, at Khwaja Ahmed, in
January 1905.
20. The Black Bird. Tardus merula.
While at Nasratabad, on 23rd January 1905, I saw a bird from a distance, in
the moat round the city fort, which very much resembled the black bird. It
disappeared before I could get a near view of it.
21. The Tree-Sparrow. (779) Passer montanus.
Though ordinarily known as the Tree Sparrow, this species was to be found
in every building in the Mission Camp, at Kuhak, in April 1905. I did not
notice any in the month following, when they appear to have entirely deserted
these buildings.
22. The Swallow. (813) Eirundo rustica.
Common in Seistan during spring and summer. The first bird to arrive in
the Mission Camp, in 1905, was on the 14th March. In 1904 they began laying
during the last week in March, making the usual cup-shaped mud nest in any
building to which they had access. I came across no nests in 1905. This was
probably due to the uncertain state of the weather, a reversion to winter
having set in during the last week of March which caused most of the birds to
disappear, at any rate from the buildings which they had begun to take posses-
sion of.
23. The Masked Wagtail. (829) Mot acillaper sonata.
I have seen only one specimen of this bird, which I shot on the banks of
the Helmand opposite the Band-i-Seistan, near Kuhak, near some grazing
camels, on the 28th April 1905. It measured 737 in length. I have no reason
to think it uncommon in Seistan, which abounds in Wagtails.
24. The Grey Wagtail. (832) Motacilla melanope.
25. The Grey-headed Wagtail. (833) Motacilla borealis.
26. The Black-headed Wagtail. (836) Motacilla fetdeggi.
The three preceding varieties of Wagtails are very common in Seistan. On
23rd April 1905, I noticed quite a large number of the three varieties in among
a flock of sheep which were grazing off the grass-covered banks of the
Rud-i-Seistan. They were attracted by the numerous insects which were being
disturbed by the sheep, and kept up with them partly by walking and partly
by flying. These birds were by no means shy, and allowed me to approach
within a few feet, so that I had a good opportunity of examining them closely.
27. The Desert-Lark. (854) Alamon desertorum.
Found throughout the year on the gravel-strewn " dashts" of Seistan where it
breeds, a young bird having been brought to me, at Kuhak on the 13th May
1904. This species is usually seen singly or in pairs, except in September, when
BIRDS OF SEISTAK. C8y
I have seen as many as six together, presumably a whole family. I shot speci-
mens on 21st September 1904 and 5th May 1905. The latter measured 9-G5
inches in length.
28. The Crested Lark. (874) Gahrita cristata.
(Biluchi, Chagok ; Persian, Karnalak.)
Most abundant about the grass-covered banks of the Helmand and its
branches, where it breeds from March to June, nests having been seen by me
on the 27th March 1904,20th April 1905, 29th April 1903, and on 16th May
and 13th June 1904. About September they leave the grassy banks of the
rivers and spread all over the " dasht". A specimen I shot on the 20th April
1905 measured 7*4 in length. On 23rd March 19051 winged, but unfortunately
lost, a crested lark with two conspicuous white feathers in its tail, presumably a
freak of nature.
29. The Desert Finch-Lark. (878) Ammomanes phcenicuroides.
(Biluchi, Dasht-i-Chagok.)
Fairly common on the "dasht " near Kuhak, where I frequently came across
small flocks of them during March and early in April 1905. On 24th April
1905 I saw them in pairs near Kuhak, when I managed to secure a specimen.
The same day I saw a bird carrying off some material for its nest. Later on,
during May and June, I saw solitary birds, on several occasions, along the
Nushki Trade Route on the return of the Mission to Quetta. Owing to its
colour, this bird is not very readily noticeable.
30. The European Roller. (1024). Corracias garrula.
(Biluchi, Sabzkarask.)
A live specimen was brought to me at Ivhwaja Amad in April 1903, and on the
21th April 1905 I found the country swarming with them, when I shot a
specimen, length 13 inches. These birds were passing through and travelling in
a northerly direction.
31. The Blue-cheeked Bef-eater. (1028) Merops persicus.
(Biluchi, Kurru.)
Very numerous in Seistan during the summer. They arrive in the country
from a westerly direction in April — the earliest arrivals in 1905 being on the
17th of that month, and leave about October. I shot a specimen, at Kuhak,
on the 22nd April 1905 (length 12*25) and found a pair boring their nest in a
low vertical sandy .cliff facing west, on 7th May 1905, near Khwaja Ahmad. I
was given to understand by the Biluchis of the country that they usually breed
in the banks of the Rud-i-Seistan, where they are to be found perching on the
swaying branches of the overhanging tamarisk and tall grasses which grow so
luxuriantly thereon.
32. The Common Kingfisher. (1035) Alcedo ispida.
This little Kingfisher is common all over Seistan and appears to be a per-
manent resident.
690 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
33. The European Hoopoe. (1066) Upupa epops.
(Biluchi, Murgh-i-Suleman.)
I have seen several Hoopoes during the stay of the Mission in Seistan, hang-
ing about holes in walls during the summer months and believe they belonged
to this species. I regret not having shot any specimens.
34. The Sykes's Nightjar. (1089) Caprimulgus mahrattensis.
(Biluchi, Shapkor.)
I have come across only this one species of Night Jar in Seistan and that
Very numerous during the summer months, i.«., from April to September, when
it is to be seen all over the country flying about at dusk. It usually breeds on
the gravel-strewn " dasht", laying no more than two eggs on the bare ground.
These are glossy, of a light-grey colour and blotched with pail purplish grey.
Owing to its colour it is extremely difficult to distinguish the bird when on
the ground, even during the day, and when seated on eggs it keeps so still
that it, at times, barely escapes being trod upon. I saw a couple pairing at
dusk on the 4th May 1905 and had previously taken their eggs at Kuhak
on the following dates : —
On 24th May 1903 2 eggs.
On 19th April 1904 2 do.
On 28th do 1 egg.
On 2nd June 1904 ,. 2 eggs.
On two occasions, i.e., on 21st and 23rd May 1904, reports were brought to
me by different parties that the eggs of this species had been seen-, but on proceed-
ing to the localities where they had been seen, no trace either of the eggs or
the bird could be found. I had no reason to believe that either party was trying
to deceive me, as it meant loss of reward to the informers if no eggs were forth-
coming. The absence of both eggs and bird in both instances, therefore, tends to
the conclusion that this bird is in the habit of carrying its eggs about from place
to place when necessary. No regard appears to be shown as to suitability of
site, as two eggs I found were laid between two parallel camel tracks only a few
feet apart. A young bird was also brought to me on ihe 28th June 1904.
The cry of the bird very much resembles that of a frog and is to be distinctly
heard all over the " dasht", after sunset, when the bird can be very easily
located.
35. The Kock Horned Owl. (1168) Bubo bengalensis.
(Biluchi, Boom.)
A badly injured live young bird not quite fully fledged and with wing and
tail-feathers mostly plucked was brought to me at Knhak, from Shaharistan,
on the 6th May 1905. I concluded it belonged to this species, not only from
its large size and the colouration of such of the feathers as it possessed, but
chiefly from the fact that its last toe-joints were naked. It had no "horn
tufts "; but these may have been plucked by the Seistani children into whose
hands the unfortunate bird fell, if they had had time to develop.
BIRDS OF SEISTAN. 691
36. Hutton's Owlet. (1182) Athene bactriana.
I have seen only one of these birds in Seistan, which I shot, near Kuhak, on
the 21st October 1904, on a high bluff near the Rud-i- Seistan.
37. The Egyptian Vulture, or Large White Scavenger
Vulture. (1198) Neophron percnopterus.
I have occasionally seen tbis species not only by itself near Kuhak and
elsewhere in Seistan, but also in company with other laiger vultures which, I
regret to say, I did not identify at the time.
38. Pallas's Fishing-Eagle, or the Ringed-tailed Sea
Eagle. (1223) Haliaetus leucoryphus.
On 12th January 19u5 I saw a pair of birds, on the high bluffs bordering on
the Hamun-i-Sabari, between the Farrah Rud and Kuh-i-Gach, which very
closely resembled this species.
39. The Black Kite. (1231) Milvus migrans.
I have seen several kites in Seistan which very closely resembled this species,,
but never secured a specimeD.
40. The Common Buzzard, (\2i\~) Buteo desertorum.
A specimen was shot at Reg Mori on 27th February 1904.
41. The Indian Blue Rock- Pigeon. (1292) Columba intermedia.
(Biluchi, Kapoth ; Persian, Kaftar.)
Several Blue Rock Pigeons were shot by Major H. F. Walters off the high
cliffs near Puzak, on 3rd February 1904 ; but there appears to be some un-
certainty as to whether they belonged to this species or to the European
variety (C. lima). I, however, subsequently, shot a specimen (a female) of C.
intermedia at Kuhak on the 22nd April 1905, measuring 13'37 in length.
42. The Blue Rock-Pigeon (1293) Columba Uvia.
See foregoing.
43. The Eastern: Stock-Pigeon. (1295) Columba eversmanni.
( Biluchi, Kapoth or Chah-i-Kapoth ; Persian, Kaftar.)
The only specimen I ever saw in Seistan was shot by myself at Kuhak on
28th April i905. It measured 11"12 inches in length.
44. The Indian Ring-Dove. (1310) Turtur risorius.
(Biluchi, Jungli kapoth.)
A live, but very badly injured and plucked, specimen was brought to me at
Kuhak on the 7th May 1905. I have myself seen very few doves in Seistan.
45. The Large or Black-bellied Sand-Grouse.
(1316) Pterocles arenarius. (Biluchi, Jhugor ?)
I have seen and heard large numbers of Grouse in the distance, near Kuhak,.
but never shot any. I am informed, however, that the Imperial Sand Grouse
is procurable in Seistan.
46. The Spotted Sand-Grouse. (1322). Pteroclurus
senegallus. (Biluchi, Kuttu.)
See foregoing. I am informed by those who have shot Grouse in Seistan that
they comprise only two varieties, i.e., the Black-bellied and the Spotted Sand
Grouse, the latter being the more numerous.
£92 JOURNAL, BOMB A Y NA TUBAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
47. The Common or Grey Quail. (1355) Coturnix communis.
(Biluchi, Karrak.)
This appears to be the only Quail found in Seistan. At any rate it was the
only variety shot by the officers of the Mission. It was fairly numerous among
cultivation during the autumn of 1903 and spring of 1904. The largest bag
which fell to one gun was 12 brace. During the severe and prolonged winter
of 1904-05 it was very scarce. Nests were obtained on the following dates : —
22nd March 1904, at Zahidan (1 fresh egg).
30th March 1904, at Kuhak ( do. ).
25th April 1904, at Kila-i-Konah (10 eggs in one nest).
48. The Seesee. (1371) Ammoperdix bonhami.
This bird appears to be rather scarce in Seistan, a few only having been
seen on the mud bluffs at the edge of the"dasht" near Kuhak. The only
specimen shot on this Mission was at lower Khwaja Ali on the Helmand on
Yth February 1903, while I saw a few birds at Peshawaran, 12 miles north of
Seistan, on 20th December 1904.
43. The Black Partridge or Common Francolin. (1372) Francol'mm
vulgaris. (Biluchi, Port.)
An extremely common bird throughout Seistan. It affords splendid sport,
the largest bags which fell to two guns* in one day being 28 brace on 14th
October 1904, and 22| brace on 23rd November 1904, at Milak. The extensive
tamarisk jungles which cover the banks of the numerous streams in Seistan
provide ample protection against the extermination of this bird by the people of
the country, who have no respect for the breeding season. The plan usually
adopted by the Seistani for its destruction is ingenious, if primitive. When out
shikaring, he usually carries about with him, in addition to his muzzle-loader
and pumpkin flasks containing powder and shot, a large square piece of khaki-
coloured cloth, with a hole cut out in the centre some 5" or 6" in diameter.
This cloth he usually carries stretched out before him as a screen, two tamarisk
boughs tied in the centre in the form of an x being used for the purpose. On
observing his quarry, he rests the screen on the ground and fires from behind
it through the opening. Numerous birds are also captured by means of traps
of various patterns, in making which the Biluchi, especially, is very clever, the
material used being tamarisk boughs or twigs, sheep's horns and home-made
twine.
The Black Partridge is a permanent resident in the country and breeds from
April to June, eggs having been brought to me at Kuhak on the following
21st April 1904 (9 fresh).
23rd May 1904 (5 fresh).
4th June 1904 (4 fresh).
6th June 1904 (10 highly incubated).
The eggs obtained on the 6th June 1904 I had placed under a fowl and they
were hatched on the 9th June.
» Major T. W. Irvine, I.M.8., and Captain H. C. Bell.
BIRDS OF S EJS TA 2V. G93
50. The Little Ckake. (1392) Porzana parva.
I expect this bird must be numerous in the dense reeds and rushes forming
the Naizars. I have, however, seen only one specimen (a female), which was
brought to me on the 6th September 1004.
51. The Purple Moorhen. (1404) Porphyrio poliocepkalus.
(Persian, Bistuni.)
Numerous in the dense reeds and rushes of the Naizars, where the water
is shallow, but it is very rarely seen. It is a permanent resident in Seistan. On
13th June 1904, Lala Thakurdass, Irrigation Surveyor attached to the Mission,
sent me a young live bird, about six weeks old. He also obtained two full-
grown live birds at Koh-i-Khwaja in January 1905, which took very kindly
to captivity and stalked about freely with some poultry kept by the Mission
boatmen.
52. The Coot. (1405) Fulica atra. (Persian, Chor.)
Very numerous both in the reeds and rushes of the Naizars and on the
open stretches of water forming the Hamuns. It is a good swimmer and diver,
and is to be seen, at times, in large flocks congregating with duck of all sorts.
The Coot is a permanent resident and breeds in the Naizars. Lala Thakurdass,
Irrigation Surveyor, on 14th March 1904 found several of their nests
near Adimi, and brought in three. Two of these contained nine eggs
each, and the other eight. Some of the eggs were fairly well incubated,
while the others were fresh. The nests, which were huge masses of dry
rushes, were not found floating on the surface of the water, but were supported
about 2 feet above the surface by the dense reeds in which they were placed and
which grew there in water about 7 feet deep.
53. The Demoiselle Crane. (1411) Anthropoides virgo.
A specimen of this Crane, the only one secured by this Mission that I am
aware of, was shot by Colonel A. H. McMahon, C.S.I., C.I.E , on the banks of
the Helmand at lower Khwaja Ali, on 7th February 1903. A flight of these
cranes was, however, subsequently seen by me, passing over Mission camp at
Kuhak, on 30th March 1905.
54. The Houbara. (1415) Honiara macqueeni. (Persian,
Thukdar and Thukdarri ; Biluchi, Charz and Charras ;
Pashtu, Sara and S;ire ; Hindustani, Tiloor.)
This Bustard is fairly plentiful in Seistan during the spring, being found on
the dasht salt-covered plains and sand hills near cultivation. Pour birds were
trapped by Seistanis near Ziarat-i-Bibi Dost between Zahidan and Nasratabad
and brought into camp at Kuhak on 18th March 1905. Several were subse-
quently seen about Sabzkim, Zahidan and elsewhere. The Biluch Nomad, who
professes to know something about the nidification of birds, state that this
Bustard breeds in Seistan about the middle of May, when the crops are being
cut. This may be correct as regards Seistan, but it does not correspond with
the only find of this bird's eggs that I know of. When I was in Fao, on the
Shatel Arab in 1884, the Sheikh of Koweit sent in 8 eggs of this Bustard on
21
694 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
the 8th of March. Every effort was made by me and others to procure the
eggs of this Bustard in Seistan, but without success.
55. The Great Stone-Plover. (1410) Esacus recurvirostris.
Two slightly incubated eggs, corresponding in colour and markings to eggs
I have in my collection and measuring 2*06 by P5, were found at Kuhak by
some camel men not far from the Rud-i-Seistan, and brought to me on 5th
June 1904. This is a little later than finds recorded in India, where according
to Blanford, the Great Stone Plover lays between February and May, though
I myself once discovered two highly incubated eggs us late as 3rd June on the
seaborder, at Karachi, in 1887. This, however, was due to my unwittingly
having destroyed a down-covered bird, which J came across at dusk, on the
28th April 1887. Keeping a regular look out for the parent birds, I found
that they did not desert the locality, and that, having been deprived of their
only offspring — there was only one — they laid again.
56. The Cream-coloured Courser. (1423) Cursorius gallicus.
This Plover is to be found all along the Helmand and its numerous branches.
I saw a small covey between Lower Khwaja Ali and Landi Barechi on the
10th February 1903 and two live birds were sent to Colonel A. H. McMahon,
C.S.I., C.I.E.,at Nad Ali, on the 5th March 1903. I have also seen them in
Seistan in April, so that they must breed in the country.
57. The Lapwing or Peewit. (1436) Vanellus vulgaris.
Procurable in Seistan, though I have not myself shot any specimen.
58. TnE White-tailed Lapwing. (1438) Chettusia leucura.
The only specimen I have seen in Seistan was one shot and sent me by
Mr. E. A. McManus, of the Indian Government Telegraph Department, from
Nasratabad, on the 6th May 1905. It was a male and measured 1P25" in
length.
59. The Golden Plover. (1440) Gharadriw pluvialis.
This bird has been seen by some of the officers of the Mission in Seistan,
but it does not appear to be very common.
60. The Little Kinged Plover. (1447) sEgialitis dubia.
This Little Plover is rather plentiful along the banks of the rivers and
streams. I shot a specimen (length 6") on 1st April and a second on
9th May 1905 near Kuhak and have seen others during the summer, when
I feel sure the bird must breed in Seistan.
61. The Black-winged Stilt. (1451) Himantopus candidus.
A solitary female I shot near Khwaja Ahmad on 24th April 1905, measured
14". I subsequently, i.e., on 13th May 1905, received two birds shot by
Mr. McManus, of the Telegraph Department at Nasratabad.
62. The Curlew. (1454) Numenius arquuta.
Very common along the shores of the Hamuns during the winter. I
have not seen any during the summer months and so am unable to say whether
this species stays to breed in Seistan or not.
BIRDS OF SEISTAN. 695
(33. The Black-tailed Godwit. (1456) Limosa belgica.
On the 6th May 1905 Mr. E. A. McManus, of the Government of India
Telegraph Department, managed to secure for me a specimen of this bird
at Nasratabad out of a flock of some 20. It measured 18'25" in length.
64. The Wood on Spotted Sandpiper. (1461) Totanus glareola.
Numerous in Seistan during May. I shot a specimen (length 8*37") on 5th
May 1905 near Khwaja Ahmad, while Mr. E. A. McManus, of the Telegraph
Department, sent me two specimens from Nasratabad on the 7th idem.
65. TnE Redshank. (1464) Totanus calidris.
Obtainable in Seistan ; but I never obtained a single specimen. "It is very
wary and may be recognised by its loud call and by the white on its wings"
{Blanford).
66. The Woodcock. (1482). Scolopax rusticula.
One or two birds only have been seen in Seistan by members of this Mission.
According to the late Sir Oliver St. John, " Rose gardens are the favourite
haunts of the Woodcock in Persia."
67. The Common Snipe, Full or Fantail Snipe.
(1484) Gallinago ccelestis.
Numerous in Seistan from September to end of April, when they are to be
seen settling with G. stenura in large flocks in amongst the dense reeds of
the Naizars, where they are very difficult to get at. They afford very poor
sport in consequence. The largest bag obtained on the Mission was 18^
•couples on Cth January 1905.
68. The Pintail Snipe. (1485) Gallinago stenura.
The remarks under G. ccelestis apply to this species also, as they are always
found together during the winter.
69. The Jack Snipe. (1487) Gallinago gallinula.
Said to be moderately numerous in Seistan.
70. The Great Black-headed Gull. (1489) Larus ichthya'etus.
Fairly common in Seistau. A live bird was captured by some men of the
Irrigation Establishment on 2nd April 1904.
71. The Slender-billed Gull. (1493) Lams gelastes. (Biluch, Kothar).
On 26th April 1905. I shot two females (length of both 17-0") near Kuhak,
out of a small flock which flew overhead. No fuss, beyond a low guttural
croak, was made by the others as these two fell out. Only one of them circled
round once and then flew off after the remainder. No cry of distress was
uttered by any one of them over their lost comrades. They had presumably
not yet begun to pair off. The description of both specimens tally with that
given by Blanford in Vol. IV of the "Fauna of British India," except as
regards the colour of the bill, legs and feet, which are not deep red. In the
case of (I) the bill is a pale livid and the legs and feet a pale orange, and
in the case of (2) the bill is a very dark livid and the legs and feet orange.
These specimens, however, are females, which may account for the slight dif-
ference here noticed.
696 JOURNAL, BOMB AY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
72. The Caspian Tern. (1498) Hydroprogne caspia. (Biluchi, Kothar).
Common in Seiatan. On 20th April 1905 I shot one out of a couple I
came across. It measured 19*25" in length. The other beyond circling round
and hovering over the body of its mate as it floated down stream, made no
fuss, not even a single cry or distress, as did the mate of the Gull-billed Tern
I shot on 22nd April 1905.
73. The Gull-billed Tern. (1499) Sterna anglica. (Biluchi, Kothar.)
Common in Seistan. I noticed them flying in pairs on 22nd April 1905.
when I shot one which measured 14*75". Its mate hung about a long while
expressing its genuine distress in loud cries.
74. The Black-bellied Tern. (1504) Sterna melanogaster.
(Biluchi, Kothar.)
I have seen only a few of this species in Seistan. They do not appear to be
as common here as in India.
75. The Common Tern. (1506) Sterna fluvialilis. (Biluchi, Kothar).
Common in Seistan. A specimen I shot at Kuhak, on the 28th April 1905,
measured 13 9" in length.
76. The Little Tern. (1510) Sterna minuta. (Biluchi, Kothar).
Common in Seistan. Usually seen hovering over and darting into the shal-
low margins of flowing streams and standing water, where little fishes congre-
gate in large numbers. Found them flying in pairs on 5th May 1905, when I
shot a specimen measuring 8 5" in length.
77. The Eastern White Pelican. (1520) Pelecanus roseus.
A live specimen was brought to Colonel A. H. McMahon, C.S I., C.I.E., at
Nat Ali, on the 6th March 1903. I also saw two large Pelicans in the distance
on the Hamun-i-Sabari, on 12th January 1905, but could not say for certain
whether they belonged to this species or P. nnocratalus.
78. The White or Roseate Pelican. (1521) Pelecamis onocratalus.
See foregoing.
79. The Large Cormorant. (1526) Phalacrocorax carlo.
On 29th October 1904 I saw two flights of Cormorants going down the Rud-i-
Seistan and several more at other times, but did not secure any specimens.
80. The Little Cormorant. (1528) Phalacrocorax javanicus.
See foregoing.
81. The Common or Blue Heron. (1555) Ardea chierea.
Common in Seistan. I shot two specimens, at Kuhak, on the 3rd October
1903.
82. The Little Bittern. (1570) Ardetta minuta.
A specimen shot by Major T. W. Irvine, I M.S., and now in the Indian
Museum, Calcutta, belongs, I believe, to this species.
83. The Bittern. (1574) Botaurus ttelkms.
A fine specimen of this Bittern was shot on the Farrah Rud in December
1904.
BIRDS OF SEISTAN. 697
81. The Common Flamingo. (1575) Phnnicopterus roseus.
Several flights of this Flamingo have been seen from time to time, but none
so far as I know, has been shot by members of this Mission. A flock I saw on
28th April 1905 flew over tho Mission Camp, Kuhak, travelling north in the
•direction of the Hamuns.
85. The Lesser Flamingo. (157G) Phcenicopterus minor.
Only one specimen of this small Flamingo has been secured on this Mission.
It was shot by Khan Bahadur Mir Shams ;Shah on the Farrah Kud in December
1904.
8;5. The Mute Swan. (1577) Cygnug olor.
This Swan is undoubtedly to be found on the Hamuns of Seistan though no
specimens have been secured.
;j7. The Whoopek. (1578) Cygnus muncus.
A fine specimen of this Swan was brought into the Mission Camp on the
Farrah Rud on the 13th January 1905. It was shot by a Sayad (fowler)
on the Hamun-i-Sabari, where it appears to be fairly numerous. Many
of their young are said ta have been caught on the Hamuns, so that this Swan
may be considered a permanent resident in Seistan.
88. The Grey Lag Goose. (1579) Anser ferus.
Common in Seistan. I obtained a specimen near the Hamun-i-Sabari on 27th
December J 904, and another was sent to me from Kila-i-Nao during March
1905.
89. The Sheldrake. (1587) Tadoma comuia.
This is a permanent resident in Seistan and rather numerous during the
winter. On "22nd April 1904 the Irrigation Camp came across a large number
of very young ducklings of this species between Chah Muhammad Raza and
Sehkoha, in small bushes at the foot of the high " dasht," on a dry portion of
the Hamun. Near by were some low reeds, while the water of the Hamun
itself was some 300 yards off. There were several full-grown Sheldrakes,
each followed by a brood of some 15 or 16 ducklings. Eleven of these
ducklings were captured and sent to me, and a few of them lived till they
were full grown. On 24th June 1904 one of these flew away, and I was
■compelled to clip the wings of the remainder.
90. The Mallard. (1592) Anas boscas.
Numerous on the Hamuns, several birds having been shot by members of
this Mission. Appear to arrive late in the autumn and to leave in March.
91. The Gadwall. (1595) Chaulelasmus streperus.
Appear to arrive late in the autumn and to leave in March. Not common
in Seistan.
92. The Common Teal. (1597) Neituan crecca.
A remarkably common bird in Seistan and appears to breed in the
country between the 1st and 10th April 1905. Captain R. C. Bell,
while out inspecting his camels, saw thousands of this species all over
008 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY , Vol XVI.
the country between Kuhak, Zahidan and Lutak. Every piece of water-
he came to was literally covered with them, and out of a bag of 50
birds shot by him, the greater number consisted of the common Teal,,
a small number only comprising some Bed-crested Pochaid, Gr.dwalls and
Shovellers.
93. The Wigeox. (1509) JIareca penelope.
Specimens were obtained during the winter by the members of the Mission.
04. TnE Pintail. (1600) Dajila acuta.
Obtainable in Seistan, specimens having been obtained by members of this^
Mission. Appear to arrive late in autumn and to leave again in March.
95. The Shoveller. (1602) Spatula chjpeata.
Numerous on the Hamuns during the winter and is perhaps a permanent
resident, breeding doubtless in the Naizars.
96. The Marbled Duck. (1608; Marmaronetta anguslirostris.
(Biluohi, Mow.)
Another common duck in Seistan, like the Common Teal. Within a radium
of 4 miles round Kuhak, Major T. W. Irvine, I. M.S., and Captain B. C. Bell,
between 7th and 23rd April 1904, shot no less than 80 of this species aione^
It is a permanent resident and begins to breed at the end of April. I shot a
pair on the 22nd April 1005 near Kuhak, and found on examination that the
female would have laid in about a week's time, while on 5th May of the same
year a female with nest and 16 eggs, all more or less fresh, was sent to me by
Lala Thakurdass, Irrigation Supervisor, from near old Shaharistan. Ducklings
were also brought to me on the following dates : —
1st June 1004 1.
14th „ „ 2.
6th July 1001 5, nearly full grown.
8th „ ,, several do.
I also shot a full-grown bird on the Bud-i-Seistan on 3rd October 1904. A
pair I shot at Kuhak, on 22nd April 1905, measured— male 18*5, female 17*0.
07. The Red-crested Pochard. (1604) Netta rufina.
Numerous on the Hamuns during the winter, and probably remains on and
breeds, during the summer, in the Naizar.
98. The Pochard or Dun-bird. (1605) Kyrocaferina.
Common during the winter, when several specimens were shot by members of
this Mission. This bird also doubtless stays on and breeds in the Naizars during
the summer.
99. The White-eye Duck. (1606) Nyrocaferruginea.
Common during the winter.
100. The Tufted Duck. (1600) Nyrocafuligula.
Specimens were obtained during the winter.
BIRDS OF SE1STAN. 699
101. Tiie Goi.den-Eye. (1610) Clangula glaticion.
A rare bird in Seistan, only two specimens having been shot by members of
this Mission. This was during January 1905, when the cold was unusually
severe.
102. The "White-headed or Stiff-tailed Duck.
(1611) Erismatura leucocephala.
Very common on the Hamuns during the winter, when several specimens
were shot by members of the Mission. Perhaps breeds in Seistan.
108. The Great-crested Grebe. (1615) Podicipes cridatus.
Fairly common during the winter on the Seistan Hamuns. On 4th February
1904 I saw several specimens, near Puzak, in the deep open patches of water.
It is a good diver and very vary. Its upright bifid crest shows very con-
spicuously even at a distance.
104. The Indian Little Greee, or Babchick. (1617) Podieipes alb'qiennis.
A young bird was brought to me at Kuhak on the 7th July 1904, so that
this species is not only obtainable in Seistan but breeds here.
700
■ THE MOTHS OF INDIA.
SUPPLEMENTARY PAPER TO THE VOLUMES IN
< THE FAUNA OF BRITISH INDIA. '
SERIES III. PART III,
By Sir George Hampson, Bart., e.z.s., f.e.s.
{Continued from page 461 of this Volume.')
Sub-family Agrotin^e.
Genus Feltia.
Type.
Feltia, Wlk., IX , 203 (1856) ducens.
Proboscis fully developed ; palpi obliquely upturned, not reaching vertex of
head, the second joint fringed with long hair in front ; frons with slight ridge-
like vertical prominence ; antenna? of male serrate and fasciculate in Indian
species ; tibiea strongly spined, the mid and hind tibiaj with tufts of hair on
outer side from base. Forewing rather short and broad, the apex rounded ; veins
3 and 5 from near angle of cell ; 6 from upper angle ; 9 from 10 anastomosing,
with 8 to form the areole ; 11 from cell. Hindwing with veins 3'4 from angle
of cell ; 5 obsolescent from just below middle of discocelulars ; 6-7 from upper
angle ; male with the claspers simple, hooked.
I628e. Feltia duo-signa, Hmpsn., Cat. Lep. Phal. B.M., IV., p. 350, pi. OS,
f. lu (1903).
<J. Head and thorax brown, mixod with grey ; palpi blackish at sides, except at
tips ; tegulre with black
medial line ; tarsi
tinged with white;
abdomen grey-brown.
Forewing fuscous
brown, strongly irro-
Feltia tiuo-sifjtia £ \ rated with grey ; a
double waved, subbasal line from costa to submedian fold ; a waved black
antemedial line angled outwards below costa and strongly above inner margin,
defined by whitish on inner side ; claviform elongate, black, or with slight
greyish centre ; orbicular and reniform fuscous defined by black, the former
round, elliptical, or produced to a point on outer side, the latter large, strongly
angled inwards on median nervure, and sometimes connected with the former ;
the postmedial line dentate, black defined by whitish on outer side, bent out-
wards below costa, excurved to vein 4, then oblique, and incurved in submedian
fold ; the subterminal line whitish, angled outwards at vein 7 and dentate on
veins 4*3, with a series of dentate black marks before its medial part ; a terminal
series of black points ; cilia with pale line at base. Hindwing white, tinged
with brown on costal and terminal areas ; the veins brown ; a brown terminal
line and lines through the cilia ; the underside with the costal area brown,
irrorated with white, a dark discoidal spot and traces of curved postmedial line.
THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 701
9 . Hindwing wholly suffused with brown.
Habitat. — Kashmir, Scinde Valley, Goorais Valley. Exp. 26 mill.
Genus Hermonassa.
A. Hindwing uniform brown sinuata.
U. Hindwing pale, at least towards base.
a. Forewing with pale streaks on the veins spilota.
b. Forewing without pale streaks on the veins.
a Forewing with the ground colour olive-green or
suffused in part with olive. Exp. 34 — 38 mill.
a- Forewing with the antemedial line bisecting
the claviform incisa.
b'- Forewing with the antemedial line not bisect-
ing the claviform lunceola.
bl Forewing fuscous suffused with purple or rufous,
rarely with olive. Exp. 32 mill cousignata.
1676. Hermonassa sinuata.
1672. Hermonassa spilota.
1673. Hermonassa incisa.
Subsp. 1, much darker ; thorax largely mixed with black ; forewing fuscous,
the basal area, and the costal area to beyond middle, suffused with olive green ;
hindwing tinged with fuscous.
Habitat. — Kashmir, Rala, Barra Larcha ; Punjab, Thundiani ; Dalhousie;
Dharmsala ; Tibet, Yatung.
1675. Hermonassa eanceola.
1671. Hermonassa gonsignata, insert (syn.) Hermonassa chalybeata, Moore,
P.Z.S., 1881, p. 353, pi. 38, f. 17 ; Hmpsn., Moths. Ind., II., p. 197.
The typical form has the forewing red-brown, irrorated with blue-grey and
with a slight olive tinge.
abl . Forewing more ferruginous red, without blue-grey irroration, some
black suffusion in cell before and between the stigmata.
ab'1. Paler ; head and thorax and basal half of forewing pale olive
greenish ; abdomen and hindwing whitish, the former with the
anal tuft rufous.
ab* . lunata, tegulse black, or with black line at base ; forewing brown
suffused with purple, and without blue-grey irroration ; clavi-
form often minute or absent, orbicular more triangular.
Kuku-noor, Kashmir, Thundiani.
aV. chalybeata, smaller : forewing fuscous, irrorated with blue-grey,
the markings less distinct, claviform minute or absent. Yatung.
Genus Agrotis.
Agrotis, Ochs. Schmett. Eur., IV., p. 66 (1816), non. descr.,
Treit. .'Schmett. Eur., V (1), p. 125 (1825) rectangula.
Graphiphora, Ochs. Schmett. Eur., IV., p. 68 (1816), non
descr ravida.
2>
702 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI,
Caradrina, Ochs. Schmett. Eur., TV., p. 80 (1816), non.
descr. ; Treit. Schmett. Eur., V. (1), p. 246 (1825) glareosa.
Noctua, Treit. Schmett. Eur., V., p. 206 (1825), nee. Linn... ravida.
Diarsia, Hiibn. Verz., p. 222 (1827) dahli.
Megasema,H\\bn.Yevz.,p.222 (1827) triangulum.
Ochropleura, Hiibn. Verz., p. 223 (1827) muniva.
Eur/raphe, Hiibn. Verz., p. 224 (1827) sigtia.
Ogygia, Hiibn. Verz., p. 224(1827) flammatra.
Cbersotis, Boisd. Ind. Meth., p. 103 (1810) rectagula.
Spalotis, Boisd. Ind. Meth., p. 106 (1840) augur.
Dichargyris, Led. Noct. Eur., p. 206 (1867) melanura.
Proboscis fully developed ; palpi obliquely upturned, the second joint broadly
scaled in front, the third with small tuft of hair ; eyes smooth, large, round ;
frons smooth ; antennae of male typically ciliated ; head and thorax clothed
with hair and scales and with crests on vertex of bead and pro-and meta-
thorax ; fore tibia; finely spined a; sides ; mid and hind tibia; spined ; abdo-
men dorsally rather flattened, clothed with rough hair towards base, and with
lateral tufts towards extremity. Forewing rather narrow, the apex rectangular ;
veins 3 and 5 from close to angle of cell : 6 from upper angle ; 9 from 10-
anastomosing with 8 to form the areole ; 11 from cell. Hindwing with vein&
3-4 from angle of cell : 5 obsolescent from middle of discocellulars ; 6*7 from
upper angle ; 8 anastomosing with the cell near base.
Sect. I. Antennas of male bipectinate with short branches, the apical part
ciliated.
Agrotis ypsilon £ \.
1623. Agkotis ypsilon, insert (syns.) Noctua robusta, Blanch. Gay's Chile,,
p. 75, pi. 6, f. 9 (1852).
Agrotis bipars, Wlk. X., 334 (1856); Agrotis J'rirola, Wllgrn. Wien. Ent. Mon.r
IV., p. 160(1860).
Agrotis aureolum, Schaus, J. N. Y. Ent. Soc, VI., p. 107 (1898).
Section II. Antenna; of male ciliated.
A. (Diarsia) Palpi with the hair on 2nd joint produced to
a point at extremity.
a. Hindwing orange.
a1. Hindwing with blackish discoidal lunule orlona.
b\ Hindwing without blackish discoidal lunule pronuba.
b. Hindwing not orange.
THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 703-
a1. Tegulee pale at base, with prominent black
patch at tips.
a2. Forewing with the orbicular Y-shaped open
above.
a3. Forewing with prominent pale costal fascia
from base to postmedial line, with fine
streaks on it defining the veins stent si,
bs~. Forewing without prominent pale costal
fascia.
a4. Forewing with black bar from costa
before subterminal line c. nigrum.
hl. Forewing withont black bar from costa
before subterminal line deraiofa.
b'1 . Forewing with the orbicular elliptical or
round flammatra.
ft1. Teguke concolorous or with narrow dark termi-
nal band,
a'-. Forewing with distinct black bar or spots on
costal area before subterminal line.
a". Forewing with the costal area reddish or
ochreous to the postmedial line.
ax. Forewing with the antemedial line angled
inwards on vein 1 rencdh.
bx . Forewing with the antemedial line not
angled inwards on vein 1 consangvinea,
6s. Forewing with the costal area concolorous.
a*. Forewing with the antemedial line out-
wardly oblique from below costa to
vein 1 triangulum.
b*. Forewing with the antemedial line inward-
ly oblique from bslow costa to vein 1... junctura.
h- . Forewing without black bar or spots before
subterminal line.
a'. Forewing with the costal area whitish to
the postmedial line plecta.
b" . Forewing with the costal area concolorous.
o4. Forewing with black bars from costa at
subbasal and antemedial lines albipennis.
&4. Forewing without black bars from costa
at subbasal and antemedial lines.
a5. Forewing without black patch below
the cell beyond subbasal line.
a". Forewing with the antemedial line
oblique, slightly waved.
704 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
a1. Forewing with medial shade.
a8. Forewing with the inner area
concolorous.
a9. Hindwing whitish towards base, mandarinella.
b9. Hindwing uniform fuscous
brown.
a1". Forewing without olive-
yellow shade from costa
beyond middle.
«". Forewing with the
ground-colour grey., mveisparsa,
b -. Forewing suffused with
rufous or purplish ... dahli.
b'". Forewing with olive-yellow
shade on costal area
from middle to subter-
minal line including the
reniform rubecilia.
uH. Forewing with the inner area
suffused with blackish basistriga.
b~ . Forewing without medial shade.
a8. Forewing with the veins not
streaked with grey.
«°. Forewing not suffused with
purple flavirena.
b°. Forewing suffused with purple.
a10' Forewing with white
annuli to the stigmata .. tincta.
bl". Forewing without white
annuli to the stigmata ... ceradiohles.
b*. Forewing with the veins streaked
with grey griseivena.
Z>°. Forewing with the antemedial line
excurved from costa to median
nervure, then incurved cervina,
b'\ Forewing with black patch below the
cell beyond subbasal line . poliofjramma.
1653a. Agrotis orbona, Hiifn. Berl. Mag. hi, p. S04 (1767).
Nuctua subsequa, Schiff. Wien. Verz. p. 79 (1776); Hiibn. Eur.
Schmett. Xoct., f. 106.
„ consequu, Hiibn. Eur. Schmett. Noct., f. 105 (1827).
Agrotis xanncta, Ramb. Ann. Soc. Ent Fr., 1871, p. 315.
Head and thorax pale rufous to grey tinged with rufous ; abdomen pale-
brown, Ihe anal tuft and ventral surface tinged with rufous. Forewing pale
THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 705
rufous to grey, tinged with olive or dark-brown or irrorated with black ; an
indistinct, double, curved subbasal line from costa to subinedian fold, with more
prominent striga at costa ; a similar antemedial line extending to inner margin ;
orbicular and reniform with pale outlines, the former round or oblique and
open above ; the postmedial line indistinct, double, waved, with more prominent
strire at costa, oblique to vein 4 and slightly incurved at discal fold, incurved
below vein 4 ; the subterminal line indistinct, double, grey, slightly defined by
dark suffusion on inner side and by a prominent double dentate black mark
below costa, angled outwards at vein 7 and excurved at middle ; a terminal
series of black points, Hindwing orange ; some brownish suffusion at base ;
a black discoidal lunule ; a subterminal black band with waved edges, broad
towards costa, narrowing towards tornus ; the underside with the costal area
red suffused with white.
ab. 1 consequa. Fore wing darker.
Habitat. — Europe ; Armenia ; Asia Minor ; Syria ; W. Turkistan •
Kashmir, Dana ; Punjab, Sultanpur. Exp. 40-40 mill.
Larca. Greyish ochreous or fuscous ; dorsal line broad, ochreous yellow, with
fine black edges ; a subdorsal series of dark fuscous oblong marks with a
yellowish-grey line below them ; lateral line pale ; subspiracular line broad,
pale ochreous with dark edges ; head pale fuscous with dark markings. Food
plants, grasses, Ranunculus, Primula, etc.
1653. Agrotis pronuba.
1651. Agrotis stentsi, Led. Verb. Zool-bot Ges. Wien. 1853, p. 367, pi. 4, f. 4.
Ochropleura triangularis, Moore, P.Z.S., 1807, p. 55
Habitat. — Siberia ; Turkistan ; Tibet ; Amurl^nd ; Japan ; Kashmir :
Punjab ; Sikhim.
1747. Agrotis onigrum.
1651a. Agrotis deraiota.
Amathes c-nigrum, Hmpsn. Ill, Het. B. M., ix., p. 94, pi. 176, f. 4
(Larva), nee Linn.
1650. Agrotis flammatra, insert (syns) Agrotis deleta, Koll. Ins. Pers.r
p. 53 (1848) ; Agrotis bimaculata, Mill. Cat. Rais. L', Suppl., p. 15
(1875).
1648«. Agrotis rexalis, Moore, P.Z.S., 1867, p. 55,
Ochropleura subjmrpurea, Leech. Tran.=. Ent. Sec. 1 900, p. 35.
Head and thorax dark-brown mixed with rufous and the scales tipped with
blue-grey ; the tegula? sometimes olive-ochreous except at tips ; the meta-
thorax with rufous crest ; abdomen fuscous brown, the anal tuft tipped with
ochreous. Forewing dark-brown suffused with purple-grey ; the costal area
ochreous or rufous to the postmedial line ; a double subbasal line from costa
to submedian fold, in which there is a short black streak ; the antemedial line
double, waved, excurved above inner margin and with oblique black streak before
it in cell ; claviform with its extremity slightly defined by black ; orbicular and
reniform defined by black, the former rounded or diamond-shaped, open above,
706 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
the cell before and between the stigmata suffused with black ; the postmedial
line indistinct, double, minutely dentate, and produced to points on the veins,
bent outward, below costa, excurved to vein 4, then incurved ; the subterminal
line indistinct, defined on inner side by an oblique black bar from costa, angled
•outwards at vein 7 and excurved at middle ; a terminal series of black points.
Hindwing dark fuscous brown, with fine ochreous line at base of cilia ; the
underside irrorated with grey.
Habitat. — W. China, Omei-shan. Wa-ssu-kou ; Punjab, Simla, Dalhousie.
Exp. 52-69 mill.
1648. Agkotis consanguinea, Moore, P.Z.S., 1881, p. 333.
Head and thorax dark brown mixed with reddish brown, some of the scales
tipped with grey ; tegulse sometimes ochreous except at tips ; abdomen grey
brown, the anal tuft tinged with ochreous. Forewing dark brown with a
greyish gloss ; the costal area ochreous or tinged with rufous to the postmedial
line ; the sub-basal line represented by a black point below costa and a curved
line between cell and vein 1, followed by a blackish patch with black point above
it in cell ; the antemedial line double, oblique, minutely waved ; claviform
with its extremity defined by black ; orbicular and reniform defined by black
and their centres by brown, the former round, or somewhat oblique elliptical,
the latter with some rufous on its upper part, the cell before and between them
black ; the postmedial line double, dentate and produced to points on the veins
slightly bent outwards below costa, excurved to vein 4, then incurved ; the
subterminal line defined on inner side by an oblique black bar from costa
slightly angled outwards at vein 7 and excurved at middle. Hindwing pale
fuscous brown ; the cilia grey with a brown line through them ; the underside
pale, the costal area thickly irrorated with fuscous, the terminal area suffused
with fuscous.
Habitat. — Kashmir, Dras, Scinde Valley ; Punjab, Simla, Dalhousie, Thun-
diani, Mjurree, Dharms/da : Tibet, Yatung. Exp. 42-50 mill.
1648&. Ageotis Triangulum, Hi'ifn. Berl. Mag. III., p. 306 (1776).
Noctua sigma. Esp. Schmett. IV., pi. 186, ff. 1*3 (1796) ; Hiibri.
Samml Eur. Schmett. Noct. f. 497.
Head and tegular except tips brownish white ; palpi blackish at sides except
at tips ; extremities of tegulas and thorax red-brown ; tarsi fuscous with pale
rings ; abdomen ochreous irrorated with dark brown, the anal tuft and ventral
surface rufous. Forewing pale greyish brown suffused with red-brown ; the
sub-basal line pale, with black spots on its inner side below costa and cell, a black
patch beyond it below the cell with a point in cell above its extremity ; the
antemedial line double, the outer blackish and strong from costa to submedian
fold, slightly angled outwards below costa, then oblique and slightly incurved
to above inner margin, where it is angled outwards ; claviform with its upper
edge defined by black ; orbicular and reniform with greyish annuli defined
by black, the former oblique v-shaped, open above, the latter constricted
at middle, the cell before and between them black-brown ; the postmedial
THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 707
line double, minutely dentate and produced to points on the veins and with
black strigaon its inner edge at costa, bent outwards below costa, excurved to
vein 4, then oblique ; the subterminal line greyish, slightly defined by brown
on inner side and by an oblique black bar from costa, angled outward at vein 7
and excurved at middle ; a terminal series of dark points. Hindwing brown ;
the cilia ochreous ; the underside pale irrorated with brown, a small dark
discoidal spot and curved postmedial line.
Habitat. — Europe ; Armenia ; Kashmir. Eorp. 26-48 mill.
Larva. Ochreous or brown speckled with black ; dorsal line pale ; a subdorsal
series of oblique dark marks on somites 4-11, darker and confluent on 11 and
followed by a pale bar ; subspiracular line pale ochreous ; head pale brown
with blackish markings. Food plants Rumex, Stellaria, Salix, etc.
1649. Agrotis junctura.
1631. Agrotis plecta insert (syns.) Agrotis unimacula. Stand. Stett. Ent.
Zeit, 1859, p. 21.
Agrotis anderssoni, Lampa, Tidskr 1885, p. 54 ; Agrotis glanamacuta
Grass. Berl. Ent. Zeit. 1888, p. 321.
1639. Agrotis albipennis.
1639a. Agbotis mandarinella, Hmpsn. Cat. Lep. Phal. VI. B. M. p. 418,
pi. 70, f. 25.
Graphipliora mandarina, Leech. Trans. Ent. Soc 1900, p. 42 (nee p. 36).
Head and thorax bright rufous slightly mixed with grey ; palpi rufous
and blackish, pale at tips ; tibire and tarsi blackish mixed with white ; abdomen
grey-brown, the anal tuft and ventral surface reddish ochreous. Forewing
bright rufous suffused with purplish ; a double black sub-basal line from costa
to submedian fold, excurved below costa and with a point beyond it in cell ;
a double waved antemedial line, angled outwards below costa and more
strongly above "inner margin ; claviform small, slightly defined by ochreous and
brown ; orbicular and reniform with rufous centres and ochreous annuli defined
by rufous, the former small, round ; the postmedial line dentata and produced
to points on the veins, bent outwards below costa, excurved to vein 4, then
incurved ; the subterminal line pale, defined on inner side towards costa by a
dark shade with pale points on it, slightly angled outwards at vein 7 and
excurved at middle ; a terminal series of black points- Hindwing pale
fuscous brown ; the cilia pale purplish red, the costal area irrorated with black,
a small discoidal lunule and sinuous postmedial line.
Habitat. — W. China, Pu-tsu-fang, Nitou ; Tibet, Yatung. Exp. 36 mill.
1643. Agrotis niveisparsa.
1635. Agrotis dahli, Hiibn. Eur. Schmett. Noct. ff. 465, 466 (1827).
„ descripta, Hmpsn. Moths. Ind. ii. p. 184. (nee Brem.)
Graphipliora canescens, Butl. 111. Het. B. M. ii. p. 28. pi. 30, f. 1 (1878).
Orthosia erubescens, Butl. A. M. N. H. (5) v. p. 224 (1880).
Cerastis mbdolens, Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881 p. 181 {$).
Chera efflorescens, Hmpsn. III. Het. B. M. viii, p. 78, pi. 145, f. 7 (1891).
708 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
Chera erubescens, Hmpsn. 111. Het B. M. viii, p. 78., pi. 145, f. 14. (1891).
1635a. Agrotis rubicilia, Moore, P.Z.S., 1867, p. 55.
Graphiphora mgrogigna, Moore, P.Z.S., 1881, p. 352 pi. 38. f. 4.
Head and thorax olive-yellow and rufous to bright lufous, ; palpi except -at
tips and hair on pectus purplish red, tibia? and tarsi blackish ; abdomen greyish
or ochreous, the anal tuft and ventral surface rufous. Forewing pale rufous
suffused with yellow except the terminal area from apex to middle of inner
margin, or purplish with some olive suffusion from middle of costa to subter-
minal line and extending to lower angle of cell ; an indistinct, waved, double
sub-basal line from costal to submedian fold ; a double, waved antemedial line ;
claviform represented by a fuscous point at its extremity ; orbicular and
reniform indistinctly defined by brown, the former round ; an indistinct waved
medial line, angled outwards to lower angle of cell ; the postmedial line
double, dentate and produced to points on the veins, bent outwards below
costa, slightly incurved at discal fold and incurved below vein 4 ; the
subterminal line greyish, angled outwards at vein 7 and excurved at middle ; a
terminal series of points. Hindwing fuscous brown ; the cilia purplish red :
the underside pale reddish, the costal area deeper red, and the costal and
terminal areas irrorated with brown, a slight discoidal spot and sinuous post-
medial line.
Habitat.— J \v.\s ; W. China ; Kashmir, Narsundah ; Punjab Sultanpur,
Dalhousie, Dharmsala ; Sikhim. Exp. 32-40 mill.
1635&. Agrotis basistriga, Moore, P.Z.S., 1867, p. 54 ; Hmpsn. Cat. Lep.
Phal. P.M. IV., p. 427, pi. 71 f. 4.
Head and thorax purplish grey suffused with deep red-brown, or entirely
red-brown ; palpi deep red-brown, pale at tips ; tibia? and tarsi blackish
irrorated with white ; abdomen pale red-brown, the anal tuft and ventral
surface purplish red. Forewing deep rufous and olive fuscous, more or less
completely suffused with purple-grey, some dark suffusion above basal part
of vein 1 and on medial part of inner margin ; a double waved sub-basal line
from costa to vein 1 with a dark point in the cell beyond it ; a double, waved,
antemedial line strongly angled outwards above inner margin ; claviform
small, defined by brown ; orbicular and reniform defined by brown, and with
their centres defined by brown ; an indistinct waved medial line angled
outwards on median nervure ; a double postmedial line, dentate and produced to
points on the veins, bent outwards below costa, slightly angled inwards at discal
fold, incurved below vein 4 ; a double subterminal line, angled outwards at vein
7 and excurved at middle, and with some olive-brown suffusion before it at
costa, some pale points on costa towards apex ; a terminal series of dark points.
Hindwing yellowish white, the terminal area suffused with fuscous or fuscous
brown ; cilia pale purplish red ; the underside paler, the costal area suffused
with purplish red ; a dark discoidal lunule and sinuous postmedial line.
Habitat. — W. China ; Punjab, Dharmsala ; Tibet, Yatung ; Sikhim. Exp„
38—42 mill.
THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 709
1635c. Agrotis elavirena, Moore ; P.Z.S., 1881, p. 352, pi. 38, f. 4.
Graphiphora vulpina, Moore, Lep. Atk., p. 118 (1882).
9 . Head and teguhe red-brown, the latter with dark patches irrorated with
white ; thorax purple-brown, the scales tipped with white ; pectus, legs, and
abdomen grey-brown. Forewing red-brown with slight white irroration at base,
below costa, and on the veins ; subbasal line obsolete ; antemedial line indistinct,
waved ; claviform represented by a dark point at its extremity ; orbicular indis-
tinctly defined by brown, round ; reniform ocbreous whitish defined by brown ;
postmedial line indistinct, minutely waved, bent outwards below costa, excurved
to vein 4, then oblique ; traces of some subterminal points ; a fine pale line at
base of cilia. Hindwing fuscous brown, the cilia pale purplish ; the underside
pale, the costal area and termen tinged with pink, a dark discoidal lunule and
indistinct curved postmedial line.
Hob. — Sikhim. Exp. 46 mill.
1635rf. Agrotis tinota, Leech, Trans. Ent. Soc, 1900, p. 41, Hmpsn Cat.
Lep. Phal. B. M. IV., p. 429, pi. 71, f. 7.
9. Head and thorax purple brown ; palpi deep red-brown, pale at tips ;
frons and shoulders suffused with grey ; tibia? and tarsi fuscous, the spurs
with pale rings ; abdomen fuscous-brown, the dorsal tuft and ventral surface
rufous. Forewing red-brown suffused with purplish grey, except the end
of cell and area from it to costa at subtermedial line ; faint traces of a subbasal
line ; an indistinct double antemedial line filled in with grey, angled outwards
below costa, on median nervure, and on vein 1, and inwards in cell and submedian
fold ; claviform with its extremity slightly defined by rufous ; orbicular and
reniform irrorated with grey and with grey annuli slightly defined by blackish,
the former rounded, its lower extremity produced to a point, sometimes
connected with the reniform ; the postmedial line very indistinct, double, even
bent outwards below costa, excurved to vein 4, then incurved, bent outwards to
inner margin; the subterminal line indistinct, greyish, slightly defined by rufous
on inner side, angled outwards at vein 7, and excurved at middle ; traces of a
terminal series of black points. Hindwing fuscous-brown ; the cilia purplish-
red ; the underside pale purplish-red, the costal area irrorated with fuscous-
brown, a small discoidal spot and sinuous postmedial line.
Hab.—W. China, Omei Shan ; Punjab, Simla. Exp. 36-40, mill.
1636. Agrotis cerastioides.
1644. Agrotis griseivena.
1638. Agrotis cervina.
1638a. Agrotis poliogkamma, Hmpsn., Cat. Lep. Phal., B. M. IV., p. 438,
pi. 71, f. 16 (1903).
9. Head and thorax black-brown, mixed with grey and palebrown ; tegulse
with black medial line and black at tips ; tarsi tinged with white ; abdomen
ochreous mixed with dark brown. Forewing dark brown, irrorated with grey,
thickly on basal and terminal areas; the veins streaked with grey ; the subbasal
line represented by black striae from costa and median nervure, defined by
23
710 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
grey oa outer side and with black patch beyond it below the cell ; the ante-
medial line angled outwards Ik low costa, oblique to vein 1, then strongly
angled out .vards above inner margin, defined by grey on inner side ; claviform
defined by black ; acute at extremity, and with an oblique ochreous white
fascia from it to postnedial line; orbicular and reniform with grey annul,
defined by black, their centres irro rated with grey, the former oblique, open
above, the latter angled inwards on median nervure ; tbe postmedial line
defined by grey on outer side, minu'ely dentate, bent outwards below costa, very
slightly angled inwards in discal fold and oblique below vein 4 ; the subterminal
line grey, defined by a series of dentate black marks on inner side, slightly
angled outwards at vein 7 and excurved at middle ; a terminal series of small
black lunules ; cilia intersected with grey. Hindwing fuscous brown, with fine
dirk terminal line ; the cilia whitish with brown line at base ; the underside
grey, thickly irroratcd with dark brown, a sinuous postmedial line.
Hob. — Kashmir ; Barra Larcha, Gooais Valley. Exp. 36 m.ll.
B [Agrotis) Palpi with the 2nd joint evenly fringed with hair in front.
a. Hindwing white, the termen tinged with fuscous.
a1 Forewing with black fascia in cell between the stigmata.
a2 Forewing with the antemedial line dentate
towards costa dispilata.
b- Forewing with the antemedial line waved
towards costa sicca.
b1 Forewing without black fascia in cell between
the stigmata putris.
b. Hindwing white at base, the terminal half suffused
with fuscous ravida.
1642. AGROTIS DISPII.ATA.
1641. Agrotis sicca, Guen. Noct. i., p. 135(1852), Hmpsn., Cat. Lep
Phal. B. M. I V., p. 45 1 , pi. 7 1 , f . 30.
Axylia renalis, Moore. P. Z. S., 1881, p. ?4l.
1640. Agrotis putrid, insert (Syn.) Noctua subcorlicalis, Hiifn. Berl. Mag.
iii, p. 308 (1767).
1645. Agroiis ravida, insert (Syn.) Agrotis nipona, Feld. Keis. Nov., pi.
110, f. '20 ('874).
Graphiphora caliginea, Butl., A. M. N. H. (5) i, p. 165 ('878), and
Agrotis glis, Ohribt. Kom. Mem. iii, p .61, pi. 3., f. 10 (1887).
Genus Episilia. Type.
Episilia, Hiibn., Verz., p. 210 (1827) lutens.
Pachobia, Guen. Noct. i., p. 341 (1852) tecta.
Cyrebia, Guen Noct. ii.,p. 195 (1852) luperinoides.
Pm/'hara, Wlk. xi.. 607 (1857) interclma.
Oxira, Wlk. xxxii., 656 (1865) ... ochructa.
Choephora, Grote. Trans Am. Ent. Soc. ii., p. 19'.) (I8ii8)... fungorum.
Raddea, Al >h. Hor. l-'nt. Soc. Ross, xxvi., p. 45'» (1892).... digna.
Ammagrolis, Staud. Iris, viii., p. 358 (181J5) swum.
THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 711
Proboscis fully developed ; palpi obliquely upturned, clothed with long hair ;
frons smooth ; head and thorax clothed with long ha;r ; fore tibiae spined at
sides ; mid and hind tibiae spined Forewing with veins 3 and 5 from near
angle of cell ; 6 from upper angle ; 9 from Id anastomnsii g with 8 to form the
areole ; 1 1 from cell. Hindwing with veins 3 4 from angle of cell ; 5 obsoles-
cent from middle of discocellulars ; 6 7 from upper angle.
Sect. I., Ox ra. Antennae of male bipectionate with moderate branches, the
apical part serrate.
A. Forewing with the cell black between the stigmata.
a Forewing with large black patch beyond the cell... postfusca.
b. Forewing without black patch beyond the cell ochmcen nb.
ruplistriga.
B. Forewing with the cell not black between the srigmata.
a. Forewing with distinct pale subterminal line ochracea.
b. Forewing with the subterminal line indistinct, dark olitascens.
1627a. Episilia postfosca.
Episilia ochracea. $ 1. fi
1621. Episilia ochracka, insert (/Jyn.) Mythimna deparca, But], A.M.N.
H. (5) VI., p. 358 (1879).
Agrotis stictica, Pouj. Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. (0) vii,, p. lxviii (1887).
1625. EPISILfA OL1VASCKNS.
Sect. II. (Pachnobia). Antennae of male serrate and fasciculate.
A. Forewing with the costal area pale to postmedial line retracla.
B. Forewing with the costal area concolorous
a. Forewing with the ce'l dark rufous tenuis
b. Forewing with the cell concolorous „ . Lomcclroma
1634a.— Episilia retracta, Hmpsn. Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M. IV ; p. 489, pi. 73,
f. 7 (1903).
$. Head and tegulae rufous, the latter with some grey near base and grey
tips ; thorax olive-brown ; pectus*, legs, and abdrmen rufous. Forewing dark
olive brown, thickly irrorated with blue-grey; the costal area pale rufous
irrorated with grey ; the cell black-brown ; traces of an antemedial line from
•submedian fold to inner margin ; claviform a narrow pale rufous streak ■
orbicular and reniform pale rufou« defined by whitish and confluent with costal
area, the former very narrow and oblique, the latter narrow and angled inwards
on median nervure to middle of c?ll ; the postmedial line double, minutely
waved, filled in with grey, bent outwards below costa to long beyond cell
excurved to vein 4, then incurved ; a curved dark subterminal line ; cilia brown.
712 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY , Vol. XVI.
Hindwing brown, tinged with fuscous on costal and terminal areas ; cilia pale
brown.
Habitat.— Sikhim. Exp. 30 mill.
1634. Episilia tenuis.
1634 b.— Episilia homochroma, Hmpsn. Cat. .Lep. Phal. B.M. IV., p. 493, pi.
73, f. 14(1903).
£ . Head and thorax deep rufous ; antenna? whitish ; abdomen fuscous, the
ventral surface dark brown. Forewing deep chocolate-red suffused with
silvery blue ; an indistinct double, curved, sub-basal line from costa to sub-
median fold ; an indistinct double, waved, antemedial line, oblique from costa
to above inner margin where it is angled outwards ; orbicular and reniform
with silvery blue annuli defined by brown, the former oblique elliptical, open
above ; the postmedial line double, minutely waved, bent outwards below costa,
slightly incurved at discal fold, incurved below vein 4 : cilia purplish red.
Hindwing ochreous white more or less suffused with fuscous brown ; cilia
purplish red ; the underside suffused with purplish red and irrorated with
fuscous, a small discoidal spot and postmedial line slightly angled at vein 6.
Habitat.— Tibet, Yatung. Exp. 30—34 mill.
Sect. III. (Episilia). Antennae of male ciliated.
A. Forewing rufous isochroma.
B. Forewing brownish grey ., monogramma.
1634c. Episilia isochroma, Hmpsn. Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M. IV., p. 502, pi-
73, f. 20 (1903).
Head and thorax rufous ; abdomen greyish ochreous, the anal tuft and
ventral surface rufous. Forewing ferruginous red, with a few silvery-blue
scales on inner and terminal areas ; obicular represented by an obscure dark
point, the reniform by a slight lunule ; faint traces of a postmedial line bent
outwards below costa, incurved at discal fold and below vein 4 ; traces of a
subterminal line angled outwards at vein 7 and excurved at middle. Hindwing
ochreous white ; the costal area slightly tinged with fuscous and the terminal
area in female ; cilia pale rufous ; the underside with slight discoidal point and
traces of postmedial line.
Habitat —Tibet, Yatung. Exp. $ 28, $ 30 mill.
1634rf. Episilia monogramma, Hmpsn. Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M. IV., p. 509,
pi. 73, f. 27 (1903).
Head and thorax grey pencilled with brown, sometimes suffused with
fuscous; abdomen brownish grey. Forewing brownish grey, thickly irrorated
with black ; a waved sub-basal line from costa to submedian fold •, an oblique
waved antemedial line ; orbicular and reniform greyish, with pale annuli
defined by blackish, the former elliptical ; a waved diffused medial shade,
angled outward to lower angle of cell ; the postmedial line strongly dentate, bent
outwards below costa, excurved to vein 4, then incurved ; an indistinct dentate
subterminal line angled outwards at vein 7 and excurved at middle ; a terminal
series of black points. Hindwing grey suffused with fuscous brown ; cilia
THE MOTHS OF INDIA,
in
whitish, sometimes with a brown line through them ; the underside whitish,
the costal area irrorated with brown, a dark discoidal spot and diffused curved
postmedial line.
Habitat. — Kashmir, Kuijar, Barra Larcha. Exp. ?A — 42 mill.
Genus Lycophotia. Type.
Lycopliotia, Hiibn. Verz., p. 215 (1827) porphyria.
Hapalia, Hixbn. Verz., p. 220(1827) pracox.
Peridroma, Hiibn. Verz., p. 227 (1827) margaritosa.
Scotophila, Steph. 111., Brit. Ent. Haust III, p. 18 (1829) ... porphyria.
Actehia, Steph. 111. Brit. Ent. Haust, III, p. 20 (1829) pracox.
Tlarus, Boisd. Ind. Moth., p. 76 (1829) porphyria.
Neuria, Guen. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. X., p. 241 (1841) non descr. elegans.
Phlebosis, Christ. Stett. Ent. Zeit. 1887, p. 164 petersi.
Setaqrotis, Smith, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. 38, p. 59 (1894) planifrom.
Hynernaznia, Hmpsn. Moths. Ind. II, p. 194 (1894) denticulata.
Praina, Schaus, J. N. Y., Ent. Soc. VI, p. 114 (1893) radiata.
Proboscis fully developed ; palpi upturned, the 2nd joint broadly scaled and
with pointed tuft of hair at extremity, the 3rd joint somewhat porrect ; frons
smooth ; eyes large, round ; thorax typically with divided ridge-like dorsal
crest ; tibia? spined ; abdomen cylindrical, dorsally clothed with rough hair at
base. Forewing usually narrow and elongate, the teimen obliquely curved ;
veins 3 and 5 from near angle of cell ; 6 from upper angle ; 9 from 10 anastom-
osing with 8 to form the areole ; 11 from cell. Hindwing with veins 3-4 from
angle of cell ; 5 obsolescent from middle of discocellulars ; 6*7 shortly stalked.
Sect. I. Antennas of male strongly serrate and fasciculate.
1629. Lycophotia sichima.
Lycophotia sichima. $ \.
Sect. II. Antennae of male ciliated.
A. (Peridroma?) Pro-and metathorax with divided crests.
1665. Lycophatia denticulata.
B. (Hapalia. \ Pro-and metathorax with slight spreading crests.
a. Hindwing white, the terminal area suffused with
brown conformis.
b. Hindwing wholly tinged with brown photophila.
Lycophotia confokmis.
Lycophotia photophila, Guen, Noct 1, p. 45 (1852).
Agrotis sollers, Staud. Stett. Ent. Zeit. 1877, p. 179. Christ Hor. Ent.
Soc. Koss xii., pi, 6, f. 19.
1632.
1630.
714 JUUltNAL,BOMBA Y NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI
Ajrotis ignipeta, Oberth, Et. Ent. 1, p. 45, pi. 4, f. 4 (1876).
Spcelotis undidans, Moore A. M. N. H. (5) 1, p. 233 ; id. 2nd Yarcand
Mission, pi. 1, f. 10.
Agrotu obscurior, Staud. Stett, Ent. Zeit 1889. p. 27.
„ Candida, Staud. Stett. Ent. Zeit 1889, p. 27.
„ obumbrata, Staud. Stett. Ent. Zeit 1889, p. 28.
Habitat. — Algeria ; Syria ; W. Tukkistan ; E. Turkistan ;S. Afghanistan;
Scinde, Karachi.
Genus Richia. Type.
Bichia. Grote, Can. Ent. xix., p. 44 (1887) ........ chortalis.
Proboscis fully developed ; palpi oblique, the 2nd joint fringed with hair in
front, the 3rd moderate : frons smoo h, eyes large, rounded, antennae of male
rainitely serrate and fasciculate, head and thorax clothed with hair and scales,
the prothorax with sharp ridge-'ike crest, the metathorax with slight crest, tibiae
strongly spined ; abdomen smoothly soiled. Forewing with veins 3 and 5 from
near angle of cell ; 0 from upper angle ; 9 from 10 anastomosing with 8 to
form the areole ; 4 from cell. H ndwing with veins 3*4 from angle of
cell; 5 obsolescent from middle of discocellulars ; 6'7 shortly stalked or from
angle.
A. Hindwing uniformly suffused with fuscous.
u. Forewing with the subterminal line almost straight, curvipltna.
b. Forewing with the subterminal line excurved
below costa and at middle .. xestiodes.
B. Hindwing ochreous, tinged with fuscous towards termen. fuscisignata.
1G37. Richia curviplena.
1637a. Richia xestiodes, Hmpsn. Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M. IV ; p. 596, pi. 76,
,.14(1903).
Head and thorax pale rufous, the scales tipped with grey ; palpi dark rufous.
paler at tips ;
abdomen ochre-
ous, dorsally
tinged with
fuscous, the
anal tuft ful-
Richia curviplena, $ \. v o u s yellow.
Forewing ochieous with a violaceous tinge and irrorated with rufous ; a rufous
subbasal line from costa to submedian fold ; an oblique antemedial line, slightly
incurved to costa and excurved above inner margin •, claviform defined by
rufous above and at extremity ; orbicular and reniform large, defined by rufous,
the former elliptical, the cell before and between them suffused with rufous ; a
waved medial shade from lower angle of cell to inner margin ; a waved postmedial
line excurved below costa, incurved in discal and submedian folds ; the Bub-
terminal line broadly d 'fined by rufous on inner side and slightly on outer,
excurved below costa and at middle ; a fine waved terminal line. Hindwing
TIIE MOTHS OF INDfA. 715
ochreous, suffused with fuscous ; the underside ochreous, the costal and terminal
areas irrorated with brown, a dark postmedial lire.
Habitat.— Kashmir, Goorais Valley, txp. 3S mill.
1637b. Uichia fuscisignata, Hmpsn. Oat. Lsp. Phal. B. M. IV, p. 597, pi. 76,
f. 15 (1905).
9. Head and thorax pale rufous mixed with ochrecus ; palpi darker rufous
except at tips; abdomen ochreous, the ventral surface tirged with rufous.
Forewing pale ochreous suffused with rufous ; traces of a whiti&h sulbasal line
from costa to submedian fold ; an oblique whitish antemedial line with brownish
lin9 on its innyf sid? ; orbicular and reniform defined by fine whitish lines, the
former oblique elliptical, the latter with blackish marks in its upper and lower
extremities ; postmedial line whitish, defined by a fine brown line en inner Bide
and sfc'o ujsr linj on out3r ; subterminal lino whitish, defined by brown suffusion
on its inner side, angled outwards at vein 7 and excurved at middle ; a terminal
series of small brown lunules. Hindwing and undersides ochreous yellow.
Habitat. — Kashmir, Goorais Valley. Exp. 42 mill.
Genus Pakaxkstia. Type.
ParaxeMia. Hmpsn. Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M. IV., p. 001 (1903). flavicaudata.
Proboscis fully developed; palpi with the 2nd joint upturned, reaching vertex
Paraxestia flavicaudata. $ \.
of head, fringed with hair in front, and behind at base, the 3rd joint long,
naked, porrect, frons smooth; eyes large, overhung by long cilia ; antennae
of mab ciliated ; head and thorax clothed with long hair, without crests;
fore tibiae without spines ; mid and hind tibiae strongly spined • abdomen dorsally
clothed with long hair at base, the claspers of male large. Forewing with the
apex somewhat produced, the termen crenulate ; veins 3 and 5 from near angle
of cell ; 6 from upper angle ; 9 from 10 anastomosing with 8 to form the
areoh ; 11 from cell. Hindwing with the ciiia crenulate ; veins 3*4 from jngle
of cell ; 5 obsolescent from middle of discocellulars ; 6'7 from upper angle.
1670. Pakaxestia flavicaudata.
Genus Mythimna. Type.
Hythimna, Ochs. Schmett. Eur., iv., p. 70 (1816) non descr. ;
Treit. Schmett. Eur., v (1), p. 77 (1*25^ oxalina.
Orthopia Ochs. Schmett. Eur., iv , p. 79 (1816) non descr.;
Treit. Schmett. Eur., v., (I) p. 2^0(1825) ccccimacula.
Cera'tis, Ochs. Schmett. Eur., iv., p. 84 (1816) non descr.;
Treit. Schmett. Eur., v. (2), p. 395 (1825) .. rubricosa.
716 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
Mesogona, Boisd. Ind. Meth., p. 144 (1840) acetosellce.
Ammoconia, Led. Noct. Eur., p. 97 (1857) ccecimacula.
Pseudoglaia, Grote, Can. Ent., viii., p. 18 (!876) tceduta.
Proboscis fully developed ; palpi obliquely upturned and fringed with long
Mythimna Indiana. £ \.
hair in front ; f rons smooth ; eyes large, rounded ; antennae of male
typically ciliated ; head and thorax clothed with rough hair only ; fore
tibia? fringed with hair ; mid and hind tibiae spined. Forewing with veins 3
and 5 from near angle of cell ; 6 from upper angle ; 9 from 10 anastomosing
with 8 to form the areole ; 11 from cell. Hindwing with the termen crenulate
and slightly excised at discal fold ; veins 3*4 from angle of cell ; 5 obsolescent
from middle of discocellulars ; G-7 shortly stalked.
1G69. Mytbimna Indiana, Guen, Noct. i, p. 302 (1852).
Tiracola polacea, Butl. 111. Het. B. M., vii., p. 54., pi. 127, f. 5 (1889).
Genus Tricheurois. Type.
Tricheurois, Hmpsn. A. M. N. H. (7), xv, p. 451 (19o5) . nigrocuprea.
Proboscis fully daveloped ; palpi upturned, fringed with hair in front ; frons
obliquely rounded ; eyes large, round, hairy ; head and thorax clothed with
hair only and without distinct crests ; mid and hind tibiae spined, abdomen
with some rough hair at base. Forewing with veins 3 and 5 from near angle
of cell ; 6 from upper angle ; 9 from 10 anastomosing with 8 to form the
areole ; 11 from cell. Hindwing with veins 3'4 from angle of cell ; 5 ot soles-
cent from middle of discocellulars ; 6'7 shortly stalked ; 8 anastomosing with
the cell near base only.
1680. Tricheukois nigrocuprea.
Tricheurois nigrocuprea. £ 1.
Genus Niurois.
Neurois, Hmpsn. Cat. Lep. Fhal B. M. IV., p. 610 (1903) .
Proboscis fully developed ; palpi upturned, not reaching vertex of head and
clothed with rough hair ; frons obliquely rounded, with slight roughened
_ Type,
niaroviridis.
THE MOTHS OF INDIA.
717
prominence at extremity ; eyes large, ronnded ; antennas of male ciliated ; head
and thorax clothed with scales mixed with a few hairs, the metathorax with
distinct crest ; fore tibia? fringed with hair ; mid and hind tibiae with a few
spines ; abdomen clothed with rough hair and with lateral tufts towards
extremity. Forewing with veins 3 and 5 from near angle of cell ; 6 from upper
angle ; 9 from 10 anastomosing with 8 to form the areole ; 11 from cell.
Hindwing with veins 34 from angle of cell ; 5 obsolescent from below angle of
discocellulars ; 67 shortly stalked.
A. Forewing silvery white thickly irrorated with bronze
green, the terminal area brown nigroviridis.
B. Forewing sap-green suffused with black and marked
with pale-brown ,., atrovirens.
C. Forewing black-brown renalba.
1G67. Neurois nigroviridis.
1666. Neurois atrovirens.
1668. Neurois renalba.
Genus Eurois Type.
Eurois, Hiibn. Verz., p 217 fl827) prasina.
Aplecta, Guen. Aun. Soc. Ent. Fr. vii„ p. 217 (1845) prasina.
Matuta, Grote, Can. Ent. vi., p. 116 (1874) tenebrifera.
Adelphagrotis, Smith, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. 38, p. 38 (1890) stellaris.
Proboscis fully developed; palpi upturned, the 2nd joint broadly fringed
with hair in front, the 3rd short, porrect, with some hair in front ; eyes large
rounded ; frons smooth ; antennas of male typically ciliated ; head and thorax
clothed with hair and scales and with spreading crests on pro-and meta-thorax ;
fore tibiae fringed with hair ; mid and hind tibiae Bpined. Forewing rather
broad, the apex rectangular ; veins 3 and 5 from near angle of cell ; 6 from
upper angle ; 9 from 10 anastomosing with 8 to form the areole ; 11 from cell.
Hindwing with veins 3*4 from angle of cell ; 5 obsolescent from middle of
discocellulars ; 6*7 from upper angle.
if*
Eurois virens. $ \.
1785. Eurois virens.
Genus Epilecta. Type.
Epilecta, Hiibn. Verz., p. 220 (1827) li?iogrisea.
Hiria, Dup. Cat. Meth., p. 145 (1844) nee Hyriaham. Moll.
1819 , Unogrisea.
24
718 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
Proboscis fully developed ; palpi with the 2nd joint oblique, moderately
scaled in front and with slight pointed tuft at extremity, the 3rd joint long
naked, and porrect ; frons smooth, with ridges of scales above and between
antenna? ; eyes large, rounded ; antennae of male ciliated ; head and thorax
clothed with scales, prothorax with spreading crest, a double dorsal ridge-like
crest ; mid and hind tibial spined ; abdomen dorsally flattened. Forewing nar-
row, the apex rectangular ; veins 3 and f> from near angle of cell ; 6 from upper
an;de ; 0 from 1 0 anastomosing with 8 to form the areole; U from cell. Hind-
win^ with veins 3'4 from angle of cell; 5 obsolescent from the middle of discocel-
luiars ; 6*7 from upper angls ; 8 anastomosing with the cell near base only.
165-'. Epilecta accipiter.
Epilecta accipiter. g {.
Oenus Triph^ena. Type.
Triphrrna. Hiibn. Verz., p. 221 (1827) - inferjecta.
Lampra, 11 iibn. Verz., p. 221 (1*27) fimbria.
Euschesi*, Hiibn. Verz , p. 221 (1827) janthina.
Abagrotis, Smith, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. 38, p. 4 (1890) err.dica.
Proboscis fully developed ; palpi oblique, the 2nd joint fringed with long
hair produced to a point at extremity, the 3rd joint short, porrect, and slightly
fringed with hair below ; frons smooth ; eyes large, rounded ; head and thorax
clothed m ith hair and scales, the pro-and meta-ihorax w ith slight spreading
crests ; antenna; of male typically ciliated ; tibiae fringed with hair, the mid
and hind tibiae spined ; abdomen dorsally flattened and fringed with hair at
sides Forewing with the margins subparallel, the apex rounded : veins 3 and
5 from close to angle of cell ; 6 from upper angle ; 9 from 10 anastomosing
wiih 8 to form the areole ; 11 from cell. Hindwing with veins 3*4 from angle
of cell ; 5 obsolescent from middle of discocellulars ; 6'7 from upper angle ;
8 anastomosing with the cell near base only.
1662. Tkiphtkna semiuerbida.
Genus Protagrotis.
Type.
Protagrotis, Hmpsn. Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M , IV, p. 655 (1903).. viralis.
Proboscis fully developed ; palpi with the 2nd joint oblique and moderately
fringed with hair, the 3rd porrect ; frons smooth ; eyes large, rounded ; antennae
of male with long bristles and cilia in Indian species : head and thoiax clothed
with hair only and without crests ; fore tibiae fringed with hair ; mid tibiae
without spiaei ; hiud tibiae with one spine between medial and terminal spura ;
THE MOTHS OF INDIA.
719
abdomen with some rough hair at base of dorsum. Forewing moderately broad,
the apex not produced ; veins 3 and 5 from near angle of cell ; 6 from upper
angle ; 9 from 10 anastomosing with 8 to form the areole ; 11 from cell.
Hindwirg with veins 3 '4 from angle of cell ; 5 obsolescent from middle of
discocellulars ; 6 7 shortly stalked or from cell; 8 anastomosing with the cell
near base only.
1599. Pkotagkotis cupkea.
Protagrolis cuprea
{'lobe continued.)
720
FURTHER NOTES ON THE BUTTERFLIES
OF THE LUCKNOW DISTRICT.
By G-. W. V. de IIhe-Phiupe.
In 1902, after some three years and a half of collecting and observation in
the district, I compiled a local list, which appeared in Vol. XIV. (pp. 481 et
seq.) of the Journal of the Society. A transfer from Lucknow put an end,
for the time being, to butterfly work there ; but the chances of service took
me back for some months in 11)03-04, and gave me a few further opportunities
of adding to my collection of the district Lepidoptera. Pressure of official
work limited tbese opportunities to occasional excursions in the near neigh-
bourhood ; but I was able to add a few new names to my local list and to make
some additional notes. These I give as a supplement to the original article.
Furlough home has been answerable for the delay in writing them.
NYMPHALID^E.
SATYRIN.E,
8. Mycalesis ulasius — Fabr, This species was even more common
during the rains of 1903 than I had ever known it before ; but continued
very local. Curiously, spots I had known as certain finds in previous years
were now absolutely blank ; while in others I had more than once previously
unsuccessfully searched, a specimen or two could invariably be routed out.
Nymfhalin^e.
20. Junonia atlitks — Linn. I took two or three of this species in Lucknow
in July and August 1903, and it can now be given a place in the local list with
certainty.
23 (a). Neptis eurymene — Butler. I had an opportunity of examining a
Neptis taken in Lucknow in September or October 1902, which was of this
species. Its occurrence in the district is justified by its distribution, but it is
probably very rare.
LYC^ENID^.
52 (a). Iraota Maecenas — Fabr.
One male was taken in March. It is a much smaller insect than usual (being
barely 1*2 inches in expanse) and the brilliant metallic scales so distinctive of
the species are very few and scattered. It is thus, in appearance, somewhat
different from others of the species .mostly from the Himalayas) in my collec-
tion ; but a careful examination removes all doubt of its identity. It is appa-
rently very rare in the district ; and, like many other Lycenidas, probably
appears only as a spring brood.
55. Aphn^eus elima — Moore.
61. Kapala melampus — Cram. I found considerable numbers of these
species in May and early June, attracted by the scented flowers of a Mimusops
elengi, a somewhat uncommon tree in the Lucknow District. Elsewhere they
were as rarely met with as ever. Males predominated, and all the insects were
dead and badly broken — being apparently the survivors of the spring broods.
BUTTERFLIES OF LUCKNOW DISTRICT. 721
PAPILIONED.E.
PiERINjE.
74. Appias paulina — Cram. Another specimen — a male — of this rare
species was taken in the Secunderabagh gardens in September.
74 (a). Appias hippoides — Moore. New to the Lncknow list. It is rare, only
a single female — taken in September — being recorded in four years.
78 (a). Leptosia xiphia— Fabr. — Taken for the first time in August 1903
at the height of the rains. It is apparently not very rare, but is extremely
local, which probably accounts for an earlier capture not having been recorded.
All I took were found in a very limited piece of damp, heavily overgrown
ground, in a corner of the Secunderabagh gardens. The species was only on the
wing a very short time — about a fortnight — and then disappeared altogether.
Papilionin^e.
79. Papilio aristolochi.e — Fabr. I discovered numbers of eggs, larvae in
all stages of growth and pupa;, of this common papilio on Various kinds of
Aristolochia throughout July, August and September. Owing to frequent
absences from Lucknow I was unfortunately unable to carry out any systematic
course of breeding ; it should not, however, be difficult to work out the life his-
tory of the species.
83. Papilio nomius — Esper. I saw or took quite a number of these insects in
July and August. Though never common, it may be considered regular, and
my original note on the species thus needs some modification so far as its occur-
rence in the Lucknow District is concerned.
HESPERID^.
84. Badamia exclamationis — Fabr. I found the eggs and larva? of this
species on the Bignonia gracilis, and the imago could generally be found round
the plants. For reasons already given, I was, much to my regret, not able to
do any breeding.
92. Udaspes folus — Cram. I took one more specimen in September. It
is a rare insect in the district.
I have also to add three new " Skippers " to the Lucknow list. All are
apparently rare, as only single specimens of each were taken in four years.
94. Sakangesa dasahara — Moore. One taken in October.
95. Padraona gola — Moore. A single male in September 1903. On getting
the new species, I captured and examined all others of the genus I saw, in the
hope of finding some more of P. gola ; but I never a^ain took anything but
P. dara.
96. Parnara komara — Moore (?). This was the only Parnara I ever took
in Lucknow, and I have not been able to classify it to my satisfaction. It does
not fully agree with any of those described by Watson in his " Hesperidaj
Indicaa " ; nor could I identify it with any of the species represented in the
Calcutta Museum collection. The discal series of spots on the forewing are
722 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
arranged exactly as in P. colaca, Moore, but it lacks the spot inside the cell ;
the upper side of the hind wing is also unmarked. It appears rrore nearly
allied to P. kwnara, Moore (which I have doubtfully named it), but differs
from Watson's description of the species in having three distinct discal spots
on the underside of the hindwing, one just beyond the cell, and the other
two between the fh'st and second and second and third median nervules. The
specimen was a male taken in September.
723
AN APPEAL FOR LIZARDS
By
F. Gleadow, I.F.S.
It was pointed out to me lately that the Society's collection of
lizards is small and dwindling. In fact, lizards do not keep for ever,
(witness one I was expected to mime, Ugh!) and unless new specimens
are sent in, a museum soon begins to deteriorate. Below will be found
a catalogue of our collection, followed by a list of desiderata. It will
be observed, by those gifted with sufficient perspicuity, that the latter
list is the longer of the two. I, therefore, venture to ask the charitable
and benevolent in all parts of India to collect and forward lizards of all
kinds except those known to be very common. Persons who may not
have been born lizard -catchers may feel diffident of success, but they
have only to try and see that there is interest and some fun in this
mild form of shikar. Lizards are not all taken with the same bait. A
charge of small shot, a smart terrier, a fishing rod with a running noose
at the end, will take the lizard if he will not take them. They may
be caught by hand, chased with a stick in the hot weather (Professor
Mugwump's cure for obesity), or dug out of the ground. The latter
method is excellent in sandy country ; the burrows are not deep (except
some of the Agam/dce). and if a twig is inserted in advance, the hide is
not obliterated by fallen sand. Fingers should not be stuck up these
holes, for they sometimes contain venomous snakes. It is rather fun
seeing half a dozen native boys trying to catch a lively Eremias or
Calotes. Many kinds live under dead bark or stones and are easily
caught. Above all, do not flurry the CI ameleons. A Chameleon can
move his legs at the rate of one every 5 seconds, but he regards it as
most indecent and undignified if he has to take more than a step every
25 seconds. So spare his feelings. He will open his mouth, but you
can put your finger in and he will merely wonder when you are going
to take it out again.
When the lizards have been caught, they may either be forwarded
alive to the Honorary Secretary of our Society or killed by drowning,
when after a small incLion lengthways has Le3n made in the abdomen,
they should be placed in some weak spirit and water, and forwarded
by post.
724 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
CATALOGUE OF LIZARDS
in the collection of the Bombay Natural History Society,
26th May 1<J05.
a a
c.S
= H3
« a
few
o.a
1*
Scientific name.
3
59
«0
85
86
8y
90
93
94
100
107
J10
112
113
114
115
116
118
122
123
124
12G
132
137
141
145
151
154
155
15fi
157
160
162
165
171
17!)
180
181
182
184
186
190
191
192
200
205
Crocodilus palustris
Gymno lactylus deccanensis
Do. albofasciatus
tlemidactylus frenatus
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
gleadovii
raac.ulatus ..
triedrus
lesehenaultii
coctaei
Teratolepis fasdata...
Gecko vei'ticillatus ...
Ptychozoon horualocephaloiu
Kublepharis hardwickii
Do. macularius
Draco maculatus
Do. blaufordii
Do. dussumieri ...
Sitana ponticeriana
Oophotis ceylanica
Geratophora stoddartii
Do. tennentii
Lyriocephalus scutatus
Acanthosaura cracigera
Do. tricarinata ...
Salea anamallayana
Calotes versicolor
Do. neraoricola ...
Do. ophiomachus
Do. nigrilabris ...
Do. liscephalus ...
Do. ronxii
'Dharasia dorsalis
Do. ornata
Agama tuberculata...
Do. nupta
Lioiephis bclliana
Uromasti hardwickii
Ophisaurus gracilis...
Varanus griseus
Do. bengalensis
Do. dumerilii
Acanthodactylus cantoris...
Do. micropholisi
Oabrita lesehenaultii
Eremias velox
Mabuia dissimilis
3 2
n
^
1
12
3
2
3
1
i
2
1
1
5
3
4
3
*£
'2
6
•i
1
1
1
4
4
1
2
4
1
2
4
.i
1
4
1
1
2
4
2
2
1
4
Locality.
Tulsi Lake, Bombay.
?
Campbellpore.
Salsette.
1
Khandesh.
Bombay.
< iadag.
Burma and Java.
•I
1
Ghauts,
liurma.
Do.
?
Lanowli, W. Ghats.
?
1
Ceylon.
1
1
Bombay.
Coonoor.
Ceylon.
1
•}
1
Coonoor and Ban-
galore.
Simla.
Fort Pandeman.
Burma.
K uaragora.
1
Surat.
1
?
Karachi.
Kntch.
(Jampbellpore.
?
Punjab.
AN APPEAL FOR LIZARDS.
725
OS J
H.3
.=3 C
03
03
Scientific name.
o
Locality.
o5
•2 a
211
Mabuia carinata
?
214
Do, niultifasciata
Ceylon.
239
Lygosoma punctaturn
?
240
Do. guentheri
Indore.
245
Do. lineatum...
Bombay.
255
Eumeces taeniolatns ...
2
Punjab,
259
Ophiomorus tridactylus -
2
Sind.
261
Chalcides ocellatus
1
?
270
Chamaeleon calcaratvts
2
Surat and Bombay.
LIST OF WANTS.
a
M
Scientific name.
Habitat.
*1
*2
48
50
51
52
54
56
57
58
61
62
63
64
67
68
69
71
76
80
81
82
11)1
106
108
109
111
117
Gavialis gangeticus
Crocodilus porosus
Stenodactylus orientalis ...
Alsophylax tuberculatus ...
Gymnodactylus fedtschenkoi
Do.
scaber
Do.
kachhensis
Do.
lawderanus
Do.
nebulosus ..
Do.
]eyporensis
Do.
oldhami ..
Do.
triedrus ..
Do.
frenatus ..
Do.
khasiensis..
Do.
variegatus..
Do
fasciolatus
Agamura cruralis
Gonatodes indicus and others
Do. mysorensis
Do. littoralis
Calodactylus aureus
Ptyodactylus homolepis
Hemidactylus various
Gehyra mutilati
Lspidodactylus various
Hoplodactylus anamallensi3
Gecko stentor
Do. monarehus
Phelsuma andamanense
Draco taeniopteris
Indus, Ganges, &c.
East Coast.
Sind.
Baluchistan, Sind.
Salt Range.
Sind (rocks).
Cutch, Sind (rocks).
Kamaon.
S. India. Forests.
Jeypur. High Woods.
S. Kanara.
Ceylon.
Do.
Khasia Hills.
Moulmein.
W. Himalayas, Subathu.
Baluchistan.
Nilgiris, Wynaad.
Mysore.
Malabar.
Tirupati Hills. Ravines.
Sind Hills.
All parts.
Ceylon, Burma.
Burma, Ceylon, S. India.
S. India.
Burma, Andamans.
Ceylon, Malaysia.
Andamans.
Tenasserim, Siam.
I
• Small specimens lequired which can be kept in spirits.— Hon. Sees.
25
120 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
a .
a a
P
5 -a
*5 °
Scientific name.
Habitat.
119
120
121
125
127
129
130
131
133
131
136
138
139
140
itii
*183
*185
*187
1S8
193
198
199
201
246
247
252
254
256
257
25S
260
262
363
264
• ••
269
Otocryptis bivittata
Do. beddomei...
Ptyctolasmus gularis
Ceratophora aspera —
Goniocephalus subcristatus ...
Do. bellii..>
Do. grandis
Acantbosaura armata
Do. lamnidentata
Do. minor
Do. major
Japalura variegata ...
Do. plauidorsata
Salea horsfieldii
Calotes various ...
CharaBia blanfordiana
Agatna various
Phrynocephalas various ...
Varanus flavescens ...
Do. nebulosus %...
Do. salvator
Tachydromus seslineatus...
Cabrita jerdonii
Opbiops various
ICretnias guttulata ...
Do. brevirostris
Do. fasciata ...
Mabuia various (brahminy lizards)
Lygosoma various ...
Ablepharus brandtii
Do. grayanus
Ristella various
Tropidophorus berdmorii ...
Eumeccs scutatus ...
Do. schneideri
Do. blythianus
Scincus arenarius
Ophiomorus blanfordii
Chalcides pentadactylus ...
Sepophis punctatus
Chalcidoseps thwaitesii
Acontias various
Dibamus novaa-guineaa
Ceylon.
Tinnevelly. Grafs, 4,300 ft.
Assam, Sadiya.
Ceylon.
Andamans and Nicobars.
Bengal.
Pegu ? Malaysia.
Malaysia, Siam.
Pegu, Teuasserim.
Sikhim and Kbasi Hills.
Sutlej Valley.
Sikhim, E. Bengal.
Khasi Hills.
S. India.
All parts.
S. W. Bengal. High Rocks.
Himalayas. Deserts, Rocks.
Persia to Indus.
N. India, Burma.
Bengal, Burma.
Bengal, Burma, Cejlon.
Assam, Burma.
Godavari Valley.
All parts.
Sind.
Gulf, Punjab.
Persia, Baluchistan.
All parts,
-4-0.
Punjab, Sind, Baluchistan.
Cutch. Sind.
Hills, S.India.
Pegu, Tenasserim.
Sind, Cutch.
Baluchistan.
Amritsar.
^ind.
Baluchistan, Persian Coast.
Sandy banks of Kuddle.
Golconda H., Gorge H.
Ceylon.
Do.
Nicobars.
Small specimens required which can be kept in spirits. — Hon. Sees.
727
A NEW MOUSE-HARE OF THE GENUS OCHOTONA.
As the result of " a large and valuable series of Ochotona from Kashmir,
recently sent home by Colonel A. E. Ward," Mr. J. Lewis Bonhote was induced
" to take up and study the whole genus, so far as the Palaearctic Eegion is
concerned," and the results are published in the P. Z. S. 1904, Vol. II., p. 205,
including the description of a new species collected by Colonel Ward.
For the convenience of Members we quote below the full description of this
new species, of which Colonel Ward has contributed several specimens to our
collection.
Ochotona W.vrdi, Bonhote.
Ochotona icarcli, Bonhote, Abstr. P. Z. S. 1904, No. 10, p. 13, Nov. 22.
In the summer pelage, worn from June to September, the whole of the
head, shoulders, and fore-part of the body (excepting a small patch behind
the ears, which is white) is bright chestnut (cinamon- rufous, Ridgw.), becoming
more vinaceous on the throat. The remainder of the upper parts is dark
greyish rufous, each hair being black at its base with a light sub-terminal ambula-
tion, the tips being either dark or rufous. This latter colour encroaches greatly
on the light portion often to its total exclusion, especially on the sides of the
body. The underparts are white lightly washed with pale buff. The feet are
of the same colour. Ears moderate in size, very scantily clothed with hair.
In the winter pelage this animal is of a uniform dark iron-grey all over,
with the exception of the light patches behind the ear, which are white as in
summer. Underparts dull white. Slight traces of rufous are generally to
be found at the base of the shoulders, on the crown of the head, and along
the flanks. The young resemble the adults in winter, but are slightly browner
in general colour and have the rufous on the head and shoulders more marked.
The skull is very similar to that of the type of 0. roylei, as figured in the
original description, and does not show any great features of note. The com-
bined foramen, while having the narrow anterior third and the slight constriction
typical of the rufescens group, shows a tendency for the constriction to become
less marked, but it can nevertheless bt clearly made out in every example.
Dimensions of type in flesh. Head and body 187 mm. ; hind foot 25 ; ear 22-5.
Skull. — Greatest length 44 mm. ; basal length 37 ; palatal length 17 ; length
■of foramen 12 ; Zygomatic breadth 21 ; interorbital breadth 5 ; breadth of
brain-case 17 ; length of molar series 9.
Habitat.— Talien, Kashmir, 11,000 feet.
Type (in Coll. Brit. Mus.). A. E. W. No. 56. Ad. $.
Collected on the 8th August, 1903.
In external appearance this species most nearly resembles O. roylei; the
latter, however, is much darker and lacks the conspicuous white patches behind
the ears.
{From the Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1904, Vol, II., Part II.)
728 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI,
{From the Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London,
1905, Vol. I, Part I.)
DESCRIPTIONS OF THREE NEW SPECIES OF BIRDS OBTAINED
DURING THE RECENT EXPEDITION TO LHASSA BY
HENRY E. DRESSER, M.B.O.U., F.Z.S.
[Received January 17, 1905.]
* (Plates IV and V.)
Col. Waddell, C.B., who has recently returned from India, having been one
of the officers on the Tibet Expedition, when there made a collection of birds,,
most of which, he tells me, he Was able to identify by my '• Manual of Palasarctic
Birds". Some, however, he failed to recognize, and these he kept by him, and
has sent them on to me for identification, requesting me to describe any that
are new. The rest, however, were with his baggage, and were unfortunately
lost on the return march from Lhassa.
Amongst the birds which were fortunately saved I find the following to be
undescribed, viz. : —
Babax waddelli. sp. n. (Plate IV.)
Adult male. (Tsangpo Valley, Tibet, 25th September 1904). — Upper parts
dull ashy grey, each feather with a broad central blackish stripe, the rump
slightly less striped than the rest of the upper parts ; wing blackish brown.
most of the feathers externally margined with ashy grey ; tail blackish brown,
much graduated ; under parts similar to the upper parts, but somewhat paler
and more narrowly striped ; bill and legs plumbeous, iris dull orange. Total
length about 12-60 inches, culmen 1*40, wing 5"10, tail G-50, tarsus 1*70.
The nearest ally to this species appears to be Babax lanceolatus, from which,,
however, it differs considerably, being larger (wing 5'10 against 3'75, tail 6'50
against 5-0), and, as will be seen by the above description, it differs considerably
both in colour and markings. It is, Col. Waddell says, " called by the Tibetans
' Teh-Teh* in imitation of its call. It frequents poplar and older thickets
remote from villages. It was gregarious, going about in parties of 8 to 10 indi-
viduals, but was not so active and secretive in its movements as the Garrulax,
alongside of which it was met with."
Garrulax tibetanus, sp. n. (Plate V, Fig. 2.)
Adult male. (Tsangpo Valley, Tibet, 25th September 1904). — Upper parts
dark brown with a tinge of olivaceous, the crown slightly darker ; lores and a
patch through the eye with the ear-coverts blackish chocolate ; quills
blackish, externally margined with slate or dark lavender-grey ; wing-coverts
like the back ; tail graduated, blackish brown broadly tipped with white ;
* The9e Plates have not been reproduced but will be found in the Proceedings of the
Zoological Society of London, Vol. I, Part 1, 190 o.
NEW BIRDS FROM TIBET. 729
underparts rather paler than the upper parts ; a broad white stripe below
the eye, and a few white feathers above the eye indicating a stripe ; under tail-
coverts and lower flanks chestnut-red. Bill and legs dark plumbeous, iris
dull crimson. Total length about 10'50 inches, culmen 0'90, wing 4'50, tail
6-40, tarsus 1'50.
From its nearest ally Garula sannio, this species differs in having the upper
parts much darker and mofe uniform in colour, the crown not chestnut-brown,
the under parts darker, without any white or ochraceous on the belly, and ia
the tail having a broad white terminal band. Colonel Waddell informs me
that " it is called by the Tibetans ' Jomo,' or the Lady ; it is found in the
same poplar and older thickets as the Babax, but also comes up quite close to
the villages. It has the characteristic habits of a Babbler in a marked degree,
roves about in parties of eight or more individuals, chatters more noisily
uttering its fluty call of Whoh-hee, Whoh-he<t, is always on the move, scamper-
ing along the branches, is very secretive seldom showing itself and flying very
low across a clearance to the next cover."
Lanius lama, sp. n. (Plate V, Fig. 1.)
Adult Male. (Tsangpo Valley, Tibet, September 1904.) .Head, nape, and
upper parts generally dark plumbeous much as in Lanius alyeriensis, a narrow
line across the forehead, the lores, aud a broad band through and behind
the eye deep black ; lower rump and upper tail-coverts rufous ; wings black
the inner secondaries and larger wing-coverts narrowly margined with dull
white, tail uniform blackish brown, rather pale at the extreme tip ; under
parts white, the breast, flanks, and under tail-coverts washed with rufous fawn.
Total length about .tO'10 inches, culmen 0'83, wing 4'20, tail 5'0, tarsus 1*12.
Lanius schach appears to be the nearest ally to the present species, but the
latter has only a narrow black line across the forehead, the upper parts are
much darker, it has no rufous on the back or scapulars, but only on the lower
rump and upper tail-coverts, and has no trace of a white alar speculum.
The other birds sent are Pica bottan°nsis, Turtur orientalis, Gtocorys ehvesi ,
a young Lark which I cannot separate from A lauda arve?isis and Paries cinereus,
which however, has a slightly larger bill and longer wing than typical examples,
but without a series it is impossible to say if it can be regarded even as a
subspecies.
All the above-mentioned birds were obtained in the Tsangpo Valley, near
the Chuksam Ferry, at an elevation of 12,100 feet above the sea-level.
730 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
{From the Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1905, Vol. I., Part I.f
ON DOLPHINS FROM TRAVANCORE.
By R. Lydekker.
{Received December 30th. 1904.)
t (Plate XIII.)
For some years past all specimens of Dolphins stranded on the shore
or caught by the fishermen in their nets in the neighbourhood of Tre-
vandrum, Travancore, have been collected and preserved by the officials
of the Trevandrum Museum. This excellent work was begun by the late
Director, Mr. Harald Ferguson, and, I am glad to say, is being continued
by his successor, Major F. W. Dawson. In most cases careful measurements
have been taken of the specimens in the flesh, while excellent coloured sketches
have been made of the more important examples by Mr. C. S. Mudaliar,
•After the completion of the measurements and drawings, the skeletons have been
prepared — some of them, I am glad to say, having been presented to the British
Museum.
As the result of the drawings and specimens sent to mo by Mr. Ferguson,
I have (in addition to representatives of other genera) been enabled to deter-
mine two apparently distinct species of the genus Tursiops, of both of which
coloured figures have been published in the " Journal of the Bombay Natural
History Society •"* To the one I gave the name T.fergusoni ; while the second
I identified provisionally with the Australian T. catulunia. Since the publica-
tion of the second of the papers just referred to, I have received from Trevan-
drum sketches of two other Dolphins taken off that coast. The first of these
(Plate XIII, Fig. 1) is one of a pair taken in the autumn of 1903 ; while the
second (Plate XIII, Fig. 2) was captured in October 1904. Curiously enough,
both appear to belong to the genus Tursiops ; and, what is more curious still,
they are unlike either of the two specimens figured in the papers referred to
above.
Regarding the specimen taken in 1903, Mr. Ferguson wrote to me as follows : —
" I sent off last week a case containing the skeletons of two Dolphins caught
here lately. They are of the same species, and I think of the genus Tursiops.
They are very closely allied to, if not identical with, T. catalania ; but they have
no blotches at the sides, and they have a dark blue band running from the eye
to the front of the adipose elevation, as in the common Dolphin. This band
is much less conspicuous in the larger and older specimen, and may possibly
disappear altogether with age. I send measurements of the two specimens,
and a sketch of the larger one, in which the blue line is only faintly shown."
* Vol. XV., pp. 41 and 408, plates B. and C. Jt may be noticed that in the second of these
papers no references are made to the first; this is owing to the fact that copies of the
former hid not been received in Englar d at the time the latter was written.
t This Plate has not been reproduced but will be found in the Proceedings of the Zoolo-
gical Society of London, Vol. I., Part I, 1905.
DOLPHINS FROM TRAVANCORE. 731
The following is the description of these specimens as given by Mr. Fergu-
son : —
Descriptive notes on two Cetaceans caught at Villinjam in nets by fishermen
on October 15th, 1903, and obtained by purchase.
Smaller Specimen.
Length from tip of snout to the median cleft on the
I illl~Il.ll K(..'^ ••• •*• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••
From tip of snout to origin of dorsal fin
„ „ pectoral fin
„ „ genitals
Anterior margin of pectoral fin along the curve
., ., (.lUISItii. •>• ••• ••• ••• ••
Tail-flukes along the curve
Expanse of tail
Beak from groove which separates the forehead
Ft. In.
Genital groove } , , ,,
Anus } cIose to§ethei ■
Length of mouth from gape
Greatest breadth
5
10
2
8
1
8
3
10
4
3
1
2
1
0
1
0£
1
6
0
H
0
H
0
Ok
0
10*
0
11
0
11*
3
1
0
8*
0
7*
0
94
„ height ,
„ circumference
Smallest circumference, at root of tail
Height of dorsal fin ,
Length of dorsal fin at base
Lower jaw about half an inch longer than upper. Colour dark plumbeous,
paler about the sides, reddish ashy below. A dark blue band running from
the eye to the front of the adipose elevation on both sides, one inch broad
at the eye, tapering to a quarter of an inch at the front. Genital and anal
regions fleshy pink. Jellyfish in stomach.
Teeth fi and ft = 49 and 50.
Ribs 12 pairs, of which the first four pairs are two-headed. One ossified
presternum and two mesosterna ; xiphisternum membranous.
Vertebrae : C. 7, D. 12, L. 10, Ca. 23 = 58.
Pterygoids not in contact.
Larger Specimen.
Ft. In.
Length from the tip of snout to the median cleft on the
L t.11.1" I 111 K L'^ • • • • • ■ i* • ■•• ••• « • • • • * O O
From tip of snout to origin of dorsal fin 3 0
„ ,, pectoral fin 1 8
„ „ genitals 3 9*
jf jy till Ho ••• ■■• •■* ••• ••• rx 4
Anterior margin of pectoral fin along the curve 1 3
1
H
1
3
1
7*
0
5
0
5
0
u
0
11
1
Qi
1
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3
01
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0
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0
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(J
10*
0
H
732 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
Anterior margin of dorsal ...
Tail-flukes along the curve
Expanse of tail
Beak from groove which separates the forehead.
Genital groove
Anal opening
Gape of mouth
Greatest breadth
,, height
„ circumference
Smallest circumference
Height of dorsal fin ...
Length of dorsal fin at base ...
Greatest circumference ...
Smallest circumference
Lower jaw about half an inch longer than upper. Colour blue-black, paler at
the sides ; beneath fleshy grey. Lower jaw dull grey ; a dark blue band, same
as the smaller specimen, but less clear. Genital and anal regions fleshy
pink.
Teeth || and |f=55 and 53.
Vertebrae: C. 7, D. 12, L. 16, Ca. 23=58.
Ribs 12, of which five are two-headed.
Pterygoids not in contact.
The following are the particulars of the 1904 specimen supplied to me from
the Trevandrum Museum : —
Extreme length
From tip of beak to origin of dorsal fin
„ flipper ..
„ „ anal opening
Length of flipper round the outer curve
„ dorsal fin
Expanse of tail-flukes
Greatest height including dorsal fin
Height of body
Greatest girth
Smallest girth
Lower jaw somewhat protruding.
Colour. — Upper surface, flippers, and sides of tail glistening dark brown
abruptly passing into dull silvery grey (paling into light sea-green after skin-
ning) on the sides ; facial region paler; underside dull pearly white, extending
to a little behind the anal opening ; orbits in a dark brown oval blotch, which
gradually fuses into a tapering band running above and parallel to the basi-
rostral groove and uniting at the angle of the (V-shaped) prenarial adipose
Ft.
In.
6
1
o
7-1
' 2
1
5
4
3
1
2
1
1
1
**
1
H
1
0
3
3
0
9
DOLPHINS FROM TRAVANCORE. 733
elevation, from which four dark faint lines diverge towards the forehead ;
ihe inner enclosing a pale lappet-shaped zone which includes the narial
aperture, and the outer becoming obsolete halfway up.
Eyes dark reddish brown.
Lower jow lighter than upper.
Lips dull whitish. Fins falcate.
Length of skull 16-3 inches ; breadth 7'6 inches.
Symphysis much shorter than one-fourth total length of mandible.
Teeth §f and || = 54 and 53. Simple, conical, and pointed, more or less
compressed towards the root ; anteroposterior diameter 6*5 mm. Two teeth
in the premasillas, and the first two mandibular ones, which were concealed
in the gum, much smaller (diameter 2 mm.).
In spite of its being a somewhat immature specimen apparently referable
to the genus Tursiops, which it resembles in many respects, the pterygoids are
widely separated in the middle line, with the posterior border divergent.
Vertebras : C. 7, D. 13, L. 15, Ca. 25 = 60.
The atlas and axis only fused together.
Kibs 13, the first four two-headed.
Other characters as in T.fergusoni.
From the general characters of the specimen, the number and size of the
teeth, the vertebral formula, and the relative shortness of the mandibular
symphysis, I cannot but conclude that its reference to Tursiops is correct. It
is true that in the divergence of the pterygoids it differs from the typical
T. tursio ; but since the same feature occurs in the specimen identified with
T. catalania, this affords no grounds for generic separation.
In the following table are given the dental and vertebral formulas of the
Dolphins assigned to the genus Tursiops, inclusive of the present specimens: —
1. Tursiops tursio (Fabricius).
Teeth If = 44.
Vertebras : C. 7, D. 13, L. 17, Ca. 27 = 04.
Pterygoids in contact.
2. Tursiops abusalam (PiiippeU).
Teeth \ § = 52.
Vertebras : C. 7, D. 12, L. 16, Ca. 20 = 01.
Pterygoids (?) in contact.
3. Tursiops sp. (Trevandrum, 1904.)
Teeth f^ and ^ = 54 and 53.
Vertebras : C. 7, D. 13, L. 15, Ca. 25 = 00.
Pterygoids divergent.
4. Tursiops fergusoni , Lydekker.
Teeth fi and || = 50 and 51.
Vertebras : C. 7, D. 13, L. 17, Ca. 24 = 61.
Pterygoids divergent.
26
734 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
5. Turstops catalania (Gray).
Teeth || = 50.
Vertebrae : C. 7, D. 12, L. 15, Ca. 24 = 58.
Pterygoids divergent (?).
6. Tur stops paruimanus Liitken.
Teeth \% = 49.
Vertebrae=62.
7. Tursiops gilli Dall.
Teeth ff and |£ = 44 and 45.
Vertebrae (?)
8. Tursiops sp. (Trevandrum, 1903.)
Teeth }£ and |f = 55 and 53, or (in young) §± and || = 49 and 50.
Vertebrae : C. 7, D. 12, L. 16. Ca. 23 = 58.
Pterygoids divergent.
In this table No. 3 is the specimen figured in Plate XIII, Fig. 2, and No. 8-
the one shown in Plate XIII, Fig. 1.
As regards the former, it will be seen that, both in respect of the dental and
the vertebral formula, it comes nearer to T. abusalam of the Red Sea than to
any of the others ; and indeed it would take very little (the loss of one tooth a-
side, which occurs in one instance, the transference of a dorsal vertebra to the
lumbar series, and the addition of a caudal vertebra) to make the two identical
in these respects. On the other hand, T. abusalam is said to have the ptery-
goids in contact, or, at all events, it is not stated to differ in this respect from
T. twsio, but I do not attach much importance to this.
The colouring of the type, and apparently only known, specimen of T. abu~
salam is given as follows in the original description : —
" Upper surface of the head and body, the tail and fins, dark sea-green. Mar-
gin of the upper lip, and entire undersurface of the body to the anus whitish
flesh-colour ; belly with small, irregularly distributed, dark green spots. Iris
dark green."
With the exception that there appears to be no white margin to the upper
lip in the Indian specimen, this description accords well with the general colour
of the former (especially when dried). On the other hand, the Indian spe-
cimen shows no spots on the belly (which may be a character of immaturity),
and the iris is described as brown instead of green. In point of size (that is to
say, in being smaller than T. tursio) the two agree sufficiently well : and in both
there is the same marked projection of the lower in front of the upper jaw.
The more pronounced elevation of the region of the below-hole in the type of
T. abusalam* may probably be explained by the greater age of the specimen.
On the whole, I am inclined to regard the specimen under consideration as
being the immature form of T. abusalam, but it may be that the absence of
spotting on the belly is distinctive of the Indian form at all ages, although
I do not think this probable.
* See True, Bull. U. B. Nat. Mus. No. 3(5, pi. ix, (lb8i».).
DOLPHINS FROM TRAVANCORE. 735
With regard to the two specimens from Trevandrum, figured in the " Journal
of the Bombay Society" as T. fergmoni and T. catatonia, I am inclined to-
think that the former is the immature form of the latter*, despite the difference
in the number of the dorso-lumbar vertebra;'}". Now, if colour be worth any-
thing in this matter (and if it be not, we have practically nothing to
go upon), the type of fergusoni cannot be identical with the specimen here
referred to abusalam, as both are immature specimens. Moreover, the speci-
mens described as fergusoni and catatonia differ from abusalam (type and
young) by the general colour of the upper-parts being dark slaty instead of
greenish (when the skin is dry) and in the orange tinge of the under-parts.
Accordingly, if both the former belong to catatonia (and I have practically no
doubt as to the correctness of the identification of the adult), that species would
appear to be distinct from abusalam. In addition to the difference of colour,
it would seem to have fewer teeth and one caudal vertebra less.
Turning now to the specimen represented in Plate XIII, Fig. 1., it might appear
at first that this is the adult of the one figured in Fig. 2 of the same Plate, if
we could assume the disappearance of the light under-parts with age. In the
first place, there is, however, no evidence that such a change takes place in
this group of Dolphins ; in the second place, the specimen in Fig. 1 was
accompanied by a younger example which had the same coloration ; and, in
the third place, the adults of both T. abusalam and T. catatonia have light
under-parts, as is also the case with T. tursio.
Accordingly, it would appear that the Dolphin shown in Fig. 1 of the Plate,
which is certainly a Tursiops, is distinct from these three species. Now the
only member of the genus, which is wholly black, with the under-parts
somewhat lightened, is T. gilli, of the Pacific coast of North America, described
on the evidence of the skull, and only known in the flesh by " momen-
tary observations, " taken by Scammon. If this evidence be trustworthy, I
cannot separate the Trevandrum specimen from T. gilli , so far as colour is
concerned.
As regards the number of the teeth, tbis is less in the type mandible of gilli
which is immature, and also in an aged skull ; and it is possible that in
the one case the full number may not have appeared, and that in the
other some may have been lost. In any case, the difference is not very great or
important.
That a North-Pacific Dolphin should be met with on the coasts of India
is little, if at all, more improbable than the occurrence there of an Australian
form {T. catatonia'). Accordingly (till evidence to the contrary be forthcoming)
I propose to regard the specimen represented in Plate XIII, Fig. 1 as T. gilli.
If I am right in the foregoing identifications (and the difficulty of the subject
is so great that every determination must be regarded as more or less pro-
* I had not the figure of T. fargusoni when describing T. catatonia.
f Differences in the number of dorso-lumbar vertebra in several species of Dolphin are-
noticed in Mr. True's memoir.
730 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
visional), we shall have the following external characters of the definable
spesies of Tursiops: —
1. Tursiops tursio. European Seas.0
Size large : 9 ft. G in.
Upper surface blackish.
Under-parts white and unspotted.
2. Tursiops cibusalani. Red Sea and Indian Ocean.
Size smaller : 7 ft. 2§- in. (type), 6 ft. 11 in. (India).
Upper surface dark greenish.
Under-parts whitish and spotted with green in adult ; whitish in
young.
3. Tursiops catatonia. N. Australia to Indian Ocean.
Syn. T. fcrgusoni.
Size about the same as last : 7 ft. 8 in. (type), 7 ft. 4* in. (India).
Upper surface dark slate.
Under-parts yellowisht, flecked with lead-colour.
4. Turs;ops gilli. N. Pacific to Indian Ocean.
Size, Indian specimen, 6 ft. 8 in.
Whole surface blackish, tending to lighten slightly on the under-
parts, with a tinge of reddish in Indian specimens.
Whether or no I am right in any or all these identifications, the colored
figures of the Trevandrum specimens cannot fail to be of gi'eat value in future
researches on the subject ; and I venture to hope that the authorities of the
Trevandrum Museum will continue their excellent practice of sketching and
preserving every Dolphin that may come to band.
*Till farther evidence, I should doubt the occurrence of this species in the Indian Ocean.
t Tn the type the under-pavts are said to be whitish; if the orange tint of the Trevan-
drum specimens is a specific character, then the name T. fergusoni will be available for the
Indian form.
737
(From the Annals and Magazine of Natural History, No. XCII1,
September 1905.)
ON A REMARKABLE NEW SQUIRREL FROM BURMA.
By Oldfield Thomas.
The British Museum owes to the kindness of Captain H. H. Harington, of
the 90th Punjabis, two specimens, from the Upper Chindwin River, of a very
remarkable squirrel, quite unlike anything we have seen before. I would
propose to call it
Sciurus Haringtoni , sp. n.
A pale creamy-buff species with a buffy belly and a whitish tail.
Size medium. Fur of back rather over 20 mm. in length. General colour
of upper surface " cream-buff " along the dorsal area, the buff fading out on
the sides, which are dull whitish. Individually the hairs of the back are
whitish grey basally, with a broad cream-buff subterminal band and a minute
black point. Head creamy whitish, with a slight buffy suffusion on the crown ;
the cheeks dull white. Ears whitish, both outside and in. Under surface,
from chin to anus, bright sharply contrasted ocbraceous buff (in the type ; the
second specimen nearer tawny ochraceous). Lateral line of demarcation very
sharply marked in both specimens, and in the type emphasized by a blackish
line which runs from the middle of the front of the forearm, across the
shoulders, down the sides and legs to the back of the heel. Fore limbs on
outer side above this line of demarcation creamy-whitish, like the flanks ; beyond
it, including the hands and the whole of the inner aspect, ochraceous buffy
like the belly, or slightly paler. Back of upper part of hind leg whitish like
body ; inner side, ankles, and feet buffy like belly, rather paler on the digits.
Tail above and below creamy-buff proximally (the extreme tips of the hairs
blackish), lightening to white terminally.
Skull of the general proportions of that of S. Finlaysoni, ery throws, &c., but
there is only one upper premolar in the single specimen of which the skull has
been preserved. This has the milk-premolar still in place, and the large per-
manent premolar just coming up below it, but no trace of the small ps,
which usually at this stage is readily discernible.
Dimensions of the type (measured in the flesh) : —
Head and body 250 mm. ; tail 265 ; hind foot (s. u.) 54 ; ear 22.
Skull : zygomatic breadth 32 ; back of postorbital process to tip of nasals
32*5 ; nasals 16*4 x 7*2 ; interorbital breadth 18 ; palate length 23 ; length of
upper tooth-series 10.
Hah. — Upper Chindwin River, Burma. Type from Moungkan ; a second
specimen from Homalin. About 25° N., 95° E.
Type. — Immature male. B. M. No. 5. 8. 11. 1. Collected 14th December,
1904, and presented by Captain H. H. Harington.
738 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
This very peculiar squirrel is so entirely unlike any known species that I do
not know with what to compare it. Its pale creamy-buff colour and whitish
tail are quite unique, while no other Oriental squirrel of its size is without the
small upper premolar. This latter character also indicates that Sciurus
Haringtoni is not merely a partially albinistic variation of some known species,
an explanation which its pale colour might at first sight suggest.
Captain Harington is to be congratulated on the discovery of so striking
a new form.
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739
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES.
No. I.— THE INDIAN CHEVROTAIN OR MOUSE-DEER
( TRA G UL US ME MINNA ).
( With a Photograph and Map.)
I send you herewith a photograph of the Indian Mouse-deer or Chevrotain,
Jouroal Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. Vol. XVI.
KEY MAP OF THE INDIAN RECION.
08
72
76 80
84. 88 92
96 100
32
28
KARACHI
QUETTA
SRINAG
32
MtfiltmisHilte
V , V. tlv
the red shows the probable distribution of
the "Mouse Deer" (Traoulus meminna)
ACCORDINO TO BlANFORD.
the mountains of Western China. As forming a connecting link between these
localities, its occurrence in the Shan States is of interest.
E. COMBER, F.Z.S.,
Hon. Sec., Ornithological Section, Bo. Nat. Hist. Socy.
Bombay, 20</« June 1905.
TfV
■-.'
L * C
o . .. ■ t i
L,
739
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES.
No. I.— THE INDIAN CHEVROTAIN OR MOUSE-DEER
( TRA G UL DS ME MINNA ).
(With a Photograph and Map.)
I send you herewith a photograph of the Indian Mouse-deer or Chevrotain,
which I shot in the Raipnr District, Central Provinces, last year. It may be
of interest to many of our members, as this- little animal is seldom seen and I do
not think a picture of it has ever been published in our Journal.
E. BROOK FOX.
Bankipdr, Bengal, 3rd January, 1905.
[Mr. Brook Fox is quite right in saying that we have never published a
photograph of this shy little animal, but a good picture of it appears in the
■*' Fauna of British India," (Mammalia), page 555, showing the little " tushes,"
or long upper canines, with which the male is provided. These are not visible
in Mr. Brook Fox's photograph now reproduced, but perhaps his specimen
was a female.
According to the above authority this small animal has never been recorded
as occurring in Bengal proper, Behar, the N. W. P., Rajputana, the Bombay
Deccan (away from the Western Ghats), Berar, or the Central Provinces West
of Jubbulpore, Sioni and Nagpur. Mr. Blanford gives its distribution as
Ceylon and Southern India, (in forests at elevations below '2,000 feet) extend-
ing northward to Orissa, Chutia Nagpur and the Eastern Central Provinces ;
also along the Western Ghats to North of Bombay.
The occurrence of this animal in northern India requires confirmation.
EDITORS.]
No. II.— INTERESTING BIRDS FROM THE SHAN STATES.
Included in a very nice series of bird skins received some time ago from
Captain H. Wood, R.E., that he collected in the Northern Shan States, were
two specimens of special interest.
One is a male of a Rose-Finch (Carpodacus vinaceus) that has only been
previously recorded as occurring in Western China and this species can conse-
quently now take its place amongst those found in British Burma.
The other is Procarduelis nepalensis (The Dark Rose-Finch), which is known
on the Himalayas from Kashmir to Bhutan and has also been recorded from
the mountains of Western China. As forming a connecting link between these
localities, its occurrence in the Shan States is of interest.
E. COMBER, F.Z.S.,
Hon. Sec., Ornithological Section, Bo. Nat. Hist. Socy.
Bombay, 20th June 1905.
740 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
No. III.— THE NESTING OF SOME BIRDS IN BURMA WHICH
HAVE NOT BEEN RECORDED BEFORE.
SCTHORA BkUNNEA.
I was fortunate in finding four nests of this interesting little bird, up at Sinlum
Kaba (oOOO feet), Bhamo District, Upper Burma. The first nest was found
on the 30th May in a patch of reeds growing in the Government garden. The
birds first attracted my attention by their continuous twittering while my dog
was working in some long grass and reeds growing in a swamp. I felt certain
that there was a nest somewhere near, so carefully marking the spot I went
away. On returning, sure enough a bird got up somewhere, but it was impossible
to say where, so by repeating the practice three or four times I was fortunate at
last in seeing the exact clump from which the bird came out of, and so found the
nest, which was placed in the middle of a clump of reeds and about 18'' from
the ground and well concealed and would have been impossible to find unless
the bird had been seen leaving. It took me a whole afternoon to finding the
nest and shooting the parent bird. The nest was rather a deep cup-shaped
structure composed of bamboo leaves and coarse blades of grass and lined with
finer grass and a few horse hairs, measuring about 4" x 3^" outside and
2" X 2" inside. It contained 3 highly incubated eggs of a pale bright blue
measuring about "7 x '55. The other nests were easier to find after the birds'
note and habits were known. As in each case they drew attention to their
whereabouts by their twittering. I used to then mark the spot with a
stick and go away and sit down, as soon as all was quiet I came back when the
noise would begin again, by doing this a few times the bird would be seen
leaving and then after a careful hunt most probably the nest would be found.
The three nests were found near each other on the same spur of the hills on
the 1st of June, and were placed as follows: — One in a clump of thatching
grass at about one foot from the ground, another placed on a bramble in
some grass about 2 feet from the ground, and the third in a patch of
grass growing under a thornbush, and contained 3 young birds, 3 eggs and 2
eggs, respectively, the eggs were hard set but blowable after a few days' water
treatment.
The birds seem to inhabit long grass and reeds where they creep about and
rarely fly, they are often heard but seldom seen. I also shot a specimen
of S. poliotis (No. 56) up at Sinlum. This had all the habits of a tit and was
got in the tree jungle while hunting after insects fairly high up from the
ground.
Pycnonotus xanthokuhous — Anderson's Bulbul.
(Kochin name — Kator Tor Phrong).
Sinlum Kaba is a great place for Bulbuls and I think I saw at least six
different kinds, amongst them S. canifrons which also was breeding. P. xan-
tliorrltoMs was however the commonest. I was unfortunately too late for the
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 741
majority of birds which had all hatched out and the young birds on the wing.
I however found two nests, one containing two fledglings and one addled egg
and the other 3 hard set eggs. Both were found i-. scrub jungle and placed
about 3 feet from the ground, and were of the usual Bulbul type but more com-
pact and neatly made. 'I he eggs pinkish-white wiih the usual led ard purple
spots and average about '8G"x'^8''. The nesis were found on the 3< Ih and SI ft
May. Any one being up at Minium a month earlier ought to make a good
collection of Bulbul's eggs judging from the number of young birds seen
about.
Oreicola jerdoni— Jerdon's Bush- Chat.
Last year I saw this1 bird in numbers in the Upper Cuniduni District
North of Kindat, but failed to find its nest. This year \ found it up here
at Bhamo inhabiting a swamp of kine grass or Briar Jungle at the bottom
of the Polo ground This jungle consists of patches of Elephant grass
mixed up with a sort of Briar rose and th itching g-ass, and almost impossible
to work in. I marked down with small flags at least half a dozen cock birds
who shewed a great anxiety on any one going near their own particular patch
of jungle, it was another thing to find the nests, as it w as impossible to watch
the birds owing to the height of the grass. My only hope was to try and frighten
the bird of it* nest, but this was almost impossible as the c< ck bird kept a very
good look out and always gave the alarm when the hen bird v\ ould appe ar from
nowhere, and very often was never seen at all, most probably keeping hid in
the long grass. On the 21st May I managed to take a couple unawares by
coming quietly round a corner when I saw a hen bird dart out from under a
bush. I at once marked the spot and then had the brambles cut away carefully.
At last after a careful search we found the nest on the ground and completely
hidden in the long dhoob grass which was growing under the. brambles, and placed
about 3 feet from where the edge of the bush had bem. The nest was com-
posed of fine grass and roots lined with a few feathers and contained four eegs,
which unfortunately were on the point of hatching and were cracked all over,
so that only the pieces could be kept. The eggs were a pale blue greeu without
any spots and of the same size as those of O.ftrrea. This I fancy is one of
the most ditiicult birds to watch and find the nests of, owing to the kind of
jungle they inhabit. I hope for better results next year if still in the e paits.
iETHIOPSAR GRANDIS and Al.BICINCTUS, THE SIAMESE A:\D COLLARED MvNAS.
These are very common birds up here. 1 found a colony of them nesting
in the sides of the Fort moat. Tha nests were in holes where bricks had been
omitted and the majority out of reach. I found one nest of the Collared
Myna containing four eggs, one of which is spotted with brown and very highly
coloured, in fact very like an English Thrush's egg, only the spots are brown
instead of black.
H. H. HARINGTON, Capt.
Bhamo, $th June 1905.
27
742 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVL
No. IV.— ALBINISM IN THE BLACK BUCK.
( With an Illustration.')
In the Society's Journal, Vol. XVI, No. 2, there is, at page 3G1, a photograph
and a note on the occurrence of Melanism in the Black Buck (Antilope cervicapra).
The photograph, which I send you, represents the opposite condition, vis.,
Albinism. The buck in question is a full grown male with a perfect snowy
white coat and the usual " pink " eyes of an albino. The hoofs and horns are
also curiously pale and equally devoid of pigment.
The buck was presented by H. H. the Raja of Faridkote to his Honour the
Lieutenant Governor of the Punjab, for the Zoological Gardens at Lahore,
where it is at present confined.
C. J. ROBERTSON MILNE, Major. I.M.S.
Lahore, 17th June 1905.
No. V— A WHITE KAKAROR MUNTJAC (CERVULUS MUNTJAC).
(With an Illustration.)
I am sending you a photograph of a white •' Kakar " (Cervulus^ muntjac)
which is alive in the palace gardens of His Highness the Maharaja-Dhiraj
(King) of Nepal. It is a male and said to be about 4 months old. It has been
in confinement for over 2 months and is perfectly healthy and well. It was
caught in the hills overlooking the Nepal Valley, in the North.
I do not think it is a true albino because its eyes are dark brown, not pink,
and the skin of the nose and face is dark. From the description of this deer
in the "Fauna of British India," — Mammalia, Part II , page 533,— it will be
seen that several variations of colouring have been observed.
It may be of interest to naturalists to know that in a large collection of
paintings of animals and birds now in the possession of His Excellency Sir
Chandra Shamsher Jang, K.C.S.I., Bahadur Rana, the Prime Minister of Nepal,
which was made by his famous ancestor Sir Jang Bahadur, and is said to
contain the record of all the beasts and birds either shot by Sir Jang or for
him by his shikaris, there are pictures of 5 distinct and differently coloured
" Kakar," viz.: —
(1) Chestnut with dark points, i.e., muzzle and legs below knee with usual
white belly and vent. This is the common colouring.
(2) Chestnut with light points, white muzzle and legs.
(3) Light fawn throughout.
(4) White throughout.
(5) Black or very dark brown throughout.
I am informed that the white " Kakar" or " Ratwa," as the deer is called
here, are uncommon but are constantly occurring, and that several have recently
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MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 743
been seen by the State shikaris. I hope to verify this statement by personal
observation during the summer.
J. MANNERS SMITH, Major.
Khatmandu, Nepal, 14th June 1905.
No. VI— WILD BOAR WITHOUT TESTES.
Can you give me any information or explanation on a curious subject. We
were pigsticking at Vinghool near Ahmedabad on Thursday, 15th June 1905,
and killed a very good boar. His measurements were, height from heel to
wither 29|". Tushes 2£" outside and huge upper tushes. His generative organs
were perfect, except thsre was no sign of testes, or mark or scar where they
had been. We cut him open but were unable to find anything at all. The
shikaris told me that boars sometimes lost them fighting but there was no scar.
I am also inclined to think that he had not the same fighting pluck as a good
boar of his size should have, as he had two opportunities of doing very serious
damage but entirely neglected them.
H, E. MEDLICOTT, Lieut., R.F.A.,
Hony. Secy., Ahmedabad Tent Club.
Ahmedabad, June \lth, 1905.
No. VII.— NOTE ON THE BREEDING OF THE KRAIT
(BUNGARUS CCERULEUS).
On the morning of the 24th May 1905 while the Public Works coolies were
engaged in digging out the old masonry work of the boiler-house behind the
Plague Laboratory, they came on a live snake. The snake crawled away, but
was at once caught and proved to be a krait, probably one which had escaped
from its cage in the Laboratory some time before. Four eggs were found in
the earth beside the snake, and later on, while digging further another one was
found. Next morning, a sixth egg was unearthed, which being cracked, ws.s
opened by me and found to contain an embryo coiled up in a spiral form. It
measured about six inches long, and had a reddish appearance reminding one
of an earth worm. No scales are to be seen and the head appears dispropor-
tionately large. With a magnifying glass, however, the scales appear as
circular bosses separated from one another by a space about as broad as their
own diameter. One of the eggs was placed in a hole dug in the boiler house,
and covered over with earth to see if it would hatch out. It was examined,
from time to time, but the shell gradually shrivelled, and the whole became
converted into a hard solid lump.
Two of the eggs were put in the cage where the kraits are kept and covered
with the sand in the bottom of the cage, but they also have shrivelled up.
744 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY. Vol. XVI.
The krait an hour after capture became sick, and vomited half a dozen
newly born rats.
W. B. BANNERMAN, Lt.-Uol., I. M.S.
Plaooe Rfsearch Laboratory, Farel,
Bombay, 27th June 19U5.
No. VIII.— ADDITIONAL NOTES ON THE BIRDS OF CHITRAL.
Referring to my notes on the birds of Chitral which appeared in No. 1 of
this Volume, p. 44-64, I have now to make the following corrections and
additions : —
For (Glfl) Pratincola maura, the Indian Bush-chat, read (608) Pratincola
capata, the Common Pied Bush-Chat.
Add (610) Pratincola maura, the Indian Bush-Chafe.
I obtained one male only of this species in the Golan Valley in May at 6,000
feet.
Add (638) Ckimarrhornis leucocephalus , the White-capped Red-start.
Common in summer from elevations of 7,000 feet to 12,000 feet along the
banks of streams and rivers.
Add (716) Tharrhileusatrigularis, the Black-throated Accentor.
Only two specimens were obtained in the Bimboret Nallah at 7,000 feet on
27th March.
Add (757) Propasser grandis, the Red-mantled Rose-Finch.
Fairly common on the wooded ridges from 7,000 feet to 9,000 feet during
the end of April and the beginning of May.
Add (8C0) Emberiza luteola, the Red-headed Bunting.
Arrives on its northward migration towards the end of March.
H. T.FULTON, Capt.
Fategarh, July 1905.
No. IX— NOTE ON A CURIOCSLY MALFORMED HEAD OF
HIMALAYAN IBEX (LA PR A SlBIUICA).
{With an Illustration.)
The h^ad was found by one of my assistants, Mr. Waller Senior, in the
bottom of a nullah in Lahaul, about 1892. The animal had evidently died
on the higher ground and its body had been brought down among a lot of
aval inche debris. On examining it will be seen that the abnorma1 growth of
t\i right horn has absolutely closed the jaws. Q he jaw bone has got fractured
a1; the back, b t when first brought in, the teeth were absolutely tightly closed.
The young animal must have had a hit on the horn which started the crooked
growth and as it grew, it gradually closed the jaws, till fii ally the beast died
of starvation. W hat is so remarkable is that the creature livtd till the jaws
were close shut. The growth of such a horn mu=>t be a slow one so that for
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES.
745
some years the animal must have be«n able to support life with the very
smallest motion of the jaws. It will be aeen that the lower jaw where it rests
on the horn is slightly worn away.
There is a further abnormal growth in the shape of the remains of a
small additional horn attached to the left horn. Possibly this grew on account
of the disturbance to the system caused, by the accident to the right horn.
I am glad that the curiosity will find a safe abiding place in the Society's
collection.
ST. GEORGE GORE, Col., R.E.
London, 7th June, 1905.
No. X— A POSSIBLE CASE OF HYBftID BREEDING OP SHRTKES.
Yesterday I disturbed a Lonius erythronotus (The Rufous -backed Shrike)
from its ngst, which appeared tome at the time to be far more like that of
L. rittatus (The Bay-backed Shrike). I climbed to it. and whilst at the nest
thb bird returned and also a Laniux vittatus (The Bay-backed Shrike .both
746 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XVI.
coming on to the tree in which I was, and loudly proclaiming their excitement.
The nest contained only three eggs all of which were well-set. I have no means
of measuring these eggs at the house where I am staying for the present,
but hope to send you dimensions later. They appear to me to be somewhat
larger than all the eggs of L. vittatus I have seen.
ARUNDEL BEGBIE, Major,
lGth Rajputs.
Cawnpore, 16th July 1905.
No. XI.— THE EGG-LAYING OF EUDYNAM1S HONORATA .
(THE INDIAN KOEL).
I have never found more than two eggs, or young, of the Eudynamis
honorata in any one nest until this year, when that number has twice been
exceeded. The first occasion — 30th May — I took four of these eggs and
two of Corvus splendens (The Indian House-Crow) from the nest of the latter
made in quite a young mango tree at the roadside close to the Native Infantry
Hospital, Cawnpore.
The next instance struck me as being so extraordinary that I write this
note to find out if it is so or not. On the 12th July, in a mango tree right
out in the country — some ten miles from Cawnpore, my climber in my
presence, took from the nest of Corvus splendens (The Indian House-Crow)
one fresh egg belonging to the crow and no less than eight eggs of the
Koel. These were considerably varied in size, shape and colour, three were
fresh, and five set in varying degree. The crow was on the nest when
my man climbed up, and while he was at it the male Koel appeared on the
scene and flew round and round him at very close quarters, evidently in great
excitement.
In this connection I may add that my servants on whom I can depend, inform-
ed me on one occasion this year that they had seen a Koel slip into a crow's nest
in a tall Millingtonia tree near my well, and throw out a crow's egg which
they showed me in the shape of a shell-sprinkled patch on the ground.
ARUNDEL BEGBIE, Major,
16th Rajputs.
Cawnpore, 16th July 1905.
[This was probably an instance of several koels laying in the same crow's
nest. — Ed.]
No. XII.— BREEDING SEASONS OF BIG GAME.
The Brown Bear (ursuj arctus).
In No. 2, Vol. XVI, of the Journal, page 384, (Miscellaneous Note XXI,)
Major Burton, with reference to bears, puts the question, " But could they
have been born during hibernation ?." With reference to the Russian brown
bear, at any rate, I can answer, Yes !
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 747
Some years ago, in Russia I obtained three little bears not more than two
or three days old. I have not here a note of the exact date, but I believe it
to have been the 11th of January, and in any case it was during the first
half of the month. We turned the mother out of her " Berloga,"— she was
very unwilling to leave — and there lay three little cubs, which I took but
failed to rear.
I understood from the peasants that winter was the usual breeding season.
D. B. THOMSON, Major, I.A.
London, 11th July 1905. (Retired).
No. XIII —FOOD OF PREDACEOUS FLIES.
I send a box with several large flies and shall be glad if you can tell me
what they are ?
Last night after heavy rain there was a large flight of flying ants at about
9-30 p.m. After the swarm appeared we heard a loud humming noise and
went out into the verandah to see what it was and found these flies in swarms.
We at first thought from the noise, until we caught some, that it was bees
swarming, although it was so late at night. We found these flies were hunting
the flying ants, regularly hawking at them in the air. When a fly seized an
ant it proceeded to devour the soft hind quarters.
This swarm was noted all over our quarters : every house our Officers were
present in at that time reported them.
We none of us have ever come across a case like this during our service
in the country, and would be obliged if you could give us any information
on the subject.
K. E. NANGLE, Captain,
Tarbund, Secunderaijad, 96th Berar Infantry.
18th July 1905.
No. XIV.— NOTES ON BIRDS' NESTING ROUND QUETTA.
My lines are now cast in Quetta, which, from a birds' nesting view, suits me.
I have been enabled to add several new species to my collection, amongst
which are some not mentioned by Oates in his " Nests and Eggs."
Before proceeding further, I must acknowledge the great assistance I have
obtained from the " Notes on Birds near Quetta," contributed to our Journal,
Vol. XIV, by Captain T. E. Marshall, R.A.
For the benefit of any of our readers, who may not know, I would explain that
Quetta is situated in Baluchistan, on the N.-W. Frontier and not far from the
Afghan border. The country is excessively bare, consisting of considerable sized
valleys, over which rugged hills keep watch. Here and there a few oases and
green places occur, where some trees may grow, but the general aspect is barren
with next to no vegetation, save scrub. Quetta itself lies some 5,500 feet above
sea level, while the surrounding hills maybe anything from 7 to 11,000 feet.
748 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
The winter is very severe, snow lying on all the hills and falling in Quetta.
It also freezes hard. Spring and autumn are delightful. The summer is cool
compared with India, but the sun strikes one as uncommonly hot. Spring
is the breeding season. In a spot such as this, with so varied a climate, it can
be readily understood that nearly all the birds are migratory. Some come
here to b-eed, others to winter.
As I did not arrive here till the end of March, the commencement of the
season, I was considerably handicapped both by having to settle in and to
learn the country and haunts of the birds. I hope next year to be in a better
position to do more.
Coccothraustes humii (Hume's Hawfinch). I have found this bird very
common since I have been here, but I cannot say whetlier it winters. The
first nest I found was on the "24th April 1905. It was placed in the stoutish
fork of a small tree agiinst a small ston?, which had somehow got
wedged in, and was about 10 feet from the ground. The exterior of the
nest consisted of bents, grass, small twigs and sticks, rather flimsy, the interior
being lined with cotton, wool hair, etc., welded together, a'most to the consis-
tency of felt, forming a compact, deepish cup. It contained 5 fresh eggs of a
very light Cambridge blue, thinly speckled or spotted with blackish end dark
brown spots. When fi'3-h, the yolK can be seen distinctly through the shell,
which gives the eggs an opalescent tinge. When blown the blue is deeper.
After this I found several more nests similarly situated usually in roadside
trees, where they are easily seen, no attempt being made at concealment. 1 he
nests are rarely placed beyond hand reach. Five seems to be the complement .
though on one occasion I obtained six eggs from one nest. The bird I eing so
common here, it seems curious that it has never been found nesting before, or
rather reported
Galerita cristata (The Crested Labk). Very plentiful here. On the "26th
April 1005, 1 found my first nest, after this I came on many. The birds seem tc
coop out a hollow first;, which they afterwards line with roots, grass, hair, etcv
the situation selected is very similar to those of all larks, viz., in a tussock
of grass, at the foot of a shrub, etc. In order to deceive one and lure one
away from their nests, they sometimes feign being wounded and flutter on the
ground before one. Four is the complement of eggs though I have taken five
in one clutch.
SMi.cola uabel'ina (The Isabelline Chat). Plentiful and most obtrusive
round Quetta in the spring. This pretty little bird forces itself on one's notice
by its autics when love-making. The male becomes ecstatic. He rises in the
air a short distance, droops his wings, arches his back, spreads his tail, dis-
playing a large white patch over the rump and then flutters slowly to the
ground, uttering a most peculiar love song and alighting on a si*e usually raised
above its surroundings. I spent many an hour watching them before meeting
with success. They nest down, what look like, rat-hole3, there is nothing to
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 74'J
indicate which hole may contain a nest, consequently they are difficult to find
unless while actually building, as they seem uncommonly wary and possessed of
much patience, that is no matter how long you may wait, they will not enter
their homes. However on the 7th May I found two nests. One contained young
which I did not open, as it was useless. The other contained 5 hard set light
blue eggs, which have made bad specimens. In the one I did not open, I got
5 hard set eggs on the 2nd June, from this I infer they have two or more
broods a year, utilizing the same nests. On digging up one or two nests, I
found that off the main channel, there were 3 or 4 passages, at the end of one
would be the nest placed in an enlarged chamber ; whether the male uses the
others I do not know. They do not appear to object to lodgers, as out of one
of the side passages I turned out two toads and a dung beetle ! The nest is a
pad of hair, wool, cotton, feathers and any soft material, in the middle of
which is a depression for the eggs. The nest contains very much the same
material as that of the tit. I hope next year to meet with considerable success
as the bird is so numerous.
Hirundo rustica (The Swallow). Very common in spring and summer.
Builds freely in houses, mostly those of natives, who do not like them being
molested. I got two nests on 6th and 23rd May 1905, with 4 fresh eggs
each.
M&rops apiastcv (The European Bee Eater). I noticed these birds first
in April haunting the railway line and sitting along the telegraph wires.
Provided they remained, I was sure they would breed. At this time I noticed
several holes which looked much like those they nest in. The first nest
I opened on the 1 0th May : as it only contained two fresh eggs, I waited till
the 14th idem, when I obtained 5, each containing 6 eggs, some fresh, others
in different stages of incubation. On the 15th I took two more, one with 6
incubated and the ether 2 fresh eggs. After this I did not trouble about them.
The nest holes were excavated in steep perpendicular banks, the passage being
opened up into a chamber at the end, in which were strewn countless remains
of beetles and winged insects on which the eggs were laid or rather embedded.
I took out hands full of this debris. One fact I noted was that, in every
instance but one, the nest faced to the east, although equally suitable banks
facing west were available. I think this may be to ensure coolness. The sun
becomes peculiarly hot here during the day, and towards the afternoon when it
is declining to the west, it is well nigh unbearable. I can think of no other
reason. The best method to dig out the nests is to place a thin cane in the
passage : this indicates the line to be followed, which it is very necessary to know
as they are from 5 to fi feet in depth. In nearly every instance the female
was on the nest, but I always let them out. In one instance I caught one which
was buried in the passage : she had evidently been trying to escape. After
examination I let her go.
Hypolais rama (Sykes' Tree-Warbler). Mr. Doig found this bird breed-
ing in Sind, so it is not surprising to find it here. It seems common in the
28
730 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
spring, showing ;i partiality for the shade and coolness of lucerne fields. Uc
the liJth May I came on several nearly completed nests, and on the 14th took
some 14 containing 4 fresh eggs each, except in one or two instances when
there were 5. The breeding ground was a field of lucerne hedged round by
thick rose bushes, in the forks of which the nests were situated and although well
concealed by the thick foliage, by parting this the nests are easily seen. These
.ire compact cup-shaped little structures, consisting of sticks, grass, roots and
fibres, warmly lined with wool, hair and such like soft material, while a few
contained feathers. I found most of the nests in the rose hedges on the
northern and Fouthern borders ; this, I think, is due to the fact that the
eastern and western run parallel and close to a railway and road respectively
and are consequently more liable to disturbance. After this haul I took no
more.
Snxicola picata (The Pied Chat). Fairly common I only succeeded in
finding two or three nests late in May and early in June with young. The
nesting sites and nests are very similar to those selected by the Indian Black
and Brown-backed Kobins (Thamnobia fulicata and cambaiensis) , viz., in holes
in walls, under the eaves of houses and among rafters. I thought I was sure
to come on many, so did not bother about them. I shall pay them more atten-
tion next year.
Pratincola caprata (The Common Pied Bush-Chat) is quite common, but
as I have obtained their eggs in India, I have not troubled over them, although
I have come on a nest or two.
Anthus similis (The Bkown Bock-Pipit). This bird seems common at the
foot of the hills round Quetta. On the 13th July I found two nests, one
situated in a small bush, well built and concealed, very lark-like, which con-
tained 3 eggs just hatching, the other was rather untidy, built under a
projecting rock, with no cover. This was being built, so I hoped to get a
good clutch. On visiting it a week later, to my disappointment I found it
deserted. I hope to do better next year.
Lanius erythronotus (The Rufous-backed Shrike) is common and breeds
freely, but as I have their eggs, I have not troubled over them.
Passer montanus (The Tree-Sparrow). Common and breeds. Habits
similar to those of the common sparrow.
About the middle of May I noticed large flights of the Rose-coloured
Starling {Pastor roseus), better known as the ' Jowari Bird,' winging then-
way West, morning and afternoon ; during the day they appeared to rest. J
never saw one flight going East. I have seen a few stragglers about lately,
but I am watching curiously to see whether they will return to India by this
route, and when.
R. M. BETHAM, Major,
The 101st Grenadiers.
Quetta ,>rd August 1905.
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 751
No. XV —WILD DOGS HUNTING.
I shot a wild dog {Cyon dukhunenais) the other day. I had just before shot
a black bear and was waiting on a ridge for another small ravine to be beaten
up to me, when I heard a pack of dogs on the ridge of the nala behind me
giving tongue — a sort of yapping bark. J cannot say that they were in full
cry, but they were evidently hunting, probaby after " Thar " (The Himalayan
Goat-antelope or Serow) or " Kakar " (The rib-faced or barking Deer), marks
of which I had seen on that hill the day before. As regards the question of
the wild dog giving tongue when hunting (see page 145, "Fauna of British
India," Mammalia) I should say they might ' open ' when they first strike a
trail to collect the pack and thereafter run 'mute' till in view. I certainly
should not have seen the dogs unless I had heard them two or three times, as
my back was turned and my attention in another direction, and it was the
second or third time they gave tongue before I saw where they were working
through the bamboo jungle and trees on the opposite hill.
J. MANNERS SMITH, Major.
Nepal, July 28th, 1905.
No. XVI— FOOD OF THE "MUSKRAT " OR THE GREY SHREW
(CROCIDURA CCERULEA).
Lately we have been troubled by having our young guinea pig sucklings eaten
by rats.
By careful watching the depredator has been found to be the " Heavenly
Shrew,'' hitherto considered a harmless insect feeder.
The method of procedure was for the shrew to get under the cage and to
attack the young ones through the meshes of the wire-netting bottom. In this
way the legs were eaten off and even the inside cleaned out of the little beast,
sometimes little being left but the skin. A shrew has twice been caught in the
act, and we have lost between 20 and 30 guinea pigs in this way lately.
The available literature on the subject certifies to the fact that the usual food
of the muskrat is cockroaches and other insects, but a few instances of other
victuals being eaten are recorded.
Thus Sterndale in the Mammalia of India quotes a correspondent of The Asian
from Ceylon who gives an account of a Muskrat attacking a large frog,
and holding on to it in spite of interference.
He also quotes McMaster as certifying that these shrews eat bread, and as
having disturbed one evidently eating part of a large scorpion.
Blanford ('' Fauna of British Iadia, " Mammalia) says that " the food of this
shrew consists mainly of insects, but meat is occasionally eaten by it." He
also adds that it has been accused of eating rice and pulse, but experiments by
Anderson disprove this.
Notes on thepfood of the Muskrat will be found in our Journal. Vol. X,
p. 330, and Vol. XIII, p. fi99.
752 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
The first note is by Mr. Wasey from Marmagao, describing th? capture
of a bull-frog. He notices the eagerness of the shrew to recapture the frog
when separated, and the ultimate removal of its dead victim.
The second note is written by Major Frail, I.M S., and describes the finding
of a toad, under the steps of the Residency at Baroda, in the grip of a muskrat.
The shrew had it between the eyes and was holding on like a bull-terrier.
The remains of other toads were found in the same place.
It would appear therefore that occasionally the shrew departs from his diet of
insects, and takes to flesh eating.
W. B. BANNERMAN, Lt.-Col., I.M.S.
Plague Research Laboratory,
Par el, 7 th August, 1905.
No. XVII— DOUBLE-HEADED SNAKES.
With reference to a note on Double Headed Snakes contributed by me to this
Journal (Vol. XVI, p. 387), I have just acquired a very interesting paper on
this subject which appeared in the Transactions of the Wisconsin Academy of
Sciences, Arts and Letters (Vol. XIII, Part II, 1901) by Mr. R. H. Johnson.
The writer gives skiagrams of 13 specimens collected from various museums in
America, and refers to 17 other instances of this abnormality culled from
literature dating as far back as 1640.
As the magazine in which this appears probably does not come under the
notice of the majority of our readers, a few excerpts from this very complete
paper will doubtless prove interesting.
In all the 30 cases the cephalic extremity was reduplicated, and in 3 of these
the caudal end was also bifurcate.
Three examples occurred in individuals of the same brood recorded by Mitchill
in 1826, and 2 of these were reduplicated posteriorly.
The vertebral division, judging from the skiagrams, is always considerably
more extensive than is indicated by the cutaneous attachment, and this was the
case in the Fyzabad specimen I recorded.
In 3 of the 13 specimens the skulls were confluent posteriorly, and in the rest
the heads and necks were distinct Separate heads and necks are also the rule
in the other cases cited, but figures cannot be quoted owing to some of the
descriptions being insufficient. In 2 of the 3 examples with confluent skulls,
the apposed parietal shields are blended into one, but in the third this point is not
manifest. In 3 of the 13 specimens the skulls are malformed, the lower jaw or
eyes or both being deficient.
In 2 of the 13 there is an angular vertebral projection as in the Fyzabad
specimen, but the skiagrams show that this projection does not occur at the
exact site of the vertebral blending, but at some little distance behind
The most extensive reduplication of .the 13 shows 67 cervical vertebra) on
unc side and 72 on the other, but the specimen recorded by Redi in 1684 is
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 753
bifid to the middle of the back, and in this there are two oesophagi, lungs,
stomachs, hearts, and livers.
The most remarkable specimen, however, is that recorded by YYyman in 1863
ia which both cephalic and caudal extremities are double, and there are two
vertebral columns provided each with their distinct sets of ribs and organs.
Only 4 of the 13 specimens Mr. Johnson examined are recorded as embryos
or young.
F. WALL, CM Z.S.,
Captain, I. M. S.
Mussoorie, 21st August, 1905.
No. XVIII —ACCIDENT TO THE YOUNG OF THE INDIAN
CLIFF-SWALLOW (HIKONDO FLUVICULA).
I see in the last issue of the Society's Journal a note by Major Begbie
stating his discovery of dead young birds in the nests of Hirundo fiuvicola
(The Indian Cliff-Swallow). It may be of interest to him and to others to
know that I found the same thing on the Nerbudda River on April 9th, this
year. The dead birds were fully fledged or nearly so, and consisted of bones
and feathers. I saw no maggots as Major Begbie did, but very likely they
had been eaten in the same way. I saw 15 or 20 young birds in this state
in the whole colony of 80 to 100 nests.
MARTIN YOUNG, M.B.O.U.
(1st York and Lane. Regiment).
Mhow, C. I., 20th August, 1905.
No. XIX.- LADY AMHERST'S PHEASANT IN BURMA—
A CORRECTION.
Since writing my note on the occurrence of Lady Amherst's Pheasant
(Chrysolophus amherslice) in Burma that appeared on p. 512 of this Volume,
Mr. E. W. Oates has drawn my attention to a pre vious record of it that he
referred to in the appendix to the second part of his " Manual of the Game
Birds of India. " Therein he wrote, p. 497 : " Quite recently a male specimen
of this species was obtained on the Burmo-Chinese frontier by one of the
officers attached to the Boundary Delimitation Commission. This bird was
forwarded to Mr. Rowland Ward, who sent it to the Museum of Natural History
for inspection, and thus it came to my knowledge. I understand that it was
shot on the frontier either in the Myitkyina or the Bhamo District."
Although this somewhat indefinite record was sufficient to establish this
pheasant as an " Indian " bird, the detailed record of the specimen obtained
by Lieutenant Van Someren is none the less interesting.
E. COMBER, F.Z.S.
Bombay, Uh September, 1905.
754 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
No. XX.-SHOOTING NOTES FROM THE CENTRAL PROVINCES.
I send you the following extracts from my diary kept while shooting in
the Central Provinces during last April and May.
1. While strolling in the jungle about sunset I was attracted bv monkeys
•' swearing. " On going towards the sound I came on an old monkey (Langoor)
just killed by a panther. The panther slipped into a nullah before I could
get a shot. An old Korkoo shikari told me he had seen a panther catch a
monkey in a tree, the panther holding on to the branches by one fore paw as
he did so, and then hauling the monkey up.
The monkeys which had attracted my attention to the panther, left off
swearing when I came up and went quietly away.
2. While walking down the bank of a stream one evening looking for
tiger pugs I noticed the smell of a dead animal close to me. Following
up the smell I came on a tiger cub which had apparently been dead three or
four days. It seemed to be about five months old. The body was hidden in long
grass and covered with loose grass which looked as if it had been cut with a
sharp implement. I then wandered down the stream, and within about sixty
yards came on the perfectly fresh marks of a tigress (by the pugs) ; she had
apparently only moved off while we were looking at the dead cub. The tracks
were still wet where she had gone out of the stream. The bodv of the cub
was too decomposed to see if it had been injured.
3. Some four miles from the place referred to above, I came on a regular
tiger lair with the hair of a black bear spread all over the place. The bear
had evidently found a meal for a tiger or tigers.
4. A large tigress and cubs lived near this place at the time of my visit. I
tied up for them, and had a buffalo killed one night. On our way to the kill early
next morning we tracked the tigress on a jungle road for a long way, then
lost the tracks for a hundred yards or so and came on them again. Looking
round where the tracks left the road we saw a large stag sambhur (in velvet)
lying dead under a mhowra tree, and evidently freshly killed. The tigress had
apparently seen the sambhur from the road feeding on the fallen herries, had
turned off to kill him and then gone on without eating any of the flesh. Pro-
bably she had previously killed my bu£alo. There were several marks on (me
hind leg about the hock where she had apparently first caught the sambhur with
teeth and claws but the leg was not broken ; there were also the usual teeth
marks on the neck. The tigress was a large one, she measured eight feet nine
inches round the curves and sixteen inches round the forearm. This may
prove of interest in connection with the notes lrom Burma on tigt rs ham-
stringing their prey before killing which appeared in the last volume of the
Society's Journal.
5. 1 came across a panther one evening, but could not get a shot. We tied
up a buffalo that night and he killed it. I had intended sitting up for him
behind a screen of bushes and grass, but circumstances prevented me. The
night I should have sat up, a large male tiger carried off the panthers kill
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 755
about three hundred yards and ate it. Another night the same tiger carried
off and ate a buffalo which I had tied up for him the night before, but which
unfortunately had fallen over its rope and strangled itself. I found the buffalo
in the morning just dead and absolutely untouched by any animal, nor could we
see any tracks of an animal near it. We covered the carcase with grass for
the day and uncovered it in the evening. The tiger came that ni^ht, broke
a very strong rope, dragged the buffilo away about a hundred and fifty yards,
and ate a good deal of it. The panther left the jungle after the big tiger came.
At any rate we could find no trace of him.
F. W. CATON JONES, Lieut.- Col., E.A M.C.
Nasirabad, Rajputana, August 21st, 1905.
No. XXI.— NOTES FROM NEPAL.
(1) On the 3rd of August this year a tigress, which was born here in June
1895 and had been kept with another tiger of the same litter, gave birth to 4
cubs. The tiger resented the appearance of his family and devoured one of the
cubs, but was then separated and placed in another den. Since then the tigress
and three remaining cubs have done well. This is the first time this pair of
tigers have bred here.
(2) A pair of ostriches belonging to His Excellency Sir Chandra Samsher
Jang, G. S. S. I., Prime Minister of Nepal, have also this year reared a brood.
Ostriches have been kept in Nepal for a number of years past, but
though eggs have been freely laid, no further progress in propagating the species
has resulted. His Excellency, however, took a personal interest in the matter
and caused a large bed of sand to be made in the enclosure in which the birds
are kept. The female began to lay in February and on the 25th the tenth egg
was left to see if they would sit ; nine more eggs were laid, and the male bird
took over the duty of incubation, the female keeping on the alert as if on guard.
Three eggs were hatched on the 2nd of May, four on the 3rd, and three on the
5th of May.
Unfortunately a heavy storm accompanied by furious rain drowned or other-
wise did to death 3 of the chicks The rest have thrived splendidly and are
ii:>w strong healthy birds well over 3 feet high. The ostriches are fed on pieces
of cabbage chopped up, gram, wheat and rice, and are given plenty of sand
which they swallow freely with their food. It is a peculiar habit in these
birds that as soon the parents discharge any droppings, the young birds run up
and swallow them.
(3) In June a young Magpie Rubin (Copsychus saularis), one of two we
were bringing up by hand, was kil'ed in a strange way. The two little birds
were sitting out on a patch of grass in the open, having been let out of their
cage to feed, when a swallow made a sudden swoop and struck one of them a
fierce blow on the head, from which it succumbed shortly after.
J. MANNERS SMITH, Major.
Khatmandu, Nepal, 1st September, 1905.
756 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY , Vol. XVI.
No. XXI F.— TIGERS HAMSTRINGING THEIR PREY BEFOKE
KILLING.
With regard to Mr. G. W. Allan's note and query on the above subject, in
Vol XVI, No. 3 of our Journal, I may state that I have myself noticed and have
also been told by herdsmen, that when attacking a camel, a tiger invariably
hamstrings it first by seizing its hind legs. As soon as the animal is down,
however, he makes for its throat and kills it in the usual way, before drinking
its blood. This practice first came to my notice in the Danta State, North
Guzerat. I have seen the remains of a good many cows and buffaloes killed
by tigers in the same district, but it is only in the case of camels that I
have found hamstringing resorted to, for the simple reason, I imagine,
that the hitter's throat is difficult to reach, when it is standing up, probably
grazing.
L. L. FEN TON, Lieut-Colonel.
Kashmir, 2nd September, 1905.
No. XXIII— CURIOUS END OF A DRAGONFLY.
A few days ago my attention having been drawn, by my dog, to a large
dragonfly struggling on the ground in front of my tent, I went to examine it,
thinking my dog must h;ive in some way or other injured it, but I was surprised
to find, on close examination, that it was in the clutches of a hoi net which had
hold of the upper part of its body and seemed to be stinging it all over the
latter as fast as it was able to do so. The dragonfly was quite powerless in
the hands of its enemy and could only flutter on the ground. On my touching
the hornet several times with a small piece of stick, it very reluctantly left its
prey and flew right away. The dragonfly was, however, quite done for and
unable to fly away or even move from where it was lying. I left it where it
was, to see if the hornet would return. This it did in a few minutes and at
once alighted on the dragonfly. Having evidently satisfied itself that it was quite
crippled, it deliberately set to work to cut up the body with its sharp nippers.
In less than a minute it had amputated about 1^ inches of the tail-end of the
body, with which it flew off, but where, I was unable to ascertain. It returned
again, and while engaged in amputating another part of the unfortunate
dragonfly's body I captured it and placed it in a box with the now defunct
dragonfly for future examination. I am aware that hornets are very fond of
carrion, but had no idea before that they preyed upon insects of any kind.
How the hornet had captured the dragonfly I have no idea, but quite possibly
on the wing or when seated.
L. L. FENTON, Ltkut.-Colonel.
Kashmir, 2nd September, 1905.
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 757
No. XXIV —TIGERS HAMSTRINGING THEIR PREY BEFORE
KILLING.
During the hot and cold seasons of 1004-05 I know of half a dozen domestic
buffaloes used in timber work being hamstrung. Since the animals were
in no case killed, I put this down to panthers, but after seeing Mr. 0. W. Allan's
note on this subject on page 499 of the last number of the Journal, I have
now no doubt that tigers were the cause : as the herder was generally near and
drove the buffaloes to shelter.
S. B. BATES, P.Z.S., &c.
Mansi, Kalha District,
U. Burma, 30th August 1905.
No. XXV— A CONGREGATION OF BRAHMINY KITES
(HALTASTUR INDUS).
Mr. Donald's note in the August issue (No. 3 of Vol. XVI) of the Journal on
" A Congregation of Harriers " reminds me of a somewhat similar occurrence
which I witnessed on the Pikkili Hills in the Salem District last April. My
camp was pitched about 100 yards from the village of Pikkili close to a clump
of large tamarind trees and three or four more of the same trees stood together
in the middle of the village. On the evening of my arrival just after sunset, I
noticed a number of Brahminy Kites flying towards the village and settling on
the higher branches of both clumps of trees, and as more were coming in a
continuous stream from the same direction, I began to count them. I counted
over 300 but they were now arriving so rapidly it was impossible to continue.
In about half an hour they had apparently all arrived and in that time at least
300 more must have come. They were quite silent but very restless until it
was quite dark. A good many birds were in immature plumage but no other
variety of Kite was present.
A couple of Jungle Crows (Corvus macrorhynclms) were nesting in one of the
trees and the anxiety they displayed when a Kite approached them was very
amusing, but they successfully defended from intrusion a space of a dozen
yards or so from the nest.
I remained on the spot for three days and the same thing occurred every
evening. They had all disappeared before sunrise, but I was never early enough
to see them go. I could not ascertain from the villagers, who were a particu-
larly apathetic lot, how long before the kites had first arrived, but the state of
the ground below did not suggest a very long period and in all probability the
crows were the first tenants of the trees. At any rate the fact is perhaps worth
recording that over 600 Brahminy Kites were in the habit of roosting on the
same spot night after night.
R, FOULKES.
(Madras Survey).
COIMBATORE,
19//i September 1905.
29
758 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIbTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XV 1.
No. XXVI- THE FOOD OF KINGFISHERS.
Is it usual for Kingfishers to eat Frogs ?
Some time ago I saw one of the larger Kingfishers dive into a stagnant pool
and bring up a large frog with which he retired to a neighbouring bough and
apparently enjoyed.
S. B. BATES, f.z.s., &c.
Mansi. Kalha District,
W. Burma,
'60th August 1905.
[Kingfishers in this country appear to be almost as omnivorous as toads, and
" Eha" on page 46 of his " Common Birds of Bombay" mentions how this white-
breasted Kingfisher (Halcyon smyrnensis) feeds on frogs, water insects, crabs.
&C, and even swallows small birds when kept in an aviary. We have cer-
tainly seen them dive on to dry land and capture lizards {Calotes versicolor'),
EDITORS.]
No. XXVII— FOOD OF SNAKES IN CAPTIVITY.
On the 9th July last a phoorsa (Echis carinata) kept in captivity in our
Museum swallowed another phoorsa which was in the same cage. The vic-
tim was only slightly smaller than the other viper and the following day as the
meal was apparently too large it was disgorged. It is sometimes difficult to
obtain sufficient proper food (mice, &c.,) for such small vipers and the canna-
bilism was probably therefore induced by extreme hunger. About the same
date two pythons (Python molurus), a ' ghorpad' or Indian Monitor {Varanus
bcnyu'ensis) and four large bull frogs (Rang, tigrina) were occupants of another
cage in the museum and had been living together in peace for some months.
As the pythons appeared to be hungry, two rats were introduced. The ' ghor-
pad ' at once seized one rat, shaking it and killing it with the intention of swal-
lowing it. One of the pythons then seized the ' ghorpad ' and commenced to
crush it. It was considered necessary then to intervene and the lizard was
released from the python's coils. The python then moved round the cage and
on one of the large frogs making a jump it was seized and crushed. When it
was dead but still in the python's coils, the ' ghorpad ' seized hold of one of the
frog's hind legs and commenced to swallow that. The python then lost all
patience and crushed the lizard, swallowed it, the frog and the rat, and after-
wards proceeded to kill and swallow another frog.
Whilst trying to crush the lizard and the frog, the python managed to get
its own head and neck within its own coils and very nearly killed itself, since
it apparently did not like loosening its coils until the 'ghorpad 'was dead.
However ultimately the python was able to free its own neck and the result
was only the above diminution of the ' happy family'.
W. S. MILLARD,
Honorary Secretary,
6, Apollo Street. Bombay Natural History Society.
Bombay, 2hth September 1905.
759
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE MEETING HELD ON 31st AUGUST 1905.
A meeting of the members of the Bombay Natural History Society took
place at the Society's rooms on the 31st August 1905, Col. H. D, Olivier, It. E.,
presiding.
NEW MEMBERS.
The election of the following 21 new members since the last meeting was
duly announced : —
Lieut. B. D. 0. Hill (Dehra Dun) ; Mr. W. G. Barnett (Kirkee) ; Lieut.-Col.
W. B. Mullins (Dehra Ismail Khan) ; Lieut. W. R. B. Douglas, R.I M. (Bom-
bay) ; the Hon'ble R. Bruce (Poona) ; Mr. C. V. Narasiah (Coimbatore) ; Mr.
H. F. Arbuthnot, I.F.S. (Ooimbatore) ; Lieut. M. E. Yeatman (Karachi) ; the
Mess President, 29th Lancers (Sirur, Poona Dist.) ; Capt. H. M. C. Orr (Tri-
mulgherry) ; Mr. E. Meyrick, B.A., F.R.S., F.Z.S. (Marlborough College,
Wilts) ; .Major F. J. Dewes, I.M.S. (Taunggyi, U. Burma) ; Mr. S. E. F.
Jenkins, I.F.S. (Loilem, U. Burma); Major W. E. Venour (Rawal Pindi);
Major G. W. Rawlins (Poona) ; Mr. L.Graham, I.C.S. (Dharwar) ; Mr. M.
Webb, I.C.S. (Dharwar) ; Mr. Wm. Vaughan (Ceylon) ; Major J. Jackson,
I.M.S. (Poona); Capt. H. W. Berthon (Sawant Wadi) and Capt. R. B. B.
Foster, I.M.S. (Secunderabad;.
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE MUSEUM.
Mr. W. S. Millard, the Honorary Secretary, acknowledged receipt of the
following contributions since the lust meeting :■ —
Contributions.
Descriptions.
Contributors.
1 Crow's nest made of wire
Ccrvus splendens
Mr F E. Otto.
and metal.
1 Sea Snake
• ■a
• • •
Ilydrvs jjlaturus
Mr, F. C. Annesley.
1 Snake
• »■
• • •
Lycodon, aulieus
Hon. A. E. Hill-Trevor.
1 Snake and 9 bi
rds
i number
Mr. S. St. C. Lightfoot.
Some Snakes and i
Mr. P. H. Clutter buck
of Insects itom
Lakh
m-
1. F. S., F. Z. S.
pur, Assam.
1 Large Fungus
Botelvs genus
Col. K.R.Kirtikar, I.M.S.
1 Lizard ...
•»•
...
Eubleptiaris *p.
Mr. S. W. Coxon.
H Sea Snakes
• ••
...
Ili/drxs jjlaturus
""
1 Sea Snake
• ••
...
Ilydropliis ctrrnlescens
2 Sea Snakes
■••
■■ .
Hydrophis fasciatis...
3 Sea Snakes
• *.
Hydrophis gracilis ...
1 Sea Snake
• ••
...
Hydrophis cantoris
i
1 Sea Snake
. .
...
tnhydrina valakadien
j
ii Sea Snakes
• ■•
...
Distira jerdonii
VCapt. F. Wall, I. M. S.
5 Sea Snakes
■ ••
••«
Distira cyanon.nct a ...
4 Sea Snakes
• • •
...
Distira irnqmansit ...
1 Sea Snake
* • •
...
Distira Gillespice ...
i
1 Sea Snake
• ••
...
Distira viperiua
i
1 Sea Snake
• • •
-. t
1
1 Sea Snake
"■
...
Enhydrh eurtus
J
7G0 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
Contributions.
Descriptions.
Contributors.
1
4
1
Sea Snake Skin (11 feet
8 in.).
Ants Nests from Khan-
dalla
Head of Tibetan Gazelle
from Umballa.
Pheasant- tailed Jacana.
Python molurus
Pheidole syhcsii
Gaxclla }ictieaudata
Ifydrophatianvs chirr uryus
Mr. H. Devlin.
Mr. W. S. Millard.
1
Lt. R. G. Beatty.
3
2
1
Eggs of the Grey Wag-
tail.
Eggs of the Eastern
Meadow Bunting.
Eggs of the Indian Tur-
tle Dove.
Himalayan Snow-cock.
Motacilla mclanope ...
Emleriza stracheyi ...
Turtur ferrago
Tetrogallus hhnalaytnds
• ••
• • •
• t •
Col. A. E.Ward
-
1
Snow Partridge
Lerwa nivleola
...
Mr. E. M. Rennell.
1
1
2
5
4
i
13*?
Snake ■»•
Bandicoot-rat
Bine-breasted Quails ...
E^gs of the Jackdaw ...
Eggs of the Indian Bush-
chat.
Fish
Terns Eggs from the
Persian Gulf.
Coluber helena
Ntsocia bandicota ...
Exacalfactoria chinensis
Corvus monedula
Pratincola viaura ...
Siluroid sp, ...
...
Capt. J. Oxlev, I.M.S
Capt. W.G Liston, I.M.S.
Major J. Elgee.
j- Col. A. E. Ward.
Mr. J. Mason
Lt L F Philbrick RIM
Minor contributions from Col. W. B. Ferris, Mr. E. W. Trotter, Mr. G.
Nelmes, Mr. R. R. Wright, Col. W. B. Bannerman, T.M.S., and Mr. Sunderrao
Dinanath Navalkar.
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE LIBRARY.
Trevandrum Museum Report for 1903-4 ; Lepidoptera Indie a by Moore,
Vol. VI, Part LXXI , from H. H. the Maharaja of Mysore ; Bulletin of the
U. S. National Museum No. 50 (the Birds of North and Middle America, Part
III) and Aquila (A Magyar Ornithological Kospont folyoirata), from the Smith-
sonian Institution ; Nature-History Museum by Nasarvanji Jivanji Readymoney,
from the Author ; Journal and Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal,
Vol. I, Nos, 1 and 2, 1905 ; and Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, Vol.
LXXIII, Part II, 1904, in exchange ; A Note upon the " Bee-Hole " Borer of
Teak in Burma, by E. P. Stebbing, F. L. S., from the Author,
PAPERS READ.
The following papers were then read : — 1. Some Bombay Orthoptera (Ear-
wigs, Cockroaches, Locusts, Grasshoppers, Mantises and Crickets), by L. C. H.
Young, B. A., F.E.S., F.Z.S. 2. Notes on Rhinoceroses in Burma, by Vety.-
Major G, H. Evans. 3. The Culicid Fauna of the Aden Hinterland, their
haunts and habits, by Lt. W. S. Patton, I.M.S. 4. Descriptions of Indian
PROCEEDINGS.
7G1
Micro-Lepidoptera, by E. Meyrick, B.A., F.R.S., F.Z.S. 5. The Mangrove of
the Bombay Presidency and its biology, by the Revd. E. Blatter, S.J. 6.
Albinism in the Blackbuck, by Major C. J. Robertson Milne, I.M.S. 7. Note
on the Breeding of the Krait, by Col. W. B. Bannerman, I.M.S. 8. Food of
the ' Muskrat; by Col. W. B. Bannerman, I.M.S.
A vote of thanks was passed to the authors of the various papers, and the
meeting then terminated.
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE MEETING HELD ON THE 5th OCTOBER 1905.
A meeting of the members of the Bombay Natural History Society took
place at the Society's Rooms on the 5th October 1905, Lieut-Colonel W. B.
Bannerman, I.M.S., presiding,
NEW MEMBERS.
The election of the following nine new members, since the last meeting was
duly announced : —
Mr. J. R. Spence (Bombay) ; Capt. R. B. B. Foster, I.M.S. (Secunderabad) ;
Lieut. 0. Harris, R.H.A. (Rawalpindi) ; Col. G. F, N. Tinley (Meerut) ; Mr. W.
Harvey Jones (Bombay) ; Capt. G. H. Stewart, I.M.S. (Falam, Chin Hills,
Burma) ; Mr. J. T. Fry (Parel) ; and Major C. R. Hoskyn, R.E. (Bombay).
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE MUSEUM.
Mr. W. S. Millard, the Honorary Secretary, acknowledged receipt of the
following contributions since the last meeting : —
Contribution.
Description.
Contributor.
1 Barn Owl ,
1 Montagu's Harrier
1 Common Indian Swift. ...
1 Purple Hun-bird ...
1 Glossy Ibis- ,
1 Great Eastern Horseshoe-
bat.
r
A collection of Estuary-^
Fish from Alibas*.
St"ix Jiammea
Circus cineraeeus
Cyptel us ojfi nu
Ariohnrchthra axiatica ..
Plegadu falcint llus
lihinohiphus luectus
1 Latet calcarifir
I Polynemus plebins
I Polynemus tetradactylus
1 Serranus gilb>rti
1 Chrysnphry* datnia .. ..
1 Plotosus camus
/ Teludei aoonthropteryii.
1 Enc/raulis taty
/ Batraehus gani/ene
/ Hemirhamphus georgit ..
1 Ejunla brevirostris
1 Terapon jarbua
I Platycephalic-* scaber . ..
i Gobioidvs sp
7 Sillaga sihama
I Artusfalcarii/s
1 Belone strongylura
Mr. H. M. Whittell.
Mr. H. A. Huagrath.
Major J. Manners Smith.
V Mr. W.
I.F.8.
A. Wallinger,
762 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XVI.
Contribution.
Description.
Contributor.
A collection of Estuary
Fish from Alibag.
i
I
1 Snake from Dthala, Aden-
Hinterland, n. sp.
1 Brown Tree-Snake (alive).
4 Persian long-tailed Field
Mice.
1 Snake (alive)
1 Blue-breasted Quail
I Snake juv (alive)
1 Pit-viper from Kasauli ...
3 Eggs of the Large Egret...
3 Sggs of the Smaller Egret
3 Eggs of the Battle Egret...
1 Hodgson's Grandala
1 Red-headed Laughing
Thrash.
1 Snake juv ,
1 Snake juv
1 Bandicoot-rat
/ Clwpea Hie
J Coilia dux Slimier i ...
1 Etraulis mystax
1 Lvjanus johnnii
1 Trichiurus savala
1 Scicena xina
1 Ptdynem s huptadaetylux.
1 Mngil ceur
2 Seiceria carutta
1 SeatopJtagu.i argus
1 Trachanntus russellii
1 Ca<anx nigripinnis
Melanelapi « cpher-stmi... ...
Dipias tr'gonata
Mu* ar an-s
Gongylophix conicus
Exealfactoria ch'nen&is ...
Zamenis mucosits
Lachesis gramineus
Ilerodias alba
Ilerodias intermedia
Bubulcus coromavdus
Grandala codlioolor
Tro' halopterum erythroce-
phalnm.
Slmotes amens's
Typhidops por'ctvs
JYesocia ba dicota
Mr. \V.
I.F.S.
A. Wal linger,
Captain G.M. McPherson,
I.M.S.
Mr. M. Young.
Col. A. E. Waid.
Capt. 0. A. Smith.
Major .T. W. Elgee.
Mr. Narotam Morarji Uo-
culdass.
Capt. F. Wall, I.M.S.
Major J. W. Elgee.
Major H. Delme-Radeliffe.
» »
Col. H. J. Waller Barrow,
B.A.M.C.
I.ieut.-Col. W. Bannerman,
I.M.S.
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE LIBRARY.
Annual Report from Lucknow Museum, Lepidoptera Indica, by Moore, Part
LXXIT, presented by H. H. the Maharaja of Mysore ; Scientific Memoirs by
Officers of the Medical and Sanitary Departments of the Government of India
Nos. 16 and 17, from Captain G. Lamb, I.M.S.
EXHIBIT.
Mr. G. Monteath, I.C.S., exhibited the skin of a black panther shot in Kanara,
and raised the question as to whether the tongue is black or not — as Rowland
Ward & Co., it would be seen, had made the tongue of this specimen quite
black.
PAPERS RE AO.
The following papers were then read : —
1. A new Himalayan snake (Lycodon maclhinoni), by Capt. F. Wall, I.M.S.
2 A new snake (Melanelaps mepherson'i) tro » the Aden-Hinterland, by Capt.
F. Wall, I.M.S. 3. Some of the indigenous and exotic fruits and vegetables
obtainable in Bombay, by Lieut.-Col. K. R. Kirtikar. I.M.S. (retired).
Proceedings. 763
The Society exhibited the indigenous and exotic fruits and vegetables now
procurable in Bombay. The rainy season which has just closed has been pecu-
liarly rich in the fruits and vegetables commonly used by the natives of Bombay.
Lieut. -Colonel K. R. Kirtikar was called upon by the Secretary to make a few
observations on the fruits and vegetables profusely laid on the Society's tables.
In the course of his remarks Lieut -Colonel Kirtikar said that the Natural
Orders Leguminosse and Cuourbitacese formed the chief source of a large num-
ber of fruits and vegetables, such as the gourds, cucumbers, melons, and luffas.
Among the members of the Leguminosse there were various beans which when
properly cooked and reasonably seasoned afford substantial as well as agreeable
delicacies for men of all classes. The Graminese or members of the grain order,
such as the sugar-cane, the rice, the wheat, the bajri, the jowari,and the nagli,
arc all used by the natives as the staff of life. Among the Cryptograms there
is the China grass which is made into a jelly, the puff-ball, and the white
Agaric.
The natives of India use various kinds of spinach — for instance, there is the
ghol, the metthi, the math and tandulja ; the red and white basella, and the
sea-side marsh plants machol and moras.
The natives of India season their vegetables with various articles which go
under the name of masala which is commonly known as the curry-stuff.
Most of the ingredients are of the natural order Umbelliferre, as corriander, jira
and fennel, cinnamon, cloves, red and black pepper, ginger, and turmeric, which
are very largely used, Asafoctida is said to add flavour to many Indian vege-
tables. The Parsis never use it. The Hindus use it largely. The orthodox
Brahmans never use onions and garlic, but Col. Kirtikar said he believed that a
large number of Indian vegetables would be absolutely without taste if no use
was made of the several seasoning ingredients mentioned above.
There was a time, say fifty years ago, when such vegetables as the lady's
fingers, gourds and cucumbers could be had only during the rainy season. The
unripe mango, tamarind, hog plum, limes, kurmar or kamrak and bilimdi are
some of the acid fruits added to the ingredients used in flavouring vegetables.
The cocoanut is very largely used in curries and for making sweetmeats. The
papaya is eaten raw or cooked, and its juice renders meat tender.
A vote of thanks to the authors of the papers, which will all appear in full in
the Society's Journal, was then passed, and the meeting terminated.
§amktr ftatami %M&t$ Swthty.
OFFICE-BEARERS, LIFE MEMBERS,
HONORARY CORRESPONDING MEMBERS, AND MEMBERS
ON 31st JANUARY 1906.
LIST OF OFFICE-BEARERS,
H. E. the Right Honourable Lord Lamington, g.c.m.g., g.o.le.
Mr. J. D. Inverarity, b.a., ll.b. | Rev. F. Dreckmann, s.J.
Mr. B. H. Aitken.
gem. Sccrttaras.
Mr. H. M. Phipson, c.m.z.s. | Mr. W. S. Millard, f.z.s*
Jon;. ffrtaimwr.
Mr. N. C. Macleod.
(Suitors.
Mr. H. M. Phipson, c.m.z.s. | Mr. W. S. Millard, F.z.a.
Imtsttfttty €om\mtin.
Mr. H. P. Macnaghten.
Mr. G. M. Ryan, i.f.s.
Col. W. B. Bannerman, I.M.S.
Mr. E. Comber, f.z.s.
Mr. T. R. D. Bell, i.f.s.
Major A. Newnham, f.z.s.
Major C. G, Nurse, f.e.s.
Mr. L.C.H.Young,B.A.,F.E.s., f.z.s.
Mr. J. McNeill, i.c.s.
Vet-Major G. H. Evans.
Mr. E. C. Stuart Baker, f.z.s.
Mr. E. H. Aitken.
Rev. F. Dreckmann, s.J.
Mr. E. Ernest Green, f.e.s.
Lt.-Col. K. R. Kirtikar, i.m.s.
Mr. J. D. Inverarity, B.A., LL.B.
Lt.-Col. H. D. Olivier, R.E., f.z.s.
Capt. F. Wall, i.m.s., c.m.z.s.
Mr. N. C. Macleod, ex- officio.
Mr. H. M. Phipson, o.m.z.s., ex-officio.
Mr. W. S. Millard, f.z.s., ex-otficio.
1st Section. — {Mammals and Birds.)
President — Mr. J. D. Inverarity, b.a., ll.b.
Secretary — Mr. E. Comber, f.z.s.
2nd Section. — {Reptiles and Fishes.)
President — Rev. F. Dreckmann, s.J.
Secretary — Mr. H. M. Phipson, c.m.z.s.
3rd Section. — {Insects.)
President— Mr. E. H. Aitken.
Secretary — Mr. L. C. H. Young, b.a., f.e.s., f.z.s.
4th Section. — {Botany.)
President — ( Vacant.)
Secretary — Lt.-Col. K. R. Kirtikar, i.m.s., f.s.m. (France),M.R.c.s.
\omhnv ^utxxml pisf0rg S>atuty<
LIST OF MEMBERS.
Life Members.
Aga Khan, H.H. Aga Sultan Mahomed Shaha ... Bombay.
Austria, H. I. H. the Archduke Franz Ferdinand.. Europe.
Baker, E. C. Stuart ( f.z.s., m.b.o.tj.) ... Dibrugarh, Assam.
Baroda, H. H. the Maharaja Sir Sayaji Rao,
Gaekwar of (g.c.s.i.) ... ... ... Baroda.
Barton, E. L. ,. ... ... ... Europe.
Bates, S. B. (f.z.s.) ... ... ... Mansi, Banmauk,
Burma.
Beale, H. F. ... ... ... ... Poona.
Bell, H. F. E. (i.c.s.) ... ... ... Mundla, C.P.
Bhownagar, H. H. Bhaosingji Takht Singji,
the Maharaja of (c.s.i.) ... ... ... Bhownagar.
Bhurie Singh, Mean Saheb (c.i.e.) ... ... Chamba.
Bikaneer, H. H. Major Sir Gunga Singji, G.C.S.I.,
Maharaja of ... ... ... ... Bikaneer.
Burder, H. C. ... ... ... ... Europe.
Caccia, A. M. (i.f.s.) ... ... ... Jubbulpore, C.P.
Cama, Dr. Maneckji D. ... ... ... Bombay.
Cama, K. R. ... ... ... ... Bombay.
Campbell, Lt. D. ... ... ... ... Europe.
Cassamalli Jairajbhoy Peerbhoy ... ... Bombay.
Clarke, L. 0. (i.c.s.) ... ... ... Mymensing,Bengal.
Coltart, Dr. H. N. ... ... ... Dibrugarh, Assamt
Coooh Behar, H. H. Sir Nripendra Narayen Bhup
Bahadoor, g.c.i.e., Maharaja of ... ... Cooch Behar.
Coode, J. M. ... ... ... ... Rangoon.
Cursetji, Khan Bahadoor C. M. ... ...Bombay.
Cutch, H. H. Sir Shri Kengurji Sawai Bahadoor,
g.c.i.e., Rao Saheb of ... ... ... Cutch.
Dawson, W. H. (i.c.s.) ... ... ... Europe.
Dhunjibhoy Bomanji ... ... ... Bombay.
Drake-Brockman, Major H. E. (i.m.s.) ... ... Bombay.
Dwarkadas, Naranji ... ... ... Bombay.
Foulkes, Capt. T. H. (i.m.s.) ... ... ... Chingleput Madras.
Fulton, Capt. H. T. ... ... ... Fategarh.
Gammie, Professor G. A. ... ... ... Poona.
Goculdas, Nurrotum Morarji ... ... Bombay.
Gwalior, H. H. Col. Sir Madho Rao Scindia,
G.c.s.i., g.c.V.o., the Maharaja of ... ... Gwalior, C. I.
LIST OF MEMBERS. Hi
Habibuddin, S. (n.c.s.) ... ... ... Hanumkonda, Hy-
derabad, Deccan.
Hide, P. ••• ... ... ... ... Rajkote.
Hill, Lieut. R. D. A. ... ... ... Dehra Dun, U. P.
Holkar, H. H. the Maharaja Tukuji Rao ... Indore.
Hyam, Judah ... ... ... ... Pusa, Bengal.
Ichalkaranji, The Hon'ble Meherban Narayenrao
Govind, alias Babasaheb Ghorpade, Chief of .., Kolhapur.
Inglis, C. M. ... ... ... ... Darbbanga.
Inverarity, J. D. (b.a., ll.b.) ... ... ... Bombay.
Jamkhandi, Shrimant Parashram Ramchandra
P;»twardhan, The Chief of ... ...Kolhapur.
Janjira, H. H. Sir Sidi Ahmed Khan, Nawab of ... Janjira.
Kagal, Meherban Piraji Rao Bapoo Saheb Ghote,
Chief of ... ... ... ... Kagal, S. M. C.
Khan, Muncherji Frnmji ... ... ... Coloinbo.
Kolhapur, H. H. Sir Shahu Chhatrapati, The
Maharaja of, g.c.s.i., G.c.v.o. ... ... Kolhapur.
Kotah, H. H. Sir Umed Sing Bahadoor, k.c.s.i.,
the Maharaja of ... ... ., ...Kotah.
Lamb, R. A. (i.c.s., c.i.e.) ... ... ... Calcutta.
Lees, D. H. ... ... ... ... Tezpur, Assam.
Long, G. R, (i.f.s.) ' ... ... ... Minbu, Burma.
MacDonald, Dr. D. ... ... ... Europe.
Manders, Major N. (r.a.m.c.) ... ... ... Mauritius.
Mandlik, Narayan Vishvanath ... ... Bombay.
Marshall, Arch. McL. ... ... ... Europe.
Marshall, J. McL. ... ... ... Europe.
Martin, Lieut.-Col. Gerald ... ... ... Europe.
Masani, A. M., Curator, Baroda State Museum ... Baroda.
Millard, W. S. ... ... ... ... Bombay.
Mills, J. D. ... ... ... ... Europe.
Miraj, Shrimant Gungadharrao Gane3h, alias Baba-
sahib Patwardhan, Chief of ... ... Miraj.
Muspratt, E. ... ... ... ... Europe.
Mysore, H. H. Krishna Raj Woodayar Bahadoor,
the Maharaja of ... ... ... ... Mysore.
Navanagar, H. H. Maharaja Shri Jaswat Singji,
the Jam Sahib of ... ... ... Rajkote.
Nurse, Major C. G. (F.B.s.) ... ... ... Europe.
Olivier, Lieut.-Col. H. D. (r.b., f.z.s.)... ... Bombay.
iv
LIST OF MEMBERS.
Partridge, Henry ...
Pestonji Jivanji (n.c.s.)
• *•
... Pyinmana, Burma.
... Hyderabad, Dec-
Petit, Bomanji Dinshaw
Petit, Dhunjibhoy Bomanji ...
Petit, Jehangir Bomanji
Phipson, H. M. (c.m.z.s.)
Poncins, Baron Edmond de ...
• • •
• *•
• • •
• ♦•
• ••
can.
... Bombay.
... Bombay.
... Bombay.
... Bombay.
... Europe.
Ravenshaw, Lieut.-Col. C. W.
Roberts, Capt. M. B.
Ross, Major Tyrell
• ••
'• • •
• ••
... Europe.
... Lansdowne.
... (Jhakrata.
Seton-Karr, H. W....
Spooner, T. J. (c.e.)
Standen, B. (i.c.s.)
Swayne, Herbert C.
» • •
• • ■
• • •
e • •
... London.
... Gadag, S. M. R.
... Betul, C. P.
... Europe.
Tata, Dorabji J. ...
Tejpal, Govcrdhundas Goculdas
Tilly, T. H.
■ •«
• • •
• ••
... Bombay.
... Bombay.
... Mingm, Burma.
Travancore, H.H. Sultan Rama Raja Bahadoor,
G.c.s.i., G.c.I.S., Maharaja of ... ... Trivandrum.
Ulwar, H. H. Jey Singh Bahadoor, the Maharaja of Ulwar.
Unwalla, J. N. ... ... ... ... Bhownagar,
Viccaji, Framji R. ...
Whitworth, G. C. (i.c.s.)
Wroughton, R. C. ...
... Bombay.
... Europe.
... Europe.
Yerbury, Col. J. W. ... ... ... Europe.
Honorary Corresponding Members.
Forel, Professeur Auguste
Heeckerenez, Le Baron Von ...
Kerkhoven, E. J. ...
Gates, E. W.
Members.
Abdy, Major A. J. (r.a.)
Abercrombie, A.
Aberholser, H. C. ...
• • •
• » f
... Europe.
... Java.
... 'Java.
... Europe.
... South Africa*
... Europe.
... Washington,
U. S. A.
... Bombay.
Acworth, E. C. B. ... ...
Aga Khan, His Highness Aga Sultan Mahomed
Shaha (Life Member) ... ... ... Bombay.
LIST OF MEMBERS.
Agricultural and Horticultural Society of India,
The Secretary
Ainslie, Major 0. (r.e.)
Aiuslie, Capt. H. P.
Ainsworth, Capt. H. (i.m.s.) ...
Aitchinson, W. (i.F.s.)
Aitken, Major A. E . . .
Aitken, E. H.
Alderson, M. J.
Alexander, Major J. D. (r.a.m.c.)
Alexander, R. A.
Allan, C. W. (b.f.s.)
Allen, C. E. (t.f.s.)
Allen, P. It.
Allison, F. W. (i.c.s.)
Almon, W. ...
Alston, G. C.
Ameerudin Tyabjee...
... Calcutta.
... Rawal Pindi.
... Vizianagram.
... Shahapur, Punjab,
... Waltair.
... Hongkong.
... Karachi.
... Ceylon.
... Pachmarhi, C. P.
... Honinelongyee,
Papan, Burma.
... Pegu.
... Tharra waddy,
Lower Burma.
... Waltair, Madras
Presidency.
... Rajkote.
... Europe.
... Ceylon.
... Bombay.
American Museum of Natural History, Secretary... New York.
Anderson, Lt.-Col. A. V. (i.m.s.)
Anderson, C. W. B.
Anderson, J. C.
Anderson, John S. ...
Anderson, Lieut. R. H.
Andrewes, A. Leslie
Annesley, F. C.
Anthony, H. B. (i.f.s.)
Antram, C. B.
Arbuthnot, A. D. S. (r.e.) ...
Arbuthnot, H. F. (i.f.s.)
Armstrong, S.
Armstrong, Capt. W. McG. ...
Arnould, F. G.
Arthur, Mrs. S. R. ...
Ashe, R. W. D. (i.c.s.)
Atlay,, Jb . ... •«« ...
Austria, H.I.H. the Archduke Franz Ferdinand
(Life Member) ... ... ... ... Europe.
... Europe.
... Port Blair.
... Europe.
... Maripupam, Kolar,
Mysore.
... Nowshera.
... Guind,P.O.Nilgiris.
... Bombay.
... Rangoon.
... Cachar.
... Bombay.
... Coimbatore.
... Rirkee.
... Europe.
... Kawant, Rajputana.
... Europe.
.... Ongole, Madras
Presidency.
... Mogok, U. Burma.
Bach, Dr. C.
Bagnall, R.
Bagnall, Major T. N.
Bagshawe, L. ,.,
... Bombay.
... Jullundur.
... Ootacamundj
... Bombay,
VI
LIST OF MEMBERS.
Bagshawe, L. V. ...
Bailey, Lt. F. M. ...
Bail ward, Lt.-Col. A. 0. (i.A..)
Bainbridge, Surgeon-Genl. G. (i.m.s.) ...
Baker, B. C. Stuart (f.z.s.) (Life Member)
Baker, Capt. H. N.
Baker, L. G. t.. ... ...
Balding, C. J.
Baldrey, Vet.-Capt. F. S. H. ...
Banks, Lieut.-Col. S. (i.m.s.) ...
Bannerman, Lt.-Col. W. B. (i.M.S.)
Baput, S. K. ...
Barker, P. W.
Barlow-Poole, B. H. (i.f.s.) ...
Barnard, J. T. 0.
Barnard, R. C. H. ...
Barnes, Capt. E.
Barnett, W. G.
Baroda, H. H. the Maharaja Sir Sayaji
Gaekwar of (g.c.s.i.) (Life Member) ...
Barr, A. D. St. C. ... ...
Barrow, Col. H. J. Waller (r.a.m.c.)
Barry, Major T. D. Collis (i.m.s.)
Bartlett, Major C. R. (r.a.m.c, f.z.s.)...
Barton, E. L. (Life Member) ...
Barton, Major F. J. H.
Batchelor, Hon'ble Mr. Justice S. L. (i.c.s.)
Bate, Lieut. R. E. ...
Bates, S. B. (f.z.s.) (Life Member)
Battie, J. S. (i.f.s.) ...
Battye, Capfc. W. R. (i.m.s.) ...
Baumbach, R.
Bayley, V. B. F. ...
Beadnell, 0. B.
Beadon, C.
Beadon, Lieut. W. ...
Beale, H. F. (Life Member) ...
Beaumont, T. L. F.
Beddek, Capt. E. E.
Beechey, A. St. V. (i.f.s.)
... Kindat, Upper
Burma.
... Umbala.
... Europe.
... Europe.
... Dibrugarh.
... Singapore.
... Subathu.
... Calcutta.
... Lahore.
... Europe.
... Europe.
... Dhulia.
... Neschindipur, E. B.
Ry. .
... Anantapur, Madras
Presidency.
... Kamaing, Upper
Burma.
... Poona.
... Dhar, C. I.
... Kirkee.
Rao
... Baroda.
... Amraoti, Berar.
... Mean Mir.
... Bombay.
... Europe.
... Europe.
... Europe.
... Bombay.
... Multan.
... Mansi, Baumank,
Katha, U p p e r
Burma.
... Vellore.
... Meshed, via Quetta.
... Bombay.
... Bombay.
... Vellore, Madras
Presidency.
... 0 or g aum, S.
India.
... Nowshera.
... Poona.
... Karachi.
... Mauritius.
... Khandwa, C.P.
LIST OF MEMBERS,
Vll
Beg, Mirza Nazir ...
Begbie, Major A. S.
Belcham, G. H.
Bell, Dr. A. H. ...
Bell, E. N. (i.c.s.) ...
BeJ], H. F. E. (i.c.s.) (Life Member)
Bell, R. D. (i.c.s.) ...
Bell, T. R. D. (i.f.s.)
Bell, W. M.
Bennett, Douglas ...
Benson, Miss A. M. (m.t>.)
Benson, J. J. B. (c.E.)
Benson, W. A. (c.E.)
Bernhardt, K.
Berry, R. (c.E.)
Berthon, Capt. H. W.
Betham, J. A.
Betham, Major R. M.
Betham, W. Gr. (i.f.s.)
Betts, Capt. A. J. V. (i.m.s.) ...
Beyts, C. A. (i.c.s.)...
Bhandarkar, Shivram V. (b.a., ll.b.) ...
Bhatavadekar, Sir Bhalchandra Krishna
Bhownagar, H. H. the Maharaja Bhaosingji
Takht Singji of (o.s.i.) (Life Member)
Bhurie Singh, Mean Saheb (c.i.e.) (Life Member)...
Bickei, F. W.
Bicknell, H.
Biggs, Major H. V. (r.e.)
Bignell, R.
Bikaneer, H.H. Major the Maharaja Sir Gunga
Singji Bahadoor of (g.C.S.i., g.C.i.E.) (Life
Member)
Bingham, Col. C. T. (f.z.s.) ...
Birdwood, H. M. (c.s.i.)
Biscoe, W. Fraser (r.F.s.)
Blanford, H. R. (i.f.s.)
Blasoheck, Hans
Blathwayt, C. H. ( i.c.s. )
Blatter, Revd. E. (s.j.)
Bogle, Lt. J. S. ... ... ... ...
Bomanji, K. R. (i.c.s.)
Bombay Government, The Chief Secretary, Sepa-
rate Department ...
Bonig, M. C. C. (b.f.s.)
Bosanquet, E. M. (B.A.)
Nander, Hyderabad
(Deccan).
Cawnpore.
Ratnagiri.
Birsa, Punjab.
Pagan, U. Burma.
Mundla, C. P.
Bhusawai.
Karachi.
Bombay.
Bombay.
Bombay.
Ahmednagar.
Europe.
Karachi.
Belgaum.
Songad, Kathiawar.
Purnea, Bengal.
Quetta.
Ahmednagar.
Deesa.
Jacobabad, Sind.
Bombay.
Bombay.
Bhownagar.
Chamba.
Bombay.
Bombay.
Murree.
Europe .
Bikanir.
Europe.
Europe.
Indore, C. I.
Pyinmana, Uppei
Burma.
Bombay.
Hyderabad, Sind.
Bombay.
Bunji, Gilgit.
Bijapur.
Bombay.
Port Blair.
Quetta.
nn
LIST OF MEMBERS,
• • »
• ••
Bourdillon, T. F. (i.f.s., f.l.s.)
Bourke, Lt.-Col. G. D. (r.a.m.0.)
Bowen, J. C. G.
Boyd, C. C. (i.c.s.)...
Brand, J.
Branson, R, M.
Brendon, B. A. (i.c.s.)
Brendon, 0. R.
Bright, Geo. E. (c.e.)
Brodie, D.
Brodie, Lient. L. 0.
Brodie, N. S. (i.c.s.)
Brook-Fox, E. ( c.e. )
Brooke, R. H.
Broughton, Capt. T. D. (r.e.)...
Brown, Capt. H. R. (i.m.s.) ...
Browne, Major S. D. (r.h.a.)
Bruce, The Hon'ble R.
Brudenell Bruce, Lieut. H. R.
Buchanan, Major K. J.
Bulkley, H.
Bulkley, W.W
Burder, H. C. (Life Member) ...
Burke, R. C.
Burke, W. S.
Burkill, I. H. (m.a.)
Burn, J. G. (i.c.s.) ...
Burn-Murdoch, Lieut.- Col. J. (r.e.) ...
Burness, T.
Burnett, R. H.
Burns, C. L.
Burton, Major R. G. ...»
Burton, Capt. Richard W.
Busch, H. F.
Butler, A. L.
Butler, Lieut. H. M.
Cabell, W. H. L. (i.c.s.)
Caccia, A. M. (i.f.s.) (Life Member)
Cadell, P. R. (i.c.s.)
Calcutta, Hon. Secretary, Zoological Gardens
Calder. H.
Caleb, Dr. CO
Cama, K. R. (Life Member) ...
... Quiloe.
... Europe.
... Bombay.
... Karwar.
... Europe.
... Bombay.
... Europe.
... Europe.
.,, Bombay.
... Yercaud, Salem
District.
... South Africa.
... Guntur, K i s t n a
District.
... Europe.
.„. Europe.
... Alderney.
... Europe.
... Mhow, C. I.
... Poona.
... South Africa.
... Banu, Punjab.
... Thana.
... Muttra.
... Europe.
... Sangli, S. M. C.
... Calcutta.
... Calcutta.
. , . Na r a s a r a m p e t,
Vizagapatam
District.
... Dharwar.
... Dibrugarh, Assam.
... Sholapur.
... Bombay.
... Poona.
... Aurungabad.
... Bombay.
... Europe.
... Santa Cruz.
... Rangoon.
... Jubbulpore, C. V,
... Bombay.
... Calcutta.
... Rangoon.
... Lahore.
... Bombay.
LIST OF .MEMBERS.
\X
Gama, Dr. Maneckjee D. (Life Member)...
Cameron, A. C.
Cameron, H. S.
Cameron, W. L. (c.i.)
Campbell, Lieut. D. (Life Member)
Campbell, Capt. J. ...
Campbell, R. H. (i.c.s.)
Campbell, Revd. W. Howard
Capper, Capt. A S.
Capper, Col. W.
Cardozo, C. H. ...
Carr, R. C. C. (i.C.S.)
Carruthers, Lt.-Col. H. St. C.
Carter, Lt. R. M. (i.M.s.)
Cassamali Jairajbhoy Feerbhoy (Life Member)
Central Research Institute, The Director
Chaldecott, Lt. W. H. (r.e.) ...
Chalmers, fi.
Chanter, F. W. (c.B.)
Chapman, J. A.
Chapman, Major L, P. (r.e.)
Chapman, Capt. P. F. (i.m.s.)
Chapman, W. H.
Chester, Col. W. L., r.a.m.c. ...
Chico, J. R. (c.E.) ...
Chitty, The Hon'ble Mr. Justice C. W.
Cholmondeley, E. C.
Christie, Lt.-Col. J. H.
Christy, Dr. C.
Chuckerbutty, A. W. G. (i.c.s.)
Clark, J. (i.c.s.)
Clark, W. H.
Clarke, Capt. F. Stanley
Clarke, Capt. G.
Clarke, L. 0. (i.c.s.) (Life Member)
Clarke, Robt. L. H. (i.c.s.) ...
Clarkson, Lt.-Col. J. W. (i.m.s.)
Clifford, Lt. R.
Clutterbuck, P. H. (i.F.s., r.z.s.)
Coates, Lt. E. G.
Coates, Lt. Victor ...
Cobbe, Capt. C. C. ...
Coen, W. W.
Coggan, R. T.
Coghill, Capt. N. S. (i.a.)
... Bombay.
... Poona.
... Ceylon.
... Europe.
... Europe.
... Simla.
... Waltair, Vizagapa-
tam Dist.
... Jamalamadugo,Cud-
dapah District.
... Deolali.
... Simla.
... Calicut, Malabar.
... Chittoor, N. Arcot.
... Madras.
... Nasirabad.
... Bombay.
... Kasauli, Punjab.
... Kirkee.
... Europe.
... Bombay.
... Insein, Burma.
... Bombay.
... Amraoti, Berar.
... Karachi.
... Cherat, Punjab.
... Baroda.
... Lahore.
... Indore.
... Kasauli.
... Europe.
... Alibag.
... Motihari, Bengal.
... Kamptee, C. P.
... Europe.
... Cannanore.
... Mymensingh, Ben-
gal.
... Sultanpur.
... Europe.
... Dehra Ghazi Khan.
... Kheri, Oudh.
... Muttra.
... Jhansi,
... Waltair.
... Hubli, S. M. Ry.
... Calcutta.
... Radhanpur.
LIST OF MEMBERS.
Cogill, Dr. H. (m.r.o.s., l.r.c.p.)
Cole, Lt. A. G. M.
Coleman, G„ B. ... ... ,,..
Ooliie, It. A. ... ... ... ...
Collings, F. W.
Colombo, The Librarian, Colombo Museum
Colston, Captain H. K.
Coltart, Dr. H. N. (Life Member)
Comber, Edward (f.z.s.)
Oonduitt, W. A. (c.e.)
Conley, Andrew
Connor, Capt. F. P. (f.r.c.s., i.m.s.) ...
Constable, F. A.
Cooch Behar, H.H. Col. the Maharaja Sir Nri-
pendra Narayen Bhup Bahadoor of (c.c.i.e.)
(Life Member)
Coode, J. M. (Life Member) ...
Cook, Goo.
Cooke, E. B.
Cooke, J. V.
Cooper, C. F.
Cooper, R. W.
Coppinger, Lt. W. V. (i.m.s.)
Corbett, Capt. W. F.
Cordue, Major W. G. R. (r.e.)
Cosserat, L. (c.e.) ...
Coventry, B. 0. (i.f.s.)
Coventry, E. M. (i.f.s.)
Covernton, Professor A. L. ...
Covernton, J. G.
Cowio, Rev. A. G. G.
Cox, Major P. Z. (f.z.s., f.r.g.s., c.i.e.)
Cox, S. (i.f.s.)
Coxon, S. W. (i.c.s.)
Craddock, W. H. (i.f.s.)
Crawford, The Hon. Mr. Leslie
Crawford, W. M. (i.c.s.)
Creaghe, P. F. S. ...
Crerar, J. (i.c.s.) ...
Crofts, Lt.-Col. A. M. (i.m.s.)
Crommelin, C. A. R.
Crum, W. E.
Crump, L. C. (i.C.s.)
Cubitt, G. E. S. (i.f.s.)
Aden.
Mhow, C. L
Bombay.
Dibrugarh, Assam?.
Gangaw, Pakokku,.
U. Burma.
Colombo.
Indore, C I.
Samastipur, T. S.
By.
Bombay.
Bombay.
Narkanda, Simla
District.
Manipur, Assam.
New York, U.S.A.
Cooch Behar.
Rangoon.
Myitkyina, Burma.
Bina, G. I. P. Ry.
Europe.
Mergui, Burma.
Karachi.
Chittagong.
Europe.
Europe.
Baroda.
Lahore.
Naggar Kulu,
Kangra District.
Bombay.
Ahmedabad.
Cawnpore.
Bushire.
Chatrapur.
Damoh, C. P.
Rangoon.
Bombay.
Sambalpur, Bengal,
Kirkee.
Larkhana, Sind.
Peshawar.
Bombay.
Bombay.
Dharwar.
Kindat, Burma,
LIST OF MEMBERS.
XI
Ouffe, T. W.
dimming, J. W. N.
Gumming, W. D. ..,
Cumming, Major W. H. (r.g.a.)
Gurran, G. F.
Currimbhoy Ebrahim, Sir
Currey, E. S.
Currey, Lieut. V. F.
Cursetji, Khan Bahadur C. M. (Life Member)
Cutch, H.H. Shri Kengurji Sawai Bahadoor,
Rao Saheb of (g.c.i.e.) (Life Member)
... Bombay.
... Quetta.
... Fao, Persian Gulf.
... Europe.
... Tarekere P. O.,
Kadur Distiict.
... Bombay.
... Europe.
... Bellary.
... Bombay,
the
... Bhuj, Cutch.
Dadachunji, R. K. ...
Daintrey, W. M.
Dalgliesh, G.
Dallaporta, J. N.
Dalrymple-Hay, Mrs. L.
Dames, Felix L.
Daniell, Col. A. C. (r.a.)
Danson, J. W. W.
Darjeeling, The Vice-President, Natural
Museum
Davidson, C. J.
Davidson, H. M. M.
Davidson, J. (i.c.s.)
Davidson, Norman ...
Davis, Major R. E. S. (i.m.s.) ,
Davys, Capt. G. Irvine (i.m.s.)
Dawson, G. B. ... ... ...
Dawson, H. F.
Dawson, W. H. (i.c.s.) (Life Member) ...
Deakin, Mrs. M. E.
Deane, Dr. A. H. ...
Deane, H. H. (c.e.)
DeSouza, A. B.
De Carteret, St. G.
De Courcy, Hon'ble M. W. R.
DeWinton, T. W. (c.e.)
Delme-Radcliffe, Lieut. A. ...
Delme-Radcliffe, Major H. ...
Delme-Radcliffe, Capt. S.
Dempster, F. E. (c.i.e.)
Dempster, Lieut. G. H.
Des Vceux, Capt. H.
Dewar, D. (i.o.s.) ...
... Bombay.
... New York.
... Europe.
... Bombay.
... Nellore.
... Europe.
... Bangalore.
... Europe.
History
... Darjeeling.
... Tokio, Japan.
... Behali P. 0., Dar-
- rang, Assam.
... Europe.
... Quilon, S. I. Ry.
... Rangoon.
... Amritsar.
... Rangoon.
.-.. Madanapalle, Ma-
dras Presy.
... Europe.
... Bombay.
... Bombay.
... Bombay.
... Larkhana, Sind.
... Banda, U. P.
... Umballa.
... Belgaum.
... Karachi.
... Agra.
... Jhansi.
... Calcutta.
... Mhow, C. I.
... Europe.
... Lahore.
xn
LIST OF MEMBERS.
Dewes, Major F. J. (i.m.s.) ...
Dbar, H. H. the Raja of
Dhunjibhoy Bomanji (Life Member)
Dick, Lt.-Col. A. R.
Dickinson, W. L. ...
Dickson, Capt. J. H.
Dimmock, Lt.-Col. H. P. (m.d., i.m.s.) .
Dixon, R. M. (b.a.)...
Dodd, Lt.-Col. J. R. (r,a.m.c.)
Donaghey, J. O'B. ...
Donald, C. H. ... ...
Donovan, Major C. (i.m.s.) ...
Douglas, D.
Douglas, S. M. (b.a.)
Douglas, Lt. W. R. B. (e.i.m.)
Drake-Brockman, C. B. (d.s.p.)
Drake- Brockman, Major D. H.
Drake-Brockman, Maj. H. E. (i.m.s.) (Life Member)..
Drake-Brockman, Capt. V. G. (i.m.s.)
Dreckmann, Rev. F. (s.J.) ...
Druce, Herbert
Drummond, J. R., (b.a., f.l.s.)
DuBoulay, J. H. (i.c.s.)
Dudgeon, G. C. (f.e.s.)
Duke, Lt.-Col. J. (i.m.s.)
Dumayne, F. G.
Dunbar-Brander, A. (i.f.s.) ...
Dunn, C. W. (i.c.s.)
Dunsterville, Lt.-Col. K. S. (r.a.)
Dunsterville, Major L. C.
Dupuis, A. L.
Dwane, E. H.
Dwrie, G. A,
Dyson, Major T. E. (i.m.s.) ...
Eardley-Wilmot, S. (i.f.s.) ...
Ede, F. J. (a.m.i.c.e.)
Eden, Morton
Edulji Nusserwanji, Dr.
Edwards, W. N.
Elgee, Major J. W. L.
Eliot, Lieut. H. S. (r.a.)
Eliot, Lieut. Neville (r.g.a.) ...
Tunggyi, S. Shan
States.
Dhar, C. I.
Bombay.
Kohat.
Nazira, Sibsagar,
Assam.
Quetta.
Bombay.
Poona.
Mhow, C. I.
Bangalore.
Wazirabad, Punjab.
Madras.
Dibrugarh, Assam.
Rangoon.
Europe.
Cuttack.
Lansdown.
Bombay.
Bharatpur.
Bombay.
Europe.
Europe.
Bombay.
Europe.
Kapurthala.
Calcutta.
Buldana, Berar.
Rangoon.
Calcutta.
Dera Ismail
Khan.
Europe.
Secunderabad.
Keng Tung, S.
Shan States.
Poona.
Simla.
Silchar, Cachar.
Bahubor, Sibsagar,
Assam.
Bombay.
Majulighur, Assam.
Thayetmyo, Burma.
Quetta.
Quetta.
LIST OF MEMBERS.
xm
Elles, Lieut. H. J. (r.e.)
Elliot, Lieut. 0.
Elliot, Major W. H. W. (f.l.s., I.M.S.)
Elliott, A. (c.i.e.) ...
Elliott, 0. F. (i.f.s.)
Ellis, E. V. (B.F.S.)
Ellis, R. H. (i.c.s.) ...
Elmes, F. R.
Elwes, H. J. (f.r.s.)
Emanuel, A. E. L. (i.c.s.)
English, A. E. (i.c.s.) ... ,
Enthoven, R. E. (i.c.s.)
Evans, Vety .-Major G. H. (f.l.s.)
Evans, Lt. W. fl. (r.e,)
... Roorkee.
... Rangoon.
... Simla.
... Europe.
... Mombassa, East
Africa.
... Toungoo, L. Burma.
... Chittor, N. Arcot.
... Lakhimpur, Assam.
... Europe.
... Sholapur.
... Bassein, Burma.
... Europe.
,.. Rangoon.
... Jubbulpore, C. P.
Fagan, Capt. E. A. ...
Fagan, H. R.
Falkiner, Dr. J. M. ...
Farrel, R. C. (i.f.s.)...
Farrington, H. A. (i.f.s.)
Fayrer, Capt. F. D. S. (i.M.S.)
Fearon, H.
Fenton, Lt.-Col. L. L.
Ferguson, H. S. (f.z.s., f.l.s.)
Ferris, Lt.-Col. W. B,
Few, H. W.
Field, Frank
Finlay, C. K.
Fischer, C. E. C. (i.f.s.)
Fisher, C. P.
Fisher, W. F. D. (i.f.s.)
Fitz-Gerald, Col. H. S.
Fitz-Gibbon, P. J. ...
Fletcher, F.
Forbes, Capt. A. H. M.
Forbes, A. W.
Forbes, C. H. B. ... ... ...
Forbes, Major G. F. R.
Forbes, J. D.
Forbes-Sempill, The Hon'ble R. A.
Forel, Monsieur Auguste (Hon. Correspg. Member). Europe.
Forster, T. W. (b.f.s.) ... ... ... Pyinmana, U
Burma.
Forsyth, Dr. W. ... ... ... ... Calcutta.
5
... Meerut.
,.. Rangoon.
... Dibrugarh, Assam.
... Secunderabad.
... Jalpaiguri, Bengal.
... Europe.
... Coconada,Godavari
District.
... Wad h wan Camp,
Kathiawar.
... Europe.
... Kolhapore.
... Monywa,U. Burma.
... Gaya.
... Rangoon.
... Coimbatore.
.-. ISTagpur, C. P.
... Bandra.
... Europe.
... Belgaum.
... Poona.
... Bareilly.
... Secunderabad.
... Bombay.
... Europe.
... Jubbulpore, C. P.
... Rangoon.
nv
LIST OF MEMBERS.
Foster, Capt. R. B. B. (i.m.s.)
Foster, R. Guy
Foulkes, George F. F. (i.f.s.)
Foulkes, Capt. H. D.
Foulkes, R.
Foulkes, Capt. T. H. (i.m.s.) (Life Member)
Fountouklis, E.
Fox, Col. H. C. (r.e.)
Fraser, Capt. H. A. D. (r.e.)...
Fraser, The Hon'ble Mr. S. M. (i.c.s., c.i.e.)
Frenchman, Lt.-CoL E. P. (i.m.s.)
Friedlander and Son, Messrs. R.
Fuller, Dr. Chas. A.
Fulton, Hon'ble Mr. E. M. (i.c.s., c.s.i.)
Fulton, Capt. H. T. (d.s.o.) (Life Member)
Fulton, Lt.-Col. R.
Frv J F
Fyson, Prof. P. F.
Gale, Capt. E. S. ... ... ...
Galloway, R.
Gamble, J. S. (f.l.s.)
Gammie, Prof. G. A.
Garrett, H. B. G. (s.f.s.)
vjaye, vv. \j. ... ... ...
George, C. P. ... ... ...
Gerhardt, Paul
Ghosal, J. (i.c.s.) ...
Gibbs, H. M.
Gilbert, C. E. L. (i.f.s.)
Gilbert, Reg. (f.z.s.)
Gilbert-Cooper, W. J. (i.f.s.)...
VTllJL, i.1. ••• ••• ... ••)
Gillum, S. J. ... ... ...
Gimlette, Lt.-Col. G. H. D. (c.i.e., i.m.s.)
Gladstone, H. S. (f.z.s.)
Glaeser, John
Glascock, L. C. ...
Glazebrook, N. S. ...
Gleadow, F. (f.r.m.s., i.f.s.) ...
Gloster, Capt. J. H. (i.m.s.) ...
Godden, A. L.
Godfrey, G. C.
... Secunderabad,
Deccan.
... Sallebile P. 0.,
Kadur District.
... Coconada,Godaveri
District.
... Europe.
... Russellkonda, Gan-
jam District.
... Chingleput, Madras
Presidency.
... Europe.
... Dharwar.
... Dehra Dun.
... Bangalore.
... Rangoon, Burma,
... Europe.
... Cawnpore.
... Bombay.
... Fategarh.
... Europe.
... Pare!, Bombay.
... Madras.
... Aijal, Lnshai Hills.
... Secunderabad,
... Europe.
... Poona.
... Moulmein, Burma.
... Secunderabad.
... Secunderabad.
... Karli, G. I. P. Ry.
... Europe.
... Satara.
... Dhulia.
... Bombay.
... Moulmein.
... Bombay.
... Bombay,
... Hyderabad, Deccan.
... Europe.
... Bombay.
... Europe.
... Bombay.
... Bandra.
... Amritsar Dist.
... Fezpur, Assam.
... Europe.
LTST OF .MEMBERS.
xv
God win- Austin, H. ...
• ••
Gonsalves, Dr. J. F.
• ••
Gordon, D. M.
• ••
Gore, F. C.
• ••
Gore, Col. St. G. C. (r.e.)
• ••
Gossage, T. N.
• ♦•
Gough, Major C. ...
• • •
Gover, A. A.
• ••
Graham, Lt. B. C. ...
Graham, C. E. R. (i.c.s.)
Graham, D. N.
Graham, J. A.
Graham, L. (i.c.s.) ..
Graham, Capt. R. B.
Grant, C. F. (i.c.s.)...
Grant, John F.
Gray, Chas.
Gray, P. B.
Greany, Surgeon-Genl. J. P. (i.M.S.)
Greaves, S. E. ... ...
Green, E. Ernest (f.e.s.)
Gregerson, Dr. J. D.
Greig, Joseph
Griffith, Capt. R. H. (r.f.a.)...
Griffiths, V. M. (p.w.d.)
Gronvold, H.
Grubbe, Major E. A.
... Amroati, Berar.
... Bandra.
... Keng Tung, S. Shan
States.
... Sibsagar, Assam.
... Eur ape.
... Maskeliya, Ceylon.
... Babugarh, U. P.
... Koraput, Vizagapa-
tam District.
... Dharamsala, Pun-
jab.
... Mundla, C. P.
... Bombay.
... Mercara, Coorg.
... Dharwar.
... Rangoon.
... Rangoon.
... Europe.
... Coonoor.
... Bombay.
... Bombay.
... Bombay.
... Ceylon.
... Jaipur, Assam*
... Cachar.
... Kirkee.
... Nasik.
... Europe.
... Europe.
Habibuddin, S. (n.c.s.)
Haeberle, Curt, (i.f.s.)
Haigh, P. B. (i.c.s.)
Hale, Major C. H. (r.a.m.c.) ...
Hall, William
Hamerton, Capt. A. E. (r.a.m.c.)
Hamilton, J. D. (b.F.S.)
Hampson, Sir George F. (Bart.) (f.l.s., f.e.s.)
Hankey, A. A.
Hankin, A. C. (c.l.E.)
Hannyngton, W. 0.
Hanson, C. 0. (i.f.s.)
Harcourt, Capt. J. S. M.
Hardy, A. W.
Harington, Capt. H. H.
Harington, Lt.-Col. V. (i.m.s.)
... Hyderabad,Deccan;
... Qtiilon.
... Karwar.
... Rangoon.
... Ahmedabad.
... Ferozepore,Punjab.
... Rangoon.
... Europe.
... Colombo.
... Hyderabad ,Deccan.-
... Shwebo, Burma.
... Europe.
... Dehra Dun, U. P.
... Talup, Assam.
... Rangoon, Burma.
... Jodhpur.
xn
LIST OF 31 EMBERS.
Harper, E. W. (f.z.s.)
Harris, Major E. W.
Harris, Lt. 0. (r.h.a.)
Harrison, A. J.
Harrison, Capt. G. B. (i.M.S.)...
Hart, E. H. .«.
Harter, R. W.
Harvey, Capt. W. F. (i.m.s.)
Harvey, W. L. (i.c.s.)
Harwood, Lieut.-Col. J. G. (r.a.m.c.)
Haslope, Rev. L. M.
Hasted, Capt. A. W.
Hasted, H. R. G. ...
Hasted, W. A.
Hatch, Major A. E.
Hatch, G. W. (i.c.s.)
Hatchell, D. G.
Hate, Vinayek N. ...
Haughton, Samuel (c.c.s.)
Hauxwell, T. A. (i.f.s.)
Hawkins, A. B.
Haydea, H. H.
Hearsey, Mrs. L. D.
Hearsey, T. N. (i.f.s.)
... Europe.
... Vizagapatam.
... Rawal Pindi.
... Lakhimpur, Assam.
... Madura, S. India,
... Lanowli.
... Bombay.
... Kasauli, Punjab.
... Calcutta.
... Europe,
... Poona.
,.. Kasauli.
,.. Europe.
... Tinnevelly District.
... Europe.
... Kaira.
... Europe.
,.. Bombay.
... Europe.
... Maymyo, Burma.
.. Calcutta.
.. Calcutta.
.. Lakhimpur, Kheri,
Oudh.
... Kollegal, N. Coim-
batore District.
Europe.
Heath, R. H. (c.e.)
Heeckerenz, Baron Von (Hon. Corrpg. Member)... Java.
Henderson, Capt. R. R. ... ... ... Sialkot.
Hendley, Lt.-Col. H. (i.m.s.)... ... ... Amritsar.
Herbert, Major H. (i.m.s.) ... ... ... Bombay.
Hertz, W. A. ... ... ... ... Myitkyina, U.
Burma.
HeseltiDe, Lt. J. E. N. ... ... ... Raniket.
Heygate, Major bl. H. G. (d.S.O.) ... ... Europe.
Hichens, G. W. ... ... ... ... Rangoon.
Hickman, R. St. J. ... ... ... Europe.
Hicks, E. ... , ... ... ... Derrang, Assam.
Hide, P. (Life Member) ... ... ... Rajkote.
High Range Natural History Society, The President Aneimudi, Munaar
P.O.
Hill, Claude H. (i.c.s., c.i.e.)...
Hill, Lieut. R. D. 0. (Life Member)
Hill-Trevor, Hon'ble A. E. ...
Hine-Haycock, A. L.
Hodgkinson, Capt. C.
Hodgkinson, Col. H.
Hodgson, C. P.
... Europe.
... Dehra Dun, U. P.
... Bombay.
... Colombo, Ceylon.
... Lucknow.
... Europe.
... Ootacamuud.
LIST OF MEMBERS.
XTU
Hoghton, Major F. A.
Hojel, Major J. G. (i.m.s.) ...
Holbrooke, Capt. B. F. R. ...
Hole, R. S. ( i.f.s.) ...
Holme, H. B. (i.c.s.)
Holyoak, Bernard ...
Home, Lt. J. E.
Hoosein Belgrami, The Hon'ble Mr.
Imud-ul-Mulk Babadoor ...
Hooton, Capt. A. (i.m.s.)
Hope, A. J. R.
Hopwood, J. C.
Hornidge, S.
Hoskyn, Major C. R. (r.e.) ...
Hotson, J. E. B. (i.c.s.)
Howell, E. B.
Howlett, Col. A. (i.s.c.)
Hudson, Major C. T. (i.m.s.) ...
Hudson, C. VV. M. (i.c.s.)
Hudson, Lt. P.
Huggins, J. R.
Hulbert, Major J. G. (i.m.s.)
Hume, H. R. (d.s.p.)
Humphrey, J.
Humphrys, Lieut. F. H.
Hunt, C. B. Holman...
Hunt, Dr. E. H. ...
Hutchinson, Lt. C. G.
Hutchinson, F. G.
Hutchinson, F. T.
Hyde-Cates, Lt.-Col. G. E. ...
Hyam, Judah (g.b.v.c, F.z.s.) (Life
... Saugor, C. P.
... Bombay.
... ... Poona.
... Jubbulpore, C. P.
... Thayetmyo, Burma.
... Bombay.
... Rawal Pindi.
Syed Nawab
... Hyderabad,Deccan.
... Europe.
... Shwebo, Burma.
... Rangoon.
... Europe.
... Bombay.
... Rajkote,Kathiawar.
... Nanking, China.
... Europe.
... Nasik.
... Dharwar.
... Nasirabad.
... Koraput.
... Shahjahanpur, U.P.
... Ahmedabad.
... Bombay.
... Peshawar.
... Ceylon.
... Secunderabad.
... Europe.
... Uran.
... Nasik.
... Sawantwady.
Member) ... Pusa, Bengal.
Iohalkaranji, The Hon'ble Narayenrao Govind, alias
Babasaheb Ghorpade, Chief of (Life Member) ... Kolhapur.
Ilbert, L. G. ... ... ... ... Sibsagar, Assam.
Imray, Robt. S. ... ... ... ... Peermaad, Travan*
core.
Indore, H.H. the Maharaja Tukuji Rao, Holkar of
(Life Member) ... ... ... ... Indore.
Inglis, Chas. M. (Life Member) ... ... Durbhanga.
Inverarity, J. D. (b.a., ll.b.) (Life Member) ... Bombay.
Ireland, S. G. deC. (i.c.s.) ... ... ... Dehra Dun, U. P.
I vena, J. H. (p.w.d.) ... ... ... Agra.
Jackson, Mrs. F. E....
Jackson, Major J. (i.m.s.)
... Gauhati, Assam.
... Poona.
xvm
LIST OF MEMBERS.
Jacob, W. R. Le Grand (i.f.s.) ... ... Rajabhatkhawar
E. B. S. Ry.
James, Major C. H. (i.m.s.) ... ... ... Patiala, Punjab.
Jamkhandi, Shrimant Parashram Ramchandra Pat-
wardhan, The Chief of (Life Member)... ... Kolhapore.
Jamsetji, M. Doctor ... ... ... Bombay.
Janjira, H. H. Sir Sidi Ahmed Khan (k.c.i.e.)
Nawab of (Life Member)
Jardine, A. J. A. (d.s.p.)
Jardine, E. R.
Jardine, M. R.
Jardine, W. F.
Jayakar, Lt.-Col. A. S. G. (i.m.s.)
Jellett, H, H.
Jencken, Lt.-Col. F. J. (r.a.m.c.)
Jenkins, S. E. F. (i.f.s.)
Jennings, Major W. E. (i.m.s.)
Jermyn, Lt.-Col. T.
Jesse, William
Jevvett, Miss L.
John, H. 0. (c.e.) ..,
Johnson, S. M.
Johnstone, J. W. D.
Joll, Lieut. H. H. (r.f.a.)
Jones, Major F. W. C. (r.a.m.c.)
Jones, Major J. Lloyd (i.m.s.)
Jones, Capt. M. D. Goring ...
Jones, T. M.
Jones, W. Harvey ...
Jowitt, John F.
Joyce, S. ... ...
Jukes, J. E. C. (i.c.s.)
Julius, Capt. S. de V. A.
... Janjira.
... Rangoon, Burma;
... Europe.
... Bombay.
... Karwar.
... Bandra.
... Khargpur, Madras
Presidency.
... Deolali.
... Loilem, S. Shan
States, Burma.
... Poona.
... Saugor, C. P.
... Meerut.
... Dhubri, Assam.
... Europe.
... Cawnpore.
... Gwalior, C. I.
... Ahmednagar.
... Nasirabad.
... Bombay.
... Nagpur, C. P.
... Rangoon.
... Bombay.
... Bandarwella,
Ceylon.
... Bombay.
... Broach.
... Deolali.
Kagal, Meherban Piraji Rao Bapu Saheb Ghote,
Chief of
Karachi, The Curator, Victoria Museum
Kasauli, The Secretary, Kasauli Club ...
Kearns, A. S. ... ... ...
Keary, Lt.-Col. H. D. ...
Keddie, D. L. Honinelongyee
Keighly, Lt. H. D. S.
Kellie, Col. R. H. ...
Kelly, B. P.
... Kagal, S. M. C.
... Karachi, Sind.
... Kasauli.
... Negapatam.
... Europe.
... Papan, Burma.
... Myitkyina, Burma.
... Europe,
... Mansi, Banmant
Katha, Burma.
LIST OF MEMBERS.
six
Kelly, Capt. C. R. (r.q.a.) ...
Kelsall, Capt. H. J. (r.a.)
Kemball, H. V. (c.e.)
Kemp, Capt. D. C. (i.m.s.)
Kemp, N. W.
Kendall, C. H. B. (i.c.s.)
Kendall, Capt. C. J. (r.i.m.) ...
Kennedy, R. M. (i.c.s.) ...
Kenny, S. D. (i.f.s.)
Kenyon, James
Ker, L. B. ... ... ...
Kergarion, Comte de
Kerkhoven, E. J. (Hon. Correspg. Member)
Kerr, Dr. A. F. G....
Kerr, H. R. ...
Kettlewell, Lieut. H. W.
Keys, H. W. (i.f.s.)
Keys, Capt. W. D. A. (i.m.s.)
Khan, Muncherji Frainji (Life Member)
Khareghat, M. P. (i.c.s.)
Kilby, R. G. (i.c.s.)
Kilkelly, Major P. P. (i.m.s.)
Kinloch, A. M.
Kirkpatrick, TV. McColin
Kirtikar, Lt.-Col. K. R. (i.m.s.) ... ■<.«
Knox, Major A. R. (r.f.a.) ...
Knyvett, W. A. ... ... ... .„
Kolhapur, H.H. the Maharaja Sir Shahu, Chhatra
pati (g. c.s.i, g.c.v.o.) (Life Member) ...
Kotah, H.H. the Maharaja Umed Sing, Bahadoor
(k.c.s.1.) (Life Member)
Kotewal, A. B. ... ... ... ,.,
Kunwar Kushal Pal Singh ...
Kohat.
Hongkong.
Bombay.
Europe.
Bombay.
Allahabad, U. P.
Europe.
Ahmedabad.
Europe.
Karachi.
Bombay.
Paris.
Java.
, Chiengmai, Siam.
. Sinbo, Burma.
. Fyzabad, Oudh.
, Europe.
, Bombay.
, Colombo, Ceylon.
. Dharwar.
. Riinohi.
. Alwar.
. Kil-Kotagiri,
Nilgiris.
, Delhi.
» Andheri, Tha n a
District.
. Jubbulpore, C. P.
, Gaya, Bengal.
Kolhapur.
Kotah.
Bombay.
Rais Kotila, Agra
District.
Lace, John H. (i.f.s., f.l.s.) ...
Lahore Zoo, The President, Committee
Management
Laird-MacGregor, E. G. L. (i.c.s.)
Lamb, Capt. Geo. (i.m.s.)
Lamb, R.A. (i.c.s., c.i.e.) (Life Member)
Lamington, H. E. Lord (g.c.m.g., g.c.i.e.)
Land Records and Agriculture, The Director of
Lane, Capt. W. H.
Lang, Capt. C. F. G.
Lawrie, A. S. (p.w.d.) ...
... Rangoon.
of
... Lahore.
... Karwar.
... Bombay.
... Calcutta.
... Bombay.
... Poona.
... Kalemyo,U.Burma.
... Madras.
... Tinnevelly District.
XX
LIST OF MEMBERS.
■ •«
• ••
• • •
Lee, Capt. A. W. H.
Lees, D. H. (Life Member)
Leeson, G. W.
Leete, F. A. (f.c.h., i.f.s.)
Lefroy, H. M. (m.a., f.b.s., f.z.s.)
Le Mesurier, H. P. (c.B.)
Lennox, Lt. G. M. ,».
Leslie, A. K.
Leslie, Major G. A. (r.e.)
Lester, Major C. D. ...
Lethbridge, Capt. W. (i.M.S.)...
Light, Lt.-Col. R. H.
Light, Oapt. W. A.
Lightfoot, S. St. 0.
Lincoln, Capt. C. H. (i.m.s.) ...
Lindley, E. S. (c.e.)
Linnell, Fred.
Liston, Capt. W. G. ( I.M.S.) ...
Little, F. D.
Lloyd, Col. 0. E. P. (v.c, r.a.m.c.)
Loam, Mathew
Lock, Capt. F. R. E. (i.s.c.) ...
Lodge, G. E.
Logan, A. C. (i.c.s.)
Logan Home, Lt. G. R. S. ...
Long, G. R. (i.f.s.) (Life Member)
Long, H. W. (r.a.m.c.)
Longden, C. 0.
Lory, F. B. P. (m.a.)
Loudon, Major J. A.
Lovegrove, W. H. (i.F.S.)
Lowndes, G. R.
Lowrie, A. E. (i.f.s.)
Luard, E. S.
Lucknow, The Curator & Sec, Provincial
Lumley, Major F. D.
Lumsden, 0. F. (i.c.s.)
Lushington, R. H. ... ...
Lyall, Lt. R. A.
Lyell, Lt. A. G.
Lynch, C. B.
Lyon, G. R. (c.E.) ...
• • •
•••
• t •
• ••
• ••
... Lansdowne, U. P.
... Tezpur, Assam.
... Goalundo, E. B. S.
Ry.
... Minbn, Burma.
... Pusa, Bengal.
... Calcutta.
... Lashio, N. Shan
States.
... Bombay.
... Kirkee.
... Fort Sandeman.
... Muscat
... Europe.
... Europe.
... Taunggyi, U.
Burma.
... Bombay.
... Raipur, C. P.
... Rangoon.
... Parel.
... Banmauk P. 0.,
Katha, U. Burma.
... Ootacamund.
... Berhampur.
... Mhow, C. I.
... Europe.
... Poona
... Deesa.
... Tunggyi, U.
Burma.
... Jullundur.
... Palamcottah, Mad-
ras Presidency.
... Poona.
... Aurungabad.
... Naini Tal.
... Bombay.
... Raipur, C. P.
... Europe.
Museum Lucknow.
... Europe.
... Jhelum, Punjab.
... Vizagapatam.
... Europe,
... Europe,
... Europe.
.». Manora, Karachi*
LIST OF MEMBERS.
xx i
Macaulay, L. A. ... ...
Macaulay, R. H.
MacDonald, Dr. D. (Life Member)
MacDonald, J.
MacDonald, K. C. (d.s.p.)
MacGregor, Lieut. R. D. (i.m.s.)
MacLeod, Capt. E. C, (i.m.s.)
MacMillan, D. A. ...
Mackay, C. J.
Mackenzie, Major A. F.
Mackenzie, Colin A.
Mackenzie, Kenneth ...
Mackenzie, Lt. K. L. W.
Mackenzie, M. D. ...
Mackenzie, M. M. ...
Mackie, A. W. W. (i.c.s.)
Mackinnon, P. W. (f.e.s.)
Mackwood, F. M. ...
Maclaren, J. Malcolm (f.g.s.)
Macleod, Norman A.
Macleod, N. C.
Macnaghten, H. W. P.
Macpherson, John ...
Macpherson, Col. T. R. M.
Mactaggart, H. B.
00 — 7 — _. ... —
Madras, The Professor of Zoology, Madras Chris
.. Bombay.
... Europe.
... Europe.
... Bombay.
... Pokukku, Burma.
... Bombay.
... Gauhati, Assam.
... Iveonjhar, Orissa.
... Mozufferpur.
... Poona.
... Ootacamund.
... Kurnool, Madras.
... Fyzabad.
... Hyderabad, Sind.
... $aran, Bengal.
... Belgaum.
... Mussoorie.
... Colombo.
... Calcutta.
... Europe.
... Bombay.
.„. Bombay.
... Europe.
... Europe.
... Negapatam.
tian College
Madras, The Principal, Medical College
Madras, The Principal, Presidency College
Madras, The Librarian, Govt. Central Museum
Magrath, Major H. A. F.
Mahal uxmiwalla, CD.
Mahomedbhoy Currimbhoy Ebrahim ...
JAJ.UJ.jl j A« !«> ••« • * * •••
Maitland, Lt.-Ool. C. B. (i.m.s.)
Major, Capt, F. F. ...
Malcolm, T.
Mallins, Col. C. (i.m.s.)
Manders, Major N. (r.a.m.c, f.z.s., f.e.s.)
Mandlik, Narayan V. (Life Member)
Mann, H. H.
Manners-Smith, Major J. (v.c, c.i.e.) ...
Manson, Lieut. B. E. A.
Manson, C, E. F. „.. ... ...
Marjoribanks, G. (l.F.8.)
Marryat, A.
Marsden, E.
Marshall, Arch. McL. (Life Member)
6
... Madras.
,.. Madras.
... Madras.
... Madras.
... Kohat.
... Bombay,
... Bombay.
... Europe.
... Europe.
... Poona.
... Rajainundry,
... Europe.
... Mauritius.
... Bombay.
... Calcutta.
... Nepal.
... Europe.
.,. Rangoon.
... Belgaum.
... Bombay.
... Bombay.
... Europe*.
ZJEli
LIST OF MEMBERS.
Marshall, D.
Marshal], J. MoL. (Life Member)
Marshall, Capt. T. E. (r.a.) ...
Marten, James
Martin, Lieut.-Coi. Gerald (Life Member)
Martin, L. K.
Masani, A. M. (Life Member) ...
Masson, The Hon'ble Sir I>. P. (kt., c.i.e.)
Masson, W. P.
Massy, Major H. S.
Maxwell, F. D.
Maxwell, W.
Maxwell, Lt. W. F. (r.e.)
May, Lt. H. S. (r.e.)
Mayer, G. A.
«
Mayne, Capt. H. B. (r.g.a.) ...
McCarrison, D. L. (d.s.p.) ...
McCormack, R. B.
McDonough, A.
McDougall, E. (d.s.p.)
McGlashan, John (c.e.)
Mcintosh, Alex, (c.e.)
Mcintosh, R. (i.f.s.) ...
McKay, Lt.-Col. H. K. (i.m.s.)
McKearon, R. G. (m.a., i.c.s.)
McKendrick, Capt. A. G. (i.m.s.)
McKenna, J. (i.c.s.)
McKenna, Lieut. J. C.
McKenzie, Alex,
McLaughlin, Lt. H. D.
MoLeod, Major-Genl. D. J. S. (c.b., d.s.o.)
McMahon, Col. Sir A. H. (c.i.e., c.s.l)...
McMullen, Dr. G. C.
McNeill, J. (t.c.s.) ...
McPherson, Lieut. J. (i.m.s.)...
Mead, Capt. H. R. ...
Mead, P. J. (i.c.s.) ...
Meade, Col. M. J. (c.i.e.)
Hears, Capt. A. (i.a.)
... Pamaru, Nellore
District.
... Europe.
... Europe.
... DehraDun,N.-W.P.
... Europe.
... Buldana.
... Baroda.
... Lahore.
... Darjeeling.
... Europe.
... Maubin, Burma.
... Moran P. 0., Sibsa-
gar, Assam.
... Kirkee.
... Camp via B a nn u,
N.- W.Frontier.
... Parlakimedi, Gan-
jam District.
... Bhadarwa P. 0.?
Jammu State.
... Europe.
... Cuddapah, Madras
Presidency.
... Cocanada, Godavari
District.
... Murree, Punjab.
... Sandoway, Burma.
... Calcutta.
... Quilon, Travancore,
... Europe.
... Calcutta.
... Rangoon.
... Kasauli, Punjab.
... Bassein, Burma.
... Manipur, Assam.
... Bombay.
.., Abbottabad.
... Maymyo, Burma.
... Europe.
... Kotri, Sind.
... Poona.
... Bombay.
... Nasirabad.
... Ahmedabad.
... Baroda.
... Calcutta,
LIST OF MEMBERS.
ZX.IU
Meinertzhagen, Lieut. R.
Menon, K. G.
Merewether, Major H. D.
Merwanji Pallonji Talati
Mess President, 29th Lancers...
Mess President, 34th Battery, R. F. A. ...
Mess President, 38th C. 1. Horse
Bless President, 44th Merwara Infantry-
Mess President, ] 10th Mahratha L. Infantry
Mess President, 130th Baluchis
Mess President, R.A.
Mess President, South Wales Borderers
Messent, P. G. (c.E.)
Metcalfe, T.J
Metge, Lt. R.
Meyer, Major C. H. L. (i.m.s.)
Meyer, Dr. F. A, ...
Meyer, 0.
Meyrick, E. (f.r.s.)....
Millard, W. S. (F.z.s.) (Life Member) ...
Miller, G. A.
Millett, G. P. (i.f.s.)
Mills, J. D. (Life Member) ...
Milne, Major C. J. Robertson (i.m.s.) ...
Miuniken, G. G. (i.f.s.)
Miraj, Shrimant Gungadharrao Ganesh, alias
saheb Patwardhan, Chief of (Life Member)
Mitchell, J. 0. H. ...
Mitchell, Dr. W. ...
Moberly, Mrs. B. M.
Mockler, Major G. fe\
Modi, Bomanji Edulji
Moggridge, C. B. ...
Molesworth, W. G.
Moller, F. A.
Mollison, J.
Monte, Mrs. Cecilia de (l.m. & s.)
Monte, Dr. D. A. de (l.m. & s.)
Monteath, G. (i.c.s.)
Monteath, J. (i.e. s.)
Montresor, Capt. L. B. (r.F.A.)
Moore, T. D.
Moore, T. ... ... ...
Moore, W. (f.i.c.) ...
Morgan, F. E.
... Mombassa.
... Trichor, Cochin.
... Palanpur.
... China.
... Sirur, Poona Di3t.
... Europe .
... Goona, C. I.
... Ajiner.
... Poona.
... Hyderabad, Sind.
... Roorkee.
... Karachi.
... Bombay.
... Rangoon.
... Quetta.
... Bombay.
... Bombay.
... Bombay.
... Euroj)e,
... Bombay.
... Darjeeling.
... Europe.
... Europe.
... Lanore.
... Simla.
Baba-
... Miraj.
t>f Derrang, Halem
P. 0., Assam.
... Europe.
... Hyderabad, Deccac«
... Deolali.
... Kaira.
... Rangoon.
... Waltair.
... Darjeeling.
... Nagpur, C P.
... Bombay.
... Bandora.
... Bombay.
... Dharwar,
... Trimulgherry.
... Bombay.
... Russelkonda, Gan-
jam Districi
... Dibrugarh.
... Pamuru, Nellore
District.
2317
LIST OF MEMBERS,
Morgan, V. G. (i.f.s.)
Morgan, W. de (c.e.)
Morison, W. T. (i.c.s.)
Morris, Capt. A. H. (r.a.m.c.)
Morris, Capt. D. 0.
Morris, G. C.
Morris, Capt. G. M.
Moscardi, E. H. (i.c.s.)
Mosse, Lt. A. H. E. (i.s.c.) ...
Mowbray, G. B. De...
Mowbray, Lt. J. L. (r.f.a.) ...
Moylan, W.
Mud hoi, Shriinant Malojirao Rage Gh-orpade,
... Mundla, C. P,
... Europe.
... Snrat.
... Bombay.
... Amraoti, Berar.
... Ceylon.
... Secunderabad,
Deccan,
... Europe.
... Aden.
... Ceylon.
... Barrackpore.
... Calcutta.
Chief of
Mullalay, C. (i.c.s.)...
Miiller, Professor 0. V.
Mullins, Lt.-Col. W. B.
Mumford, E. G. (d.s.p.)
Mumford, J.
Mundy, N. S.
Munna Lai, Dr.
Murray, S. B. (p.w.d.)
Muspratt, E. (d.s.p.) (Life Member)
Muspratt, Major F. C.
... Mudhol, S. M. C,
... Ootacamund.
... Bombay.
... Dehra Ismail Khan,
... Maubin, Burma.
... Bombay.
... Dibru^arh, Assam.
... Ballia, N.-W.P.
... Ootacamund.
... Europe.
... Shau-h a i-K wan,
N. China.
Mysore, The Superintendent, Mysore Government
Museum ... .. ... ... Bangalore.
Mysore, H.H. the Maharaja Krishna Raj Woodayar
Bahadoor of, (Life Member) ...
Nagpur, The Curator, Central Museum...
Nangle, H. C.
Nangle, Capt. K. E. ...
Nangle, Capt. M. C.
Napier, A. G. F.
Naranji Dwarkadas (Life Member)
Narasiah, C. V.
... Mysore.
... Nagpur.
... Kayuktang, Burma,
... Secunderabad, Dec^-
can.
... Bhamo, Burma.
... Jacobabady Sind.
... Bombay.
... Coimbatore, Madras
Presidency.
... Bombay.
... Bhopal, C. I.
Narrotumdas Morarji Goculdass (Life Member)
Nasrnlla Khan; H. H. Nawab Mahomed
Navanagar, H.H. Maharaja Shri Jaswat Singji, the
Jam Saheb of (Life Member) ... ... Rajkote.
Newill, T. N. C. ... i«« ... ... Europe.
Newnham, Major A. (f.z.S.) ... ... ... Lucknow.
Nicholson, E. F. ... ... ... ... Bombay,
Nicholson, Capt. W. C. .„ ... ... Vizianagram,
LIST OF MEMBERS.
xrr
• ••
Nigel- Jones, M. E. ...
Nisbet, J. E. S.
Nisbett, Capt. W. G.
North, Julian
Norvill, Dr. T. H. (m.d.)
Nurse, Major C. G. (f.e.s.) (Life Member)
Nurse, Capt. H. H.
Nuttall, W. M.
Oakden, R. M. (i.c.s.)
Oukes, M. L. (d.s.p.)
Oates, E. W. (Hon. Correspg. Member)
O'Brien, Capt. Edward
Ogilvie, A. W. (i.f.s.)
Ogilvie, Major E. C. (r.e.)
Okeden, W. P.
Oldham, Capt. L. W. S. (r.e.)
Oliver, A. K.
Oliver, J. W. (i.f.s.)
Olivier, Lt.-Col. H.D. (r.e., f.z.s.) (Life Member)... Bombay.
... Dibrugarh, Assam.
... Pynmana, Burma.
... Rangoon, Burma.
c. Calcutta.
... Lakhimpur.
... Europe.
... Aden.
... Dibrugarh, Assam.
... Ballia, U. P.
... Gonda, Oudh.
... Europe.
... Aden.
... Faknamps, Siam.
... Poona.
... Rangoon.
... Europe.
... Bombay.
... Europe.
...
...
Ollivant, Capt. A. H.
Opiumwalla, Dorab E.
Orr, Capt. H. M. C.
Orr, J. P. (i.c.s.)
Osborn, Lt.-Genl. W.
Osmaston, B. B. (i.f.s.)
Osmaston, L. S. (i.f.s.)
Oxley, Lt. J. C. S. (i.m.s.)
Ozzard, Major F. R. (i.m.s.) ...
Packard, Capt. H. N. (r.a.)...
Page, W. G.
Page, W. T. (f.z.s.)
Pallant, Lieut. !S. L. (r.A.M.c)
Pam, Albert
Panton, A.
Parasu Ramdas Patro, A. (b.A.)
Parrington, Lt. J. W. (r.a.) ...
Parsons, H. J.
Partridge, E. A. ...
Partridge, Henry (Life Member)
Pasco, J. Harding ...
Pasteur Institute of India, The Director
... Europe.
... Bombay.
... Tr imulgherry,
Deccan.
... Ahmednagar.
... N a g g a r Kullu,
Kangra District.
... Port Blair.
... Nasik.
... Seoni, Chappara.
... Tongshan, N.
China.
... Naini Tal.
... Poona.
... Europe.
... Jubbulpore, C. P.
... Europe.
... Bombay.
... Berhampur.
... Hyderabad, Sind.
... Europe.
... Secu n derabad,
Deccan.
... Pyinmana, Burma.
... K u 1 1 a Kambay,
Nilgiris.
... Kasauli, Punjab.
xxvi
LIST OF MEMBERS.
Patterson, Dr. R. L.
Pattern, Lt. W . S. (i.M.S.)
Pa walla, Jamsetji C.
Payn, Capt. W. A. ...
Pearce, Capt. C. R. (i.M.S.) ...
Pearless, S. H.
Pearse, Lt. G.
Pearson, R. S. (i.f.s.)
Pechey-Phipson, Mrs. (m.d.) ...
Peiniger, W. G.
Peirce, H. B.
Penno, Dr. F. L. (m.r.c.s, l.r.c.p.)
Perreau, Capt. G. A.
Perrot, Lt. H. S. (r.g.a.)
Pershouse, Lt. S. ...
Pestonji Jivanji (n.c.s.) (Life Member) ...
Peters, Lt.-Col. C. T.
Petit, Bomanji Dinshaw (Life Member) ...
Petit, Dhunjibhoy Bomanji (Life Member)
Petit, Jehangir Bomanji (Life Member) ...
Petrie, Dr. G. F. ...
Phear, G. A. (p.w.d.)
Phillott, Col. D. C. ...
.Phipson, H. M. (cm.z.s.) (Life Member)
Pilcher, Major A. J. (r.e.) ...
Pilcher, Col. J. G. (i.M.S.) ...
.tile, J. ... •• ••• •••
Pinhey, Major A. F. (c.i.e.) ...
Pink, M. F. L. ... ... ...
Pocock, Capt. P. F.
Polwhele, A. C. (c.b.)
Poncins, Baron Edmond de (Life Member)
Porch, Capt. C. P. ...
Porteous, Lt. D. M.
Pottinger, Lieut. J. A.
Praed, Lt. G. A. M.
Prain, Major D. (i.m.s.)
Prall, Major S. E. (i.m.s.) ...
Pratt, F. G. (i.c.s.)...
Pre3cott, Lieut. C. W. ...
Preston, F. J.
Price, Sir Fred.
Prichard, G. M. ... ...
Prideaux, G. W. B.
Priestley, Capt. C. E. N.
... Sibsagar, Assam.
... Madras.
... Bombay.
... Deolali.
... Maymyo, Burma.
... Ceylon.
... Agar, Malwa.
... Godhra.
... Nasik.
... Chiengmai, via
Moulmein.
... Bombay.
... Bombay.
... Bakloh, Punjab.
... Europe.
... MUdelburg, Trans-
vaal.
... Hyderabad, D.
... Dinajpur.
... Bombay.
... Bombay.
... Bombay.
... Parel.
... Nagpore, C. P.
... Kerman, Persia.
... Bombay.
... Murree, Punjab.
... Europe.
... Se c u n d e r aba d,
Deccan.
... Oodeypur.
... Dehra Dun.
... Aden.
... Agra.
... Europe.
... Ranikhet.
... Poona.
... Wellington.
... Dinapore.
... Europe.
... Aden.
... Godhra.
... Banu, Punjab.
... Bombay.
... Ootacamund.
... Ramtek, C. P.
... Taunggyi, Burma.
... Belgaum.
LIST OF MEMBERS.
xxvii
• ••
900 .
• ••
• «•
• ••
• ••
Primrose, Alex. M.
Prior, Lt.-Col. W.
Proctor, H. E.
Purkis, H. V.
Purshotumdas Visram Mosji ...
Raby-Noble, W.
Raikes, E. B., Hon'ble Mr. ...
Rajkumar College, the Principal
Ranger, G. 0.
Rattray, Lt.-Col. R. H.
Ravenshaw, Lt.-Col. C. W. (Life Member)
Rawlins, Major G. W.
Ready, Capt. B. T. ...
Readymoney, N. J.
Rebello, Revd. Joao
jtees, xi. \j» ... ... ...
xvoes, vv . -Ej. ... ... ...
Reeve, J. L.
Reeve, R.
Reid, Cecil H. (i.c.s.)
Reid, M. F. (c.i.e.)...
Reid, W. J. (i.c.s.) ...
Rendall, H. I), (i.c.s.)
Rennie, Thos. (i.C.v.D.) ... ...
Reynolds, L. W. (i.c.s.)
Reynolds, P. (c.e.) ...
Rhe-Philipe, G. W. V. de
Rhenius, C. E.
Rhodes, T. M.
Rice, Lieut. B. A. ...
Richardson, Cecil ...
Richardson, Lt. G. G.
Richardson, H. L. ...
Richardson, Lt.-Col. W. St. John
Richmond, R. D. (i.F.s.)
Ritchie, Capt. C. Mel. (r.h.a.)
Ritchie, F.
Roberts, Lieut. A. S. B.
Roberts, Major M. B. ( Life Member) ...
Robertson, B. (i.c.s., c.i.e.)
Robertson, Col. Sir D. (k.c.s.i.)
... Tanarhat P. O.
Gauripur, Assam.
... Ranchi.
... Bombay.
... Tissa, P. 0., Churns
ba State.
... Bombay.
... Behali P.O., Assam.
... Bombay.
... Rajkoto.
... Calcutta.
... Fort Munro, Dehra
Gazi Khan,
... Europe.
... Poona.
... Quetta.
... Bombay.
... Margoa, Goa.
... Pegu, Burma.
... Gay a, Bengal.
... Cawnpore.
... Bombay.
... Calcutta.
... Bombay.
... Kohima, Assam.
... Rajkote.
... Rangoon.
... Indore, C. I.
... Europe.
... Bombay.
... Cuddalore, S. Arcot
District.
... Dilwa, P a 1 w a 9
P. 0., Gaya DisL
... Nigeria.
... Ajmer.
... Karachi.
... Bombay.
... Rawal Pindi.
... Palamcotta, Madras
Presidency.
... Rawal Pindi.
... Bombay.
... Minbu, Burma.
... Chitral.
... Nagpur, C. P.
.,. Europe*
XSV1U
LIST OF MEMBERS.
Robertson, J. H. (i.c.s.)
Robertson, L. (i.c.s.)
Robinson, H. K. (i.f.s.)
Robinson, John, J....
Rodger, A. (i.f.s.) ...
Rodon, Major G. S. (f.z.s.)
Rogers, C. G. (i.f.s.)
Rogers, Henry (m.r.c.v.s.)
Rogers, J. B. L.
Rogers, Rev. K. St. A.
Romilly, A. G. (o.e.)
Ross, Major, Tyrell (Life Member)
Routh, R. S.
Row, Dr. R. (m.d.)
Rowland, Dr. S.
Ruddle, W. H.
Russell, J. B.
Russell, Hon'ble Mr. Justice L. P.
Ryan, G. M. (i.f.s.)...
Rylands, H. R.
Ryves, A. E.
Sale, Edward L. (i.c.s.)
Salkeld, Lt. R. E.
Salmon, Lt. W. H. B.
Saone, G. Prier De
Sassoon, Mrs. S. D.
Saunders, Capt. F. W. (r.b.) ...
Savile, L. H.
Schlatter, Lt.-Col. P. (c.b.) ...
Scindia, H. H. the Maharaja Madho Rao
Member)
Scot, J. S. (i.f.s.) ...
Scotson, J. T. (i.c.s.)
Scott, Edmund
Scott, Capt. G. B. ...
bcott, G. C ... ... ...
Scott, J. (m.i.c.e.) ...
Scovell, C. E. ... ... .,.
Scroggie, Capt. W. R. J. (i.m.s.)
Scroope, H. W. P. (i.c.s.)
... Mangalore.
... Calcutta.
... Darjeeling.
... Ceylon.
... Thayetmyo, Burma.
... Dharwar.
... Port Blair.
... Europe.
... Bombay.
... Mombassa, South
Africa.
... Bezwada, Madras
Presidency.
... Dinaporo.
... Chittagong.
... Bombay.
... Parel.
... Secundrabad.
... Hanbalu, Mysore.
... Bombay.
... Poona.
... Bombay.
... Allahabad.
... Larkhana, Sind.
..t Mombassa, East
Africa.
... Bolarum.
... Bombay.
... Bombay.
... Bombay.
... Bombay.
... Rangoon.
(Life
... Gwalior.
... Nandyal, Kurnool
District
... Bombay.
... Ceylon.
... Multan.
... Ceylon.
... Calcutta.
... Loilem, S. Shan
States.
... Fort Lockhart,
Samana, N.W.F.P.
... Agartola Hill,
Tippera, Bengal.
LIST OF MEMBERS.
XXIX
Seal, Dr. C. E. B. ...
Seaiy, Capt. A. E. ...
Sears, R. H. (c.e.) ... ...
Seervai, Dr. Rustom F.
Selous, Capt. R.
Service, Geo.
Seton-Karr, H. W. (Life Member)
Sewell, J. H. ... ...
Sharp, Professor W. H.
Shaw, Lt. W. S. J.
Shipp, W. E.
Shortland, 0. V. N. (a.m.i.c.e.)
Shoubridge, H. 0. B. (c.e.) ...
Shuttleworth, Capt. A. R. B.
Sikes, F. ...
Silvester, Dr. C. E. ...
Simcox, A. H. A. (i.c.s.)
Simcox, Lt. C. T.
Simpson, J. Hope (i.c.s.)
Simson, Lt. R. ... ...
Sind Club, The Hony. Secretary
Sitwell, Capt. N. S. H. (r.a.) ...
Skey, Capt. F. E. G. (r.e.) ...
Skipwith, Capt. J. W. (r.e.)...
Slade, H. (i.f.s.)
Sladen, J. (i.c.s.)
Sladen, Dr. R. J. L.
Slater, E. M.
Slater, J. Sanders ...
Smales, Chas. B. (i.f.s.)
Smith, Capt. F. A. (i.m.s.)
Smith, Lt. H. H.
Smith, Major 0. A.
Souter, C. A. (i.c.s.)
Span, Capt. H. J. B.
Sparke, W.
Spence, J. R. ... ...
Spence, L. H. (d.s.p.)
Spence, R. A.
Spooner, T. J. (c.e.) (Life Member)
Stables, Major Alex, (r.a.m.c.)
Standen, B. (i.c.s.) .«.
Stanton, W. C.
7
... Darjeoling.
... Bakloh, Punjab.
... Babnisal, via
Ranigang.
... Bombay.
... Mhow, C. I.
... Bombay.
... Europe.
.... Rangoon, Burma.
... Bombay.
... Rajkote.
... Bombay.
... Chakradharpur,
Bengal.
... Nasik.
... Rawal Pindi.
... Europe.
... Kajaldhara P. 0.y
S. Sylhet.
... Poona.
... Ranikhet.
... Naini Tal.
... Umballa.
... Karachi.
... Dum Dum.
... Jamaica.
... Kirkee.
... Maymyo, Burma.
... Bombay.
... Igatpuri.
... Europe.
... Bombay.
... Katha, Upper
Burma.
... Ulwar.
... Cawnpore.
... Mooltan.
... Masulipatam,
Madras.
... Quetta.
... Rnngoon, Burma.
... Bombay.
... Poona.
... Bombay.
... Gadag, S. M. Ry.
... Karachi.
... Betul, C. P.
... Golakganj, E.B.Ry.
XXX
LIST OF MEMBERS.
Staples, E. W. H. (c.b.)
Stebbing, E. P. (i.f.s., f.l.s., f.b.s.)
Steel, Sergeant-Instructor Ales.
Steel, Lt. D. (i.m.s.)
Stehelen, A.
Steiner, E.
Stephens, L. B.
Stericker, Staff' Surgeon W. (r.n.)
Stevens, Herbert ...
Stewart, Capt. G. H. (i.M.s.) ...
Stewart, J. Lee
Stewart, R. B. (i.c.s.)
Stigand, Lt. C. H. ...
Stirling, G. C. B. ...
*&>
Stockley, Lt. J. P. ..
Stoney, R. F. ...
Storey, Thos. H.
Story, S. S.
Stowell, 0. H.
String fellow, H. P. ...
Strong, F. W. (i.c.s.)
Stuart, Capt. A. G. ...
Stuart, C. J. ... ...
Stuart, G. A. D.
Stuart, J. D.
Stuart, Major J. R. (r.a.m.c.)
Sturrock, Capt. G. 0. (r.A.) „..
Subramanian, V. (m.a.)
Sulivan, Col. G. D. F.
Summers, Thos. (c.e.)
Surveyor, Dr. N. F. (m.d.)
Swan, Capt. C. T. ...
Swan, H. H.
Swayne, Herbert (Life Member)
Swinhoe, Col. C.
Swiahoe, KG J. ...
Sykes, C. M. (c.e.),..
Sykes, M. G. (i.c.s.)
Symes, W. C.
Symington, J. H. ...
Symons, Lieut. H. (r.g.a..)
Ty.gart, Major H. A. L. (d.s.o.)
«. • •
• ••
... Dum Dam,,
... Dehra Dun.
... Bolarum.
... Calcutta.
... Falam, Chin Hills;
... Bombay.
... Karachi.
... Europe.
... Lakhimpur, Assam.
... Falam, Chin Hills.
... Bilur, Mysore.
... Poona.
... Europe.
... Lashio, N. Shan
States.
... Kherwara, R a j -
putana.
... Bezwada.
... Oodeypur.
... Bombay.
.., Bombay.
... Bombay.
... Shillong, Assam.-
... Calcutta.
... Nellore.
... Pollachi, Coim-
batore District.
... Mandalay, Burma.
... Europe.
... Wellington.
... Denkanikota, Salem
District.
... Bombay.
... Karachi.
... Bombay.
... Ootacamund.
... Europe.
... Europe.
... Europe.
... Mandalay. Burma.
... Jamnagar.
... Gudur, Madras
Presidency.
... Bombay.
... Bombay.
... Saugor, C. P,
... Meerut.
LIST OF MEMBERS.
xxx i
Talbot, W. A. (i.f.s.) ... ... ... Belgaum.
Tambe, Dr. Gopal Ramchandra, (m.a.,b.sc.,l. m.& s.) Indore, C. I.
Tanner, Capt. C. 0. 0. ... ... ... Quetta.
Tata, Dorabji J. (Life Member) ... ... Bombay.
Taylor, James H. ... ... ... ... Europe.
Tejpal, Goverdhundas Goculdas (Life Member) ... Bombay.
Temulji B. Nariman, Dr. . ... ... Bombay.
Tenasserim Agri-Horticultural Society, The Hono-
rary Secretary of the
Tbanawala, Y. D. (m.a.)
Thompson, H. N. (f.z.s., i.f.s.)
Thompson, R. C. (i.f.s)
Thompson, R. H. E. (i.f.s.) ...
Thompson, St. C. ...
Thomson, Major D. B.
Thorburn, F. Seymour
Thornhill, Col. H. B.
Thornton, H. A. (i.c.s.)
Thorpe, Lt. L. L. G. (r.a.m.c.)
Tibbs, Rev. P. G. ...
Tilly, T. H. (Life Member) ...
Tinley, Col. G. F. N.
Tinne, P. (i.f.s.)
Tipper, G. H.
Tod, Ales. M.
Todd-Naylor, H. P. (i.c.s., c.i.e.)
Tomkins, Capt. E. L. (r.a.)
Tomkins, S.
Tooth, E. E.
Toppin, Lt. S. M. (r.g.a.)
Tottenham, W. F. L. (i.f.s.) ...
Townsend, Major E. C. (i.s.c.)
Traill, W. H.
Travancore, H. H. The Maharaja Sultan Rama
Raja Bahadoor (g.c.s.i., g.c.i.e.) (Life Member). Trivandrum.
Travers, 0. H. ... ... ... ... Madras.
Trench, G. C. (i.c.s.) ... ... ... Nagpur, C. P.
Trevor, Col. F. W. (r.a.m.c.) ... ... ... Poona.
Trivandrum, Hon. Sec, Government Museum and
... Moulmein.
... Bombay.
... Taunggyi, Burma.
... Bangkok, Siam.
... Dehra Dun.
... Lucknow.
... Bombay.
... Lakhimpur.
... Simla.
... Pyapan, L. Burma.
... Aden.
... Deolali.
... Mingin, Burma.
... Meerut.
... Kalimpong, L.
Burma.
... Calcutta.
... Bombay.
... Meiktila, Burma.
... Europe.
... Allahabad.
... Poona.
... Abbottabad.
... Rangoon.
... Mandalay.
... Bombay.
Public Gardens
Trotter, E. W.
Troup, N. F. T.
Truninger, L.
Turner, Capt. C. H....
Twaedie, Lt. J. L.
Twiss, Lt. A. M. (r.b.)
... Trivandrum.
... Bangkok, Siam.
... Kousanie P. 0.,
Almora.
.,. Calcutta.
... Mandalay.
... Omballa.
... Kirkee.
XXXII
LIST OF MEMBERS.
Tyler, H. H. F. M. (i.c.s.) ...
• ••
... Bhadrachalam,
Godavari Dist.
Tytler, Capt. H. C. ...
• ••
... Agra.
Ulwar, H.H. Maharaja Sawai Jey
Singh Bahadoor
(Life Member)
• ••
.. Rajput an a.
Unwalla, J. N. (Life Member]...
• ••
.. Bhavnagar.
Valentine, Capt. A. L.
• ••
... Europe.
Vanrenen, D. H.
• ••
,., Lyallpur, Punjab.
Vans-Agnew, Major F. (r.a.)
■ ••
... Quetta.
Vaughan, J. P. (i.o.s.)
« ••
,.. Hyderabad, Sind.
Vaughan, W.
»•• (
... Cejdon.
Venour, Major W. E.
• • •
.. Peshawar.
Vernon, H. A. B. (i.c.s.)
• ••
... Madras.
Verrieres, G. C. (p.w.d.)
• ••
,.. Fyzabad, Oudh.
Viccaji, Framji R. (Life Member)
• • j
.. Bombay.
Vidal, G. W.
• • • 4
.. Europe.
Vincent, W. H. H. (i.c.s.) ...
*•• ■
.. Ranchi, Chota Nag-
Vithuldas Damodhar Thakersey, The Hon'ble Mr..
pur.
.. Bombay.
Wadeson, Major F. W. G. ...
• • • ■
.. Fort Sandeman.
Wadia, Sorab P. N.
• • * 1
.. Bombay.
Walker, Capt. G. K. (a.v.d.)...
• •• ■
.. Lahore.
Walker, Capt. W. B. (r.a.) ...
• • • ■
.. Bombay.
Walker, J. S. E. ...
• • • *
.. Purnahia, B.
Wall, Capt. F. (i.m.s., c.m.z.s.)
• • • i
.. Fyzabad.
Wallace, John (c.e.)
• • •
.. Bombay.
Wallace, ft. ... ...
• • •
.. Rangoon.
Wallace, W. V. (i.c.s.)
• • • 4
.. Myingyan, Burma.
Wallinger, W. A. ...
• •• 1
.. Alibag.
Walsh, E. P. (i.c.s.)
• ••
... Penukonda, Madras
Presidency.
Walter, F. (i.f.s.) ...
• •• 1
.. Rangoon.
Walton, Capt. H. J. (i.m.s.) ...
• ••
.. Europe.
Wapshare, G.
• • •
.. Ootacamund.
Ward, Col. A. E. ...
• ••
.. Srinagar, Kashmir.
Ward, Capt. C. H.
• ♦ ♦ 4
... Malakand.
Wasey, G. K.
• •• i
,., Europe,
Waterfield, E. H. (i.c.s.)
• ••
... Dhulia.
Watkius> C. R.
• ••
... Pyinmana, Burma.
Watson, Capt. H. D.
• ••
... Dehra Dun.
Watson, H. R.
• ••
... Secunderabad.
Watson, H. W. A. (i.f.s.)
• • •
... Taungoo, Burma.
Watson, Lt.-Col. J. (r.a.m.c.)
• ••
... Europe.
Watson, Capt. John C.
• •• *
.. Europe.
Watson, Capt. J. W. (i.m.s.) ...
• • •
.. Turbat-i-Hy d e r i,
Persia.
LIST OF MEMBERS.
xxxm
Watson, L. P. ... ... ...
Watson, Capt. T. E. (i.m.S.) ...
Watson, A\r. M.
Watts, Capt. G. A. R.
Watts, Lt. N. H. L.
Webb, M. (i.c.s.) ...
Weldon, VV. L.
Wells-Cole, Major H.
Wenden, H. (c.e., c.i.e.)
Westropp, A. S. A. (i.c.s.)
Whately, Richard ...
Whiffin, F. D
Whitcombe, Capt. E. G. R. (i.m.s.)
White, C. W.
White, Lt. A. W. ...
White, G. H,
White, W. P.
Whitehead, Lt. C. H. T.
Whitehouse, Langford.
Whiting, J. E. (c,e.)
Whittall, Major F. V.
Whittell, Lt. H. M.
Whitworth, G. C. (i.c.s.) (Life Member)...
Whymper, S. L. ... ... ...
Whyte, Lt.-Col. C. W. F. ...
Wickham, P. F. (c.e.)
Wickwar, 0. S. ..
Wiles, G. (i.c.s.)
Wileman, A. E. (H. B. M. Consul)
Wilkinson, Major E. (i.m.s.) ...
Wilkinson, W. A. ...
Williams, A. (i.c.s.)
Williams, Capt. C. E. (i.m.s.)
Williamson, K. B. ...
Williamson, W. J. F.
Willis, R. A.
Willock, Lieut. A. (r.i.m.) ...
Wilson, A. R.
Wilson, E.
Wilson, Comdr. N. F. T. (r.i.m.)
Wilson, R. A. (i.c.s.)
Wilson, W. G.
Wintersoale, J. C. ...
Witham, Dr. E. Wells (m.d.)...
Witt, D. 0. (i.f.s.) ...
Wolf-Murray, F. D. 0. (i.c.s.)
Wood, C. W. (c.e.) ...
• ••
... Cawnpore.
... Kurnool.
... Bombay.
... Lahore.
... Rangoon.
... Dharwar.
... Bombay.
... Europe.
... Bombay.
... Surat.
... Phulera, R.-M. Ry.
... Rourkela, B.-N. Ry.
... Europe.
... Bombay.
... Karachi.
... Bhnsawal.
... Mimdla, C. P.
... Kohat.
... Pank, Burma.
... Bombay.
... Europe.
... Solon.
... Europe.
... Jeolikote, U. P.
... Fort Sandeman.
... Pakoku, Burma.
... Europe.
... Godhra.
... Auping, South For-
mosa, China.
... Simla.
... Madras.
... Qnetta.
... Rangoon.
... Jabalpore, C. P.
... Bangkok, Siam.
... Bombay.
... Port Blair.
... Binsur, Almora.
... Dehra Dun, CJ. P.
... Bombay.
... Nagpur.
... Bombay.
... Karangan, Kedah.
... Europe.
... Bangkok, Siam.
... Europe.
... Calicut, Malabar.
XXX1T
LIST OF MEMBERS.
Wood, Lt. H. (r.e.)
Wood, R. B. (i.c.s.)
Wood, S. A. (i.f.s.)
Woods, Vernon (c.E.)
Wooster, W. G.
Worlledge, Lt. N. A.
White, Major E. H. (i.M.s.) ...
Wright, F. A. (c.e.)
Wright, H.
Wright, H. C.
Wright, R. R.
Wright, Dr. VV. B....
Wroughton, R. 0. (Life Member)
Yates, Lieut. R. J. B.
Yeatman, Lieut. M. E.
Yeo, Edwin W.
Yerbury, Coi. J. W. (r.a.) (Life Member)
Young, E. H.
Young, Major F. DeB.
Young, Lt. G. G. (i.m.s.)
Young, John
Young, L. C. H. (b.a., f.e.s., f.z.s.)
Young, Lieut. M. ...
Young, Lt. M. J. D.
Young, W. E.
Yule, Lt. R. A.
... Amraoti, Berar.
... Kaira.
... Loilem, S. Shan
States.
... Europe.
... Yawng Hvve, S.
Shan States.
... Mauritius.
... Madras.
... Howrah, Bengal.
... Peradeniya, Ceylon.
... Bombay.
... Bombay.
... Lakhimpur, Assam.
... Europe.
... Kohat.
... Karachi.
... Karachi.
... Europe.
... Ajmer.
„v Poorja.
... Europe.
... Europe,
... Bombay.
... Mhow.
... Aurungabad.
... Karachi.
... Mount Abu, Rajpu-
tana.
XXXV
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LIBRARY -jo
Abagrotis
Abisara
Ableptarus
abusalam
abutilon
abyssorum ...
Acacia ...
Acalla ... ...
Aoalypha ...
Acanthaceje
Acanthis
Acanthodactylua
Acanthopneuste
Acanthopsyche...
acanthopterygi
Acanthosaura ...
Acanthus
acceptabilis
accipiter
Accipiter 59, 73,
Accipitres
accipitrinu8
acclivis
accurata
tlCOtl ... • • •
acetosellsa
achoetinus
acida ... 558,
Aclis ... ...
acmella
Acontianse
Acontias ...
Acrides
Acridiura
Acridotheres 49,
Acrocephalus ...
acrochlora
acrcea... ...
Aeronycta
Acronyctinre ...
acronyctvides ...
Actseon
Actebia
actKUS
8
PAGE
• • • • » • ••• / J.O
• •• ••• ••* fO
• •• • • • ••• * — 0
783, 7S6
• •« •«« ... i'l
• •• ••• Hi). .jO-j
172,475
• as ••• • •• OOO
• • • ••• •• • IO v
479, 644
• •• ••• ••• Do
• •• • « • ••• i Z T
101, 397, 425, 426, 661
193, 400
• •• ••• •••lOa.
235, 724, 726
479, 644, 645, 653
■ • • ••• ••• I 10
106, 107, 165, 494, 511
59, 164
• • . a • • . » • 1 i" i •
• * • ••• ••■ iOO
• «• •• • ••• 4oJ
• ■• ••• ••• •)O0
••• ■•• 716
680, 635
644, 645,650, 651, 654
• •• • •• • • • «-J 1 J
• •• >■• ttl 111
291, 402, 440
• •• •• • mm» I *J\J
• • » •• t*« TOO
157, 369, 398
70, 101, 364, 427, 489
70, 101, 479
• t* •■• ••• ouu
285, 288, 684
276, 277, 402, 440
• •• ••• • •• J- * ' T
230
• ■ • ••• ••• I 1 O
147
Actinodura
Actoeopyramis ...
anuleata
acuminata
acuta ...
acutangula
acutangulus ...
acuticauda
acutipennis
acutus
Acymba
adalia
adaucta
Adelphagrotis ...
Adelura
Adeorbis
Adiantum ...
Adisura
admirandum ...
adnata ...
Adonidum
Adulatrix
Acdon
iEdonia
iEgialitis
.<Egic«ras
iEgifchaliscus ...
iEgithina
asgocephala
Aegocera
segrota
asnea
requata ...
iErua
ieruginosus
iEsalon
iEschymanthus
iEsopus
sestiva ...
^Ethalida
jetheria
iEthiopsar
affictitia... ...
affine ••• ...
PAGE
••• ... ... 100
217, 218, 233
173, 558
475
64, 147, 148, 498, 698
*• • « • • •*• TlO
• •• .*. • •• T i 'X
• •• « t • ■■ • 1 Uo
• ■• * 9 a ••• J i'i)
• ■ • •»* ••« -J .'_J
• a • « • 4 •• • «J UO
• •• ••• ••• i J O
• •• • •• ••• 7l4
• tl • B • ■•• I 1 4
51, 428
96, 233
• • • ••■ ••• ioJ
442,449,451
• •• ••• ■ •• Aoi.
••• ... 68. 69
••• ••• 0 • • i -J *
436
• •a ••• ••* OOO
••a ■ « ■ •• • y o
8,109, 496,516,694
...644, 645,652,053
...46, 99, 422
100, 486
• •• ••• ■•• XOo
436, 438, 439
••• ••* ••■ Xiy
2, 100
aa a •• a «ii «J 1 O
•■• *•• •■• 4/9
... ... 165, 505
101, 494
••• •*. ,-. 622
• •• • • a ... J^O
• • • ••• ••« *j .*
• •• a i a 9« » *J JL "i
■»• ... t». &Oij
101, 427, 741
#■♦ ••• J OOy XOO
... a*. •«• 4JL V
XXXV111
INDEX,
afflnis
africana
agallocha
Agama ...
AgamidsB
Agamura
aganopis
Agarista
Agaristidfe
ager ...
Ageratum
aggregata
agricola
Agronoma
Agropsar
Agrotinae
Agrotis ...
Ailanthns
akool ...
Ala
Alactaga
AlsemoQ
alatus ...
Alauda ...
alaudariua
Alaudidsa
alba
albescens
albicaudata
albicilia1
Albicinctus
albicollis
albicornis
albicristatus
albidisca
albifrontalis
albifrontata
albigena
albiginea
albimaculata
albinota
albinyra
albipennis
albirena...
albirostris
albistrida
albivitta
Albizzia...
PAGE
1,12,101,102, 104,105,487,
490, 493, 515, 526, 761
407,108
645, 653
... ... 186,724,726
«■* • •• *•• ••• • '->«'
■•« *•• • • • •••/JO
• •• ••• ••• »a«LUO
### ••• ... • •• *oo
• •• ••• ••• ••• 4uO
• » - ... ••• ••• *■"• '
»•• •*• • •• *•• 4/1
• *• •■• ••• ••• 4 1 o
••• *•• ••• ••• 40o
454
• •• • •« «r» ••• T^*^
49,529
440,441
441, 442,455, 460,701,710,
713,714
1 79
• •• »•• «»• ••• i » -j
• •• ••• ••• *•• -."o
• ■• ... ••• »«• T*tO
• •• ••• ••• ••• ***ju
530, 68S
• •■ ••• • •• • < . OO I
56, 72, 490, 729
107,166,529,663
56,103
15, 55, 110, 208, 216, 477, 497,
644, 762
• •• ••• ••• •• • <j / o
, 102, 153
78,88,439,448,450
, 166,741
102,110
... ... ... 208
107, 183, 663
!•• ••• *•• »*• *JOv'
• • «•• • * • • • • 1 U jJ
154,427,489
109, 497, 580
■ c •• • ••• ••• J ■ »-' O
• • ••• ••* •»• iuitJ
,«• • •• ••• !•• J3UU
• • ••• ••• • •• DO 4
18,111,498,699.703,707
• •• ••■ ••• ••• a iv
• • • •• « « . • «■• la
■ ■• •• • ••• • * — i ' '
• •• ••• • •• • •» T.O«
172, 475, 620
albizzie...
albociDctus
albofasciatus ...
albolabus
albolineata ...
albomarginata...
albomarginatus
albopunctatus ..
albovittata
albus
Alcedinidse
Alcedo ...
alchata ...
alcbymisia
Aicippe ...
alecto ■ ...
Alectropodes ..
Alectryon ..,
Aleo^omus
Aleurodidaa
alexandrim
algeriensis
alhagi ...
alienata
Alismaceaa
alismoides
almana ...
Aloa
Alope
Alpenus ,
Alphoea
alpina ,
alpinus ,
Alsecmax
Alsopbylax
Alstonia ,
til l>i\ •>• • « • i
altkosa
Alucita
Alysicarpus
amandava
amara ... ...
Amaranthacese...
Amaranthus ..
Amaryllidse
Amathes
Amatissa ..,
amatrix
amatum ..
Amaurorais ..,
Ambarsis... •
PAG A
608
... 16$, 186
724
... ... 553
... ... ItJ
... • . . 4 i>o
147-8
■ •• ••■ iJDv
• •• • -. *50 I
368,418,419
105
105,492,689
... 188, 396
• •• *j-jIj jp)J
... 100, 396
... 143, 145
.. 3, 61, 107
... 219, 233
••• ••• O
*• • ••• 0*1 /
...8,109,496
729
*•* >•• 1 / O
••• ••• 4oU
481
480
••• ••• o / o
• •• ••• *j0"s
... 212,213
204
... 204, 212
••• ••• j uy
• • • •• • iO
...50,102,489
• •• •• • I ^O
... 477, 520
••• ••• &ZZ
• »• ••• 4:0
• •• ••• OoJ
• • • ••• 4 i O
71, 103
• •• « • . J 1 O
• •• . * . "I t *?
479
480
705
400
■-> • • ••• 400
19, 20
5, 6, 108, 495
INDEX,
XXXIX
ambigua
AmblicephaluB...
amboinensis
amentacea ...
americana
amherstias ...
Ammagrotis
Ammania
ammanicides ...
Ammoconia ...
Ammomanes ...
Ammoperdix ...
Ammophila
Amoeba
amoenum
Amorphococcus
Amorpbophallus
Ampelideas
ampelinus
Amphipyra
Amphisile
Atnphissa
amphitrites
amphora
Arnphoritis
Ampulex
Amsasta
amurensis
Anryna
anaastheta
auamallayana ...
anamallensis ...
Anarsia
Anas ... ...
Anastomus
Anatidae . ...
AnatiDas
Aucara
Ancistrodon ...
atidamanense ...
Hudamanica
andamanicus ...
Andana
andersoni
Aadrographis ...
Aneilema
Anerasttinaj ...
angliua
anguiua
angustata ...
PAGE
••• •*• ••• 4oy
••• ••• 335, 336
480
• • • •• • ••■ *r t 'i
• •• ••• • »• jl'l
512, 530, 753
••• ••• ••• /J.U
• •• ••« ••• 4(0
• •a •«• ••• 4 i 4
• « • • ■ « • •• I ID
103,689
108,602
• •* •• • • »• *j O
• •• ••• • • ■ OO I
417,418
••• •• • •*■ OtX
• •• »•• ••• tM
• a* ■•• • • • 4 / 4
• •■ ■■• ••• 1 UU
••■ • •• ••• Zl o
318, 329, 331
• •• ••• •• . Z 1 1
225, 227, 233
• »• ♦♦♦ •• - 4 O &
661, 662
• •• ••• ••• OoU
203, 210
455, 494
... ... 284, 286
110, 630
• • • ••» ••• / *j*r
• •• ••* ••• I jO
• •• tu ••••),',)
64, 71, 41, 498, 525,
529, 697
15, 110, 497
• •• ••• •••111
... 18,64, 111, 470
276, 283
••• ... 181, 536
••• ••• *•• / ij<)
• ■• ••• ••*■ Dj J.
• •• ••• ••• dO&
204
235, 757
479
481
• *• ••• •• • iUO
12, 497, 696
476, 481
481
angustifolia ..
angustirostris ..
Anisodactyli ..
annellarium ...
annularis
annul if era
annulirostris ..
anoedina
anomalus
Anopheles
Anorthosia
Anser
Anseres
Anserinse
Antennarius ..
antennata
anthelminticum
Antherae
Antbias
Anthocoma
Anthogramma ..
Anthracoceros ..
Anthralina ..
Anthropoides ..
Anthus ...
anticrates
antigone
Antllope
Antiochtha
Aonidia
Aonidiella
aonidiformis
Apatura
apetala ...
Aphelinas
Aphirlaj...
Aphnasus
aphylla
apiasier...
apicalia
apicata ...
apicicaudata
A pi das ...
Apis
Apistus ...
Apl aster
Aplecta ...
Apocynaceas
Apogon
Apogonithys
Appias ...
PAGB
... 478, 480
... 367, 698
... 57, 104
88, 232
• • • •• • OQ\J
••• ••• JiOi
• •• *•• 2os
... 286, 684
327, 331,332
237, 270, 625
600
32, 64, 498, 697
18,64, 111
•»• ••• 64
• • • ••• OOM.
215, 287, 288
••• ••• 476
129
... 329, 330
... ... 605
... ... ... 603
. ... ... ... 72
• ... ... ••• 669
... ... 673
...56,72,103,490,515,750
• • • ••> «e» ••• bli
108, 515
361, 742
••• ••• ••• ••• 5 Jo
437-8, 356
• "• ••• ••• ••• o4x
• •* ••• ••• ••• rfol
81, 574
644-5, 650, 651
• ■• • •• •>• » a * - 1 .iO
125, 682, 684
76, 720
«•• ••• ••• ■ •• L i it
™ 105, 749
••■ ••• ••• Jin, *4uO
• •• ••• ••• . • . J J 4
• •• ♦•• *•• . • • 1 U 4
123,665,685
175, 665,671,673,675,685
• •• ••• *>•# ••• ooL
• •• ••• ••• •• • O i
• •• «■•• ■•• • •• 4 X I
'•. ••• ••• ••« 4 / J
319,321,330,303
* a ■ •>• • • • O L -1 , it *\ >y
• •• ••. ••• ic't 0-1 * *-X
xl
INDEX.
approximans ...
aprobola
Apsarasa
apus ^.. ...
Aquila
aquila
arabica
arabiensis
Aracbnechthra ...
Aracbnotbera ...
Arachnotberinaj
araiata...
arborea
Arboricola
arbustorum
Archimaga ...
Arctia
Arctiadse
Arctinse
Arctinira
Arctioneura ...
ArctomyB
arctus ...
arcuata ...
arcuaturn
Ardea... 15,33,34,
Ardeidse
Ardeola
ardeola
Ardetta
Ardices
OXCiliS .#• • • •
arenarius
argentata
argentauris
argentescens ...
Argenfcifera
argentisparsalis
arginalia
argunda
argua ...
Argyia
Argynnis
argyropastus ...
ATCfoS *• • •••
arianus
ariel
arifoHa
aristif era .. -
Aristolochia ...
aristolochite ...
PAGE
... ... ... loo
... 583
... ... ... uvi.
156, 662
• •a ••• lOO. 1 0 '
172,329
626, 633, 635, 637
104,490,621,761
104
• •• ••• ••• 1 U4
• »« ••• ••• Q&u
• *>o ••• ••• oyo
... •••> ••• 108
26
608, 609
203,214,215
••• ••• ••• JUJ
204
91 3
... ... ' • • — J o
3t".0, 397
746
• •* ••• ••• 10
• •• ••• •••J. oO
63, 110, 160, 497, 696
15,63,110
16,110,497
,. 109
... 17, 110, 397, 696
212,213,216
... 181, 188,691,726
... 100
41 o
... ... • » • r JL p
150
• a. ... a • a> ~t I * O
• •• * • • ••• j['j
495,525
99, 685
574, 675
• • * •■• •«• Oj J
• •* *• a ••« jit)
... 359, 762
••a ••• «*a X.O
•• • ••• ••• 'ib-i
456
• ■• «•• ■■• /-J 1
••• aa. •«• 721
Arius
ail KlIX •• • •• t
armata
armigera
arnensis
Aroa
Aroidese
arquata... ...
Anhopala
arsius ...
Artaminaa
Artamus
Artasca-
artaroides
articulata
articulatum
Aitocarpqs
arvensis
Asaphis
&S6l» •• • *••
*isn.c* »• • .»•
asiatica... 4,
asiaticum
asiaticus 52, 105,
AsclepiadaceiB...
Asilidse
Asio
Asionidae
askoldensis
aspalathoides ...
aspera ...
aspersa ... ...
aspersata
Aspidiotua
Aspidopteris ...
Aspila ...
assamensis
assimilis
assulta
ASuD.Lil> ■ o a •• •
asteroides
asthinatica
astreas ... . ...
Afctur... ...
Asura.-.
Asystasia ...
Atalantia
atalantise
atcbinsoni ...
iA GCIIlI ••• •• a
ater •• ...
••■ •••
PAGE
... 761
... 377
... 726
... 445
188, 762
152, 198
* » a •••
••• aaa
... 481'
.9,496, 694
... 78
101
101,488
200, 204
448, 450
• •• *•• •■. 1 l o
. • • ••• ' I . ill'
340, 352
56, 729
• • • •• • aaa 4 * (J
••• ■•■ ••• I o
... 16, 33, 34, 110
104,490,495, 528,761
• •• ••• . a . *1 O '
110, 390,497, 498, 526
99 • ••» • *• "I * •'
• • . ••• ••> DU A
*•• •• • * a a 1 . ' O
... ... 53, 106
• •■ »aa a** I'll
aa • aaa .a . l/O
346,473,726
• •• ••• ..•'ill
• •• a.* • * . J 4 O
...3^0,346,349,356
• *• ... aaa l I ±
• •• ••• ••• 4io
*• • •• • ... 1 •> 1
114,133,116
444, 445
• aa aaa ... _ ■ '< )
• ■• aaa ... 4. i i
• aa a a ••• 4 / O
... ••• ••• -J 1 ■ '
... 107,165, 494,621
152, 435
479
• a a aaa 999 • ' • i X
... ... 350, 356
**• ... aaa £0 1
• a a ••• ••• • O
... 48,100,364,486
INDEX.
xli
Athene ... 10o,
Atlanxerus
atlites ... •••
atia ... •••
Atractaspis
atrata ...
atresceM
atricapilla
atriceps
atridorsalis ...
atrigularis
atrovirens
attenuata
Atys
Auchnis
audax
augur
aulicus ...181,187,
aurantiaca
aurautiacus
auranttii
auratitius
aureola ...
aureolatus
aureolum
aureus ...
auriceps
auricilia
Auriculata
aurifera
aurigera
aurita
auritus
auroviridis ...
austeni...
australinda
australis ...
autadelpha
auxiliaris
aversa ...
Avicennia
Avicula
avita ...
avocetta... ...
axillare...
axillaris
Axiopana
Axiopcsna
axiotinus
Axylia
* • • • •
• • * • ■ •
PAGE
U3, 493, 51^,529,691
576, 579, 720
... 62, 108, 495, 693
... ... 534
102, 489
• •• •■• ••• flOO
• M ••• • • • J UtJ
46, 54, 70, 99, 421, 485
... 406
51, 108, 744
282,717
»•• ••• ••• i01
231,244
•■■ ••• ••• Wt'U
224,233
••• •■• ••• 702
188, 293, 313, 387, 759
m* ■•• • • • *i O 1
• •• »•• ••• DOu
314, 344
104, 491, 614
447, 448
*•• ••• • *• DO*
• a* ••■ ■• • I Uj
• •• •>• •••/ *j>.)
57, 660
• • • •• • ••• 4:UO
474, 477
••• ••• ••• 14 c*
••• ••• ••■ fcOu
... 6,108,495,525
• •• »*>* ••• O Oi'
• *• ■•■ •• • JoU
• •• ••• !*• lOl
• •• ••• • • • J. •.' ' }
"•• ••• ••• f«7
«•• ••• ••■ DID
••• •«• • •» ^u%
• i • •■■ « > • t DO
.. 644, 645, 650, 652
397,463
... ••• ... 566
• •• ••■ • •• 4 ,'0
480
«•• ••• • • • 4 i i
• • • « • • ••• «j ' ' D
• •• ••• »• ♦ <y JL O
96. 233
QOQ
• •• • •• • •• +»4iO
... 710
• •• •■
axylides
Azima ...
Azolla ...
azriki ...
azurea ...
Babax ...
babylcraica
baccifera ...
Bacillus
Bacterium
bactriana ...
bactrianus
bacullus ...
badamia
badius
bakkamoena
balbidota ...
balinensis
Baliospermum
Bambusicola ...
bambusoides ...
bandicota
Baracus
Barasa
barbatulum
barbatum
barbatus
barbirostris
Barbus
barlerioides ...
Baroa
basalis
Basella
basistriga ...
batassieusis ...
Batrachostomus
Batrachus ...
Bauhinia
bay a
beani
beatrix ... ...
beddomei ...
beeuia
Beesha
Beggiatoa
Begonia
belgica
belia
• *• •••
•■• •••
PAGE
453, 454
... 477
... 482
... 632
... 102
... 728, 729
... 150, 219
475, 558
261,263,336
••• •»• ODD
... 691
... 358
• •• ••• ••• 0.j«7
• • • ••■ ••• * — I.
109, 165, 494
73, 163
• •• ••• •• • 0*7 0
320
• •• •«• ••• lb1)
107,188
••• ••■ «•• 55o
760, 762
• •• ••• ••• l O
• •• ••• •• • 4Ut$
•>• • ■•• ••- ooo
479
59, 106, 331
••• ••■ • •• Jtiyi
383, 529
• •• ••• « • ■ 4 * o
203, 215
• •• ••• ••• 40«7
479
704, 708
105, 492
... ... ... 105
331, 761
• •• ••• ••• 475
103,489
203
446, 448, 449
... ... ... 726
... ... ... 56
... ... ... 2
• •• ... ... 336
... ... ... 622
496, 695
... ... ... 136
xlti
INDEX.
Belippa...
belii
belliana...
bellii ...
Belone ...
bengalensig
186,831
bennettii
berdmofei
Bergia ...
bergii ...
Berrex ...
bhaya ...
Bhringa
bicalcarata
bicincta
bicolor ...
biconica
bicornis
bidena ...
Bidens ...
bidentata
biddulphi
bifascia...
bifasciata
bifasciatus
bifida ...
Bifrontia
Bignonia
Bignoniaceee
bi guttata
bijugata
bimacula
bimaculata
bimaculatus
bingha.mi
Binna...
biaotata
Biophytum
bipars ...
biplaga
bipuncta
birostris
bisecta ...
blseriata
bispecularis
bispinosa
bistrigata
bitorquatuB
bivittata
bizona ...
...
PAGE
••• ••• 1 33 j 136
• •• ••• • •• lO* j i UT.
• •• ••• • •• ••• i *jO
• • • ••• ••• •«• iDl
73, 100, 103, 106, 136, 164,
, 388, 494, 530, 690, 724, 758
• •• ••• • •• ••• OOo
406,726
474
• •«, ••• • •• • •• ~ ' j-
12,109, 497,530
••• «•• ••• •••Job
••• ••• ••• ••• lo~t
• •• ••• *■ • • » • i '.' i
• • # ••• ••# .• . . 1A' #
• •• ••• ••• Xy lUl
349, 406, 409, 6S1
... 456
32, 670
• • ••• •■■ 0»)i 5 ODD
4-77
tt ••* ••• ••• 71 I
• • ••• ••• • • • *J U 1
• • «•• ••• • •• **o
■ a ••• • ■• *'• * ■'"
• • ••• ••• *•• * Ov
• • ••• ••• ••• *>o\J
• « •«• ••• ••• *i t J
mm ■•• *** •*• *■ *
• « ••• ••• ••• I *J 1
470
• • •• ■ ••• •• • * * &
211 212
Aon
• • ••• ••• •«.•»«'#
ii ••• *•• •♦• '1 '' i*
58,205,207,447,448,705
• • ••• ••• .. . Oi> i
• • ••• ••• 15 - j Tt>4:
,. ••• ••• ••• «vT
, 216,404
• ••« ••• ••• * i *
287, 702
|# ••• ••• ••* ^WA
•• ••• ••■ ••• i«? o
„ ••• ••• ••• IvO
146,209
• «•• ••• •• JUJ.
• ••• ••• * ■■ 441
• •■■ ••• ••• 001
• ••• ••• ••• XtO
• ••*. ••> • • • X « O
448, 449, 726
230, 234
BlainTillea ...
blanrifordi
blanfordiana ...
blandfordii
blasius
Blattidse
Blennius
blewitti
Elumea
blythianus
Boechmeria
boerhavii
boholensls
Boidaa
Boinas
boisduvali
bolanica
bombus
Bombus
Bombycia
Bombycia
bombylans
Bombylia
Bombyx
bonhaiqi
Bonnaya
BoraginesB
borealis ...
Borseba
boscas ... ...
Boselaphus
Botauras
Botelns
bottanensia
boulboul
brachelix ...
brachiata ...
brachycblora ...
brachidactyla ...
Brachypodinas ...
Brachypternus
Brachypteryginae
Brachypteryx ...
brachystria
Brachytrupes ...
brachyura
Braconidae
bracteata
brahma
brahmiaus
Virama ...
*AGE
477
100, 187, 376, 377, 397
••• ... ... 726
724, 726
u 720
••• ... ... 125
327, 330, 832, 333
•«• ... ... 530
••• ... ... 471
••• ... ... 726
... ... ... OOo
142, 148
22 i", ?29
... ... ... 293
••• ... ... 292
... ... ... 144
... ... ... 2o
••• ... ... 135
... ... 115, 670
... ... ... 276
••• ••• ... 127
132, 135
••• ... ... 132
199, 200, 208
108, 692
••• ... ... 478
... 478
490, 688
... 204
... 64,75,111,697
... ... ... 503
••* ... ... 696
... ... ... 759
... ... 729
102, 657
359,397
■•• ... ... 476
••• ... ... 618
••• ... ... 56
• •• ... ... 1C0
104,491,514
100
... 100, 181
152,435
680, 685
... 72,104,397,491
123, 130, C84
... ... ... 475
... ... ... 1 63
... ... ... 396
106, 493,515,529
••• • ••
• •• ••
INDEX.
xliH
bratidti
Branta
brasiliensis
brazilienBis
bretamliani
brevicauda ...
brevicula ...
brevifolia
brevipennis ...
brevirami ...
brevirostri8 ...
brevi stigma
Bridelia
brochias... •••
brodei
Brotis ...
brugmansi ...
Brugaiera
brunnea ...
brunneicephalus
brunneiventris...
brunaeum ...
Bryobium
Bryonia
Bubo
Buboninsa ...
Bubulcus
Bucaea
buccata
Buccinium
Buccinulum ...
Buceros
Bucerotes
Bucerotidse
buchanani
Buethneria ...
Bufo
bufo
Bulbophyllum
Bulla
bullata
Bungarus
Buphns
bupleurifolius ...
Buprestidaa ...
burruanica
burmanicus
Burmannia ...
Burmanuiacefe
burtoui ...
PAGE
55, 726
• • • • »• ••• A 00
*.. ... ••• OOO
... ••• ... OJ. 4
• •• ••• ••• A\) 4
••• ••• ••• ioo
... •■• 218, 238
••• ••« •• • i«0
• •• ••• *•• 275
457,458
49, 53, 426, 726, 761
478
480
f.94
• •■ ••• ••• DDw
... •«• ••• tO*x
...644, 648, 649,651
100, 423, 661, 740
12,497
210,675
... 563
... ... ..,4(0
59, 106, 690
•■« • •• ••■ lOo
... 16, 110, 497, 762
.. 204
... S88, 529
... 219, 220
... 227, 234
... ... .» j
... ... 105
105
101,477,487
• •• ••• 111
300
470
... ... 562
... ... At)U
... 348
183,295,312,316,317,
519, 743
• •• ... OOj O*
• •• •• o •• • * ' 'O
M« ••• ••• loo
... «* • ••• IDD
••• ••• ••• 1UU
... 480
... 480
••• •••
... •••
• •• • • •
Butastur
Buteo ...
butleri
ButorideB
butua ...
butyricum
Byrnium
Cabrita
cabus
CflCtiO *« . ■•■
Caccabis
cachinnaus ...
Cacoecia
Cacogamia ...
Cacomautis
Cadetia
caBci macula
csbcus ... ...
casrulea
cseruleicephala
cserulescens
casrulens
csesarea
Csesulia • ...
caja
Cajanus
calamaria
calamistrata
Calandrella ...
calcaratus
calcarifer
calendulacea ...
calHosa .-
calidris
caliginea
Callacanthis ...
Callialcyon
callidora
Calliomorpha ...
Callionymus ...
Calliostoma
calliurus
Callophis
Callopistria
Calodactyhes ...
Cal(R3 ... ...
Calonyction
PAGE
107, 494, 515
107, 526, 529, 691
79,147
16, 497
• ••% • •» 140
t .*• ... OOl)
••• ••• oj?
724, 726
164
• • • ••• *••> O'.'O
... 61,108,183,663
••• ••• J J i 1 Do
• *• ... ••• DO*?
.. » •• • • •* oyjj
562, 566
638, 640
715,716
••• ••• *•• Ooo
897, 751
... ... 51, 428
486, 759
59, 107, 165, 313, 743
204,205
• «• ■ • • •• • i- A **
«» » • ■ • ••• OO i
... 450
.. . ... ••• wO 1
.«. ... 56, 57
181,526,725
... ... 383, 761
... •«• •• • rk i 4
... . • • . •* *j £i
10, 188, 695
... . •* M* I IV
• *• *•» • •• OtJ
... ••• ••• Tt'.^
.. * ... •*• 4 O
■ •• ••• ... -j 1 '>
318, 325, 326, 329, 330,
832, 333
91,232
322,331,333
187,535
••• ... ••« *-00
725
... 478
xlit
INDEX.
PAGE
Calotes ... 300,308,809,870,539,546,
457,622,723,724,726, 758
106, 494
••• ••• ... 216
| ••• •«« ••! I»0
... 65, 69
71, 102, 502, 513, 750
3,60,107,495
■■■ »•* ••• yi 1
calous ...
Calponia
calycina...
Calycopteris .
cambaiwisis ..
eambayensis .
camelodeB
camdorura
camiba ...
Camilla ...
caminodes
Campanulaceaa
campanulatus .
campbelli
campestris
Camponotus
Campophaga .
Camptoloma .
carta ... «
canadensis
canarescens ..
Cancellaria
cancellaris
Cancilla
Candida
candide-marginata
candidus...
candolleana
canescens
Canda ...
caniceps...
canifrona
canius ...
cannabina
canolus...
canosparsa
Canthylides
cantleyi...
Cantoris...
capensis...
cap ist rata
capitatus
Capitonidse
Capparidese
Capparis
Capra ...
captrata...
Caprimulgi
* • • •• ••• lid
• • ••• »•• to
<• ••• 87} 232
610
a. ■•• i , T. i %
481
, 152,198
479
.. ... ... 682
426, 487
mm • •• •*• — *- '
• • ••• ••• 2i\.o
140
i« «•• ••• Lvo
... 229, 234
86, 230
:. ... ... 4&iJ
72, 87, 714
,, ... ... 438
109,188,295,312,496, 694
644,649,651
... 475,707
152, 197
53,658
, ••• •• • ••• i "*' ■■■'
, • • • »• • • • • 'Ox
480
58,99,106, 428,493,061
. ... ••• ••• "' '
446
. ... ... «•• 355
724,759
. 11,109,144,490,613
50,423,687
, ... ... •«. 47»
lot
... ... ••• 4/0
173,473
531,744
.. 102, 687, 744, 750
105
Caprlmulgidae ...
105
Caprimulgus ...
capsularis
capsulatus
capucinns
Caradrina ...
Caranx
Carapa
Carbisa
carbo
Carcinopyga ...
Cardium
Carduelis
cardui ...
carebares
Careya ...
carinata
carinifera
Carissa... , .
carmania
carmanica
Carnea...
Carneades
carpenteri
Carpodocus ...
Carpophaga
Carpophaginas
carntta
Caryophyllaceee
caryophylloides
Caryota
carystia
Casarca... ...
cashmirensia ...
casigneta ...
caspia
Cassia
castanea 61, 102,
castaneipars ...
Castanopsis ...
castata
castelnaui
cast ut si
castissima
castor ...
catalania ...
citilla ...
Catocalinae
Catopsilia
catopyrrlia
catori ... ...
catoria ... ...
PAGE
105, 188, 896, 660, 690
• •• • •• •■• T / \
• •• • •• ••• OtO
■ •• ••• *a» J JD
268,291, 702
• •• ••• ••• iOd
...644, 645, 652, 653
tt« ••• ••• *iUO
74, 110, 696
214
••• ••• •••!<(/
••• ... 58, 653
••• *•• ••• / o
••• •• • ••• o*iy
• •• • • a ••• D • ' u
183, 222, 504, 725, 758
... 470
• •• • • • •• • O 1U
• •• • • I ••• > ' i
• •• • • » • * • *- ■ > o
• •• ••• ••• J. "1 1
... ... ... 454
• •• •« • ... O-t 0
52, 53, 71, 739
• •• ••• ••« —
.•a ••• • • • ~t
• > . ••• ••• i 0 &
... •• a / •'« it U
...644,646, 648,649
f •■ ••• •• . KjAXJ
.. . •# • ••• 2o X
498, 515
194, 453
206-7, 209
... 12, 109, 497, 696
... ... 166, 475
144, 146,208,277, 657
• •a> ... ••• — ■' "
• •• •■• ••• 000
• •• ••• ••• l*rU
79
in ... ••• * •*
575, 576
■ •• ••• Ml X"J.
■•• ••■ ••• v i O
730, 733, 736
••• ••■ ••■ 10o
••• • •• ••• "*U
• a. ••• •■• J-00
... ••• •■»• loO
••• ••• •• • ■* *■ •j
INDEX.
x!t
caudata ...
caudatum ...
caudatus ...
causodes ...
causus ... ...
Caviria...
Cecidomjia
Cecbinina
cecillei... ...
Cedrus
Celastrineas
celata ... ...
celerio ... ...
centralasias
Centranthermm
Centrantbera...
Centropus
Cephalopoda ...
Cepbalopyrus ...
Cephaleta
Cephidaa
cerastioides
Cerastis
Ceratophyllaccaa
Ceratophyllum
ceratopkyllus ...
Ceratophora
Ceratopteria ...
Cerberus
Cercomela
cerdaleum ...
cerealalla
cerebosa
Ceriops
Cerithium
Certhia ...
CerthiidEa
certificata ...
cervicapra
Cervina
Cervulus
Cervus ...
Ceryle
Ceryse
cespitis
Cethosia ...
ceylonensis 102, 151,
ceylonica ... 196
ceylonicus ...
Chsetocladium ...
Chsatornis
9
210,
155,
,354,
PAGE
99, 086
482
... 360, 480
582
• •• >•• OOx
••• ... Z\} I
... 125, 684
138, 148, 149
••• ••• *jJl J
... ••• 1 lb
»• • • ♦» 4 i "i
... ... 145
...18940,142
... nt Jill
476
478
... 106, 493
86, 471
... ••• "T— O
... ... 1 — *
... ... Uo
... 704, 709
307, 707, 715
••• ... 4H0
480
... ... 265
... 724, 726
»•• ... Ti-'J
••• ••• Ov /
... ... iUw
*•• iTij aO it
591
... 152, 199
644, 649, 651
94, 233
48, 424
48, 101
... ... 4:00
... 361, 712
290, 704, 709
• •• ••• i \ -i
... 375, 526
... 105, 492
... 151-2, 188
458
... 78, 82, 574
211, 248, 427
439, 478, 724
78-9
... ••• OOi
... 70
ChjEturinsa
Chalaratona
chalcides ...
Cbalcididas
Cbalcidoceps ...
Chalcis ...
chalcochlora ...
Chalcophaps ...
Chalcosimaa ...
Chalimiastis ...
Cballa
chalybeata
Chamoeleon
chamoelia
chamoenerii
Chamsodon
Chaptia
Ckaradriidse
Cbaradrius ...
cbarantia ...
Cbarasia ...
Charaxes
Cbartocerus
Chaulelasmus ...
cbeela
Cheilantbea
Chelidon
Cbelidorhynx ...
Cbelis
Chelone
Chelonia... ...
Cbelonomorpha
Cbenopodiacese ..
cbeopis
cbera
Cheritra
Cbersotis
Cbethesia
Cbibia ...
chicquera
Cbilo
chimaera ...
Ckimarrbornis ...
Chimmaroge ...
cbinensis ... 4,
Cbiona9pisl26, 346,
Chione
cbirurgua ...
Chloridea
chlorochrisa ...
cklorogaster ...
PAGE
• •• m%m ••• J. UO
... ... •••DUO
725, 726
123,125,684
••• ••• •*. / <-»0
126, 684
... ... ... 284
2,107,621
... ... ••■ O J d
III .«• ... U tJ i
••• ••« ... ijUO
280, 284, 701
181, 526, 725
• •• ••• in *Ov
... ... . . . i 4 U
.. . .•• ... rf*jy
100
7,62, 109,694,724
i.i ... Oj uJ4
... ... Ml liO
• •• ••• .** 4 <j O
... i..70) *jJy 57*
... •■• ••• i -j '
... 396, 498, 529, 697
166, 494, 662
••• ... ... 4. cli
55, 659
••* ••• ... Xoo
... *•■ ••• *JW."
• *• m ... JLoO
208, 210
... 486, 437
... ••• 1 i O. *i i *.*
265, 267
... ••• ••• 707
... ... ••» / o
••• ■■ • ... t\)Ji
...8,62,74,397,694
••• ••• ••• i V J.
107, 494
126, 405, 684
j.i ... .». Itj
50, 428, 744
... ... i«» O '->'..»
99, 108, 495, 760, 762
347,351,354,357,684
7, 109, 760
441, 443, 44c
• •• •.. .*■ *J i
... 494, 514
sl-vi
INDEX.
cblorogrammata
chlorolophns ...
Chlorophyton ...
chlorops
Chloropsis
chloroptera
chloropus
chlororhynchus
chlorostigma ...
Choephora
Choerocampa ...
Chorizagrotis ...
cliortalis
Chrozophora ...
chrysaetus
chrysaeus ...
chrysalchyraa ...
chrysantha ...
chrysea ... ...
Chryseides
Chrysididse
Chrysis
chrysocoma
Chrysolopha ...
Chrysolophus ...
Chrysomphalus
chrysopelea
chrysopoma
Chrysophria ...
chrysopterum ...
chrysopygia ...
Chrysoryctis ...
chncar ... ...
Cicada
Cicca
Ciconia...
Ciconise
Ciconiad<e ■••
cinclorhyncha
Cinclus
cineraceus
cinerea
cinereus ...
cingaleiiBis ...
cinnamomea ...
oinnamomeus ...
cinnaraomi
Cinnamomum ...
Circaetus
ciroia
PAGE
|«| • *• ••• dOU
... 104
481
■ 566, 568
in ••• *»* J ""
452, 669
6,108,495
497
... ... ... O-jJ
710
• •I • •• ••• • •*■ v
141,149
454, 459
714
... 489
106
428
221
ill ••• *• • *■**-*•
in ••• ••■ '-'J J
••• • •• •»• AUU
478
... 19,123, 664,675
19, 22, 664, 665, 675
••■ •!« •• • oUu
in ••- ••• j. «'«'
512,531,753
...241, 243, 345, 349
... 170, 181
m ••• ••• wOu
in .*. •>• i 01
in mmm ••• uJ
102
in ••• ••• OU i
... 61, 108, 183, 663
••i ••• in OU-L
... 558
74,159
14,110
w 14, 110
51,102,657
52, 526
300,494,761
6,15,63,110, 455,476,
495, 477, 696
632, 729
• I ■ ••• * O y I .
17,110,397
54,10,658
354, 357
... •• • ■• ■ Oil)
107
18,75,498
Circus ... 59, 165,
Cirgliesa
cirrhatus
Cirrhitichthys
Cirrhochroa ...
Cirrhopetalum...
cirrhosa
Cirrhospilus ...
Cirsotrema
Cisea
Cissampelos ...
Cisticola
cistuloides
citreoloides ...
citrina...
citrorrhoa
Citrullus
Cittocincla ...
Clangula
Clania ... ...
Claoxylon
CHthurella
' I f ' J 1 il all III
Cleone
Clerarclie
cliffordi
Cloacina
Clostrydium ..-.
Clotho
Clupea
clydonia
clypeata ...
clyptospira
c-nigrum ...
Cnoba ...
coagulans
Coathomyia ...
Coccidaa
coccinea
Coccineus
cocoivorus ...
Coccothraustes...
Coccothraustinai
Cocculus
Coccyges
Coccystes ...
cochinchinense
cochinellifera ...
cockerelli
coctaii
codlicolor
PAGE
397, 494, 505, 529, 761
459
• •• ••■ in J ' ■ •
324, 331, 333
78,82
... 562
• r • • o
an ••
••• •••
... 330, 331
■•I • •• x Afy
... 219
• •> ••• • •• •/ •/
• •0 III |t« lit/
• ii ••• ••• Ivl
342, 356
• •• ••• ■■• OU*
• •• ••• • • • X ' 'i-i
••• ••• ••• ol4
in • t i •* *t|M_r
• •• *•• * • . 0«7 «7
«•• ••• * • • *i ^ J
480
...225,226,232,233
152, 193
• •• ••• • a • 4 i «>
• •■ *•• ••• ()'l.i
• OB in !»• Xij)
... 145
... 336
... 144, 145
... 702
■■• ••• •• • JijLo
64, 75,498,515,698
*•- ••• in J -j ■ v
703, 705
219
• ■■ ••• ••• 1 lii
■ ■■ ••• • j Ji"ii1
... 345, 356, 682, 684
345, 644
• •• •« a «•• J-J I '
• •• ••• ••• 1-J*>
52, 103, 748
• • • •• • ... J.U»>
• •• ••• ...lii)
58, 106
106, 188,493
... 476
... 345
354-5, 357
• *>• ••• •• • i -J **i
••• ••■ ••» & 0*5
•»* •••
ii • ••
• • !••
•« ••>
••• * •
INDEX.
x'tvii
ccelestinus
ccelestis
Coelogyne
eoffeas ...
eognata...
Coilia ...
colaea ...
Coldenia
Colias ...
collaris ...
Collocalia
coJlurioideB
Coluber ...
Colubridaa
Colubrinsa
Columba
Columbae
Columbidaa
Columbinaa
Combretacese
conietes... ... ...
comideleuca
comma ...
Commelina
Commelinacesa
conimelin folia
comminuens ...
communicans-daroolana
PAGE
• • ••• ••« at* Ot5U
11,63, 480,490, 695
• • ••• ••• 4 1 ' 'j Til
>• ••• ••• •« • I -t i
• ••• ••• ••• 2oO
• ••• •»• ••• ■ ' ' j-»
• ••■ ••• •• • ( - —
• • •• • •• ••• TlO
• ••• •• • ... I i
188, 210
105, 182, 621
■ ••• ••• ••• i ' ; I
. 388, 394, 539, 543, 760
• ••<> ••• ••• fcj • ' O
, • •• ■ » • • « • *J J l)
2,260, 107,495,515,691
1, 60, 107
1,60,107
2, 107
644
.... ... U *J\/
... 225, 233
206
481
... 481
480
... ... 145
».. ... *t>#
communis 4, 61 437, 479, 480, 495, 692
comorinus ... ... 411
ccmplanatuB ... 231
Compositeae ... ... 476
eompressa ... ... 680
compressus ... ... ... ... 680
Conchidium 563
coticolor... ... ... 103, 515, 636
eondonarus ... ... ... ... 531
conducta ... 279
conferta 415, 473
confertissima ... 443
conunis... ... ... ... ... 151
confluens ••• 282
confer mia ■•« ••• ••• ••• 713
conf usa 147, 148, 207, 209-
congener ... ... ... ... 223
conica ... ... ... ... ... 674
Gonicum .» 88
conicus 183, 292, 762
conjugafca 644, 647
conaanguiaea 703, 706
coaaequa ... ... .... 704, 705
Conservula
conservuloides..
consignata
consorta
conspica
conBpurcnta
constantia ..
constellata
Contheyla
continua
contra ... ...
Conus ...
Convolvnlacese
Convolvulus ...
conyzoides ...
Cophotia
Copra
Copromorpha ...
Coproniorpbidaa
Copsycbus
Coraciadse
Coracue
Coraciaa
coralina
Coralliophyla ...
corax
CorcUifolia
Corchorus
cordifolia
corniculata
cornix
cornuammoniB...
cornuta
coromanda
coromandeliana
coromandelianua
coromandelica
coromandelicua
coromandus
coronata
coronatum
corones ...
coronifera
correcta
corticea
corus
coruscaua
Corvidae
Corvinaa
Corvua
PAGE
... ... ... 235
... ... ... -J ~V F
... ... ... I \J L
... ... ...4 \)0
140,451,458
218,219,233
... ... ... ji J
... ... ... 196
... 224, 233
70,102
**• • •• ••• kj<)
••• ••• *«• 478
••• ••• *•* it o
477
•i* • *• ••• 7 -4
• •• ••• Ml t*t)U
•+• ••• ««• DUO
••• ••• ••• 606
102, 489, 755
67, 104
57, 104
... 57, 104, 492, 686
••• *- ••# -j JO
• • • ••• ••• ».wi
... . 99, 686
474
••• ••• ••• 4/4
••• ••• ••> 473
• •• ••• ••• 653
■ •■ ••• ••• vo§
86,94,233
526, 667, 697
♦« • ... ... 492
479
18, 498, 525
.. 73, 101, 49.% 525
6, 109
16,33,106,110,493,497,762
397,514
••• ••• ••• ••• 4/0
• •• #•• ••• ••• Oa G
• •• ••• ••• 353 ' 357
216,455.
"•• •#*■ ••• ••• too
••• ••• mm. 78-OU'
*•• ••• .»• 78-80
45-99
•• * ••• »• • •■■ .' .'
45,46,99,421,484,493,686,
746,757,75^.
zlviii
INDEX.
corybanti8
corymbosa
corythuB
Cosmia ... i
Cossidsa
Cossus ...
costalis ...
Costellaria
Cotesia ...
Cotile ...
Coturnix
Couthomyia .
Crambinss «
crameri ...
crassa ...
crassirostris .
Crateropodidsa
Crateropodinas
Crateropua
Creatonotus
crecca ...
creninaspis
crenata
crenulata .
crenulifera
crepidatum
crepusculum .
oreaeriaa
cretica ...
Criniger
crinigera
Crinum
cristata ... .
cristatus...
critica ...
Crobylophora .
Crocanthes ' .,
Crocidura ».
Crocidurse
Crocodilus
Crocopug
Crotolaria
Crotalinse
Croton.
crucigera
cruentata
cruentatus
cruentua
cruralis
Crymodes
PAGE
o • ••<» «*» ••• O X */
473,476
•• «•• ••• lo4j ioi
• ■ ••• ••• •«■ *j *-■ i
191
• a a • » a a # c 9 • 1 i' I
• # ••• 9« J li.Jj. J.,'*I
282,403
• a) ••■ oao *- — 1, 2uD
•• ••■ •*» ••■ I — '
• • ••■ •• o OOj 1 ')o
1,66,73,108,495,525,692
■ • *•• •*• ••• «/0
• • ••• •• a ««• 't' ' '•)
urn ••• ••• ••• tvJ,
■ a ••• eoa aaa TrOO
... 109, 496
a a e ■ o a T ' • • . '
o a • ••• • a • ■ v"
80, 90, 485
202, 210, 211
... 18,64,498,697
i* •** ••• ••• *)U<J
t «a* ••• •)• J. r.M
348, 479
i* ••• • •• . ,. 1 * ' i '
• ••• •«• ••• ODD
• ••• ••• ••■ OuO
i* ••« ••• aaoOOi)
>• ••• aaa aa* 1*1')
■ # aaa aaa aaa lvU
, 101, 426
480, 481
103, 689, 748
3,107,111,166,415,417,
494, 524, 529, 699
• aaa ••• ••■ Dili
a aaa • •• aaa ')].»
• *aa ••• •).'»). t)JO
360, 397, 751
• *»m ••• aaa *'>>i'
724, 725
494,514
475, 600
• ••• ••• ••• Dob
■ • •• aaa aa« ToO
• * • a aaa aaa < „ -y
215, 447, 449
252
526, 529
79"
... ... ... i _j .,
275,27?
Cryptogamia ...
Cryptolechia ...
Cryptolephis ...
Cryptolapba ...
CrypbtophyllaspiB
Crysocolaptts ...
Cuculidas
CueuliriEe
cucullata
Cucullia
Cuculliarife
PAGE
... 482
... 600
... 477
101,426
... 345
... 104
58, 106
... 106
... 168
... 275
275, 440
Cuculus 58, 106, 341, 356, 422, 423, 425,
428,493,661
Cncumis ... „ 476
Cucurbita ... 476
Cucurbitaeese ... 476
Cuius ... 237, 245, 627, 633, 635, 636
Cnlicicapa ... 102,154,155,427
78, 574, 575
Cupha
CuphodeB
cuprea
cnpieipennis ..
cuprina
Curciligo
currens
cursitana
eursoria
Cursoriinas
Cursorius
uuriti ••• ••<
curtus
Cnrubasa
curviplena
curzonias
Cuscuta ...
ojanea
cyanena ...
cyanieula
Cyaniria
Cyanistes
cyaniventris ...
cyanocepbalns...
cyanocincta
cyanocinctua ...
cyanolinea
cyaaonotus
Cyanopp
cyanoptera
cyanurus ...
Cyan u 3 ...
cyatliicornis ...
... ... 606
2, 719
• •• ••• a>/0
• •• ••• 4jo4
480
• ao i)i 1 OO
*•• ••• J.UJL
... 455, 457
6, 109
... 6, 109, 694
• ■• *aa •7 1
• •• ••• *>.L(J
446, 449, 450
... ... 714
... ... 359
478
... 127, 170
• •• a>Oa) IO
• •• ••• 5*4
... 78, 81, 82
• •• ••• 'i I
100
72, 106, 493
«•• • #• 70«7
• •• ••• 00&
*a« aaa -jO-j
• •• • », J'.'-
104, 154, 176
aaa ••• 111
• •• ••• Oox
51, 102,657
• •• ••• Jo*
INDEX.
xlix
eycloceros
Cyclosia ...
cyclostoma
Cyclostrema ...
Cycnia...
cygnoides
Cygnus
Cylichna ...
cylindracium ...
Cymbidium ...
Cynipidsa ...
Cynoglossus ...
Cynogon
cyniris
Cynopterus
Cynthia ...
Cyort
Cyornis
cyparissias
Cyperacess
Cypraca
cypris
Cypseli
Cypselidae
Cypseli naa
Cypselus 58,
Cyrebia
cyrene
Cyrestis
Cythara
Dafila
dahli
dalbergac
dalbergioides ...
Dalbgia
dalhousiaa
dalliana
dalzelli
daaa ... ...
Danainee
Danais
danioconiuB ...
Daphnella ...
daphnelloides ...
Daphnis
Darapsa
daretis
darius
••• • •
• •• ••
• •• ••
■ • ••
••• • ••
PACE
••• #•• • •■Old
• ■ • ••• r • • Xt/O
••• • •• ••■ *— ''
•«• »..obj 88) -joL
• • • • •• •• • -J' ' T
• •• •• • • •• O-j
• •• • • • • ••'*•"<
230, 234
••• "o
... 349
116, 217,123, 124
• •• ••• ••• it+jiJ
• •• ••• ■•• 111
• • • m • • • 1 ■ 'O
••• ••• ♦• ♦ J. oo
•■• ••• 7o} 82j 85
••* ••• ••• i • ' j
71, 102,153,427,489
... 141
,. 473, 482
,. 462, 472
... 608
58, 105
58, 105
• •• ••• • •• luO
105, 492, 515, 660, 761
• •• *•• ••• ill'
... 145
574
... 229, 234
64, 498, 698
...140, 702, 704, 707
206,209,211
• •• ••• ••• OjIJ
104
• •• *•• «/0. Aoa
••• ••• •••QOD
152, 200
• • • •• • • • • 9 «7
...78, 80, 82, 156 574
».. ... ... '-'-it!
... 226, 228, 233, 234
86,220,233
••• ••• ••• 14 J
• •• •*• 4 a • i O U
... •<• 78, 81
• •• «•• ••• l«7
■ • ••
dasahara
dasara
Dasaratha
Dasycbira
dasyctriraa
datina
dancus
dauma
daura
davidsoni
decagyra
deccanensis
deceptor
declarana
decora
decorata
Decuaria
decumanus
defecta
dejecta
Deilephila
delecta
delicia
deltaspis
demersum
Demodex
Dendrobium
Dendrocitta
Dendrocopus
DendrocygDa
Dendrophis
Dendrophleps
densiflora
deutata
dentatrix
Dentella
deDticulata
denticulosa
dentilinea
dentipes...
dentiscalpium
deodara
deparca ...
deposita
Depressaria
deraiota...
Deroca ...
descripta
deserta ...
deserti ...
deaerticola
PAGE
• •• " » * ••• ■ • • * -> I
••* • •• •■• «•• T.)0
• •• #•• ••• ••• 1 Jo
126, 127, 152, 199
• •• ••• ■•■ ••• I -J I
• •• ••« •■• ■•• i O I
• •• •>• ••• •!• Hi
502,657
»•• »W* ••• ••• Oi)~3
• •• ••• ••• •■• lO«7
96, 232, 233
• •• ••• ••• •• • / ^4
«•• ••• ••• «•• dot
• •• ••• ••• ••» 4i)l)
••• ••• ••• • •• 401
78,81,283,447,448
• •• • »• ••• 0*"O. D.'TJf
189,260,265,358
••• ••• •*• •■• 14U
*•• ••• *•• • ■• 'i/O
140,142,145,146
• •• ••• ••• tt* Jog
••• ••• ••• •«• 45 1
• •• ••• ••• ••• oUX
• •• •■• ••• *•• lOl/
• •• ••• ••• • • • »)') 'i
... 417, 418, 562, 566, 568
99, 502, 503
... ... ... 5i, 660
18, 111, 498, 525
• •» ••• «.•• ••• oUl
-•• ••• ••• ••• *jUI
••• •>• ••• ••• 1 i o
••• *•• ••• .Ji-), Ait
437, 438
■ •■ • •• ••• ••• Tl O
• •* ••• •♦• JOO. 4 1 o
• •• ♦• • ••• ni I''0
• •• ••• ••■ • •»_''/
• •• «•• • •■ ••« w»j
• •• ••• ••• «•• -J 1 J
• *• ••• ••• ••• 1 1 o
• •• ••■ ••• ••> ^11
••• ••• ••• ••• ->\
!•• •■• «•• ••• ■ >.'->
703, 705
••• ••• ••• ••• iy&
••»« • •• ••■ ••• 70 /
• •• ••• ••■ ■•■ x4o
• •• ••• ••• «•• boo
• •• «•• ••• ■•* 1*C)
INDEX.
PARE
530, 688, G91
• •• ••• ••« • •• 4| O
• •< -•• ••• «•• *1 ' 1
• ■■ •■• *•• ••• XUO
• •• t.. M« JJij -'»'»
202,201,208,210
... ... ... ... «-/-j«/
... ... ... 330, 3«2
... ... ... ••• OfJ\J
904.
... ... ... ... -j ' i
114
• • • •■• •• * ••■ ( V.' j
„«« ••• ••• ••• O'kJ
«•« ••• ■•• ••• • «u
101
••• ••• ••• ••• t>Uo
• •• ••• ••• ••* I vfl
• •• ••• ••• *•. Tl3
«•• *•• ••• ••» loll
48, 100
48, 100, 364, 424, 486, 482
• •• ••• ••• *•• OOo
342, 315
*•• ••• ••• ••• O xO
• • • ••• • •• ••• OOD
• •• ••• ••• •■ » 4 ( O
••• ••• ••• ••• ' L U
■ •• ••• ••• ••• 4CU
<(• • •• ••• ••• < "
«•• ••• ••• OO. j Oo'j
• ft* •• • *>«• ••• T '-"-'
■ •• ••• •■• • •• -J • > • >
• •• ••• ••• ••• 't / u
• •• ••• ••• ••• 0*j
401
.„« ••• ■•• * * • 1 ' '
• ■« ••* ••• ••■ llU
••• • •• ••« ••• OX L
12S
97fi
• •• ••• •■« £40j 44*i
desertorum
JDesmcdium
destructor
deva
diaconalis
Diacrisia
diadema
diadematus
Diagramma
Diaphora
Diardigallus
Diarsia
Diaspis ...
Dibamus
Dicaeidaa
dicastis ...
Diohargyris
dichotoma
Dicranura
Dicruridae
Diorurus
Dictammus
dictyoapermi
dicycla ...
Didymium
diffusum
digna ...
dilatatum
dileta ...
Dillenia
dimidia
Dinodon
dioica...
diores ...
Dioscorea
Diospyros
diphas ...
diphtherina
Diploptera
diplostigma
dipsacea
Dipsadornorphinsa 301
Dipsadomorphus ... 170, 307, 546, 551
Dipsas ...181, 187, 183, 526, 762
Dipterygia ... 284
Dirades ... 404
discalis ... ... ... ••• 210
Discemurus »• 101
discisignata ... ... 280
Discophora 78
< HSC lijifc ••• • • • ••• • ■* »t» vO
disjecta ...
disjuncta ..
dispersa
Dispidinse
dispilata
dissimilis
Dissura
disticha...
distinguenda .
Distira ...
distorta
divergeus
diversifolia
dives
divisa ...
Dolieha rid rone
Doliophis
domesticu8 .
donatana
Donax ...
Dondera
Dopatrium
dora ...
Dorika ...
dorsale ...
dorsalis
PA(JB
••• • •• *j-4.'.
••• ••• 94
... 200, 201.
• •« ••• Oi'J
710
• • • •• • i -i r
14, 110, 497
• •• ••• TO')
91 ^
310, 530, 759
... 213, 281
... 135, 137
••• ••■ OOo
... 223, 233
... 285, 289
* * • ••• 'lit'
534
54, 103, 489
... 152, 201
470
216
••• ... 478
447
446
235
... 197, 724
dorsata 175, 186, 665, 671,673,678,685
dorsigera 285
dorsuosum 93
Dorylns 683
dougali 110, 188
Draco ... ... 170, 181, 3 87, 724, 7^5
Dracoena ... ... ... ... 355
drancus ... 146
Drepana 195, 330
Diepanidas 195
Drillia 223, 224, 227, 233
Dromadidas 109
Dromas 109
Drymocataphus 100, 181
Drymochares 100
Dryonastes 99
Dryoplus 169, 308, 394, 529, 534, 542, 543,
547, 548
dthali 627, 637
dubia 8, 109, 496, 516, 694
ducena .. 700-
Ducula 2
dukhumensis 751
QU1C1S ... ... ... ... ••• 4oZ
duruerilii ... ... ... .« 724-
INDEX.
Dumetia
d uo-signa «
Dupetor
dussumieri
Duymeria
Dycotyledones
Dyctis ...
dynsate .
Dysodia
PAGE
100
. . * •■• * • * i ' ' U
17, J 98
330, 332, 525, 721, 762
• •• • •• ••• • >■> 1
... ••• .. . 4 ( .»
• « • ••• ••• ' *■'
78,81
Ebanacese .
Eboda ...
ebnrneutn
echeelus
echinacantha
echinata
eckioides .
Echis
Echlida
Eclipta
Ecraulia
edgarii
edwardsi
efflorescens
egena
egertoni
egregia
ElachistidEe
Elanus ...
Elapinte
elata
Elatineas
eldii
elegan3 ...
elegantissima ,
Elegardia
Eleotris
Elephantopus
Elephas
elinja ...
elisa
EllampuB
ellioti ....
ellipscoideus
elongata
elongatus
elpenor ...
elpenorellus
elphinstonii
477
• » ••• ••• ••• *'' '
>• » ••• ••• ••• oo
• a ••• ••• ••• 1 "' -J
,,. ... ••• 89j 232
, 347, 356
470
183, 504, 758
205
477
762
>• . •* • «•' >.. *J 1 O
, 108, 373, 525
... ... ••! ••• t V *
i*. ... **• ••• 'O
■•■ ••• ••• ••• j.uu
■ •• t.a a.» ... -1 l'
»a . ... ••• • • • ' • ' ' I )
59, 107, 165
312
»•* ••■ **• ••( «io
!■■ ... ... t • • *T ( T
».. ... ••• *•• O I O
53,142,470,477,551,713
229,234
>•• ■•♦ ... •••. < * J *t
• • • • •• ... Oduj 0 0&
• •• ■ ••• •».. • • . 4 i t
• •• • • • ••• ...OZO
•*• • • • * v. •*• I-jU
• •• ••• • • . en • to
*•• ••• • •• •*. X \)
• •• ••• •• • 0»M
»•• ... o«« ••* dOO
■ >• ••• ••• ... 0/
345, 356
• • . •• • ••. * * • J r 1
• •a ••• ••• ••• i. *I 1
*•• • •• • •• •»• 0
elpis
Elusa ...
elwesi ...
Elvresia
Elymnias
Elytraria
emarginata
Em art; inula
Emberiza
Embeiizinas
emeria ...
Emilia ...
emittens
Encyrtus
endekatsenia
endophje
endophasa
eudroma
energa ...
engraphica
Engraulis
Enhydrina
Enhydris
Enida ...
Epactris
Epagoge
Epatolmis
Ep'iblemidaa
epicharta
epichrysa
epicyrta
Epidendrese
Epilacydes
Epilecta
Epinephilus
Epinotia
Epiplemidas
episi'opalis
episcopus
Episilia
episticta
Epithectia
epomia
epops
Epunda
eqnestris
Equiinla
Equus ...
Erastria
Erastriansa
Erato ...
• ••
•d"
••• ••• C'
55, 71, 658,
PAOE
80, 205-
• •• ... «o/
• •• ••• i ~i •'
• • • ... *j / u
... 78,79,82
• »a> *o. *t i ' */
■■* • •• *i / *t
86, 87, 232
. 103
70, 100, 486
• »•
•••
• ••
• ••
• ••
«••
••■
• ••
• ••
• ••
• ••
• ••
1 ' 7
744,7e;o
10?
486
477
210
126,127, 669
... 319,321
... ... i03
• •• ••• i4j
•<i4 ... 27 1
... 616
... 205
... 761
311,759
310,759
90, 232
... 617
... 588
... 205
583,610
228, 234
... 612
... 589
... 432,562
••» ... A I 1
... 442,717
... 329,331
... ... 587
404
403
...14,110,497
442, 710, 712
• ••
••■
• a.
... 5
•••
• ••
• ••
599
591
599
>8, 105, 660, 690
••• ••• all
144
331, 332,761
•»• «•• 1*>Lj
402
... 402, 441
96, 233
lii
INDEX.
Eremiaa
eremita ...
eremitis ...
Eressa
Ereunotis ...
ergasia
Ergolis
Eria ... ...
Erigeron
erinacea
eriocarpa ...
Eriocaulese
Eriocaulon
eriopetala ...
eriopis
Erismatura ...
errainea
erosa ... •••
Erosia ... ...
erotiae ... ...
erratica
erubescens
erumei
Erycinidas
Erythracea
erythriaus
erythrocephalum
erythrocephalus
erythrogaster ...
erythrogastra ...
erythronotus ...
erythrophleps ...
erythroptera ...
erythropterus ...
erythropygia ...
erythropvgius
Erythropus
erythrorhynckus
Erythro^piza ...
erythrostoma ...
erythrotus
erythrouB ...
erythrozona ...
erythrurus
Er.yx
Esacas
eson
Estigmana ...
6SUlc& ... ...
Euarctia
Eablepharis ...
PAGE
723,724,726
••• ... ... 5Jo
• •» ••• ... •*>"'
••• ••« ••• 1 Ol
• 1 1 ••• hi Ol'
••• ... ... oil
••• ... 78, 82
... ... ••• odd
... .•• « • • *£ I i
914
• • ■ ... . • • — 1 '
... ••• •• • 7 I U
... ••• ••• 4oJL
••• *• • *• . to 1
644,646
... ... ••• *r O J
9*. ... • • • '».'.'
• *. ... ••• JUo
.. . .». ... z v t.
• •• •■■ »•. iUt
..f ... • •• Oo~r
... *•• • • • I 1 O
707, 708
• •• ••• ... no"
... »•• ... O i o
• •• ... .. • 'i ' o
••• ... 61, 71
•• • ... ... i * ■— *
99,105,422
• • . ••• ... O JL
.. . •• • *•» DO I
45,101.487,745,750
... •■ . ••• jU'l
• •• • *• ... IvO
330,403
. . . •■• «ii IvO
• .. ... «•• I ' '1
• •• ••• . • • 4 J 4
••• ••• 4, *J»j>_>
... ••• *• • oo
... ... ••• -J 1 • '
... ••♦ ••• ooy
... ••• ••• i o 1
... ••• ••■ *-UO
■*■ ... ... oox
... 183, 187, 292, 387
118, 6*94
• •• ••• ... 1 r ,4
202,211,212
• •• ... ... lill
203, 204
724, 759
Eucelis
eucharis
Euchelus
Euchilopteron...
Eucosma
Euchraeoides ...
Eucbrasus
Eudendrobium
Eudynamis
Eugraphe
Eulima
Enlimella
Eu nieces ...
Eumenes
Eumenidae
Euphorbia
Euphorbiaceas...
euphorbias
euphrasioides ...
euphrosyne
Euplexia
euploca
Euploca
Eupodotis ...
Euproctis ...
Eurois
europasus
Eurylaami
Eurylaemidaa ...
eurymene
Eurypteryx
Euschesis
Eusemia
Eutasnia
Eutelianaa
Euthalia
Euthemania ...
Euxoa
evelina
everetti
eversmanni
EvolvnluB
Exarni3
Excaecaria
Excalfactoria ...
GXC6 ISti •*. ...
CaCISc. *•« •••
exclamationis ...
exigna
eximia ...
exotica
PAGE
••• .» * ... OO /
... ••» ... 7u
... ... t'Uj 2,$ 2t
86, 88, 232
... •». ... *)OD
• •• ... «•• -<•>
... ••• ••• - r»
... 502. 566
106,896,493,621,746
• • ■ .*• ... I I'J
... 96, 97, 232, 233
97,217,233
705, 706
26, 674, 675
... ... ... 674
368, 480
480, 645
140
478
... 228, 234
277, 278, 288
126, 684
78, 82, 574
108, 373, 575
152, 199, 201
283,442,717
... ... ... 660
57, 104
... ••• ... J. '14
... ... ... i —>')
• • • ••• .. ■ 1 o/i
••• ... •*• 1 iQ
436,438
... .«■ ••• *j'"'r
440
78,80, 156
... « • • •#. — v*r
442,454,461
••• • •• ... (O
• • • • • • ... 1 4 o
•a. ••« **• ''J J
.. . ••• ... 4 /o
••• ••• 454, 456
••• ... 645, 653
... 4,495,760, 762
••• ••• ••• i / -*
••• . • * »»• J «' ■ *
198, 721
288,456
■ ■ • ... •*. *-" •
343,474
INDEX.
liii
PAGE
exprompta 78, 79
exsula ... ••• 436
extensa ... ... ... ••• ••• 204
externa • 289
exustus 107,181,188,524
Eyralpenus 205
falcariuB ... ... 761
falcata ... ... ••• ••• ••• 479
falcinellus 761
Falco ... 60, 107, 166, 396, 494, 509,
510,518,530,531,663
falcon<?ri 563, 564
Falconidae 59,106,164
FalconiDaa 106, 164
fallax ... ... ... 480
familiaris ... ... ... ••• 686
faro ... ... ... ... 133, 138
fasciata ...285, £90, 634, 635, 638, 641, 726
fasciatrix ... 437
fasciatus ... 106, 164, 169, 182, 188,
265, 316, 317, 319, 321,
331, 332, 495, 507, 514,
519,524,539,759
474,669
••i • • • • •♦ O- J
186,397,725
... 634, 636
fasciculatus
fascioguttatus
fasciolatus
fatigans ...
IC86 ... t
fedtschenkoi
feldeggi
felis
Felie
Feltia ...
fergusoni ,
ferina ...
ferox
ferrago ...
ierrea
ferruginea
ferruginella
ferrugineus
ferruginosus .
fertilis ...
turns
fervens ...
fervida ...
Ficoidese
fictilis ...
10
• •• ••« ••• *Jt»L>
• •• ••• • • » ' — '
103,688
264, 267
.*» ••• «•• 182
442,700
730, 733.736
456, 698
107, 526, 529
... 60,73,663,760
102,193,349,428,741
...111,181,197,698
... ... 618
61, 107, 406
99
... ... ... «/*/
... ... ii. iW<7
... ... ...0«7I
... ... ... 1 oo
... ... ... 4oo
... ... ... 4/0
... ... ... £00
ficulneua
Ficus
filamentosus
Filices ...
filifera ...
fimbria ...
fimbriata
finlaysoni
Fiorinia
flagellifera
flammatra
flamraea
flammiceps
flava ...
flavulis ...
flavata ...
flavens ...
flaveolua
flavescens
flavia ...
flavicandata
flavieiliata
flavicincta
fiavicollis
flavida ...
flavidens
fiavimargo
flavipes ...
flavipicta
fiavirena
flavirostris
flaviventris
flavopicta
flavovirens
Flemingia
fiexuosum
florca
rlorescens
lloribunda
Flueggia
fluviatilis
fluvicola
Fluxiua...
Focillinse
folliculoruov
folus ...
Fordoaia
fortuata...
Forraicida?
Formicides
forsteai...
...
...
P.AGE
• •• ••• III i/U
520, 556
• •• •• • •• • *)\>Ji
• • • •• • ••• Ii-1
••• ••• ••* JtZky
••• ••• „. 71 o
••• ••• ••• *t0 3
• •• ••• •• • i .) i
...347, 351, 354, 356
• • • ••• *• » DO 1.
702,703
1S1, 396, 397, 493, 761
200, 477
206, 208
100
• •• ••• ••• if U O
100, 103
448,449
• •• ••• •• • » • • i. 1 . O
438
152,202
...17,100,103,489,498,515
• •• •• • ••• «•• x I>5
• •• ••• ••• • • • 4 o7
••• *•• •«• • ••.fill)
• •• ••■ ••• ••• I Jo
••• •• • ••• ••• Jo4:
704, 709
*21
100, 101
674
•■« •*• ••• AOly *jO"x
•*• •*• ••• ••■ 4/5
• •• • •• •■• ••• 4o2
175,671,674
... ... ... ... 211
... ... ... 65, 69
... ... ... ... 480
... ... ... 13, 6(16
103, 512, 515, 753
86,93, 232
• ■> ••• «•• •*• 4Ui)
homiais 334
••• ••• ••• «■• i J 1
••• ••• •■• ••• o\ I I
••■ ... ... ... I*'*!
• ■• ••• ••• ... Jj-t
■•■ ••• ••• I n \
• •• ««• »«■ '••• 1 -O i '
liT
INDEX.
fortipes
fortissima
fossa ...
Fossarus
Fossoria
fragilis...
Francolinus
franklini
Franklinia
fra tenia
fraudator
fraxinella
frederici
Fregata
Fregatidae
frenatus
freyeri ...
fringilla
Fringillauda
Fringillidas
Fringillinse
frivola ...
frontalis
frugalis...
fragilegus
fruticans
fucata ...
fucipkaga
fucosa ...
Fnlica ...
Fulicariaa
fulicata...
fuliginosa
fuliginoaus
fuligula...
fulva ...
fulvicaudata
fulvicosta
falvinigra
fnlvisti^ma
fulvohirta
fulvus ...
fumea ...
fumipennis
Funambulus
funebris
f ungorum
furcata...
furvivestita
fuse* ...
PAGE
• »• ... ••• l "J i
... ... ••• 284
152, 198
95,233
• •• •• • •• • A-jO
2-46
,73,107,188, 397,495,
524, 692
104, 176
101,487
... 78,82,141,455
94fi
... ... ... &t.\j
... ... ... ooo
... ... ... *- 1 -j
... ... ... ±o
... ... ••« 1"
297, 724
135, 136
52, 103
• » » ••• «• • J. " o
702
99, 153, 168
■ a a • 0 a *■*• LT.U
•i« ••• ••• 68(>
644
105, 182
• a a •■• a a a Tt O O
... 62, 108, 495, 693
... ... 5, 108
102,489,750
61, 422, 428
629, 698
• •• ••• ••« -L 1 1
• a • ••• '"i J')0
• •• •*• aaa X»"'-'
152,200
• •• ••• ••« ~i I > /
204, 208
8, 106
• • • ••• •■• «lu
204
...406,409,411, 412
• •• ••• • •• I'll)
• » a •• a ••• ' I ' '
152, 195
152, 201
102,434
luscata ... ... .a.
fuscibasis
fuscicanda ..... ...
fnscicaudata
fuscicollis
fuscipennis
fuseistgnata
fusciventria
fuscovirens
fuscum
fuscus ... 6, 101,
fusiformia
Fusua
fytchii ... ...
gachua ...
galactina
galaxia ...
galbula
galericulata
Galerita
Gallicrex
gallicus
galii
Gallinas
Gallinago
gallinula
Gallinula
Galloperdix
G alius
gangane...
gangetica
gangeticus
gangis ...
gansis ...
Gardenia
garrula
Garrulax
Garrulus
garnda ...
Garula
garzetta
Gastropoda
Gaviae ...
Gavialis
Gazalina
Gazella
Gecinua
PAGE
BOO a* * li' 0
••• *•• J. J 4:
100,153,397
... 110,497
208, 6C4, 675
... 714,715
... ... 127
... ... 452
97,471
108, 154, £l2, 250,
427,488,496
••■ ••• &M\
... 107, 188
• •■ •■• ••• U4«f
• *• «•• *jI-jj *jlr>
• •■ «•• • • a *•> t *J
*•• ••• ••• "i ~jO
• •• «*■ ••• to
103, 689, 748
107, 694
139, 140
3, 61, 107
3,61, 188,490,695
496, 695
... 6, 11,108, 495
4,107,361,495,524
... 3, 61, 107, 524
• ■ • •• • •• * t OJL
• a tea ••• t * »'
••• .*, ov(+ t Ziy
• da * • . • • • -J X 1
• a* ••• ••• O J.Q
• » • • • a ••• IvX
57, 104,689
99, 728
46, 421
80, 156
• •• ••• •• a i iuJ
16, 110, 497
86, 470
11, 63,109
397, 721
603,760
57, 104,176,518,659
INDEX.
Gecko
Geckonidse ...
Gehira
gelastes
Gelechia
Gelecbiadas ...
geminata
geminus
gemmifera
Gemmula
Geniosporum ...
Gennaaus ... 101,
GentianacetB
Genyoro^e
Geocicha ..
Geodorum
geoffroyi
georgii
Georyx
Geraniaceje
Gerardia
ghanain
gibia
Gigantochloa ...
gigas
gilberti
gillespia
gilli •
gilvosplendens
ginginianus 59,
Gisekia ...
giu
Glabella
glabra
glabrum
glandulifera ...
glareola
Glareola
Glareolidae
Glareolinse
glareosa
glaucidium
glauci macula ...
glaucion ...
glancochlora ...
glaucoplagon ...
glaucoptera
gleadovii
glis ...
glomerata
gloriosa
• «• •• •
••• »•«
PAGE
••• ••• ••• 546
••• «» • ••• i Ad
• •• ••• • e • 0 *J '•}
• •• • •• ••• i'J.I
••• ••• ••• o*/l
*•• ••• ... 6u2
•»• •« • •• • 1 •'•)
281
222, 233
112,114,183,519,663
... 478
... 331
• •• . • • •■• lOv
8, 496
• •• ••■ .. 101
• •• • o • tit lOt
••• ••• •• • T: / 'x
• •• ••* ■•• Ov /
• •• ••» • • • U U '
••• •■■ ••• J -"»'..*
• • • ••• • • • i)ly
119, 398, 469
310, 759
732, 735, 736
• •• ••• •■• u X
101, 106,164,494,515
• • • »• » •• • x i 0
59, 73, 493
221,222,233
... ... • ■ i T I O
... ... ... 4 i j
... ... . . • '£ V O
... 9, 62, 695
7, 109
6, 109
7,109
106, 164, 662
• •• *•• • • • J U f
••• ••• ••• u JJ
••• • •• ••• &oo
• • ■ ••• •••-''•/
134, 137
791
... ... .o • I — ~
. 710
... 520, 558
... 147, 148 |
••• • ••
Glossogyne
glottis
Glyphidodon ...
Glyphostoma ...
Glypta
gmelini
Gnatho?typ8is
Gnorimoscbema
glioma
Gobinoides ...
Gobius
gola
Gonatodes
gondera ...
Gonerda
Gongylophis ...
Goniocephalus
gonograpta
gopara
Gorsachius «...
gortys
gossypiella
Govauia
govinda
Grabhamia
Gracilaria
gracilis.. .101, 171,
gracillima
Graculus
Grallse ...
Gramraess
gramineus... 53 1,
Grammarella ...
granatella
granatum
Grandala
grandis 101, 166,
grandisquarms
Grangea
granulata
Graphipbora ...
gratioliodes
Graucalus
grayanus
grayi
greeni
gregaria
greutzenbergi ...
Grewia
grifflthi
gthea
• • ••
• « » .«
9* • • •
• •• • «
PAGE
••• *•• ••• 477
... 9, 10, 396, 496
*•• ••• ••■ «j15
••* ••• ■•• oo4
•*• ••• ••• d76
•■• •• • ••• 14t>
••• •»• ••• 592
143, 144
... ... ... /61
...329, 330, 332, 529
... 721
... 725
• •• ••■ ••• i)jj>5
• •• ••• ••• «V9
183, 762
«•• • •• ••• i at)
••• • •• •»• l*rO
••• ••• •• • *jv I
17, 183, 188
... 146
.. 483, 592
... 474
...107, 165, 494, 662
243, 245
*•• • •• ••• \i 1 o
322,476,721,724, 759
• • • • •• •■ n -) O 1
• •• - 1 • •• • O jQ
5,62, 108
... 473, 482
536, 538, 543, 551, 762
... 611
. 224,233
224, 475
167,355,724,726, 744
• •• <).JJ
... 477
• >• ... *•• AJ.O
...701,707,709,710
••• ••» ••• loo
101,487
... ... 726
16,110,497
... 78, 80, 247, 250
8,64,72
... 140
474
103, 276, 490
• •• • • «
» • » • •
•■• •• •
• • ••■
• • • • ■
Ivi
INDEX.
griseirnga
griseivena
griseola
griseomarginata
griseus ... 17, 30,
grohmanni
Grues
Gruidae
grunniena
Grus
guentheri
guiris
gularis
gulgula
gulnihal
guttata
guttatus
gutticristatna ...
guttulata
gutturalis
Guyava
Gymnaspia
Gymnasura
Gymnema
Gymnodactylus
Gymnopetaluni
Gymnorbis
Gymnorhiza ...
Gymnosporia ...
Gypaetinse
Gypaetus
Gyps
gyrans
gyroides
Habenaria ...
Hadena
Hadeninse
hsematocepbala
Hcematopodinsa
Hsematopua ...
Hiemodoraceas..
hsemorrhous ..
Halcyon 7
Halcyones
Vialiaetup.
Haliaetus
PAGE
704, 709
142
143,146
110, 359, 485, 498, 529,
724
... . ... ... -•£
• a . ... ... AUO
... ... ... 1 Ob
••■
... 331
*..
.108, 515
• ••
329, 725
...
... 529
34, 73, 99, 726
• ••
72, 490
»■•
... 81
• ••
... 200
.*•
... 102
• ••
... 104
...
... 726
• »■
... 103
• • •
... 482
...
348, 356
,.
434,435
...
... 478
• ••
... 724
...
... 476
103,
489,515
644,
646, 647
• ••
... 474
6 •»
... 106
«• -
59, 106
• • .
106,164
133,
135,475
«••
... 475
... 480
«••
... 279
• ••
... 440
104,
183,492
•••
9, 109
...
9,496
...
... 480
...
100,486
,373,
397, 492,
511
, 621, 758
• • •
... 105
• •■
... 494
... 107, 494, 621, 691
Haliastnr
Halictus ...
Halpe
hamiltoni
barailtoniana ...
hanipsoni
bamptoni
Hanipa
Hantana
Hapalia
baplocbila
hardwickii
haringtoni
harmonica
Harpactes
Harpodon
Rarrisonia
hastaeifolia ...
bastata...
Hebomoia
bebrseus
hector ,
bederacea
hedrcea ...
Hedryehidiura...
hedya
Hedystis
belena ...
helicbrysum ...
Helicops
Heliocheilus
heliopa
Heliopais
heliopbila
beliops ...
helioscopiae ..•:
beliota ...
Heliothis
Heliotropum ...
Helix
helvetica
Hemiberlesia ...
Hemicbelidon...
Hemicbionaspis
heurichronaa ...
Hemicurus
Hemicyclia
Hemidactylus ...
Hemigrapbis ...
Hemigyfosa ...
Hemiocbus
«••
•■•
• ••
PAGE
... 107, 165, 494, 751
*•• ••• 78, 81
481, 482
... ... 483, 558
**t ... *•• 1j 1 (r
••• ••• ••• AoO
• • • •»•• ••• ol
• •• .c • ••• ' o
• •• ••■ ••• i X *i
... 96, 233-
358, 724
... 737
287, 584
... 105
... O.J.'
... 558-
... 481
478, 662
... 79
677, 678-
... 145
... 47&
... ... 584
19, 20
... 228, 234
476
... 894, 760
187, 391, 529
... 443, 444
593
... ... 15&
... ... loi>
... 148, 149
140
586
• ••
• ••
• ■ • •• • •• • oo o
...441,443,445,451
470,471
«• ■ ••• •*■ t y t>
340
50, 427
• • • «• • ••• 0> >"r
133,138
• •• ••• ••• 4 iio
• •• •*• ••• 0*i#
...296,297,724,725
• • • ••• ••• '« < i
• •• ••• •»• *x I •)
eov ••• •*• Ov»r
INDEX.
lvii
Hemionltia ...
hemiopta ...
Hemipodii
Hemirhampus...
hemispila ..
hemisticta
Hemixus
bempricbi ...
Henicurus
henjamense ...
heptodactylus ...
herbacea ...
herbaceum ...
herberti
herchatra
Hermonassa
Herodiaa
Herodiones
Herpestes
Hesperiadje
hesperioides ...
Hestia ...
beterocampa ...
Heterocrossa ...
Heterodoa
beterophyllura..
hexandra
Heylaertsia
beynei... ...
Hibiscus
bidda
Hieraetus 59,
Hierococcyx
h'erta ... ...
Hilarograpba ...
himalayana
bimalayanus ...
bimalayensis ...
Himantropus ...
bimeroessa ...
Himoaoia
bindsii
Hippooratia
bippoides
Hippoton
Hiria
hirta
Hirundinidse ..
Hirundo
bt3paniolensis ...
PAGE
... ... ... 482
• ■• ... ... OoD
5, 62, 108
... 318, 761
158, 516
100
109, 497
50, 103
... ... 86, 232
762
• • • • t • ••• i yj **
••• im ••• 'i i "r.
• to ••• • •• odd
235,236
077
... ♦. ■ ... dH
442, 701
15, 74, 166, 497, 762
63, 110
397, 478
81,573,721
• • • •• • ••• 4 - >■ '
••• ... 73, 82
• •• ••• »•• -jOi.)
• •• •*• *#• ooJ
• •■ ••• ••• OcO
... ••• ••• 4 1 o
QA9
• •a ••• . . « Ot-J
• •• ••• ••# Ut
• •• ••• . j • 4 i 0
474
195
• •• .»• i a • I t ■ »
106, 164, 182, 494, 507
422,493, 661
• • • ••• •••Oil
609, 610
48, 150, 424
181, 360, 397
...99, 108, 660, 760
109, 496, 694
• •• ••• -jIi'j -OO
• •■ •• • ••• TOU
• •• ••• ••• ' I V
• •■ ••• ••• 4/1
721
139, 142
••• ••■ ■•■ I 1 i
476, 479
.*«• ••• 00, lUo
. 55, 103, 489, 512, 622,
659, 688, 749, 753
• •• ••• ... 0"3
hispida
bippidus
bodgsoni ...
bodgsonise
Hodgsoniua
bodnse
boggei
Holcomyrmex ...
hololeuca ...
Holopetelea
Holopya *.*
holoscia
bolottenia
homalocephalum
Homalopsidse ...
Homalopsis
homalaxis
Homalaxis
homochroma ...
bomolepis
bonorata
Hoplodactylus ...
hoplopomus
Hoplopterus ...
Hoppea
Horaga
Horornis
borsfieldi
bottentota
Houbara
howqua ...
bowra ...
Hoya
buegelii ...
Hubua ...
bumifusa
humii ...
Huphina
hyalina...
byalomelaena ...
hyalosticta
Hyarias ...
Hyblaea ...
Hyblaeinaa
Hyboma
hybrida
Hydrocbelidon...
Hydropbasianus
Hydropbiidse ...
Hydropbila
Hydrophis
PAGE
476, 478
••• ••• ••• oZJ
...103, 105, 359, 424
• •• ••• ••• Xv'O
«•• ••• »•• 1(H)
••• .. 456
••• •« • ••• J-* i
••• ••• mi Dod
448, 450
520
• •• ••• ••• vwV
• •• ••• ••• 1 «/
• •• ••• ••• ''-*.!
• •• ••• O J. J, i)r> 1
• •• ••• f •• < *J T
• *• ••• ••• 'IOt
388, 529
• •• ••• •*• tfvi
86, 94, 233
711, 712
■ •• ••• ••♦ ij"
106, 396, 493, 621, 746
7-^5
• •• ••• ••• i *-!*.*
• •■ ••• ••• «•• Oij\J
• •■ ••• ••• ••• xL'«7
• •• ••• ••• ••• i( 8
••• ••• ••• ••• I o
• •• •• ••• • • • 1 '71
100,107,112,153,181, 726
• •• ••• *•• •••1U1
329, 693
• •• ••> ••• *•» i-Vt)
• •• •■• ■•• • • • -J ' ' .*
• •• ••• ••* ••• xlO
••• • •• ••• ••■ o •»
• •• ••• • •« *•• 10(3
■ •. ••• ••• .i. il O
...48,52,101, 103,424,748
••• ••• ••• ••• i J
• •• • •• ••• #*• k&Q
152, 197
• ■* ••• ••• «*• T"iT.
• ■• ••• ••• ••• aUO
• •• ••• ••• tit DOi
*■• ••• ••• • • • 4 r J
• •• ••• ••■ • • • t-> oo
• •• ••• ••• X -J) 1 ' ' J
• •• ••• 1_. ll'J
7,109, 760
310, 534
• • • ••• • lit it"
388, 759
lviii
INDEX.
Hydrophylacea
Hydropiper
Hydroprogne ..
Hydrus
hycualayensie ..
Hymen eria
Hymenoptera .,
Hypacanthus •
Hypelictis
Hypeninaa
hyperboreua
hyperbius
hypericifolia ..
hypermcenia ..
hyperythra
hyperythrus
Hypbsena ..
Hypocolius
hypocrita
Hypolais ..
hypoleucus ...
Hypolimnas
Hypolus
HypolycEena ...
Hypopicus
hyporhoda
Hypotjenidia ...
Hypothymis ...
hypoxanthum
Hypsa
hypselosoma ...
Hypsidse
Hypsipetes
Hypsirhina ...
hyrtelii
Ibibididaa
Ibis
icama ...
Icambosidse
Ichneumonidas
ichthyaetus
Ichthyura ..
icterdideB
Ictinaetus ..
Idonauton
ignavus
ignepeta
ignipicta
PAGE
• •• • •» ••• UTI
• •• ••• ••• 4 t J
... 12,109,497,096
316, 769
57, 62
... ... ... 563
115,117, 122
• • > •• • ••• DUO
«•• ... <* * '*' '' '
• •• ••• ••• Til
63,496
574, 576
• •• ••• »•» IUU
• •• ••• ••• t X D
■ a * ••• •• • i-U'J
!•• *•• ••• Of)."
i* • •• • •• • ozo
• • ... ••• JLUu
• - ••• ••• J *-'
101, 687, 749
9, 62, 109, 496, 622
>8 . ••• ••• 0 ( T
• • •»• • •• 'i 0 I
■ ■ ••• ••• IO
■ • ••• ••♦ 0''jJ
• • •• * •-! • J i O
5, 108
.. ••■ ...1 Uw
.. ... ... 155
152,207,216
• • •■ • ••• i/0\J
,» ••• ••• *jU/
47, 100, 424
»• ••• ••• 0\) I
• ... ... O0\)
14, 110
14, 110
• •• ... .a. *JO- ■
••• ••• ••■ Z\)0
...116,123,128,684
4,7,11,107,496,695
••• ... ... x ou
• • • • • • ••• o ' ) '
164,662
152, 196
• ■ * ••• ••• O J
• a. ••• ••• < ■•■*
152,196
PAGE
ignita 198
ignotum ... ioo
Uarus 713
Iliades ... 79
ilicifolius 479,644,645,653
imbuta 211
imitata 449
immaculatus 102
imperator ... 138
imperialis ... 119, 120, 129, 213, 684
impleta 208
impressa 221
inachus 83
inbricata 188
incarnatus 470'
incisa M 701
inconcisa 200*
inconspicua 137, 196-
indiana 716
indica 2, 104, 107, 175, 186, 204, 205, 281,
285, 287, 474, 486, 492, 501, 520,529,
621, 671, 673, 635
indicum 478, 559
indicus 7, 64, 106, 109, 164, 329, 331, 406,
409, 410, 477, 481, 490, 495,
498,559,587,622,660,725
... ••• ... 4 i o^ 4oj
Indigofera
indipeunis
indistans
indistincta
iadrani ...
induB
inermia ...
inferens
infernalis
infernus
infumatns
ingrata ...
innominata
innoniinatus
inornata
inornatus
inquiliims
Insectivora
insignis,..
insipida
in8olata ...
insolens...
integri folia
iutercalaris
interclusa
... ... . .. b7I
... ... ... Zto
... ... ... 2.)0
... ... . . * u *t J
...107, 165,494,757
320,831
290,402
••• ... ••• 205
• * • ... ... i o
... ••• ••• 105
... ... ••• 455
••» ... ••• 6J1
••• ••• ••• lu±
••• ... ••• ill *
... ••• ... O XI
... ••• ••• 14 J
• •• ... ... 0O(|
71,143,146, 160,558
134, 136
••• ... ... *j I u
... ••• ... I O
340, 352, 520
... ... ... /jXO
... ••• ••• 71U
INDEX.
lix
lntcrcostalia
interflxa...
interjecta
intermedia
HO,
intermixta
interpres
iaterrupta
interrupting
iutersecta
interstriata
iutertexta
intracta...
intricata
Intsia ...
inusitata
inusitatus
involucrata
involucratum
ione
iphita ...
Ipomea ...
Iraota ...
Irianassa
iris
irregularis
irritans ...
irrorata ...
isabella ...
isabellina
isabellinus
ischalea...
Isia
islandica
Ismene ...
Isochlora
isochroma
isolepis ...
Isoples ...
isosceles ,
ispida ... ,
Ithagenes
Ixora ...
Ixulus ...
PAGE
*•• ••• ••• ••• *k I \J
• • • ••• • ■ • in m!1
718
2,16, 60,74, 107,108,110,
290,495,497,515,691,762
, 495,622
a • • • • • * » • it* lOl
• •• ••• ••• •• * -J J- I
••• «•• ••■ •••xtO
• •• ••■ ••• Ki -lo
••• ••• ••• -lo, -jOD
••• ••• ••• ••• *t«J*'
• •■ ••• ••• ••• ZUi
■ •• ••• •*■ #•* IOj
»•• ••• ••• ••• J O i
••• ••• ••• #•• oib
»•• ••• ••■ ••• r<_ 'l
• •* ••• ••« ••• il i'
• •a •»• ••• • •• — ' ' *'
• •• •••• ••• • j • O i *'
• •• ••• ••• Ml t I O
"9ft
»•• «•• • •• ••• ' — '-'
• •• ••• •«• • •• OU«7
• •• ••• ••♦ *•• D I
• •• ♦•• ••• uliij f)Ot
264, 265
402,447
* . • ••• ••« ••• IwUD
688, 743
... ... , it, 101, 385
... ... ... ... OOt>
• .. ••• ... ... Jw'I
45", 459
»•• • •• ••• ••• O i X
442, 451, 452
>*>• ■ * 1 ••• Ml I J J
• •• ••• • •• ••• lob
»• • ••• ••• •■• . JL4«a
• • ••• ••• ^') _•).)
105, 492, 689
361, 526, 529
>•• «•• ••• • • • o 4. 0
• •• ••• *•• • •» 1UU
jacobinus
Jacquemontia ...
jaffra
jama ... ...
106, 188, 493
478
• a* «•• 7a
• •• •••Oil
janthina
Janthocincla
jantoehir
Japalura
japonica
Jarbua ...
Jasminum
jasonia ...
Jatropba
javanica
javauicus
jecoralis
jebafi ...
jerdoni ...100,
jeyporensis
johaii ...
Joloncba
jopbon ...
Josepba
jucuudum
j udicata...
jugger ...
jujuba ...
julia
junceum
junctura
Junonia
jnssicea ...
Justicia
Jynx
kachbensis
kadenii ...
kaisensis
kakbiensis
Kallima...
Ka,ndelia
Kanita ...
kaoutbia
karschi ...
kasbmirensis
Ketupa ...
khasiensis
kieneri ...
kirgbisa...
kiusbiuensis
Kleinella
kloslowi
Knoxia ...
PAGE
*•* ••« ••• ••• 1 01
• •• ••• ••• ■•• ""
••• ••• ••• ••• tJOU
• •• ••• «•• ••• * -'O
• •• ••• ••• j") *^-o
72fi
•i* ••>« ••• ••• * *d v
477
•a* ••• ••• ••ail*
••• ••• ••• 78,82
• a* •»« ••• ••. lOO
...16, 18, 111, 497, 498, 525
... 13,14,74,110,497,696
230,234°
630, 636
101,330,687,726,741,759
••• ••• ••• ••• 7*a5
183, 187, 387, 762
... ... ... ••• 6UO
... ... 1.9 ... ' **
... 563
... ... ... ••• 208
... ... ... ... *y.i
107,510
• •• ••• ••• ••• 1*"*7
• •a ••• • • • •• • *■ * ^
4-78
277, 703, 707
575, 576, 720
• •• ••• ••• • - a *t I O
• »» *•• ••• ••• *oo
51,491
• a •
• a*
... 725
• ••
• •■
... 288
• •■
• •«
... 98
• ••
• •a
• a* -jOO
78,
82, 157,
370, 574
■■«
aaa
644, 647
• •*
• ••
... 136
«a.
• ■•
... 638
• «•
• a •
... 459
19
, 48, 55,
526, 659
• ••
#••
106,163
• ••
a. a
... 722
*•*
164,
222, 529
• ••
■•■
... 460
• ••
• ••
... 137
86,
229, 234
• ••
•••
... 359
• ••
• ••
... 476
Ix
INDEX.
koechlini
Koinakka
kolus ...
kuehni ...
kumara ...
kundoo ...
labialis ...
labiata ...
Labiateaa
labiatua
laboulbeni
labrosa ...
lacera ...
Lachesis
laciniosa
lactea ...
lacteata...
lacteatunj
lactinea...
Lacydes
ladacensis
ladakensis
Laelia ...
Laeops ...
laeta ...
laetitia ...
lafitolei...
Lagenaria
lagenifera
lagenHiormis
Lagera ...
Lagoniys
lagopodes
Laguncularia
lahtora ...
laleana ...
lama
lamnidentata
Lampides
Lampra
Latnpyridsa
lanata ...
lanceola
lanceolata
lanceolat/US
laniota ...
Laniidaa
Laniinsa
181,
PAGE
PAGE
•••
• ••
... 141
Lanius ...
...48
,49, 101, 179
, 487, 687,
• ••)
...
... 483
729
, 745, 750
• ••
• ••
... 529
lanka
• ••
•••
• •a
78, 81,82
• ••
• ••
... 146
lankana
■ ••
•■•
...
... 78
• ••
...
721,722
Laridas
•••
•••
... 11, 63, 109
49,
70, 101
, 426, 488
Larinaa ..
...
•••
■••
11, 109
Larus ...
11,.
12,63
74,109
, 496, 497,
695
larvata ...
...
*■•
•••
... 638
• ••
...
... 475
Larvigora
...
•••
• ■•
... 661
• ••
...
... 470
Larvivora
...
*..
•••
100, 423
• ••
...
... 479
Lasiocampidas...
•*■
• ••
... 197
• ••
...
... 385
Lasioderma
...
...
• ••
127, 684
...
...
... 204
Laspeyresia
...
...
...
.. 610
• ••
...
... 138
lassa
•••
• ••
• • •
... 455
• ••
...
... 477
latens ...
...
...
••»
... 710
534, 536, 538,
543, 761
Lates ...
•• .
• a •
• ••
883, 761
■■•
...
... 476
lathyrus
•••
• ••
• •■
141,475
■ >•
7, 109,
167, 168
latiaris ...
•■•
• •a
• ■•
... 81.
••■
...
78, 80
latifasciata
#••
• ••
• ••
... 223
•••
•• •
... 208
latifolia
...
• ••
69,172
,477,479
• ••
•••
211, 212
latifoliura
• ■•
*••
•••
... 481
• ••
*• •
... 204
Latiniargo
• ••
• ••
• 9*
... 436
• •■
•••
... 443
latipennis
...
...
..-
... 193
• ••
•••
••• ooy
latipes ...
...
• ••
• ft*
... 668
• ••
••■
... 198
latirostris
•••
...
a*.
102, 489
• ••
•••
... 329
Latirus...
• ••
• ••
•••
... 219
• ••
•••
• •■ \j&
lafcreillei
...
•••
• *•
143, 145
• ••
...
217, 253
lativitta
...
• ••
• ••
208,212
• ••
«•■
... 140
Launea
• ••
• ••
...
... 477
•••
•••
... 476
lawderanus
• ••
■a*
• a.
... 725
• ••
...
... 277
layardi ...
• ••
• a.
• ?•
... 406
• ••
•••
••• Zoo
lazulina...
rmm
• ••
• ••
... 78
...
...
... 477
lebbek...
...
• ••
...
172, 473
...
...
• •• 00*7
Lecanium
*••
<•■
• •a
... 127
■••
••■
... 475
Leea ...
-••
• ••
• • •
... 474
•••
•••
... 644
leggada...
• ••
• ••
— .#
... OOif
• ••
...
101, 487
Leguminoseas
• ••
..a
• ••
473, 475
• ••
»•
... 197
leithii ...
•••
• ••
• • •
188,396
• ••
•••
20, 729
lemonias
• ••
• ••
.•a
... 578
•■■
•■•
... 726
Lemyra
...
■■•
• ••
... 204
• ••
•••
78, 80
leuo
••>»
• ••
■ ••
... 193
••»
•••
... 718
Lenodora
•••
a* •
• •*
152,197
• ••
...
... 520
Lentibulariaceaa
• ••
• ••
■ ... 479
••■
•••
670, 675
lenticulari8
• ••
• ••
■ ■■
... 475
• ••
...
... 701
Leocyma
• » •
...
*• a
... 291
• ••
446,
447, 449
leopardina
...
...
127,
207, 208
•■•
4G
421, 726
lepida ...
• ••
• ••
...
78, 687
' ••
152,
194, 200
Lepidactylns
a* •
• a.
...
... 725
*• •
••*
48, 101
Lepidoptera
• •ft
• ••
•••
... 117
•••
•••
... 101
Lepidotrigla
...
...324, 329,
331,333
INDEX.
Ixi
lepitoides
lepscha
Lepterodius ...
Leptophilus
Leptosia ...
leptostachya ...
Leptothyta
lepturus ,.o
lepus
Lepus
Lerwa ... ...
leschenaultii i...
Lethe
Letkrinus
Lettsomia
leucalchyma ...
Leucaloa
Leucarctia
Leacas . .
LeucaspiB
leucobalia ...
leucocephala ...
leucocepbalus ...
leucogaster
leucogenys
leucolopkus
Leucoma
luconota ...
Leucopardus ...
leucopsis
leucorodia
leucoryphus ...
leacospila
leucosticta
leucotis -~
leucura ... ...
levis
lewiBi
Libythea
Lickenaula
lichenigera
lickensteini
lifueusis
lignaria
ligneuni
lilacina
lile
Liliaceoe
Limacodida? ...
limata
Hmborgii
11
PAGE
♦*• ■ »* ■•• to
• • • • • * ... J >) i
16,110,621
14,74
474
• •• ••» JZ* _»>-;
• •■ ••• o« . O -J J
• a ■ ••• ■•• *jvO
• « • ••• ••• <J *J V
526, 760
106, 724
.*• ••• 70j o 1
330
■ •• ••• ••• *t I O
»•• ••• ••• J'-il
• •• ••• ••■ Ji\jO
211
354, 357
• •• ••* ••• *J\J I
— . ••• • • oy«J
... 50,110,428,744
...107,331,494,621
46, 47, 100
■ •■ • •■ • • • *" %J
152,201
60
48,424
110, 497
107, 691
... »a • ••• Zli/
.•• ••• ... -joI
... ... ... 686
71,102,181,397,694
*•• ■•■ • . » i .* ( •
141,454
• •• ■•• • • • * O
602
214
181
142,145
... • •• • •• 1 't -j
219
• * ■ ... »• • 1 t' _
• t • • • t •••'*.) J-
*» • ••• •••'»OX
6,62, HIS
... 136
... ... bjj Ot)
Limenitis ...
Limicolse
limnaetus
Limnaa
Limnophila
Limnopbyton ...
Limonidromus...
Limosa
lincea
lineata
lineatum
lineatus
lineogrisea
lineola
lineosa
Liolepis
Liophila
Liopicus
Liotia ...
Liotrichinai
Liparis ...
Lippia
Lippotycha
liBcephalus
literata
Litkosianas
littoralis ...
littoria
liturata
livia
livomica
lobatus
Lobelia
Lobivanellus ...
locustelloides ...
Lodoiocea ...
lohor
lokriab
longicaudatuB ...
longimanus
lougirostris
longispina
longispinus
loochooana
Lophoceraomyia
Loplioceros
LoohophaDe3 ...
Loplupkurus ...
Lophospizias ...
lophotes
Lophotrlorchis
PAGE
»■• ■•■ 7o, oZ
6,62,108
■•• •*. •■• 182
••• ••• ... 574:
478
... 481
490.622
188, 496, 695
■ •« •• • , . . 4 o*i
139 141, 204
... 47, 422, 661, 725
••• »• • < i • O 1 J
• • ► ••• ••miX*
••• ••• . . . J J 0
149,289
187, 724
• •• »•• ••• 4: Zj t>
104,514
87,89,232
100
... ... 50-, 565
... ... . * . 4 / .'
... ... ... Ou /
724
■■■ ... ••• Jo±
• •• ••• ••• *x£*k
286, 725
224, 233
• • • >• • ••• _'''■*
691
• •• ••• •••141
••• ••• •• • DoO
• »• o • • .*• 4 i 4
... ... 576
••• ••• ■ ■ ■ i ' '
••• •«• • . • 1 o«>
*•■ ••• » . . 1 .» /
«•• •■• ••• 4uo
100, 332, 424
170
••• ••• ••• w 4 <S
•*• ••• ••• o4 U
340,356
»*■ ••• ••• 136
237,245,250
105
46, 47, 422
61,107
... ... ... Itlil
75
164,529
lxii
INDEX.
Lophura ...
Loranthaceaa ...
Loriculus ...
lotenia
Loxura
lubricipeda
lucasi
lucetus
lucinda ...
lucipeta
ludlowii
Luffa
lugubris
Lujanua ...
Lumnitzera ...
lunata
lunatus
lunulata
lunulatum
luperinoides ...
luscinia
lutea
luteata
luteocinota
luteola ...
luteolus ...
lutescens
Lycaenidaa
lycarum
lycetua
Lycodon 169, 181,
Lycophotia
Lycopodiaceaa ...
Lycopodinesa ...
Lycopodium ...
Lygodium
Lygosoma
Lymantria
LytnantriadEe ...
Lyriocephalus ...
Lythraceaa
PAGE
• •• 132
479
• •• ••■ •• • '"*' ' ''
490
78, 82
204,205,208
145, 146
761
... ... ••• »•>
454
... ... ... 627
476
414,661
761
... ... ... * u A
562,644,645
147,148
104
524
. 482
229, 234
• •• ••• ••• 20o
m9m ... •»• ±00
• •• ••• ••• A*iO
74 4
100,486
... 79,83,204,638
156, 573, 720
• • • ■■• •• • ** DO
144, 145
187,188,293,297,313,
396,539, 759,761
442, 713
482
• •• • •• • •• *i 0 —
• •• •• • »• • *i O —
• •» ••• ... 4o.j
725,726
126,152, 199,684
• •• •» ■ •■• < j4
475, 644
mabelse
Mabina
tnacandrcaa
macariata
566, 567
724, 726
... 217
... 403
... 102
macklas • ...
machlolophus ...
macii
mackinnoni •...
maclellandi
macphersoni ...
macqueeni
macraei
Macrilipes
Macrobrochis ...
Macrocarpa
Macrochires ...
Macroglossa ...
Macroglos9um...
macrolepidotus
Macrolepis
macrolopha
macromera ...
macrophylla ...
macrophthalraus
Macropi8thodon
Macroplectra ...
Macropteryx ...
Macropygia
Macrorhampus
macrorhynchus.
Macrosaces
raacroppira
macrostachyum
macrostigma ...
macrotis
Macrotona ...
macrura
raacrurus, 59, 105,
macularius
maculata ...
maculatrix
maculatus
maeulipinna ...
maculosa
maderaspatana
inaderaspatensis
madraspatacus
madurensis ...
msecenas
Maanas...
magica ...
magna
magnalia
magnifica
... ...
PAGE
... ... 595
, 422
101, 487, 660
... ... 762
406
762
372, 509, 693
566
... ... ooo
... 152,202
n« ••• o«>o
58, 105
132,135,138
132,135,138
• • ■ • B • *>■>''
... 538
61, 663
141
474,481
••• ••• ••• ojy
• •• ••• ••• oo\J
196
397,514
107
496
45,99,421,484,757
• ■• #•• ••• ',V'*T
• ■• W«-- ••• *«J
... 566
152, 220
•• • • • • ••• • » ■ * .
••• ••• •• • o *.' i
• ■• •• • *• • c i
165,396,397,406,494
505,529
243, 291
436,437
51, 181, 329, 428, 724
323,331,333
203, 204
477
103, 480, 489
... 680
151,152
... 720
202, 204
... 607
... 101
152, 199
... 678
• •• » • •
• •• • ••
INDEX.
Ixiii
tnagnirostris ...
Magusa
Mahasena
mahrattensis ...
major
majus
malabarica 52,101,
malabaricas ...
malayensis ...
malcolmi
mallei
malleolus
Malpighiacese ...
MalvaeeaB
malvella
mandarina
mandarinella ...
mandellii
mangifera
Mangifera
Mangilia
mangle...
manillensis
Manis ..
manors,
Mansonia
manyar..-.
Maoutia ...
Mareca
margaretse
margarias
margaritifera ...
Margaritifera ...
margaritiferum
margai'itiferus
margaritosa
marginalis ...
marginata
marginatus
marginella
Marietta ...
marifolium
marila
maritima ...
raarjorite ...
Marmarouetta...
marshallorum ...
Marsilea ...
Marsileacese ...
Marumba
masalia.
PAGE
101, 425, 621
• •• ••■ *•• 4jOD
••• ... ••• T1' J
104, 514, 690
131, 149, 726
645, 652, 653
103,470,476,488,489
... 7,109,219,495
164, 662
• • • * • • ••• *.* t '
263, 281
342, 356
474
... ... ... 474
... ... ... i).'j
209, 707
704, 707
••■ ••• ... ± uu
• •• ••• ... 518
• •• ••• • . . * ' ~l ' '
224, 225, 233
... ... ... 644
15,110,497
218,233
• •• ••• ••• &0 I
• ■ • • • » •• • J U'»
••• •• • • • • '•) oo
64, 698
.. 318, 326, 332, 333
••• ••• ••• (>.'ll
••• ••• .. • 4 ' i i
463, 467, 526
• •• ••• • • * 40 1
467
451, 455, 467
102, 449
•*• ••• ••• loo
221,233
197
■ •• * . . ... 1^1
• • • ••• • » . 'T i o
>•• #•• do7 j Oijo
173,444
86,220,233
367, 698
, 170, 660
i * • ■■■ •• • 'i O —
I.. ... ... ^ ' -j
... ... ... XO-J
446
Masicera
maskelli
matherana
Mathilia
matronula
Matuta
maura
mauritaaica ...
mauritia
maxima
medougalli
media
medicaginea ...
mediopunctata
megacephalus ...
MegachjJe
Megalaema
Megalana
megaloba ...
Megapodiidfe ...
Megapodiime ...
Megarhinus
megarbynchus
Megusema
mekranensis ...
melampus
Melauareas
melanastra ...
melanchoeta ...
Melanelaps
melanicterus ...
Melanitis
melanocephala
melanocephalus
Melanocorypba
melauogaster. 13,
melauoleucus ...
melanolophus ...
lnelanonotus ...
nielanope
melanopila
nielanops
nielanopsis
melanoschista ...
melanosoina ...
melauost'ctus ...
melanostomus...
molanotcenia ...
melanotis
melanoxylon ...
melanura
PAC3
... ... ... 127
340
••• ••• ••• j i4
• •■ ■ ■• ••• ZoL
••• ... ... 212
*■» ••• ■•■<!/
... 50, 427,744,760
140
••• *•• ... 286
••• ••• ... 476
186, 250
... 12, 109, 497, 530
••• ••• ••• 4/5
• •• ••• ••• *j-rf.,
••• *•• ... 186
... 669, 670, 675
104,660
• • • « • • • ■ » J. / O
••• ... ••• oo**
• •• ••• ... I Uo
• •» •• • •• • lUo
237, 239, 250
••• ••• ... J.Uo
••• ■■• ... i UJ
328,332
••• ••• ••• 720
■•■ •• . ••• A I o
• •• • » • • • • b \ i
*•• >•• ••• b I 7
• •• ••• ••* i ')_>
71,103
■■■ • . • •• • u/ t
14,110
... ••• ... 4«j o
• * ♦ ••• • • ■ 00
109, 110, 497, 515, 696
165, 494, 505
17,46,183,188, 423
75,111, 397,498,525
56, 490, 622, 688, 760
102, 427
.« • ••• ••• — I ri
426
• • • ••• •• • -j(J5
*•• ••* ■ ■ • o U U
.*■ ■•■ ■•• tJ Oi7
320, 332, 333
59, 663
• • • ••• ••• r i ■
• •• *•• ••« i '-'_
Ixiv
INDEX.
Melasina
Mela^tomaceje...
melaxantba
melba
Melicleptria ...
meliorella
Melipona ...
mellifica
Melocanna
Melochia
Melophus
Melursus
memecylon •••
memiana
mendica
mendicella
Meniceros
Menispermacese
raenthrastri
menzbieri ...
mercurialis
Meretrix
Merganser
Meringocera ...
Meroe
Meropes
Meropidse
Merops 30, 57, 1
merra
Merrernia
merula ...
Merula
merulina ...
merulinus
mesocentra
Mesogona
Mesophrion
Mesua ...
mesuaa ... ...
metallanthes ...
metallica
metapboea
Metasia ...
Metiaa ...
Metopidius
MetopoQia ...
Metopsilus
metrodelta
Metula ,
metula
Micragrotis
••• •••
PAGE
... 614, 616
475
198, 207, 209
... 58, 660
.... 441, 446
... ... 618
175, 670, 671
175, 176, 673
474
... 71, 103
... ... 182
... ... 348
* « * ■•• I O «7
... £04, 208
670
... 473
• ■ • r ■ ■ 2\)o
49, 483, 687
... 480
470
Ill, 378
... ... ... Z \o
... ••• ••• 4 j "
... ••• o/jJUo
57, 105
05, 492, 622, C89, 749
... ••• '>- ■ ' j ."l-'l
• •l ••■ ••• *I I ' '
... ... ... 688
51, 102, 657
• • • • • • ••• «* •'
72
«*■ •»• ••• ''-it
-' • » ••• •••flU
• • • ••• *• • «> •> ' '
*•• ••• ••• o*x*j
341, 348, 366
••• ... ... 596
... ... ... uO''
448, 450
••• •«• ••• 454
400
• •• • • • i , 1 ' ' J
••• ••• ... 54
101. 108
591
86, 220, 233
... ... ... *j-j ■ '
442, 453, 454
microbulbon .
microcarpa
Microcichla .,
Micrococeus
Microlepidotus
Microperdix ,
micropholis
micvophylla .
microptera
micropterus i
microsticta
Microstylis
Microtana
Microtias
Migop]astis
migrans
Millettia
Millingtonia
Milvus...
Miniensemia
Mimetjs
Mimusops
minima...
minimus
Minolia...
minor ..
Minous ..
minuta .
minutum
mioides
mirabilis
Mirafra
Miralda
mitcbelli
mitis
Mitra ...
mixta ...
Mnesta ...
Modesta
modesta-"
moorens...
moesta ...
mollicula
mollissima
Mollugo
Molpastes
molucca
moluccensis
molurus
mommas
Momordica
PAGE
556, 567
... 480
50, 428
... 334
... 330
4, 530
... %«• ••• ••• /^**
478, 480
• •« ••• ••• ••■ XUt>
422, 428, 661
... •■• ••• •• • ^ i o
... ... 562, 563
•*. ••• ••• ••• '«*
.•• ... ••• t)i(> M V*f
203, 216
107, 691
• a. ••• »•» • • • 4 < .>
■ •• ••• ••• • • • i J " '
59, 107, 165, 494, 662, 691
• •• ••• ••• 4o0j4oy
• •• ••• ••• ••• T'J*t
••• •*• ••• •••04^
78, 104, 132, 475
... •»» ••• ••■ *jOU
• •• ••• •*• ••• «' x
481, 697, 726
329, 331,332
482, 496, 696
19
150
... 149, 152
... 103, 490
** * ■ » • 4J I O
... 133, 138
620
221, 229, 233
457
... 230, 234
448, 450, 457
■ ••• •■ • *j.")U
i »•» .** 'ill
... 152, 199
> * - , • * . ~j • .' .'
■ ••• <•» *i' i ('
. • # . ■•• 4 ( U
47, 4S6, 686
... 138, 644
186, 519, 758, 760
440
, 476
131, 148, 149,
10, 63, 78, 110,
INDEX.
lxv
mona ... ••
Monacanthus ..,
monachus
monarchu8
monedula
moneta ...
monetella
mongolia ..
Morgolica
mongolica ..
Monilifer
momlis
monniera
monochorda
Monochoria
monochroum ..
Monoctyledones
monogramma .,
monogynum ..
monoicum
monolitha
Alonopis
monosperma ..
monsonia
montana
montanua
monticola
PAGE
••• ... 205
• •• ... ooX
106, 181, 188
• • • ••• k £i*j
46, 760
••• ••• "i ' > — '
«■• ••• ').'<>
496
8, 53
• •• ••• 1 ' 'v'
■•■ *•* -'«'
••• ••• 284:
478
604
481
90
• • • • • • MV
480
• •• ••• / 1 «3
476
•*• • • • *r i t*
278
618
• « • * ■ • "i ( • I
Mucuna
Mugil ...
Mukia ...
multifasciata .
multiflorum ..
multigutfcata .,
multilineata ..
mnltimaculata
multipunctata
multivittata .,
• •• *♦• ••• ••• ** i &
...26, 78, 207, 210, 452, 480
54, 103, 688, 750
52,99,105,181,188,
422, 534
moorea ••• 216
mooreanua 79
moorei ... ... 210
Morganella 340
morinda 120
Mormula 217,218,233
morphina 470
Motacilla ... 55,56,103,138,489,
490, 622, 688, 720
Motacillida3 55,103
Mucor 335
mucosus...l81, 298, 393. 394, 530, 541, 762
mucronata 282, 644, 646, 647, 653, 655
• •• •** ••• ••• ilO
... 762
... 476
„. 725
... 418
... 207
... 197
187, 307
... 46
... 205
PAGE
Mumiola 218
Munia 103
muntjac 742
Murasna 381
muraria 48, 686
Murex 86,219,220,233
muricatum 478
Murraya 343, 474
Mus ... 181, 189, 255, 256, 260, 265,
358, 359, 397, 407, 762
326, 332, 333
50, 102
• •• ••• • • . 1 *- /
• • • •• • i • • tO>'
■•• ••• ••• bJJ
••# •■■ •• • i UJ
• •• ••• £i\. i . 4OD
407,408
••• ••• ••• 551
••• ••• ••» JU7
••• *■• ••• 725
• •• ••• ••• *.*r
• • • ••• #* • X ' J -t
• •• ••• ••• Out
78, 82, 720
169, 394, 534, 542, 543,
545, 548
... 47,100,181, 422
• •• ••• ••• o21
• • • ••• ••• Do J.
344,345, 350
475,725
••• ••• ••• 539
• •• •• • ••• / t)j
442,715, 716
••• ••• ••• »>,)0
470
237, 630, 632
•.. ... ... 2o7
muscatensis ...
Muscicapidte ...
nmsciformis ...
Musculus ...
musicus
musiva
raussandamica
MuBtela
mutabilis
muticus
mutilata
Mutilla
muttui ... ...
miitus
Mycalesis
mycoderma
mycterizans
MyiophoneuB ..
Myristicora ...
Myrmecides
myrtifoh'us
mysorensis
mystaceus
mystax
Mythimna
mytilaspiformis
Mytilus
Myzomyia
Myzorhynchus...
Naia
naia ...
Naidaceaa
Naias ...
nana
nanurn ...
narcondami
.. 171,183,186,313,529,
535, 638
• • ••' » • > •■•0t>O
• i ■■• ■ • » ••• 'rul
• • ••• ••■ in 4M
»• ••• ••• »•! lit
• • ••• ••• ••• ll>J
• • ••• •• ( (it u^l'
lxvi
INDEX.
Narosa
Nassa ... ...
natans ... •••
nauarcbuB ..
nayaca
nebnlosa ...
nebulosus
Nectariniidse ...
Nectariniinsa ...
negrita
Nelsonia
nemoricola ...
Nemotais
Neoarctia ...
NeobytbiteB
Neopbrou ...
Neottise
nepalense
nepalensis
Nepbantis ...
Nepberonia
Neptis
nercidum
nervosa ... ...
Nesocbia
Nesorbyncbus ...
nessus ... ...
Netta ... ...
Nettitim
Nettopu8
Neuria ... ...
Neurois
nicsea ... ...
Nicsea
niceta
nicobarica ...
nicobaricas
nicobariensis ...
Nicotiana
nictitans ...
nietneri
nigra
nigrescens
nigribasalis
nigribasis
nigricans
mgriceps ...
nigrifasoia ...
nigrifasciata ...
PAGE
■>•• ••• ••• X i> t
• •• *•• *li'j uOO
• •• ••• ■•• Doi
86, 222, 233
••• ••• ••• *i IX
205, 830
••• ••• /25j 726
• « • ••• ••• 1 ' 't
• •• ••• •• • 1 v't
211, 436
... 10,101,188,724
• •• • « € «• ♦ D 1 «7
• • • • •• ■•• - ' ' 0
59, 164, 494, 515, 662,
691
• •• ••• ••• TT'^iJ
• •» ••• ••• J.'".'
104, 107, 163, 517, 659,
734
• •• ••• ••• Duo
79, 82, 102
225, 227, 233
... ... ... J4U
... ... 358, 760
6-?Q
• •• • •• •»• '-' — ,'
• •• ••• •*• J lU
181,498,698
... 18,64,498,697
18, 498, 525
442, 716, 717
•■• ••• *•• !•>.'
• •• *•• ••• ~ V'O
• • • ••• ••• *jUO
• •• •• • aaa ' *t
£99
• • • ••• ••• i Uu
• a* «aa aaa O « ' -J
• a a ••• ••• 1 *"> 1
... 78,82,126,127
... 74, 135, 159, 459
140,193
152,196
211,454
100, 101
• •• aaa ••• *J I O
• p. a». 0^» 100
nigrifrons
nigrilabris
nigrilutea
nigrimentum
nigripennis 322, 330, 331, 333, 436, 518,
762
PAGE
.. 205
.. 724
,. 100
,. 100
nigripileus
nigrirufa
nigristriata
nigrocinctus ..
nigrocuprea
nigrogrisea
nigroraarginata
nigrosigna
nigroviridis ..
nigrovittatus ..
nigrum
nil
nilgiriensis
nili
Niltava
Ninox ,
Nipa
nipalensis
nipoua ,
nisus ...
nitida ...
nitidulum
niveicola
niveifascia
aiveiguttata
niveiplaga
niveisparsa
... ... ... XuZ
102, 154
447, 448
••• ••• ••, 175
••• ••• aaa 7J.0
••• ••• aaa 276
• t» ••• «., 004
•**■ ••• •■ s» ••■ 708
•■ ••• »»a 4 16j 717
»•• ••- ••• •»• 330
•• • •• ••• a*. 04d
»•■ ••• a. a ••» 478
77, 102
•• *•• ••• ••• o28
102,427
•• ••• ••• aaa tO
■a ••• ••• m 644
436,437
•• ••• ••• ••* 1 10
.59,73,107,165,496,511
• • ••• ••• ... 644
*. ... ... ... 6/5
526, 7C0
• • ••• ••• ••• 282
>•• ••• ••• ... 402
•• ••• ■•• ••• 278
•• ••• ••• a* a 704
Noctua 445, 455, 457, 702, 704, 706, 7]0
275,276,402, 440
■•• ••• ••• *•• 440
• •• ••• ••• ••• 284
••• aaa • *. ... 479
152, 435
«•• ■■• aaa aa. 4o5
••• ••• 9m» ••■ I -j J
290, 402, 452
... ... ... ... Do8
Noctuidse
Noctuinse
nocturna
nodiflora
Nola
Nolinge ...
nomiuB ...
Nonagria
non-naia
notatus
Nothris
Notocelia
notodela
notodonta
Notodontidse
Notozus
novsegninefB
321
600
586
102
197
149
19
726
INDEX.
lxvii
novemfasciatus
nubigera
nubilata
nubra ...
nuchalis
ftucifraga
nudicaulis
nudiflora ...
nudus
Numenius
Numida
nummifer ...
numraularius ...
nupta ...
Nyaca
nyeteris...
nyeteroides
Nyctiebus
Nyeticorax
nyetina
nyctopis
uydia
nympha
Nymphalidse ...
Nymphcea ...
Nympboeacese
Nyroca 111,
oatesi ...
obelisca...
Oberonia
obliqua ...
obliqui fascia
obliquilinea
obliquivitta
obliviosa
oblongus
obovata...
obsoura ...
obscurior
oDscuripes
obscurus
obsoleta
obsolotella
obtruncata
obtiisiflorum
obtusirostris
obumbrata
occidentalia
PAGE
444,445
• -. ••• •■■ Zio
*•• ••• ••• «Uo
• • • • #• • •• «> r>_j
46, 158, 516
••• ... ••• 481
9, 74, 496, 694
526
-••• * * . . « • ijij a
• •• ••• ••■ 1 I u
• • • • •» •• • I *J*t
• •■ ••• ••• -ill
••• >•• •■■ loo
• •• ••• ••• bUj
••• • • • #•« lol
17, 110, 498
460, 461
457, 458
... ••• ••• *■>'*.'
• •• ••■ ... Xit-I
•»« ••• ... 0 / I J
• • • ••■ ». • *T I t>
■■a ••• .. . "i i O
181,367,598,529,698
• •• ••• ••• 01 J
454,456
... ... 562, 564
206, 208, 285
152, 435
206, 208
• •• .« • .* • TCU O
• •• ... ... ool
...644, 645, 652, 653
137,455,458
• •* ••• * • • i I J-
• •• •■• • • • 1 O (
• •• ••• »'«", I i u
...199,444, 445,687
... ... ... •-) i» -j
... ... ... i '*-j
.. . ... ... to 1
... ... ... OOu
... ... ••• 714
166
occipitalis
occultus
ocellatum
ocellatus ...
Ochotona ...
ochracea
ocbreimargo ...
ochreipuncta ...
ochripes
oohrocoma
Ochromela
ocropa
Ochropleura ...
ocropuB
ocbrota
Ocbrotona
Ociuebra
ocis
octo
octopuuctata...
oculata
Odonaspis ...
Odoaestis
odoiatissima ...
odoratum
Odynerus
CEcophylla
CEcophoridaa ...
CEdematopoda ...
OEdicnemitlai ...
(Edicnemus
(Enopopelia ...
CEtheria
CEur
officinalis
Ogygia
Olacine©
Olax
Oldenlandia ...
oldenlandiaa ...
oldhanri
Oleaceaa
oleracea
olivacea
olivascens
Oligodon ...
oligodoa ...
olitorius
Olivella
olor ... ...
Omalixis
PAGE
99, 104, 425, 659, 661
345,356
••• ... ••• *y«J
• •• ••• ■•• i -'■'
• •• ••• *•* ' "J i
417, 710
• •• ••• ••■ *■• *J 1
• •• ■•» ••• —" ^ *■*
• •• • •• ••• i-Ul
... ... ••• O JL O
102,154
• •• «•• ••• OOi
702, 705
152, 198
• »• ... • *• uO
220, 233
• •• ••• ••• 1 *t Z
«•• •■• • • » -j Q'J
• •• •» • ••• liD
*•• ••• ... 000
346, 347, 35G
152, 198
• •« • •• » • • 4 i O
••• ••• • *» T ji O
•■■ ••• ... o7o
••• ... 681, 685
• •• «•• #•• 0 ' *o
••• ••■ ■■■ oOo
••■ ■■■ 6, 108
6, 108
••• ... ••• 495
•■• ••• •.« 95
••• ••• ••• 7oZ
481,644,645,650,652
••• ••• ••• i u z
••• ••• ••• 4/4
474
••• ••• ••• 47b
144, 146
••• ••• ••• 725
••• ••• ••• 477
••• ••• ••• 47o
147, 148
••• ••• ••• 711
••• ••• 186, 188
...235,236,251,298
474
•«• ••• ••• 228
••• ••• ... 697
••• ••• ... 94
Ixriii
INDEX.
omanenais ...
Onagracese
Onebala
onocratulus
opalus
opercularia
Ophiocephalus...
ophiomachus ...
Ophiomorua
Ophion
Ophiops
Ophisaurus
Ophrydeas
Ophrysia
Ophthalmia
ophthalmotgenia
Opilia
opis
opismathes ...
Opisthognatbus
opistholeuca ...
Opoatega
oppositifolia ...
Opuntia
OTcO ... ...
Orbifrona
orbona ...
Or«hidaces9 ...
Orcbidese
orchioideB
Oreicola
Oreocincla
Oreocorya
Orens ... ...
Orgyia
orientale
orieatalis 73, 136,
477,495,558,
Criolidte
Oriolua
ornata...
ornatus
Orneodea
Orneodidaa
Orosagrotia
orphcua
Orthenches
orthiastia
Orthosia
orthotoma ...
Orthotonus ...
• •• •••
PAGE
324, 829, 330, 333, 334
«•• ••• • •• *x i O
••• ••• ••• 5"o
••• • ■• «•• Ot/O
• ■• ••• ••• Jjx
*•• ••■ ••• Oox
• •• ••• ••• O _jt?
• •• ••• ••• I &%.
725, 726
376, 684
• •• •• • •■■ I *J * J
171,724
• • * ••■ ••• TOO
• •• ••• * • • o u 1
436,439,440
••• ••• ••• oo'O
••• «• • ••• J ' i *t
••• ••• •■ • i. 00
225, 233
... 332
50
481
••• •• • ti 4 1 )
• •• ••• iOI
... ... 454
704
... 480
••• *■• ••• 473
••• ••• ••• 480
102, 428, 741
102, 502, 657
103,182,659
• •• ••• •••lit)
• •• ••* ••• 1 Jo
479
149,167,168,224,474,
670,678, 683,725,729
49,101
49,70,101,426,488
170,181,724
• •• ••• ••• OOtU
• •• •• • ... 'lOi'
••• ••• ... 583
441,452,453
• •• •• • ••• «u 0
••• ••• •..'>!_)
• c« • •• • •» •>•' L
707,715
• • • ••• «• » l)uO
101. 153, 486
••• ••♦
Oryctes
orythyia
oryzte
Csbeclda ...
oacillans
oscitana ...
Osmoteron
Ostracion ...
Ostrcea ...
oatralegia
oatralegu8
oayrensia ...
Otidse
Otitles
Otocompsa
Otocorys
Otogyps
Ottelia
Otya
ovalifoliam
Ovipennis
Uvia ...
oxalina
oxiana ...
Oxira
oxydala
Oxygrapha
Oxyptilua
oxytropis
Pachnobia
pachyBpila
Padraona
pagodaDformis
pagodarum
Pagrus ...
Palasornia
pallicoBta
pallida ...
PalinaceEe ,
palmarum
palmata ,
palpebroaa
Palustra
palustria
Panacra
Pancratium
PAGE
« • c- ••■ • . • no
• •• *»■ >•• Oil
124, 125, 684
• •• #■•• •!» TlO
497
... ... 15, 1 15
1, 107
i . • »»• •• • OO x.
■ •> • ■• ••# TT \> J
••• ••• ••• J
••• ••• ••• 4*'o
• • • • • ■ • *• 4: / o
6, 108
... ... 6, 108
... ... . • • j ' ' * '
70,100,153,397,483
56, 729
164,494
• • • ••• •• • lOU
•370
• • • •• • • • • t» I -J
•■ • •■• •• • TI t *.:'
152,434
376
«•• • • • • •• ' I •'
• • • ••• ••• O >> O
• •• ••• •• • i I ' '
97Q
... ... 587, 588
581 582
•■» ••• ••• * ' * '
710,711
• •• Baa ••• Ol J
721
• •• » • • . • • ( -J J.
• •• ••• ••• *J J *'
49,70,101,427,488
• •• ... ••• 00O
58,72,106,167,188,
493, 621, 661
143, 146
455,474,478
79
• •• •• • ••• i '
292,406,413
476
• •• ••* • . . I 1 ' '
100,152,423
4,04
146,147
••• *•• ••• iOI
INDEX.
Ixir
Paudion
pandora... •
pandurseforniis
Pangora
paniculata .
pannosa
Pantasia .
pantherinus -
Papilio...
papilionarifl .
Papilionidae .
Papilioninaa .
papuana
papuanum
Paracossus
paracyrta
paradiseus
paradisi...
paradoxa
Paradoxurus
Paragrotis
paralias...
ParaplaBtis
Parascolopus
Parasitica
Paraspistes
Parata ...
Paraxestia
pardaria
pareira ...
parinda ...
Parinse •••
Parkia ...
Parkinsonia
Parlatoria
parlatoris
Parnara...
Painopes
Parridaa
Parthenos
particolor
partita ...
par us
PAGE
4-94
• • . ••• ••• XOO
4U
213,214
473
218
152, 198
... ... ... ...33.
79,721
• •• •«• • •• •*• xJo
... 573, 721
791
., , •*■ ••• ••• * ***■
• H9
186
152,194,195
... 602
161,126
... 27,50,71,102,277,4 88
443, 5G5
mmm ... Ib-L
454
... 140
... 203,216
329
... ... 123
600
„. 442,715
»<,. ... ^77
• •• • •-* t/O
79
99
558
173
319, 350, 356
... ... t>Ttj
... ... 7 J l
... ... 24
109
78, 82
..) •■• loo
... 282
46,54,70,99,729,421,422,
485
parva ...
Parviflora
Parviflorus
parvimaTius
parvula
paSBalus...
Passer ...
12
50, 194, 693
479,644,645,648
478
... ... ••• ••• 734
193, 203, 215, 667
133,138
30, 54, 103, 489, 658, 688, 750
Passeres... .
passerinus
Pastor ...
patina ...
patula ...
paulina
Pavo
Pavoncella
pectinata
pectinatns
pectoralis
pedronis
Pegasus
Pelecanisa
Pelecanus
Pelecypoda
Pellorneum
Pellucida
Pelopacus
pelopcecida
peltigera .
pendula .. .
penelope
penicillata
penicillatus .
pennantii
pennatus .
pentadactyla ,
Pentadactylns
Pentanda
Peutaphylla .
Pentaptes ,
Pentatropis ,
peperida
peplides...
peploides
Percis ...
percnopterus .
perdentata
Perdicula
Perdix ...
peregrinator .,
peregrinum
Peregrinus
perfecta
pergandii ■■
Pergeea ...
Pergesinas
Pergularia
Pericallia
Pcricrocctus ..
PAGE
45,99
... 661
488, 750
>• «•• i Ci b -»
228,477,479
TO 1
* »• • •• • I -J 1
... 8, 107,525
74, 109, 496
289
481
99, 102
341,356
• * ••• an Oul
>« • •• ••• X O
13,696
■« **• ... bo
• • ... ••* 1 vll
152, 201
. ... ... 680
.. « • -> ... -j i
• • ... ... i1*r
... ... 478
.. ... 64, 698
5«, 346, 356
... 409, 410
409, 411, 413
.. 59,164,494,511
• •* ... * . » 1 b-j
, 726
... 475, 4&0
'•• .«. •. • 4 t 4
• • ... ••• -lib
... 460, 461
... ... 140
475
..818,325,330,332
.. 59,106,662,691
... 4, 495, 525
108
... 494, 510
157,309,398
101,487,509
... 350, 356
139,141,146, 148
• •• • ••• J D\j
» ••• i • t 'ill'
203,212,214
. 19, 101, 420, 489
lxx
INDEX.
Peridroma
Perilampus
Perispbena ...
Peristirnia
Peristeropodes...
Pernambucensis
Pernis
Perornata
perrotteti
persarum
persica
persicus... 14,
persimilis
personata
perstriata
pestuTa
petersi
petiolata
petiolatus
Petrophila
Petroscirtes
Phabinsa
pbajocepbala ...
pbseopus ..»
Phseosaces ...
Phagius
Phaius
Phalacra
Phal acrocoracida?
Pbalacrocoracinse
Pbalacrocorax...
Pbalsena
Phalana...
phalantba ...
pbalaritis
Pbalaropua
Pbaloniadse
Pbaoa
Pbarangitis
pbaretrata
pbarmaceoid.es
pbaroeusis
Pbasianidaa
pbayrei
Pbaylopi3
Pbeidole
Pbeisama
Pbelsuma ...
Pbilampelus ...
pbilarctus
PAGE
... ... ... Did
127,684
... ... •-. 613
220, 221, 233
.'. 108
94
166,494,529
205,207
211,212
217, 233
... 98, 173, 224, 232
825, 327, 330, 832, 383,
689
79
56, 156, 688
••• ... ••• 44d
••■ ••■ ••• 4oy
* • » •• • ••• i j-*~f
117, 122
51, 102, 657
828,331,333
• •• ••• • • • J. ' '
103,397
9, 74, 496
... 604, 605
• •• • ■• ••• ODD
418,419
13, 110
13,110
13,74,110,497,696
208, 214
• •> ••• ••« *j i 1
*• • ••• *•• O i 9
• •• ••• •• • *> J "X
63,496
• •• •■■ ••• OoJ
• »» ••» ••* -*- i l
••• ••• ••• o«/7
• •• ••• ••• 0 Jo
••• ••• ••• 47b
• •• ••• ••• Vat
3,61,107,512
100, 107
... 479
... 760
• •• ••• ■•• J J 1
• •• ••• ••• 7<aX
••• •• • ••• 1 I J
••• ••• *t» IO
• » • ••
••• #••
pbileuphorbia...
pbilippensiB ...
philippinus
pbilotina
Pbiebosis
pblegeton
pboenicea
pboeniceum
Pbcenicopbainae
Pbcenicopteri ...
Phaenicopteridaa
Phoenicopterus
pboenicnra
pboenicuroidee...
pboenicurus
pbcenix...
Pbolidota
Pbomomyia ...
pbospborea
photopbila
Pbrynocephalus
Pbryxus
phyllantbi
Pbyllantbus ...
Pbyllium
pbyllocblora ...
Pbylloscopus ...
Pbylocblamis...
Physicultus
Pica
T) 1 C ii t ti « • • • • •
x lCGtl •• • •• •
i 1 C l • •• •••
Picidse...
Picinae
picta ...
picteti
picticaudata ...
pictura
pictus
Picumninse
Ficumnus
Pidorus
Pieridae
Pierince
pilcberi
pileata ... 72, 100,
pilosa
pilulifera
Pimpla
pinastriaa ...
••• •••
PA SB
140
13,829
105,492,602
... ... !'-»..
... G13
... ... 138
... 474
*•• ••• *•• vJ
•it ••• ••• IKJO
64, 111
• • • •■• • • » 111
... 111,181,498, 697
100, 687, 689
6, 108, 495
142
••• •• • ••• obi)
• •• ••• «•■ — TO
• • • •*• ••• QUO
• •• m«i • •• OIQ
• •• ••• •*• i ~iO
139
344,350, 356
844, 345, 350, 480
!•« ••• •• • *) - O
• •• ••• ••• OoO
48, 70, 424
• •• ♦»• ••• loir
«•• ■•• •*• o — o
... 46, 99, 686, 729
102, 750
• • • ••• *• ». J -j u
57, 104
57, 104
• •• •«• ••• lUt
213, 289
• •• ••• •• • li'i
••• ••• ••• /oU
• •• ••• ••• Ooxf
108, 301, 525
• •• ••• ••• J 04
• • • ••• ••* J. U'r
• •• ••• •• • J. Jo
••• ••• ••• 573
85, 721
• • • •• • ••• -j J X
154,373,397,511,621
474, 477
•■■ ••• ••• lull
129,684
••• ••• •«• 145
INDEX.
Ixxr
ptng-ais..„
pinifolia
pinnata...
pinnatifida
pinnatifolia ...
pimiauratus ...
pinnulifera
Pintia ...
Piper ...
pipiens
Piprisoma
pirama ,..
piscator
Pistia
Pitfcidas
Pitbyogenes ...
placida
placodoides
planchonioides
planidorsata ...
planifrons
plantaginea ...
Platalea
Plataleaa
Plataleidsa
platurus
platycaulon ...
Platycepbalus...
platycoata ...
Platygaster ...
Platyglossus ...
Platypeplus ...
platyphylla ...
platyrbyncha
Platysternum
Platjtes
platytbrix
platyxanthuni
platyzona
plebium
plebiua...
plecta ...
Plectophiia
plectranthoides
Plegadis ...
Pleonectopcda
Pleretes
Plesmonium ...
Pleurococcus ...
pleuTopliaaes ...
PAGK
470
... ... ... 476
... .. . ... 4uJ
477, 4S1
477
• •• •» • *•• i)4 o
• »» ••• • • • O "X *>
• » • ••• • * • o I ■ «>
... 627, 635
... 104
78
305, 389, 529, 530, 541
• •• * . • ••« iol
72, 104,171,397, 491
• • ■ * . . *•» ll't
127, 684
78, 289
287
t*» ••• <>•• 7^6
• •• ••• ••• lid
... »•« ••• 480
««• . o » 1 I''. 'Il'l
14, 110
110
310, 759
... ... 663, 564
322, 323, 761
124, 684
330, 332
583, 586
o . . • « * *• . tc!)
•* • ••»■ ••• J.U
— ** ••• «•■ loD
• •• ... ••• 4U9
• •* ••• ••• Oj/
• •• •» • ■tali)/
... 616
... 479
... 761
703, 707
... 602
470
... 761
-.. 454
... 212
... 481
... H.35
... 606
>•• •••
pleurosticta
Pleurotoma
Pleurotomella...
plicata
Ploceidaa
Plocemaa
Ploceus
Plotinas
PlotOSUS'
Plotns
plulotina
Plumbago ...
plumbea
plumbeola
plumbicolor ...
plnmbifusa
Plusiansa
Plutellidse
pluvialis
Pnoepya
podana
Podargi
Podargidse
Podicipes
Podicipididse ...
poecilorhyncba...
poecilum ...
poecilurus ...
Pogostemon
Poiaciana
A O I 1 rl Ba „ 44, #
PoHoaetus ...
poliocepbalua ..,
poliogramma ...
poliorhiza
poliotis ...
Polistes
polyandrum
Polyatithes
Polycarpea
Polygonaceol ...
polysoni ...
Polygonum
Polygraphus ...
Polynemus ...
Polyocba
Polyodonlopbis
Polypodiacese...
polysperma ...
Pomacentrus ...
Tonatia
PAGE
151, 152
86, 222, 233
•»• ••• ••• Jlu
... 469,480
52, 103
••• ••* ••• 103
103, 48t>
t<« ... 15, 110
••• ... ... 7ol
... 13,110,437, 515
• • • ••• ..._•>•!
••• •»• ••■ OliJ
• •* •• • ••• 307
■ ■■ ••• ... Jul
183, 390
... 152, 197
... ... ... 440
... ... ... 608
... ... ... 694
... ... ••• 101
••• ... ... 58.)
... ... a. . 1 ' ' ■ '
• •a ... ... 105
... 18,111,498, 699
74, 41, 498, 525, 529
»• . ••• •• • X 00
•»• • • . ••• oOj
.«■ •* • *• • 4 < J
••• •■• ••• Da[)
275, 276, 278, 279
••• *•• ••• 10/
6,108,425, 495, 661, 693
704, 709
••• ••• ••• *j t it
• •» • •* ••• I TV
... 677, 678
474, 479
867, 869
*•• ■*• ••• "i * O
• •• ••• ••* *r i .'
• •• ••• •*• D03
••• *•• •■• 4/y
•»• «•• 127, 684
761,762
... ... ... 405
188,297,526
• •• ••• ... -Ioj
■•• ••* # • • *' i «'
• •• •*■ *•, Ot$v"
• ■• •*•• Ml tJ * ■
2X11
INDEX.
PAGE
Pomatorhinus 99,153
pondiceriana 724
pondicerianus... 4,70, 101, 108, 188, 487,
495, 525
Ponerinse
Pontederiaceae...
populnea ...
porcellus
porcus
porosus
Porpax
porphyria
prophyricollis...
Porphyrio
porrectus
Portulaca ...
Portulacese
Porzana
postflavida
postfusca
Potamogeton ...
Pouzolzia
Pradatta
prsecox
praslatus
praeopercularis
Pragmatobia ...
Praina ...
prasina...
prasinus
Pratincola
... ... 688
481
529
141
... 141
• • ■ ••• / w ■ *
r», 563
• . • ••• i lo
454
6,108, 495, 693
... ... loJ
pratincola
prejevals-ki
Premna
prevostiana ...
Primula
Prinia
prinioides ...
Prioneris
Priatipoma
Pristocersea ...
Pritchardia
Problepsidis ...
Procarduelis ...
Procellariidsa ...
procer ...
procera
procne
Proctotrypes ...
Proctotrypidae...
• • • ■•• •• • *x i O
•« , *•■ * ■ • *r / O
• • • •■ • ■ '% lil'V)
• •• •• • ••■ j'lll
••• »• • •• • ill
• •• ••• « • • "1 0 1
» ■ # ••• • *• 4 o \)
• * • ••• ... *i*i.l)
455, 713
114
202, 203
*•• ••• ••• ••• oJLu
• •• ••• ••• •»• til
... 169, 543, 547,548,550
...50, 71,102,181,427,489,
687, 744, 750, 760
... ... ... ... T.)l>
•«• ... 162
479
• • » •• • if U /
705
101, 487, 687
474
... ... / •'
... ... OOv
... ... Toy
... ... 355
195
• •• • •' i oJ
• •• ••• J I
••• • • • b / J
452
145
124
... 124, 684
procumbens ...
procumbesis ...
Prodenia ...
Prometheus
prominulum ...
Pronomenta ...
pronuba
Propasser
proregulus
proserpina
Prosopis
Prosopodasis ...
prostrata
prostratum
Protagrotis
protens
proxima
prunosa
Psaltica
Psammodriidas
Psammodynastea
Psammophia ...
Psammopteri8
Psaphara ...
psaphon ...
Psarisomua ...
Psaroglossua ...
psaroides
Pseltodes
Pseaes
Pseudaglea
Pseudochromis
Psendococcus ...
Psendograbhamia
Pseudogyps
Pseudomalascis
Pseudorhombus
Pbeudoscarus ...
Pseudotautalus
p3endot33mata
pseudothyrsoidea
pseudovigil ...
psilotis ...
Psithyrus
Psittaci
psittacina ...
Psittacidas
Psyche
Ppycbidse
Pterocarpus ...
Pterccles 181,
TAGti
«•• ... 47 1
... ... iod
... ... ZoO
... 134,137
...86,88. 232
52, 744
424
• • • ••• • ■ • *j It
• •* ••• ••• 17 Jb
... ... ... 351
• •• ••• •.a*xit7
... ... . • • "I t J
442, 718,719
849, 350, 356
137, 146, 438
78, 146
••• • . • •■ • O' '*r
• • » *• • ■•• T| U
• •• .* * .. . J.OO
188, 529, 580
••• **• •• • t x\3
••• .*• ••• • O
mwm ••• ••• 1 (J*r
• •• • • • • • • 1 \)\J
47,100, 424
329
••• ••• •!» Ill)
••• •• * .. . Oo\j
»■■ ... •• • 1 JJ i
■ •• •• . ••• *J — t >
106, 164, 494
••• ••• ••• S4
••• ••• •• • ooU
••• *•• ... DO J
••• ••■ ••• 11(1
• •• • •* ■■■ *it> /
• •• •• • *.» • >ol
**• ■• • ••• J. 4 *j
*•* ... ... o I '*j
*• • ••• • * ■ 1 o ~j
58, 106
... ... ... AS
... ... 58, 106
194
193. 401
.*• ••• ••• ' J -j I ?
188,495, 514 525,691
INDEX.
lxxiii
Pterocleteg
PteroclidiB
Pteroclurus
Pterognia
Pteroia
Pteromalua
Pteromyg
Pterophoridaa ...
Pterophorus ...
pteropus
Pteruthus
Ptychozocra
Ptyctolsemua ...
ptylorkyncha ...
Ptyodactylus ...
Ptyonoprogne...
pacilla
Pucrasia
puellaris
puera
Puffinus
pugnax 5,
pulchella
pulcherrima -..
pulcherrime ...
pulcherrimus ...
pulchra
Pulex
pullata
pulverosa
pulvemlentus ...
pumila
purailia
punctata
punctator
punetatam ...
punctatus
punctigera
punctivaga
punctiveiiata ...
punctulata ...
punctum ...
Punica
puris
Purpura
purparatus ...
purpurea ...
purpurciventris
purpureomaculatus
pusilla ...
putris ...
••• •• •
*•• »•♦
«•• •••
PAGE
61, 107
137, 181, 188, 306,691
• •• ••• •• • IVJ
10m ••• • • • «>oU
• •■ ••• ■•■ UO T
181, 517
... 581
• •• >■■ ooJ
••• ... 622
... 423
... 724
... 726
... 526
... 55, 103, 515,659
... ... r.-. o
... ... 61, 663
... ... ... ItD
... ... ... 684
14, 497
74, 108, 109,496, 525
... 20,215,332,475
... 86, 92, L'32, 281
558
• a* ••• ■•■ 5J
... ••• ••• 4 OO
264,267
• •• ••• ..._/•>
• •• ••• <M 11''
188, 545
475
IS**
... ... i"j
206, 208, 330
... 129, 684
... 332, 726
... 144,146
... 103, 429
675
... 224,475
... 456
470
204
•c • •».* — '
• • • ••• OdO
54,101,132,347,356, 477
.. • • • ••• «•• f JLv
puya
Pycnonotus
Pycnorhampus
Pyctoris ».
Pydna
pygogenes
Pygopodes
Pygostelis
pylene
pyractis
Pyralidaa
Pyranga
Pyrazus
Pyrgulina
Pyroderces
pyrophanes
pyroxantha
Pyrrharchia ..
pyrrhochroma..,
Pyrrhocorax ..
Pyrrhonotus ...
pyrrhosticta ...
Pyrrhula
Pyrrhulanda ..,
pyrsobolus
Fython
quadrioarinatnm
quadriclavatus
quadrifasci.atus
I quadrifoliata ...
quadiipunctata
quadriramosa ...
Querquedula ...
quinqueangulare
quinquefolia ...
quisquilia
racemosa ..
Rachinotomyia
Raddea
radians...
radiata ,
radiatum ..
radiatus
Radinacra
rafflesi ...
pa on
• ••
... 558"
100
, 487,740
...
... 657
... 100
149
,150,152
• ■•
... 334-
• ••
64,111
» •■ «
... ''18
• • •
... 138
■ ••
... 609
• •■
... 405
• • •
■•■ J .
• ■ •
... 471
• ••
218,233
• •*
... 60ft
...
... 594
• ••
... 279
a. •
... 205-
...
... 198
• ••
... 46-
• ■•
... 30
• • •
135, 13&
...
136,658
...
103, 490>
..
• •• <>"-* \>
186,519,
758, 76a
... 89-
343, 356
... 330
... 482
25,289-
... 211
18, 498-
... 481
... 475
226, 232
475, 478,644,645,652.
2S7, 248, '250
»•* ••• *• • i 1 ' '
• •• ••• - * . *J '. ' J
91,446,449,470,713-
106, 164r
••• ••• •* • Out)
•■• ••• •■• Zc&
• •• ■•• ••• I T '■*
Ixxir
INDEX.
PAGE
441,443
211,212
5,62,108
5, 108
... 78,101,487,749
292, 298, 300, 306, 758
... 476
• •• ••• ••• • "O
• »• ... *•• O.K..-
78, 720
«•• ••• IOj, •L\) j.
• •« • •• ••• *j01
189, 255,256, 260, 265
701,702,710
289
96,233
701,702
••■ •*• ••• 1 iio
563, 564
49fi
188,694
, 478
... 61, 107, 152, 193
520
... 86,97,232,233
97
133,135, 329
• •• ••• 78
101
717
... 286, 70'?, 705, 710
474
• •• ••• ••• O-J
475,476
• •• • •• • •••SOI
• •• • •• ••• t / o
455
2"H
••• ••• • •• — — I
• t < ••• •• • JL r 1
• •» ••■ »i» l/d
711
4k* • • • • « • — O O
retusa ... 230, 231, 234, 475, 480, 520, 582
Rhagastis 139, 147, 148
KhamnaceEe ... ••• 474
Rhamphoschisma 132
rheedii 565,644,645,649,650
Rhinacantbus 479
Rhinoceros ... ... 160
Raghura
Ragendra
Rallidaa
Rallina
Ltiiitui ... ...
Rana ... ...
Randia ... ...
Bannunculus ...
?apa ... «••
Rapala ...
Ratarda
Raterdid®
rattus ...
Ratufa ...
ravida ... ...
reclusa
recondita
rectangula
rectifascia
reourva
recurvata
Recurvirostra ...
recurvirostris ...
Peflexa ...
refalgeas
regia
reglstimoideB ...
Registoma
regulus
remba
retnifer ,.. ...
renalba
renalis
repanda
raparata
repens ...
repleta
reptans
repulsa ...
resplendens
restricta .. .
reticulata
retracta... ..
retranens
Rhinolopbus ...
Rhinoplaoe
Rhinoptilua
Rhipidura
Rhizophora 644,
Rhodogastria ...
Rhodomessa ...
rhodophila
Rhodosea
Rhodosoma ...
rhombeatus ...
Rhomboiduthys
Rhopalopsyche
Rhopodytes
Rhyacia
Rhyacoruis
rhynchias
Rhynchium
Rhyncolaba
Rhynchosia
Rhyneopinje ...
Rhincops ...
rhyncopa
Rhyparia
Rhyparioides ...
Rbytidoceros ...
Rhyzagrotis
Khyzocarpeas ...
Richia ...
riciai
ridibimdug
riparia
risorius...
Rissoina
Ristella
rivularis
rivulata
robertsii
robusta
Rohana
romalea
rosea
roseipennis
roseopersicina ...
rosetta ...
PAGE"
• »• •*» '?- vol
•• • •• • • •• I U D
• •• • • • • ••>*» "O
...102,154,427, 489
645, 647, 653, 654, 656
203,212,215
... ... ... 75
• • • ••• •» « Ji\j*y
••• ••• ••• 41 0
••• ••• . • . I ■> -i
• • • •• • •*>• Out
• • * ••• * ■ . o r> u
138, 189
... ... ... 106
454, 460
51, 422, 428
... •«• ... 586
• •• ••• ...lilt)
139, 147
• • • ••• •• • "1 f D
110
• ■■ »« « i* ■ 1 I '.'
• • • ••• •• • . 1 ' * /
• •• ft ft ft • ••_>' *t
• •• ••■ i*i zuo
529, 620
455
482
442,714,715
212,213
11, 63, 497
55, 4 80
3,6<\ 107, 495, 691
... 86, 97, 231, 233
• •• •• • ••« / -J ' '
141, 287
• •■ •«• ••• t > •> L
• •• • •» ••■ .IMP
290, 530, 702
••• ••• ••• ( O
89, 232
142,167, 331
• •• ... ••• O^.T
• •» ••• •>■ .».>'>
• •• ' * ... 1*1,")
roseuB, 111, 181, 330, 488, 498, 696, 697,
750
»•• ••• ••• •■■ j • ' -'
••• ••• ••• *.•)'. \)Zl
• • • ••• ••■ »• . J *t ' >
11, 108, 436
rossica ...
rosBii
rossina ...
Rostratula
INDEX.
Ixxv
PAGB
>■ «• •■ • ».'-J *.'
• • •• ••• 4/4
94, 233
• • • ■ «•• i . J *>
• ••« ••• 4/4
• «•• ••• iJ v
• ••• ••• / 24
... 474, 480
478, 480, 558
129,359, 727
71, 102
92, 232
476
... 704, 708
• •• ■ •• • 1 44
>■ ••• ••• *j i (.»
• ••• «•» jUu
• ••• t«* «'/0
283, 473, 479
... 140, 445
• ..1 ••• I 1 0
>« ••• ••• J II I
• ••• • «• 4 I «7
...99,502,503
107,358, 475
• ••• ••• O'/
... 100, 397
99, 155
...99, 108, 181
... 162, 194
. ... ... 406
181, 498, 698
• ••• •■• 4 1
■ ••• • » • JL 1 4
. 51,10.0, 102 489
. ... ... Ood
... ... 55
102,490,515
, ... ... boo
225
• ••• • • • D f) O
707
55, 659
• • • <•. Ill
russellii 173,174,314,330, 374,535, 762
rustica, 46, 99, 103, 489, 622, 686, 688, 749
rusticula ... 10, 63, 663, 695
Rutacese 474
Ruticilla 51, 102, 489
Kuticillinas > ••• 102
Rotbora... ...
rothiana
rohala-cathavinea
rotunda
rotundifolia ...
rotundum
rouxii...
Roxburgbiana...
Roxburghii
roylei
rubeculoides ...
rnbelliana
rubens
Rubiacesa
rubicilia
rubicundus
rubida ..
rubilinea
rubitineta
rubra
rubiescens
rubricosa
rubripygius ...
Ruellia
rufa
rufescens
ruficandus
ruficeps
ruficollis
ruficularis
rufidorsia
rufigenis
rutina
rufinuchalis ...
rufipes
rufiventris
rufonigra
rufuLi
rufulus ... ...
rufus
rugosa <
rugula ... ...
Rumex
rupestris
rupistriga
rutila
rutilus
sacer
sacchare]]a
Saccbarornices
saga
sagitta
sagittata
Sagmatias
Salacia... ...
Malarias
oaJ6a e*o ...
ealicifolia
Salix ...
Salpornis
saltiana
Salvadora
Salvadoraceaa ...
salvator
Salviniaceaa
sambac
Sand ori cum
sangaica
sanguinea
sanguinolenta ...
sannio
Sauseviera
Sanura
Sapindaceae
Sapium
sapphiropa
Saptha
sara ... ...
Sarangesa
Sarcidiornis ...
Sarciophorus ...
Sarcocblamys ...
Sarcogramnus...
sarcopis
Sarcostemma ...
saraata
Sarothripinse ...
Satara ... ...
satious
sattadra
satura
saturatus
Saturniadsa
PAGE
55, 498, 515
. ... i>oy
... ... ... 621
405
••• ••« ... 334
134,186
••• ••• ••• 457
••• ••• ••» 458
••• ••• ••• 5£8
... 474
327,331,333
• •• ... ... 726
... ... 4/5
151, 707
101, 514
• •» ••• ... 4oJ
••• •♦• ••• x 7*>
477
181,622,726
•■• ••« ••'* 4o J
••• ... ••• 477
• •• •*• ... OOq
••■ ••• *.«.« Ji\JO
• •• ••• ... 5o
446,448
204,729
• •• ... ••• 4ol)
• •• ••• ••• ^04
"•• ••• • »• 4 / i>
. 172
••• ••• ••• 0O8
••• ••■ ••• 610
• •• •■• • • ■ jiU
78, 81, 721
75, 111,397, 498,526
7,109,495
••• • •• •■• 55o
7, 109, 495
• •• m*t •■• t)UO
• •• «•• •«• 4 / o
704
403, 440
• • ♦ «•• ••• JikO
•-. ... ... 474
••• ... >i. wli
••• ... ••• 5J9
425, 661
129,684
lxXVl
INDEX.
eatyra ...
Satyridse
Satyrinsa
saularis
saundersi
savala ...
Savara ...
Haxatilis
Saxicola
Saxicolinse
Scaber ...
scabra ...
Ecabrella
scabriceps
Scaaorhynchus
scaeoBoma
Scala
Seaphopoda
scapifiorura
scapulosa
Scatophagus
Sceliphron
schach...
schistaceus
sehisticeps
Bchistosus
Schiziaceaa
echneideri
Schoeniparus
Bcholaris
Bchrad ...
sciasna ...
Seilla ...
Scincus ...
Scindaspis
scisstirella
scitula ...
Sciuridse
Sciurus ...
Scolia ...
Scoliid©
Scolopacinaa
Scolopax
scolopax
Scolopsis
Scolytua
Scomber
Scopelus
scopinucha
Scops
Scorpana
50,
PAGE
*r* ••• • •• O mj *J
»•• ••• ••• O/O
720
102, 489, 755
13, 110, 497
• •• ••• •■■ l04
• •• ••• ••# — Ut
52
102, 687, 688, 748, 750
••• ... ••• lOJ
476, 725,761
mi ••• ••< iio
476
•is ••• ••■ boo
• •• ••• • • * *' »'
... ... 607
••• ••• Jib) 2oo
.a. ••• IK OO
• • • ••• * • • *i < D 1
204
• •• •• ••• i\)£
.». ••• ••• Do"
• * * *•• *•• i — $
• •• ••• ■•• I ' '_>
... 68,99, 106, 661
186, 391, 529
482
726
181
520
334
762
481
726
481
233
221
405
737
679
685
109
695
108
330
684
330
329
638
661
331
••• ••«
•a*
• ••
95,
••• ••• •■• •••
... 292, 397, 406, 409,
• • ••■
• * •••
... 679,
10,
... 10, 63, 663,
6,
• •• ••
»•• • •
• •• ••• iZi y ldl)
••• • ••
... 59, 73, 163, 493,
... ... ... OtiU.
Scotia ...
Scotophila
scouleri
Scrobigura
Scropknlarinese
scutatus
Scutellista
scutosa
scutulata
Scyphiphora ...
scythe...
Sebastiana ...
sechellarum
Secusio
seena ...
segetis ...
selenampba
selenopis
semialata
semifasciata ...
semifasciatus ...
semiherbida ...
semihyalina ...
8emipalmatU8 ...
senegalensis ...
senegallus
sensitivum
ssparata... ...
sepiaria
sepiferum
Sepophis
septentrionalis
Serelophus
Serinope
Serranus
serraticeps ...
serrator
serva
Sesamia
Sesamitis
SessiU ventres ...
Setagrotis
setigerus
severtzovi
severns
sexlineatuB
siamcnsis
Sibiinas
sibirica
Sicania ...
StCCtl •« • it*
PAGE
... ... 454
... ... •!• /Xu
50, 428
436, 438
• •• ••• #•• i/O
724, 726
• * • •• • ••• IaO
••• •• • .a . 4 %0
••• ••• ••• i o
• •• ••• ■•• Oil
••• ••• ••• i>~ y
• •• ••• • • # *t L W
■•■ ••« ••• loo
203, 215
109, 167, 516
... ... 454, 455
... ... ... -iO'i
... ... ... 606
... ... ... x f O
134, 136
• •• ••• ••• OOa
••• •• t .a. 4 1 O
• •• ••• • . . *j<J J.
• •• ••■ ••• ' jO
446
18, 529. 691
283, 445
»* * ••• ••• Oil
• •• ••• ••• i (fl
■ ■« *• » ••• i *vO
• •• ... ••* *_«>•->
... ... ... 603
••• ... .. . I t) L
.a. ... a*. — ''i
• •• ••* ••• HI
• •• •*• ••* I .' »'
• ■• aaa ••• *' ' O
••• ••• ••• -'O-j
•a • ••• • ••> J 1 (
»» . ••• »• • t lO
»m» ■•• ... t.)«)*J
• a a ••» ... " •*
166, 518, 530
• •• ••• ..a bOO
... ••• ... 180
50, 427, 530,531, 744
a*. ••• *aa 400
• •• ••« •• a I lv
INDEX,
lxxvii
Bichima
sicula ...
Sida
siderantba
Biderarcba
Biegsbackia
siehi
sigma ...
aigna
sibama
sikkiuia
sikkimensis
silbeteasis
Sillago ...
Sima
similare
simile ...
similis
simillima
Simoteg
simplex...
simula
8imulan8
simulata
sincera ...
sindens ...
sindensis
sinens ...
sinensis...
singalensis
singbela
singularis
sinhala
sinica ...
sinuata ...
sipahi •■•
Sipbia ...
Sires
Siricidaa...
SlLu> ••■
sitana ...
Bitune ...
Sitotroga
Sitta ...
Sittidaa ...
siva
aivalensis
amaragdina
Bmaragdinana
BmaragdinuH
emaiagditia
13
PAGE
• •■- •••- •■• ••• I xo
••■ • •• •*• ••• *0 0
... ••• ••■ *•• 4 44
• ■ • *• • ••• •••-000
614, 615
• •• ••• • •• ••• -t 4 4
• •• ••• «*# ••• It'-'
■ •* • »• • •<■ •*• i uo
••• ••• ••• ••• /U-j
• •• ••• • •• •!• lOl
150,284
148, 208, 277
• *• »•• ••• • •• XtO
• •a • •• ••• .«. I Ol
• •• • • • • • • tH Do*
• •• ••• ■■• *•• »' A
47, 99, 422
79,451,750
• s • ••• ••• ..i IUj
... 169, 186, 188, 262, 762
100, 126,346,405,480,684
• •• ••• •»• ••• OoX.
••• ••• •*• ■••'-XX
• •• ••• ••■ -•• 20*
• •■• ••• »•• ••• 400
• • • ••• *•• • • • O t > U
• ■• ■•• ••• OlOj "ill
• a* ■•■ »• • « * • -> OJ
...17,81,100,103,106,493
*•# ••• • •• ■■• 4 0
• •# ••• ••• *^S * ' *■
• •> ••• ••• ••• tcOrt
••• ••• • •• ••• /o
••• ••• *•• **• Joo
78, 276, 281, 446, 448, 701
• •• ••• ••• ••• -JlO
• •* • •• ■•• ••• •■'V.I
119,129,684
*«• ••• ••• 11/ j XXJ
• ■• ••• ••• .*. t <>
• •• ••• ■•• ••• /-j*r
••• •»'• ••• XoO| loo
• •*■ • •• ••• ••• 1 1 J J
48, 153, 424
... ... ... ... 4o
... ... ... ... /uj
... ... ... ... XKiZ
... ... ... 681, 684
... ... ... vol
... ... .. . "I i ' '
... ... ... 610
Smilax...
smitbii
smyrnensis
socialis
sodalis
Solanacese ...
Solandri
Solanum
Solariella
Solarium
Solea ... ...
Solenopsis
solitaria ...
sollers
sondaicus ...
sonnerati
Sonneratia 558,
Sopbaga
sordida
sordidescens ...
Sorgbum
Soritia ...
soncbifolia
Sowerbyana ...
spadicea
Sptelotis ...
sparverioides ...
Spatalia
epatbias ...
Spatula... ...
spatulata ...
Spatulifimbria
spectabilis
spectralis
spergula ...
Spergularlsa ..,
Sphegidaa
sphernias
Spbenocercus ...
Bpbenurus ...
Spbetta ...
Spbex
SphingonaeopBiB
Spbinx
sphilocephalus
Spboerantbus ...
spicigera
spiculifera
Spilantbes ...
Spilarctia
Bpilonota
PAGE
••• ■«• ••• 4o 1
103,318,325, 332, 515
105,155,492
101, 487
••• *>• ••« *> * J
.». *••- •• • 4 » o
• • • ••■ • .» X ( ' i
478, 592
>■• ••• ••• «.' J
... 92,98,231, 232
••• » • • •■• i1*j"
••• ••• odd
• • • >•• ••• Do
. . . ••• Hit ill)
■•• ■•)• • • . OOO
3,107, 525
644,645,650,651,654
• •■ ••• >■• t>''
... 55, 146,204,210
208, 210
••• ••• ••• Via
••• •»• ••■ O.'J
477
... 4, 107, 495, 525
■ • ■ ••• ••• 4 0«7
422, 661
,. 150
*•• ** • ■■■ 0*7 I
64, 515, 698
••• ••• o4o, dob
•■• ••• «•• j y *•
204,205
• •• • •• ■•« Os7 o
*«• •■■ ••• 4: I O
• •• ■•* • • • xix
• •• ••• ••• DoU
•*• ••• •»•• O" l
107, 663
107, 663
• o • •« • ••• J'u
680, 684
• ■• ••• ••• J.O.-I
135,136,138,140,147
• •• ••• ••• ooX
• j • ••• ••• 4/1
• •• ••• ••• X t Jd
• •• ••• ••• 'TOO
••• •• • ••• ' i I
205, 209
101,518
lxxviii
INDEX.
spiloptera
Spilornis
Spilosoma
Spilota
spilotella
Bpilurus...
spinarum
spinifer ...
spinifera ...
spinoidefl
Spiuolia
spinomarginata
spinosa ...
Spinthuris
spinula ... ...
spirata
Spizaatus
&plendens 99,
splendidus
spodochtha ...
Spodoptera
Spoelotis
Bpondias
Spolseginthus ...
spulatrix
spurea
Bqualida
squalidior
squalidura
squalornm
squamatus
BquamoBUS ...
Sqnatarola ...
Stachyobium ...
Stachyrhis
Stachyotis
Stachyrrhidopsis
Stactocichla ...
stagnatilis
Btandeni
standfussi
8taphylococcns
Btaterias ...
Stauropua
Steganopodes ...
Stegomyia
Stelis
Stellaria
stellaris
stellatarum
stellifera
PAGE
100, 324
165, 494, 662
...204, 208,210, 212
145, 702, 714
600
• •« ••• O.J 1 j OOO
• •■ ••• ■•• Oto
••• ••• ••• ooU
■•• ••• •»* 4 • »b
... ... ... 658
• » » « « • * • • ill
••• ••■ J54-5, ooo
• •• ••• .♦. toU
• •• •»• «■■ *wv
... 456
• •• ... ••• *y 1 O
165, 182, 517
449, 484, 493, 746, 759
• •• ... ••• OOZ
• •• ••• •••QUI
• •• ••• •■• Lot)
702, 714
• •• ••■ ••• 0 1 o
71, 103
171, 641
• •• ••• ••• ZZO
• •* *•* • •• TUl'
••• • • » Hf 40U
... ••• ••• IUt
460
57, 659
• •■ ••• ••• >» -i «»
• •• ••« ... 4Vo
••• ••• 562, 566
100
• •« ••• ••• o i *j
100
• •• ••* «*• « ' »'
• •• ••• «/« x • '*)
• •• ••• ... — J . •'
• •• ••• 'i. II I
• •• • •• ••• ijOTl
••• ••• ••• *>I*>
••• ... ••• .LOU
13, 63, 110
237,239,240
• •• ••• ••• oo7
••• ••• • . • i U I
696, 707
132,133,135
... ... ... *ol
Stenodactylns ...
Btentor
stentorius
stentsi
stenura
Sterculiaceaa ...
Sterna. ... 12, 13,
Sterninje
stewarti
Stictopterinae ...
stigmata
stigmatophora
JStipularis - ...
stipulata
stoddartii
Stogomyia
stolatus...
stolon if er
Stoparola
8tracheyi
straminea ...
Btratiotes
streperus
Strepsilas
Strep tocaulon ...
striata ...
striatura
striatus
strict a
stridens ...
Striga ...
strigata
strigatula ...
Striges
strigiliDeata ...
Striglina
strigosum
strigulata
striolatus
Strix ... 72,
Strobilanthes ...
strobilanthi ...
Strobilanthus ...
Strongylura
Struthisca
studiosa ...
Sturnia
Sturnidse ...
Sturninus
Stumogaster ...
PAGE
• •• ••• •«• i — O
• • • ••• •• • 4 ijO
70,101
703,705
11,496,095
474
109,110,188,497,515,
516,530,696
12, 109
55, 658
... 440
207, 208
• •■ •• ••• 1ii>-'
*•• ••• ••• lo"
• •• ••• ••• •'.> Ji I
*•• •«• ... i ' -j 4
••• ••• ••• t>i>x
... 301, 302, 390, 547
••• ... ••• DO *
102,153,427
55,359, 397, 658, 760
• •• ••« ••• HOI
••• ••• ••• 4&1
396, 529, 697
495, 622
• • • ••• •■» 4 i i
... 5, 108, 149, 489
••• ••• ... 40t>
330, 396
476, 479
• ■• ••• <■•• O v ('
••• •■• ♦ • • 4 i o
210,215,318,829,331
••• ••• •• • Z ± u
58,106,163
• •• • • . ••• A&i
151,196
• •• ••■ .. • 4 / o
••• •■• ••• j')6
••• ••• 72. 176
181, 396, 397, 493, 761
■«• ••• ••• oZZt
••• ... 352, 856
■•■ ••• ••• oOi5
■ •• ••• ••• i o A
614,615
• •• *•• ••• 0«tX
101,488
49, 101
49, 529
• •• ••• ••• AKrA
INDEX.
lxxix
Sfcurnopastor ...
Sturnus... ...
Suastus ...
puavis
subarquata
subbuteo ...
subcaerulea
subcorpulenta ...
subcorticalis ...
subcristatus
subcurva ...
subdita
subdolens ...
subfascia
Bubfasciatus ...
subgriseub
subgutterosa ...
sublines ...
sublineatus
submarginalis •..
subpunctalis ...
fiubpunctatus ...
subptirptirea ...
subrufloollis ...
snbsequa ...
subspinifera ...
succinctum
succinea
succisa ... ...
Sueda ... ...
suffructicosa ...
miffusa ... ...
sugens ... ...
sulcata ... ...
snma ... ...
submatrana ...
sumatrensis ...
sundara
•superciliftris ...
superciliosa ...
6uprem'im
suratensis
Burgens
Sarniculus
susanuse... ...
Sutbora...
suturius
suya
swinhoei
Sydiva ...
sykesii ... ...
PAGE
... 70
49, 101,138, 488,687
• ■• «•• ... i O
••• ••• ... i k\f
10,75,496
60, 107, 396, 496, 663
• • • » • » • • • -j L.
351, 356, 710
. . b • » » ••• t *d\9
... 280
■ ■• • » fc * » » i O
••• ••• •••*'' J
• •»> ••• ••• — 'O
• •• ••* -» 00 m.
• •• •• * *•• ~i »'o
• «b ••• • • •> • *' 'O
• •• •■• ••* 0')'J
406
• •• ••• ••• -j •' -L
• •• •«•» ••• jJ /
... 188, 526
*• » ••• •• • Oit y
• •• • •• *• • 4 vl
• » « • * • « » . ^1 \ ' i
• * . • •• •■■ J ' /
445
•©• • •» ••• OX
• •• ••■ »•• J < >>
• «• ••• • • • I T I
148,145,198
• •« » * s r, o • O t > *r
..« ••• • s • 00
>•»•-■ ••« •*■ *I I '.*
••• ••% .«• 482
160, 555
4.97
5, 102, 108, 427, 4S5
87, 232
3, 60, 495
... 204
... 424, 661
483
101, 153, 486
101,426
276
225, 232, 233, 487, 760
sylvanus
sylvatica
sylvestre
Sylvia
sylvia ...
Sylviadaa
symbiotes
sympiesta
synsBiua
Synagropa
Syuaptura
Syngenaspis
Synstiotis
Syntomidae
Syntnmis
Sypheotjdes
Sypheotis
Syr nium
syrnola ...
Taccaceas ...
Taccocua
Tacbardia
Tacbomis
Tachydromus ...
Tadoma
tseniolatus
tasniopterus
Tasniorhynchus
Tagttes
tauki
Tapes
Taphozons
taprobane ...
taprobanus
Taragama
tardigradus
Targionia
Tarsiger
Tatargina ...
Tathorhynchus
taty
taurina
taxicolor
tJGct n •• • •• •
LC6SH* ••• •••
Telchinia
Telecrates
PAGB
103,182,659
477, 478
... 48, 101, 487, 687
134,136
48,101
86, 229, 230
• •• ■•• ••• b 1 %
••* ... ... 329
••• •*. ••• oiy
••• ■•> ... 349
••• ••• ••• 1 • ' L
... 151, 152
••• ... 526
73, 108, 388, 495, 526
58, 493
• •• ••• •• • - 1 0
• ••
... 481
• * »
... 481
• ••
... 106
...
... 607
...
... 492
*••
... 726
• ••
526, 697
• ••
... 725
...
170,725
287,
631,635
...
... 477
•••
... 5
• ••
... 470
* - •
... 170
78, 7$
, 80, 435
...
344, 356
•• •
... 197
...
... 181
•• •
... 344
•••
... 428
...
... 213
•••
... 290
•••
... 761
■••
... 329
...
... 136
•••
... 110
...
107, 494
• ••
... 573
•
... 602
It xx
INDEX.
Telescopium ...
Telmia
Telustei
Temenuchua ...
temmincki ...
temperata
tenax ... ...
tenebricosus ...
tenehrifera
tenebrosa
tenera ... ...
tennentii
Tenthredinidss
tenuifolia
tenuis
Tephrodornis ...
tephronotus ...
Teracolus
Teramnus
TeratolepiB
Terebra
Terebrantia ...
Terekia
Terepon
teres
terminalis ...
terminata ...
Terpsiphone
terracotta
terricola
X GSlc* ••• ■■•
lG8v^CG3 ■*■• •• •
testaceum ...
testaceus
tetracantha ...
tetradactylus ...
Tetragallus
Tetragoge
Tetrapergia
tetraspila
tetrax
thalia
thalictroidea ...
Thalpopbila
Thalpophiloides
Thamnobia 71,
Thanatarchia ...
thapsina
Thaumantis
these
theclata
•••
• ••
•■■
• ••
• ••
• ••
• ••
• ••
PAGE
471
... ... 40*
.... ... 761
49, 70, 101, 427, 488
... 47, 100, 422, 496
••• *•• -•• 44o
631, 635
... 717
145, 283
... 204
... ••• I Z*X.
116,117, 121
482
... ... 711, <12
70, 101, 487
... ... ... ^ ■*
79, 716
... 724
222, 233
• ■ • ••• ••• 1 aO
• •• ••• • • • *± •' t>
• •• •• • • o • I O 1
47fi
477
••• »o o ••• «oy
27, 50, 71, 102, 489
448, 449
••• ••• ••• ooD
• •• ••* ••• J.'"'
198, 205
127, 684
••• •«• ••• fcJ'*
477
••• ••• ••• in]
... 62, 108, 526, 760
• • • ••• •• • •> *- J
• a • , m* • ■ • t: • .' i
• •• • •• ••• 0*0
• •• ••• ••• 1 1)8
• •» ••• • •• -1- «7
• •• *.* ••• 7uZ
••• ••• ••• Jo o
t ■ • ••• ttO
502, 513, 750
••• ••• ••• ooo
102, 489,
••■ OJ
125, 684
404
theivora... .,
theobaldi .
Theobroma
ThereiceryBe
Theretra...
thermopa
Thespesia
Thiacidas
thoracica
thranilis
threnodes
thrincoma
thura
thwaitesuii
thurstoni
thygatrica
thyia
Thyotrica
Thyrgorina
Thyridid®
tianschanicus ...
tibani
tibetana
tibetanus
tibetica
tibialis
Tichodroma
tickelli
tigrina ...208, 216,
tign'pes
tigris
Tiliaceae
Timelia
Timeliinae
timidus
Tirnora
Timyra ...
tincta
tinctoria ...
Tinea
Tineidse
TinnuDculus
Tinosporia
Tipha
tiphia
tisiphona
tithymali
todara ... ...
Toddalia.
toldata
tomentosa
PAG^
• •• • •• »• • T ' ' '.I'
• •• ••• ••• OoU
• •• ••• ••• OUo
104, 491
139, 143,146, 148,149
•■ • •■• ••• OUt
• •• ••• ••• oJU
•• • •• • ••• i »■' *j
• •• ••• «•• Oil
615
••• • •• ••• Oo«)
«•• ••• «7l) *W*>2
• •• ••• ••• Oft
fll ••• ••• / -J**
••• ••• ••* ool
„. 227, 233
227,233
204,210
••• ••• ••• 1 Jo
628, 629, 633
57, 456
526,726
914
291
48, 636
...100. 102, 153, 489
292,298,300,306,758
237,636
182, 472
••• ••• • c • T t X
••• •• • ••• J uu
100
• • • ••• ... J . '
441,446,450
693, 595, 596
704, 709
• •• ••• •• a *ZV> Z
617, 619
••• *•• Ml Dli)
69,107,166,529, 663
••• ••• ... 4/8
592, 594
100, 486
• •• ... ... 142
140
206, 208
• • • ••• ••• DOo
• ■• •>• ...716
474, 477, 480, 481, 644
INDEX.
lxxzi
tomentosuB ..
Tonza
Tora ,
Torinia
Torodora
torquatus
torquilla
Tortricidae
Tortricomorpha
tortuosa
Torula ... ..
Totaninsa
Totanas...
townsendi
towsendianus ••■
Toxocampa
Toxorbynchites
Trabala ,
Tractronotus ...
Tragia
tragocamelus ..
Tragopan
tranquebarica ...
trail sec. i
transiens
translucens ...
transversa
travancorica ...
travancoricus ...
Trema
Treron ,
Treroniaa
Treroninse
triangularis ...
triangulum
Trianthema
X 1 13.S «•• ••«
Tribonica
tribuloides
tricarinata ...
Trichanata ...
Tricheurois
Trichiurus
Trichonotus
Tricborhyncnus
Trichosanthes...
Tricbotropis ...
Tridacna
tridactylus
PAGE
614
• •• ••• ••• 4:0 -J
92, 231, 232
599, 600
106, 188, 493
• ■ a «.V* O ( ■ 4 y JL
... — • ••• 587
••• ••• *•• oil
• •• ••• ... ao 1
• •• ••• a o a OO i
448,450
q
9, 10, 62, 63, 188, 396,
496, 622, 695
90, 92, 323, 328, 329
90, 232
■■■ ••• ••• «aoO
• •■ •• • • •• «wu «S
•«• ••• ••• Oj*/
••• ••• ••■ i 0*j
480
»eo ••• ••• DUO
««* •• • **• 02 ■-.'
• •• ••• • •• 4 J o
• o • ••• ■■■ X O \j
• •• ••■ • s » *J J. 1
• •• ••• ••• 44 4:
213,289,455
.*■ ••• ••• &
187, 188, 297
480,558
107
••• ••• ••• X
... 107
* • • ••• ••• * uo
702, 703, 706
••• ••• fl* TlD
• •• •• ■ •• a UUO
589, 590
••• «•• •■• UOo
• •• ••• •• a I — 1
441,443
442, 716
762
• •• • • • • • • OoJi
241,242,250
• •• •■• ••• 4/0
86, 92, 232
398, 469
«• i ••■ ... / jO
Tridax ...
tridentata
tried rus ...
Triga ...
Trigona
trigonata
Trigonostoma .
trigonus...
trilobatuna
trilobitiformis.
trimaculatus .
Trimeresurus .
trinervia
Tringa ...
triopus ...
tripartita
tripetala .
Triphana
tripudians
tripuncta
tripustulata
triquetrum
PAOH
• •• ••• •• a 'X t t
• •• ■•• •• • J •
724, 725
■ •■ ••• *• a OjJ
670,671
... 181,307,526,762
229, 234
• >• ••• - 1 . 4 / ' '..>
• »• ••• ••• 4oX
342,346
••• ••• «•• ••• Xo7
• •• «ae . »fc «»• XoO
• •• -.. in H, 4oo
10, 63, 74, 109, 496
••• •♦• •■• ••• li)j
213, 439
• •• aaa *o* ••• f)lo
442, 718
183,186,313,529,535, 638
• « a • •• «•« af B i \j
••• •■» • • • ••• oU(J
»#a ... „«• ... 475
tristis ... 49, 70, 101, 106, 364, 427, 489
tristrialis 397
tristriata 406,410,413
trita ... ... ... ••• . 475
Tritonidea 219, 233
Triumfetta ... 474
trivergatus 164
Trochalcpterutn 47, 99, 153, 422,661,762
trochiloides
trocbilus
troglodytus
Trogones
Trogonidze
Troides
... 426
... 132
135,136
58, 105
... 105
79, 82
Tropidonotns 183, 301, 302, 305, 389, 390,
392,529,530,541,547
»• • •»• «■ • i Zo
Tropidopborus
truncaturu
truralis ...
Trycolyga
Trygon...
Trymalitis
tuberculata
tuberculatus
tuberculosis
tuberosa ,
Tubinares
Tubulifera
Tupaia ...
481
56
127
• •• ••• Om X
590
... ... i Jt
... .. . / wO
... ... 335
367, 369, 473
14,63
• •• •»• l~o
Ixxxii
INDEX.
Tarbinella
Turbo
Turbonilla
Turdidse ...
Turdinae
Turdus
turklandi ...
Turnera
Turneracea
Turnicidse ...
Turnix
turpia
tursio ... ...
Tursiops
Turtur 3, 60, 73,
tusalia ... ...
Tylopbora
Typha
Typhacese
Typhlopidae ...
Typblops
Typboniam ...
typica ... --••
tytleri ... ...
Udaspes
uliginosa
ulmifolia ...
umbellata
Umbelilferese ...
umbratilia
umbrosus ...
ummera ...
tincta
undulana ...
undulata ...
undulosus
unicarinalis ...
unicauda ...
unicolor ...
unifascia
uniformis
tmimicula ...
Unio
Upeneua
TJpupa ... 58,
Upupas
Upupidaa
Uraeotyphlus ...
PAGE
• •■ .it ••• O.'o
• • • • • fc » • • t ' '■'
• •• * t e ••• *j J. O
50, 102
102
... 50, 102, 108, 688
• •• ••■ • • • Tt • u
••• ••• ••• *r f U
• •• • •• ••• O
5, 108
• • a • • • •■■ <JOU
733, 734, 736
730, 736
107, 663, 691, 729, 760
107
..a •• « ••• 'l f O
... ••• ••• 481
• •• ••• • •• 'lol
292, 535
292, 396, 762
481
376, 638, 639
••• ••• •«• i u
... 721
... 479
... 476
... 476
473
• •• «c. • •• •) — C'
• •• • •• • •• 4*1 0
••• ••• 208
447,448
••• ••• ••• ' H
86, 232, 435
329
• •• ••• JOj ajOD
104
... 51,102,293, 657
204,205
...197,245,250, 402
707
• •• • •• ■•• i v •
•a* •«• • •• 40 I
... ■•• ••• OoL
105, 492, 501, 660, 691
68, 105
• •• • •
58, 105
... 292
urana ...
Uraria ...
Urese
Uricularia
Urocereidaa
Uroeonger
Droloacba
Uromastix
ursinua ...
Ursua ...
Urticaceae
urva
utahensis
Utethesia
Utricularia
Utriculus
vaga ... ...
vaginatum ...
valakadien
vallesiaca ...
vampyrus
Vanda
Vandece
Vanellus
Vanessa
Varanus 181, 186,
varia
variegata
variegatum
variegatus
varillesi
varius
vasanta ... ...
vatala ...
velata ...
velox ...
velntina
venosa
ventralis ...
venulia ... ...
verbasoifolium...
Verbenacea?
verecundum
vernalis ...
VernoDia
yeronicifolia ...
7crreaux:i
versicolor
PAGB
tic
•ft*
,.. 23
•••
• ••
... 475
■■•
• ••
... 336
• ••
• ••
... 423
• ••
•••
116, 119
• ••
• ••
... 329
••■
52a
103, 489
..
...
.. 724
■•■
•••
... 182
• t •
•• •
385, 746
• ••
•••
... 480
• •*
• •*
... 397
• ••
...
... 214
n a .
• *•
203, 215
■ •■
• ••
... 479
• ••
• ••
... 231
458
4*1
... 311, 759
♦ * ••• ». * *r ' '
• * * ••• • •• 1 7()
• •• • •• <«• 4oll
... «• • . • • 4 » i O
62, 74, 694
• ■• •■• ••# d j 4
529, 530, 622, 726, 758
105, 188, 492, 502
•• **• ••• Job
134,137
• •• * * • • • a / M O
••• ••• •• * *. T
#•• •••> ••• 4.'.)
• •« ••• (f O. oO
• •• • • « • • . *- I • *
147, 148
142, 724
••• ••• •••0(7
206, 232
•■■ ••• ••• !"•'
••• ••• ••• "loo
• •• ••• ••• *t ' O
• •• •• • ■•• *x i o
• •• «•• 1 *"* '"' '
• •• «•• *•• oO"
• •• ••• • • • T. I "5
474, 478
• •a ••■ ••• <* *'
300, 308, 309, 547, 724
INDEX.
Ixxxiii
.173.
verticillatus ...
Vespa
vesta ... ••«
vctala ... •••
vialis
Vibrio ...
vicerex
Vicoa ...
victrix
Viduinse ...
vigil ... —
vignei ...
villicoidea
villiersii ...
villosus...
vinacea
vinaceus ...
V luCoi ••• ••*
vinctalis ...
vindhiana
violacea
violascenB
vipera
Vipera ...
Viperidaa
viperina
Viperinaa
viralis
vireas
viresceus
virgatum —
virgo
viridanus
viridibasalis
viridinigra
viridis ... 19, 30, 105, 451,
viscivoroa
Viscum—
vishnu ...
vitheroides
vitifolia
vitifoliua
vitis
Vitis
vitta ...
vittata ...
vittatus ...
vocula ...
volucris...
vorax ...
PAGE
724
.. 677,678
,.. ... «S±
... 436, 437
».» «•• 1*5 ij
»•• ••• 0t>O
»•• •*• ooo
*•• ••• 'x i t
438
,,. ••• J Ud
142
376
437
• •• ••• tOu
• •• •*• 4 ' »>
142
••• ••• i o*j
477
290
... 106, 511
716
19
• • • ••• 0\) I
314, 374, 535
... 314, 535
• •• • •• I 0*J
... 314, 536
718
... 104, 717
• •• ••• itO
• •• •«• \i *■>
,152,199,693
... 397, 425
• •• ••• 0*J*J
• mm *•• &<*>&
452, 479, 492,
551
, 52,102
• »• • -•• »•> 4 i «/
i* ••• ••• >•• O-j J
• • •• ■•• ••• J IV
• •*« ••• ■!• IlO
• ••• ••• » • * *I i T
• ••• ••• • •• 1 "1 «J
68, 69, 474
>• ••• *VA ••• 40t
• • ••■ ■•• *j.117 ZiZ
48, 78, 101, 487, 745, 746
lr ••• ••• ••• Alii
• ••• ••• •••loo
>• ••• ••• •*• oJ»9
73
vulcania
vulcanus
vulgare ...
vulgaris
vnlpina...
Vulsus ...
Vultur ...
Vulturidaa
waddelli
walducki
walga ...
walkeri ...
wallichii
Waltheria
wardi ...
Websteriella
Wedelia
wellcomei
wiBkotti...
Withania
Wyeomyia
PAGE
• •• • »• ••• 4oo
... 80
172
62, 74,79,108,335,397,
476, 692, 694
••• ••• ••• /U«f
• •• ••• * > • 0 ^ £i 4
106, 18-1
59, 106, 164
•«• ••• 7*Jts
.»• ••• Hi)
••• ••• Ot>I
••• ••• loo
478
474
102, 183, 727
... 350
... 477
627
••• »•• j I ±
••• ••• I/O
... 247, 250
xanthodes
xanthogenys ...
xanthoides
Xantbolsema ...
xanthomelcemua
xanthorrhous ...
xanthoschista ...
xanthosticta ...
xanthurus
Xenorhynchus
X6 1 IIS Ll S • • • * • *
xestiodes ...
xiphia
Xylocopa
Xylophanes
Xylorycta
Xyloryctidaa ...
yorkii ...
Yponomeuta
y psilon ...
•••
... 583
• •«
... 422
• ••
459, 460
104,
188, 492
...
... 486
...
... 740
...
101, 426
...
152, 200
...
... 138
...
110, 497
...
• • • 0«7 «r
...
... 714
...
... 721
116
, 668, 669
...
... 146
...
601, 60S
...
601, 606
142
60S
702
ixxxiv
INDEX.
Ypsolophus
Yuhina ...
zacalles
Zalissa ...
Zamenia
zanclea
Zanclides
zebra ...
Zebrina...
Zehneria
zelopa ...
186,
PAGE
600, 601
... 100
• •• ••• I? La «9fl
• ■■ *•■ «•• 44U
188, 298, 393, 394, 397,
541, 762
... 84
... 581
... 330
97, 233
... ... ... T < O
... ... ... Oli)
••• •••
... ...
zena ...
Zethes ...
zeylanica
zeylanicum
zeylanicus
zeylonensis
zeylonica
zeylonicus
Zizyphus
zmitampis
Zonilia...
Zoothera
Zoateropa
Zygaenidas
zygopbylli
PAGE
... ... loo
... ... tUu
35I,47Sy475, 490
481
• •• ••• ~i J X
104, 106, 163
104
104
• • • ••• J- y **
••• ••• *"* 1
• •• ••• 14o
102
100,153,423
... 193, 399
... 139, 141
THE
JOURNAL
OP THE
Bombay Natural History Society.
EDITED BY
XX. IVI . PHIPSON, C2%ff.2S.S3.
AND
W. S. MILLARD.
-■ ^s^s^s^-s^s^s^s^r**-
"VOL. ZX^TI, 3STO. 1
Date of publication, 17th December 190 A.
Price to Non-Members... ... ... ... Us. 6-0
PRINTED AT THE TIMES PRESS,
BOMBAY-
4090-04
CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBbR.
PAGE
The Birds of Travancore. By H. S. Fergusson, f.l.s. With Notes
on their Nidification by T. F. Bourdillon, f.l.s. Part III 1
New Species of Indian Hymenoptera. By Major C. G. Nurse, 113th
Infantry, Indian Army 19
Sexual Colour-Dimorphism in Birds. By D. Dewar, i.c.s 27
Note on Sexual Dimorphism. By L. 0. H. Young, b.a 37
Note on Sexual Dimorphism. By Capt. W. G. Liston, i.m.s., m.d.,
F.R.S.E 39
Notes on the Birds of Chitral. By Capt. H. T. Fulton, d.s.o 44
Water-Yielding Plants found in the Thana Forests. By G. M
Eyan, i.f.s., f.l.s 65
The Birds of the Madhubani Sub-Division of the Darbhanga
District, Tirhut, with Notes on Species noticed elsewhere
in the District. By C. M. Inglis. Part VIII 70
The Butierflies of Ceylon. By Major N. Manders, r.a.m.c, f.z.s.,
f.e.s ...- 7&
Description of sixty-eight New Shells from the Persian Gulf,
Gulf of Oman, and North Arabian Sfa, dredged by Mr. F. W.'
Townsend, of the Indo-European Telegraph Service. By James
Cosmo MelviJl, m.a., f.l.s., f.z.s., and Robert Standen, Assistant
Keeper, Manchester Museum, Part I. (Plates A.B) 86
List of -Indian Birds' Eggs in the Bombay Natural History
Society's Collection" on 1st September 1904 99
On Some New Species of Silver-Pheasants obtained in Burma,
by Capt. W. G. Nisbett, Lieut. E. Clifford, and others. By
Eugene W. Oates 112
Insect Life in India and how to study it, being a Simple Ac-
count of the more important Families of Insects with
Examples of the Damage they do to Crops, Tea, Coffee and
Indigo Concerns, Fruit and Forest Trees in India. By E. P.
Stebbing, f.l.s., f.z.s., f.e.s 115
The Moths of India (Supplementary Paper to the Volumes in
" The Fauna of British India"). Series III, Part II. By
Sir G. F. Hampson, Bart., f.z.s., f.e.s. (With Plate D) 132
Miscellaneous Notes —
1. Some Notes on Birds taken at Coonoor, Nilgiris, in May 1904. By
D. Dewar ... 153
2. The Occurrence of the Black-capped King-fisher (Halcyon pileata) in
North Lakhimpur, Upper Assam. By H. Stevens 154
3. The Yellow-bellied Fly-catcher (jChelidorhynsc hy pose ant hum'). By
H. Stevens I55
4- The Occurrence of the Red-breasted Goose (Branta ruficollis) in India.
By E.C.Stuart-Baker, f.z.s 155
~>. The Occurrence of the Masked Fin-foot (Jleliopan personata") in
Lakhimpur. By E. C. Stuart Baker, f.z.s , 15g
(Uoiiiinued on third page of cover.)
i
CONTENTS OF THIS N U M B E R—(conctt.).
Miscellaneous Notes — contd. page
6. The Enemies of Butterflies. By E. H. Aitken 150
7. The Becent Plague of Locusts in Bombay. By E. H. Aitken 157
8. The Himalayan Nutcracker (Nucifraga hemispila'). B\ William Cap-
per, Col., D. M. E. in India ; 15g
9. The Himalayan Nutcracker (Nucifraga hemispilay By Chas. M.
lQglis 158
10. The Black Stork (Ciconia nigra). By G. H. Evans, p.l.s., Major „ 159
11. The Great White-Bellied Heron QArdea imvjnis). By G. H. Evans,
F.L.S., Major '. 100
12. The Asiatic Two-Horned Rhinoceros {Rhinoceros sumatrenzisy By
G. H. Evans, F.L.S., Major IgO
13. Late Stay of Snipe. By G. H. Evans, f.l.s., Major 101
14. The Ancestry of the Horse. By L. C. H. Young 102
15. Birds observed in the Nilgiris and Wynaad. By A.M. Primrose 163
16. Cassia ocoidentalig. By B. H. Barlow-Poole, i.f.s 100
17. Notes on the Nesting of some Birds in the Upper Chindwin District,
Burma. ByH.H. Harrington, Captain 100
18. Notes on Burmese Reptiles. By G. H. Evans, f.l.s., Major 109
19. The Nidification of the little Blue-winged Pitta {Pitta cyanoptera) in
Upper Burma. By G. H. Evans, F.l.s, Major 171
20. Vegetation in Sind. By H. M. Birdwood, c.s.l., m.a., ll.d 172
21. The Russell's Viper. By L. L. Fenton, Lt.-Col., I. A 173
22. A Cobra Feeding on Eggs. By C. P. George 174
23. Bee-Culture in India. By C. G. Nurse, Major, 113th Infantry 175.
24. AsBam Birds. By A.M. Primrose r 176
25. Breeding Seasons of Big Game. By E, Comber, F.z.s 170
26. Albinism in a Shrike. By G. C. Dudgeori, f.e.s 179
Proceedings of the Meeting held on the 16th June, 18th August,
29th September and 24th November 1904 18Q
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THE
JOURNAL
OF THE
Bombay Natural History Society.
EDITED BV
H. JVE . I» H I !F» S O 3V , C.IVX.Z.iS.
AND
"W. S. MILLARD.
•vol. zxrsri, xro. 2
D^^6 of publication, 15th April 1905.
Price to Non-Members ... Rs. 6-0
PEINTED AT THE TIMES PRESS,
BOMBAY.
6734-05
CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER.
PAGE
The Moths of India (Supplementary Paper to the Volumes in
" The Fauna of British India"). Series III. Part III. By
Sir George Hampson, Bart., F.z.s., f.e.s 195
Description of Sixty-eight New Shells from the Persian Gulf,
Gulf of Oman, and North Arabian Sea, dredged by Mr. F. W.
Townsend, of the Indo-European Telegraph Service, luOl —
1903. By James Cosmo Melvill, m.a., f.l.s., f.z.s., and Robert
Standen, Assistant Keeper, Manchester Museum. Part II. {Plates C, D.) 217
Descriptions of Two New Snakes from Upper Burma. By G. A.
Boulenger, f.r.s., v.p.z.s. {With a Plate.) 235
Some New Mosquitoes from Ceylon. By F. V. Theobald, m.a., com-
municated by E. Ernest Green, f.e.s. ( With Plates A and B.) 237
Description of a New Snake from Burma (Oltgodon McDougalli).
By Oapt. F. Wall, i.m.s., c.m.z.s 251
Plague, Rats and Fleas. By Capt. W. G. Lisbon, i.m.8. {With Plates
A and B.) 253
A Catalogue of the Heterocera of Sikhim and Bhutan. By G. C.
Dudgeon, f.e.s., with Notes by H . J. Elwes, f.b.s., &c, and Add-
itions by Sir G. F. Hampson, Bart., B.A., f.e s., &c. Part XVII ... 275
Notes on Snakes collected in Cannanore from 5th November
1903 to 5th August 1904. By Capt. F. Wall, i.m.s., c.m.z.s. ... 292
On Fishes from the Persian Gulf, the Sea of Oman, and
Karachi, collected by Mr. F. W. Townsend. By C. Tate
Regan, b.a. (With $ Plates:) 318
The Fauna and Flora of our Metallic Money. By E. Blatter, s.j. 334
Supplementary Notes on the Coccid^; of Ceylon. Part III. By E.
Ernest Green, f.e.s., Entomologist to the Government of Ceylon.
(With Plates H—K.) 340
Notes on Small Mammals in Kashmir and adjacent Districts.
By Colonel A. E. Ward ... 358
Miscellaneous Notes —
1. Melanism in Black Buck. By J. Manners Smith, Major. (With a
Photograph) gg j
2. A Bare Indian Game-Bird, the Mountain Quail (Ophrys/a superciliesa
Gray). By E. Comber, F.z.s 361
S. Simotes splendidvg. By Geo. H. Evans, A. v. r> , f.l.s., Major 362
4. Note on the Digestion of Eggs by Cobras and Datoias. By W. B.
Bannerman, M.D., Lt.-Col., i.m.s 363
5. Do Wild Animals ever die of Intestinal Obstruction ? By W. B.
Bannerman, m.d., Lt.-Col., i.m.s 363
6. King-Crows and Mynas as Mess-Mates. By D. Dewar, I.C.S. 364
7. Occurrence of the Scaup Duck (Nyroca marvla) in Oudh. By F. Wall,
Capt., i.m.s., c.m.z.s 367
&. Luminous Plants 367
{Continued on third page of cover.)
CONTENTS OF THIS N U M B E R-{concld.).
Miscellaneous Notes— contd. page
9. An Egg-eating Cobra. By E. Brook Fox ggg
10. Locusts. By Cecil E. C. Fischer, I.F.S 3(59
11. The Habits of the Lmf ButterEy. "By E.Ernest Green 370
12. Breeding Seasons of Big Game in India. By A. H. A. Simcox, i.c.S. ... 370
13. Notes on the "Houbara.'1 By Reginald U. Heath 372
lie. Occurrence of the Black capped King-fisher ( Halcyon pilcata) in
Waltair. By P. Roscoe Allen 373
15. The Breeding of Russell's Viper QVipera rvssellii). By F. Wall, Capt.,
I M.S., C.M.Z.S , 374
16. The Crocodile ; its Food, and MuVcular Vitality. By A. H. A. Simcox,
1 c.s 375
17. The Urial of the Punjab and Ladak. By R. L 376
18. Abnormal Sambar Head. By J. D. Inveiarity. {With a Plate.") 378
19. The Goosander {Merganser castor). By A. M. Primrose 378
20. Trout and other Fish and Fishing in Ceylon. By R. A. G. Festing ...379
21. Big Game. By R. G. Burton, Major, 94th Russell's Infantry 384
22. Double-headed Snakes. By F. Wall, Capt., I.M.S, C.M.Z S, 386
23. Winter Plumage of the Male Bengal Florican {Sypheotis beitgalensis).
By F. Wall, Capt., i.m.s., C.m.z.b 388
24. Notes on some Bangalore Snakes. By F. Wall, Capt., i.m.s., C.M.Z.S.... 389
25. Egg-eating Cobras. By F. Wall, Capt., I.M.S, C.M.Z s 395
Proceedings of the Meetings held en the 22nd December 1904 and
9th February 1905 , ■ 396
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THE
JOURNAL
OF THE
Bombay Natural Histoey Society.
EDITED BY
H . 3VE . PHIPSON, O.IVX. 25.65.
AND
"VV . S. MILLARD.
"VOL. IXTSTI, 3STO. 3
Date of publication, 5th August 1905.
Price to Non-Members ... ... ... Bs. 6-0
PRINTED AT THE TIMES PRESS.
BOMBAY.
2319*06
CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER.
PAGE
Description of New Species of Moths from India and Burma.
By G. C, Dudgeon, f.e.s 399
" The " Common Striped Palm Squirrel. By R. C. Wroughton, f.z.s.
{With a Plate.) 406
Rough Notes on Six Common Hill Orchids. By Major M. B. Roberts,
1 /3 9th Garhwal Rifles. {With 3 Plates.) 414
Birds nesting in the Murree Hills and Gullies. Part I. By
Lieut-Col. R. H. Rattray. ( With Plates A and B.) 42i
The Orchids of the Bombay Presidency. Part I. By G. A.
Gammie, f.l.s 429
The Moths of India (Supplementary Paper to the Volumes m
" The Fauna of British India"). Series HI., Part III. By
Sir George Hampson, Bart., f.z.s., f.e.s 434
The Economic Uses of Shells. By E. Comber, f.z.s 462
Further Notes on the Flora of Northern Ganjam. By Cecil E. C.
Fischer, i.f.s 473
A List of the Birds found in and about Madras. By D. Dewar,
I.C.S <■■ 484
Miscellaneous Notes —
1. Tigers hamstringing their prey before killing. By C. W. Allan, b.f.s.,
Divisional Forest Officer, Pegu Division , 499
2. Nesting of the Hoopoe. By Arundel Begbie, Major (Indian Army) 501
3. Food of predaceous flies. By F. Gleadow, i.f.S 501
i. Occurrence of White's Thrush {Oreocincla varia") in Assam. By
William Moore 502
5. Hereditary melanism. By W. B. Ferris, Lieut.-Col 502
6- Curious ferocity of the Indian Tree-pie (L endrocitta rufa). By
Arundel Begbie, Major 502
7. Breeding seasons of Big Game — (1) The Nilgai or Blue-Bull (Bosela-
phus tragocamelug). By C. W. M. Hudson, I. c.s. (2) The Persian
Gazelle {Gazella subgutturosa). By J. W. Nicol Cumming, Supdt.,
Seistan Arbitration Mission 503
8. Strange mortality amongst Termites in Tea-Bushes. By E. Ernest
Green 503
9. Size of Snakes. By L. C. H. Young , 504
10. A congregation of Harriers. By C. H. Donald -. 504
11. Size and breeding of Snakes. By John Hagenbeck •- 505
12. Tiger versus Bear. By G. K. Wasey 506
13. Plucky Pee-wite. By J. Manners-Smith, Major, v.c, c.i.B 5^7
14. Notes on the occurrence of Bonellis Eagle (Ilieraetvs fasciatus')
in Cutch and on some Falcons and Hawks observed at the old Fort
at Bbuj. By A. Delme Radcliffe, 105th L. Infy 507
16. Occurrence of the Black-capped Kingfisher (Halcyon pileata) in the
Godavari Delta. (A Correction.) By P. Roscoc Allen 5]1
(Uontiwued on third page of cover.)
CONTENTS OF THIS N U M B E R-(concld.).
Miscellaneous Notes — contd. page
16. On the occurrence of the Lady Amherst's Pheasant in Burma. By
E. Comber, f.z.s .., 512
17. Catastrophe amongst the young of the Indian Cliff- Swallows (Hirundo
fluvicola). By Arundel Begbie, Major, Adjt., Cawnpore Vol. Rifles. . 512
18. Nest of the Brovn-backed Indian Robin {Thamnohia cambaiertsis').
By Arundel Bepbie, Major, Adjt., Cawnpore Vol. Rifles 513
19. A bold Tiger. By H. Tyler, i.e. s ... 513
20. Arrow heads in a Bison. By H. Tyler, i.e. S 513
21. Bird's nesting near Mhow, C.I. By Martin Young, m.b.o.u., let York,
and Lane. Regt 514
22. A Snake's nest. By Arundel Begbie, Major 516
23. The Himalayan Nutcracker {Nueifraga hemi$2)ila'). By C. II. Donald.. 516
24. Eagles as barometers. By C. H. Donald 517
25. First record of the nidification of the Indian Hobby QFalco sevtrvs).
By K. C. Macdonald (d.s.p.) » 518
26. A Woodpecker's dilemma. By G. H. Evans, Major, f.l.6 518
27. Food of Python molurus. By G. H. Evans, Major, f.l.s 519
28. Breeding of the Banded Krait QBunyarus fascatus) in Burma. By
G. H. Evans, Major, F.L.S. 519
29. Fireflies. By W. S. Millard ••- 520
30. Curious accident to a Dragonfly. By W. S.Millard 521
COBBESPONDENCE —
Shooting in the Bombay Presidency 521
Proceedings of the Meetings held on 16th March 1905 and 6th July 1905... 525
BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.
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THE
JOURNAL
OF THE
Bombay Natukal History Society.
EDITED BY
H. JVE . 3? H I I» S O IV , O.JVT.Z.SS.,
AND
"W. S. JVE 1 1, T-. A R. I> .
•vol- zxzvi, isro. 4=.
Dafe of publication, 2nd November 1905.
-."----.-------<--_---.-- ,-. _-_ -^
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o nly, which entuleB Members to the Journal
3893-05
CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER.
PAGE
A Popular Treatise on tee Common Indian Snakes. Part I. By
Capt. F. Wall, i.m.s., c.M.z.s. With Plate I and Diagrams I, II
and III.) tf>33
Notes on Rhinoceroses in Burma, R. Sondaicus and sumatrensis.
By Vety. Major a. H. Evans, f.l.s 555
The Orchids of the Bombay Presidency. Part II. By G. A.
Gammie, f.l.s. {With Plate I) 562
The Common Butterflies of the Plains of India. Part I. By
L. C. H. Young, b.a., f.e.s., f.z.s. {With Plate I) 570
Descriptions of Indian Micro-Lepidoptera. By E. Merrick, b.a.,
f.r.s., f.z.s. 580
A Visit to Narcondam. By B. B. Osmaston, i.f.s (520
The Culicid Fauna of the Aden Hinterland, their Haunts and
Habits. By W. S. Patton, m.b. (Edin.), L.T., i.m.s. ( With Plates
A, Bt C, and D. and a Map) G23
On the Distribution op the Varieties of Cobra {Nain tripudians)
in India, By Lt.-Col. W. B. Bannerman, m.d., b.sc, i.m.s.,
Director, Plague Research Laboratory, and Assistant Surgeon J. P.
Pocha, in charge of the Venom Department, P. R. Laboratory
{With 2 Maps) - 638
The Mangrove of the Bombay Presidency, and its Biology. By
E. Blatter, s.J. {With Plates A and B.) 644
Birds nesting in the Murree Hills and Gullies. Part II. By
Lieut.-Col. R.H.Rattray. {With Plates C\ D and £V) 657
Insect Life in India and how to study it, BErNG a simple account
OF THE MORE IMPORTANT FAMILIES OF INSECTS WITH EXAMPLES
OF THE DAMAGE THEY DO TO CROPS, TEA, COFFEE AND INDIGO
concerns, Fruit and Forest Trees in India. Part IV. By
E. P. Stebbing, f.l.s., f.z.s., f.e.s 664
Birds of Seistan, being a list of the Birds shot or seen in Seistan
by Members of the Seistan Arbitration Mission, 1S03-05.
By J. W. Nicol Camming, Superintendent, Seistan Arbitration
Commission 688
The Moths of India (Supplementary Paper to the Volumes in
" The Fauna of British India"). Series III., Part III. By
Sir George Hampson, Barb., f.z.s., f.e.s 700
Further Notes on the Butterflies of the Lucknow District. By
G. W. V. de Rne-Philipe 720
An Appeal for Lizards. By F. Gleadow, i.f.s , 723
A New Mouse-hare of the Genus Ochotona 727
Descriptions of three new species of Birds obtained during, the
recent Expedition to Lhassa. By Henry E. Dresser, m.b.o.u.,
f.z.s 728
On Dolphins from Travancore. By R. Lydekker 730
On a remarkable new Squirrel from Burma. By Oldfield Thomas. 737
(Continued on third page of cover.)
CONTENTS OF THIS N U M B E R—(concld.).
Miscellaneous Notes — page
1. The Indian Chevrotain or Mouse-Deer (Tragulns meminna). {With
a Photograph and Mip) By E. Brook Fox 739
2. Interesting Birds irorn the Shaa State*. By E. Comber, F.Z.S., Hony.,
Secy., Ornithological Section, Bo. Nat. Hist. Socy 739
3. The Nesting of some Birds in Burma which have not been recorded
before. By H. H. Hariugton, Captain 740
4. Albinism in the Black Buck. (With an Illustration,') By C. J. Robert-
son Milne, Major, I.M.S 742
5. A White Kakar or Muutjac (Cervulus inuntjac). {With an Illustra-
tion.') By J. Manners Smith, Major ,..;.-, 742
d. Wild Boar without Testes. By H. E. Medlicott, Lieut., e.f.a., Hony.
Secy., Ahmedabad Tent Club 743
7. Note on the Breeding of the Krait {Bungarus c&ruleus). By W. B.
Bannerman, Lt.-Col.. i.M.s ...... 743
8. Additional Notes on the Birds of Chitral, By H. T. Fulton, Capt.... 743
9. Note on a curiously malformed head of Himalayan Ibex QCapra
gibir/ea). {With an Illustration). By St. George Gore, Col., R. e... 744
10. A possible case of hybrid breeding of Shrikes. By Arundel
Begbie, Major, loth Rajputs. 745
11. The Egg-laving of Eudj/namis honorata (The Indian Koel). By
Arundel Begbie, Major, lGth Rajputs 74(J
12. Breeding Seasons of Big Game. The Brown Bear (Ursus arctus).
By D.B. Thomson, Major, I. A. (Retired) ". 746
13. Food of Predaceous Flies. By K. E. Nangle, Capt., 96th Berar
Infantry 747
14. Notes on Birds1 nesting round Quetta. By R. M. Betham, Major,
101st Grenadiers 747
15. Wild Dogs hunting. By J. Manners Smith, Major 751
16- Food of the " Muskrat " or the Grey Shrew {Crocidura ccerufoa).
By W. B. Bannerman, Lieut.-Col., 1.11.S 751
17. Double-headed Snakes. By F. Wall, c.M.z.s., Capt., i.m.s 750
18. Accident to the yonn<.r of the Indian Cliff-Swallow (Hirundo fluvicola)
By Martin Young, m.b.o.u., 1st York and Lane. Regt. 753
19. Lady Amherst's Pheasant in Barma — A Correction. By E. Comber,
f.z.s 753
20. Shooting Notes from the Central Provinces. By F. W. Caton Jones,
Lieut.-Col., kj .M.C , , 754
21. Notes from Nepal. By J. Manners Smith, Major 755
22. Tigers hamstringing their prey before killing. By L. L. Fenton,
Lieut,-Col 75G
23. Curious end of a Dragonfly. By L. L. Fenton, Lieut.-Col 756
24. Tigers hamstringing their prey before killing. By S. B. Bate9,
df.z.s.,&c 757
25. A Congregation of Brahminy Kites {Haliastur indus). By R. Foulkes,
(Madras Survey) 757
26. The Food of Kingfishers. By S. B. Bates, F.Z.S., &c 758
27. Food of Snakes in captivity. By W. S. Millard, Hony. Secy., Bo.
Nat. Hist. Socy 758
Proceedings of the Meetings held on 31st August and 5th October 1905 759
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