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JOURNAL
OF THE
Bombay Naturat History Socrery.
EDITED BY
w. S.; MILLARD,
VOL xT, NO.
Date of publicaticn, 30th July 1912.
DADA PAARDRAADADAAA
Price to Non-Members ae ee teu. 52 12-0;
_ PRINTED AT THE TIMES PRESS.
CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER.
Tae Game Birps or InpIA, BuRMA AND CEYLoN. Part VI.
The Lesser Florican or Likh (Sypheotis aurita). (With
Plates VI and A & B). By E. C. Stuart Baker, F.1.s.,
AUZ.G,, (NOB. On Lie acs teeta heinoee Mee eneih ommonins cassis serine
Tar CoMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE Piains or InpiA. Part
Mi By BOR. Belle aie a. ee iecede crear cdeimarce pe -ncis nea
‘TERMITES FROM British INDIA (BOMBAY) COLLECTED BY
Dr. J. AssmuTH, S.J. (With Plates A, B, C and D).
By Nils Holmgren (Stockholm) ..................:..:0500.
A MonoGrRaPH OF THE WASPS OF THE GENUS CzRcERIS
INHABITING BritisH Inpia. Part I]. (With Plates C
and D). By Rowland EH. Turner, F.Z.S., F.E.S. .........
THe Bombay NatruraL History Society’s Mamma Sur-
vEY OF InpIA. REPORTS ON COLLECTION No. 2 FROM
Berars, No. 3 From CutcH aNnD No. 4 FRom Nimar >
CP By RS CW rope hton,: F282 tccncs is acant sees
Descriptions OF InpIAN MIGRO-LEPIDOPTERA. Part XV.
By 3. Meyrick; Bias HRS UIZ.8..5000 occ ee gnaees
THE Morus or Inpia. Series IV, Part IIT. By Sir George
FE. Hampson, Bart., F.Z.S., F.E.S. ...... eee ano nee
THe Patms or BritisH InpIA AND CEYLON. Part VII.
(With Plates XXXII to XXXIX and teat-fi gure
2ANtO.27 ae! 2B yy Mis TLaHER SS Sane ea sas teeeaemen ease ee
A List or Inpran BuTTEeRFLIES. Part II. By Capt. W. H.
VAIS) RSE Sih oe eR sien ale eee chara etek ate rele gan Reatard
A PoruLaR TREATISE ON THE ComMoN INDIAN SNAKES. Part
XVIII. The Olivaceous Keelback (Helicops schistosus)
and Schneider’s Water Snake (Hypsirhina enhydris).
(With Plate XVIII, Diagram and Map.) By Major
SB WriallsT.MS.3 OMIZ.S0. wasn be site Ce ctci a aR teeice cain aiaae
PLANTS OF THE PunjaB. Part X. By Colonel C. J. Bamber,
Ce eC Oi a Ce ce i i
.
Ce ee er
PAGE
721
740
774
794
-820
802
878
912
969
“aZ1S [DANIDU —
‘(ez1ne syooydss) HHI] HO NVOINOT AASSAT AHL,
‘THA FId "20S ‘JSIH "WN Avquiog ‘usinor
JOURNAL
OFe THE
Bombay Natural History Society.
Juty 1912. Von) XX, NO.o!
THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA,
BURMA AND CEYLON.
BY
Pees STUART. BAKER: HUES... EiZ:5., M.B.O.U;
Pann Vai:
With Plates Vil and A & B.
(Continued from page 337 of this Volume.)
Genus—S YPHEOTIN.
The principal generic distinction between the birds of this
genus and other Bustards is the greater comparative length of the
legs. The tarsus in Sypheotis is equal to rather more than 4rd the
length of the wing, whereas in all other Bustards it is only equal
to th. The chief generic characteristic relied on by Blanford is the
supposed fact of the males putting on a seasonal breeding plumage.
It, however, now seems quite certain that the male Sypheotis
hengalensis retains this adult plumage, when once fully acquired,
throughout the year, though the smaller bird, Sypheotis aurita,
does, on the contrary, acquire an annual nuptial plumage. The
primary quills of both species are notched on the inner web and
are very attenuated, but especially so in awrita.
In the breeding season the males of both species, and during the
whole year the fully adult males of Sypheotis bengalensis, have the
1
722 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.
head and the whole of the lower parts black and both species
acquire ornamental plumage either on the head or neck. Sypheotis:
bengalensis is crested and has long, full feathers all down the neck
to the breast, whilst Sypheotis aurita has the feathers of the side of
the head and chin somewhat lanceolate and lengthened, and a
curious tuft of long feathers from each side of the head below the
ear coverts, the longest of which have the stems narrowly. webbed
and the ends spatulate.
Sharpe divides Sypheotis into two genera, creating a new genus
Houbaropsis for the larger bird and retaining Sypheotis for the
smaller. The fact of the latter having a seasonal chamge of plum-
age and the former not having one would add considerable strength
to the reasons for dividing them, but for the purpose of this work I
retain them in the one genus.
KEY TO THE SPECIES.
Wing 7'' to 10”; tarsus 3°35" to 4°5'" .... S. aurita.
Wing 13" to 15"; tarsus 5" to 6-2"... S. bengalensis..
SYPHEOTIS AURITA.
The Lesser Florican or Likh.
? Otis indica.—Gm. Syst. Nat.i, p- 725; Lath. Ind. Orn. u,
p. 661; Oates. Cat. Eggs B. M. ii, p. 87; Sharpe Hand-l. i,
pe U7o:
Otis aurita.—Lath. Ind. Orn. ii, p. 660.
Otis marmorata.—Gray and Hardw. Ill. In. Orn. 1, pl. 60.
Sypheotides awrita.—Less. Rey. Zool., 1839, p. 47; Blyth, Cat.
B. Mus. As. Soc., p. 259; Jerdon, B. of Ind. ii, p. 619; King,
J. A.S. B. xxxvii, part 2, p. 216; MacMaster, «bid, xl, part 2,.
p- 215; Stoliczka, ibid, xii, part 2, p. 250; Gould, B. of Asia, vii,
pl. 57; Hume, Str. Feath. i, p. 136, 228 ; Adam, ibid, p. 393; id,
ibid, ii, p. 3389; Ball, ibid, p. 428; LeMess, sbid, ii, p. 379;
Blyth, B. of Burm., p. 152; Butler, Str. Feath. iv, p. 10; Fairb.,.
ibid, p. 262, 266; Butler, ihid, v, p. 281; Ball, ibd, p. 419;
Hume and Marsh., Game B. i, p. 34; ili, p. 425; Hume, Cat.
No. 839; id, Str. Feath. viii, p. 111; MaclInroy, sid, p. 491 ;.
Butler, Cat. Bird. of Sind, etc., p. 56; id, Cat. B. S. Bom. Pres...
THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON. 723
p. 71; Vidal, Str. Feath. ix., p. 77; Davidson, ibid, x., p. 318; |
Hume, id, p. 412; Barnes, B. of Bom., p. 822; Murray Vert.
Zool. Sind, p. 220; Barnes Jour., B. N. H. Soc. i, p. 57; id,
ibid, vi, p. 13; Laurie, thid, p. 94; Littledale, ibid, p. 199;
Davidson, ibid, xii, p. 64; Dewar, ibid, xvi, p. 495.
Hupoditis awrita.—Gray, Cat. Mamm., etc., Nepal Cres. Hodgson,
p. 180; id, Hand-b. B.., ii, p. 9.
Sypheotis aurita.——Hume, Nests and Eggs, Ind. B., p. 561;
Oates, 2nd Hd., ibid, iii, p. 880; Blanford, Avi., B. I., iv., p. 198;
Sharpe, Birds of B. M., xxiii, p. 313; id, Oates, Game B. of Ind.
pees] Pion) In. Waders, p. 120; Symons, Jour, B.’N. H.
Bor xix, p. 261; RK. Ky) ibid, p. 995.
Vernacular Names.—Ker-mor, Guzerat; Sun-mor, Deccan and
Marathi Districts; Chini-mor, Belgawm; Khartitar, Bheels; Likh,
Chota Charat, N.-W. Provinces; Charas, Chulla Charas, Southern
India; Kannoul, Kanarese; Niala nimili, Telugu; Wurragu Koli,
Tamil; Bursati or Kala Tugder, Rhotak, Gurgaon.
Description—Adult Male.—Whole head and neck, including ear
plumes glossy black; chin and centre of upper throat pure white.
Remainder of underparts black; the breast, like the head and
neck, is a deep velvety black, often highly glossed, but the abdomen
is less glossy and this and the undertail coverts are sometimes rather
dingy and brownish. Below the hind neck and between this
and the back there is a broad band of white which descends as far
as the upper breast, often encroaching upon it for almost an inch
on either side. Upper plumage a sandy buff, each feather with
the centre having a spear-shaped black, or brownish black, patch
margined with yellowish sandy, the rest of the feather vermiculated
with black or brown. On the lower back the vermiculations are
less definite and the central marks obsolete, whilst on the central
tail coverts their place is taken by definite cross bars of deep brown..
Rectrices sandy buff with a rufous tinge, finely vermiculated as on
the back and with four definite cross bars of blackish brown.
Scapulars like the back but those nearest the shoulder coverts more
or less freckled with white. Larger wing coverts black, the
hidden portions of the inner webs freckled with white and brown 2
remaining median and lesser coverts, where visible, white; the
724 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XN.
basal portion of the secondary coverts freckled with brown and a
few coverts next the inner secondaries approximating these in
colouration, but retaining a great deal of white. First two, three,
or in some cases four outermost primaries uniform brown ; the
remainder with broad bars of rufous buff, these widening towards
the secondaries. Outer secondaries mottled brown and _ buff,
sparsely freckled with white at the tips, inner secondaries lke the
back but with white freckling on the edges near the coverts and
avith the smallest feathers next the scapulars marked with rufous
buff.
The feathers of the upper throat are lengthened, those behind
the ear coverts being greatly so, the three longest sometimes
reaching as much as 5"’ in length and generally exceeding 33".
As a rule the three longest feathers are graduated, and though in
some cases they are sub-equal, there is nearly always a great
difference in length between these three feathers and the others
which may vary between 1" and 2’. These feathers, more
especially the longer ones, are spatulate in shape.
Wing 7:1" to 8-05"; tarsus 3-35" to 3-75"; bill at front 1-25"
do 1-5"; tail 3-25" to 4-5”.
‘‘The irides are dull yellow, sometimes very pale, sometimes
brownish ; the legs pale, somewhat fleshy yellow, sometimes hoary,
sometimes more dusky ; the bill is pale yellow, somewhat fleshy
towards gape, the ridge, tip and more or less of the upper surface
shaded with dusky heavy brown.” (Hume).
“Length 17:25" tc 19"; expanse 27-5 to 32; wing (to end of
longest primary) 7°3 to 7-9; tail 4-1 to 4°5; tarsus 3°65 to 3:9;
bill from gape 2°0 to 2:1. Weight 14 ozs. to 1 lb. 4 ozs.”
(Hume.)
«Total length 15 inches, culmen 1-5, wing 7:9, tail 3:5, tarsus
3°5. (Sharpe).
From the above measurements it will be seen that this Bustard
varies very considerabiy in size, but the measurements first given
include those of the whole of the British Museum series (some
85 birds), as well as many others which have passed through my
hands, so may be taken as shewing fairly satisfactorily the range of
variation. The only bird ofthe British Musem series omitted from
t
+
THE GAME BIRDS Ov INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON. 725
the above measurements is an abnormally small bird with a wing of
only 6°85". It may be noticed that I have not given measurements
either of length or expanse in describing this or any other bird,
but I have omitted these measurements intentionally as they
depend far too much upon every individual sportsman’s way of
measuring and the extent to which wings and neck are stretched
during the operation.
Adult female.—Forehead, crown and occiput black, the feathers.
more or less tipped with buff and the inner webs of the central
feathers also buff, forming a well defined mesial streak ; lores,
fairly well defined supercilium and post orbital region buff with a
few black specks and a line of black specks running under the eye;
sides of head and ear coverts buff, immaculate or with a few fine
specks only; chin, throat and sometimes the region below the ear
coverts white. Posterior aspect of the neck buff, finely vermiculat-
ed with black, or dark brown, anterior aspect buff, with broad
splashes of black forming two broad streaks down to the breast ;
sides of the neck next the shoulders with similar streaks; breast
buff with bold black markings and freckles, the latter often
forming crescentic marks. Remainder of lower parts buff, often
almost white, the flanks more or less freckled and barred with
blackish and the innermost axillaries black.
Back, scapulars, rump and upper tail coverts buff, each feather
with a broad central spear head of black, surrounded with buff.
These marks disappear on the rump which is more indefinitely
marked. ‘Tail, like the back but without the spear head marks and
with four broad bands of black. Quills of the wing as in the male.
Wing coverts buff, the outer sparsely barred with brown or black,
the inner and smaller profusely barred and to some extent freckled
with black.
Wing 8-25" to 9:75"; tarsus 3°55" to 3:85"; bill at front
1:45" to 1-65"; tail about 4:5". |
‘* Female.— Length 18 to 21-4; expanse 29 to 36; wing 9:0 to
9°75; tail 4-7 to 5-0; tarsus 3-9 to 4-4; bill from gape 2-28 to 2:3.
Weight 1 Ib. 2 ozs. to 1 Ib. 10 ozs.’’ (Hume).
There are several females in the British Museum collection with
wing under 9", but these are probably young birds. Fully adult
726 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XX1.
birds, #.e., over 18 months, will not often be found with a wing of
less than 9"’.
Inglis sends me a note on the soft parts of a female shot by
him in Behar as follows: ‘ Bill dusky red, culmen dark brown,
gape and base of lower mandible yellow ; iris yellow tinged with
red ; legs dull dusky yellow.”
Adult male in winter plumage.—Similar to the female, but
retaining a considerable amount of white on the wing.
Young male.—Like the female.
Nestling.—‘* An almost uniform dirty pale yellow colour, with
an unclosed V (i.e. y) on the crown of the head in dingy black,
and blotches, rather stripy, of black on the wing, back and sides,
and about the ears ; legs and beak a colour between pale blue and
pale pink ; and on the tip of the beak a little lump of pale pearly
white.” (Davidson as quoted by Hume.)
Distribution.—In “Game Birds’? Hume thus describes the
habitat of the Lesser Florican :—
“T find great difficulty in defining the limits within which the
Lesser Florican occurs ; firstly, because it is irregularly migratory
and secondly because individual birds straggle in the most un-
accountab!e manner hundreds of miles beyond the furthest districts
which it at all regularly visits.”
“Dr. Jerdon tells us that ‘this species is found throughout
India, from near the foot of the Himalayas to the southermost
districts,’ but this conveys, I think, a somewhat erroneous idea of
its distribution, which is not nearly so wide as this might seem to
imply.”
‘¢ Although a certain number are probably permanent residents
of Khandesh, Nasik and Ahmednagar, the real home of the Lesser
Florican is in the drier portions of the Peninsula, lying east of the
Western Ghats and south and east of the Godavari.”
“Tt is, of course, confined to plains and open country, and does
not ascend any of the hills, though a single specimen was once
killed, I hear, on the slopes of the Nilgiris, between Neddiwattum
and Pykarra, going down to the Wynaad.”
‘ During the rains when it breeds, although many breed in the
Deccan, as, for instance, about Sholapur, the majority, I think,
bo
N
THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON. 75
move northwards and westwards, extending over the western parts
of the Central Provinces, the Central India Agency, the southern
and central portions of Rajputana, Khandesh, Guzerat, Cutch,
Kathiawar and Southern Sind.”
“The migration is, however, irregular, as in some years it
extends much further than in others. The birds are plentiful in
one year where inthe next none or few are to be met with.”
‘“‘ In years when the rainfall is plentiful, they are pretty common
during the monsoon a little south of Delhi, in Rohtak and Gurgaon.
Generally, there are a good many about Jhansi and so on, but
except as stragglers, they are not found in those parts of the
country that I know further north than a line joining Sersa and
Delhi, nor do they cross the Jumna in any numbers.”’
** Although I have known single specimens killed near Lucknow,
Sultanpur, and other places in Oudh; though I have myself shot
single birds occasionally in the Meerut and Etawah districts ;
though Ball got a specimen in Serguja, Hodgson others in the
valley of Nepal; though Jerdon says he has known of their
occurrence in Purneah, and Parker tells me they have occurred in
Nuddea; though one specimen has been killed on the Mekran
Coast near Gwader and another at Sandoway in Arakan, I do not,
as at present informed, consider that either Beluchistan, the
Punjab, the North-Western Provinces, north and east of the
Jumna, Oudh, Chota Nagpore or any part of Bengal or the coun-
tries eastwards, can be properly included within its normal range.
It occurs nowhere out of India.”
tt will be seen that Hume refers to a bird shot at Sandoway on
the Arrakan Coast. This record is from the Bengal Sporting
Magazine for 1835, where a writer, on page 151, records the
shooting of a Lesser Florican, and this record is quoted by Blyth
in his ‘‘ Birds of Burmah,” p. 152. It is, however, extremely
doubtful if this record is a really correct One and Sypheotis awrita
should not be accepted as a Burmese Bird on the strength of it.
The next point furthest east from which it has been recorded is
Dinajpore, from which place there is a specimen in the British
Museum, and further south of this again from Purulia, Purnea
and Nadia, from each of which district stragglers are occasionally
728 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXI.
obtained, but it has never been obtaimed from any of the
districts east of the Teesta or south of the Brahmapootra Rivers,
leaving thus a very wide stretch of country or sea to be passed
over before the Arrakan Coast is reached.
To Hume’s districts of Purnea and Nadia in Bengal, from both
of which districts I have also seen specimens, must be added
Maldah where birds have been seen and shot by Mr. G. Hennessy.
As regards the Punjab and North-West Provinces, birds wan-
der into these so regularly, year after year, though in but small
numbers, that it is hardly possible to regard these Provinces as
outside their normal habitat.
In the south, Major Ch. MacInroy says that “ Florican are
pretty numerous throughout Hast Mysore, but, for some reason
which I cannot divine, are not nearly so much so in the western
division of the Province.” He further records a bag of 30 birds
made some 25 miles from Bangalore and adds that 4 or 5 birds
have been killed in a morning near Coconada.
In _ his list of the Birds of the South Konkan, Vidal remarks
that the Lesser Florican “ rarely pass the Ghat barrier which divides
the Konkan from the Deccan. In seven seasons spent in the
Ratnagiri District I have only seen two birds”... . “ I have also
heard of one having been obtained at Dapuli.”’
Mr. N. 8S. Symons reports two birds shot near Panwell in the
S. Bombay Presidency ; and Dewar, it should also be mentioned,
notes that it is seen sometimes near and about Madras, but it occurs
in that district regularly and is resident, and it extends north into
Orissa, Blyth having shot it near Cuttack.
In a footnote, p. 24, of “Game Birds ’’, Hume quotes Hodgson
as saying : ‘‘ Appears here (Valley of Nepal) about middle of May
and disappears middle of June” and then he (Hume) goes on to
say : ‘It may be that there is a permanent colony of this species,
of which I know nothing as yet, in northern Behar, Gorakhpur,
Busti, etc.
In partial confirmation of this surmise Mr. A. E. Osmaston
sends me the skin of a young male from Gorakhpur and in the
letter sent with it, writes: “I also saw themat the beginning of
last rains (1909) but I have never seen them at any other time
THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON. 729
of the year here and I presume they only come here to breed and
I think only a few come even then, as the grassy land they seeny
to like is very limited in extent.”
This record, therefore, though confirming the presence of Likh
in and about Gorakhpur during the breeding season does away
with the theory of a “ permanent colony” and infers that these-
birds, as well as those which reach Nepal migrate from a good
deal further south than Hume imagined. From Bihar Mr. Inglis
reports them as decidedly rare and has not seen many himself.
He tells me that he has skins of birds shot in Bihar in April and
May, in one case that of a male just assuming breeding plumage.
The Lesser Florican is undoubtedly locally migratory, but,. as
Hume remarks, its migrations are most uncertain and irregulai~
and are probably governed by the state of the rains and food
supply and possibly by other factors not yet known either to field
naturalists or scientists. At present, all that can be said is that
during the breeding season the birds seem to concentrate im
suitable places in the centre of their habitat and after this seasom
is over to disperse, more or less, in all four quarters, stragglers:
then appearing far from any of their favourite haunts. Hill
ranges certainly divert and interrupt these local migrations to a
ereat extent wherever met with, and it is more than possible that
the bigger rivers, such as the Jumna, may have a similar effect
At the same time, the Lesser Florican does surmount some Hulk
ranges, for they migrate into the Valley of Nepal, as already
- recorded, and it has been shot on the Nilgherries as well.
The Likh, or Lesser Florican, is not gregarious like those
Bustards with which we have already dealt. In suitable country,.
of course, many birds may be met with in the same extent of
grass land, but they will be found at some distance apart, never
in flocks, and though sometimes in pairs yet more often singly,
except in the breeding season.
This little Bustard, according to Jerdon,‘‘ frequents long grass:
in preference to any other shelter. It is, however, often to be
met with in green fields, in fields of Cotton and Dholl, and, ir
the Carnatic, so much in those of the grain called Warragoo, as
to be called in Tamil, Warrago Koler, or Warragoo Fowl.”
2
730 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XX1.
All other writers agree with the above; Hodgson adds hill
rice to the crops they frequent and Hume says that they are
often found in millet fields, other sportsmen have written to
inform me that they have shot them out of bajra, Indian corn,
wheat and even young sugarcane. Inglis also informs me that
in Behar they are sometimes put up in the indigo fields which
affords them good cover.
In fact, the Likh may be found in any crop which is dry under
foot, not too dense to make walking difficult and not too high, but
preferably they keep to grass land or to grain fields into which
they are tempted to feed.
Unfortunately the Likh has a habit during the breeding season
of jumping into the air to attract the opposite sex and this has
led to its undoing. All the writers quoted by Hume mention
this habit and its disastrous effects and Hume himself says. ‘ Owing
to the unsportmanlike manner in which these beautiful birds are
massacred during the breeding season, they are everywhere di-
minishing in numbers and will, in another half a century, be, I
fear, almost extinct.” Mr. J. Davidson also recorded that year
by year he noticed a diminution in their numbers in the Deccan.
They are not yet extinct, nor have their numbers decreased to the
extent Hume feared, but there can be no doubt that everywhere
the Lesser Florican is less common now-a-days than it was when
Hume wrote in 1879, thirty-two years ago.
Davidson, describing the way they are killed, writes, ‘ Florican
are found sparingly in Mysore, but I only saw one on two occa-
sions in the Tumkur District, during last year. It is a migrant
during the rains to Western Guzerat where it is remorselessly shot
down while breeding, but apparently avoids the Panch Mahals
almost entirely ; at least only one specimen has been secured there’
during the last few years.
‘They are ordinarily shot in the Deccan in the long grass bhirs,
being flushed by a line of beaters, the guns walking along with
the beaters. In the breeding season the cocks are sometimes shot
in the following way :—-In the early morning the gunner, for one
can hardly call him a sportsman, goes to a bhir, where he knows
there are birds, and waits till he sees one jump up in the grass
JOURN. BomBay Nav. Hist. Soc. Prats A.
’
ammenboenceesy ninemsn “Met ne REM EE TY AIRE =
B, FrmaLte Lesser FLoRICcAN ON NEstT.
THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON. 731
nd cry. He then stalks within 50 or 60 yards, and again waits
till the bird jumps and then runs as fast as he can towards the
spot. The bird generally rises 30 or 40 yards off, and there is a
fair amount of excitement if not of sport, in shooting them in this
way.”
Capt. Butler gives a similar description as follows :—‘‘ For my
part, I have always protested against the wholesale destruction of
these fine birds in the breeding season, and tried very hard when
I was in Deesa, to persuade sportsmen (!) to spare the hens. But
it was of no use; they argued that, ‘if they didn’t shoot them,
-some one else would,’ and consequently the Florican were shown
no mercy.
“The usual method of shooting them is to walk them up in
line, when they rise usually within easy shot. They are easily
killed, and I have seen longer shots made at Florican than any
-other bird I know. In fact they drop if you fire at them at
almost any possible distance (provided, of course, you hold the gun
‘straight). At times, however, after being marked down, they are
very difficult to find, as they commence running the moment they
alight, and often get 200 or 300 yards away before you reach the
-spot where you have marked them down. But for this, scarcely
.a bird would escape.”
Again, Mr. James says :—‘‘ The ordinary way in which a single
gun pursues Florican is to walk through the grass, with a few
beaters, listening for the cry of the bird and following it; in this
way the bird can be tracked for a considerable distance. Before
very long the bird will be seen jumping up above the long grass,
as some think to pick grass hoppers off the stems. The best way
then is to run as hard as possible up to the place when the bird
will rise. ‘They drop very easily to shot, but when once flushed
.are difficult to flush again.”’
All writers and sportsmen seem to concur in considering the
Lesser Florican to be much less wild in its nature than any other
Bustard and when in fairly high grass or crops they often lie very
-close, not rising until the line of beaters approaches within a few
yards of them and seldom rising more than 30 yards in front of
‘the line. Jerdon says that ‘it feeds chiefly in the morning and is
732 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol, XX.
then easily raised but during the heat of the day it lies very close
and is often flushed with difficulty. I have known one instance
of one being killed by a horse stepping on it.” }
On some occasions, however, even this bird lives up to the
general reputation of its family for wariness. Jerdon himself admits
that such a bird is sometimes met with and Hume says that in the
cold weather when in short grass or young crops they are about
the most difficult bird he knows to get near.
As might be expected the Likh is rather a favourite bird with
Falconers ; its habitat, its powers of flight and the ease and fre-
quency with which it is found all combining towards this. Jerdon
writes: ‘Its pursuit is consequently a favourite sport, and from
the open nature of the ground it frequents, it is well adapted for
being hawked. I have killed it occasionally with the Lugger, but
generally with the Shaheen, and have already given an account of
the manner of hunting it. Should the Shaheen miss her first
stoop, I have seen the Florikin accelerate its speed so greatly, that
the falcon was unable to come up with it again under 600 yards or
so. I have seen one struck dead by the Wokhab, Aquila vindhiana..
Thad slipped a Luggur at it, which was in hot pursuit, though at
some little distance behind, when two of these Hagles came down
from a vast height, and joined in the chase. One of them made
a headlong swoop at it, which the Florikin most skilfully avoided,
only, however, to fall a victim to the talons of the other, which
stooped almost immediately after its confederate, and dashed the
poor bird lifeless to the ground. It had not, however, time to pick
it up, for I rode up, and the Hagles soared off most unwillingly,
and circled in the air long above me. The Florikin had its back
laid open the whole length.” (Jerdon’s Ill. Ind. Orn. lc.)
It would seem a favourite prey of wild as well as tame falcons:
and eagles, for Hume also says that one of the very few specimens
he obtained in the Etawah District was killed by a Bonellis Eagle
after he had flushed it.
The flight of the Sypheotis aurita is much like that of other
Bustards, but the wing strokes are rather quicker. Blanford says:
‘Tt flies well, with a quicker flight than other Bustards, having..
when flying, a slight but peculiar resemblance to a duck.” By
THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON. 7338
“< quicker flight ”’ Blanford probably refers to a quicker wing move-
ment and not actually to a faster flight, for the flight of the Likh
is certainly not as fast as that of the bigger birds of this family.
When flushed it often flies a considerable distance and is then
very hard to put up again, as it either squats close, allowing a line
of beaters to pass over it, or it runs to a great distance and even-
tually rises far from whereit wasseen to alight. It is very strong
on the leg and makes its way through thin grass or scrub jungle at
un almost incredible rate, far faster than a sportsman can walk.
Jerdon notes that “‘ when walking or running it raises its tail, as
is represented on the drawing, the lateral feather diverging down-
wards, whilst those of the centre are most elevated, as is seen in
domestic fowls, etc., forming what Swainson calls an erect or com-
pressed tail.”
The voice of the Lesser Florican during the breeding season is
said to be a harsh croak, this being indulged in by the bird during
its nuptial flights. The voice of the hen at this time is described
by Wenden as ‘‘a low clucking cry ” but whether this differs from
that of the male or not he does not say. According to Jerdon “it
is said to have a feeble plaintive chirp or piping note when run-
ning or feeding” and he also says that when flushed it utters a
kind of sharp quirk or note of alarm.’ A personal friend of
mine, who has spent much time watching these birds, gives
them credit for a rather large vocabulary. He remarks in
epistola: ‘*These Floricans have many notes besides the drum or
croak they give vent to in the breeding season. When moving
about feeding they constantly utter a low chuckle and also the
chirp or piping note referred to by Jerdon. Males and females
also call to one another in a croak like that just mentioned, but
softer and lower.”
The Lesser Florican not only suffers from the so-called sports-
man who persistently shoots it throughout the breeding season,
but they are also much persecuted by native snarers and bird
watchers wherever and whenever they appear. Col. Fenton writes
to me that he never came across these bird-catchers in Kathiawar,
but that in the Deccan “the phansi padees or professional snarers
never gave the birds any rest, and it is not surprising if they have
734 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. X_XI.
diminished of late years.”” Mr. James records the same in Hume:
and Marshall in which work he is quoted as saying ‘“‘ Pardis, the
professional poachers of the Deccan, snare them along with
Partridges and Quail, simply by setting a rope of snares down the
grassy bank of a dry nullah and then beating the bushes.”
The principal food of the Likh consists of grasshoppers and in
catching these, and other insects, it often hops into the air after’
them, catching them on the wing. No insect comes amiss to it
and it will feed freely on Cantharides, beetles of all kinds, worms,,.
centipedes and even, when hard pressed, small lizards, frogs, etc.
It is also largely a vegetable feeder, eating both ripe grain and
tender shoots of young crops and grasses as well as many kinds of
berries and young herbs.
Its flesh is generally held to be excellent, though Hume says it
is not as good as that of its larger first cousin, the Bengal:
Florican, and compares its flesh to that of the Blue Pigeon. The
food it eats naturally affects its eating qualities and one sportsman:
may eat it at one season of the year and find it almost unpalatable,
whilst another, a little later, may find it just the reverse. Jerdon:
thought that ‘its flesh is very delicate and of excellent favour and
it is the most esteemed of all the Game Birds.’”’ Mr. James writes,
vide Hume, “ It is perfectly true that sometimes the effects caused
by eating Floricans’ flesh after they have been feeding on blister--
flies is most painful and disagreeable. I myself have suffered
from this cause. ”’ .
The breeding season of the Lesser Florican varies much im
different localities. Jerdon says that some birds breed in Southern
India from July to November and that he has put the hen bird off
her nest in August in the Deccan and in October near Trichi-
nopoly, and he also says that he has heard of hens being found
sitting as late as January. Hume says that the majority breed in
September and October and this agrees with the observations of
most other observers in the more northern of their breeding
haunts. As regards’ Kathiawar, however, it would seem that they
commence rather earlier. Colonel L. L. Fenton writes me : ‘‘ Only
an occasional bird is to be seen at any other season of the year, but
about the end of June they arrive in great numbers in the Kathiawar
THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON. 735
Vids for the purpose of breeding. The large Vids round Rajkot,.
such as Kalipat, Kotaria, Ghanteshwar, Damalpur, etc., are cele-
brated for them at this season of the year, and I have here seen
over twenty birds in one morning.”
“There seems always to be a preponderence of cock-birds, but
perhaps they are more in evidence than the hens, owing to their
habit of jumping, and hens are, I think, at all times more difficult
to flush than are the cocks. 1 cannot say where the greater num-
ber betake themselves after the breeding season is past, but it is
an undoubted fact that very few remain in the Province, as they
are rarely met with in the cold weather.”
Allusion has already been made to the curious habit displayed
by this bird of jumping into the air, to some height above the
surrounding vegetables, in order to attract the notice of the oppo-
site sex. Generally it is the male alone which resorts to this.
trick, but sometimes, at all events, the female also does indulge in.
it. Hume himself says that he has seen the female jumping,
though he adds that this is only for the purpose of catching flies,.
etc., as they are disturbed from the grass. Mr. Wenden, however,
whom Hume quotes, distinctly saw the female bird as well as the
male jumping, and thus describes his experience—‘‘On the 16th
[ went out and watched this bird for more than an hour, just about
the time at which she had been flushed on the morning before:
from the single egg. From the tree on which I sat, with my
binoculars, | saw her running rapidly out of the dense preserve,
across the open and into the scanty patch in which was her egg.
Here she moved about for some minutes feeding, and every now
and then sprang into the air with a low clucking cry, which was.
answered by the male bird from the preserve, though at first I
could not see him. Then as though a sudden thought had struck
her, she darted to the nest, and after one or two springs, and
walking round and round the egg, she squatted and deposited
another. While she sat, she was quite silent, but the male bird,
who had now advanced closer to me, kept springing in the air and
crying continually. The operation of laying the egg seemed to
last about twenty minutes—v.e., from the time she sat to the time
she rose and having made another spring or two walked round the
736 * JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XX.
eggs ; she then made straight tracks for the dense grass where the
rmale bird was calling.
“ T went out quite alone on this watching expedition, and all
wvas quite quiet, and the birds were at their ease; but while I was
still in the tree, aman came into the preserve with some cattle,
-and then I saw both birds spring several times silently, and atter
ithat I saw or heard nothing of them. ”
Mr. Davidson also describes this quaint habit at some length ;
ihe says: —‘‘ The Florican breeds all round Sholapur, in considera-
ible numbers, wherever there are grass preserves with long grass.
During the breeding season they seem chiefly to haunt the thin-
mest patches of long grass rather than those full of small bushes ;
they are at this period exceedingly difficult to flush, particularly
ithe hens, which, even if you succeed in forcing them to rise, get
up only at your feet and make but very short flights. The cocks
care not quite so difficult to flush, but you are obliged to run towards
them, to get even them up: if you simply walk after them they will
warely rise. Their whereabouts are, however, generally easily dis-
covered by their frog-like call, and their occasional sudden jumps
up into the air. They do not seem to call much when the sun is
bright, but chiefly in the morning and during cloudy days. I have
«often watched them flying or jumping up, but I am still uncertain
why they do it. My original impression was that they sprung up
to seize insects from the grass stalks, but I have long abandoned
ithis idea, as they rise much above the grass. Moreover, I have
“only seen one bird thus rise that could have been a female and
this was dark-coloured, and probably a male that had not assumed
lbreeding plumage, and I am inclined to consider these sudden
lights as simply one of those bridal displays so common in the
males, especially of gallinaceous birds, such as the flapping of the
wings in Pheasants, the nautch of the Peacock, the lek of the
‘Capercailzie, and the pouch-inflated strut of the big Bustard, and
iif it can be certainly established that this habit is confined to the
males no alternative solution seems open to us.”
The Lesser Florican is unlike most of its family ‘‘in India at all
events’ in that it is monogamous, whereas the others are either
polygamous or “ promiscuous” and the male is said to remain with,
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THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON. © 737
or near, the hen even after incubation has begun. Although this
seems to be a generally accepted fact, there are a good many points
which would seem to be against it. In the first place male birds
which display continually throughout the breeding season seldom
keep to one wife for the whole period, nor as a rule are
monogamous males as pugnacious as are polygamous birds.
Jerdon’s description of the display and pugnacity of the
Likh certainly look like attributes of a polygamous male. He
writes: ‘The full and perfect breeding plumage is generally
completed during July and August. At this season the male bird
generally takes up a position on some rising ground, from which
it wanders but little, for many days even; and during the morn-
ings especially, but in cloudy weather at all times of the day
every now and then rises a few feet perpendicularly into the air,
uttering at the same time a peculiar low croaking call, more like
that of a frog or cricket than that of a bird, and then drops down
again. This is probably intended to attract the females, who be-
fore their eggs are laid, wander greatly; or perhaps to summon a
rival cock, for I have seen two in such desperate fight as to allow
me to approach within thirty yards before they ceased their battle.”
The Bengal Floricans, males and females, undoubtedly do not
pair at all, and the male is neither polygamous or monogamous, yet
its courting displays are identical with those of the Lesser Flori-
can as 1s the habit of the male of displaying in one particular spot
whilst the females wander about the country. It is probable,
therefore, that when we come to know the domestic habit of
Sypheotis awrita more intimately they will prove to be similar to
those of Sypheotis bengaleinsis.
The Lesser Florican makes no nest in which to deposit her
eges, nor does she, as arule, even trouble to find or make a
hollow for this purpose merely depositing them on the ground in
some small bare patch in a field of grass. The grass field selected
is seldom one of any very great size or having dense growth in it
and the bird seems to prefer small pieces of grass of some two
feet or so high and of scanty growth. The bird watched by Mr.
Wenden deposited its eggs ‘on the bare ground, which was
perfectly level (without the least signs of scratching) in some
3
738 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Voi. XX1.
thin scanty grass, about 2 feet high and about 2 yards in from
the edge of the grass patch. Not a hundred yards from the plot of
grass in which the eggs were deposited was a preserve, over a mile
long by a quarter broad, of very high dense grass, a far more likely
place, one would have thought, for so wary a bird to lay its eggs.”
When the bird does lay its eggs in a vast stretch of grass, as 1s
sometimes the case in Kathiawar, it is said almost invariably to
choose some part where the grass is shorter and more scanty than
elsewhere and also often to make use of some bare spot close to
the outskirts of the field.
The nest, found by Mr. Wenden, contained three eggs, one
found in it on the J 5th, one laid on the 16th and the third on the
18th; this corresponds with what we should expect and with
what I have heard from other observers and it seems, therefore,
fairly certain that the species lays its eggs on alternate days.
As a rule the full clutch of eggs consists of four, but often only
three are laid, sometimes but two and very rarely five. I have
never seen a clutch with five eges myself, but Lieut. F. Alexander
recorded that this number was sometimes laid and Mr. James
once found five chicks together.
In shape the eggs are typically very broad ovals, more spherical
than those of any of the other Bustards; but for this they are
hardly distinguishable from those of the Lesser Bustard, Otis tetraz,.
though on an average they seem considerably smaller. For in-
stance the average size of the 26 eggs of the Likh in the British
Museum collection is 1-82" x 1:6" (about 46 x 406mm.)
whereas the 23 eges of Otis tetrax measure 2°07" x 1:51" (—about
52°6 x 38:2), these figures shewing well the difference in com-
parative shape and size in the eggs of the two species.
”
Hume gives the average of twenty-three eggs as 1°88” nearly
by rather more than 1:59" (=48 x 40°5mm.) and the average of
18 eggs which have passed through my hands and are not includ-
ed in any of the above is 1:84" x 1-6" (=-46°8 x 40-3).
The surface of the shell is very smooth, though pitted with tiny
pores, and there is always considerable gloss, very highly develop-
ed in many cases. The texture is fine and very close.
Hume thus describes his series of eggs now inthe British
THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON. (729
Museum. ‘The eggs like those of the Great Bustard (which,
though smaller, they greatly resemble), vary much in size, shape
and colouration.
‘Typically they are very broad ovals, with a feeble tendency to
a point at one end; but some are nearly sypherical, some are
purely oval, while one or two approach a Plover shape.
“The shell, everywhere closely pitted with miniature pores, is
stout but smooth, and has always a slight, and at times a brilliant
gloss.
“The ground colour varies from a clear, almost sap green,
through various shades of olive green, drab and stone colours, to
a darkish olive brown. I have seen no specimens exhibiting the
blue and bluish grounds occasionally met with in the eggs of the
Great Indian Bustard.”
‘The markings are brown, reddish or olive brown, occasionally
with a purplish tinge, in some very faint and feeble, obsolete, or
nearly so, a mere mottling, in others conspicuous and strongly
marked ; but in the majority neither very faint nor very conspi-
cuous. In character they are generally cloudy streaks, more or
less confluent at the broader end (from which they run down
parallel to the major axis) and more or less obsolete towards the
smaller end. Occasionally, however, they are pretty uniformly
scattered over the whole surface of the egg.”
‘In size the eggs vary from 1:77 to 2°06 in length, and from
1-5 to 1-7 in breadth ; but the average of twenty-three eggs is 1°88
nearly, by rather more than 1°59.”
The eggs in my own collection agree well with the above but
there is one pair which deserves separate description. These have
the ground colour a most beautiful green grey, very pale and
almost silver in tone. The markings are as described by Hume:
but are unusually bold and stand out conspicuously on the pale
ground, making them both very handsome.
* The two photographic plates in this Number and the one of the Houbara at
page 330 in the last Journal, are from photographs taken by H.H. the Rao of
Cutch, a sportsman with an intimate acquaintance with these birds and their
habits and one who has supplied me with many interesting details regarding
them.
(To be continued.)
740
THE COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS
OF INDIA
(INCLUDING THOSE MET WITH IN THE HILL STATIONS
OF THE BOMBAY PRESIDENCY).
BY
1. Re Berl wakes.
Pan Oxale
(Continued from page 544 of this Volume.)
Famity—PAPILIONIDA—(continued).
89. Papilio crino, /al7:.—Like P. buddha but with the green discal band
much narrower, especially on the forewing, the male has, generally, woolly
scent-streaks on outer portions of veins 2 to 4 of forewing. Forewing in
male and female with the transverse, discal band bluish-green, slightly
sinuous, curved, narrow, increasing in width from costa to dorsal margin ;
more sinuous in the female. Hindwing with the band variable in width,
but much broader than on forewing, continued above vein 7 to costa but
much narrowed abruptly in that interspace ; tornal ocellus claret-red with
a large black centre inwardly edged with blue; a sub-apical whitish spot ;
subterminal diffuse, green lunules in interspaces 2, 3, 4: the spatular apex
of tail with a patch of bluish-green scales. The whole upperside is irrora-
ted on both wings with brilliant green scales but much less densely than on
the basal area of the wings of P. buddha. Underside dull pale brown to
blackish brown, irrorated with scattered, yellowish scales which, however,
on the forewing are absent from a large, triangular, discal patch that hes
between the dorsum, the median vein, vein 5 and a line of white lunules
that crosses the wing in an outward curve from the upper third of the costa
to just before the tornus; these white lunules are outwardly diffuse and
merge gradually into the brown ground-colour. Hindwing: the tornal
ocellus much as on the upperside ; an obscure, ill-defined, highly arched,
postdiscal, narrow, whitish band from above the tornal ocellus to the costa
ending near apex of interspace 7 in a broad, white lunule; beyond this a
double sub-terminal row of somewhat straight, ochreous-white lunules in
the interspaces, each lunule of the inner row bordered outwardly with
blue, this bordering very faint in some specimens. Cilia of both fore and
hind wings brown alternated with white. Antennz, head, thorax and
abdomen dark brownish black ; the head, thorax and abdomen above with
a sprinkling of glittering green scales. Hxpanse 100-116 mm.
COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA. 741
Larva.— “Somewhat limaciform ; anterior segments convexly scutellated ;
furnished with a pair of short, fleshy tubercles on anterior and two on anal
segments.” (Moore.) ‘Colour bluish-green.”’ (Dr. K. Jordan.)
Pupa.—‘ Curved backward anteriorly ; head broad in front; green.”
(Moore.) From these descriptions of the larva and pupa may be gathered
that they are very similar to those of P. buddha.
Halits—There does not seem to be any record of the habits of
the larva, but it is not probable that it differs as regards its ways
from that of P. buddha. The imago is also not likely to differ from
that species as to choice of the style of country it inhabits though
it does not seem to be found below 2,000 feet above sea level. It
has a peculiar distribution but it is difficult to say to what this may
be due. It exists in Lower Bengal, in the Central Provinces, South
India and Ceylon. It has not been found anywhere in the Bom-
bay Presidency up to date but occurs in the Nilgiris. It is said to
be “rather common in the Plains, especially in the Spring, in
Ceylon, but also occurs in the mountains up to about 6,000’.
The flight is very swift.” (Dr. KW. Jordan.) The foodplant is given
as “‘ Chloroxylon”” by Dr. Jordan. It is fairly certain to be
Chloroxylon Swietenia, DC., amember of the family of the Meliacece
to which the Neem belongs; it is known as the Indian Satinwood
tree and grows to a large size in Ceylon which is probably the
place Dr. Jordan’s information was obtained. This foodplant
gives an indication of the sort of habitat the insect affects. The
tree is found in dry, hot parts of the Bombay Presidency such as
Bijapur, Dharwar and the east of Belgaum though the butterfly
has never been, as stated above, yet noticed in any of these places.
In Ceylon also it is limited to the dry regions. Its distribution
is said to be the deciduous forests of the Western Peninsula as far
as the northern edge ofthe Satpura mountains running between
the Narbaddha and the Tapti rivers; but it is more than probable
that it occurs further north-east, extending through Chutia
’ Nagpur into the Behar Hills and, possibly, still further north up
to the Ganges, onthe Rajmehal Hills; and this simply because
Papiho crino is found in Lower Bengal ; that is the cccurrence of
the butterfly there is certain to indicate the existence of the food-
plant of its larva. This is not the only interesting botanical
inference which may be drawn from the entomological fact.
742 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL, HIST VSOCTETY, Vol. 2X.
Besides the question of distribution there is also a question of the
affinities of the foodplant, Chlorowylon. It has been stated that
the larve of the genus Papilio in India or, to narrow the
question down further, of the genus as composed of the groups of
Papilio mentioned in these papers more particularly, feed upon
plants belonging to certain well-defined botanical families, each
eroup being absolutely limited to one family in particular. These
families are Anonacece, Rutacee, Aristolochiacece, Lawracee, all with
aromotic leaves which make it easy enough as a rule to place them
where they botanically belong. The Satin-wood is generally placed
by botanists in another family, the Meliacece where, evidently,
the butterfly thinks it should not be. It has been mentioned
before, also, that Papilio demoleus larva was once found on this
plant in the Byapur District of the Bombay Presidency ; causing,
at the time, considerable surprise as the foodplants of that larva
were, as evinced by thousands bred in different localities at all
times of the year, all rutaceous. This led later to enquiry into
the affinities of the plant which, probably owing to ignorance,
ended in no definite result until the following statement presented
itself in Brandis’ “Indian Trees”, viz.: ‘“‘ Engler in Engler u.
Prantl 11. 4, 171 places Chloroxylon under Rutacece chiefly on
account of the translucent glands in the leaves, which form one of
the distinguishing characters of that order.” From which,
backed up by a careful comparison of the descriptions of Chloroxylon
with some of the genera of Rutacew, the probabilities are that
Papilio crino knows more about real affinities in plants than bota-
nists— except Engler.
There are butterflies of the same sort as buddha and erino in
Burma and the Malayan Region. LP. palinwrus, F. from Burma,
Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo and Banguey Island is like
the former but has the band on the hind wing narrower and is
generally smaller; it has subspecies in Palawan (angustatus, Staud.)
and in the Phillipine Islands (dedalus, Feld.) ; P. blumei, Boisd. is
a fine species inhabiting Celebes, with rather broad blue-green
bands to both wings and blue-green tails. The green of our two
species shows peacock-blue in certain lights, violet in others ; when
flying in the sun it appears always very brilliant metallic green.
COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA, 748
90. Papilio buddha, J estwood.—Male upperside: black, closely irrorated
with brilliant green scales, the basal area up to the discal green band much
more closely than elsewhere. Forewing with a very slightly excurved,
oblique, bright green discal band that extends from the middle of the
costa to the dorsum well before the tornal angle ; measured on the dorsum
the width of this band is more than one-third the length of the dorsal
margin; anteriorly it passes through the apical third of the cell and is
narrowed slightly at the costa; the irroration of green scales beyond this
band is much thinner than at base of wing and is confined to a triangular
patch from apex of wing downwards along terminal margin. Hindwing
with the median third beyond the basal irroration occupied by an
outwardly curved, brilliant green patch interruj ted by vein 6, in continua-
tion of the band of forewing, reaching the dorsal margin and slightly
narrowed at both ends (sometimes it is slightly produced into interspace
7), its outer margin diffuse; this is followed by a subterminal series of ill-
formed green lunules traversing the outer black area which is, including
the tails, otherwise devoid of green scales. The costal area beyond vein 6
is dark brown with a subapical bright ochraceous lunule. Finally there is
a tornal ochraceous ocellus centred largely with black. Cilia of hindwing
brown, alternated with ochraceous. Underside softly brown-black,; bases
of both fore and hind wings somewhat thickly, the outer portions more
thinly, sprinkled with pale yellow scales. Forewing: apical half obliquely
pale brownish white, darkening to dusky blackish at apex and narrowly
along termen; the pale area narrow at termen, gradually broadened up to
the costa, traversed by the black veins. Hindwing: uniform; an outer
pale terminal band traversed by a subterminal series of ochraceous lunules
bordered on both inner and outer sides by velvety black (hardly at all on
the inner sides), the inner side further bordered conspicuously by silvery
white; the lunule in interspace 7 much larger and bolder. Antenne,
head, thorax and abdomen velvety black, the head and thorax above
irrorated with green scales. Female differs from the male in having the
tails broader and, generally, in having the subapical ocellus of the hind
wing larger. Expanse 92-102 mm; sometimes larger. The male about
equal to the female.
Eigg.—The egg, laid generally on the top of a leaf, is light lemon in
colour at first, but soon gets a broad rusty band round the centre with a
darker, irregular, rusty line in middle of band, the summit of egg with a
rusty (colour of darker line) large patch. In shape it is spherical; the
surface is slightly shiny and obscurely frosted-rough. Diameter 1. 3mm:
very small for the butterfly.
Larva (Ist stage).—The head is round covered with short, black hairs and
is coloured translucent very light buff, slightly darker on each side near
the apex of clypeus; eyes black; clypeus large. The shape of the larva
744 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXI.
is the same as that of the larva of Pap. polymnestor, &c., at the same stage.
Dorso-lateral tubercles of segments 2 and 13 are long, conical, fleshy ;
dorso-laterals of segments 3,4,5 and 12 are about half the size and
exactly similar ; those of segments 6 to 10 are half as small again as those
last mentioned and rather cylindrical; there are no sub-dorsal tubercles
except one at the base of the dorso-lateral of segment 2; supra-spiracular-
tubercle of segments 3 and 4 as large as dorso-lateral of same segment
and similar to it, those of seoment 4 possibly the larger slightly ; spiracular
tubercles disposed as usual, very minute with 2 or 8 black spines. Surface
dull. Colour a livid greenish-yellow with a very dark olive-green dorsal
band from segment 3 to 11, covering the whole dorsum of segments 3, 4
and 5, becoming a mere line on the last segments; a broad lateral band
of same colour from segment 5 to 12 with a thin line of the body colour
running down the middle; belly and base of legs dirty greenish; segments:
2 and 15 with the tubercles light greenish-ochreous; all the tubercles
shiny translucent and all the spines on them (with the exception of the
spiracular spines of which are black) are yellow. L: about 4:5 mm. with
tubercles; B: 1. 25 mm. without tubercles and 2:25mm. with at broadest:
part which is segment 4.
2nd stage.—Is very similar to the same stage of P. tamilana; the sub-
dorsal tubercular spots only exist near the front margin of segt. 5: on
no other segment ; the subdorsal, small, fleshy, spined tubercles at base of
laterodorsal tubercles of segment 2 still exist; the laterodorsal fleshy, conical
tubercles exist on front margin of segment 2, hind margin of segment 13,
in centre of segments 3, 4.5 and 12 though these central tubercles are much
shorter than the marginal ones of segments 2 and 13; the dorsolateral
tubercles of segments 6 to 11 are very small, central, spined like
all the rest; the supraspiracular tubercle of segment 4 is little smaller than
the dorsolateral tubercle of segment 2 and the supraspiracular tubercle of
segment 3 is in size between these last two; the supraspiracular of seg-
ment 2 is nearly the same size as that of segment 3; the supraspiracular
tubercles of segments 5 to 12 andthe other spiracular tubercles of all
segments are mere spots with one or two hairs on them. The head is yel-
lowish and is covered with minute erect sharp hairs which are black but
not densely ; the head is suffused with brown on upper part of the clypeus ;
which is of ordinary size, triangular, and along the margins bounding the
clypeus ; is roundish, very slightly bilobed, shiny. The surface of larva is
shiny and covered sparsely with minute black hairs on segments 2 to 5,
Colour of larva is rather dull olive green, the spiracular region greyish, a
lateral greyish line; a rather broad subdorsal whitish region on seg-
ments 6 to 11; segment 5 marked yellowish in its hinder half, this marking
being continued along the lateral region of segments 4 tc 2 as far as head;
there is a dark spot or patch just below lateral greyish line on segments
COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA. 745
6, 7 and 8; base of large tubercles of segment 15 strongly ochreous, the base
of those of segment 2 less so, the rest transparent greenish; all the spines
of tubercles whitish. L: 10mm;B: 3mm. at segment 4 without and 4mm.
with tubercles.
3rd staye.—The larva has lost the dorsolateral tubercles of seg-
ments 6 to 11 completely, but has those of segments 2, 3, 4, 11, 12 still,
those of segments 2, 1] and 12 as large as ever, those of segments 8, 4 mere
knobs; the supraspiracular segments of segments 3 and 4 are still there,
the former about half the size of the latter and the latter smaller than
' dorsolaterals of segment 2. All signs of supraspiracular and spiracular
tubercles completely gone. Head is greenish and covered with extremely
minute hairs. Surface of body is only slightly shiny. Colour is dark green
with an irregular spiracular white line, a white band along base of legs,
the space between marked whitish, the tubercles ochreous, a yellow line
joining bases of supraspiracular tubercles of segments 4, 5 to base of
dorsolateral tubercle of segment 2, and a maculate light yellow broad band
from base of supraspiracular tubercle of segment 4 on one side runs back
and along hinder margin of segment S5over dorsum to supraspiracular
tubercle of segment 4 on the other side; a yellowish small patch on the
common margins of segments 6/7, 7/8, 10/11 dorsolaterally with the margin
thinly yellow between over dorsum; some indistinct yellowish spots all
over. L: 15mm. at rest by B: ‘5mm. at segment 4 and 5mm. with tubercles.
5th or last stage. (Pl. 1, Fig. 15).—The larva in shape and general
appearance is very like that of P. tamilana. The head is light green, the
eyes black ; and is of the usual shape. Segments 2 has the front margin
straight with a small tubercle at each end of it; the dorsolateral tubercle
of segments 12 and 15 also remain, those on the former minute, on the
latter as large as those of segment 2. Spiracles rather small, coloured like
the body with linear whitish centres. Surface smooth and dull. The
colour of the larva is dark green, spotted finely with light yellow; a
subspiracular yellow band from segment 6 to segment 12; a distinct sub-
dorsal row of tubercle-like yellow spots on segments 7-12; a transverse row
of yellow spots near front margin of segment 4 ending on each side in an
indistinct ocellus or eye which, however, may occasionally be distinct and
black—this row of spots representing the front crest of the P. tanilana
caterpillar; on segment 5 is another transverse crest near hinder margin
with a thick spotting of light yellow continued under the ocellus forwards
by a narrow yellow band or line up to the base of the tubercle on front
margin of segment 2. The space enclosed between the two crests and this:
band or line is oval in shape, longer than broad and is often called the
“shield ”; itis somewhat flattened and often greyish looking ventrum,
anal flap and legs watery greenish white. L: 46mm ; B: 10mm. at the
broadest part which is segment 5.
4
746 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXI.
Pupa (Pl. 1, Fig. 15 a.)—Is very like that of P. tamilana in shape and
colour; except that, as regards the shape, the dorsal line is much straighter,
the front part formed by segments 1-5 not being thrown back at such an
angle as in that species ; the thorax isslightly less humped, the headpoints
are longer: nearly as long as they are in the pupa of Papilio pamon. There
is a very slight carination in the dorsal line from segment 2 to cremaster.
Spiracles small, oval-linear, the same colour as the body of pupa. Surface
dull and more or less smooth. Cremaster strong and square at end. Colour
dark green ventrally much lighter dorsaliy to approximate to the upper and
underside of the leaf of the plant it feeds on; dorsal line, dorsoventral line
from cremaster to shoulders and ventral suture-line of wings, all yellow;
there is a subdorsal jet-black spot on segments 6. L: 32 mm; L: 10
mm. at middle.
Halits.—The ege is laid on young shoots, or on the top of an
old leaf in the monsoon months. The larve prefer leaves that are
not too, young as food; they hein the centre of the upperside of
leaves on a bed of silk, separately of course: that is;never more than
one on any one leaf; and the yellow speckling of their skins makes
it dificult to see them as the leaves of the foodplant are very simi-
Jarly marked with spots produced by the agency of some insect.
The pupa is almost invariably formed on the foodplant, hanging
trom, and attached to, a twig or twig and leaf—midrib with a moder-
ately long body-band and strong tail fixing; thus hanging with the
light coloured back showing to an observer on the ground among
the hght green leaf-undersides while the dark ventral green, directed
upwards, harmonises with the dark green of the uppersides of the
leaves to aid in protecting it against detection from above. The
osmeteria are reddish in colour but the larva does’ not often
make use of them, that is, it rarely protrudes these scent-organs.
The imago is not really a butterfly of the Plains as distinguished
from the Hills, though it is perhaps fonder of open scrubby jungle
and continuous sun-shine than most other swallowtails. Its
habitat 1s given as Southern India and it seems to be confined to
the western coast where it is perhaps commonest in the low hills
along the sea, board wherever its foodplant is found; it certainly
ranges from sea level up to 2,000 feet. Its range is most probably
determined by heavy rainfall. As indicated above, this beautiful
wutterfly rejoices in the hottest sunshine and in the Kanara
District, where it is very fairly plentiful, it offers one of the most
COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA, 747
inspiring sights to the active lepidopterist. It is a fast flier and
nearly always keeps to the tops of the trees round which it circles
in rapid activity. It is consequently difficult to catch; a long net
and a quick eye are absolutely necessary to effect a capture. Even
then it is nearly impossible without a careful choice of a place
of vantage. The best way is to choose a Tirphal tree (the
vernacular namie of the foodplant in Mahratti) round which the
butterflies circulate, with a,rock or high place near it and wait
until an insect flies within reach; or, better still, choose two
trees on a hill side or on uneven eround, one of which is
higher than the other and stand between them. The glint of the
blazing green of the wings as the insects pass below the level of
the eye will generally ensure an amount of perseverance in the
chase that should result in ultimate success. Captures are always
found to be males, and the reason is difficult to guess, except it
were a fact that more of that sex were born than females. ‘This,
however, is not the case as has been proved by breeding from the
ege and caterpillar. Indeed breeding results in more females
than males. Females lay but one egg at a time, and do not take
long about it; they fly as fast and as swiftly as males; but no
one can say whether they keep it up as long: perhaps they do not,
and rest for long periods at a time, but even this would not explain
why so few are caught in the net, for there must be thousands and
thousands of individuals in any one locality. Female buddha,
unlike the females of other insects which are also rarely met with
and which keep so it is said to the underwood and tree tops in
dense jungle, frequents open ground as often as the males and so
ought to be visible as often as these. She must fly at a different
time to the male; it is the only explanation; and that time
cannot be the hottest hours of the day. So little is known about
such matters! The larva feeds upon ZYanthoxylum Rhetsa, DC.,
mentioned before as one of the foodplants of Papilio helenus and
has not been found upon anything else. Zanthowylwn is a genus
of the Rutacew.
The caterpillar of this most taking insect was first discovered
by the late E. H. Aitken, that most genial of men and pleasant-
est of companions, in the year 1894 in the vicinity of Karwar
748 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXI.
on the sea-coast of North Kanara District. He formed one of a
combination of three naturalists, who found themselves throwm
together in the early 90s in that beautiful spot, and forthwith
proceeded to work out the life histories of all the butterflies of the
surrounding country. Nearly all the observations upon which
these papers are based were carried out there; a large number im
those early days of the brotherhood of three, later by two and
then, finally, when inexorable circumstances led to mutually
regretted separation, by the remaining cne. But the early days
were the best days for everything was new, and there was unlimit-
ed material to work at. Every day brought forth something of
interest ; every expedition was crowned with abundant success.
The larva of buddha was much sought after at that time, but had
eluded discovery for many months of patient search. The food-
plant was known ; or, at least, it was taken for granted that it must
be Tirphal, for the butterfly was noticed constantly flying round
such trees. At last E.H.A. (for those who may not remember
him by the initials, it will only be necessary to mention that he
was the author of “ Behind the Bungalow”, “Tribes on my
Frontier ” and other good books), found a little caterpillar upon a
Tirphal leaf and took it home without saying anything about it.
He was very excited and hugged the secret from midday until
dark that day; but then he could bear the strain no longer and
gave it away. There was great rejoicing among the three and
every morning, for several weeks after, very tender inquiries were
made about its health and progress in growth, or it was inspected
with expectant interest. Then one morning it was reported ailing’
and anxiety was great. Next morning it was dead. That
was a day of gloom; but the depression resulted in a firm resolve
to seek for more caterpillars and the consequence was that im
less than a week, there were half a dozen of all sizes in the’
breeding cages. The rest was easy.
91. Papilio antiphates, Cram.—Male and female upperside: white. Fore-
wing : cell crossed by five short bands of which the basal extends to the
dorsum, the subbasal into intersapce 1, the medial and pre-apical up to
the median vein and the apical or fifth along the discocellulars ; this last
extends broadly on both sides of the veinlets and terminates at the lower
apex of the cell; beyond these are broad, postdiscal and terminal, black,
COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA. 749
transverse bands from costa to tornal angle ; the two bands coalesce below
vein 4 and terminate in a point at the tornus; the white portions of the
cell anteriorly overlaid with pale green; short, macular, hyaline green
bands between the black, cellular, apical band and the discal band and
anteriorly between the latter and the terminal band. Hindwing : basal
three-fourths uniform white with black markings on the underside that
show through by transparency ; terminal fourth dark grey traversed by a
curved, irregular, subterminal series of black lunules that ends in a black
tornal spot and a terminal, black band that follows the indentations of the
wing ; the emarginations below the black, terminal spot edged with ochra-
ceous; the tail blackish grey, edged and tipped with white. Underside:
forewing similar with similar markings, but the green shading over the
white portions in the base of the cell more decided ; the discal and termi-
nal, black bands separate, not joined posteriorly, the former edged poste-
riorly on both sides with dark grey, due to the black on the upperside
that shows through by transparency. Huindwing : basal half green, the
outer half white ; a large black, tornal spot; a black line along the dorsum
that curves above the tornal spot outwards to vein 2; a straight, subbasal
black band from costa across cell that terminates at vein 2, joining the
dorsal black band; a broader, black band from costa across apex of cell
extended into base of interspace 3; an irregular, discal series of black.
markings curved inwards posteriorly towards the tornal spot; a subter-
minal series of very small, slender, black lunules in pairs (variable in size
and distinctness), the ground-colour on the inner side of these darkened
to rich ochreous yellow; lastly, a series of short, terminal, black bars in
the interspaces so arranged as to follow the indentations of the termen;
tail dusky black, edged with white. Antenne black; head and thorax
anteriorly with broad, black, median band, rest of thorax bluish ; abdomen
white marked beneath on each side by a black stripe.—Expanse 90-104mm.
Larva.—The caterpillar of this species is very like that of P. nomzus in
general facies, especially when young. The head is rather round in shape,
drawn under segment 2 in repose; it is green in colour. Segment 2 is
little broader than the head and is slightly convex, trapezoidal in contour,
with a thin ledge along the front margin. Segments 2, 3 and 4 taken to-
gether are truncated—triangular in shape,very slightly convex transversely,
the base of the triangle being the hinder margin of segment 4, the truncated
apex being the front margin of segment 2; the lateral sides of these seg-
ments are nearly perpendicular to the ventral surface, even slightly sloping
in towards the legs. The hinder margin of segment 4 is the broadest and
highest part of the larva, whence the body gradually decreases in diameter
to the cremaster which is somewhat long and narrow, running out at each
corner of the truncated end into parallel, rather long, sharp points, one to
each corner, separated by a straight line between their bases. The dorsal
750 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XX,
half of segments 5-14 is very convex transversely, the sides nearly perpen-
dicular to the ventral surface. Segment 15 is short though quite apparent.
Segments 3 and 4 have each a short, sharp, conical, lateromarginal
tubercle situated in the centre; segment 2 has a small one at each end of
the front margin. Spiracles are oval, black, with a white central slit
to each. The surface of the body is covered with hardly perceptible
semi-appressed, white hairs; the legs and two end-points are set with
somewhat longer erect ones which are brown on the latter and white on
the legs; the surface is otherwise smooth and is dull; the segment slightly
constricted at margins. The colour of the larva is a darkish transparent
looking olive-green speckled thinly with white on the dorsa of segments
5-14, the specklings being arranged so as to form a white dorsal line and a
dorsolateral darkish line, a dark diagonal stripe on segments 5-1] running
across from one segment to the next succeeding from the centre of the
dorsoventral margin of one to the darkish dorsolateral line of the succeed-
ing one; there is a broad, spiracnlar, white-yellow band, below which there
is a deep green subspiracular one followed by a whitish band bordered
below by a green one; the legs are watery green; the dorsum of segment
2 is yellowish white with a dorsal green line; the flattened deep green
dorsa of segments 8 and 4 are surrounded completely anteriorly, laterally
-and posteriorly by a yellow-white band and the lateral parts of these
segments are suffused with reddish black; tubercles on segments 2, 3, 4
are black. L:40mm.; B: 9mm. at the broadest part at segment 4.
Pupa.—The pupa on the whole is of the type of that of P. nomius
though of course there are considerable differences in colour, shape and
method of suspension. The head is quadrate seen from above, triangular
from the side; eyes only slightly prominent ; frons at an angle of 60° to
longitudinal axis of pupa; from head the lateral outlines diverge to
shoulders, are then parallel as far as segment 4, after which the wings are
expanded in a considerable curve rather suddenly, merging gradually
further on into the surface of the abdomen about front margin of segment
8; ventrally the wings are only slightly convex along the ventral line: it
is very nearly parallel to the dorsal line; the ventral line of abdomen
beyond is slightly convex also converging gradually towards the dorsal line
towards cremaster ; this dorsal line straight from cremaster to the apex
of thorax, sloping gradually away from the longitudinal axis of pupa at an
angle of about 25° to run out at thorax-apex into a short, blunt point
directed forwards at an angle of 45° with that axis; the cremaster is.
strong, parallel-sided, rather long, lying more or less along the surface of
attachment. The surface of pupa is dull and has the following low ridges:
on it: one circumscribing the frons of head, one along dorsal line of frons
and segment 2, produced on to segment 3 as far as the thoracic blunt
point, a slight ridge from head to shoulder-point laterally, another, in
COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA. 751
continuation, thence to where wings commence to expand and along the
expansion-edge, continued along sides of abdomen as far as cremaster ;.
the head-front is flat, segment 2 slightly convex, the abdomen dorsally
above the carinz also flattened on segments 4-8. The spiracles are longly
oval in shape and light in colour and are of ordinary size. The colour of
the pupa is bright green, with a dorsolateral line on segments 4 to 8 where
it merges into the lateral ledge-line of abdomen, yellow; the base of
thoracic process or pointand this point, the head-ridge and those from it to
shoulders with those thence to wing-expansion edges, brown; carinz of
seements 1, 2, 3 broadly flanked with brown, narrowing on front margin
of segment 2; segment 2 with a brown linear mark laterally ; ventral
central line yellow. L: 30mm.; B: at broadest part 10mm.; thoracic
point Imm. long. ;
Halits.—The egg is laid single on the upperside of a fresh leaf
or shoot and is of the ordinary spherical shape, greenish white in
colour when first deposited, hardly shiny. The little larva takes
to the midrib at once, but nearly always wanders to feed on the
edges of other leaves than that upon which it has chosen to make
its bed of silk and take up its abode. As it grows it occasionally
changes its seat, making a new one, and, finally, when full grown,
like most other Papilio larvee, it will occasionally quit the leaf
and take to stems and twigs. In the last stage it keeps to shady,
well hiden leaves and never hes out in the sun. The larva is
sluggish and walks with a halting motion. It pupates against a
twig or stem of a plant, under a leaf also, as occasion serves and
the body string of the chrysalis is very long. The caterpillar is |
like that of P. nomius, the pupa is of the same type also but
differs from that of that insect in some essential points, and is
never formed anywhere but in positions above specified; it is
always green in colour. The butterfly is a quick flier, not powerful
but very graceful, stronger than P. nomius, and rises much higher
towards the tops of the trees round which it may be seen circling
on sunshiny days in the evergreen jungles of Kanara on the
Western Ghats. It is most plentiful there in the monsoon months
and immediately before and after, while the young shoots of the
foodplant are still being put forth. It is a local species, keeping
to the moister evergreen forests from sea level upwards and is
nowhere excessively common. It comes to flowers like P. nomius
and, in company with that species, members of the genera Appias,
752 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXT,
Prioneris, Catopsilia, and P. sarpedon, P. eyrypylus jason and,
occasionally, P. dravidarum, may be seen drinking on patches of
damp sand in the beds of nallas and rivers or, after a shower of
rain, on the wet mud of roads in the hot, close days that immedi-
ately precede the south-west monsoon. It then rests with the
wings closed over the back though it exposes them, horizontally
outstretched, im the ordinary Papilio style, when resting from
flight on a leaf. The foodplant of the caterpillar is Unona Lawii,
Hooker, and it. has never been found upon anything else, although
there are other Unone where it has been collected. Unona is
belonging to the Anonaceew and Lawit is an extensive climbing
shrub common in the evergreen forests of Kanara. There are
sub-species of this butterfly existing throughout Ceylon, India,
Burma and the Malayan Region of which P. wntiphates alcibiades
is the commonest. Typical 2. antiphates is said by Rothschild to
come from Western China and Hainan but Bingham gives it as
recorded also from T'ravancore. It is the butterfly of North
Kanara also, where alcibiades does not occur. This insect will
not be found inthe Plains. P. epainimondas, Oberthiir, with discal
black markings on the upperside of the hindwing, comes from the
Andamans. . androcles, Boisd., and P. dorcus, De Haan, are two
very fine species from Celebes.
92. Papilio nomius, “syer.—Male and female upperside: bluish-white.
Forewing: the cell with five broad, transverse, black bands, the basal and
subbasal bands produced to the dorsum, the medial band generally extend-
ed into interspace, the pre-apical ended on the median vem and the fifth
or apical from costa along discocellulars extends on both sides of these and
ends at lower apex of cell; beyond the fifth band is a short, transverse,
macular band of the ground-colour that terminates on vein 5, followed by
avery broad, black, terminal band that occupies about one-third of the
width of the wing and is traversed by a transverse, subterminal series of
rounded white spots. Hindwing: ground-colour along dorsum and above
vein 7 whitish; a streak along the dorsum, a subbasal and an inner, discal,
transverse band from costa across cell (sometimes interrupted in the
middle), and a very broad, terminal band, black; the former two joined
near the tornus by cross, lunular, black marks, the terminal band traversed
by a series of slender white lunules; a black spot in interspace | above the
tornus and another small one at base of interspace 4: the black at the
apices of interspaces 2-4 and the lunules of the ground-colour thereon
COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA, 758
suffused with grey; tail black, edged and tipped with white. Underside:
white, the black markings very similar but of a bronze-brown with the
following exceptions :—Forewing : extensions below the median vein of
the basal, subbasal and median transverse bands crossing the cell, and the
inner portion below the vein 4 of the terminal, broad band, black. Hind
wing : the nner discal band is broken, irregular and black and is bordered
by a series of red spots outwardly edged with black; and, sometimes, faintly
on the inside as well, the subterminal series of white lunules are broadly
edged on the outside with black; the grey patch on the caudal region is re-
placed by ochreous grey. Antenne black; head, thorax and abdomen
creamy white with a medial, broad, longitudinal band ; the abdomen with
lateral, black stripe ; the thorax suffused with grey.—Expanse 68-95mm.,
the males being the same size as females.
Larva.—The caterpillar is greatest in diameter about segments 4, 5 and
the dorsum is somewhat flattened, the sides beimg in aplane at right angles
to it: the transverse section being a trapeze though, of course, with the
corners rounded, the ventrum-base being the shortest side ; it decreases in
diameter rather rapidly to anal segment which is narrow, smooth, rather
long, ending in two straight, diverging, squarely separated, triangularly
conical points ; segments 2 to 4 are conspicuously flat on the dorsal
portion. The head is greenish yellow in colour, round, more or less hidden
under segment 2 in repose ; the front margin of segment 2 straight. Segment
2 is about twice as broad at the front margin as the larva is at anal extre-
mity. The ventrum is flattened. Segments 2-4 have each a short, lateral,
conical, sharp, black spine, centrally situated and all of equal length.
Spiracles are small, oval, finely bordered with black. Surface is dull,
smooth. Colour of larva is grass-green with a subspiracular, yellowish
line ; top of segments down to the lateral region is greeny-whitish with
a broad, dorsal, olive-green band, generally indistinct on segments
2-4; every segment except the last has two depressed brown lines across
the greenish-white part parellel to the front and hinder margins, giving
the appearance to each segment of having three folds; segment 4 has four
such folds, the three anterior of which are black; there is a brown, inter-
rupted, lateral line bordering the dorsal greenish-white area of all segments ;
ventrum light green. The osmeteria are shiny, glossy green in colour.
Some larvee have black instead of brown in the above description and in
this case the dorsum instead of being greenish-white is black with or with-
-out two or three short, transverse lines laterally to each segment 6-11
forming a dorso lateral interrupted band on each side. Sometimes the
<olour may be dark, rusty brown instead of black and then the laterai
band of short white marks is wanting. L: 32mm.; B: at segment 4-5,
9 mm.; H: at same place, 7 mm.
Pupa.—The pupa is square-fronted po nted behind, with two well separated
i)
754 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Pol. XXI,
head processes and a short one on thorax, base of this latter process nearly
perpendicularly over anterior end of pupa, ventrum flattened, dorsum
transversely convex. Head with two short, thick, diverging, square-
topped processes, slightly compressed dorsally and ventrally, ventral side
being in the plane of the pupal ventrum. Segment 2 nearly perpendicular
to longitudinal axis of pupa as to its dorsal line ; the dorsal line of thorax
parallel to that axis, the apex produced out over slope of segment 2 into a
1:5 mm. long, 1 mm. thick, flat-topped point at an angle of 105° with front
slope of segment 2, the dorsal side of it in continuation with dorsal line of
pupa to which it is inclined at 135° ; the inner margin of wing (lateral line
of pupa) is raised on ridges, the ridge running up to and on to the thoracic
process ; there is no constriction about segment 5 ; the wings are expanded
slightly in a rounded curve laterally at segments 5 and 6 where the pupa
is consequently broader than anywhere else ; the dorsal line from cremaster
farward to apex of thorax is slightly convex, the ventral line is quite
straight ; cremaster is 4-sided, hollowed out ventrally in the middle some-
what, narrower at end than at base; the abdomen is somewhat 4-sided
in transverse section, the ventrum and dorsum being flattened. Surface
is rugose with exception of wings, dull. Spiracle of segment 2 indicated
by circular depression or pit divided by the segment margin 2/3 which
crosses it as a ledge, the spiracle being situated at the bottom of the front.
half ; other spiracles are oval with central, narrow, raised yellowish ovals,
and are the colour of the pupa. Colour of the pupa isa very dark rosy
brown with the ridges lighter. L: 26mm.; B: 9mm.; H: 8mm.
Habits.—The egg, of the usual shape and colour, slightly shiny,
is laid singly on the upperside of a tender leaf where the young
larva, emerging, lives in the usual way: lying along the midrib
near the point on a bed of silk. It is dark in colour when it first
emerges, has the usual forked spines and is distinguished by
having a dorsal white region on abdomen. It is sluggish, walks
with a halting gait and wanders very little except at the end when
about to pupate. At that time it turns pinkish all over under the
former colour and, descending to the ground, gets under a stone,
a clod of earth, or under a dead leaf where it strings itself up by
the tail and a short, tight body-band in a horizontal position more
or less, its back downwards, and there undergoes the change into:
the pupa in semi-darkness. The butterfly has only one brood as a
very general rule; the early caterpillars of April-June, of which
there are always few, form pupz some of which emerge in a fort-
night or so; but the great majority of the chrysalides lie over foi
COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA, 755
ten months or more until the following year produces another
crop of tender leaves. The foodplant is Saccopetalum tomentosum,.
Hooker, which loses most of its leaves during the hot weather and
shoots profusely with the first rams when the butterfly is always.
most numerous. Dr. K. Jordan says that Polyalthia longifolia,
Benth and Hooker, is eaten by the larva also. These two plants.
belong to the family Anonaceew and the former is spread through-
out India in the Plains and in the Hills. The insect is found in
Sikhim ; Central and Southern India; Ceylon. In Bombay the
butterfly is found throughout Kanara, Belgaum, in parts of
Dharwar, Bijapur and, doubtless, in many other localities in the:
plains, hills, forests and cultivated lands, and is very plentiful in
certain places in the early monsoon months; it occurs from sea
level upwards but nowhere, seemingly, at any great elevation ;.
2,000 feet to 3,000 feet seems to be about the limit. It flies
fast but somewhat weakly, much closer to the ground than
P. antuphates asa general rule, probably owing to the habit of
the pupa. It is moderately fond of flowers, comes readily to damp:
patches of sand in the river and nalla-beds and to moist mud on
roads in the hot pre-monsoon days in company with other butterflies.
and has the same ways of resting as P. antiphates.
P. aristews, Cram., a very closely allied species nearly exactly
similar, inhabits, with its subspecies, Sikkim, Assam, Burma,
Tenasserim, Sumatra, the Malay Peninsula, Borneo, the Philippine
Islands, many of the smaller islands of the Malay Archipelago,
Aru, New Guinea and Queensland in Australia. P. rhesus,
Boisd., is a very black species that inhabits Celebes.
93. Papilio doson, Zin.—This species was formerly known as telephus,.
Felder, also doson of the same author. It is now treated mostly as a.
subspecies of P. eurypylus, L., by lepidopterists.
Male and female upperside: black. Forewing: three slender, oblique,
short, pale green streaks in basal half of cell and two irregular, small
similarly coloured spots near its apex; a discal band composed of pale green
spots that gradually diminish in size anteriorly, the spot in interspace 5
the smallest, the two in the interspaces above it slightly larger; a spot at
base of interspace 7 and a sinuous, complete, subterminal series of similarly
coloured ones. Hindwing: a transverse band that extends as far as.
interspace 2 posteriorly and is a continuation of discal band on forewing ;.
the upper portion of this band white, the lower pale-green: this is followed
756 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXT,
by a sinuous, subterminal series of small, pale-green spots as on the fore-
wing. Underside; brownish-fulvous black ; markings similar, larger, their
edges slightly diffuse and all of a silvery white, slightly tinted with pale
green. Hind wing, in addition, has a white, basal streak that extends
halfway down the dorsal margin; another shorter, white subbasal streak
from costa to the subcostal vein coalescent with the white of the discal
band in the cell, the streak of ground-colour that lies between this subbasal
band and the discal band jet-black, interrupted, where it crosses vein 8,
iby a crimson bar; finally, quadrate black spots near the apex of the cell
and at bases of interspaces 1, 2,3, all outwardly margined crimson.
Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen black; beneath the palpi, thorax
and abdomen touched with white; the abdomen with dingy white, lateral
line. The abdominal fold of the hind wing of the male is grey within with
a fringe of white hairs.—Expanse 76-90 mm.
Larva.—The shape is similar to that of P. nomius though not so angular
looking. The head is round, green, generally retracted under segment 2.
Segment 2 is convex with a straight front margin with a small, black-
tipped conical, horny spine or tubercle dorsolaterally on the margin;
segment 3 increasing in width backwards, rather long, convex, ascending
in dorsal line to segment 4 which forms the highest part of the body.
Segment 5 is equally high and the region about the common margin
of segment 4 and 5 is the broadest part of the body; the larva decreases
in diameter thence backwards gradually, the transverse section always
circular flattened ventrally ; anal segment narrow, oblong, flattened
dorsally, produced beyond claspers and ending narrowly in two diverging,
not very long, more or less rigid points. Surface smooth, velvety, dull,
head and ventrum downy, with a short, sharp, conical, shiny black conical
spine laterally on segment 4. Spiracles oval, white, with a thin, black
border. Colour bright grass-green, the lateral spine on segment 4
surrounded by a yellow ‘eye,’ with a subspiracular white band from
segment 5 to anal end, the tail-points also white. The osmeteria are
lemon-yellow in colour. The larva is sometimes black or very deep brown
instead of green ; always black in its early stages with the tail-points pure
white ; the egg-larva spined as usual; the segmental skin is always very
dark green in colour. L: 38mm.; B: 10mm.; H.: 10mm.
Pupa.—Of the same type as that of P. nomius. Head prominently convex
between the pear-shaped, bulging eyes; each eye with a short, conical
anterior point, the front margin of pupa convex between them ; segment 2
inclined to longitudinal axis of pupa at an angle of 45°, pentagonal
more or less in shape, the longest side being the hinder margin, somewhat
convex ; thorax in the same plane of ascent as segment 2, perhaps slightly
steeper, to the base of the long, thick, apical process which runs out from
apex at right angles to front slope at an angle of 30° to longitudinal axis
COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA. 157
of pupa, and having its dorsal edgein continuation with dorsal line of pupa;
this process is straight, rounded at extremity, keeled on four sides dorsally,.
ventrally and laterally ; these keels continued down dorsum of pupa as.
far as hinder margin of thorax, to meet the lines of wings continuing the
tornal half of the terminal wing-margin on segment 5; and, anteriorly, on
to the vertex of head; the broadest part of pupa is at segment 8; thence
it decreases to anal end gradually, the cremaster being strong, continuous.
with body, 4-sided, with ventral, beaded extensor-ridges ; wings slightly
expanded at segment 7. Surface minutely indented; on thorax above
wing margin, is a small tubercle or rising. Spiracle of segment 2 indicat-
ed by a narrow, oval, yellowish slit bordered in front by a coarse ledge ;.
other spiracles are narrowly oval, yellowish, not large. Colour olive-
green, margins of segments and keels whitish yellow as well as the two
lateral lines on abdomen, one to each side. L: 30mm. along dorsal line to
end of process ; 29mm. along ventral line to front of head; B: 10mm. at.
segment 7; H: 10mm. at the same point; L of thoracic process: 4°5mm.
by 15mm.
A diagrammatic representation of the spines of the egg-caterpillar is.
given below.
Halits.—The egg is laid inthe same manner as that of P. nomius
which it resembles in every way. The little larva has exactly the
same habits and the grown caterpillar behaves in the same way
exactly except when it comes to pupation. P. doson larva strings
itself up to a twig, branch, underside of a leaf on its foodplant or
some adjacent tree or shrub by the tail and a short body-string.
The pupa does not as a rule lie dormant like that of P. nomius for
any time but, when kept in captivity towards the cold weather,
without a chance of dew or moisture of any sort, it will lie over
for months like many others. The colour of the pupa varies of
course with the colour of the surroundings it is formed in, also like
most others. The butterfly is one of the most powerful fliers of the
whole genus and is fond of sunshine and flowers though it merely
sips at these in a perfunctory way, wasting no time at any one blos-
som ; it always seems to be in a great hurry and can only be seen
at rest when sipping the moisture on roads and in the beds of nallas
in company with others of the genus and the stronger winged
Pieridee ; even then it is easily disturbed and flies straight away as
avery general rule. It is extremely plentiful in Kanara in the hot
months and rains, may be found at any time of the year, but seems
to be confined to the hills and jungles from the sea upwards ; it
758 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXI,
moves at all heights ; rest, when drinking, with the wings closed
over the back and has a skipping flight very similar to the next
two species. It is found in Ceylon and Southern India in the hills
and jungles. The foodplant of the larva is the anonaceous Saccope-
talum tomentosum, Hooker, and Unona Lawit, Hooker, upon which
it has been found ; and doubtless other Unone.
There are many sub-species extending throughout India, Burma,
into China, down through Tenasserim and the whole of the
Malayan Region, to Australia; also north to Japan. Papilio
evemon Boisd. from Malacca, Sumatra, Java, Borneo is very like it ;
also P. procles, Grose Smith, from North Borneo, and Kina Balu ;
P. bathycles, Zink, from Java, Sumatra, Borneo, Assam, Burma ;
P. isander, Godm. and Saly., from the Solomon Islands, &c.,
approaches P. sarpedon, L., forming the connecting link between
it and P. ewrypylus according to Rothschild.
Diagrammatic transverse sections of segments 2 to 5.
Papilio doson, dorsal plan.
94. Papillo sarpedon, Zin.—Male and female upperside: opaque black.
Fore and the hind wings crossed from above the tornal area on the hind
wing to near the apex on the forewing by a semi-hyaline, broad, pale-blue,
medial band which is broadest in the middle, more or less greenish and
COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA. 759
macular anteriorly ; the portion of the band that crosses interspaces 6, 7,
8 on the hind wing white; beyond the band on the hind wing there is a
subterminal line of blue, slender lunules. Underside similar, ground-colour
dark brown. Hindwing: a short, comparatively broad, subbasal band from
the costa to subcostal vein, and the postdiscal area between the median
blue band and the subterminal lunules velvety black traversed by the pale
veins and transversely, except in interspaces 6 and 7, by narrow, crimson
lines ; lastly, a crimson spot near the tornal angle with an admarginal
yellowish-white spot beyond it. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen
brown, the head and thorax suffused with greenish grey; beneath the
palpi, thorax and abdomen touched with dingy white, the abdomen with
two whitish lateral lines on each side. The male has the abdominal fold
of hind wing grey within, furnished with a tuft of long, stiff, white
hairs. Expanse 81-95mm.
Larva.—“ The young larva is black or dark green, with numerous spines
of which those on the metathorax are long and bristly; when full grown,
green, beneath lighter, with a pair of short spines on each of the three
thoracic segments and on the last segment; on the metathorax a yellow
transverse band and from the metathorax to the anal segment a yellowish
stripe above the legs ; on Machilus oderatissima, Geijera salicifolia, Litsea,
Alseodaphne, S§c., and especially Camphora officinalis, where this tree has been
imported. The yellowish egg is laid singly on the leaves and shoots of the
food-plants.”’ (Di. K. Jordan. )
Pupa.— Pupa green. the thoracic horn slenderer, more pointed and
straighter than in the allied species, the lateral ridges extending down-
wards from the horn straight, between this carina and the frontal one a
very slight, somewhat curved, vertical ridge.”
De Nicéville gives a figure of the pupa in his paper “The Butterflies of
Mussoorie, ’’ published at page 595 of Vol. XI of this Journal (the Journal
of the Bombay Natural History Society ), and says that the foodplant of
the larva is Machilus oderatissima, Nees, Natural Order Laurinee. He also
states that the pupation takes place in June and the imago emerges in the
following spring presumably because the climate up there in Mussoorie is
very cold during the winter; so that the butterflies behave like they
do at home in England. JL. sarpedon occurs throughout Continental India
{ except South India and Ceylon) to Java, the Philippines and Japan;
and has a subspecies, semifasciatus, Honr., in China.
95. Papilio teredon, Felder ( Pl. D 5, fig. 30 g, 30a 9 .—This is a slightly
differentiated form of the above, distinguished in both sexes by the nar-
rower medial band crossing both wings. The colour is brighter, the con-
trast between the green of the upper and the blue of the lower portion of
the medial band more vivid. Hindwing more produced posteriorly at
apex of vein 3 where it forms an elongate tooth or short tail. Expanse
760 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NA TURAL HIST. SOCIE UM VOU. MAE.
74-90mm.; the males on the whole being about the same size as the
females.
The last small spot of the wing-band just below the costa may be entirely
wanting ; indeed is generally wanting in the females from North Kanara.
Larva, 1st Stage. (vide figs. overleaf).—Shape: swollen in segments
8, 4, 5, thinning off to tail which is only half the width of segment 4.
There is a large fleshy, supraspiracular tubercle on segments 3, 4, 14
which is dorsolateral on segment 2: the one on segment 2 being on
front margin, that on segment 14 on hinder margin and the rest in centre
of respective segments. These tubercles are long, conical, covered with
little fine spines which are longly bifurcated at ends. There are four
bifurcated shafts on front margin of segment 2; in a row between the
dorsolaterals there is also a row of 4, similar shafts on segment 3
between the supraspiraculars; the same on segment 4: subdorsal and
dorsolateral. On segments 4 to 12 there is a subdorsal, circular, ochreous
tubercular spot set with 5 or 6 bifurcated shafts. On segments 5 to 12
there is a lateral tubercular spot with a single bifurcated shaft. On each
segment 2 to 12 there isa supraspiracular tubercular spot with a short
and a long bifurcated shaft and, under each spiracle, a similar spot
also with two bifurcated shafts; and on the base of each proleg or in a
corresponding region (where there is no proleg) a pair of similar bifurcated
shafts. Segment 13 has the same arrangement of spots with shafts as the
other segments. The spiracles are very small and black. The head is
round, lightish brown-orange in colour, with a broad, dark band across from
eyes to eyes; eyes are black; clypeus large, triangular; labrum, antennz
and jaws same colour as head, the last with tips dark. Colour of larva is
green with the tubercles of segments 2, 3, 4 ochreous, those of segment 14 as
well as that segment itself, white; a dorsal, sublateral and lateral brownish
longitudinal band the whole length of larva; belly and prolegs white; true
legs transparent white; all bifurcated shafts are black; the shafts of
dorsolateral tubercles of segment 14 (tail points) are simple, not bifurcated.
Segment 14 is flat and trapeze-shaped. L: 6mm.; B: 2mm. in broadest
part without shafts.
2nd Stage.—The bifurcated shafts have all disappeared. The conical
tubercles of segments 2 and 14 still exist but are now covered with simple,
spinous hairs; the dorsolateral tubercles of segments 3 and 4 are very much
shortened and similarly covered with hairs. The whole surface of the body
is covered with fine, extremely minute, dark, pointed hairs. The head is
round, orange, spotted darker, with the eyes brown. The colour of larva is
dark olive-green, with the scars of the tubercular spots of 1st stage light;
anal segment with tubercles thereof white; the subspiracular region whitish ;
a spiracular white line from segment 5 to segment 13; dorsolateral tubercles
COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA. 76F
of segment 2,3 and 4 shiny black. Spiracles light brown surrounded by a
black line. Shape same as Ist stage. L: 12mm.; B: 4. 5mm.
ard Stage.—Similar to the 2nd stage in every respect as to shape and
spines and colour. The L: 15 mm.; B: 5-5mm.
4th Stage.—Similar to the 3rd stage in every respect except that the:
hairs covering the body are now mere indications showing as black pin-
points, being hardly raised. There is an indistinct, lateral, longitudinal,
white line from segment 4 to segment 13; a subspiracular line or narrow
band, yellow. L: 19mm; B: 7mm.
5th Stage. (Pl. C. fig. 16).—The shape is the same as in the 4th stage
except that the dorsolateral tubercles of segment 4 are triangular, flattened
before and behind, shiny black at base and white on side, surrounded
at base by a black line, the two tubercles connected across the segment by
a distinct yellow ridge ; the dorsolateral tubercles of segments 2 and 3
are similar in shape but considerably smaller: they are shiny and have a.
few minute hairs on them. The anal points are as in 4th stage. The head
is green with a yellowish tinge with black eyes; covered with fine hairs
which are light in colour. The body is likewise covered with extremely
minute, light hairs. The colour is a fine rich green with segments 13 and
14, spiracular region, legs and prolegs greenish-white; there is a fine
yellow lateral line and subspiracular yellow band from segment 6 to segment
13; the dorsolateral tubercles of segment 2 and 3 are white and black. L:
28mm.; B: 10 mm.; when stretched; L: 34mm.
Pupa. (Pl. 1, fig. 18a)—Is very like that of P. doson in shape, except
that here the thoracic process is at an angle of 45° to the longitudinal axis
of pupa instead of 30°. Eyes prominent, with each a short point anteriorly,
these points separated from the very slight dorsal ridge of head by a small.
sinus on each side of it; a ridge runs from the point of thoracic process
down it on each side laterally, and in a curved line to the dorsal margin
of wing along which it runs to about the middle of segment 8, being slight-
ly thickened about the centre of the wing-margin; another ridge runs
down the front of process and one posteriorly, the former continued down
the dorsal line of head, the latter down the dorsal line of segments 4, 5
dividing into two diverging to become subdorsal, then lateral, gradually in.
an even curve, these two being widest apart about middle of abdomen
whence they again converge to meet at base of cremaster; there is also a
slight spiracular ridge from cremaster forward to thoracic ‘process ; but
none of these carimations are pronounced; the shoulders are only
slightly prominent and have each a short, low ledge at an angle to the plane
joing spiracular lines ; the cremaster is stout, square in transverse section,
truncated at end and carinated down each of the four sides lengthways,
continuations of the body carinze. Surface minutely and shallowly rugose
Spiracles of segment 2 not any way peculiar; others longly oval, small
6
762 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XX,
colour of body. Colour rather light green, all the ridges light yellow. L:
3Ilmm.; B: 10 5mm.; H: 8mm.; L: of thoracic process: 9mm.
Diagrammatic transverse sections of segments 2 to 5.
4 » WY 4
Segf2 ae,
J,
Se g's Seq‘4
Anal a0) eg!
Se gf
Papilio teredon, 1st stage.
Habits.—These are very much the same as for P. doson. The
eee is deposited singly on the top of a leaf, generally a tough
one, in a shady place in the jungles. It is of the usual type. The
little larva eats the egg shell and makes a seat in the centre of the
leaf, generally at the base, spinning copious white silk for the
purpose. The full grown larva is very sluggish, walks slowly and
haltingly and does not wander far to pupate. ‘The change takes
place generally on the underside of a leaf where the larva suspends
itself with a strong tail-pad and a close body-string. The butter-
fly is probably the strongest and swiftest flying of the whole genus ;
it is generally seen sprinting along jungle paths or hurrying over
low shrubs and up into the air over the foliage of the highest
trees, keeping more to the open, in the sense that it does not dive
amongst the undergrowth and into thick places, than any of the
other swallowtails. It frequents fowers in much the same inter-
mittent, restless way as the last species and forms one of the lot
that visit damp sand and wet mud in the hot weather. It rests
COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA. 763
«with the wings closed and may be found at any time of the year
in the hilly forest regions of the Western Ghats in Bombay. It is
a jungle species inhabiting the country at all levels from the sea up.
The food-plants of the larva are belonging to the Lawrie and it
has been bred on Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Breyn, Alseodaphne semi-
carpifolia, Nees, Litsea chinensis, Lam., Machilus macrantha, Nees.
Many of these are great big trees but the butterfly generally chooses
small saplings or low shoots to lay on. P. teredon is confined to
Southern India and Ceylon and is said to be found nowhere else.
Other Subspecies are parsedon, Westw., from Timor and other
Malayan Islands, with a longer tail than teredon; choredon, Feld.,
from Australia and New Guinea with a broader band; anthedon
Feld., from Amboina, Ceram, with large, strongly arched submar-
‘ginal spots to hind wing; milon, Feld., from Celebes, &c., with all
the spots of the band separated. P. cloanthus, Westw., from North
India, Assam, Shan States and China has a fine subspecies swma-
tranus, Hagen, with a very broad, yellowish green band, occurring
in Sumatra.
Halits.—The eges are laid singly on young shoots, generally of
small young trees or saplings, in shady places, and generally on
the upper surface of leaves. The larva always lies on the upper
surface in the centre of a leaf; when alarmed, it throws out a stiff,
Jjelly-like process with a short base and two long diverging, cylin-
drico-conical branches of a light, translucent lemon-yellow colour
from the membrance between the vertex of the head and segment
2; this process contracts into itself slowly when withdrawn ; it
smells strongly of the leaves of the food-plant when crushed
—this organ is the osmeterium. :
The coloured figure of male and female (figs. 30, 30a) on plate
D5 show the upperside not black enough, the blue band perhaps
too green, certainly not bright enough; there is too much red
shade about it as usual. The same may be said of the undersides.
The difference in length of the tail to hind wing in the two sexes
is too much accentuated.
96. Papilio agamemnon, Z. (Pl. D5, fig. 29).—Male upperside: black. Fore-
wing with the following green markings: a spot at the extreme base of the
costal margin, a transverse, short bar near base of cell and seven spots in
764 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XXI.
the cell beyond, two and two, except the apical spot which is smgle; two
spots beyond cell-apex ; a spot at base of interspace la and 1 followed by
two, short, oblique, macular bands; a discal series of spots, decreasing in
size towards the costa and.a postdiscal series of smaller spots that begins
with two in interspace 1; the spots in interspace 7 in both series are out
of the line, placed outwards. Hindwing: three series of similarly coloured
markings that run transversely across the wing more or less parallel to the
dorsal margin, the upper markings, (these in interspace 7, that is) white ;
a short, greenish stripe at the extreme base of the wing. Underside: fuli-
ginous brown or brownish black, more or less suffused with pink along the
costal margin, on apical area and along the outer margin of the discal
markings on the forewing, broadly along the dorsal and terminal margins.
and at base of interspaces 6 and 7 on the hind wing ; markings similar to:
those on the upperside but less clearly defined and somewhat more grey
in tint. Hindwing black, inwardly red-margined spots superposed on the
pink area in interspaces 6 and 7. Cilia very narrow, pale pink. Antenne,
head, thorax and abdomen black; thorax above and the abdomen on the
sides streaked with greenish grey ; beneath ochreous grey, touched on the
thorax with pink. Female similar, but with a streak of greenish white:
along the dorsal margin on both under and upper sides.—Expanse:
90-102mm.
The ground-colour of the underside is somewhat variable; this, in some
specimens, is much paler than in others and varies also in the amount of
tint of pink suffusion. Burmese specimens generally have indications of
amore or less complete series of red spots on the underside of the hind-
wing in continuation of the red spots at base of interspaces 6 and 7: in.
this they approximate to the Andaman and Nicobar race.
Larva,—Like that of P. doson. Head of the usual shape, large, green.
The body is the same shape as that of doson: is swollen about segments 4, 5,
decreasing perfectly regularly to the end, the sides of the body more or
less perpendicular from the flattened ventrum; the thickest partis at
segment 4; the anal segment is narrowed, more or less square at extre-
mity, ending in two simple, curved, divergent spines which are separated
at their bases by an interval equal to their own length; segment 2 has
a dorsolateral simple, thin, pointed metallic blue-black spine on front:
margin which is 15mm. in length; the two directed out in front and
diverging one from the other; segment 3 has two similar, smaller, curved
spines, one on each side, laterally and centrally; on segment 4 are two
longer, similarly situated spines of 2 mm. in length (one to each side),.
from an orange spot. These spines are brittle and break off easily from
the base. Surface of body smooth, dull, the segments well marked, though.
the margins are in no way constricted. Spiracles rather small, oval.
black. Colour of body dull grass-green, obscurely blotched darker; a
COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA. 765
double white subspiracular line from segment 5 to anal end. The osmeteria
are light yellow in colour. L: 38mm.; B: 10mm.
Pupa.—Like those of P. doson and P. teredon.—Head very slightly convex
across frons with two small, short, though prominent cones, one on each eye ;
segment 2 and head form together, seen from above, a square, slantimg up
from front of pupa at an angle of 75° with longitudinal axis of pupa to base
of thoracic process; thorax little broader than segment 2, its front slope to
base of process at an angle of 75° to the pupal length-axis ; the process
275mm. long, stout (Imm. by 2mm.) laterally compressed, rounded at
extremity projecting out infront, perpendicular to the front slope of thorax,
continued dorsally backwards in a straight line with dorsum of abdomen,
there being no constriction ; the wings are expanded laterally into a
narrow ledge; the abdomen is more or less square in transverse
section and diminishes gradually in diameter to cremaster ; the cremas-
ter also square in section; surface of pupa finely rugose under the lens
all over. Spiracles of segment 2 narrow brown slits; others rather round,
moderately large, with a central oval inside which is a raised central slit,
colour of the body. Colour grass-green with a row of darker green, sub-
dorsal spots on abdomen ; dorsal margins of wings lined with brown-red
and slightly raised, the ridge thus formed running up to thoracic process,
starting from front margin of segment 8; this red-brown marking is inter-
rupted by an included small, white spot on the common margin of segments
6 and7 and includes another white, triangular spot at front margin of
segment 5 and another at the margin of segment 4: the apex of this latter
spot is connected by a line with a prominent, horse-shoe shape ridge on the
shoulder ; edges of cremaster, four of them, white, the two upper ones
being produced along sides of abdomen forwards to meet dorsally at ante-:
rior margin of segment 4; the other two white edges stop at segment 10.
L: 29mm.; B: 9mm.
Habits.—The oviposition, the shape, colour of egg are the same as
for P. doson. When young the larva lives on the centre of the
upperside of a leaf; when full grown hides in a similar position
among the innermost leaves of the plant. It is subject to para-
sitic attack. The pupation takes place on the underside of a leaf,
against a stalk or on a twig, the tail-fixing being strong, the body-
loop fairly short. The butterfly is a fast, strong flier and is very
fond of flowers; it has a skipping flight and keeps much to certain
beats over bushes and low vegetation where it flies backwards and
forwards in the hot sun. It is found im all sorts of country
except the very dry regions and is fairly plentiful everywhere in
India, both in the jungles and in the open, in the hills and in the
766 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXTI,
plains. It does not go to water like the last few species ; at least
it is rarely met with amongst the drinking crowds in the nallas and
on roads in the hot weather, though it may always be found at.
flowers all the year round in the Bombay Presidency; it flies.
earlier and remains later on the wing than any of the others.
Like them, it is restless and is not easy to capture except at
flowers. The foodplants of the larva are all anonaceous. It has °
been bred on Saccopetalum tomentosum, Hooker; Anona squamosa, L.;.
A. reticulata, L.; Polyalthia longifoha, Benth. and Hooker; Unona
discolor, Vahl.; and doubtless feeds upon most Anonacece. Anona
is the Custard Apple or Sitaphal of India. The distribution: of
P. agamemnon is more or less throughout India, Burma, extending
to China and through the Malayan Region to the Philippines, and
north to Japan. The subspecies ligatus, Rothsch., goes into
Australia ; decoratus, Rothsch., inhabits the Nicobars and Anda-
mans; salomomis of the same author extends to the Solomon
Islands.
In the coloured figure (fig. 29, Pl. 5), the whole thing is agai
too red in shade, the upperside is not black enough, the colouring
of the underside not delicate enough.
(To be continued. )
co |
(os)
oe |
SOME NEW INDIAN MAMMALS.
BY
R. C. WrRovucHrTon.
In a paper on the species of the Genus Rhinopoma (Ann. Mag.
N.H., Vol. XI, p.. 496, 1903), Mr. Thomas pointed out that
Dobson had lumped two separate species of Egyptian Rhinopoma,,
differing markedly in size; under the name imicrophyllum, Briinnich.
Blanford followed Dobson, and accepted the name microphyllum,
for the Indian form. He notes that the forearm measures 2-6:
inches but adds ‘‘but many specimens are considerably smaller
with a forearm of 2:1" or less.”
Among the specimens of Rhinopoma in the Cutch collection, of
our Society's Mamma Survey, from Bhuj, are representatives.
of two undoubtedly distinct species, with forearms about 60 and
70 mm. respectively. Hither, therefore, we may hope to obtain a
third species of the Genus, or Blanford was referring to the
Arabian form, since named muscatellum by Mr. Thomas (1. c.
supra), for there is no known Rhinopoma with such a short forearm
as 2:1''==52-5mm. in India.
The smaller specimens are undoubtedly hardwichii, while the
larger, though resembling swmatrw, Thomas, in size, are separ-
able as a distinct species, which I propose to call :—
RHINOPOMA KINNEARI, * sp. nov.
A large Rhinopoma, about the size of R. sumuatrw with broader
ears and broader, stouter skull.
Fur short, 3-4 mm. on the back. General colour above
brownish-drab, warmer in colour than the drab-grey of hardwickii;
below paler. Face in front of ears, ears, and lower back, naked; in
sumatre the fur of the back is continued almost to the root of the
tail. Ears broad, 15 mm. (12 mm. in swmatre.)
Skull.—Broad and stout, strongly crested, inter-orbital ridges
well marked, a marked transverse ridge on each side, immediately
above the nostril, sides of mesopterogoid fossa sub-parallel,
* Named in honour of the Society's hard working Curator, Mr. N. B. Kinnear.
768 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XO,
anterior end of fossa rounded, extending to level of front of pos-
terior molar (in swmatre the fossa is markedly broad posteriorly,
its margins converging sharply anteriorly, the anterior apex not
weaching the last molar). Anterior nasal opening markedly
larger than in swmatre.
Dimensions of the Type (recorded by the Collector).—Head and
‘body 80; tail 63; forearm 70; ear 21.
Skull.—Greatest length 22-5 (19, 21-2); basal length, 19-5,
(15:5, 18:2); zygomatic breadth, 13-5 (11-3, 12-8); breadth of
brain case, 9°5 (9, 9:2). Front of canine to back of m*, 8 (6, 5:8).
(NotE.—The dimensions in brackets are those of the type
skulls of hardwichkii and swmatre respectively.)
Habitat.—Bhuj, Cutch.
Type.—Adult male. B. M. No. 11:12-11:1. Original No. 458.
‘Collected 28th August 1911, by Mr. C. A. Crump and presented
iby the Bombay Natural History Society to the National Collection.
The following is a key to the known species of Rhinopon«.
KEY.
A.—Tail shorter than forearm, skull with a
transverse ridge, on each side, immediately
above the nostril.
4. Size larger, forearm 70-73 mm.
a. Kars narrower, 12 mm. ; fur of back
extending almost to the root of the
tail (Sumatra)
... sumatre, Thos.
hb". Hars broader, 15 mm.; lower back
naked (Cutch) o Sep .. kinneari, sp. nov.
+, Size smaller, forearm 65-67 mm.
(Egypt) Rok ag 53 ... microphyllum,
Briinnich.
= lepsianum, Peters.
= cordofaiicum,
Heuglin.
5.—Tail longer than forearm; skull with
a globular swelling on each side above the
nostril.
SOME NEW INDIAN MAMMALS. 769
«. Size larger, forearm 57-61 mm. (India). hardwichii, Gray.
4. Size medium, forearm 52-55 mm.
(Egypt)... 34. a: ee ... cystops, Thos.
e. Size larger, forearm 49-50 mm.
(Arabia) ay Na of. ... muscatellum, Thos.
When comparing some Pipistrelles collected by Mr. Crump with
the series in the National Collection, J found some specimens in
the latter which are easily separable from Pipistrellus mimus, of
which they are the northern representatives. I propose to give
them the name :—
PIPISTRELLUS MIMUS GLAUCILLUS, subsp. n.
The northern dwarf Pipistrelle.
- A pipistrelle searcely differing from minus except in size and
colour.
Size rather larger than ‘manus, but tail slightly shorter. Fur as
in minus. General colour above ‘mouse grey’ (near ‘bistre ’ in
mimus), individual hairs grey, with whitish tips; below, as in
minus, the hairs are brownish black with long whitish tips ;
giving a silvery effect on the belly. The ears on the average
longer and the tail shorter than in mimus.
Skull with the braincase rather shallower, otherwise quite as In
minus. :
Dimensions.-—Head and body 48; tail 28; forearm 29; ear 12.
Halitat.—Multan, Punjab.
Lype.—Adult male. B. M. No. 10:1:18-:15. Original number
328. Taken on 18th July 1909 by Major H. N. Dunn.
R.A.M.C., and presented to the National Collection.
Major Dunn took four specimens at Multan and one at Umbala.
They are very even in colouration, and, when mixed ina long
series of true mimus, may be picked out ata glance. They are
no doubt the northern representatives of minus.
I received lately for identification, from&the Society, a specimen
of a Leggada from Lahore, presenting certain skull characters
which seemed to show that it held, to some extent, the position
7
770 JOURNAL, . BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XXT.
with regard to Leygada which Pyromys (Vol. XX, p. 996) does to
Hpimys. A closer examination ofthe series of Leqgada obtained by
Mr. Crump in Cutch, showed that these too (which are undoubt-
edly L. sadhu) had the same formation of the skull and could not
therefore be a local race of platythric. Amongst these undoubted
specimens of L. sadhu, however, are some which, while showing
the same mammary formula, are smaller in size and have the
peculiar skull formation of sadhw less well developed.
I propose to describe them as :—
LEGGADA CINDERELLA, sp. nov.
The Cutch Syany Mouse.
A Leggada of the sadhu type with a mammary formula of 4-2—12,
but of smaller size, and having the mesopterygoid fossa narrowed
anteriorly but the posterior nares not, or scarcely, closed over.
Size slightly smaller than in sadhu. . General colouring differing
but little from that of that species, viz., drab grey above and pure
white below.
Skull markedly smaller, with the mesopterygoid fossa narrowed
anteriorly but the posterior nares not, or searcely, roofed in.
Dimensions of the type (recorded by the Collector).—Head and
body 85; tail broken, but judging from proportions in other
specimens about 67 ; hind foot 16; ear 13.
Skull.—Condylo-basal length 22 (25); basilar length 19 (21);
zygomatic breadth 6 (7:5); masals 9-5 (10); diastema 6 (7-5);
upper molar series 4: (4:5 ).
Halitat.—Cutch State. (Type from Bhuj.)
Type.—Old female. B. M. No. 12:1:9:12. Original No. 321.
Collected, 27th July 1911, by Mr. C. A. Crump amd presented
to the Nationai Collection by the Bombay Natural History
Society.
Mr. Crump obtained 8 or 9 Specimens, some of them at the same
places in which he took L. sadhu.
The peculiar formation of the mesopterygoid region in the
skulls of sadhw and cinderella, though it has not been recorded im an
Indian Leggada, is well known in some African forms, where it
varies in definition im various species.
“I
“I
—
SOME NEW INDIAN MAMMALS.
The Cutch Porcupine proves on examination to differ from the
Dekhan form. I propose to call it :—
HYSTRIX CUNEICEPS, sp. nov.
The Rajputana Porcupine.
A porcupine of somewhat smaller size than leucwra.
Externally differing but little from lewewra except in size, and a
somewhat paler colouring, especially about the head and neck.
Compared with lewcwra, the skull is markedly smaller and
narrower and its greatest breadth is across the squamosal, instead
of across the maxillary roots of the zygoma, as in the former.
Bulle noticeably smaller.
Dimensions of the type-—Head and body 680; tail 88; hind
foot 86; ear 42.
Skull.—Condylo-basal length 145 (155); basilar length 131
(139) ; zygomatic breadth, at the level of the back of the nasals
72 (85); the same at the level of the back of the parietal 78 (80);
length of nasals on median line 71 (80); anterior breadth of
nasals 33 (85); posterior breadth of nasals 34 (46); braincase
breadth 51 (61); diastema 42 (49); postero-anterior length of
bulle 18 (20); molar series 34 (32).
Habitat.—Cutch and Rajputana. (Type from Nokania, Cutch.)
Type.—Adult male. B. M. No. 12-1-9-11. Original number 261.
Collected on July 14, 1911, by Mr. C. A. Crump and presented
to the National Collection by the Bombay Natural History
Society.
The skull dimensions given in brackets above are those of an
adult male of lewcwra from Khandesh, which, I am satisfied, by
comparison with Sykes’ type, is true lewcura.
There is, in the National Collection, a specimen from Rajputana
which, except that it is younger, appears to agree in all characters
with the present form, and I have therefore proposed the name
‘“‘ Rajputana Porcupine.”
In a collection from the Nimar District, made by Mr. C. A.
Crump, under the auspices of our Mammal Survey Fund, is a
772, JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XX1.
single specimen of a mouse, which is so different from anything
vecorded, that I propose to describe it under the name of
Mus PHILLIPSI.
Phillips’ Spined Mouse.
A small mouse, slightly larger than Leqqgada booduga. Coat com-
posed almost entirely of coarse spines, coarser even than in Leqgada
platythria, overlying an underfur of shorter colourless hairs.
General colour.—Above, ‘drab,’ tinged with blackish brown on
the back, individual spines of the back pale silvery grey, with
rather long (2-3 mm.) dark brown tips; below, pure white, hands
‘and feet white, tail coloured like the back, slightly paler below,
well clothed with stout, bristly hairs, which are long for the size of
the animal. Footpads 6 as in Mus, the granulations of the sole, so
characteristic of Acomys, entirely absent.
Skull markedly larger than in Leggada booduga, about as in the
common Indian House-Mouse. The frontal ridges strongly
marked, as in Leqgada platythriz, but diverging more abruptly, in
passing backwards from the interorbital region than in that
species, so that, seen from above, the parieto-frontal area seems
almost ‘ pyriform,’ instead of evenly broadening backwards as in
L. platythriz, and still more in Mus ‘mane.’ The dentition is
quite that of true Mus, the anterior molar being longer than the
other two together, and at the same time lacking the forward pro-
longation of the anterior molar, with its crowning cusp, which
characterizes Leggada. 'The palatal foramina reach backwards
barely beyond a line joining the anterior edges of the first molars,
while in Mus maner they extend backwards at least to one-third of
the length of the first molar, and in L. platythrix to nearly
two-thirds.
Dimensions of the type measured by the Collector.—Head and body,
79; tail, 60; hind foot, 14. (The ears of the specimen have un-
fortunately been eaten off by ants.)
Skall.—Condylobasal length, 21-5 ; basilar length, 18; greatest
breadth, 11; nasals, 9; diastema, 6°5; upper molar series, 3-7.
Habitat.—Nimar District, C.-P. (Type from Asirgarh.
Altitude 1,500.)
I
I
G2
SOML NEW INDIAN MAMMALS.
Type.—Old male, B. M. No. 12, 3, 2, 1 (Original Number 618).
Collected 26th October 1911, by Mr. C. A. Crump, and presented
to the National Collection by the Bombay Natural History
Society.
This interesting little jungle mouse is separable at once from
any form of Mus or Legqgada, recorded from India, by its coat,
composed entirely of coarse spines, giving it a strong superficial
resemblance to Acomys, to which however, as shown by its skull and
dentition, it is in no way related. It would be most interesting
to know the mammary formula of this species, i.e., whether it has
10 mamme, like Mus or 12 like L. platythria.
I 2 3
No. 1.—Mus phillipsi.
No. 2.—Mus manet.
No. 3.—Leggada platythrix.
The above figures show the skull differences in the three species,
the absence of the frontal ridges differentiating Mus mane: from
the other two, and the size and shape of braincase separating i.
phillipsi from L. platythria.
I have much pleasure in naming this well-marked new species
after Mr. R. M. Phillips, D. 8S. P., Dharwar, who has given such
whole-hearted assistance to our Collector.
774
TERMITES FROM BRITISH INDIA (BOMBAY)
COLLECTED BY DR. J. ASSMUTH, 8.J.
BY
Nits HOLMGREN (STOCKHOLM).
(With Plates A, B, C and D.)
After WaAsMANN in 1903 published his paper on ‘“ Termiten,
Termitophilen and Myrmecophilen gesammelt auf Ceylon von
Dr. W. Horn, 1899, etc.,’’ the termite fauna of India seems to have
been lost sight of by termitologists, Wasmann’s Treatise on the
Termites of the Continent of India (contained in the above named
paper) is based on extensive material collected by his correspon-
dents in India, Heim, Assmuth, Redemann, Martin, Hoogwerf, and
others. As will always happen in such cases, our knowledge of the
different species of termites remained incomplete, and it has not yet
been possible to fill up the gaps.
As regards the termite fauna of Ceylon, which was dealt with
by WaASMANN in the paper just mentioned, the collections of
Escherich and Green, which I have worked up, have completed our
knowledge of it in several points, and the number of species has
thereby been increased considerably ; however here, too, several
gaps remain to be filled up by future research.
As for the termites of the Indian Continent our knowledge of
them has been enlarged somewhat by DESNEUX’s description of some
termites of Sind.
The latest valuable contribution to this subject comes from
Dr. Assmuth, who, I am glad to see, has again begun collecting in
the neighbourhood of Bombay and who sent me last year a rich
collection (57 tubes) of Bombay termites. There is, it is true, but
one new species in the collection, which however is most valuable
as completing in a large measure our knowledge of the Indian
termites, both as regards the different castes and their several habits.
The following species in British India had been known
already :—
Fam. PRorERMITIDz, Holmer.
Hodotermes macrocephalus, Desn.; all castes.
TERMITES FROM BRITISH INDIA. 775
Fam. MESOTERMITIDZ, Holmer.
Leucotermes indicola, Wasm.; smaller soldier, worker.
Coptotermes Heim, Wasm.; imago.
Fam. METAaTERMITIDZ, Holmer.
Termes Hstherae, Desn.; all castes.
Odontotermes obesus, Ramb.; all castes.
obesus, subsp. wallonensis, Wasm.; all castes.
39
brunneus, Hag.; imago.
3?
z Horni, Wasm.; soldier.
Microtermes incertus (?), Hag.; soldier and worker.
sindensis, Desn.; imago.
be]
39
mycophagus, Desn.; all castes.
Microcerotermes Heimi, Wasm.; all castes.
Hamitermes quadriceps, Wasm.; soldier and worker.
4 Belli, Desn. ; all castes.
Eurytermes Assmuthi, Wasm.; all castes.
Capritermes incola, Wasm. ; all castes.
Hutermes tiformis, Wasm. ; all castes.
i Heim, Wasm. ; all castes.
‘ rubidus, Hag.; all castes.
Anoplotermes (Speculitermes) cyclops, Wasm.; imago and
worker (1.e., all castes).
Our information about three of them has been enlarged by
Assmuth’s latest collection which contains the following :—
Leucotermes indicola, Wasm.; imago and larger soldier.
Coptotermes Heuni, Wasm.; soldier and worker.
Odontotermes brunneus, Hag.; soldier and worker.
New for the Indian continent is :—
Odontotermes Feae, Wasm.; soldier, larger and smaller
worker (the latter of which is at the same time new to science).
The following is a new species :—
Microtermes obesi, n. sp. ; Imago.
It is a striking fact that the collection contains no Protermitidae
whatever.
Though the number of new forms thus discovered is not large,
still Assmuth’s collection is all the more valuable, as he has
776 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL) HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XX.
added to each number more or less detailed notes on the habitats.
etc., which are without doubt among the best I have received from
my correspondents. The notes are so imstructive and have been
made so carefully as to enable me to publish them here with
hardly any change. Assmuth is likewise responsible for the
photographs 1-7 which are reproduced with this article."
Fam. MESOTERMITIDA, Holmer.
Subfam. LEUCOTERMITIN At, Holmer.
Gen. LEUCOTERMEHES, Silv.
Leucotermes indicola, Wasm., 1903.
ImaGo.—Almost identical with that of Leucotermes ceylonicus,
Holmer. Antenne, however, of 16-17 segments (in Li. ceylonicus
of 15 segments). Ocelli generally absent (in ceylonicus they are
punctiform). Length with wings 9 mm. (in ceylonicus 10 mm.).
LARGER SOLDIER.—Very nearly the same as that of L. ceylonicus,
but antennee of 15 segments (in ceylonicus of 14).
SMALLER SOLDIER AND WORKER.—See WaASMANN, 1903. Cf. also
HouMGREN : Ceylon-Termiten, in: HscHEericH, Termitenleben auf
Ceylon, 1911.
Collector’s Report :—
Bompay, 15-6-1911.—“ From the chemical laboratory of
St. Xavier’s College, room on ground floor; the termites seem
to have come out from underground and had almost completely
eaten up several boxes of dealwood of which they are specially
fond.” (Assmuth.)
Kuanpata, 6-6-1911.—“ Caught by lamplight in room. Seem
to be rather rare in this place and not to occur in larger swarms
as is otherwise the case with these termites, since I saw only two
or three specimens.” (Assmuth.)
Note.
and J. indicola are very closely allied to, yet different from, each
From the above remarks it appears that L. ceylonicus
other. The differences are, however, so small as to allow the two
1 Assmuth begs on this occasion to give expression to his deep sense of gratitude
to the authorities of St. Xavier's College without whose generous aid the many
excursions necessary for collecting the material would have been impossible, and
also to Mr. J.P. Mullan, m.a., Assistant Professor of Biology at St. Xavier's Colleve
whose able help is responsible for much of the success achieved.
=]
TERMITES FROM BRITISH INDIA.
kinds to be characterised as distinct races only. 1 have neverthe-
less kept them separate, because the interest which attaches to
them is precisely based on the slight diversity, not on the simi-
larity of their structure. Both species are in all probability
so-called geographical forms of /eucotermes tenwior, Hav., from
Sarawak.
Subfam. COPTOTERMITIN4, Holmer.
Gen. COPTOTERMES, Silv.
Coptotermes Heimi, Wasm.
Imaco.—With. regard to the tables printed in» Zool. Anz. Vol.
XXXVII, p. 552, I wish to remark that the measurements of
Coptotermes Heimt are somewhat larger than stated there and,
consequently, nearer to those of Coptotermes ceylonicus-—
C. travians, C. Heimi, C’. ceylonicus,
Hay. Wasm. Holmer. |
Breadth of head ..| about 1:°2 mm.| 1°3-1-4 mm. 1°4-1'5 mm.
is PP PEOMOLUII Vass, TO Siies 1:32-1°3,, sale.
Length He ” o ” 6 ” "O ” 8 ”
SoLpieER.—Scarcely different from Coptotermes travians, Hav.,
ceylonicus, Holmgr. and formosanus, Shir. In Coptotermes travians
the antennz are of 14 segments, in the other species of 15.
Measurements.’
C. travians, |C. ceylonicus,, C. Heimt, |C. formosanus,
|
4 specimens. | 5 specimens. 10 specimens.|10 specimens. |
Length of head
|
(without man- |
cables) se) ) Qi 25-86.) 1111-29) | ai-go erates) |
| |
Breadth of head... 1-116 | 1:08-1:17 1-115 | 1:04-1-29 |
Breadth of prono- |
tom | %.- me "73-78 “66-9 ‘74-81 "78-85
|
al Casd 5 . 7 a5 9 .
The tables on p- 192 in “* Termitenleben auf Ceylon” are incorrectly printed—
see the tables given above.
&
Oo
778 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXT.
WoORKER.—Same as in travians.
Collector’s report :—
Bompay, 15-3-1911.—Imagines. ‘Caught by lamplight in
room.” (Assmuth.)
25-4-1911.—* Termites on footpath behind St. Xavier's
College. Had probably been thrown on the road from one of the
neighbouring houses or gardens. . . .’ (Assmuth.)
20-8-1911—*From St. Mary’s College, Bombay (Mazagon)
found in room in wooden shelves partly eaten up by termites, and
in garden in front of room in stump of tree. Unfortunately speci-
mens from both places mixed up together in same tube by the |
Collector, Rev. Schurhammer ; but possibly both parties belong to
the same species.” (Assmuth.)—Both are, in fact, of the same
species.
Fam. METATERMITIDe, Holmer.
TERMES SECTION.
Gen. ODONTOTERMES, Holmer.
Media of forewing arising from Cubitus. Third segment of
antenne shorter than second.
Odontotermes obesus, Ramb.
Specimens from numerous colonies and nests are at hand. As
stated previously by WaASMANN, the species varies rather consider-
ably in size, and also’a little in appearance. At first I was in-
clined to assign the specimens sent to me to two different species ;
but a closer examination of the material seems to show that the
various forms are nothing but different biological types of the
same species; for I have been able to insert between the two
abovementioned forms an intermediary one containing qualities
of both. I propose to name these three forms Odontotermes obesus
“a, band c.
Odontoterimes obesus a :—Length of head of soldier 1°85-2 mm.,
breadth of head about 1 mm., length of body about 3:7 mm.
Labrum reaching to one-half the length of mandibles. Salivary
glands not very well developed.
Odontotermes obesus bh :—Lenegth of head (soldier) 1:96-2:03 mm.,
breadth of head 1-11 mm. approximately, length of body 4°25-4°5
Journ. Bompay Nat. Hist. Soc. PratTe A.
I.—Typicat Nxrst or Odontotermes obesus Rams. form a (Holmgr.).
II.—EFUNGUS-BEDS OF THE SAME,
TERMITES FROM BRITISH INDIA.
eit
TERMITES FROM BRITISH INDIA. 719
mm. Labrum reaching to either one-half, or one-third only, the
length of mandibles. Salivary glands same as in a.
Odontotermes obesus c:—Length of head (soldier) 2-2:33 mm.,
breadth of head about 1:33 mm., length of body 5°25-5-4 mm.
Labrum reaching to one-third only the length of mandibles.
Salivary glands very strongly developed. (Different from Odonto-
termes obesus wallonensis, Wasm. )
Collector’s report :—
Odontotermes obesus a.
KHANDALA, 21-1-1911.—‘‘In dry half-burnt twigs and other
vegetable remains, which, after being covered with friable galleries
of red soil, had—as far as thus covered—been eaten up by termites.
Soil used for building galleries evidently not so well cemented
with secretions from salivary glands as is otherwise done by
Termes obesus.’’ (Assmuth.)
21-1-1911.—* Pretty tall mound at foot of bush on low
slope.”’ (Assmuth.)
26-2-1911.—‘* Smaller mound crowned by turrets, con-
structed on hillside in midst of shrubs.” (Assmuth.)
26-2-1911.—* Middle-sized mound at foot of high tree.”
(Assmuth.)
26-4-1911.—* Hillock nearly 6 feet high leaning against
a tree. Two queens, but only one king taken in nest.” (Ass-
muth.)—Imagines of Muicrotermes obesi, n. sp., found in same
nest.
22-5-1911.—‘ Mound built on slope by side of mountain
path. Nest deserted, probably pillaged by ants. [ungi grown
to long thick white stalks of 10 mm. and more in length. No
termites in fungus beds, only a small number of them found in
narrow passages constructed in pillars of nest. Nest therefore
pillaged in all probability but a short time before. No queen nor
royal cell either to be found.” (Assmuth.)
22-5-1911.—*“ Big nest on slope at bottom of shrub, the
roots of which were found traversing every part of nest. Fungus
beds of strangely bluish colour (in other cases simply brown).
Though only small part of nest examined, yet 260 guests taken.”
(Assmuth.)
780 JOURNAL, BOMBAY. NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXI.
25-5-1911.—‘*Mound on hillside in bushes.” (Assmuth.).
Borivkt JUNGLE (SaLseTTE IsLanp), 25-3-1911.—“In dry
tree-trunk completely hollowed out by termites.”
5-4-1911.—* Nest under bamboo shrubs on slope. Upper
height of nest (7.e., measured from highest point where mound and
slope met,) 1:25m. above ground, lower height more than
2m. Exterior form and fungus beds as on photos 1 and 2.”
(Assmuth.)
5-4-1911.—-“ Nest with broad cupolas at foot of high Tar-
gola palm. Fungus beds as on photo 4; as, however, one Termito-
wenia Assmuthi was taken; I rather think the species to be the
common Termes obesus. Also some other guests taken in the nest
point to the just mentioned species.’ (Assmuth.)
5-4-1911.—“ Termites under stone.” (Assmuth.)
Aberrant form of a nest.
Kuanpaua, 1-5-1911.—‘ Pretty tall mound on slope, between
two trees. Interior of nest quite full of large and small stones.
hence most of fungus beds not conical as usual, but some flattened
out, others almost cubiform, their forms just fitting into spaces
left here and there between stones.”’ (Assmuth.)
Odontotermes obesus b.
KuHanpaua, 2-6-1911.—‘‘ Nest on bank of water-course which
had dried up after monsoon; river bank about 3 feet high. Upper
structure of nest consisting of several very low cupolas each com-
pletely separated from the other, the highest of them rising not
more than 20 cm. above ground. None of the cupolas showed any
perforation, their surface was not smooth, but looked quite weather-
worn; in all cupolas an amount of dry grass was found embed-
ded. (Cp. photo 5.) - King as well as Queen found after long
search, in quite unlooked-for place, about 1 m. from edge of bank
and 40 cm. below surface. Though interior of nest showed excep-
tionally large hollows, yet fungus beds contained therein very
small, looking rather like fragments than complete structures.
The roof of the beds is a continuous (with large cracks whem
dried up), slightly convex layer pierced with a number of
small holes for the passage of termites (photo 6), Yermitoxenia
Assmuthi in nest which would suggest Termes obesus; structure
Journ, BompBay Nat. Hist. Soc. Prats B.
ITV.—FUNGUS-BEDS OF THE SAME.
TERMITES FROM BritisH INDIA.
TERMITES FROM BRITISH INDIA.
“I
(9 2)
_
of nest, however, altogether different from last named species.”
(Assmuth. )
Odontotermes obesus c.
KuanpaLa, 24-4-1911.—‘** Termites under stone.”’ (Assmuth.)
31-5-1911.—‘“ Nest on small plateau near steep hillside.
Upper structure of nest rather small, consisting of four or five
blunt peaks (photo 3). The latter completely riddled with holes,
just like nests found near Kirkee (Odontotermes bruineus, Hag.; see
below); their structure, however, not so regularly semiglobular.
Fungus beds consisting of a number of more or less parallel layers
supported by a good many partitions, the whole arranged in much
the same way asin Kirkee nests (photo 4). No queen found.
Secretions of biting soldiers as strongly staining as those of
Odont. brunneus.
N. B.—Examined under pocket-lens, the perforation of the peaks
of photo 3 is clearly recognizable.” (Assmuth.)
7-6-1911.—* Nest of same structure as preceding.” (Ass-
muth. )
10-6-1911.—*‘ Nest on open ground near coriander-shrub.
Fungus beds and outer structure same as described above under
Odont. ob. b. Diameter of surface area of nest between 2 and 3 m.,
on which | counted about ten rather broad but very low substruc-
tures crowned by some sixty small elevations (photo 5); the high-
est of the latter rose no more than 20 cm. above ground.”
(Assmuth.)
Borivit JUNGLE (SALSETTE IsLanp), 5-3-1911.—‘* Mound built
round base of tree. Perhaps Vernies obesus, but fungus beds
apparently somewhat different from common type (cp. photo 2),
vather like photo 4.’’ (Assmuth.)
25-3-1911.— Mound without turrets at foot of tree.
uneus beds similar to photo 4.” (Assmuth.)
5-4-1911.—** Nest with rather broad blunt cupolas, lying
by itself on slope by roadside. Fungus beds pretty near type re-
presented on photo 4.” (Assmuth.)
Note.— <A typical nest of Odontotermes obesus is shown in photo
1. Its overground portion consists of a somewhat semiglobular
structure, from which rise a number of more or less pointed turrets.
782 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XX,
The diameter of this nest is 2°35m.; the height of the semi-
globular structure, without turrets, averages 56 cm.; highest turret
measured from roof of substructure, 55 cm.; total height of nest
which was situated on a slightly inclined plane, 85 em. on more
elevated side of slope, 110cm. on lower. Mantle of nest not
perforated.
From this normal type the nests* of Odont. ob. ¢ differ consider-
ably ; for the pointed turrets are in this case replaced by small
roundish cupola-like prominences, the mantle of which is wholly
perforated. Moreover the fungus beds within the nest show quite
a different formation. If we add to this that the soldiers are a
little larger than those of the a-nests, with shorter labrum and
more strongly developed salivary glands, we should, it would
seem, be quite justified in considering the occupants of the a-and
c-nests as two distinct species.
However, this view is contradicted by Odontotermes obesus b, the
soldiers of which occupy an intermediate position between a and ¢,
since in b-colonies a-and ¢-soldiers are found promiscuously. The
structure of nest is lkewise peculiar in group 0; its distinc-
tive features are the numerous small prominences or cupolas
(cp. with the many turrets of obesus a) of low elevation (as
in c) and completely separated (as in ¢); perforation is absent
(as in a).
The fourth c-nest (examined 10-6-1911,; cp. above) is also
opposed to the abovementioned view; for it shows the same
build as the b-nest. Its occupants, however, belong to O.
obesus ¢.
The conclusion, therefore, is that the three forms of olesus are
not entirely distinct biological types; but, as far as I am at present
able to judge, the forms merge into one another with regard to
their morphological character as well as the structure of their
nest.
It is certain, according to Assmuth’s information, that O. obesus
belongs to those species of Odontotermes which (like O. ceylonicus
and O. Horni) use secretions of their salivary glands as means of
defence.
JourRN. BompBay Nat. Hist. Soc. PLATE C.
V.—Nest or Odontotermes obesus Rams. form 6 [as well as c] (Holmgr.).
VI.—FUNGUS-BEDS OF form 0.
TERMITES FROM BritisH INDIA.
TERMITES FROM BRITISH INDIA. 183.
Though our knowledge of the nests of Odontotermes is still
somewhat defective—we have so far heard nothing of their general
plan of construction nor do we know in what manner fungus beds,
nursery quarters, etc., are generally arranged—we may nevertheless
compare them with the mounds of the closely allied species Odonto-
termes Redemanni. The fresh, newly built nests of the latter
remind one forcibly of the young nests of O. obesus, the number
of their (O. Red.) cones, however, being smaller. Later on even
these few cones disappear, the intervening spaces between them
being filled up by the workers. As an architect, therefore, O.
Redemanni seems to have proceeded a step further than O. obesus.
“Chimneys” are never found in nests of O. obesus, whereas with
O. Redemannt they seem to be of rather common occurrence. Now
since the nests of obesus are quite as large as those of Redemannit
it stands to reason that the ‘‘chimneys ”’ met with in Redemanni-
nests, though they may also serve the purpose of ventilators, are
not primarily built for this end; ventilation is, on the contrary,
only their secondary function ; for surely ventilation would be as
necessary for O. obesus as for Redemanni. Like TraGarpu, I
believe the ‘‘chimneys” rather to be passages for transport
used by the termites when building nests. They may possibly
be found also in fresh nests of O. obesus; but this is not
at all necessary, since mound-making termites may quite well
build nests without constructing any ‘‘ chimneys” (cp. nests of
Syntermes).
Odontotermes brunneus, Hag.
ImaGo.—For description see HaGEn, Monographie der Termiten,,.
1858.
SoLpDIER.—Closely resembling O. ceylonicus, Wasm., but somewhat
larger, with broader head, and mandibles showing a sharper curve.
Antenne of 17 segments, 4th segment longer than 3rd. (In cey-
lonicus of 16 segments, 4th shorter than 3rd). Left mandible,
just beyond middle, with large tooth. Tooth of right mandible in
same position but small (in ceylonicus rudimentary). Labrum
rounded off at tip (in ceylonicus pointed). Pronotum deeply
bilobed anteriorly (in ceylonieus slightly bilobed). Head brown-
red, dorsal side of abdomen brownish (in ceilonieus head yellow-red,
i
784 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXI.
abdomen whitish). Antennz brown with rings of light colour
(in ceylonicus whitish).
| O. brunneus, Hag. | O. ceylonicus, Wasm.
Length of abdomen a eal 5°5-6°3 mm. 5'5-6 mm.
y ,, head with mandibles. | 29041, 2°85. 5,
» » 9 Without mandi- |
blesiee. a4 IrPeonas Lay
‘Breadth of head MIEN 4 ‘ip Ulgbebap tate 1:29,
FF » pronotum .. A NL iy dL is
|
|
WorRKER (two sizes).—Head faintly brownish-yellow (in ceyloni-
cus yellow). Antenne of 18-19 segments’ (in ceylonicus of 16-17
segments’), towards the tip brownish (in ceylonicus whitish).
Pronotum bilobed anteriorly (same in ceylonicus).
Larger worker. Smaller worker.
| O. brunneus. | O. ceylonicus.| O. brunneus, | O. ceylonicus.
Length of abdo-
men 5mm. 455 mm. 4 mm. 3'5 mm.
Breadth of head... 1-48 5 ,, NGS few 04a "OD tes
_ », prono-
tum.. ASD gp iSaaee 74, DD,
Collector’s report :—
IXHANDALA, 21-1-1911.—“In dry cowdung completely perforated
and traversed with tunnels by termites. Outer surface of cow-
«lung, and partly also inner wall of tunnels, scantily coated with
red earthy material, as is done by many termites when construct-
ing galleries. Nest proper not found.” (Assmuth.)
KXIRKEE, 9-5-1911.—** Nest rising about 3 feet above ground,
built in garden against brick wall.—The overground portion of
7 Tn large workers usually of 19 segments, in small ones always of is.
mes . of 17 i t of 16.
TERMITES FROM BRITISH INDIA, 785
nests of this species consists of a tolerably solid, more or less
semiglobular, base-structure which, however, is apparently not so
much impregnated with salivary secretions and consequently not
hardened to such’a degree as the corresponding part of obesus- nests.
It rises sometimes as high as 4 feet above ground (in one case
I measured even 6 feet) and is crowned by a number of rounded
(not pointed as the turrets of obesws) domes or cupolas of the
height of 1 foot or so. The domes, which are not solid but riddled
all over with small holes, are of poor consistence so that one can
easily crumble them between the fingers; the holes serve as
passages for the termites. The colour of the soil used for con-
structing the mounds of this species round Kirkee is black (that
of obesus at Khandala reddish-brown).—Three queens taken in this
nest, each enclosed in separate cell; these cells built close together.
about 2 feet above ground. No king found in any of the cells,
but this failure perhaps to be accounted for by lack of time which
made careful search impossible. The fact that queens’ chambers
were all situated so high above ground makes me believe that the
three queens taken by me were received into nest only a couple of
years after its foundation, the original royal pair probably having
their quarters lower down in nest. I opened merely upper portion
of mound, so no chance to come across primitive royal chamber.
Fungus beds similar to photo 4. Soldiers when biting secrete
drop of milky fluid like those of O. obesus ; but quantity of liquid
secreted by O. brunneus more abundant and consequently brown
spot appearing on skin after liquid drying up, larger as well as
more lasting. Photo 7 shows palm of my right hand taken 4 days
after examining this nest. It was only 6 days later that the spots
finally disappeared.” (Assmuth).
10-5-1911.—“ Low mound on flower-bed in garden. Queen
about half a foot below surface of ground.”” (Assmuth).
13-5-1911.—“ Mound of moderate size standing by itself in
garden. Royal cell with king and queen in middle of nest, level
with surrounding ground.’’ (Assmuth).
15-5-1911.—* Very small young nest at foot of babul tree.
Queen, with abdomen of strikingly white colour, and king taken.”
(Assmuth).
9
786 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXI.
15-5-1911.—*‘ Tall mound on open space in small babul-wood.
King and queen.—As regards guests taken in this and preceding
nests (Termitoxenia Heomi, Wasm., Corythoderus gibbiger, Wasm..,
Chaetopisthes Heimi, Wasm., ete.), the species tallies well with
Odontotermes obesus, subsp. wallonensis, Wasm.’’ (Assmuth.)
Poona, May 1911.—*“ Collected from mounds by 8. G. Gadgil,
Ksq., M. A.” (Assmuth).
Note. —This species, though doubtlessly very close to O. ceyloni-
cus, is, nevertheless, as stated above, well differentiated from it.
Biologically the two kinds represent in all probability two different
types inasmuch as O. brunneus builds mounds of its own, whereas
ceylonicus, according to ESCHERICH, appears to live as an inquiline
in. nests of O. Redemanni and obsewriceps; so tar, at any rate, no
mounds built by ceylonicus have been recorded.
Odontotermes Fee, Wasm.
Imaco.—Not known.
Sotprer.—For description, see Wasmann, Neue Termitophilen
und Termiten aus Indien, 1896.
I make the following additions :—Soldier very like that of
O. Horni, Wasm. Head, however, more narrowed anteriorly ; man-
dibles shorter and somewhat weaker; tooth of left mandible placed
more towards middle, that of right, central, rudimentary ; labrum
longer, covering half the length of mandibles. Pronotum
distinctly bilobed anteriorly.
Tength of body ~ “nA yy: ... 7-8-9 mm.
oy », bead with mandibles fe ay ian 2
3 » » Without mandibles ... se
Breadth of head A hat ahh 2 OV us
x », pronotum ... ge Bi l- 5 Oia
LARGER WorKER.—Close to worker of O. Hlorni. Fontanelle
distinct, but not brown. Antennee of 19 segments, third shorter
than second, yet somewhat longer than fourth. Pronotum slightly
bilobed anteriorly. Puilosity plentiful.
Length of body ... ... 6mm. (WasM. 5mm.)
Breadth of head PPL OZtion:
1) OL PLONO TUT” ary elcome
SMALLER WorkER.— Antenne of 17 segments, third very short
TERMITES FROM BRITISH INDIA. 787
shorter than fourth, but equal in length to fifth. Puilosity abundant.
Pronotum very little bilobed anteriorly.
Length of body ... Ms 4: mm.
Breadth of head... AT Tea aS ae
zt of pronotum ... Hoy baked
Note.— This species may possibly prove to be merely a race of
0. Horni of Ceylon.
Collector’s Report :—
KuanpaLa, 2]-1-1911.—‘“ Termites in room where they had
eaten up books and woollen goods’ after covering them with
friable crust of red soil. Room on ground-floor; termites had
come up from underground through crack in cemented pavement.”
(Assmuth.)
7-5-1911.—** Termites in flower pot into which they had
found their way, as it had probably been standing in garden over
underground nest. Narrow tunnels interrupted at short intervals
by small extensions or ‘‘ chambers ’’—the size of the latter generally
not exceeding that of a monkey-fig—found all through mould in
flower pot. Inner walls of tunnels rough, neither smoothed, as
with Odontotermes, nor blackened, as with Hutermes biformis.”
(Assmuth.) ;
25-5-1911.—* Under stone in deep ravine.” (Assmuth.)
8-6-1911.—** Under stone the surroundings of which
clearly showed that this is one of the several kinds of white ants
which, during night, cover the surface of ground in neighbourhood
of nest with friable galleries and more or less extensive coatings
of red earthy material; the termites then eat what they have
covered—dry grass, leaves, wood, etc..—and only as much of it
as they have covered, leaving any portions outside the crust
untouched.” (Assmuth.)
Gen. MICROTERMES, Wasm.
Microtermes obesi, n. sp.
ImaGo.—Very close to M. sindensis, Desn.; chiefly differentiated
from this species by the dimensions which are somewhat smaller
+ It is remarkable that cotton goods lying in same shelf were covered by
termites with galleries, but otherwise left altogether intact.
788 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XX.
in M. obesi. The total length of the latter, however, as well as the
length of its wings is greater. Colour and pilosity either the same
as in M. sindensis, or colour somewhat lighter. Compound eyes
medium-sized (in sindensis small). Ocelli big, but little removed
from compound eyes (in sindensis of middle size, distant from
eyes by half their diameter or more). Antenne of 15 segments.
' Pronotum relatively small; anteriorly, in the middle, very little
bilobed, but distinctly so posteriorly (in sindensis insignificantly).
Wing membrane with short hair only in outer half (in sindensis
whole wing sparsely hairy). Wing at tip somewhat pointed
(in sindensis rounded off ).
| M, obesi, n. sp. M., sindensis, Desn.
Length with wings | 15°5 mm. 14 mm.
» without wings .- otk | 9-10 ,, 8-93,
» of forewings As ae | 1; | Liles
pot nend sey. ae oe | eles 178 pas |
Breadth of head i! Ai | 1e2or LAA |
My » pronotum .. oe | 20 1-41, |
Heaethio ae aa aes | 78h. 03 |
\ o —
Habitat.— Kuanpa.a, 26-4-1911.—Taken in nest of Odontoter-
mes obesus a, Ramb.
Microtermes (?) incertus, Hag.
It is a discovery of WasmMann (1902), which I am now able to
corroborate to some extent, that Microtermes incertus, whose original
home is presumably Africa, occurs also in India near Bombay ; for
in the collection before me there are two tubes containing soldiers
as well as workers of the Microtermes group. They do not differ
perceptibly from Microtermes incertus, Hag., save that the pilosity
of the soldiers’ head is a trifle denser and perhaps stiffer than in
incertus. However this difference is so vague that I dare not
attribute any importance to it.
It is, therefore, not impossible that Microtermes incertus 18 met
yey , .
TERMITES FROM BRITISH INDIA. 789
with in India; still it seems rather surprising seeing that this
species is so far known only from Mozambique and Natal. How-
ever I do not believe that the resemblance of the soldiers in question
with those of MW. wncertus necessarily implies the identity of both
kinds. To substantiate my view I shall draw a parallel between
the imagines of some African and Indian species. The winged
individuals of M. Urdgiirdht and M. sindensis show hardly any
difference at all, and their soldiers, I think, will be very nearly
alike. Again, M. incertus and M. obesi differ hardly in any other
respect but the number of segments of their antenne, there being
16 in incertus, 15 in obesi. The two species are consequently very
closely related, which leads me to believe that their soldiers and
workers cannot be much different either. It seems to me highly
probable that the soldiers and workers before me belong to M. obesi,
since part of them was found with Odontoterines obesus in the same
locality as the imagines described above.
Collector’s Report :—
KHANDALA, 2-6-1911.—‘‘ Termites the galleries of which were
constructed in a nest of O. obesus form >.” (Assmuth.)
8-6-1911.—‘* Under stone.”” (Assmuth.)
MICROCEROTERMES SECTION.
Gen. MICROCEROTERMES, Silv.
Microcerotermes Heimi, Wasm.
Tallies in all castes with co-types from WasMANN’S collection as
well as with Ceylon specimens received from GREEN.
Collector’s report :—
BorIvul JUNGLE (SALSETTE ISLAND), 5-2-1911.—*‘ Spherical nest.
Proved by experiment that material of which nest is made
burns well when put in fire.—I have been unable to discover any
regular layers such as shown by you (HOLMGREN, 1906) to exist in
South American termite-nests built of wood-carton. The nest of
Microcerotermes Heimt which is made of extremely hard woody
material, presents a pretty uniform labyrinth of small chambers
which are connected by minute holes piercing the partitions, just
sufficiently large to allow the termites to pass through. The outer
surface is here and there covered with patches of a thin crust of
790 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XX.
reddish earthy material; the royal cell is situated rather more
downwards, not in the centre. Eggs are, of course, found in
ereater quantities in chambers in the neighbourhood of the royal
cell, but I could not convince myself that they were limited to a
definite space which might rightly be termed a ‘“‘ zone ’’.—Number
of workers, as is always the case in this species, very great, that of
soldiers rather small.”’ (Assmuth.)
25-3-1911.—‘‘ Spherical nest of very tough woody material.
Nest not perfectly spherical, but somewhat elongate. Greater
axis 24-28 cm., smaller 15-20 cm. Nest built just above surface
of ground on withered bamboo-stump, as is apparently the rule
with this species.’ (Assmuth.)
5-4-1911.—* Spherical nest. Fully developed queen in royal
cell, but no king. ‘The latter, in fact, never found in any of the
many nests examined. In a number of nests of this species the
royal cell was found, but no queen in it, though nest was other-
wise crammed full of termites.” (Assmuth.)
5-4-1911.—-** Spherical nest containing double (two-storied )
royal cell, the one situated above the other, both separated by
simple flat partition forming ceiling of lower, and bottom of upper,
cell, pierced with a fair number of small holes for passage of
workers and soldiers. No fewer than 13 queens, but no king.
Though queens here of different size, yet all of them smaller than
those found singly in other nests. Dimensions of nest about
the same as stated above.” (Assmuth.)—Assmuth is right m
believing that the queens are neoteinic; the species con-
sequently belongs—together with Armitermes neotencus, Holmg.—
to those which construct special chambers for the neoteinic
individuals.
Note.—The build of Microcerotermes nests might perhaps be
taken as a proof that they have followed a line of development
different from that of the Hutermes-nests of South America which
I have described. The study of portions of nests of M. papuanus
and M. Biroi from New Guinea, which I made some time ago,
convinced me that such was the case. This fact can not be
surprising, since Microcerotermes, morphologically, belongs to quite
another line of descent than Hutermes; and, as a matter of fact,
JouRN. BompBay Nat. Hist. Soc. Prate D,
VII.—HAND COVERED WITH BRowN SPECKS FROM BITES OF SOLDIERS OF
Odontotermes brunneus HaG.
VIII.—SEcTION THROUGH PART OF NEST OF WMicrocerotermes Hevmi Was.
I—Coating zone; II and III—Outer zone (not differentiated) ;
IV—Nursery zone (central zone absent).
TERMITES FROM BRITISH INDIA.
TERMITES FROM BRITISH INDIA. 791
the portions of the nests just mentioned do not show an arrange-
ment in layers analogous to what we observe in Hutermes-nests.
This being the case, it would be highly remarkable if a Microcero-
termes-nest was really discovered in which an arrangement in
layers or zones similar to that of Hutermes-nests could be shown
to exist; for the practice of building such a type of nest would
doubtlessly be the result of parallel lines of development.
Now Assmuth has sent me two portions of the second nest
mentioned above (see collector’s report) ; one of the fragments—the
_ more interesting of the two—a piece 7:5 cm. thick, is taken from
the outer part of the nest, the other is the innermost portion of it
with the royal cell. To my surprise I recognise in the first frag-
ment a distinct stratification, viz. 1. A coating zone (zone I; cp.
HOLMGREN, Studien ueber suedamerikanische Termiten, 1906),
consisting of very minute pellets of earthy material, the exterior
of which is not smoothed. The zone is irregularly rough and
warty, forming the outside wall of the external layer of cells or
chambers. 2. An outer zone (zone II and III). This layer
contrasts with the interior of the nest by its very colour, its walls
' being lined with a sort of brownish-black coating of excrements,
whereas the walls of the interior are lined yellowish-brown. More-
over, the chambers of this zone are, on the whole, smaller than
those of the interior. They also seem to extend in a more tangen-
tial direction, at least in the lower portions of the zone in question.
The latter is not built regularly, nor is the form of its cells well
definable in all parts ; but the colour of its interior lining enables
us to fix its limits without any difficulty. The thickness of the
layer is about 3 cm. 3. A nursery zone (zone IV.) Its. walls
are lined with a yellowish-brown coating. The chambers, though
very irregular, show a more or less marked horizontal position.
Round the royal cell their arrangement appears to be some-
what concentric, but without any regularity. The queen is
found in this layer in a big (3-4 cm. broad) rather flat-roofed
chamber with perforated walls. A central zone (Zentralkern)
would, therefore, seem to be absent.
The general build of the nest appears from the accompanying
photograph (No. 8).
792 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXI,
Hence I am of opinion that, in the case of the Mrcrocerotermes-
nest under discussion, a stratification has been proved to exist
which is substantially the same as in the nests of the Syntermes-
Hutermes-section. It may well be supposed that such a conformity
goes back to primeval conditions, and hence it is likewise conceiv-
able that the case before us is the expression of instincts of nest-
building which had been developed even in the Mesotermitide.
But when we examine the construction of nests of the Mesoterm-
tide as it appears to-day, we find concentric nests only in the
Coptotermitince, a subfamily which can nowise be considered as the
starting point of development either for the Syntermes—or the
Microcerotermes-section. Our present knowledge of the Mesotermi-
tide, then, proves that neither for Hutermes—nor Muicrocerotermes-
nests a common form of concentric nests can be pointed out as the
primitive type. Consequently we must for the time being assume
that the conformity of stratification in the nests of the above-
named sections is based on parallel development of the instincts
of nest-building.
HAMITERMES SECTION.
Gen. HAMITERMES, Silv.
Subgen. SYNHAMITERMES, n. subg.
Hamitermes (Synhamitermes) quadriceps, Wasm.
I have before me both soldiers and workers.
Collector’s Report :—
KwAnpALA, 31-5-1911.—‘“ Termites the flat broad tunnels of
which were constructed in the pillars of a nest of O. obesus form
é.” (Assmuth.)
Note.—The new subgenus Synhamitermes will be defined later
on in my ‘“ Termitenstudien.” I include in it, together with
HH. quadriceps, H. brevicorniger from South America.
MIROTERMES SECTION.
Gen. CAPRITERMKS, Wasm.
Capritermes incola, Wasm.
Soldiers as well as workers are in my possession; they do not
differ from Ceylonese specimens.
TERMITES FROM BRITISH INDIA. 793
Collector’s Report :—
Kuanpaa, 22-5-1911.—* Tunnels in pillars of nest of O. obesus
form «.” (Assmuth.)
10-6-1911.—* Under stone.” (Assmuth.)
SYNTERMES SECTION.
Gen. EUTERMHS, Fr. Mueller.
Eutermes biformis, Wasm.
Tallies perfectly with specimens from Ceylon.
Collector’s Report :—
BorIvLI JUNGLE (SALSETTE ISLAND), 5-4-1911.—‘ In small
galleries built on surface of bare ground.” (Assmuth.)
Kaanpata, 4-5-1911.—‘ Under broad stone on top of mountain,
approximately 2,700 feet above level of sea. Inner walls of
tunnels as well as lower side of stone with deep-black grained
surface, like shagreened leather.” (Assmuth.)
4-5-1911.—‘ Nest near preceding one, under stone. The
whole mountain (Fernhills) apparently occupied by this species ;
I found the termites under nearly every stone I turned.”” (Assmuth.)
29-5-1911.—* Under stone in deep ravine.” (Assmuth.)
29-5-1911.—** Under stone not far from preceding nest.”
(Assmuth.)
2-6-1911.—* Nest under stone. This is the only case in
which I observed a Hutermes-nest having some sort of overground
structure—a clod of dry mud beside stone covering main nest
was traversed by numerous black-coated galleries so characteristic
of Hutermes Iiformis. ‘The clod was about 10 cm. high and had a
surface diameter of 20-30 cm.” (Assmuth.)
2-6-1911.—*‘* Under stone close by preceding nest.”’
(Assmuth.) .
Note.— Previously known from Ceylon as well as Bombay.
( To be continued. )
794
A MONOGRAPH OF THE WASPS OF THE GENUS
CHRCERIS INHABITING BRITISH INDIA.
WITH NOTES ON OTHER ASIATIC SPECIES.
BY
Row anp E. Turner, F.Z.S., F.E.S.
(Continued from page 516 of this Volume.)
PART Oe
(With Plates C & D.)
Cerceris pruinosa Morice.
Cercerts prunosa Morice Trans. Ent. Soc. London, p. 303, 1897.9.
2. Pallide flava, vertice mesonotoque nigro-maculatis ; flagello segmen-
tisque abdominalibus apice anguste ferrugineis; clypeo dimidio apicali
subconcavo, angulis producto; segmento ventrali secundo area _basali
elevata lata ; segmento mediano area basali nitida. :
Long. 10 mm.
2. Clypeus about half as broad again at the apex as long, the apical
half subconcavely depressed, widely and shallowly emarginate on the
apical margin and produced at the angles. Antenne inserted a little
further from the anterior ocellus than from the base of the clypeus, second
joint of the flagellum scarcely longer than the third. Posterior ocelli as
far from the eyes as from each other. Pronotum depressed in the middle ;
mesopleurze without tubercles. First abdominal segment broader than
long ; the raised area at the base of the second ventral segment broad ;
pygidial area ovate, much broader at the base than at the apex. Shallow-
ly and sparsely punctured on the dorsal surface of the thorax, more closely
and deeply elsewhere ; the enclosed area at the base of the median seg-
ment smooth, but not highly polished, with a median groove. Fifth
ventral segment widely emarginate at the apex. Wings hyaline; first
recurrent nervure received before one-third from the base of the second
cubital cell.
Habitat. —Quetta (Nurse). July. .
Originally described from Abhasiyeh in Egypt ; also taken by Mr. Eaton
at Biskra, Algeria.
Cerceris spectabilis Rad.
Cerceris spectabilis tad. Horse Soc. Ent. Ross. XX, p. 36, 1886.
Q. Flava ;abdomine incisuris ferrugineis; flagello testaceo; vertice,
mesonoto, areaque basali segmenti mediani nigris; clypeo supra dimidium
MONOGRAPH OF THE WASPS OF BRITISH INDIA, 795
apicalem subimpresso, apice truncato, mesopleuris tuberculo acuto, seg-
mento ventrali secundo area basali haud valde elevata, segmento mediano
area basali nitido ; alis hyalinis, apice leviter infumatis.
d. Feminz similis; abdomine incisuris nigris, clypeo latitudine fere
sesqui longiore, apice truncato.
Long. @ 7mm., 5 6mm.
©. Clypeus flattened or feebly impressed from before the middle to
the apex, the apical margin broadly truncate. Antenne inserted almost
as far from the base of the clypeus as from the anterior ocellus, the second
joint of the flagellum less than half as long again as the third. Posterior
ocelli further from the eyes than from each other, the eyes slightly diver-
gent towards the clypeus. Mesopleurze with an acute tubercle; first ab-
dominal segment as long as broad ; second ventral segment with a feebly
raised area at the base. Pygidial area nearly twice as long as the greatest
breadth, rounded at the apex, the sides almost parallel. Head and thorax
finely and sparsely punctured; the enclosed area at the base of the
median segment shining, divided by a longitudinal groove ; the sides of
the median segment, mesopleuree and abdomen coarsely and rather closely
punctured. First recurrent nervure received before one-third from the
base of the second cubital cell.
dg. Clypeus nearly half as long again as broad, truncate at the apex;
mesopleurz without a spine ; first abdominal segment longer than broad ;
pygidial area nearly half as long again as broad.
Hatitat.—Quetta (Nurse). July.
Cerceris pulchella Klug.
Cerceris pulchella Klug. Symb. Physic., 1845. ¢ ; Schlett. Zool, Jahrb,
Mie. o91, 1887. ¢, 2.
@. Flava, macula circa ocellos, mesonotoque nigris ; flagello, pygidio,
segmentisque dorsalibus basi pallide ferrtgineis; alis hyalinis, apice
infuseatis ; clypeo convexo, apicem versus triangulariter truncato, meso-
pleuris tuberculatis, segmento ventrali secundo area basali elevata, area
basali segmenti mediani nitida.
Long. 10 mm.
6. Flavus, vertice, mesonoto, area basali segmenti mediani, segmentis-
que abdominalibus basi nigris; flagello pallide ferrugineo; clypeo latitu-
‘line sesqui longiore, apice truncato.
Q. Clypeus convex, with a small oblique triangular truncation at the
apex, the middle lobe as long as broad and truncate at the apex. An-
tennze inserted high up on the front, as far from the base of the clypeus
as from the anterior ocellus, the second joint of the flagellum less than
half as long again as the third. Cheeks not quite as broad as the
greatest breadth of the eye. Mesopleurze with a distinct tubercle; first
796 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XX1,
abdominal segment as long as broad; second ventral segment with a raised
area at the base; pygidial area pyriform, much narrowed at the
apex. Head and thorax finely punctured, thorax and median segment
shining and very sparsely punctured ; the triangular area at the base of
the median segment smooth and shining, with a shallow median groove ;
abdomen more strongly punctured. First recurrent nervure received just
beyond one-third from the base of the second cubital cell.
6. Middle lobe of the clypeus about half as long again as broad, trun-
cate at the apex, slightly convex. Antenne inserted a little nearer to the
anterior ocellus than to the base of the clypeus. First abdominal segment
longer than broad by about one quarter ; pygidial area as broad at the base
as long, narrowed to the apex, where it is not more than two-thirds of the
breadth at the base, the apical margin truncate. More strongly punctured
than the female, especially ‘on the thorax and median segment; the
triangular area at the base of the median segment as in the female. The
first recurrent nervure is received just before one-third from the base of
the second cubital cell.
Hahitat.—Quetta (Nurse).
Originally described from Egypt.
I feel confident that this isthe species described as pulehella by
Schletterer, but do not consider that his identification is beyond doubt.
A specimen in the Oxford University Museum, collected by Captain Boys,
seems to be identical in structure and sculpture but differs remarkably in
colour; the ground colour being black without any ferruginous markings,
and the yellow bands on the abdomen are reduced in size and differ in
shape.
Cerceris dentata Cam.
Cerceris dentata Cam. Mem. Manchester Lit. Phil. Soc. (4) III, p. 260,
18905, -2.
2. Nigra; clypeo, fronte, seapo, macula pone oculos, pronoto, tegulis,
mesopleuris macula, scutello utrinque, postscutello, segmento mediano linea
lata utrinque, segmento abdominali primo macula parva utrinque, segmen-
tis secundo tertioque fascia angusta apicali, quinto fascia lata tibus
tarsisque flavis; segmento abdominali primo femoribusque ferrugineis ; alis
hyalinis, apice vix infumatis ; clypeo concavo, apice late truncato; meso-
pleuris dentibus binis approximatis armatis ; segmento mediano area basali
nitida, sparsissime punctata ; segmento ventrali secundo area basali elevata.
Long. 8 mm.
©. Clypeus broad, concave on the apical two-thirds, broadly truncate at
the apex. Antennz inserted nearly half as far again from the anterior
ocellus as from the base of the clypeus, the second joint of the flagellum
more than half as long again as the third. Eyes diverging very slightly
MONOGRAPH OF THE WASPS OF BRITISH INDIA. (97
towards the clypeus; posterior ocelli a little further from the eyes than from
each other, and further from the posterior margin of the head than from
the eyes. Mesopleurze with two stout teeth placed close together ; first
abdominal segment as long as broad ; second ventral segment with a raised
area at the base ; fifth ventral segment widely emarginate at the apex;
pygidial area ovate, twice as long as the greatest breadth. Rather deeply
punctured ; more closely and finely on the head; enclosed area at the base
of the median segment smooth and shining, with very few large punctures
and a well marked median groove. First recurrent nervure received just
beyond one-quarter from the base of the second cubital cell.
Hatitat.—Barrackpore (Rothney). According to Bingham also from
Poona.
Cerceris quettaensis Cam.
Cerceris quettaensis Cam. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. XX., p. 85., 1907.
©. Nigra ; clypeo, fronte, scapo, macula post oculos, rapronoto utrinque,
’ mesopleuris maculis duabus, tegulis, postscutello, seemento mediano utrinque
pedibus, seemento secundo dorsali fascia basali tertio quintoque fere totis,
quarto fascia antice late emarginata, segmentisque ventralibus 2-5 flavis ;
elypeo dimidio apicali impresso, apice truncato ; mesopleuris spinis duobus
acutis ; segmento mediano area basali nitido; alis hyalinis, apice leviter
infuscatis ; segmento ventrali secundo area basali elevata.
Long. 135 mm.
¢. Feminz similis; clypeo latitudine paullo longiore, apice truncato,
inesopleuris tuberculatis.
Long. 12 mm. :
2. Clypeus a little broader than long, broadly truncate at the apex, the
apical half very slightly concave. Antenne inserted fully half as far again
- from the anterior ocellus as from the base of the clypeus; the second joint
of the flagellum nearly half as long again as the third. Mesopleurae with
two acute spines; first abdominal segment as long as broad ; second ventral
segment with a raised area at the base; pygidial area broadest at the base,
half as long again as the greatest breadth, rather narrowly rounded at the
apex. Coarsely punctured, the space at the base of the median segment
smooth and shining, with very short strie at the sides, divided by a deep
longitudinal groove. First recurrent nervure received before one-third
from the base of the second cubital cell.
3g. Clypeus a little longer than broad, truncateat the apex. Antenne
inserted as far from the base of the clypeus as from the anterior ocellus,
the apical joint not curved and no longer than the penultimate. Meso-
pleurze with two tubercles, the posterior one acute, but not as long as in
the female. First abdominal segment longer than broad.
Hatitat.— Quetta (Nurse). May.
798 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY Vol, XX1.
Cereeris combert sp. ni.
©. Flava; vertice, mesonoto, areaque triangulari segmenti median
nigris; flagello, segmento clorsali primo, secundo apice quartoque basi rufis
alis leviter infuscatis ; clypeo apice fere transverso, ante apicem transverse
impresso, segmento ventrali secundo area basali elevata.
Long. 12 mm.
Clypeus concave, broadly truncate or subemarginate at the apex, with
a transverse depressed line before the apex. Antennie inserted more
than half as far again from the anterior ocellus as from the base of the
<lypeus, the third joint of the flagellum as long as the second. Head
broad, the cheeks broader than the greatest breadth of the eyes, without
aspine. Eyes diverging towards the clypeus. Pronotum not depressed
in the middle, the posterior angles prominent; mesopleurze without spines.
First abdominal segment almost quadrate, second ventral segment with a
small raised area at the base; fifth ventral segment raised broadly on the
apical margin, with a deep depression before the raised space; pygidial
area broad, less than twice as long as the greatest breadth, slightly
broadened to the middle and rather broadly truncate at the apex. Closely
but not very deeply punctured; the enclosed area at the base of the
median segment obliquely striated at the sides, almost smooth in the
middle, the median groove broad and transversely striated. First recur-
rent nervure received a little before the middle of the second cubital cell.
Yellow; the vertex, ocellar region, mesonotum, extreme apex of the
scutellum and the enclosed area at the base of the median segment black ;
an oblique yellow band on each side on the vertex; flagellum, first dorsal
segment, apex of second segment broadly and the base of the fourth
segment more obscurely pale rufo-ferruginous. Wings dusky fulvo-hyaline
stained with fuscous at the apex.
6. The ferruginous colour on the second and fourth appeal segments 18
replaced by black, which is sometimes also the case in the female; the
clypeus is longer than broad, convex at the base, truncate at the apex;
first abdominal segment nearly twice as long as broad.
Habitat.—Karachi (Comber). October. Mysoore (sic) Oxford University
Museum, ex. coll. Westwood.
This seems to be very near histrionica Klug, but the petiole of the male
is longer in the present species according to Klug’s figure.
Cerceris albopicta Sm.
Cerceris albopicta Sm, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) XII, p. 412, 1878.
2. Nigra; clypeo, fronte, scapo, pronoto utrinque, tegulis, postscutello,
mesopleuris maculis duabus, segmento dorsali secundo basi macula utrin-
que, ventrali macula utrinque apice, segmentis tertio quintoque fascia
apicali emarginata, pedibusque albidis ; flagello segmentisque abdominalibus
MONOGRAPH OF THE WASPS OF BRITISH INDIA. 199
1—3 ferrugineis; alis hyalinis, apice infumatis; clypeo plano, apice late
truncato, mesopleuris haud tuberculatis; segmento mediano area basali
nitida, lateribus breviter oblique striata; segmento ventrali secundo area
basali elevata.
6. Femine similis; segmento abdominali primo solo ferrugineo; clypeo
apice truncato, convexo ; segmento mediano area basali lateribus punctata
vel striata.
Long. 2, 11-14 mm.; ¢, 9 mm.
@. Middle lobe of the clypeus about half as broad again at the apex
as long, flat, the apex broadly truncate and very slightly porrect. Anten-
nz inserted almost as near to the anterior ocellus as to the base of the
clypeus, the second joint of the flagellum very slightly longer than the
third. Eyes distinctly diverging towards the clypeus; posterior ocelli
further from the eyes than from each other. Mesopleurze without tuber-
cles ; first abdominal segment as long as broad; second ventral segment
with a raised area at the base; fifth ventral segment widely emarginate
' at the apex, depressed at the base ; pygidial area elongate ovate, narrowly
truncate at the apex, twice as broad at the base as at the apex and about
twice as long as the greatest breadth. Closely punctured, more deeply
on the abdomen than on the thorax, median segment and mesopleure
rugose; enclosed area at the base of the median segment smooth and
shining, with short oblique striz on the sides, the median groove trans-
versely striated. First recurrent nervure received just before the middle
of the second cubital cell.
g. Clypeus longer than broad, truncate at the apex. Apical joint of
the flagellum shorter than the penultimate, very slightly curved. Enclosed
area at the base of the median segment smooth and shining, often with a
few punctures or strize at the sides; first abdominal segment much longer
than broad; the raised area at the base of the second ventral segment
distinct ; pygidial area longer than broad, a little broader at the base than
at the apex; first recurrent nervure received close to the base of the
second cubital cell. Second ventral segment evenly punctured in both
SeXes.
Hatitat.—W. India; Bombay to Quetta.
This is one of the few Indian species found at Quetta.
Cerceris wickwart sp. 1.
2. Nigra, clypeo, fronte, prothorace macula utrinque, segmento abdo-
minalibus tertio quintoque fascia apicali, tegulis, tibiis tarsisque flavis ;
segmento abdominali primo rufo; clypeo subconcavo, apice truncato,
segmento ventrali secundo area basali elevata, segmento mediano area
basali punctata, in angulis striata.
Long. 9 mm.
800 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XI.
d. Femine similis ; clypeo apice truncato, convexo.
@. Clypeus concave on the apical half, broadly truncate at the apex.
Antenne inserted a little nearer to the base of the clypeus than to the an-
terior ocellus, the second joint of the flagellum equal to the third. Cheeks a
little more than half as broad as the eyes. Pronotum not depressed in the
middle, rounded at the angles ; mesopleurze without spines. Basal abdominal,
segment a little longer than broad, constricted at the apex. Second ventral
segment with a raised area at the base; pygidial area elongate ovate,
narrowly truncate at the apex. Strongly punctured, more closely on the
head than elsewhere ; the enclosed area at the base of the median segment
punctured, obliquely striated in the angles and at the apex, with a deep
median groove. First recurrent nervure received at one-fifth from the base
of the 2nd cubital cell. Black; mandibles, except at the apex, clypeus,
front, a spot on each side of the pronotum, tegule, a small spot at the
anterior angles of the scutellum, a narrow apical band on the third dorsal
abdomina] segment, another on the fifth, the whole of the third ventral
segment, a spot on each side of the fifth, tibie and tarsi yellow; first
abdominal segment and second ventral segment ferruginous red, antennz
testaceous brown, the scape yellow beneath. Wings hyaline, with a very
faint fuscous cloud at the apex, nervures testaceous.
3. As in the female; but the clypeus is longer than broad, narrowly
truncate at the apex; the pygidial area very small, coarsely punctured,
truncate at the apex, twice as long as the greatest breadth, very
slightly narrowed towards the apex.
Habitat.—Ceylon, Colombo (Wickwar). July to September, March
to April.
In structure this resembles the last species (allopicta), but the second
ventral segment is not evenly punctured, being almost smooth at the apex.
The size and colour are also different.
Cerceris rybiensis Linn.
Sphev rybiensis Linn. Pand and Flora Rybijensis, p. 8, 1771.
Cerceris rybiensis Schlett. Zool. Jahrb. I1, p. 875, 1887.
Cerceris kashmirensis Nurse Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) XI1., p. 524,
1903.
2. Nigra; clypeo, fronte, pronoto utrinque, tegulis, postscutello,
segmento abdominali secundo basi, tertio, quarto quintoque fascia apicali
antice emarginata flavis, antennis ferrugineis vel nigris, pedibus testaceis
flavo-variegatis ; clypeo apice truncato, supra dimidium apicalem impresso ;
mesopleuris haud tuberculatis; segmento ventrali secundo area basali
elevata ; segmento mediano area basali in angulis striata ; alis subhyalinis,
nervulis fuscis vel testaceis.
3. Fexnine similis; clypeo apice anguste truncato, latitudine longiore.
MONOGRAPH OF THE WASPS OF BRITISH INDIA. 801i
Long. 2,12mm.; 35,9 mm.
©. Clypeus broader than long, broadly truncate at the apex, a concave
depression reaching from the apex to beyond the middle, the apical margin
slightly recurved; Antenne inserted about half as far again from the
anterior ocellus as from the base of the clypeus, the second joint
of the flagellum very slightly longer than the third. Eyes slightly
diverging towards the clypeus; posterior ocelli further from the
eyes than from each other. Mesopleurze without tubercles; first
abdominal segment broader than long; second ventral segment with a
raised area at the base; pygidial area elongate ovate, broader at tho
base than at the apex. Closely and rather coarsely punctured; the
enclosed area at the base of the median segment opaque, striated in the
corners and divided by a median groove. First recurrent nervure received
at one-third from the base of the second cubital cell.
6. Clypeus longer than broad, rather narrowly truncate at the apex.
First abdominal segment longer than broad.
Habitat.—Kashmir 5—6,000 ft. (Nurse). May and June. Simla (Nurse).
August and September.
The male from Simla has the apex of the clypeus black. C. fortenata Cam..
is very near this species.
Cerceris fortinata Cam.
Cerceris fortinata Cam. Ann, and Mag. Nat. Hist. X., p. 57, 1902. 3.
Cerceris unifasciata Bingh. 9 (nec ¢, nec Smith), Fauna Brit. India.
Hym. I., p. 310, 1897.
Cerceris aureobarba Cam. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) XV, p. 221..
1905. 3.
©. Nigra; clypeo et fronte flavis; pronoto utrinque, tegulis, post--
scutello, tibiis, tarsis, segmentis dorsalibus tertio quintoque fascia apicali
ochraceis; clypeo apice truncato, dimidio apicali plano; segmento
mediano area basali longitudinaliter striata; segmento ventrali secundo:
area basali elavata.
Long. 9—12 mm.
¢. Femine similis; clypeo convexo, apice truncato, margine apicali
late nigro.
Long. 8—9 mm.
@. Clypeus broader than long, broadly truncate at the apex, the apical:
half flattened, but not concave. Antennz inserted more than half as far
again from the anterior ocellus as from the base of the clypeus, the second
joint of the flagellum only slightly longer than the third. Eyes parallel on
the inner margin, posterior ocelli nearly twice as far from the eyes as from
each other. Pronotum not impressed in the middle; mesopleure without
tubercles: first abdominal segment longer than broad; second ventral,
11
202 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI,
segment with a raised area at the base; pygidial area ovate, much broader
at the base than at the apex, very narrowly truncate at the apex, granu-
late. Closely and deeply punctured, the enclosed area at the base of the
median segment longitudinally striated, divided by a longitudinal groove.
First recurrent nervure received at one-quarter from the base of the second
cubital cell. Wings hyaline, strongly clouded with fuscous at the apex
and in the radial cell.
g. Clypeus longer than broad, convex and truncate at the apex.
Apical joint of the flagellum not curved, shorter than the penultimate. First
recurrent nervure received nearer to the base of the second cubital cell than
in the female.
Habitat.—Northern India and Burma.
Bingham has taken his description of waifasciata from Smith's type,
which came from North China and is not identical with the Indian species
for which Cameron’s name must stand. Bingham’s short description of the
female is apparently taken from an Indian specimen of the present species.
The form of the clypeus in the male is quite different in the two species.
T do not know that true unifasciata occurs in India. C. aureobarba Cam. is
undoubtedly a synonym, and must sink, as is the case with most of the
species of Cerceris described in the same paper.
Cerceris emarginata Panz.
Philanthus emarginatus Panz. Fann. Insect. German. VI, 1799.
Cerceris emarginata Spin. Insect. Ligur, I., p. 97, 1806.
@. Nigra, clypeo, fronte, scapo, pronoto macula utrinque, tegulis,
postscutello, segmento mediano macula parva utrinque, pedibus, segmento
dorsali secundo basi, tertio, quarto, quintoque late flavis; alis hyalinis
apice infuscatis; clypeo latitudine longiore, parte apicali depresso, apice
truncato, segmento ventrali secundo area basali elevata ; segmento mediano
area basali basi longitudinaliter striata.
dg. Feminz similis; segmento sexto flavo-fasciato, clypeo latitudine
fere duplo longiore, apice truncato.
Long. 9 9mm., ¢ 7 mm.
2. Clypeus as long as broad, the apical half depressed, broadly truncate
at the apex. Second joint of the flagellum longer than the third; meso-
pleurse not tuberculate ; first abdominal segment longer than broad, second
ventral segment with a raised area at the base; pygidial area elongate
ovate, nearly twice as broad at the base as at the apex. Strongly and closely
punctured ; the enclosed area at the base of the median segment longitu-
dinally striated at the base, finely punctured at the apex, with a deep
median groove.
The abdominal yellow fasciz are not emarginate anteriorly.
Habitat.— Quetta (Nurse). May. Pishin (Nurse). April.
MONOGRAPH Ol THE WASPS OF BRITISH INDLA. 805
‘This common species is found throughout Central and Southern Europe
«and Turkestan.
Cerceris compta sp. 0.
2. Nigra; flagello subtus testaceo; segmento abdominali primo rufo-
ferrugineo ; clypeo, fronte, scapo, pronoto, tegulis, mesopleuris, scutello,
postscutello, segmento mediano utrinque plus minus maculato, segmento
«dorsali secundo dimidio basali, tertio antice emarginato, quinto, ventralibus
2—5, pedibusque flavis; alis hyalinis, apice vix infumatis; clypeo basi modice
<convexo, dimidio apicali leviter impresso, apice late truncato; mesopleuris
haud tuberculatis; segmento mediano area basali nitida, lateribus punc-
tata; segmento ventrali secunde area basali elevata.
Long. 8 mm.
©. Clypeus broadly truncate at the apex; a little convex at the base,
the apical half slightly impressed. Antenne inserted about one-quarter
further from the anterior ocellus than from the base of the clypeus, the
second joint of the flagellum nearly half as long again as the third. Eyes
parallel; posterior ocelli nearly as far from each other as from the eyes.
First abdominal segment about as broad at the base as long, narrowed at
ithe apex ; second ventral segment with a raised area at the base ; pygidial
-area ovate, narrower at the apex than at the base, rather more than half
-as long again as the greatest breadth. Closely but not coarsely punctured ;
the enclosed area at the base of the median segment smooth and shining,
with a median groove, sometimes with a few punctures on the sides. First
recurrent nervure received at one-third from the base of the second cubital
cell,
Habitat.—Karachi (Comber). October.
In colour this resembles rufo-nodis Rad., which has been given, whether
wightly or not I do not know, as a synonym of rubida Jur. The scheme of
colouring seems to be common to several species in Western Asia, and the
jpresent species is undoubtedly distinct from rudida.
Cerceris protea sp. n.
Cercerts protea Nurse m. s.
3. Nigra; clypeo, fronte, scapo, genis, pronoto, tegulis, mesopleuries,
scutello, postscutello, segmento mediano utrinque, segmento secundo basi,
tertio macula nigra basali quarto quintoque fascia lata emarginata, pedi-
busque flavis ; segmento primo, flagelloque ferrugineis ; alis hyalinis, apice
infuseatis ; clypeo plano, apice late truncato; mesopleuris haud dentatis ;
segmento mediano area basali nitida, lateribus obscure striata ; segmento
ventrali secundo area basali elevata.
3. Feminz similis; genis nigris, flavomaculatis; clypeo latitudine
flongiore, apice truncato.
Long. 9,10mm; <3, 7-9 mm.
804. JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXI.
2. Clypeus flat, as broad at the apex as long, the apical margin straight.
Antenne inserted about half as far agam from the anterior ocellus as froin:
the base of the clypeus, the second joint of the flagellum no longer than
the third. Eyes very slightly divergent towards the clypeus ; posterior
ocelli as far from the eyes as from each other. Mesopleurze without
tubercles ; first abdominal segment slightly broader than long; second!
ventral segment with a raised area at the base; pygidial area narrow,.
elongate ovate, about three times as long asthe greatest breadth, narrowly
rounded at the apex. Firstrecurrent nervure received at about one-quarter:
from the base of the second cubital cell. Closely and not very coarsely
punctured ; the enclosed area at the base of the median segment smooth
and shining, with short, obscure strize on the sides, the median groove
transversely striated.
3d. Clypeus truncate at the apex, longer than broad ; apical joint of
the flagellum shorter than the penultimate, not curved ; first abdominali
segment as in the female; pygidial area about half as long again as broad.,.
the sides almost parallel.
Habitat.—Deesa and Abu (Nurse),
Cerceris novare Sanss..
?. Cerceris pictiventris Dahlb. Hymen. Europ. I.,.p. 498, 1845; Bingh-
Fauna Brit. India Hym. I., p. 305, 1897.
Cerceris novare Sauss. Reise d. Novara Zool’, IT, p. 92, 1867. 2 ; Cam..
Mem. Manchester Lit. Phil. Soc. (4) III, p. 257, 1890. ¢ Q.
Cerceris fervens Sm. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) XII, p. 411, 1873.
2. Nigra; clypeo, fronte, scapo, pronoto macula utrinque, tegulis, post--
scutello, mesopleuris macula magna, segmento: mediano macula magna
utrinque, segmento secundo dorsali basi, tertio quintoque fascia apicali’
late emarginata, segmentis ventralibus 2-5, pedibusque flavis, clypeo plano,
latitudine longiore, apice truncato, mesopleuris haud tuberculatis; seg--
mento mediano area basali nitida, apice rugose striata; segmento ventrali’
secundo area basali elevata ; alis hyalinis, apice infumatis.
g. Femine similis; clypeo apice late rotundato; mesopleuris haud’
flavopictis ; segmentis ventralibus 4-6 nigris.
Long. @, 9-11 mm.; Jg, 8-10 mm.
2. Clypeus a little longer than broad, flattened in the middle and
truncate at the apex. Antenne inserted about half as far again from the-
anterior ocellus as from the base of the clypeus, the second joint of the-
flagellum scarcely longer than the third. Eyes almost parallel, very slight--
ly divergent towards the clypeus, posterior ocelli a little further from the:
eyes than from each other. Mesopleurz without tubercles; first abdomi--
nal segment longer than broad ; second ventral segment with a raised ‘area
at the base; pygidial area elongate ovate,. broader at the base than at the-
MONOGRAPH OF THE WASPS OF BRITISH INDIA. 0:
ioe)
nr
“apex, twice as long as the greatest breadth. Coarsely punctured; the
enclosed area at the base of the median segment smooth and shining, with
a broad, transversely striated median groove, and a few striations at the
apex.
dg. Olypeus very broadly rounded at the apex, almost truncate, slightly
convex. Antennee inserted as near to the anterior ocellus as to the base of
the clypeus, the apical joint no longer than the penultimate, not curved.
Pygidial area about half as long again as broad.
Habitat.—The whole of India, Burma and Ceylon; but not extending
beyond the eastern edge of the Rajputana desert in a North-westerly
direction.
As I have not seen specimens of pictiventiis from Java, I think it safer to
use Saussure’s name for this species, though it will very likely prove that
it is identical with pretiventivs, Specimens from Sarawak have the pygi-
dial area of the female broader than in novarae, and the abdomen in both
sexes is a little broader in proportion ; these will probably prove to be nearer
the typical form.
Cerceris boyst sp. 0.
2. Nigra; clypeo, fronte, scapo, pronoto in medio interrupto, tegulis,
macula pone oculos, mesopleuris macula, scutello, postscutello, segmento
midiano macula apicali utrinque, segmentis dorsalibus 2-3, macula trans-
versa magna utrinque, ventralibus 2-3 fascia lata, dorsalibus 4-5 fascia
apicali, pedibusque eburneis; alis hyalinis, apice infumatis; stigmate
testaceo ; clypeo subquadrato, apice truncato, dentibus binis minutissimis
armato; mesopleuris haud tuberculatis; segmento mediano area basali
nitida ; segmento ventrali secundo area basali elevata.
Long. 6 mm.
2. Clypeus slightly convex, as long as broad, truncate at the apex, with
a very minute tooth on each side. Antennz inserted about one-quarter
further from the anterior ocellus than from the base of the clypeus, the
second joint of the flagellum half as long again as the third. Eyes parallel,
posterior ocelli half as far again from the eyes as from each other. Pro-
notum slightly depressed in the middle; mesopleure without tubercles ;
first abdominal segment subquadrate; second ventral segment with a
raised area at the base; pygidial area ovate, broader at the base than at
the apex, nearly twice as long as the greatest breadth and narrowly trun-
cate at the apex. Punctured, coarsely, but not very closely on the
abdomen, more finely on the head and thorax; the enclosed area at the
base of the median segment smooth, with one or two large punctures and a
deep median groove. First recurrent nervure received at one-sixth from
the base of the secend eubital cell.
Hatitat.—India (Boys).
806 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.
Type in Oxford University Museum ex coll. Westwood.
Captain Boys collected in the Almora and other North-Western hill
districts.
Cereeris tnstabilis Sm.
Cerceris instabilis Sm. Cat. Hym. B. M. IV, p. 452, 1856. ©.
Cerceris velox Sm, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, p. 41, 1875, 3.
Q. Ferruginea ; vertice mesothoraceque nigris; clypeo, fronte, scapo,
vertice linea curvata, pronoto, scutello, postscutello, segmento mediano
utrinque, segmento dorsali secundo basi, tertio quintoque totis flavis; alis
hyalinis, apice valde infuscatis ; clypeo apice emarginato angulis dentatis ;
mesopleuris haud tuberculatis; segmento ventrali secundo area basali
minime elevata.
3. Niger: maculis flavis ut im femina dispositis; segmento abdominal
primo, secundo, tertioque apice ferrugineis ; clypeo apice late rotundato,
minutissime quadridentato.
Long. 2, 9—llmm. ¢, 8—10 mm.
©. Clypeus broader than long, rather widely emarginate at the apex,
with a broad and slightly porrect tooth on each side at the angles of the
emargination. Antennze inserted less than half as far again from the
anterior ocellus as from the base of the clypeus, the second joint of the
flagellum scarcely longer than the third. Eyes parallel on the imner
margins, posterior ocelli half as far again from the eyes as from each other.
First abdominal. segment distinctly longer than broad ; second ventral
segment with the raised area at the base not very distinct; pygidial area
rugose, narrowed from the base, about half as broad again at the base as at
the apex. Closely, but not deeply, punctured ; the enclosed area at the
base of the median segment longitudinally striated.
3. Clypeus nearly as broad as long, very broadly rounded at the apex
and armed with four minute teeth. First abdominal segment nearly twice
as long as broad ; the area at the base of the second ventral segment more
strongly raised than in the female. More deeply punctured than im the
female, the enclosed area at the base of the median segment punctured
and more or less longitudinally striated. Pygidial area a little longer than
broad, the sides almost parallel.
Haiitat.—Burma, Ceylon, and the whole of India, except the extreme
North-west,
Apparently not as common in the hills as on the plains, but I have taken
it at 6,000 ft. in the Khasi Hills. The colour is very variable.
Cerecerts bifasciata Guér.
Cerceris bifasciata Guér. Cuy. Iconog. Regn. Anim. Insectes, p. 445, 1829-
1844, Pl. 71. fig. 9.
MONOGRAPH OF THE WASPS OF BRITISH INDLA., 807
I cannot identify the species ; the figure is a tolerable representation of
C. fortinata Cam., but does not agree with the description, which seems to-
point to a variety of C. imstabilisSm. “Enti¢rement fauve, ponctué, avec
le devant dela tete, au-dessous de l’insertion des antennes, le premier
article de celles-ci, la base des mandibules et les troisieme et cinquieme
anneaux de abdomen jaunes. Ailes un peu teintees de jaunatre avec une:
petite tache brune au bout.
L. 5 mil. Hab. le Bengale.”
The length given on the plate is 10 mm.
On the whole I think there can be little doubt that the name should
apply to C. astabzlis Sm., over which it has priority.
Cerceris abuensis sp. 0.
©. Nigra; mandibulis basi, clypeo, fronte, scapo, pronoto utrinque,
tegulis, postscutello, segmento dorsali secundo basi, tertio fascia apicali
late emarginata, quinto macula apicali, segmento ventrali tertio utrinque,
tibiis tarsisque albidis; segmento abdominali primo, segmento ventrali
secundo, femoribusque ferrugineis; flagello subtus fusco-ferrugineo ; clypeo-
subconvexo, margine apicali late truncato, dentibus duobus medianis
armato; mesopleuris haud tuberculatis; segmento mediano area basali
oblique striata ; segmento ventrali secundo area basali elevata ; alis hyali-
nis, apice infumatis.
*g. Femine similis; segmento dorsali quinto immaculato, segmento:
sexto fascia late flavida; clypeo latitudine longiore, apice subtruncato ;
segmento ventrali secundo area basali minime elevata; segmento ventrali
sexto utrinque dente armato.
Long. 9,8mm.; ¢,9 mm.
@. Clypeus much broader than long, coarsely punctured, broadly trun-.
eate at the apex, with a narrow and shallow incision in the middle of the
apical margin, the anglés of the incision produced imto short, blunt teeth.
Antenne inserted nearly half as far again from the anterior ocellus as from
the base of the clypeus, the second joint of the flagellum about half as.
long again as the third. Eyes parallel; posterior ocelli a little further
from the eyes than from each other. Pronotum not depressed in the
middle; mesopleurz without tubercles ; first abdominal segment as long
as broad, narrowed at the apex; second ventral segment with a rather
feebly raised basal area ; pygidial area small, twice as broad at the base as.
at the apex, gradually narrowed, less than twice as long as the breadth at
the base. Closely and deeply, but not very coarsely punctured; the
enclosed area at the base of the median segment coarsely obliquely striated
on the basal half, indistinctly striated at the apex, the median groove
indistinct.
¢. Clypeus longer than broad convex; the apical margin almost
808 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol, XI.
transverse, narrowly depressed, with four raised carinz on the depressed
margin simulating teeth. Apical joimt of the flagellum shorter than the
penultimate, slightly curved. First abdominal segment about twice as
long as broad; the raised area at the base of the second ventral segment
not clearly defined. Sixth ventral segment with a short acute spine on
each side at the apical angles. Pygidial area coarsely punctured, narrowed
at the base, truncate at the apex, half as long again as the greatest
breadth. The striz on the enclosed area at the base of the median
segment are longitudinal and very coarse.
Habitat.—Mount Abu (Nurse).
In colour this resembles C. albopicta Sm.
Cerceris belli sp. n.
Q. Nigra; segmento primo abdominali rufo-ferrugineo ; flagello subtus
testaceo; clypeo, fronte, scapo, pronoto utrinque, tegulis, postscutello,
segmento secundo dorsali macula basali et apice late utrinque, segmento
tertio fascia late interrupta, quarto macula utrinque, quinto fascia late
emarginata pedibusque flavis; alis hyalinis, apice infuseatis; clypeo apice
porrecto, late angulariter inciso ; mesopleuris haud tuberculatis ; segmento
mediano area basali nitida, sparse punctata; segmento ventrali secundo
area basali minime elevata.
Long. 7 mm.
2. Clypeus convex, porrect at the apex, the margin widely triangularly
meised, the angles of the incision slightly produced and almost forming
teeth. Antenne inserted nearly half as far again from the anterior ocellus
a8 from the base of the clypeus ; the second joint of the flagellum less than
half as long again as the third. Eyes almost parallel ; posterior ocelli a
little further from the eyes than from each other. Pronotum, not depressed
an the middle, rounded at the angles; mesopleurze without tubercles.
First abdominal segment a little broader than long; second ventral seg-
ment with a very indistinct raised area at the base. Pygidial area
closely punctured, nearly twice as long as broad, truncate at the apex, the
sides parallel. Closely and rather coarsely punctured ; the enclosed area
at the base of the median segment shining, with a few large punctures.
First recurrent nervure received just beyond one-quarter from the base of
the second cubital cell,
Habitat.—Belgaum, W. India (Bell). July.
Cercerts pulchra Cam.
Cercerts pulchra Cam. Mem. Manch. Lit. and Phil. Soc. (4) III,
p. 253, 1890. 2 ¢.
2. Nigra; flagello, segmentisque abdominalibus primo secundoque
ferrugineis ; clypeo, fronte, pronoto utrinque, tegulis, postscutello, seemento
dorsali secundo macula basali, tertio basi nigro maculato, quinto, pedibusque
MONOGRAPH OF THE WASPS OF BRITISH INDLA. 809
flavis; alis hyalinis, apice infuscatis; clypeo lamina subporrecta, apicali,
emarginata, sub lamina angulariter inciso; mesopleuris haud tuberculatis ;
segmento mediano area basali punctata ; segmento ventrali secundo area
basali elevata.
6. Feminz similis; segmento dorsali secundo nigro; clypeo apice
rotundato ; pilis flavis ciliato.
Long. ¢ 2, 7 mm.
©. Clypeus flattened, the lamina slightly porrect at the apex, shallowly
and very widely emarginate, the apical margin below the lamina deeply
incised. Antennze inserted about one-quarter further from the anterior
ocellus than from the base of the clypeus; the second and third joints of
the flagellum of equal length. Eyes parallel ; posterior ocelli further from
the eyes than from each other. First abdominal segment longer than
broad, second ventral segment with a raised area atthe base; pygidial
area narrow, two-and-a-half times as long as the greatest breadth, slightly
narrowed to the apex. Closely and rather deeply punctured, most coarsely
on the thorax; the enclosed space at the base of the median segment
punctured.
6. Clypeus rounded at the apex and fringed with yellow hairs; first
abdominal segment a little longer than in the female, more than half as
jong again as broad, pygidial area small, a little longer than broad.
Hatitat.—Bengal ; Barrackpore, Nuddea (Rothney).
I doubt if Bingham’s records of this species from Western and North-
Western India are correct.
Cerceris opulenta sp. n.
®. Nigra; mandibulis basi, clypeo, fronte, scapo, pronoto, tegulis
scutello, postscutello, segmento abdominali secundo dimidio basali, tertio
quintoque totis, pedibusque flavis; segmento primo rufo-ferrugineo ; flagello
fusco-ferrugineo ; alis hyalinis, apica infuscatis, venis fuscis; clypeo lato,
apice leviter porrecto, subemarginato; mesopleuris haud tuberculatis ;
segmento mediano area basali subnitida, in angulis striata; segmento
ventrali secundo area basali elevata.
Long. 8 mm.
Q. Clypeus twice as broad at the apex as long, the apical margin
widely and shallowly emarginate and slightly porrect. Antenne inserted
- about half as far again from the anterior ocellus as from the base of the
clypeus ; the second and third joints of the flagellum almost equal in
dength. Eyes parallel, the posterior ocelli almost as far from each other
as from the eyes. Pronotum not depressed in the middle; mesopleurz
without tubercles. First abdominal segment distinctly longer than broad ;
second ventral segment with a raised area at the base. Pygidial area
gradually narrowed from the base, punctured, narrowly truncate at the
12
810 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.
apex, more than three times as broad at the base as at the apex, about
half as long again as the greatest breadth. Closely but not very coarsely
punctured ; the enclosed area at the base of the median segment smooth,
obliquely striated in the corners, with very short strize on the sides and
a deep median groove. First recurrent nervure received just before one-
third from the base of the second cubital cell.
Habitat.—Shadipali, Sindh (Comber).
In addition to colour differences this species may-be distinguished from
C. tristis Cam. by the much broader pygidial area, and from C. pulchra
Cam, by the shallower and less angular emargination of the elypeus.
Cerceris tristis Cam.
Cercerts tristis Cam. Mem. Manchester Lit. Phil. Soe. (4) ID, p. 255,
IRSA iS) c
Q. Nigra; segmentis abdominalibus primo secundoque ferrugineis;
flagello subtus testaceo; clypeo, fronte, scapo, pronoto utrinque, tegulis,
postscutello, segmento dorsali secundo macula basali, tertio macula basali
nigra, quinto, tibiis tarsisque pallide flavis; alis hyalinis, apice leviter
infuscatis, venis fuscis; clypeo subconvexo, apice late emarginato; meso-
pleuris haud tuberculatis ; segmento mediano area basali nitida, sparse
punctata ; segmento ventrali secundo area basali elevata.
¢. Femine similis; clypeo apice anguste truncato; segmento quinto
secundoque apice nigris ; sexto flavo.
Long. * 9,7 mm.; ¢, 6mm.
2. Clypeus much broader than long, widely and rather shallowly
emarginate. Antenne inserted nearly half as far again from the anterior
ocellus as from the base of the clypeus, the second joint of the flagellum
very slightly longer than the third. Eyes parallel; posterior ocelli further
from the eyes than from each other. Pronotum not depressed in the
middle, rounded at the anterior angles; mesopleurz without tubercles.
First abdominal segment a little longer than broad; second ventral seg-
ment with a raised area at the base; pygidial area elongate ovate, a little
more than twice as long as the greatest breadth. Closely, but not coarsely
punctured ; the enclosed area at the base of the median segment shining,
with a few large punctures, the median groove deep. First recurrent
nervure received just before one-third from the base of the second cubital
cell. Wings iridescent.
¢. Clypeus as long as broad, narrowed towards the apex, the margin
rather narrowly truncate. Apical joint of the flagellum shorter than the
penultimate, scarcely curved. First abdominal segment much longer
than broad.
Habitat.— Quetta (Nurse). July. Deesa (Nerse). April. Ceylon (IM 7eh-
war). Barrackpore (Rothney).
MONOGRAPH OF THE WASPS OF BRITISH INDIA. 814
Very near ruiida Jur., but is much less coarsely punctured. It may
be distinguished from pulchra Cam. by the less distinct raised area on
the second ventral segment, and by the truncate apex of the clypeus.
of the male. Bingham’s record of pulehra from N. W. Provinces may
‘perhaps apply to this species. The typical form of ¢ristzs is without the
ferruginous colour on the two basal abdominal segments, but the variety I
have described here is the usual form. It seems to be one of the com-
monest Indian species, and has been confused in Rothney’s collection
with C. pulchra, which has the incision of the clypeus more angular,
and is a somewhat larger species. .
Cerceris melaina sp. n.
©. Nigra ; clypeo fascia, scapo macula, pronoto macula utrinque, seg-
mento abdominali secundo macula parva basali, tertio fascia apicali pallide
flavis; segmento primo rufo; pedibus flavovariegatis ; clypeo lato, apice
lamina libera truncata, segmento mediano area basali rugose striata, seg-
mento ventrali secundo area basali elevata.
Long. 8 mm.
Clypeus slightly porrect, sparsely punctured, nearly twice as broad at
the apex as long, the lamina free at the apex and broadly truncate. Inner
margins of the eyes parallel, the breadth of the cheeks equal to
rather more than half of the greatest breadth of the eyes. Antennie
inserted more than half as far again from the anterior ocellus as from the
base of the clypeus, the second and third joints of the flagellum of
about equal length, the interantennal carina short, conical between the
antennze and continued much lowered to the base of the clypeus. Ocellr
in a very broad triangle, the posterior pair less than half as far again from
the eyes as from each other. The whole insect closely and rather deeply
punctured ; the triangular area at the base of the median segment coarsely
obliquely rugose striate. Pronotum short, not depressed in the middle :
mesopleuree without spines. First abdcminal segment broader in the
middle than long, constricted at the apex ; second ventral segment with a
raised area at the base. Fifth ventral segment normal; pygidial area
pyriform, twice as long as the greatest breadth, much narrowed from the
middle posteriorly and very narrowly truncate at the apex. First
recurrent nervure received at one-third from the base of the second cubital
cell.
Black ; a triangular spot on the inner margin of the eyes, a transverse
band on the middle of the eclypeus, the scape beneath, a small spot on
each side of the pronotum, a spot on the tegule, a small spot at the
base of the second dorsal segment of the abdomen, a narrow band at the
apex of the third, a small spot at the apex of the fifth, and a large spot
on each side of the third ventral segment pale yellow; the legs black.
612 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol.” XAde
irregularly variegated with yellow and ferruginous ; first abdominal segment
and second ventral segment ferruginous red. Wings hyaline, with a
small fuscous cloud at the apex, nervures fuscous.
Habitat.—Nasik, W. India. (Comber).
This is very near C’. vischnu Cam., the shape of the pygidial area and the
sculpture being very similar, but the clypeus is truncate, not incised, and
the petiole is feruginous. The latter distinction is of little importance, but
I consider the shape of the clypeus quite sufficient for specific distinction.
Cerceris vischnu Cam.
Cerceris vischnu Cam. Mem. Manchester Lit. Phil. Soc. (4) IIIL., p. 254,
1890. Qc.
Cerceris dolosa Nurse Ann. and Mag. Nat. History (7) XI., p. 525, 1903.
©. Nigra; Mandibulis basi, clypeo in medio, margine interiore oculorum
late, scapo subtus, segmentis tertio quintoque fascia angusta apicali,
segmento ventrali tertio fere toto, tibiis subtus tarsisque pallide Havis,
flagello subtus, coxis, trochanteribus, femoribus, segmentoque ventrali
secundo forrugineis, alis hyalinis, apice leviter infumatis, clypeo lamina
apicali libera, apice incisa; segmento mediano area basali longitudinaliter
striata ; segmento ventrali secundo area basali elevata.
3. Femine similis ; clypeo apice rotundato, hand inciso.
Long. Q 8mm., d 7 mm.
©. Clypeus as long as broad, the lamina free at the apex and shallowly
incised. Antenne inserted about half as far again from the anterior ocellus
as from the base of the clypeus, the second joint of the flagellum less than
half as long again as the third. Posterior ocelli almost as far from each
other as from the eyes, the inner margins of the eyes parallel. Mesopleurze
without tubercles; first abdominal segment nearly as long as broad;
second ventral segment with a raised area at the base ; pygidial area
narrow, broadest at the base, gradually narrowed to the apical margin,
which is very narrowly truncate, fully twice as long as the greatest breadth.
Coarsely and closely punctured, the enclosed area at the base of the
median segment coarsely longitudinally striated. First recurrent nervure
received close to the middle of the second cubital cell.
3. The clypeus is without the free lamina at the apex broadly rounded
on the apical margin, with two minute teeth in the middle ; first abdominal,
segment much longer than broad ; pygidial area nearly square.
Habitat.—Abu (Nurse), Kangra Valley, 4,500 ft. (Dudgeon). Oddich-
udan, N. Ceylon ( Wiekwar).
The type is not marked in Rothney’s collection and I doubt if Bingham’s
<lescription is taken from a female of this species. There is no mention
of ferruginous on the basal and second abdominal segments in Cameron’s
description, which agrees well with dolosa. The male referred by Cameron
+
MONOGRAPH OF THE WASPS OF BRITISH INDIA. S15:
to this species, and marked fervens by Smith m Rothney’s collection, is:
undoubtedly dolosa, and I have no doubt that Cameron’s description of
the female is correct, and Bingham’s erroneous.
Cerceris funerea Costa var. pallidopicta Rad.
Cerceris pallidopicta Rad. Fedtsch. Turkestan Sphegid, p. 59, 1877. °..
Cerceris funerea var pallidopicta Ed. André Spec. Hym. Hur. IIL, p. 272..
1889.
@. Nigra; mandibulis, clypeo, fronte, pronoto, tegulis, postscutello,.
segmento dorsali secundo macula apicali nigra, tertio macula basali nigra,
quinto macula parva utrinque, pedibusque pallide flavis ; flagello, femoribus-
segmentisque ventralibus primo secundoque testaceis; clypeo dimidio:
apicali depresso, apice late truncata; mesopleuris haud tuberculatis ;
seemento mediano area basali nitida: segmento ventrali secundo area
basali elevata; segmento ventrali quinto late emaryinata, angulis apica-.
libus dentato.
Long. 12 mm.
2. Middle lobe of the clypeus a little longer than broad, the apical’
half flattened, broadly truncate at the apex. Antenne inserted a little
nearer to the base of the elypeus than to the anterior ocellus, second joint
of the flagellum nearly half as long again as the third; the frontal carina
short and low, separated by its own length from the base of the clypeus.
Eyes slightly diverging towards the clypeus; posterior ocelli nearly as-
far from each other as fromthe eyes. First abdominal segment almost
quadrate ; pygidial area elongate ovate, twice as long as the greatest
breadth, narrower at the apex than at the base. Closely and rather
coarsely punctured ; the enclosed area at the base of the median segment
smooth and shining, with a median groove. Wings hyaline, with a very
faint fuscous cloud at the apex.
Habitat.— Quetta (Nurse). June.
A single female in Colonel Nurse’s collection corresponds well with the
brief description and excellent figure given by Radoszkowski. The species.
is easily distinguished by the stout spines at the apical angles of the fifth
ventral segment. The typical form of funerea is from S. H. Europe.
Two Fabrician species, which I have heen unable to identify, doubtless:
belong to Cercerts, and are probably identical with subsequently described
species; but I have not been able to consult the types, which are at
Copenhagen. These are:
1. Philanthus interstinctus Fabr.
Philanthus interstinctus Fabr. Ent. Syst. Suppl., p. 269, 1798.
2. Philanthus Gissectus Baby:
Philanthus dissectus Fabr. Ent. Syst. Suppl., p. 269, 1798.
*
Clf JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL GIST SOCIETY? Vol, Axae
NOTES ON SOME ASIATIC SPECIES NOT OCCURRING
WITHIN THE BOUNDARIES OF INDIA. :
Cereeris pedetes Kohl.
Cerceris pedetes Kohl, Zool, Jahrb. Il, p. 449, 1887. 2.
Cerceris bicornuta Sm. Cat. Hym. B. M. IV, p. 455, 1856. 9. (nee.
«uerin).
Cerceris smithu D. T. Wien entom. Zeitg. IX, p. 199, 1890.
C. bicornuta Sm. is the eastern representative of C. ferrem, and 1 think
is undoubtedly identical with C. pedetes.
Habitat.—N,. China (Smith); Korea (Kohl).
Cerceris lama sp. n.
G. Nigra; capite longe nigro hirsuto; clypei lamina, margine interiore
oculorum late, macula parva pone oculos, pronoto, tegulis, postscutello,
segmentisque dorsalibus 1—5 fascia late apicali emarginata lacteis; alis
subhyalinis, margine costali infumato, venis nigris; clypeo lamina libera,
porrecta, apice truncata; mesopleuris bituberculatis: segmento mediano
-area basali nitida; abdomine nitido impunctato; segmento ventrali
ssecundo area basali elevata nulla.
Long. 14 mm.
Q. Mandibles with a strong tooth on the mner margin nearer to the
ibase than to the apex. Clypeus rather short with a prominent lamina
from the base, the lamina longer than broad, slightly arched, and truncate
at the apex; the apical margin of the clypeus below the lamina deeply
-semicircularly emarginate. Antennze inserted low down, almost touching
ithe base of the clypeus ; the second joint of the flagellum as long as the
first and third combined, the carina between the antennz rather low.
Posterior ocelli nearly twice as far from the eyes as from each other; the
veyes diverging towards the clypeus; cheeks very broad, nearly half as
broad again as the eyes. Mesopleurze bituberculate, the posterior tubercle,
ithe largest; first abdominal segment nearly twice as broad as long; the
segments scarcely constricted, second ventral segment without a raised
-area at the base; pygidial area with parallel sides, subtruncate at the apex
and about two and a half times as long as broad, the surface rugulose at
the base. Head and thorax sparsely punctured; closely punctured rugu-
lose on the front; mesopleure and median segment closely punctured ;
the enclosed area at the base of the median segment smooth and shining,
with the usual median groove; abdomen smooth and shining. First
xecurrent nervure received at about one-quarter from the base of the
-second cubital cell; second close to the base of the third cubital cell.
Habitat.—Gyangtse, Tibet, 13,000 ft., June 1904 (H. J. Walton).
Described from twelve specimens in the British Museum.
MONOGRAPH OF THE WASPS OF BRITISH INDIA. 815
The colour of the markings is of the lacteous white characteristic of the
dastrict.
Cerceris ariadie sp. Ni.
9. Nigra; mandibulis basi, femoribus apice, tibiis tarsisque rufo-testaceo:
clypeo linea transversa, margine anteriore oculorum anguste, tegulis
postscutello, segmentis dorsalibus 1-4 fascia transversa apicali flavis; alis
hyalinis, apice leviter infuscatis, venis fuscis; clypeo lamina libera, por-
recta, apice late emarginata, mesopleuris haud tuberculatis; segmento
_mediano area basali nitida; segmento ventrali secundo area basali elevata
nulla,
Long. 10 mm.
2. Clypeus with the lamina porrect from the base, broader than long,
widely and shallowly emarginate at the apex, the clypeus below the
lamina concave, shining and truncate at the apex. Antennze inserted low
down, close to the base of the clypeus ; second joint of the flagellum about
half as long again as the third. Eyes almost parallel ; posterior ocelli
about one-quarter further from the eyes than from each other. Pronotum
not depressed in the middle, mesopleurz not tuberculate. First abdominal
segment much broader than long; second ventral segment without a
raised area at the base; pygidial area nearly three times as long as the
greatest breadth, the sides nearly parallel from the base to beyond the
middle, then rather sharply narrowed and very narrowly rounded at the
apex. Shining, rather sparsely and not very deeply punctured; the
enclosed space at the base of the median segment smooth and shining,
with a median groove. Pubescence on the head and sides of the thorax
wather long and greyish. The apical yellow bands on segments one and
four are narrowly interrupted in the middle. Wings hyaline, clouded
with pale fuscous on the costa; first recurrent nervure received at one-
third from the base of the second cubital cell.
Habitat.—Gyangtse, Tibet, 15,000 ft. (H. J. Walton); June.
Allied to C. interrupta Panz., but in the present species the lamina of
tthe clypeus is free at the base and the enclosed area of the median
segment is smooth.
Cerceris shelfordi sp. n.
Q. Nigra; mandibulis basi, clypeo, margine interiore oculorum latis-
sime, carina frontali, scapo subtus, macula pone oculos, vertice maculis
duabus obliquis, pronoto macula utrinque, tegulis, mesopleuris macula
scutello fascia transversa, postscutello, segmento mediano fascia lata cur-
vata utrinque, segmento dorsali primo apice, secundo fascia angusta apicali
maculisque duabus basalibus, segmentis 3-5 fascia angusta apicali, 2-5
Jateribus late et ventralibus utrinque flavis, oculis divergentibus ; clypeo,
816 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCTETY, Vol. X_XI.
apice lamina libera, obtuse bidentata; mesopleuris spina magna armatis ;
segmento mediano area basali oblique striata ; segmento ventrali secundo
area basali elevata nulla ; pedibus flavis.
Long. 10 mm.
Q. Head very large and broad; middle lobe of the clypeus short
broader than long, the lamina free at the apex and truncate, armed with
two blunt teeth; lateral lobes of the clypeus very broad, with a small tooth
close to the inner margin. Antenne inserted a little further from the
anterior ocellus than from the base of the clypeus, the second joint of the
flagellum a little less than half as long again as the third. Eyes strongly
diverging towards the clypeus; posterior ocelli nearly twice as far from:
the eyes as from each other ; the cheeks a little broader than the greatest
breadth of the eyes. Pronotum not depressed in the middle; mesopleurz
swollen and armed with a long, acute spme. First abdominal segment.
nearly twice as broad as long; second ventral segment without a raised
area at the base; the segments not strongly constricted; fifth ventral
segment widely emarginate at the apex; pygidial area about twice as
broad at the base as at the apex, gradually narrowed, twice as long as
the greatest breadth. Head and thorax closely but not deeply punctured;
the enclosed area at the base of the median segment coarsely obliquely
striated, mesopleurze very coarsely striated ; abdomen subopaque, micro-
scopically punctured. Wings subhyaline, the apex and the radial cell
fuscous ; nervures fuscous; first recurrent nervure received beyond one-
third from the base of the second cubital cell.
Habitat.—Kuching, N. W. Borneo (Shelford) ; October.
Type in Oxford University Museum.
Nearly allied to C. ferox Sm., but differs in the form of the clypeus, the:
greater development of the spine on the mesopleurze and the much shorter
petiole.
Cerceris feroa Sm.
Cerceris ferou Sm. Cat. Hym. B. M. IV, p. 454, 1856. 9. Bingh. Fascic
Malay. Zool. I, App. p. v, 1908 2.
Cerceris annandalet Bingh. Fascic. Malay. Zool.1, App. p. v., 1903. ¢-
Habitat.—Sumatra; Biserat, Siamese Malaya.
Tam not aware that this species occurs within the boundaries of British.
India; the specimen from Tenasserim in the British Museum marked by
Bingham as a variety of ferov is quite distinct.
The species closely allied to C. feroz may be recognized by the following key
1. Clypeus with the lamina broadly rounded at
the apex and slightly porrect; petiole
longer than broad :. ak ee | , C.iferoa Smo.
Sumatra and Selangor.
MONOGRAPH OF THE WASPS OF BRITISH INDIA. 817
Clypeus with the lamina incised or bidentate
at the apex ; petiole broader than long
2. Lamina of clypeus porrect at apex and
incised .. ae La a %: .. C, ferocior Turn.
iN)
Sarawak.
Lamina of clypeus not porrect, truncate, with
two strong median teeth .. He .. C, shelfordi Turn.
Sarawak.
Cerceris ferocior, sp. n.
®. C. shelfordio colore aftinissima; clypeo lamina apicali libera,
porrecta, apice emarginata; mesopleuris tuberculatis, spina minuta armatis;.
segmento mediano area cordata basi oblique, apice transverse striata ;
segmento abdominali primo latitudine fere aequilongo.
Long. 13 mm.
©. Head very broad, twice as broad as the thorax ; clypeus with the
lamina free from a little before the apex, porrect and deeply and widely
incised at the apex. Outer lobes of the clypeus very broad, with a tooth
at the inner apical angle. Antenne inserted about one-quarter further
from the anterior ocellus than from the base of the clypeus; the second
joint of the flagellum nearly half as long again as the third. Eyes diverg-
ing strongly towards the clypeus ; the posterior ocelli more than twice as
far from the eyes as from each other. Cheeks as broad as the greatest
width of the eyes. Mesopleurz swollen, with a minute spine. Hirst abdo-
minal segment nearly aslong as broad, second ventral segment without a
raised area at the base; pygidial area about half as broad at the apex as
at the base, gradually narrowed, a little more than twice as long as the
greatest breadth. Head closely but not coarsely punctured, the front
between the ocelli and the base of the antenne longitudinally striate-
rugulose ; thorax very sparsely punctured, the anterior half of the mesono-
tum longitudinally striated, mesopleurz and median segment more deeply
and closely punctured ; the enclosed area at the base of the median segment
obliquely striated at the base, transversely at the apex, the median groove
indistinct. Petiole sparsely punctured; the remainder of the abdomen
smooth ; the segments not strongly constricted.
The yellow bands on the vertex are longitudinal, not oblique,
the spot behind the eye is large and curved and the band on the
scutellum is interrupted. Wings hyaline, broadly fuscous on the costal
margin.
Habitat.—Kuching, N. W. Borneo (Shelford). September. Type in
Oxford University Museum.
This is nearer to ferov than shelfordi, but may be distinguished by the
shape of the lamina of the clypeus, which is broadly rounded at the apex
13
818 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XX,
in ferov but deeply incised in ferocior, The petiole is also much longer in
ferov, and the striation of the cordate area of the median segment is
longitudinal. The markings in the three species are almost identical.
Cerceris invita sp. n.
@. Nigra, opaca ; clypeo, mandibulis basi, margine interiore oculorum,
carina frontali, pronoto utrinque, tegulis, postscutello, segmentoque abdo-
minali secundo basi anguste flavis; scapo, ‘flagello subtus, segmento
abdominali primo, pedibusque testaceis ; alis hyalinis, apice infumatis, venis
testaceis; clypeo apice emarginato, angulis dentato ; mesopleuris minute
bituberculatis ; segmento mediano area basali delicatissime oblique striata,
segmento ventrali secundo area basali elevata nulla.
Long. 13 mm.
Q. Clypeus flat, short, rather widely emarginate at the apex, the angles
of the emargination produced into broad and slightly porrect teeth. An-
tenn inserted nearly twice as far from the anterior ocellus as from the
base of the clypeus ; the second joint of the flagellum half as long again as
the third ; the frontal carina produced into a small tubercle at the apex.
Kyes diverging towards the clypeus; posterior ocelli twice as far from the
eyes as from each other. Pronotum not depressed in the middie; meso-
pleure with two minute tubercles. First abdominal segment nearly twice
as broad as long; second ventral segment without a raised area at the
base; pygidial area finely transversely rugulose, about two and a half
times as long as the breadth at the base, gradually narrowed from the
base and almost pointed at the apex. Opaque, pubescent, shallowly punc-
tured; the enclosed area at the base of the median segment finely striated,
obliquely in the angles, more indistinctly in the middle, intermixed with
fine punctures, with a low median carina instead of the usual groove.
First recurrent nervure received just before the middle of the second
cubital cell.
Habitat.—Sumatra. Type in Oxford University Museum, ex coll.
Westwood.
The clypeus resembles that of C. imstabilis Sm.
Cerceris evcavata Cam.
Cerceris evcavata Cam. Journ. Straits Asiatic Soc., p. 135, 1902. ¢.
This is the representative of C. zischnu Cam. in Borneo,
The male only differs from vischnu in having the petiole a little shorter |
aad broader, and in the much less distinctly raised basal area of the second
ventral segment. The female has no raised area at the base of the second
ventral segment, there is a yellow spot at the base of the second dorsal
segment and the wings are strongly shaded with fuscous on the costal
margin.
JourN. BomBay Nat. Hist. Soc. PLATE C,
Catherine A. M. Peurce.
InDIAN FossortaAL WASPS.
MONOGRAPH OF THE WASPS OF BRITISH INDIA.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE C.
49, -Cerceris fortinata, Cam. Q. Front of head.
50. Cerceris compta, Turn. Q. . &
51, Cerceris instabilis,Sm. 9. 55 55
52. Cerceris elizabethw, Bingh, @. i ss
53. Cerceris mastogaster, Sm. Q. ; 5
54. Cerceris vischnu, Cam. @. a ”
55. Cerceris ferox, Sm. &. ” »
56. Cerceris violaceipennis, Cam. 9. ”
57. Cerceris comberi, Turn, &. ~ 66
58. Cerceris fustidiosa, Tun, &. ”
59. Cerceris melaina, Turn. @. 3, x
60. Cerceris tristis, Cam. Q. 2 ”
61. Cerceris ferocior, Turn. &. * a
62, Cerceris cércumcinctu, Turn, &. ne pe
63. Cerceris nursei, Turn. 9, > ”
64. x ke BG: 0 "
65, Cerceris invita, Turn. @- uy m
66. Cerceris novarw, Sauss. Q. ” ”
67. Cerceris rhyncophora, Turn. 9. ” ”
68, Cerceris hilaris, Sm. @. ‘ 95
69, Cerceris baluchistanensis, Cam, Q. 9 -
70. Cerceris boysi, Turn. &. 5. ”
71. Cerceris shelfordi, Turn, &. 53 o>
"72. . Cerceris inexorabilis, Turn, Q. Side of head.
MONOGRAPH OF THE WASPS OF BRITISH INDIA.
EXPLANATION OF PuLaTE D.
73. Cerceris fortinata, Cam. 2. Pygidial area.
74. Cerceris compta, Turn. 9. 3 Pa
75. Cerceris instabilis, Sm. &. a a
76, Cerceris elizabeth, Bingh, Q. ss ed
77. Cerceris mastogaster, Sm. Q.
78. Cerceris vischnu, Cam. @. ss a
79. Cerceris feroz, Sm. 9. ” 5 |
80, Cerceris violuceipennis, Cam, §. e, a
8f. Cerceris comberi, Turn. &. 3 i :
82, Cerceris fuslidiosu, Turn. &. - ie
83. Cerceris melaina, Turn. &. 3
84. Cerceris tristis, Cam Q. i ? |
85, Cerceris ferocior, Turn, 9. a 3
86, Cerceris cireumcincta, Turn. Q. a “
87. Cerceris nursez, Turn. 9. BS i
88. a ? 7) a. ” 7
89. Cerceris invita, Turn, 9. .: a
90. Cerceris novare, Sauss. Q. a »
91. Cerceris rhyxcophora, Turn, Q. » »
92. Cerceris hilaris,Sm, @. 3s »
93 Cereeris baluchistanensis, Cam. Q. as 3
94. Cerceris boysi, Turn. &. ”
95. Cerceris shelfordi, Turn. Q. i .
95. Cerceris mastogaster, Sm. 9. Ventral surface of abdomen.
Journ Bompay Nat. Hist. Soc. Panne 1D
Catherine A. M. Pearce.
InpIAN FOSSORIAL WASPS.
MONOGRAPH OF THE WASPS OF BRITISH INDIA. 819
Cercertis maculata Rad.
Cerceris maculata Rad. Fedtsch: Reise Turkestan, p. 57, Pl. viii, fig. 2,
pect: 2.
©, Central lobe of the clypeus more than half as broad again as long,
convex, truncate at the apex, with two small spines near the middle of
the apical margin. Second joint of tke flagellum distinctly longer than
the third. Front broad, the eyes diverging slightly towards the clypeus,
the cheeks less than half as broad as the eyes. Pronotum very slightly
depressed in the middle, rounded at the angles ; mesopleurz without spines.
First abdominal segment broadest in the middle, a little broader than
long ; second ventral segment without a raised area at the base; pygidial
area elongate pyriform, very narrowly truncate at the apex. Coarsely
punctured; the triangular area at the base of the median segment shining,
coarsely longitudinally striated at the base, the median groove trans-
versely striated, the sides very delicately punctured. First recurrent
nervure received. before one-third from the base of the second cubital cell.
Habitat.—Basuft, S. W. Persia (Escalera).
820
BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY’S
MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA.
Report By R. C. WrovcutTon, F.Z.S.
COLLECTION Pe oe UNO. ios
OCALTRY ® 2. oe ... Berars.
DatTE 558 J ... May-June, 1911.
COLLECTED BY ms poe Mire AS Cm:
EARLIER REPORT... oe Nol, H. Khandeshy
Vol. XXI, p. 392 (1912).
This collection was made in the northern part of the Berars,
commonly known as the Melghat. The country is hilly, and, for
the most part, well wooded, the forest being composed of teak
mixed with bamboos, and with sundry other trees commonly found
associated with it, many of which are evergreen. The subsoil is
the Dekhan trap rock, and the crops raised are for the most part
those used for local consumption, such as ‘nagli’ and ‘bajri.’”
The climate too is very much the same as that of the Dekhan.
Some of the specimens were taken at Ellichpur and represent the
Fauna of the broad valley known as the Payanghat, forming the
large bulk of the Berars. Here we find great alluvial biack soil
plains producing cotton and jowari, whose only tree growth is
patches of babhul. .
The collection is a small one, comprising 69 specimens belonging
to 22 species in 17 genera.
For the most part the species are the same as those contained in.
the Khandesh collection. Most of those that have been added to:
the earlier list represent the Fauna of a more jungly country, e.¢.,.
the Flying Squirrel, the Wild Dog, the Palm Squirrel, the
Barking Deer, and the Four-horned Antelope.
PRESBYTIS ENTELLUS, Dufr.
The common Langur.
(For synonymy, see Report No, 1.)
¢ 164. Chikalda, Berars.
MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA. 821
© 187, 192. Sembadoh, Berars.
( Vide also Report No. 1.)
These specimens appear quite like those from Khandesh.
Note.—In the notice of Presbytis entellus in Report No. 1 by inadvertence
the name leucopus has been used, it should have been hypoleucos.
PTEROPUS GIGANTEUS, Bruenn.
The common Flying-Fow.
1782. Vespertilio gigantea, Bruennich. Dyrénes Historie I., p. 45.
1825. Pteropus medius, Temminck. Mon. Mamm. L., p. 176.
1870. Pteropus kelaarti, Gray. Cat. Monk. &e., p. 104.
1891. Pteropus medius, Blanford. Mammalia No. 134.
d 197, 199, 202, 208, 211. Pili Sipna Valley, Berars.
Dr. Knud Andersen, who has studied this group, in the preparation of a
Catalogue of the Chiroptera, has pointed out to me that the name giganteus
is nearly 50 years older than medius, and must be used for the common
Flying-Fox of the plains; he is further of the opinion that the name
leucocephalus, Hodgs. (with its synonym assemensis, McClell.) must be
reserved for the Himalayan Flying-Fox. I have therefore omitted them
from the synonymy of giganteus. The names giganteus and medius were
both based on specimens from Bengal. The Ceylon Flying-Fox apparently
differs in no way from that of the peninsula, and felaarti is consequently
retained in my synonymy above. Blanford quotes edwardsi, Is. Geoffroy,
in his synonymy, but the use of this name by Is. Geoffroy was not
original, for E. Geoffroy had already given the name, -in 1810, to an
outwardly somewhat similar, but perfectly distinct, species from Mada-
gascar. The name must be dropped from the synonymy of the Indian
Flying-Fox,
PIPISTRELLUS CEYLONIcUs, Kel.
Kelaart’s Pipistrelle.
(For synonymy, see Report No. 1.)
3 182. (inal.). @ 165 (in al.) .. . Chikalda, Berars.
(Vide also Report No. 1.)
PIPISTRELLUS DORMERI, Dobs.
Dormer’s Pipistrelie.
(For synonymy, see Report No. 1.)
3 158. Chikalda, Berars.
(Vide also Report No. 1.)
PIPISTRELLUS MIMUS, Wrought.
The Southern dwarf Pipistrelle.
(For synonymy, see Report No. 1.)
© 166. (imal.) .. .. Chikalda, Berars.
(Vide also Report No. 1.)
822 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, AX1,
TAPHOZOUS MELANOPOGON, Temm.
The black-bearded sheath-tailed Bat.
(For synonymy, see Report No. 1.)
3d 168,169. @ 170,171. Chikalda, Berars.
(Tide also Report No. 1.)
Muneos muneo, Gmel.
The common Indian Mungoose.
(For synonymy, see Report No. 1.)
6 156. Q 157. Ellichpur, Berars.
(Ide also Report No. 1.)
CUON DUKHUNENSIS, Sykes.
The Indian Wild-Dog.
1831. Canis dukhunensis, Sykes. P.Z.S., p. 100.
1833. Canis primevus, Hodgson. As. Res. XVIII, p. 221.
1863. Cuon grayiformis, Hodgson. Catalogue, 2nd Ed., p. 5.
1888. Cyon dukhunensis, Blanford. Mammalia No. 70.
3 185. Sembadoh, Berars.
3d 220, 221. Pili Sipna Valley, Berars.
PETAURISTA ORAL, Tick,
The Central Indian Flying Squirrel.
1842. Pteromys oral, Tickell, Cale. Journ. N. H. I, p. 401.
1891. Pteromys oral, Blanford. Mammalia No. 227 (partim.)
© 194. Sembadoh, Berars.
3d 218; © 223. Pili Sipna Valley, Berars.
I published recently in this Journal (Vol. XX, p. 1012) a paper on the
Oriental Flying Squirrels. I there felt obliged to merge the name oral in
the synonymy of philippensis. The present specimens show that it is
necessary to revive the former name. The proportions of these specimens
are almost exactly those recorded by Tickell in the original description of
his Singhboom specimen, and are markedly smaller than that of any other
known species south of the Ganges. Otherwise these specimens do not
quite agree with the description of oral. It seems to me best, however, to
list it provisionally as oral until we have a topotype with which to com-
pare it.
FUNAMBULUS PALMARUM, L.
The Palm Squirrel.
1766. Seturus palmarum, Linneus. Syst. Nat., p. 86.
1814. Sciurus penicillatus, Leach. Zool. Misc. I, p. 6.
1832. Funambulus indicus, Lesson, Ill. Zool. pl. xliii.
MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA, 825
1891. Sevwrus palmarum, Blanford. Mammalia No, 255 (partim).
3d 159,174. Chikalda, Berars.
6S 225,29 210, 224. Sipna Valley, Berars.
Here, asin the Surat District, where I originally took pennantz, that
species occurs with palmarum.
FUNAMBULUS PENNANTI, Wroucht.
The common five-striped Squirrel.
(For synonymy, see Report No. 1.)
Q 191. Sembadoh, Berars.
Q 216. Sipna Valley, Berars.
(Vide also Report No. 1.)
TaTERA INDICA, Hardw.
The Indian Gerbil.
(For synonymy, see Report No. 1.)
o 179. Chikalda, Berars.
(Vide also Report No. 1.)
VANDELEURIA OLERACEA, Benn.
The Dekhan Tree-Mouse.
1832. Mus oleraceus, Bennett. P.Z.S., p. 121.
1859. Mus badius, Blyth. J. A. S. B., XXVIII, p. 295.
1867. Mus nilagiricus, Jerdon. Mamm. Ind., p. 208.
1891. Vandeleuria oleracea, Blanford. Mammalia No. 270.
¢ 1638. Chikalda, Berars.
The species was based by Bennett on a specimen collected by Col.
Sykes in the Dekhan. The names dumecola, dumeticola, and povensis, Hodg-
son, represent the Nepal form (dumecola was not deseribed and povensis, a
later name, was probably a young specimen) ; Vandelewria dumeticola must
therefore stand for the northern form (dark but bright tawny) which un-
doubtedly is distinct from oleracea. Of badius from Tenasserim and nilagi-
ricus of the Nilgiris, no specimens are available for examination, and I
therefore leave those names provisionally in the synonymy of oleracea.
EPIMYS RUFESCENS, Gray.
The common Indian Rat.
(For synonymy, see Report No. 1.)
3 176, 178, 184, Chikalda, Berars.
5 208, 204, 209. Sipna Valley, Berars.
3 230; 9 231. Harisel, Berars.
(Vide also Report No. 1.)
A very even series, quite like the specimens from Khandesh.
824 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XX.
EprimMys BLANFORDI, Thos.
The white-tailed Rat.
1881. Mus blanfordi, Thomas: A. N.N. H. (5) VII, p. 24.
1591. Mus blanfordi, Blanford: Mammalia No. 278.
3 195; 9 189. Sembadoh, Berars.
3 217; 9 198, 212, 213, 227. Sipna Valley, Berars.
The species was based on a somewhat immature &, in spirit, from Cud-
lapah, Madras Presidency. A little later Mr. Thomas received a second
‘spirit specimen, a full grown <6, also collected by Col. Beddome, and
published revised measurements (P. Z.S. 1881, p. 541). Since then our
Society has received specimens collected by Mr. Woosnam at Matheran,
and Mr. Kinnear at Karwar, and Sai, Kolaba District, and the British
Museum has a series collected by Col. Ward at Mandla. C. P. These last
appear to be rather larger than any of the rest, otherwise all appear to
agree together fairly well.
LEGGADA PLATYTHRIX, Benn.
The Dekhan Spiny-Mouse.
(For synonymy, see Report No. 1.)
© 172,177,180. Chikalda, Berars.
¢ 200 215; 2 205, 214. Pili Sipna Valley, Berars.
(Vide also Report No. 1.)
The British Museum has a spirit specimen collected by Col. Sykes, and
two skin specimens collected by the Rev. Mr. Fairbank at Ahmednagar.
‘The present series, though not altogether agreeing with these typical
specimens, 18 so near them that, for the present, at any rate, it must rank
as platythrix.
LrGeaDa BooDUGA, Gray.
The Southern Field-Mouse.
(For synonymy, see Report No. 1.)
3 206, 207; 2 201. Pili Sipna Valley, Berars.
dg 228. Kolkaz Sipna Valley, Berars.
( Vide also Report No. 1.)
Iam not satisfied that these are true dooduya, but the material of the
latter species is so incomplete that I provisionally list them under that
name.
GOLUNDA ELLIOTI, Gray.
The Indian Bush-Rat.
(For synonymy, see Report No. 1.)
¢ 183. Chikalda, Berars.
(Vide also Report No. 1.)
1785.
1816.
1827.
1829,
1839.
1844,
1844,
1872.
1891.
1904.
MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA. 825
Lepus simcoxi, Wrought.
The Khandesh Hare.
(For synonymy, see Report No. 1.)
¢ 160,173; Q 167. Chikalda, Berars.
(Vide also Report No. 1.)
MUNTIACUS VAGINALIS, Bodd.
The Barking Deer.
Cervus vaginalis, Boddaert. Elench. Anim. I, p. 136.
Cervus subcornutus, de Blainville. Bull. Soc. Phil., p. 77.
Cervus aureus, Hamilton Smith. Griffith’s An. Kingd. IV., p. 148
Cervus ratwa, Hodgson. As. Res. XVIIL., pt. 2, p. 189.
Cervus melas, Ogilby. Royle’s Bot. Himal., p, LXIII.
“Cervus stylocerus, Wagner. Schreb: Saiig. Supp. IV., p. 392.
Cervus albipes, Wagner, l. c., p. 394.
Cervulus tamulicus, Gray. Cat. Rum. Mamm., p. 94.
Cervulus muntjac, Blanford. Mammalia No. 362.
Cerrvulus grandicornis, Lyddeker. Field. C1V., p. 780.
@ 188. Chikalda, Berars.
2 193, 196. Sembadoh, Berars.
¢ 222. Pili Sipna Valley, Berars.
Zimmermann’s muntjak (1780), Blainville’s moschatus (1816), Gray’s
eurvostylis (1872) and Kohlbrugge’s pletharicus (1896) were based on Javan,
Sumatran, Siamese, and Bornean forms respectively, and must be excluded
from the synonymy of the Indian species. The oldest name given to the
continental species is vaginalis. The names subcornutus and aureus were
based on animals of unknown habitat, but ratwa, melas, albipes, tamulicus, and
grandicornis are names available should any of the forms from the following
localities prove to be separable from the Bengal ‘ Kakar’, vzz.:—Nepal,
W. Himalaya, Poona Ghats, Southern India (S. M. Country) and
Tenasserim.
TETRACEROS QUADRICORNIS, Blainv.
The four-horned Antelope.
1816. Antelope (Cervicapara) quadricornis, Blainville, Bull. Soc, Phil.,
p. 78.
1825. Antelope chickara, Hardwicke. Trans. L. 8. XIV., p. 520.
1839. Antelope subquadricornutus, Elliot. Madr. Journ, L. & SS. X,,
p. 225.
1847. Tetraceros todes, Hodgson, Cale. Journ, N. H. VIIL., p. 90.
1847. Tetraceros paccerois, Hodgson. 1. c,
1891. Tetraceros quadricornis, Blanford. Mammalia No, 256.
14
3 186. 92 190. Sembadoh, Berars.
826 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XRG
COLLECTION ae CPST ss:
Hocatany e. aes ee *Cutch:
Date ce Ae ... July-August.
COLLECTED BY she seg) Mie Ce AceOrumip:
EARLIER REPORTS... ... No. 1, E. Khandesh,
Vol. XXE p. 392 (1902
No. 2, Berars, .
Vol. XXI, p. 820 (1912).
This Collection was made in the Cutch State, which lies on the
Tropic of Cancer, between 68° and 71° East longitude, on the
West Coast, from which it is separated by the two Runns (Great
and Little). The subsoil of Cutch is composed of stratified rocks
of various ages and is covered with recent or subrecent deposits,
both wind and water borne, of which the principal are sand and
alluvium. Rainfall is very light, intervals of years without rain
being known, the fall at Bhuj is said to average about 12 inches.
The area collected over is for the most part an alluvial plain,
bounded northward and westward by ranges of hills rising in some
cases to an altitude of 2,000 feet. Except for some scanty bush
growth on these hills, a few large trees in Bhuj and Anjar, and
patches of babhul jungle scattered about, for the most part
near T'anks (notably an area near the large Tank at Charwa), the
whole country is treeless.
In addition to information from the Gazetteer, which I have
used in the above description, Mr. Crump furnishes the following
detailed descriptions :—
‘‘ Bhuj lies in a saucer and its surroundings appear to me to be
as varied as can be found in Cutch State. To the W. and N.,
beyond 10 miles of undulating country, are ranges of mountains.
There is an old Fort which harbours many Bats, situated on an
isolated hill immediately overlooking the City. Just outside the
City walls is a’ garden, kept up by the State, which is crowded with
flourishing trees and shrubs, together with a profusion of flowers.”
“ Rhoda Motha lies about 10 miles to the North of Bhuj, imme-
diately beyond it limestone and trap hills rise suddenly from a .
plain of fine sand. Babhul and Pricklypear grow in small patches.”
oa)
©
4
MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA.
«“ Nokania, about 3 miles from Rhoda Motha, has very varied
surroundings. A large Tank, with a good patch of Babhul and
Pricklypear jungle, affords good cover, the rest of the surrounding
country is sandy plain, dotted with bushes, and in one direction a
wide area of cultivated land.”
« Dhonsa is mainly surrounded by cultivation, it has a low
range of limestone hills on one side, where some rodents were
obtained, but from the rest the results were small.”
“ Charwa, on the Bhuj side, has rolling hills covered with
dense babhul jungle. A fine Tank, 4 or 5 miles round, has been
formed by the erection of a bund. Here the trees are larger and
the undergrowth thick, affording excellent cover for Leopards
(which have been introduced), Pigs, Jackals, etc. Below the Tank
is a well stocked garden, and beyond that for some miles jungle
growth, confined to a good wide Nullah. The vest of the country
isa sandy plain with low rocky hills rising from it. Towards the
Bunnee is a large amphitheatre of hills in the midst of which is
some good cultivation, surrounded by fair grazing grounds for
sheep and cattle. It is here and along the North Coast that
Wolves are common.”
“« Pirwadi is near and very like Dhonsa. The wells have dried
up and it is now deserted.”
“ Anjar is a large town, containing some fine trees. It is sur-
rounded by a flat stretch of cultivated land, which even extended
to Kharirobar on the Coast.”’
‘“‘ Shikarpur is on the South Coast, eastward from Kharirobar, it
is in the midst of cultivation which extends to Markhed and
Nanda.”’
“‘Poungbe is separated from Nanda by a salt plain, which is
covered with water during the monsoon. It is a low plateau
with a large central depression, which after the monsoon is covered
with long grass giving excellent grazing to cattle, Wild Asses,
Pigs and Blackbuck. Apart from grass there is absolutely no
cover.”’
“Padampur has good cultivation around it, anda fairly thick
crub jungle on undulating and broken ground. Close by is a
group of low hills rising out of fine sand.”’
828 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXI,
‘ Chitrod is surrounded by an undulating plain, quite bare of —
trees and mostly under cultivation. On the road to Jhangi the 4
country is still flatter, and almost entirely under cultivation.”
C.A. OM
This is a large and most interesting collection. There are 35d
specimens divided among 38 species in 28 genera. As was to be
expected, from the geographical position of Cutch, the collection
is representative of a somewhat different fauna from those of |
Khandesh and the Berars.
Out of the 38 species 10 are distinctly Northern forms, viz., the —
two Hedgehogs, the Desert Cat, the Desert Gerbil, the two ashy
Spiny Mice, the Northern Field Mouse, the Cutch Rock Rat, the
Sind Hare and the Rajputana Porcupine. The Mongoose is a
transition form, some of the specimens show distinct signs of the
red colouring which characterises sanguinea, Blanford, from Sind,
while others are quite typical mungo. The majority of the species
however apparently represent forms equally at home both in the
north and the south. Exactly to what extent this is so it remains
for further collections to decide.
The majority of these ‘“‘Southern” forms have already been
obtained by the ‘“‘ Mammal Survey” in Khandesh and the Berars,
but a few are new to the list, e.g., the bicoloured leaf-nosed Bat
and the mouse-tailed Bats, the Caracal, the Civet, the Wolf, the
Ratel, and the Pangolin.
Topotypes of the Cutch sheath-tailed Bat have now been obtained ;
until Mr. Crump collected this Bat at Ajanta, Hyderabad State, it
had not I believe been taken since Stoliczka’s visit to Cutch about
1870.
Five forms are new to science:—The fine mouse-tailed Bat,
whose nearest relative is found in Sumatra, which I have named
after Mr. Kinnear, our hardworking Curator. The interesting long-
tailed Rat for which I have had to provide a new Genus, as well as
a new Species. I have named it Cremnomys cutchicus. The Generic
name is best translated ‘“ Rock Rat’ while the Specific name is
given in honour of H. H. the Rao of Cutch, to whose good-
will we owe this collection and under whose immediate patron-
age it was made. The two mice, viz., the smaller ashy Spiny
MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA. 829
Mouse and the northern Field Mouse, and finally the Rajputana
Porcupine.
Mr. Crump has collected and recorded a number of observations in
connection with the specimens, from which I have prepared short
notes and incorporated them in the report over Mr. Crump’s initials.
H. H. the Rao has furnished a list of Cutchee names which have:
also been recorded.
PTEROPUS GIGANTEUS, Bruenn.
The common Flying-Fow.
(For synonymy, see Report No. 2.)
o 349. Charwa, Cutch.
d 407, 409; 2 406, 408. Bhuj, Cutch.
(Vide also Report No. 2.)
Vernacular name—Wapwacuan. (H. H. the Kao.)
[“ Extremely local. There is a colony at Bhuj which roosts in the City,.
repairing for food to H. H. the Rao’s Garden, some even wandering to
Charwa, 10 miles away. It is said they are also to be found at Anjar..
where there are some large trees.”—C. A. C.]|
HIPPosIDEROS FULVUS, Gray.
The bicoloured leaf-nosed Bat.
1838. Hipposideros fulvus, Gray. Mag. Zool. Bot. II., p. 492.
1838. Hipposideros murinus, Gray. 1. c.
1839. Rhinolophus murinus, Elliot. Madr. Journ. L. & S. X., p. 99.
1839. Rhinolophus fulgens, Elliot. 1. ¢.
1848. Hipposideros ater, Templeton. J.A.S. B. XVIL., p. 252.
1852. Hipposideros atratus, Kelaart. Prod. Faun. Zeyl., p. 16.
1853. Hipposideros cineraceus, Blyth. J. A. S. B. XXII., p. 410.
1891. HMipposiderus bicolor, Blanford. Mammalia No. 166.
g 435, 2 421, 439, 446, 447. Bhuj, Cutch.
Temminck’s bicolor was named from Java, it is a distinct species with
smaller ears. I took some specimens near Darjeeling in 1891. The name-
must be removed from the synonymy of the present bat. Gray named two:
species, fudvus and mwrinus, on specimens sent to him by Elliot, from the
Southern Mahratha Country; they were colour phases of one species, a thing
not uncommon amongst the Rhinolophide. A year later Elliot described,.
presumably the same two forms, under the names murinus and fulgens. The
names ate, Templeton, and its modification atratus, Kelaart, represent the
Ceylon form of the present species and must remain in its synonymy until
we have material to show that it is separable. Blyth described cineraceus
from Pind Dadan Khan in the Punjaub, he states that it is larger than.
830 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXI.
‘murinus, Elliot’ but quotes for it a markedly shorter forearm, without
topotypes for comparison I must leave the name in the synonymy of fulvus
Vernacular name—CuHamps. (H.H. the Rao.)
'“ These specimens formed the whole colony of one cave. They hung
from the roof by their hind legs and did not cling or crawl on the wall.” —
©.A.C.]
ScoroPHILUS KUHLI, Leach.
The common yellow Bat.
(For synonymy, see Report No. 1.)
2 309, 312, $27 (im al.)....Bhuj, Cutch.
(Vide also Report No, 1.)
These specimens are undoubtedly Audi though a trifle smaller and some-
what differently coloured from those received from Khandesh.
Vernacular name—Cuampa, (H. H. the Rao.)
PIPISTRELLUS CEYLONICUS, Kel.
Kelaarts Pipistrelle.
(For synonymy, see Report No. 1.)
6 452. Bhuj, Cutch.
© 383 (in al.) Charwa, Cutch.
(Vide also Report No. 1.)
It is a pity only one specimen was obtained ; had there been a series |
should have had no hesitation in separating this as a distinct local race, so
different is this one from more southern specimens.
Vernacular name—Cuampa. (H. H., the Rao.)
PIPISTRELLUS DORMERI, Dobs.
Dormer’s Bat.
(For synonymy, see Report No. 1.)
3 316 (in al.) 530 (imm.), 561 (imm.),Q 320, 529, 343 (in al.)
555. Bhuj, Cutch.,
(Vide also Report Nos. 1 and 2.)
Vernacular name—Cuampa. (H. H. the Rao.)
TaPHOZOUS MELANOPOGON, Temm.
The black-bearded sheath-tailed Bat.
(For synonymy, see Report No. 1.)
3 300 (in al.), 425 (in al.), 454 (albine), 466, 467, 468, 469, 470,
1, 526, 527, 535, 545, 558, 559, 569, 570, 571, 572, 575,
6, 577, 578, 480, 581, 582, 583, 584, 585, 586, 589, 591,
2, 594, 595, 596.
Q 422, 425, 424, 426 (in al.), 428, 429, 480, 431 (in al.), 432, 433,
440, 472, 473, 560, 573, 574, 587, 590, 593, Bhuj. Cutch.
(Tide also Reports Nos. 1 and 2.)
MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA. 851
This is a very even series and differs somewhat in colour from the
Khandesh specimens, which latter quite resemble some specimens, in the
National Collection, from Bombay, (Kennery Caves.)
Vernacular name—Cuampa. (H. H. the Rao.)
[ “These were taken froma small Tomb. They cling to the wall and
erawl about with great ease, their flight is rapid.””—C, A. C.]
TAPHOZOUS KACHHENSIS, Dobs.
The Cutch sheath-tailed Bat.
(For synonymy, see Report No. 1.)
6 541, 546, 551; 2 532, 533, 534, 540, 547, 548, 549, 550, 552,
553 (in al.), 554 (in al.), 588. Bhuj, Cutch.
(Vide also Report No. 1.)
These specimens are topotypes of Dobson’s kachhensis, they do not
appear to differ in any way from those obtained at Ajanta.
| ‘“* These bats were found in a tomb, both sexes together, no other
species with them ; all were full grown but some were undoubtedly of this
season. They cling rather than hang and can crawl backwards up a wall
with fair speed, using thumbs as well as feet. They are very noisy, espec-
jally in the evening just before emerging into the open.”’
“T several times observed this species searching round bushes for food, it
hovers over the bush and actually settles for a fraction of a second, while
picking an insect from among the foliage, immediately afterwards, as it flies
over-head a distinct clicking sound can be heard as if a beetle or some other
hard substance were being chewed,”’—C, A. C.}
RHINOPOMA HARDWICKII, Gray.
The lesser Indian mouse-tailed Bat.
1831. Lhinopoma hardwickit, Gray. Zool. Misce., p. 37.
1891. Rhinopoma microphyllum, Blanford. Mammalia No. 223 (partim).
3 323, 525, 564; Q 455, 456, 465, 528, 529, 557.
RHINOPOMA KINNEARI, Wrought.
The yieater Indian mouse-tailed Bat.
1891. Rhinopoma microphyllum, Blanford. Mammelia No, 223. (partim.)
1912. Rhinopoma hkinneart, Wroughton. Journ. B.N.H.S., Vol. XXI p. 767.
6 457, 458, 459, 460 (in al.), 463 (im al.), 464 (in al.), 475 (in
al.), 476 (in al.), 478, 479, 579. Bhuj, Cutch.
| “ These long-tailed bats are common near Bhuj, they are high but not
rapid fliers,”—-C. A. C.]
Nyctinomus tracgatus, Dobs.
Dobson's wrinkled-lipped Bat.
1874, Nyctinomus tragatus, Dobson. J. A, 8. B. XUIII., 2., p. 1438,
'
m,'
a)
832 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXTI.
1891. Nyctenomus tragatus, Blanford. Mammalia No. 224.
3 536, 538; 2 458, 587, 539, 542, 543, 544. Bhuj, Cutch.
The type, a spirit specimen in the Indian Museum, is said to have
been taken at Calcutta. The National Collection has only 3 specimens, —
from known localities so far apart as the Punjaub and the Malabar —
Coast.
Vernacular name—Cuampa. (H. H. the Rao.)
(“These bats were found singly, or two or three together, in cracks in
walls or in narrow spaces, formed by slabs of stone leaning against walls.
They do not hang suspended from a roof but cling, in inverted position
often quite wedged in the crevice ; they make a low clicking noise when ~
disturbed and have a quick flight.”—C. A. C.] |
7
ERINACEUS COLLARIS, Gray and Hardw. ;
Hardwicke’s Hedgehog.
1830. Lrinaceus collaris, Gray and Hardwicke. Ill. Ind. Zool. I, pl. 8.
1832. Erinaceus spatangus, Bennett. P.Z.S8., p. 128.
1832. Lrinaceus grayi, Bennett. P., Z.S., p. 124.
1839. Erinaceus indicus, Royle. Ill. Ind. Zool. (nomen nudum).
1888. LErinaceus collaris, Blanford. Mammalia No. 104.
3g 240, 303, 305, 306, 346, 484; 2 304, 545, 347, 485, 486, 487,.
565. Bhuj, Cutch.
So 266. Nokania, Cutch.
I dealt recently with the synonymy of this species, in this Journal (Vol.
XX., p. 80), and there is nothing more to be done until a series of topotypes.
from the Doab is available for comparison.
Vernacular name—SeEvro, Sewra. (H. H. the Rao.)
(“ Hedgehogs seem to be very local in their distribution. They are
quite common near Bhuj, rarer in the north of the State, less so in the east,
and very common again in the extreme east. The Hedgehog is entirely
nocturnal. It hunts singly, keeping up a steady trot in its search for food
and no doubt covering a considerable distance during a night.
When handled, they sometimes inflate and deflate themselves, making
a noise like the rush of air from a pair of bellows. When face downwards.
and not tightly curled up they can jerk up the back : this method of defence
is practised most frequently by the young. Some Hedgehogs I had in
captivity fought occasionally, attacking each other’s faces, and making a
noise like angry kittens; two large males on one occasion fought. until
one was severely bitten under the ear and killed.
The local tradition says that the Jackal feeds on the Hedgehog; he:
turns the rolled up Hedgehog on his back and drops urine on him to make
him open out. The Hedgehog is incapable of jumping even the shortest.
distance either up or down.”—C. A. C.]
MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA.
(@'9)
(S%)
Os
pe wt Gg
Nad is if “Ail
: Wift
i i“ is a He
oo lp
Ny 4 Wa “hy tif f Pol
\ ip i
; ‘ \ I Wy M%, Why
\. ‘ ‘\ “fe Se lf hi i, i lit
Vii ‘ih th Wl ins ily 7
iy)
Wit OT
eA
Hardwicke’s Hedgehog, Erinaceus collaris. 3 nat. size.
ERINACEUS MicROPUS, Blyth.
The Northern pale Hedgehog.
1846. Erinaceus micropus, Blyth. J. A. 8. B. XV, p. 170.
1872. Erinaceus pictus, Stoliczka. J. A.S. B. XLI (2), p. 225.
1888. Lrinaceus pictus, Blanford. Mammalia No. 107.
1910. Erinaceus micropus, Wroughton. Journ. B.N.H.S., Vol. XX, p. 80.
@ 285. Nokania, Cutch.
5 299. @Q 298. Dhonsa, Cutch.
g 302. 344, 348, 481, 482, 567; 9 300, 301, 480, 566, 588.
Bhuj, Cutch.
g 500. Makhal, Cutch.
3 502. Nanda, Cutch.
As I recently pointed out in a paper (I. c.) in this Journal, the name
micropus, used for the southern Hedgehog, by Blanford, was based
by Blyth on a specimen from Bhawalpur, and applied to the present
species ; the name pictus, given by Stoliczka to the Cutch species being
sunk as a synonym, that form not being separable from the Bhawalpur
Hedgehog.
Vernacular name—Sevro, Szewra. (H. H. the Rao.)
15
834 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXI.
BAS
ay
\
\
N
\
KAN
\
\
NY
The Northern pale Hedgehog, Eyinaceus micropus. + nat. size.
The above drawing of the Northern pale Hedgehog is hardly light
enough in comparison with that of Hardwicke’s Hedgehog on the prece-
ding page.
These two hedgehogs can readily be distinguished by the difference in
colour, Hardwicke’s being dark and the Northern pale, as its name
implies, light. Besides colour the two species are at once separated by
the absence in Hardwicke’s of a naked furrow in the middle of the head,
which, as can be seen in the drawing, is very distinct in the Northern
pale Hedgehog.
PACHYURA, sp.
Shrews.
3S 381. 404, 413, 414, 415; P 332, 405, 444. Bhuj, Cutch.
3g 477. Bhuj, Cutch.
Q 284. Nokania, Cutch.
(Vide also Report No. 1.)
Vernacular name—ANDHI-cHHUNCHH. (H. H. the Rao.)
(“Musk shrews are fairly common. Two kept in captivity showed great
(lexterity in catching flies on the wing, raising themselves on their hind
legs, and with quick movements of the head, snapping at the flies,”—
C.A.C.]
MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA. 835
FELIS AFFINIS, Gray and Hardw.
The Jungle Cat.
(For synonymy, see Report No. 1.)
3 264. 2 264. Nokania, Cutch.
2 326. Bhuj, Cutch.
3S 365. 376, 387; 2 367. Charwa, Cutch.
© 523. Chitrod, Cutch.
(Vide also Report No. 1.)
Vernacular name—JHANG-MENO, (H. H. the Rao.)
(“Common wherever there is sutticient cover. Itis chiefly nocturnal.” —
eA. ©.
FELIS ORNATA, Gray and Hardw.
The Indian Desert Cat.
1832. Felis ornata, Gray and Hardwicke. Ill. Ind. Zool. I, pl. 2.
1837. Felis servalina, Jardine. Nat. Libr., II, p. 232.
3g 241. Bhuj, Cutch.
Vernacular name—JHANG-MENO. (H. H. the Rao.)
(“One specimen only was obtained, shot over the carcase of a fresh
killed sheep. I believe it to be commoner than is supposed, judging from
the number of cat-tracks found in quite open ground round burrows of the
Gerbil, where affinis is unlikely to have gone.”’—C. A. C.]
FELIS CARACAL, Guld.
The Caracal,
1776. Felis caracal, Guldenstadt. Nov. Com. Pet. XX, p. 500.
1888. Felis caracal, Blanford. Mammalia No, 42. :
3 289. Dhonsa, Cutch.
2 403. Bhuj, Cutch.
Vernacular name—Hayanatro. (H. H. the Rao.)
(“Reported to be fairly common in the N. and N. W. Hills.”—
©.A.C.]
VIVERRICULA MALACCENSIS, Gmel.
The small Indian Civet.
1788. Viverra malaccensis, Gmelin. Syst. Nat. I, p. 92.
1817. Veverra indica, Geoffroy. Desm. Nouv. Dict. VII, p. 170.
1832. Vaverra bengalensis, Gray and Hardwicke. Ill. Ind. Zool. I,
pl. 4.
1832. Vorverra pallida, Gray. P.Z.S., p. 68.
1888. Veverricuda malaccensis, Blanford. Mammalia No. 48.
6 297. Dhonsa, Cutch.
2 485, Bhuj, Cutch.
886 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XXT.
Horsfield’s name 7asse must be left out of the synonymy of this speeies,
it belongs to the Javan species which is distinct.
These specimens might have been expected to fall into the sub-species
deserti, Bonhote, from Rajputana, but neither in colouration nor skull)
characters do they resemble Bonhote’s type. One of the specimens is an
extraordinarily aged individual, the molars being worn entirely away, their
roots only showing beyond the jaw.
Vernacular name—Japapio. (H. H. the Rao.)
‘This Civet is nocturnal and very shy.”’—C. A. C.]
Muneos munco, Gmel.
The common Indian Mongoose.
(For synonymy see Report No, 1,)
252, 339. Bhuj, Cutch.
253, 270, 277; 2 267, 269. Nokania, Cutch.
293. Dhonsa, Cutch,
8738; 2 354, 355,392. Charwa, Cutch.
400. Perwadi, Cutch.
(Vide also Reports Nos. 1 & 2.)
Vernacular name—Noriyvo. (H. H. the Rao.)
(“The Mongoose is very common in Cutch, particularly m the north,
rarer towards the east coast. It lives under rocks and in holes, apparently
dug by itself, it is diurnal, very bold, though wary, and excessively
inquisitive ; it rarely goes any distance from cover. It climbs well.
When trapped it screams loudly, but normally anger is shown by arching
the back and a growl like a cat.”
“T was told by an eye witness that a mongoose attacked w snake which
was coiled round a branch near the ground, the snake kept the mongoose
off for some time, until the latter retired out of sight. The snake then
descended tothe ground and the mongoose, with a lightning-like rush
from a neighbouring bush seized it by the head.’’—C. A. C.]
H. H. the Rao in a note to Mr. Crump expresses the opinion—
(1) that the mongoose we get here has “a white tip to its tail, and is
not the same as the one commonly met with elsewhere in India which has a
distinct black tip to its tail.” I think H. H. must have been thinking of
Mungos smithi, a quite distinct and somewhat larger animal, which is the
only mongoose in India with a distinct black tip to its tail. The present
specimens seem to average a shade smaller than those from Khandesh and
Berar, and have a very slightly more reddish colouration in the bars
across the tail than is found in the latter.
2) “The Cutch mongoose is probably the same one as in Sindh.” The
North Sind mongoose (i.e., ferrugineus, Blanford) is strikingly different in
its general bright rufous colouration and red tail-tip.
tO FW A OW OO,
i
|
MAMMAL SURVEY UF INDIA. 837
Some Rajputana specimens in the National Collection seem to be inter-
mediate between ferrugineus and true mungo as represented by the present
series and the specimens from Khandesh and the Berars.
Hy#na HY=NA, L.
The striped Hyena.
(For synonymy, see Report No. 1.)
3 259, 282. Nokania, Cutch.
3 330; 2 328. Bhuj, Cutch.
(Vide also Report No. 1.)
CANIS PALLIPES, Sykes.
The Indian Wolf.
1831. Canis pallipes, Sykes. P. Z.S., p. 101.
1888. Canis pallipes, Blanford. Mammalia No. 68.
3 390; 2 391. Charwa, Cutch.
Vernacular name—Buacap. (H. H. the Rao.)
(“The Wolf is common along the North Coast of Cutch especially so in
the Bunnee, where he preys on the sheep sent there to graze. I sawa
pack of seven at Rhoda Motha, and another of eight near Charwa from
which the two specimens were obtained. In the north of the State many
sheep are killed by wolves. In the Bunnee, Wolves are said to attack
Shepherds occasionally but are easily driven off with sticks. So far as
I could learn, Wolves are very rare in the South of Cutch and are
unknown in the Hast.”—C. A. C.]
CaNIs InDIcUS, Hodgs.
The common Indian Jackal.
1833. Canis aureus indicus, Hodgson. As. Res. XVIII, p. 237.
1888. Canis aureus, Blanford. Mammalia No. 69.
© 245, 248. Rhoda Motha, Cutch.
© 278, 286. Nokania, Cutch.
3 314. Bhuj, Cutch.
3 375; @ 386, Charwa, Cutch.
© 503. Nanda, Cutch.
( Vide also Report No. 1.)
Linneeus in describing aureus writes “nitide flavus ... . Descriptio
vera animalis etiamnum defecit.”” He had never seen the animal either
dead or alive, but based his recognition of it on an account by Kempfer
of an animal seen by him in the Province of Lar, on the Persian Gulf.
While giving a long account of its habits, &c., Keempfer gave no detailed
description of the animal itself, he furnished however a figure of which I
give an exact reproduction here.
838 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XNXI,
Kempfer’s figure of the Persian Gulf Jackal (1712)
‘on which Linnzeus based his Canis aureus 756),
After trying for several years, our Society has at last succeeded in obtaining
two specimens from Bunder Abbas, which it has presented to the National
Collection, and which may, I think, be confidently accepted as topotypes.
Basing on these it appears that the true aureus of S. Persia differs
considerably from the Indian Jackal. The bases of the hairs, in the
former are white, while in the latter, they are yellow or some shade of
brown. The face and ears (externally) of all Indian Jackals which I have
seen are bright tawny, while in the Persian Gulf awreus the face is grizzled
buff and black and the ears are pinkish-buff.
In their skulls the two forms differ but little. In the Indian form, how-
ever, the teeth between the carnassial and the canine (upper) have spaces
between them, while in true aureus they touch one another and even to a
slight extent overlap. The result of this in the living animal must be
that the Indian Jackal has a longer muzzle, which is just what would have
been expected by anyone familiar with dog-breeding in India.
I give here for easy reference a comparative table of some skull
measurements :—
Pee ae a indicus, | indicus, indicus,
Gulf. Nepal. | Khandesh.| Cutch.
@endaloeeea length a 145 148 154 149
Baia length ae o 135 140 142 138
Greatest breadth .. ... 81 88 85 - «ile seem
Nasals length nf oe 49 54 52 55
Palatilar length .. ‘eal 7 74 75 72
M? to front of canine... wid igs 56 69 66 |
MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA, 839
I propose to drop the name aureus altogether for the Indian Jackal and
to adopt provisionally Hodgson’s name zndicus. I advisedly use the word
provisionally, for until much more material is available we are not ina
position to assume that the Jackal remains absolutely unchanged through-
out all India, indeed so far as | am now able to judge such is not the case.
Vernacular name—Siyap. (H. H. the Rao.)
{‘‘ Jackals are extremely common all over Cutch. They are very suscep-
tible to rabies”.—C. A. C.] .
VULPES BENGALENSIS, Shaw.
The common Indian Fox.
(For synonymy, see Report No. Jk3))
g 239; 9 238. Bhuj, Cutch.
(Vide also Report No. 1.)
Vernacular name—Lonxpo (H. H. the Rao.’
VULPES LEUCOPUS, Blyth.
The Indian desert Fox.
1854. Vulpes leucopus, Blyth. J. A.S.B., XXIII, p. 729.
@ 268. Nokania, Cutch.
My identification of this specimen 1s not satisfactory, but, without more
material, I have no option but to label it V. /eucopus. I cannot agree with
Blanford that giifithi and pusilla are identical with leucopus. If the latter
name ultimately proves to be synonymous with leucopus, it will take its
place as the name of the species, with /ewcopus as a synonym, for pusilla is
the older.
Vernacular name—Lonxopo. (H. H. the Rao.)
MELLIVoRA INDICA, Kerr.
The Indian Ratel.
1792. Ursus indicus, Kerr. Anim. Kingd., p. 188.
1834. Ursitavus inauritus, Hodgson. As. Res. XIX, p, 61
1888. Mellivora indica, Blanford. Mammalia No. 89.
6 287. Dhonsa, Cutch.
3g 333. Bhuj, Cutch.
Vernacular name—Guurnar. (H. H. the Rao.)
FUNAMBULUS PENNANTI, Wrought.
The common five-striped Squirrel.
(For synonymy, see Report No. 1.)
3 262, 263; 2 258. Nokania, Cutch.
. g 340, 341; 2 313, 402. Bhuj, Cutch.
9 362. Charwa, Cutch.
(Vide also Reports Nos. 1 and 2.)
840 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XX,
Vernacular name—Kuitopi. (H. H. the Rao.)
[‘‘ Plentiful in Bhuj and Charwa, not very common in other parts, rare in
the East.”—C. A. C.]
MERIONES HURRIAN#, Jerd.
The Indian desert Gerbil.
1867. Gerbillus hurriane, Jerdon. Mamm. Ind., p. 186.
1891. Gerbillus hurriane, Blanford. Mammalia No. 265.
3 243; 2 247, 254,255. Rhoda Motha, Cutch.
265, 275. Nokonia, Cutch.
310, 318, 319; 9 508, 531, 556. Bhuj, Cutch.
353. Charwa, Cutch.
398. Pirwadi, Cutch.
520, 521; 92 519, 522. Chitrod, Cutch.
The names indicus and erythrourus, quoted by Blanford in the synonymy
of this species, represent distinct species so that I have omitted them
entirely. The present series seems to be quite typical.
Vernacular name—Kuerrav-unpar. (H. H., the Rao.)
[ “The common Gerbil of Cutch, found wherever the soil is light or
sandy ; it is by no means entirely nocturnal, individuals may be seen bur-
rowing or feeding at any time of the day, but especially in the morning.
It often sits upright with the forefeet suspended but, with an upward jerk
of its tail, it plunges into its burrow at the least alarm. It can move
about fairly rapidly ; usually keeping the body close to the ground, it
moves by a series of little leaps if seriously alarmed or pursued. It seems
Q 10 G% AD
to trust a good deal to its close coloured resemblance to its surroundings
to escape detection, and, when feeding, may be approached near enough to
bring its slightest movements under observation. When feeding it sits
upright and conveys, with great rapidity, pieces of grass to its incessantly
working jaws.
My attempts to photograph it however were not a success.
Its burrows are in groups of 2 or 3 or more together, each burrow has
several entrances, all leading to a central chamber, in which, after the
rains, considerable stores of seeds are probably stored. A pair of adults
inhabit each burrow and appear to resent the intrusion of strangers.”—
Crean Ci]
MILLARDIA MELTADA, Gray.
The soft-furred Field-Rat.
(For synonymy, see Report No. 1
242, Rhoda Notha, Cutch.
271, 272. Nokania, Cutch.
(Vide also Report No. 1.)
MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA. 841
CREMNOMYS CUTCHICUS, Wrought.
The Cutch Rock-Rat,
1912. Cremnomys cutchicus, Wroughton. Journ. B. N. H.S., Vol. XXI,
p. 341.
249; Q 246, 250. Rhoda Motha, Cutch.
256, 274; 9 273. Nokania, Cutch.
288, 290, 291, 295 ; 9 292. Dhonsa, Cutch.
350, 356, 358, 359, 360, 369, 371, 372; Q 357, 378, 388.
Charwa, Cutch.
3 394, 395; 2 396, 397, 399. Pirwadi, Cutch.
3d 510; 2 509, 511, 512, 516, 517. Padampur, Cutch.
[ “These long-tailed Mice are found wherever there are rocky hills, par-—
ticularly among limestone. They are nocturnal, and feed on grass, seeds,
and the leaves of a small bush, and live under and among the rocks ;
they seem to be gregarious from the fact that in places large collections
of droppings may be found in hollows under rocks.” —C. A. C.]
EPIMYS RUFESCENS, Gray.
The common Indian Rat.
(For synonymy, see Report No. 1.)
3 324, 325, 336, 416, 436, 438,451; 2 311, 322, 334, 335, 337,
410, 411, 416, 417, 419, 439, 445, 474. Bhuj, Cutch.
3 504; 2 505. Adesar, Cutch.
(Vide also Reports Nos. 1 and 2.)
There appears to be no noticeable variation in the specimens so far
received.
Oly (ytd (Ok
Vernacular name—Gamri-unpar. (H. H. the Rao.)
[“‘ Rats are very common everywhere, they keep to huts and houses and
are protected and fed by the Banyas.”—C. A. C.]
Mus muscutus, L.
The common House-Mouse.
6 437 (imm); Q 420. Bhuj, Cutch.
(Vide also Report No. 1.)
I must, much against the grain, still use this name though the present
specimens bear little or no resemblance to true musculus. The names
dubius, homourus, and urbanus of Hodgson appear to all represent a species
not unlike these specimens but with such poor material it is impossible to
differentiate. Good series of house mice from all over India are a great
desideratum.
Vernacular name—Unoveni. (H. H. the lao.)
[House mice are not common in Cutch, but few were taken in Bhuj.
They were reported from the North but not known in the East of the
State.”—C, A. C.]
wi
842 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XX,
LrecGapa sapHu, Wrought.
The ashy Spiny Mouse.
1911. Leggada platythricv sadhu, Wroughton. Journ. B.N. H. 5&.,
Vol. XX. p. 1001.,
¢ 251. Rhoda Motha, Cutch. +
go 294; 9 296. Dhensa, Cutch. 4
3S 3513, 379, 381, 384, 389; 2 352, 380. Charwa, Cutch.
3d 508,518. Padampur, Cutch.
This fine series shows that sadhu can no longer be classed as a sub-species
of platythria, It represents indeed a separate group characterised by the
soa >
partial closing in of the mesopterygoid fossa behind the posterior nares
and a mammary formula of 4-2-12.
(“These spiny mice were found usually on dark, soft soil, among Babhul A
jungle and beneath fallen trees but always on hill sides. They are usually ‘
most plentiful near water.” —C. A. C.]|
LEGGaDA CINDERELLA, Wrought.
The smaller ashu Spiny Mouse.
1912, Leg We cinderella, Wroughton. B.N.H.S. Vol. XXI, p. 770.
S 257, 280; ¢ 281. Rhoda Motha, Cutch.
3 307, 321, 482. Bhuj, Cutch.
3S 377; 5 385. Charwa, Cutch.
¢ 507. Padampur, Cutch.
The type specimen of this species is an old female, of which the
measurement of the head and body is recorded as 85 mm., other fully
grown specimens measure 83,84, etc. Among the specimens of ZL. sadhu
collected by Mr. Crump, this measurement is recorded as 104 mm., in one,
while scarcely any, and those immature, are under 88 mm.
LEGGADA DUNNI, Wrought.
The Northern Field-Mouse.
1891. Mus booduga, Blanford. Mammalia No. 287. (partim).
1912. Leggada dunni, Wroughton. Journ. B. N. H. 8. supra. p. 339.
6 279. Nokania, Cutch.
A series collected by Major Dunn, R.A.M.C., has been waiting some time
for separation from booduga. I have now described it earlier in the last
number (No. 2, Vol. XXI) of the Journal, The present specimen belongs
to the species. It has the under parts pure white as in some of the
Ambala specimens.
GoLUNDA ELLIOTI, Gray.
The Indian Bush-Rat.
(For synonymy, see Report No. 1.)
¢ 566, 382. Charwa, Cutch.
(Vide also Reports Nos, 1 and 2.)
MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA. 845
Lepus payanus, Blanf.
The Sind Hare.
1874. Lepus dayanus, Blanford. P. Z.S8., p. 663.
1884. Lepus joongshaiensis, Murray. Vert. Zool. Sind., p. 51.
401; Q 236, 237, 317. Bhuj, Cutch.
283. Nokania, Cutch.
342. Bhuj, Cutch.
361, 363, 364. Charwa, Cutch.
493; 2 488, 494. Anjar, Cutch.
498, 499. Makhal, Cutch.
513, 514. Padampur, Cutch.
Vernacular name—Sao. (H. H. the Rao.)
| ‘Hares are very common throughout Cutch. They breed in June and
10 O; G% 10 QA Aa
July and again in September and October, having | or 2 young at a birth.
The Shikaris assert that there are two species in Cutch, a larger and a
smaller.”—C, A. C.]
Hystrix CUNEICEPS, Wrought.
The Rajputana Porcupine.
1892. Hystric leucura, Blanford. Mammalia. No. 315.
1912. Hystria leucura cuneiceps, Wroughton. Journ. B. N. S., Vol. XXI,
Be Cole
9. 244. Rhoda Motha, Cutch.
$: 261. Nokania, Cutch.
This form which I have described on an earlier page of this Journal is
easily recognisable by its smaller size and its rusty colouration compared
with the black of true leweura and by its wedge-shaped skull.
Vernacular name—Sep. (H. H. the Rao.)
{| “In Cutch, porcupines seem to favour the shelter of rocks rather than
making their own burrows. They are not known further Hast than
Chitrod, are said to be rare tothe 8. E. of Bhuj, and comparatively
common along the north coast, and the same round Charwa and to the
West.”’—C. A. C.]
GAzELLA BENNETTI, Sykes.
The Indian Gazelle.
(For synonymy, see Report No. 1.)
3 489, 490, 491, 496, 497; 9492, 495. Anjar, Cutch.
Q 524. Chitrod, Cutch.
(Vide also Report No. 1.)
Vernacular names—CuinKkaro, Ratapio, Kar-Pucuo. (H. H. the Rao.)
#44 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII,
Manis crassicaupata, G, St. Hil.
The Indian Pangolin.
1808. Manis crassicaudata, G. St. Hilaire. Cat. Mamm., p. 213.
1834. Manis indicus, Lesson. Suite. Mamm., IV., p. 520.
1842. Manis (Phatagis) laticauda, Sundevall. Vet. Ak. Handl., p. 258.
1872. Pholidotus bengalensis, Fitzinger. S. B. Ak. Wien., p. 64.
6 315. Bhuj, Cutch.
The name pentadactyla which was based on an animal from Formosa
must be reserved for the Chinese Pangolin, as must dbrachyura for the same
reason.
Vernacular name—Cunato. (H. H. the Rao.)
COLLECTION Re ONG) Ale
LOCALITY eee Nima
DaTE Pos ... November-December.
COLLECTED BY ee) ei, aA (Cac,
No. 1, E. Khandesh, Vol. XXI, p. 392,
HaRLIER Reports ...< No. 2, Berars, Vol. XXI, p. 820.
No. 3, Cutch, Vol. XXI, p. 826.
Nimar, the district in which the present collection was made,
is on the Satpura Plateau, about 219-30' N. Latitude, and 769-20'
K. Longitude. The soil is the Dekhan trap. The country is
much broken up into ranges of low hills. These are covered with
the usual Satpura tree growth of Boswellia and Hardwickia, the
intervening cultivation being mostly of Jawari. The annual rain-
fall is about 32 inches. The climate and topography of this
district are sufficiently like those of E. Khandesh and the Berars
to render it probable that it would carry much the same Fauna,
and though a few species were obtained here for the first time,
they were such as might, equally well, have been taken in either
or both of the other localities.
The collection includes 170 specimens belonging to 27 species,
in 22 genera; of these 4 are new to the list of species obtained by
Mr. Crump so far, and one is new to science. Amongst the more
interesting things are the two small shrews and the new mouse.
The fori:er I have allotted to two species with considerable doubt.
The Pachyura group of shrews, with 18 upper teeth, are found all
over the plains of India and are represented by one species in
MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA. 845:
Europe, Pachyura etrusca, found on the Mediterranean littoral,
and in Africa by P. madagascariensis from Madagascar, P. lewcura
from Zanzibar, and P. gracilis from South Africa. Curiously all
these four species are pigmies, and closely related to the animal
which I have here called P. perrotteti. I have heard it stated that
the African species are constantly found in white ants’ nests.
I have a list of no less than 55 names already given to the repre—
sentatives of the Pachywra group in India and until a very much
larger and more representative collection of specimens is available
for study, but little can be done to sort out this tangle of names.
The new mouse is most interesting. I have given a description
of it on an earlier page. In its coat and some characters of the:
skull it closely resembles Legqada platythria, its size however and
dentition show it to be a true Mus. Unfortunately Mr. Crump-
only obtained one male specimen, a female specimen, showing the
mammary formula, is a great desideratum ; it will be most
interesting to discover whether in this character this animal is.
allied to L. platythri« with its 12 mamme, or to Mus with only 10.
Mr. Crump seems to have had very great difficulty in trapping
the smaller Rodents. He suggests that the harvest season, and the
consequent abundance of food in the fields, may have been the
reason. Mr. Crump also writes—‘‘I have before observed that the
Jungle Cat is by no means exclusively nocturnal, but in other
places I have not seen them hunting regularly in broad daylight ;
and I suggest that this change of tactics on the part of these cats
at Hewra is because they feed principally on birds, owing to the
scarcity of rats and mice.”
Mr. Crump has recorded a number of local vernacular names,.
but as they are, with one exception, the same as those recorded
by Blanford I have not entered them. The name “ Bija” given.
for the lesser Civet must, I think, be a mistake, for it is one very
generally used for the Indian Ratel.
PRESBYTIS ENTELLUS, Dufr.
The common Langur’.
(Synonymy in No. Tis)
664. Hewra, Nimar.
(See also Reports 1 and 2.)
846 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. X-XTI,
{These Langurs, from the top of a very lofty tree can reach the ground
in bost four leaps or rather drops; these drops are made in quick
succession, in an upright position, not, as a rule, on to heavy boughs but
among the foliage. When alarmed and running through long grass they
get along in great bounds, and whilejrunning, frequently raise themselves
to their full height to look round. I saw young of all ages in one party—
an old female was playing with her young one which she grasped by both
hands, threw it in the air, and caught it again by the hands as it reached
the ground.
‘A dead monkey is one of the finest baits for Hyzenas, Jackals and
Cats.”—C. A. C.]
PTEROPUS GIGANTEUS, Brunn.
The common Flying-Fow.
(Synonymy in No. 2.)
3 602. 2 608 te .. Asirgarh, Nimar.
ou f005, SCI wiOM .. Siwal, Nimar.
(See Reports Nos. 2 and 3.)
CYNOPTERUS SPHINX, Vahl.
The short-nosed Fruit Bat.
1797. Vespertilio sphinx, Vahl. Skr. Nat. Selsk. IV., p. 123.
1797. Vespertilio fibulatus, Vahl. 1. c., p. 124.
1803. Pteropus pusillus, H. Geoffroy. Cat. Mamm., p. 49.
1810. Pteropus marginatus, E. Geoffroy. Ann. Mus. XV., p. 97.
1870. Cynopterus marginatus, ellioti, Gray. Cat. Monk., &e., p. 122.
1891. Cynopterus marginatus, Blanford. Mammalia, No 138.
@ 702... .. Mandva, Nimar.
Dr. K. Andersen has kindly examined this specimen ; it is quite young,
but there is no doubt that it is true sphine.
LyRoDERMA LyRA, Geoff.
The Indian Vampire Bat.
(Synonymy in No. 1.)
3 (in al.) 609, 631, 632 a .. Asirgarh, Nimar.
(Also see Report No. 1.)
TaPHOZOUS MELANOPOGON, Temm?
The black-bearded sheath-tailed Bat.
(Synonymy in No. 1.) ;
3 634, 638 (in al.), 641, 643, 652. @ 639 (in al.), 642, 653.
Asirgarh, Nimar.
(See also Reports Nos. 1, 2 and 3.)
:
MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA.
OC
reg
“I
TAPHOZOUS THEOBALDI, Dobs.
Theobald’s sheath-tailed Bat.
1872. Taphozous theobaldi, Dobson. P. A. 8S. B., p. 152.
1891. Yaphozous theobaldi, Blanford. Mammalia, No. 219.
g 635, 644, 651 By, .. Asirgarh, Nimar.
This bat was described by Dobson on a specimen from Tenasserim.
The British Museum has also a series from Java.
RHINOPOMA KINNEARI, Wrought.
The greater Indian Mouse-tailed Bat.
(Synonymy in No. 3.)
g 646, 649, 650, 655 (in al.). Q 633, 636, 637, 645, 647, 648,
656 (in al.), 657, 658 (in al.).
(See also Report No. 3.)
PACHYURA, Sp.
Shrews.
ele Oe oa 24 as .. Chandghar, Nimar.
G hal. : ose .. Garoor, Nimar.
(See also Reports Nos. 1 and 3.)
PACHYURA STOLICZKANA, Anders.
Stoliczkas Shrew.
77. Crocidura stoliczkana, Andersen. J. A. 8S. B. XLVI, p. 270.
1877. Crocidura bidiana, Andersen. J. A. S. B. XLVL., p. 276.
1888. Crocidura bidiana, Blanford. Mammalia, No. 120.
Q 677 Ff x .. Hewra, Nimar.
lf stoliczkana and bidiana are identical, clearly the former name must
be accepted for the species. I record this identification with great
misgiving.
PaCHYURA PERROTTETI, Duvern.
The Indian pigmy Shrew.
1842. Sorex perrotteti, Devernoy. Mag. Zool., p. 29.
1855. Sore melanodon, Blyth. J. A. 8. B. XXIV., p. 33 (preoceupied.)
1855. Sorer nudipes, Blyth. 1. c., p. 34.
1873. Pachyura assamensis, Andersen. P. Z. S8., p. 282.
1877. Crocidura macrotis, Andersen. J. A. S. B. XLVL., p. 271.
1877. Crocidura nitidofulva, Andersen. 1. ¢., p. 272.
1877. Crocidura nilgirica, Andersen. |. ¢., p. 274.
1877. Crocidura travancorensis, Andersen, 1. ¢c., p. 275.
1888. Crocidura perrotteti, Blanford. Mammalia, No, 125.
623, a oy .. Asirgarh, Nimar.
848 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXI.
Blanford ranks all these pigmy shrews in two species, vz., Hodgsont and
perrotteti, the former including the sub-Himalayan forms and the latter
all the rest. The material at present is insufticient to justify any more
exact treatment.
FELIS AFFINIS, Gray.
The Jungle Cat.
(Synonymy in No. 1.)
Q 597, 601 A f a .. Asirgarh, Nimar.
6 666, 669, 670, 672. QP 674 .. Hewra, Nimar.
Cnn ee an at 5 .. Chandgarh, Nimar.
3 756 Garoor, Nimar.
(See also Reports Nos. | and 3.)
[‘“‘ Felis affinis was exceedingly common, and'it was most noticeable that
it was always on the move by day. Its movements can easily be followed
by the piping of squirrels and the chirping of birds.’”’—C. A. C.]|
Muneos muneo, Gmel.
The common Indian Mongoose.
(Synonymy in No. 1.)
3 659. Q@ 627 ie .. Asirgarh, Nimar.
Qu Gae in is .. Chandgarh, Nimar.
O28. (aaa ae a .. Garoor, Nimar.
(See also Reports Nos. 1, 2 and 3.)
(“The Mongoose No. 728 was living in the trunk of a tree, the entrance
being a narrow slit some 3 feet from the ground.”—C. A. C.]
Hyana Hymna, L.
The striped Hyena.
(Synonymy in No. 1.)
3 665. Q 663 oe .. Asirgarh, Nimar.
(See also Reports Nos. 1 and 2.)
Canis INDIcUS, Hodgs.
The Jackal.
(Synonymy in No. 1 under C. aureus.)
738, 747 a .. Garoor, Nimar.
(See also Reports Nos. 1 and 3.)
CUON DUKHUNENSIS, Sykes.
The Indian Wild-Dog.
(Synonymy in No. 2.)
gd 654... a .. Asirgarh, Nimar.
(See also Report No. 2.)
MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA. 849
FUNAMBULUS PALMARUM, L.
The Palm Squirrel.
(Synonymy in No. 2.)
3 625... bas .. Asirgarh, Nimar.
2) (8is)8) weet tas .. Asirgarh, Nimar.
2 685, 691, 698, 699 .. Sival, Nimar.
Gan. on .. Garoor, Nimar.
(See also Report No. 2.)
FUNAMBULUS PENNANTI, Wrought.
The common five-striped Squirrel.
(Synonymy in No. 1.)
nn 020) b.. ak ws .. Asirgarh, Nimar.
Q 667, 668, 682 ‘st .. Hewra, Nimar.
6 720, 723, 721 (in al.) .. Chandghar, Nimar.
6 762, 765 oe : Garoor, Nimar.
: Lhe:
(See also Reports Nos. 1, 2 and 3.)
(“I have been observing them (Funambulus pennantr) for a week and
have never heard the shrill piping note so frequently uttered by the Palm
Squirrels. These Squirrels have a low chirping or rather twittering note;
they are exceedingly shy; they appear much redder in colour than the
Palm Squirrel; the stripes are narrow and in life the coat is very glossy
and lies very close.”—C. A. C.]
TATERA INDICA, Hardw.
The Indian Gerbil.
(Synonymy in No. 1.)
& 621. 9 GIO, 611,616 .. Asirgarh, Nimar.
3 660, 679. 9 661,678 .. Hewra, Nimar.
3 689. @ 692 “ .. Sival, Nimar.
Oot, GuhOGs WAN .. Chandgarh, Nimar.
(See also Reports Nos. 1 and 2.)
VANDELEURIA OLERACEA.
The Dekhan Tree-Mouse.
(Synonymy in No. 2.)
6 698. 9 694 ne .. Sival, Nimar,
Cason nn 2 .. Chandgarh, Nimar.
(See also Report No. 2.)
Mus puHitiirsi, Wrought.
Phillips’ spined Mouse.
1912. Mus phillips:, Wroughton. Journ. B,N.H. Soc. Vol. XXI, p. 772.
S 618. .Asirgarh, Nimar.
17
850 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST SOCIETY, Voi. XI.
This pretty little animal has, at first sight, a curiously close superticial at
resemblance to Leggada platythrix, but is really barely half the size of that — |
species. The presence of frontal ridges on the skull add to this resem- :
blance, but the dentition is so essentially that of Mus that its separation
trom Leggada platythrix cannot, for a moment, be in doubt.
Although the type was not taken in his District, I have great pleasure
In naming it after Mr. R. M. Phillips, who has taken such great interest in
the Field work of the Mammal Survey, and given such great assistance to.
our collector Mr. G. C. Shortridge.
Oy
Q, AQ; GQ
ory roy (On HON Ol
LEGGADA PLATYTHRIX, Benn.
The Dekhan Spiny-Mouse.
(Synonymy in No. 1.)
612, 662 Mes ae .. Asirgarh, Nimar.
G(Gieue hs yh .. Hewra, Nimar.
(See also Reports Nos. 1 and 2.)
Leceapa BoopuGaA, Gray.
The Southern Field-Mouse.
(Synonymy in No. 1.)
619, 622, 628 (inal.), 640. ¢ 604, 620 (in al.), Asirgarh,
Nimar.
G73, 67a.) "9 7680): .. _.. Hewra, Nimar.
GSSa omer ds De Pe: .. Sival, Nimar. |
103, (L279 ae OLS .. Chandgarh, Nimar.
739. Q 736, 740, 741, 764 .. Garoor, Nimar. |
(See also Reports Nos. 1 and 2.)
MILLARDIA MELTADA.
The soft-furred Field Rat.
(Synonymy in No. 1.)
730, 748, 758, 766. Q 767. Garoor, Nimar.
(See also Reports Nos. 1 and 2.)
EPIMYS RUFESCENS, Gray.
The common Indian Rat.
600. @ 598, 599 .. Asirgarh, Nimar.
68 itm) eee .. Hewra, Nimar.
684, 695 sae .. Sival, Nimar.
707 Chandgarh, Nimar.
726, 732, 746, 750, 7538, 755. y 727, 733, 749, 751, 752
Chandgarh, Nimar.
(See also Reports Nos. 1, 2 and 3.)
MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA. 85k
GUNOMYS KOK, Gray.
The Southern Mole-Rat.
(Synonymy in No. 1.)
3 629. Q 605, 606, 607 .. i .. Asirgarh, Nimar.
Q 671 ai a hes ee .. Hewra, Nimar.
3 686, 687, 690 as OF Heh .. Sival, Nimar.
3 708. Q 710 aa Sie .. Chandgarh, Nimar..
6 744, 757,760. Q 745, 754, 761 .. Garoor, Nimar.
(See also Report No. 1.)
GOLUNDA ELLIoTI, Gray.
The Indian Bush-Rat.
(Synonymy in No. 1.)
do 608, 614, 615, 624. @ 618, 617, 630 (in al.) Asirgarh.
Nimar.
GiOdGs a. .. Sival, Nimar.
3 759. Q 763.. Garoor, Nimar.
(See also Reports Nos. 1, 2 and 3.)
Lepus simcox1, Wrought.
The Khandesh Hare.
(Synonymy in Report No. 1.)
Gi) (CUS N Rn ie ee .. Chandgarh, Nimar.
6 729, 737,743. Q 742 .. Garoor, Nimar.
(See also Reports Nos. 1 and 2.)
852
DESCRIPTIONS OF INDIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA.
BY
E. Meyrick, B.A., F.R.S., F.Z.S.
XV.
(Continued. from page 131 of this Volume.)
KucosmMipa:.
Hermenias, n. &.
Antenne in ¢ ciliated, with excavated notch in stalk near base. Palpi
moderate, porrected, second joint with dense rough projecting scales
above and beneath, terminal joint. moderate. Thorax without crest.
Forewings with 7 and 8 stalked, 7 to apex or termen. Hindwings with 5
and 4 stalked or coincident, 5 closely approximated at base, 6 and7 closely
approximated towards base.
Type epedola, Meyr. from Australia.
Hermenias pachnitis, n. sp.
6 Q@. 14-15 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax blackish mixed with white.
Antennal notch of ¢ at 3+. Forewings elongate, posteriorly slightly
dilated, costa slightly arched, without fold, apex obtuse, termen slightly
sinuate, rather cblique; 7 to termen; grey or dark grey ribbed with
black ; costa more or less obscurely strigulated with white irroration ; an
irregular patch of confused white marbling or strigulation occupying most
of dorsal half from base to 2 and thence extended as a fascia to costa
before apex, including a more or less defined irregularly triangular spot of
ground colour on middle of dorsum ; a leaden-metallic whitish-edged erect
mark from tornus, and a leaden-metallic streak along lower 3 of termen:
cilia grey sprinkled with whitish, basal half white with three or four blackish
bars on upper half of termen. Hindwings with 3 and 4 coincident;
thinly scaled, semi-transparent, dark grey; cilia dark grey, in ¢ on
dorsum and tornus greatly elongated.
Maskeliya and Patipola, Ceylon (Pole, Green, Alston); in November,
December, April and May, four specimens.
Hermenias implexa, n. sp.
¢6 2. 14-16mm. Head, palpi,and thorax rather dark fuscous, some-
times slightly whitish-sprinkled. Antennal notch of ¢ close above base.
Forewings elongate, narrow, costa slightly arched, in ¢ with strong fold
reaching from base to near middle, apex obtuse, termen indented-sinuate,
rather oblique; 7 to termeu; dark fuscous; a broad irregular streak of
whitish irroration or suffusion along dorsum from base, occupying nearly
half of wing, upper edge sinuate or angularly indented before middle,
INDIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA.
ve)
Cr
we
dorsal edge dotted with dark fuscous, separated from ocellus by a triangular:
tornal spot of ground colour; ocellus margined by two thick leaden-
metallic streaks confluent beneath, sometimes whitish-irrorated, contain-
ing several irregular and variable black dots or short dashes ; some oblique:
violet-leaden strigze from costa posteriorly, rising from short obscure
whitish strigulz : cilia fuscous, with two or three series of white points.
Hindwings with 3 and 4 coincident; grey, thinly scaled, veins dark
fuscous, termen suffused with dark fuscous, more broadly towards apex ;
cilia light fuscous, with darker subbasal shade, tips whitish-tinged, in ¢
elongated on tornus and dorsum.
Namunakuli and Patipola, Ceylon (Green) : from February to May, eight
specimens.
Hermenias palnucola, n. sp.
362. 11-12 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax fuscous. Antennal noteh.
of ¢ close above base. Forewings elongate, narrow, somewhat contracted
posteriorly, costa gently arched, in $ with strong fold reaching from base:
to beyond middle, apex obtuse, termen somewhat sinuate-indented
beneath apex, rather oblique; 7 to termen ; dark fuscous; dorsal half
mostly covered with suffused transverse strigee of whitish irroration; a.
pale leaden-grey erect striga from tornus, and a streak along termen ;
some oblique obscure purplish-leaden strigze from costa posteriorly, rising
from short strigule of whitish irroration; between these and terminal
leaden streak is a narrow patch of fine scattered whitish hairscales ; a.
small distinct white mark on costa before apex: cilia fuscous irrorated
with whitish and somewhat sprinkled with dark fuscous. Hindwings with.
5 and 4 coincident; thinly scaled, semitransparent, grey; veins dark
fuscous ; termen suffused with dark fuscous, more broadly towards apex ;
cilia fuscous sprinkled with whitish, in ¢ elongated on tornus and dorsum.
Trincomali, Puttalam, and Batticaloa, Ceylon (Green, Fletcher, Pole) ;
in May, June and October, three specimens. Very like tmplera, but
smaller, without the defined triangular dark spot before tornus, and
structurally distinct by the longer costal fold ; it is a low-country species,,
whilst amplexa occurs at high elevations only.
Spilonota, Steph.
This generic name supersedes Tmetocera, Led. and Strepsicrates, Meyr.
Ihave described three Indian species, S. rhothia, which also occurs in
Mauritius, S. caleata and S. melanacta, the antennal structure in the last-
named having been overlooked ; and now add four more.
Spilonota meleanocopa, n. sp.
3Q. 15-17 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax dark grey sprinkled with
white. Antennal notch of g at 1. Forewings elongate in ¢G, rather
narrow, costa slightly arched, in ¢ faintly sinuate beyond middle, with
broad fold extending from base to beyond middle, apex obtuse, termen.
854 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXI,
straight, somewhat oblique ; dark grey, coarsely and suffusedly strigulated
with white; in ¢ a blackish patch on costa beyond middle; a black
longitudinal mark in middle of disc, in Q slight and broken ; a triangular
blackish preetornal spot ; ocellus margined by silvery-metallic streaks, and
containing two or three black dots; a transverse black mark resting
on middle of termen: cilia dark fuscous mixed and irrorated with whitish.
Hindwings with 3 and 4 stalked; dark fuscous, thinly scaled, especially
towards base, more so in ¢ ; cilia fuscous, towards tips whitish-sprinkled,
Khasis ; in June, six specimens.
Spilonota algosa, n. sp.
3 2. 12-15mm. Head and thorax dull olive-greenish, mixed with
dark fuscous or blackish. Palpi whitish-greenish, spotted or barred with
blackish. Antennal notch of ¢ close above base. Forewings elongate
posteriorly somewhat dilated, costa gently arched, without fold, apex
obtuse, termen slightly sinuate, somewhat oblique; dull olive-green, with
some iridescent-whitish scales and some scattered blackish strigule ;
costa black, with pairs of whitish strigule; basal patch strigulated with
black, and with outer edge formed by a fascia of black suffusion, acutely
angulated below middle; central fascia more or less irregularly suffused
with black, acutely angulated in middle; two or three bluish-leaden-
metallic oblique strigze from costa posteriorly ; a blackish przetornal spot,
tending to be confluent with a blackish blotch before middle of termen,
both limited posteriorly by blue-leaden-metallic streaks; apex black; a
fine black terminal line: cilia olive-greenish mixed or obscurely barred
with blackish. Hindwings with 3 and 4 stalked; thinly scaled, grey, with
violet-blue iridescence ; veins dark fuscous; cilia grey.
Khasis ; in August and September, fourteen specimens.
Spilonota babylonica, n. sp.
3.15 mm. Head and thorax white, shoulders dark grey. Palpi grey,
edges sprinkled with white. Antennal notch very near base. Forewings
elongate, costa gently arched, without fold, apex obtuse, termen hardly
sinuate, oblique ; ochreous-white, base of scales pale greyish ; costa and
dorsum dotted with dark fuscous : a grey patch marked with dark fuscous
extending along basal fourth of costa; a semioval grey blotch on middle
of costa, reaching half across wing, marked with dark fuscous and discal
edge suffused with black; a grey triangular pretornal spot; two or three
black strigulee on termen: cilia grey mixed with dark fuscous. Hindwings
with 3 and 4 stalked ; thinly clothed with blackish-grey scales, membrane
with strong FpleeeEles iridescence ; cilia grey-whitish, with greyer sub-
basal shade, on dorsum long.
Nilgiris, 6,000 feet (Andrewes); in May, one specimen.
Spilonota aestuosa, n. sp.
3. 17-21mm. Head and thorax Prmanetie marked with dark
:
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INDIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA. 85
or
fuscous. Palpi ochreous-whitish, second joint with apical bar and two
spots dark fuscous. Antennal notch close above base. Forewings elongate,
posteriorly slightly dilated, costa gently arched, with rather narrow fold
extending from base to beyond middle, apex obtuse, termen sinuate, some-
what oblique; dull olive-greenish, mixed or strigulated with dark fuscous ;
a large blackish blotch extending along costa, from base to 2, and reaching
2 across wing, lower edge with a triangular emargination beneath middle
of wing edged with white anteriorly, posterior edge rather oblique, with
two acute projections, edged with leaden-metallic; a subtriangular black
preetornal spot edged with leaden-metallic ; costa posteriorly black with
pairs of whitish strigulz, giving rise to two oblique leaden-metallic strigze
and a blackish striga between them; a leaden-metallic streak close before
termen in middle, preceded by a blotch of blackish suffusion: cilia olive-
greenish, mixed with dark fuscous round apex and upper part of termen.
Hindwings with 3 and 4 stalked; fuscous, veins and termen dark fuscous
cilia fuscous.
Darjiling; Khasis; in May and August, two specimens.
Crusimetra, n. g.
Antenne in ¢ minutely ciliated. Palpi moderate, porrected, second
joint with rough projecting scales above and beneath, terminal joint short.
Thorax with small posterior crest. Forewings with 7 and 8 stalked, 7 to
termen. Hindwings with 5 and 4 connate, 5 approximated at base, 6 and
7 stalked.
Crusimetra verecunda, n. sp.
3 2. 13-15 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax grey or dark grey, sprinkled
with whitish. Forewings elongate, costa gently arched, in ¢ without fold,
apex obtuse, termen sinuate, somewhat oblique; ochreous-brown or ferru-
ginous-brown, variably irrorated or suffused (sometimes wholly) with dark
grey whitish-tipped scales, apex and terminal area usually but not always
remaining brown; amore or less marked spot of blackish irroration or
suffusion towards dorsum before middle: cilia blackish, with some whitish
points. Hindwings ochreous-grey-whitish or whitish-grey-ochreous, suffu-
sed with grey towards apex; cilia ochreous-whitish, with two grey
shades.
Namunakuli, Ceylon (Green); in February, six specimens.
Acrochita, Led.
This name supersedes Rhopobota, Led. I have described one species,
A, physalodes, which occurs in Ceylon and the Chagos Islands, and now
record thirteen more, one of which is a well-known European species.
Acroclita elivosa, n. sp.
6. 13-14 mm. Head white, sides of crown tinged with ochreous-
brownish. Palpi fuscous, terminal joint and apex of second white. Thorax
white suffused on sides with ochreous-brown, with two posterior blackish
856 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XX1.
bars. Abdomen black at base beneath. Forewings elongate, costa gently
arched, without fold, apex round-pointed, prominent, termen abruptly
concave-indented beneath it, then somewhat obliquely rounded; 3 and 4
lod
‘5 grey
suffusedly irrorated with white; costa dark fuscous, with pairs of whitish
strigule ; basal patch irregularly suffused with brown, more or less strigu-
closely approximated throughout, 6 closely approximated to
lated with blackish, on dorsum reaching to middle, outer edge obtusely
angulated below middle; central fascia slender, ochreous-brown, not
reaching dorsum, crossed in middle by a black streak extended almost
to apex; some blue-leaden strigze from costa posteriorly ; ocellus enclosed
by two leaden-metallic streaks: cilia grey irrorated with whitish, with
dark fuscous apical patch. Hindwings with 3 and 4 stalked; pale grey-
darker at apex: cilia pale grey, costal cilia thickened. Forewings on
undersurface with rather broad suffused dark fuscous streak along costa
from base to near apex.
Khasis ; in October, two specimens.
Acrochita cheradota, n. sp.
¢ 2. 10-11 mm. Head andthorax light ochreous. Palpi pale, ochreous,
hairs beneath suffused with whitish. Forewings elongate, rather narrow,
costa gently arched, in ¢ without fold, apex round-pointed, rather
prominent, termen concave beneath it; light brownish-ochreous,
with strong violet purple iridescence, irrorated with ferruginous-brownish.
except towards costa anteriorly ; a blotch of irregular blackish strigula-
tion extending on dorsum from near base to middle, and reaching
more than half across wing; costa finely strigulated with blackish ; an
oblique suffused ferruginous-brown mark from costa beyond middle ; some
ferruginous-brown suffusion on costa towards apex, including a whitish
strigula near apex, sometimes followed by a blackish dot, apical prominence:
margined beneath with whitish: cilia brownish-ochreous, beneath apex
with a whitish bar. Hindwings with 3 and 4 stalked ; grey, thinly scaled
in disc, darker on veins and posteriorly ; cilia grey.
Puttalam, Ceylon (Pole); Pusa (Lefroy) ;in March and April, two speci—
mens. Larva feeding in rolled leaves of Ficus rehgiosa (Lefroy).
Acrochita grypodes, n. sp.
3. 17 mm. Head pale ochreous, face ochreous-whitish. Palpi greyish-.
ochreous, terminal joint and apex of second whitish. Thorax brownish,
with whitish-ochreous dorsal stripe edged with dark fuscous. Forewings
elongate, costa gently arched, without fold, apex faleate-prominent, termen
semicircularly excavated beneath it; ochreous-brown ; costal edge dark
fuscous, with fine obscure oblique strigule of whitish irroration ; a darker
brown longitudinal band from base of dorsum to apex of wing, edged above
with ochreous-whitish suffusion from before middle to near apex ; dorsum
dotted with blackish ; a streak of whitish suffusion along dorsum from base-
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INDIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA., R57
to beyond middle, where it turns slightly upwards, edged above with a
streak of dark fuscous suffusion which is continued beyond it along dorsum
to beyond tornus ; some ochreous-whitish irroration or suffusion posteriorly
between this and median band: cilia fuscous somewhat sprinkled with
ochreous-whitish, with patches of dark fuscous suffusion at apex and below
middle of termen. Hindwings with 3 and 4 stalked; rather dark fuscous ;
cilia fuscous ; on undersurface with a narrow elongate subcostal patch of
blackish modified scales extending from } to beyond middle.
Maskeliya, Ceylon (Pole); in May, one specimen.
Acrochta scleropa, n. sp.
6 @. 15-16mm. Head and thorax greyish more or less tinged with
brown, thorax anteriorly suffused with blackish. Palpi dark fuscous.
Forewings elongate, rather narrow, costa gently arched, in ¢ without fold,
apex round-pointed, rather prominent, termen abruptly concave-indented
beneath it; grey suffusedly irrorated with whitish; costa blackish, with
pairs of fine whitish strigule ; basal patch brownish, irregularly strigulated
with blackish, reaching on dorsum to middle and suffused with blackish
towards dorsum posteriorly, outer edge angulated in middle ; central fascia
narrow, oblique, upper half blackish, lower half ochreous-brownish, posterior
edge with an abrupt black projection in middle; apical area ochreous-brown,
with several oblique leaden-metallic strigze from posterior half of costa, and
a black elongate mark towards costa above ocellus ; ocellus ochreous-brown,
margined by two thick leaden-metallic streaks, and containing a black dash
near lower extremity : cilia grey irrorated with whitish, with dark fuscous
apical patch. Hindwings with 3 and 4 stalked; grey, veins darker; in ¢
beneath an elongate-ovate patch of blackish modified scales extending
beneath costa from near base to 3; cilia light fuscous, with darker subbasal
shade.
Namunakuli, Patipola, and Maskeliya, Ceylon (Green, Pole, Alston) ;
from January to April, five specimens.
Acroclita naevana, Hb.
Maskeliya, Ceylon (Pole); N. Coorg, 3,500 feet (Newcome) ; Khasis; in
May, June, and from October to December, ten specimens. Occurs also
throughout Europe and Central Asia to Japan. On the undersurface of both
wings the colouring is darker in Indian examples than in European, so that
the patch of black suffusion on the hindwings of ¢ stands out less conspi-
cuously ; otherwise I can detect no difference, and the specific identity is
undoubted.
Acrochta symbolias, n. sp.
3 92. 13-14mm. Head white, sides fuscous. Palpi fuscous, terminal
joint and apex of second white. Thorax brown, with pale grey central
stripe. Forewings elongate, costa gently arched, apex round-pointed,
prominent, termen abruptly concave-indented beneath it; pale greyish,
18
858 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXI,
faintly greenish-tinged ; costa strigulated with dark fuscous ; rounded-
quadrate dark grey spots on costa representing edge of basal patch and
extremity of central fascia, between these a white patch reaching half
across wing; dorsal half of basal patch suffused with brown and dark
fuscous, extending to beyond middle, outer edge angulated below middle ;
from its angle a streak of greenish-grey and brownish suffusion runs to
apex, marked with two black dashes; ocellus brownish marked in middle
with black, margined with thick leaden-grey marks becoming white above ;
a brown mark along middle of termen: cilia dark leaden-grey irrorated
with white, towards base white. Hindwings with 3 and 4 stalked; grey,
darker posteriorly ; cilia grey.
Khasis ; in August and October, two specimens.
Acroclita belinda, n. sp.
36 @. 11-13 mm. Head white. Palpi dark grey, terminal joint and
apex of second white. Thorax ochreous-whitish, anterior half blackish.
Forewings elongate, rather narrow, costa slightly arched, without fold,
apex round-pointed, termen sinuate, rather oblique; green mixed with
iridescent-white ; basal 2 suffused with blackish except a broad dorsal
pale ochreous streak with upper edge triangularly prominent beyond
middle and terminated by a triangular blackish pretornal spot; costa
posteriorly black, with four pairs of white strigule ; two or three black
dashes towards apex; ocellus margined laterally with iridescent-white :
cilia blackish irrorated with whitish. Hindwings with 5 and 4 connate ;
grey ; cilia light grey, sprinkled with whitish.
Khasis ; in July and August, two specimens.
Acroclita esmeraldd, n. sp.
3¢ 2. 9-10 mm. Head and thorax pale emerald-green, thorax spotted
with black and white. Palpi white, spotted with black. Forewings elon-
gate, rather narrow, costa gently arched, without fold, apex obtuse, termen
sinuate, somewhat oblique; pale emerald-green strigulated with black; a
black subquadrate spot on costa at 3; a large irregular-edged triangular
blackish blotch extending over dorsum from 7 to tornus and reaching to
middle of costa ; costal area posteriorly blackish, with four pairs of whitish
strigule giving rise to oblique leaden-metallic strigze ; ocellus emerald -
green, edged with silvery-whitish, and crossed by three or four black
dashes ; a black terminal line: cilia pale greenish, round apex with black
subbasal line, above apex blackish. Hindwings with 3 and 4 long-stalked ;
rather dark grey, thinly scaled in disc, veins and apical suffusion darker ;
cilia grey, tips paler.
Khasis ; in October, two specimens.
Acrochta corinthia, n. sp.
¢o @. 18-15 mm, Head and thorax rather dark fuscous irrorated with
pale ochreous. Palpi fuscous, obscurely spotted with whitish-ochreous
eS
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Pee ee
INDIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA. 859
suffusion. Forewings elongate, posteriorly slightly dilated, costa gently
arched, without fold, apex round-pointed, termen sinuate, somewhat
oblique ; fuscous, irrorated with whitish or whitish-ochreous, and strigulat-
ed with blackish ; costa blackish, before middle with two, and beyond it
with five pairs of whitish strigulz, giving rise to more or less marked blue-
leaden-metallic strize, those from posterior half very oblique, and subcostal
space between them more or less ferruginous ; basal patch brownish strigu-
lated with black, outer edge angulated below middle, little marked ;
central fascia slender, brown, strigulated with black, little defined ; ocellus
obscurely margined with blue-leaden metallic: cilia brownish snrinkled with
whitish, variably marked with dark fuscous, especially at apex. Hindwings
with 3 and 4 stalked ; fuscous, very thinly scaled, semi-hyaline, with violet-
purple reflections, in 2 darker posteriorly ; veins blackish; in ¢ on uvder-
surface with a black patch along costa, from base to beyond middle, costal
edge on this furnished with very long fine hairs; cilia grey, darker towards
base.
Maskeliya, Ceylon (Pole, Green, Alston); Khasis; in May, and from
Octcber to December, five specimens. The characteristic hindwings dis-
tinguish this species.
Acroclita neaera, n. sp.
6 2. 12-13 mm. Head grey-whitish. Palpi whitish, second joint
mostly occupied by three dark fuscous spots. Thorax olive-greenish mixed
with black and white. Forewings elongate, rather narrow, slightly dilated
posteriorly, costa gently arched, without fold, apex round-pointed, termen
sinuate, somewhat oblique; dull olive-greer suffusedly strigulated with
white; markings margined and irregularly strigulated with black; basal
patch represented by blotch at base and angulated fascia beyond it:
central fascia moderate, oblique, interrupted below middle; costa poste-
riorly blackish, with four pairs of whitish strigule, giving rise to oblique
purplish-leaden strigze; ocellus margined laterally by purplish-leaden
streaks mixed with whitish, and surmounted by a blackish spot; a black
terminal line: cilia olive-greenish, outer half dark grey irrorated with
whitish, round apex wholly blackish-irrorated. Hindwings with 3 and 4
stalked ; dark grey, thinly sealed in disc; cilia rather dark grey. Fore-
wings on undersurface in ¢ suffused with blackish on costal half from base
to beyond middle.
Maskeliya, Ceylon (Pole); in May and June, two specimens.
Acroclita chlorissa, n. sp.
6 2. 12-14 mm. Head and thorax green, shoulders suffused with
blackish. Palpi green, obscurely spotted with blackish. Forewings elon-
gate, posteriorly rather dilated, costa slightly arched, in ¢ with narrow
fold extending from base to 2, apex round-pointed, termen sinuate, some-
what oblique ; green; markings obscurely edged with iridescent-whitish ;
860 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXI.
triangular spots suffusedly outlined with black at base, on costa at 7, and
on dorsum at 3; a blackish blotch on middle of costa, reaching half across
wing, adjoining which beneath is a spot outlined with black; a small
blackish spot on costa beyond this ; a transverse blackish blotch from costa
beyond +, reaching more than half across wing; a triangular spot on
dorsum suffusedly outlined with black, sometimes almost touching this; a
small black apical spot; a black terminal line: cilia green, with blackish
apical spot. Hindwings with 3 and 4 very long-stalked ; grey; cilia light
erey, more whitish towards tips.
Khasis ; in October, three specimens.
Acroclita multipler, n. sp.
@. 14-16 mm. Head white. Palpi dark fuscous, terminal joint and
apex of second white. Thorax white mixed with hight grey, shoulders.
spotted with dark fuscous. Forewings elongate, somewhat dilated poste-
riorly, costa gently arched, apex round-pointed, termen sinuate, somewhat
oblique; white, with some transverse leaden-grey marks, especially towards.
dorsum ; costa strigulated with blackish ; a dark grey basal fascia marked
with black; a dark grey black-edged spot on costa at+; a dark grey
black edged blotch on dorsum at 3, reaching half across wing; a slender
oblique dark fuscous streak from middle of costa not reaching half across
wing; a dark fuscous transverse blotch from dorsum before ocellus, marked
with black and a brown spot, reaching more than half across wing; ocellus.
broadly margined with leaden-metallic, containing four short black marks
adjacent to its posterior edge, separated with brownish, and surmounted
by a semicircular blackish blotch; posterior half of costa with small black-
ish marks terminated beneath with ferruginous, alternating with strigulie
terminated with leaden-metallic ; a leaden-metallic striga before apex; a
black apical mark edged above with ferruginous-brown and beneath with.
white: cilia grey irrorated with white. Hindwings with 3 and 4 stalked ;
grey ; cilia pale grey, with darker subbasal line.
Patipola and Ohiya, Ceylon (Pole, Green); in April and November, two
specimens. Superficially extremely like ucosma cremnitis, but smaller
and apart from the differences in neuration, readily distinguished by the
white head and apical portion of palpi.
Acroclita thysanota, n. p.
S$. 15-16mm. Head and thorax dull olive-greenish, thorax somewhat
strigulated with blackish. Palpi dull olive-greenish spotted with blackish.
Abdomen with long whitish apical hairs. Forewings elongate, somewhat
dilated posteriorly, costa gently arched, without fold, apex obtuse, termen
straight, rather oblique; dull olive-greenish, strigulated with black except
towards costa on posterior 3; costal edge black with pairs of whitish
strigulze ; a black spot on costa before }; a very oblique transverse black
spot from middle of costa; posterior area of wing crossed by irregular
Sa OT IRIE PETS IL ET
INDIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA. 861
eaden-metallic strige, two of these enclosing a narrow ocellus marked
with black, and preceded by a triangular blackish prztornal spot: cilia
olive-greenish with some obscure dark fuscous and whitish bars, above apex
blackish. Hindwings with 3 and 4 stalked; grey with prismatic-violet
iridescence, thinly scaled; cilia whitish-grey, on dorsum and tornus much
elongated to form a dense projecting pale ochreous hair pencil.
Khasis ; in November, two specimens.
Ancylis carpalima, n. sp.
$2. 11-15mm. Head whitish, more or less ochreous-tinged on crown.
Palpi fauscous, terminal joint and long hairs of second white. Thorax
brownish-ochreous. Forewings elongate, rather narrow, costa gently arched,
apex faleate, termen semi-circularly excavated beneath it; ferruginous-
brownish or ferruginous-ochreous, variably mixed or obscurely streaked
longitudinally with whitish; costa obliquely strigulated with blackish and
whitish; dorsum dotted with dark fuscous; a more or less marked suffused
whitish line along submedian fold, dorsal area within this sometimes suf-
fused with dark brown; a more or less marked very oblique dark brown streak
from middle of costa, costal area beyond this sometimes suffused with dark
brown; a variably developed longitudinal patch of brown suffusion streaked
with dark fuscous from middle of disc to near termen, and sometimes
posterior area much suffused with dark brown ; apical projection dark brown
or ferruginous, edged anteriorly and beneath with white: cilia brown,
variably sprinkled or largely suffused with white. Hindwings with 3
absent, tornus in ¢ rather prominent; rather dark grey, somewhat thinly
sealed in disc; cilia grey or whitish-grey, round apex tinged with ochreous
or fuscous.
Kandy, Ceylon (Green) ; N. Coorg, 5,500 feet (Newcome) ; Khasis; from
August to November, ten specimens. Also occurs in Queenslaad, Australia.
The markings are variable and confused ; the dark brown colouring is more
developed in specimens from Coorg and Ceylon than in those from the
Khasis and Australia, but there is no constant difference.
Ancylis scatebrosa, n. sp.
2. 13-14mm. Head ochreous-whitish, forehead somewhat mixed with
brownish. Palpi with long hairs, ochreous-whitish, second joint with spot
of dark fuscous sufiusion towards apex. Thorax ochreous-whitish marked
with ferruginous-brown. Forewings elongate, somewhat dilated poste-
tiorly, costa gently arched, apex falcate, termen concave ; ochreous-whitish
crossed throughout by irregularly anastomosing brownish-ochreous strie,
suffused with dark fuscous ; posterior half of costa dark fuscous strigulated
with white, subcostal space beneath this light ochreous, traversed by a very
oblique leaden-metallic striga; a fine black terminal line: cilia light
brownish-ochreous, with a blackish subbasal dot beneath apex, and more
or less marked blackish subbasal shade on lower half of termen. Hindwing
862 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. AAT
with 38 and 4 stalked; rather light grey; cilia whitish-grey, with darker
subbasal shade.
Khasis; in June, two specimens.
Ancylis rostrifera, n. sp.
3. 11-12 mm. Head rather dark fuscous. Palpi dark fuscous, ©
terminal half white. Thorax fuscous mixed with white posteriorly, shoulders
marked with blackish. Forewings elongate, costa rather strongly arched —
anteriorly, slightly sinuate posteriorly, apex falcate, termen strongly —
excavated beneath it ; ochreous-white, dorsal half mixed with leaden-grey; —
costa anteriorly marked with small scattered blackish spots; lower half of
basal patch formed by four irregular transverse blackish or dark fuscous ©
marks; posterior area from beyond middle to near termen largely suffused |
with ferruginous-brown, somewnat mixed with blackish and posteriorly
marked with leaden-metallic, its costal edge black strigulated with white,
more strongly black posteriorly ; terminal area white spotted with leaden-
metallic, with a black terminal line, apex ferruginous-brown: cilia ochreous
whitish. Hindwings with 3 and 4 stalked; grey, thinly scaled in disc;
cilia grey, tips paler.
Maskeliya, Ceylon (Pole) ; in October, two specimens.
Ancylis ancorata, n. sp. —
©. 12-183 mm. Head pale brownish-ochreous, forehead mixed with
blackish, face mixed with blackish and margined with whitish. Palpi with
long hairs, whitish, spotted with blackish suffusion. Thorax brownish-
ochreous. Forewings elongate, costa gently arched, apex falcate-promi-
nent, termen abruptly concave beneath it; ockreous-brown, suffused with
whitish-ochreous towards anterior half of costa; costa strigulated with ©
black and on posterior half with whitish; a grey slightly brownish-tinged
streak, edged above by a pale or whitish-tinged line, running along dorsum
from 4 to tornus and continued to middle of termen, dilated on tornus and
termen, marked with some blackish suffusion before tornus; a triangular
leaden-metallic mark before termen resting on extremity of this streak ;
sometimes a few black scales in disc towards middle; a leaden-metallic ©
striga from 3 of costa to near termen beneath apex; a white strigula on ?
costa near apex, and a leaden-metallic terminal mark beneath it: cilia
whitish-ochreous, above apex ochreous-brown, beneath it with spot of
whitish suffusion. Hindwings with 3 and 4 stalked; grey, darker post- —
erlorly ; cilia grey.
Kegalle, Ceylon (Alston) ; Konkan (Young) ; three specimens.
Herpystis pallidula, n. sp.
3 @. 10-14 mm. Head white. Palpi white, basal half mfuscated.
Thorax ochreous whitish. Forewings elongate, somewhat contracted —
posteriorly, costa gently arched, without fold, apex obtuse, termen slightly
sinuate, rather oblique ; ochreous-whitish or pale whitish-ochreous, with
INDIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA. 863
scattered strigule of dark fuscous irroration except toward base; costa
obliquely strigulated throughout with black; an undefined spot of black
irroration on fold indicating angle of basal patch; a narrow ochreous patch
along posterior half of costa, marked with four pairs of whitish costal
strigule and some very oblique leaden-metallic strigee from these; ocellus
obscurely margined with leaden-metallic, enclosing some scattered black
seales: cilia whitish-ochreous. Hindwings pale greyish ; cilia whitish-grey.
N. Coorg, 3,500 feet (Newcome); from October to December, six
specimens.
Gypsonoma, Meyr.
This genus is essentially distinguished from Ewcosma by the stalking of
veins 6 and 7 of hindwings.
Gypsonoma anthracitis, n. sp.
$6 2. 10-11 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax in g wholly dark grey,
posterior extremity of thorax whitish;in 2 head white, crown suffused
with grey, dark fuscous on sides, palpi dark fuscous, with terminal joint
and apex of second white, thorax dark grey mixed with white posteriorly,
patagia white except shoulders. Abdomen in 3 with long grey hairs from
each side of back near base. Posterior tibie in ¢ clothed with rough
whitish scales above. Forewings elongate, rather narrow, somewhat con-
tracted posteriorly, costa gently arched, without fold, apex round-pointed,
termen sinuate, rather strongly oblique; ochreous-white, somewhat
sprinkled with grey; basal patch suffused with grey, with three or four
blackish-grey striz, outer edge very obtusely angulated below middle;
central fascia and posterior area wholly suffused with grey, irregularly and
sharply marked with black, costa finely strigulated with whitish, giving rise
to some oblique leaden-metallic strigze, ocellus leaden-grey edged with
white : cilia whitish mixed with grey and dark fuscous (imperfect). Hind-
wings narrower than forewings, 3 and 4 stalked; dark grey, thinly
scaled anteriorly ; in ¢ a brush of long dense dark grey hairs from
anterior half of costa; undersurface in ¢g with dorsal area broadly
blackish, costal edge with rough projecting white scales anteriorly ; cilia
long, grey,in g on dorsum forming an expanded rough fringe of very
long hairs. Undersurface of forewings in ¢ suffused with dark grey
towards costa, with ridge of projecting scales overhanging upper margin
of cell.
Maskeliya, Ceylon (de Mowbray) ; in May, two specimens.
Eucosma, Hb.
The genera Cydia and Notocelia are now merged in this.
Eucosma celerata, a. sp.
dg. 9-l10mm. Head dark fuscous, back of crown and lower part of face
suffused with whitish. Palpi dark fuscous, apical half white.
Thorax
white, shoulders with a dark fuscous spot.
Forewings elongate, narrow,
864 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXI.
costa gently arched, apex round-pointed, prominent, termen concave,
oblique ; ochreous-white, with a few scattered dark grey strigulz ; costa
strigulated with black; a semi-oval dark fuscous blotch extending along
dorsum from near base to beyond middle, and reaching half across wing ;
a triangular dark fuscous blotch on costa beyond middle, not reaching
half across wing ; ocellus preceded and followed by some undefined
leaden-grey suffusion; a blackish irregular mark above it; a triangular
black apical spot extending into cilia, edged beneath with white : cilia
ochreous-white. Hindwings with 3 absent ; grey ; cilia whitish-grey.
N. Coorg, 3,500 feet (Newcome); in May and December, three specimens.
EHucosma semicurva, n. sp.
@. 15-16 mm. Head and thorax ochreous-white, thorax with a black
posterior spot. Palpi blackish, terminal joint and upper part of second joint
posteriorly white. Forewings elongate, costa gently arched, apex obtuse,
termen slightly sinuate, somewhat oblique ; ochreous-white, with a few
scattered black strigulee, costa with several small black spots or strigulee ;
a semi-circularly curved black streak with extremities resting on costa
near base and at 7; a black spot on middle of costa; a black spot on
dorsum near base, a rather larger one before middle, and a third rounded-
triangular before tornus; a rather irregular slender black streak along
upper part of termen: cilia blackish-grey on tornus with a whitish patch,
beneath this black. Hindwings with 3 and 4 stalked ; rather dark grey ;
cilia whitish-grey, with grey subbasal line.
Khasis ; in June, two specimens.
Eucosma cremnitis, n. sp.
3 2. 13-2lmm. Head, palpi, and thorax grey or fuscous. Forewings
elongate, slightly dilated posteriorly, costa gently arched, in ¢ with short
fold not reaching 7, apex round-pointed, termen sinuate, somewhat oblique;
white, with some scattered grey strigule ; costa strigulated with dark
fuscous, a small dark fuscous spot on costa ati; a dark fuscous fascia
extending from base of costa along dorsum to middle, posteriorly dilated
into a blotch reaching half across wing and marked above with black;
beyond this some grey suffusion, and then a dark fuscous transverse blotch
before ocellus reaching more than half across wing and marked with black
and a brown spot; ocellus edged with leaden-metallic, containing three
black marks adjoining its posterior edge, and surmounted by a dark
fuscous blotch suffused with black above; posterior half of costa with small
dark fuscous marks terminated beneath with ferruginous-brown alternat-
ing with dark fuscous strigulee terminated with leaden-metallic ; a leaden-
metallic striga before apex; a black apical mark edged above with
ferruginous-brown and beneath with white: cilia grey with rows of white
points, basal half suffusedly barred with whitish, Hindwings with 3 and
4 stalked; grey, veins dark fuscous ; cilia grey.
INDIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA. 865
Horton Plains and Maskeliya, Ceylon (Green, Pole, Fletcher); Palnis,
6,000 feet (Campbell); in August, and from March to May, twelve
specimens.
Eucosma legitima, n. sp.
3 Q. 14-15 mm. Head white, sides of crown sometimes dark fuscous.
Palpi dark fuscous, terminal joint and apex of second white. Thorax
whitish, with blackish spots on shoulders and each side of back. Posterior
tibize in ¢ with rough greyishhairs. Forewings elongate, somewhat dilated
posteriorly, costa gently arched, without fold, apex obtuse, termen faintly
sinuate, somewhat oblique ; white or ochreous-white, with some scattered
grey scales ; upper half of basal patch dark grey marked with black ; a sub-
triangular black blotch on dorsum before middle, and a smaller one before
ocellus ; ocellus yellow-ochreous, edged with leaden-metallic, and sur-
mounted by a blackish blotch ; posterior half of costa narrowly black with
pairs of whitish strigule, space beneath this suffused with yellow-ochreous
and crossed by oblique leaden-metallic strigee; apex blackish: cilia
ochreous-whitish, with a dark fuscous spot above apex and two on middle
of termen. Hindwings with 3 and 4 stalked; rather dark grey; cilia
grey.
Khasis ; in April, and from August to November, six specimens.
Eucosma solidata, n. sp.
6 @. 11-13 mm. Head rather dark fuscous, face in ¢ whitish.
Palpi dark fuscous, terminal joint and apex of second white. Thorax
erey mixed with blackish, suffused with black anteriorly. Forewings
elongate, somewhat dilated posteriorly, costa gently arched, in ¢ without
fold, apex round-pointed, termen sinuate, little oblique, more so in Q ;
ochreous-whitish ; basal patch leaden-grey marked with black, outer edge
obtusely angulated below middle ; a transverse series of blackish strigulze
beyond this, and two or three on costa; central fascia narrow, oblique,
blackish or dark fuscous, tending to be interrupted below middle, preced-
ed by some leaden-metallic marks, posterior edge with an abrupt black
projection in middle; ocellus edged with leaden-metallic and containing
four black dots; posterior half of costa black with four pairs of whitish
strigule terminating in leaden-metallic marks, space between these brown-
ish or fuscous; a spot of blackish suffusion above ocellus, tending to
connect with middle of termen; apex blackish: cilia fuscous mixed with
dark fuscous and sprinkled with whitish, towards tornus suffused with
whitish. Hindwings with 3 and 4 stalked; fuscous, in Q darker; cilia
whitish-grey, with grey subbasal line.
Khasis ; in April and July, three specimens.
Eucosma calligrapha, n. sp.
36 @. 17-19mm. Head and thorax bronzy-ochreous mixed with dark
fuscous. Palpi pale ochreous, terminal joint and three suffused spots of
19
866 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol, XXT.
second joint dark fuscous. Forewings elongate, posteriorly dilated, costa.
gently arched, without fold, apex obtuse, termen faintly sinuate, vertical ;.
light ochreous; costa on anterior half strigulated with blackish and whitish,.
on posterior half blackish with five white strigule with leaden-metallic tips ;
a leaden-metallic stria from costa beyond middle almost to termen
beneath apex; basal 2 of wing crossed by oblique leaden-metallic and black
strie not reaching costa; a triangular blackish prztornal spot; ocellus
margined with leaden-metallic and crossed by several black bars, surmount-
ed by some blackish suffusion ; a blackish mark on middle of termen: cilia.
pale ochreous, with dark leaden-fuscous patches at apex and on middle cf
termen, and sometimes other bars. Hindwings with 3 and 4 connate ; dark
fuscous ; cilia whitish-fuscous, with dark fuscous subbasal line.
Khasis ; Dawna Hills, Burma (Annandale) ; from August to October, and’
in March, eight specimens. Allied to zsogramma and speculatriv.
Eucosma melanoneura, n. sp.
36 @. 18-15mm. Head and thorax light greyish-ochreous, face and
dorsal area of thorax in @ suffused with blackish. Palpi pale greyish;.
whitish towards apex and above. Forewings elongate, rather narrow,
costa gently arched, without fold, apex obtuse, termen sinuate, little.
oblique; brownish, suffusedly irrorated with grey whitish-tipped scales ;.
costa obscurely strigulated with blackish and whitish, on posterior half
giving rise to some indistinct oblique leaden-greyish strige ; some narrow
dark fuscous suffusion along dorsem from base to near middle, and on a.
patch before tornus ; ocellus edged with two obscure leaden-metallic streaks;.
a small ferruginous-brown apical spot. Cilia brownish with several suffused
blackish lines and some whitish points, base whitish. Hindwings with 3.
and 4 stalked ; subhyaline, with violet-purple iridescence, apex and termen.
suffused with rather dark grey ; veins in ¢ black,in 2 dark fuscous; cilia.
pale bluish-grey, darker towards base. Undersurface of forewings in ¢
with blackish subcostal suffusion from base to beyond middle, and blackish
streak along lower margin of cell.
Khasis; in October and November, two specimens.
Eucosma cyanopis, 1. sp.
3. 14-15mm. Head light greyish-ochreous. Palpi ochreous-whitish,.
second joint spotted with dark grey suffusion. Thorax pale greyish-ochre-
ous spotted with blackish. Forewings elongate, somewhat dilated posteri-.
orly, costa gently arched, without fold, apex round-pointed, termen sinuate,.
somewhat oblique ; pale ochreous irregularly mixed with grey and white;.
a large black patch overlaid with deep indigo-blue extending along costa.
from base to beyond middle and reaching to near dorsum, lower edge
triangularly emarginate before middle of wing, posterior edge oblique-convex;,
costa posteriorly strigulated with black and white, giving rise to two or
three oblique leaden-metallic strige; an irregular streak of blackish.
INDIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA., 867
suffusion running from lower angle of costal patch to apex ; ocellus obscure-
ly edged with leaden-metallic and marked with blackish; a black terminal
line: cilia pale ochreous mixed with grey and sprinkled with whitish.
Hindwings with 3 and 4 stalked ; grey, thinly scaled, with violet reflections,
veins and termen dark fuscous; cilia grey, tips whitish.
Khasis ; in September and October, two specimens.
Eucosma ludicra, n. sp.
$@Q. 13-15mm. Head, palpi, and thorax light yellow-ochreous. Fore-
wings elongate, somewhat dilated, costa gently arched, without fold, apex
obtuse, termen slightly sinuate, somewhat oblique ; light yellow-ochreous,
in and above cell suffused with ferruginous-brown, veins posteriorly marked
with ferruginous-brown lines ; costa indistinctly strigulated with ferrugin-
ous-brown, whitish-sprinkled on interspaces; some more or less developed
dark fuscous strigulation about submedian fold from near base to before
middle ; a silvery-metallic transverse mark before median portion of termen
preceded by three short blackish dashes; an oblique silvery-metallic mark
before apex: cilia whitish-ochreous sprinkled with ferruginous-ochreous.
Hindwings with 3 and 4 stalked ; grey, in ¢ paler; cilia whitish, dorsum in
3 clothed with long rough expanded blackish bristly hairs.
N. Coorg, 3,500 feet (Newcome) ; in November, four specimens.
Eucosma spicea, 0. sp.
3. 13 mm. Head and palpi whitish-ochreous, second joint of palpi with
a faint fuscous spot. Thorax ochreous. Posterior tibize and basal joint of
tarsi densely tufted with whitish hairs, posteriorly suffused with light.
greyish. Forewings elongate, moderate, posteriorly dilated, costa slightly
arched, without fold, apex obtuse, termen rounded, somewhat oblique ;
pale ochreous; costa strigulated with blackish and whitish; a broad
suffused ferruginous median streak from base to end of cell and thence to
‘apex, sprinkled with blackish posteriorly, terminal area of wing suffused
with light ferruginous; two or three oblique leaden-metallic strigee from
posterior half of costa; leaden-metallic marks on middle of termen and
tornus ; cilia whitish-yellowish, with ochreous subbasal line. Hindwings
with rather contorted subdorsal fold, 3 and 4 stalked ; dark grey, towards,
base lighter and thinly scaled ; cilia pale grey, with dark grey subbasal line.
Khasis ; in June, one specimen.
Eucosma litigiosa, n. sp.
32. 20-22 mm, Head and thorax grey mixed with dark fuscous and
sprinkled with whitish. Palpi dark fuscous sprinkled with whitish. Fore-
wings elongate, rather narrow, posteriorly somewhat dilated, costa gently
arched, without fold, apex obtuse, termen somewhat sinuate, little oblique ;
grey, irregularly mixed with white and strigulated with dark fuscous, some-
times partially suffused with brownish or light ochreous, especially tending
to form a patch in disc beyond middle; costa spotted and strigulated with
868 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXI,
blackish ; edge of basal patch irregularly marked with blackish, angulated
below middle ; central fascia represented by a dark fuscous spot on costa
and a trapezoidal blackish blotch before tornus ; a very irregular-edged
black streak extending from disc at 2 to apex ; ocellus very obscurely edged
with leaden-grey and whitish, and mixed with blackish: cilia grey irrorated
with whitish, partially obscurely barred with dark fuscous. Hindwings
with 3 and 4 connate: thinly scaled, semitransparent iridescent-grey ;
veins and termen dark fuscous; cilia whitish-grey, with grey subbasal shade.
Khasis ; in June, September, and October, five specimens.
Eucosma numellata, n. sp.
3 2. 11-183 mm. Head and thorax dark fuscous mixed with yellow-
ochreous, face ochreous, lower part whitish. Palpi whitish-ochreous, spot-
ted with dark fuscous suffusion. Forewings elongate, posteriorly dilated,
costa gently arched, without fold, apex obtuse, termen slightly sinuate,
somewhat oblique ; blackish-fuscous, irregularly strewn with pale ochreous
scales and strigule ; two leaden-metallic strie near base reaching from
costa half across wing ; two subcontluent pairs of leaden-metallic angulated
strize before middle, rising from pairs of white costal strigule ; a third
similar beyond middle, but not reaching dorsum ; ocellus enclosed by two
leaden-metallic streaks ; a very oblique leaden-metallic striga from a white
strigula on costa at 3 to near termen beneath apex; three pairs of white
costal strigulee posteriorly, last giving rise to a short leaden-metallic striga:
cilia whitish-ochreous, with dark leaden-grey subbasal line, on tornus
suffused with grey. Hindwings with 3 and 4 connate; dark fuscous,
lighter towards base ; cilia pale fuscous, with darker subbasal line.
Khasis; in March and October, three specimens. Very like speculatria,
but termen of forewings less sinuate, and ¢ immediately distinguished
by different colour of hindwings.
Eucosma lasiura, n. sp.
6. 21-22 mm. Head and thorax dark fuscous. Palpi ascending, fuscous.
Abdomen rather elongate, posterior half clothed with dense rough expan-
sible lateral tufts of fuscous scales meeting above. Posterior tibize
with rough projecting pale greyish-ochreous scales above and beneath.
Forewings elongate, posteriorly dilated, costa gently arched, without fold,
apex rounded-obtuse, termen rounded, little oblique ; fuscous, strigulated
and marbled with dark fuscous; costa spotted with dark fuscous, strigula-
ted with fuscous-whitish between the spots ; a quadrate dark fuscous spot
beneath middle of disc; an ochreous-whitish discal dot at 2, preceded by
a spot. of dark fuscous suffusion ; cilia fuscous, with dark fuscous subbasal
shade. Hindwings as broad as forewings, dorsal area folded over into a
deep pocket and clothed with long rough hairs with a thickened glandular
area, 3 and 4 connate; fuscous; cilia whitish-fuscous, with fuscous
subbasal shade.
INDIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA. 869°
N. Coorg, 3,500 feet (Newcome); in August, two specimens. Very
similar superficially to helota, but distinguished by the sexual characters,
especially the absence of the costal fold, which in helota is long; a third
very similar species is brachyptycha (described from Australia, but occurring
also in Ceylon) which has a short costal fold.
Lohesia genialis, n. sp.
3g. 12 mm. Head whitish-ochreous, face suffused with white, crown with
two blackish spots. Palpi pale ochreous irrorated with dark fuscous,
terminal joint, apex of second, and base white. Ihorax ochreous mixed
with whitish and transversely barred with blackish. Abdomen elongate,
ochreous, anal segment with two black basal dots. Posterior tibixe and
basal joint of tarsi clothed with rough whitish scales above. Forewings
elongate, narrow at base, posteriorly somewhat dilated, costa almost
straight, with elongate glandular swelling beyond middle, apex obtuse,
termen rounded, rather strongly oblique ; light brownish-ochreous mixed
with leaden-grey and white, with fine scattered black scales ; basal patch
irregularly marked with deeper ochreous and black, outer edge very
obtusely angulated in middle; space between this and central fascia
suffused with grey on dorsal half; central fascia ochreous-brown, direct,
posterior edge with strong acute-triangular projection in middle, marked
with a curved black streak along costal half; a small blackish spot on
posterior portion of costal gland; a triangular dorsal spot between central
fascia and tornus irrorated with dark grey and blackish; four pairs of
whitish strigulz on posterior half of costa, last giving rise to a circularly
curved white line which cuts off a brown apical spot centred with blackish ;
a brownish blotch before middle of tornus, above convex and limited by a
white line running to termen above middle, beneath undefined: cilia light
ochreous suffused with whitish except round apex. Hindwings with
termen deeply excavated so as to form an elongate narrow apical lobe or
projection and broader rounded dorsal lobe; white, apical lobe rather dark
grey ; cilia whitish, round apex grey.
Peradeniya, Ceylon (Green); in January, one specimen.
Polychrosis cellifera, n. sp.
3 Q@. 14-15 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax pale ochreous mixed with
brownish and dark fuscous. Posterior tibie in G clothed with whitish
hairs above, basal joint of tarsi with long projecting brush of whitish hairs.
Forewings suboblong, rather narrowed anteriorly, costa gently arched,
apex obtuse, termen rounded, little oblique; pale ochreous mixed with
brownish-ochreous and grey ; basal patch strigulated with blackish, outer
edge only defined by a small dark spot on costa and a slight angulated
mark in disc; central fascia irregular, brown, reaching from costa 5 across
wing, strongly marked with black from costa to near middle of wing ; costa
posteriorly dark fuscous with four pairs of grey-whitish strigule, beneath
870 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XX1I.
this narrowly reddish-brown ; a narrow grey and brown subterminal fascia
marked with black dashes on veins, constricted or almost interrupted in
middle ; a short brown or grey streak marked with black along median
portion of termen: cilia brownish or fuscous irrorated with whitish, with
two dark fuscous lines becoming obsolete towards tornus. Hindwings in
¢ with subdorsal fold ; fuscous, lighter anteriorly ; cilia whitish-fuscous,
with darker subbasal line.
Colombo, Ceylon (Mackwood); Pusa (Fletcher); in July, two specimens.
Statherotis decorata, Meyr.
2.19 mm. Head and thorax brown mixed with dark fuscous, lower half
of face whitish, thoracic crest mixed with whitish. Abdomen dark fuscous.
Forewings brown sprinkled with dark fuscous; an undefined basal pateh
strigulated with black ; a semioval reddish-brown blotch extending along
costa from 3 almost to apex, on costal edge shortly strigulated with black,
on lower edge margined anteriorly by a thick curved black streak from
costa to beyond its middle, and posteriorly by an irregular black streak
running from apex towards tornus 2 across wing and dilated into a blotch
in its central portion, the opening between these two streaks somewhat
whitish-mixed ; a short blackish streak along median portion of termen:
cilia brown mixed with dark fuscous. Hindwings dark grey, cilia grey,
with dark grey subbasal line.
Madulsima, Ceylon, in March (Green). This sex, which differs consider-
ably in colouring from the 3, has not been described before.
Argyroploce lamyra, Meyr.
Kegalle, Ceylon (Alston); one specimen. Described from Queensland,
and not hitherto recorded elsewhere.
Argyroploce compsitis, n. sp.
2.13 mm. Head grey. Palpi grey, with a blackish band. Thorax
grey, crest blackish. Forewings elungate, costa gently arched, apex
obtuse, termen slightly rounded, somewhat oblique; leaden-grey with
faint purplish reflections ; costa strigulated with black and whitish ; two
black dots near base, and one beneath costa at + ; a triangular blackish
white-edged blotch on dorsum at 3,reaching more than half across wing ;
central fascia blackish on upper half, blackish-sprinkled but little marked
on lower, white-edged on posterior margin, broadest in middle, beneath
this suddenly narrowed and with a triangular slightly whitish-edged
prominence downwards from anterior margin ; an oblique transverse spot
from costa at 2, upper half blackish, lower half ferruginous-brown with
two black bars; a blackish blotch before middle of termen, touching
central fascia and termen, suffused beneath, convex and white-edged
above ; two small dark fuscous spots on costa posteriorly, terminated
beneath with ferruginous-brown and a black dot ;a small dark fuscous
apical spot: cilia grey sprinkled with bluish-white, on upper half of
INDIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA. 871
termen obscurely barred with dark fuscous. Hindwings grey, thinly
‘scaled anteriorly, broadly suffused with dark fuscous towards termen ;
cilia whitish-grey, withdark grey subbasal line.
Maskeliya, Ceylon (Alston) ; in November, one specimen.
Argyroploce scolopendrias, n. sp.
g.19mm. Head, palpi, and thorax reddish-fuscous mixed with blackish.
Posterior tibize without tufts. Forewings elongate, somewhat dilated
posteriorly, costa gently arched, apex round-pointed, termen somewhat
-sinuate, rather oblique ; crimson-fuscous, indistinctly striated longitudi-
nally with blackish in disc, suffused with ochreous-whitish towards base in
middle ; costa strigulated with blackish and whitish; a slender black
submedian streak from base to beyond middle, edged beneath with
-ochreous-brown suffusion; dorsal area beneath this forming a broad pale
ochreous streak continued across tornus andasa broad terminal patch
indistinctly lined with brownish to apex, where it is terminated by an
oblique white mark ; a white transverse linear mark on end of cell, and
.ablack median streak from this to termen : cilia ochreous-whitish, with a
reddish-fuscous bar at apex, and two on middle of termen. Hindwings with
3 and 4 stalked ; light greyish-ochreous; cilia ochreous-whitish, with grey
_ .subbasal line.
Nilgiris, 6,000 feet (Andrewes) ;in May, one specimen. Very similar
‘to scorpiastis, but forewings more elongate, termen more oblique, dorsal
pale area forming a uniform band with straight black upper edge, hindwing
paler.
Argyroploce scorpiastis, n. sp.
6 2.16-18mm. Head and thorax fuscous, often reddish-tinged, some-
times mixed with dark fuscous. Palpi reddish-whitish barred with blackish
-suffusion. Posterior tibiz without tufts. Forewings elongate, moderate,
somewhat dilated posteriorly, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen
slightly sinuate, little oblique ; crimson-fuscous, lighter and more crimson-
‘tinged towards costa; costa obliquely strigulated with dark reddish-
fuscous and sometimes with whitish ; basal 2 longitudinally striated with
-ochreous-whitish in disc, mixed with black between striz ; a white trans-
verse linear mark on end of cell, space between this and termen streaked
Jongitudinally with ochreous whitish or brownish-ochreous, with a black
median streak ;a pale ochreous semioval patch extending along dorsum
from + to 3, brownish-edged towards upper edge posteriorly, edged
with whitish above; tornal area suffused with whitish-ochreous ; dorsum
and termen dotted with blackish: cilia whitish-ochreous, with a dark
fuscous bar at apex and two in middle of termen. Hindwings with 3
and 4 stalked ; fuscous ; cilia ochreous-whitish, with fuscous subbasal
‘line.
Khasis ; in October and November, four specimens.
872 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXTI,
Argyroploce antaea, n. sp.
3 2. 15-17 mm. Head fuscous, crown suffused with blackish, lower part
of face whitish. Palpi whitish, second joint witha more or less marked
black bar. Thorax whitish fuscous, with suffused dark fuscous dorsal stripe,
crest blackish. Posterior tibize in ¢ with long ochreous-whitish scales
towards apex above. Forewings elongate, somewhat dilated posteriorly,
costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen slightly sinuate, vertical;
brownish-ochreous, somewhat blackish-sprinkled, veins towards termen
marked with blackish lines ; costa black with pairs of white strigule
giving rise to very oblique whitish strigz crossing subcostal area only
a whitish streak along submedian fold from base to 3, and a patch of
undefined whitish suffusion on tornus, tending to form streaks between
veins ; a streak of blackish suffusion along dorsum from base to middle :
cilia whitish-ochreous, with fuscous bars at apex and in middle of termen.
Hindwings with 3 and 4 stalked; rather dark fuscous; cilia fuscous-
whitish, with fuscous subbasal line.
Kandy, Ceylon (Mackwood, Green); in February and from July to
November, five specimens.
Argyroploce centritis, n. sp.
3. 16mm. Head and palpi reddish-fuscous. Thorax reddish-fuscous
patagia paler, crest ferruginous. Forewings elongate, posteriorly dilated,
costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen straight, little oblique ; brown;
a black dot towards costa at+, and afew small scattered blackish dots
in disc posteriorly ; a streak of whitish irroration along dorsum from + to
tornus, anterior half of upper edge forming a triangular projection which
reaches half across wing, and there is a second shorter projection beyond
this, dorsal edge marked with a brown spot beneath first projection and
a smaller one between the two: cilia brown, on tornus grey. Hindwings
grey, thinly scaled, termen rather broadly suffused with dark fuscous ;
cilia whitish, with dark grey subbasal line.
Khasis; in November, one specimen. Allied to caryactis.
Argyroploce sandycota, n. sp.
So. 12mm. Head and thorax reddish-ochreous spotted with blackish.
Palpi whitish-odchreous suffused with reddish-orange towards apex, with a
blackish spot on base of second joint. Forewings elongate-triangular ;
costa gently arched, apex rouncded-obtuse, termen rounded, little oblique ;
orange red, irregularly reticulated with dark fuscous ; costa strigulated
with black, interspaces posteriorly whitish ; a blackish streak along dorsum
from hase to 2 and a blackish spot on costa at 3 ; a larger irregular blackish
spot on costa beyond middle, and the reticulation coalesces into irregular
markings in disc posteriorly and before tornus. Hindwings dark grey,
thinly scaled anteriorly ; cilia grey, with darker subbasal line.
Hakgala, Ceylon (Green); in April, one specimen.
INDIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA. 873
Argyroploce tophaea, n. sp.
3 Q. 13-15 mm. Head white, crown tinged with grey. Palpi white,
second joint with two faint grey or brownish spots. Thorax crimson
grey mixed with white, thoracic crest large, dark crimson-brown. Forewings
elongate, rather narrow, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen sinuate,
little oblique ; crimson-brownor deep crimson, often partially strewn with
suffused whitish strigulz, and marked with suffused iridescent-violet striz ;
base narrowly whitish; a flattened-triangular patch, of blackish suffusion
extending along costa from near base to near apex, and reaching in middle
half across wing, marked with oblique bluish-leaden-metallic strige rising
from pairs of whitish costal strigule; some blackish and leaden-metallic
suffusion towards dorsum, especially on anterior half and on tornus; a
more or less marked whitish-ochreous streak along termen; a fine black
terminal line : cilia whitish-ochreous, sometimes suffused with crimson on
outer half, sometimes with a dark leaden-fuscous patch beneath tornus.
Hindwings fuscous ; cilia pale fuscous, with darker subbasal line.
Maskeliya, Ceylon (Pole, Alston); in May, June and November, four
specimens.
Argyroploce microplaca, n. sp.
62. 89mm. Head, palpi, and thorax dark fuscous. Forewings elon-
gate, narrow, costa slightly arched, apex round-pointed, termen sinuate,
hardly oblique ; blackish-fuscous, crossed by suffused blue-leaden-metallic
strize rising from oblique white costal strigule; a pale yellow-ochreous
transverse patch reaching from termen close before tornus ? across wing,
and touching an oblique apical wedge-shaped strigula of same colour: cilia
pale yellow-ochreous. Hindwings grey ; cilia light grey.
Khasis ; in October and November, three specimens.
Argyroploce anemodes, n. sp.
©. 12-13 mm. Head fuscous. Palpi iridescent-white, second joint
with two spots of dark grey suffusion. Thorax blackish. Forewings elon-
gate, somewhat dilated posteriorly, costa gently arched, apex, obtuse, ter-
men almost straight, vertical ; dark purple-fuscous suffused with blackish,
finely sprinkled with minute ochreous points, a basal patch of leaden-
metallic striation mixed with whitish, outer edge oblique aud extended as
a dorsal streak to ocellus; a blotch of leaden-grey markings mixed with
white on costa before middle ; three white costal strigule beyond this ; two
stronger white strigule enclosing apex; ocellus margined anteriorly by a
double blue-leaden-metallic streak, and posteriorly by a blue-leaden-
metallic whitish-edged spot cut by a blackish dash : cilia fuscous mixed with
leaden-grey and dark fuscous, sometimes suffused with whitish-ochreous
on tornus. Hindwings dark fuscous, more blackish posteriorly ; cilia grey-
whitish, with dark grey subbasal shade.
Kandy, Ceylon (Green) ; in June and August, two specimens.
20
874 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXI
Argyroploce pyrrhocrossa, N. sp.
3 2. 15-16mm. Head, palpi, and thorax light brownish finely sprin k-
led with fuscous or dark, Abdomen blackish-grey,in ¢ rather elongate.
Forewings elongate, posteriorly slightly dilated, costa slightly arched, apex
obtuse, termen sinuate, vertical ; brownish, finely irrorated with whitish and
dark fuscous ; costal edge blackish strigulated with whitish ; some undefined
darker median suffusion from base to middle; a similar patch on tornus;
two short oblique-leaden-metallic strigze from costa posteriorly : cilia brown-
reddish, at apex dark fuscous. Hindwings dark fuscous, more blackish
posteriorly ; cilia whitish-grey, with dark fuscous subbasal line.
Khasis; in March and November, three specimens. Specially character-
ised by the contrasted reddish cilia of forewings.
Pammene homotorna, n. sp.
$@. 11-13 mm. Head, thorax, and abdomen dark fuscous. Palpi
ascending, pale whitish-ochreous. Forewings elongate-triangular, costa
gently arched, apex rounded-obtuse, termen slightly rounded, rather ob-
lique ; 7 to apex ; dark purplish-fuscous, sprinkled with blue-whitish points,
costa with pairs of fine whitish strigulee ; anterior half of wing mostly cover- -
ed by suffused curved leaden-metallic striz ; a thick curved blue-leaden-
metallic striz from 2 of costa to tornus, lower portion with two short pro-
jections anteriorly ; a subterminal series of black dots or short dashes
strongest towards apex of wing: cilia whitish-fuscous, with dark fuscous
basal and subapical shades, latter obsolete towards tornus. Hindwings
with 8 and 4 stalked; dark fuscous, suffused with blackish posteriorly ;
cilia as in forewings.
Khasis ; in June and September, six specimens.
Pammene theristis, n. sp.
$2. 11-14 mm. Head, thorax and abdomen dark fuscous. Palpi
ascending, ochreous-whitish, in ¢ sprinkled with grey, in 9 irrorated
with dark fuscous. Forewings elongate, posteriorly dilated, costa slightly
arched, apex obtuse, termen hardly sinuate, little oblique; 7 to termen ;
dark purplish-fuscous, slightly sprinkled with purple-whitish points ; costa
shortly strigulated with blackish; two sharply-marked ochreous white
wedge-shaped costal strigule before apex ; a blackish stria from costa at 5
to termen above middle, in ¢ preceded and followed by blue-leaden-
metallic strigze : cilia rather dark purplish-fuscous, with blackish basal line.
Hindwings with 3 and 4 stalked: dark fuscous, darker posteriorly ; cilia
fuscous-whitish, violet-iridescent, with dark fuscous basal line.
Maskeliya, Ceylon (Pole, de Mowbray); Kumaon; in May, June and
October, four specimens. Bred from seedlings of Shorea robusta (Indian
Forest Service).
Pammene peristictis, n. sp.
g. 8-10 mm. Head, thorax and abdomen dark fuscous. Palpi rather
INDIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA, , 8d
long, porrected, pale ochreous-yellowish, with a dark violet-fuscous oblique
apical bar. Forewings subtriangular, costa posteriorly moderately arched;
apex very obtuse, termen somewhat sinuate beneath apex, vertical; 7 to
termen ; dark purplish-fuscous, slightly sprinkled with whitish points, with
some irregular indistinct broken darker transverse striz ; a nearly straight
blackish stria from costa beyond middle to termen beneath apex ; several
blackish dots close before termen between this and tornus: cilia purplish-
leaden-fuscous, with blackish basal line. Hindwings with 3 and 4 stalked ;
dark fuscous, basal half suffused with purple-blackish, termen somewhat
paler-suffused ; cilia fuscous. Undersurface of forewings with a blackish
patch in middle of disc.
Maskeliya, Ceylon (Pole) ; in March, five specimens.
Laspeyresia prolopha, n. sp.
3 2. 11-12 mm. Head and thorax grey with bluish iridescence, thorax
obscurely barred transversely with darker. Palpi grey mixed with whitish,
violet-iridescent. Abdomen dark fuscous, in ¢ ochreous-whitish beneath and
on lateral patches before apex. Forewings suboblong, costa gently arched,
bent in middle, with a projection of rough scales on bend, apex obtuse,
termen slightly sinuate, vertical; dark purplish-fuséous, mostly overlaid
with bluish-leaden-metallic suffusion, which covers most of basal and costal
area anteriorly, a patch on middle of dorsum and two patches enclosing
ocellus; two very oblique series of short black dashes crossing costal area
posteriorly, with a blue leaden striga between them; some short whitish
strigulz on posterior half of costa, a pale ochreous dot in disc at 2: cilia pur-
plish-fuscous, with blackish subbasal line. Hindwings with 6 and 7 somewhat
approximated towards base; dark fuscous, a suffused whitish-fuscous discal
patch ; cilia white, towards tornus violet-iridescent, with dark fuscous sub-
basal line. Undersurface of forewings with a whitish streak beneath cell ;
of hindwings with a whitish subdorsal streak, in ¢ surrounded with black-
ish suffusion, and a whitish patch in disc.
Khasis ; in June and July, eight specimens.
Laspeyresia optica, n. sp.
36. 16mm. Head and thorax fuscous. Palpi fuscous suffusedly irrorat-
ed with whitish. Abdomen dark fuscous. Forewings elongate, moderate,
posteriorly dilated, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen hardly sinuate,
vertical ; dark prismatic-fuscous, with strong green reflections, finely irro-
rated with pale ochreous-tinged points ; costa very shortly and obscurely
strigulated with blackish and whitish ; three blue-metallic oblique strigze
from posterior half of costa, second short, beneath it an oblique series of two
or three indistinct short blackish dashes ; ocellus forming a bluish-leaden-
metallic transverse patch, anterior angle touching first striga, its upper
portion suffused with ground colour and finely striated longitudinally with
blackish ; a short distinct ochreous-white blue-tipped costal strigula before
876 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST: SOCIETY, Vol. XXI.
apex: cilia purplish fuscous, round apex and upper half of termen lighter
and bluish metallic, with blackish basal line. Hindwings with 6 and 7 rather
approximately towards base ; blackish ; a’suffused irregular whitish median
band, not reaching margins, cut by blackish streaks on veins; cilia white
with violet-blue iridescence, with dark fuscous basal line, round apex grey.
Undersurface of forewings with white streak along lower margin of cell.
Khasis ; in June, one specimen.
Laspeyresia pulverula, n. sp.
3. 14mm. Head and thorax dark fuscous irrorated with pale greyish-
ochreous, face whitish-ochreous. Palpi whitish. Abdomen dark fuscous.
Forewings elongate-triangular, costa slightly arched, apex obtuse, termen
slightly rounded, somewhat oblique ; dark purple-fuscous, anterior 2 closely
irrorated with ochreous-whitish, leaving an oblique dark fuscous mark
crossing submedian fold before middle ; costal area suffused with brown on
posterior half, edge strigulated with whitish; a short oblique blackish
striga from middle of costa and another from beneath costa at 2 to above
middle of termen, each followed by a purple-leaden-metallic striga ; ocellus
margined by ochreous-whitish irroration and very obscure leaden-metallic
streaks : cilia grey, with black basal line. Hindwings with 6 and 7 approxi-
mated towards base; dark fuscous, with broad blackish terminal band;
a suffused whitish spot in middle of disc; cilia white, with blackish basal
line. Undersurface of forewings with streak of whitish suffusion along
lower margin of cell ; of hindwings with larger whitish discal patch.
Khasis ; in June, one specimen.
Laspeyresia leucostoma, n. sp.
$6 Q. 11-15mm. Head dark fuscous, face white. Palpi white. Thorax
grey, with a more or less developed blackish bar behind collar. Forewings
elongate, posteriorly dilated, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen
straight, little oblique; purplish-fuscous suffused with blackish, with
irregular broken violet-leaden-metallic striz rising from pairs of whitish
costal strigule; ocellus enclosed by two violet-leaden-metallic streaks,
anterior duplicated, posterior followed by an irregular whitish-ochreous
termina streak; upper half of ocellus suffused with whitish-ochreous ;
an irregular patch of whitish-ochreous suffusion above ocellus; two larger ~
yellowish-white strigule at apex: cilia leaden-grey with a dark fuscous
basal line finely edged with ochreous-white, more broadly at apex. Hind-
wings dark fuscous, thinly scaled on basal half; cilia iridescent-whitish
with dark fuscous basal line.
Maskeliya, Ceylon (Alston); Palnis (Campbell); Khasis ; from May to
October, eight specimens.
Laspeyresia turifera, u. sp.
3S. 13 mm. Head yellow, sidetufts of crown dark fuscous. Palpi
yellow, base brownish. Thorax and abdomen dark fuscous. Forewings
INDIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA. 877
moderate, posteriorly dilated, costa slightly arched, apex obtuse, termen
rounded, little oblique; dark brownish, strigulated with dark fuscous; a
broad bright yellow transverse band extending from near base to middle
posterior edge straight, vertical, rather irregular, costal edge strigulated
with dark fuscous: cilia brownish with two dark fuscous shades. Hind-
; wings with 6 and 7 approximated towards base; dark fuscous ; cilia orey
with dark fuscous basal line.
Khasis ; in March, one specimen.
Laspeyresia primigena, n. sp.
¢. 11-183 mm. Head with appressed scales, blackish reticulated with
whitish. Palpi transversely compressed, white, with black anterior streak.
Thorax blackish transversely barred with’ whitish. Forewings rather
elongate-triangular, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen rounded,
somewhat oblique; bronzy-blackish; basal of wing sharply strigulated with
whitish; a patch of about four incurved whitish strive from middle of dorsum
reaching 2 across wing, apices tending to be broken up and connected into
longitudinal striz ; several ochreous-white strigulz from costa posteriorly,
whence proceed some faint oblique strigze of whitish irroration, and two or
three short oblique shining blue-metallic strigze ; a shining blue-metallic
dot in dise beyond middle; ocellus marked with two transverse ochreous-
whitish streaks and enclosed by shining blue-metallic streaks, interior
broken into spots; a short shining blue-metallic mark beneath apex:
cilia rather dark purple-fuscous, with black basal line. Hindwings with 6
and 7 approximated towards base; blackish-fuscous; a thinly scaled
fuscous-whitish elongate patch extending in disc from base to beyond
middle ; cilia white, with blackish basal line.
Khasis ; in October and November, two specimens. The peculiar char-
acter of the palpi and head appears to show undoubted affinity to the
Glyphipterygide marking this as an early type of the genus; but the neura-
tion is as in typical forms of Laspeyresia.
( To be continued.)
878
THE MOTHS OF INDIA.
SUPPLEMENTARY PAPER TO THE VOLUMES IN
“THE FAUNA OF BRITISH INDIA.”
SERIES IV, PART III.
By
Sir Greorce F. Hampson, Bart., F.z.S., F.E.S.
(Continued from page 446 of this Volume.)
Genus Monopss.
Type.
Monodes, Guen. Noct., 1., p. 240 (1852) a .. nucicolora,
Alpesa, Wik., xv., 1662 (1856) ae As -» , vallacosta,
Proboscis fully developed; palpi upturned, rather slender, the 2nd joint
reaching to vertex of head, the 3rd moderate ; frons smooth; eyes large,
round ; antennee of male typically ciliated ; build slender; thorax chiefly
clothed with scales, the pro and metathorax with typically slight spreading
crests ; tibie moderately fringed with hair; abdomen with dorsal crest at
base only. Forewing with the apex rounded, the termen evenly curved
and hardly crenulate ; veins 3 and 5 from near angle of cell; 6 from upper
angle; 9 from 10 anastomosing with 8 to form the areole; 11 from cell.
Hindwing with veins 3°4 from angle of cell; 5 obsolescent from middle of
discocellulars ; 6°7 from upper angle; 8 anastomosing with the cell near
base only.
A, Forewing with ochreous costal fascia and apical mark.
a. Forewing with the reniform with white annulus
defined by black ; at conjugata.
b. Forewing with the reniform almost cbsolete .. fissistiyma.
B. Forewing with the costal fascia grey, the apical
mark ochreous - Sas ce ~. ONafiSStt
2537. MonopES CONJUGATA.
Hydrelia conjugata, Moore, P. Z.S. 1881, p. 369; Hmpsn., Cat.
Lep. Phal. B. M., viii, p. 473, pl. 134, f. 9.
Eurois albicostata, Hmpsn., Moths Ind. u, p. 228 (1894).
2049 a. MonopsEs FISSISTIGMA.
1777 a. MoNnopdEs TRIFISSA.
Monodes trifissa, Hmpsn., Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M., viii, p. 475, pl. 154, f. 12,
(1909).
@. Head and thorax ochreous white tinged with rufous, the extremities.
of patagia with some black scales and the metathoracic crest blackish ;
pectus and legs suffused with fuscous brown ; abdomen ochreous suffused
with brown, the basal crest fuscous. Forewing with the base and costal.
THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 879
area to just beyond postmedial line grey slightly irrorated with black, the
mner area and a broad curved fascia from end of cell to apex ochreous, the
cell and area beyond its lower extremity rufous and the medial part
of terminal area grey with slight dark streaks on the veins and in
interspaces; subbasal line represented by a slight oblique black striga
from costa; antemedial line absent; orbicular white with an ochreous
tinge in centre and slightly defined by brown at sides, narrow, very oblique,
its lower extremity produced to three oblique white streaks with a bar
across their extremities below the reniform which is represented by a very
slight ochreous lunule ; an oblique ochreous streak from below the orbicular
to submedian fold at postmedial line, which is very indistinct and double
from costa to vein 3, strongly bent outwards below costa, bent inwards at
vein 3 and sinuous to inner margin; a terminal series of black points.
Hindwing greyish wholly suffused with fuscous brown; the underside
ochreous irrorated with fuscous, a blackish discoidal spot, curved waved
postmedial line, and terminal series of strize.
Habitat.—Punsasz, Simla. Lap. 24 mill.
Genus NEOMILICHIA.
Type.
Neomilichia., Hmpsn., Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M., viii, p. 518
(i909)... io Se i Sis
Proboscis fully developed ; palpi upturned, the 2nd joint reaching about
to middle of frons and moderately scaled, the 3rd moderate ; frons with
hylea.
slight rounded prominence with corneous plate below it; eyes large,
round ; antennz of male ciliated; build slender; head and thorax clothed
chiefly with scales, the pro and metathorax with spreading crests ; tibize
moderately fzinged with hair; abdomen with dorsal crest at base only.
Forewing with the apex rectangular, the termen evenly curved and slightly
crenulate; veins 3 and 5 from near angle of cell; 6 from upper angle; 9
from 10 anastomosing with 8 to form the areole; 11 from cell. Hindwing
with veins 3'4 from angle of cell; 5 obsolescent from just below middle of
discocellulars ; 6:7 from upper angle; 8 anastomosing with the cell near
base only.
2048. NEOMILICHIA VEPRECOLA.
Genus PERIGEODEs.
Type.
Periyeodes, Hmpsn., Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M., vii, p. 287 (1908). rectivitta.
Proboscis fully developed ; palpi upturned, the 2nd joint reaching to
vertex of head and moderately scaled in front, the 3rd rather long ; frons
smooth; eyes large, round; antenne of male ciliated: head and thorax
smoothly clothed with scales, the pro and metathorax with spreading
crests, tibiz: moderately fringed with hair; abdomen with small dorsal
880 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXI.
crests on basal segments. Forewing with the apex rectangular, the
termen evenly curved and slightly crenulate, the cilia strongly dentate
especially towards tornus ; veins 3 and 5 from near angle of cell; 6 from
upper angle; 9 from 10 anastomosing with 8 to form the areole; 11 from
cell, Hindwing with veins 3:4 from angle of cell; 5 obsolescent from below
middle of discocellulars ; 6:7 from upper angle; 8 anastomosing with the
cell near base only.
A. Forewing with large white patch on inner medial area
extending almost to cell ae a .. poliomera.
B. Forewing without white patch on inner medial area
extending almost to cell.
a. Forewing with the lower part of reniform very large
and extending to well below cell Mf so | Veeyela
b. Forewing with the lower part of reniform moderate
acd extending to slightly below cell.
a’, Forewing with bifid black spot beyond lower part
of reniform.
a’. Forewing yellow, the antemedial line almost
obsolete, the stigmata defined by black points. magna.
6°. Forewing ochreous suffused with rufus, the
antemedial line double, the stigmata with pale
annuli .. AE as Be .. malayica.
6‘. Forewing without bifid black spot beyond lower
part of reniform .. BS Sl .. vrectivitta.
2051. 6. PERIGEODES POLIOMERA. E
Perigeodes poliomera, Hmpsn., Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M., vii., p. 287.,
pl. 115. f. 11 (1908).
Head, tegule and patagia ochreous tinged with rufous, the tegule with
darker edges; palpi black above, white below ; frons with black bar; vertex
of thorax, pectus and legs white, the forelegs tinged with brown, the tarsi
fuscous ringed with white ; abdomen white tinged with brown, the basal
crest black at tip. Forewing ochreous tinged with rufous, the area
below costa paler, becoming pure white at apex. A large white patch on
inner area from near base to near tornus, rounded above, the terminal
area redder to the oblique streak from termen just below apex, suffused
with black towards tornus ; the base white; traces of a double waved
subbasal line from costa to submedian fold; a very indistinct double
waved antimedial line, obsolete on the white area; orbicular and reniform
with whitish annuli slightly defined by brown, the former with brown centre
round the latter with its centre defined by black points, constricted at
middle; a blackish patch beyond lower angle of cell; postmedial line double
almost obsolete towards costa, strongly bent outwards below costa, then
oblique, minutely waved and with series of black and white points on its
THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 88
outer edge, bent outwards to inner margin at the extremity of the white.
patch, some slight pale points beyond it on costa; traces of a waved.
subterminal line; a terminal series of black points with white point before:
the point in submedian interspace; cilia reddish with series of black points
at tips, wholly black towards tornus. Hindwing pale brown with ter--
minal series of small dark lunules: cilia brownish white, the underside:
whitish, the costal area tinged with rufous, an indistinct diffused dark.
subterminal band from costa to vein 2, a terminal series of black points.
Hatitat.— CENTRAL Cutna ; Hatnan; Assam, Khasis. Evp. f 32,936 mill..
2051. a. PERIGEODES TRICYCLA.
Perigea tricycla, Guen., Noct 1. p. 226 (1852); Hmpsn. Cat. Lep..
Phal. B. M.-vii; p. ‘289, pl. 115, £. 12.
Bagada fuscostrigata, Beth. Baker, Nov. Zool. xiii, p. 209 (1906).
6. Head and thorax pale ochreous mixed with dark brown and tinged’
with rufous; palpi with some dark brown at side of 2nd joint; antennz brown:;:
abdomen pale ochreous tinged with rufous, dorsally dark brown except at:
base. Forewing pale ochreous suffused with rufous and slightly irrorated
with dark brown, the inner margin with fuscous brown fascia tinged with
grey except at base, the postmedial area greyish brown except towards.
costa, terminated by the oblique dark brown streak from apex to the post--
medial line at vein 5, diffused below; subbasal line represented by two:
black points below the cell; antemedial line very indistinct, double,
rufous, minutely dentate, below vein 1 strongly bent inwards to inner
margin ; claviform represented by a dark striga at its extremity ; orbicular-
pale, defined by brown except above, irregularly rounded; reniform pale,
slightly defined by brown, strongly constricted at middle and figure-of-
eight-shaped, extending well below the cell to vein 2, some dark points in
its lower part, traces of an oblique line from it to inner margin ; postmedial
line indistinct, double, strongly bent outwards below costa, then minutely
waved and oblique, some pale points beyond it on costa; subterminal line-
very indistinct, pale, defined on inner side by brown suffusion, slightly:
excurved below vein 7 at middle; a terminal series of dark points defined
on inner side by pale lunules; cilia dark brown with a pale tine at base..
Hindwing dark brown with a reddish tinge ; cilia with a pale line at base ;.
the underside whitish tinged with brown, the terminal area suffused with.
brown, a brown postmedial line from costa to vein 5.
ab. 1, fuscostrigata—Hindwing on underside much more suffused with
brown, a dark discoidal spot, the postmedial line entire.
Habitat—Assam, Khasis ; Borneo ; Br. New Guinea. Ep. 42-44 mill.
2051. PERIGEODES MAGNA.
2052. PERIGEODES MALAYICA.
Orthogonia malayica, Snell., Veth’s Midden Sumatra Lep., p..
46, pl. 4, f. 6 (1892).
21
882 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XX.
‘Xanthoptera nigridia, Hmpsn. Moths Ind., ii, p. 320 (1894).
2428, PERIGEODES RECTIVITIA.
Genus PERIGEA. Type.
Perigea, Guen. Noct., i., p. 225 (1852).. 2 .. spiced.
Condica, W1k., ix., 239 (1856)... ee =f .. cupentia.
Prospalta, Wik., xili., 1114 (1857) a ae ‘4. deucospila.
Bagada, W\k., xv., 1753 (1858) ste ie as) SPUCEOR
Gaphara, Wlk., Trans. Ent. Soc. (3) i., p. 96 (1862) .. tetera
Myrtale, Druce, Biol. Centr. Am. Het. i., p. 443 (1891) .._— imitata.
Proboscis fully developed; palpi upturned, the 2nd joint typically
reaching about to vertex of head and smoothly scaled, the 3rd typically
rather long ; frons smooth; eyes large, round ; antennz of male typically
minutely ciliated ; thorax smoothly clothed with scales, the prothorax
with spreading crest, the metathorax with slight crest; tibiz moderately
fringed with hair; abdomen with slight dorsal crests on basal segments.
Forewing with the apex rectangular, the termen evenly curved and slightly
erenulate ; veins 8 and 5 from near angle of cell; 6 from upper angle;
9 from 10 anastomosing with 8 to form the areole; 11from cell. Hindwing
with veins 3°4 from angle of cell; 5 obsolescent from below middle of disco-
¢ellulars ; 6°7 from upper angle; 8 anastomosing with the cell near base only.
A, Forewing with a large part of wing occupied by grey
or white patches ay, ae ee .. _ leprosa.
B. Forewing with a large part of wing not occupied by
grey or white patches.
a. Forewing cupreous black brown.
a'. Forewing with subterminal and terminal series of
small white spots.
a, Forewing with the orbicular white centre :
defined by white points .. .;) stellata.
6*, Forewing with the orbicular not fennel =
white points.
a*. Forewing with the centre of the reniferm
broken up into white points a .. contigua.
b°*, Forewing with round white spot in centre of
reniform with small brown lunule on it .. deucospila.
}, Forewing without terminal series of small white
spots.
a. Forewing with the reniform broken up into white
points .. os ke : . albomaculata.
aS
*, Forewing with the reniform with slight she
lunule on its inneredge .. <i .. atricuprer,
4. Forewing not cupreous black brown.
THE. MOTHS OF INDIA.
(09)
ios)
co
«'. Forewing not yellowish with patches of rufous and
brown suffusion in parts.
w. Forewing with the reniform defined on all sides
by white points.
tt.
Hindwing white, the terminal area with
dark suffusion, in female more suffused.. dolerosa.
“°, Hindwing entirely suffused with brown in
both sexes .. $5 a Ae A GGLOLIM:
(2. Forewing with the reniform not defined on all
sides by white points dpi si .. capensis.
Hi. Forewing with the ground colour yellowish with
patches of rufous and dark brown suffusion .. spiced.
2439a, PERIGEA LEPROSA. .
1722a, PERIGEA STELLATA.
Prospalta stellata, Moore, Lep. Atk., p. 111 (1882) ; Hmpsn.,
Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M. vii., p. 314, pl. 115, f. 27.
Head rufous, the basal joint of antennze with white point in front;
thorax deep red brown, the base of tegulze rufous, the vertex of thorax and
tip of prothoracic crest white ; tarsi with white points; abdomen brown, the
basal crest white, the others black, the ventral surface rufous. Forewing
cupreous brown suffused with black leaving the discal and submedian folds
redder ; five white points at base in and below cell, followed by an oblique
white striga from costa with two white points below it; an antemedial
series of white points on and below costa and on the veins, defined by
black and with white streak before it on inner margin ; orbicular represent-
ed by a small white spot surrounded by white points; reniform with four
white points in centre surreunded by white points ; traces of a waved dark
medial line; postmedial line indistinct, dark, with white point at costa,
strongly bent outwards below costa, then dentate and produced to white
points on the veins, oblique below vein 4, some white points beyond it on
costa; a subterminal series of small white spots on the veins, reduced to
points on veins 4:3:2 ; another series of small white spots just before termen
and a series of points on termen ; cilia with series of white spots at tips and
points at middle towards apex. Hindwing fuscous brown, the cilia white at
tips ; the underside pale red-brown, the terminal area suffused with fuscous,
a faint discoidal lunule and diffused minutely crenulate postmedial line.
Habitat.—Sixuim. Lup. 40 mill.
1722). PERIGEA CONTIGUA.
Prospalta contigue, Leech, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1900, p. 122; Hmpsn.,
Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M. vii., p. 314, pl. 115, f. 28.
Head and thorax deep red-brown ; basal joint of antennze white; pro-
thoracic crest with seme white scales, the metathorax with white patch ;
tibize at base with white points, the tarsi ringed with white; abdomen
884. JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XI.
brown with the basal crest white. Forewing black-brown with a cupreous:
gloss; two white points at base ; a subbasal white striga from costa and
spot below cell with point in cell further from base ; antemedial line repre—
sented by a white striga from costa, points on the veins and point on inner
margin further from the base ; claviform a small white spot; orbicular a
en
e age tae
small round white spot defined by black; reniform with three white marks.
in centre surrounded by small spots ; traces of a waved dark medial line;
postmedial line indistinct, dark, with white points at costa, strongly bent
outwards below costa, then dentate and produced to white points on the
veins, excurved to vein 4, then oblique, some white points beyond it on
costa; a subterminal series of small white spots on the veins, somewhat
excurved below costa and at middle; a terminal series of white points.
Hindwing fuscous brown, the cilia whitish, brown at tips; the underside:
fuscous irrorated with white ; a dark discoidal lunule and diffused minutely:
waved postmedial line.
Habitat.—W. Cuina; Assam, Kuasis. Zvp. 30—42 mill.
1723. PERIGEA LEUCOSPILA.
1722, PERIGEA ALBOMACULATA.
Mamestra albomaculata, Moore, P. Z. 8. 1867, p. 52 ; Hmpsn. Cat...
Lep. Phal. B. M. vii., p. 316, pl. 115, f. 31.
1722c. PERIGEA ATRICUPREA.
Perigea atricuprea, Hmpsn., Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M. vii., p. 316, pl. 115, f.
32 (1908). ;
Head and thorax black-brown with a few white scales; metathorax
with white patch; tarsi slightly ringed with white; abdomen fuscous.
brown. Forewing glossy black-brown slightly irrorated with white ; an
indistinct waved whitish subbasal line from costa to submedian fold, with
white point beyond it in cell; antemedial line black defined on inner side-
by whitish, somewhat waved and oblique; orbicular and reniform defined by
black, the former round, the latter with white lunule on its outer edges and
somewhat angled inwards on median nervure ; faint traces of an oblique
medial shade from lower angle of cell to inner margin ; postmedial line black
with white striga from costa, strongly bent outwards below costa, then
dentate and produced to short streaks on the veins, incurved below vein 4,.
some white points beyond it on costa ; traces of a waved dark subterminal
line with waved white striga from costa, incurved below vein 3; a terminal
series of white points; cilia with a slight waved white line through them.
Hindwing greyish suffused with fuscous brown, a faint discoidal spot and
sinuous postmedial line ; a fine black terminal and some whitish on termen
towards tornus ; cilia with a slight whitish line through them; the under--
side fuscous brown irrorated with white, a brown discoidal lunule and.
diffused curved postmedial line.
Habitat.—Sixuim Tipet, Yatung. Lvp. 3 34, 2 38 mill.
THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 885
172la. PERIGEA DOLEROSA. |
Mamestra dolerosa, Wik. XXXII. 667 (1865).
Hadena taprobane, Feld. Reis. Nov. pl. 110, f. 3 (1874).
Euplevia albomaculata, Semp. Schmett. Phil. p. 515, pl. 60. £. 2
(nec. Moore).
Head and thorax fuscous mixed with some ochreous; palpi black; the
2nd and 3rd joints white at tips ; frons with black bars ; tegule with black
annuli; prothoracie crest tipped with ochreous, the metathorax with
ochreous patch; pectus and legs ochreous white irrorated with brown ;
the tarsi black with pale tinge ; abdomen ochreous suffused with fuscous
brown. Forewing fuscous; subbasal line represented by ochreous striz
from costa and cell ; some ochreous and black scales on inner margin before
the antemedial line, which is indistinct, waved, black, interrupted, defined
on inner side by ochreous striv at costa and inner margin and ochreous
point at submedian fold; orbicular with imcomplete whitish annulus
defined by black, small, irregularly elliptical ; reniform with irregular white
lunule in centre surrounded by ochreous points defined by black, constricted
at middle ; postmedial line with white spot at costa, strongly bent out-
wards below costa, then defined by slight ochreous lunules on outer side,
dentate and produced to black and white points on the veins, oblique
below vein 4, some white points beyond it on costa; subterminal line
represented by a series of ochreous white points defined on inner side by
small dentate black marks, excurved below vein 7 and at middle; a series
of minute white points just before termen; cilia fuscous with series
of ochreous white points at base. Hindwing white tinged with brown, the
veins and terminal area suffused with fuscous brown, a terminal series of
black strize defined by whitish on inner side; cilia ochreous white, with a
slight brown line through them on apical half; the underside white, the
costal area tinged with ochreous and irrorated with fuscous, a discoidal
point, slight diffused waved postmedial line from costa to vein 2, and
diffused subterminal band.
Habitat.—C. Cuina ; Bompay; Manpras, Nilgiris; Cryzton, Kandy;
Puitiprines, Manila; Frsr. Lp. 36-40 mill.
Larva, Brown. Food plant, Conyza balsamifera.
17216. PERIGEA GALAXIA.
Perigea galavia, Butl., P. Z. S. 1883, p. 159; Hmpsn. Cat. Lep.
Phal. B. M. vii, p. 324, pl. 116, f. 9.
Head and thorax fuscous brown mixed with grey-white; tarsi black
ringed with white; abdomen grey suffused with fuscous. Forewing grey
suffused with fuscous and irrorated with white ; subbasal line represented
' by a white striga from costa; antemedial line black, défined on inner side
by white towards costa, waved, somewhat oblique ; orbicular white defined
by black, small, round ; reniform a white lunule with some black points on
886 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXF,
it, its upper and lower extremities surrounded by white points; a diffused —
medial line, excurved at middle ; postmedial line black, with white bar at
costa, bent outwards below costa, then dentate and produced to black and
white points on the veins, incurved below vein 4, some white points beyond |
it on costa; subterminal line defined by diffused fuscous on inner side, —
angled outwards at vein 7 and excurved at middle; a terminal series of {
black points ; cilia with a series of white pomts at base. Hindwing grey- —
brown with a fuscous tinge; cilia whitish at tips; the underside white 4
irrorated with fuscous, a discoidal lunule filled m with white, bisinuate —
postmedial line, and traces of diffused subterminal band.
Habitat.—PunsaBs, Kulu, Sultanpur, Simla, Dharmsala. Lvp. 30-38 mill.
1721. PERIGEA CAPENSIS.
Apamea capensis, Guen. Noct. 1, p. 213 (4852); Hmpsn. Cat. Lep-
Phal. B. M. vu, p. 332, pl. 116, f. 20.
Perigea apameoides, Guen. Noct. 1, p. 229 (part).
Caradrina conducta, Wlk., X, 296 (1856).
Celena serva, Wik. XV., 1689 (1858).
Hadena pauperata, Wik., XV, 1727 (1858).
Mamestra prodita, W\k., Journ. Linn. Soe. Zool. vi, p. 185 eee 2).
Perigea inevacta, W1k., XXXII, 682 (1865).
» canorufa, Wik, XXXIT, 683 (1865).
» dlecta, Wik., XXXII, 684 (1865).
Hadena leonina, Wlk., XX XITI, 735 (1865).
» spargens, Wlk., XX XIIT, 739 (1865).
» funesta, Wik., XX XIII, 740 (1865).
Perigea centralis, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. iti, p. 28, pl. 147 f. 2 (nec.
Wik.).
- meleagris. Saalm. Lep. Madag., p. 271, f. 228 (1891).
2050. PERIGEA SPICEA.
Perigea spicea, Guen. Noct. 1, p. 226 (1852); Hmpsn. Cat. Lep.
Phal. B. M. vit, p. 348.
Bagada pyrochroma, Wik., xv. 1753 (1858), Hmpsn. Ill. Het. B.M.
; ix, pyOn, plo loz 74.72.
Acontia firina, Swinh., P. Z. 8S. 1885, p. 455, pl. 27 £. 5.
Genus Hapsina.
Type.
Hadjina, Staud., Ivis., iv, p. 286 (1891).. oh 2) cosa
Proboscis fully developed ; palpi upturned, the 2nd joimt slender, reach-
ing to vertex of head and moderately fringed with hair im front, the 3rd
short; frons smooth; eyes large, round; antenne of male typieally ciliat-
ed; build slender; head and thorax clothed almost entirely with scales,
the pro and meta-thorax with spreading erests; legs moderately fringed
THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 887
with hair ; abdomen with dorsal crest at base only. Forewing rather short.
and broad, the apex rounded, the termen evenly curved and slightly cre-
nulate ; veins 3 and 5 from near angle of cell; 6 from upper angle ; 9 from
10 anastomosing with 8 to form the areole; 11 from cell, Hindwing with
veins 3:4 from angle of cell; 5 obsolescent from well below middle of dis-
eocellulars ; 6'7 from upper angle ; 8 anastomosing with the cell near base
only.
A, Forewing with the medial line indistinct or absent.
a. Forewing net suffused with fiery red.
a’, Hindwing wholly tinged with brown.
a, Hindwing not ochreous.
a. Forewing with the inner area cupreous red .. cupreipennis.
6°, Forewing with the inner area not cupreous
red.
a‘, Forewing purplish red-brown... .. chinensis.
b*, Forewing fuscous brown a .. evneren,
6°, Hindwing ochreous tinged with brown .. modestissima.
6’. Hindwing white, the terminal area suffused with
brown.
a. Forewing with the subterminal line excurved at
middle .. ae a sts .. viscosa.
i>. Forewing with the subterminal line not excury-
ed at middle ee Me 3 .. polvastis.
b. Forewing suffused with fiery red .. ir .. pyrovantha.
&, Forewing with prominent rather diffused dark medial
line .. a f: ave a .. grisea.
1834). HapsINa CUPREIPENNIS.
Tlattia cupreipennis, Moore, Lep. Atk. p. J12 (1882); Hmpsn.
Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M. viii, p. 525, pl. 136, f. 13.
Head and thorax fiery red mixed with dark brown and some grey ;
abdomen dark brown. Forewing deep cupreous red shading to brown
mixed with grey on costal and terminal areas; subbasal line represented
by a slight dark striga from costa ; antemedial line very indistinct, waved ;
claviform absent; orbicular and reniform whitish irrorated with brown and
very faintly defined by brown, the former round, the latter somewhat
quadrate ; postmedial line very indistinct, dark, bent outwards below
costa, then produced to dark streaks with grey points on them on the
veins, incurved below vein 4; hardly a trace of the subterminal line; a
fine punctiform black terminal line. Hindwing glossy yellowish brown:
a fine dark terminal line and slight pale line at base of cilia ; the underside
pale tinged with red and thickly irrorated with brown, a small black
discoidal lunule and traces of a curved postmedial line.
Hahitat.—Punsas, Murree; Stxutm, Exp. 30-36 mill.
888 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XX,
1833 6. HapbgsINA CHINENSIS.
Perigea chinensis, Wllgrn. Wien. Ent. Mon, iv, p. 169 (1860).
Segetia mandarina, Staud. Rom. Mem. vi, p. 482, pl. ix, f. 4
(1892) ; id. Cat. Lep. pal. p. 170.
,, sarepte, Gres.Bul. Ent. Zeit. XX XII,p. 350(1888)nec.Guen.
_ Amyna pulverea, Leech, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1900, p. 114.
1834c. HapbJINA CINEREA.
Hadjina cinerea, Hmpsn., Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M. viii,, p. 526, pl.
136, f£. 15 (1909).
3. Head and tegule pale fulvous ; thorax dark brown mixed with grey
and afew black scales; tarsi with pale rings; abdomen grey-brown, the
anal tuft ochreous. Forewing dark brown suffused with grey and irrorat-
ed with black ; subbasal line represented by a slight grey striga from costa;
antemedial line very ill-defined, grey, diffused, waved; claviform absent;
- orbicular and reniform grey irrorated with black, undefined, the former
round, the latter somewhat constricted at middle; postmedial line very ~
ill-defined, grey, diffused, bent outwards below costa and oblique below
vein 4; subterminal line very indistinct, grey faintly defined by blackish on
inner side, excurved below vein7 and at middle; a terminal series of slight
black points. Hindwing silky fuscous grey, the cilia slightly paler; the |
underside with faint black discoidal spot and traces of postmedial line.
Habitat—Si1xuim, 1,800'. Lvp. 26 mill.
1880. HapsINA MODESTISIMA.
Apamea modestissima, Snell., Tijd. V. Ent. xx, p. 26, pl. 2, f. 14
(1877).
Hipepa opacaria, Swinh., Trans. Ent. Soc., 1890, p. 264, pl. 8, f. 5.
1834d. Hapsina viscosa.
Mythimna viscosa, Frr. Neue. Beitr. i, p. 39, pl. 21, f. 5, (Aug.
1831) Staud. Cat. Lep. pal., p. 170.
a impleva, Treit. Schmett. Eur. x,, 2, p. 73 (1835); nec.
Hiibn. Dup. Lep. Fr. Suppl. iv., p. 98, pl.
D8, fo ve
Head and thorax red-brown mixed with grey scales; tarsi fuscous with
pale rings; abdomen ochreous. Forewing red-brown slightly irrorated
with greyish ochreous; subbasal line absent ; antemedial line hardly trace-
able, greyish, waved ; claviform absent; orbicular and reniform small with
faint grey annuli, undefined, the former oblique elliptical, the latter con-
stricted at middle; postmedial line very indistinct, slightly defined by
grey on outer side and with prominent grey striga from costa, bent
outwards below costa and oblique below vein 4, some pale points beyond
it on costa; subterminal line very indistinct, pale, angled outwards at vein
7 and slightly excurved at middle; a terminal series of blackish points ;
cilia with a fine pale line at base. Hindwing white, the termen tinged
THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 889
with pale red-brown from apex to submedian fold, in female almost entire-
ly suffused with brown ; the underside with the costal area irrorated with
red.
ab. 1.—Much more ochreous or grey irrorated with fuscous and with
hardly a trace of rufous; forewing with the ante and post-medial lines
more distinct, the former angled outwards in submedian fold and above
jnner margin and inwards on vein 1, a dark patch sometimes present be-
tween orbicular and reniform.
Habitat.—Spain ; Sictny; Canaries ; Syria; Persian Guir; SInp,
Karachi 82. vp. 28°34 mill.
1833c. HAapsINA POLIASTIS.
1795a. HapsINa PYROXANTHA.
2053. HADJINA GRISEA.
Genus CaTAMECIA.
Type.
Catamecia, Staud. Iris. x., p. 288 (1897) .. ae .. jordana,
Proboscis fully developed; palpi upturned, the 2nd joint reaching to
about middle of frons and moderately scaled, the 3rd short ; frops with
truneate conical prominence with slight raised edges and corneous plate
below it; eyes large, round; antennz of male typically ciliated; thorax
clothed chiefly with scales, the pro and meta-thorax with spreading crests ;
tibize slightly fringed with hair; abdomen with dorsal crest at base only.
Forewing with the apex rectangular, the termen evenly curved and not
crenulate; veins 3 and 5 from near angle of cell; 6 from upper angle; 9
from 10 anastomosing with 8 to form the areole; 11 from cell. Hindwing
with veins 3+ from angle of cell ; 5 obsolescent from middle of discocellulars ;
‘6°7 from upper angle ; 8 anastomosing with the cell near base only.
Sect. I.—Antennz of male serrate.
1871. CaATAMECIA FURTIVA.
Sect. I7.—Antenne of male ciliated.
1850. CaTAMECIA MINIMA,
Apamea minima, Swinh., P. Z. 8., 1889, p. 410 ; Hmpsn., Cat. Lep.
Phal. B. M., viii, p. 543, pl. 186, f. 29.
Catamecia bachert, Staud. Cat. Lep. pal., p. 213 (1901).
Genus NAMANGANA.
Type.
Namangana, Staud. Stett., Ent. Zeit. 1888, p. 28 a cretacea.
Lupolia, Smith, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., xxi., p. 69 (i894). . licentiosa.
Proboscis fully developed, palpi upturned, the 2nd joint reaching about
to middle of frons and moderately scaled in front, the 3rd typically short;
frons smooth; eyes large, round; antenne of male typically ciliated; head
amd thorax clothed chiefly with scales, the pro and meta-thorax with
spreading crests ; tibize moderately fringed with hair; abdomen with dorsal
29,
890 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXI.
crest at base only. Forewing with the apex rounded, the termen evenly
curved and slightly crenulate; veins 3 and 5 from near angle of cell; 6
from upper angle ; 9 from 10 anastomosing with 8 to form the areole; 11]
from cell. Hindwing with veins 3:4 from angle of cell; 5 obsolescent from
middle of discocellulars ; 6:7 from upper angle; 8 anastomosing with the
cell near base only.
Sect. I. (Hupolia).—Antennee of male bipectinate with long branches.
2054a. NAMANGANA PECTINICORNIS,
Sect. II. (Namangana).—Antenne of male ciliated.
A, Forewing with elongate V-shaped black marks on
terminal area between veins7 and3 .. .. eashmirensis.
B. Forewing without V- shaped black marked on terminal
area ma ms es age she atrescens.
1942. NAMANGANA CASHMIRENSIS.
1858a. NAMANGANA ATRESCENS.
Genus CINGALESA.
Type.
Cingalesa, Hmpsn., Moths Ind., ii., p. 336 (1894) .. strigrcosta,
2108. CINGALESA STRIGICOSTA.
Genus LopHoryna.
Type.
Lophotyna, Hmpsn., Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M., ix, p. 19 (1910). albirena.
Proboscis fully developed ; palpi oblique, fringed with long hair in front.
the 3rd joint short, porrect ; frons smooth with large tuft of hair; vertex
of head crested; eyes large, round; antenne of male ciliated; head and
thorax clothed almost entirely with scales, the tegule produced to a slight
dorsal ridge, the pro-thorax with high triangular crest, the meta-thorax
with spreading crest : tibize moderately fringed with hair; abdomen with
dorsal crests on basal segments. Forewing with the apex produced and
acute, the termen strongly crenulate and obliquely curved ; veins 3 and 5
from near angle of cell; 6 from upper angle; 9 from 10 anastomosing with —
8 to form the areole; 11 from cell. Hindwing with the termen waved :
veins 3'4 from angle of cell ; 5 obsolescent from below middle of discocel-
lullars ; 6:7 from upper angle; 8 anastomosing with the cell near base only.
1724. LopHoryNa ALBIRENA.
Genus GORYTYNA.
Type.
Gortyna, Treit. Schmett. Eur. v (2) p. 330 (1825) .. .. leucostigma.
Helotropha, Led. Noct. Eur. p. 118 (1857) ¥ .. leucostigma.
Proboscis fully developed ; palpi upturned, the 2nd joint reaching about
to middle of frons and moderately scaled, the 3rd short; frons smooth ;.
eyes large, round; antenne of male typically ciliated; head and thorax
clothed chiefly with scales, the pro and meta-thorax with spreading crests
THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 89]
tibize moderately fringed with hair; abdomen with dorsal crests on basal
segments. Forewing with the apex rectangular, the termen crenulate ;
veins 3 and 5 from near angle of cell; 6 from upper angle; 9 from 10
anastomosing with 8 to form the areole; 11 fromcell. Hindwing with
veins 3'4 from angle of cell; 5 obsolescent from middle of discocellulars ;
6:9 from upper angle; 8 anastomosing with the cell near base only.
1795. GOoORTYNA LEUCOSTIGMA.
Noctua leucostigma, Hiibn., Hur. Schmett. Noct. £. 375 (1808) :
Staud. Cat. Lep. pal, p. 186.
Noctua fibrosa, Hiibn., Eur. Schmett. Noct. f. 385 (1808) Dup.
Lep. Fr. vii 1, p. 182, pl. 109 f. 4; Steph. Ill.
Brit. Ent. Haust. iu, p. 7,
i lunina, Haw., Lep. Brit. p. 209 (1809).
Cerastis levis. Butl., Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 181.
Hydrecia Ihasiana, Moore, P. Z. 8., 1881, p. 342, pl. 37, f. 5.
Genus Hypracta.
Type.
Gortyna, Ochs. Schmett. Eur. iv., p. 82 (1816) non descr. ;
Hiibn. Verz., p. 252 (1827), nec. Treit. 1825 a mucacen.
Hydrecia, Dup. Cat. Meth., p. 114 (1844) aE oe mucacet.
Proboscis fully developed; palpi upturned, the 2nd joint reaching about
to middle of frons and fringed with long hair in front, the 3rd short ; frons
smooth ; eyes large, round ; antenne of male typically minutely serrate ;
thorax clothed with hair and hair-like scales, the tegulee produced toa
slight dorsal ridge, the prothorax with sharp triangular crest, the meta-
thorax with spreading crest; tibize moderately fringed with hair; abdomen
with some rough hair at base, dorsal crest on first segment and lateral fringes
of hair. Forewing with the apex somewhat produced and acute, the
termen evenly curved and hardly crenulate ; veins 5 and 5 from near angle
of cell; 6 from upper angle; 9 from 10 anastomosing with 8 to form the
areole; 11 from cell. Hindwing with veins 3:4 from angle of cell; 5
obsolescent from middle of discocellulars ; 6:7 from upper angle ; 8 anasto-
mosing with the cell near base only.
1594. HypRa&cIa BASALIPUNCTATA.
Genus PyRRarA,
Type.
Pyrrlaa, Hiibn. Verz., p. 233 (1827) .. ap We purpurina.
1598. PyRRHIA UMBRA.
Noctua umbra, Hiifn. Berl. Mag. iii., p. 294 (1767); Smith, Cat.
Noct. N. Am., p. 216; Staud. Cat. Lep. pal. p. 224.
>» marginata, Fabr. Syst. Ent., p. 610 (1775); Dup. Lep. Fr. vii.
pl. 119, f. 8; Steph. Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii.,
p. 108.
892 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXT
Noctua rutilago, Schiff, Wien. Verz. p. 88 (1776); Hiibn. Eur.
Schmett, Noct. f. 185.
» wumbrago, Esp, Schmett, iv., pl. 185, ff. 6-7 (1796).
. conspicua, Borkh. Eur. Schmett, iv., p. 50 (1792).
» marginago, Haw. Lep. Brit., p. 217 (1809).
Heliothis cilesca, Guen, Noct. 11., p. 179 (1852).
Fe evprimens, Wik. xi., 687 (1857); Grote, Bull. Buff. Soc.
Nat. €ci. u1., p. 35, pl. ii., f. 5.
Pyrrhia angulata, Grote, Trans. Am. Ent. Soe. v., p. 93 (1874); id.
Bull. Buff. Soc. Nat. Sci. ii., pl. 3, f. 6.
Hydrecia tibetana, Moore, A. M. N. H.( ) p. 232 (1878); id. 2nd
Yarkand Mission Lep., p. 9, pl. i., f. 21.
Chariclea vevilliger, Christ, Iris., vi., p. 92 (1893); Staud. Cat. Lep.
pal., p. 228.
Pyrrhia aconiti, Holtz., Allg. Zeitschr. Ent. vii., p. 212 (1902).
Genus CaLnacta. Type.
Callecia, Hmpsn., Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M. ix., p. 56 (1910) .. svinhet.
Proboscis fully developed; palpi obliquely upturned, the 2nd joint
reaching to about middle of frons and moderately fringed with hair, the
5rd short; frons with large corneous prominence with raised edges, the
lower edge produced to a plate grooved in front, a corneous plate below it ;
eyes large, round ; antennz of male laminate and almost simple; thorax
clothed with hair and scales mixed, the pro and meta-thorax with spread-
ing crests; tibize moderately fringed with hair; abdomen without crests.
Forewing with the apex rounded, the termen evenly curved and slightly
crenulate : veins 3 and 5 from near angle of cell; 6 from upper angle; 9
from 10 anastomosing with 8 to form the areole; 11 from cell. Hindwing
with veins 3'4 from angle of cell; 5 obsolescent from well below middle of
discocellulars; 6:7 from upper angle; 8 anastomosing with the cell near
base only.
9025. CALL@CIA SVINH@I.
Genus CyTOcANIs. Type.
Cytocanis, Hmpsn., Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M., ix., p. 110 (1910). dentreulosa.
Proboscis fully developed; palpi obliquely upturned, the 2nd joint
reaching about to middle of frons and moderately fringed with scales in
front, the 3rd moderate; frons with large corneous prominence with
raised edges, its lower edge produced to a beak-like process ; eyes large,
round; antennz of male laminate and almost simple; thorax clothed
almost entirely with scales and without crests; tibiz smoothly scaled, the
joints of fore tarsi rather short and the fungues rather large ; abdomen with-
out crests. Forewing with the apex rounded, the termen evenly curved
and hardly crenulate ; veins 3 and 5 from near angle of cell; 6 from upper
THE MOTHS OF INDIA. SDe
angle; 9 from 10 anastomosing with 8 to form the areole; 11 from cell.
Hindwing with veins 3:4 from angle of cell; 5 obsolescent from well below
middle of discocellulars ; 6:7 from upper angle ; 8 anastomosing with the:
cell near base only.
9016. CYTOCANIS DENTICULOSA.
Genus Etypna.
Lilydna, Wik. xv., 1712 (1858)
Dyrzela, Wik., xv., 1758 (1858)
Dadica, mbH. P. Z. 8. 1881, p. 349
Radinacra, Butl., A. M. N. H. (5) i., p. 161 1878)
Leucocosmia, But. Trans. Ent. Soc., 1886, p. 394
Floceifera, Hmpsn., Moths. Ind. u., p. 281 (1894) erigda.
Sect I.—Antennz of male bipectinate with long branches to just beyond
middle, the apical part ciliated.
Type.
TVANSVEM'SA.,.
plagiata.
lineosa.
CINErASCENS.
reclusa.
1885. Hnypna Bosca.
Sect I1.—(Dyrzela).—Antennie of male strongly serrate above to middle,
strongly fasciculate below.
1886. ELypNa PLAGIatTaA.
Sect [11.—Antenne of male ciliated.
A. (Leucocosma). Vertex of head of male with a cleft corneous ridge
clothed with scales ; abdomen clothed with woolly pile; fore and
hindwings clothed with woolly hair above.
1875. HLypNA RECLUSA.
Prodenia reclusa, Wik., Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. vi, p. 185 (1862).
Amphipyra agrotoides, Snell, Tijd. v., Ent. 1880, p. 77, pl. 6, f. 6.
Radinacra thoraciea, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. iii, p. 31, pl. 148, f. 4..
(1884).
Leucocosmia ceres, Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc., 1886, p. 394, pl. 9, f. 10..
Caradrina euthusa, Hmpsn., Ill. Het. B. M. viii, p. 79, pl. 145, f. 1
(1891).
a heliarcha, Meyr., Trans. Ent. Soc., 1897, p. 370.
FF unipunctata, Beth. Baker, Nov. Zool. xiii., p. 201 (1906).
Pi insignifica, Beth. Baker, Nov. Zool. xiii, p. 201 (1906).
DB. Vertex of head of male normal.
a. (Kloceyfera). Abdomen of male with large sublateral tufts of
flocculent hair from base.
1938. HLypNA ERIGIDA.
Aletia erigida, Swinh, Trans. Ent. Soc., 1890, p. 221.
Caradrina crenulata, Beth. Baker, Nov. Zool. xii, p. 202 (1906).
6. Abdomen of male without sublateral tufts of long hair from base.
a’. Hindwing of male with the costal area on underside clothed
with rough downturned scales with thicker ridge of scales.
along subcostal nervure.
894 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXZ,
a, Hindwing of male on underside with ridge of scales on
medial part of vein 1, covered by a thick fringe of hair
from inner margin.
1874a. EtypNA BIPUNCTA.
Cosmia bipuncta, Snell. Veth’s. Midden. Sumatra Lep. 44, 1880.
Graphiphora stellata, Moore, Lep. Atk. p. 119 (1882).
Caradrine lophophora, Hmpsn., Trans. Ent. Soc., 1895, p. 299 ; id.
Moths, Ind. iv., p. 512.
Caradrina pratti. Beth. Baker, Nov. Zool. xiii., p. 202 (1906).
b°. (Dadica). Hindwing of male with the inner area normal.
1877. ELYDNA LINEOSA.
', Fore and hindwings of male with the medial part of termen
excised.
1877a. EtypNA TRUNCIPENNIS.
Elydna truncipennis, Hmpsn., Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M., ix., p. 168,
(1910).
Head and thorax whitish suffused with pale rufous, the head rather
whiter ; palpi black, whitish at tips and in front; tarsi blackish ringed
with white; abdomen greyish suffused with fuscous brown. Forewing
pale rufous with slight dark irroration, the terminal area rather darker;
subbasal line blackish, straight from costa to submedian fold in which
there is a black point beyond it and a white point in cell further from base,
antemedial line blackish, erect, slightly bent inwards to costa and ineurved
below submedian fold ; orbicular represented by a black point, the reniform
by a small yellowish white spot usually with white point above it and two
minute points below it; a diffused dark medial line, oblique from costa to
median nervure, then incurved; postmedial line blackish, slightly bent
inwards to costa and incurved below vein 3, with minute black streaks
beyond it on the veins ; subterminal line indistinct, brown, slightly incurv-
ed between veins 6 and 4; a fine dark terminal line ; cilia fuscous brown
with a fine whitish line at base. Hindwing whitish suffused with brown
especially on the veins and terminal area; cilia whitish with a brownish
line near base from apex to vein 2; the underside with the costal area
irrorated with brown, a small discoidal spot, postmedial series of slight
black streaks on the veins and traces of a postmedial line towards
costa.
Habitat.—Jaran ; Cornza; N. Coina; W. Cuina; Punsas, Kulu, Sultan-
pur; Sixxim; Assam, Khasis ; Cryton, Pundaluoya, Exp. 28-34 mill..
c', (Elydna) Wing of male normal.
a’, Forewing grey brown.
a’,
Forewing with the postmedial line minutely
dentate ce .. ochreipuncta,
}°. Forewing with the postmedial line not dentate.
THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 895
4
a. Forewing with series of black points on the
veins beyond postmedial line... ay EMUOs
}*. Forewing with series of short black streaks on
the veins beyond postmedial line .. rectilinea.
4’, Forewing with the ground colour ochreous yellow
or red brown.
*, Forewing with blackish patches on costa at
a.
middle and before apex M. bisiynata.
)°. Forewing without blackish patches on costa.
a‘, Forewing with the postmedial line minutely
waved and excurved beyond the cell.
a. Forewing with black discoidal spot .. atripuncta.
6°, Forewing without black discoidal spot .. ochracea.
_ 6. Forewing with the postmedial line not waved,
angled at vein 6, then oblique .. .. transversa.
1869. HLypNA OCHREIPUNCTA.
1878. ELypNA RENALIS.
1878a, HELYDNA RECTILINEA.
Lilydna rectilinea, Hmpsn. Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M. ix., p. 172,
Pollo WEIE ee ilreN SON
Head and thorax whitish tinged with rufous, the head rather white ;
palpi fuscous, white at tips and in front; tarsi fuscous ringed with white ;
abdomen grey tinged with brown. Forewing pale grey tinged with pale
reddish brown ; subbasal line slight, dark, straight, from costa to subme-
dian fold ; antemedial line blackish, oblique, straight or slightly incurved
in submedian interspace, slightly bent inwards to costa; orbicular repre-
sented by a minute dark point, the reniform by some white scales; a diffus-
ed dark medial shades oblique from costa to lower angle of cell, then black-
ish ; postmedial line blackish, erect, straight, slightly bent inwards to costa,
with minute black streaks beyond it on the veins ; subterminal line indis-
tinct, dark, rather diffused, excurved below vein 7 and at middle; a fine
brown terminal line with minute white points at the veins; cilia grey-
brown with a slight yellowish line at base. Hindwing whitish suffused
with brown; a fine brown terminal line; cilia whitish with the yellowish
line at base ; the underside white, the marginal areas irrorated with brown,
a brown discoidal lunule, diffused sinuous subterminal line and terminal
series of black strize.
Habitat.—Punsas, Kulu, Sultanpur, Dalhousie. 2p. 32 mill.
20580. ELYDNA BISIGNATA.
2058). ELyDNA ATRIPUNCTA.
Elydna atripuncta, Hmpsn. Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M. ix., p. 175,
pl. 141, £. 21 (1910).
2. Head white, the palpi, frons, and antennze except at base dark
896 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXI._ ;
brown; thorax white tinged with ochreous and irrorated with a few black
scales; tibiz and tarsi brown; abdomen whitish dorsally tinged with
ochreous and irrorated with a few dark scales except at base. Forewing
white tinged with ochreous and irrorated with black scales, the terminal
area tinged with rufous; antemedial line brown, double on inner area,
oblique towards costa, then waved, angled outwards at vein 1; a round
black discoidal spot ; postmedial line brown, excurved and minutely waved
to vein 2, angled inwards in submedian fold to near antemedial line and
outwards on vein 1; subterminal line brown, diffused, oblique from costa |
to vein 7, incurved at discal and submedian folds; a series of small black
spots before termen ; cilia ochreous with a series of fuscous points. Hind-
wing whitish suffused with ochreous yellow especially on terminal area:
the underside whitish, the costal and terminal areas irrorated with brown,
a small discoidal spot.
Habitat.—Cryton, Puttalam. vp. 36 mill.
2058. ELypNA OCHRACEA.
2057. ELyDNA TRANSVERSA.
Genus ANDROLYMNIA. Type.
Androlymnia, Hmpsn. Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M. ix., p. 179
(1910) $: Ae ag ifs
Proboscis fully developed; palpi upturned, the 2nd joint reaching to
vertex of head and slenderly scaled, the 3rd long; frons smooth, with
large tuft of hair above; eyes large, round; antennz of male somewhat
emarginata.
laminate and almost simple ; thorax clothed chiefly with scales, the pro-
thorax with ridge-like crest, the metathorax with spreading crest; tibise
moderately fringed with hair; abdomen with dorsal crest at base only.
Forewing typically with the apex produced and acute, the termen excised
below apex and excurved at middle, the inner margin with antemedial lobe
and scale tooth ; veins 3 and 5 from near angle of cell ; 6 from upper angle ;
9 from 10 anastomosing with 8 to form the areole ; 11 from cell. Hindwing
with veins 3:4 from angle of cell ; 5 obsolescent from first below middle of
discocellulars ; 6°7 from upper angle; 8 anastomosing with the cell near
base only.
2098. ANDROLYMNIA EMARGINATA.
Genus NicaRa. Type.
Nikara, Moore, Lep. Atk., p. 126 (1882) ya .. castanea.
Proboscis fully developed ; palpi upturned, short, the 2nd joint broadly
scaled, the 3rd minute ; frons smooth ; eyes large, round ; antenne of male
minutely ciliated ; thorax clothed almost entirely with scales and without
crests. Forewing rather short and broad, the apex rounded, the termen
obliquely curved and not crenulate ; veins 3 and 5 from near angle of cell ;
6 from upper angle; 9 from 10 anastomosing with 8 to form the areole; 1)
THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 897
from cell. Hindwing with veins 3:4 from angle of cell; 5 obsolescent
from middle of discocellulars ; 6:7 from upper angle; 8 anastomosing with
the cell near base only.
1792. Nicara CASTANEA.
Genus APOCALYMNIA. Type.
Apocalymnia, Hmpsn., Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M.,ix, p. 184
La) be .. _ tenebrosa.
Proboscis fully developed ; pal! ae the ond joint reaching about
to middle of frons and moderately scaled, the 3rd short; frons with large
corneous process with raised edges ; eyes large, round; antenne of female
laminate ; head and thorax clothed almost entirely with scales, the pro-
thorax without crest, the metathorax with slight crest; tibiz moderately
fringed with hair; abdomen with dorsal crest at base only. Forewing
with the apex rounded, the termen slightly waved and somewhat excised
towards tornus; veins 3 and 5 from near angle of cell; 6 from upper
angle; 9 from 10 anastomosing with 8 to form the areole: 11 from cell.
Hindwing with veins 3-4 from angle of cell; 5 obsolescent from middle
of discocellulars ; 6:7 from upper angle ; 8 anastomosing with the cell near
base only.
1874c, APOCALYMNIA TENEBROSA.
Genus CALYMNIA.
Type.
Calymnia, Hibn. Verz., p. 235 (1827).. a .. trapezina.
Eustegnia, Hiibn. Verz., p. 236 (1827)... za .. diffinis.
Euperia, Guen. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., 1839, p. 486 .. trapexina.
A, Forewing with the postmedial line obliquely down
curved from costa to vein 6.
a. Forewing with wedge-shaped white patch on costa
at postmedial line .. . restituta.
6. Forewing without wedge- sfapell auite aaa on
costa at postmedial line Mis . flavifimbria.
B. Forewing with the postmedial line oblitgio ion
costa to vein 6 .. ochreimargo.
2055, CALYMNIA RESTITUTA.
Cosmia restituta, Wlk., x, 490 (1856).
Calymnia picta, Stand. Stett. Ent. Zeit., 1888, p. 257, id., Rom.
Mem., vi, p. 503, pl. 10, f. 2.
2056. CALYMNIA FLAVIFIMBRIA.
Cosmia affinis, Hmpsn., Moths, Ind., ii, p. 321 part. (nec. Linn)..
Calymnia flavifimbria, Hmpsn., Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M., ix, p. 1938,
pl. 141, f. 27 (1910).
1873, CAaLYMNIA OCHREIMARGO,:
23
898 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXT,
Genus Basiuica.
i Type.
Basilica, Hmpsn., Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M., ix., p. 209 (1910) chrysosticta.
2689a. BasILICA CHRYSOSTICTA.
Genus Muparia.
Type.
Mudaria, Moore, Indian Museum, Notes iii, p. 68 (1893) cornifrons.
1825. MupARIA CORNIFRONS.
Genus PHRAGMATIPHILA.
Type.
Nonagria, Hiibn. Verz., p. 241 (1827), Nec. Treit., 1825. . .. typhe.
Phragmatiphila, Hmpsn., Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M., ix., p. 266 (1910). neva.
Proboscis aborted, minute ; palpi porrect, hardly extending beyond the
frons and fringed with long hair below; frons with transverse corneous
plate at middle, square in front and concealed by hair; eyes large, round ;
antenne of male typically serrate and fasciculate; thorax clothed with
hair only, the pro and metathorax with slight spreading crests; tibise
fringed with long hair ; abdomen with some rough hair at base and dorsal
crest at base only. Forewing with the apex rounded, the termen evenly
curved and not crenulate ; veins 3 and 5 from near angle of cell ; 9 from 10
anastomosing with 8 to form a rather long areole ; 6 from the areole or cell;
11 from cell. Hindwing with veins 3:4 from angle of cell; 5 obsolescent
from just below middle of discocellulars ; 6:7 on a long stalk ; 8 anastomos-
ing with the cell near base only.
Sect. I.—Antenne of male minutely serrate and fasciculate.
1978a. PHRAGMATIPHILA FUMEA.
Sect. II-—Antenne of male ciliated.
A, Forewing with the small reniform with dark cen-
tre and pale annulus open above and below .. Jleucaneura.
BL, Forewing with the reniform a pale lunule .. grisescens.
19786. PHRAGMATIPHILA LEUCANEURA.
Phragmatiphila leucaneura, Hmpsn., Cat. Lep. Phal. B, M., ix.,
p. 269, pl. 143, f. 1. (1910).
co. Head and thorax dark brown, the scales tipped with grey : pectus
and legs dark brown mixed with greyish, the tarsi blackish ringed with
white ; abdomen greyish suffused and irrorated with dark brown. Forewing
greyish ochreous strongly suffused and irrorated with dark brown, the veins
of costal area with slight pale streak; traces of a curved blackish ante-
medial line ; orbicular and reniform very small, ochreous, defined by black
except above and with some black before and between them, the former
rather triangular, the latter with black striga in centre; traces of an oblique
blackish medial line from lower angle of cell to inner margin ; an oblique
postmedial series of slight black points.on the veins from vein 6 to inner
THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 899
margin; an oblique, ochreous shade from apex; an oblique ochreous line from
termen just below apex to inner margin, fine towards apex and broadening
towards inner margin, defined on each side by dark brown suffusion ; a
terminal series of black points; cilia ochreous tipped with brown.
Hindwing ochreous suffused with brown, the base and termen paler; the
underside ochreous irrorated with brown, the terminal half suffused with
brown, a dark discoidal spot.
Habitat.—Burma, Hsipaw. Fvrp. 26 mill.
1798e. PHRAGMATIPHILA GRISESCENS.
Phragmatiphila grisescens, Hmpsn., Cat. Lep. Phal. B, M. ix.
p. 270, pl. 148, £. 2 (1910).
@. Head and thorax grey tinged with dull brown; pectus, legs and
abdomen suffused with fuscous. Forewing grey tinged with brown and
irrorated with fuscous, the cell and area just below it suffused with fuscous,
the terminal area suffused with fuscous narrowing to a point at apex;
traces of a blackish antemedial line bent inwards to costa and excurved
in cell and submedian interspace ; reniform a small ochreous lunule defined
by black ; traces of an oblique waved medial line from cell to inner margin ;
traces of a blackish postmedial line, oblique towards costa, then with series
of black points beyond it on the veins, excurved to vein 4, then oblique;
a terminal series of minute black lunules defined on inner side by slight
ochreous lunules. Hindwing greyish suffused with fuscous brown; the
underside brownish white irrorated with brown, a small dark discoidal
spot.
Halhitat.—Si1xu1m, 1,800'. Lvp. 34 mill.
Genus CALAMISTIS.
Type.
Calamistis, Hmpsn. Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M. ix., p. 273 (1910) .. fusca.
Proboscis aborted, minute; palpi upturned, the 2nd joint reaching to
middle of frons and fringed with long hair in front, the 3rd short; frons
smooth ; eyes large, round; antennie of male typically bipectinate with
moderate branches to apex ; thorax clothed with long hair and hair-like
scales, the pro-and metathorax with spreading crests; tibize fringed with
long hair ; abdomen with dorsal crest at base only. Forewing with the
apex rounded, the termen evenly curved and not crenulate; veins 3 and 5
from near angle of cell; 6 from upper angle ; 9 from 10 anastomosing with
8 to form the areole ; 11 from cell. Hindwing with veins 3:4 from angle of
cell; 5 obsolescent from below middle of discocellulars ; 6°7 from upper
angle ; 8 anastomosing with the cell near base only.
Sect, 1.— Antenne of male bipectinate with moderate branches to apex.
1942a, CALAMISTIS PRAPALLENS.
Calamistis prepallens, Hampsn., Cat. Lep, Phal. B. M. ix,
p. 275, pl. 148, f. 7 (1910).
900 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXI:
3. Head and thorax fuscous brown tinged with grey; hind legs
whitish ; abdomen white, slightly tinged with brown. Forewing grey-
brown, the costal half paler ; a diffused pale rufous fascia in discal fold
from middle of cell to subterminal line; a black streak below basal half of cell;
orbicular represented by a black point above median nervure, the reniform
by a small fuscous spot at lower angle of cell slightly defined by white,
its upper part defined by slight black points; a rather wedge-shaped
black subterminal spot in discal fold with traces of black points on the
veins from it to inner margin; a terminal series of slight black striz.
Hindwing white with fine dark terminal line; the underside with the
costal area and terminal area to vein 3 tinged with pale rufous.
Halitat.—Travancore, Pirmad. vp. 30 mill.
Sect. I1.— Antenne of male ciliated.
A, Forewing with the inner half pale to subterminal
line = oe: x: ae .. macrosticta.
B. Forewing with the basal half of inner area conco-
lorous .. ae sf a3 .. submarginalis.
1793. CALAMISTIS MICROSTICTA.
1946. CALAMISTIS SUBMARGINALIS.
Genus Rapina. Type.
Rabila, Wik., xxxii., 507 (1865)... a ss Fas Srontalis.
1591. RaABILA FRONTALIS.
Genus ARENOSTOLA. Type.
Arenostola, Hmpsn. Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M. ix., p. 281 (1910). phragmitidis.
Proboscis fully developed ; palpi upturned, the 2nd joint reaching to
vertex of head and moderately fringed with hair in front, the 3rd short,
porrect ; frons smooth, with tuft of hair ; eyes large, round ; antenne of male
ciliated ; thorax clothed with hair and hairlike scales, the prothorax with
slight spreading crest, the metathorax without crest; tibiz moderately
fringed with hair; abdomen without crests. Forewing with the apex
somewhat produced and acute, the termen evenly curved and hardly
crenulate ; veins 3 and 5 from near angle of cell; 6 from upper angle ; 9
from 10 anastomosing with 8 to form the areole; 11 from cell. Hindwing
with veins 3:4 from angle of cell; 5 obsoleseent from middle of discocellu-
lars ; 6°7 from upper angle ; 8 anastomosing with the cell near base only.
19426. ARENOSTOLA PROCERA.
Tapinostola procera., Staud. Stett. Ent. Zeit. 1889, p. 47 ; Hmpsn.
Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M. ix, p. 286, pl. 148, f.19; Staud, Cat.
Lep. pal., p. 189.
Head and thorax ochreous white mixed with brown; palpi and legs
brownish; abdomen ochreous white tinged with brown. Forewing
ochreous white tinged with pale rufous and rather thickly irrorated with
THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 901
fuscous brown, the veins slightly streaked with brown; traces of a post-
medial series of dark points on the veins, excurved to vein 4, then
oblique ; a terminal series of brown striz. Hindwing white tinged with
ochreous ; the underside with the costal area and terminal area to vein
2 irrorated with brown.
Habitat.—W. Turxestan ; E. Turkestan; Moncoria; Kasumir, Numbra.
Exp. 30-34 mill.
Genus SPHETTA. Type.
Sphetta, Wik., xxxii., 457 (1865) .. - an .. apicalis,
1585. SpHETTA APICALIS.
Genus. ACRAPEX. Type.
Acraper, Hmpsn. Moths Ind. i, p. 286 (1894) .. Sa PUSeae
Acutipenna, Hmpsn. Moths Ind. ii, p. 287 (1894) .. acuminata.
Sect. I. (Acutipenna)—Antenne of male annulated and ciliated.
1954. AcRAPEX ACUMINATA.
Sect. II, (Acraper)—Antennee of male ciliated and not annulate.
A, Forewing with hooked white mark above median
nervure in lower extremity of cell .. _.. hamulifera.
B,. Forewing without hooked white mark above me-
dian nervure.
a. Forewing with dark shade along median nervure.
a’, Forewing with pale streaks on the veins of
costal area only NPs By .. brunnea.
61, Forewing with pale streaks on all the veins.
a’. Head and tegule black.. re ne @treceps.
b?, Head and tegule not black.
a>, Forewing ochreous white tinged with
fuscous brown oh fi .. leucophlebia.
6°. Forewing pale pinkish rufous .. Se DIScdr.
6. Forewing without dark shade along median ner-
WUC sr: a be ir: .. roseotincta.
1952. ACRAPEX HAMULIFERA.
1952a. ACRAPEX BRUNNEA.
Acrapex brunnea, Hmpsn. Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M. ix.,p. 318, pl.
144, f. 11 (1910).
Head and tegule dark brown slightly mixed with ochreous; thorax
ochreous tinged with rufous; pectus and legs ochreous mixed with brown ;
abdomen ochreous suffused with brown. Forewing ochreous, the costal area
suffused with red-brown leaving slight pale streaks on the veins; a diffused
brown streak along median nervure and thence to the subterminal oblique
fascia, with two white points on it at lower angle of cell; a slight brown
streak below base of cell; an oblique pale fascia from apex to discal fold,
with a diffused brown fascia below it from termen below apex to vein 3,
902 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXT.
with minute black streaks on it in the interspaces ; a terminal series of
slight black lunules ; cilia ochreous mixed with brown and with brown line
near base. Hindwing ochreous white, the veins and terminal area tinged
with brown; a fine brown terminal line ; cilia whitish with a slight brown
line near base; the underside whitish with the costal and terminal areas
irrorated with reddish brown.
Ab, 1.—Hindwing more uniformly tinged with brown.
Ab, 2.—Forewing without the white points at lower angle of cell.
Habitat—Br. K. Arrica; UGaAnpA; MASHONALAND; GAzALAND; TRANS-
vaL; Natat; Cryton, Maskeliya; Bornzo, Pulo Laut; Br. N. Guinea;
QUEENSLAND; S. AustraLia. vp. 20-30 mill.
1951b. AcRAPEX ATRICEPS.
Acrapex atriceps, Hmpsn. Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M. ix., p. 319,
pl. 144, f. 13 (1910).
6. Head and tegule black; thorax ochreous tinged with rufous ; with
a black dorsal stripe ; pectus and legs dark brown, the hind tibize and tarsi
ochreous above; abdomen ochreous. Forewing pale ochreous slightly
tinged with rufous, the veins defined by brown streaks except on inner
area beyond the oblique subapical fascia, the costal edge black-brown: a
diffused brown mark at lower angle of cell with white points in and be-
yond the angle defined by some black scales; an oblique brown fascia
from termen below apex to vein 3 where it is diffused inwards to lower
angle of cell; a terminal series of black striz; cilia with black line at
middle and mixed with black at tips. Hindwing ochreous white slightly
tinged with red-brown; cilia ochreous white with a faint brown line at
middle ; the underside whitish slightly irrorated with brown, the costal
area suffused with brown.
Hatbitat,—AssamM, Khasis. vp. 26 mill.
1953. AcCRAPEX LEUCOPHLEBIA.
1951. AcCRAPEX PRISCA.
195le. ACRAPEX ROSEOTINCTA.
Acraper roseotinctu, Hmpsn, Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M. ix., p. 320,
pl. 144 f. 16 (1910).
9. Head and thorax ochreous tinged with brown ; abdomen ochreous
white. Forewing pale ochreous yellow faintly tinged with rufous and the
veins slightly streaked with rufous; a slight blackish streak below basal
half of cell ; some black scales at lower angle of cell; an oblique postme-
dial veins of black points on veins 6 to 1; an oblique diffused rufous
fascia from termen below apex to vein 3; a slight brown terminal line
cilia yellowish white with a faint brownish line through them. Hindwing
white faintly tinged with ochreous; the underside white with the costal
area tinged with ochreous.
Habitat,—Cryion, Maskeliya. Evp. 22 mill.
THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 903.
Genus SESAMIA.
; Type.
Sesamia, Guen. Noct. i., p. 95 (1852) .. v6 oe) vuteria,
Microsemyra, Butl. P. Z. S. 1883, p. 155 ae .. pallida.
Sect. I.—Antennz of male bipectinate with extremely short branches,
the apex serrate.
A, (Microsemyra), Hindwing with veins 3:4 strongly stalked in male
from cell in female.
1950. SESAMIA PALLIDA.
B. Hindwing with veins 3°4 from cell in both sexes.
1943, SESAMIA INFERENS.
Leucania inferens, Wik. ix. 105 (1856); Moore, Lep. Ceyl. iu,
p. 8, pl. 145, f. 3.
; » proseripta, Wik. ix. 106 (1856).
Sesamia albicithata, Snell, Tijd. v. Ent. xxii., p. 44, pl. 4, f. 3
‘ (1880).
P tranquillaris, Butl. P. Z. 8. 1880, p. 674.
Nonagria gracilis, Butl. P. Z. 8. 1880, p. 675.
* mmnocens, Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 175. .
Sect. I7.—Antenne of male with fasciculate cilia.
A, Forewing ochreous slightly tinged with rufous De enetwea,
B. Forewing ochreous slightly tinged with olive .. uniformis.
1943a. SESAMIA CRETICA.
Leucania hesperica, Frr. Neue Beitr vi, p. 32, pl. 501, f. 2 (1852).
nec. Rmbr.
Sesamia cretica, Led. Noct. Eur., p. 225 (1857) ; Staud. Cat. Lep.
pal. p. 190.
Nonagria cyrnea, Mab. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1866, p. 559, pl. 8,
f. 7 and 1867, p. 640, pl. 14, f. 1.
Sesamia fraterna, Moore, Lep. Atk. p. 103 (1882).
, striata, Staud. Stett. Ent. Zeit. 1888, p. 27.
Head and thorax pale ochreous tinged with rufous ; palpi, sides of frons
and fore femora above brownish ; abdomen ochreous white ; forewing pale
ochreous tinged with rufous especially on terminal half, the veins with
slight pale streaks ; faint fuscous streaks above and below extremity of
median nervure, and beyond the cell above and below vein 4; sometimes
with slight antemedial dark point in submedian fold and postmedial series
of points on the veins with points before them in discal and submedian
folds ; a fine brown terminal line; cilia ochreous tinged with rufous and
with fine pale lines at base and middle. Hindwing pure white.
Ab. 1.—striata. Forewing with dark streak below base of cell and
streaks; on the veins of terminal area . . Asia Minor, Syria, W.
Turkestan.
904 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XX1,
Habitat.—Corsica ; Centr. Iraty; Daumatia ; Crete; Eeypr; Supan;
BasuroLanpD; ApDEN; Asta Minor; Syria; W. Turkestan; Punsap,
Kangra, Dharmsala; Sikkim. Zap. 30-42 mill.
Larva, Kirby, Eur. Butt. and Moths, p. 166; Hffm. Raup., p. 105.
Ochreous whitish; head rufous; spiracles black. Foodplant, in stalks of
maize.
1943). SESAMIA UNIFORMIS.
Nonagria uniformis, Dudgeon, J. Bomb. N. H. Soc. xvi, p. 402
(1905).
Head and thorax pale ochreous slightly tinged with brown; palpi
fuscous, whitish below; frons tinged with fuscous; fore and mid legs
irrorated with fuscous ; abdomen ochreous white. Forewing olive ochreous
sparsely irrorated with dark brown; an antemedial black point in
submedian fold; a slight diffused fuscous shade on extremity of median
nervure and just beyond lower angle of cell; a slight black point in lower
angle of cell and another in discal fold just beyond the discocellulars ;
postmedial black points in discal and submedian folds with races of a curved
series of black points beyond them on the veins; a fine blackish terminal
line not quite reaching apex and tornus; cilia ochreous white with faint
brownish lines near base and tips. Hindwing pure white; the underside
with the costal area slightly tinged with ochreous and irrorated with brown.
Habitat.—Brneat, Burogah; Bompay, Surat. Evp. ¢ 32, 9 34-38 mill.
Larva, Destructive to sugar-cane.
Genus XYLOSTOLA. Type.
Xylostola, Hmpsn., Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M., ix, p. 385 (1910).. wndestineta.
Proboscis fully developed; palpi upturned, the 2nd joint reaching
about to vertex of head and broadly fringed with scales in front, the 3rd
long ; frons with small rounded prominence covered by a tuft of hair;
eyes large, round; antennz of male ciliated; thorax clothed with hair
and hair-like scales, and without crests; tibiz fringed with rather long
hair; abdomen with some rough hair at base, but without crests. Fore-
wing with the apex rather produced and acute, the termen evenly curved
and hardly crenulate ; veins 3 and 5 from near angle of cell; 6 from upper
angle; 9 from 10 anastomosing with 8 to form the areole; 11 from cell.
Hindwing with veins 3°4 from angle of cell; 5 obsolescent from just below
middle of discocellulars; 6:7 from upper angle; 8 anastomosing with the
Zell near base only.
A, Forewing with black lunules in centre and on outer
edge of reniform.. .. robusta.
B, Forewing with the reniform andi by hater points ndistincta.
1945, XYLOSTOLA ROBUSTA.
1889. XyYLOSTOLA INDISTINCTA.
THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 905
Genus ARCILASISA. Type.
Arsilasisa, Wik., xxxii., 470 (1865) .. ate D yEsebr ia.
1939. ARsSILASISA SOBRIA.
Genus CLETHRORASA.
Type.
Clethrorasa., Hmpsn., Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M., ix., p. 343
(1910) ss a he ah pilchert.
Proboscis fully developed ; palpi upturned, the 2nd joint smoothly scaled
and flattened against the frons, the 3rd short ; frons smooth, eyes large,
round; antennz of male almost simple; thorax clothed almost entirely with
scales and without crests ; tibiz smoothly scaled; abdomen with dorsal
crests on basalsegments. Forewing narrow, the margins subparallel, the
apex rounded, the termen evenly curved and not crenulate; veins 3 and 5
from near angle of cell; 6 from upper angle, 9 from 10 anastomosing with 8
to form the areole, 11 from cell. Hindwing with veins 3-4 from angle of
cell ; 5 obsolescent from just below middle of discocellulars; 6°7 from
upper angle; 8 anastomosing with the cell near base only.
1960¢. CLETHRORASA PILCHERI.
Genus. APSARASA.
Type.
Apsarasa, Moore, Pod, See LEO a De OOOkn tar .. radians.
A. Hindwing with the white patch extending almost
tocell .. = .. radians.
&. Hindwing with irregular white patch on termen.. jigurata.
1962. APSARASA RADIANS.
1962a. APSARASA FIGURATA.
Apsarasa figurata, Moore, P. Z. S., 1877, p. 604; Hmpsn., Cat. Lep.
Phal. B. M., ix., p. 347., pl. 144, f. 32.
@. Head and thorax blue-black ; palpi with white spot on basal joint
in front ; frons with yellowish white patch above; vertex of head and
tegule at middle and tips with yellowish white bands; pro-
and meso-thorax with yellowish spots and meta-thorax with yellowish
patch ; coxz with white patches; femora at extremities, tibiz and
tarsi, with white bands; abdomen black-brown tinged with metallic
blue, the two basal segments with yellowish white dorsal spots. Fore-
wing blue-black, the costal terminal and inner areas with yellowish white
patches leaving radiating blue-black bars and streaks ; the costal area
with three small yellowish white spots on costal area followed by an oblique
striga, then an erect striga, and irregular medial patch, a slight bar above
end of cell followed by a striga, a triangular patch towards apex
followed by an oblique bar and triangular patch at apex ; the terminal
area with two short oblique streaks towards apex with point before the
240
. ; '
906 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXII,
upper one, a minute streak at vein 5 and four oblique triangular patches
between vein 4 and tornus; the inner area with small triangular ante-
medial spot followed by a striga, a broad medial band from submedian
fold to inner margin extending to just above the fold at extremity,
followed by a wedge-shaped spot, then a narrow bar and wedge-shaped
spot towards tornus; a yellowish white point at middle of cell and ~
another at upper angle. Hindwing black-brown with some white on
termen between vein 4 and tornus, its inner edge very irregular and
angled inwards below veins 4 and 38; the underside with antemedial
white spot on costa, slight streak in base of cell, some whitish below base
of cell, faint medial band from costa to discal fold, slight postmedial
spots below costa and vein 8, two short subapical streaks and slender
elongate streaks above and below discal fold.
Habitat.—Anpdamans. vp, 46-50 mill.
Genus CHASMINA.
Type.
Chasmina, W\k., ix, 146 (1856). . of : .. tibialis:
Sphragifera, Staud, Rom. Men. vi, p. 544 (1892) . .. stgillata.
Clinophleiia, Hmpsn., Ill, Het. B. M., ix, p. 92 (1893) 2. SeIMeems
Sect. I. (Clinophlebia).— Forewing of male with the apex rectangular, the
costa somewhat excised beyond middle and the costal neuration slightly
distorted.
1957. CHASMINA SERICEA.
Sect. II (Chasmina).—¥Forewing with the apex rounded, the costa not
excised, the neuration normal.
A, Forewing without subapical or postmedial dark patches.
a. Forewing without postmedial line rs .. tibialis.
4. Forewing with postmedial line a .. judicata,
B. Forewing with sinuous dark patch from costa before
apex . : 5 ba Aig .. rejecta,
C. ee with aniatiial rufous patch in and beyond
end of cell... eS on He .. maculata,
1958. CHASMINA TIBIALIS.
Noctua tibialis, Fabr, Syst. Ent., p. 578 (1775).
Leocyma veste, Guen., Noct. ii, p. 213 (1852).
- dianae, Guen., Noct. ii, p. 213 (1852).
Chasmina cygnus, Wik.,ix, 147 (1856); Butl., Ill. Het. B. M., vi,
p. 35, pl. 110, f. 3.
» glabra, Wik., xxxii, 636 (1865).
Xanthodes, marie, Mab., C. R. Ent. Soc. Belg., xxv., p. lx (1884).
1959. CHASMINA JUDICATA.
1960. CHASMINA REJECTA.
Noctua rejecta, Fabr., Syst. Ent., p. 601 (1775).
THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 907
Acontiathimacula, Wik., xii, 796 (1857); Butl., Ill. Het. B. M., iii,
p. 20, pl. 45, £. 8.
Chasmina stigmata, Hmpsn., ll. Het. B. M., viii, p.73, pl. 145,
fe Oe (LOO):
1961. CHASMINA MACULATA.
Genus CALLYNA.
Type.
Callyna, Guen., Noct., i, p. 112 (1852) .. ys <a SUOCTED.
A, Abdomen with the terminal segments orange = St@ered.
B. Abdomen with the terminal segments not orange.
a. Forewing with ante and postmedial black patches
on costa .. up a : .. costiplaga.
6, Forewing without ante and postmedial black
patches on costa.
a’, Forewing with dark fascia in discal fold be-
tween postmedial and subterminal lines.
a. Forewing with the claviform represented by
a small black spot iy Ss Ie) jugania:
6°. Forewing with the claviform absent.
a*, Forewing with the postmedial line dentate
from costa to vein4 .. a .. senuvitta,
6°, Forewing with the postmedial line oblique
and straight from costa to vein 4. S. mystice,
}\. Forewing without dark fascia in discal fold be-
tween postmedial and subterminal lines .. monoleuca.
, 2169. CALLYNA SIDEREA.
2173. CALLYNA COSTIPLAGA.
9171. CALLYNA JSUGARIA.
2171la. CaLLYNA SEMIVITTA.
Callyna semivitta, Moore, Lep. Atk., p. 161 (1882) ; Waterh.
Aids i. pl. 160) £3.
Q. Head deep chocolate brown mixed with some white ; palpi with the
Ist and 2nd joints white in front ; thorax chocolate-red, the tegule white
at base; pectus and legs brown mixed with white, the tibiz and tarsi
ringed with white ; abdomen grey-brown, the ventral surface irrorated with
white. Forewing chocolate red with a purple gloss, irrcrated with a few
white scales, the base and the area below the costa and the upper part of
cell thickly irrorated with ochreous white to the postmedial line ; subbasal
line indistinctly double filled in with white, waved from costa to submedian
fold ; antemedial line defined on each side by ochreous white, waved,
interrupted, obsolete below submedian fold, an oblique white striga before
it across the cell; orbicular and reniform with white annuli defined by
black, the former with some ochreous scales in centre, its outer edge produ-
ij
908 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XX1.
ced to astreak connected with the reniform, which has an ochreous centre,
narrow, rather constricted at middle and slightly angled inwards on median
nervure ; postmedial line double filled in with ochreous white, irregularly
waved, oblique from costa to vein 4, below vein 3 represented by white points
on the veins, a black-brown fascia from it to subterminal line in discal
fold ; some white points on postmedial part of costa; an apical ochreous
7
,
white patch extending on to the cilia at apex and with dark striz on it
at termen and dark wedge-shaped mark before it below costa; the subter-
minalline represented by an excurved ochreous white mark below the apical
patch and two points in discal fold, then very faint, incurved below vein 3
and with slight dark mark on it at submedian fold ; a terminal series of
white points. Hindwing fuscous brown with a cupreous gloss; the cilia
greyish intersected with white at the veins and tipped with white between
veins 6 and 4; the underside brown irrorated with white, especially on
basal half, the inner area greyish, a brown discoidal lunule and diffused
medial band, some white on termen between veins 2 and 1.
Habitat.—Pounsas, Kulu; Sixxim. Zp. 48-66 mill.
2172. CatLyNa MYSTICA.
2170. CaLLYNA MONOLEUCA.
Callyna monoleuca, Wik, xv., 1667 (1858).
Leocyma apicalis, Snell. Tijd. v., Ent. xxiii, p. 54, pl. 4, f£. 9
(1880).
Genus SEUDYRA. Type.
Seudyra, Stretch, Cist. Ent. ii, p. 19 (1875) a .. transiens.
Sect. I.—Palpi with the 3rd joint long ; midwing with the termen slightly
excised at submedian fold and the tornus lobed.
1571. Srupyra vENOsA.
Sect. I1.—Palpi with the 3rd joint moderate; hindwing with the termen
evenly curved.
A, Forewing with the apex produced, the termen obliquely curved.
a. Hindwing without discoidal spot ae .. longipennis.
4. Hindwing with black discoidal spot .. .. catocalina.
572. SEUDYRA LONGIPENNIS.
573. SEUDYRA CATOCALINA.
Phegorista catocalina, W\k., xxxv. 1859 (1866); Butl. Ill. Het.
B. M. v., p. 20, pl. 82, f. 9; Kirby, Cat.
Lep. Het., p. 38.
Zalissa eatgrifascia, Swinh., Cat. Het. Mus. Oxon, 1, p. 167
(1892).
B, Forewing with the apex not produced, the termen much less
obliquely curved.
a. Both wings with the termen not crenulate.
a
} we
THE MOTHS OF INDIA, 909
a’, Hindwing with the terminal band expanding
into a large quadrate patch above tornus .. bala.
6’, Hindwing with the terminal band not expanding
intoa large quadrate patch above tornus .. ¢ransiens.
1570. SEUDYRA BALA,
1569. SEUDYRA TRANSIENS.
Eusemia transiens, Wik., vil. 1588 (1856) ; Kirby, Cat. Lep. Het.
p. 38.
Phegorista catocaloides, Wik., Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool., vi, p. 87
(1862).
Agarista egoceroides, Feld. Reis. Nov., pl. 107, £. 10 (1878).
Seudyra dissimilis, Swinh. Trans. Ent. Soc., 1890, p. 174.
b. Both wings with the termen crenulate.
a, Forewing with curved white patch beyond the
cell ne 6 ope ae .. albifascia,
6. Forewing with quadrate white spot in end of
cell ae a be ne .. nepeha.
1574. SEUDYRA ALBIFASCIA.
1575. SEUDYRA NEPCHA.
Genus. PRorosEUDYRA.
Type.
Protoseudyra, Hmpsn., Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M., ix, p. 443.
(1910) Se We 4
Proboscis fully developed ; palpi porrect, extending about the length of
head, the 2nd joint moderately fringed with hair below, the 38rd _ short;
frons with rounded prominence with minute pointed corneous process at
picta.
middle ; eyes large, round ; antenne of male ciliated ; thorax clothed with
hair and hair-like scales and without crests; fore tibize fringed with long
hair: the mid and hind tibiz moderately fringed with hair; abdomen with
very large crest of curled metallic scales at base only. Forewing with the
apex rounded, the termen evenly curved and not crenulate; veins 3 and 5
from near angle of cell; 6 from upper angle ; 9 from 10 anastomosing with
8 to form the areole; 11 from cell. Hindwing with veins 3:4 from angle of
cell; 5 obsolescent from middle of discocellulars ; 6:7 from upper angle ;
8 anastomosing with the cell near base only.
1872. PRorosEUDYRA PICTA.
Genus OpsyRa.
Type.
Opsyra, Hmpsn., Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M. ix, p. 445 (1910) .. chaleoela,
Proboscis fully developed; palpi obliquely upturned, the 2nd joint
reaching about to vertex of head and moderately fringed with scales in
front, the 3rd short, porrect ; frons smooth ; eyes large, round ; antennz of
r
s 2
910 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXI,
male minutely ciliated ; thorax clothed chiefly with scales, the pro and
metathorax with spreading crests of very long spatulate scales, the patagia
fringed with long rough scales at extremity; tibie fringed with rather
long hair ; abdomen with large crest at base only. Forewing with the apex
rounded, the termen evenly curved and not crenulate ; veins 3 and 5 from
near angle of cell; 6 from upper angle ; 9 from 10 anastomosing with 8 to
form the areole ; 11 from cell. Hindwing with veins 3:4 from angle of cell;
5 obsolescent from just below middle of discocellulars; 6:7 from upper
angle ; 8 anastomosing with the cell near base only.
2174a. OPpsyRA CHALCOELA.
Genus MIcRAPATETIS,
Type.
Micrapatetis, Meyr., Trans. Ent. Soc. 1897, p. 369 .. orthozona.
Axiorata, Turner, P. Linn. Soc. N. 8. W. xxvii., p. 120 (1902). leucozona.
Proboscis fully developed; palpi upturned, the 2nd joint reaching to
about vertex of head and moderately scaled, the 5rd short; frons with
rounded prominence ; eyes large, round ; antenne of male ciliated ; thorax
clothed almost entirely with scales, the prothorax without crest, the meta-
thorax with large spreading crest; tibice slightly fringed with hair; abdo-
men without crests. Forewing with the apex rounded, the termen evenly
curved and not crenulate ; veins 3 and 5 from near angle of cell; 6 from
below upper angle; 7. 8. 9. 10 stalked; 11 from cell. Hindwing with veins
3:4 shortly stalked ; 5 obsolescent from middle of discocellulars; 6-7 from
upper angle or stalked ; 8 anastomosing with the cell to near middle.
A, Forewing ochreous suffused with purplish red .. pyrastis,
B, Forewing dark red-brown with the basal area yellow .. flavipars.
1962a. MiIcRAPATETIS PYRASTIS.
Micrapatetis pyrastis, Hmpsn., Cat. Lep. Phal. B.M., ix. p. 454,
pl. 146., f. 22 (1910).
©. Head and tegule purplish grey; thorax pale purplish red; palpi,
pectus and legs blackish mixed with grey; abdomen purplish red. Fore-
wing pale purplish red, the basal half with an ochreous tinge; a medial
leaden grey band defined at sides by black lines, slightly constricted at
discal fold and strongly at submedian fold, some slight pale points beyond
it on costa; cilia whitish at base, blackish at tips. Hindwing fuscous with
a purplish grey tinge; cilia whitish with a fuscous line through them ; the
underside rather paler with faint diffused curved postmedial line.
Habitat.—Manpras, Gooty. Exp. 18 mill.
19626. MuicraPaTETIS FLAVIPARS,
Micrapatetis flavpiars, Hmpsn., Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M., ix., p. 454
pl. 146, f. 28 (1910).
©. Head and tegule dark greyish brown; thorax ochreous yellow
THE MOTHS OF INDIA, 911
pectus, legs and abdomen greyish brown. Forewing with the basal area
ochreous yellow defined by the fine black antemedial line, which is minutely
waved and somewhat oblique, the base of costa with a brown fascia ;
the rest of wing dark red-brown with a silvery gloss; an indistinct diffused
red-brown postmedial line. Hindwing reddish brown with a greyish tinge,
a fine pale line at base of cilia.
Hahitat.—Bompay. Lxvp. 18 mill.
Genus HypocaLaMIA.
Type.
Hypocalamia, Hmpsn., Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M., ix., p. 495
(1910) as Set
Proboscis fully developed; palpi obliquely upturned, the 2nd joint
reaching about to middle of frons and moderately fringed with scales in
front, the 3rd short; frons smooth; eyes larger, round; antennz of male
ciliated ; thorax clothed with hair only and without crests; tibiz mode-
rately fringed with hair; abdomen without crests. Forewing with the
meterythra
apex rounded, the termen evenly curved and not crenulate; veins 3 and 5
from near angle of cell; 6 from upper angle; 9 from 10 anastomosing with
8 to form the areole; 11 from cell. Hindwing with veins 3:4 from angle
of cell ; 5 obsolescent from middle of discocellulars ; 6:7 from upper angle ;
8 anastomosing with the ceil near base only.
1709. HypocaLAMIA METERYTHRA.
(To be continued.)
912
THE PALMS OF BRITISH INDIA AND CEYLON,
INDIGENOUS AND INTRODUCED
BY
E. Buattrer, S.J. |
Pana Wile
(With Plates XX XIIT to XX XIX and text-fiqures 24 to 27.)
(Continued from page 391 of this Volume.)
COPERNICIA, Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. III, 242, t. 49, 50
(excl. t. 50, A: I—IV).
(After Nicolaus Copernicus, the famous astronomer, 1473-
1543.)
Kunth, Enum. Pl. II], 343.—Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 544.—
Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. Pl. ILI, 927 (excl. Crysophila).—Becc.
in Webbia IT (1907), 140.
Stem erect, mostly of considerable height, rarely low, annulate
in the lower part, covered higher up with the bases of the
persistent petioles. Leaves terminal, flabelliform. Petioles with
strong spines anda ligule. Segments induplicate, often with
fibres between the segments.
Spadices elongate-paniculate, much-branched, with several
tubular spathes and superposed partial inflorescences, which are
divided into several flower-bearing branchlets; each branchlet
provided with a more or less tubular spathe or with a simple bract
at the point of its origin. Flowers hermaphrodite, single or in
clusters, sessile, bracteate or-bracteolate. Calyx tubular, more or
less deeply 3-dentate. Corolla more or less distinctly tubular
below, divided in 3 valvate, narrow segments, which are strongly
sculptured-alveolate on the inner side. Stamens 6; filaments
united at the base with the corolla-tube and forming in the throat
a 6-lobed or 6-dentate corona, suddenly restricted and subulate in
the upper part, anthers ovate or oblong, dorsifixed. Ovary con-
sisting of 3 carpels which are free below and united above into
one common style; stigma tridenticulate.
Fruit globose or ovoid, formed by one carpel, with the rest of
THE PALMS OF BRITISH INDIA AND CEYLON. 913
the abortive carpels at the apex ; endocarp crustaceous-woody, thin.
Seed free in the endocarp; hilum basilar; albumen deeply rumi-
nate; embryo basilar near the hilum.
Species about 9.
Distrizution.—Brazil, Venezuela, Argentine, 8. Domingo, Cuba,
New Granada.
COPERNICIA CERIFERA, Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. III, 56, t. 49 et 50
(excel. fig. 10) et 242 (partim).—Becc. in Webbia, II (1907) 145—Corypha
cerifera, Man. Arruda da Camara, in Koster Travels in Brazil (1816) App.
(ex. Mart. 1. c. 66).
Names.—Brazilian Wax Palm ; Carnauba (in Brazil).
Descriprion.—Stem 30-40 feet high, cylindric, erect, at the
base usually slightly thickened, 6-8 inches in diameter, covered
with the bases of fallen leaves, either in the upper part only or
throughout. Leaves 4-63 feet long, forming a large spherical
crown. Petiole 2-3 feet long with the base dilated, depressed, a
little concave above and convex below, armed on the margins with
stout, compressed spines; hgule glabrous, semirotundate-oblong,
finely coriaceous; rhachis O; limb suborbicular in outline,
flabelliform-multifid, undivided in the central part for about
1-1; feet from the apex of the petiole and on the sides only for
about 4-14 inches, thinly coriaceous, cereo-pulverulent or whitish
on both surfaces, divided into about 60 segments ; central segments
22 feet long from the apex of the petiole and about 12 inches
wide where broadest.
Spadices much elongate, erect-patent, 5-6 feet long, thrice
divided, composed of several partial inflorescences which are
alternately superposed. Primary spathes elongate, tubular, cylin-
dric (at least above where they measure about 4 inch in diameter),
finely striate lengthwise, glabrous, obliquely truncate at the mouth
where the margin is entire or scarcely reticulate-fibrous, prolonged
on one side into a triangular, acute, dorsally carinate point ;
partial inflorescences laxly paniculate-elongate ; panicles divided
into 6-7 branches, each arising from within a tubular spathe
which resembles the primary spathes except for being smaller and
more attenuate in the lower part, branches densely pilose-velutin-
25
914 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XXII.
ous in every part, with the peduncular part included in the
respective spathe ; flower-bearing branchlets alternate-distichous.
Lower branches much larger than the upper ones, sometimes twice
branched, bearing 10-12 and more flower-bearing branchlets.
Flowering branchlets filiform, each arising from the axil of a thin,
membranous, narrowly lanceolate-acuminate bract. Flowers in
small glomerules, usually 2-4 together, alternate-spirally arranged,
each with a minute bracteole. Calyx shortly tubular, 4, inch in
diameter, slightly longer than broad, obsoletely trigonous ; segments
acute. Corolla tubular for more than the lower half, divided into
3 broad deltoid teeth, 4-sulcate on the inner side. Stamens with
their filaments united with the corolla-tube and forming a fleshy
ring (at the mouth of the tube) which is provided with 6 small
linear teeth; anthers dorsifixed, erect, small, shortly ovate, rotun-
date at both extremities; pollen exceedingly small, globose.
Carpels forming a turbinate body, fleshy below, cartilaginous in
the upper part, suddenly contracted imto the style; stigma
small, very shortly 3-lobed.
Fruit ovoid, sometimes globose-ovoid ; mesocarp very small, with
a few anastomosing-reticulate fibres; endecarp thinly parchment-
like-woody, fragile. Seed free in the endocarp, 3-# inches long,
33-37 inch broad, rotundate at both extremities; hilum at the
base of one side; raphe occupying one side of the seed with 7-8
ramifications; albumen distinctly ruminate; embryo conical,
basilar, slightly eccentrical.
Hasitat.—Brazil (Bahia, Pernambuco, Piauhy). Sometimes
grown in Indian Gardens.
Uses.—The berries, though bitter, are, either raw or boiled,
eaten by the Indians ; also the spadix is edible.
The leaves serve for a variety of purposes, such as thatch,
pack-saddles, hats, etc., and in time of scarcity the young leaves
are chopped up and given as fodder to horses and cattle.
The well-known vegetable wax is produced by the leaves of this
palm. ‘I'he young leaves, after they have been detached from the
tree, are shaken, when each leaf yields about 50 grains of a whitish
scaly powder, which is melted in pots over a fire; the wax then
collects at the surface of the water. The Brazilians use the wax
DPE PALMS OF BRITISH INDIA AND’ CEYLON, 915
occasionally to adulterate bees’ wax; it is, however, mostly import-
ed into Europe for manufacturing candles and for various other
purposes.’
From the juice of the palm arrack and syrup are prepared. The
roots are used medicinally as a substitute for sarsaparilla.
From the inner part of the trunk the natives prepare for home
consumption a kind of farina.
The wood, especially of the lower part of the adult tree, is very
durable, and lasts for many years, even when exposed to the
weather ; for this reason the trunk is used for almost every purpose,
especially for all the framework of houses and the enclosures for
cattle. ‘The wood is not less useful in the manufacture of musical
instruments.
CULTIVATION IN EURopE.—This species is a stove palm. It is
best cultivated in a compost of two parts of loam, one of peat, and
one of sand. Perfect drainage and liberal supply of water are
required.
IT.—BORASSIN ZH.
Spadix simple or little branched with thick cylindrical twigs ;
flowers markedly diclinous, dimorphic, invested with bracts, the
male in 1-8 cincinni in grooves of the twigs; carpels 3, fully
united, producing a 1-seeded drupe ; leaves fan-shaped, induplicate.
The only tribe is :
3. BORASSESE.
Disrripution.—Tropical Africa from Guinea to Egypt and Natal,
Mascarine Islands, Seychelles Islands, Coast of Arahia, Hast Indies,
Philippines, New Guinea, Borneo, Sumatra.
The tribe comprises the following genera: Pholidocarpus,
Medemia, Hyphene, Latania, Borassus, Lodoicea,
IXEY TO THE GENERA DESCRIBED BELOW.
Stamens 6.—Fruit by the abortion of 2 carpels
unilocular with one central woody, ovate
stone aes aS oe aBY, ... LHypheene.
* Gissern, P. Die Amerikanische Carnaubapalme und die Gewinnung des Carn-
aubawachses. Seifens Ztg. Augsburg, 28 (1901) 581, 597-598.
Zimmermann, A. Die Wachspalme (Copernicia cerifera). P. flanzer, Tanga, 3
(1907), 191-195.
916. JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL. HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXTI.
Stamens 8.—Fruit with 3 bony stones, or rarely
by abortion with lor2 — ... ae .. Latania.
Stamens 6.—Fruit mostly with 3 stones; seed
-sinuate Oi is ra J 9 Ge» Borassis:
Stamens 8.—Fruit generally with one bilobed,
kidney-shaped stone; seed bilobed... - ... Lodoicea.
HYPHAINE, Gaertn. Fruct. 1 (1788) 28, t. 10, f IT (4791)
13, ¢. 82. | ;
(From the Greek ‘ Hyphaino,’ to weave, alluding to the fibres of
the fruit.) .
Benth. & Hook. Gen. Pl. IIT, 940.—Dalla Torre et Harms Gen.
siph. p. 38.—Doumea (Poir.) in Nouv. Duhamel ed. 2, IV (1801-9).
—Cucifera Del. Fl. VEgypte (1813), 145.—Doma Lam. Illustr.
t. 900.—Camriphes Dill. Cat. pl. Schawii No. 143 (1738).—0.
Kuntze Rey. Gen. II (1891) 728 (non Pontedera). Baillon Hist.
des Fl. XIII, 324.
Unarmed except for the spines on the petioles. Stem cylindrical
or ventricose, simple or dichotomously branched. Leaves in a
terminal crown, orbicular or flabellate ; segments ensiform, petiole
concayo-convex, plano-convex or more rarely bi-convex; sheath
short, open; ligule oblique or equilateral. Spathes cylindrical,
incomplete; spadices dicecious, male and female similar; spadix
branches alternate ; flower-bearing branches subfastigiate ; bracts:
semicircular, very densely imbricate; bracteoles membranous,
bearded. Male flowers: Sepals linear-oblong, imbricate, connate
at the base. Petals broadly ovate, obtuse, concave, imbricate,
connate at the base into a short stalk. Stamens 6; filaments
short, subulate ; anthers linear, inserted at the bifid base. Rudi-
ment of ovary O. Female flowers larger than the male, very shortly
pedicellate. Sepals 3, ovate-orbicular, obtuse, imbricate. Petals
a little smaller than the sepals, broadly ovate, obtuse, imbricate~
Staminodes 3, connate into a membranous ring. Ovary subglobose,
obscurely 3-lobed, 3-celled ; stigmas 3, minute, sessile.’ terminal,
at length excentric ; oyule attached by a broad base to the side of
the cell.
JOURN. Bompay Nat. Hist, Soc. PratE XXXII, }
Mate Inpran Doum Patm (Hyphene indica, Becc.) 1x THE BassEIN BoranicaL GARDEN,
i SRA Ss
THE PALMS OF BRITISH INDIA AND CEYLON. 917
Fruit sessile or stalked, terete or obscurely lobed, often flat
or intruded at the base and apex, l-celled; stigma _ basal ;
pericarp fibrous, with a shining epidermis ; endocarp woody, fleshy
inside. Seed adnate to the endocarp, erect, ovoid or obovoid, in-
truded at the base; testa very hard, fuscous; raphe reticulately
branched ; albumen homogeneous, hollow; embryo apical.
Species at least 40.4 |
Disrrisution.—All over tropical and subtropical Africa, Arabia,
Western India. ’
INDIGENOUS SPECIES.
HYPHANE INDICA, Bece. in Aricoltura Coloniale, II (1908) fase.
VII.— Borassus dichotoma, White in Graham Cat. of Plants of Bomb.
(1839), 226, Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. III, 318, n. 179.
Names.—Indian Doum Palm; Oka mundel (Gn Gujarat).
DescrirTion.—Stem dichotomously branched, similar in gene-
ral aspect to thatof H. thebaica. Leaves flabellate-multifid, sub-
orbicular, measuring 33 feet from the apex of the petiole to the
end of the central segments. Central segments rather much
smaller and shorter than the intermediate ones, not inserted at
the apex of the petiole, but at various heights on the stout
rhachis which reaches almost half-way up the limb. Petiole about
32 feet long and about # inch broad at the apex, regularly round-
ed on the under side, channelled on the upper side of the lower
part and almost flattened near the apex, where it is plano-convex
in a transverse section, armed with stout, uncinate, black spines
with broad base. Ligule very irregular and asymmetrical, being
much more developed on one side of the limb than on the other,
1 On Hyphene see :—
Beccari, O. Palmarum Madagascariensium Synopsis. Engl. Bot. Jahrb. Vol.
38 (1906), Beibl. No. 87, p. 1-41.
Beccari, O. Le Palme ‘Dum’ od Hyphene e pit specialmente quelle dell
Africa Italiana. In * Agricoltura Coloniale, Anno. IJ, fasc. III. Firenze
1908, p. 137-183.
Carstensen, G. Doum Palms in India, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. VI, 271.
Dammer, U. Ueber Hyphene. Engl. Bot. Jahrb., 30 (901), 267.
Thiselton-Dyer. Flora of Tropical Africa, Vol. VIII.
918 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. AXE
Fig. 24.—Male Spadix of Hyphene
indica.
margin subligneous, irregular and
spinulose. Segments about 40; —
those of the imiddle portion of
the sides are the largest and —
separate from each other about 2-1
foot from the ligule; segments
gradually narrowing into a very
acuminate point which is divided
for the distance of 51-4 inches into
2 secondary, rigid, very acumi-
nate points; primary ribs of under
surface rather stout and marked
with small impressions; ribs of”
upper surface slightly weaker and
finely punctulate-impressed under
the magnifying glass.
Male spadix (Fig.24) rather stout
about 32 feet long (in Beccari’s spe-
cimen) and about 13 inches in dia-
meter at the peduncular part.
Spathes tubular, ending at the apex
on one side in a triangular, acu-
minate limb, covered all over with
a dense woolly tomentum which is
difficult to remove: branches of
spadix about 6, the lowest 1 inch in
diameter, bearing about 6 fowermg
branchlets digitately arranged. the
next bearing 5. and the apical
branch which is biconyex and only
4 inch in diameter bearing only 2 ;
the branches arise from their respec-
tive spathe. Branchlets 2-2 feet
y)
long, 3-2 inch in diameter, the
axillary part tough and subligneous,
no flowers at the base for the dis-
tance of about 2 inch. Flowers 3
.
Wane
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ee
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Journ. BompBay Nat. Hist. Soc.
Nae
si Ee ENR ow
THE PALMS OF BRITISH INDIA AND CEYLON. WING:
for each scale and rising from it successively, having the appearance
of small straw-coloured globules. Segments of corolla rigid and
parchment-like, rotundate, and very strongly striate-nervose ;
at the apex the flowerme branchlets are suddenly narrowed into
a small obtuse tail about + inch long and devoid of flowers.
Female spadix not known.
Fruits pretty regularly obovate-pyriform, markedly and gradually
attenuate towards the base, subhemispheric or almost regularly
rotundate in the upper third, laterally shehtly compressed, devoid
of a distinct keel, with numerous and small inequalities on the
surface ; base somewhat irregular with small gibbosities and only
1-12 inches broad, whilst in the upper third the antero-posterior
diameter of the entire fruit is 22-22 inches and the transverse
diameter 2 inches; total length of fruit 32 inches; pericarp very
large in comparison with the seed; sarcocarp well developed, 2
inch thick on the sides and 34-4 inch at the base and apex; endo-
side and slightly thicker below and above, regularly incurved at the
apex above the seed, leaving a broad opening in its tissue for the
plumule to pass through at the time of germination. Seed slightly
above the centre of the fruit, obovate, 12 inches long and 1 inch
broad towards the upper third, from where it gets very little nar-
rower towards the flattened base ; the upper part is broadly conical
and the apex very obtuse; albumen j4-3 inch thick, the cavity
being conform to the shape of the seed. Embryo perfectly apical.
Pedicel 4 inch long, comparatively slender, j% inch broad at the
base and then restricted to a kind of neck; perianth-lobes opaque,
puberulons, non-striate.
Hapsirat.—Gujarat: Diu (Burkill), “passim in Guzerat,’
quens in insula Diu (Vaupel), Ahmedabad, lat. bor. 23° (Car.
de Hiigel), probably all along the Western Coast of India down
>
fre-
to Goa (Gammie).
Norre.—There are specimens of a species of Hyphzene growing
at Jaffna in Ceylon; but whether they are identical with the
Indian Doum Palm or not, has not been decided as yet.
ILLusTrATIONS.—Plate XXXIII shows a male tree of Hyphcene
indica growing in Bassein Bot. Garden on the island of Salsette.
920 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.
Mr. G. A. Gammie, to whose kindness we owe the photographs
reproduced on this and the next plate, informs us, that there is
only one specimen of the Indian Doum Palm growing at Bassein
and that this tree supplied part of the material on which Dr.
Beccari founded his Hyphcene indica.
Plate XXXIV shows a female tree growing at Baroda.
* * INTRODUCED SPECIES. 4
HYPHENE THEBAICA, Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. III, 226 (ed.1),
225 (ed. 2) excl. syn. nonnullis, tab. 131, 132, 133 (excl.—ic. spadicis mas-
culz in tab. 132); Bece. in Agricolt. Colon. (1908) II, fase. I1I.— Corypha
thebaica; Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. 2, (1763) 1657.— Cucifera thebaica, Delile, Descr.
delEgypte II, 67, t. 1,2; Dict. d’ Hist. Nat. XIII (1819), 472.—Dowma
thebaica, Poir. Encycl. Suppl. Il, 519.— Hyphene cucifera, Pers. Ench. II,
2245.-— Chameriphes thebaica, O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. II (1891) 728.
Names.—EKgyptian Doum Palm, Gingerbread Tree ; Mama (in
Egypt).
DESCRIPTION.—-Stem terete, 10-30 feet high, about | foot in dia-
meter, simple or more frequently dichotomously branched. Leaves
20-30 in a terminal crown on each branch; petiole sheathing
at the base, triangular below, plano-convex upwards, spiny on the
margins, with rusty tomentum ; lamina suborbicular; lobes 20 or
more, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, 14 feet long, 1 inch wide;
primary nerves thick, concave above, secondary numerous.
Male spadix about 4 feet long, 1-2 inches thick at the base, at
first erect, afterwards patent; spathes nearly cylindrical; flower-
bearing branches 6-7 inches long, 3-2 at the end of branches 5-4
inches long ; bracteoles $ line long. Flowers in pairs, shortly pedi-
cellate. Calyx divided down to the base into 3 narrow, acute, yel-
low sepals, contracted below. Corolla stipitate with the segments
imbricate, rotundate and cucullate at the apex, thin and not strong-
ly striate-nervose. Stamens 6, rarely 7; filaments subulate from
a thickened base ; anthers linear, slightly sagittate, nearly basifixed.
Rudiment of ovary consisting of 1-3 small and short unequal
points.
THE PALMS OF BRITISH INDIA AND CEYLON. 921
Female spadix like the male; bracteoles densely imbricate,
with a transverse line of tomentum half-way up the back.
Flowers very shortly pedicellate, calyx-lobes orbicular-ovate, light
green. Petals smaller than the sepals, orbicular-ovate, concave.
Staminodes 6. Ovary globose or 38-lobed; stigmas sessile or
nearly so.
Fruit more or less obliquely ovoid or oblong, irregular, usually a
little more constricted in the upper part than in the middle and
lower part, always much longer than broad, 24-31 inches long and
21-21 inches broad, more or less obtusely triangular in transverse
section, with the abortive carpels often much developed ; surtace
rather irregular and usually very distinctly punctate-impressed.
Sarcocarp rather strongly impregnated with sugar ; wall of endocarp
qe inch thick on one side, on the other (which corresponds to an
obtuse longitudinal keel), 4-2 inch, not thicker below than on the
sides and not incurved at the apex of the seed ; fulerum of seed much
depressed and little developed. Seed more or less ovate-conical
and flattened at the base, always much attenuate above and,
therefore, more or less pyriform, almost circular in transverse
section, 12-13 inches long, 1,4,-14 inches broad.
The fruit varies a good deal by being more or less attenuate
above. A longitudinal section of the fruit of H. thebaica and
II. indica is given on page 930 of Vol. XVIII of this journal
illustrating a short note on ‘The Indian Doum’ by I. H. Burkill.
Hasirat.—Along the valley of the Nile in Middle and Upper
Keypt; Shaikh Othman near Aden.
History OF THE Doum Patm.—Highteen centuries already before
Christ we find the Doum Palm in the middle course of the Nile.
Anna, an officer of Thutmes I. (18th dynasty), superintendent of
the granaries of Amon and director of the royal works, enumerates
with great complacency on the inscription of his tomb? the trees
+ Brugsch, H. Recueil de monuments évyptieus. Leipzig, 1862 ; part I, p. 48,
pl. XXXVI.
Moldenke, C. E. Ueber die in alta gyptischen Texten erwahnten Baume und
deren Verwerthung. Leipzig, 1886. p. 18.
Boussac, H. Le tombeau d’Anna (Mém. de la mission arché&ol. au Caire, 1896,
t. xvili. fasc. 1, pl. s. n.).
26
922 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL ‘AIST; SOCIETY, Fol. XX.
which he had planted in his garden. Amongst them there were
not less than 120 Doum Palms. If the fruits discovered by
Flinders Petrie at Kahun were not introduced from Aithiopia, we
must even admit that the tree was planted in Eevpt 800 years
before that period.
The palm received its native name ‘Mama’ 2 (which means
‘divided in two’) from the fact that the stem of the tree is
usually biturcate. |Theophrast, too, (371-286 B.C.) who calls the
palm cucifera (covxromosos) makes this the distinctive character of
the tree :
“The tree,” he says,° “which is called cucifera, shows with
regard to its trunc and leaves a great resemblance to the Date
Palm, but it is distinguished by the fact that, whilst the stem of
the Date Palm is simple and entire, its trunc is divided into two:
branches, each of which in its turn is split up into two secondary
branches, which bear short and few branches.”
The Doum Palm is usually shown with the bifurcate stem on the
pictures of the Egyptian tombs. There is one of them which repre-
sents the general arrangement as well as all the details of the
pare of an officer of Amenhotpu I1., the seventh king of the 18th
dynasty. Sycamores, Date-Trees and Doum Palms play an impor-
tant part in the artistically laid out garden.+ On a picture from
one of the tombs of Tell-el-Amarna®, on the contrary, the artist »
represented the Doum Palm with a simple stem, but with the
characteristic fan-shaped leaves.
The fruits of the Doum Palm which have been found in im-
mense quantities in the pharaonic tombs and specimens of which
may be seen in every Egyptian museum of Europe, are remarkable
for their shape and size.
1 Joret, C. Les Plantes daus 1 Antiquité et au Moyen Ave. Paris, 1897, I, 108.
? Moldenke, C. E. 1. ¢. p. 66.
‘’ Theophrastus. Historia plantarum, lib. iy. cap. IT.
* Wilkinson, G. The manners and customs of the ancient Egyptians. London
1878, vol. I, p. 377, pl. 150.
Woenig, F. Die Pflanzen im alten Aegypten. Leipzig, 1886, p. 232.
Moldenke, C. 1. c. p. 41.
Maspero, G. Histoire ancienne des peuples de Orient. Paris. ed. 4.1886, vol. I.
p. 291.
° Lepsius. Denkmiiler, vol. ITT. pl. 95.
‘(qaey ‘vovwqayy auoydhizT) WIvg WAOd Nvitdxoy
‘AXXX Biv1g ; , ‘00g “ISI VN AVawog ‘Nwoor
PH PALMS OF BRITISH INDIA AND CEYLON. 925
“They differ from the dates,’ says Theophrast’, ‘‘by their
dimension, their shape and their taste; large enough to fill one’s
hand they are round and not oblong ; being of yellow colour they
contain a sweet and agreeable juice. They are not arranged in
punches like the dates, but erow isolated. The kernel is large
and very hard.
The fruits were called ‘ ququ’ in ancient? HKeypt and it is not
difficult to recognise in this word the root of Theophrast’s cov«i (of
the word Kouxtoposos)-
Uses.—The leaves of younger plants are eaten by camels. The
old leaves are put to many minor uses.
The trunk is used for making water conduits, ‘‘ and it is possi-
Poble,” says Burkill, “that it might contain a little sago in just the
J same measure as the common Indian fan palm, enough to make
it a famine food.”
The thick fleshy-fibrous part of the fruit resembles gingerbread
both in colour and taste, hence the palm is often known as the
The chief use of the palm is for the manufacture of buttons from
the hard inner fruit-wall. It is also turned into beads for rosaries.
‘CULTIVATION IN EuRorpE.—The Doum Palm is difficult to culti-
Gingerbread Tree.
vate. It grows best in rich sandy loam. Fresh seeds vegetate
readily, but the young plants are of slow and precarious growth.
CULTIVATION IN INpDIA.—Old specimens of the Egyptian Doum
Palms may be seen in many a garden of India and Ceylon, and,
as a rule, they are much better developed than the tree growing in
Egypt. The climate seems, indeed, to exercise a great influence
upon the development of this palm. When Haeckel saw the
Doum Palm in Ceylon he was surprised to find it there under an
aspect so altered that he could scarcely recognize them.
‘‘ Adaptation,” he says, “to perfectly different conditions of
existence have made the Doum Palm of Egypt quite another tree
in Ceylon. The trunk is developed to at least double the thick-
* Loret, V. Recherches sur quelques plantes. I. Les paints dEgypte. CRecueil
de travaux relatifs 4la Philologie et a lArchéologie ¢gyptiennes et assyriennes.
t- TT, p. 24.
i Joret,C. Des noms de palmier (Revue des études erecques. Paris (1892), p. 417.
}
Bet: Gecpneeerne ce. lib. IV, cap. 2, 7.
h
|
924 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXT.
ness, much larger than in its native land; the forked branches
are more numerous but shorter and more closely grown; the
enormous fan-leaves are much larger, more abundant and more
solid; and even the flowers and fruit, so far as my memory served
me, seemed to be finer and more abundant. At any rate, the
whole habit of the tree had so greatly changed in the hothouse
climate of Ceylon that the inherited physiognomy of the tree had
lost many of its most characteristic features. And all this was
the result of a change of external conditions and consequent adap-
tation, more particularly of the greater supply of moisture which had
been brought to bear, from its earliest youth, ona plant accustomed
to the dry desert climate of North Africa. These splendid trees
had been raised from Egyptian seed, and in twenty years had
grown to a height of thirty feet.” (A Visit to Ceylon, p. 180.)
ILLuSTRATION.—Not having at our disposal a good photograph
of an Egyptian Doum Palm growing in India, we reproduce on
Plate XXXV a photograph of some characteristic specimens which
grow at Shaikh Hammed, near the ruins of Athribis and Dair-
el-Abiadh in Egypt.
LATANIA, COMM., Juss. Gen. 39.
(After the vernacular name “ Latanier” of Latania burbonica,
Lam., now Livistona chinensis, R. Br.).
Gaertn. Fruct. II, 185, t. 120.—Jacq. Fragm. t. 8.—Mart.
Hist. Nat. Palm. If, 222, 4%. 148.—Illustr. Hort, t. 229) baleen
Fl. Maurit, 380.—Benth. & Hook. Gen. Pl. IL. IJ, 940, 118.
Of moderate height ; leaves long-petioled, palmate-flabelliform ;
blade deeply laciniated.
Diacious.—F lowers in distichously-branched axillary spadices,
each branch sheathed by an obliquely truncate spathe. Male: Spikes
cylindrical, with pits formed by the union of imbricating bracts,
each pit containing a single flower; perianth-lobes imbricate ;
stamens 15-30, exserted ; filaments connate at the base; pistillode
a triquetrous column or of 3 or more subulate processes. emale:
Bracts toothed on their outer edge, combined in pairs to form a cup
for each flower ; flowers fewer than in the male spikes ; staminodes
forming a toothed cup; ovary 3-celled; stigmas 3, distinct.
ban ‘hae ad ¥ "
m aah i i
At ;
2
=
oe
JouRN. Bompay Nat. Hist. Soc. Pratt XXXVI.
CommeErson’s Larania (Latania Commersonii, Gmel.).
THE PALMS OF BRITISH INDIA AND CEYLON,
co
ins)
or
Fruit a drupe, containing 3 or, by abortion, 1-2 pyrenes;
- mesocarp succulent; pyrenes convex and sculptured externally ;
seed with a testa which adheres completely to the endocarp ;.
albumen homogeneous; embryo apical.
Species 3.
DistrisuTion.—Mascarene Islands; generally introduced in
Indian gardens. ‘
CULTIVATION IN HuRopE.—The species of Latania are very hand-
some stove plants. They grow well in a compost of two parts of
rich loam and one of peat, to which may be added a small quantity
of sand. Perfect drainage is required. Propogation is effected by
seeds. These are sown in a compost similar to that just mentioned,
and placed in a moist, gentle heat.
LATANIA COMMERSONIT, Gmel. Syst. 11. 1035; Bory de St. Vine.
Voy. dans les isles de l'Afrique ; Mart. Hist. Net. Palm. IIL. 223, t. 148.
® fie. 4, t. 154, 161, fig. 2,t. W; Baker Fl. Maurit. and Seych. 381.—Z.
playecoma,
Comm. Mss. et Palmarium Vol. t. 26, 27,28; Aub. Pet
Thouars Mélanges de Bot., Observat. sur les Plant. des isles d’Afr., 51.—L.
rubra Jacq. Frag. bot. 13, n. 49, t. 8; Willd. Spec. Plant. iv. 2. p. 878, n.
1; Spreng. Syst. Veg. 1. 623, n. 1.—Cleophora lontaroides, Gaertn. Fruct.
—IT. 185, t. 120, fig. 1.
Names.—Commerson’s Latania; Latanier; Latanier rauge 3
Latanier de Visle de Bourbon.
DEscrIPTION.—Palm 40 feet high. Petiole 4-6 feet long, slightly
tomentose, the margins smooth, spiny in young plants; blades
5-55 feet long, dark green above, paler beneath; segments
lanceolate, acuminate, 2 feet long, 34-33 inches broad, their margins
entire, spiny in young plants ; veins and margins tinged with red.
Male spadix 3-6 feet long, with 9-16 branches ; spikes 7-10 inches:
long, 4-2 inch broad, arising in clusters of 4-20 from the end of
the branch within the mouth of the spathe. Perianth 2 inch long ;
margin of segments fringed; stamens 28-32; pistillode pyra-
midal-trigonous. Female spadix 3-6 feet long, with 8 or more
branches, each bearing 3 spikes; free portion of bracts deltoid.
Fruit a drupe, globose, 14-1? inch in diameter; pyrenes obovoid.
1§-13 inch long, marked with numerous ridges which pass from.
Fig. 25-—A young specimen of Latania Commersoniu, Gmel.
the base to the apex and then curve down again, a central ridge
always most prominent; seed with a light brown testa.
HasiraT.—Mauritius, in various parts of the island, but not
abundant ; Seychelles (not indigenous) ; Bourbon.
Cultivated in most Huropean conservatories and in many Indian
gardens.
Usrs.—The fruit is eaten by the Negroes, but it has a rather
disagreeable flavour. The leaves are used as thatch.
ILLUSTRATION.—Plate XXXVI shows a well developed specimen
of this species growing in the Royal Bot. Gardens of Peradeniya.
The photograph was taken by Mr. Macmillan.
LATANIA LODDIGESIT, Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. III. 224, t. 161, fig.
II, 10-14; Baker Fl. Maurit. and Seych. 38].—Z. glaucophylla, Hort.—
Journ. Bompay Nat. Hist. Soc. PratE XXXVI,
LoppigEs’ Laranzia (Latania Loddigesit, Mart ).
WHE PALMS OF BRITISH INDIA AND CEYLON. 927
Bey spiore dendrviformis, Loddiges in Cat. plant. hort. proprii in Hackney
_ prope Lond.
© Name.—Loddiges’ Latania.
DescriprioN.—Trunk 50 feet high. Petiole 3-44 feet long,
tomentose, the margins entire in the mature, spiny in the young
plant; blade 3-5 feet long, very glaucous; the primary veins
beneath shghtly tomentose, and tinged with red, especially in
young plants; segments 2 feet long, not quite 3 inches broad,
unequally acuminate, the edges spiny in young plants.
Male spadix 54 feet long, with 8-12 branches; spikes 1-08
inches long, 3—;% inch broad, arising in clusters of 3-9 from the
end of the branches on a level with the mouth of the spathe.
Perianth 2 inch long; segments] not fringed; stamens 16-20, or
more; pistillode of 3-5 grooved filaments nearly as long as the
stamens. [Female spadix 34-4 feet long, with 5-6 branches, each
bearing | or 2 spikes.
Fruit a drupe, obovoid or pyriform, trigonous, 24 inches long, 12
inch broad; pyrenes elongate-obovoid, faintly mucronate at the
apex, 17-27 inches long, #-2 inch broad, with a central ridge
along the convex face with tree-like branching in the upper third,
the inner surface furnished with a central crest, usually for only
a part of its length. Seed with a dark brown testa.
Hapirar.— Mauritius, on Round Island, Flat Island, and Coin
de Mire ; introduced on the main land.
ILLUSTRATION.—We reproduce on?plate NNXVII a photograph
ot Latania Loddigesu, taken by Mr. Macmillan in the Roy. Bot.
Gardens of Peradeniya. ‘The stem is covered, almost from the
base, with the bases of fallen leaves.
EATANIA VERSCHAPFELTIL, lemaire, Ill. Hort. VI, t. 299
L. aurea, Duncan, Cat. Hort. Maur. 52.
Description.—Trunk 40 feet high; petiole 5-8 feet long,
densely tomentose, with entire, orange margins, spiny in young
plants ; blade pale green, 44-5 feet long; segments 24 feet long,
1 Cf. U. Dammer: Latania Verschaffeltii, Lem. Gard. Chron. ser. 3,1902, vol. 31,
p 97-98.
928 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXI,
Fig. 26.—Young male specimen of Latania Loddigesii, Mart.
From between the leaves rises the male spadix.
above 2 inches broad, acuminate, the entire margins and veins
beneath shghtly tomentose.
Male spadix 4-8 feet long, with 5-10 branches exceeding the
spathes in length; spikes 14-2 feet long, 3 inch broad, arising
singly or in clusters of 2-3 on each branch; perianth j4,-} inch
long; stamens 20-30; pistillode a trique trous column, shorter
than the stamens. Female spadix 3-5 feet long, with 1-4 branches
=_~-*
a .
“
THE PALMS OF BRITISH INDIA AND CEYLON, 929
bearing usually solitary spikes; staminodes forming a minute cup
with 6-8 teeth.
Fruit a drupe, obovoid, slightly trigonous, 2 inches long, 14 inch
broad ; pyrenes oblong, 13-1? inch long, 2 inch broad, the convex
surface marked by many hard prominences and a median ridge
continued from the base to form a prominent apical crest and
thence passing a short way down the inner face and ending
abruptly ; on each side also a deep groove separates the apical crest
from a sharp process, whence one or more ridges run downwards.
Seed with a light brown testa.
Hasirar.—Rodriguez; abundant over the island.
CULTIVATION IN InpIA.—This palm is of slow growth in this
chmate, but bears full exposure well.
Uses.—Of the beautifully marked wood walking sticks are
made.
BORASSUS, Linn. Gen. Nat. 1220.
[From the Greek ‘ Borassus,’ the cover surrounding the palm-
fruit ; ‘ Bora,’ food for animals; according to Brande ‘ Bordssus ’
means the skin of the date, whilst Hamilton states that it means
the spathe common to most palms. }
Baer. Eruct. ft: 21), t. o._-Roxb. Corom. Pl. I.—71-72.—
iam Enum. Pl. Til, 221.—Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. III, 219, t.
feel 162. —Grit. Notul, (il, 167.—Kurz For. Fl. 11, 531.—
Drude Bot. Zeitg., 1877, 635, t. 5.—Luers. Botan. IT, 338.—
Hook. Fl. Brit. India, VI, 481.
A very tall dioecious palm; trunk stout, unarmed. Leaves
terminal, fan-shaped, plicately multifid, sides of lobes induplicate
in vernation; petiole spinous; ligule short. Spadix very large,
interfoliar, simply branched ; peduncle sheathed with open spathes,
male with stout cylindric branches, that are densely clothed with
closely imbricating bracts, enclosing spikelets of flowers which
hence appear as if sunk in cavities of the branch; female spadix
sparingly branched, bearing few scattered solitary flowers. Male
flowers biseriate in small scorpioid spikelets enclosed in the bracts,
secund ; perianth glumaceous ; sepals and petals 3 each, imbricate ;
stamens 6, pistillode of 3 bristles. Female flowers larger, globose ;
27 .
930 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXTI,
perianth fleshy, greatly accrescent in fruit; sepals imbricate ;
petals convolute ; staminodes 6-9; ovary globose, entire or 3-4--
cleft, 3-4-celled ; stigmas 3; ovules basilar, erect. Fruit a large
subglobose drupe with 1-3 obcordate compressed pyrenes; peri--
carp thinly fleshy ; stigmas terminal. Seeds compressed, quadrate,.
top 3-lobed; testa adherent to the pyrene; albumen equable,.
hollow ; embryo apical.
Species 1.
BORASSUS FLABELLIFER, L. Sp. Pl. 1187; Hook. FI. Br. Ind. VI,.
482; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. IV, 336.—B. Flabelliformis, L. Syst. Veg. ed. 18,829
—Thw. Enum. 329; Roxb. Cor. Pl. I, 50, t. 71, 72; Fl. Ind. II, 790; Griff.
Notul. III, 167; Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. III, 221, t. 108, 121, 162; Kunth..
Enum. III, 222.—Brand. For. Fl. 544.—Kurz. For. FI. I. 529.—Boras-
sus tunicata, Lour. Fl. Cochinch. ed. Willd., p. 760.—B. aethiopum Mart.,.
]l. ec. 221.—Lontarus domestica, Rumph. Herb. Amb. I, t. 10; Ham. in
Mem. Wern. Soc. V, 314; Gaertn.. Fruct. I, 21, t. 8.—Rheede Hort.
Malab. I, t. 9, 10. ;
Names.—Palmyra Palm, Brab Tree’ (English); Tala, Tal, Tri--
naraja (Sansk.); Tal, Tar, Tarka jhar (Hind.); Tad, Tamar (Mar.) ;.
Tal, Talgachh (Beng.); Tan (Burm.); Taark Dizaar (Deccan) ;.
Tala-wruxium (Tanjore); Tal, Tal gaha (Singh.); Panay, Panay-
maram [the tree], Arn Panay [the male tree], Purn-Panay [the
female tree |, Vadaly [the young tree], Oly [the leaf], Panang-kai
[the fruit], Nonku [the kernel] (Tamil); Pootpady, Poottaly,,
Ponthy, Talam (Poetical Tamil); Tatechutta [the tree], Potutadu
[the male tree], Pentetadu [the female tree], Bonda [the young
tree], Tatikaya [the fruit], Tataku [the leaf], Nungu [the edible
part of the fruit] (Tel.) ; Lontar (Malay); Rontal, Sualan (Java) ;.
Coli (Timor); Murume (Cochin China); Panuguera, Palmeira.
macha brava (Portug.); Jager-Boom, Weingeevende Palm-Boom
(Dutch) ; Palmyra Palme (German) ; Rondier (French).
DeEscripTion.—Trunk attains 100 feet in height and 2-3 feet.
in diameter, black, swolien above the middle and again contracted
upwards, while young covered with dry leaves or the bases of
petioles, old stems marked with the black narrow scars of the
+ The name * Brab, commonly used in Bombay, is derived from the Portuguese:
* brava’. ‘wild palm,’
THE PALMS OF BRITISH INDIA AND CEYLON. 931
petioles, near the ground with a dense masse of long rootlets.
Leaves 3-5 feet in diameter, palmately fan-shaped, rigidly coria-
ceous, many-cleft into lanceolate or linear 2-fid lobes; segments.
60-80, shining, folded along the midrib, with spinulose margins ;
petiole 2-4 feet long, stout, semiterete, edges with hard horny
spinescent serratures ; ligule short.
Fig. 27. Young Palmyra Palm (taken on the sea shore at Mahim, Bombay Island).
932 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XX1,
Male spadix simply branched, sheathed with many imbricated
spathes, each vaginated at the base, but soon splitting into a long,
concave, pointed, boat-like sheath, in substance very strong
and fibrous; when young they are covered with a soft, downy,
rust-coloured substance; (sometimes in the lower axil of the
sheaths there is a bundle of smaller sheaths, forming a spathe like
that now described, but without spadix). The superior 4 or 7
sheaths embrace each ramification of the spadix, each ramification
ending in 1-3 cylindric spikes, beautifully imbricated with innu-
merable bracts. The lower and shorter ramifications of the spadix
universally composed of 3 spikes spreading from each other in
the same plane and distant from each other at the points about
3-5 inches, the middle one extending from 2-3 inches beyond the
other two. One or two of the higher ramifications sometimes
divided into only 2 spikes and occasionally consisting of one only.
These spikes are 12-15 inches long, while the lower ones measure
only 9-12 inches. The bracts of the spikes are broad, wedge-
shaped, retuse, adhering by their lateral margins to the keel or
back of the next above, forming a cavity for a second spikelet of
about 10-12 small, sessile flowers ; seldom more than one expanded
ata time, beginning with the uppermost, so that there is a long
succession of them. Flowers of spikelets arranged in 2 vertical
opposite rows, beautifully serrated into each other, each spikelet
forming an arch with its convex side undermost, the common
receptacle of the little florets forming the other. Flowers appear-
ing in parallel nearly straight rows, running from bottom to top,
or in parallel oblique rows running from right to left, or from left
to right round the spike, according to the position from which they
are viewed. Sepals narrowly cuneate, tip truncate, inflexed.
Petals shorter, obovate spathulate. Stamens 6; filaments connate
with the corolla into a stalk ; anthers large, subsessile, oblong.
Female spadix simple ; spikes terminating the branches of the
spadix ; the lower end of the spadix is a smooth stem, sheathed with
several spathes ; spikes enveloped in bracts which cover all parts of
it and rise over the flowers to the number of 8-12; a barren bract
encircles the spadix, just below where the flowers commence to
vise from it, and the upper end of the spadix, extending to a
PratE XXXVIII.
JouRN. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.
ae oy
rt ee
tal
4
igs
A Grove oF PatMyRA Patms (Borassus flabellifer, Linn.) In NORTHERN CEYLON.
iy THE PALMS OF BRITISH INDIA AND CEYLON. 933:
_ length of 2 or 3 inches beyond the flowers, is also enveloped by
these bracts. Flowers larger than the male flowers, | inch in
diameter, globose. Sepals fleshy, reniform, imbricate; petals
smaller, convolute; staminodes 6-9. Ovary subtrigenous,
(3-4-celled) celled ; stigmas sessile, recurved.
Fruit a drupe, when young pretty distinctly trigonous, but
when old, the pulp round the pyrenes so swells as to give the
fruit the appearance of an almost perfect globe, 6-8 inches in
diameter, seated on the greatly enlarged perianth. Pyrenes 3-1,
obeordate, fibrous outside; endosperm horny, hollow ; mesocarp
fleshy and fibrous.
GERMINATION.— When the nuts begin to germinate, the space
within the kernel fills up with a cream coloured substance of the
consistency of cheese’. From this the root of the germ or young
plant protrudes, through that end of the nut which was attached
to the spadix, the body or actual stem of the plant following, until
the two first leaflets are thrown up with the shell of the nut attach-
ed. All these parts are, when very young, beautifully incased
in an entire leathery substance like the sheaths of the spadix.
These seedlings are called ‘ dantalas’ or ‘ kelingoos’.
Hach of these little trees has 1-4 rootlets attached to it. The
lower part of the stem, where those roots are attached, resembles
much that end of a carrot, parsnip or radish to which the crop is
attached ; and indeed the plant altogether looks very like an in-
verted long parsnip.
These dantalas, which are found beneath the surface, are about
1 inch thick at the lower part and taper off to a mere point, being
12-15 inches long. <A slit or groove runs from near tbe bottom
+ For the chemical aspect of the process of germination, see: Gatin, C. L., Con-
tribution & lVétude chimique de la germination du Borassus flabelliformis L.-, in
Bull. Soc. Bot. de France (1905), 4th series, vol. v., pp. 558-561.
By the same author : Nouvelle contribution 4 l'étude chimique de la germina-
tion du Borassus flabelliformis, L.in Rev. Gén. Bot. Paris, 18 (1906), 481-483.
Besides : Recherches anatomiques et chimiques sur la germination des palmiers.
Paris, 1906, pp 307-308.
Transformation diastasique du mannose en glucose au cours de la germination
du Borassus flabelliformis, L., in Bull. Soc. Bot. de France, vol. 55 (1.908), pp. 383-
386.
934 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXT,
to the top. This groove is nothing else but the folding inwards —
of the first leaf, which composes nearly the entire thickness of 4
the stem. If it be cut across, it will be found to enclose the inner
leaves in a small oval pipe about } inch in thickness.
When these dantalas are about 9 to 12 months old, they have
usually two leaves just issuing from the surface. These are from
1-14 inches in breadth, and from 23-3 feet in length, having only
four or five folds in each leaf. When the leaves issue from the
ground, no part of the stem is seen, but a succession of leaves goes
on, increasing in breadth and thickness, for 6 to 7 years. The
stem close to the ground is then perhaps as stout as ever it will be;
indeed in many cases stouter, as these trees harden and compress
by age. (Ferguson.)
GROWTH OF PaLMyRAS.—On this subject we refer to:
Jackson, A. B.—The rate of growth of Palmyras, Indian Fores-
ter, Vol. 35, p. 394.
Lushington, A. W.—The growth of Palmyras. Ibid., Vol.
35, p. 573, Vol. 36, p. 362.
Hole, R. 8.—The growth of Palmyras. Ibid., Vol. 35, p. 632.
HapitaT.—A native of tropical Africa. Cultivated in the
Indian Archipelago, the Trans-Gangetic Peninsula, Ceylon, South
and Central India, Bengal and Lower Sind. In North-West India
as far north as Aligarh and Shahjehanpur. Isolated trees in
gardens in Rohilkhand and the Upper Ganges, Doab, as far as Sa-
haranpur. Also on both sides of the Persian Gulf, attaining there
about the same latitude as in North-West India, 7.¢., 830° N. L.
Immense groves of it are found on the Malabar coast, extending
from Cape Comorin through Travancore, Calicut, Goa, and the
Bombay Presidency, on through Gujarat and up some distance on
the banks of the Indus. But what are emphatically called the
Palmyra regions may be included in a line extending along the
Coromandel coast from Cape Comorin to Madras including the
northern portion of Ceylon and from Madras all along, taking in
a considerable belt of the coast between that and Point Palmyras,
and then passing up to Gyaon the 85th degree of H. L. and
nearly 25° of N. L. After that the line should be carried on about
due east until it reaches Ava, below which on the banks of the
Journ. Bompay Nar. Hist. Soc. Sane SSS.
ye
o
4,
x. : =
= .
c x 4
lave x ¢
be SS °Z,
WE? sep sone
TOE | BRE
i
PatMYRA Pau (Borassus flabellifer, Linn.) In FRuItT.
my RTE om eeer
v
i
‘ai
Hy
THE PALMS OF BRITISH INDSA AND CEYLON, 935
Irrawaddy, there are immense groves of this Palm. From Ava
the line should pass down south-east, through the Malayan
Peninsula and the Indian Archipelago, including Sumatra, Borneo,
Celebes, Blores, and the Molucca Isles.
The Palmyra Palm is found in various parts of the mountain
district of Ceylon, including the vicinity of Kandy and of Badulla
at elevations of 1,680 and 2,450 feet respectively, having a mean
annual temperature of about 74° at the former and 714° at the
latter.
Although immense groves are found on the banks of the
Irrawaddy, from the sea coast up to nearly as far as Ava or Amara-
pura in Burma, and as far inland as Gya in Bengal, and in isolated
patches all round and through Ceylon, still the most congenial
places for their favourable development will be found in low sandy
plains scarcely elevated above the level of the sea, and where they
are exposed to the burning sun, and the force of at least one of
the monsoons. Such are Jaffna, with the surrounding islands, and
other portions of the northern province of Ceylon, the district of
Tinnevelly, with portions of the Madura Collectorate, portions of
the Madras and Bombay Presidencies and of the Indian Archi-
pelago.’
FLowers.—In March and April; fruit ripens in April and May
and is matured in July and August.
THE PALMYRA PALM AND ITS GUESTS.—The tree is well adapted
for sheltering animals and hence they are resorted to by birds at
night, and by rats, squirrels, mungooses, monkeys, etc., during
the day time. When the leaves of a tree are undisturbed, the
number of bats sometimes occupying it is incredibly great.
A great number of epiphytical plants find support and nourish-
ment in the axils of the leaves. A very interesting union is that
formed by the Palmyra and several species of Ficus. The birds
which feed upon the fruit of Fig trees “drop the seeds in the
alee (axils) of the leaves, where they grow and extend their roots,
etc., SO as in time to embrace the parent Palmyra, except its ‘upper
+ Ferguson, W., Description of the Palmyra Palm of Ceylon. Colombo 1888,
p- 11.
936 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXT.
parts. In very old ones the top thereof is just seen issuing from the 4
trunk of the Banyan, as if it grew from thence, whereas it runs
down through its centre, and has its roots in the ground, the palm
being the older. For such the Hindoos entertain » religious —
veneration saying it isa holy marriage instituted by Providence.”
(Roxburgh. )
_ Uses.—Every part of the Palmyra Palm is turned to account in
some way or other.’ By far the most important aspect of this
tree is as a source of food.
1. The juice or toddy.—This is almost as famous for its use as
notorious for its abuse. The juice can only be obtained after the
young flowering branches have made their first appearance. The
trees do not generally bear until 12 to 15 years after they have
been planted, and only then can the male be distinguished from
the female trees. Ferguson, who examined trees of both sexes
most minutely before the spadices were to be seen, could detect no
peculiarity in shape, size or colour by which to distinguish them.
Were it possible to do so, it would be of the utmost importance to:
extensive cultivators of this useful palm. When the trees have
arrived at the age mentioned, the spathes begin, in the months of
November and December, to protrude from amongst the leaves
near the top of the trees, which have then attained heights varying
from 8-25 feet. The next natural course would be the bursting of
these spathes, and the production of fruits, but in many cases the
laws of nature are herein completely thwarted, for the toddy
drawers now step forward and attack the trees of both sexes, but
oftener the males, for the extraction of toddy,—the life juice of the
inflorescence. In the various written descriptions of the ways in
which this is done, the information is often contradictory and
unsatisfactory. Some writers, and recent ones too, state that the
fruits of the trees are pierced for the purpose. Others say, that a
hole is bored in the body of the tree in which a plug is inserted, to
be removed when toddy is wanted. In this conflict of opinions
we consider it much safer to follow an experienced guide.
1 Grisard, J., Produits et utilisation du Rondier, in Rev. Cult. Colon. Paris, 9
(1901), 110-114,
THE PALMS OF BRITISH INDIA AND CEYLON. 937
Ferguson gives an excellent description of the whole process from
personal observations made in Ceylon.
When the proper season arrives, which is in November and
December, the too frequently degraded and drunken toddy-
drawers are seen and heard busy at work in the Palmyra groves
throughout the Peninsula of Jaffna. Their practised eyes
soon fix on those trees that are fit for the ‘scalping knife’,
and if they have not dropped the footstalks of the leaves, the first
operation, if the trees are valuable, is to wrench these off. This
done the toddy-drawer, armed with his leathern protector for his
breast, his raceme-batten of wood, his small thongs, straight and
crooked knives, with the ‘side leather pouch’ to contain them,
procures a piece of tough jungle vine, or a strip of the footstalk of
a fresh leaf of a young Palmyra or Cocoanut tree, which he
thoroughly twists, and then converts it into a sort of loop of such
dimensions as to admit of his feet getting through to a span large
enough to allow them clasp the tree. This done he puts his feet
in this thong, stands close to the tree, stretches himself at full
length, clasps it with his hands, and pulls his feet up as close to
his arms as possible ; again he slides up his hands, and the same
process is repeated, until, by a species of screw process, he ascends
to the summit of the tree. When the trees are high, some use
hoops of the same material, large enough to encircle both the tree
and the toddy-drawer who slides it up the tree, so that it is always
a Support to the body while the climber is in the act of taking a
fresh grasp.
Arrived at the summit, amongst the leaves, the climbing appar-
atus is laid across a leafstalk, and the pruning and phlebotomy
commence. One or two of the lower leaves are left as a support to
the toddy-drawer until the operation is completed. He then draws
his crooked knife, which, on a small scale, a good deal resembles
a reaping hook, and rids the tree of all the accumulated dirt, such
as old leaves, the net work which supports them, and, if an old
tree that bore fruit before, the stumps of the fruitstalks. Then all
the leaves are cut off, excepting 3 or 4, and the young top bud of
the tree. Besides the removal of all these, the crooked knife is
now used in shearing off the outer covering of that part of the tree
38
938 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXI,
from which spring the leaves and the racemes. These latter are
supported during this operation, by being tied up by several
thongs to the footstalks of the uncut leaves. The pruning having
been completed, all or most of the spathes are effectually encom-
passed from end to end by thongs, to prevent the membrane which
covers the inflorescence from bursting. The racemes thus tied are
then beaten and crushed between the wooden battens to wound
them, and to hurry on the flow of toddy. This done and the
spathes being secured to stalks of the remaining leaves, the toddy-
drawer descends. The operation of beating and crushing takes
place for 3 successive mornings, and on each of the 4 following a
thin slice is cut from the points of the racemes, to encourage the
flow of sap and keep them from bursting. On the eighth morning
a clear sweet liquor begins to flow from the wounded spadix, which
is indicated by the ‘ Toddy Birds’ and crows fighting and chatter-
ing amongst the trees. ‘The toddy-drawer then ascends with a
chatty or toddy-receiver stuck to his belt behind. He places the
ends of the spadix in these, and when secured leaves them till
evening, when they are found to contain quantities of this liquor.
The operation of attracting the juice is repeated every morning
and evening, or in the mornings only, until the whole of the
spadix is sliced away.
The trees are drained in this way for several months of the year,
but if the operation is repeated on the same tree for 3 successive
years, without allowing any of the buds to burst naturally, the
trees are said to die. A spadix continues to give toddy for about
5 months, at the rate of 3 or 4 quarts a day, and while seldom
three spadices are yielding toddy on the Cocoanut tree, seven or
eight will yield juice at once on the Palmyra Palm. An expert
climber can draw the toddy from about 40 trees in a few
hours.
In Jaffna a distinction is made between ‘toddy’ and ‘sweet
toddy ’. The former, called by the Tamils Culloo, is the juice
when it is allowed to ferment, which it does in a few hours after
sunrise. Sweet toddy, called Carupaner, is obtained by sprink-
ling the inside of the toddy-receiver with lime or chunam, which
keeps it from fermenting.
THE PALMS OF BRITISH INDIA AND CEYLON, 939
The toddy procured from the male Palmyra tree is said to be
sweeter than that from the female. The latter, besides, yields
only about half as much sap as the male.
Many trees are encircled near the ground with a strip of tar, etc..,
to prevent ants and other vermin getting up and making a
decoction of the toddy in the chatties. |
It is not a little amusing to notice the various comparisons to
which this juice has given rise. Sir W. Jones compares it, fresh
from the tree, to Poubon water, fresh from the fountain, or to the
best mild champagne ; Malcolm, the American, naturally enough
associates its taste with that of his native cider; while Johnson.
a traveller in Abyssinia, ranks it no higher than ginger beer. It
is possible it bears a resemblance to all these, and indeed a good
deal of the Ceylon ginger beer is made from toddy. The result of
partaking of toddy in the early morning is generally a listless
drowsy sensation.
2, Sugar or Jaggery'.—1t appears, says Ferguson, that in the
time of Menu, upwards of 4,000 years ago, the Hindus knew how
to make sugar from the flowers of the Madhuca tree (Bassia lati-
folia) ; and this being the case, there is great reason to suppose
that sugar was made from some of the palm-trees at a much
earlier period. Sugar candy is alluded to by Megasthenes under
the name of ‘Indian stone,’ and to this day the crystals formed
either from jaggery or the juice of the cane are called ‘ Catcandu,
or stone sugar. The common Indian name for the finer sorts of
sugar, ‘Cheenee’ has been supposed to point to the Chinese
origin of the production.
The usual process of making jaggery, as persued at Jaffna, is
exceedingly simple. The sweet toddy is boiled until it becomes a
thick syrup ; a small quantity of scraped cocoanut kernel is thrown
in that it may be ascertained by the feel if the syrup has reached
the proper consistency and then it is poured into small baskets of
Palmyra leat where it cools and hardens into jaggery. In these
small plaited Palmyra baskets it is kept for home consumption,
1 These terms are variously derived from the Sanskrit ‘Sakar, Arabic Shakar
whence the Latin * Saccharum’, and the English * Sugar.
940 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXT.
sent coastwise, chiefly to Colombo, or exported beyond seas to be
refined. About 3 quarts of toddy suffice for boiling into 1 lb. of
jaggery. The juice of the Palmyra is richer in saccharine matter
than that of most other palms, in consequence, perhaps, of the
tree more generally growing in dry sandy soil and in a dry climate.
To make ‘ Vellum’ or crystallized jaggery, which is extensively
used as a medicine, the process is nearly the same as for the
common substance ; only the syrup is not boiled for so long a period.
The pot which contains it is covered and put aside for some
months, at the end of which period the crystals are found in
abundance.
Jaggery, besides being exported in large quantities, forms a
considerable portion of the food of the poorer classes in India and
Ceylon. The sweetness of Burmese bread seems to depend on the
use of toddy-juice to raise it.
Amongst a variety of purposes to which it is put, is that of
being mixed, together with whites of eggs, with lime from burnt
coral or shells. The result is a tenacious mortar, capable of
receiving so beautiful a polish that it can with difficulty be distin-
guished from the finest white marble.
It is stated that palm sugar, which is chiefly the produce of the
Palmyra tree is more granulated and higher priced than that
obtained from the cane. Small round cakes of jaggery were used
formerly and to some extent still pass as currency in the Tinne-
velly district.
3. Vinegar.
“from toddy. It is prepared in the following way :—A glazed
earthen jar is buried three-fourths its depth in the earth, ina
spot exposed to the full influence of the sun. A quantity of
Palmyra or Cocoanut tree toddy is daily thrown into the jar, until
it is nearly full, when the mouth of it is carefully clayed up.
The fermenting process immediately commences and continues for
some months. Ata certain stage of the process, which is ascer-
tained by removing the cover and testing the quality of the
Large quantities of vinegar are made in Ceylon
vinegar, quantity of burnt paddy is thrown in, which in the
course of a few days change the watery colour of the fluid to that
of pale brandy. The vinegar is then fit to be bottled. It is used
THE PALMS OF BRITISH INDIA AND CEYLON, 941
extensively for pickling gherkins, limes, the cabbage from the heart
of the Cocoanut and Palmyra trees, and several other substances.’
The following particulars regarding the preparation of vinegar
apply to the Madras Presidency*: The producers are the toddy~
shopkeepers, and they convert their unspent toddy into vinegar
in either of the following ways. The toddy is placed in a clothed
earthen pot and kept there till fermentation is complete and the
liquid has become sour. ‘The pot is either kept above ground for a
month or two, or is buried underground for three or 4 months or
more, and then taken out. The longer the pot is kept closed and
underground, the better the quality of the vinegar. In either
case pure vinegar is obtained when the pot is opened and the
sediment has been removed. Vinegar is also made by heating
fermented toddy either by fire or by exposure to the sun. It is
procured in a shorter time by this method, but the quantity is
less than by the slow or natural fermentation. The vinegar thus
obtained is, however, used both tor medicinal purposes and in
cooking. There is no shop or bazar in Madras where country-
“made vinegar is specially sold, and the trade is not so extensive as
that in either English or German vinegar.
4. Palm Wine or Arak.—If the toddy be distilled the result is
palm wine (arak). ‘ The extent to which the spirituous liquor is
employed,” says Watt, ““may be judged from the fact that at one
time the Bombay Government became so alarmed at the excessive
consumption of arak in Surat that they ordered large numbers of
this useful palm to be destroyed. In this connection it is interest-
ing to observe that Fryer, who visited Surat in 1673, mentions
that on drawing near the roadstead they saw groves of Brab-trees,
from which the Parsis made a ‘ wine akin to toddy.’ This wine
the sailors drank, and the result was perpetual disturbances of the
peace. The plentifulness of the toddy resulted in the district
being overrun by ‘soldiers and seamen of the Moors.’ ”
4d. The Fruit.—Within the shell of the young fruit there is a
jelly-like fluid which is eventually transformed and deposited
1 Ferguson W. 1. c. p. 29.
2
2 Watt, G. The commercial products of India. London, 1908, p. 1111
942 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXI.
as a hard albumen. When the fruit is half-ripe (April-May),
while the shell is yet soft, they are often torn off or cut from the
tree, and stripped of the outer bark. The shell of it is then
perforated with the finger, and then the soft kernel can be sucked
up. It is pleasant to the taste and exceedingly refreshing; but
too large a quantity of it ought not to be taken, for, according to
Rumphius, it debilitates the stomach. The jelly and soft albumi-
nous layers are sometimes cut into pieces and flavoured with sugar
and rosewater.
The fruits, when ripe, vary in colour from alight gold at the end
which is attached to the spadix, to brown and nearly black at the
other. Some trees have all their fruits of a beautiful gold and
others of a very dark colour, and these differences in their colour
and other properties have induced the natives to give them various
names. The fruits, when they fall ripe from the tree, are sometimes
eaten raw, but are more generally roasted, and the scene exhibited
at a roasting feast of Palmyra fruits, is in Ferguson’s estimation
one of the most purely Oriental that can be witnessed. ‘‘ When at
hand, the shade of an Illipe (Bassia longifolia), of a Margosa
(Melia Azadirachta), or Tamarind (TLamarindus indica) is chosen ;
a fire is lighted on the ground, composed of Palmyra leaves, etc.,
and the party, men, women, boys and girls, squat around, sucking
the pulp out of the fibres of each fruit as it is roasted, tearing them
asunder with nails and teeth in the most approved and natural
style, all appearing wrapped in the highest possible state of
alimentive enjoyment.”
The mesocarp of the ripe fruit is a soft, mellow, luscious, semi-
saccharine and farinaceous matter, known as Palmyra pulp. The
period during which the fruits are obtained being short and a greater
number ripening than the inhabitants can consume, preserved pulp
(called punatoo in Ceylon) is made in the following manner :—
‘«« Pandals (stages) are constructed within 4 or 5 feet of the ground,
and on these Palmyra-leaf mats are spread; the ripe fruits ate
then taken, torn up, put into ola-baskets containing fresh water,
and are there squeezed by the hands till the pulp with the water
forms a jelly. Layers of this jelly are spread on the mats to dry ;
this process is repeated for 15 to 18 days, one layer being deposited
THE PALMS OF BRITISH INDIA AND CEYLON. 945
above the other until they amount to about 15 or attain to about
half an inch in thickness. The mats are exposed in the sun to
dry, being covered at night and protected from the raims and
dews.” The tough leathery kind of preserved pulp made from the
remaining fruits gathered at the end of the season, is much inferior
to the other, and is calléd Tot Punatoo. The pulp is preserved in
ola-baskets or bags by being hung up in the smoke. It is
generally eaten plain or mixed with gruel made from the pounded
farina of the young Palmyra seedlings and with cocoanut kernel.
Rumphius’* graphic account of the way in which Punatoo is
prepared, is well worth being quoted in this place: ‘‘ In making
‘Punata’ more labour is required, for after the ripe fruits, which
fall from the tree from July to September, have been collected, the
stalks and the cups are twisted off with the hands; the outer rind
is stripped off, and the peeled fruit are washed im water, and
cleansed from the adhering fibres and earth ; they are then pressed
out, and rubbed for a long time with other limpid water, until all
the yellow juice has been drawn out; this is sometimes repeated
twice or thrice, lest the juice should be lost; and it assumes a
thick consistency ; and with a hooked stick they cleanse it from all
the fibres of the shell; and then they prepare a machine made
of sticks, which is here called Parra Parra, by the Malays
Lante Lante, and in Malabar Pandel. On this machine they spread
large palm mats from 14 to 16 cubits long, on which they then
pour out the liquor so thick, that scarcely a leaf of the mat can be
seen ; they then leave it to dry for one day and on the next day
they pour fresh juice, which is again left to dry, after repeating
the same labour until this cake has acquired the thickness
of three fingers ; which labour is generally continued for 15 or 16
days ; but these mats are folded up during night, and are covered
with leaves to preserve it from cats and dogs, who are exceedingly
fond of this cake. When this becomes as hard as cheese, it is:
cut into square pieces or cakes, and they raise them gently from
the mats with a knife and place them in layers in baskets, and
sprinkle the layers with water in which salt has been dissolved.
+ Rumphius, G. E., Herbarium amboinense. Amstelod. 1741-1755, Vol. I, Cap. IX.
944 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXI,
«‘ And these baskets or sacks are placed on a three-legged stool,
which they fasten by a rope to a beam, that for some days they
may be impregnated with smoke; but this should not be done too
much, lest the Punata should become bitter ; they also place the
ropes in such a manner, that mice cannot enter; and then this
work is finished, and the Punata or Pcoenata so often mentioned is
prepared—and,this they reserve for use during winter.
«The people of Maccassar prepare the fruit in a much more
convenient manner, nor do they spend so much labour. When the
juice has been only expressed, they pour it into large pans and mix
it with the farina of rice, and thence prepare many kinds of food.”
The seed within the albumen is also eaten, being sold in Bengal
under the name ‘ talsans.’
6. Young seedlings (dantalas, kelinyoos) as vegetable.—After the
Punatoo, described above, is taken from the ripe fruits, the nuts are
kept for future use. At a convenient season they are sown in 6 to &
layers, under loose, sandy soil, thrown up in parts of the gardens or
fields close to the dwellings of the natives. Planted in beds in this
manner, there is, no doubt, a greater heat created in consequence
of the fibre surrounding the nuts, &c., which induces them to grow
more rapidly than otherwise and better for purposes of food.
According to the ‘ Agricultural Ledger’ about 50 fruits are planted
to the square yard, and these may produce 100 and more dantalas.
These are taken up when they are two or three months old, the
nuts cut from the points of the leaves, and then the seedlings are
exported or eaten in various ways. ‘‘T'o keep these kelingoos for
future use, they are deprived of the beautiful parchment-like
sheath in which they are completely enveloped, and then dried in
the sun. Those dried in this manner, before they are boiled, are
emphatically called Odials, and those boiled after, are called Poolooe
Odials. It is the Odials that are reduced to flour or meal of which
the favourite Cool (of the Singhalese), or gruel is made. The
kelingoos roasted, boiled, or cut into slips and fried like slices of
Bread Fruit, are eaten by the natives and will be found in the
bazaars of Colombo and elsewhere all the year round. In their
dried state they seem to be chiefly farina with a few fibres running
through them, and their taste is very astringent. It is of the
THE PALMS OF BRITISH INDIA AND CEYLON. 945
QOdials that the flour once so prized by the Dutch, according to
Bennet, is made; though in these days [1850] we never hear of
this substance being sent to the Cape of Good Hope or Holland.
A substance called Putoo is made of the Kelingoo flour. To the
meal is added a little water, into this are put prawns or small fish,
scrapings of Cocoanut kernel, unripe jack fruit, etc. This mixture
is put into an ola-basket which is placed on the top of a pot of
boiling water, covered over with a chatty, and cooked by the steam.
b)
This is reckoned a great delicacy.” (Ferguson).
In India the vegetable is eaten chiefly by Kolis and low-class
people.
In a cheap year the gross value of a crop per acre at ordinary
market rates would be about Rs. 1,800, rising in a dearer season to
Rs. 3,000.
7. Medicine.—The juice of this plant is used as a stimulant and
anti-phlegmatic. ‘‘ Huropeans, especially delicate females, in India,
who are apt to suffer much from constipation, find a cup-full of this
toddy, drank every morning at five o'clock, one of the simplest and
best remedies they can employ. The Vytians prescribe it in
consumptive cases.” (Ainslie, Materia Medica. )
The root is considered cooling and restorative, as also the gelatin-
ous contents of the unripe seeds. The ash of the spathe is given ,
for enlarged spleen.
A useful stimulant application, called toddy-poultice, is prepared
by adding fresh drawn toddy to rice-four till it has the consistence
of a soft poultice; and this being subjected to a gentle fire, ferm-
entation takes place. This, spread on a cloth and applied to the
parts, acts as a valuable application to gangrenous ulcerations,
carbuncles, and indolent ulcers. The light-brown cotton-like sub-
stance from the outside of the base of the leaves is employed
as a styptic for arresting hemorrhage from superficial wounds.
(Pharmacop. of India).
8. Wood.—'The trees have to arrive at a considerable age before
they are of use for timber; when a hundred years old, they are
excellent. The heart of the tree is soft, but the outer wood is
hard, heavy, and durable, consisting of numerous thick black
wascular bundles. The weight of the solid foot is 65 lb., the value
29
946 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXI.
of P. 944. Pillars and posts for the verandahs of the houses,
well-sweeps, etc., are made of this timber. Trunks split into halves,
with the heart scooped out, are used as spouts for various purposes,
but more especially for carrying away the water from the eaves of
houses. The thick parts of the trunks are generally taken for
rafters, the thinner or tops for laths. The trunks of young trees
or the tops of old ones are often cut into pieces and placed where
game is plentiful, as in the Patchelepalla district of Jaffna. The
wild hogs and hares are very fond of the soft, white, spongy hearts
of the logs, and in resorting to them to eat, are frequently shot by
the natives. The dark outside wood of very old trees is used to
some extent in Hurope for umbrella-handles, walking canes, paper
rulers, fancy boxes, wager-stamps, and other articles. It is well
known in India that the female tree produces the best and hardest
timber, and that that of the male is considered so inferior that,
unless the trees are very old, it is never used. The juice is used
in the preparation of cements.
9. Leaves and Fibres.—When the leaves are intended for thatch —
of houses, and for making fences for gardens and fields, they are
laid flat on the ground in layers over each other and often with
weights upon them to assist in fattening them. The thatch
formed of these does not last so long nor is it so handsome as that
made from the plaited cocoanut leaves. Palmyra thatch, when
laid on well, lasts for two years, but being so plentiful and cheap,
the leaves are generally renewed yearly.
In India as well as in Ceylon the leaves are extensively used for
manuring the rice fields. The fan parts are put into the ground
till they rot off; this is found to be an excellent mamure, giving a
quantity of silicious and other matter to the soil.
Mats of various sizes, used instead of carpets on floors, for
ceiling and for many other purposes, are made of the Palmyra
leaves. Ola bags are also formed and are useful for purposes where
strength of texture is not an object. Hven water baskets for rais-
ing water are made of the leaves. They are cireular on the top
but taper down in a triangular form to the bottom which is a point.
They are occasionally woven into hats and caps. At Diamond
THE PALMS OF BRITISH INDIA AND CEYLON. 947
Harbour near Culcutta, hats have for many years been made of
this material and sold to the European sailors who visit Calcutta.
Umbrellas made of these leaves, though doubtless very good for
protection from sun and rain, are rather inconvenient, as they are
made in such a way that they cannot be folded. They have a
handle and are about the size of an ordinary umbrella when
expanded. Single leaves are occasionally used as a protection
from the sun when the weather is very hot. .
A great variety of fans are made of the leaves; some are nicely
painted and covered with pieces of transparent and colourless talc,
others are made to fold into a small compass, and again to expand,
when wanted, into an almost perfect circle.
Several kinds of fibre may be obtained from the Palmyra Palm.
A loose fibre which surrounds the base of the leaf-stalk; a fibre
which may be separated from the leaf-stalks; a fibre called tar,
which may be prepared from the interior of the stem ; a fibre or coir
derived from the pericarp, and the fibrous material of the leaves.
The leaf-fibre is utilised in the manufacture of the basket-ware
of Madras, produced at Pulikat in Chingleput, Kimedi in Ganjam
and Bezwada in Godavari, etc. Fine strips of the leaves specially
prepared and dyed are plaited into braids and worked up into fancy
boxes, cigar-cases and the like.
Some years back investigations were instituted in India with
aview to determining the extent to which the cord-like fibres
might be employed in brush-making, as substitutes for the
American piassaba fibre (Atialea funifere) and the Ceylon kittul
(Caryota wrens). So far indications have not been obtained of a
very great demand for these special Indian fibres.
The stem or tar fibre is prepared in some special way by the
fishermen so that it becomes pliable and can be plaited into fish-
traps. It is neither spun nor twisted, a single thread or fibro-
vascular bundle being used. ‘The method of preparation adopted
by the fishermen has not as yet been made public. The export
trade in tal coir, or ‘ palm-fibre,’ as it is often called, centres
largely in Tuticorin.
One of the most singular purposes to which the Palmyra leaf
is employed in Ceylon is that of being used as a plug to keep open
948 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XI.
and enlarge the holes bored in the lobes of men’s ears and in which
are ultimately inserted those huge golden rings and masses of
jewellery, which the wealthy among the Tamils are so fond of
displaying. For this purpose a thin leaflet is neatly cut into a
narrow stripe and closely rolled up. In this state its tendency to
expand assists materially in keeping the hole open.’
The following passage, taken from Rumphius who wrote in 1741,
is more of historical interest: ‘‘ By the inhabitants of Macassar,”
he says, “these leaves are so much esteemed, that none of the
common people dare carry an umbrella or large broad-brimmed
hat made of them, except the three highest noblemen in that
country, namely, the Princes of Tello, of Goa, and of Sadrabona.
They accordingly make umbrellas from the leaf of the Talla
(Palmyra), all the radii of which are interwoven with tinsel,
and surrounded with a border of ebony, or even covered with
Rottanga and silk, so that this broad-brimmed hat or umbrella
is always open. If they wish to carry it, they place it on a
stick, the handle of which is covered with gold, and which it is
not proper for their servants to carry without distinction behind
the back; this is permitted only to the nobles.” (Herbariwm
amboinense. )
10. Leaves as writing material.—The most singular purposes to
which they are devoted is that of writing upon. A well-informed
Tamil Native furnished Ferguson with the following information :
«« The oldest Hindoo author who mentions writing on Olas (Pal-
myra leaves) is Panniny-rishee who lived about the year 790 of
the Caliyugam; that is 4161 years *.ago, according to Hindoo
reckoning. He resided near the source of the River Ganges at a
place called Arrittuwarum. He was the inventor of the Sanserit
Alphabet, although verses in Sanscrit were in existence before his
time, committed to memory and thus transmitted.” We are not
able to say what degree of evidence may be attributed to these
statements. It is probable that Hoernle’s ‘ Epigraphical Note on
Palmleaf, Paper and Birchbark’* contains some more critical
1 Cf, Ferguson, W. 1.c. p. 23-25. Watt, G. 1. c. p. 176.
2 Fereuson wrote this in 1850.
3 In Journ. As. Soe. Beng. Vol. 69, pt. I, No. 2.
THE PALMS OF BRITISH INDIA AND CEYLON. 94>
information on the subject, but, unfortunately, this publication
was not at our disposal.
Pliny’ says expressly that the most ancient way of writing was:
upon the leaf of the Palm tree, an assertion with all the weight of
evidence in its favour.
The following quotations give some interesting details :—Mar--
shall, in his account of the Cocoanut Tree, writes :—
“The leaflets are sometimes used to write upon, and the instru-
ment employed to make the impression is an iron stylus, the pen
of the scriptures. The stylus was used by the Romans to write
on waxen tablets, leather, etc. The leaves of the Palmyra (Boras- 7
sus flabelliformis), or Talipot (Corypha wmbraculifera), are, how-
ever, much more frequently employed for this purpose. Contracts
and other legal instruments are often engraven upon tablets of
copper, similar in shape to a slip of the talipot leaf, which have
occasionally a border of silver or gold. . . . Palm-leaves,
when they are prepared to receive the impression of the stylus,
are called ollahs. The natives write letters to one another
upon ollahs, which are neatly rolled up, and sometimes sealed with
a little gum-lac ; in this manner they pass through the post-office.
During the operation of writing, the leaf is supported by the left
hand, and the letters scratched upon the surface with the stylus.
Instead of moving the hand with which they write towards the
right, they move the leaf in a contrary direction, by means of the
thumb of the left hand. To render the characters more legible,
the engraved lines are frequently filled by besmearing the leaf with
fresh cow-dung, which is tinged black, by rubbing the lines over
with cocoanut oil, or a mixture of oil and charcoal-powder. The
natives can write standing, as well as walking, and they rarely use
tables.
‘Palm leaves, and perhaps the leaves of trees that do not belong
to this natural class, were much used by the ancients as writing
materials, hence the word leaf (of a book) is synonymous with
that of a tree.”’
The statements respecting the age of Palmyra manuscript books
2 Lib. XIII, Cap. 2.
950 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NAT URAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.
and the number of years they are likely to last, are somewhat
conflicting. Ferguson does not doubt that Palmyra-leaf manu-
scripts 400 or 500 years old exist in Ceylon. He says that they
are certainly of a more durable quality than paper, and resemble
parchment in their texture, when well prepared.
We read in an article written by Brande’ in 1849 on ‘The
language and literature of the Island of Bali’: ‘The time at
which the manuscript was composed, which I made use of, is the
year of Saka 1724 (corresponding to the year of Christ 1802).
To judge from the outward appearance I should have taken it to
be much older; in 46 years the lontar-leaves (Palmyra) have
already become much injured and it seems to prove what is said
also of Indian manuscripts, that they can’t survive 100 years.
This probably is also one of the causes that in Java, in so short a
time, almost the whole of the ancient literature was lost, and that
‘when the desire for the old literature was revived, hardly any of
the old manuscripts could be discovered. In Bali also we must
not look for old manuscripts ; however those which are guarded
and transcribed in the families of the priests, may almost be
considered as original, since in these families the knowledge of
language and religion is preserved with the minutest care.” *
The Palmyra books are never much beyond two feet in length
and two inches in breadth, as the size of the webs between the
little ribs will not admit of their increase in size.”
CULTIVATION IN INDIa.—‘‘ This grand palm is not much used in
gardens, and perhaps rightly so. It takes up much space, and
generally looks unhappy compared with the same species on hill
sides near Bombay, where its tall cylindrical stem crowned with
immense fan-shaped leaves is a grand feature in the landscape.
But in the Botanical Gardens at Calcutta a special use has been
found for which it is well adapted. On the outskirts of the
garden a gently winding path, about 12 feet in width, has this
palm planted near the sides about 10 feet apart; the effect of the
1 Journal of the Indian Archipelago and Eastern Asia, Vol. III, No. 4, April 1849.
* Cf. also some notes of Lombok in the ‘Journal of the Indian Archipelago’,
ete., Vol. II, No. 3, p. 161.
* Ferguson, l. c. p. 26.
THE PALMS OF BRITISH INDIA AND CEYLON. 951
thick stems ornamented by the persistent leaf-stalks is strangely
happy.. To grow this palm quickly a moist climate is necessary,
and the seed should be sown where it is required to grow, because
it first sends a shoot downwards to a depth of 3-4 feet, and then
from the bottom of this shoot the bud, which forms the stem, is
developed.” (Woodrow). Some few trees that from unknown causes
do not flower in spring, put on their flowers in the cold season,
and give ascanty supply of toddy, but in spring many are rendered
artificially barren by breaking off the flowering bud as it begins
to form. These also fower in the winter season, and are called
Basanti. They do not give above 24 maunds of juice, but this is
of as much value as the 6 maunds which a tree gives in spring.
Hither the male or female will answer for the spring or winter
crop, but the female alone will yield juice in the rainy season.
When this is wanted, the fruit is allowed to form, and afterwards
the point of the spadix or stem which supports the clusters is cut
and allowed to bleed. This does not prevent a great many fruit
on each cluster from coming to maturity. Palms managed thus
are called Ghour. The fruit ripensin August, but many of the
stems continue to bleed until October.
CULTIVATION IN EHEuropeE.—This species isa stove plant. It
erows well in good fibrous loam, leaf mould, and sand, mainly in
the former. It is propagated by seeds only which must be sown
in strong bottom heat.
Fungal disease of the Palmyra Palm.—In 1906 the Imperial
Mycologist, H. J. Butler, described a severe epidemic of disease
in palmyra and other palms in the Godavari District of the Hast
Coast of India." As a result of field and microscopic examination,
the cause of the disease was stated to be a fungus belonging to
the genus Pythium. Butler gave a description of it, under the
name of Pythiwn palnivorum, in the Memoirs of the Department
of Agriculture in India in February 1907.’ A fuller account of
the disease was published by the same author in September 1910,
1 E. J. Butler. Some diseases of Palms. Agricultural Journal of India, Vol. I,
p. 299, Oct. 1906.
* E.J. Butler. An account of the Genus Pythium and some Chytridiacex.
Memoirs of the Dep. Agricult. in India, Vol. I, No. 5 (907), p. 82.
952 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXTI,
under the title: ‘The Bud-Rot of Palms in India.’’ It is from
this paper that we borrow the following notes :—
The disease was practically confined to a comparatively limited
area in the delta of the Godavari River. A few cases of the same
disease were observed at Changarachery (Travancore) in 1907,
where the fungus was found producing its characteristic spores im
young leaf blades of cocoanut trees m the unexpanded stage of
the bud.*
The bud-rot is said to have first appeared in Addenkivarilanka,
an island in the Gautami Godavari belonging to the Ramachen-
drapur Taluk, about 1890. from this it spread to both banks of
the river and extended along the banks as well as inland. Judging
from the extension that has occurred in the area as a whole, the
rate of spread is estimated little over a mile a year. It has, how-
ever, been ascertained, that in certain places an extension of
between 2 and 3 miles occurred. It must not be supposed that
the disease is uniformly distributed within its area. Great differ-
ence may be observed in the severity of the attack from village to
village and even from field to field. It seems that the nature of
the soil exercises a direct influence on the susceptibility of the
palm to attack. Thus, whilst trees along water-courses and in
periodically flooded localities die more quickly and in larger pro-
portion, little disease has been found in the light sandy soils of
the sea coast villages. The black soils appear most to favour the
disease.
The way in which infection is spread from tree to tree is not
yet fully understood. Butler has shown that direct application of
the parasitic fungus to the crown of a healthy tree leads to infec-
tion of the latter. If this be the case, it is not difficult to account
for the spread of the disease by considering the chief possible
methods of propagation in similar cases, viz., through the air
under certain favourable circumstances, by human agency, espe-
cially in cases where the diseased parts of the plant are habitually
1 E. J. Butler. The Bud-Rot of Palms in India. Mem. of the Dep. Agricult. in
India, Vol. III, No. 5 (1910), p. 221-280. 5 pl. and 1 map.
° E.J. Butler. Report on Cocoanut Palm diseas n Travancore. Bull. Agric-
Res. Inst., Pusa, No. 9, March 1908-
—__s
THE PALMS OF BRITISH INDIA AND CEYLON.
ive)
ot
C2
handled by persons who afterwards come into contact with suscep-
tible portions of healthy trees, e.g., by those who cut the leaves or
draw toddy, finally by birds and insects conveying infectious:
matter on their bodies.
Of the four species of palm common in the Godavari Delta only
three were attacked, the Palmyra (Borassus flabellifer), the Cocoa-
nut (Cocos nucifera), and the Beetlenut (Areca catechu), whilst
the wild Date Palm (Pheni sylvestris) so far as has been observed,
remained immune. JBy far the greatest mortality was noticed
amongst Palmyras ; Cocoanuts have suffered much less, and Areca-
nuts are even less liable to attack than Cocoanuts. That the
Cocoanuts suffer much less seeins to depend in large measure om
a natural resistance presented by this species to the parasite. No
experiments have been carried out to investigate the susceptibility
of the Areca to attack.
Though palms of all ages are liable to the disease, the majority
of cases are mature trees. The intensity of the disease varies
enormously in different places.
From experiments conducted by Butler we are allowed to con-
clude that the fungus is capable of killing moderately sized palms
in from 5-10 months from the date of first attack. Speaking of
death in this connection we are to understand that period when the
central shoot, formed of the innermost, partly expanded leaves,
withers and dies. The time which elapses between the death of the
central shoot and the loss of all the leaves of the crown is much
longer. It appears that 3 years or more may pass before all the —
leaves have fallen.
With ,regard to the seasonable prevalence of the disease there
are villages in the area mentioned which do not show any marked
period of maximum intensity, whilst the deaths are more numerous
in the villages of Amalapur Taluk in the months from August to
February, than from March to July. ‘‘ This is in close relation,”
says Butler, ‘‘ with the relative humidity of the two periods, and
apples equally well to the other affected Taluks. There is a less
close relation with the rainfall. In the monsoon, especially in its
second half, the mortality appears to reach its maximum, but it is
high also in the cold weather months of heavy dew and ground
30
954 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXI.
fogs, when there is usually little ram. A distinct diminution in
the mortality is observable in a good many instances after the ces-
sation of the monsoon, followed by the cold weather recrudescence.
This is not general, since a few cases can be quoted where no
diminution after the rains occurred.”’
In its earlier stages the disease is usually confined to the large
fleshy leaf-sheaths which encircle the apex of the palm. As the
outermost of these are exposed to ight and air and, consequently,
brown and dry, and moreover partially hidden by the cut bases of
older leaves, it is not possible to detect the spots on the outer
sheaths in standing trees. In such cases the first indication visi-
ble is the withering of the central shoot or of one of the expanded
leaves. In certain cases the parasite also occurs on the leaf-blades
and even on the petioles, and sometimes the top of the stem is also
affected. ‘‘ The spots on the leaf-sheaths vary much in size, from
only just visible to six inches or more across. In the inner sheaths
they are white at first, becoming brown or reddish later on. On
the outer sheaths they may eventually be black. <A very early
result of the attack is the collapse of affected cells, which leads to
the spots being sunk below the level of the surface of the rest of
the sheath. The margin of the depression is usually bounded by
araised rim. ‘The early spots ave dry and hard and may either be
quite free from any external parasitic growth or covered with a
white mycelial web. Later on, particularly in the soft heart of the
bud, the diseased areas are invaded by numbers of saprophytic
organisms, bacteria, moulds and insect larve, and the whole is
converted into a foul-smelling rotten mass. On the leaf-blades
the spots are usually smaller than on the sheaths, not often exceed-
ing an inch in diameter on individual segments. ‘hey are
straw-coloured in the centre and bounded by a broad dark-brown
margin.”
The body of the fungus consists of hyphee forming a mycelium,
which may be entirely buried in the palm tissue or may be partly
superficial, where it frequently develops a thick white felt over the
disease-spots. The hyphz measure on an average 5-8u. They
are unseptate except in rare cases, especially near where the organs
of reproduction are formed. Within the tissues they occur in the
THE PALMS OF BRITISH INDIA AND CEYLON, 955
intercellular spaces or between adjacent cells and derive their
food from the living cells by means of haustoria. The parasite
is found in all parts of the leaf, excepting the bundles and
bands of sclerenchyma. ‘The reproductive organs arise from the
superficial hyphe. They are of two types, sporangia and resting
conidia.
The sporangia are formed terminally on the main branches of
the mycelium or on short or long stalks borne laterally on these.
They vary much in size and shape. On an average they measure
50 by 39 u., extremes 38-70 by 33-42. Poor cultures show even
smaller ones. The shape is typically pyriform. The narrow end
of the ripe sporangium is papillate. There are four types of ger-
mination, which must be considered as modifications of the one
process: (1) The apex of the papilla swells up into a very thin
gelatinous vesicle. The protoplasm of the sporangium passes into
the vesicle in a uniform granular mass, forms a number of zoospores
by segmentation. The wall of the vesicle ruptures and the ciliated
spores escape. (2) Segmentation into zoospores occurs within the
sporangium. No vesicle is formed, but the papilla dissolves, or if
a vesicle is formed, it ruptures almost immediately. When an
opening is formed, the protoplasm escapes and breaks up at once
into free zoospores. Intermediate types between this and the fore-
going are met with. (3) The zoospores ripen within the sporangium
but, on the opening of the papilla, are not able, from one cause
or another, to escape. They come to rest after a variable period
of movement, round off, become clothed with a wall, begin to ger-
minate and pierce the wall of the sporangium. (4) No zoospores
are formed. The sporangium germinates by putting out one or
several germ-tubes.
The zoospores measure from 8-10 u after they come to rest and
assume a spherical shape. They germinate rapidly by one or some-
times two germ-tubes.
The second mode of reproduction is by resting conidia. These
are spherical, thickwalled, and often yellowish when old. They are
formed singly at the ends of usually large hyphe. Intercalar ones
are rare. They measure 25-40 « in diameter, the wall being up
to 4 thick. The stalk-hypha shows great variety as regards size,
956 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXTI,
shape, and septation. Germination takes place by a germ-tube
which, after a short growth, bears terminal sporangia.
Whilst sporangia are usually found on the attacked plants only
during the periods of considerable rainfall or heavy dews, the rest-
ing conidia are less common in the rainy season, but very com-
mon in the hot dry months. No trace of true zoospores has beer
discovered.
Butler is inclined to believe that the parasite can pass into a
dormant condition actually within the bud of the palm and can
recommence activity at a later date, progressing until the growing
point falls a prey to the attack and death follows.
There are two ways of fighting the disease. The formation of
spores may be checked by cutting off the bud from the stem as
soon as the first leaf turns white. Infection of healthy trees can
be guarded against by brushing or spraying the outside of the bud
below the expanded leaves with a fungicide.
The following suggestions were made for an organised campaign |
against the disease by Butler in 1906.
‘“« A special staff is required, for it is certain that, at first at least
the villagers will be slow to take measures for their own protection.
If, however, the results bear out the value of the work, real co-
operation may be expected before long. A number of expert
palm climbers (such as toddy drawers) should be selected under
the charge of an agricultural inspector or some similar official and
provided with small axes or saws. They should be instructed to
climb all diseased trees, both those in the early stages and those
already dead, and to cut off the green tops below the swelling of
the leaf sheaths. It is particularly essential that all trees in the
early stages should be dealt with, and these can be recognized,
where the villagers themselves are unable to do so, by the whitening
of one of the leaves towards the centre of the head. After cutting
off the heads, the whole of the tops should be collected into a heap
in each village and burned. In this way every dead or attacked
palm in a selected area would have its power of spreading infectiom
destroyed by burning the diseased parts, and this measure alone,
if steadily pursued, is certain to give good results. The infectious
matter is confined to the head of the palm and, as the tree is
THE PALMS OF BRITISH INDIA AND CEYLON. 957
doomed once the disease appears and’ will yield no further profit,
its removal costs little but the actual expense of labour in cutting
it down and burning it. To save healthy trees within the
affected districts in places where they are surrounded by large
numbers of dead or dying trees, is difficult unless the above
measures are very thoroughly carried out. But the chances
of their infection may be very largely diminished if they are
brushed with Bordeaux mixture on the leaf sheaths when the
removal of diseased trees commences. Bordeaux mixture is
a substance which adheres strongly to the surfaces of plants
and being poisonous to fungus spores. it prevents their germi-
nation or kills the young germ filaments as soon as they
appear. A second gang of toddy drawers should be employed
for this work and provided with small vessels containing the
mixture and mops of rags for brushing it on to the sheaths.
The expanded leaves need not be brushed, but only the leaf
sheaths below these. The men employed for removing diseased
trees should not be allowed to climb healthy ones, as there is some
danger of their conveying the infection on their persons or axes.
«No prepare 50 gallons of the mixture, weigh out 6 Ibs. copper
sulphate, break to powder and dissolve in 25 gallons of cold water
by suspending in a piece of gunny sacking in the water. The
latter must not be contained in a metal vessel but in a barrel or
big earthenware pot. In another vessel weigh out 4 lbs. of fresh
quicklime. Slake this gradually till it falls to powder and then,
add water up to 25 gallons. Allow it to cool. When cool, add
to the copper sulphate solution through a sieve so as to retain any
lumps. A thick bluish liquid results which on standing throws
<lown a bluish precipitate, leaving the other part of the liquid
élear. To test if fit for use, add a few drops of Ferrocyanide of
Potassium to a small quantity of the clear liquid in a dish. If a
brownish precipitate appears, more lime must be added till no pre-
€ipitate is given on testing. Or a clean steel knife may be dipped
in it, and if more lime is necessary, a deposit of copper will form
on the knife. If none is found, it is ready for use. Stir well
before using.”
Since the time these suggestions were made, a large campaign
958 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXI,
against the disease has been in continuous operation in the Goda-~
veri Delta and since January 1910 it is believed that, in spite
of many and great difficulties, every part of the infected area is
being systematically dealt with. There is no doubt that there has
been no slight diminution in the disease within the area of the
operations.
The Palmyra Palin in the Tamil Language.—¥erguson has eollect-
ed a number of proverbial sayings and illustrations from a volume
of Tamil proverbs, published by P. Percival. Many of them are
so characteristic of native life in India and interesting in them-
selves that we consider it worthwhile to reproduce the whole.
Fibre used as toothpick—a hit at a spendthrift: “He whose
father possesses a thousand Palmyra trees has not a fibre to pick
his teeth.’’—Sharpness of the petiole: ‘‘ What he saw was a snake
but what bit him was the stalk of a Palmyra leaf.’”’— Leaves young
and old, illustrative of heirship and succession: “It is said that the
young leaves of the Palmyra-tree laughed because the dry leaves
fell off.”’—Tenacity with which fruit clings to the tree: “ Will
the Palmyra fruit fall because a crow alights on the tree ?’—
Size and weight of the fruit: ‘Can Palmyra fruit be suspended
from the neck of a little bird ?’’—Tenderness of the germ-taking
unnecessary trouble: “‘ Why use a mallet and wedge for splitting
the newly germinated root of the Palmyra, that may be split by
the hand.” Height of absurdity: ‘As the scorpion stung the
Cocoanut tree, the Palmyra swelled in consequence.” Felled
timber—removal of obstacles: ‘“‘As an ass perambulated the
place where Palmyra-timber has been felled.” Falling from
a Palmyra-tree—injuring a fallen man: “A snake bit him
who had fallen from a Palmyra-tree.’’—‘ Yorkshire, though in
London’: ‘The fox of the Palmyra-tree is said to have deceived
the fox of the City.”-—Avoid even the appearance of evil—toddy-
drinking discreditable: “If you drink under a Palmyra-tree, it
will be regarded as toddy.’’—Palmyra-tree insufficient for shade :
“‘Ts the shadow of the Palmyra-tree a shade, or is the friendship
of the malignant friendship.’’—Rustling of leaves—effects of long
experience: “‘ Will the fox of the Palmyra grove be frightened
by the rustling of leaves ?’”’—‘ Tell that to the marines :’ “‘ As one
THE PALMS OF BRITISH INDIA AND CEYLON. 959"
ascended a Palmyra-tree, and descended without touching the
blossom.”—The habit of drinking toddy cannot be concealed :
“He who drinks milk will belch milk and he who drinks
toddy will belch toddy.”—Eating a Palmyra-tree—effects of
perseverance: ‘‘ By eating slowly, even a Palmyra-tree may be:
eaten.” How the fruit falls: “The fruit of the tree will fall
at its foot.”.—Young trees—to save your property you must
take care of it: “ Preserve young Palmyras by cutting, and
buffaloes by tying.”—Turning the tree to a bad use : © Ts it to:
drink toddy you have reared the Palmyra-tree ? **— Witchcraft and
basket-making easy arts: ‘‘ Witchcraft is the easiest of all arts, and.
the common ola basket is the easiest of all plaits.”’
EEE WAICAY Via SAM:
There are many descriptions of the Palmyra Palm and its uses:
written in the various Huropean languages, and nearly all of them
mention a T'amil poem, entitled ‘ Tala Vilasam ’, which is said to-
enumerate no fewer than 801 different purposes to which the-
Palmyra may be applied ; and if the writer is possessed of a good
imagination, he invariably adds, that the poem in question by no-
means exhausts the catalogue.
I searched a long time for that poem, of which nothing but the-
title seemed to be known, and when I found it at last, I was.
astonished that I had not discovered it sooner. William Ferguson
had given a first translation of it about 60 years ago in the appendix
of his interesting little volume on the Palmyra Palm of Ceylon.
The poem was written by ‘‘ Arunachalam, a Poet of Terruk--
kudantei, the same with Combaconam in the Province of Tanjore.’’
As the poem is a truly oriental production with the merits and
defects of eastern conception, we trust that our readers will not
object to our reproducing the poem in extenso, though it may
contain a good many repetitions of what has been said above. The-
fact that it has been translated by a Tamil native accounts sufli--
ciently for the peculiarities of its English style and wording. As we:
could not procure a copy of the original, we prefer to give it as it
stands.
960 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII,
TaLA VILASAM.—ON THE PALMYRA TREE.
Invocation of Ganesa.
IT invoke Ganesa to help in my composition of the work on the
Palmyra tree, in the species of poetry called Kali Venpa, and
in presenting the same to the people on the sea-girt earth.
O thou lady, resembling Laksimy who is seated on the beautiful
lotus ! Thou of sweet expressions whose breasts are under stays, and
whose person resembles a peacock! hear me tell you in brief an
account of one out of the eight hundred items of things connected
with the Palmyra-tree, which is emphatically the Kalpa-tree of the
earth.
The various productions of earth created by Brahma came short
of men’s wants; and there was wanting one substance which had
an entire power of assuaging hunger, removing disease, feeding the
illiterate and enriching the house; and therefore the people of the
earth were as unfixed (in all their worldly prospects) as the water on
the leaf of a lotus, made poojas and prayed to Sivan for assistance.
Sivan heard their prayers and asked of Vishnu with displeasure the
reason of his not having daily attended to his duty of preservation ?
To which Vishnu, in great obeisance, with one arm folded and the
fingers of the other put upon his under-lip replied: there is no
fault in my course of duty, but the present amount of things
created on the earth by Brahma is insufficient. Upon which,
Sivan, in great displeasure and anger, looked at Brahma and
asked of him the reason of his not having created things to satisfy
all the wants of the people of the earth. Brahma trembled and
perspired (through fear) and putting his fingers under his under-
lip (as a sign of great respect to a superior) and in faltering lan-
guage, replied: ‘My Lord, who is the operative cause and
immaculate! What I have already created is all that I knew.’
Parvathi (Sivan’s consort) then said to Sivan: ‘There is fault
neither in Vishnu nor in Brahma,’ and thus appeased his anger.
Sivan, upon this, after meditating in his own mind, said to
Brahma: ‘Hear me tell you something to supply the wants of
the people of the earth. Create the Kalpa-tree upon the earth
THE PALMS OF BRITISH INDIA AND CEYLON, 962
also. At the direction of the crescent-moon-adorned Sivan,
Brahma created in abundance Palmyra-trees in the three countries
of Panathar, Panyoor and Panangasdoor, and called Palmyra-trees
by the names of Pootpady, Ponthy, Panay, and Talam. Let me
now tell you the various produce and uses of the Palmyra, much
extolled by-the people of the earth.
If you carefully turn up the ground by hoeing, hedge it, and
bury Palmyra-stones in rows at the distance of eight spans one
stone from the other, they will return favour, and will never fail,
just as the renown of the wise of spiritual blessing will not.
When the stones sprout and become tender plants, if you take
good care of them not to let the goat, sheep, cow and wild cow
feed upon the plants, they will grow in strength, and with the
swords of their stems, armed with indented jags on both their
sides, they will destroy the iron age of poverty and protect the
earth. When the Palmyra tree grows to the height of two bones
length, the roots of the stem that fastened the tree will get dry
and fall off in season. A female child and a Palmyra tree, if
carefully nurtured, will become fruitful in their tenth year. The
principle of the blossom (of the Palmyra tree) develops during
the months of November and December; the blossom shoots forth
as hoarded treasure for the time of exigency in the months of
January and February; and then the tender fruits are formed ;
and of these tender fruits some do fall from the trees out of
season. People collect and cut them to pieces, and give them to
the cows to eat. Sins may thus be removed, and the cows will
give plenty of milk. When the tender fruits of the tree have
become larger, they are some of them separated from the trees,
the integuments and the adjacent parts are pared off, and the pulpy
kernel within is drunk by the people. The drink will remove vari-
ous diseases, simulque supprimet vires gonorrhece. Had the celes-
tials and the anti-celestials ever tasted of the pulpy kernel, they
would never have gone to churn the milky ocean. When the fruits
approach towards ripening, they are some of them separated out of
the trees, and laid in the sun for a while; the pulp is then pared
and boiled in cocoanut milk mixed with the husked seeds of pulse,
and is then eaten. When the fruits have become well ripened,
31
962 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XX.
they fall from the trees, give an agreeable odour; the integument
is severed, the fruit is then roasted in fire, washed in pure water
and the skin is peeled off. Press the fruits with the hands and
swallow the pulp of it; even honey, milk and sugar will not resem-
ble the pulp in sweetness: the fruits may also be sprinkled with
reserved Palmyra pulp-water and then be used. Also the pulp is
expressed, mixed with rice flour, boiled in oil or ghee, and then
used as sweet cakes. The Pandal is made in a suitable place, and
a certain spot near the Pandal is nicely daubed with cow-dung.
Poojah is offered to Ganesa, his aid is implored, and then the ripe
fruits are washed in water, broken by beating with a wooden
mallet, and the skin is peeled off; the fruits are then put in Kadaca-
baskets, reserved Palmyra pulp-water is poured in, well pressed
with the hands; the stones are carefully expressed, and put in
another Kadaca-basket and undergo a similar process a second
time ; the stones are then thrown out in a heap; the fibres of the
fruits that le blended with the expressed pulp are carefully separa-
ted by a brush, made of the twigs of certain shrubs; the pulp is
then poured upon a mat about twelve cubits long which is spread
on a Pandal; well spread over the surface of the mat, and left to dry
in the sun during the day time; in the evening the mat is folded,
in the following morning it is unfolded. The above mentioned
process is continued for about eight days, and when the pulp has
become well dried and an inch deep, salt and pieces of Perandi-
shrub are sprinkled over, lines are drawn with a weed hook (or
sickle), or a like instrument at the distance of a span from one
another, the dry pulp is pared off from the mat, and then left. to
dry for a day morein the sun; the square pieces of dried pulp are
then folded, put in a Kooday-basket and laid over a Paran-shelf, to
be smoked and to serve for future use.
Hear me, O Lady, the process of dried pulp which a rich man
would use. Inthe pulp expressed from good edible Palmyra-fruits,
powder of Palmyra-jaggery and ghee are put, and the pulp is then
as before spread over the mat, and when the dried pulp gets half
an inch deep, it is as before pared off and reserved for time of want.
Another process of preserving dried Palmyra-pulp is the following :
the dried Palmyra-pulp is cut into small pieces and steeped in
THE PALMS OF BRITISH INDIA AND CEYLON. 963
Palmyra molasses, mixed with roasted powder of pepper, sesamum
seeds, rice, and cummin; preserved in an earthen pot, the mouth
of the pot is well luted, and then these sweet cakes are used by the
country people in their feasts. Hear me again: the pulp that is
expressed out of the Palmyra fruits that fall scantily in the latter
part of the fruit season, is spread over the mat for two days and
left to dry very well; the dried pulp is then peeled off into sheets.
An offering of cakes made of the flower of the edible Palmyra
roots and of dried Palmyra pulp, together with other fruits, is
made in Palmyra plantations to Ganesa. The dried Palmyra-
pulp that was preserved is protected without contracting grubs
that may spoil it, if the owners are devoted to Ganesa during the
time. The dried Palmyra-pulp that it thus preserved may better
serve the people as food during the rainy season. Griping of the
bowels, diarrhoea and lodging of small fish bones in the cesophagus
may be removed by eating dried Palmyra pulp. The stones of the
Palmyra fruits that are eaten, and of those that are expressed, are
divided into four sorts, put in the ground into beds of 4, 5, 6 or 8
layers, covered with earth, watered twice during the months of
August and September and the edible Palmyra roots are dug out
in the months of January and February. When there is no rain
the skin of the root is peeled off, its head is pared away, the root is
zloven into halves, its foot is nipped out, left to dry in the sun, the
foot is nipped off in the second and third also, the halves are
carefully stirred up to dry well, and then collected and preserved.
Such dried edible Palmyra roots are powdered and sifted, salt-water
is sprinkled upon the flour, fish, herbs, and other fruits are added
to it and mixed together, the paste is then put into a conical Ola-
basket and steamed; the poor people eat much of it and get
strength.
If the flour of the dried edible Palmyra-root (Odial) be
mixed with Cocoanut milk, salt-water and fish, and if the paste
be steamed, the cake when eaten will daily add strength to
any body. The middle pieces of the Odial are cleared of their
outer fibrous skin, soaked in water, then dried and powdered ;
if the flour be mixed with the cocoanut milk, salt-water, fish
and herbs, and if the paste be steamed and then ghee be added
964 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXI.
to it, the cake will indeed be very sweet; if certain fruits and
pungent substances be added to the above, the cake will be of
an agreeable taste. Ifthe Odial flour be mixed with the scrapings
of the kernel of the cocoanut, and powdered rice, cummin, pepper
and chilly ; if the paste be steamed and the cake be broken and
dried, it can be preserved for two months. No other cakes will
resemble the above. Sweets are more agreeable to cakes of the
above description. If curds, milk, ghee, and cocoanut milk be
added to the paste of the Odial flour, and be steamed, the cakes,
when used, has the power of retinendi seminis virilis in corpore sine
pollutione, conferendique facultatem horas in thalamo jugali protrahere,
and increasing muscular strength ; the person will not be reduced
by labour.
I shall now tell you, Lady, of the different kinds of gruel made
of the Odial fiour ; in the boiling water in which fish, chillies, lob-
sters, acid, grits ofrice, have previously been put, in proportion, by
little quantities, the Odial flour; stir it, and when it gets boiled
and reaches a proper consistency, take the vessel out of the hearth
and use it; ifcertain healthful (7.e., that contributes to the im-
provement of one’s health) fruits be added to the above, anybody
may use it. Ifin water, salt and grits of rice and small fish be
put first, and when they get boiled, if Odial flour, mixed with
acid and powdered chillies, be poured in and properly stirred,
the gruel infused, will be a very healthful one; if herbs and
certain fruits be added to the above, the gruel will be a very good
one. The people, when they dig the edible Palmyra roots,
take some of them and roast in the fire, remove the outer covering
and then eat the roots by mastication. If the roasted roots be
exposed to the dew and be eaten on the following morning, it will
be very nice indeed. The edible Palmyra roots are boiled by steam
in water and eaten; also such boiled roots are like the Odial
mentioned before, dried in the sun and preserved for future
use. The accompaniments that are to be taken with roasted and
boiled edible Palmyra roots, are cocoanut, salt,—and pungent
substances.
People may eat the sprout that just shoots forth out of the
Palmyra stone; the stone, in a certain stage, may be roasted in
4
%
THE PALMS OF BRITISH INDIA AND CEYLON, 965
the fire, then be broken and the kernel be eaten. There is no
comparison to the curry or broth made of very tender edible
Palmyra roots and cocoanut milk. The kernel that is formed
in the Palmyra stone in its advanced stage will be very sweet.
Hear me now tell you the use of the Palmyra stone shell. It
will ever serve as fuel for cooking ; if the shell be partially burned
and the inner coat of the shell be removed, it will serve as coals to
smiths; it will also serve as a powder box, tinder box and a
pill-vial.
When the Palmyra tree puts forth blossom, it is rendered fit for
yielding the juice by pressing it between two poles, and by beating
it with the handle of a knife ; its end is properly incised, a vessel
is adjusted to it, and toddy is collected ; if the toddy be presented
in Poojah to Sacti, excellent boons may be obtained. Toddy if
drunk, excitabit amorem et cupidinem in illis, quiin rem uxoriam
incumbent. If taken daily, it will increase one’s muscular strength
and give a gloss to his person; if used by children in small quantity
it will remove itch and many other diseases. If powdered load-
stone and scoria of iron and file be put into the pot that is attached
to the incised blossom, and the toddy collected in such a pot be
drunk for seven days in the morning—~-asthmatic affections, bloated
cheeks and the like may at once be removed—if, in the morning
and evening, the pot that should be attached to the blossom be
baked in fire, uz suceum in hac olla collectum bibet diutius in
copulatione morabitur. If shell-lime be put in the pot that should
be attached to the blossom, and the toddy be used, hunger, thirst,
languor and laziness will be removed, heat in the constitution will
be destroyed and coolness be created. Toddy will be very sweet if
powdered pepper be put init and boiled. If toddy be boiled
nicely, and if slices of ash-coloured pumpkin be boiled in
it—the broth, when it is seasoned and used, will create a
wonderful power to the stomach to digest any amount
of food. If, when the south-wind blows, toddy be collect-
ed, strained and poured in a pot, and be boiled until it gets the
consistency and colour of Margosa-oil—then be poured either in a
new pot or a vessel of Palmyra leaf, the mouth well covered, and
the vessel be then exposed to smoke or buried in the earth—the
966 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXI. A
Palmyra molasses will be candied (i.e., crystallized) : these crystals,
if taken into the mouth, will suppress asthma and phlegm.
If the boiled toddy in the above process be still boiled until it
sticks a little to the bottom of the vessel and bubbles are formed,
‘you can have Palmyra sugar.
If toddy be so boiled that, if it be taken in a ladle, it will not
be drawn into threads, but will break, take it out of the fire, put
a little quantity of rice flour and mix it well with the molasses and
pour the molasses in pots and little Ola cases; you will have
Palmyra jaggery.
If, in the above said stage of consistency, powdered cummin,
pepper and sesamum seeds all well roasted be put in the molasses,
and if you steadily continue mixing and agitating the molasses,
you will have a powder, which may be used to assuage thirst ; such
a powder, if it be of the toddy of a male Palmyra tree, may he
taken as medical accompaniments ; may also be given to motherless
babes. If the proper consistency be not pitched, it will get as
hard as sugar-candy.
When toddy ceases to be drawn by the close of March, there
will be fruits during the following five months, and during the
remaining months there will be dried Palmyra pulp. So, the
produce of the Palmyra tree is had in every month of the year.
The Palmyra-tree is able to bestow bountifully, and one may eat of
its produce in the three seasons of meal every day. The mind will
ever love it more than any other thing. If a person only with
gratitude to the tree eat of its produce twice or more a day, he
will have all the benefits of those that spend the day in fasting
and devotion and eat only once a day.
Old Palmyra branches are cut out of the tree every other year,
left to dry in the sun a day, made flat by pressing them
in a certain manner, and then used for covering and fencing.
When the Olas get mouldered, they are used for manuring rice-
fields, etc. The inner fibrous bark of the Palmyra stem is used in |
making cords and ropes, etc., but the outer bark is not so strong
as the inner. The Palmyra stem is used in making cots, hedging,
and covering an ola book. The white tender Palmyra leaves are
used for making baskets of several kinds, as for storing paddy,
THE PALMS OF BRITISH INDIA AND CEYLON. 967
for keeping cloths, betels and arecanuts, sacred ashes and other
things, for measuring grain, oil and the like, for making cases of
several species, for drawing water, and for making mats of dif-
ferent kinds. The ribs of the Palmyra Olas are used for making
cords and ropes, winnowing baskets, and brooms, etc. The tender
Palmyra leaves are used for making umbrellas, fans, dolls, vessels
to eat from, and rolls for the perforated ears.
The Olas are used in writing the Veds, Shasters, and Agamas,
in making deeds, conveyances, dowries, and other presents, in
writing interest bonds, in drawing magic diagrams, in writing
letters to friends at a distance, in drawing accounts.
The names of Palmyra trees are numberless, such as, the white,
the tall, the short, the black-fruited, etc. The roots of Palmyra
branches that attach themselves to the tree, and the webs that he
interwoven between them, fall off in season, and may be used as
fuel. If the several ingredients of the male Palmyra tree be
all collected, rubbed into a paste and mixed with cow-milk,
et si aliquis, qui vult cum fuemina rem habere, hoe bibet, ille
tempus copulationis protrahere proterit. The tender pith of the
Palmyra tree that lies in the top part of the tree is eaten by the
people.
The timber of the tree is used for building temples, palaces,
houses, alms-houses and inns; also as_ wall-plates, beams, posts,
door-frames, pegs, laths and the like. The stump of the tree
may be made hollow and used for keeping salt. The produce of
the tree may procure to some fields, houses, and jewels. Peace
of mind may be secured; one may live in prosperity and great
renown. ‘The Palmyra stone, though boiled or roasted in fire, will
still sprout; it is, therefore, of a superior quality.
The Pandava kings have regained their lost kingdom, because
they have eaten Palmyra fruits when in the wilderness. The
Pandya King and others are said as having worn garlands of
Palmyra blossoms.
ILLUSTRATIONS.—Plate XXXVIII shows one of the numerous
groves of Palmyra Palms in the northern part of Ceylon. In the
968 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXT.
country round Jaffna the Palmyra is at once the most conspicuous
and the most beautiful feature of the landscape. The mature
forest reaches a height of one hundred or more feet.
The photograph reproduced on plate XXXIX and kindly sup-
plied by Mr. Phipson shows a group of palms from the Victoria
Gardens in Bombay. The leaves of the regular spherical crown
of the Palmyra Palm seem to arise from a huge cluster of fruits.
At the foot of the Palmyra there is a young specimen of the
same species, and to the right of if a Fishtail-Palm ( Caryota
wrens) has developed three large bunches of flowers and fruits, of
which, however, only one is distinctly visible.
(To be continued. )
969
A LIST OF INDIAN BUTTERFLIES.
BY
Capt. W. H. Evans, R.E.
(Continued from nage 584 of this Volume.)
s. Subgenus. Species. Race. Locality. Synonyms, &c. Notes.
EOBID 4 LipytH®1IN=—contd,
—contd.
echerius. aged Chamba-As. = abnormis, M. Echerius was described from
‘— Stoll. Centr. China, but there are no speci-
mens from this locality in the
B. M. ; prunosa, the southern
form.is larger and brighter ;
the Burmese forms are very
puzzling and possibly abnor-
mis ought to be separated,both
were deseribed from South
Burma.
prunosa. M.. Sacs
angulata. M.. .Naga-B.
bifasciata. M. An,
kausambi.Fd. Mergui.
Stib a By de Miser nymphidia. Saat Bhut-B.
But.
PAPILIONIDAE.
bi ithop- helena .. cerberus. Fd. Sik.-B. Saodecdn The arrangement of the Papilios
( a P is that given by Jordan is the
Macrolepidoptera. Mooyre’s
subgenera are used for the
groups defined by Jordan. The
long series of each species kept
at the Tring Museum form the
basis of Jordan’s arrange-
ment; the only alterations I
have made are under polytes,
helia conoi- An,
des. M.
aeacus. Fd. spoe Garhwal-B.
minos. Gr. . Stats s.
' darsius. . aR has @
Gray.
(Pang era-aidoneus. yess Garhwal-
na.) Dh. Up. B.
yaruna .-astorion. Wd. Kum-B.
zaleucus . ise B.
Hew.
(Mene 1 a i- hector. L.. aaioo Beng-S.C.
des.)
jophon. ao00 C-
Gray.
pandiyana. M. 5.
aris tolo- Shed q,
chiz. Fab.
32
970 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XX1.
Genus. Subgenus. Species. Race. Locality. Synonyms, &e.
PAPILIONID Hi —contd.
Papilio (Menelai- : a goniopeltis. B.
—contd. des )—contd. Roth.
ceylonicus.M. Cc
camorta. M. . Ni.
(Losaria) .. coon . d deu bledayi. B
Wall.
ecacharensis. Cach.
But.
$ am bilanga. Ni.
Doh. :
rhodifer. sete An, might be puf as
But. race of coon.
(Byasa) .. latreillei. noo Garhwal-
Don. Sik-
polla.De N... Up. B.
adamsoni. dan6 B.
Gr.
crassipes. 18%,
Ober.
nevilli. Cach. a
W. M. £
philoxenus. S00 Kash-Nep. lama, Ober, is con-
Gray. fined to W. China.
polyeuctes. Sik-B. Bing asa var of
Db. philoxenus.
dasarada. Sik-As. Bing as a var of
plutonius..
(Cadu g 0i-agestor,
des.) Gray.
epyc ides.
Hew.
Slateri.
Hew.
(Shilasa) .. paradoxus.
elytia. L ..
philoxenus.
ravana. M... Kash-Kum, Bing asa separate
species.
barata, Roth, B-
pembertoni, Bhut.
M.
Sik-B.
govindra, M. Kash-Kum.
Sik-As,
ecuriatius, Up B.
Fruh.
hypochra. S.B.
Jor.
Bice Sik-Up B.
marginata. Shan St.
Ober.
tavoy anus. Ten.
But.
telearchus, As.-B,
Hew.
(d. danisepa,
But).
ane Simia-B. S. mislaieieisiela
C.
(v. Cas yapa. ile
M.
(v. lankeswa- S, C. Ten.
ra, M.)
(v. commix- Sik-As.
tus. Roth.)
(v.onpape. B.
M.)
(v.papone, Ss. B.
Wa.)
(vio j amas). 5.B
Fruh.)
1h 184 1G
(d. dissimilis,
ade
Notes.
Jordan considers the forms of
clytia to probably represent
local races in the making.
Sub-genus. Species. Race.
(Chilasa) flavolimba-
- contd. tus. Ober.
_ (Tamera ).. castor. Wd.
Feb polias Jor. ..
mehala. Gr.
Ss.
mahadev a. steve
M.
dravida-
rum.W.M.
(Papilio) .. machaon .. asiatica,Mén,
. (v. ladakensis
M.)
sikkimensis,
verityi.Fruh.
xuthus.L .
demole us -
L.
malayanus,
Wall.
(Charus) .. demolion.
(Giks .
liomedon, M.
noblei. DeN
chaon, Wd.
duc enarius,
Fruh
helenus L. cpa
daksha M.
mooreanus.
Roth,
iswara shiale
White.
fuseus . prexaspes Fd.
andamanicus
Roth.
hipponous., pitmani. El &
DeN.
,
Bil. Chit-
A LIST OF INDIAN BUTTERFLIES,
Locality.
An, ; *
As
Sik-Up. B.
5. B.
8. B.
8.
Sphyrus Hiib, an
Nep. European variety.
Sik-Bhut,
Up. B.
Up. B.
15 Ulroy Tess
Ss. B..
C.
Mergui.
Synonyms, &e. «
Notes.
Jordan gives sakontala and wal-
keri as separate species in the
helenus (charus) group: of
walkeri only one specimen is
known and of sakontala very
few, but there are also several
aberrations of polytes known,
that are neither sakontala or
walkeri : under the circum-
stances would it not be better
to sink all these specimens as
aberrations of polytes. No
doubt the male organs of wal-
keri and sakontala are very
different to those of polytes,
but is not this rather to be
expected with aberrations.
972 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XX1,
Genus. Sub-genus. sSpeciess Race. Locality. Synonyms, é&e. Notes.
PAPILIONID A —conid.
Papilio— (Laertias)..polytes .. romulusCr, I. B.C, -=sakontala Hew, Jordan confines polytes to C
contd. : walkeri Jan, ca- giving the Indian ra
sual aberrations romulus, the
polytes. L. China. which the hector like fen
to employ stichius f
latter form of* female t
up to the present it has
been used for the femal
this form that have no sp
the cell of the hindwing,
female resembling the |
stands as cyrus.
propose the name stichiotdeés f
the aristolochiae like fen
from the Andamans and
bars, where the romulus
does not occur.
La]
(Female d. cy-
rus. Fab).
(Female d.
stichius Hiib) J
nikobarus. An, Ni.
Fd.
(Female d.
stichioides.
Ey). d
(Iliades) .. polymu es - uelesis Sik-S,
tor Cr.
parinda M. Cc.
mayo. Hew. Pete An,
memnon .. agenor. L. Sik-B.
protenor Cr <2... Kash-Kum.
euprotenor. Sik-B,
Fruh-
rhetenor ah Kum-B.
wa.
(Male v. leu- sso Form with a dorsal
cocelis, Jor.) white patch on
the forewing a-
x . bove.
(Mimbyasa) janaka. M. sori Muss-Sik. Brecon Moore places janaka and boote
in Byasa with latreillei, ete :
propose Mimbyasa as the sub
genus for these two species,
bootes. Wd. ee As.
(Achillides): elephenor, Ne Up. As.
Wd. Naga.
dialis -.. schanus, Jor. 8S. Shan St. =doddsi. Janet,
Tonkin, describ-
é ed from Tonkin. 4
bianor ..gladiator. SBA Glee ose Seitz records P. demetrius |
FPruh, (=carpenteri but) from
India, but this seems to be an
error,
polyctor bed Chit-Nep.
Bal. \
ganesa. Db. Sik,
triumphator. As.
Fruh,
Significans. Ss. B.
Fruh.
paris. L. .. Beaters Kum-B.
tamilana. M. Ss.
arcturus, Shes Nep-B.
Wad.
arius Roth .. Kash-Kum.
krishna M. ieee Sik-Up. B.
A LIST OF INDIAN BUTTERFLIES,
Genus. Sub-genus. Species. Race. Locality. Synonyms, &c.
: We .
PAPILIONIDA
—contd,
Papilio (Achillides) crino. Fab. Beng, S. TIOUUARUE, Fd. an.
—centd, —contd. : aDs
oe fruhstorferi, (GO
Rob.
buddha, ae Ss.
wa.
palinuru s. B.
Fab.
(Pathysa).. eurous .. cashmirensis, Kash-Kum.
Roth.
Sikhimica. EH, Kum-As.
Heron.
glycerion, Sik-up B.
Gray. ,
agetes, Wd. Sik-B.
nomius, Sik-S. C.
Esp.
swinhoei. M. Up As-B.
aristeus .. ant icrates, Sik-As.
hermocrates. B.
Fd. | i
antiphates. pmpilius, Sik-B,S, antiphates, Cr.,
Fab. China.alcibiades,
Fab., Java.
naira. M. Trav.
ceylonicus, Oy
e Himer.
epaminondas, An.
Ober.
(Meandrusa) gyas. Wd.. » Sik-As. SB.
aribbas, Up. B.
{ Fruh.
payeni evan, Db. Sik-As.
amphis, Jor. B.
(Zetides) .. cloanthus, Kash-B
wa. :
sarpedon L, Him-B,
teredon, Fd. 8. C
doson. Fd. (Ce Jordan, —
rejects jason, L.
eleius, Fruh, Se
axion, Fd. Kum-B.
eurypylus.. cheronus, Sik-B.
Fruh.
maecronius, An.
Jor.
bathycles .. chiron, Wall. Sik-B.
agammem- sears Kum-B.
non, L,
menides, 8, Cc.
Fruh.
andamana, An,
Lathy.
973
Notes.
ee
sic; he Jordan separates eurypylus and
doson on the male organs;
superficially eurypylus differs
in that on the underside of the
hindwing the dark sub-costal
band is usually posteriorly
united to the dark sub-basal
band and does not end inside
the silver band; if the two
dark bands are not united the
basa] margin of the silver
band is notched at the sub-
costal vein. There are several
specimens of cheronus in the
B. M. over the label ‘‘ acheron,
Fruh, ”’
974
Genus. Sub-genus. Species.
PAPILIONID&/
« —contd.
Papilio (Zetides) soa0
—contd. —contd.
(Par a nft i- macareus..
copsis).
xenocles,
Db.
megarus,
wa.
Leptocir- ss06 curius,Fab,
cus.
meges on
Teinopal- 2200 imperialis,
pus. Hope.
Armandia. ecve lidderdali,
Atk.
Parnassius. (Parnas- jacquemon-
sius). tii, Bdl.
eranhus,
Ober,
hardwickii,
Gray.
(Koramius). delphius ..
(Tadumia). acco, Gray.
simo, Gray,
(Kailasius). charltonius
Gray.
imperator.
Hypern- ocow helios
nestra.
JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXI,
Race. Locality. Synonyms, &e. Notes.
decoratus, Ni.
Roth.
indicus, Sik, Bhut.
Roth.
lioneli, Fruh. As.
gyndes, Jor, B.
dao As
phrontis, E, Kum.-
DeN. Bhut,
kKephisos, B.
Fruh,.
Hea Sik.-B.
similis, Shan, St.
Lathy.
ye Naga H,-B.
virescens, B. meges, Zink., Java.
But,
indistineta, Naga H.
Tytler,
ee As.-Up. B.
himalaicus, Nep.-Bhut.
Roth.
imperatrix, Taungoo.
De N,
ire Bhut.-Up. $
B ,
Sot Kash.-Kum —himalayensis, El. Stichel gives Parnassius st
bendorfitartarus from Kash
but the locality. seems v
doubtful.
impunctata, Sik, Fruh. gives the Sikkim form
Aast. jacquemontii as himalayensis
but this name was used
chitralensis, Chit. Elwes for what is now cal
M jacquemontii: the only fo
S00! Kash,-Kulu. described from Sikkim is
; punctata ; there are no §
sikkimensis, Sik kim specimens in the B. M.
BE). i
Chit.- Kum,
viridicans, Sik.
Fruh.
chitralica, Chit. hunza, Cr., Hindu
Verity. Khush.
stenosemus, Kash.
Hon
stoliczanus, Lad.-Kulu. atkinsoni, M. a fe-
Fd. male ab or var.
lampidius, Sik, =whitei, Bing.
Fruh,
Lad
gemmifer, Sik.
Fruh,
sjews Lad,
acconus, Sik, —meelleri, Bing.
Fruh,
ie Chit-Sik.
augustus, Sik. of
Fruh, f,
maxima, Bal. =balucha M : heli-
Lang. os, Nick., Persia.
A LIST OF INDIAN BUTTERFLIES,
Genus. Sub-genus. Species. Race. Locality. Synonyms, &e.
PIERID &.
yeptosia xiphia I. B,
oe Fab. ; : :
nicobarica .. Ni.
li ., (Piecearda). agos tina, Sik.-B. Fruh.sep infumata,
: om : : Hew. As-B.
singhapura agoranis, Gr, §, Ten.
8,
hyparete .. hierte, Hiib.., E. Kum-B.
: ciris, Fruh... §,Ten. metarete But., Ma-
: lay Penin,
ethire. Doh., Beng-N Ma-
dras.
euc haris, I. B. C.
Drury. i t
descombesi leucacantha, Sik.-B. descombesi, Bal, Co-
Fruh. ehin China.Fruh.
sep female vars
auriga and leuco-
gea,
(Delias) .. belladonna, Pein, ~~ © Bases
Fab.
e
(v.sanaca, M.)
if ithiela, But, Sik.-B, Fruh. sep berinda
M., As and pers-
jicua Fruh,, Up.
B.
aglaia, L... Sik.-B.
beata, Fruh. Ten.
thysbe pyramus, Sik.-B.
Wail. :
kandha, Doh. N. Madras, thysbe, Cr., China.
Prioneris.. Woe thestylis, Muss-B.
; Db,
jugurtha, Ten.
Fruh.
sita, Fd. .. Bey S. C.
clemanthe, Sik.-B.
Anaphaeis., avers mesentina, I. Ni.
Cr.
taprobana, M. C.
Baltia pet a shawii, Chit= ada er
Bates.
butleri, M. tes Lad.
sikkima, Sik.
Fruh, f
Aporia .. (Aporia) .. soracta, M. a3 Kash,-Kum, ?—denigrata. Fruh_
Punj., N.W.FP.
Notes.
The arrangement of the Pieride
differs little from that given
by Bingham. Ixias is placed
after Appias.
The forms of belladonna are puz-
zling: typical belladonna occurs
throughout its range, but from
Sikkim Hastwards it is rare;
ithiela being the common form:
sanaca flies with belladonna in
the W Himalayas and so cannot
be regarded as a seasonal form,
it grades to belladonna and so
cannot be regarded as a separate
species though considered o
by some authors.
I have seen a Baltia caught in
Sikkim: it is very close to but-
leri. The Indian form of
shawii is larger and lighter
than Central Asian specimens
but the B. M. material is very
seanty.
976
Genus. Sub-genus. Species.
PIERID A —contd.
Aporia (Aporia) leucodice..
—contd. —contd,
nabellica,
Bal.
larraldei ..
(Metaporia) agathon,
Gray.
Pieris . (Pieris)
-» brass ice ,
L.
deota, DeN.
canidia,
Sparr,
nagan um,
rapae, Ll...
melete
krueperi ..
(Parapieris eallidice,
Esp.
chumbien -
: sis, Den.
(Pontia)
- ajaka, M.
- daplidice ,
JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XX1.
Race. Locality. Synonyms, &c.
balucha, M... Bal-Chit. poe an
leechii, M. .. Hunza-Lad.
aici Kash-Kum,
hesba, Hy. .. Chit.
harriete, Bhut.
DeN.
aece Nep-As.
phryxe Bdl.. Kash-Kum.
(v. caphusa,
(ve ariaca M.)
Chit-As.
Kash-Lad.
suai Chit-up B. is
canis, Ev. 5.
ocee As-up B.
cere Chit Lad.
-- Kash.-Up B. montana, Verity
(EH form) melete
Men,-China. >
Sik-
(Chumbi).
Bal-Chit
Lad.
Chit-Garh- Rob, Indian race
wal. as kalora M.
Sik-
-(Chumbi),
Bal-Chit-
Lad.
melaina, Rob.
devta, DeN...
Rob, Indian
as moorei,
race
Notes.
A. leechii is a good race of b:
cha and has nothing to do wi
yellow butterflies canght by
in Chitral in quite differ
localities to those frequen
by balucha : they are in fact
form of nabellica and I prop
to callthem hesba: they v
from nearly white to lemon
yellow, more or less duste
with black scales but neve
with black Seales
In the B. M. the series of cani-
dia from S. India presents a
different appearance to the
numerous specimens from N,
India, though it is not easy to
put the difference in words:
the Southern form is larger
with the black markings more
developed especially those om
the margin of the hindwing. I
propose to call this race canis, —
Pieris is here extended to em-
brace certain closely allied
genera.
melete from China is a largeand
very distinct form: Indian
specimens present a lot of va-
tiation, dry season Kashmir
specimens being very like
napi : melaina from the Chum-
bi valley is very distinct,
but the Hastern form separated
by Verity as montana resem-
bles the form from Mussoorie, ©
ete., very closely.
Species. Race.
(Pontia) glaucono-
see
_ _—contd, me, Klug.
(Synchloe). chloridice, oaac
Hib.
belia .- daphalis, M..
(Anthoc a - lucilla, But.
ris).
nerissa .. phryne, Fab..
evagete, Cr..
dapha, M. ..
lichenosa, M.
nadina,
Lueas.
remba, M.
cingala, M...
andamana,
Sw.
lea, Db. stsieial
.. (Tachyris).. nero. .. galba, Wall ..
figulina, But.
_(Appias) -. lyncida .- hippoides, M.
latifasciat a ,
taprobana, M.
nicobarica,
libyt hea,
ye sisted
zelmira, Cr.
(Catophaga)albina .. confusa.
FPruh.
(female v. se-
miflava.
Fruh),
swinhoei. M.
venusta. M.
(female flava.
Rob.)
melania .. darada. Fd.
adamsoni. M.
wardi, M.
yaksha,Fruh.
paulina Cr.
A LIST OF INDIAN BUTTERFLIES.
im
Locality. Synonyms, de. Notes
Bal-Chit.
Panj.
Chit-Lad. Recorded from
Kumaon but pro-
bably an error.
Chit-Kuna-
wur, Panj.
Panjab.
Nep-As. nerissa Fab. China.
Cs
As.-B.
An.
Sik.-B.,
5.
Cc.
An.
S. B.
Sik-B. nero Fab. Java.
Ten.
Kum-B. -Orissa.
Ss.
Cc.
Ni.
Panj.-Sik.-
Ss. C.
As.-B.
Beng.
See ppme Bal Moluc- phe arrangement of the Cato-
ene. : phaga and Hyposcritia sections.
of Appias is exactly as given by
Fruhstorfer: no doubt the
series on which it is based is
better than the poor one in the
B. M. He states that the mela-
nia group differs from the
albina group in that the mela-
nia males have a broader grey
apical patch, formed of big
diffused spots. I have placed
wardi as a race ef melania.
Centr.-S.
C. neomba, Badl,
Sumatra.
Sik.-As
B.
s.
Poona Dist.
Cc. =lankapura M.,
galene, Fd,
fasciata, Fruh.,
an ab.
978 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST.
Genus. Sub-genus. Species. Race. Locality. Synonyms, dc.
PIERIDA.—contd.
Appias. (Catophaga) melania— galathea, Fd. An.-Ni.
— contd. —contd, contd,
(Lade) ..lalassis aaa 5. B.
Gr. 8.
(Hyposeri- indra, M... severe Nep.-B.
tia.) Beng.
shiva. Sw. Poona
Dist.
statilia, S.
¢ Fruh.
narendra, M. C.
lalage, Db. elelere As.-Naga SonnoS
Hill.
durvasa. M. Kulu-Sik. —pseudolalage, M.
= confluens Fruh.,
an ab.
argyvidina, B.
But,
lagela, M, S. B.
Saletara .. 9090 panda .. chrysea, Ni,
Frukh,
Ixias on wale pyrene ., rhexia, Fab., Kulu-Up-B. pyrene L., and
2 evippe, Dr.,China.
pirenass a, I.B. (plains)
1, Wall.
cingalensis, C. Fruh.gives females
. vars conectens
and nivescens.
, latifasciata, 8. B.
But.
andamana, M. An,
marianne ieee Kum-s. C.
Cr.
- nola, Sw. .. Mahablesh-
war.
Dercas sees verhueli .. doubleda yi, Sik-Bhut, verhueli, Hoev,
M. - China.
pallidus,Fruh As.-B.
lycorias,Db. seco Sik.-As.
(v. decipiens, noe =brindaba, Sw. ..
DeN.)
‘@onepteryx SHON rhamni ..nepalensis , Chit-Up-B.
zaneka, M. : Be Kash-Kum.
sanekoides, Up-B.
DeN.
chitralensis , Chit.
SOCIETY, Vol. XXI,
Notes.
These races of lalage are 1
very Satisfactory : typical di
vasa and lalage differ, but botl
forms meet in Sikkim. j
.
The forms of Ixias are ver
puzzling and I hope the arran
gement given will prove satis-
factory: rhexia is the large hill
form with a white female an
grades with pirenasse the plain
form: in South India the p
vailing form of male is ver
like cingalensis, but Ceyloi
females have the base
interspace 8 yellow, Soutl
Indian females are Vv
variable. Latifasciata,
South Burma race, has a ve
pale dry season form (—pallide
citrina, M.) which Sina
treated as a separate species.
Genus. Sub-genus.
PIHRIDA-conid.
Oatopsilia, rie
Molias .. Sasi
A LIST OF INDIAN BUTTERFLIES, 979
Species. Race. Locality. Synonyms, &e. Notes.
pyran the, cade I, B.C.
L.
fiorella, totes Up, 18165
Fab, ts
crocale, Cr. gies Ty 18}, (Ch Bears Fruh. gives many forms of male
and female varieties of crocale
and pomona but they hardly
seem worth retaining: Mr, Bell
has proved that these two
species have distinct larvee.
pomona, were I, B.C.
Fab.
seylla, L... eres 8S. Ten.
hyale .. lativitta, M.. Bal-Chit- hyale L., erate Hsp, Réber treats erate and hyale as
Kum, Europe. Separate species: Fruhstorfer
unites them: lativitta is the
erate form which grades with
glicia, the hyale form with
the spotted border : pallidus is
the white form of female.
(male v.glicia,
Fruh.)
(female d. pal-
lida, Rb.)
(h. chrysodo- Bal-Chit.
na, Bdl.)
nilagiriensis , Ss.
ladakensis, ewes Kash-Muss, «+-..- I believe that thrasibulus and
Fad. ladakensis willeventually prove
to be races of the same species.
Fruh. described phicomone phila
from a single male from Kash-
mir; he has since found that
the locality was erroneous.
berylla, Faw. Sik.
cocandica, thrasibulus , Lad.
Fruh. 4
alpherakii. chitralensis , Chit.
Verity.
wiskotti, Bie Chit.
Std.
dubia, El.. sees Sik. =? miranda, Fruh.
stoliczan a , eines Kash-Lad. ? race of eogene ..
miranda, Sik.
Fruh.
eogene, Fd. aaa COhawpreaeejen 0 Beiaasn The eogene group is very puz-
zling : in the B. M. there are
series of eogene from Chitral
and Baltistan, agreeing
“ fairly ’? well: from the same
districts in Ladak there are
numerous specimens arranged
as leechii Gr. and stoliczana
but the forms seem to grade :
miranda first recorded by
Fawcett as leechii (hence
Swinhoe giving Sik. as a locali-
ty for the latter) is a very un-
satisfactory form, vide Elwes’
remarks when describing the
form dubia, which probably=
miranda. I believe that all are
(female 4. ca- forms of eogene,
na, Rob.
leechii, Gr... Lad. ? var of stoliczana,
fieldii, Men. toes As.-Up-B. seeeee The eastern form of fieldii is
just like the Chinese form, i.e.,
edusina, But, Chit-Sik. cE an
980 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XX.
Genus. Sab-genus. Species. Race. Locality. Synonyms, &c. Notes.
PIERIDA—contid.
Terias .. (Kibreeta) -libythea, satis I. B.C. Fruh. sep fruhstor-
Pab. feri M., As.-B.
(Nirmula) . venata, M. erate I. B.C. Fruh. sep rama M.,
Ss. C. and sikki-
mica M., Sik B.
laeta, Bdl.. oadd I. B. Fruh. sep pseudo-
lacta M., Ten.
(Terias) .. hecabe,L.. oe I. B. C.-An, SRR at es Fruh. separates hecabe d
Ni. Silhetana (given as a race oO!
blanda) into a number of races
in Lepidoptera Indica
“ species’? are given. I
not see that any good purpose
is served by retaining any
varieties or races except
moorei, whose d.s. f. is a
typical silhetana.
silhetan a, 30.00 Sik.-B.S. Pruh. as race of
Wall. An. blanda M.,Java=
2 ? hecabe.
moorei, But.. Ni.
anderson i, eesate Muss-B.?C. Andersoni certainly occurs i 1
M. Sikkin, though Bing. doubteé
it. Sari is recorded from —
India and Ceylon: the o
specimens in the B. M. marke a
as such are two from Ceylon
which may be andersoni, bt
‘ are certainly not sari. ’
sari, Hors. cere Ten. Fruh. Indian race
‘ « dalis, M.
(Gandaca) . harina .. assamica, M. Beng. Sik- a a ea
burmana, M. up B.
andamana, M.S. B. Ten.
An. |
Colotis ..(Colotis) ,. calais, Cr.. Be ae Panj. Sind, —aynamene, Klug. amatus constantly differs £0eHt
Cutch. calais in that the black spot on
the margin near the dorsum
is not detached and quadrate, |
The dimorphic white female
of amatus does not seem 10
have been named: I propose
to call it albina. j
I have omitted phisadia, God., ai
the only record of it is one!
specimen from Mooltan, which
very likely was a hybrid be-
tween vestalis and protractus =
similar hybrids have been
recorded from Karachi. - ¢
amatus, Fab. Thy OH =modesta, But.,cy-
prea, Fab. *
(female d. al- :
bina, Ev.)
protractus , o600 Bal.-Panj. }
But. — Cutch. r
vestalis, oceke Bal. Panj.- =puellaris, inter
: But. Central I. missus, But.
(Madais) .. fausta,Oliv. S606 Bal. Panj.-
tee : Bombay.
fulvia, Wall.. §,C, Beng. _tripuncta, But.
(Callosune) etrida, Bdl. dood I.
limbata, But. Cc.
eucharis, see Centre I.- ;
Fab. Ss. C. The form of danae from Sind is
danae, Fab. asiete Bal-8.C, =subroseus, S.W., almost worth separating,
; Las Central I. dulcis, But.
Hebomoia oes glaucippe, Mite Nep.-B. :
L. he glaucippe and australis seem to
australis, S.C. =ceylonica Fruh., both occur in S. India.
But. C form-
roepsto r fii, An.
W.M.
Sub-genus. Species. Race.
RIDH—contd.
avatar, M.. aon
paravatar,
DeN.
valeria .. hippia, Fab..
(female v. li-
villa, Fruh.)
pingasa, M. ease
naraka, M. ..
ecaylanica ,
GERYDINZ.
symethus.
Cr.
boisduvalii,
M.
longeana.
DeN.
assamensis. Base
Doh.
ancon, Doh. ceiete
croton, Sarre
Doh.
biggsii,
Dist.
drumila M.
Allotinus..
subviola- done
ceus, Fd.
horsfieldii,
M.
taras, Doh. AOS
panormis,
El.
nivalis,
Druce.
multistri- iets
gatus, DeM.
marmo-
rata, M.
watsoniana.
DeN.
massalia.
Doh.
LYcHNINzE.
hylax. Fab.
fulgens. Hees
Doh.
zalmora.
But.
epius, Wd.
nubilus, M.
A LIST OF INDIAN BUTTERFLIES.
Locality. Synonyms; &c.
Sik.-B,
Ten.
1B, 12%, ; .
=fraterna, spicu-
lifera. M.
Ten.
Sik-B.
Up B. (dry
zone).
As.
=irroratus, Druce,
Siam.
Ten.
B.
B. =gopala, DeN.
Sik.-As.
Ss. B.
As.-B.
Ss. B.
Karen. H.
Ten,
Sik.-B.
Sues
Up. B-
Up.As.
Sik.-B. goooes
As.
I. B.C.
I. B. C.
An.-N. I.
981
Notes.
Typical ceylanica (aw. s. f.) is
confined to Ceylon; its. d.s.f.
fraterna (=spiculifera) oc-
curs in §S. India and Ceylon,
while in certain parts of S.
India it seems to grade with
hippia. Pingasa seems to be
aw.s. f. confined to S. India.
I believe that pingasa and
ceylanica are races of the
same species and possibly hip-
pia may eventually turn out
to be conspecific. More dated
specimens from all districts
are wanted, Naraka presents
certain constant, though small,
differences,
In the arrangement of the Lyce-
nine Bingham has more or
less been followed : Swinhoe’s
arrangement is very different.
98
Taraka
Cyaniris
9
-
Genus.
LYCHNIDA.—contd.
Megisba .-
JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY,
Sub-genus. Species. Race.
Lyc#NINZ=—contd.
S06 hamada,
Druce,
malaya,
Hors.
usta, Dist.
., (Notarthr i- vardhana.
nus).
musina .. musinoides,
Sw.
bingnami, malate
Chp.
(Cyaniris)., melaena, suite
Doh.
marginata,
DeN.
akasa. Hors. Nevers
alboceru-
lea, M.
transpecta,
lilacea,,
Hamp.
puspa,Hors. diac
cyanescens,
DeN.
albidisea, soe
dilecta, M. core
lanka, M. Rletshe
limpata, M. eee
placida, DeN.
argiolus ., Ccelestina,
Koll.
jynteana,
DeN.
(v. victoria,
Sw).
Locality.
Sik.-B.
Naga H.
Kash-Kum.
Khasi-
Ten.
B.
S. Ten.
Kum.-B,
8.C,
Simla--Up
B.
Sik.-B, Ni
s.
LES OAL,
Ni.
Ss.
Simla-Up.
Cc.
As. Beng-
s.Cc. :
Sik.-B.
Chit-Kum.
Sik.-Up. B.
musina,
Synonyms, &e.
Snell,
Java.
=puspargiolus, bo-
thrinoides, albo-
ceruleoides
Chap. ? parri-
shii, Rhé Philip-
pe. sikkima, M.
Z
r
As
Dr. Chapman in P, Z. &., oe
I. p. 419 gave a revision ot
the genus ‘‘ Lyceenopsis”’ (viee
Cyaniris rejected) based on
the male organs ; lilacea was’
unfortunately omitted: wi h
a few alterations Dr. Chap-
is here
i
;
\
man’s arrangement
followed.
The Javan musina is distinet
enough, but without examin-
ing the male organs I do not
see how musinoides is to be
distinguished from jynteana, |
Binghami can be recognised
by the even wide dull brown
border, below it is very like
jynteana. 4
Dr. Chapman states that placi-
da and jynteana are races of!
limbata ; I have seen the spe-
cimens he examined and each
of the so called jynteana I)
would have identified as pla-
cida : Moore’s type of jynte-'
ana from the Khasi Hills (1)
have not seen DeN’s type) and!
of sikkima from Sikkim are
forms of argiolus and I am
sure that an examination of
their male organs would con- |
firm this.
Jynteana is a very variable)
form: I do not think that Dy.
Chapman’s varieties are
worth retaining : Victoria is, I
think, a d.s.f. form ‘‘ greyed
over’: I have seen similarly
‘¢oreyed over’? specimens of |
puspa, dilecta and placida,
Parrishii probably=Jynteana
(or ? musinoides or bingha-
mi):ina difficult group like
this to describe a new species
froma single specimen with-
out even examining the geni-
talia is inadvisable,
I have specimens of imbata
from Assam,
A LIST OF INDIAN BUTTERFLIES. 983
Genus. Sub-genus. Species. Race. Locality. Synonyms, &e., Notes.
| LYCHNIDA—contd. Lyc®NIN®E.—contd.
Cyanixis (Cyaniris).. huegeli, M. sees Kash-Kum. ~—_—.--.-- Dr. Chapman states that huegelt
is conspecific with ccelestina :
I have left them separate for
the present : it is not a case of
seasonal variation but may be
dimorphism. Breeding expe-
riments are necessary. Hue-
gelidoes not occur in Chitral
though celestina is common.
I place oreana and singalensis
here: in size, etc., they are
very like huegeli,
—contd.
oreas .. oreana,Swin. Khasi, oreas=Leech,
China.
singalensis. eeee Cc.
Fd.
(Bothrinia) chennellii, sesee As.-Up. B.
D
eN.
Lycena .. (Plebeius) . christophi.samudra,M, Chit.-Kash. =bracteata—But. 1. bracteata is given by Scitz
separately as a race of argyro-
gnomon, Berg., the type speci-
menis an exact synonym of
samudra. The Chitral form
of samudyra differs in having
the diseal spots on the forewing
below very enlarged.
loewii, Zell. sees Chit.
chamanica, Bal.
M. ‘
eytis, Lang. a0 (Ghai MN Nekboos The Chitral form of cytis is
typical; the form of iris is
rather darker than the typical
form from Alai,
iris, Std. aero Chit.
(Scutilanti- baton .. cashmirensis, Bal.-Chit. _yjcrama, M. hy-
des). | M. Kash. las Esp is a dif-
‘ ferent species.
(Latiorina), orbitulus,. jaloka, M. Kash. ig
leela, DeN. Lad. =ellisi, DeN. The Chitral form of orbitulus
is very different to jaloka and
leela, being more like the Hu-
ropean form : the male above
is a brilliant shining light blue
green, the outer margin being
rather broad, there are no
white spots above,-the spot at
the end of the cell is black; the
female is brown with a white
encircled black spot at the end
of the cell and some obscure
white postdiscal spots: it is
larger than jaloka. I propose
to call it walli after Maj. F.
Wall, I. M,S., who obtained a
walli, Ev. Chit. good series at 12,000 feet in
J July 1910.
(Albulina). pheretes .. lehana, M. OChit.-Sik. ...... L pheretes lehana and aSiatica
occur together in Sikkim. -
asiatica, El. Shes Sik.
(Lycena)... metallica, sere Chitsadte we) TOP ese. As pointed out by Swinhoe, me-
Fd. tallica and omphissa are sepa-
rate: Chitral specimens of
metallica are not so green as
the typical form.
I have used Swinhoe’s subge-
nera with addition of Tiora
omphissa. ee Lad. and Bryna (vice Polyommatus):
M. Tiora is for the simple eyed
galathea, cess Chit.-Kum., section with metallic spots on
Blanch, the hindwing below: a new
youngh u s- seco Sik. subgenus is perhaps required
bandi, El. for sebrus,
984 JOURNAL, BOMBAY
Genus. Sub-genus. Species. Race.
2n
u ie
LYCAINID Ai—contd. Lycmnin=—conitd.
Lycena .. (Aricia) .. astrarche, paer
—contd. Berg.
eumedon. eee
Esp.
(Bryna) .. stoliczana,
balucha, M.
icarus, 6o0c
Rott.
(Tiora) ..sebrus' ., Shandura,Hv.
devanica, =o
M.
(Phengaris) sarta .. gracilis, Ev.
atroguttata sartoides, Sw.
Doh.
Chilades .. Le laius, Cr... n008
trochilus,
Frey.
putli, Koll. ..
Zizera ee ae. maha,Koll, Saiels!
ossa, Sw. .-
opalina,Pouj.
lysimon,
Hub.
gaika, Fab,
otis, Fab, Roles
NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXI.
Locality.
Bal,-Chit,-
Kum.
Chit, Gilgit
Chit.-Sik,.
Bal.
Bal.-Chit,-
Lad.
Chit.
Chi.-Lad.
Chit.
Chit.
Naga, Chin-
ies
I. B.C.
8. C.
N & Centr.
I,-Up. B.
Ss.
S. B.
I. B. C. Ni.
I. B. C. An.
N. 1-B. An.
indica, Mur- Centr, I.-
ray.
Ss. C.
Synonyms, &c. Notes
=medon, L.
=antiqua Std., jer- In Chitral typical eumedon and
myni, Sw. antiqua fly together and inter-
grade, ‘2
=ariana M. dra-I believe only one stoliczana like
sula, Sw.:sutleja, species flies in India, of which
and pseuderos, baluchaisa race; Seitz gives
M. eros sutleja and balucha; sto-
liczana and icarus are very
variable but cannot, I think,
be further separated into well
defined races or varieties.
usually as a race of .
eros Ochs. ;
=persica, Bien. :
fugitiva, But.:
chitralensis, Sw.:
drunela, Sw. F
sebrus, Bdl., Cen- L. shandura is, I think, a race of
tral Asia and Eu- sebrus, Bal.: it differs however
rope. in having obscure metallic
spots near the anal angle of
the hindwing below: shan-
dura is smaller than sebrus, |
dull dark blue above, below
the spots are very small and —
regular and arranged just as
in sebrus,
L. devanica is a large species
with the blue colouration on
the forewing very reduced
and a black female: it flies at
8000 feet in Chitral with sar-
toides. Onthe Shandur Pass
(12000 feet) there flies a third
form very similar to devanica
differing in being much smal-
ler (size of iris)and in having
the blue colour above extend-
ed to the margin. I propose to
eall it gracilis: the cilia are
chequered as in devanica.
sarta Alph, Turkes-
tan.
Iam not sure that I have got the
distribution of trochilus ang
putli quite right.
The arrangement of Zizera is
more or less in accordance
with Butter’s revision (P.Z.S.
1900): in separating ossa I
follow Swinhoe who states that
its genitalia differ from those
ofmaha. Iam not sure that I
have given the distribution
of opalina, otis and indica
correctly.
=zera, Faw. : mar-
ginata, Pouj.
? better as lysimon
karsandra ,M.
potanini,
Alph.
kala, DeN.
moorei,
Leech.
nyseus,
Guer.
achry- oe strabo,Fab.
lithargyria,
M.
pandava,
ubald us,Cr.
uranus,
But.
jesous
theophrast-
us, Fab.
plinius,
Bh Fab.
LIUS oe peter rosimon,
4 Fab.
ananda,
DeN.
ethion, Db.
and Hew.
roxus, God.
34
. Sub-genus Species. Race.
,
NID Ai—contd. LycH/NINE=contd.
parrhasius,
Fab.
khasiana, Sw, As.-Up. B
.. gamra, Led..
venosus, M.
airavati,Doh.
eoee
roxana, DeN.
manluena
Fd.
A LIST OF INDIAN BUTTERFLIES.
Locality. Synonyms, &¢.,
argiades .. dipora,M. N.I.-Up, B, =diporides, C hp.
argiades, Pal l-
Europe.
Ss. C.
5. B,
As.
As.
SHnOne # ge Mage noued .
= khasia Druce.
2d.s.f. of ubaldus.
I, B.C.
Lic.
jesous, Guér,
Africa.
N.-W. Him, ? worth separating.
I. B- C.
I. B.C. An.-
Ni.
Sik.-B. 8S.
As.-B. S. C.
Ni.
Ss. B. An.
Up. B.
Ni.
985
Notes,
Dr. Chapman (T.H.8. 1908) states
that argiades and parrhasius
have different clasps and de-
scribes a third species, dipori-
des, from Mandi (N.-W. Him).
Swinhoe gives these 3 forms
and also dipora as distinct spe-
cies. Seitz only gives parrhas-
ius as Indian,
There are a few specimens of EH,
mooreiin the B.M. from the
Khasi Hills (DeN. recorded if
also, J.A.S.B. 1894) : the Assam
form differs from Chinese
specimens in being smaller
and darker, also the spots
below show distinctly through
above. Seitz puts moorei in
Lycena; in appearance it is
more like a Cyaniris or Chila-
das.
Burmese specimens of nyseus
differ a good deal from 8S. In-
dian specimens but Khasi
specimens seem very much the
same.
In J.A.8.B. 1895 DeNicéville con-
sidered C. strabo and lithalr-
gyria to be separate species ;
Swinhoe keeps them separate.
986
JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY,
Genus. Sub-genus, Species. Race. Locality. Synonyms, &e.
LYCAHNIDA—contd. Lyc=NINZ—contd,
Castalius A000 decidia, Sik.-B.
—contd. Hew. Centr. I. S- “
elna, Hew. Sik.-B.
1 Oriss. An.
Nighan.d a. G006 eymbia, Geiss Sik.-As.
DeN.
‘ marcia, Few. B.
Ort b omi- sees pontis, El. eek Sik,-B.
ella. :
Liye en es: seve emolus, SikBs 0) omens
thes. God. Beng. N
Kan- An
topa, Hiv. <«- Palni, A.
fyoeninn Bod Sik.-B.
d. Beng. S C.
Nacaduba, oocs viola, M. .. Geen S.C.
An.
Kerriana, Ss. B.
Dist.
macrop- Sibi poe. we le teeteietle
thalma, Fd. An. Ni.
pavana. Sik.-B. S.C. according to Swin.
Hors. An. this is Felder’s
hermus.
bhutea, Sik.-Up. B.
DeN.
kodi, Ev. .. PalniH.
ancyra, Fd. aaicte As.-B. Ni.
dana, DeN. Kum.-B.
Beng.S.
hampsoni, Muss. C.I.
DeN Nilgiris. ?
sivoka, Ev. Sik. B. An, There are speci-
mens of this in
the B. M. from
Bhutan, Tenasse-
rim and Malacca.
nora, Fd... I.B.C. adima,
an ab.
noreia, Fd. I. B.C. =ardates, M.
coelestis, Kum.-Up.
DeN. B.-An.
atrata, Sik.-B. S. C =Kurava, pyromi-
Hors. Ni. nens, M.
I have only seen macropthal:
Rké Phil. I believe with various othe
Vol. XX1,
Notes.
ee and I propose 5 call 7
topa; it is smaller than emo
lus, the border is broadey
on the forewing ; below the
bands are filled in with dark Ker
lestis, the markings are mor¢
regular, the discal band on ‘th t
forewing is formed of almos
separated spots, that in space
4 being transverse; the mar
ginal lunules are 1
nent; the sub-anal ocellus is
all black and there are 2 smal
black spots at the anal angle
the ciliated tails seem absent
I have one specimen and, there
is one specimen in the'Bom;
bay N. H. 8. museum,
ma from Sikkim, Up. Burma
there seems to be a good dea
of confusion between this spe
cies and pavana :
type is nearer true pavané
than to macropthalma. DeN
and Bing. do not give pavang
from South India or Ceylon.
writers that nora and noreia
are separate species; nora
the tailed form, is often yelloy
below.
Sub-genus. Species. Race.
CAINIDA — contd. Lyc@{NINzZ—contd.
plumbeo- isietal
micans,
WM and
DeN.
nicobarica,..
bochus, Cr. 500
nicobarica,
WM. and
DeN.
coruscan s. Sa8
M.
lacteata, Bae
DeN.
subdita, M.
pura, M.
eeleno, Cr.
kinkurka,Fd.
coerulea,
Sw.
elpis, God. “sand
kankena, Fd.
kondulan a. 5
-oe
poeticus, 1D,
LYC#NIDA, PoRITIINE.
‘itia (Poritia). hewitsoni.
tavoyana,
Doh.
sumatre, cere
pleurata,
Hew.
phraatica, BAe
Hew.
erycinoi-
des. Fd.
(Simiskina). phalia, eave
Hew,
pediada,
Hew.
Cyanizoides libna, Hew.
I, B. C. An.
A LIST OF INDIAN BUTTERFLIES.
Locality. Synonyms, &c.
Sik.-S. C.
An.
Ni.
Ni,
=conferenda, But.
=hbochides, DeN.
=rogersi, Bing.
Kum.-As.
As.-B.
S. Ten.
=geta, Faw.
Ten.
As.-Up. B, =harterti, Doh.
S.B. —zanella, DeN.
=(Logania) ander.
Mergui,
Soni, M.
987
Notes.
There seems a good deal of con-
fusion between atrata and
plumbeomicans; DeN. gave
the latter from 8S. Burma and
the Andamans; Swin. and
Bing. extended the range to
Sikkim. In §. India 2 species
certainly occur and one seems
to be plumbeomicans or a
race of it. N. atrata was descri-
bed from Java and prominens
from Ceylon is certainly a sy-
nonym; the types of kurava
seems to have disappeared.
Swin. gives conferenda, But., as
a separate species ; I am con-
vineed that it is only the dry
season form of celeno.
1
Swin.as cleodus.Fd. [,, cleodus is a Philippine in-
sect; it is a different butterfly
from pura but the forms may
be conspecific.
988 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XX1.
Genus. Sub-genus. Species. Race. Locality. Synonyms, &e. Notes.
LYCMNIDA—contd. CURETIN2. ~ »
py
4
Curetis ales thetis, oe S.C. =?arcuata, M. The forms of Curetis are puz
Drury. zling. Of arcuata there is in
the B. M. only one male from
Malabar, the locality may be
wrong; the specimen resem:
bles a small gloriosa. The
races of thetis seem we
defined ; nicobarica female is
very distinct, on the forewing
there is a small dark yellow
patch, on the hindwing a dif
fused white subcostal patch, ;
gloriosa, M. As.-M. ‘y
a
saronis, M. An. 4
nicobarica, Ni,
Sw.
bulis., Db. S000 DR ah G) waaas C. bulis has not developed into
and Hew. definite races like thetis ; ma-
layica with a yellow female
seems Separate ; angulata and
discalis are well defined vari-|
eties. C.felderi is not Indian. |
(v. angulata, seer =dentata, stigma-
M. ta, M.; sperthis.
(v. dis ¢ a1 is, coco iS
M.
malayica, Fd. Rangoon-
Ten.
THECLINE.
“ khasia As
Hoo ecco 2 00 .
ephyru DeN.
ataxus, Db. Murree-
and Hew. Kum.
duma,Hew. ie Sik.-Naga
Hill. :
zoa. DeN. Sik-Nagaig 9° ..0ce6 Ma). Tytler at Manipur has re-)
Hill. | -cently obtained several speci- |
mens of Z. zoa: DeNiceville
in his ‘‘ Butterflies of Sikkim’’ |
considered the only specimen’
then known to be an aberra-
tion of duma,
Z. mandara should, I think, be
dropped ; The only known spe-
cimens are in the United’
States; it may be an aberration
of icana or dohertyi.
Swinhoe substitutes Ruralis for
Zephyrus and calls the sub-
family Ruraline.
Ietha, Wat. ae Chin.
birupa, M. seh Simla-Kum,
syla, Koll. as Chit.-Sik. =triloka Hannyng-
ton.
ziha, Hew. Ne Sim la-
Muss.
pavo, DeN. Beas Bhut.
icana, M. ie Simla-Kum,
doherty i, Simla-Kum.
DeN.
Cheto- i odata, Hew. Chit.Kum.
procta, i
Huaspa milionia, Anas Murree-
Hew. Kum.
A LIST OF INDIAN BUTTERFLIES.
» Genus. Sub-genus. Species. Race. Locality. Synonyms, Lc.
LYC SNIDH—contd, THECLINE—contd,
eolycena. cece sinensis, By suats Bal.
idk Alph.
‘hecla eve sassanides, Bal.-Chit.
4 : Koll. Muss.
Jallophrys. aces rubi, L. Chit.
atsuma peters leechii, Revie Khasi H.
by DeN. :
lerda-- eo sena, Koll. Bobe Chit.-Kum.
x epicles, sand Kum.-Up B.
a God.
e kohmensis, Naga-H.
Bi Tytler. ‘
sa tamu, Koll. aves Chit.-Kum.
viridipunc- eve | aka Gen
tata, DeN.
kala, Tytler. Naga-H.
4
t androcles, eels Kash.-Kum., sleieieisie
Ri God.
Pe)
viridis, Ev... As.-Up. B.
moorei, 085 Sik.-Bhut,
Hew. :
; brahma, M. 000 Kum.-Up.B. =hybrida, Tyt., a
"ee cas ab.
ge@xysopha- a, phieas, L. Cecar Bal.-Chit.- =timeus, Cr., sty-
pee us. Kum. gianus, But.
pavana, S400 Kash.-Kum,
Koll. j
solskyi ..aditya, M. .. Chit.-Lad.
kasyapa, M. sont Chit.-Muss.
caspius ..Susanus, Sw. Bal. lectern
evansii, DeN. Chit.
tseng, Ober. asian Shan St. =mandersi, El.
[Aphneus .. (Cigaritis).. acamas .. hypargyr u s, Cutch.Bal.-
* But
Chit.
f (Aphneus). yulean u s, Brie I
F Fab. I
fusca, M. .. Cc. =Minima, But., a
i cas ab and greeni
B Heron, a cas ab.
gabriel, Sw. ate Up. B. above
, schistacea, eae 8.-C.
i lilacinus, .... U.P,-Malda,
fe M. Bombay.
4 abnormis, M, 5.-C.
"4
ip syama, eee Sik.-B. =peguana, M.
% Hors. Oris.
xi lohita, Kum.-B. 8S. =concanus, M.
A Hors. ;
4 zoilus, M, .. Ss.
989
Notes.
Some Chinese specimens of viri-
dipunctata are very like kala.
The Hastern form of androcles
has the green colour of a
conspicuously more brassy
tint; I propose to call it
viridis, I believe that moorei
ought to be put as a race of
androcles,
C. sarthus and transiens, Sid.,
are races of caspius from Tur-
kestan and the Pamirs.
In Palaearctic regions Aphnzeus
and Chrysophanus are closely
allied.
think that all vulcanus like
forms occurring in Ceylon
should be regarded as fusca
in Ceylon specimens the
orange anal patch on the hind-
wing below is not extended
upwards along the dorsal mar-
gin as in continental speci-
mens.
There is a good series of gabriel
in the B. M.; it is quite a dis-
tinct form and represents vul-
canus perhaps in Up. Burma.
990
Genus.
JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXI,
Sub-genus.
LYCAINIDA—conid.
Aphneus (Aphnzus)
—contd.
Thaduka ..
Mahathala.
Traota
Amb1 y po-
dia.
Surendra...
Zinaspa
Mota
Arhopala ..
—contd.
(Mahatha-
la
)
Apporosa).
Species. Race. Locality, Synonyms, &c. Notes
THEcLIN=—contd.
ictis, Hew. sath I, C. rukmini, DeN. an A. ictis is an extremely va
ab. species and when more m
rial becomes available I th
separate races from the
ern and Eastern Himal;
and South India might be
tablished.
maximus, Hl, Ss. B.
nipalicus, aoa0 Muss. Nep. =zaffra, DeN. A. nipalicus is allied to liiac’
M. and schistacea; I have s
the type of nipalicus and h
no doubt that zaffra isas
A F nym.
sani, DeN. Sik.-B. rukma, DeN. an ab.
ARHOPALIN”,
multicau- diese Ten. 8. Pk Baie Mr. Bethune Baker (T.Z.S.
data, M. gave a revision of this
family and I have follo
him; I have included
genera Zinaspa and Mota
: they seem best placed here,
ameria, sdus Beng. As.-
Hew. B.
atkinsoni, Jods Ten.
Hew.
timoleon, 1s 1335 =mecenas, Fab, I am not sure that the So
stoll. Indian form of timoleon o
E not to be called nicevillei,
nicevillei, C.
But.
rochana, Mergui.
Hors. x
anita, Hew. aire I. B. C. An. =naradoides, M. TI donot thinkit is worth while
arracana, Cr. S., to separate anita into races. —
erichsonii, W. M. *.
and DeN. by
(female v. da- Ss. C My
rana, M.) i ie
narada, Sains An.Mergui. =taooana, ander- sl
Hors. soni, M. Yi
a
quer ce t o- cere I. B. An. =biplagiata, But. a
rum, M. tatimargo, M. an
discalis, M. Cc.
¥,
amisena, Bias Ten,
Hew.
florimel, Ree Ten. =stimula, DeN.
Doh.
todara, M. Se00 S.
These two are
distorta,DeN. Sik.-B. } very close. a
massyla, S000 Phut.-B.
Hew. i
meander .. constancez, An, esaes: Moore has divided the Arhopal:
DeN. group into several genera bu
their adoption as sub-geners
even seems useless as the spe
cies run into one another in
every direction ; 1
construction of a key presents
great difficulty as whateve
character is taken, viz., tails
colour, spots on the underside
it seems hopeless to define na
tural groups.
I have not had time to study
this genus as much as I show
have liked; the material Ye
far available i is very scanty.
: A LIST OF INDIAN BUTTERFLIES, 991
Genus. Sub-genus, Species. Race. Locality. Synonyms, &c. Notes.
VCH NIDA.—contd, ARHOPALINAE—contd,
rhopala centaurus, ord, EH. Kum,-B. =pirithous, M.
—contd. Feb, :
pirama, M. 5. C. )}These seem
> worth separat-
coruscans, An, iy ane:
WM. & DeN.
amantes, Been I, G.An.
Hew.
amatrix, Up. As.-Up-
DeN. B
camdeo, M. wrote Sik.-B.
opa lina, M. Boole As. ~ type seéms unique.
bazaloides, —=«..... As.-B. S. =bazalus, De N.
Hew. nec., Hew.
albopuncta- eee B.
ta, Hew.
alitzeus. .. mirabella, Mergu,
Doh.
mindanen- aches Mergui.
sis, BB.
aida, DeN. aoe S.B.
vihara, Fd. sa Up. Ten.
adorea, Sees Sik,-B,
DeN.
dama, Sw. papa S Ten,
apha, DeN. cod Ten,
adatha, aes B.
Hew. _
Silhetensis, ore Sik,-B. =arama, DeN.
Hew.
nicevillei, eRe Sik..B.
B.B.
anthelus. aint Ten,
Db. & Hew.
subfasciata, pete Ten,
M.
anarte, eae Cach.-B.
Hew.
agaba,Hew. See Naga H.-B.
zambra,Sw. eee . Ten,
selta, Hew. nee Ten.
aroa, Hew. h ecire Ten,
rafflesii, 6s80 Ten, =pseudomuta,DeN.
DeN. nec Hew. and
amphimuta Dist,
nec Fd.
atosia -. aricia, Std... Ten,
epimuta,M. 3608 Ten.
moolaiana, poo Ten, =pastorella, Doh.
antimuta, noo Ten. =davisonii, DeN
Fd.
hypomuta, crc Ten.
Hew.
metamuta, ceee Ten.
Hew.
oberthuri, aianere Ten.
Std. ¢
alesia, Fd. ose An. B. =wimberleyi, DeN. :
eumolphus, eose Sik-As. KeanIod Bethune Baker unites all the
Cr. races, of eumolphus; they are,
however, very distinot.
hellenore, As.-B.* =viridissima, Sw.?
Doh.
farquhari, S. B. =maxwelli, Dist.
Dist,
992 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXI,
Genus. Sub-genus. Species. Race. Locality. Synonyms, &e. Notes.
LYCZNID Z—contd. ARHOPALINE— contd.
Arhopala meat basiviridis, aun B.
—contd, Den. ,
abseus, noo Sik.-B. aCogee The Burmese form of 2
Hew. N. Kan. C. may prove to be wo:
rating when more s
are available ; it is nea
gularis, Snell. ;
diardi,Hew, hia As.-B.
fulgida, Aa Sik.-Up. B.
Hew.
anniella, " Ten,
Hew.
artegal, ae Ss. B.
Doh.
-apidanus, B.
Cr.
ahamus, Doh, Up As.
adriana, ete Sik.-Up B.
DeN.
asoka, DeN. Ace Sik.-B.
chinensis, peter Sik-Up. B. =meelleri, DeN. la-
Fd. zula, M.
areste, é Nep.-As.
Hew.
bazalus, soc Sik.-B. =teesta, DeN. tur-
Hew. bata, But.
singla,DeN. B siete Sik.-Up. B.
antura, Sw. a Ten. very near vihara
or adorea.
agrata, anise 8. B.
iDeN.
edias, wae B.
Hew.
-agnis, Fd. Pete B.
yendava, asia B. ?=agnis, Fd.
Gr.
Ehamti, eee Up. As.
Doh
cenea, Hew. jhe Sik.-As.
rama, Koll. wa Kash.-B,
atrax, Hew. mtere B.
hewitsoni, aes TE. =atrax Au ct nec
Hew.
alemon, winela B.
DeN.
canaraica, = Ss.
alea, Hew. ee 1? locality doubtful.
dodoneza, ait Chit.-Kum.
M.
comica, f Bhamo:) | OG, genase Bethune Baker places co
DeN. as a casual aberration c
donza, but as dodon
never been found e
Kumaon and comica w:
crived from Burma this ¢
not possibly be the case,
paramuta, oe Nap.-B.
DeN.
zeta, M. .. Ano An.
roona, M...
agelastus,
Hew.
Sounguva,
°Gr. S.
An.-Ten, ?=zeta, M.
Ten. ?—moolaiana M.
B:
Genus. Sub-genus.
| LYCANIDA.—contd,
/Arhopa la.
—conid,
Zesius >..
Deudoryx.
Hysudra .. sees
Virachola..
A LIST OF INDIAN BUTTERFLIES,
Species. Race.
ARHOPALINE—contd,
perissa,
Doh.
asopia, ABO
Hew.
aeeta, DeN.
ease
perimuta,
M
belphoebe,
Doh.
duessa,
Doh.
ammonides,
Doh.
birmana,M. risfela
eeee
aberrans,
DeN.
paraganesa, sA08
DeN.
zephyretta,
Dok.
arie], Doh, shel
ganesa, M, netate
watsoni, Ev.
arvina, eielers
Hew.
adala, DeN.
fulla, Hew.
andamani- Hout
ca, W. M,
& DeN-
DEUDORIGINE,
chrysomal-
lus, Hiib.
epijarbas,
M.
diara, Sw.
gaetulia,
DeN.
hypargyria,
El.
selira, M, eas
hades,
DeN.
isocrates.
Fab.
perse, Hew. eetrala
Locality. Synonyms, &e.
Ten,
Ten.
Ten. B.B. considers this
to be an ab of
asopia.
Sik.-B.
As.-B,
Ten.
Ten
S. B. =arisba, DeN,
B.
Kum.-Up.B,
Up.-As.
Up.-As.
Chit Kam lelsele srs
Up. B.
Ten =abee, DeN,
Ten. =adulans, DeN,
An,
An. Ten. =subfasciata, M.
Malda. I have a curious
Centr. male ab, which is
I.,8. C. blue above in-
stead of copper.
I, B. C. An.
Ni.
Jaintia H.
As.-B.
Karen, H. Elwes placed this
in Rapala but
makes no men-
tion of any se-
condary sexual
characters,
Chit..Kum,
Ten.
5. C.
I, C.
993
Notes.
Watson described a race of ga-
nesa from the Chin Hills in
JB.N. H.S. x. but gave it no
name; I propose to call it
watsoni. I think ganesa, dodo:
- nea and rama ought to be
placed together,
Bingham includes what I have
called the Deudorigine with
the Thecline. I am not sure
that it would not be preferable
to restrict Deudoriginze for
the first portion and place
every thing from Thamala on-
wards in a new sub-family
which might be called Myri-
nine,
994
Genus. Sub-genus.
LYCANID#—conid.
Virachola. eee
—contd,
Rapala
Sinthusa.. yer
Listeria .. aeae
Dacalana .. Gee
Arrh eno- elas
trix.
Camena ..(Camena)..
Species.
DEUDORIGINE.—contd.
smilis,Hew.
deliochus,
Hew.
tara, DeN.
sphinx,
Fab.
scintilla,
DeN.
lankana, M.
schistacea,
abnormis,
El.
buxaria,
DeN.
rosacea,
DeN.
nissa, Koll.
ranta, Sw.
varuna,
Hors.
subguttata,
refulge ns,
DeN.
petosiris,
Hew.
suffusa, M.
melampus,
Cr.
jarbas,Fab,
xenophon,
Fab.
nasaka,
Hors.
chandrana,
mab
virgo, El...
dudgeoni,
DeN.
vidura
penicillig e-
ra, DeN.
cotys, Hew.
ctesia, Hew.
argentea,
Aurivill,
leetas, Hew.
deva, M. ..
Race.
rogersi, Sw.
intermedia,
amba, Kirby.
-- burmana, M.
JOURNAL BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXI.
Locality. Synonyms, &e.
An.
B.
kum,-As. —francesia, Sw.
Syl.-B. —=nicevillei, Sw. a
darker form.
Sik.
Ss. C.
I. C.
Karen H..
Sik.-Up. B.
Sik.-As.
Kash.-B. —rectivitta, M.
maculata, Seitz.
subpu rpurea,
ats - Leech,
Jaintia, H.:
I, B.C. An.
sea and lazulina,
tH Vie
Ni.
Karen, H..
Khasi H.,-
Nep.
Sik.-B.
oriss.
Syl.-B. —testa, Sw. bar-
thema, Dist.
is OAM
Sik.-B. Seitz. as a race of
melampus,
Beng. As.- —dieneces, He w.
B.. damona, Sw.
An, Ni.
Kangra.-
As.
B.
Kum.-Up-
B.
Sik.-B,
NEUSE) ae Pee oe
Bhut.
Ss. B.
As.-B.:
Nep.-B.
Kum.-As,
Sik.-B.-S. —cippus Auct, nec
Fab-
Dalhousie-
B.
I.B.C. =lila, M. (?race
from N. I).
=orseis, Hew. gri- R rogersi is much larger 4
Notes.
varuna ; some specimens fi
Burma are equally large.
Listeria is rather a peculiar g
nus; I am not sure tha
would not be better placed
the Thecline.
A LIST OF INDIAN BUTTERFLIES. 995
Genus. Sub-genus. Species. Race. Locality. Synonyms, etc. Notes.
LYCANIDA—contd, DEUDORIGINE contd,
jamena, (Camena)- carmenta- riicie’ Sik.-B, 55.6060 I think ister should be dropped,
--cuntd, —contid. lis, Den, it seems to bea female aberra-
tion of cleobis. Swinhoe states
that it is the female of what
DeN. described as carmentalis;
he may be right but the two
insects are very dissimilar. I
have a female ab of cleobis
from the Nilgiris very similai
: tot is i . M.
peeterdes! buen Karen H.. o the type of ister in the B.M
El.
(Creon) .. cleobis, mee Ve =Iister, Hew, ? a
God. femaie ab.
(Maneca) .. bhotea., M. ine Sik.
(Creusa) .. culta, DeN. aeoe As,
ps .. (Ops) «» ogyges othe Ten.
4 ( DeN.
oeta, DeN. ate Ten.
melastig- eels Sik. B.-S.
ma, DeN.
(Britomar- cleoboides. eo. Sik-B.
tis). El.
(Bullis) .. buto, DeN. ahs Ten.
valentia, conc Khasi H.°
Sw. é
Dajuria ..(Tajuria).. longinus, sad I. B.C. =cippus, Fab.
Fab.
jehana, M. sone I,C.
nela, Sw... net Jaintia H.
diaeus, ayes Muss-As,
Hew.
thyia, DeN. cover Sik.-As,
albiplaga, Siac Sik.
DeN.
tyro, DeN.. ear B.
(Remelana). yajna, Doh. pa Muss-Bhut. “istroidea, DeN.
megistia, 56.00 As.
Hew. ‘
teza, Sw. abca Jaintia H.
thria, DeN. sees Ten.
donatana, sees Ten.
DeN.
mantra,Fd. sees Ten.
jangala. -.. ravata, M. .. Sik.-B. jangala,Hors.,Java.
andamanica, An.
W.M. & DeN.
-(Cophanta). llurgis, wee Muss-B. Ste te ee . There are several specimens of
Hew. luculenta, Leech (described
from Omei Shan) in the B.M.
F from the Khasi Hills; it is very
similar to illurgoides and may
be a local race of the latter
species; it differs in -having
a large extent of pale coeru-
lean blue above,
illurgoides, aie fos Kum.-Up.
DeN. 6
luculenta, Garo Khasi
Leech.
maculatus, aetate Sik.-B.5.
Hew.
jalindra ., indra,M. .. Sik.-As.
Beng. 8.
tarpina, Hew An.
996
Genus. Sub-genus.
LYCAHANIDA—conid.
Hypolye 2x- 5000
na.
Chliiaria ..
Thamala ..
Sithongs- nates
Araotes .. 5.0.00
Biduanda. .
Marmessus,
Suasa ae 9200
Neoch e r i-
tra.
Manto
Hoxylides.
Cheritra ..
Ticherra ..
Cheritrella.
Zeltus a5
Bindahara.
pxswva
Yasoda ..
Ritvra
Neomyrina.
Drina
‘Species.
DEUDORIGINE.—contd,
erylus, Ged.
thecloides,
'd.
othona,
Hew.
kina, Hew.
nilgirica,
M
merguia,
Doh.
miniata, M.
nedymond,
Cr
lapithis, M.
thesmia,
Hew.
seudderii ..
melisa,
Hew.
cyara, Hew.
nicevillei,
Doh.
lysias, Fab.
lisides,
Hew.
amrita, Fd.
fabronia,
Hew.
martina,
Hew.
tharis,Hiib,
freja, Fab.
acte,M. ..
truncipen-
nes, DeN.
etolus, Fab.
phocides,
Fab.
sugriva
atymnus,
Cr.
tripuncta-
ta, Hew.
aurea,
Druce.
hiematlis,
God. &Salv.
donina.
Hew,
Race.
jafira, But. ..
areca. Ed.
-.» moorei,Fruh.
surya, M.
arcuata, M...
prabha, M. ..
ones
JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XX,
Locality.
Sik.-B. An.
Ten. Ni.
Muss.-B. 8S.
Muss.-B.
S. C.
Ten.
E.Kum.—B.
8. C.
E. Kulu-B.
Sik-B.
Sik-B. S.
Beng. As.-
B. An.
Ni.
8. C.
N. I. B. Ni.
5S.
C.
An.
Sik.-B.
Synonyms, &c. Notes.
=andamana, M.
=cachara, M., an
exact Synonym.
=watsoni, Sw.
A number of different B:
das are recorded from
serim ; there are only sg;
mens of melisa and the:
in the B. M-
=fabricia, M.
=boisduvalii, M.; M. lysias is recorded from the
moorei, Dist. is Nicobars but DeNicey
from the Malay considered it to have been
Peninsula, error.
an
ers
The Ceylon race of freja diff
from jaffra only in size.
=? pseudojafira
M. Ceylon.
=ines Sw. ( Anda-
mans),
—kamorta, Fd,
sugriva, Hors,
Java.
‘Genus. Sub-genus.
LYCANID ZA —conid.
harana ..
ehera .. mati
tapec i1- Sate
athinda
oraga : acc
Liphyra ac wees
HESPERIID.
rt hope-
tus.
Capila
Calliana ..
Crossiura..
Hantana “0
‘Achalarus. Sood
Charmion..
Celenor- at
_rhinus.
A LIST OF INDIAN BUTTERFLIES.
Species. Race. Locality.
DEUDORIGINE—contd.
mandari- aes Sik.-B. An.
nus, Hew.
cepheis, DeN. Cachar,
GRyX ae ne Ge Sik-B.
skinneri, Cachar-
W.M. and Khasi.
DeN.
elegans, Muss.-B.S.
Druce. G
subochra- Sone Karen, H,
cea, El.
delicatum, Soc Sik.
DeN.
amor,Fab.. As,-Oriss,8.
Cc.
onyx, M... Lt tc Dalhousie-
B. Oriss.
cingalensis, 8. C.
M.
moulmeina. Sik.-B
rana, DeN. An.
viola, M. .. eros Kangra-
Sik. 8.
albimacul a, An,
W. M. and
DeN.
LIPHYRIN».
brassolis, Sik. B.
Wa.:
HESPERIIN®.
phaneus, Bare B.
Hew,
lalita, Doh. stent B.
lidderda 1 i, Bhut.
El.
jayadeva, Sik.-B.
M.
zennara, M. Sik.-B.
pieridoides, Bhut-As,
pennicilla- ee? As.
tum, DeN.
infernus, acioo C.
Fd
bifasciatus. liliana, Atk.. As.B.
casyapa, M... Kash-Kum,
ficulnea, sales B.
Hew.
pero, DeN. Ee Kangra-As.
pulomaya, Seieie Kangra-As,
aspersa, As.-B.
Leech.
ambareesa, Shire Beng.-As.
M.
flavocincta, stared Bhut.
DeN.
sumitra, M. Sik.
Synonyms, &e. Notes.
=sikkima, M. H. moulmeina only differs from
onyx in being ochreous below
instead of dull brown.
=andamana, M.
se eee The Hesperiidse have been ar-
ranged in accordance with
Elwes and Hdwards revision
(T.Z.8. 1897); the Ismeninze
have been separated as done by
Mabille in the Macrolepidop-
tera. I have given a full
synonomy.
The §& Burma
form differs
slightly.
bifasciatus, Leech,
China.
=signata Druce,
leucographa, Pl.
=lucifera, Leech.
=clitus, DeN.
998 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXT.
Genus. Sub-genus. Species. Race. Locality. Synonyms, he. Notes.
HESPERIID A! ~ contd. HESPERIsN@--contd.
Cel 2 n or- wade pyrrha, code Kum.-B. =patula, plagifera, Pyrrha seems a good species
yhinus. DeN. DeN.: pluscula, differing from sumitra in
anh Leech. having prominent discal spots!
on the hindwing above; su-
mitra is a good deal larger’
and only bears a series o
marginal spots on the hind-
wing.
maculicor- EOS, As.
nis, Hl. &
Ed.
leucocera, 605) I. B, An. =putra,M.,leucoci-
Koll. circa, El.
munda, M. sents Kulu-Sik.
spilothyrus, aes Sik.-S. C. —yuficornis, Mab.?
Fd. area, Plotz.
fusca, ane 8. cer niele C.-fusea can easily be separated
Hamp. from spilothyrus by the che-
quered cilia.
chamunda, es Sik.-Up. B.
nigricans, cenGs Kulu.-B.
DeN.
asmara, Bs As,-B. —cacus, consertus,
But. DeN.; goto, ee!
palajava, Std.
dhanada, Soe Muss. B. ee
M.
andamani- See An. Ni.
ca, W.M.
and DeN. ®
zea, Sw. .. Sak Khasi H.
affinis, El. ecevaie As.-B.
and Hd.
aurivitta- chitote As.-B.
ta, M.
badia, M... AP ove Sik.-As.
Cnaiolade sees indrani, M. s00s Muss.-B Sodade C. tissa is the plain form of
indrani; some specimens of
indrani from Burma are very
pale,
tissa, M. .. Beng. Cetr. =lankae, Pl. Sikkim specimens of dan are
1-8. C. very light, but the species is
extremely variable. |
dan, Fab... pon Kash.-B. S. =fatih, Koll; cacus,
laxmi,DeN. wake Sik.-B. Lat.; dea, Leech;
dichroa, Pl.
agni, DeN. pees Sik.-B.
agnioides, Baris As.
El. & Ed.
buchananii, eyelels Up. B.
DeN.
hamilto n i, silos As.
DeN.
Yapena .. eee thwaitesi, ites Oriss.-B. C.
minuscula, Sse B.
EL. & Ed.
hampso n i, Sood Ss.
El. & Ed.
Ct en opti- Bu ga vasava, M. eiatete Muss.- B.
lum.
multigutta- pitas 13%
ta, DeN,
Odontopt i- Soysts angula ia, asec 1.-B. =sura, M.
lum. Fd.
pygela, oaa0 S.B.
Genus. Sub-genus.
SESPERIID ZA contd.
Caprona .. eee
Tagiades .
A LIST OF INDIAN BUTTERFLIES.
Species. Race. Locality. Synonyms, &e.
HESPERIINE—conld.
ransonnet- 008 I.-C. =taylorii. DeN.
tii, Fd.
alida, DeN... Up.-B. kuki, Bing., an ab.
syrict hus, I.B. —agama, M., elwe-
Fd, sii, Wat.
helteri, Fd. Ni. =noctis.
ravi, M. _., Beng. Sik- fA es
B. An.
alica, M. .. Ser Cash-As.- _athos, Pl.; mee-
B, An. tana, M.
distans, Beng. 8. C. —? obeurus, Mob.
M.
gana, M. .. Sik.-B. |—menanto, Pl.?
lavata, But. Wek Ten
atticus, I. B. C. an. —menaka, M. ;calli-
Fab. gana, But.; litigi-
osa, Mosch.
nana, El. & BEE, As.-B.
Ed.
dealbata, As.-B.
Dist.
trichon e u- Syl.-B. )
ra, Fd. : > douktfully separate.
pralaya, M. Sik.-B. J
pinwilli, As.-B.
But. :
tabrica, Sik. ?zace or ab of pin-
Hew. willi-
999
Notes.
C. saraya is almost certainly a
variety of taylorii the d.‘s. f. of
ransonnettii. I have specimens
agreeing with saraya from the
Dun. C. alida and ransonnettii
seem to run into one another.
There is a specimen in the B.
M. marked ‘ kuki, Bing., Loo-
shai Hills, to be described in
part ITI Butterflies, Fauna of
India ’’; until more specimens
are obtained it should be re-
garded as an ab. of alida.
Thave caught specimens of sy-
ricthus in the Palni Hills
smaller than elwesii, Wat.
The form khasiana of ravi, with
more or less white on the
hindwing below is merely
seasonal,
The alica-gana group is rather
confusing. T.alica was descri-
bed trom the Andamans and
is inseparable from athos, Pl.
from Sylhet ; meetana, M. is
from Tenasserim and is rather
paler. T. distans (=? obscurus
Mab, Java) was described from
Calcutta and differs somewhat
from alica, the translucent
spots on the forewing are pro-
minent and the upper black
discal spot on the hindwing
below is well separated from
the lower spots and not in line
with them. TT. gana was de-
seribed from Java and only
differs from alica in having a
large snow white area on the
hindwing above. Indian spe-
cimens are smaller : there are
in the.B. M. specimens of gana
from Ceylon, which ought, I
suppose, to be referred to dis-
tans. Ihave placed alica dis-
tans and gana as separate
Species following Elwes, but
I think that they will eventu-
ally prove to be races of a
single variable species.
1000
Genus. Sub-genus.
HESPERIID Z—contd,
Satarupa ..
Odina
Darpa
Sarangesa.
Carch a r o-
dus.
Hesperia ..
Thanaos .. Risliie
Gomalia
Species. Race.
HESPERIIND—Contd,
gopala, M.. aovehe
bhagava,M.
andamani c a,
WM & DeN.
narada, M. 5o00
phisara, M.
sambara,M.
dohertyi,
Wat.
affinis.Druce.
decorat us,
Hew.
ortygia,
DeN.
hanria, M.
purendra,
M.
sati, DeN.
dasahara,
albicilia, M. ra
althee,
Hiib.
alcez, Esp.
eee
galba, Fab.
zebra, But. Benet
orbifer,
Hub.
phlomidis. geron, Wat ..
poggei, Led. aos
alpina,
Ersch,
cashmirensis,
marloyi,
Bal.
‘albofascia-
ta, M
Locality. Synonyms, &e.
Sik.-B,
Sik.-B.
Oriss. S.
An,
Sik. B.
Sik.-B.
Sik.-As. =corinna, Pl.
Muss, Kum.
B. =cognata, Druce
and? niphetes,
Weymer.
Syl.-B.
Ten.
Muss,-As.
Kulu-Kum.
Centr. I-S,
Cutch.C.P.?
Kangra.- B.
Centr. S.
(Ch =sezendis, Pl.
Bal.:Chit, =marrubii, H.S.;
boeticus, Ramb.,
Bal.-Chit.- —malvarum, God. ;
Kash, dravira, M.;swin-
hoei, Wat.
I. B.S, =superna, M.;eva-
nidus, But.
Punjab. =hellas, DeN.;
nanus, Trimen.
Chit. q5a00a
Bal. phlomidis, H. §8.,
Asia Minor,
Bal.
Chithy) ses = ees F
Kash.- =durwazica, Cr,
Kum,
Chit. nooded
Kangya-§S, =-littoralis, Swin.
Cc Bal
Sindj
=? diversa, Leech. sg, diversa
JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXT.
Notes.
is yecorded from)
Assam ; it is very near narada
and may be the Chinese race ;
all the Assam specimens [I
have seen of this variable
form are narada,
H. evanidus Moes not seem se-
parate from galba; . zebra
seems quite distinct.
Chitral specimens of orbifer are
near lugens, Std., Thian Shan,
a variety not given in Elwes
and Edwards: the species is
extremely variable and runs
into sao Berg,
Typical alpina occurs in Chitral;
Kashmir specimens have all
the markings very reduced ;
the two forms were both de-
seribed in 1874,
Chitral specimens of marloyi
are much darker than those
in the B. M. from other locali-
ties,
Benus. Sub-genus.
ERIID# —- contd.
eee -
A LIST OF INDIAN BUTTERFLIES.
Species.
Race.
PAMPHILIN».
avanti,
DeN.
dieckman-
ni, Greeser.
vittatus,
Fad.
subditus,M.
hampsoni,
Hl. & Ed.
pulligo,
Mab.
olivascens,
M.
henriei,
Bal.
xanites,
But.
rubecola,
Pl6tz.
butleri,
WM.& DeN,
swerga,
DeN.
gremius,
Fab,
aditus, M.
bipunctus,
Sw.
minuta, M.
maevius,
Fab.
danna, M..
ceram as,
Hew.
atropune-
tata, Wa:.
archias, Fd.
ziclea, Pl..
maro, Fab.
maroides,
DeN.
obert
& Ed
see
Septent r io-
num, WM. &
DeN.
seco
Wat.
huri,El.
1001
Locality. Synonyms, ke. Notes.
Kum. Sik.
As.-Up. B. =demea, Ober,.;
gemmatus,Leech.
Cc.
Ss.
Siigeley, = Godoe 5 Theso called septentrionum re-
corded from the Nilgiris is re-
5 ally the d,s, f, of subditus,
Cach.-B.§. =vulunda, forensis,
kethra, Pl.;subfa-
Sciata, M,
Kum-B. =chinensis, Leech; A, jama, Fd,, Sumatra, is a very
Beng. 8, melania, Pl, obscure form; Felder com-
pared it with Aeromachus in-
distincta and the female type
_ is said to=koruthaialos but-
As.-B. =kada, Sw.? nubi- Jeri female.
lus, Mab.
B.
Naga B. .. =hector, Wat.;gem-
mifer, But.; pala-
wites, Std.
Sik.-B.
Sik.-B.
I.B.C. =vraika, Pl; sub- Robsonii is merely a starved
grisea and divo- aberration of gremius; I have
dasa,N.; robsonii, aspecimen from Jabalpur and
DeN,, an ab, two dwarfed specimens of
gremius (also from Jabalpur)
rather near robsonii.
Sik.-B. =sala, E],and Ed,; §, aditus is usually put as a sy-
Beng.-An. nec, Hew, nonym of sala, Hew.; sala is,
however, a very different form
= and put here under Pedestes.
(GE =sinhalus, Pl. ;
I. B. =flaccus, Fab,; sa- The Ceylon form of maevius has
gara, M, not the veins on the hindwing
below conspicuously pale as in
continental specimens,
Simla.-As,
s. =silhetica, Pl,
nicevillei. Bombay .. =coras, Auct; nac,
Cr.
Trichino-
poly-Ani-
malai H.
Up. B.
Ten, qaisoac T, archias is rather like A, maro
above, and below like T, dara.
B. =mesoides, Std.; T, ziclea is exactly like small
luzonensis, Mab. specimens of T. dara that have:
no black spotting below; the
only difference is the antennze
which in ziclea have a spatu-
late club, yellow coloured
below; in dara the club is
all black and has a terminal
crook.
I,B.C. dioscoroides, Fab.;
camerta,M,;lynx,
Moésch ; palemo-
nides, Pl.
Ten.
1002
Genus.
HESPERIID & —contil.
Jambrix .
Ochus oe
Aéeroma-
chus,
Sebastony-
ma,
Pedesies ..
Isma
Hyarotis ..
Arnetta
Itys
Zograp h e-
tus.
Scobura ..
Sub-genus.
JOUR NAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCTETY, Vol. XX,
Specics. Race. Locality. Synonyms, ke. Notes. ‘
a
PAMPHILIN®-—contd, ‘
; -
salsala, M. asker Sik.-B, S.C, =luteipalpis, Pl, es
ih
stellifer, 5004 B. Ny
But. ‘,
subvitta- Blerets Kum,-Up.B. =subradiatus, M, “
tus, M. ‘A
stigmata, dass Kangra-As. CHGS There are practically no speci
M. mens of Aeromachus in thy
B. M. collection. me |
disereta,Pl. Betas As.-B, my
¥
jhora, DeN. etre Sik,-B. y
dubius, Ei. aire S. » ‘1
& Ed,
indistinct, boi B.-8. =pygmea, M,
obsoleta, M. S60 AS, : ’
kali, DeN.. Seite Sik,-B.
dolopia, HB Sik,-B.
Hew.
masurien- see Muss.-Sik.
sis, M.
pandita, 3o94 Sik.-As.
DeN.
sala, Hew, eles Cachar.- =submaculata,Std, I ae always under the impres
Buc sion that sala was the sam
? species as aditus, but on ex
mining Hewitson’s type
found it to be what has usua
ly been called submaculata
sala was described in Suastus
Elwes and Edwards place
submaculata in Plastingia an
DeNiceville put the latter i
Pedestes in his list of the 2}
Kanara butterflies. I defer t
DeNiceville’s opinion but i
general appearance sala is ver
like Suastus gremius: it ca
be easily distinguished fro
gremius by the spotted apex o
the forewing below.
protoclea, 5008 SB: =lapis, DeN,
Hs.
adrastus, Slane I,B.C, =praba, M.:pheoeni-
Cr, cis, Hew.
vindhiana, ofa) whe Centr. I. 8. =nilgiriana,modes-
M. ta, M.
atkinsoni, atthe Sik.-B. =subtestaceus,kha-
M. sianus, M.
binghami, Haleys Ss. B.
Sw.
microstic- Anco Cachayr. .
tum, WM.
& DeN,
satwa, DeN. see Kum.-B.
flavalum, see Sik,
DeN.
ogygia, Nate Sik.-B. 8. =flavipennis, DeN,
‘Hew. ~ An. d.s. f.
maculicor- 90:90 B. ? very near if not=
nis, El. P. sala, Hew.
& Ed.
phiditia, eee B. =martini, El.and §. phiditia is usually placed i
Hew. Kd. Suastus, but as it is generall
believed to be the male
Scobura martini, [think it 3
better placed here.
cephala, Sho Sik.-B. =isota, Sw.
Hew.
cephaloi- syolete As.-B.
des, DeN.
A LIST OF INDIAN BUTTERFLIES. 1005
Species. Race. Locality. Synonyms; de. Notes.
PampHILIN«=-—contd.
anthea, Wan Ten. =tagiadoides, Mab.
Hew. : R
thrax, L. .. sien Dun.-B. lara, Sw. E. acroleuca is given from As-
sam to Burma as well as from
the Andamans, but continen-
tal specimens differ somewhat
and are best regarded as small
varieties of thrax.
acroleuca, An. =hiraca, M.
WM. & DeN. J ;
batara, M.. Aace B. =attina, M; latreil- HE. batara was formerly placed
lei, Fd; cruda, inaseparate genus, Unkana.
HS. ; anitta, Pl.
pholus, PeeL) Bhut.-As.
DeN. .
thyrsis, aeaie Sik.-B. =pandia, M.
Fab. Beng.-S. C.
lebadea, ania Sik.-B. C. glandulosa, Dist.;
Hew. An. subfasciata, M.;
andamanica,
4 WM. & DeN.
ENE. Wi on an i TBC An
purpuras- Aes As.-B.
eens, El.
& Ha.
druna, M... Sura Sik.-B. An. =pulla, Pl.
sasivarna, sisrers Sik.-B.
shalgrama, Hood Sik.-B.
DeN.
diocles, M. nase Kum.-B.
swinhoei, Leas As.-B. soceda S. swinhoei was first put in the
Hi. & Ed. genus Watsonia but the latter
name was found to be preoc-
cupied.
hyela .. rudolphii, Sik.-B. hyela, Hew.; Malay
El. & DeN. Penin.
distanti, wert B. =pavona, DeN.
Std.
callineura, sede B,.
margherita, saree As,-B. ?a race of callineu-
DeN. Yae
corissa, hee Ten. =drancus, Pl.; lato-
Hew. nia, Std.; indrasa-
na, El, & DeN,
noemi, note Sik.-B.
DeN,
naga, DeN, Age As-B. =? tessellata, Hew.
idyalis, rons S.B. Placed by DeN. in
4 DeN, Isma.
iotongus .. ene calathus, fies 8.B =maculatus, Dist.;
Hew. parthenope,Weym.;
‘ aliena, Std,; zala-
tes, sarus, Mab. ;
traviata, Pl.
zeus, DeN. ohio As.-B,
avesta, are B. tamiata, Std.
Hew.
sarala, pene As,
‘ DeN.
Bus. . sae: eyrina, te ae Sik.-B =parea, DeN.; me-
4 Hew. leagrina, Std.
taproba- tetera 2c, =mythecoides
: nus, Pl. DeN,
Rit irava, M. .. se B =hypeepa, Hew.
bhawani, Gis B,
DeN.
1004
Genus.
HESPERIID A —contd.
Pithauria,
Oerane ..
Notocrypta.
Udaspes
Actinor ..
Cupitha ..
Augiades ..
Telicota .. (Telicota).
Sub-genus.
(Padraona).
Species.
PAMPHILINS—contd,
murdava
M,.
straminei-
pennis,
WM, &
DeN.
aitchisonii,
WM.&DeN.
neera,DeN,.
feisthame-
lii, Bdl,
paralysos,
WM. &
DeN.
basiflava,
DeN,
monteithii,
WM. «&
DeN,
folus, Cr,
radians, M.
purrea, M..
subhyalina,
Br. & Gr.
Siva. M.
brahma, M.
- augias, L..
bambuse,
palmarum,
concinna,
El. & Ed,
gola, M.
rectifas ¢ i-
ata, El. &
Ed.
dara, Koll.
Race.
eeee
Locality.
Sik,-B.
Sik,-B.
Cachar.-B.
S.-B.
I.B.C.
An.
5.
cachar,-B.
TBC:
Chit.-Dun.
Sik.-B.
Oriss. S,An.
AS.
As.-B.
JOURNAL BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXI.
Synonyms, &e.
I have a_ spotless
ab. of this,
=glauca, Std.
=curvifascia, Fd.
alysos, albifascia,
restricta, M.; vo-
lux, Mab.; clava-
ta, Std,; rectifas-
cia, Leech ; vari-
ans, Maas. ; chi-
maera, PI.
?araceof feistha-
melii,
=Singularis, Mab,
—tympanifera, M.;
lycorias, Mab.
Muss.-Kum. ? a race of siva.
I. B. An.
JE 1845 (05,
Beng.-B.
An.-Ni.
Ss.
Sik.-B.
Oriss. 8. C.
An.
Sik.-B.
ie 12d) (Op
An.
eoecen
=pythias, Mab.
=chrysozona, Pl.
=goloides,M.; akar,
Mab.; locus, alfu-
rus,fabriolata, Pl.
=—mesa, M.; me-
soides, pseu do-
mesa, But.; hata-
erus, Semp.; su-
nias, Fd.; flava,
nitida, ta xilus,
trachala, zebra,
Mab.; nala, za-
tilla, Pl.
Notes.
N. restricta is often regarde
a different species from ‘
thamelii but I think they
should be united.
I have here followed Elwes as
regards the synonymy of dara
but with considerable doubt ;
De Niceville and Watson both
placed meesoides and pseudh
mesa as separate species oc:
curring with dara. Kollars
type specimen came presum-
ably from the W- Himalayas,
and is probably exactly the
same as mesa M., Kunawur,
the small pale form, pale yel-
low below spotted with black.
T, pseudomesa is from Ceylon n
and is very like dara differing
only in being a dark yellow
orange below ; it may be a race
of dara but is not a distinct’
species, T. msesoides was de-
scribed from a Malacca speci-
men in poor condition with no
antenne it is like dara but dar-
ker, below it is dark yellowish’
red and the marks are not de-
fined with black; there are
similar specimens from South
Burma in the B. M. I have
not seen the types of the other
““ species’? described. In the
B, M, and in my own collection
two forms stand out, a small
but at present Ido not see my
way todo anything than con-
sider all the Indian specimens
as belonging to dara.
Sub-genus Species.
Be ens.
PERIID H—contd.
zema, Hew.
cerata,
Hew.
astigmata,
8
Ww.
hyrie, DeN.
kumara,
Den.
knyvetti,
Hl, & Hd.
moorei,
Wat.
ceylonica,
M
homolea,
Hew.
sikkima, M.
hyrtacus,
DeN.
egena, Fd.
fusca, El ..
Sitala DeN.
evershedi,
Ev.
gupta, DeN.
debilis, Hl.
& Hd.
aina, DeN.
separata,
M
albipectus,
DeN.
masoni, M.
honorei,
DeN.
decorata,
M
meiktila,
DeN.
watsoni,
DeN.
semamora,
M.
arnara ..(Baoris) .. oceia, Hew,
.(Milena) .. plebeia,
DeN
ornata, Fd.
Race.
PaMPHILINE—Ccontd.
eeae
esee
Locality.
Bhut-As.
Sik.-Bhut.
Sik.
Muss.-B.
Beng.-S. An.
Oriss.-S.C.
Sik.-B.
Sik.-As.
C.
B.
8.
Palni H.
Garhwal.
AS.
As.
Garhwal.
As.
Kum. As.
Shan St.
B.
Ss.
C.
Cachar.
B.
B.
Sik.-B,
Sik.-B. Beng
Centr. I. C.
An.
Muss,-B.
Oriss. 8.
A LIST OF INDIAN BUTTERFLIES,
Synonyms, de.
=ormenes, Pl.
=teliga, Sw.
=marta, aucma,
Sw.; palawea,
Serup.
=wantona & pera- H.
ra, Sw.
—brunnea, Pl,
=barea, Hew.
—farri, penicillaia,
seopulifera, M.;
sikkima, Sw.;
unicolor, M.
>=mormo, Mab,
1005
Notes.
H. moorei is probably a race
of ceylonica,
sikkima with
uered cilia is different to
homolea: the Assam form
(wankons) seems rather smal-
er
its uncheq-
There are some specimens be-
longing to Halpe in the B. M.
from Ceylon and South Burma
which belong to undescribed
species but being only single
specimens I donot think that
they ought to be described
until more are obtained,
-Plebeia, the only Parnara with
a tuft of hair on the underside
of the forewing deserves to be
placed in a separate subgenus
for which I propose the name
Milena. Swinhoe’s Caltoris
does not seem worth retain-
ing.
1006
Genus. Sub-genus. Species. Race.
HESPERIIDM—contd. PAMPHILIND— contd.
brunnea,
Snell.
Parnara. (Chapra) ..
— contd.
prominens, sod
M.
mathias,
Fab.
(Parn a ra ) philippina, Sacre
Hs.
kumara,M, coe
canaraica, ties
aurociliata,
El. & Ha.
pagana,
DeN.
moolata, M.
austeni, M. d005
cahira, M. ae
toona, M...
eltola, Hew.
discreta, obo5
El. & Hd.
guttiatus, seee
Br. & Gr.
bada, M. .. snes
colaca, M..
bevani, M. ata:
assamensis,
WM. &
DeN.
conjuncta,
fe
uma, DeN.
tulsi, DeN.
Locality.
B.
Kangra.-B.
Centr. I. 8.
I. B. C. An.
Sik.
Sik.B.Beng-
As.-B.
Sik.-B.S.C.
An.
B.-An.
Kum.-B. 8.
Kangra.-B.
Sik.-B.
Chit.-As,
| ie Sa OF
I. B. C. An.
Ni.
I. B.
Muss.-As.
I. B. C. An.
B.
Sik.-Up.B.
JOURNAL BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXI_~
Synonyms, &e.
=ceere, DeN.; so-
dalis, Mab.
=midea, Walker ;
sinensis, Mab.; si-
milis, Leech.
=thrax-Led; julia-
nus Lat; larika,
Pag; agna, sub-
ochracea, chaya,
M., balarama,
ella. Pl.
=seriata, M.
=saruna, Pl.
=dravida, Mab,, fe-
male onchisa, Sw.
=male onchisa,Sw.
scortea, contigua The Assam form of too
(?), Mab.; Kolan-
tus, Pl.; pellu-
cida, Mur.?
=Sifa,wambo, nan-
doa,Pl.; mangala,
M.; fortunei,H.S.
philotas, DeN,
an ab.—haga, Pl.
intermedia, H. 8.
=clingala, M.; ure-
jus, Pi.
=? flexilis, Sw.;
thyone, Leech.
==abie, Pl.
javana, Mab.; na-
rooa, M.; alica,
Pl.
I have not seen
this.
=jolando, Pl.
P. philippina and kuma:
P. contigua, Mab. was put
Notes.
very close to one an
their genitalia were fo
be different by Elwes a:
wards. }
canaraica seems to be
only member of this
with spots on the hind
below ; the type female i
B.M., really belongs to conj
ta I think.
The group pagana—cah
flying together, are diffi
recognise ; pagana has
in 8 onthe forewing; ea
on the forewing below h
suffused black discal pe
moolata is very like a
the former is deep warm bh
below and the latter —
chestnut. ;
whiter spots, rather like
cida, the Chinese race.
synonym of toona by -
but the specimens ar
over this name in the B.M
the Javan form of conjun
Genus Sub-genus.
ogenes .- so8s
tegenes
Jyynnis .
smena
Rhopalo-
ecampta,
‘Badamia ..
| Bibasis
‘Hasora ..
*ESPERIID Ai—contd.
A LIST OF INDIAN BUTTERFLIES.
Species.
Race.
PaMPHILIN®E—contd.
alcides
nostro da-
mus, Fab.
comma
., lesliei, El. ..
ecee
-. dimila, M.
IsMENIN].
ataphus,
Wat,
tuckeri,
El. & Ed.
mahint ha,
M
jaina, M. ar
etelka,Hew.
harisa, M..
anadi, DeN.
vasutana,
amara, M..
gomata, M.
benjaminil,
Guer.
erawturdi,
Dist.
exclama-
tionis, Fab.
sena, M.
chuza,
Hew.
coulteri,
WM & DeN.
chabronaPl.
butleri,
Aurivill.
chromus,
Cr.
simplicis‘-
ma, M. ab.
anura,DeN.
badra, M.
epee
ener
fergusonil,
DeN.
malayana, Fd.
oreo
Locality.
Chit.
Bil.-Chit.- =pumilio
Dun. Panj.
- Chit.-Muss.
Synonyms, &C.
lefebrii.
Hoff. ;
Kumb.
pygmaeus, Hiib.:
karsana, M.
Kangra-B. =consobrina, Pl.;
Cc.
Ten.
Cachar- B.
Muss.-B.
B.
Sik.-B,
Muss,-As,
Kum.-As,
Sik.-Up. B.
Sik.-S,.
Kangra-B.
S: GC.
Cachar.
Sik.-B. 8.
I. B. C.
An.-Ni.
B. 8. C.
B.
Sik.-As.
Sik.-B.5S.C.
? cedipodea,
M.
lorquinii, Mab,
Cary
=electra, Std.
=ladon, Cr., thym-
bron, Fd.
chromus,
nec, Cr.
alexis, M.
==philetas, Pl.
Auct,
quadripunctata,
Mab.
Inthe B.M,
1007
Notes.
there are several
specimens, caught by me in
Chitral, placed as Arnetta les-
liei, El.; they are, however,
very close to Eogenes alcides,
differing in being darker, ra-
rely having any cell spot in
la on the forewing and in
often having a discal spot on
the hindwing below.
Ladak specimens ef dimila are
very pale.
I. wdepodea from Java has the
body and bases of the wings
above sprinkied with metallic
blue green seales.
Mackinnon in Mussoorie found
that R. benjaminii has 2 forms
of larva and Elwes (P.Z. 8. 1891).
pointed out that there seemed
to be 2 forms of the imago, one
with the green colour con-
fined to the base, and the
other green all over; this dif-
ference appearsto be merely
sexual and no further evi-
dence seems forthcoming as to
whether there are one or two
species under this name.
1008 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXT,
Postscript.
During a recent visit to Calcutta, I had an opportunity of
examining the DeNicéville’s collection and would like to make the
following notes :—
Neptis melba.—There is a single specimen of this species
in DeNicéville’s collection labelled by him “ Neptis nyctea, female
type.” I have examined the genitalia of my two specimens and
find that they are both males. I believe DeNicéville’s specimen
is also a melba. The genitalia of melba differ from those of nara-
yana, and manasa (= nyctea). In this connection it may be
remarked that Oberthiir, in ‘“‘Etudes,”’ 1906 (October), states that
he has eleven specimens of nyctea and three of manasa from
Sikkim: he considers that nyctea is a white marked race of
thisbe, Leech (China) and that menasa is distinct species, the
Chinese form of which he describes as nareissina.
Melitceea trivia mixta.—DeNicéville has labelled the specimens
of this race, that I sent him, as ‘‘ mercea, DeNicéville,’ but I do
not think that he ever published a description of mercea.
Tycena devanica gracilis—Similarly DeNicéville has labelled
this ‘‘ lysias,’’ but I have seen no description.
The range of Dilipa morgiana is given as ‘ Kulu.—Up. B”, it
should be ‘‘ Murree—Up. B”. Also the range of Dodona egeon
should be ‘* Kash—B”’ instead of ‘* Kash.—As.”
Errata in Part I.
P. 561, near top, “ camaralzaman, But. and “crameri”’ to be shifted up
one line: ‘‘ crameri’”’ should be opposite “ bremeri.”
P. 563, line 9, for “ Philareta”’ read “ Philarcta.”
P. 564, line 6 from end, for “ bolancica ”’ read “ bolanica.”’
P. 566, line 5, “ drypetis, Hew.,” to be shifted down one line, so as to be
in the same line as “ .. S. Oriss.”’
P. 570, line 13 from end, for “ diadernoides ”’ read diademoides.”’
P. 571, line 18, for “ Croweay ” read “ Crowley.”
P. 574, lines 7 and 8 from end, omit “eleanor, Fruh. 8.B.” and “ parda-
lis, M. Mergui.”’
P. 577, line 4 from end, “ columella, Cr.’ to be shifted down one line so
as to be in the same line as ‘“‘ Dun—Up. B.”
P. 578, line 7, “harita, M.” to be shifted down one line so as to be in
the same line as “ EZ. Beng—B.”
P. 573, line 10, “ anjana, M.” to be shifted to the left into the “species”
column. ;
P. 578, line 9 from end, omit “ananta, M....Chamba—B.”
1009
A POPULAR TREATISE ON THE COMMON INDIAN
SNAKES.
ILLUSTRATED BY COLOURED PLATES AND DIAGRAMS.
BY
Masgor F. Watt, I.M.S., C.M.Z.S.
Part XVIII with Plate XVIII, Diagram and Map.
(Continued from page 475 of this Volume.)
The genus Helicops is one of many into which aglyphous
colubrines, 7.e., colubrines without grooved or tubular teeth either
in the front or back of the maxilla, are divided. It contains
eleven species, which inhabit South Asia, Tropical Africa, and
North and South America, but only one of these, viz., schistosus
occurs within Indian limits. The type is the Brazilian JZ.
carmcauda,
HELICOPS SCHISTOSUS (Daudin).
THE OLIVACEOUS KEELBACK.
Our first introduction to this snake is through Russell who
figured, and remarked upon it in 1801.*
Nomenclature (a) Scientific.—The generic name for which Wagler
is responsible, dates back to 1830, and is from the Greek
“lis,” rolling, and ‘ops, ’’ eye, and seems to me specially
suitable to our Indian representative, for I do not think I have
ever observed another snake move its eyeballs so actively. The
specific title given by Daudin in 1803 from the Latin meaning
“slaty, was probably suggested by the dorsal colour of Russell’s
plate, or a spirit specimen. Itisto my mind not appropriate, for
in life the snake is olivaceous.
English.—The olivaceous Keelback seems to me a_ suitable
name.
Vernacular.—Russell says it is known to the natives (on the
Coromandel coast ?) as ‘‘Chittee” which I am told is Telugu for
* Ind. Serp.. Vol. II, Plate IV.
1010 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XX1.
little, and ‘“‘ Nalla wahlagillee pam.”” In Mysore it is known by
the Canarese name “ Barmnya. ”’
General characters.—The head is chiefly remarkable for its short,
and rather pointed muzzle. The shields are glossy. The nostril
is slit-like and placed rather high, distinctly approaching the type
seen in the true water snakes of the Family Homalopsine.
It occupies about half the depth of the nasal shield, which is
divided below it by a suture running to the Ist supralabial. The
eye is lateral in its setting, rather small, the pupil round, and the
iris speckled throughout with gold. The commissure of the mouth
viewed in profile is seen to take a sudden bend upwards behind
the eye. The tongue is plum-coloured. The neck is not very
evident. The body is rather stout for the length of the snake, and
the scales on the back are sharply ridged as in other Keelbacks.
The tail is long, its relative length being nearly one-third the total
length in males, but nearer one-fourth in females.
Dimensions.—My largest specimen is a 9 measuring 2 feet 104
inches. Females attain a greater length than males, and I have
had 7 measuring over 2 feet, but never a g reaching this length.
The average length of my 7 largest females is 2 feet 43? inches and
that for my 7 largest males only 1 foot 10 inches.
Identification.—In colouring and general appearance it may be
very easily confused with the water snake Hypsirhina enhydris, but
bears a still more striking resemblance to Rhabdops bicolor. It is
rather remarkable too that all these three snakes possess but a
single internasal shield, a rare feature in lepidosis. If the lepidosis
is studied its identification from all Indian snakes is easy.
Three characters must coexist, and these are (1) a single internasal,
(2) 19 costal rows in midbody, and 17 at a point two headslengths
before the vent, and (3) 8 or 9 supralabials. The combination of
the Ist and 2nd of these is only seen in two other Indian snakes,
viz., Cantoria violaceaand Hypsirhina pluwmbea which have respect-
ively but 4 and 5 supralabials.
Colowr.—Though Boulenger says it is dorsally olive-brown,
all the many specimens I have seen in life have been olive-green.
This hue is uniform on the upper parts of the head, body and tail
in adults, and abruptly ceases in the middle of the penultimate
THE COMMON INDIAN SNAKES. 1011
i
row. Boulenger * says there is usually a more or less distinct dark
lateral streak, and some specimens have two series of small black
spots along the back, but I have never noted these. Giinther{ says
that the young have a blackish streak from the orbit, continued
along the fore part of the body. The lower half of the penulti-
mate row of scales, the ultimate and the under parts of the snake
are uniform yellow, sometimes of a very bright hue. Sometimes
there is a pinkish or lilac suffusion on the penultimate and ulti-
mate rows. The head is uniform olivaceous above, merging to
yellow on the lips, and usually has no streaks from the orbit,
nor on the labials.
A very distinct variety occurs in South India which bears a
narrow reddish line down the back on the confines of the 5th and
6th rows above the ventrals where the scales are 19, and the 4th
and 5th where 17. ‘This line disappears at the vent and I have
noted is more vivid in males than females. I have never seen this
in specimens from the Ganges Basin (Fyzabad).
Disposition.—Though Cantort remarks that the species is very
fierce, and Ferguson§ quotes Ingleby’s words to the same effect, I
have invariably found it very much the reverse, in fact I know of
no Indian snake with a more inoffensive nature and nicer manners.
I am not courageous where snakes are concerned, and object
strongly to being bitten even by species that I know to be harm-
less, so I am always chary of handling them, but this species like
the buff-striped Keelback (T'ropidonotus stolatus) is so remarkably
gentle that I pick it up fearlessly and have never been struck at,
or bitten. When alarmed the snake will erect itself and flatten the
neck like all other Keelbacks, and it may have been this behaviour
that led the writers named above to suppose it fierce. Hven the
two I had conjoined in Bangalore permitted my handling them
and making close investigations, without resenting my interference
further than to try and elude my grasp. This placid nature is by
no means associated with a lack of spirit, for the little reptile is as
vivacious, active in movement and alert as any snake | know.
* Cat. 1893 Vol. 1, p. 274. + Rept. Brit. Ind. 1864, p. 273.
i P. Z. S. 1839, p. 54. § Bomb. N. H. Jourl., Vol. X, p. 73.
1012 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XX1,
Hauwnts.—The olivaceous Keelback exhibits a strong taste for an
aquatic environment, and the position and character of its nos-
trils conforming to the type seen in the true fresh water snakes
( Homalopsine ) in itself proclaims the snake a water snake
by habit. In Fyzabad I got no specimen during 19 months’
residence, but when the river overflowed its banks and flooded the
country for miles in August 1906, I had 8 specimens brought to
me in 14 days, all from the inundated area. It by no means
haunts rivers to the exclusion of jheels and similar collections of
water, nor does it show a greater liking for flowing water, for in
Bangalore where it was very common it was found haunting the
small collections of water in the Lal Bagh, and other similar pools,
elsewhere. The snakemen there denied that it was a watersnake,
and said they never found it actually in the water, but at the
edge of the pools where the dank soil favoured a luxuriant
growth. They also frequently encountered it in the foliage, and
lying along the stems of the bamboo brash near the water. In
the rains I think it leaves the vicinity of pools, and wanders further
afield, there being abundant moisture in the grass and weeds that
spring up everywhere. I have met with it in the grass at some
distance from water during the monsoon, and remember capturing
one which crossed the pitch at Berhampur while a cricket match
was in progress on the parade ground. Ferguson remarks that
one he had in captivity in Trivandrum was never seen to enter
the chatty of water provided for it and Mr. Ingleby mentions that
a caged specimen he had invariably buried itself in the sand at the
bottom of its cage with nothing but the extremity of its head and
its eyes sticking out.
Halbits.—Schistosus evinces a markedly diurnal habit being
frequently encountered in daylight in the haunts it favours. It
is probable that with such pronounced aquatic tastes, it is forced
to retire for many months in the year. All the specimens I can
recall were about during the rainy season of the year.
I have already alluded to the attitude it adopts when alarmed,
a posture very typical of the Keelbacks of many genera including
Tropidonotus, Pseudowenodon and Macropisthodon. The neck in
this species is very markedly flattened cobra-wise, and in addition
THE COMMON INDIAN SNAKES. 10138
the snake flattens the part of the body not erected against the
ground. I think this is noticeable to a more marked degree in the
@. By no means every specimen one meets displays this attitude
of alarm, for while some erect themselves as soon as disturbed,
others require a good deal of provocation before they are worked up
to the necessary degree of excitement. Usually when disturbed it
slips away to the nearest cover, moving actively and speedily, and
when captured is a very restless little creature striving time after
time to reach the nearest available cover.
It is evidently an adept climber, to successfully negotiate the
smooth stems of bamboo that arise at first perpendicularly from
the ground. The Bangalore snakemen told me that they frequent-
ly found it as high as 8 and 10 feet from the ground, and it was in
such a situation that the conjoined pair brought to me were
reported to have been found.
Food.—Specimens I had in captivity fed on frogs, and Mr. Ingleby
found the frogs that he offered were taken. Giinther* includes
fishes in its dietary. I cannot recall ever having got a specimen
that had recently fed in a state of liberty.
The sewes.—As far as I can judge from my notes the sexes in
Fyzabad and Bangalore are evenly balanced. [Females as already
stated attain considerably greater length than males, but males
have relatively much longer tails, and therefore more numerous
subeaudal shields. The males of the S. Indian variety appear to
have a brighter red dorsal line and females appear to be able to
flatten themselves more noticeably. The g clasper is beset with
numerous small falciform processes from the base to
the tip.
Breeding.—Our knowledge of this is somewhat fragmentary,
and leaves a good deal yet to be elucidated. The mating season
appears to be during the rains from the single dated observation
available, which came under my own notice. None of the 4 adult
females I had in Fyzabad were gravid which points to the deposi-
tion of eggs being already accomplished before August, unless
mating had up till then not been in progress. The latter possi
* Loc. cit.
1014 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XX.
bility is suggested by the pair found “in copula’ in Bangalore,
and brought to me on the 27th of August. These were observed
united reclining on a bamboo stem 8 or 1Q feet above the ground.
On the evening of the 26th an attempt was made to capture them,
but not pressed as the snakemen feared they would not earn
their reward of Rs. 5 if they separated. They were successfully
captured next morning and brought to me still united, and I had
them under observation for some time. As far as I know they
did not disengage for at least 254 hours. During this time I
repeatedly examined them, and found the left clasper of the male
engaged with the right orifice of the female. The ventral apposi-
tion of the two was so limited that nobody seeing them together
would have suspected that they were coupled. They each lay in
sinuous courses without their bodies or their tails being enwreathed
and there was nothing demonstrative in their attachment as far as
T could see at any time. Unfortunately the union was unfruitful,
due, I believe, to my moving north to the United Provinces im-
mediately after. The cold weather so far depressed the natural
vigour of a Macropisthodon plumlncolor I also took from Banga-
lore with me, that a frog it swallowed remained undigested for some
weeks and was subsequently disgorged and when the snake died
5 months and 6 days subsequently to its capture it was found to
be gravid with the impregnated follicles but little enlarged, and
much in the same state as the impregnated follicles of the schistosus
at death. ‘The period of gestation is not known.
Hiqgs.—The species is known to be oviparous from a cluster of
egos which Tennent* refers to which was found near a river in Cey-
lon, and from which 20 young snakes subsequently emerged. Un-
fortunately he does not give the date of their birthday. I had a.
gravid specimen sent me from Ceylon containing 10 eggs nearly
one inch long but the date of capture was not recorded. My
impregnated 9? referred to above had 18 follicles enlarged. From
these events it appears that schistosus is moderately productive.
Young.—The smallest specimens I have had both from Ceylon,
measured 63 and 62 inches, and from their appearance I believe
* Nat. Hist. of Ceylon, p. 308.
THE COMMON INDIAN SNAKES. 1015
were hatchlings. Here again no dates were given as to date of
capture.
Distribution.—It is probably a commoner snake than available re-
cords which are rather meagre would make it appear. Before I
went to the United Provinces it was not known to occur any where
near there, but was evidently not uncommon. I got several
specimens when stationed in Orissa (Berhampore). It is one of
the commonest snakes about Bangalore, and is evidently common
in Ceylon as I had 3 specimens in a small collection sent me
from Henaratgoda.
It appears to be chiefly, if not entirely, a snake of the plains
but is plentiful at 3,000 feet in Mysore, and has been recorded
from the Anamallays and the Wynaad without any definite alti-
tude being specified.
I have examined the three specimens collected by Anderson*
in Yunnan which he referred to as a variety, viz., Yunnanensis,
but as all these specimens have the internasal shield divided, and
asingle internasal shield is one of the generic characters, and
constant in all the other species it seems to me that these should
be referred to a species apart from schistosus and unless the
generic characters are modified should not even rank as a Helicops.
Besides this feature in lepidosis, there-is another, viz., that the
nasal shields in Anderson’s specimens touch the Ist and 2nd
supralabials, whereas in Indian specimens it almost always touches
the lst only.
The Malay Peninsula which has been included within its area
of distribution on Cantor’s authority I discredit, having already
shown good cause to doubt many of Cantor’s records.t No less
than six Indian species have been recorded by this authority
alone, from the Malay Peninsula, and as he received snakes from
India the inference is that Indian specimens got mixed with his
own Malay collection.
The accompanying map shows the area of distribution based on
present records, but it seems likely to be extended as our know-
ledge progresses.
* Ann. Zool. Res. Yunnan 1879, p. 822.
Tt Bomb. N. H. Jourl., Vol. XVIII, p. 720.
1016 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Voi. XX1.
Lepidosis—Rostral.—Touches 5 shields, the nasal sutures largest.
Internasal—Single. Prefrontals—Two, the suture between them
subequal to the preefronto-frontal; in contact with internasal,
nasal, loreal, preeocular and supraoculars. Frontal—Touches 6
shields, the supraocular sutures longest. Supraoculars— Length
and breadth rather less than frontal. Nasal—Semi-divided,
touching the lst only of the supralabial series usually, the
2nd also sometimes. Lorewl—Single, about as long as high.
Preeoculars—One. Postoculars—Three. Temporals—Two, elon-
gate, the lower touching the 6th, 7th and 8th supralabials.
Supralabials—8, with the 3rd and 4th touching the eye, or 9 with
Ath and 5th touching the eye. Infralabials—7, the 5th, 6th and
7th normally touching the posterior sublinguals, 7th largest and
touching 3 scales behind. Sublinguals—Two pairs, the posterior
rather the larger. Costals—Two headslengths behind head 19,
midbody 19, two headslengths before vent 17. Where the rows
reduce from 19 to 17 the 4th row above the ventrals is absorbed
into the one above or below. (This step usually well behind mid-
body sometimes occurs at midbody or even slightly before this) ;
keels distinct except in the last two rows in midbody where they
are absent ; apical pits wanting. Ventrals—139 to 149 in Ban-
galore specimens, 145 to 157 in Fyzabad (Boulenger 129 to 151).
Anal—Divided. Subcaudals—Divided, 63 to 82 (Boulenger 55 to
89).
Anomalies.—I have twice seen the internasal partially divided
posteriorly in Indian specimens. I have twice seen 3 preefrontals
in a transverse series, the median rather the smallest. Once there
were but 2 postoculars on one side. Once the last ventral was
divided and once the 35th, 36th and 37th ventrals were divided.
In one example there were only 7 supralabials, the 3rd and 4th
touching the eye.
Dentition* —Maaillary—19 to 21, gradually but progressively:
increasing in size posteriorly with no gap. Palatine—11, sub-
equal, and about the same size as the median maxillary. Pteryqoid—
17 to 18, subequal, and about the same size as palatine. Mandi-
“From 2 Fyzabad skulls.
Journ.Bombay Nat.Hist.Soc.
Plate XVII.
P. Gerhardt del.
THE COMMON INDIAN SNAKES. (Wall).
' lL Hypsirhina enhydris poisonous, nat. size.
2 Helicops schistosus, harmless, nat. suze.
ro ro A
Green JV MPromMo.
THE COMMON INDIAN SNAKES. 1017
bular—20 to 22, subequal, the first and last perhaps rather
shortest.
Our plate leaves nothing to be desired, unless it is the dorsal
colour which is usually of a greener tinge.
HYPSIRHINA ENHYDRIS (Schneider).
SCHNEIDER'S WATER SNAKE.
This snake being furnished with grooved teeth in the back of
the maxilla comes into the opisthoglyphous ‘series’ of colubrines.
The series includes three subfamilies, viz., Homalopsine, Dipsado-
morphine and Elachistodontine.
The homalopsids are true fresh water Enakes and classified in ten
genera, seven of which are represented in India. One of these,
viz., Hypsirhina, includes fifteen species, one of which enhydris
forms the subject of this paper. The type of the genus is
HH. plumbea which inhabits the Malayo-Chinese area and has been
found in Burma.
History.—Our first introduction to H. enhydris is through
Russell*, who under the name ‘‘ Mutta pam”’ figured and remarked
upon a specimen in 1796 which had been captured in an Hel
trap in the Lake of Ankapilly (North of the Godavery, near
Vizagapatam). Three years later Schneider alluded to it in his
History of Amphibians, under the name Hydrus enhydris.
Nomenclature— Scientific—The generic name from the Greek
*“‘hypsi,” high, and “ rhis,” the nose, was introduced by Wagler
in 1830 on account of the high position of the nostrils on the
snout. The specific name also from the Greek “En,” in, and
‘“hydor,’’ water, was given in 1799 by Schneider in allusion to
its aquatic mode of life.
Hinglish.—Schneider’s Water Snake suggests itself, reserving
Russell’s name to designate the other common water snake first
alluded to by him and to which Schneider also stands as godfather.
I refer to Cerberus rhynchops.
Vernacular.—The names mentioned by Russell are the only ones
known tome in India. These ‘‘ Mutta pam,’’ mud snake, and
* Ind. Serp., Vol. 1, pl. XXX.
38
1018 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXI.
“Ally pam” are presumably in use in the Vizagapatam District.
In most places in India I expect it would come under that very
comprehensive title ‘‘ pani ka samp.” Giinther mentions “ oular
ayer ’’ as the name by which it is known to the natives in Java,
and Flower says—“ In Siam it is called “‘ Ngu-pla,”’ or fish snake,
in common with other homalopsids.
General characters.—The head is moderately depressed and
the snout evenly rounded so as to present no canthus. The muzzle
is rather long, and presents a moderately rounded anterior outline.
The nostrils which are transverse slits, are placed on the top of the
snout, and perforate the middle of the nasal shields, a suture
running from them to the first supralabials. The eye is rather
small, placed high on the face and set laterally with an inclination
forwards and upwards. ‘The iris is studded with golden specks,
especially at the pupillary margin so that the vertically elliptic
shape of the pupil is distinctly revealed. The commissure of the
mouth turns up abruptly behind.
The body is smooth glossy and cylindrical, of moderate calibre
for the length of the snake and dwindles to a neck anteriorly.
Posteriorly the attenuation is more gradual. The tail is about one-
fifth the total length.
Dimensions.—I have seen no specimens exceeding the measure-
ment given by Boulenger which is 2 feet 22 inches (680 mm).
My largest specimen was 2 inches less.
Colowration.—Dorsally the snake is a dark olivaceous green, or
olivaceous brown, this colour ending abruptly on the 3rd costal row
above the ventrals, and just above the supralabial on the side of
the face. Usually there is a pale stripe down the body on the 8th
row above the ventrals, but this may be obscure or even absent.
The belly and the lowermost two and a half costal rows are pale
lemon-yellow. The ventrals are demarcated laterally by a dark line
and there is often too a median continuous, or interrupted dark line
in the middle of the belly, but this may be entirely absent.
(1. bilineata and H. furcata (Gray). A specimen sent to me
by Captain Frere from Mimbu, Burma, has a beautiful coral-pink
stripe in the flanks, anteriorly on two rows (the penultimate and
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THE COMMON INDIAN SNAKES.
Hypsirhina enhydris,
EXPLANATION OF DIAGRAM.
Anterior Sublinguals.
Frontal.
Internasals.
Loreal.
Mental.
Nasal.
Parietal.
Postocular.
Preeocular.
Preetrontal.
Posterior Sublinguai,
Rostral,
Supraocular.
Temporal.
Supralabials.
Intralabials.,
‘VIGNI JO SSNVNS NOWWOO
‘(q) snsogsryos sdoonapy (ZX) suuphyua purywsd hy
WeISvIG
‘D0S “ISI EN Aequiog “usno
THE COMMON INDIAN SNAKES, 1019
ante-penultimate), later on the penultimate only. This stripe
begins behind the neck and ends before the vent. The specimen
otherwise is like Indian examples. Flower records a specimen
from Kedah in the Malay Peninsula which appears to have had
five ventral lines instead of the normal three.)
Identification.—This is very easy. First note that the nasal
shields are in contact behind the rostral, then count the scale rows
in midbody which will be found to be 21 to 23.
Misposition.—I cannot recall ever having seen a live specimen,
but Dr. Cantor who appears to have been very familiar with it
says 1t is a timid inoffensive snake.
Haunts.
habit, as might be inferred from the character, and position of its
Schneider’s water snake is thoroughly aquatic in
nostrils. It frequents rivers, estuaries, lakes and marshy ground,
even being found according to Cantor in irrigated fields.
Food.—Dr. Cantor states that it feeds on fishes under natural
conditions, though these were not acceptable in captivity.
Breeding.—Captain (now Colonel) G. H. Evans came across a pair
“in copula” at Hmawbi (Lower Burma) on the 16th October *
1899, which were unfortunately despatched instead of being kept
for the fruits of their intercourse. The two snakes measured |
foot 84 inches and 1 foot 8? inches, and though the sexes were not
at’ the time ascertained we may presume the former to have been
the ° by the numbers of the ventral and subcaudal shields, which
were 169 + 67. In the longer specimen these shields counted
161 + 72. Another 9 was taken by Theobald ¢ near Rangoon
in a gravid condition in March. She measured 18 inches and
contained 6 eggs. Although it is definitely known that the
species is viviparous from Cantor’s observations, the period of
gestation is not known as it appears from his account thata ¢
shared the incarceration. Apparently congress was not witnessed
but after six months’ captivity the @ gave birth to 11 young.
During parturition it was observed that the anterior part of the
* Not as originally reported November.
+. Cat. Rept. Brit. Burma, p- 57.
1020 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXT,
abdomen was retracted towards the spine. The mother died im-
mediately after the event, and two of her brood within two hours.
These were noted to have measured 6 and 6} inches. The young
sloughed immediately after birth, even the two that succumbed
so soon having accomplished this function. The remainder of the
family wreathed themselves round the <4, lifting their heads at
intervals to the surface to breathe. All died within two months. |
The season when the event took place is not noted.
Purasites.—A specimen sent to me from Champaran (Behar)
had numerous nematodes in the stomach, probably the same worm
that is so frequently seen in the stomach of the chequered keel-
back (Tropidonotus piscator) and other snakes. I took it to be this
worm, viz., Kallicephalus willeyi. As a result of this parasitic
invasion the organ was much thickened, and its walls rigid and
distorted.
Distribution. —North-East India, Assam, Burma, and the South
of the Asian Continent through Indo-China to China. ‘Tenas-
serim, Malay Peninsula to the Archipelago as far East as Celebes.
Though Ceylon is mentioned by Flower and Boulenger (Cat.
1896) I can find no authority for this. It was not mentioned in
Haly’s list of Ceylon snakes in 1891, nor in Willey’s list published
as recently as 1906 (Spol. Zeylan. April 1906, p. 233). Further
though Jerdon says it occurs in Southern India I can find no
record of it south of the Godavery River. There is a specimen in
the British Museum presented by Jerdon, and reported as from
Darjeeling. ‘This in all probability means Darjeeling District, and
probably came from the base of the Himalayas. I have had a
specimen from Jalpaiguri in the same neighbourhood. ‘Though
known from Burma and Tenasserim it has not as yet been report-
ed from the Andamans or Nicobars.
The precise localities known to me are shown in the accom-
panying map.
It may be a commoner snake in India than available records
make it appear. In Assam too the same remark may apply. In
Burma Theobald says it is common in the Pegu District, and
Evans and I collected 9 specimens in 15 months, in the Lower
part of that Province.
ih
Map.
Journ., Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.
Distribution of Helicops schistosus.
Seis Implies limits uncertain.
INDIAN EMPIRE
English Miles
Qd0 wu s00 gaa #00
ensee
ay S
sie
Andomary
AL
INDIAN EMPIRE
Laglish Miles
THE COMMON INDIAN SNAKES. 1021
Tepidosis—Rostral.Touches 4 shields. Nasals—In contact
behind the rostral ; semi-divided ; in contact with only the Ist of
the supralabial series. Internasal_—Single, broader than long.
Praefrontals—A pair ; in contact with internasal, loreal, preeoculai
and supraocular. Irontal—Touches 6 shields, the fronto-supraocular
sutures longest. Swpraocular.— Breadth and length rather less than
frontal. Loreal—One. Praeocular—One. Postoculars—Two. Temporal
—One. Supralabials—8 normally, the 4th only touching the eye.
Infralabials—6 ; the 6th longest, the 3rd, 4th, 5th and 6th, or the
three latter only touching the posterior sublinguals. Sublinguals—
Two pairs ; the anterior larger. The posterior quite separated by
scales. Costals—'Two headslengths behind head usually 25
(rarely 25), midbody usually 21 (rarely 23), two headslengths
before vent 21; smooth. Ventrals—150 to 177, rather narrow so:
that 3 or 4 rows of costals can be seen on each side when the.
snake is laid on its back. Anal—Divided. Subcaudals—47 to 78,
divided. |
Anomalies
I have seen two preoculars once, and two tem-
porals once. The last two ventrals were divided in one specimen,
and the last only in another. In another example the 38th to
54th subcaudals were entire.
Dentition.—Maxillary teeth 17, subequal; followed after a short
gap that would take one tooth, by a pair of enlarged, obliquely
set teeth deeply grooved on their anterior faces. Palatine—10 to-
18
to 24, as well developed anteriorly as the maxillary; decreasing
11 subequal, as well developed as the maxillary. Pterygoid
in size posteriorly. Mandibular.
23 to 24, subequal as long as
the maxillary.
Our plate is excellent in every particular.
(Lo be continued.)
PLANTS OF THE PUNJAB.
A BRIEF DESCRIPTIVE KEY TO THE FLORA OF THE PUNJAB,
NORTH-WEST FRONTIER PROVINCE AND KASHMIR.
By
Colonel C. J. BAMBER, F.L.S.,
Indian Medical Service.
Part X,
(Continued from page 228 af this Volume.)
HERBS, ERECT, WITH ALTERNATE STIPULATE LOBED LEAVES.
Lavatera-kashmiriana,
MALVACES,
KF. Bisa. 39)
Kashmir,
Hazara, 7-8,000 ft.
Malva verticillata,
MAtLvacE®.
BB. 1320;
The Plains to 12,000 ft.
Simla, Matiana (Col-
lett).
Prrats Untrep.
stems covered with down, branching; leaves
$3
lower, 5-lobed, circular, heart-shaped at the base,
round-toothed, smooth above, downy beneath,
stalk as long as the blade, upper 3-5 lobed, lobes
short-pointed, central longest, stipules linear-
lanceolate ; flowers 3 in. diam., pink, on axillary
stalks, bracteoles 3, united below, broadly ovate,
shortly pointed, sepals 5, lanceolate, longer than
the bracteoles, petals 5, united below, wedge-shaped,
deeply bifid, stamens united into a column, woolly,
styles many; carpels many, separating from the
axis, kidney-shaped, smooth, shorter than the axis
seeds one in each carpel.
large, branched, downy, annual or ‘perennial ;
leaves 2-6 in. diam., nearly round, 5-6 shallow lobes,
downy, stalks 6-7 in., stipules lanceolate, hairy ;
flowers small, pale pink crowded in nearly sessile
axillary clusters, bracteoles 3, ununited, linear,
sepals 5, united below, triangular lanceolate, petal
5, united below, twice. the length of the sepals,
margin notched, stamens united into a tube, styles
PLANTS OF THE PUNJAB, 1028
HERBS, ERECT, WITH ALTERNATE STIPULATE LOBED LEAVES.
Malva sylvestris,
Large mallow,
MALVACES.
ea, ©. i. 320.
The Plains to 8,000 ft.
Theog (Collett).
Kashmir,
Hazara.
Abutiion graveolens,
Urena repanda,
MALVACEs.
Pee h, 1.390)
The Plains to 1,000 ft.
East of the Sutlej.
Hibiscus Trionum,
MALVACcEs.
Beebe ds 1, 334,
The Plains to 6,000 ft.
Kashmir.
Hazara.
Sutlej Valley (Collett).
Baluchistan (Lace).
Prrats UNITED,
10-12; carpels 10-12, enclosed in the enlarged
calyx, netted on the sides, ribbed at the back, each
carpel one-seeded. This plant is sometimes used
as a potherb.
medium-size, annual, smooth or with a few hairs ;
leaves 1-3 in. diam., 5-7 blunt, shallow lobes, round-
ed, base heart-shaped, stalks 1-3 in., stipules oval,
short-pointed ; flowers 1-13 in, diam., pink streaked
with purple, on axillary stalks, 1 in. long, bracteo-
les ovate, shorter than the bell-shaped calyx, petals
with bearded stalked bases, carpels downy or not,
netted ; otherwise like the last species.
see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Stipulate, Simple.
medium-size, perennial, much branched, covered
with star-shaped hairs ; leaves, lower 2-23 in. long,
3)
roundish, somewhat lobed, heart-shaped base,
slightly toothed with rounded notches, upper lan-
ceolate, stipules linear; flowers 2 in. pink in race-
mes, ultimately in leafless clusters, bracteoles 5, 4-4
in., awl-shaped, united below into a strongly ribbed
cup, nearly leathery, larger than the calyx, sepals
5, united half way up, stamens united into a tube,
styles 10; carpels 5, smooth, separating from the
axis when ripe, each carpel one-seeded, seeds
smooth.
medium-size, annual, more or less coverd with
star-shaped hairs; leaves 1-13 in., divided to the
base (lower leaves sometimes circular, undivided ),
lobes usually 3, lobed and toothed, stalks 1-13 in.
long, stipules awl-shaped, covered with long stiff
hairs ; flowers 12 in, diam., pale yellow with a dark-
purple centre, calyx 5-lobed to the middle, bell-
shaped, inflated, lobes broad, short pointed, nerves
1024 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol, XXT,
HREBS, ERECT, WITH ALTERNATE STIPULATE LoBED LEAVES.
Hibiscus surattensis,
Hibiscus Solandra,
MALVAcEz.
F, B. I. 1. 336.
Prtrats UNITED.
hairy winding, afterwards purple, petals 5, united
below and with the staminal tube, stamens united
into a tube, styles 5, united half way up; capsule
oblong, blunt, 5-celled, velvety, splitting from above
into 5 valves, seeds many, kidney-shaped, velvety
with star-shaped hairs.
see Prostrate Herbs, Alternate, Stipulate, Lobed.
medium-size, annual, velvety or hairy, slightly
branched ; leaves 1-23 in. across, heart-shaped at
the base, short-pointed, coarsely toothed, hairy on
The Plains to 5,000 ft. both sides, lower leaves long-stalked, ovate or
Simla.
circular, more or less 3-lobed, upper deeply 3-lobed,
Sutlej Valley (Collett). lobes narrowly oblong, stipules bristly ; flowers 4-2
Hibiscus vitlfolius,
Ban kapés.
MALVACcEs,
F. B. 1. i, 338.
in. diam., yellow, white or pink on solitary jointed
axillary stalks, 14 in. long, in a loose leafless termi-
nal raceme, sepals united below, triangular, short
pointed, petals broad at the tip, notched ; capsule
ovoid, pointed, hairy at the top, not longer than the
calyx, seeds blackish; otherwise like Hibiscus
Trionum.
large, annual or biennial, hairy, slightly prickly,
branches many ; leaves 1-4 in. diam., 3-7 lobed,
lobes short-or long-pointed, smooth or felted on
both surfaces, toothed, stalks 2} in., stipules very
The Plains to 2,000 ft, small, bristly; flowers 25 in. diam., yellow with a
purple centre, drooping on axillary, solitary or
clustered at the end of branches, stalks jointed
bracteoles 5-8, bristly, linear,not united and short-
_er than the calyx, sepals united half way up,
lanceolate, velvety, petals twc or three times as long.
as the sepals, capsule hairy, beaked, 5-winged,
shorter than the sepals, seeds brown, tubercled ;.
otherwise like the last species. The bark yields a
strong silvery fibre.
Se es ee,
PLANTS OF THE PUNFIAB YN, 1025
Heres, ERECT, WITH ALTERNATE STIPULATE Lopep LEAVES.
Hibiscus Gibsoni,
MALVACcEs.
F. B. 1. 1. 339.
The Plains.
Hibiscus Sabdariffa,
Rozelle or Red sorrel,
Patwa.
MaAtLvacE&.
F. B. 1.1. 340.
The Plains cultivated.
‘Hibiscus ficulneus,
MALvacEs.
Beeb! i. 340:
‘The Plains. ~
39
Perats UNITED.
medim-size, perennial, branches bristly or prickly ;
leaves 1-3 in., deeply divided into lobes, lobes
oblong-lanceolate, toothed, smooth or hairy, stalk
as long as the blade; flowers twice the length of
the bracteoles, yellow with a purple centre or all
purple, on solitary axillary stalks, bracteoles un-
united, linear, prickly, curving over the calyx,
sepals united below, lanceolate, staminal tube half
covered with anthers, capsule ovoid, pointed, valves
bristly, seeds soft with scattered hairs; in other
points like the last species.
large, annual, smooth, stem purplish ; leaves 2-3
in., wedge-shaped at the base, usually 3-5 lobed,
lower leaves are sometimes not lobed, lobes lanceo-
late or oblong, glandular beneath, toothed, stalk 2
reddish,
pointed ; flowers 24 in. diam., yellow or purple on
in., stipules 4 in. long, linear, short
solitary axillary short stalks, thickened at the top,
bracteoles 8-12, united to the base of the calyx,
calyx enlarging in fruit, sepals united below the
middle into a fleshy purple cap, bristly, capsule
ovoid, pointed, hairy, shorter than the calyx, seeds
nearly glabrous, kidney-shaped ; otherwise like the
last species. This plant is cultivated for the sake
of the edible calyx, from which an acid jelly is
prepared; it is used as a preventive of scurvy.
The stems supply a strong silky fibre.
very large, annual, branches usually covered with
broad-based sharp prickles; leaves 23-4 in., 5-7-
lobed, with wide sinuses between the lobes, lobes
broad at the tip, narrow at the base, unequally
toothed stalks 23-4 in., stipules ; in. long, linear,
hairy, soon falling off ; flowers 1-2 in. diam., white
with a pink centre, on stalks, 3 the length of the
leaf stalks, the upper.in a leafless raceme, bracteoles
4-6, broad, leafy, sepals united nearly entirely, tips
1026 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol, XX1I.
HERBS, ERECT, WITH ALTERNATE STIPULATE LopEp LEAVES.
Hibiscus pungens
MALvaces.
F. B. 1.1. 341.
Himalaya, 2-5,000 ft.
(Duthie).
Hibiscus Abelmoschus,
Musk mallow,
Mushk dana, Kasturi
bhendi.
MALVACEs.
F. B. 1. i. 342.
The Plains.
Hibiscus canceilatus,
Matvaces.
KH. Bos ige42:
The Plains to 6,000 ft.
Simla, Syri (Collett).
Hazara (Douie). -
Prraus Unite.
thread-like, capsule 14 im. long, ovoid, felted, with a
curved beak, 5-angled, sticky when young, seeds
round, softly hairy ; otherwise like the last species.
medium-size, annual or perennial, branches brist-
ly and dotted; leaves 5-8 m., heart-shaped, 7-
lobed, lobes linear-lanceolate, long pointed, deeply
toothed, upper 3-lobed, stalk longer than the blade,
stipules broadly lanceolate, upper ones linear;
flowers 5 in. diam., yellow with a purple centre
drooping on racemose stalks 1-2 m. long, bracteoles
1 in., enlarging in fruit, calyx 5-toothed, staminal
column with anthers all the way up, capsule ? in-
long, slender, hairy ; otherwise like the last species.
large, annual, hairy, branched; leaves heart-
shaped, ovate or usually 3-7-lobed, lobes oblong-
lanceolate, short-or long-poimted, coarsely toothed,
hairy above or below, stalk longer than the blade,
stipules small, awl-shaped ; flowers 3-4 in. diam.,
yellow with a crimson centre, solitary, often appa-
rently terminal on. stout curved stalks, bracteoles.
6-12, linear, ununited, hairy, much shorter than
the calyx, sepals united except the 5 tips, split.
down on one side, capsule 23-3 in., ovate, short-
pointed, hairy, seeds kidney-shaped, with a musky
scent; otherwise like the last species. Musk is.
obtained from this plant and it also yields a strong.
fibre, it is cultivated for these reasons.
large, annual, bristly, root spindle-shaped ; leaves.
4-6 in., bluntly five-angled, or rounded, round tooth
ed, hairy, upper leaves with angular lobes at the
base, stalks 4 in., stipules linear; flowers 4-5 in.
diam., drooping, yellow with a purple centre on
stalks much shorter than the leaf-stalks, racemed
at the ends of branches, bracts 2 at the base of
each stalk, awl-shaped, bracteoles 10-18, 13 in..
long, linear, bristly, meurved, capsule ovoid, fur-
rowed, very hairy, equal in length to the bracteoles..
4
‘ |
.
x
x
bs
1
PLANTS OF THE PUNJAB. 1027
‘HERBS, ERECT, WITH ALTERNATE STIPULATE LoBep LEAVES.
Hibiscus esculentus,
Chra.
Bhindi, ramturar.
MAtvacee.
F. B. I. i. 348.
The Plains to 4,000 ft.
cultivated.
Pentapetes phonicea,
Dopahariya.
STERCULIACES.
1, TB, du ye ayalle
The Plains in wet
places.
Artemisia Dracunculus,
Artemisia parviflora,
Prrats UNITED.
seeds many, kidney-shaped, black, not musky;.
otherwise like the last species.
large, annual, roughly hairy ; leaves 8-12 in. long,
3-5-lobed, heart-shaped at the base, lobes lanceo-
late-oblong, coarsely toothed, rough, stalk as long
as the blade, reddish, stipules linear ; flowers large,.
yellow with a crimson centre on stout short stalks,.
shorter than the leaf-stalks, bracteoles 8-10, linear,
equal in length to the calyx, soon falling off, cap-
sule 6-10 in. long, oblong, tapering, 6-8 ribbed,
smooth or hairy seeds many, round, with lines,
smooth or hairy, otherwise like the last species.
This plant is commonly cultivated as an unripe:
capsule and seeds are eaten as a vegetable. It
yields a silky fibre which is used in paper making.
large, annual, smooth or bearing a few scattered
star-shaped hairs, branched ; leaves 3-5 in., trian-.
gular or lanceolate with two lobes at the base,
round-toothed, smooth above, star-shaped hairs on
the veins beneath, stalk 1 in., stipules linear, equal
in length to the stalk ; flowers 1-13 in., scarlet, open
at noon, drop next morning, one or two together
on jointed axillary stalks, bracteoles 3-5, thread-.
like, half the length of the calyx, soon falling off,.
sepals 5, lanceolate, united below, rough, petals 5,.
ovate with a broad tip, stamens 20, 15 fertile in
5 groups of three, alternating with 5 unfertile.
(staminodes ) style dividing above and twisted,.
stigmas 5, minute; capsule $ in. diam., nearly
round, bristly with star-shaped hairs, shorter than.
the persistent sepals, seeds 8-12, in two rows in.
each of the 5 cells, angular rough.
Fiowers, Minus, 1n Heaps.
FLOWERS, ALL TUBULAR.
see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed.
see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed..
1028 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XX1.
HERBS, ERECT, WITH ALTERNATE STIPULATE LOBED LEAVEs.
Artemisia scoparia,
Artemisia annua,
Artemisia maritima,
Artemisia vulgaris,
Artemisia Roxburghiana,
Artemisia vestita,
Artemisia laciniata,
Artemisia Moorcroftiana,
Artemisia Absinthium,
Artemisia Sieversiana,
(Rumex hastatus,
POLYGONACE.
PMB Sy. 60:
Himalaya, 1-8,000 ft.
Kashmir.
Simla (Collett).
Hazara (Barrett).
Prrats UNITED.
Fiowers, Minutes, in Heaps.
FLOWERS, ALL TUBULAR.
see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Ea Lobed.
see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed.
see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed.
see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed.
see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed.
see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed.
see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed.
see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed.
see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed.
see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed.
Prerats NONE.
medium-size, perennial root, stems and branches
grooved, smooth; leaves 1-23 by #2 in., stalked,
_8-lobed, two lobes projecting backwards, narrow, or
not lobed, broadly triangular, long pointed, stipules
tubular, thin, not fringed, soon torn and disappear-
ing; flowers green, small, males and females,
often turning red, in circular distant clusters
forming axillary racemes and terminal branching
racemes, often crowded in fruit, calyx 6-lobed, in
fruit circular, pink, not fringed, notched at both
ends, petals none, stamens 6, styles 3, stigmas frin-
ged; nut sharply 3-angled, brown, enclosed in the
three inner segments of the calyx.
PLANTS OF THE PUNJAB. 1029
HERBS, ERECT, WITH ALTERNATE STIPULATE LOBED LEAVES.
Rumex acetosa,
POLYGONACES.
F. B. I. v. 60.
Himalaya, 8-12,000 ft.
Kashmir.
Cannabis sativa,
Indian Hemp,
Bhang.
URTICACES.
FE. B. I. v. 487.
The Plains to 9,000 ft.
Hazara (Barrett).
Simla (Collett).
Baluchistan (Hughes-
Buller).
Girardinia heterophylla,
Ker.
URTICACE.
F. B. 1. v. 550.
Himalaya, 5-8,000 ft.
Hazara (Barrett).
Simla (Collett).
Perats None.
like the last species, but male and female flowers.
on separate plants, branches few, racemes leafless,
outer sepals reflexed.
large, annual, stems gooved, felted, branches few,.
erect, slender, a common weed, also cultivated,leaves.
4-8 in. diam., opposite, stalked, much divided, upper
leaves 1-5 lobed, lower 5-11 lobed, linear-lanceolate,
middle lobe longest, coarsely and sharply toothed,
long pointed, wedge-shaped at the base, dark green
above, downy below, stipules lateral, awl-shaped,
bristly; flewers greenish yellow, small, male and
female on separate plants, males clustered in short,
axillary, drooping branched racemes, calyx of 5 seg-
ments, segments boat-shaped, petals none, stamens
5, filaments long, thread-like, females crowded, ses-
sile in the axils of leafy bracts, style arms 2, thread-
like ; achenes 1-12 in., flattened, hard, enclosed in
the persistent bracts. The intoxicating drugs,
ganja and charas consist of the resin obtained from
the stem, young leaves and flowers, bhang is merely
the dried leaves and achenes. Hemp is obtained
from the fibrous stems.
large, annual, root perennial, stem and branches
furrowed, covered with very long stinging hairs like
a nettle; leaves 4-12 in. long and broad, long-stalked,
3-nerved from the base, broadly ovate, upper leaves.
3-5 lobed, heart-shaped atthe base, sharply toothed,
stipules large, united, leaf-like, divided at the tip ;
flowers small, green, sessile, closely crowded, male
and female on the same or separate plants, when
male and female are together, the male are in nearly
cylindric clusters on the lower part of the spike, and
the female in clustered heads in the upper part,
when separate, male in long slender, often branched
spikes, and female in short oblong spikes, in fruit
becoming thick and densely bristly ; male flowers,
1030 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXI.
HERBS, ERECT, WITH ALTERNATE STIPULTE LoBED LEAVES.
Perats None.
calyx of 4 sepals, petals none, stamens 4, female
flowers calyx tubular with a small 3-toothed
mouth, splitting in fruit, style long, thread-like,
persistent, stigma minute ; capsule (achene) broad,
flattened, ovate, black.
HERBS, ERECT, WITH ALTERNATE STIPULATE CoMPOUND LEAVES.
‘Thermopsis| barbata,
LEGUMINOS&.
Reb, G2:
Himalaya, 8-12,000 ft.
Kashmir.
Patarnala (Collett).
Argyrolobium roseum,
LEGUMINOS&.
F. B. 1. ii. 64.
The Plains to 6,000 ft.
tawalpindi.
Kahuta (Douie).
Baluchistan (Boissier).
LEAFLETS Two-THREE.
PETALS DISSIMILAR.
small to medium-size, perennial, rootstock woody,
stems tufted, branches many, densely shaggy ;
leaves of 3 sessile leaflets with leaf-like stipules at
the base, each node appearing to have a tuft of sim-
ple leaves, leaflets smooth or hairy, lanceolate, 1-2
in., entire ; flowers dark-purple, | in. long, clustered
in short axillary racemes forming a terminal branch-
ed raceme, bracts shaggy, united at the base or free,
calyx top-shaped, 5-toothed, teeth lanceolate, two
upper more or less united, three lower twice the
tube, petals 5, all long stalked, posterior (standard)
largest, circular, sides turned back, 2 wing petals,
ovate, outer part broader, 2 keel petals faintly
joined, oblong-ovate, stamens 10, ununited, style
thread-like, incurved; pot 1-2 by 3-2 in.,linear-
oblong. short-pointed, seeds 2-6.
small, perennial, thinly silky, branches slender,
spreading or prostrate ; leaves digitately compound,
leaflets 3, 3 in., ovate with a broad rounded tip,
base wedge-shaped, sessile, leaf-stalk equal to or
shorter than the leaves, stipules minute, linear,
persistent, ununited ; flowers 2 in., pink or yellow
tinged with pink in 1-4 flowered leaf-opposed stalk-
ed racemes, longer than the leaves, calyx j in., 2-
lipped, slit nearly to the base, 5 distinct teeth, 2 to
the upper, 3 to the lower lip, smooth, lanceolate,
petals 5, hardly longer than the calyx, standard
eblong-circular, notched longer than the upper lip of
PLANTS OF THE PUNJAB. 1051
HERBS, ERECT, WITH ALTERNATE STIPULATE CompouND LEAVES.
Lotononis Leobordea,
LEGUMINOS#.
F. B. I. i. 64.
Peshawar (Stewart).
Baluchistan (Hughes-
Buller).
Crotalaria medicaginea,
Ononis hircina,
Trifolium pratense,
Trigonella
Foenum-grecum,
Fenugreek,
Methi,
LEGUMINOS#.
BeBe iE. 1.87:
The Plains to 5,000 ft.
Kashmir.
Hazara.
Baluchistan (Lace).
LEAFLETS Two-THREE.
Prrats DIssIMILAR.
the calyx, wings oblong, keel broadly oblong, blunt,
shorter than the standard, stamens 10, all united,
5 longer with large anthers attached at the end, 5
shorter with smaller anthers attached in the middle,
style long, thread-like, incurved ; pod 2 in. long,
erect, straight, narrow, flattened, seeds 10-15.
small, annual, finely silky, branches many, spread-
ing; leaves digitately compound, leaflets 3, 4-3 in.
long, lanceolate, rather fleshy, tip blunt, broad, with
a minutely fine point, leaf stalks as long as the
leaves, stipules minute, lanceolate, soon falling off;
flowers + in., pale yellow or red, nearly sessile, 1-5,
in the axils of most of the leaves, calyx 4-2 in., silky
teeth 5, lowest tooth deepest, petals 5, a little longer
than the calyx, standard narrow, wings shorter, nar-
rower, keel petals firmly united, longer, tip sharply
incurved, stamens 10, united in a tube, slit along
the top, anthers as in the last species ; pod linear-
oblong, scarcely longer than the calyx, seeds 4-8.
see Prostrate Herbs, Alternate, Stipulate, Com-
pound.
see Shrubs, Erect, Alternate, Stipulate, Com-
pound.
see Prostrate Herbs, Alternate, Stipulate, Com-
pound.
medium-size, annual, cultivated, strongly scented,
robust, nearly smooth; leaves pinnately compound,
leaflets 8-1 in. long, lanceolate-oblong, tip broad,
toothed, lateral nearly sessile, terminal stalked ner-
ves prominent running into the teeth, stipules lanceo-
late, entire, long pointed, united to the leaf-stalk ;
flowers small, pale yellow in short racemes at the
end of axillary stalk, often bristle tipped, calyx
1-1 in., bell-shaped, teeth 5, distinct, lmear, petals
5, narrow, standard and wings nearly equal, keel
1032 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXT,
HERBS, ERECT, WITH ALTERNATE STIPULATE CompouND LEAVES.
Trigonella polycerata,
Trigonella Emodi,
LEGUMINOS&.
F. B. I. 11. 88.
Himalaya, 4-11,000 ft.
Kashmir.
Marali.
Baluchistan (Hughes-
Buller).
Trigonella corniculata,
LEGUMINOS#.
F. B. I. 11. 88.
The Plains to 12,000 ft.
Kashmir.
Simla (Collett).
Melilotus parviflora,
or indica,
Melilot,
Sinji, metha.
LEGUMINOSA,
The Plains to 3,000 ft.
Joengi.
Mianwalli District.
LearLtets Two-THREE.
Pervans DIssIMILAR.
shorter, blunt, a little longer than the calyx, sta-
mens 10, upper nearly or quite free, others united ;
pod 2-3 in. long, often eurved, long-beaked, seeds
10-20. ‘This plant is cultivated as a fodder crop
anda pot herb, the seeds are used as a spice and
as a medicine.
see Prostrate Herbs, Alternate, Stipulate, Com-
pound.
medium size, often robust, smooth, much branch-
ed; leaflets 3. 4-2 in. long, ovate with a broad tip,
deeply toothed; stipules linear bristly, deeply
toothed ; flowers 4-6 rarely 12, racemes on stalks
1-2 in. long, terminating in a distinct point, calyx
i- in., smooth, teeth linear as long as the tube
corolla twice or thrice as long as the calyx; pod 3-
8 by 1-1 in., linear-oblong, smooth, straight, seeds
4-6; otherwise like the last described species.
very like the last species, but the calyx teeth are
shorter, the pod is recurved instead of straight.
medium size, annual, slender, leaves pinnately
compound, leaflets 4-3} im., ovate or oblong, only
upper part toothed, base entire, lateral leaflets
nearly sessile, terminal one stalked, nerves prolong-
ed to the teeth, stipules linear, long-pointed,
united to the leaf-stalk, apex notched; flowers
zz in., yellow in long axillary recemes, 1 in. long,
in fruit lengthened to 2 in., calyx + in., teeth 5,
triangular, petals 5, 7z m. soon falling off; pod 4 -
+ in., tipped by the style, one-seeded. This plant
;
PLANTS OF THE PUNJAB. 1035:
HERBS, ERECT, WITH ALTERNATE StipuLaATE CompounD LEAVEs.
Melilotus alba,
White Melilot,
LEGUMINOS2.
F. B. 1. ii. 89.
The Plains to 13,000 ft.
Simla (Collett).
Mianwalli District.
Medicago falcata,
Medick, non-such,
LEGUMINOS#.
F. B. I. 11. 90.
Himalaya, 5-10,000 ft.
Mashobra (Collett).
Kashmir.
Medicago sativa,
Lucerne,
Alfafa,
LEGUMINOSZ.
eB. LT. 11, 90.
The Plains to 5,000 ft.
Baluchistan (Boissier).
40
LeaFiLets Two-THREE.
Petras DIssIMILAR.
is a common weed in cornfields, and is sometimes
cultivated as a fodder crop.
very like the last species, but more robust and
taller, the racemes, flowers and pod are larger, and
the latter is often two-seeded. . This plant is also
used for fodder, and is fragrant when drying.
medium size, perennial, nearly smooth, branches
many ; leaves pinnately compound, leaflets 3, 3-1
in. long, narrowly oblong, upper part toothed, base
entire, lateral leaflets sessile, terminal one stalked,
nerves prolonged to the teeth, stipules narrowly
lanceolate, long-pointed, united to the leaf- stalk ;
flowers 2 in., yellow in axillary stalked racemes,
calyx + in., bell-shaped, teeth 5, bristlelike, nearly
equal, as long as the tube, petals 5, standard petal
not stalked, keel shorter than the wing petals,
blunt, corolla twice as long as the calyx, stamens
10, upper one free, others united, style smooth,
incurved ; pod 3-2 in. long, sickle-shaped, smooth,
seed, 5-10.
very like the last species, of which it may be the
cultivated variety, but is more erect, less branched,
flowers purple or blue, and pods rough, twisted into
a double spiral. This plant is widely cultivated
as a fodder crop.
10384 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXI.
HERBS, ERECT, WITH ALTERNATE StipuLAtE CompounpD LEAvEs.
Cyamopsis psoraolides,
Kulthi, guar.
LEGUMINOS#.
FB. BW. 92;
The Plains.
Rawalpindi (Aitehi-
son).
Baluchistan (Hughes-
Buller).
{ndigofera trifoliata,
{ndigofera trita,
Taverniera nummularia,
Ebenus stellata,
Lespedeza juncea,
Lespedeza Gerardiana,
Lespedeza elegans,
Lourea vespertilionis,
Uraria picta.
LEAFLETS Two-THREE.
PETALS DissIMILAR.
medium size, annual, robust, covered with later-
ally attached grey hairs, stems 4-sided; leaves
stalked, leaflets 3, 2-3 in. long, ovate, short-
pointed, deeply toothed, stipules linear-bristle-
like ; flowers } in., purplish, in shortly stalked 6-30
crowded axillary racemes, bracts bristle-like, pro-
jecting beyond the buds, calyx 3-3 in., tube oblique,
teeth 5, unequal, lowest long, bristle-like, petals 5,
just protruding from the calyx, soon falling off,
standard and wing petals narrow, keel blunt,
slightly ineurved, stamens 10, united, style short,
much ineurved ; pod 14-2 in. long, straight, thick,
fleshy, erect, 3-keeled on back, seeds 8-12.
see Prostrate Herbs, Alternate, Stipulate, Com-
pound.
see Shrubs, Erect, Alternate, Stipulate, Com-
pound.
see Shrubs, Erect, Alternate, Stipulate, Com-
pound.
see Shrubs, Erect, Alternate, Stipulate, Com-
pound.
see Shrubs, Erect, Alternate, Stipulate, Com-
pound.
see Shrubs, Erect, Alternate, Stipulate, Com-
pound.
see Shrubs, Erect, Alternate, Stipulate, Com-
pound.
see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Stipulate, Lobed.
see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Stipulate, Compound,
Leaflets many.
PLANTS OF THE PUNJAB. 1035
HERBS, ERECT, WITH ALTERNATE STIPULATE CoMPOUND LEAVES.
Uraria lagopus,
Wraria neglecta,
Zornia biphylla.
LEGUMINOS.
Wea. LD. iu. 147.
The Plains to 5,000 ft.
Valleys below Simla
(Collett).
Rubus Clarke.
Potentilla argyrophyila,
RosacE#&.
F. B. I. ii. 356,
Himalaya 8-15,000 ft.
Kashmir.
Matiana, Narkanda
(Collett).
LEAFLETS Two-THREE.
PEtrALs DISSIMILAR.
see Shrubs, Erect, Alternate, Stipulate, Com-
pound, Leaflets Three.
see Shrubs, Erect, Alternate, Stipulate, Com-
pound, Leaflets Three.
small, annual, stems several, slender, branches
wiry, zigzag, hairy or velvety, tufted ; leaves stalk-
ed, leaflets 2, 3-1 in., lanceolate, leathery, dotted
with black glands, stipules leaflike, lanceolate,
produced down in a spur ; flowers j in. long, yellow,
sessile in erect axiliary racemes, 1-3 in., each
flower almost hidden in a pair of leaf-like fringed
bracts, calyx minute, membranous, teeth 5, 2
upper united, 2 lateral very short, lowest equal to
the upper, petals 5, standard round, keel sharply
incurved, blunt, twice as long as the calyx, stamens
10, united into a tube, 5 longer with round anthers,
alternating with 5 shorter with oblong anthers,
style smooth, incurved ; pod flattened, minutely
prickly, protruding from the bracts, upper margin
nearly straight, lower deeply indented, joints 2-5,
seeds 2-5,
PETALS SIMILAR.
see Prostrate Herbs, Alternate, Stipulate, Com-
pound.
large, perennial, rootstock very stout, stem vel-
vety, robust; leaves digitately compound, leaflets
3, 2-8 in., sessile or stalked, ovate, coarsely toothed
green, and finely hairy above, white-felted beneath,
main leaf stalk, 2-3 in., stem stipules united at the
leaf stalk, ovate-oblong, short pointed ; flowers ?-13
in. diam., yellow or dark purple in terminal bran-
ched racemes, bracteoles 5, oblong, blunt, short or
1036 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXI.
HERBS, ERECT, WITH ALTERNATE STIPULATE Compound LEAVES.
Indigofera hirsuta,
LEGUMINOS&.
F, B. I. i. 98.
The Plains to 4,000 ft.
Indigofera anabaptista,
LEGUMINOS&.
Lt sel Erie kOe
The Plains.
LEaritets Two-THres.
PETALs SIMILAR.
long pointed, calyx silky, persistent, lobes 5, alter-
nating with the bracteoles, long-pointed, petals 5,
heart-shaped with the notch outwards, stamens
many, styles lateral, short, persistent; carpels
very many, small, crowded on a small dry recepta-
cle, fruit is a head of many hard smooth achenes,
covered by the overlapping calyx lobes, achenes
one-seeded.
LEAFLETS Many.
Psrrats DiIsstMinaR.
large, annual or biennial, densely hairy, with flat-
lying hairs; leaves pinnate, 2-5 in., shortly stalked,
leaflets 5-11, 1-2 in. long, opposite, ovate with a
broad tip, membranvus, grey-green, stipules bristle-
like, feathered; flowers 4 in., red in dense slender
hairy axillary racemes 2-6 in., long, bracts minute,
calyx 1 in., densely velvety, teeth 5, bristle-like,
long feathered, petals 5, not much longer than the
calyx, soon falling off, standard ovate with a broad
tip, keel petals united, straight, not beaked, spurred
on each side near the base, stamens 10, upper free,
the rest united, anthers tipped with a minute point,
style smooth, incurved; pod 3-3 in. long, eylindri-
cal, densely velvety, 6-8 seeded.
small, annual, branches spreading, covered thin-
ly with hairs like those of the last species, but
always white ; leaves pinnate, shortly stalked, leaf-
lets 3-7, opposite, 3-1 in. long, lanceolate with a
broad tip, stipules bristle-like, presistent; flowers
% in., scarcely longer than the calyx, in short
dense, 12-20 flowered racemes, calyx 2 in. silvery
haired, teeth bristly, pod linear, reflexed ; in other
respects like the last species.
:
PLANTS OF THE PUNJAB, 1037
HERBS, ERECT, WITH ALTERNATE STIPULATE CoMPOUND LEAVES.
Tephrosia purpurea,
Sarphanki.
LEGUMINOS#.
eee Dai. 112.
The Plains to 6,000 ft.
Simla (Collett).
Baluchistan (Hughes-
Buller.)
Tephrosia villosa,
LEGUMINOS#.
aN 184d Ee ied ba 94
The Plains.
Tephrosia pauciflora,
LEGUMINOS &.
1h) Boged [el il Se
The Plains.
Baluchistan (Lace.)
LEAFLETS Many.
Prats DissiIMILAR.
medium size, perennial, much branched, stems
slender, cylindrical ; leaves 3-6 in., pinnate, shortly
stalked, stipules linear-awl-shaped, leaflets 13-21,
narrow, lanceolate with a broad tip, blunt, green,
smooth above, silky beneath; flowers 4-2 in., red,
thinly silky in leaf opposed loose-flowered racemes,
5-6 in. long, bracteoles minute, calyx 3-2 in., silky,
teeth 5, two upper teeth longer than the three lower,
petals 5, 4-2 in., standard circular, silky without
keel, petals united, blunt, stamens 10, upper free,
others united, style curved, smooth, tuft of hairs
at the tip; pod 13-2 by } in. sessile, velvety, flat,
seeds 6-10.
small, perennial, stems zigzag, woody, finely
downy with white flat-lying hairs; leaves 2-3 in.
long, nearly sessile, stipules linear, ascending or
teflexed, leaflets 13-19, grey green, nearly smooth
above, silky below, narrow lanceolate with the tip
broad and often notched; flowers 3 in., red in
racemes, six or more inches long, lower flowers in
distant separate clusters of stalks, bracts bristle-
like, feathered, calyx 4-+ in., very silky, teeth 5,
bristle-like, lower longer than the calyx tube,
petals 5, not much longer than the calyx, stamens
and style as in the last species, pod 1-1; in. long.,
1-4 in. broad, densely velvety, curved, sharply bent
down.
very like the last species, but leaflets 5-9, flowers
stalked in pairs in the axils of leaves.
1038 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXI.
HERBS, ERECT, WITH ALTERNATE STIPULATE CompounD Leaves.
Sesbania aculeata,
Jayante.
LEGUMINOSZ.
KB. ate.
The Plains.
Baluchistan (Lace.)
Astragalus Falconeri,
LEGUMINOS&.
BB eat. 120),
Hazara (Winter-
bottom).
Astragalus trichocarpus,
LEGUMINOSE.
BiB ais 120
Eastern Punjab.
Himalaya 5-8,000 ft.
Simla (Collett).
Dharmpur.
Leartets Many.
PETALS DISSIMILAR.
large, annual, shrub-like, branches and under
surface of leaf midribs armed with small hooked
prickles ; leaves 6-12 in., leaflets more numerous
and smaller than those of Sesbania egyptiaca, see
Shrubs, leaflets 41-81, smooth ; flowers 3-3 in., pale
yellow dotted with red, in stalked loosely 3-6
flowered racemes, calyx 5-toothed, } in., smooth,
teeth short triangular, petals 5, stalked, standard
petal broad, keel blunt, stamens 10, upper free,
others united, style thread like, smooth, incurved,
pod 6-9 in., linear, slightly curved, beaked, smooth;
seeds many.
large, perennial, stems almost woody, zigzag,
velvety, white when young ; leaves 1-13 in., midrib
ending in a point or leaflet, stipules broad, leaf-
like, leaflets 13-17, 4-3 in. long, lanceolate oblong, ©
with broad tips, blunt ; flowers 4 in., lilac, in long
stalked few-flowered racemes, calyx 1in., pouched,
nearly smooth, teeth 5, very short, petals 5, wing
petals short-pointed equal to the keel petals,
stamens 10, upper one free, others united, style
neurved, smooth, pod 3-2 in., narrowed to both
ends, stalk twice as long as the calyx, 4-6 seeded.
large, perennial, nearly smooth, branches straight,
twiggy, much furrowed ; leaves 2-4 in., nearly ses-
sile, midrib ending ina point or leaflet, stipules.
minute, leaflets 31-41, 3-2 in., nearly blunt, pale
green, covered with minute silvery hairs; flowers
2 in., lilac crowded in stalked racemes, 3-4 in. long,
bracts linear, minute calyx , in., bell-shaped,
oblique, smooth, teeth 5, triangular, petals 5, stand-
ard petal round, wings lanceolate shorter than
the keel petals, stamens 10, upper free, others
united, pod 2-1, stalked, oblong velvety, seeds 4-6.
}
a
PLANTS OF THE PUNJAB. 1039
Heres, ERECT, WITH ALTERNATE STIPULATE CompouND LEAvEs.
Leariets Many.
Perats DIssIMILAR.
Astragalus ciliolatus, medium size, perennial, stems hollow, smooth ;
LEGUMINOSS. leaves 6-9 in., midrib ending in a point or leaflet;
BoB, f. 1. 129. leaflets 17-19, 4-14 in., oblong, blunt, green, smooth,
Himalaya, 6-9,000 ft. stipules }-3 in., lanceolate or triangular, free per-
Kashmir. sistent; flowers 2 in., yellow tinged with lilac, crowd-
ed nearly all on one side of long-stalked racemes,
bracts linear, shorter than the buds, calyx 2 in.,
tubular, oblique, teeth 5, bristle-like, feathered,
petals 5, keel shorter than the standard and wing
petals, broad, abruptly upeurved, stamens and style
like those of the last species ; pod 1 in., oblong, ex-
panded, narrowed into a beak, covered with fine
short spreading black hairs, stalk 2 in., seeds 8-20.
Astragalus frigidus, medium size, perennial, stout, smooth; leaves
LEGUMINOS&. 4-6 in. long, stipules 3-7 in. long, ovate or lanceo-
_ ¥F.B.I. ii. 180. late, sharp-pointed or blunt, free, persistent, leaf-
-Lahoul.
lets 9-15, oblong, one or more inches long, opposite,
thin, smooth above, with a bluish waxy gloss and a
few hairs below ; flowers #in., bright yellow arrang-
ed nearly all one side on long stalked racemes,
calyx 2in., tubular, with a few flat-lying hairs,
teeth 5, minute, petals 5, standard longer than the
wings and keel petals, stamens and style as those
of the last species; pod 1 in., expanded, smooth,
oblong, stalked, narrowed to both ends, 6-8 seeded.
Frowers, IN Heaps, In THE Next SEVEN SPECIES oF ASTRAGALUS,
AND TWO OF OXxYTROPIS.
Astragalus prolixus, small, annual weed, clothed densely with hori-
LEGUMINOS#. zontal-lying white hairs, very slender; leaves i-
YB. 1, i, 121. 13 in., distinctly stalked, stipules free, minute, lan-
The Plains. ceolate, leaflets 11-17, oblong, blunt, 2-1 in., cover-
Lahore. ed with the horizontal white hairs; flowers +. in.
10
yellow 6-12 together in heads on stalks a little
shorter than the leaves, calyx less than 4, in., den-
sely matted, teeth 5, linear-bristle-like, nearly
equal to the calyx tube petals, stamens and style
1040 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Voi. XXI
HERBS, ERECT, WITH ALTERNATE STIPULATE CoMPOUND LEAVES.
Astragalus Aitchisoni,
LEGUMINOS#.
aid Seok ot lg heals
Salt range (Aitchison).
Pindigheb.
Rawalpindi District
(Douie).
Astragalus __ contortipli-
catus,
WLEGUMINOS&.
© Be a e.
'The Plains.
‘Baluchistan (Boissier.)
jAstragalus meianostachys;
LEGUMINOS&.
1583, dle vily 2s,
Himalaya, 10-15,000 ft.
Kashmir.
Lahoul.
LEAFLETS Many.
PetaLts DiIssIMILAR,
as above; pod j-2 in., sessile expanded, densely
velvety, straight, linear-oblong, 6-8 seeded.
small, annual weed, slender, thinly covered with
white hairs; leaves 13-23 in., distinctly stalked,
stipules triangular, minute, leaflets 17-25, 3 in.,
alternate, wide apart, grey green, a few short hori-
zontal white hairs; flowers 3 in., white with a pur-
ple tip, in a loose head of 4-6 flowers on a short
stalk, bracts minute, calyx % in., bell-shaped, thinly
white silky, teeth 5, linear or lanceolate, petals 5,
standard longer than the wings and keel, stamens
and style as those in the last species; pod 13 in.,
slender, straight or slightly curved, slightly clothed
with white hairs, 15-20-seeded, seeds very small.
small, annual weed, covered with short, soft,
spreading white hairs; leaves 3-4 in., distinctly
stalked, stipules small, free, lanceolate, leaflets 15-
17 oblong-lanceolate with a broad and notched tip.
1-2 in., wide apart, greenish, soft scattered hairs
on both sides; flowers 4 in., yellow in dense many-
flowered heads on stalks, with few scattered soft
hairs, much shorter than the leaves, calyx ¢ in.,
with a few scattered soft hairs, teeth 5, bristle-like,
feathered, petals 5, projecting a little from the
calyx, wings lanceolate, short-pointed, shorter than
the standard and keel, stamens and style like
those in the last species; pod 3in., cylindrical,
much recurved, sausage-shaped, folded lengthwise,
wrinkled, 20-30 seeded.
medium size, perennial, fairly stout, smooth; lea-
ves 1-3in., distinctly stalked, stipules j-2 in., leafy,
free, triangular with a sharp hard point, leaflets
13-15, oblong, green with a bluish waxy gloss, blunt
or notched ; flowers 1-2 in., lilac or purple in crowd-
ed heads, 1-3 in. long, stalks 2-6 in., covered with
ee
PLANTS OF THE PUNJAB. 1041
HeERBs, ERECT, WITH ALTERNATE STIPULATE COMPOUND LEAVES.
Astragalus cashmirensis,
LEGUMINOS&.
feeb. t. i. 127.
Kashmir 9-10,000 ft.
(Falconer).
Astragalus leucocephalus,
LEGUMINOS#.
fee. Li. 128.
Himalaya 1-7,000 ft.
Simla, Naldera
(Collett).
Murreée (Douie).
Sakesar, Salt range.
41
LEAFLets Many.
PETALS DISSIMILAR.
short spreading black and also white hairs, dense
just below the head, calyx 4-4 in., covered with
black silky hairs, teeth 5, equal to the tube, nearly
sessile, petals 5, contracted, keel and wings shorter
than the standard, stamens and style like those of
the last species; pod { in., oblong, sessile, black,
silky, two-seeded.
small, perennial, stems stout, shaggy with long
hairs; leaves 3-4 in., distinctly stalked, stipules 4
in., lanceolate, thin, free, marked with lines, leaf-
lets 29-33, oblong blunt, or short-pointed, 2-3 in.,
crowded, dull, densely clothed at first with fine
long hairs; flowers #in., yellow in dense round
heads on stalks 1-3 in., bracts 4-2 in., linear, feather-
ed, persistent, calyx 2-3 in., thinly covered with
long hairs, teeth 5, linear, petals 5, standard longer
than the wings and keel, stamens and style like
those of the last species; pod 3 in., linear-oblong,
straight, sessile, finely velvety, hollowed down the
keel, narrowed into a long beak, 6-8 seeded.
small, perennial, densely covered with silvery
white hairs, stems slender short ; leaves 1-3 in., sti-
pules small, leaflike, united below the middle,
leaflets 3-4 in., oblong, 21-31, thick, blunt or nearly
short-pointed, close to each other, covered with
silvery white hairs; flowers }in., pale yellow in
small very dense, oblong heads on densely white
felted stalks, 2-6 in., bracts lanceolate, longer than
the buds, calyx + in., shaggy with white hairs, ne-
arly sessile, teeth 5, bristle-like, equal to the calyx
tube, petals 5, keel shorter than the standard and
wings, stamens and style like those of the last
species ; pod ~ in., oblong, sessile, finely downy,
3-4 seeded.
1042 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XX1,
HERBS, ERECT, WITH ALTERNATE STIPULATE CompouND LEavsEs.
Astragalus Munroi.
LEGUMINOSZ.
BoB. i aid 2S.
Spiti, Lahul.
Oxytropis lapponica.
Oxytropis cachemirica,
LEGUMINOS#.
Bi By iar. (39.
Kashmir 8-10,000 ft.
Oxytropis Meinshausenii,
LEGUMINOS2:.
Ey ePrice
Himalaya 9-11,000 ft.
Valley of Kishengunga.
LEaFLets Many.
Petras DissiIMILar.
small, perennial, rootstock stout, long, woody,
spindle-shaped, stems of a tuft of shoots from the ©
base, stout, shaggy with dense spreading white hairs;
leaves 13-2 in., stipules 3 in., linear or lanceolate,
free, leaflets 19-21, 2-] in., lanceolate with a broad
blunt tip, thinly covered with loose white hairs ;
flowers 2-2 in., yellow, in few-flowered sessile axil-
lary heads, calyx 3-2 in., thinly velvety, teeth 5,
linear, bristle-like, petals 5, nearly equal, stamens
and style like those of the last species; pods
oblong, sessile 1 in. long, inflated, 10-12 seeded.
see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Stipulate,
Compound. l
small, perennial, rootstock woody, stem short
finely velvety ; leaves 1-2 in., stipules lanceolate
or triangular, united below, leaflets 13-21, oblong
lanceolate, 2-3 in., densely white silky ; flowers 3 in.,
yellow, rarely purple in dense heads, 12-30 flowered,
on long stalks, bracts distinct, lanceolate, calyx
2in., densely white silky, teeth 5, linear, nearly
equal, petals 5, standard longest, keel shortest
with a distinct point, stamens 10, one free, others
united, style abruptly incurved, beardless; pod
2-5 in., sessile, much inflated, shaggy with loose
dense white silky hairs, round-oblong, 5-6 seeded.
small, perennial, stem distinct, at first thinly
covered with soft scattered hairs ; leaves 3-4 in.,
stipules 4-3 in., free, lanceolate or oblong, leaflets
17-31, 3-2 in., oblong, blunt, green, slightly cover-
ed with long whitish hairs on both surfaces,
flowers 2 in., yellow, rarely purple in a dense
12-20 flowered head on erect stalks, 4-6 in.,
bracts 3-1 in., linear, covered with scattered black
PLANTS OF THE PUNJAB. 1043
HERBS, ERECT, WITH ALTERNATE STIPULATE ComMpouND LEAVES.
Onobhrychis Stewartii.
LEGUMINOS#.
Bee. L, ii. 141,
The Plains.
Hazara (Stewart).
Rawalpindi (Aitchison)
Kot Futteh Khan.
Rawalpindi District.
(Douie).
Hedysarum astragaloides.
LEGUMINOS&.
WB, 1. i. 146.
Himalaya 11-12,000 ft.
Kishtwar (Thomson).
Lahul (Jaeschke).
LEAFLETs Many.
Prrats DisstMiLar.
hairs, calyx 2 in., tubular, thinly covered with hori-
zontal black hairs, teeth 5, linear, feathered in
black, petals, stamens and style like those in the
last species ; pod }-2 in. oblong, expanded, straight,
short-stalked, with a few silky black hairs 6-8
seeded.
medium size, annual, stem slender, becoming
smooth; leaves 3-4 in., including stalk, stipules
linear, minute, leaflets 9-11, 3-3 in. long, lanceolate
with broad tip, nearly short-pointed, wide apart,
somewhat hairy ; flowers red, 3 in., in long stalked
axillary racemes, 6-9 in., bracts linear, minute ;
calyx 7, in., bell-shaped, silky, teeth 5, lanceolate,
petals 5, standard broad, smooth, . veined, wings
short, keel blunt, stamens 10, all united, style
thread-like, incurved ; pod 1-1 in., kidney-shaped,
expanded, faces woody, deeply honey-combed,
edge armed with close minute spines, one-seeded.
Douie found the stipules larger than minute, and
the stamens not all united.
medium size, stems robust, becoming grey velvety
at first; leaves including the stalk, 4-8 in. long,
leaflets 21-29, 2-1 in., linear-oblong, blunt with a
minute point, smoothish above, persistently grey
velvety beneath; flowers ? in., red in very dense
racemes 2-3 in. long, bracts linear thin projecting
beyond the buds, calyx {in., bell-shaped, finely
silky, teeth 5, petals 5, standard shorter than the
keel, keel blunt, stamens 10, upper free, lower ones
united, style thread-like, very long, abruptly bent ;
pod stalked, distinctly one or two-jointed, joints
oblong, thin, with a crisped wing below, less
marked one above.
1044 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXI,
Heres, Erect, witH ALTERNATE STIPULATE CompounD LEAvsEs,
Hedysarum ‘oachemiria-
num.
LEGUMINOS#.
F. B. I. 11. 146.
Kashmir, 9-10,000 ft.
Hedysarum laxiflorum.
LEGUMINOS&#.
PBs 46,
Himalaya, 9-12,000 ft.
Valley of Kishengunga
(Winterbottom).
Hedysarum strobiliferum.
LEGUMINOS.
F, B. I. ii. 146.
Kashmir, 9,000 feet
(Falconer).
Hedysarum microcalyx.
LEGUMINOS&.
F, B. I. ii. 147.
Himalaya, 9,000 ft.
Kashmir.
Lahul,
LearLtets Many.
Perats DIssiminar.
medium size, stem robust, smooth, grooved ;
leaves including the stalk 6-12 in. long, leaflets
21-27, 2-13 in., long, linear-oblong, thin, blunt, both
sides green, becoming smooth ; flowers 2-1 in., red
in very dense racemes, 2-3 im., bracts linear,
bristle-like, longer than the buds, calyx 2 in.,
downy, teeth 5, petals 5, stamens and style as in
the last species ; pod of 1 to 3 joints, 4-2 in. long,
oblong, smooth, both sutures with a distinct .
uncrisped wing.
medium size, stems slender, firm, smooth ; leaves
including stalk, 3-5 in., leaflets 21-31, linear oblong,
close, firm, nearly leathery, smooth above, grey,
barely covered with grey velvet beneath; flowers
&-2 in., red in loose racemes, 2-5 in., bracts minute
bristle-like, calyx ¢ in., teeth 5, upper triangular,
lower lanceolate, pod 3-4 jointed oblong, firm,
smooth, rather expanded, not more than ¢ in.,
long; otherwise like the last species.
small, stem robust, thickly covered with short
horizontal whitish hairs; leaves including the
stalk, 6-8 in., leaflets 19-25, oblong-lanceolate, 1-13
in., blunt, smoothish above, somewhat white-silky
beneath ; flowers less than 3 in., yellowish, in dense
racemes, 2-3 in., bracts overlapping, thin, dry, stiff,
bristly quite hiding the buds, calyx $-j in., tubular,
teeth 5, short, triangular with sharp hard points
petals 5, equal; stamens and style as in the last:
species.
medium-size, stems stout, smooth, furrowed,
leaves including the stalk, 6-9 in., leaflets 11-13,
oblong-lanceolate, 1-13 in., wide apart, blunt, both
sides green, smooth; flowers &-3, bright red, in
loose racemes, 2-4 in., calyx 2 in., bell-shaped,
smooth, thin, teeth 5, minute, triangular with a
PLANTS OF THE PUNJAB.
1045
HERBS, ERECT, WITH ALTERNATE STIPULATE CompouND LEAVES.
Smithia sensitiva,
Oda-brint.
LEGUMINOS#.
fT. ii, 148.
The Plains.
Smithia geminiflora,
LEGUMINOSZ.
F. B. 1. ii. 149.
Himalaya, 1-3,000 ft.
Smithia ciliata,
LEGUMINOSZ.
F. B. I. ii. 150.
Himalaya, 3-6,000 ft.
Simla, Naldera
(Collett).
LEAFLETS Many.
Petras DISSIMILAR.
hard sharp point, petals 5, keel longer than stand-
ard, stamens and style as in the last species ; pod
2-3 jointed, 3-2 in., oblong, thin, smooth, both
sutures distinctly margined.
medium-size, annual, stems very slender, not
bristly, much branched; leaves including stalk 3-1 in.,
midrib bristly, stipules thin, dry with processes at
the base, leaflets 4-20, i-} in. long, sensitive,
oblong, blunt, bristly on the midrib beneath and
along the almost. straight margins; flowers 3 in.,
yellow, 1-6 in short stalked axillary racemes, calyx
3-4 in., 2-lipped, lips entire, short-pointed, with a
few scattered pale yellow bristles, petals 5, stand-
ard circular, keel incurved, blunt, stamens 10, in
two bundles of five, style thread-like, incurved ;
pod of 4-6 joints, joints covered with minute
nipple-like projections, folded together inside the
calyx. This plant is eaten as a potherb, and
forms a useful fodder.
very like the last species, but with fewer leaflets,
- more bristles on the midribs and margins of
leaflets, and the flowers in pairs in the axils of
leaves.
small to medium-size, annual, stem slender, not
bristly ; flowers in dense shortly stalked one-sided
axillary racemes, bracteoles leafy, oblong with scat-
tered bristles, calyx upper lip sharply cut off,
lower lanceolate; otherwise like the two last
species.
1046 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXi,
HERBS, ERECT, WITH ALTERNATE STIPULATE CompouND LzEayEs.
Aschynomene indica,
Kath-sola.
LEGUMINOSZ.
F. B. I. ii. 151...
The Plains to 5,000 ft.
Kashmir.
Valleys below Simla
(Collett).
Phalia, Gujrat District
(Douie).
Uraria picta,
Dabra, deter.
LEGUMINOS&.
FOB. Tis. lob:
The Plains to 6,000 ft.
LEAFLETS Many.
Prtats DissIMILAR.
large, annual, pale green, stem smooth, branches
many, cylindrical, often slightly rough with tuber-
cles; leaves 2-3 in., stalk sticky with glands,
stipules linear-lanceolate, long-pointed, with pro-
cesses at the base, soon falling off, leaflets 41-61,
sensitive, very small, upper ones smallest, overlap-
ping, alternate, narrowly oblong, rounded with a
small point; flowers 3 in., yellow, often with purple
streaks, in many, sticky, axillary racemes, bracts
small, lanceolate, fringed with hairs, calyx 2 in.,
smooth, deeply 2-lipped, lips faintly toothed, petals
5, standard circular, erect, keel nearly straight,
blunt, stamens 10 in two bundles of five, style in-
curved, smooth ; pod 1-13 in. long, linear, stalked,
flattened, smooth, straight or rather curved, upper
suture straight, lower indented, joints 6-10, smooth
or finally rough with nipple-like processes, one seed
in each joint. The allied species . aspera, yields
the pith (sola) from which sun hats are made.
large, perennial, stem finely downy, robust, bran-
ches few; leaves 10-12 in. long, lowest simple or of
3 leaflets, rounded or oblong, upper of 5-9 leaflets,
mid stalk downy, stipules 4in., lanceolate, long-
pointed, leaflets 4-8 in., linear-lanceolate, leathery,
smooth, clouded with white above, net veined,
minutely velvety beneath; flowers purple j in., in
dense cylindrical racemes, 6-12 by 2-3 in., bracts
brown, thin, soon falling off, minor flower stalks
bristly, abruptly incurved, after flowering, at the
tip, calyx 4 in., tube very short, teeth 5, 2 upper
short, lower long, bristle-like, petals 5, standard
broad, wings united to the keel, stamens 10, upper
one free, lower ones united, style thread-like, sharp-
ly bent; pod of 3-6 joints, joints small, swollen,
one-seeded, polished, often placed face to face.
The seeds are used to cure ulcerated mouths.
PLANTS OF THE PUNJAB. 1047
HERBS, ERECT, WITH ALTERNATE STIPULATE CompouND LEAVES.
Cicer arietinum,
Gram or Chick-pea,
Chana.
LEGUMINOS.
Weebl: ii. 176,
The Plains to 2,000 ft.
Commonly cultivated.
Vicla tetrasperma,
LEGUMINOS&.
Hea i LZ 7.
Himalaya 6-8,000 ft.
Vicia Griffithii,
LEGUMINOS&.
Bel. wz: 178.
The Plains.
Rawalpindi.
Futtehjang (Aitchi-
son).
Baluchistan (Duthie).
Leartets Many.
Perrats DIssIMILAR.
small, annual, sticky, much branched; leaves 1-2
in., stipules small, obliquely ovate, with a few long
teeth, strongly veined, leaflets 13 or so, } in. long,
ovate or oblong, deeply cut, strongly veined, flowers
2 in., pink, blue or white, solitary axillary on stalks
3-2 in., calyx 4-3 in., teeth 5, linear, nearly equal,
petals 5, standard broad, longer than the wings and
keel, stamens 10, upper free, lower united, style
incurved, beardless; pod 2-1 in., swollen, velvety,
sessile, narrowed into the persistent style, seeds 2
nearly round, reddish brown, black or white, indent-
ed, beaked.
medium size, annual, stem smooth, very slender
much branched; leaves 3-1 in., ending in twisted
tendrils, stipules large, pointed, often toothed, base
ending in a pointed lobe, leaflets 6-12, narrowly
oblong, 4-2 in., blunt or short pointed; flowers +
in., pale blue, in pairs or rarely solitary on axillary
stalks equal in length to the leaves, calyx 7 in.,
bell-shaped, teeth 5, three lower the longest, petals
5, longer than the calyx, standard broad, erect, keel
nearly straight, blunt, shorter than the wing petals,
stamens 10, upper one nearly or quite free, others
united, style short, incurved, velvety all round;
pod 4 in., smooth, oblong, seeds 3 or 4.
medium-size, perennial, stems slender, finely
silky, thin, smooth, straggling ; leaves 2 in., ending
in twisted tendrils, stipules triangular, deeply cut,
leaflets 12-16, 3-4 in., wide apart, linear-oblong,
thin, blunt; flowers 2 in., lilac in 2-4 flowered,
axillary racemes, as long as the leaves, calyx + in.,
rather silky, teeth 5, upper triangular, lower lan-
ceolate, pod 14 in., oblong, flat, smooth, veined,
seeds 5-6; otherwise like the last species.
1048 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XXI,
HERBS, ERECT, WITH ALTERNATE STIPULATE ComPpouND LEavsEs.
Vicia sativa.
Vetch. or Tare.
LEGUMINOSS.
F. B. I. 11. 178.
The Plains to 7,000 ft.
Vicia peregrina.
LEGUMINOS#.
F, B. I. 11.
The Plains.
Vicia sepium.
LEGUMINOSA,
Ld oe rein ES),
Kashmir.
LearLtets Many.
PETALS DISSIMILAR.
small to medium size, annual, stems slender
spreading or erect, rather downy; leaves pinnate
ending in twisted tendrils, stipules small, obliquely
lanceolate, deeply toothed, leaflets 8-12, those of
upper leaves 3-1 in. strap shaped, of lower shorter,
broader, sometimes deeply notched at the apex;
flowers 3 in. or less, red-blue usually solitary, rarely
in pairs, axillary, sessile, calyx 2 in., teeth 5, lan-
ceolate-awlshaped, petals 5, twice the length of the
calyx, style bearded below the stigma, pod 1-2 in.,
smooth, seeds 8-10; otherwise like the last species.
A weed of cultivation, stated to be sometimes
cultivated as a fodder plant.
small, annual, slender, smooth, spreading, leaf-
lets 10-12, alternate or opposite, 3-1 in. long,
stipules minute, bifid with linear divisions; flowers
4 in. red purple solitary, on short axillary stalks,
calyx } in., teeth lanceolate, upper shorter curved
upwards; pods 1-1} in., linear-oblong, abruptly
turned down, smooth, rather curved, seeds 5-6;
otherwise like the last species.
\
medium-size, perennial, finely downy ; leaflets
oblong, abruptly ended, stipules small, deeply
toothed, flowers 3 in., reddish in 2-6 flowered,
nearly sessile, one-sided, racemes only in the axils
of upper leaves, calyx 3 in., smooth or downy, teeth
triangular with a sharp hard point, pod 1 in.,
oblique, smooth, beaked, seeds 6-10; otherwise
like the last species.
PLANTS OF THE PUNJAB. 1049
HeERBs, ERECT, WITH ALTERNATE STIPULATE CoMPOUND LEAVES.
Vicia narbonensis.
LEGUMINOSZ.
eB. Ll. 11.179.
Peshawar (Vicary)
The Park at Rawal-
pindi.
Vicia Faba.
Broad bean.
Bakla, chastang.
LEGUMINOS#.
Heo. it, 179:
The Plains to 8,000 ft.
Lens esculenta.
Lentil.
Masur dal.
LEGUMINOS&.
He Be Ei. 179.
The Plains.
Baluchistan (Hughes-
Buller.)
Lathyrus altaicus.
LEGUMINOSA.
F, B. I. ii. 180.
Himalaya 6-8,000 ft.
Chenab Valley (Royle.)
42
LeaFLets Many.
Prrats DISsIMILAR.
medium-size, annual, stout, smooth or finely
downy ; leaflets 2 on the lowest leaves, 4-6 on the
upper, 1-2 in. long, entire, obovate, stipules large,
deeply cut; flowers 3 in., purple and white, in
nearly sessile 2-6 flowered racemes, calyx 2 in.,
upper teeth triangular, lower lanceolate; pod 13-2
in., downy, 6-7 seeded; otherwise like the last
species.
very like the last species, but larger. It is
cultivated widely as a vegetable, and possibly may
have once originated from Vicia narbonensis.
small, annual, softly velvety, branching from
the base ; leaves terminating in a bristle, stipules
almost lobed at the base, leaflets 8-12, entire,
lanceolate, often tipped with a small sharp point,
sessile ; flowers pale purple in 2-4 flowered racemes
on stalks equal to the leaves, the end of the stalk
extending beyond the flowers, calyx teeth linear,
silky, petals 5, standard broad, wings joined to the
keel, keel shorter than the wings, stamens 10, united
into a tube with an oblique mouth, style abruptly
bent, bearded on its inner face; pod 3 in., long,
oblong, flattened, smooth, seeds 2, grey with
minute spots, flattened.
small, perennial, glabrous ; leaves 2-3 in., termi-
nated by a long tendril, stipules lanceolate with a
tail-like point, slightly toothed, leaflets 6-8, 3-2 in.,
broad, oblong, thin, with a bluish waxy gloss;
flowers reddish, 2 in., in 3-6-flowered loose one-
sided racemes on stalks, 2-4 in. long, calyx 2 in.,
5-toothed, upper teeth triangular, lower linear,
1050 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XX1.
HERBS, ERECT, WITH ALTERNATE STIPULATE Compounp LEAVES.
Lathyrus luteus,
LEGUMINOSA.
Hk eels):
Himalaya.
8-10,000 ft.
Mashobra.
Mahasu, Matiana.
Huttu (Collett).
Salt range.
Phaseolus mungo,
Phaseolus calcaratus,
Cassia occidentalis,
Cassia Sophera,
Cassia Tora or
obtusifolia,
Panwar.
LEGUMINOS&.
W. BST, 0 263.
The Plains to 5,000 ft.
Naldera.
Sutlej Valley (Collett)
Kangra Valley.
LEAFLETS Many.
PETALS DIsstmMiInaR.
petals 5, standard broad, keel shorter than the
wings, stamens 10, upper free, others united, style
flattened, bearded on the inner side, pod cylindri-
eal or flattish.
medium-size, perennial, smooth; leaves 3-5 in.,
ending in a bristle, stipules large, leafy, base
2-lobed, leaflets 6-8, 2-4 in. long, thin, short-pointed,
pale green; flowers 1 in., yellow, in 6-12-flowered
staiked racemes, equal to or longer than the leaves,
calyx 2-3 in., teeth 5, upper triangular, lower lan-
ceolate, pod 2-3 in., linear, beaked, seeds many ;
otherwise like the last species.
see Prostrate Herbs, Alternate, Stipulate, Com-
pound.
see Prostrate Herbs, Alternate, Stipulate, Com-
pound.
PETALS SIMILAR.
see Shrubs, Erect, Alternate, Stipulate, Com-
pound,
see Shrubs, Erect, Alternate, Stipulate, Com-
pound.
large, annual, shrub-like, not fcetid; leaves 2-4
in., stalked, stipules 2 in., linear, soon falling off,
main leaf-stalk grooved, conical gland between the
lowest pair of leaflets, leaflets 6, 1-2 in. long,
oblong-ovate with a broad triangular tip, obliquely
rounded at the base, thin, green, smooth or rather
velvety on both surfaces; flowers 3 in. long, bright
yellow in nearly sessile axillary pairs, calyx divided
into 5 nearly to the base, lobes green, petals 5,
nearly equal, stamens 10, 7 perfect, 3 minute,
PLANTS OF THE PUNJAB. 1051
HERBS, ERECT, WITH ALTERNATE STIPULATE CoMPOUND LEAVES.
Cassia obovata or obtusa,
Indian Senna.
LEGUMINOS&.
eee, Lo 11. 264.
The Plains.
Delhi, Salt Range.
Derajat.
Baluchistan (Boissier).
Cassia absus,
Chaksu.
LEGUMINOS&.
F. B. I. ii. 265.
The Plains to 5,000 ft.
Valleys below Simla
(Collett).
Dharmpur.
LEAFLETS Many.
PETALS SIMILAR.
abortive, style incurved; pod 8-10 in., nearly
cylindrical, divided by oblique partitions, sutures
broad, seeds 30-35, flattened, brown shining. The
leaves, seeds and root are used medicinally. It is
a very common weed which flowers during the
rains.
medium-size, annual or perennial, nearly smooth,
branches angular ; leaves 2-3 in., stalked, no gland
between the leaflets, stipules lanceolate, persistent
leaflets 8-12, 4-14 in. long, oblong-ovate with a
broad tip, rounded with a minute point, thin, a
waxy bluish gloss beneath; flowers #? in., pale
yellow in narrow few-flowered stalked racemes, 2-3
in., calyx segments blunt, smooth, stamens very
unequal, pods 1-14 in. long, shortly stalked, much
curved; rounded at the ends, flexible smooth,
seeds 6-12, separated by very thin partitions ;
otherwise like the last species.
medium-size, annual or biennial, covered with
grey sticky hairs; leaves 14-3 in., long-stalked, a
small gland on the main stalk between every pair
of leaflets, stipules small, linear, persistent, short-
pointed, leaflets 4, 1-2 in. long, oblong, blunt or
nearly short-pointed, unequal at the base, hairy
beneath as well as above ; flowers i in. diam., red-
yellow in few flowered erect narrow short racemes,
calyx of 5 narrow segments, 3-3 in. long, lanceolate,
bristly, petals 5, nearly equal with long stalks,
veined, stamens 5, equal, perfect; pod 1-14 in.,
trap-shaped, oblique, seeds 5, flattened, dark-
brown, shining.
1052 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXI.
i
HERBS, ERECT, WITH ALTERNATE STIPULATE CoMPOUND LEAVES.
‘Spirza aruncus,
Meadow sweet.
RosacEs,
F. B. 1..11. 323.
Himalaya, 8-10,000 ft.
Hattu (Collett).
la albif olia,
RosacEs.
BB, Dai.47.
Himalaya, 8-10,000 ft.
Hattu, Bhagi (Collett).
Potentilla fulgens,
RosacEz.
B. Boa, nipallGat
Himalaya, 6-9,000 ft.
Simla.
Mashobra (Collett).
LEAFLETS Many.
PETALS SIMILAR.
large, perennial rootstock, shrub-like, smoothish ;
leaves 6-12 in., 2 to 3-pinnate, long primary and
secondary leaf-stalks, leaflet-stalks short, stipules
rudimentary, leaflets usually in threes, 1-3 in. long,
ovate, sharply and irregularly toothed, narrowed
into a tail-like tip ; flowers 4-1 in., many, white, one
sexual, male and female on different plants, in long
slender velvety branching racemes, calyx persistent,
lobes 5, oblong, ovate, petals 5, orbicular, stamens ~
20 ormore, sometimes united below, styles 5 or more,
nearly terminal; follicles 6 or more, swollen, smooth,
shining, seeds few. This plantis often mistaken
for Astilbe rivularis, but the latter has no petals.
small, perennial, rootstock stout, stems several,
slender, zigzag, velvety, branched; leaves 2-4 in.,
pinnate, stalk very slender, stipules 3-2 in., sheath-
ing, loose, brown, short-pointed, united for half
their length to the stalk, leaflets 5-9, 3-1 in., ovate,
deeply and sharply toothed, lateral leaflets dimi-
nishing from the uppermost pair downwards, green,
velvety above, white-felted beneath ; flowers j in.
diam., yellow, solitary on slender axillary stalks,
1-2 in., calyx persistent, tube shallow with 5 lobes,
alternating with 5 bracteoles, white-felted, lobes
triangular, bracteoles linear-oblong, petals 36,
oblong, shorter than the calyx lobes, stamens 5,
styles many, achenes many forming a head, hairy,
covered by the calyx lobes, large, deeply furrowed,
receptacle felted.
small, perennial, rootstock stout, stem leafy,
softly silky; leaves 2-8 in., pinnate, stalk stout,
lower stipules dry, thin, upper leafy, toothed or
lobed, leaflets many, in large and small pairs alter-
nately, decreasing in size from above downwards,’
ovate, sharply toothed, terminal leaflet 1-13 in.
PLANTS OF THE PUNJAB. 1053
HERBS, ERECT, WITH ALTERNATE STIPULATE COMPOUND LeEaveEs.
Potentilla Clarkei.
RosacE&.
BB. Loa. gol.
Himalaya 7,000 ft.
Srinagar.
Kashmir (Clarke),
Potentilla sericea.
RosacE#,
F, B. I. ii. 354.
Himalaya 9-17,000 ft.
Kashmir.
LEAFLETS Many.
PETALS SIMILAR.
green, hairy above, silvery felted beneath; flowers.
+ in. diam., yellow crowded in terminal clusters
or branched racemes, bracteoles quite entire or
2-3-fid, calyx silvery hairy, lobes ovate, short-
pointed, petals orbicular, ovate with a broad tip,
stamens many, styles short, slender, ventral,
achenes small, smooth; otherwise like the last.
species,
small, perennial, rootstock woody, stem stout,
ascending, leafy, rough with long spreading hairs ;
leaves 1-2 in., covered with spreading hairs, sti-
pules on the stem, leafy, large, half ovate, entire or
toothed, leaflets 3-1 in., 5-7, ovate with a broad tip,
very coarsely round-toothed, 4 way down, sessile,
close together ; flowers 4 in. diam., yellow stalked,
very stiff in clusters with very spreading leafy
branches and bracts ; calyx lobes short-pointed,
petals ovate with a broad tip, stamens many, styles
slender, terminal, achenes many, large minutely
wrinkled on a raised hairy receptacle; otherwise
like the last species.
small to medium-size according to elevation,
rootstock erect, very stout, stems many, white,
densely silky-felted ; leaves 1-6 in., crowded about
1 in. broad, leaflets 5-11, oblong, silky on both
surfaces, all cut nearly to the midrib, terminal
leaflets radiating, lateral, opposite and alternate ;
flowers 1-2 in. diam., yellow on flowering stems,
densely felted, in many or few flowered clusters or
solitary, calyx lobes triangular-ovate or lanceolate
bracteoles narrowly oblong, blunt, petals orbicular,
ovate with a broad tip, styles terminal, achenes.
many, smooth ; otherwise like the last species.
1054 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXTI,
HERBS, ERECT, WITH ALTERNATE STIPULATE COMPOUND LEavEs.
LEAFLETS Many.
PETALS SIMILAR.
Potentilla nepalensis, medium-size, perennial, stout or slender, softly
Rattanjot, hairy to nearly smooth, stem branched, leafy ;
RosacEs. leaves digitately compound, radical 12 by 3 in.,
F, B. I. 1. 355. long-stalked, leaflets 5, 1-3 by }-14 in., sessile, stem
Himalaya, 5-9,000 ft. stipules 3-1 in., ovate or oblong, lower entire, upper
Simla (Collett). lobed, leaflets ovate with a broad tip or rounded,
Murree, | coarsely toothed, green; flowers 3-1 in. diam.,
purple, stalked in forked branching racemes, calyx
lobes short-pointed, bracteoles blunt, petals revers-
ed heart-shaped, longer than the calyx lobes,
achenes very many, minute, wrinkled on a round
hairy receptacle ; otherwise like the last species.
Potentilla kashmirica,
ROSACEA.
F. B. I. 1. 355.
Kashmir, 7,500 ft.
Nowgunge (Clarke).
very like the Jast species, but with shorter leaf
stalks, shorter more deeply toothed leaflets, yellow
flowers, more deeply wrinkled achenes, and broadly
clustered flowers.
Potentilla argentea, see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Stipulate,
Compound.
Agrimonia eupatorium, see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Stipulate,
Compound.
Agrimonia pilosa, — see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Stipulate,
Compound.
Fiowers, Minute, IN UMBELS.
Vicatia coniifolia, see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Com-
pound.
Vicatia millefolia, see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Com-
pound.
Elaeosticta meifolia, see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Com-
pound.
Apium graveclens, see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Com-
pound.-
__ eS
PLANTS OF THE PUNJAB.
HERBS, ERECT, WITH ALTERNATE STIPULATE ComPpouND LEAVEs.
LEAFLETS Many,
PETALS SIMILAR.
FLowers, Minutes, IN UMBELS.
Cicuta virosa,
Carum Carui,
Carum Bulbocastanum,
Carum Roxburghianum,
Carum copticum,
Sium latijugum,
Pimpinella saxifraga,
Pimpinella acuminata,
Pimpinella diversifolia,
Osmorrhiza claytoni
Cherophyllum virosum,
Cherophylium reflexum,
Cherophyllum capnoides.
see Herbs,
pound.
see Herbs,
pound.
see Herbs,
pound.
see Herbs,
pound.
see Herbs,
pound.
see Herbs,
pound.
see Herbs,
pound.
see Herbs,
pound.
see Herbs,
pound.
see Herbs,
pound.
see Herbs,
pound.
Erect,
Erect,
Erect,
Hrect,
Erect,
Erect,
Erect,
Hrect,
Erect,
Erect,
Erect,
Alternate,
Alternate,
Alternate,
Alternate,
Alternate,
Alternate,
Alternate,
Alternate,
Alternate,
Alternate,
Alternate,
see Herbs, Erect, Alternate,
pound.
see Herbs, Erect, Alternate,
pound.
Exstipulate,
Exstipulate,
Exstipulate,
Exstipulate,
Exstipulate,
Exstipulate,
Exstipulate,
Teco
Exstipulate,
Exstipulate,
Exstipulate,
Exstipulate,
Exstipulate,
Com-
Com-
Com-
Com-
Com-
Com-
Com-
Com-
Com-
Com-
Com-
Com-
Com-
1056 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XX,
HERBS, ERECT, WITH ALTERNATE STIPULATE CompouND LEAvVEs.
Cherophyllum cachemi-
ricum,
Scandix Pecten-Veneris,
Anthriscus nemerosa,
Seseli sibiricum,
Pycnocycla glauca,
Foeeniculum vulgare,
Prangos pabularia,
Ligusticum marginatum,
Selinum ten uifolium,
Selinum papyraceum,
Selinum Candolii,
Selinum vaginatum,
Pleurospermum Govani-
anum,
LEAFLETS Many.
PETALS SIMILAR.
Fiowers, Minute, 1n UMBELS.
see Herbs, Erect, Alternate,
pound.
see Herbs,
pound.
see Herbs,
pound.
see Herbs,
pound.
see Herbs,
pound.
see Herbs,
pound.
see Herbs,
pound.
see Herbs,
pound.
see Herbs,
pound.
see Herbs,
pound.
see Herbs,
pound.
see Herbs,
pound.
see Herbs,
pound,
Erect,
Erect,
Erect,
Erect,
Erect,
Erect,
Erect,
Erect,
Erect,
Erect,
Erect,
Erect,
Alternate,
Alternate,
Alternate,
Alternate,
Alternate,
Alternate,
Alternate,
Alternate,
Alternate,
Alternate,
Alternate,
Alternate,
Exstipulate,
Exstipuiate,
Hxstipulate,
Exstipulate,
Exstipulate,
Exstipulate,
Exstipulate,
Exstipulate,
Exstipulate,
Exstipulate,
Exstipulate, Com- .
Exstipulate,
Exstipulate,
Com-
Com-
Com-
Come
Com-
Com-
Com-
Com-
Com-
Com-
Com-
Com-
PLANTS OF THE PUNJAB.
HERBS, ERECT, WITH ALTERNATE STIPULATE CompouND LEAVES.
Pleurospermum Candolii,
Pleurospermum angeli-
coides,
Pleurospermum stylo-
sum,
Pleurospermum densi-
florum,
Pleurospermum Brunonis,
_ Angelica glauca,
Archangelica officinalis,
Ferula Thomsoni,
Ferula Joschkeana,
Peucedanum ¢graveolens,
Peucedanum Thomsoni,
Heracleum Thomsoni,
Heracleum pinnatum,
43
Leartets Many.
Pxsrats SrMinar.
see Herbs,
pound.
see Herbs,
pound.
see Herbs,
pound.
see Herbs,
pound.
see Herbs,
pound.
see Herbs,
pound.
see Herbs,
pound.
see Herbs,
pound.
see Herbs,
pound.
see Herbs,
pound.
see Herbs,
pound.
see Herbs,
pound.
see Herbs,
pound.
Erect,
Erect,
Erect,
Erect,
Erect,
Erect,
Erect,
Erect,
Erect,
Erect,
Erect,
Erect,
Hrect,
Friowers, MInutE, IN UMBELS.
Alternate,
Alternate,
Alternate,
Alternate,
Alternate,
Alternate,
Alternate,
Alternate,
Alternate,
Alternate,
Alternate,
Alternate,
Alternate,
Exstipulate,
Exstipulate,
Exstipulate,
Exstipulate,
Exstipulate,
Exstipulate,
Exstipulate,
Exstipulate,
Exstipulate,
Exstipulate,
Exstipulate,
Exstipulate,
Exstipulate,
Com-—
Com-—
Com-
Com—
Com-
Com—
Com-
Com-
Com-
Com-
Com-
Com-
Com-
1058 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XX1I.
HERBS, ERECT, WITH ALTERNATE StipuLATE Compounp LavsEs,
iNeracleum cachemiricum,
Heracleum canescens,
Heracleum Candieans,
.Zosimia absinthifolia,
Goriandrum sativum,
Cuminum Cyminum,
‘Daucus Carota, !
Caucalis Anthriscus,
‘Caucalis leptophylia,
‘Caucalis latifolia,
Psammogeton biternatum,
Thalictrum cultratum,
LEarptets Many.
Perats SIMILAR.
Frowers, Minute, in Umbe.s.
see Herbs, Erect, Alternate,
pound.
see Herbs, Erect,
pound.
see Herbs,
pound.
see Herbs, Erect,
pound.
see Herbs, Erect,
pound.
see Herbs,
pound.
see Herbs,
pound.
Erect,
\
Erect,
Erect,
Alternate,
Alternate,
Alternate,
Alternate,
Alternate,
Alternate,
see Herbs, Erect, Alternate,
pound.
see Herbs, Erect, Alternate,
pound.
see Herbs, Erect, Alternate,
pound,
see Herbs, Erect, Alternate,
pound.
Perats None.
see Herbs, Erect, Alternate,
pound,
Exstipulate, Com-
Exstipulate, Com-
Exstipulate, Com-
Exstipulate, Com-
Exstipulate, Com-
Exstipulate, Com-
Exstipulate, Com-
Exstipulate, Com-
Exstipulate, Com-
Exstipulate, Com-
Exstipulate, Com-
Exstipulate, Com-
PLANTS OF THE PUNJAB. 1059
HERBS, ERECT, WITH ALTERNATE STIPULATE ComMPpoUND LEAVES.
Thalictrum reniforme,
Thalictrum Javanicum,
Thalictrum foliolosum,
Astilbe rivularis,
SAXIFRAGACES.
FB. L. ii. 389.
Himalaya, 4-9,000 ft.
Simla, Mashobra (Col-
lett).
Kashmir.
Dalhousie.
Leartets Many.
Perats None.
see Herbs, Erect, Alternate Exstipulate, Com-
pound.
see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Com-
pound.
see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Com-
pound.
large, rootstock perennial, hairy ; leaves 6-18 in.,
irregularly 2-pinnate, stipules large, thin, united to
the leaf stalk, sheathing, base of leaf stalk enlarged,
hairy, leaflets 1-4 in., ovate, sometimes lobed, heart-
shaped at the base, sharply toothed, long-pointed,
smooth above, minutely bristly beneath along the
midrib and nerves; flowers very small, greenish-
yellow, sometimes one sexual in spicate racemes,
forming a large terminal branching raceme, 12-24
in. long, stalk of raceme softly hairy, calyx bell-
shaped, united to the base of the ovary, lobes 5,
deeply divided, persistent, petals none, stamens 5,
opposite the sepals, styles 2; capsule small 2 beaked,
seeds minute, many, narrow tailed at both ends,
sometimes mistaken for Spirea Aruncus, whose fruit
has 3-4 beaks,
(To be continued.)
1060
PROGRESS OF THE MAMMAL SURVEY.
When the last account was written in March 1912 (p. 640
of the last Journal) Mr. Crump was commencing to collect
:
:
in Hoshangabad. From there he proceeded to Pachmarhi for a —
short spell and then to Saugor, Damoh, Balaghat and Chanda, all —
in the Central Provinces. He was unable to stay long in each
district but managed to obtain some 519 specimens by the 12th July.
As the rains will probably set in by the latter part of June, it is
proposed to bring Mr. Crump back then and a little later to send
him to Sind where the rainfall is light and collecting of mammals
will be practicable.
Mr. D. O. Witt, I.F.S., kindly rendered muck valuable aid to
Mr. Crump in the Saugor District and to Mr. Chevenix Trench,
I.C.8., the thanks of the Society are also due to Mr. F. J.
Langhorne, I.F.S., for the assistance rendered in the Damoh
District and to Mr. C. G. Leftwich, I.C.S., in the Chanda District.
Mr. Shortridge has been steadily collecting in Kanara and has
stayed at the following centres Samasgi, Sirsi, Hulekal, Jog,
Gersoppa and Honawar from whence he has sent some 506 speci-
mens up to June 4th.
He is now near Shimoga (Mysore territory) having completed
Kanara and his proceeding towards Mysore and then to the EHast-
ward and it is proposed as soon as the worst of the rains are over
that he should proceed to Coorg, the Shevaroys, Nilgiris, Anamal-
lays and Palneys where excellent results may be hoped for—but
such a programme must, of course, take a very considerable time.
It will be noticed that the subscription list has made but little
progress since the last list was published. The most satisfactory
feature about it is the promised contribution frcm the Government
of Madras who have kindly offered a grant of Rs. 2,500 towards
the Survey. This grant is greatly appreciated ana it is earnestly
hoped that other Governments will follow this excellent example,
particularly since the work which we are endeavouring to do is tor
the whole of India, Burma and Ceylon. It is also Imperial since
we are giving specimens to the Imperial collection at the British
Museum, South Kensington.
PROGRESS OF THE MAMMAL SURVEY, 1061
So far we have spent about Rs. 13,000 or roughly half the
amount collected, and therefore if the work is to be completed a
large amount of money has yet to be obtained.
MAMMAL FUND.
FURTHER LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS UP TO 3lst MAY 1912.
NAME. Amount.
Rs. A P
|Amount previously acknowledged in Journal
No. 2, Vol. XXI an ie -. | 26,398 5 0
Andrews, G. P. ae ris » re 16 0 0
Bagshawe, L. V. as ae a ae 15 0 0
| Blunt, H. R. oie ss iA oe 10 0 0
Bowen, J. C. G. ie io ca be 30 0 0
Burnett, Prof. K. .. hs i, a <7 8 0)
Cadell, P. R. as: oe as a4 30 | 0 0
Coode, J.M. ae a 15 | 0) 0
| Delme-Radcliffe, Lt. BOG et Rs a 165 | 0 0 |
| Forsyth, Dr. Wm. .. “3 *: m 5 8 0 |
| Gaye, W. C. (2nd ieee) ye ag, ae 10 0 0 |
\ Gordon, R. G. aa ig a 50 0 07
| Gray, Chas. fe my oo Sa 25 0 0 |
| Hannyngton, F. : 4. Pe nie 15 2 0 |
| Henderson, Dr. J. Ro = Me Pe 25 0 0 |
) Hyam, Judah Be ue ie 10 ! 0 0 |
|Jamkhandi, H. H. The Chief .. x Ab 100| 0 0°
| Laurence, qT. Tess ate AL ie 15 0 0 |
| Manners Smith, Lt. zCois Jr a3 ee a 15 0 0 |
| Muspratt, Lt. -Col. BEC: ue ¥3 oe 30 0 0 |
| Royal Society, The .. a Seer: Le 372 12 0
‘Stables, Major A... 15 12 0 |
Suter, Dr. M. F. (Rs. 10 per month- March, April
and May) 30 0 0
Total ..| 27,255 15 0 |
Promised by the Government of Madras, Rs. 2,500. |
1062
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES.
No. I.--NOTES ON TIGERS.
With reference to Mr. Pitman’s note under the above heading (Vol.
XXI, No, 2, page 657) I would draw attention to Capt. Forsyth’s remarks
in “the Highlands of Central India,” pp. 267, et seq., 1899 edition. He
states that regular cattle-lifters are known to natives as “oontia bagh’’
from his faintly striped coat resembling the colour of a camel. The
author’s explanation is that cattle-lifters are usually larger, older, and
heavier animals than game killers and have taken to a cattle diet owing
to a decreasing activity with advancing age. He wrote: “ The larger and
older the animal, the more yellow his coat becomes and the fainter and
further apart are the stripes.”
CoimBATORE, 16th May 1912. C, E. C. FISCHER, ims.
In the last issue of the Journal Mr. Pitman contributes two letters
about tiger in the C. P. His experience of three cubs to the litter is un-
usual. I have shot and seen shot 8 or 10 tigresses, and I have not foand
more than two cubs carried. I have recently come across a tigress run-
ning with three cubs, one of which I shot. It was about three years old
but the other two appeared to be a year old. As regards colouration in
the hot weather Mr. Pitman’s experience agrees with mine. The regular
cattle killer is a fat beast, and his colour in the hot weather is very pale.
The tiger who lives chiefly on game in the interior of forests is a much
harder animal and keeps his colour even in the summer months. It is
probably not a matter of protective colouring for the tiger in the daylight
is always very conspicuous, his colour being obviously intended for the
twilight. The darker colour of the tiger that does not live on cattle is
probably due to his greater fitness.
Batacuat, O.P., 4th May 1912. F, DEWAR, tc.s.
Mr. Pitman refers to the number of cubs in the tigress’s litter in your
issue of the 3lst March last. I believe that four is not an unusual number
to be found in the fcetus stage, but my experience goes to show that
tigresses are seldom accompanied by more than two cubs, which points to
the probability of not more than that number surviving.
As regards colouration of tigers, the differences noted by Mr. Pitman
are probably due principally to age. At the same time animals inhabiting
dense jungle are likely to be darker coloured than those of more open
localities.
As tigers grow in age and weight, they are probably more addicted to
cattle killing than game killing ; it is an easier occupation. Old tigers lose
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, 1063:
their brilliant colouring, and are sometimes quite faded, both as to the:
fulvous ground colouring and the stripes.
R. G. BURTON, Lirvt.-CoLonet,
94th Russell’s Infantry.
Camp, 23rd ‘April 1912.
[The Raja Saheb of Mudhol (Kolhapur) has lately presented to the Society the
skins of 4 tiger cubs which he said were cut out of a tigress shot in N. Kanara
this hot weather.—EDs. |
During the Viceroy’s shoot at Moband (Siwaliks) last week a tigress.
8 foot 9 inches was shot. Out of her were cut six fully formed cubs, 2
males and 4 females. Would you be so good as to inform me if you have-
ever heard of six being found before and if it is a rare occurrence ?
V. A. S. KEIGHLEY, Caprr.,
Viceroy’s Bodyguard.
Denra Dun, 30th Apri 1912.
| We have not heard before of more than five cubs being found in a tiger’s
litter.—Eps. |
No. I1.—NOTES ON PANTHERS.
Remarks regarding ten panthers whose skulls are presented to the
Society, all recently shot in Buldana District, Berar.
pate og Length of panther in
whic J straight line. A R
Skull shot Sex. Bien ound General Remarks,
marked. body. Tail.
31-3-12 Female. 3 ft.S8in. 2ft.6im. Fully mature, as evident from
teeth. Bright smooth coat;
skull ridged; the rosettes
about the centre of this ani-
mal’s back have many central
spots, as in the jaguar, a
peculiarity I have not observ-
ed in others of the species,
although there are occasionally
two or three such spots.
6-4-12 Male. 3ft.6in. 2ft.8in. Immature. Rough, fulvouscoat..
No occipital ridge.
10-4-12 Male. 4ft.3in. 2ft.9im. Old; bright, smooth skining
coat, skull ridged and elonga-
ted.
15-4-12 Female. 3ft.3in. 2 ft.5in. Immature, but living by itself..
Rough coat. No _ occipital
ridge.
1064 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. X_XI.
16-4-12 Female. Sft.7in. 2ft.7in. Old andhas had young. Bright
smooth coat; ridged skull.
19-4-12 Female. 3ft.4in. 2ft.6im. Young; has not borne young.
Dull, rough coat. No occipital
ridge.
21-4-12 Female. 3ft.6in. 2ft.5in. Young, as evident from teeth.
_Thickly spotted, dark rough ©
fur. No occipital ridge.
23-4-12 Male. 4ft.2in. 2ft.6in. Old. Very smooth, bright,
shining coat. Ridged skull.
25-4-12 Female. 3ft.8in. 2ft.Gin. Mature. Appears to have had
young. Pale colour,. coat
smooth. Ridged skull.
15-5-12. Male. 4ft.6in. 2ft.9in. Veryold. Dark colour, smooth
coat. Ridged skull. This
panther hada peculiar mal-
formation of the tongue which
was split in two for about four
inches from the point.
Note.—In determining whether these animals were young, immature or
old, [have not considered the presence or absence of occipital ridge, or
the smoothness or otherwise of the fur. But have judged from the
appearance of the teeth and sexual indications. It will be observed that
in old animals there is invariably a strongly developed occipital ridge, an
elongated appearance of the skull, and generally a bright, smooth coat.
In young animals there is no occipital ridge, and the skull is rounder,
while the coat is generally rough and has less pigmentation. Males are,
of course, as in all the cats, much larger than females. These animals
were all shot within a small area. They were all driven out singly, and
were therefore sufliciently mature to be living alone. The old and
the young respectively present those features which have sometimes led
to their being divided into two species. They are undoubtedly all of one
species, the features referred to being merely indications of age, such as
one would naturally expect and not peculiar to this species.
In the Journal of 31st March, Captain Mosse reviews Mr. Hick’s remarks
on panthers and pantherets (!) in his book “Forty years among the wild beasts
of India.” Ihave already discussed this matter at length in another
publication (Pioneer, October 1910). The experience of many years leads
me to the conclusion, confirmed by recent observation, that the difference,
between the two so-called species are generally, if not invariably, due to
age. Size is no criterion ; these, like other animals, vary in this respect,
and it is impossible to draw a dividing line. As for measurements I
doubt whether any female panther’s head and body has measured as much
as tive feet in length, and I have never seen a panther with a tail as short
as 2 feet; much depends, moreover, on the system of measurement,
whether round the curves of the body, or ina straight line. Young
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 1065
panthers, like young tigers, have rough skins. Ihave never seen an old
panther with no occipital ridge.
The statement as to the number of caudal vertebre is to be found in
Sterndale’s Natural History, where that author quotes Temminck. It would
be interesting to know whether Mr. Hicks derived his statement from that
source, or whether it is the result of personal observation.
R. G. BURTON, Lisvut.-CoLonet,
Baropa, May 1912. 94th Russell’s Infantry.
[Possibly Mr Hicks, if he sees this note, may be disposed to forward his panthers’
skulls and skins to the Society for examination.—Ebs.]
No. IIL.—A LARGE OORIAL HEAD.
The other day I had the good fortune to secure two very good Oorial
heads and thought that perhaps a photograph of one of them might be of
interest. They were both shot in the same hill, Khair Murat by name,
within 25 miles of Rawalpindi. The smaller head measuring 30” in length,
and 10” circumference at base of horn, is in some respects the handsomer
owing to its wide spread and larger radius. The measurements of the
larger head as certified to by some friends are :—
Lensth .. .. Right horn 362 in, Left horn 37} in.
Circumference .. Right horn 93in. Left horn 9? in.
If the tips of both horns were not broken they would probably measure
close on 383 in.
1066 JOURNAL, BOMBAY .NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXT.
Can you tell me if this is the authenticated record for Cis-Indus? The
Trans-Indus Wana record is, I believe, 40 in. obtained sometime during the
last hot weather. I see the Indian Field Shikar Book mentions one of 384
in. shot near Attock, but it does not seem to be authenticated.
This same book implies that the Oorial and the Shapoo are indentical.
Is this correct? I have never shot Shapoo but have shot a considerable
number of Oorial, and have seen a great many of their heads from Bal-
uchistan, Wazristan and Cis-Indus. I have certainly seen some Shapoo
heads in which the ends of the horns seemed to curve back slightly some-
thing like Burrhel horns, but I have never seen this in a single Corial
head.
H. V. BIGGS, Cotone..
RAWALPINDI, 6th January 1912.
[The Oorial or Shapoo are practically the same, the Shapoo being the Ladak
name for the Oorial. The Cis-Indus variety is Ovis vignet cycloceros and
the record head, according to Rowland Ward’s * Records of Big Game, (5th
Edition)” is 393 Cength on front curve), 10? (circumference), Punjab Cocality),
Major F. H. Taylor (owner). We reproduce the photograph of Colonel Bigg’s .
374 Oorial.—EDs. |
No. [1V.—THE SO-CALLED ONE-HORNED SHEEP OF
NEPAL AND OTHER BREEDS.
(With a Plate.)
I send a photograph of three of the typical breeds of Sheep in Nepal.
The Prime Minister Maharaja Sir Chandra Shum Shere Jung has very
kindly collected and presented me with a pair each of these three kinds of
Sheep.
The Sheep in the photograph are as follows :—
(1) Barwal (ram).
(2) Do. (ewe).
(3) Hunia (ram).
(4) Do. (ewe).
(5) Kagi (ram).
(6) Do. (ewe).
(ij Do, (lamb).
The rams of Barwal and Kagi make good fighting rams. The Hunia is
sometimes used as a beast of burden. All three kinds are short-tailed
sheep. There is another breed of Tibetan sheep which sometimes comes to
Nepal, viz., the Silling, which is the sheep mostly used to carry burdens.
The Maharaja has not yet succeeded in obtaining a typical pair of these,
but I believe they may be procured later.
‘(ama) ‘og "9 ‘(0na) ‘0g fF ‘(oma) —-0gy "e
‘(quny) voy *) (wnt) Noy °G ‘(wpt) pun 28 ‘(wpt) Jog “7
=
dSaSHS IWdsaN 30 SGaeeqea WOldAL
°230ld 0S 3SIW “JEN Avquwog ‘usnor
1 Oe re A eyes
r au
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 1067
The small photograph is that of the so-called “unicorn” sheep. These
sheep are “Barwals” and are really two horned sheep which have been
converted into a one horned variety.
The Prime Minister has sent me the result of the enquiries instituted by
him. The report is that to make the unicorns, the lambs when about 2 or 3
menths old are branded with red-hot irons where the horns are sprouting.
This prevents the horns from growing in the usual places and induces them
to come out joined together from the top of the skull.
J. MANNERS-SMITH,
Lieut.-Colonel.
THE REsIDENCY,
NepaL, 27th March 1912.
1068 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXI.
No. V.—SOME NOTES FROM THE ABOR EXPEDITION.
Gexv, Apor Fretp Force,
Assam, 12th February 1912.
Isend a Kakur (Cervulus aureus) head
showing three distinct horns, or, if a small
stud is counted, which is quite separate, it
has four horns.
I found it in this village and thought it
would be a nice addition to our museum.
I have discovered that the Takin (Budor-
cas tavicolor) extends into the Dihong Val-
ley, for an Abor has a head here, which was
taken off an animal which was washed
down the river two rains ago. It must
have come from some distance further up,
as no one here had ever seen one before.
The ved serow is quite common. I have
got an 114 inch head.
I have not found the true Mahseer
(Barbus tor) as high as this though 20 miles
lower down they are common.
Here I have only caught the “boka”
or “kalabano” and got one of 20 lbs.
amongst a dozen or so over 15 Ibs.
ALBAN WILSON, Masor,
8th Gurkhas.
No. VI.—DO CHINKARA (GAZELLA BENNETTI)
DRINK WATER ?
Your correspondent, Mr. Pitman, refers to this question in the Journal
of 3lst March last. He will find that I fully discussed the matter in an
article on “ The drinking habits of wild animals ” in 1908, in the Journal
Vol. XVIII, p. 250 ?
The error as to these animals being “ said never to drink” appears to have
originated with the late Dr. Blanford, who has been followed by other
writers. I have recently had my previous observations confirmed by seeing
large numbers of this gazelle trooping down to drink in the middle of the
day during a particularly dry season.
Camp, April 23rd, 1912.
R. G. BURTON, Lizvr.-CoLonet,
94th Russell’s Infantry.
f Aly
1
y
i
oa
i
cy i
aw
*
uy
Journ. BompBay Nat. Hist. Soc. Pirate A.
1.—Young Male, horns 143”
2.—Male, horns 184” and 184”
4,.—Old Male, horns 174” 5.—Female, horns 15”
Heaps or Takin, Budorcas taxicolor (front view), FROM THE MisHMI CouNTRY.
————
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 1069:
Mr. Pitman’s experience of Chinkara drinking is very interesting. In
his recent book Mr. Stebbing notes that the Chinkara 1s a desert animal and
the more dry and sandy a place the better it suits him. Personally
though I have often seen deer drinking, I have never seen an antelope do
so, neither a Bluebull, a Black buck, a Fourhorn nor a Chinkara. They are
keen on perennial streams and their neighbourhood, but chiefly for the
sake of fresh young grass. In my experience antelopes are much harder
than deer, and I have attributed this partly to the fact that they seldom
drink water. I should be glad to hear whether anyone else has seen an
antelope drink ?
F, DEWAR, 1.¢.s.
Baraguat, C. P., 4th May 1912.
No. VIL.—RECOVERY OF ANIMALS FROM INJURIKS.
In some of your recent issues I have seen notes of some remarkable
recoveries from injuries in beasts and birds. The other day two such cases
came to my notice. The first was a Sambhur stag, full grown, which was
going perfectly well and sound when I shot him. On examination I saw a
large hard thickening in the bone of the off hind leg below the hock. I
skinned the part carefully and found that the bone had been fractured and
set again without any shortening. From its appearance it must have been
when the animal was quite young.
The second case was a solitary boar which I shot. He was a big beast
353” at the shoulder with good tusks. There was a healed scar on his right
shoulder and a soft lump which turned out to be an abscess full of fcetid
matter. Thinking it an old bullet wound I examined further and found
the point of a boar’s tusk about 22” long firmly embedded in the bone of the
shoulder blade where it had snapped off short. The external wound had
healed up completely and the animal showed no signs of lameness.
W. J. H. BALLANTINE,
ASSISTANT PoxiricaL OFFICER.
Sapiya, Upper Assam,
5th January 1912.
No. VITI.—NOTE ON TAKIN (BUDORCAS TAXICOLOR).
With 2 Plates.
In July of last year when just north of the Mishmi Hills at an altitude of
about 10,000 feet, I was fortunate in finding a place frequented by a herd of
Takin. This herd about 300 in number spent each night in the vicinity of
a hot spring drinking the water and browsing on the trees around it. I
1070 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XX1.
had a good opportunity of watching them for several cays at a distance of
about 80 yards as they emerged from the rhododendron and willow jungle
to drink the hot water.
The first thing that strikes one on seeing the herd of animals is, the
great variety of colour, ranging from very dark grey to a golden yellow;
the animals are all conspicuously lighter on the withers and havea darker
dorsal stripe. The very young ones are quite dark, the dorsal stripe being
inconspicuous ; the females are also dark having no trace of the yellow
which is seen on the males. Adult males are light yellow over the withers
and back and darker in other parts, while the very old and large males are
a darker yellow.
The horns of the young grow straight up from the head with an outward
tendency ; later they grow outwards and upwards (see fig. 1); in the final
stage the horns grow forwards, bend downwards and outwards, with the
points growing up (see figs. 2 & 3). The horns are very deceptive as
regards length, and even at a short range with a telescope it is difticult to
pick a good head. The points of the horns of a young male which have
not yet curled may be higher above the occiput than those of an older
animal, a fact which makes it difficult to distinguish a large pair of horns.
In shooting the animals I found it best to disregard the horns and to
shoot the animals of largest size. The old males are quite easy to
recognise being very much more bulky than the others and being darker in
colour than the younger males.
In the figure which accompanies Mr. Pocock’s paper in Vol. XIX of the
Journal the neck appears to be toolong and not nearly thickenough. The
horns are longitudinally wrinkled and irregularly transversely ringed at
the base but old horns (see fig. 4) are much smoother and the points being
worn down, they are also shorter.
Takin are possessed of a very keen sense of smell but their alarm even
when fired at, quickly subsides and they returned to the hot spring a few
minutes after being driven away. Only on one occasion did I hear a
sound uttered by these animals; this was a snort of alarm given by a
female who walked up to where I was standing and did not see me until
she was within six or eight feet; on hearing this the herd galloped off.
On other occasions when alarmed, they were off without making any
sound.
In the day time this herd remained in the dense rhododendron forest,
but at 3 or 4 o’clock in the afternoon they would come down to the hot
spring and stand in the water in a dense crowd sometimes pushing and
bustling each other in their eagerness to drink the water. It is probable
that they remained here all night, as before daylight they were still in
and near the spring and could be seen browsing on the willows trees near
the water. Iwas told that in winter no Takin are found at the hot
Journ. Bompay Nat. Hist. Soc. PLate B.
2.—Male, horns 183” and 183”
4,—Old Male, horns 17 ;” 5,—Female, horns 15”
Hzaps oF Takin, Budorcas taxicolor (side view), FROM THE MisHMI COUNTRY.
——————
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 1071
spring, but that this large herd breaks up into parties of 10 or 20 when it
is with difficulty that the native hunters can find and shoot them, They
are large heavy animals and should be shot with a heavy rifle.
The ground on which I saw these animals as well as that on which I
saw tracks near Ta Chien Lu in Ssuchuan was steep, but it cannot
have been nearly so steep as that which the late Mr. Brook describes.
I collected a good set of skins of different ages and sexes but unfortu-
nately none of these survived the continual rain which fell when they
were shot and while they were being carried back to India.
The Chinese name for Takin is “ Ye-Niu” meaning “wild cattle.”
Near Tachien Lu the Tibetans call them “ Ya-Go,” but near Rima the
Tibetan name is “ Shing-Na.” To the Miju Mishmis (7.c., those living
near Rima) they are known as “ Kyem,” while the Mishmis up the Dibang
river (Chulik Atta tribe ) call them “Akron.” The Abor name is
“ Siben-6””. Takin is the name used by the Digaru Mishmis who inhabit
the country where the Lohit river approaches the plains.
The following are some measurements of those obtained :—
Sex. eee Tail. Har, Heients Horns,
Number 1. (figs. 1, Pl. A. & B.) Male 5'9" 4" 4” gr guy gan
i 2. (igs. 2, Pl. A. & B,)’Male .. a: ae co ° UG2 ree”
The above two animals had very yellow coats.
Number 3. (figs. 8, Pl. A. & B.) Male 6’ 4” ae 26 2023"
» 4. (figs. 4, Pl. A. & B.) Male 6/4" = 4” 4" 4’ 53" 173"
These two were very large in size and darker than Nos. 1 and 2.
Number 5. (figs. 5, Pl. A. & B.) Female 5’ 6” oe a 15"
“Al ie OA ie Rae ema Female 5! 72” bys ee 143"
F. M. BAILEY, Carr.
AnigarH, U. P., March 1912.
No. IX.—GAYAL OR MITHAN (BIBOS FRONTATIS).
The photo here reproduced is that of a tame Mithan and was taken in
a Mishmi village. The Mishmis and Abors keep a few of these cattle.
They are not milked. Specimens are as a rule similarly coloured though
I have seen one with a white head. There are no wild Mithan in the
Mishmi or Abor hills. I was once shown a skull which the Mishmis said
was that of a wild Mithan; the horns of this specimen were longer and
more curved than those of the tame cattle and the skull was evidently
that of a Gaur. This had been killed by a native hunter in the plains at
the foot of the Mishmi hills. The skin and skull of the animal in the pho-
tograph have been given to the Society.
1072 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XNXTI.
The animal measured 85 inches from nose to base of tail and was 55 inches
high. The horns are 16 inches in length, 143 inches in circumference and
304 inches between the tips.
F. M. BAILEY, Carr.
AuicarH, March 1912.
No. X.—TSINE (BIBOS SONDAICUS) FOUND WITH
VILLAGE CATTLE.
The following may be of interest :—Last dry weather at the village of
Kyaung-lé in the Kathir district of Upper Burma, a bull Tsine (S2bos
sondaicus) came down alone and associated with the village cattle which
were grazing in the reaped paddy fields adjoining the village. He remained
there for all the dry weather apparently doing nothing beyond herding the
cattle, asif by chance any of them showed signs of straying away he
rounded them up and then settled down again exactly as a sheep dog
would do. He apparently became quite domesticated paying no attention
to the villagers looking after their cattle ; in fact, Mr. Adamson, the Sub-
Divisional Officer, Banmauk, was able to take a photograph of him at about
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 1073
40 yards. So far the villagers assert he made no attempt to have connec-
tion with the village cows and at the end of the hot weather he retired
into the jungle and was not seen again till last December when he
reappeared among the cattle and resumed his former habits. About a
fortnight ago, however, he was noticed to be paying particular attention to
a young cow that had not yet been crossed, and after a few days he
disappeared with her into the jungle and neither of them has been seen
since. It remains to be seen whether either will return but they probably
will and the result if any will be very interesting. Iam glad to say
strict orders have been issued that the Tsine is not to be shot or interfered
with in any way. Itis not an old bull and itis strange why it should
have taken to this solitary life. Canit be that it has been driven out of
the herds by an older and stronger bull and so forced to come to the’
village cattle for companionship? Considering the usual timidity and
wariness of Tsine it seems extraordinary.
T. A. HAUXWELL,
Conservator of Forests, Burma.
BanMAvE, 26th February 1912.
No. XI.—NOTES ON BIRDS FROM LAHORE.
On April 30th, 1911, I saw a pair of Sparrows building in a Baya’s
(Ploceus baya) old nest in a Keekur tree. Thinking it unusual I put my
glasses on them and found they were a pair of Rufous-backed Sparrows
(Passer pyrrhonotus). On May 12th I looked them up again. Seeing both
birds in the tree I climbed up and found they had four eggs of the finely
freckled type. Incubation was advanced. I shot both birds to put the
matter beyond doubt.
Again on August 6th, 1911, I saw a pair of this Sparrow building in
another Baya’s nest. On revisiting this locality I was sorry to see the egg
chamber had been torn open from the exterior and no Sparrows to be seen.
The curious part of this was that all the remaining Baya’s nests had been
treated in the same way! What could have done it? Ithought the
foregoing might interest some of the readers of the Journal as I see no
mention of a similar occurrence in “ Nests and Eggs” nor the “ Fauna of
British India” Birds. In May and June I saw many nests of the
Golden Oriole (Ortolus kundoo) and with but few exceptions there was a
nest of the Black Drongo (Dicrwrus ater) in the same tree, in some cases on
the same branch. Is this instinct or reason ? Surely the Orioles know the
great protection they obtain from the presence of the King Crows. On
October 27th while taking a stroll near the Ravi, I heard a familiar note and
on going up to the sound was pleased to see a Grey-headed Flycatcher
45
1074 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XX.
(C. ceylonensis) a bird I know well in the hills around Simla. In the “Fauna
of British India” it is stated :—Culicicapa ceylonensis. Distribution.
“The whole Empire, except Sind, the Punjab and Rajputana, from which
provinces I have not seen any specimens.”
A. EK. JONES.
Lanore, 14th December 1911.
[Major Magrath found this Flycatcher a fairly common winter visitor at
Bannu and obtained one specimen as early as October.—J., B. N. H.S., Vol. XX,
p- 777.—Eps. |
No. XII.—NESTLING PLUMAGE OF THE GREAT STONE PLOVEL
(ESACUS RECURVIROSTRIS.)
AsI can find no record of the down stage of Esacus recurvirostris the fol-
lowing description may be worth noting. On the evening of April 14th,
1910, I found a clutch of two eggs of this species in the bed of the River
Sutlej at Phillour, which were chipped. These I took, and with my aid
both young birds hatched the following morning. They were described
on the 16th as follows :—
Upper parts ashy grey, tinged with sandy, much of the down with black
tips. A black line divides the forehead and crown extending to the ante-
rior corners of the eyes, and curving downwards over the cheeks to the
ear coverts, nearly meeting black lines, which start from the posterior
corners of the eyes and almost join on the occiput. The eye lids are
fringed with grey down, the lower bearing a single black spot. An indis-
tinct and broken black line crosses the upper back and extends along the
upper portion of the flanks to the tail. There are indistinct black spots
on the back. Wing ashy grey but without the black tips to the down, the
anterior edge of the forearm darker, a black spot at the inner angle of the
elbow. Lower parts greyish white.
Bill, short and stout, culmen curved; dusky black, naval pits lighter.
Eggtooth whitish. It is lightish brown. Feet plumbeous grey.
Call, a shrill chirrup, rather similar to that of a young sparrow.
H. WHISTLER, Iyp1an Potrice,
Rawat Prinpi, April 1912.
No, XIII.—THE HIMALAYAN GREENFINCH (HYPACANTHIS
SPINOIDES, Vigors.)
With reference to the discussion on this species started in the Journal
(Vol, XX, p. 517] by Mr. Dodsworth, the following facts may be worth
bringing to your notice. Col. Rattray in his article on “ Birds nesting in
+he Murree Hills ” in Vol. XVI of the Journal, p. 658, states :—“ These birds
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 1075
arrive suddenly at Murree about the middle of June and at once set about
building, 3rd July was the earliest date on which I got eggs.” Last
year (1911) I had to spend a couple of days in May at the Police Rest
House of Kotli, which is situated at about 5,400 feet in the hills south-east
of Murree, overlooking the River Jhelum. While I was there I frequently
noticed a flock of these birds in the neighbourhood of the bungalow and
shot a couple |Skin Register Nos. 375 & 374, Kotli, 26th May 1911], which
proved to be young birds that had only recently left the nest. The flock
contained 15—20 birds.
These facts tend to show that after breeding early at a low elevation, the
birds migrate for a second brood at higher levels, a theory that should easily
be disposed off one way or the other.
H. WHISTLER,
Inp1IaAn Porice.
Rawat Prnpi, April 1912.
No, XIV.—DISTRIBUTION, HABITS, AND NESTING
OF THE HIMALAYAN GREENFINCH
(HY PACANTHIS SPINOIDES, Vigors.)
A few years ago, when I first began to take an interest in this pretty
little Greenfinch, I noticed that in the neighbourhood of Simla and
adjacent ranges, it became tolerably common from about June (earliest date
on which seen here up to this 4th June), to the end of October, and then
seemed to disappear. Thinking that it was probably subject to a seasonal
movement along these ranges, like some other hill birds, I consulted various
books and papers on Ornithology, to which I had access, but found no men-
tion of this, and yet I was certain that this species was not a permanent
resident here,
In order, therefore, to clear up all doubts I made an enquiry (J. B.N.
_ H.S. Vol. XX, p. 517) as to whether this bird was a permanent resident at
moderate elevations. In addition to the replies received to this, and which
are recorded in the Journal (vide Vol. XX, pp. 852 and 1152, and Vol.
XXI, p. 262), I received the following from Mr. E. C. Stuart Baker,
F.LS., F.Z.8., M.B.0.U.
“The bird breeds at Darjeeling at elevations between 8,000 and 10,000
feet, aud perhaps as low as 7,000 feet. Like most hill-birds, it moves up
and down with the varying seasons, higher in the hot weather, and lower as
it gets colder. I do not think one could call them migratory.”
In view of the observations referred to above, I think there can no longer
be any doubt as to this species being subject to a seasonal movement along
these ranges, and it would, therefore, be more correct to give its distribu-
tion as follows: Common from about May or June to October along the
1076JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol, XXT.
Himalayas at elevations of 6,000—10,000 feet, and, perhaps, even higher,
from the south side of the Pir Panjal Pass in Kashmir (Brooks) to Sikkim
(Blanford) : also recorded from Manipur (Godwin-Austen). During the cold
weather these birds move down to lower elevations, and the North-West:
Himalayan ones, at all events, are found in the Duns and plains (Bijnor to
Pilibhit) at the foot of the mountains (Osmaston).
These Finches generally keep to the woody portions of the hills, and are
gregarious, moving about in small flocks, except during the breeding season,
when they pair off. They appear to be partial to certain localities in the
station here, and are not to be seen in other parts of it at all. When once
established at a particular spot, after their first arrival here. they frequent
it with great regularity. The abundance of food supplies is doubtless the
most important factor that influences selection, as they only come up here
to breed: but it seems also essential for them that the hill-sides shall he
fairly well wooded—those covered with Himalayan Cedars (C. deodara), and
Blue Pines (P. evcelsa), undoubtedly receiving the preference.
They are very fond of the ripe seeds of the sun-flower plant, and during
their sojourn in Simla, these seem to constitute their chief diet. In order
to secure these seeds, they visit the gardens and compounds here freely,
When feeding, which is generally in the early mornings and afternoons,
they are not at all shy, and allow one to approach quite closeto them. The:
cocks, I have noticed, are gorgers; one will take up his position on a parti-
cular flower, have a few nips, then take a “ breather,” and start afresh. If
by chance another cock happens to settle on the same flower, a battle
usually ensues—both birds fighting in the air, and then quietly flying off in.
different directions. No twittering, asa rule of any kind, goes on among
the birds while feeding, and their yellow and green plumage blends beauti-
fully with the flowers; in fact to such an extent that at times it is difficult.
to catch sight of them even at close quarters.
Their flight is undulating and swift, and when passing across or overhead,
it is not at all easy to catch sight of them, but their peculiar twittering,
which is constantly uttered, betrays their movements.
There is some disagreement among ornithologists in regard to the notes.
of this bird. Adams states that its cry is very like that of the Hnglish.
Siskin, but Hume contradicts this and so does Brooks. The latter’s.
description of its song is undoubtedly the best: he aptly likens it to
the characteristic “beez” of a Greenfinch. This “beez,’’ I may add, is.
only uttered by the cock, usually when perched on the topmost branch of a.
tree, and can be heard from a long distance off. The other note, which is.
also indulged in by the hen, is a soft twitter or “chick” constantly
emitted, even when on the wing.
This Finch breeds in July and August, but the great majority of the
birds lay in the last mentioned month. The earliest and latest dates on.
$
=
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, 1077
which I have taken eggs are the 3lst July (3 fresh eggs), and the 14th
September (3 fresh eggs), respectively. I may, however, mention that on
the 26th July of this year I found a nest containing four young ones, about
a week old, and the eggs in this case must have been laid about the end
of the first week of that month.
The highest altitude at which I have found these birds nesting is 7,000
feet, but by far the largest number breed at about 6,000 feet: I have never
yet taken a nest below the latter elevation.
These Finches are gregarious in the strict sense, even to the extent of
breeding in company, and it is curious that this point should have escaped
the observations of Hume. I remember once finding no less than half a
dozen nests within a radius of not more than 15 yards, and on another
occasion, four nests within a radius of about 15 yards. I have several times
found two nests quite close to each other, and once I took a couple of nests
from the same tree. Itis true that I have sometimes found isolated nests,
but I consider this the exception, or, perhaps, what is more probable is that
there were other nests close by which were not located. In connection
with the gregarious habits of this bird, I extract the following in evtenso
from my daily Journal :—
21st August.—Took another nest containing five fresh eggs placed on a P.
eveelsa, about 25 feet distant from the tree, which contained the second
nest mentioned above. In the latter case only two eggs were taken, but
the clutch was probably not complete. My idea is that the bird to which
these two eggs belonged, on finding her nest gone, forthwith went and
deposited her remaining egg or eggs in to-day’s nest. It is not unusual to
find five eggs in a nest, but the above is corroborated to some extent by ()
our seeing thiee birds—two hens and a cock—hovering about in the vicinity,
and judging from their anxious behaviour when the climber approached the
nest, there seemed little doubt that it was a sort of “ joint stock ”’ concern,
which belonged to them all, and (4) the fact that this nest a few days
previously only contained three eggs: day before yesterday it still con-
tained only three; to-day we were astonished at finding five!
I have never yet had the good fortune to witness the courtship of these
birds, though I have frequently seen them im copula, after the manner of
sparrows, near their nests. They pair off soon after their arrival here, and
are shortly afterwards busily engrossed in domestic affairs.
They have only one brood annually, so far as Simla is concerned, and
build a fresh nest each year: I have never known them ever to take posses-
sion of the nests of other birds, though on one occasion, I noticed a hen
lining her nest with horse-hair taken from an old nest belonging to a
Jungle Crow (Corvus macrorhynchus), which was close by.
Ihave already stated that these birds generally resort to hill-sides
covered with Himalayan Cedars and Blue Pines, and these trees are par
1078 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XI,
cvcellence the ones which are chosen for nesting: I have never yet found a
nest on an oak, though Hume records having done so. According to him
the Deodar, by which he apparently meant the Himalayan Cedar, Cedrus
deodara, is the favourite. Out of a total number of 29 nests, which have
come under observation during the last few years, I find that the results in
regard to the selection of trees by these birds are as follows :—
Himalayan Cedars (Cedrus deodara) a .. 16 nests.
Blue Pines (Pinus excels) “i vat net peli: -
Kharki trees (Celtis australis ? ) sie i Jae, 5
When a Himalayan Cedar has been chosen, the nest is invariably placed
on the upper surface of one of the horizontal branches, generally towards
the extremity ; and in the case of a Blue Pine, in one of the uppermost
forks or tufts. In the “ Kharki”’ trees, the two nests were built on the
outer ends of the branches, where they had been pollarded for the village
cattle. They were all firmly attached to the boughs or twigs (in whichever
of their positions they happened to be placed). The feature about these
nests, however, is that no matter what their position may be, or on what
trees they are placed, they are all without exception well hidden: in fact
so admirably is concealment effected that, if not discovered during the
process of construction, it would be almost impossible to find them after-
wards. Every advantage is taken by the birds of a thick tuft, or bunch, or
cluster of leaves under which to build their nests, and I am firmly convin-
ced that these elaborate precautions are taken, not only as a safeguard
against possible enemies, but also as a protection against the heavy showers of
rain, which we usually have in these parts in August, and this is the month
during which most of these birds lay. I have frequently made a point of
examining the tenanted nests after very heavy showers of rain, and have
always found them to be absolutely dry—a marked contrast to some of the
nests of 7’. dineatum, which are still to be found at this time, and which are
usually wet and damp. Another point worth mentioning is that a large
number of finished nests are deserted, and this, [ think, is due to their
not being found sufficiently water-tight on completion. What adds colour
to my supposition is that, on examining these deserted nests, I have always
found them to be soaked with water. As illustrating how well these nests
are concealed, I give below the substance of a note from my daily Journal.
About the beginning of the second week of August, one of my hunters
found a nest of this bird being built. He visited the tree two or three
times, and after allowing sufficient time for the full complement of eggs to
be laid, I accompanied him to the spot early in the morning to take them,
but on examining the branch the man reported that the nest and eggs had
disappeared ! I could hardly credit this, as the nest had been inspected only
the evening before and it then contained three eggs. Before leaving the
spot, 1 told the man, as a last hope, to break the leaves from the branch,
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 1079
near the spot where the nest had been, and to make a further careful
search, and on his doing so, he found the nest. and eggs. And yet the
whole time, he had been standing on the branch not more than half a
dozen inches away from the nest!
The nest takes about a week or nine days to complete, and the hen alone.
in addition to carrying the materials, is the sole architect. The cock
follows her about but gives her no help whatever. The time when the hen
is most active in carrying materials, while building is progressing, is from
early in the morning to about 10 or 11 4. m., and this is the time to locate a
nest,- Between 1] a. mM. and 3 P.M. occasional trips are made to the nest,
and then only after long imtervals. After 3 Pp. mM. building operations.
cease for the day. A great deal of twittering goes on while the hen is in
the nest, and when the latter is nearing completion, the birds are frequently
to be seen pairing near it.
The nests are compact, neat, cup-shaped structures, composed chiefly of
stalks and roots of grass and small plants, and other such like materials (one
only of my nests has a thin coating of moss—Hume says that there is much
moss blended with the exterior), and lined interiorly with very fine grass-
roots, thin fibres resembling coir, horse-hairs, and a few feathers, and occa-
sionally bits of cotton. The dimensions of 12 nests agree generally with
those given by Hume.
The heights of the nests varied from 6 to 65 feet, but the average height.
of 29 nests was 30 feet.
In some cases I noticed that the birds commenced laying immediately
the nests were completed ; while in others, a short period elapsed.
The number of eggs varied from 3 to 5, but the normal complement is 4.
The largest number of young ones found in a nest was 4, and the smallest
number of well incubated eggs was also 4.
The eggs are laid one daily, and the hen usually begins to brood after
the second egg has been laid.
The hen alone performs the labours of incubation, and while sitting in
the nest is fed by the cock. The young are hatched in 13 days, and both
birds help in feeding them. They leave the nest in about a fortnight, and
follow their parents about for some time, and are fed by them.
The eggs of this bird are excessively delicate looking and pretty. The
colouration of both unblown and blown eggs is generally as described by
Hume, but there are some slight differences, which become apparent, in a
large series. J have before me at present 46 specimens, which exhibit the
following variations as compared with Hume’s account.
“The eggs when fresh are a delicate, slightly greenish-white,” usually
with an irregular rig, and occasionally with an irregular cap of minute
blackish-brown spots round the large end, and the majority have a few
similar specks scattered here and there over the body. In addition to the
1080 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XX1.
blackish-brown spots forming the irregular rings or caps, some specimens
luave specks of various shades of reddish-purple,
After a very short time the blown specimens unfortunately change colour,
and the ground colour becomes “a very delicate pale sea-green,” but the
blackish-brown and reddish-purple specks remain unchanged.
With reference to fresh eggs, I take this opportunity of mentioning that
when blowing the specimens, great care should be exercised, as the spots
are liable to run.
The general shape of the eggs is an oval, a good deal pointed towards
the small end; but a few (and these are rare) are somewhat elongated,
with blunt ends. One or two of my specimens, apparently deformities, are
almost eliptical in shape.
In size they varied from °67" to ‘68” in length, and from *52” to °58” in
breadth ; but the average of 46 specimens measured was ‘73” x ‘55. The
average weight of 25 fresh eggs was 29°94 grains. ’
P. T. L. DODSWORTH, rF.z.s., M.3B.0.U.
Sima, 8S. W., 12th June 1912.
No. XV.—THE LONG-TAILED GRASS WARBLER
(LATICILLA BURNESI, Blyth.)
The distribution of this species is given in the Fauna [ Vol. II, p. 380,! as
“Upper Sind from the junction of the Chenab and Indus rivers to
Larkhana, and also on the Eastern Nara, where Doig found this species
breeding. J erdon records it from Monghyr on the Ganges in March.”
Hence I was somewhat surprised to find that this curious little bird is a
very common resident in the grass jungles that border the River Sutlej on
its passage through Ferozepore District.
They are to be met with both in pairs and in small parties and habitually
frequent the lower portions of tufts of grass which they tread in a mouse-
like manner, but before entering the tuft they usually perch on an outer
stem for a few seconds, which renders the task of securing specimens fairly
easy. The song is short but quite sweet, and in addition they have
several scolding notes with which to greet the intruders.
I failed to secure eggs, but on April 8th found a nest containing 3 half-
fledged young. This nest was large for the size of the bird, cup-shaped,
and placed low in a grass tangle, growing round some dwarf tamarisk. It
was made of grass and grass down, the latter being welded into a somewhat
felt-like lining. Two similar nests were found and attributed to this species,
but they had obviously been used and left. The nests are very ditticult to
find.
On occasion these little warblers can be confiding enough. One evening
I was lying in a thick patch of jungle at the edge of the river watching a
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 1081
gaggle of barheaded geese when one JLaticilla came and ate something on
the ground within a yard of my face.
H. WHISTLER,
InpIAN POLice.
Rawat Pinpi, Apr 1912.
No. XVI.—NIDIFICATION OF BURMESE GREAT BLACK
WOODPECKER (THRIPONAX FEDDENT.)
To-day (February 6th) I have obtained the eggs of this species from a
tree close to my present camp, about 15 miles east of Thayetmyo.
Yesterday one of my elephant attendants reported to me he had found
the nest-hole, and that the bird, a black and white woodpecker, had
flown out and that he had felt the eggs. Iwas rather doubtful as to the
‘truth of his statement, but the same afternoon proceeded with him to
inspect. He took me to a “ Letphan” tree standing in an old clearing, all
around being “ Kanig” grass interspersed with a few tall trees. Locality
close to banks of a broad creek. I saw the nest-hole at once, and as we
were talking the bird flew out, an undoubted specimen of the Burmese Great
Black Woodpecker. I did not shoot it, although it offered many oppor-
tunities, as it kept flying from tree to tree close at hand, uttering its
rancous call, because I was not yet certain whether the hole contained
eggs.
The Letphan tree in which the hole was made, was about 2 feet in cir-
cumference, the hole was situated about 14 feet up the hole and lying at
foot of tree there was a small heap of soft wood chips of the Woodpecker’s
excavating. Had it not been for the thorny spikes with which the stem
was covered, the tree presented no difficulties in climbing. These spikes,
however, we knocked off with a stick, and I swarmed up, but was dis-
appointed to find I could not reach the bottom of the hole, as the entrance
was too small to allow of more than the half of my forearm to pass
through. The attendant with me could do no better. I then questioned
him as to why he had told me that four days previously he had felt
eggs, and he told me that at that time the hole was not so deep.
To-day I sent one of my servants, a small boy, whose arm would be likely
to pass through the hole to feel inthe nest for eggs, but alas quite contrary
to my orders. Not only did he feel, but he took the two eggs and
brought them back tome. Had I known there were eggs, I would have
had them taken in my presence, and at the same time shot the parent bird.
The eggs are pure white, very glossy with a certain amount of
transparency, and are fragile, considering their size. They measure
1°35 x 1-0.
46
1082 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. X_XI.
Apparently the nest-hole was | foot deep, and as far as 1 could feel.
almost the whole of the small tree had been hollowed out, and only a thin
surrounding wall about 2” in width being left.
The interesting point is, the bird, if my man’s story is true, continued
excavating after the eggs had been laid. Is this a usual practice with
Woodpeckers I wonder? If so, it may be that the birds continue to
excavate, as incubation of eggs progresses, in order to have a sufficiently
large enough chamber prepared to receive the young.
re
The incubation of eggs I took had well set in, and in another 5 days
would have been impossible to blow.
J. PP COOK,
Camp, 6th February 1912.
No. XVII.—A KITE’S LARDER.
Yesterday I saw here a common Pariah kite (Milvus govinda) sitting on
the edge of what appeared to be a large nest built in an Indian cork tree
(Millingtonia hortensis), and as it refused to move, although several stones
were thrown at it, I climbed the tree to see if the nest contained any
eggs.
To my surprise I found that the nest contained no eggs, but a regular
larder containing several dead squirrels, parroquets, crows and some old
bones, all in various stages of decomposition, showing that the bodies had
been placed there at various times. We had been shooting squirrels and.
parrots, etc., lately, as they had been a nuisance.
The nest appeared to belong to three kites, all of whom appeared to be
adult birds, and all of whom came to the nest at various times to feed.
Is it a common practice amongst these birds to make a larder ?
G. L. REMINGTON.
BanbDIkvul, Rasputana, 18th February 1912.
No. XVIII.—OCCURRENCE OF THE COMMON PEAFOWL
_(PAVO CRISTATUS, Linn) IN THE NEIGHBOURHOOD
OF SIMLA, N.-W. HIMALAYAS.
The (.»mmon Peafowl (P. eristatus) has generally been supposed not to
be a bird of high elevations, but this is hardly correct so far as these:
parts are concerned. It is common in the Ghana-ka-hati Jungles,
(elevation about 5,500 feet), in the Dhami State, which are reserved for
His Excellency the Viceroy, and which are not distant more than seven
miles from Simla. Again it is found in considerable numbers below the:
cart-road in Patiala territory, about 8 or 9 miles from Simla, and at about:
an elevation of 5,000 feet. Lastly a pair of these birds, which were
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 1085.
doubtless stragglers, were seen on the 25th April 1912, on the Kalka-
Simla Railway line, a little beyond the Tara Devi Station (elevation
6,050 feet). 3
Pe bh. DODSWORLE, .h.2:S.5) MB.O2U;:
Simua, S. W., 30th Apri 1912.
No. XIX.—SWINHOE’S SNIPE (GALLINAGO MEG ALA)
NEAR MADRAS.
I am sending you by registered parcel a specimen of Swinhoe’s Snipe
(G. megala) which I shot on 3rd March at Tindivanam some 75 miles south
of Madras. I regret it is somewhat damaged. The specimen was skinned
for me at the Madras Museum, and the measurement are those made by
the Museum. The bird was only recognized on examining the bag on the
homeward journey.
Manpras, 20th April 1912. R. F. STONEY.
There were several specimens of this snipe shot in Madras this season,
allin the Chingleput district. Mr. R. F. Stoney had two, my partner
Mr. Graham Ross shot one, and I had three.
I am afraid my partner and I would have passed them over as Pintails,
had we not known that Mr. Stoney shot one early in the season.
I. S, FRASER.
Mapras, 26th April 1912.
No. XX.—CRUELTY TO WILD ‘FOWL, &e., IN SIND.
While shooting in Manchar Lake during January and February, I
have noticed the following .cases of cruelty to wild fowl, &c., and should
like to bring them to the notice of the Society :—
(a) Egrets.—These birds are caught and blinded, in order to prevent
them escaping. Each bird. I am informed yields about Rs. 6 worth of
_ feathers, per annum,
(6) Herons are similarly blinded, kept in captivity,and used as decoys.
(c) Duck, Geese, Coots, §c.—A net + to 3 mile long and about7 feet high
from the water is put out in a likely place. At night, men in boats approach
the birds feeding near by and without putting them up drive them slowly
in towards the nets; when near enough, lighted torches are thiown at
the birds and thus suddenly alarmed they fly off low along the water and get
entangled in the nets. The owners then take them out, break their wings
and very often their legs as well to prevent them escaping and in this state
keep them alive for days. My Shikari informs me that a good many are
sent to Karachi for sale there.
Any day one can see four or five nets up and I believe that in a success-
ful drive as many as two to three hundred birds are obtained.
1084 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XX1, -
Fishing by means of nets, night lines, spearing, &c., is carried on all
the year through, no close season being apparently enforced.
. C. H. ELLIOT, Carry,
QUETTA, BALUCHISTAN, 58th Rifles, F. F.
11th February 1912.
| Major Magrath has already drawn attention in this journal and other papers
to this abominable practice of maiming wild fowl in the Punjab. The Commis-
sioner in Sind has informed us that he is making full inquiries with a view to
such action as may be practicable-—EDs. |
No. XXI.—THE HIMALAYAN SNOW COCK ( TETROGALLUS
HIMALAYENSIS ).
I send a photograph of the Himalayan Snow Cock, ‘Ramchukor,’ taken
by me.
These birds were caught when quite young and now are free to roam
about the garden and are very tame, as they will feed out of my hand
when I whistle their call tothem. Their plumage just at present is in
its most perfect state, the heavy chess board game marking is very pro-
nounced, the collar and ruff below the bill on the neck stands out very
strongly as you can almost see the photograph. They are as heavy as a
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 1085
good home capon. They are terrible gardeners; bulbs have no chance at
all and any root they think good to eat is speedily dug up and demolished.
I am sorry to say they are all female birds. The only cock was damaged
by a fox and had to be put out of his misery. They spend a good deal of
their time, especially in the evening, on the roof of the house and call
splendidly, often about the same time as the Moslem Mullahs call to
evening devotion. This certainly is the habit of these birds, to group in
the evening on their mountain resorts, before they climb up into cliffs
for the night. Eagles, and in the summer months foxes, are their deadliest
foes. They are not easy to shoot, as they are wary to a marvellous extent,
and their feeding grounds are pretty much the same as the Markhor
and Ibex, and one rarely sees them therefore except when stalking the
two latter lords of the mountains, and a shot gun has no place then.
W.G. APPLEFORD.
GitciT, KASHMIR,
29th January 1912.
No. XXII.—WOODCOCK (SCOLOPAX RUSTICULA }
IN SOUTH ANDAMANS.
I saw a Woodcock near the town of Aberdeen, South Andaman, on
the 26th January. I send you a note of the occurrence as I do not
remember to have heard of the woodcock being reported as yet from these
Tslands.
J. H. WHITEHEAD, Masor,
93rd Burma Infantry.
Port Brain, ANDAMAN ISLANDs,
3rd February 1912.
No. XXIII.—NOTE ON THE HABITS OF SWINHOE’S REED-
WARBLER ( UROSPHENA SQUAMICEPS ) AND ON THE
NESTING OF THE BURMESE GREAT WOODPECKER
(THRIPONAX FEDDENT ).
I posted to you yesterday a box containing skins of (1) Swinhoe’s Reed-
Warbler ( Urosphena squamiceps) and (2) Tweeddale’s Scimitar Babbler
(Pomotorhinus nuchalis ).
Of the former bird Oates writes in the ‘ Fauna of British India” ( Birds,
Vol. 1): “This rare Warbler has been once procured at Bankasun in the
South of Tennasserim, by Davidson * * *
its habits.”
Nothing is known of
1086 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XX.
I found this bird comparatively common in the tract I have been touring
in lately, viz., the forests on the Eastern slopes of the Pegu Yonas or range
dividing Sittang from Irrawady rivers situated about 60 miles due east of
‘Thayetmyo.
The date of first bird seen was January 26th, the last occasion on which
I noticed one, being March 12th. Between these dates I saw many birds
and had good opportunities of watching their habits. They frequent the
edges of densely forested streams, but one more partial to those parts
where kaing grass grows. They feed mostly on the ground creeping
about amongst the leaves in the thickest of scrub, but occasionally
coming out into the sandy creeks hunting for insects amongst the
drift-wood. I found one bird I shot had been feeding on very small
black beetles found in the sand.
I only found the birds singly and they are hard to discover, until they
make their presence known by their note, a soft low ‘ chip’ ‘chip,’ this note
being almost invariably uttered on being disturbed. They are by no means
‘shy birds and not until they are approached very closely do they fly, or
rather flit to some other bit of thick scrub.
I have been fortunate in obtaining for our Museum one good specimen, as
‘it is very difficult to procure the birds without very much damaging the
skins, as owing to their skulking habits, they have to be shot at a very close
‘range and out of seven birds shot I only procured 4 specimens worth pre-
serving.
Tweeddale’s Scimitar Babbler (nuchalis) is a very common bird in the
Pegu Yoma forests, but I thought our Museum would be glad to receive a
Specimen.
Great Black Woodpecker (Thiiponax feddent).—I have already reported
ithe taking of this bird’s eggs on February 6th. On the 18th of same
month, I noticed another bird of the same species excavating its nest hole.
I watched its nest and on March Ist took from it two fresh eggs.
Thriponax feddeni appears to be an early breeder and somewhat irregu-
lar, as just about the same date as 1 found the bird excavating its nest
hole, my men found another nest of almost fully fledged young, the date
‘being about February 17.
J. P. COOK.
THayvEetmyo, March 26th, 1912.
{ We are very ge lad to receive these skins which are new to our collection.—EDs. |
No. XXIV.—CHINESE GREY DUCK IN BURMA.
From the Rangoon Gazette, dated 16th January 1912.
[ have great satisfaction in recording what I believe to be the first
authentic record of the Chinese Grey Duck (Anas zonorhyncha) in Burma.
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 1087
During our Christmas shoot at Tongyi, Mr. D. H. M. Boyle on 26th Decem-
ber was lucky enough to shoot one of a pair (female) of the above species.
In the flesh the difference between it and the common Burmese Grey were
most noticeable, and on comparison with a hen of that species the following
points were noted.
Chinese Grey Duck (female).— Wing much more pointed, the Ist and 2nd
quills being of the same length, 3rd } inch shorter than 2nd, 4th # inch
shorter than 3rd, 5th 4 inch shorter than 4th. The two conspicuous black
shields (which are red in the true spotted-billed Duck) absent, their place
being entirely covered with feather. The yellow patch at the end of the
bill much narrower. The underwing coverts (inside wing) pure white.
Breast and under parts tinged with rust colour, and boldly streaked with
blackish brown, and not conspicuously spotted as in the Burmese Grey
Duck. Speculum—Consisting of firstly, a very narrow irregular greyish white
line, tollowed by a black one, both the above bars on the feathers imme-
diately above a wide dark greenish blue band, below this another black
band, some of the feathers narrowly edged with white. The outer edge of
only one long secondary wing feather edged with white. In fact very little
white in the wing when eompared to the Burmese species. When fresh
the coloured bar in the wing was a decided blue with a green tinge. It has
now faded to a dull green. Legs much paler, in colour and not a bright
red.
Burmese Grey Duck (female).— Wing rounded, and quill { inch longer
than Ist, 3rd equal to Ist, 4th quill inch shorter than 3rd, 5th quill
4 inch shorter than 4th. The underwing coverts tinged with grey at their
extremes. At base of the bill two conspicuous black shields. Breast and
underparts spotted with round blackish-brown spots. Speculwm—Firstly,
a band about half an inch white, then a narrow black band. Then a broad
dark green band followed by a black band, feathers below edged with white.
The outer edge of three of the long secondaries edged with white. The
green on the speculum being wider than in the Chinese Duck being on ten
feathers while in that species it is on only eight feathers.
Burmese Grey Duck.—It may be as well to point out the differences
between the sexes. The male, besides being larger in size, has the rump and
tail coverts both above and below black glossed with green, the female dark-
brown only. The male has more white on the secondaries, and breast more
boldly spotted with black. Occasionally in old males the bright red feet
edged with black.
I give below a list of the bags made at Tongyi, Tankobin, and Nawngmun
(Shwepi) this last Christmas week, made by three different parties. Also
the bags of Christmas shoots in 1895, 1896, kindly given me by Major W.
H. Whitehead and Mr. E. Gabbett.
1088 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. X-XI.
1S SO
ap cee
= ‘a re a
BPs &
alee see sae
; SZa ww
Grey-lag Goose, Anser rubrirostris ..25 34 13 23 46
Bar-head Goose, Anser indicus ON poe aa
Brahminy Duck, Casarca rutila Gels. SO gear Gy
Nukhtas, Sarcidiornis melanonota O°. Saas
Burmese Grey Duck, Anas haringtoni .. oie 300 4 8) ORG
Chinese Grey Duck, Anas zonorhyncha .. oe le eens say nae
Pin-tail Duck, Dafilaacuta .. 7 ib . 18, 9) Godlee
Gadwall, Chaulelasmus streperus ts bee Pema cgmrrrrene ee fo NO)
Widgeon, Mareca penelope We a fy: sey do oe ee seule eames
Shoveller, Spatula clypeata .. it: es wing hs ee tee cae
Tufted Duck, Fuldigula fuligula i a ..19 64 24 53 122
Common Pochard, Nyroca ferina a és ran hs SS
White-eyed Pochard, Nyroca africana .. ye ‘a Oss coef Same
Common Teal, Nettion crecca .. aie ny ..36 10 32 52 41
Garganey Teal, Querquedula circia ny He ..22 ., 16 23 142
Cotton Teal, Nettapus coromandelianus. . Ss wie «pep peu OMeien
Whistling Teal, Dendrocycna javanica . oat ee
Note.—Burmese Grey-Duck.—Of the 35 shai at nee 3 showed slight.
traces of red on the bill evidently due to “ spot-bill” blood and
one each at Nawngmun and Tankobin, in none were the spots.
perfect.
White-eyed Pochard.—Major Whitehead says in 1895-96 he did not:
know the difference between the Hastern and Western birds, and some may
have been the Eastern white-eye (NV. baer).
Whistling Teal.—Major Whitehead also says no account was kept of
these whether they were the larger or smaller species.
Grey-lag.—Several shot this year, had the nail at the end of the bill dark
horn colour instead of whitish. I could however see no other difference:
between them and the other grey-geese shot at the same time. This year
there was a great deal of water about and birds not all plentiful. In.
Mr. Gabbett’s note for 1896, he says very little water and birds plentiful.
H. H. HARINGTON, Mazsor.
XXV.—NIDIFICATION OF DAVISON’S BABBLER
(TURDINULUS EXSUTL).
During a recent visit to Mandaung (Toungoo Hills), I found the nest of
Davisons’s Babbler, Turdinulus ea'sul (186a). At least I think it must be:
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 1089
this bird I shot off the nest. It is the same as is referred to on page 670
of the last number of the Journal as Twurdinulus roberti. Twill, in the
meantime, describe the nest. It was in a screw-pine ona pad of dead
bamboo leaves. From the pad other dead bamboo leaves seemed to have
been made to stand up bound round with other leaves. The height from
the pad was 6-inch ending ina dome. Entrance at side and very large for
so smalla bird. Below bottom of entrance was a hollow cup of fine
grass. The whole like a shelter chair one sees at the seaside. The date
was the ninth of April. Three eggs, pure white not smooth nor glossy, in
shape a pegtop. One broken on nest. One my man broke. All very
hard set. I gave the third to ants to clean, but they so discoloured it and
ate the opening that I had to throw it away. Unfortunately I had not
measured them.
Raneoon, 14th May 1912. S. M. ROBINSON.
No. XXVI.—_THE SHELDRAKE (74 DORNA CORNUTA) IN THE
UNITED PROVINCES.
In November I shot a pair of Sheldrake in the Sitapur District, U. P.,
near the Ghogra river. I understand that these birds are very rare in
this part of India.
Mussooriz, 20th Apri 1912. ; F. B. SCOTT,
No. XXVII.—NOTES ON SOME BIRDS FROM THE
CHINDWIN VALLEY,
The following may perhaps prove of interest, as I do not think any of
the birds enumerated have previously been recorded from the Chindwin.
1411. Anthropoides virgo—Demoiselle Crane. I saw and fired at a pair
of these birds on a sand bank about 40 miles above Kindat on December
28th, 1911. AsI had them under observation with a powerful glass for
at least 10 minutes before firing, there can be no possible mistake. In
view of our scanty knowledge of the Cranes of Upper Burma, it may be
worth recording that Mr. Dove, Executive Engineer, tells me that when
engaged on road work on the Chinese Frontier, near Bhamo, he frequently
saw and several times shot Demoiselle Cranes. As I also recorded this
species from Aracan, it is probable that the birds are fairly frequent visitors,
at all events to Northern Burma.
1491. Larus brunneicephalus—Brown-headed Gull. On New Year’s
Day, 1912, I saw a single gull flying along the Chindwin river, not far
from Monywa. I could not identify the bird with certainty, but have
little doubt it belonged to this species, with which I was well acquainted
in Aracan.
1609. Fuligula fuligula—Tufted Duck. I shot a male, one of a small
flock, on January 5th, 1912, on a jheel about 30 miles south of Monywa.
47
1090 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XX1,
1207. Hieraétus fasciatus.—Bonelli’s Eagle. On January 7th, 1912, when —
duck shooting, I found an eagle’s nest on a cotton tree. On sending a —
man up, a large eagle, of a species unknown to me, flew off the nest and
the climber reporting two eggs, I pursued and shot the eagle, which
proved to be a iine female of the abovenamed species. The bird measured
length 29°5: tail 11: wing 20°5: tarsus nearly 4. The eggs, dirty white, | |
faintly blotched atthe large end with pale yellowish brown, measuring
2°64 x 2°2 and 2°72 x 2:2.
1255. Falco peregrinator—Shahin Faleon. On April 15th, 1911, 1 saw a.
falcon go into a cleft in a sandstone cliff on the river bank, about 60
miles above Monywa. The cliff was of no great height, and by letting a.
rope down from above, a man easily climbed up to the nest. He reported
three young birds which I left,in the hope that the birds would breed
again this year. Yesterday, March 7th, 1912, I again visited the spot and
had the pleasure of taking from the same hole two beautiful eggs which
proved to be about half set. With some compunction, I shot the male-
bird, which arrived with a parrot (P. torguatus) in his claws. Whilst the:
nest was being robbed, the female flew round screaming (she did the same
last year); but made no attempt to attack the man, and she returned to
the nest-hole as soon as we left. I much regretted shooting the male, as
it turned out that my identification was correct, and his death was.
therefore unnecessary; but as these falcons are by no means uncommon,
I have considerable hopes that the female may find another mate, and
that more eggs may be forthcoming. There was no attempt at nest, the-
eggs being deposited on the bare earth. They are much more richly
marked than the one described by Hume: the ground colour is pinkish,.
densely freckled all over with minute specks, and sparingly blotched at
the small end with small spots varying in colour from rusty to sepia, the
latter being less numerous than the former. The spots increase in size
towards the large end, where they coalesce to form a rust-coloured cap
speckled with sepia. The eggs measure about 2°1x1-5,
1558. Anastomus oscitans—Vhe Open-Bill. I have just noticed that
this bird is put down by Blanford as being unknown in Burma except in
Aracan and Pegu. As a matter of fact, it is common enough on the jheels
of the Lower Chindwin, though Ido not recollect seeing it in the Upper
Chindwin,
CYRIL HOPWOOD,
Monywa, U. Burma, 17th March 1912. D. C. Forests.
No. XXVIII.—BAIKAL OR CLUCKING TEAL (NETTION
FORMOSUM) SHOT IN ASSAM.
I am sending the Society the skin of a Baikal or Clucking Teal
which was shot near Sibsagar, Assam, in January or February 1910 by
Mr. Morton Eden.
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, 1091
Mr. Eden had no idea that he had shot a Baikal Teal till he had
gathered the duck shot, some 40 or 50. It was apparently amongst a
flock of Common Teal.
Most of our shooting is done in the fog starting at daybreak, as when
the fog lifts, all good ducks go off towards the Brahmapootra. It would
not be an easy matter to recognize birds under these circumstances ; you
hear the rush of wings and it takes you all your time to mark where they
are coming from, and if you are not very quick they pass before you realize
this.
DEKHARI TEA Co. DroHatt Divn., FRANCIS W. GORKH,
Assam, February 1912.
Mr. Harrison has written to me with reference to a Clucking Teal
(Nettion formosum) he shot near Lainekusias follows:—‘“ On the 24th of
February last, in company with Mr. R. 8. Pearson, Forest Economist,
Dehra Dun, I visited a Bhil close by here to look for duck, a flock of
Gadwall (Chaulelasmus streperus) got up and flew over Mr. Pearson; one
solitary Teal flew in my direction which I shot. We both decided that
it was an uncommon specimen. The bird made no sound at all and flew
like a Common Teal.”
DisruGarH, 3rd May 1912. EVAN A. EVANS.
No. XXIX.—INSECTS IN THE NESTS OF THE COMMON
SWIFT (CYPSELUS AFFINIS).
On examining the nesis of these Swifts I noticed that some of them
swarmed with insects, which I thought were parasites of these birds. The
Hon’ble N. C. Rothschild has recently identified these insects as beetles
belonging to two species of Dermestidze; the one being dnthremus
Jascvatus, Hbst., and the other an dAttagenus. This gentleman adds im epist :—
“1 do not.think that the specimens in question are really parasites of the
Swift ; in fact, I feel sure, they are not, but the larve feed on old feathers
and similar refuse, which explains their presence.”
Pp. T. L. DODSWORTH, F.z.s., M.B.0.U.
Simia, 8. W., 30th Apri 1912.
No. XXX.—DISTRIBUTION OF THE CRICKET
SCHIZODACTYLUS MONSTRUOSUS.
It may be of interest to note in regard to the distribution of Schizodac-
tylus monstruosus, 1 have frequently found this curious cricket whilst
digging insandy soil in the vicinity of Campbellpur aud Nowshera, It
would seem, therefore, that it has a much wider distribution than given
by Lefroy in his “ Insect Life in India.” Natives have assured me that
this insect feeds on flesh.
Mutran, 16th March 1912. W. P. C. TENISON, Lrevur., p.F.a.
1092 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XX.
No, XXXI.—INTELLIGENCE OF ANTS.
Last year I kept some colonies of ants in glass nests, as recommended by
Lord Avebury. One evening I placed some golden syrup near anest. In
the morning, instead of the clear syrup, I found a thick black paste. I took
this away and put afresh supply of syrup. One ortwo ants came and
felt it with their antennz, and then went off and returned with dry grains
of dust, bits of stick, etc., and placed them on the edge of the syrup.
After a short time the edge of the syrup became firm enough for the ants
to mount on it without sticking, and so they gradually converted the
whole into a stiff paste. They then moulded the paste into little balls
with their jaws and antenne and thus carried it into their nest.
Mussoorig, 20th April 1912. F. B. SCOTT.
No. XXXII.—THE CASTOR RUST (? MELAMPSORELLA
RICINI, De Toni).
With plates AS B.
* The rust on Castor was first described about the year 1815 by A. de
Bivona-Bernardi as Uredo 7icint occurring in Sicily. Later on it was
described as Ce@oma ricini by Von Schlechtendahl in “ Fungorum novorum
et descriptorum Illustratione publicat” in Linnea, Vol. I, p. 612, 1826,
the Uredosort being apparently taken for Aecidia of the Caeoma type. In
1878 again it was named Melampsora ricini (Biv-Bern) Pass. by G. Passerini
in Baglietto F. de Cesati V. and de Notaris G. “Erbario erittogamico
Italiano ” Ser. II, Fase. XIV, No. 684. Thename was yet again changed
by de Toni in Saceardo’s Sylloge, Vol. VII, p. 596, to Melampsorella
ricim. It is still doubtfully referred to the genus Melampsorella, presumably
on account of the similarity of its Uredo stage to that of Melampsorella
caryophyllacearum (D. C.) Schroet.
I am indebted to Dr. Butler, Pusa, for letting me see a specimen with
description and figure from Briosi and Cavara’s ‘ Funghi parasite delle
piante coltivate,” fase XV, No. 355. The general appearance of the
European specimen resembles closely that of the Indian Castor Rust, but
unfortunately there was not enough of the European material to allow me
to study it under the microscope. This description is rather incomplete as
are also the other references to this fungus mentioned above. The rust
was first recorded for India in the “Annales Mycologici” in Sydow and
Butler’s “Fungi Indiz Orientalis” under the name Melampsora ricini in
1906. But no description or figure is given.
So far only the Uredo stage is known, although search has been made for
other stages during two years. The generic name of the fungus, therefore,
*The historical information contained in the Ist paragraph was kindly
supplied to me by Dr. HE. J. Butler, Imperial Mycologist, Pusa, India.
Journ. Bompay Nat. Hist. Soc. Pratt A.
ih
Su
\
UTR
=.
We
rae
re
Castor Rust.
Rael ale
: Bis
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, 1095
must still remain doubtful. It is thought desirable, in the meanwhile,
to describe in detail the fungus as it occurs in the Indian specimens.
The rust is very common on the Castor plant in the Poona, Belgaum and
Dharwar districts of the Bombay Presidency. It is remarkable that it is.
practically absent from Gujerat, though the varieties commonly grown
there are by no means immune to this disease. Plants of all the common
Gujerat varieties were grown for experimental purposes on the Poona
Agricultural College Farm and these all got the rust.
This rust usually appears between the months of November and February
on Castor sown in June as an annual crop. But it has been observed as.
early as September on some Castor plants more than a year old in the
Ganeshkhind Botanical Garden, Kirkee, and from the appearance of the
leaves which were entirely covered with pustules, the rust had presumably
been there all the summer. The attack is severest in January when
practically every leaf of the plant is thickly covered with pustules, and
clouds of spores are blown off from them on shaking the plant.
The orange yellow, powdery pustules (Uredosori) are confined to the leaf
and occur chiefly on the lower surface, though very rarely they are met
with on the upper surface also. They are indicated on the upper surface
by minute roundish yellow spots. They occur in large numbers and not
infrequently show an arrangement in concentric rings (Fig. 1), and they
often run together. In severe cases this arrangement in rings is lost and
the entire surface is covered thickly with pustules.
A transverse section of the leaf through a young pustule shows that the
Uredo spores are first covered entirely by a peridium consisting of fungus.
tissue of polygonal cells. (Fig. 2). When mature they become exposed by
rupture both of epidermis and peridium, which latter can still be seen as a
layer underlying the epidermis. (Fig. 5). The spongy parenchyma below the
epidermis is more or less completely occupied by the hyphx of the fungus.
which form a sort of a cushion on which the spore-bearing hyphe arise.
The spore-bearing hyphe separated by manipulation present a characteris-
tic appearance. They are curiously branched and, as a rule, only two of
these branches bear spores, the oldest spore being always at the top.
(Fig. 4). The other branches are slender, pointed and sterile. Further the
Uredo spore bearing hyphee are intermixed with stout, club-shaped, para-
physes, generally colourless but occasionally the swollen heads showing
orange colour. (Fig.5a& 6). In the last case the paraphyses are easily
distinguishable from the spore-bearing hyphe by the perfectly smooth out-
line of their swollen heads. In mature sori the paraphyses generally project
beyond the level of the spores.
The Uredo spores are globular or elliptical, echinulate and with orange
contents. When examined fresh in distilled water it is possible to dis-
tinguish between two kinds of Uredo spores, one with thick walls and the
1094 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXI,
other with thin walls. (Fig. 6). There are no gradations between them.
This observation recalls a similar one recorded for Melampsorella aspidiotus
in Engler and Prantl’s Naturlichen Pflanzenfamilien I-Teil I-Abteilung,
p. 45. It was at first believed that these really represented two distinct
kinds of Uredo spores and that the thicker walled spores were of the nature
of Amphispores, which, (according to Arthur quoted in McAlIpine’s “ The
rusts of Australia”) “are developed in arid or subarid regions, being pro-
vided with thickened walls to enable them to withstand unfavourable condi-
tions, just like a teleutospore.” But further observations throw a consider-
able doubt on this matter. If the spores from leaves kept dry in the
herbarium for a month or two are examined, the proportion of thick-walled
spores to thin-walled ones appreciably increases, suggesting that the thin-
walled spores may develop a thick wall later on under certain conditions.
Again after treatment with lactic acid, the distinction between thin-walled
and thick-walled spores practically disappeared, the thin walls swelling
almost to the size of the thick walls. The difference in the appearance of
the spores examined fresh is, however, so striking that it is considered
worth recording.
The fresh spores germinate in distilled water, readily in the months of
January and February. The germination is poor earlier in the season.
The two kinds of spores germinate alike. (Fig. 7). More than one germ tube
are generally protruded but only one grows out finally, the other becoming
disorganised. The largest number of germ tubes observed is five, four being
the commonest number. The largest number of germ spores observed is six.
The size of the spores varies from 25-29" x 19-25".
No other spore form has been observed so far. An Aecidium was found
on some Brinjal plants growing in the neighbourhood of the Castor plants
on the Agricultural College Faym, Poona. This has been identified, provi-
sionally, with <Aecidium habunguensis by Dr. Butler. A few inoculation
experiments carried on with the Aecidiospores of this gave negative results
and there is at present no clue to answer the question whether the rust on
Castor has any other spore forms or whether it is one of those rust fungi
whose life cycle is restricted to the Uredo stage.
DESCRIPTION OF FIGURES. :
(Figures 1 and 3 are free hand drawings. The rest are drawn
with Camera lucida.)
Fig. 1.—Portion of rusted leaf of Ricinus communis. Natural size.
Fig. 2.—Transverse section of leaf through a young sorus, showing
peridium x 860.
Fig. 8—A mature sorus x 120 about, showing ruptured epidermis and
peridium.
Fig. 4.—-A spore-bearing hypha separated by manipulation x 400.
Fig. 5.—Uredo-spore-bearing hyphe and paraphyses x 400.
Fig, 6.—A thin-walled and a thick-walled spore x 500.
hgh BSP er et Pe
JourN. Bompay Nat. Hist. Soc. PLATE B.
Fig. 6.
Fig. 7a,
Castor Rust.
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 1095
Fig. 7.—Germinating Uredo spores (a) thin-walled (4) thick-walled x 500.
S. L. AJREKAR, B.a.,
AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, Assistant Professor of Mycology.
Poona, January 1912.
No, XXXIII._NOTES ON CACTI IN NORTH-WEST INDIA.
A considerable number of plants belonging to the Cactacez are to be
‘seen in cultivation in N.-W. India, and a few of them have obtained suffi-
cient footing to deserve mention in local floras. The following plants as
far as I have observed are firmly established and are capable of holding
their own against, or even extending at the expense of the indigenous
vegetation :—
Opuntia, Sp. No. 1.—About four feet in height, as a rule spineless, occa-
‘sionally 1 (—3) spines in some of the tufts of bristles. Leaves i in. long,
eonical, green or reddish. Joints dull, greyish-green, thick, cs uniforni
in size, usually about 6 by 23 in. Flowers yellow.
The commonest species in the Plains of the Punjab between the Jhelum
and the Sutlej, elsewhere it appears to be less common than other species.
Opuntia, Sp. No. 2.—About five feet in height. Spines in tufts of 4-6,
the largest very stout awl-shaped, often somewhat curved, pale yellowish-
brown with a horny appearance, 14 in. long, bristles numerous, conspicuous.
Leaves pale green, conical, 3 in. long froma broad base. Joints large,
dull, bluish green, relatively not thick, usually about 12 by ~ in. more
or less undulate when looked at edgeways and at the margin. Flowers
yellow. Found with the above but mo quite so frequent. Planted in
hedges in Rawalpindi.
Opuntia, Sp. No. 3.—About ten feet in height or even more. Very like
‘Sp. No. 2 but spines slender, grey and opaque except when quite young,
not curved. Leaves subulate, recurved, reddish at the tip, 4 in. long.
Joints not undulate, relatively rather thin. Flowers orange.
Common on the Ridge at Delhi and at and around Jaipur.
Opuntia, Sp. No. 4.—About six or eight feet in height. Spines at first
one or several of which one is considerably larger than the rest, as the
joints get older the number of spines in a tuft increases by the growth of
fresh spines till in old stems as many as ten spines may be seen in each tuft.
Leaves dark-brown, slightly recurved, + in. long. Joints bright green,
very variable in size and shape, narrow-oblong to broad obovate, usually 12
by 2 in. sometimes 22 feet long and broad in proportion. Flowers yellow.
‘Widely distributed but not common in the Plains, the only species at
all common in the Sub-Himalayan tract. Haripur, Abbottabad, Mansehra,
Shinkiari, &c., in Hazara, in the Rawalpindi District not common, frequent
throughout the Kangra District at suitable elevations, at many places in
Hoshiarpur and Ambala Districts, Solon and Nirth in Simla District. In
1096 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXI.
the Plains at Jaipur, Phillaur, Amritsar, Lahore, &c., but less common
than other species.
The question arises as to the identification of these species. The various.
local floras follow the Flora of British India and mention Opuntia dillenit,
Haw. which cannot cover more than one of these species. An article has.
appeared in the Records of the Botanical Survey of India, Vol IV., No. 6.,
by Mr. Burkill called ‘ Determination of the Prickly Pears now wild in
India,’ in which the following species are mentioned for the area in ques-
tion :—O. monacantha, O. cochinelifera, and O. elatior. Ofthese O. cochinelifera
belonging to the sub-genus Nopalea I have not mentioned among the four
species, which all belong to the sub-genus Hwu-Opuntia, shortly described
above, as I have not seen it except in gardens and hedgesin Lahore where
it is by no means frequent.
The article referred to does not give any description of the species weal
with, but the following key to the species of Ku-Opuntia is given :—
Spines falling except one long one on each cushion. O. monacantha..
Several large spines remaining on each cushion.
Spines all straight, slender, tawny or purplish-black :
Flowers orange. O. nigricans.
Flowers at opening lemon yellow changing to rose-pink. O. elatior..
Spines some curved, the largest stout, light horn colored
in life, darkening in herbaria with age. O. dillenii.
None of the species I mention would, according to this key, appear to be:
O. monacantha. No. 11s, perhaps, the nearest, but in this species the
spines do not ‘ fall leaving only one long one on each cushion,’ because as a.
rule there are no spines at all. O. monacantha is referred to as a species
on which the cochineal insect lives, and of my species No. 4. is the only
one I have seen attacked. In 1906-07 I noticed the cochineal insect on
species.:No. 4, throughout the Kangra District, almost every clump being
attacked and in process of destruction. In 1909 I saw the same thing on
the same species in the Hazara District, but in a more advanced stage.
Here the remains of large clumps of Opuntia were common, the plants as a
rule being quite.dead, though here and there a few could be seen sprouting
up from the root. Burkill mentions that O. monacantha has recently been
used much for clothing hillocks in Lahore ! Now the species used for this
purpose is my No. 1, and on it the cochineal insect apparently will not.
live. When in the Kangra District I made a hedge of species No. 4
together with a few plants of No. 1, almost immediately after planting the
former was attacked by the cochineal insect, whereas the latter escaped
completely. Itis I think evident that Burkill’s O. monacantha refers to
two species. Species No. 2 according to the key would appear to be 0.
dillenti, and No. 3 O. nigricans.
I have endeavored to identify the Opuntias I have mentioned with the ‘hal
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, 1097
of Schumann’s ‘Gesamtbeschreibung der Kakteen,’ which is I believe the
standard work on the subject. Species No. 1 is, I believe, O. ficus indica,
Mill., or a closely allied species. Species No. 2 is O. tuna, Mill. (Schumann
gives O. dillenti, Haw. as asynonym). Species No. 3 is very close to O.
nigricans, Haw., if it is not that species. Schumann remarks that 0.
nigricans, Haw. is related to O. tuna, which is certainly true of my
No. 3, but Schumann says the flowers of OU. nigricans, Haw. are yellow.
Burkill says the flowers of his O. nigricans are orange and that O. elatior,
differs from O. nigricans in the flower being lemon yellow at opening, he
identifies the Opuntia at Delhi and Jaipur as O. elatior. I agree that the
Opuntia at Delhiis the same as the one at Jaipur, I have not seen the
flowers of the former place but I saw them at the beginning of the flowering
season in Jaipur, and whether just open or stillin bud the petals were orange
and hence according to the key this Opuntia is 9. nigricans. The most obvi-
ous explanation of the confusion seems to be that O. elatior and O. nigricans
are really one species, the flowers of which are either yellow or orange.
Species No. 4 is O. monacantha, Haw. Burkill mentions one species of
Cereus in his article, viz., C. pterogonus, though he does not record it from
any place in N.-W. India. There is a large columnar Cactus in this region,
it is used by villagers for fencing their fields in and around Anandpur,
District Ambala, I have not seen it elsewhere except in gardens. This
Cactus is not Cereus pterogonus, Lem. it is probably Cereus peruvianus, Mill.
The spreading of Opuntias is interesting to study, the fruits ripen of
all the species I have mentioned, those of No. 1 in abundance, and they
are eaten to some extent by birds, yet birds have little or no share in
the spreading of the plants at any rate in N.-W. India. In the plains I
have never seen young Opuntias springing up to any distance from old
clumps such as one would expect if they were spread by birds. During
nearly two years’ residence in the Kangra District I took every opportunity
to examine young Opuntia monacantha plants and with one possible
exception found none of the young plants had arisen from seed. They are
spread mainly if not entirely by cuttings either planted inhedges by man
or by joints broken off by wind or cattle, taking root as they lie on the
ground. On steep ground Opuntias spread fairly rapidly down hill and
joints are sometimes transported by water and may be found rooting on
banks of streams where they have been deposited by floods. In the case
of species No. I, and O. monacantha the whole fruit after dropping
off may take root in the same way as a joint, in fact occasionally.they do
not fall off the mother plant but sprout and grow just as a joint would.
Except in these two species I have not observed the rooting of the whole
fruit, but it may perhaps occur with all the species.
: R. N. PARKER,
Lanore, 23rd May 1912. D, C. Forests.
48
1098 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XX1.
No. XXXIV.—A BRANCHING PALMYRA PALM (LORASSUS
FLABELLIFER).
The accompanying photograph (taken by Mr. E. L. Richardson of the
S. 1. R.) is of arather remarable Palmyra palm which is growing in the
neighbourhood of Tanjore. The tree at present has eight separate heads,
and must at one time have had several more, as the stumps can be
clearly seen.
iit
a
y
Mapras, 15th December 1911. R. F. STONEY.
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 1099
No. XXXV.—RATE OF GROWTH OF A DHAMAN (Z4MENIS
MUCOSUS) HATCHLING.
On the 15th September I received a clutch of 22 dhaman eggs. Some
of these were opened and found to contain fully formed embryos measuring
15:5 inches. Ten eggs were placed in wet straw and allowed to hatch
out. Of these. three hatched on the 20th September, one on the 21st,
three on the 25th and two on the 28th. One egg did not hatch, but when
opened contained a fully formed dead embryo. One of the snakes that
emerged on the 20th measured 16:1 inches, while one that hatched on the
28th measured 16:5 inches.
Accounts of the hatching of dhaman eggs and observations on the egg
tooth have already appeared in the Journal (Vol. XVII, page 1033); so my
intentions were to ascertain the rate at which a hatchling grew and the
periods at which it sloughed; but as my subject only lived for a very short
period, I give my results for what they are worth.
A hatchling of the 28th, which measured 16°5 inches, was tempted with
frogs and lizards, but it refused to eat; nevertheless small frogs and
agamoids were carefully thrust down its throat, and by this means I was
able to keep it alive for over a month. In all it ate three young agamoids
and thirty-six small frogs, and one day, when no frogs were available, some
flesh of a rat was administered in small quantities. After two weeks it
measured i8 inches and after a month 19 inches, that is to say, in confine-
ment it had grown 23 inches in a month. It died after the fifth week, but
during the fifth week it did not seem to have grown at all. It sloughed
on the 5th October, z.e., about a week after leaving the egg, and it showed
signs of sloughing a second time on the 25th October, for in handling, the
epidermis of the anterior half of the body came away in one piece.
EK. A. D’ABREU, F.z.s.
Nacpur, C.P., February 1912.
No, XXXVI.—_THE RUPTURE OF THE EGG-SHELL IN THE
GENUS CALOTES.
Before reading Capt. Venning’s interesting note on the hatching of
Calotes jerdoni in the last Number of the Society’s Journal, I had sent to
“Spolia Zeylanica’’ one on the same phenomenon in Calotes nigrilabris.
So far as the external appearance of the egg just before the young lizard
emerges is concerned, my observations agree closely with Capt. Venning’s;
but I can find no trace of an egg-tooth in my specimens, and indeed, it is
hard to see how a structure of that nature could produce the oblique
parallel slits and triangular flap so clearly shown in his figures. My own
opinion is that the slits are produced by the long claws of the forefoot.
1100 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. NORD
The manner in which the embryo is packed in the ege and also the nature
of the cuts strongly favours this view. _
N. ANNANDALE,
InpIAN Musium, Catcurta.
May 14th, 1912.
No. XXX VII.—CHINESE GOLD FISH—CARASSIUS AURATUS.
I obtained 19 of these gold fish on January 27th, 1912, in the Old
Chinese City of Shanghai, where they are bred in large earthenware pans
by the Chinese for sale, each pan containing fish of different shapes, sizes
and colours, very dirty water and water weeds and they are fed on water
insects and rice. Jn all the gardens of the Chinese houses these fish are
kept in little ponds or jars with rocks and ferns round and made pets of by
the family, the more ugly the fish the better they are prized and looked
after. The various forms are obtained by taking the eggs of the single-
tailed variety and shaking or disturbing them, unnatural developments take
place and fish with double tails, bulging or goggle eyes, eyes on top of the
head-tufted fins and tails, no dorsal fins, &c., are the result; these, if care-
fully selected, will breed the same kind again.
When the female spawns, the eggs are removed from the bie pan to a
smaller bowl, as the males eat the eggs ; they are then hatched by the heat
of the sun. The young fish are nearly black, but gradually become white
or red, and later gold, silver or black fish; some attain the large size of
2 feet and live to a great age, and a few of these may be seen in the Chinese
public gardens of the old city. Chinese gold fish were first brought from
Lake Tsau in the Province of Ngan-Kwin, China.
I placed the 19 fish in two large earthenware jars filled with the dirty
water and weeds, with enough water insects for 10 days, food and brought
them on board keeping them in a bathroom. On the 3rd day out from
Shanghai, I changed them into a marble bath, as the temperature was
getting high and the big fish looked sick, giving them fresh cold water
which I then changed daily. On February 6th, the first big fish died ;
February 7th, 4 died ; February 8th, 4 more died and February 9th, 1 died,
I then removed the 9 back to the earthenware jars and gave up hopes of
getting any to Bombay ; but from that day to the time of writing, Feb. 14
no more have died. Ifeel sure that the cause of death was the heat
after coming from dead winter and large fish were too fat.
. I have two gold fish in my cabin, which I bought in the same place three
years ago, and they are quite well and lively, but they have not grown
at all.
P. & O. “ Arcapta,” F. H. S. STONE.
Bompay Harsgour, January 1912.
eS
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 1101
No, XXX VIIT.—HORSE-MACKEREL ATTACKING JELLY FISH.
In the book entitled ‘The Story of Life in the Seas” by 8. J. Hickson,
F.R.S., page 100, he mentions that it is very probable that none of the Fish
will feed upon a transparent Jelly fish. Whilst the P. & O. 8.8. “ Arcadia,”
was moored in the Inner Harbour of Aden last March, and on a very
calm day, I and several of the other officers saw the following.
A large number of purple Jelly fish were round the ship and on the
surface, each one about one foot across the back and all with very long
tentacles ; suddenly a small shoal of Horse-mackerel (Caran sp.) dashed at
one of these Jelly fish and began tearing and biting off the tentacles and
apparently eating them; the Jelly fish could do nothing and was turned
over and until at last there was nothing left but the upper part of the belly
(body); then this shoal made for and attacked another in the same way,
whilst other shoals were killing three more Jelly fish. The Horse-mackerel
were only about 6 inches long, and our native crew caught quite a number
of them. It is strange, as I believe the Jelly fish is quite a foster mother
to very young Horse-mackerel, dozens of them are to be seen swimming
about the tentacles of large Jelly fish, where they seem to get for
protection. 3
F. H.8. STONE.
Pi & 0.8.8; ~ ARCADIA,”
Hone-Kone, Cuina, February 1912.
1102
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE MEETING HELD ON 14TH MARCH 1912.
A MEETING of the members of the Bombay Natural History Society took
place on Thursday, 14th March 1912, at the Society’s Rooms, Mr. John
Wallace, C.E., presiding.
NEW MEMBERS.
The election of the following 24 new members since the last meeting was
duly announced :—
Lt. G. H. A. Pearson (Jullundur, Punjab); Mr. R. W. L. Dunlop
(Bombay); Mr. H. N. Randle (Benares); Capt. J. F. C. Carter (Bassein,
L. Burma); Mr. G. Somerville (Bassein, L. Burma); Mr. G. A. Levetit-
Yeats (Ghazipur); Mr. E. O. Bloch (Rangoon); Mr. H. M. Chibber,
M.A. (Poona); Major G. P. Evans (Malakhand); Capt. W. J. Massy
(Myitkyina, U. Burma); Mr. H. B. Player (England); Mr. P. 8. Quarry
(Jessore, Bengal); Mr. C. W. Skinner (Dehra Dun, U. P.); Mr, A. C.
Rumboll (Bombay); Mr. J. R. Phillips (Insein, Burma); Mr. J. C. C.
Wilson (Papun, Burma); Mr. F. Boxwell (Cachar, Assam); Mr. O. H.
Walters (Rawalpindi): Capt. J. A. Scarlett, R.H.A. (Transvaal) ; Mr. V. N.
Ffolliot Powell (Beawar); H. E. Lord Carmichael, G.C.I.E., K.C.M.G.
(Madras) ; the Marquis of Bute (Edinburgh, Scotland); Mr. C. E. Aitken,
‘P. W. D. (Mirpurkhas) and Dr. P. V. Casling, I.S.M.D. (Rawalpindi).
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE MUSEUM.
The Honorary Secretary, Mr. W. 8. Millard, acknowledged the following
contributions to the Museum, since the last meeting :—
Contributions. Locality. Donor.
1 Tiger (Felis tagris) skull ..|Mishmi Country..| Mr. W.J. H. Ballan-
tine.
1 Golden Cat (Felis temmncki)| Akyab, U. Burma.| Commander Willock,
Skin. RIM.
|1 Large Indian Civet (Viverra) Bhamo District ..| Major W. B. T. Ab-
zibetha) Skin. bey.
3 Skins of Wild Dogs (Cwuon|Saugor,C.P. ..|Mr. D. O. Witt,
dukhunensis) puppies. LES.
1 Giant Squirrel (Ratufa gigantea).| Abor Country ..);Mr. G. M. McCle-
verty.
1 Pallas’s Squirrel (Sevwraus erythra-| ,, y Mi Do.
eus) and Stevens’s Squirrel
(Seiwirus stevens?).
Head and foetus of large brown) _,, ee ..| Dr. J. N. Faulkner.
Flying-Squirrel (Pteromys|
candidulus). |
ei
PROCEEDINGS,
1105
Contributions.
1 Burmese Mole Rat (Gunnom ys
varius).
1 Painted Bat (Kerivoula Laos
6 Bats in Spirit
6 Pairs of Takin Horns (Budorcas
taxicolor).
17 Bird Skins
13 Bird Skins
|
|
.| Ratnagiri
1 Wall Creeper (7ichodroma mura-
ra).
1 Red Turtle-Dove
tranquebarica).
1 Great White belied Heron(drdea
insignis).
Grey Lag Goose (dnser cinereus.).
(Gnopopelia!
Comb Duck (Saretdiornis melano-
notus).
Baikal Teal (Nettiwm formosum).
” rea | ” ” )
Pintal Snipe (Gallinago
semialbino).
Jack Snipe (Gallinago gallinula)
dark variety.
Johns Earth Snake (Lrya johhnii).
Russell’s Earth Snake
conicus).
1 Green Whip Snape (Dryophis
mycteriZans).
1 Buff Striped Keelback (Tropod:-
notus stolatus).
1 Snake (Helicops schistosus).
1 Snake (Zamenia fasciolatus), and
two Sea Snakes.
1 Cobra (Nata tripudians).
(Erya
1 Snake and a Lizard
2 Lizards (Calotes ophiomachus)|
(alive)
1 Chameleon (Chameleon calca-!
ratus)
6 Ceylonese monitors
9Gold Fish (Carassius auratus)
alive,
4 Fishes & 2 Crustaceans
stenura|
.| Andheri ..
..| Persian Gulf
Locality.
‘Rangoon .
olivate ae ;
Mishmi Country...
Raipur, Kangra...
Meerpur, Champa-
ram.
Hasimars, Duars..
Munchar _ Lake,
Sind.
Sunjval, Sind.
.., Dibrugarh, Assam.
..| Sibsagar, Assam.
Calcutta. .
Thar and Pakar..
Lucknow. .
Santa Cruz
Colombo ..
Colombo ..
..| Colombo ..
Persian Gulf
.| Anamally Hills ..
Colombo! ..
Jholwad ..
.|Colombo .
Shanghai. .
.| Dr. H. Marshall.
sol Miles IR. TEL
Sites Ce IS).
se Wy ‘ ..| Captain F. Bailey.
..| Hasimara, Duars..
.| Mr. R.L. McCulloch.
.| Mr. F. W. Gore.
.| The Hon.
2) Major 1d «eRe dude
.| Mr. R.W.L. Dunlop.
a}
i" Captain F,
Coley ck ie
.| Mr. F. H. Stone.
_| Mr.
..|Captain F.
Donor.
Stone.
Hardy,
LCS.
Mr. W. J. H. Ballan-|
tine.
Wibes Tel, Ws
nel.
Mr. Lionel Donald-
son.
Mr. M. Mackenzie.
O’Don-
Mr. H. V. O'Donnel.
Mr. P. M. D. Sand-
erson.
Mr. Evan E. Evans.
Mr
tice Chitty.
Mr. E. Priestley.
Jus-
son.
|
& Mr. F. H. Stone.
|
W.
Townsend.
Kirtikar,
I.M.S. (Retd.)
Mr. T. Bainbrigge
Fletcher. |
A.M. D’Cruz.
\ ut. F. H. Stone.
W.
Townsend. |
1104 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XX,
Contributions. Locality. Donor.
2 King Crabs and some Oysters,| Various |
| Mr. F. H. Stone.
etc.
80 Moths and Butterflies. . ..| Various ..
20 Pieces of Coral. . ne ..| Singapore SB:
150 Fossils .. ws ae ..| Bhuj, Cutch ..|Mr. J. H. Smith.
Minor contributions from :—Mr. T. Bainbrigge Fletcher, Mr. A. Gover,
Capt. C. Thornhill and Mr. G. Arnold.
ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY.
Zoogeography Physical Atlas, 1911.. (Barthelomew, Clarke and Grimshaw).
Birds of Uganda ae i .. (Van Someren).
Unexplored Spain... a .. (Abel Chapman and Walter J. Buck).
My life among the wild birds in
Spain ' i .. (Willoughby).
By Mountain, Lake and Plain .. (Major R. L. Kennion).
Thirteen years among the wild beasts
of India ay: ig - .. (G. P. Sanderson).
ACCOUNTS FOR 1911.
Mr. L. H. Savile, the Honorary Treasurer, in submitting a statement of
the accounts for the year ending 3lst December 1911, said :—I beg to call
attention to the fact that the opening balance at the beginning of the year
was Rs. 2,960-10-11, and the closing balance was Bs. 2,494-7-9, showing an
excess of expenditure over income of Rs. 466-3-2. Although this is not a
very large deficit, when compared with last year, which showed a surplus of
Rs, 8,485-9-3 it is a serious falling off. With regard to the receipts which
are Rs. 3,037-3-4 less than in 1910, the subscriptions are Rs. 600-0-1 less,
entrance fees Rs. 1,079-4 less and sale of Duck Book Rs. 2,424-12-6 less.
This latter source of income was practically expected to cease this year as
the issue was nearly all sold last year, but what is more serious is the
reduction in the amount of entrance fees, meaning as it does that the
number of new members joining has decreased by 118. While the receipts
have diminished, the expenditure has gone up by Rs. 4,945-15-10 as
compared with last year, the principal items of increase being rent for
the additional rooms taken over Rs. 750, salaries of staff Rs. 1,131-10-10,
Journal account Rs. 3,302-8-3. These increased expenses are all very
necessary if the Society is to carry on the work it has undertaken and the
way in which members can best assist in helping on this work is to induce
others to join the Society orin agreeing to a substantial increase of the
annual subscription.
1 By
i.
PROCEEDINGS, 1105
A separate account has been opened during this year to deal with the
finances of the Mamma Funp which has been started for the purpose of
making a mammal survey of India. The amount subscribed to this
fund up to 3lst December 1911 was Rs. 23,530-1, the expenditure to the
same date being Rs. 7,786-15, showing the balance in hand of Rs. 15,743-2.
Two collectors are now working on the collection of mammals for this
survey, and provided funds are forthcoming, they will continue until
a survey of the whole of India and Burma has been completed. ‘he
expenses of the two collectors amount to about Rs. 750 per mensem.
ELECTION OF THE COMMITTEE.
The following gentlemen were elected as office bearers for the present
year :—President: H. H. the Right Hon’ble Sir George Sydenham Clarke,.
G.CM.G., G.CLE., F.RS.; Vice-Presidents: Mr. J. D. Inverarity,
B.A., LL.B., Rev. Fr. Dreckmann, 8.J., and the Hon. Mr. Justice N. C.
Macleod ; Hony. Secy.: Mr. W.S. Millard ; Honorary Treasurer: Mr. L. H.
Savile ; Honorary Librarian: Mr. P.M.D. Sanderson ; Managing Committee :
Mr. E. C. Stuart Baker, F.Z.S., Mr. T. R. Bell, LF.S., Mr. C. L. Burns,
Mr. Wm. Burns, Mr. EH. Comber, F.Z.8., Lt-Col. G.H. Evans, F.L.S.,C.1.E.,
Capt. W. H. Evans, R.K., Prof. G. A. Gammie, Mr. EH. Ernest Green,.
¥.E.S., Mr. N. B. Kinnear, Lt.-Col. K. R. Kirtikar, I.M.S. (Retd.)., Mr. H.
Maxwell Lefroy, M.A., F.E.S., F.Z.8S., Major W.G. Liston, I.M.S., Mr. J.
MeNeill, I.C.S., Dr. A. Powell, Mr. G. M. Ryan, I.F.S., Major F. Wall,
1.M.S.,C.M.Z.S., Mr. John Wallace, C.K. and Mr. T. Bainbridge Fletcher.
The members and their friends spent the evening in the Museum
examining the Society’s collections. Among the exhibits were 155 skins.
of mammals which had just been received from Mr. G. C. Shortridge (the
Society’s Collector), from the South Dharwar District. These specimens.
were being forwarded to the British Museum for identification and return.
EXHIBITS.
Mrs. W. H.. Deakin exhibited a collection of marine shells made by
her in Back Bay, Bombay, and also some beautiful paintings of flowers.
Mr. C.D. Mahaluxmivala, Superintendent, Victoria Gardens, exhibited
3 orchids in flower— Dendrobium parishii, ochreatum and gratississimum.
OF THE MEETING HELD ON 9rH APRIL 1912.
An “ At Home ” of the members of the Bombay Natural History Society
took place on Tuesday evening, 9th April 1912, Rev. F, Dreckmann, S, J.,.
presiding.
49
1106 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXTI.
NEW MEMBERS.
The election of the following 11 new members since the last meeting was
announced:—Mr. M. F. Delaney, Bombay; The Secretary, Rawalpindi
‘Club, Rawalpiadi; Mr. J. D. Way, Nowrangpur, Vizagapatam District ;
Lt. H. E. Shortt, 1.M.S., Benares; Mr. John Stewart, Travancore; Mr,
V. A. Mendoza, Bombay ; Mr. J. E. Webb, Bilaspur, C.P.; Mr. E. Macono-
chie, I.C.S., Dharwar ; The Inspector of Schools, Surma Valley and Hill
Districts, Silchar, Assam; Mr. G. A. Laughton, Uran, Kolaba District ;
and Mr. W. P. Appleford, Gilgit, Kashmir.
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE MUSEUM.
The Honorary Secretary, Mr. W. 8. Millard, acknowledged the following
contributions to the Museum, since the last meeting :—
Contributions. | Locality. | Donor.
[1 Skin Domestic Cat (Felis) Ahmednagar ..| Lt.-Col. J. Girvin,
| domestica) yellow variety. R.A.M.C.
13 Bats (in spirit) .. a ..| Ratnagiri ..| Mr, .G., (S\ Bard
LC.8.
1 Hare (Lepus ce eae, skin} Aibheel, Assam ..| Mr. W. P. Field.
IP Bird skins ie .|Meerut .. ..|Mr. H. C. Jeddere
Fisher.
3 Do. do. A ve ..|Tha yetmyo, Mr. J. P. Cook.
Burma.
26 Eggs of 6 species of birds ..)/ Kashmir ..|Mr. H. C. Jeddere
Fisher.
1 Common Snipe (Gallinago Tonk, N. W. F. P.| Mr. C. R. Pitman.
celestis).
3 Eggs of common Sandgrouse| Khandwa, C. P...| Mr. C. H. Dracott.
(Pteroclurus exustus).
1 Lizard and 4toads_.. ..| Palni Hills ..|Mr. C. E. C. Fischer
43 Butterflies and Moths ..| Various ..}Mr. H. C. Jeddere
Fisher.
115 Butterflies ae ..| Nilgiris ..| Captain G. Hare.
Minor contributions from Captain H. Thornhill, Mr. W.D, Cumming
and Mr. J. Florence.
EXHIBITS.
No fewer than 265 specimens of mammals from the Central Provinces
-collected by the Society’s Collector (Mr. C. A. Crump), and a number of
specimens of mammals from the 8. W. Dharwar and East Kanara Districts
(collected by Mr. G. C. Shortridge) were exhibited and admired. These
specimens were being forwarded to the British Museum for identification
and return.
PROCEEDINGS. 1107
MAMMAL SURVEY.
The Secretary announced that he had just received an intimation that
the Royal Society had been good enough to sanction a grant of £25
towards the survey of the Mammalian fauna of India, Burma and Ceylon
organized by the Society. The Government of Madras had also kindly
promised the sum of Rs. 2,500 towards this survey. It had been found
that the area to be covered was so enormous that the survey would, with
only two collectors, take much longer than was at first estimated and it
became necessary therefore to obtain a further Rs. 30,000 or Rs. 40,000 in
order that the survey might be thoroughly carried out, and it was hoped
that members and others would send in subscriptions to enable the Society
to accomplish this scientific work.
CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBE R—(ontd.).
PAGE
MIscELLANEOUS NoTEs :—
I.—Notes on Tigers. By C. H. C. Fischer, 1.F.s......... 1062
Do. Ay ial DY Shee eI Oc eres bptvede eet aey ot yl OG
Do. pp Lite Cols kG, Burton, ... 25/2: 1062
Do. , Capt. V. A. S. Keighley...... 1063
II.—Notes on Panthers. By Lt.-Col. R. G. Burton...... 1063
III.—-A large Oorial Head. By Col. H. V. Biggs ........ 1065
IV .—The so-called one-horned Sheep of Nepal and other
Breeds. (With a Plate). By Lt.-Col. J. Manners
SHAE Re ht, Savaeee oh biter aeRe Ma aateld Mabe d esate 1066
V.—Some Notes from the Abor Expedition. By Major
PMlipaian Wilson. ret de Medes obetenrte en Aa A ect 1068
V1I.—Do Chinkara (Gazella bennett:) drink water? By Lt.-
COLSIRET Ey (Ce IBSEN ONIN Geeta ear AWN NN bite hey rentiny at mUnEDA Relay 1068
Do Chinkara (Gazella bennettc) drink water? By F. ;
ED) CAVaenINO Seta, NEL ea Racrotpan ee een Ss 2 cis, ay ea 1069
VIl.—Recovery of Animals from injuries. By W. J. H.
UU ANTAGLINGM oy eae eet Re NE ie ne eee AEN ay eleva: Jovan arabe eee 1069
VIII.—Note on Takin (Budoreas taxicolor.) (With 2 Plates).
By Capt. HM. Bailey ee ae oe. : e500) Ube pm on 1069
IX.—Gayal or Mithan (Bibos frontalis). By Capt. F.M.
IB eH US eae ei ace Seca eT Che SB a aa ge OV
X.—Tsine (Bibos sondaicus) found with village cattle. By
MA Elaucwell Burnie ies en lt cpr em seta ane 1072
XI,—Notes on Birds from Lahore. By A. HE. Jones....... 1073
XII.—Nestling Plumage of (sacus recurvirostris) the
Great Stone Plover. By H. Whistler............ 1074
XIII.—The Himalayan Greenfinch (Hypacanthis spinoides).
1B Jel VNU ORIG eee Sai en apn an rol) sa So beet 1074
XIV.—Distribution, Habits, and Nesting of the Himalayan
Greenfinch (Hypacanthis spinoides, Vigors). By P.
iE Dodsworth, 17.8.5 Ml. B.OsU aloe oterntcsisie oles) a 1075
XV.—The Long-tailed Grass Warbler (Laticilla burnesi,
BS Tiibh) ey aley, Ene Wiinistler = tei9 eau conidia sitet ay 1080
XVI.—Nidification of Burmese Great Black Woodpecker
(Thriponar feddeni), By J. Pemberton Cook...... 1081
CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBE R—C(conid.).
PAGE
MIScELLANEOUS NoTES—conitd. f
XVIL.—A Kite’s Larder. By G. L. Remington ............ 1082
XVIII.—Occurrence of the Common Peafowl (Pavo eristatus)
in the neighbourhood of Simla, N.-W. Himalayas.
By P. T. L. Dodsworth, ¥.z.s., M.B.Q.U. .......... 1082
XIX.—Swinhoe’s Snipe (Gallinago megala) near Madras. By
Re Stone yy a eect cde ie eis sundae eens fe ehas eee 1083
XX.—Cruelty to Wild-fowl, etc., in Sind. By Captain
CO. dE: Bot oye’ sia eh te oe ee lee) eee ee 1083
XXI.—The Himalayan Snow Cock (Tetrogallus himalayensis).
By (W.G:Appleforde). 28 4:7 00 also ence eee eee 1084
XXII.— Woodcock (Scolopaa rusticula) in South Andamans.
By. Major J. El: Whitehead ioc n)is cite ier eee vere 1085
XXILI.—Notes on the Habits of Swinhoe’s Reed Warbler
(Urosphena squamiceps) and on the Nesting of the
Burmese Great Woodpecker (Thriponax feddent).
Boek (OOO ii 5) hs weld nO Retna ahvind Sheveoteerene 1085
XXIV.—Chinese Grey Duck in Burma. By Major H. H.
PERU GOI See eels ictssleite whe Avetce ele pee Tle sa ese eee 1086
XXV.—Nidification of Davison’s Babbler. By Hon’ble Mr.
MMIstice se Wie ARONSON) cei eat een ce ean aeee 1088
XXVI.—The Sheldrake (ZYadorna cornuta) in the United Pro- _
vinces. By Wy) BScobt i.) ane ghee ree 1089
XXVII.—Notes on some Birds from the Chindwin Valley. By
Wyeil Op wood |. \).. sige sleet alone sles eteveee Lene eee 1089
XXVIII.—Baikal or Clucking Teal (Nettion formosum) shot in ' :
Assam.) By Wrancis W. Gore!) )./o5 sane en 1090
Baikal or Clucking Teal (Nettion formosum). By
HyanvAs vans, 2) 20822 RRR eee 1091
XXIX.-—Insects in the Nests of the Common Swift (Cypselus
affinis). By P. T. L. Dodsworth, F.z.s., M.B.0.u... 1091
XXX.—Distribution of the Cricket (Schizodactylus monotruosus).
By tlt. "W.." PC, Venison, Rana. ate ce. ete meee 1091
XXXI.—Intelligence of Ants. By F. B. Scott .............. 1092
XXXII.—The Castor Rust (Melampsorella ricint, De Toni) (With
Plates Aand B). By 8. LU. Ajrekar, 8.s., Assistant
Professor of Mycology, Poona .............. eee OR
CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBE R.—eoneld.)
PAGE
_ MisceLLangous No1tes—coneld.
XXXIII.—Notes on Cacti in North-West India. By R. N. Parker,
: PS CR MOEOSES: Pgh kee Ceara tete la calettteet wes era eae 1095
XXXIV.—A Branching Palmyra Palm (Borassus fiabellifer). By
Pua Ee ROU CY ceric dee enna cc otacscnit’ sack he gc eee s Manet ~ 1098
XXXV.—Rate of growth of a Dhaman (Zamenis mucosus) hatch-
inlay He AC DEA Drom elt ho yas eels, ch Gawain’ 1099
XXXVI.—The Rupture of the Egg-shell in the Genus Calotes.
By Dr. Ne Anmandale cn Garr. I ears ne Bhat 1099
XXXVII.—Chinese Gold Fish (Carassius auratus). By F.H.S.
LONG rl nh ay sis Sah tase evo" lal siel wiv tol evclone cc acta ata octets 1100
XXX VIII.—Horse-Mackerel attacking Jelly Fish. By F.H.S.
PSE OTL Gy One ee eon cyan OMB eats ME TIE Sy OL Sg NO) ae 1101
PROCEEDINGS .........0.... eae te Sigur ca aieu aie panes ar naiOn 1102
BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY
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Aprty 10 THE HONORARY SECRETARY,
Bombay Natural History Society.
R. stgnifies “ Reprint’ with no plates.
W S. Millard for the Bombay Natura! History Society.
Printed by E. G. ea oe for the Proprietors of the Times Press, Bombay, and published by
7
5 catsotlan Instiiges ity
?
JUN 18 1941
ee : EDITED 8¥ vik
oy w. os) MILLARD,
- Date of publication. 20th Nov. 1912, =
Pree to Non-Members i en cial an Ba 10-6. Eas al a wae
ss PRINTED AT THE TIMES PRESS
CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER.
THE GAME Brirps oF InpiaA, ‘BuRMA AND CEYLON. Part;
VIII. The Bengal Florican (Sypheotis bengalensis).
— (With Plate VIII.) By EH: C. Stuart Baker, F.L.s.,
TOO ARPS EPS 4 OAR IM SNUG Sate MT SES che ALAR UI AEE | .
ORCHIDS OF THE BomBay Presipency. Part XIII. ‘By G.
AS Gammie;; PalnSs eee, aa ae Rem AED emhan ee, Ae Mint
THE CoMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE nea OF Inpra. Rar
XIL. (With Plates Tand J.) By 'T. R. Bell, LF. ...
Noves on A Birp CoLuectinc TRIP In THE BaLacuat Dis-
TRICT OF THE CENTRAL Provinces. By EH. A. D’ Abreu,
1 AES IN ACE RS SANG TA OR WOR SNUB EG Lk SOE US Vibe
Tue Bompay NaturaL History Socrrry’s Mammat Swur- °
vey oF Inpia. BeEPoRT on Coxtucrion No. 0 FROM
Duarwar. With a Plate. By RB. C. Wroughton,
HS ae NR CN aaa eG J Manan Arc taiweie a fo 00. aay
A List or Birds FRoM ARAKAN. — By Cyril Hopwood, 1F.s.
THe Morus or Inpia. Series 1V, Part V. By Sir George
F. Hampson, Bart., ¥.z.S., F.E.S. (With Plate G.) ......
Toe Funet or Inpia. Part 1. (With Plates Lio IV and
tect figures 1 to 10.) By F. Theissen, 8. J. ...........
More Bigp Notes By THE Way IN Kasumi. Lt. -Col.
Ty Aye NE aire. i eto Me ed Kast ea tech UR eae
PROGRESS.OF THE MAMMAL SURVEY 4.02.00... 40. fe ess dee
MIscELLANEOUS NOTES :—
I.—Tiger (Felts tigrzs) killing and online its ate) By .
dames W.) Best; 1.8... baat cto th ky eile enone
II.—Cannibalism among Panthers ( Felis paidus),
Major J. R. Carter
{11.—Number of a panther’s (Felis pardus) caudal vertebree.
By Captain A. H. Mosse, ta. '......... sip sah howell Ree Re
TV.—Notes on Martens in Kashmir. By Lt.-Col. HAE:
Miagrabhay’ str G30 5 Neo cdi chs IOP Sak Beet era
“FRO ine
BOR UN Bh PANE
DE
Ricnianes $) wi
Mige
Wanye PMP RE a AY URG EEG fo) } ! Ni
sis au Ai j tiny i} ’ yy Pah
PMH EY n
Plate VIII.
t. Soc,
s
Journ. Bombay Nat. Hi
JOURNAL
OF “THE
Bombay Natural History Society.
Nov. 1912. Vou. XXI. No. 4.
THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA,
BURMA AND CEYLON.
BY
E. C. Stuart Baker, F.L.S., F.Z.8S., M.B.O.U.
Part VIII.
With Plate VILL.
(Continued from page 739 of this Volume.)
SYPHEOTIS BENGALENSIS.
The Bengal Florican.
Otis bengalensis—Gm. Syst. Nat. i, p. 724 (1788); Hodgson.
feeke ge. i, XV, P.Looe.
Otis delicosa.—Gray and Hardw., Ill. Ind. Zool.,i, pp. 6]
and 62.
Sypheotides bengalensis.—Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc., p. 258;
Jerdon, B. of Ind. iii, p. 616; Godwin Austin, J. A. 8S. B. xiv,
part II, p. 34.
Sypheotis bengalensis.—Hume, Nests and Eggs, p. 559; zd., Hume
and Marsh., Game B.i, p. 23, i, p. 424; Hume, Cat. No. 838,
Str. Feath. viii, p. 111; «id, ix, p. 199; Markham, ibid;
Fasson, ibid, p. 200; Butler, ibid, x, p. 162; Hume and Cripps,
ibid, xi, p. 312; Oates in Hume’s Nest and Eggs, 2nd Edit. iii,
D5”)
1
1110 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXT.
p- 378; Finn, Indian Waders, p. 123; Inglis, Journal B. N. H.
Soc. xiv, p. 766; id, ibid, xvi, p. 73; Wall, thd, xvi, p. 388;
Stuart Baker, ibid, xvii, p. 538.
Houbaropsis bengalensis.—Sharpe, Cat. B. M. xxiii, p. 315; id.,
Hand L. i, p. 175; Oates, Cat. Eggs. B. M.i, p. 88; 7d. Game
B. of Ind. i, p. 414. )
Vernacular Names.—Charas, Chars, Charat, H; Dahar, Ablak ¢
Bor 9, Terai; Ulamora, Assamese; Dao-tiriling, Cachari.
Description, Adult imale.-—Whole head, neck and lower parts
very glossy black, in some lights shewing a distinct blue or ~
purplish sheen, more especially on the feathers of the breast and
crest. Back black, each feather with two broad bars of buff
mottled with black, the general appearance of the back being thus
a mottled black and buff, the former predominating. The bases
of the feathers are black and in quite freshly plumaged birds
there is a narrow buff fringe to the tips of the feathers, which,
however, soon gets abraded off so that the tips generally appear
black. Inner scapulars like the back, but the mottlings are even
more irregular, the centres to the feathers are chiefly black and
the surrounding portions vermiculated buff and black. Tail,
four centre feathers like the back, but the outermost are entirely
black with narrow white tips and the intermediate feathers grade
from one to the other. Outer scapulars black, a few of the feathers
more or less mottled with buff, on the inner webs, inner second-
aries like the back, but with numerous bars of black, not always
the same in number; remaining quills white, except the outer
webs and part of the inner webs of the first and second primary,
which are black ; in some birds the outer web of the third primary
is also nearly all black and this black diminishes in extent on
each succeeding quill, remaining only as a black tip to the outer
webs of the innermost primaries and disappearing altogether on the
outer secondaries. The shafts of all the wing quills are black.
Bill, upper mandible dark brown, sometimes with a leaden
tinge, lower mandible paler and more leaden and often with a
yellow tinge on the basal two-thirds. Iris brown, Hume says
sometimes yellow. Legs straw yellow, sometimes with a tinge
of green or plumbeous.
THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON. 1111
Wing 13-2" to 13:75"; bill, from feathers above nostril on
culmen, 1:2" to 1:25", from gape 2°12" to 2-44'’; tarsus about
5" or a little over; tail 6:5" to 7:25". :
Tarsus 5:6" (Blanford).
Tarsus 6:12" to 6°790"' (Hume).
The feathers of the crest are long and somewhat lanceolate and
measure from 3" to 4’ or even more. ‘The feathers of the hind
neck average about 2'' and below the neck they increase gradually
in length from the tiny feathers of the chin to feathers on the
fore neck of over three inches and to the final tuft of feathers
on the breast which may be as long as six inches in old, fully
plumaged birds.
In some birds which are more than usually richly coloured there
is often a rufescent shade in the buff colour on the upper parts.
Adult female and male in first plumage.——Crown, dark brown,
sometimes almost black, with a certain amount of buff speckling
and buff edges to the posterior feathers; a broad coronal streak of
mottled brown and buff; supercilia and lores buff, generally
immaculate but the former sometimes with a few dark specks ;
feathers of short crest buff speckled with black or brown and with
dark centres and shafts. Chin, upper throat and centre of lower
throat buff or sand colour unspotted, remainder of neck sandy buff
freckled and narrowly barred with black or brown, the bars not
being definite enough to make the neck look more than freckled.
Down each side of the neck the feathers are centred with dark
streaks, making two fairly definite lines which coalesce on the
neck adjoining the breast, the feathers of this part seem often to
be a richer shade of buff than elsewhere on the plumage. The
back, scapulars and inner secondaries are black, mottled and
freckled with buff except in the centre of each feather and with
broad sub-edges of buff ina V. shape. On the secondaries and
outer scapulars the markings are bolder and the black assumes
the shape of fairly definite bars. Wing coverts pale buff witha
rufous tint here and there and with sparse markings in the form
of broken bars of black or deep brown, not numerous enough or
regular enough to break the general contrast of these pale buff
feathers with the plumage of the back. Remainder of wing quills
1112 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XX1.
black, the outermost feather with a faint suggestion only of mottled
bars of buff on the inner web, these increasing in extent until
the whole of the inner secondaries are mottled black and buff.
Rump like the back but less broken with buff; tail mottled black,
or brown, and buff, the mottling decreasing in extent on the outer
tail feathers which are fairly distinctly barred with broken black |
and buff. Upper breast and edge of flanks buff speckled with
black or brown like the neck; flanks, where covered with wing,
mottled with black; remainder of lower parts pale, sandy buff,
often slightly darker on the under tail coverts which are sometimes
speckled with dark brown.
Irides yellow, dingy to almost golden, bill like that of the male
but paler and often fleshy towards the base of the lower mandible;
legs dingy yellow or straw colour. Wing 18:2" to 14°50"; bill
.at front 1:50" to 1:54" and from gape 2:2" to 2:5"; tarsus 5°6”
or over: tail 6-5" to 7:25".
The measurements given above for males ani females, which
are taken from a series of 14 males and 11 females, all fully adult,
would seem to shew that the females are very little larger than the
males, but this is not really the case as she is a far heavier and
more bulky bird. I have two records of exceptionally heavy
cocks, one shot by Mr. Mundy in Dibrugarh, Assam, and another
by Mr. J. Harrison of the same district, which both weighed
between 54 and 52 lbs. Most males, however, are less than 3 lbs.
in weight, young cocks of the year seldom exceeding 23 lbs.
Females, on the contrary run up to 5 lbs., a weight which has been
recorded by Mr. A. Primrose and others; they often exceed
4 lbs. and even females of the first year seldom weigh less than
3% Ibs.
Young male.—The young male is at first like the female and
commences to assume the adult male plumage in the second year,
that is in its first spring moult, but probably often reverts, more
or less, to female plumage in its autumn moult, retaining, how-
ever, the white wing-coverts of the adult male.
The complete adult plumage of the male is assumed in the most
irregular manner, and at the first spring moult the young cock bird
may assume any portion of the adult plumage retaining elsewhere
THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON. 1113
that of the female. Nearly always, however, the white wing
feathers are amongst the earliest to shew themselves.
Some young birds first moult into the adult black plumage from
the breast downwards, having this part wholly glossy black,
although, with the exception of the wings, the rest of the body
remains clothed in female garb. Other young males retain their
first feathering on the upper parts, but commence to assume the
black feathers of the throat as well as that of the lower parts in a
lesser degree. One such specimen J have examined has the whole
of the upper part in juvenile plumage with the exception of a
few white feathers amongst the wing-coverts; below, from the
chin to the breast the black feathers are growing profusely, though
_ there are still a few feathers here and there retaining their original
vermiculated appearance; from the lower breast downwards the
whole lower plumage is a soiled white, with a good many black
feathers showing all over as well as a few vermiculated ones.
This young bird is a most interesting one as it would appear
that sometimes, whilst the upper breast, neck, head and upper
parts assume the adult plumage directly, though by varying
degrees ; the plumage of the lower parts goes through a transition
stage. The whole of the buff in the bird has been replaced
with white, though there are but few of the adult black feathers
yet showing.
The question as to whether the Florican has a separate breeding
plumage and changes back again during the autumn moult into
a non-breeding, or post-nuptial plumage may, I think, be now
decided to the contrary.
Blyth is responsible for the generally accepted theory that the
cock-bird changed into a semi-female plumage in autumn
which it regained the succeeding spring, and doubtless he had
then a good deal of information before him on which to ground his
arguments. Blyth writes ‘‘ Mr. Hodgson is also certainly mistaken
in his assertion that the nuptial dress is worn permanently, as we
have witnessed the change before described and the subsequent
partial removal of the breeding livery, which latter was not well
developed in captivity, and have likewise observed the fact in the
skins of wild birds.” Hodgson, on the other hand, says ‘“‘ The
1114 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXI,
moults are two annually, one from March to May and the other
autumnal, which is less complete and more speedily got over,
between August and October. The young males, up to the begin-
ning of March, entirely resemble the females, but the moult then
commencing gradually assimilates them to the adults, which never
lose, as the lesser species or Likh does, after the courting season,
the striking black and white garb that in both species is proper
to the male sex, and permanently so to the larger species after the
first year of age. ‘There is, properly speaking, no nuptial dress in
this species, though the hackles and crest in their most entire
fulness of dimensions may be in part regarded as such.”
Now this statement of Hodgson’s seems to be entirely correct,
except as regards one important particular. He considers, as we
have seen, that the Bustard assumes adult plumage in two moults,
or even in one, and that after the first year the young bird retains
permanently its adult colouration; I would change first year to
second year.
We know now that just as many fully plumaged adult males are
seen during the cold weather, say from November to the end of
February as at any other time of the year. I have seen magni-
ficent specimens of cocks moulting in April from adult plumage to
adult plumage. But, on the other hand, I have several times seen
non-adult cock-birds, which were in an intermediate stage remoult-
ing in autumn and shewing some new feathers coloured as in the
female. From this we may, I think, infer that it takes the young
cock at least two years before it assumes the full plumage of the
breeding cock. It will be seen that Blyth does not say that his
Bustard, after having a retrograde moult, then moulted in the
succeeding moult into full feathering, but he puts down this failure
to assume the fully adult garb to the effects of captivity. The
facts, in reference to the assumption of the fully adult plumage,
appear to be these. In the autumn moult of its first year the
young male bird retains its female plumage, but in the succeeding
spring moult acquires a colouration intermediate between the two
sexes. The autumn moult of the second year may often see the
young cock lose a certain amount of the colouring he had gained
in the spring, but at the next spring moult he goes further still
——eEEO
THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON. 1115
towards the plumage of the adult, and on the completion of this
moult, when he is just under two years old, he either obtains the
adult plumage in full or else he does so at the second yearly moult
in the autumn. From this time onwards there is no further
retrograde step. Of course, I have seen very many cocks in the
winter in either wholly female or haif stage feathering but these
have been small birds which, though they were sometimes very
fat and in prime condition, never weighed more than 2 to 24 lbs.
There is no doubt that a cock Florican takes at least two years to
grow to his greatest size and weight, and it is but natural that his
dress should keep pace with his growth and that he should not
arrive at his full splendour of plumage until he also arrives at his
full vigour and size.
Disiribution.—Although so many years have passed since Hume
described the habitat of the Florican, there is but little to add to
his account ; he says ‘“‘ The Bengal Florican is almost confined to
EKastern Bengal, the valley of Assam, the Bhutan Dooars, “ind those
portions of Bengal, Oudh and the North-Western Provinces lying
North ofthe Ganges. Jerdon says that it spreads through the
valley of the Jumna into Rajputana, the Cis-Sutle] States, and parts
of the Punjab ; but this is wrong. It is the Houbara that is found
in these localities, not the Bengal Florican ; but sportsmen con-
stantly call the Houbara the Florican, and hence the mistake. I
have never seen the true Florican anywhere west of the Kadar of
the Ganges, except as a rare straggler in the Dun ; and there again
it does not, to the best of my belief, extend further than the Kadar
of the Jumna. In Meerut I have killed both the Houbara and the
Likh, but it is only when you get quite down into the Kadar of
the Ganges at Hastinapur and Makhdumpur, or again southwards
below Garhmuktesar, that you meet the true Florican, and here we
used to pick up a few couples every cold season.
‘This species has been recorded from Tipperah and Sylhet,
but Captain Williamson tells me he has never seen it in the
latter, and both he and Mr. Inglis say the same as regards
Cachar.
“This Florican is essentially Indian, and extends so far as we
know, nowhere beyond the limits of the empire. It is possible,
1116 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XX1.
however, that it may hereafter be found to occur in the country
immediately Hast of Assam. ”’
To this, in a footnote, Hume adds that it is certainly to be found
as far west as Nuddea.
Roughly speaking, this beautiful Bustard is confined to the grass
land area North and East of the Ganges and on either side of the
Brahmapootra ; outside of this it is but a straggler. My furthest
record South-East is from the district of Chittagong, whilst in the
Assam Valley it extends to the extreme Eastern limit of the grass
lands and churs bordering the Dihong, Dibong and Brahmapootra
Rivers running right up to the very foot of the Hills, both to Hast
and North. It is found in the Terai in some numbers, wherever
the country is suitable, and in the same way throughout the Dooars,
South of Nepal and Bhutan. In Assam it is common in many
districts and extends all through the Assam Valley from Rungpur
and Goalpara to Dibrugarh. From the Surma Valley it is shut out
by the Garo, Cachar and Khasia Hills, and though it is common in
parts of Nowgong to the North of these ranges it is of extreme rarity
anywhere to the South of them. I have shot three birds, all young
females, in Cachar, and have seen two specimens from Sylhet. Hume
records it from Tippera in 1902, and finally I have received a
specimen from Chittagong. But these few instances are scattered
over a period of over 25 years and merely emphasize the fact of
their great rarity, South of the Brahmapootra Valley.
As Col. Graham gave such a detailed account of the numbers in
which the Florican was to be found in former times in each Assam
district, it may be as well here to give also an idea as to how they
are now distributed. Col. Graham writes : “The Bengal Florican
may be said to extend throughout the Assam Valley, from the
Manas River, on the West, to the Mishmi Hills, Hast of Sadiya, on
the Hast.
“Tt is found in greatest numbers in high and dry open lands,
the places most frequented by it being the large Bishnath plain
and the higher lands lying between the Government Trunk Road
on the North of Brahmapootra, and the hills throughout the Darrang
districts.
‘North of Mangaldai, in Darrang, about five miles from the
THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON. 1117
Bhutan Hills, at a staging bungalow, well named Shikar, I shot
fourteen Florican in one day.
** The Florican is also found on the Sadiya plains in fair numbers,
and on the chars of the Brahmapootras, but it is much scarcer on the
South bank of that river.
“On the Bishnath plain and other places in the Darrang dis-
trict I have seen, I am sure, from 30 to 40 Florican in a day.
‘“« Taking Assam, as a whole, I should say of the Florican :
“In Darrang, very common.
* Jn Kamrup and Goalpara, a good sprinkling.
“In Nowgong, Sibsagar, Lakhimpur, here and there a fair
sprinkling, but, as a rule, scarce. ”’
At the present day the Florican is still pleatiful in the Goalpara
district on the North bank, breeding in great numbers in the sun-
erass lands at the foot of the Bhutan Hills; from this district it
extends through Kamrup, Mangaldai, Darrang and Sibsagar. North
of the Brahmapootra in considerable numbers whereverthere are
the necessary plains of grass to be found. In North Lakhimpur
it becomes less common, though it will be found, as already men-
tioned, right up to the foot of the Abor, Mishmi and Dafla Hills,
East and North of Sadiya. South of the Brahmapootra River,
though it is common in parts of Nowgong, itis elsewhere rare. In
Lakhimpur and Sibsagar a fair number are shot annually south of
the River, but-in Kamrup and Goalpara it is decidedly rare on that
bank of the Brahmapootra and it hardly ever straggles to the district
of Mymensingh, which adjoins the latter, though it is common in
parts of the Rangpur district to the North of the River. I should,
however, note that Farren recorded it as occurring not infrequently
along the borders of the Madhapore jungle in 1880.
Both in Maldah and Purnea, where 25 years ago it was common,
it has now become much less so, principally owing to the spread
of cultivation and the consequent destruction of its favourite haunts.
In Nuddea it is not now heard of and the last killed there was by
myself, this too a female, in January 1884.
In Behar it only occurs asa very rare straggler. Inglis, who has
worked this part of India very thoroughly, only records five
instances of its occurrence, and, of these, two concern the same bird.
9
-
1118 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL GIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XX1,
The favourite haunts of the Florican are thus well described by
Hodgson, who says: ‘* Tarai is an Indian term equivalent to Pays
Bas, Landes, Marches and Marshes, of Kuropean tongues ; and the
name Tarai is applied, par excellence, to a low-lying moist and
rarely redeemed tract of level waste, extending outside the Sal forest
along the base of the sub-Himalayas from the debouch of the
Ganges to the Brahmapootra. This tract of great extent and peculiar
features, is the favourite habitat of the Florican, which avoids the
mountains entirely, and almost, if not quite as entirely, the arid
and cultivated plains of the Doab, and of the provinces West of the
Jumna. It dwells indeed, upon plains exclusively, but never wpon
nude or cultivated plains. Shelter of nature’s furnishing is indis-
pensable to it, and it solely inhabits wide-spreading plains, suffi-
ciently elevated to be free from inundation, and sufficiently moist
to yield a pretty copious crop of grasses, but grasses not so thick
nor so high as to impede the movements or vision of a well-sized
bird that is ever afoot and always sharply on the look-out. Such
extensive, well-clad, yet uncultivated plains are, however, to be
found only on the left bank of the Ganges and accordingly I
believe that to that bank the Florican is nearly confined, and to
the Tarai portion thereof.”’
Iam afraid, however, that since Hodgson’s days the Florican
has become less wise, for he now-a-days often haunts grass land
that is liable to inundation and indeed, throughout the cold
weather, he is found on the plains bordering the rivers and on the
islands in them, although during the rains these may form one
vast sheet of water with the river itself.
The Florican prefers to frequent plains which are covered with
thin grass, or thin grass combined with scattered scrub jungle, |
and much affects those tracts on which village buffalo feed and
in which the grass is eaten down to some 18 inches or two feet,
with here and there patches of higher grass, and others, again, bare
altogether. In the same way they haunt the plains of ekra and
grass after these have been burnt and the fresh crop has grown up
to a foot or so but is still much mixed with the burnt and wither-
ed stems of the previous year’s growth. It is only in the height
of the rains and when no other cover is available for them that
THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON. 1119
they will ever be found in the dense grass and ekra which at
these times may grow to a height of 15 feet, nor will it even then
be obtained in such unless there is no other more suitable ground
within many miles. Of course, when repeatedly shot at, birds will
temporarily take refuge in such cover and sometimes when they
are much worried either by sportsmen or village pot hunters they
will lie up in heavy cover during the heat of the day, coming
out to feed in the mornings and evenings.
Mr. A. Primrose, who was for some years in Goalpara, in
writing to me about the Florican says:—‘It has a very decided
predilection for certain spots, and if you kill the present occupant
another is sure to be very shortly found in the same place; one
such spot was the grazing ground of the Mornai Tea Hstate and
on this piece of land I must have accounted for fully a dozen
birds and my predecessor for as many more.”
“The birds, as a rule, in grass land, lie very close and rise
generally well within shot and as they are not what I should call
good shot carriers No. 6. shot will be found quite large enough to
erumple them up. As a matter of fact I have killed two or
three—all females if I remember rightly—with collecting car-
tridges only-loaded with No. 9 or 10 shot. When; however, the
bird is found in open or burnt patches it is exceedingly wary and
very hard to get right within shot.”
“ The flight, when well on the wing, while not being rapid, is
strong and direct.”
I have occasionally shot them when out snipe shooting flushing
them from small patches of grass between the rice fields, and
No. 8 or 9 shot have always been enough to tumble them over,
for though big birds their plumage is soit and lax and affords
little protection.
When once flushed they generally fly a good distance, sometimes
a mile or so, before alighting and are then difficult to find and to
flash again, as they are great runners and move on a long distance
before stopping.
Hodgson says:—‘“ The Florican is seldom found in thick cover.
When he is, he lies close, so that you may flush him at your foot ;
but in his ordinary haunts, amid the scattered tufts of more open
1120 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXI.
grass plats he can be neared with difficulty only, and No. 5 shot
and a good heavy gun are required to bring him down at 40 to 60
yards distance. His flight is strong with a frequent rapid, even
motion of the wings, and if he be at all alarmed, it is seldom sus-
pended under 200 to 300 yards, whilst not unfrequently it is
continued so as to carry the bird wholly out of sight and pursuit.
When flying the neck is extended before the body, and the legs
tucked up under it, whereas the whole family of the Herons fly
with neck retracted over the back and legs stretched out behind.
The walk of the Florican like that of the Heron, is firm and state-
ly, easy and graceful : he can move afoot with much speed, and
is habitually a great pedestrian, seldom using his powerful wings,
except to escape from danger, or to go to and from his feeding
ground at morn and eve, or to change it when he has exhausted
a beat. |
«« This species is silent and tranquil, and except in the breeding
season, seldom utters a sound, but if startled its note is a shrill
metallic chik, chik-chik, and the more ordinary note is the same,
but softer and somewhat plaintive.” :
Mr. Primrose endorses this and says that on being flushed it
utters a sort of chirrup, but is otherwise silent. JI have myself
heard them give a sound when flushed, but should have described
it rather as a croak than a chirrup: other than this and the
curious humming they give when courting I have not heard them -
make any sound.
They are not gregarious as are most other Bustards, and one
bird will seldom be found very close to another.
Col. Macgregor says that he once put up four Florican within a
radius of 30 yards, but this is unusual and birds are seldom found
within a couple of hundred yards of one another, especially where
the jungle is thin and the birds can move about freely. Once
when duck shooting I saw two old cock-birds in the open within
a few yards of one another, and when I sent a man round to drive
them overhead he also put up a hen and my companion and I
accounted for all three. Once, also, I shot two hens out ofa
patch of grass not a hundred yards long, and once or twice I have
taken two clutches of eggs laid quite close to one another.
THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON. 1121
Big bags of Florican are seldom made, though on one occasion
a so-called sportsman in Assam shot 64: of these beautiful birds in
one day, during the breeding season. There had been very early
and very unusually heavy rains and in consequence a vast area of
grass covered plain had become temporarily submerged and for
miles in every direction there was water varying in depth from a
few inches to two or three feet. deep. In the centre of this
was a somewhat raised strip, and here all the birds from far and
near had collected. The sportsman (?) walked from one end to
another, bagged a dozen Florican and then when the birds had
again returned and settled on the dry land, walked back and
killed a lot more and this he continued to do until darkness drove
him home.
Mr. Anley, writing of the Dooars, said, that he had seen as
many as twenty in a morning and Mr. Damant recorded that bags
of eight or ten could often be bagged in a morning at the foot of
the Garo Hills. ;
Col. Comber also says that in many places they are common
enough in Assam for ten or more to be killed in a day’s shoot.
With a line of elephants there are still many places where one
could pick up a dozen birds or so in'a day, but shooting on foot
is laborious work, for much ground has to be covered and
the grass and jungle make the walking hard. Under the latter
circumstances a bag of more than four or five would be good now-
a-days for a single gun to get in a day's work.
It is not often, however, that a sportsman sets out to make a
bag of Florican; many are killed by men out making a miscella-
neous bag, but perhaps even more are killed by sportsmen on
elephants returning from a day’s big game shooting.
The breeding season of the Florican commences in March and
extends into June, but the majority of eggs are laid in the first
fortnight of April or in the last week of March.
The cock Florican, like all the rest of his family, goes in for all
sorts of curious antics during the breeding season. Hodgson, as
quoted by Hume, writes: ‘‘ The Florican is neither polygamous nor
monogamous nor migratory nor solitary. These birds dwell per-
manently and always breed in the districts they frequent, and
1122 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXT.
they dwell also socially but with a rigorous separation of the
sexes, such as I fancy is paralleled in no other species. Four to
eight are always found in the same vicinity, though seldom very
close together, and the males are invariably and entirely apart
from the females after they have grown up. Even in the season
of love, the intercourse of the sexes amongst adults is quite
transitory, and is conducted without any of that jealousy and
pugnacity which so eminently distinguish most birds at that
period.
‘“‘ In the season of love, the troops of males and females come
into the same neighbourhood, but without mixing. A male that
is amorously disposed steps forth, and by a variety of very singular
proceedings, quite analogous to human singing and dancing,
recommends himself to the neighbouring bevy of females. He
rises perpendicularly in the air, humming in a deep peculiar tone
and flapping his wings. He lets himself sink after he has risen
some fifteen or twenty yards; and again he rises and again falls
in the same manner, and with the same strange utterance and
thus perhaps five or six times, when one of the females steps
forward and with her he commences a courtship in the manner
of a Turkey cock, by trailing his wings and raising and spreading
his tail, humming all the time as before.
‘When thus, with what I must call song and dance, the rites of
Hymen have been duly performed, the male retires to his com-
pany and the female to hers; nor is there any appearance (I have
at some cost had the birds watched most closely) of further or
more enduring intimacy between the sexes than that just recorded,
nor any evidence that the male ever lends his aid to the female in
the tasks of incubation and rearing the young.
‘The procreative instinct having been satisfied, the female
retires into deep grass cover, and there, at the root of a thick tuft
of grass, with very little semblance of a nest, she deposits two
eges, never more or less, unless the first be destroyed. If the
egos be handled in her absence, she is sure to discover it and to
destroy them herself. The eggs are of a size and shape of an
ordinary domestic fowl’s but one generally larger and more richly
coloured than the other.
—e
THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON. 1123
“The female sits on her eggs about a month, and the young
can follow her very soon after they chipthe egg. In a month
they are able to fly ; and they remain with the mother for nearly
a year, or till the procreative impulse again is felt by her, when
she drives off the long since fully grown young. Two females
commonly breed near each other whether for company or mutual
aid and help; and thus the coveys,—so to speak, though they
are not literally such,—are usually found to consist of four to
six birds. The Florican breeds but once a year in June, July,
that is, the eggs are then laid, and the young hatched in July,
August.”
Capt. C. B. Macgregor also describes their dance as follows: ‘“ In
June and July and sometimes as late as August, I have repeatedly
witnessed the performance of the nuptial dance by the cock-bird
in full plumage. The bird rises from the ground and hovers with
extended wings from 10 to 20 feet in the air, and thus attracts the
female birds who may be within an easy distance. Twice I have
noticed this dance in the evening after the sun has gone down
when returning from shooting under the Daphla Hills. The
Florican generally breeds in the higher plateaux of the Assam
Valley, near the foot of the hills. The males have been seen also
by Major Cock in full plumage in the month of May.”
Mr. Primrose, also, in writing to me remarks: ‘“‘ The male bird
makes itself very conspicuous during the breeding season from its
habit of rising a few feet into the air above the grass and, after
hovering a few seconds with quivering wings, again dropping
to earth. Whilst thus employed the birds are so taken up with
their performance that they are very easily approached and the
native pot hunters take full advantage of them at this season.”
The first clutch of eggs I ever took with my own hands was
found for me by a Mikir, and shown to me on the 3rd June 1904.
These two eges were laid in a bare patch in an extensive field ot
sun-grass close to a village, the cattle and buffaloes from which had
regularly fed over it. Im consequence, the grass was neither very
high nor very dense and was intersected in every direction by
small paths, worn by the animals as they fed. These were taken
at Sadiya in the Dibrugarh District and I heard of two other
1124 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XX,
clutches being found by sportsmen in that district, one in March
and the other in July.
In 1906 and the following years 1 employed a large number of
men to work the Terai land at the foot of the Himalayas in the
Goalpara and Mangaldai Districts and succeeded eventually in ob-
taining avery fine series of their eggs and in all over 60 have now
passed through my hands.
The result of this work shows beyond all doubt that the normal
breeding season of the Florican is much earlier than has hitherto
been thought to be the case. The months in which the vast majority
of eggs are laid are March and April and it may be said that the
height of the laying season is trom the 10th March tothe 15th April.
Some few birds will, however, be found to be laying in May and
yet a few others as late as June, but in this latter case I fancy the
clutches are second layings in place of others which have been
taken or destroyed.
Messrs. Shillingford, Whymper and others have certainly
taken their eggs in June, and the latter assures me that he believes
that June is the normal laying month for Florican in the north-
western Nepal Terai. All these people have however taken but a
casual nest here and there, and I still consider the weight of
evidence points to the Florican being an early breeder.
The following are the dates on which I have taken, or had taken,
Florican’s eggs :—
28th February, Two eggs, quite fresh.
ord March One egg do.
6th Bs Two eggs do.
7th se Two pairs of eggs, fresh.
14th A One pair, slightly incubated.
16th 5 One egg, hard set (about 20 days).
19th i Two pairs, one fresh, one hard set.
24th 5 T'wo pairs, both fresh.
25th a One pair, fresh.
29th * Three pairs, two slightly incubated, one fresh.
30th Ba One pair, slightly incubated.
ord April, One pair, fresh.
Sth © One pair, fresh.
THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON. 1125
7th April, Two pairs, one slightly, the other much incubated.
9th “e Two pairs, both considerably incubated.
10th uh One pair, fresh.
11th 5 One pair, incubated.
13th 3 Three pairs, one considerably, the other two
slightly incubated.
16th s Two pairs, hard set.
19th * One pair, would have hatched in three days or so,
23rd 5 A single egg, much incubated.
27th z Two pairs, slightly incubated.
29th re A single egg, fresh.
30th a A single egg, almost fresh.
oth May, A pair, fresh.
13th ~ A pair, hard set.
14th 3 A pair, hard set.
20th Two pairs, one slightly, the other considerably
incubated.
2oth a A single egg, hard set.
31st ze One pair, hard set.
ord June, One pair, fresh.
oth be One pair, fresh.
16th “ Two pairs, fresh.
24th 5 One pair, not taken away.
3rd July, Four eggs, close together, not taken.
Thus, of the 79 eggs recorded it will be seen that they were
found as follows :—
In February, 2.
i) Marcha 22:
5) Apel aot:
», May, 13.
» June, 8.
dwn A.
The four eggs seen in July were in some grass land which had
been flooded and were actually under water when found, so that
they must have been laid some time in the middle of June at latest.
The gentleman who found them was after tiger at the time and
did not remove them.
3
1126 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XX.
In every case the eggs had been laid on the ground in small
bare patches in the centre of fields of sungrass, or uloo grass, these
being generally of considerable extent, seldom near any village or
habitation, and most often surrounded by dense forests or cane
jungle.
The eggs are exceptionally difficult to find owing both to the
great extent of country one has to cover and to the natural cuteness
of the hen bird. Unless taken absolutely unawares by the
searcher she never rises direct from her nesting place when |
disturbed but creeps through the grass until she has got a consider-
able distance from it, after which she rises and flies straight
away. ‘Thus, one can never hope to find the eggs within fifty
yards of where she is flushed and often they may be 200 yards
from this spot. She exhibits the same care in approaching her
eggs, alighting a hundred yards away and walking through the
jungle up to them. Fortunately, the bird when disturbed,
generally makes off in a bee line from the object disturbing her so
that the egg collector, marking the spot whence she rises
generally finds the eggs by working back in a straight line to-
wards the direction whence he has come.
An Indian friend who was so kind as to look after my collectors
for me and to collate notes on their breeding habits wrote to me
as follows about the breeding habits of this bustard; ‘A Florican
lays only two eggs a year in the breeding season ( April and
May). Dense forests infested with ferocious animals, scarcely trodden
by men, are the places where eges are laid on the ground. The
bird takes great precaution to conceal her eggs, and you can hardly
find any eggs within a quarter of a mile from the place where a
Florican is seen. She creeps through the forest unobserved to a
great distance to lay her eggs. A very careful and extensive
search is required to discover them. ”’
Nest there is none, and the eggs are merely laid in some natural
depression under shelter of a tussock of grass. Where there is no
such convenient hollow the bird scratches one in the soil or lays
them on the ground without taking even this much trouble.
The number laid is almost invariably two, though sometimes a
single egg may be incubated. It is practically certain that neither
THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON. 1127
three nor four eggs are ever laid by one bird and the frequent
stories recorded to this effect are groundless. It is very noticeable
that of the two eggs laid incubation is generally far more advanced
in one than the other, and they would appear to be laid at an
interval of several days. My own collectors told me that when
they found a single egg laid they often waited three to five days
before the second was deposited.
Incubation would seem to take about 25-27 days, though this is
only guess work. A pair found on the 5th May, and which, when
tested in luke warm water, proved to be fresh, were eventually
hatched on the 30th of that month and 2nd June, though neither
chick survived more than a few hours.
In shape the eggs are typically very regular ovals, the ends
being equal. In proportion of length to breadth they vary con-
siderably, but remarkably little otherwise, though a few eggs may
be somewhat pointed at one end and in a few other instances at
both ends. Curiously enough the extremes of variations are
often met with in pairs of eggs laid by the same bird.
In colouration this bird’s egg is peculiarly constant, unlike the
eggs of Sypheotis aurita (the Lesser Florican) which vary very
greatly iter se. The ground colour is an olive green, in some
cases rather brighter, in some rather more brown. The very few
exceptions to this ground colour in my collection are one pair
with a pale olive green, almost sea green, tint, and another pair
with a pale stone grey colour.
The markings consist of small freckles, splashes and_ blotches,
generally longitudinal in character, of brown and _ purple-brown,
rather more profuse at the larger end than elsewhere, but nowhere
very numerous. In some eggs these markings are all reduced to
freckles, and in these eggs they are often very numerous, very
indefinite and often equally distributed over the whole surface.
In no eggs are the markings at all bold in character. In a few
eggs, not, I think, one in ten, there are afew secondary markings
of purple grey or dark lavender grey, but they are very indistinct
and, from the colour of the ground, hard to distinguish.
The average of 62 eggs is 2°42" x 1-76" ( = about 62°5 mm. x
44°8 mm.) and the greatest length and breadth 2-76" and 1-85!
1128 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Voi. XX1.
(= about 70 mm. x 47 mm.), respectively, and the smallest 2-28"
and 1:67" (=57:9 mm. x 42°5 mm.).
When fresh the great majority of Sypheotis bengalensis eggs are
decidedly a bright greenish olive-green, but very soon after being
blown they become somewhat paler, and in a year or two often
lose much of their green tint and become more an olive-brown.
The gloss, also, which in newly taken eggs is generally highly
developed, pales considerably with time, though some retain it for
many years and few lose it altogether.
In my article on the breeding of the Florican which appeared
in Volume XVII of this Journal, I commented on the close-time
needed for the protection of this bird and then said that it was
probable that the time selected should be from the Ist March to
the 1st October. This period is especially required for females,
but as the male bird is promiscuous in his courtship and takes no
interest in the protection of eggs or young, the period for him
might be taken from the 1st March to the 1st August.
Asa matter of fact, throughout the area this bird inhabits,
nature puts a practical closure on all shooting in August and
September, and the extension of the shooting-season for males
would have no effect. It would be excellent if the shooting of
females could be altogether stopped for some years to come, as
there is no doubt that the Florican is one of our Game-Birds
which is seriously decreasing in numbers of late years.
The Plate of this bird requires little comment. The iris of the
male should be deep brown and the upper mandible should have
far less yellow or none at all. The plumage of the head and
neck is also unusually thick and heavy, though a few birds may
have it as dense when just moulted.
The female is excellent, but the spear-shaped centres to the
feathers of the back are perhaps a little too definite.
(To be continued.)
ORCHIDS OF THE BOMBAY PRESIDENCY.
The illustration to this article (Plate X[—Habenaria Susanne)
appeared at page 171 of this Volume.
EDITORS.
1129
ORCHIDS OF THE BOMBAY PRESIDENCY.
BY
G. A. Gamoig, F.L.S.
iene UU
(Continued from page 174 of this Volume.)
30, Platanthera.
Terrestrial, leafy herb. Flowers large, in a raceme terminating
the leafy stem, sepals unequal, free, petals simple, forming a hood
with the dorsal sepal, /ip continuous with the column, produced
at the base into a long spwr, blade 3-lobed, lateral lobes broad,
pectinate, midlobe entire, linear, column short, without a foot,
anther broad and large, cells slightly divergent, pollinia linear,
granular, caudicles short, glands naked, exserted.
1. PuaranTHera Susanne, Lindl.; T. Cooke, Fl. of Bombay, IT,
p. 712; Dalz. and Grbs., p. 269 ; Habenaria Susanne, Br. fl. Br.
nie Lege 157:
Tubers ovoid, globose, rarely lobed, 3 to 4 inches long. Stems
robust, 2 to 5 feet high, leafy up to the inflorescence. Leaves
ovate-oblong or oblong-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, imbricate,
the upper sheathing, blades (becoming smaller upwards and
passing into leafy bracts), 2 to 6 inches long by 1 to 2 inches
broad. Bracts leafy, 24 to 3 inches long. Flowers in 2 to 6
flowered racemes, 3 to 4 inches in diameter, white, fragrant,
subsessile, dorsal sepal, 14 inch broad and long, broadly rhomboid
spreading, lateral sepals 14 by # inch, obliquely subquadrately
oblong, obtuse, ascending, petals linear acute, 1} inch long by 4
inch broad, lip as long as the sepals, side lobes 14 inch long,
truncate, the outer margins pectinate to the middle, midlobe 14
by 4 inch, spur 4 inches long or twice as long as the ovary.
Plants start into growth at the onset of the rains and flowers appear from
August to October.
Distribution.—Abundant throughout the Konkan, North Kanara and
Western Ghats. Also in the hill tracts of Eastern Bengal and Assam,
Burma, Western Peninsula and the Malay Islands.
Note.—In the Journal of this Society, Vol. X, p. 328, the late Mr. R. M.
Dixon has an interesting note on this plant, to the following effect :—The
1130 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.
giant Orchis, although commonly reported to be rare and nowhere
abundant, is certainly plentiful on the Bhoma Hill at Khandala, from which
place the plant does not seem to have been recorded before. After the
flowering is over and the fruiting is finished, the plant with the parent
root tuber gradually shrivels up and is ultimately withered in December
or January, leaving in the ground a healthy, young root-tuber crowned by
a well developed bud from which the flower stem shoots up afresh the
following season.
‘Yhe Marathi name of the plant is Wagh chaora, meaning the metacarpus
‘of the tiger’s foot. Among the Kath-Karis, Thakurs and other Marathi-
speaking people living on the Bhor Ghat, the root-tuber of the Giant Orchis
is believed to be a sovereign remedy for the cure of blebs or bulle,
specially those occurring on the metacarpus of the palm of the hand. These
blebs or bullze, on account of their supposed resemblance to the raised
metacarpus of the tiger’s foot are known as Wagh chaora in the Deccan.
Hence the vernacular name of the plant. There are some persons who
believe that the plant is called Wagh chaora because the flower looks lke
the claws or jaws of a tiger.
PuaTE XI. The upper part of a plant with the inflorescence.
The generic name is given as Habenaria.
(Lo be contin wed, )
1151
THE COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS
OF INDIA
(INCLUDING THOSE MET WITH IN THE HILL STATIONS
OF THE BOMBAY PRESIDENCY).
BY
TE itcis SBI, LHe Ss
PART OChE,
With Puates I ann J.
(Continued from page 766 of this Volume.)
Famity—PIERIDA.
The members of this family are so subject to variation im the amount of
marking on the wings that it is impossible to make a key to the genera
without reference to the venation of the wings and other characters which
offer difficulties to amateurs.
A, Forewing with all 12 veins present.
a. Male pale blue with black border on upperside,
female somewhat like Danais limniace in style
of marking .. bh ifs a3 .. Pareronia.
6b. Male lemon yellow, female sulpher yellow on
upperside .. ue ie Mi: oe .. Synchloé.
B. Forewing with only 10 veins (veins 8 and 9 absent).
a. Of small size: 1” to 2”; underside hindwing with
no red terminal border .. a a .. Leptosia.
(Fig. 15.)
Fig. 15.
6. Larger: 2’"6 to 33; underside with red terminal
border to hindwing we $3 a .. Delias.
1132 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XX1,
C. Forewing with 11 veins (only vein 8 absent).
a. Costa serrated. Hindwing underside with
orange-red terminal. border . Prioneris.
(Fig. 16 )
4. Costa not serrated. Hindwing underside with no
red terminal border.
I.
TL.
7 .
Fic. 16. Fig. 17.
a’, Forewing with vein 11 anastomosing with vein
2 a . Anapheis.
(Fig. 17.)
5’, Forewing with vein 11 not anastomosing with
vein 12 (both veins free).
a. Forewing with vein 6 not stalked with vein 7;
size less than 2-25... “¢ ae .. Colotis.
(Fig. 18.)
6*. Forewing with vein 6 not stalked with vein 7 ;
size 3-75 to 4” of si: .. Hebomoia.
e’. Forewing with vein 6 stalked with vein 7, 2.e.,
emitted from vein 7, not from cell.
a®. Forewing with vein 10 emitted from vein 7,
z.e., veins 6,7, 9, 10 from one common
stalk .. Colias.
(Fig. 19.)
COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA. 1133
6°. Forewing with vein 10 emitted from subcos-
tal vein, not stalked with 6, 7, 9.
a*, Hindwing without a precostal vein or
6*, Hindwing with a precostal vein.
a’, Forewing with vein 11 emitted from
the subcostal nervure half-way be-
tween base and apex of the cell ..
6’, Forewing with vein 11 emitted from sub-
costal nervure nearer apex than base.
a°. Forewing with vein 9 very short,
given off so near the outer margin
of wing as to be nearly absent
sometimes .. oe vu Bt
Fig. 21.
6°. Forewing with vein 9 longer, always
given off well before margin of wing.
a. Male without specialized tufts of
stiff hairs on anal segment at
base of clasper ventrally, easily
discernible ses ae
Terias.
Catopsilia.
(Fig. 20.)
Pieris.
(Fig. 21.)
1134 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XX1,
6". Male without any such tufts ven-
trally at base of claspers.
a*, Forewing upperside white and
black without white apical
band defined by black and
without any orange colour .. Huphina. ;
(Pl. I, figs. 61, 61a.)
6°. Forewing upperside white and
black but with white or orange
subapical band defined ; by
black (mostly orange).. ‘ » LOGS:
(Pl. I, fig. 62.)
As said before, these vein characters willnot be always ascertainable
without some slight vexation ; but, with the help of a good lens and a little
benzine or spirits of wine, none of them should offer any serious obstacle
to running down an insect. The best way to count the veins is round the
edge of the wing, vein 2 being a good starting point as it is the first given
off from the cell; vein 11 is the last vein given off from the cell.
The larvee of nearly all the Preride are green in colour and of the same
type, some few are somewhat hairy, most are somewhat minutely tubercu-
late ; the pupze are somewhat varied in shape, but all can be referred to
three types at the most: one, the normal, suspended like that of a Papzlio
with a nose-point and the ventral line of wings but little prominent, an-
other like this but with the nose-point somewhat lengthened and curved,
the wing outline ventrally very prominent, the whole pupa compressed
laterally, a third suspended by tail and body-band also, but the band so
tight as to press the pupa against the suspension surface: the nose-point
somewhat lengthened and upturned, the dorsum flattened behind thorax
and laterally produced into a couple of teeth. The three forms of pupa are
characteristic of Catopsilia, Pareronia and Anapheis respectively.
Genus LEprosia.
Only one species. Size 1” to 2" ae ,.) Zipna. (PAN, fig ase)
A weak, white, fragile-looking butterfly, found everywhere, even in Sind,
keeping to the shady underwood. It has a large black spot on outer area
of forewing. Larva and pupa normal; foodplant Capers.
Genus DELIAs.
A. Hindwing underside: red marginal band margined
inwardly with black. Size: 3” to 3/30... .. eucharis. (Pl. I,
; fig. 595, 59a
2.)
B. Windwing underside: red band not margined inward-
ly with black. Size: 2”6to 33 .. fe .. Aierta.
COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA, 1135
These insects are weak fliers and are very common; they are easily dis-
tinguishable by the red marginal band on underside of hindwing. The
larvze of eucharis are gregarious, feed on mistietve. and are greasy looking,
olive-brown in colour with longish white hairs, 6 or so to each segment.
Pupa oily greenish yellow with black markings.
Genus PRIONERIS.
Only one species. Size: 3"40 to 350... oe ee Stnce
Certainly not a Plains butterfly ; confined to the hills altogether ; but has
been mentioned here as it is so extraordinarily like Delias. It is, however,
a very strong flier. Larva feeds on Capers.
Genus ANAPHAIS.
Only one species. Size: 1°75 to 2'°5 ae = .. mesentina, (PA.
I, fig. 60.)
Altogether a butterfly of the Plains and one of the commonest. Larve
‘gregarious, green, with purplish bands on each side ; somewhat hairy. Pupa
abnormal as stated above. Foodplant Capers.
Genus PIERIS.
A. Hindwing underside: markings green. Size: 16
Tors 4 sre a si Be i: .. glauconome.
B. Hindwing underside: not green.
‘a. Forewing upperside: inner margin of apical black
area evenly curved. Size: 2”5to 3” .. .. brassice.
6. Forewing upperside: inner margin of black apical
area sinuous or scalloped. Size: 1-6 to 23 .. canidia.
This genus is not of the Plains at all; it is confined to the higher hills in
the Himalayas and Nilgiris (canidia). Glauconome has been-taken at
Karachi in Sind several times, does not occur further south seemingly, but
is plentiful in the hills of the North-West. Brassice is recorded from
Lucknow and Umballa in North India, but only as a straggler; it is a Him-
alayan butterfly ; also Huropean. Canidia is said to have been taken in
Lucknow which is the only record of its appearance in the plain country.
The larvee of the genus are quite normal, the pupz are of the type of
those of Anapheis. The foodplants are Crucifere: cabbage and such like
plants.
The character of a and ¢ is not well marked in the females of the species
concerned. x
Genus SYNCHLOE.
Only one species. Size: 1/3tol”66 .. ye: .. lucilla. |
Genus HupHina.
Only one species. Size: 2” to 3” .. an , .. nerissa, (Pl. I.
figs. 613, 6la@.)
1186 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XX1.
A very common insect, found almost everywhere and a fast, strong flier;
somewhat variable according to season and locality.
Larva normal, green ; pupa of the Anapheis type. Foodplant Capers.
Genus Ixias.
A. Upperside: ground-colour clear gamboge-yellow.
Size: 1"°70 to 250 .. 2: 5.5 oe -. pyrene: (Pie
figs. 65 3, 65a
)
B. Upperside : ground-colour white.
a. Forewing upperside: preapical orange patch ex-
tended into apex of cell. Size: 2"1 to 2""6 .. marianne. (PI.
J. fig. 62.)
6. Forewing upperside: preapical orange patch not
extended into cell. Size: 2” to2"2 .. a oles
These are “Orange-tips.”’ Nola is probably only a variety or local
race of maranne as the character of extension of the orange patch is not a
good one; it is only found at Mahableshwar onthe Western Ghats, The
ground-colour of pyrene female may be almost white, though never pure
white, and may have no orange patch though the black border defining
that patch is always present.
Larva green ; pupa of the Anapheis type. Foodplant Capers.
Genus APPIAS.
This is an extremely difficult group to disentangle as the individuals
vary so much with the season and locality in the amount of markings on
the wings ; some specimens, indeed, of one species which is normally white
may be suffused strongly on the underside with yellow or orange. The
forewing of the male is nearly always rather narrow and pointed.
A, Forewing: veins 5 and 7 approximate at bases and,
therefore, the top discocellular vein missing; the
upper discocellular (veinlet uniting veins 5 and 6)
less than half the length of the lower discocellular
veinlet (uniting veins 4 and 5).
a, Male forewing underside: discal black band narrow;
hindwing not richly coloured underneath in wet-
season form. Size: 2” to 3” oes Yo .. indra.
b. Male underside forewing: discal black band broad ;
hindwing underneath richly coloured in wet-
season form. Size: 2-3 to 275 ne .. narendra.
B. Forewing: veins 5 and 7 approximate at bases; top
discocellular more than half length of lower dis-
cocellular.
a. Upperside forewing: outer black margin or area not
produced inwardly in interspace 3.
COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA. 1137
a.
Hindwing underside: with terminal black band ;
male underside forewing: a prominent white
or yellow subapical spot. Size: 2/5 to 3” .. hippo.
&, Hindwing underside: with no terminal band and,
in the male forewing underside: no apical
white or yellow spot.
a>. Male underside: pure white in wet-season
form, tinged with ochraceous in dry-season
form.
Male underside hindwing: immaculate at
all seasons. Size: 2"1to2"6 .. .. libythea.
6°, Male underside hindwing: veins more or
less broadly black, white only in extreme
dry-season form. Size: 2/1to2"7 .. zelmira.
6, Male underside hindwing: yellow or ochrace-
ous at all seasons. Size: 2°38 to 2”94 .. albina.
b. Upperside forewing in the male: outer black mar-
gin produced inwardly into interspace 3 (except
in dry-season form of Jezs),
a, Male underside forewing: oblique, curved black
band on outer half terminated on vein 2,
sometimes reduced to a mere black spot in
interspace 3. Size: 1-9 to 2’"6. by .. leis,
b+. Male underside forewing: oblique, curved black
band on outer half extended to tornal angle
or altogether absent. Size: 2” *55to 3” .. ward.
The larvee of all these are very like each other, fairly normal in aspect ;
the pup® are of the Anapheis type. Foodplant Capers.
Genus CaTopPsInia.
A. Underside: without irroration of transverse reddish-
brown striz. Size: 1”"°8to 3/4 .. es .. erocale. (PI. L.
figs. 723, 72a
2° of form
catilla; 736,
73ab QQ of
crocale.)
&. Underside: with such irroration. Size: 2” to 2-75. pyranthe. (Pl. J.
figs. 643, 64a
2.)
The first species is very liable to variation in the amount of black on the
upperside in the females ; the males are very constant.
Very common butterflies ; fast fliers.
11388 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XX1.
Larve and pupe altogether normal. Foodplants: Legumnosee; nearly
confined to the genus Cassia.
Genus Couias.
Only one species, said to have been obtained at Lucknow.
Size: 2” to 2'"5 cat 51 Efe : .. fieldir.
A Himalayan species, visiting the Plains only as a straggler.
Genus TERIAS.
A, Forewing underside: cell unmarked.
a. Male with secondary sexual characters on both
wings; both sexes with dark line on discocellu-
lars of underside of forewing.
a, Forewing: apex rounded. Size: 14 to 1-7 .. venata. (Pl. K.,
fig. 70, 70a, 700,
70c.)
b', Forewing: apex acute. Size 14 to 19 2. leta? (Elie
fig. 69, 69a.)
Venata has the black margin of forewing reaching tornus, /eta has it
stopping before it.
6. Male with no secondary sexual characters; both
sexes with two dots on discocellulars on under-
side of forewing. Size: 1"25tol"75 .. .. libythea.
B. Forewing underside: two marks in basal half of cell.
Size: 1-60 to 2/20 .. ae ay a _ «| hecabe. (Plea
figs. (1,71 @, 0, ce;
all forms.)
C. Forewing underside: three marks in cell. Size: 1-60
to 2”°10.. a pie he a - .. selhetana.
Venata is often difficult to distinguish from ibythea as the marks may be
obsolete; at least the females are: for the males can be told at once by
presence or absence of sex-marks ; however venata is often powdered with
blackish scales on upperside. Zeta is unmistakeable from the shape of the
wing and the bar-marking, as also the colour on the underside of hind-
wing.
The larvee and pupze are normal, 7.c,, this is known of all except 7. leta
which has never been bred; and this species is remarkable as being very
plentiful in the dry season, nearly completely absent during the monsoon
months. Foodplants: Leguminosee ; genus Cassia, &e.
All the species are some shade of sulphur-yellow with black borders to
the wings.
Genus CoLorTis.
A. Upperside: ground-colour salmon-pink ; female some-
times with ground-colour white.
COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA. 1139
a. Upperside: sometimes white in the female. Termi-
nal black band on hindwing narrow with a more
or less obsolescent series of spots of the same
tint as ground-colour so arranged as to break
up the inner edge of band. Size: 15 to 2” .. amata. (PI. J.,
fig. 68.)
b. Upperside: always salmon-pink. Terminal black
band on hindwing broad and immaculate. Size:
ee Gop! ey oe ss. a ae ae AH . protractus.
B. Upperside forewing: salmon-pink, of hindwing ibe.
of female sometimes both wings white. Terminal
black band of hindwing broad. Size: 15 to
10S a ae : a . phisadia.
This species is like a actus Seca that Ane spots on ay apical band
of forewing are of the ground-colour and not suffused with grey as in that
species.
C. Upperside: ground-colour of both wings orange-pink;
female sometimes with ground-colour white or
white suffused with salmon-buff.
a. Upperside forewing: four or five spots of ground-
colour enclosed in terminal black border. Size:
LeU tor gers, i Be 7 iss .. fausta.
6. Upperside forewing: never more than three spots
included in the black border. Size: 18 to
OLA) te ie 4h .. tripuncta.
Fausta is found i in Sind, Panjab, Rai dutdaial Bombay ; tripuncta in Sind,
Bombay, Poona, Nilgiris, Bengal, Orissa, Ganjam.
D. Upperside: ground-colour white.
a. Upperside forewing: no orange or carmine mark-
ings, a broad, black, terminal immaculate band.
ize boy 2 ase 5 ve oe .. vestalis.
6. Upperside forewing: orange or carmine apical
patch present.
a’. Upperside forewing: apical patch orange.
a’. Forewing upperside: the orange patch not
bordered with black on inner side. Size:
14 to 2” Sip oo Ms Xo .. eucharis.
6*?. Forewing upperside: orange patch bordered
on inner side with black. Size: 1"2tol"75 etrida. (Pl. J.,
figs. 67, 3 67a
a)
6’. Upperside forewing: apical patch crimson.
Size: 1/5 to 1°75 es Ms; ue .. danaé.
1140 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXT,
These last three are the small “ Orange-tips.” None of the genus are
found in jungle countries nor in the hills proper. They are all butterflies
of the Plains, though amata occurs in the Konkan.
The larve of all that have been bred are normal as well as the pupe;
except the pupa of C’.. ewcharis which has the ventral line of wings very con-
vex in the manner of Pareronia. C. amata, protractus, phisadia and vestalis
are divided from the others by the fact that they feed upon Salvadora persica
of the Family Salvadoracee ; the others feed upon Capparis. Salvadora persica
is the “Mustard Tree”’ of Scripture. There is another species also,
Salvadora oleoides, in Sind upon which larve are occasionally found.
Genus HErzomota.
Only one species. Size: 3/75 to4” .. ie .. glaucippe. (Pl. J.,
fiss.) ) COmaaaie
66a 2.)
This is the Large Orange-tip, a very powerful, fast flying insect, not un-
common along the Western Ghats and in the Konkan.
The larva is not quite normal, green in colour; the pupa is of normal
shape, also green. Foodplant: Capers, especially Capparis moonit and
Crateva religiosa.
Genus PARERONIA.
A, Male: forewing upperside : terminal black border
narrow, traversed by a more or less complete sub-
terminal series of bluish-white spots; female is
somewhat like Danais aglea and has sometimes the
base of the wings yellow; the eyes of both sexes
are generally green. Size: 2""75 to 35 ., .. hippia. (Pl. J.,
figs... 63 ig),
63a @.)
B. Male: forewing upperside: terminal black border
broad with no light spots or only a slight trace or
one or two, female like the last but never with
yellow at base of wings. Size: 3” to 3/"4.. .. pingasa.
Hippia is common and really the only one that occurs in the Plains ; the
other may be found along the borders, more probably in the Hill Stations
of Matheran and Mahableshwar in the Western Ghats. It is generally
possible to distinguish Aippia from pingasa by the more or less nacreous
(like mother-of-pearl) lustre of the underside in the former, especially on
the hindwing, as well as by its lighter blue colour.
The larvee are nearly normal, the pupe are much compressed laterally,
have long, curved beaks and the ventral wing-outline very prominent.
The foodplants are Capers.
The Piertde as a family are characterized by “six well developed legs,
COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA, 1141
the same in both sexes, no pad on front tibie. Claws bifid or toothed ;
an empodium.” The members of it are generally popularly known as
“whites ” because, in the vast majority of the species of the world, the
prevailing colour is white. Nearly all species are marked with black to an
extent varying generally with the time of year; in the tropics this means.
with the period of young shoots rich in moisture and juices or the time
when such is not the case.
There are upwards of 1,000 species in the world, Colonel Bingham, enu-
merates 90 as occurring in British India of which number some 42 will be-
mentioned here. The family is represented in all countries and in all
climates from 18,000 feet elevation to sea-level according to species and
genera, in the driest regions as weli as in districts possessing the heaviest
rainfall. More particular information will be given for each genus and
species here treated of in its proper place.
Home representatives of the family are the Cabbage Whites, the Clouded:
Yellows, the Orange-tips, the Brimstone, Bath White, &c. Some of the-
genera are numerous in species and the latter are often extremely numer-
ous in individuals in India as well as at home, some of the species of
Catopsilia, Appias, Terias, Colotis extremely so in India. Like the Cabbage
White at home Catopsilia crocale and C. pyranthe as well as Appias libythea
and fzppo are veritable pests in certain years, defoliating every foodplant.
in certain localities to such an extent that millions of the caterpillars die
of starvation. The phenomenon is perhaps not as noticeable as at home
for the very sufficient reason that the results of a visitation do not affect.
people in the same way because the trees that the insects feed upon are
not of any economic importance to human beings as food. Nonetheless,
however, is it a wonderful sight to see millions of larve covering the
trunks of huge trees, descending from the leafless branches in search of the-
wherewithal to further their growth. In such numbers they come that,.
literally, not an inch of bark is visible; often they are packed three deep
one on top of the other. A vast number must, of course, die for the odds.
are against any of this host finding a new tree to ascend; and, even if
they did, the probabilities of their finding any leaves on it would be very
slight indeed. In such seasons of prolific broods of larvee the imagines or-
perfect insects appear in such numbers that, when disturbed from their
resting places beneath the leaves in the jungles, they nearly darken the
air in yellow clouds (Catopsilia). It is easily conceivable that, were these-
butterflies to remain stationary in any single locality, there would be
but small chance for their progeny. They seem to instinctively know this
for they migrate in countless numbers to other districts. These migra--
tions have been noticed by travellers in many parts of the world. All fly
in one direction to start with and Colonel Bingham says that he has
noticed that the flight is against the wind. He remarks that one of the
5
1142 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XX1,
consequences of the dispersal of individuals thus effected leads to the
breaking down of distinctions between local races thus preventing varia-
tion in the insects of widely separated districts. These migrating Pieride
are all very strong fliers and some individuals would doubtless go far from
their place of origin ; in the course of a few years, probably hundreds of
“mniles.
The prevailing colouring is, as already stated, white, often suffused with
-some shade of yellow above as well as below, the upperside often with
black bordering which is subject to variation in extent and intensity ac-
-cording to the season, sometimes, indeed, affecting very nearly the whole
surface in the so-called wet-season broods where the dry-season individuals
are lightly marked. In certain genera (Colots) we get species that are
‘salmon-coloured, in others (Colotis, Hebomoia, Ivias) the apex of the forewing
in some species has an orange or yellow or carmine patch; in Prioneris
and Delias the underside of the hindwing may have a broad red terminal
border or basal red spots ; Pareronia has in the male some shade of light blue
with black veining and border on the upperside ; in Appias the underside
in certain species is subject to suffusion with deep yellow while Terzas is
always some shade of yellow above and below. Fresh young shoots that
‘appear in the hot weather in India produce large specimens with extensive,
intense black markings while the comparatively hard, dry leaves of the
cold weather result in smaller and much lighter insects. Now, in the
generality of cases, dry, hard leaves mean slow feeding, consequently slow
larval growth and large, light specimens; new, tender leaves have
the effect of allowing quicker growth, producing smaller, darker individuals.
In the Piertde, seemingly, the rate of growth of the larva is more or less
constant whatever the quality of the food available and, therfore, the more
food and the easier it is to assimilate, the larger the resulting imagine is.
All the larvee of the family are voracious eaters and feed upon soft-leafed
trees and bushes or upon herbaceous plants the young shoots of which are
fast growing and very juicy ; the soft leaves admit of the quantity of food
being always sufficiently easily assimilable to produce the normal growth
and the great softness of the new shoots gives an extra impetus to increasing
the size, while their extreme juiciness produces the exuberance of black
pigment which is so remarkable in the family. ‘he colouration of the
wings is characteristic at all seasons and its style never varies though
the extent may ; even on the undersides the style is constant and there
is nothing ever to be found of the curious seasonal dimorphism existing in
some nympaline and satyrine butterflies. The shapes of the wings are
the same at all seasons, also though, perhaps, Yerias leta has the apex of
the forewing more produced in the cold weather.
The larger whites are very strong, fast fliers and progress in the skipping
style, in successive undulations, Hebomoia, Catopsilia; Delias, however
COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA, 1148
though large, has weak wings and flutters straight ahead. Most of the
lesser species fly straight along in the usual way except Leptosia which is
peculiar in having a slow sailing, deliberate flight of its own. They rest
on the undersides of leaves with the wings closed over their backs;
Hebomoia often rests on the ground with the forewings sunk down between
the hinder ones so as to show only the darker parts and is then very
difficult to see. They are all fond of the sunlight with the exception of
Pareronia and Leptosia which are insects of the jungles while the’ others
affect more open ground. Catopsilia and Prioneris often fly high over the
‘tree tops while most of the others keep close to the ground ; Hebomoia is
also often to be seen high up in the air. They all are fond of flowers and
Catopsilia, -Appias, Prioneris, Terias come to moist spots in nallas and on
‘roads in immense numbers during the hot weather.
The egg is cylindrical, narrowed towards the top but very shortly,
generally twice as high as broad, with longitudinal ridges some of which
join before they reach the top, their ends forming a circle of little teeth
-or a crown round the micropile, the surface generally finely transverse-
lined. The colour is white, generally changing to yellow or orange,
sometimes very light with red blotches or rings. They are mostly laid
singly on a young shoot, on the edge of a leaf, generally on the upper or
lower surface. Colotis amata however lays them in batches of 20 to 40,
‘sometimes less, on the undersides of leaves and Anapheis mesentina likewise
‘though, as this insect generally affects Capparis aphylla as the foodplant
-of the larve, they are laid on the twigs, there heing, as a rule, no
‘leaves.
The larvee are always without processes of any sort and are generally
-some shade of green with transverse depressed fine lines, mostly 7 to each
segment, each interval between two lines with a row of black or white
tubercles, each with a hair growing out of the top; some have a. heavy
fringe of fine, longish hairs along the sides in the subspiracular region but
this is not very common. The head is always round, the anal segment
‘sometimes more or less bifid, the general shape of the body being cylindri-
cal, very slightly thickest in the middle. Anapheis mesentina has a colour-
ed larva with a broad ochreous dorsal band and brown-purple sides. Most
-of the caterpillars are spotted indistinctly under the skin and have a
dorsal or spiracular white band or line, or both. They are not very active,
some of them drop from the leaf when disturbed; the great majority rest
‘in the middle of the upperside of a leaf, lying along the midrib on
a bed of silk and generally full stretched though some occasionally sit
with the front part raised, others with the hinder end in the air. As a
tule they eject a sort of green liquid from the mouth when disturbed but
-do not otherwise possess any visible way of defending themselves.
A few turn pink before pupating.
1144 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXI.
The pupa is of two types, one somewhat resembling a smooth Papilio:
chrysalis with a frontal beak and ventrally bulged wings; the other quite-
different, having the dorsal middle segments produced horizontally out-
wards in triangular sharp teeth, the dorsal line of the thorax angled and
the head produced into a generally upwards-curved snout. They all
have the tail and body-band fixture of the Papilionide ; the former suspend-
ing themselves as in that family, the latter angled ones often lying hori-
zontally on the top of a leaf and closely pressed against it, 7.e., with a
very short body-band. All wriggle when touched, the motion being a side
to side one from the segments 9, 10, 11; the junctions of segments 8-9,
9-10, 10-11, being so formed as to permit of this which, by the way, is-
common to all lepidopterous pupz. Sometimes this wriggling is accom-
panied by a slight, dull knocking noise.
The larvze all eat voraciously, grow fast and the pupal stage is never
prolonged. They are often much parisitised by ichneumons and filies,.
the most unfortunate in this respect being various species of Terias and
Colotis.
The caterpillars offer so few points of difference in shape and colour that
a classification of the genera according to them would be rather difficult as-
the little pattern that exists may be quite absent in species that normally
have it quite strongly developed; the size and number of the tubercles is
also liable to variation. Another objection is, and it is perhaps the chief
one, there is not very much material to go on for there are many of
the larval and pupal stages not yet worked out. One large classifica-
tion on the pupz is possible, as for example:
Smooth, normal pupz, suspending themselves like the Papilionide ;
Genera Leptosia, Catopsilia, Ivias, Hebomoia, Terias, Colotis, Pareronia.
Angulated pupe, with tail-fixing and close body-band, formed often on
the upperside of a leaf or other horizontal position: Delias, Prioneris,.
Anapheis, Appias, Huphina, Colhas, Pieris.
The first group might be further subdivided into two by the shape as.
follows :—
Normal pupz with slight ventral wing-bulge and short snout; Genera
Leptosia, Catopsiia, Hebomoia, Terias and Colotis with the exception of
Colotis eucharis.
Abnormal pape with very accentuated ventral wing-bulge, the body
laterally compressed and a long curved snout: Genera Ivias, Pareronia and
Colotis eucharis.
Here again, in the first sub-group Catopsilia and Hebomoia could easily be
separated from Leptosta-Terias-Colotis and it is possible to separate
Catopsilia from Hebomova by the shape of the larvee and their colouration.
as :
Larva distinctly flanged on the spiracular line, glaucous green in colour,
JOURNAL, BOMBAY NAT. HIST. SOC. PLATH ES
THE COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA.
Horace Knight, del. Hentschel-Colourtype.
THE COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE
PEAINS VOR, ENDIA.
EXPLANATION oF PLATE I,
. 98. Leptosia xyphia, a
,» 09. Delias eucharis, ¢; 59 a, 9
«OO: Anapheeis mesentina, ¢; 60 a, 9
,» 6l. Huphina nerissa, g; 61 a, 9
, 62. Ixias marianne, ¢
,, 69. Pereronia hippia, ¢
COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA. 1145
swollen about segments 3, 4 with a spiracular line of irridescent tubercles :
Hebomova.
Larva normally cylindrical all along, green or yellowish green, a white
spiracular band and transverse rows of black tubercles to each segment,
those immediately above the spiracular band generally more or less strong-
ly developed forming a black supraspiracular band : Catopsilia.
The larva again of Leptosia might be separated off from Tertas-Colotis
by the fact that it is smaller and slighter than them; but such classifica-
tion is useless.
The second group having angulated chrysalides may be subdivided to a
certain extent as follows:
Larva not green: Anapheis, Delias. And again these may be known:
Larva light brown: Delzas.
Larva ochreous and purplish brown in longitudinal bands: Anapheis.
Larva green of some shade: Prioneris, Appias, Huphina, Colias, Pieris
‘These being insufficiently known it is impossible to further distinguish
them at present.
The food-plants of the members of the family are various though all
(leaving out Pieris, Colias, Synchloé) belong to the Leguminose, Capparidee,
Salvadoracee: Loranthacew, Euphorbiacee, as follows:
Leguminosee: Terias, Catopsilia.
Capparidee: Leptosia,’ Pareronia, Prioneris, Ivias, Anapheis, Huphina,
‘Colotis, Appias (except Appias ward).
Loranthacee ; Delias.
Euphorbiacee: Appias wardi.
Salvadoracee : Colotis.
Most of the larve that feed upon Capers will feed upon any Caper ;
Terias will also feed upon nearly any leguminous plant; Catopsilia is
nearly confined to the genus Cassia but will feed upon most of the species
of that genus.
87. Leptosia xiphia.—Upperside: white; base of wings very slightly
powdered with minute black scales. Forewing: costa speckled obscurely
with black, apex black, the inner margin of this inwardly angulate ; a very
large, somewhat pear-shaped, postdiscal spot also black. Hindwing: white,
uniform ; in most specimens an obscure, extremely slender, terminal black
line. Underside: white, costal margin ; and apex of forewing broadly, and
the whole surface of the hindwing irrorated with transverse, very slender,
greenish strigce and minute dots; these on.the hindwing have a tendency
to form subbasal, medial and discal, obliquely transverse, obscure bands ;
forewing : the postdiscal black spot as on the upperside ; terminal margins
of both fore and hindwings with minute, black, short, transverse, slender
‘dines at the apices of the veins, that have a tendency to coalesce and form
a terminal continuous line as on the upperside. Antennze dark brown
1146 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXI.
spotted with white, head slightly brownish, thorax and abdomen white.
Female similar, the black markings on the upper side of the fore wing on.
the whole slightly broader, but not invariably so.
Eyg.—Cylindrical, slightly swollen in middle, becoming abruptly narrow
at top ; 18 longitudinal ridges of triangular section of which only six reach.
the top where their ends, as minute teeth, surround the flat end. Colour
blue. H: 1°2mm.; B: 0°5mm.
Larva.—Head round; with very prominent, shiny, black eyes, covered with
black, short, stiff, semi-appressed bristles ; smaller than segment 2 ; colour’
green. Body cylindrical, broadest at segments 4,5 and 6, thinning of sud--
denly atsegment13. Anal segment narrow, square at end with a colourless,.
curved, straight hair from each corner pointing backwards, rising from a cy--
lindrical, white tubercle. The whole length of the body is lined transversly
by depressed lines at equal distances from each other ; between these lines
are rows of black, erect, short bristles surrounded at their bases by a circular,
green mark ; there is a single row between each two lines; interspersed.
among these bristles are a few white, cylindrical tubercles bearing:
each an erect, white, longish hair generally carrying at its tip a drop of
amber-coloured, transparent liquid; these long hairs are most numerous on.
segments 2, 12 and 13. Ventrum also haired at sides. Spiracles nearly
oval, very small and difficult to distinguish. Colour grey-green with
an indistinct, supraspiracular, dark line, below which is a whitish spiracu-
lar line; a darkish dorsal line. L.: 17mm; B: 2:5mm.
Pupa.—Head small, eyes nearly hidden by the broad base of the short,
conical beak. The pupa is of the type of Terias hecabe. It is slight and
delicate-looking. Segment 2 broad and waved as to hinder and front
margins, flattish on top. Thorax short, humped, very slightly carinated,
as well as segment 2, dorsally. Sides from shoulders to segment 8
parallel. Part made up of head and segment 2 parallel-sided and
narrower than shoulders. Section of abdomen from segment 9 to end
circular. Constriction at segment laterally wide and slight, dorsally
ordinary. Cremaster stout, square, with a dorsal depression near hinder
margin. Apex of thoracic (ventral) expansion of wing cases, which is
parabolic, opposite segment 7. Spiracles oval, light ordinary in size. No
spiracle of segment 2 visible. Surface glabrous, very minutely transversely
striated, shiny. Colour very transparent green, often suffused with pink ;
a dorsal and lateral brown line the whole length of pupa, covered with
pink-brown spots obsolescently and sparsely ; a lateral row of black spots
on segments 3 to 12, those on segment 5 exuding a black or white liquid
which dries like gum; there is one spot laterally to each segment; beak
yellow with a ring of 7 black spots half way up. L: 13°6 mm.; B: 3 mm.
H, at apex of wing-bulge : 4.4mm.
Habits.—The egg is laid on the sadness of a leaf near the
a
COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA, 1147
ground, generally on a young leaf; the larva lives on the under-
side as a very general rule, but may be found on the upperside
also ; it has the slow-moving habits of the larvee of the family and
does not wander far to pupate. The pupa is attached to the
underside of a leaf, the tail-pad is fairly thick and the attachment
therefore strong, the body band is fairly loose. The growth of
the larva is fast and the duration of the pupal stage about a
week. The butterfly is the weakest flier of the whole family;
a flimsy little thing that never rises more than a foot or so from
the ground and may at all times be found in the undergrowth,
fluttering along weakly, with the wings held horizontally, open
for longer intervals than is usual with any other member. Not-
withstanding its small size, it is a conspicuous little insect when
flying because of its pure white colour, with the single large black
spot; when at rest it closes the wings, sinks the upper into
the hindwings and becomes nearly invisible from the protective
marking of greenish strigee and lines which cover the under-
parts that remain exposed ; it sits generally on the underside of a
leaf or on a thin perpendicular plant-stem or dead stick. The
food-plants of its larva are Capers of probably all species except
the absolutely herbaceous ones. It has been actually bred upon
Capparis heyeana and Crateva religiosa in Kanara. ‘The distri-
bution according to Colonel Bingham is “the lower Ranges of
the Himalayas from Mussoorie to Sikkim; Central, Western and
Southern India but not in the desert tracts ; Ceylon ; Assam ; Burma
and Tenasserim ; extending to China and the Malayan Subregion.”’
What is meant here by the ‘“‘ desert tract’ is not exactly known.
If Sind is included in the term, then the statement is wrong
(the italics are not Colonel Bingham’s) for the insect has been
seen often in the neighbourhood of Karachi and in other parts of
that country ; it is not uncommon in Gadag and Bijapur of the
Bombay Presidency. ‘The probability is that it exists anywhere
there are opportunities for the food-plants to grow. ‘The little
butterfly is not subject to much seasonal variation ; it only affects
the tone of the green on the underside and, to a very limited extent,
the size of the black markings on the upperside as also their
intensity.
1148 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXTI,
88. Delias hierta-—male and female closely resemble D. eucharis, but can be
distinguished as follows :—male upperside : fore wing: the black margins to
the veins more diffuse ; the transverse, postdiscal fascia diffuse, ill-defined,
oblique, not parallel to termen in its lower portion but terminated at apex
of vein 2 ; the apical portion of the wing beyond the fascia more or less so
thickly shaded with black scales as to leave the white lanceolate spaces
between the veins (so prominent in eucharis) ill-defined and obscure. Hind
wing white, the black venation and terminal narrows, black border as well as
the subterminal vermilion-red spots between the veins on the underside
show through by transparency. Underside: fore wing as in eucharis, but
the back margins to the veins much broader and the postdiscal, transverse
fascia as on the upperside, oblique but broader. Hind wing differs from
that of eucharis in the much deeper chrome-yellow tint of the ground-
colour, the postdiscal, black, curved fascia that in eucharis separates the
yellow from the subterminal vermilion-red spots entirely wanting, the red
spots themselves pointed inwardly, not subcordate, they conspicuously
increase in size posteriorly. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen similar to
those of eucharis. Female differs from the female of eucharis on the upper-
‘side by the very much darker shading, especially on the forewing and by the
postdiscal, transverse band which is as in the male oblique but broader.
Hind wing also more darkly shaded, the postdiscal, transverse, curved,
black band entirely absent. Underside as in the male but darker, the fore-
wing especially more thickly shaded with black scaling, the preapical inter-
Spaces tinged with yellow. Antennz, thorax and abdomen similar to those
in eucharis. Hxpanse : 78-84mm.
Habits.—As far as is known the species has not been bred.
Specimens from the Himalayas are said to be paler than those
from Burma and have the yellow on hind wing on the underside
often restricted to the base and to the posterior half of wing.
There are two very nearly allied races or species called D. meta-
rete and ethira from Southern Tenasserim and Madras; Orissa;
Lower Bengal, respectively. D. hierta exists in the Himalayas
from Kumaon to Sikhim in the low, hot valleys; Bengal ; Calcutta
(de Nicéville) ; Assam ; Burma to Northern Tenasserim ; extending
to Siam. The larva of another species from Nepal, Sikhim,
Assam, Burma, Tenasserim, extending to the Malay Peninsula
and Borneo and, on the east, to South China, namely, D. aglaia, is,
from the description, probably very similar to that of our D.
eucharis ; but is said to feed upon Nauclea rotundifolia a species
belonging to the family Rubiacee.
4
COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA, 1149
89. Delias eucharis. Upperside: white. Fore wing: the veins broadly
‘black, this colour broadeved triangularly at the termination of the veins,
.costal margin narrowly black; a broad, black, postdiscal, transverse band
from costa to dorsum, sloped obliquely outwards from costa to vein 4, thence
parallel to termen. Hind wing with the veins similar but for three-fourths
of their length much more narrowly black ; a postdiscal, transverse, black
band as on the fore wing but much narrower, curved and extended only
‘between veins 2 and 6; beyond this the veins are more broadly black and
‘this colour, as on the fore wing, broadens out triangularly at the temina-
-tion of the veins ; the interspaces beyond the postdiscal, black band pink,
due to the vermilion coloration of the underside showing through. Under-
stde : fore wing similar but the black edging to the veins much broader,
the upper two interspaces beyond the postdiscal, transverse band tinged
with yellow. Hind wing: ground-colour bright yellow, the veins and trans-
verse, postdiscal band as on the upperside but much more broadly black,
the latter extended from the costa to vein 2; the interspaces between the
veins beyond the postdiscal fascia with a series of broadly lanceolate or
cone-shaped, vermilion-red spots, each spot very narrowly edged with
white ; the basal portion of interspace 6 white, in contrast to the bright
yellow of the ground-colour. Antenne black; head, thorax and abdomen
white, the apical joint of the palpi black; the head and thorax with a
‘mixture of black hairs that gives these parts a grey-blue appearance.
Upper and undersides similar to those in the female, but the black edging to
the veins and the postdiscal, transverse bands on both fore and hind wings
‘very much broader. EHxpanse: 80-85mm.
F9g.—Uight yellow in colour; white immediately after laying ; very
‘shiny, of an ordinary size, ovoid in shape, truncated at bottom, standing
erect, smooth with indications of course longitudinal striation.
Larva.—(P1. 1, figure 17.) Head round, flattish, black, with a white line
at base of jaws and mandibles; antennz white, black tipped. Body
cylindrical ; 2nd segment slightiy smaller than head; anal segment ends
round and is short. The colour of the body isa greasy, greenish-yellow
brown. The front half of the 2nd segment is white, with a black patch
dorsally behind the white part; there is a lateral white line on segments 2
and 8. The head is sparsely covered with long, white hairs, those near the
‘top of face being longer than the others. The 2nd segment has a collar of
‘6 longish white hairs. There is a subdorsal row of long, white, erect hairs,
one to each segment proceeding each from a white tubercle; there
is also a dorsolateral and supraspiracular row of white hairs, each
hair proceeding from a white tubercle. The body is besides covered
with small white tubercles, each surmounted by a small erect, white
hair. Spiracles smallish, oval, light. Ventrum yellow. L: 40mm.; B:
‘6mm.
6
1150 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXT,
Pupa,—(P1.1, figure 17.) Head round in front surmounted on its vertex
by two subdorsal jcylindrical, round-topped, short tubercles, one on each.
side; and with a single central, short spherical, very short-pedicelled'
tubercle, pointing straight forward. 2nd segment highly carinated in.
dorsal line and slightly convex. Thorax also carniated in dorsal line, but:
separated from 2nd segment by a depression, sloping up considerably to:
apex and down again to 4th segment, short, with a broad base-short
tubercle on the shoulder, convex. Wing-line very slightly laterally ex--
panded at the commencement, flush afterwards. Abdomen circular in.
transverse section, swollen at the 7th segment which is the stoutest part of
the body, decreasing gradually afterwards to the stout triangular
cremaster which is curved down at the end. There is a dorsal row
of pointed, conical, rather large tubercles, a subdorsal row of much
smaller ones on segments 2 to 12 (the dorsal ones only on seg—
ments 6to 11) and a supraspiracular row on segments 3 to 9. The surface
is glabrous, shiny, and of a slightly greenish, light yellow. The
front tubercle of head, all the dorsal tubercles, the lateral tubercles.
of segments 6 to 9, are shiny black. There is a shiny black mark dorsally
on the very front of the thorax, on the eye-ball, and behind the
shoulder-tuhbercle ; also, generally, a black, curved line round the front:
of the shoulder-tubercle, round the front of the eye-ball, and triangular
marks along the terminal margin of wings, six to each; the antennz
are sometimes transversely striated with black and the imner margin
of wings, underside of head and space between the antenne are often
thickly lined with black; the abdomen is patched laterally with black on.
the 10th to 12th segments ; the sides, underside, the base of cremaster are
marked more or less with the same shiny black. L: 25mm.; B: 7mm.
Habits.—The eggs are laid in batches of 10 to 20 on the under-
side of a leaf, without order of any sort though close together.
The larvee on emerging proceed to eat the egg-shell and generally
demolish each its own totally before moving off. The whole
brood then goes off one after the other, closely following each
other, to the margin of the leaf which is nearly always an old
one and never a very young one. They commence feeding side
by side, finishing one leaf after another; and they live like this
right through all the stages. They are always badly parasitised
and generally by Dirtera or flies. They are sluggish in their
movements and drop by a silk when disturbed, though not very
readily. When about to pupate, each larva goes off by itself and
ties itself up by a tail-pad and body-string to a horizontal or
perpendicular surface, the attachment being strong and the body-
COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA, 1151
string close. The butterfly takes about a week to emerge and all’
_of one brood do not necessarily emerge the same day because the’
larvee take uneven periods to grow, some getting ahead of others ;
so the pupation of a brood does not all take place on the same day;
some individuals may be several days behind the main body. The’
perfect insects are weak fliers and flutter about, hardly ever flying
straight; they frequent trees and are generally found flying
round them, mango trees being particular favourites as they are’
such good hosts for the parasitic mistletoes, Loranthus of various
species. They fly fairly high as a rule and keep to places where
there is tree-growth because of the food-plant which is only found
on woody vegetation. They rest with the wings closed over the
back, are found on the wing in all weather and occasionally may
be seen drinking at moist patches on roads and in river-beds in
the hot weather; they also frequent flowers; and generally sit
down to enjoy their repast, never hovering or agitating their
wings (few whites do this) while thus engaged ; they come to a
complete rest. The food-plantis Loranthus of various species as
already stated and it has been bred upon JL. longiflorus, Desrouss ;
elasticus, Desrouss, and scurrula, L., but nearly certainly feeds
upon them all. The distribution is the Himalayas up to 7,000
feet; the whole of continental India except the desert tracts ;
Ceylon. There are 7 species of Delias enumerated by Colonel
Bingham for British India, with four Races; 11 forms, that is, of
which 4 have been alluded to above, and have red terminal
markings on the underside. D. descombesi, Boisd., from Sikhim,:
Butan, Assam, Burma, Tenasserim, Siam, Malay Peninsula has
red basal markings as well as D. aglaia, L., with a nearly similar
distribution but extending to Borneo and China; and D. thysbe,
Cramer, from the same places as descombesi. Delias agostina,
Hewtson, and D. belladonna, Fabr., have no red markings on the
underside ; they are both Himalayan, extending to Assam; the
latter from Kulu eastwards extending to China, the former limited
westwards by Nepal and not found in China. Khanda, Doherty,
is a form or race of thysbe; agoranis, Grose-Smith, of agostina.
90. Prioneris sitaa @. Upperside: white, with a slight glaucous tint.
Fore and hind wings: the postdiscal markings of the wnderside seen-
1152 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XX1,
through faintly by transparency ; all the veins of the fore wing from base
and the veins of the hind wing on the outer third margined narrowly with
black, that towards the terminal margin broadens, coalesces, and forms a
band on the extreme margin; on the fore wing this is comparatively broad
and the black markings more or less triangular; at each vein on the hind
wing the band is reduced to mere black lines, slightly broader anteriorly
than posteriorly. Underside: fore wing white, costa black, apex suffused
with yellow, all the veins from the base broadly bordered with black that
does not extend towards their apices; an ill-defined transverse, some-
what diffuse ; postdiscal black band from veins 1 to 7. Hind wing: rich
chrome-yellow up to a postdiscal black band, beyond which the ground-colour
is white with a series of large, terminal, vermillion-red, rectangular or
truncated, cone-shaped spots ; veins from base bordered somewhat narrowly
but conspicuously with black. Antennz brownish black, head and thorax
clothed with long bluish-grey hairs, abdomen glaucous white ; beneath :
the palpi and thorax greyish white, abdomen white. Female very similar,
the black edgings to the veins on fore and hind wings on both upper and
undersides broader; on the upperside the veins of the hind wing as well
as of the fore being black right up to the base. Upperside: fore and hind
wings with a well marked, dusky-black, postdiscal, diffuse band ; cell of the
fore wing traversed by three slender, longitudinal, black lines. Underside:
the yellow and vermillion tints brighter than in the male. Expanse :
86-90mm.
Larva.—Colour dull blue-green. Head and all the segments dotted
with minute blue tubercles, those on the head and sides black-tipped ;
dorsal surface pubescent ; a lateral fringe of soft white hairs below the
spiracles.
Pupa.—“ Bright green. Sharply pointed at the head, with two strong
lateral points and keeled on dorsal surface of thoracic segments; an
interrupted, yellow, dorsal line, and a short, curved, crimson line on each
side below thoracic segments bordering a small, white, irregular, black-
speckled spot.” (E. E. Green, MS. note as quoted by Moore.)
This description has been taken from Bingham’s butterjies in the Fauna
of British India. In another pupa obtained in the Kanara District of the
Bombay Presidency there was no sign of the crimson-bordered, black-
speckled spot. It was very like the pup of the Appzas (v. Pl. 1, fig. 18a)
genus only larger and stouter. The butterfly is certainly not ever found
in the plain country but will be met with at Mahableshwar hill-station in
the Bombay Presidency and, may be, further north as far as Thana in the
hilly jungles. Itis extremely like Delias ewcharis at first sight but has
much more pointed wings and is a far faster and stronger flier ; the red on
the underside of hindwing is of a pinker tint and the whole insect is more
aristocratic looking. It inhabits the big evergreen jungles of the Western
JOURNAL, BOMBAY NAT. HIST. SOC. PLATE ip
THE COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA.
Horace Knight, del. Hentschel-Colourtype.
THE COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE
PLAINS OF INDIA.
HXPLANATION OF PLATE J.
ig. 64. Catopsilia pyranthe, ¢; 64a, 9°.
7 16. Uxias pyrene, 5 69.2, b, O42.
, 66. Hebomoia australis, ¢; 66a, @.
, 6¢. Colotis etrida, g; 67a, °.
BAM Sho oi) eI ite ie
COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA. 1153
Ghats in Bombay and generally keeps to the very tops of trees, and the
trees are very large and tall. On the hill tops, however, where there are
huge boulders and rocks, often with the food-plant growing over them,
P. sita may be found, in certain localities, within the radius of a long-
handled net ; but it is never an easy insect to catch. It is very quick at
dodging and never flies slowly although it constantly, in such places,
returns again and again over the same route. It appears about 8 o’clock
in the morning and likes the sunshine; after 2 p.m. it disappears. It
comes to damp places on roads and in nalla-beds in the hot days preced-
ing the monsoon with P. antiphates, P. doson and others, and may then be
most easily caught by dropping a net over the whole crowd ; but the spots
and times where the exact conditions that attract it exist, are not often
met with and so it comes about that it is one of the most difficult insects
to get. It will come to a decoy under the last conditions so that one may
capture a certain number if fortunate in time and place. All thus captured
are, however, males ; the females neither fly round the hill-tops nor come
to drink on the ground. They may occasionally be seen round the food-
plants but even that is rare. The larva feeds upon Capers ; it certainly
will be found on Capparis horrida L, for the Kanara chrysalis above
alluded to was found on a leaf of that climber. The distribution is
Southern India and Ceylon. There are two other Indian species, P.
thestylis, Dblday, with a wide distribution from Mussoorie to Sikhim in the
Himalayas ; Assam ; Burma; Tenasserim and Siam ; and P. clemantha from
Sikhim, Butan, Assam, Burma, Tenasserim and Siam. All three are
remarkably like species of Delzas.
91. Anaphaeis mesentina. Wet-season form. Male wpperstde: white.
Forewing : costa to base of vein 11 dusky black, thence continued in a
jet-black, gradually widened, curved, short streak along the discocellulars
to the lower apex of cell: apical area diagonally with the termen black;
the former with six elongate, outwardly pointed spots of the ground colour
enclosed one in each of the interspaces 3, 4, 5, 6,8 and 9. Hindwing:
uniform, the black along the venation on the underside seen through by
transparency ; termen between veins 2 and 6 somewhat broadly black,
with a series of four round spots of the ground-colour in the interspaces;
below vein 2 and above vein 6 the termen is very narrowly black. Under-
side; forewing white, marking similar, more clearly defined, the white
spots within the black apical area larger. Hind wing: yellowish-white,
all the veins very broadly bordered with black; interspaces 1, 2, 6 and 7
with cross bars of black, beyond which there is a subterminal, somewhat:
broad, transverse band of black, between veins 2 and 6. Cilia of both fore
and hindwings white alternated with black. The ground-colour on both
upper and undersides variable, often cream-coloured above; beneath: in |
some specimens, the base of cell and the elongate spots in apical area of fore-
1154 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXT,
wing and the whole surface of the hind wing varies to rich chrome-yellow.
Female similar ; the black markings on both upper and undersides broader,
the white spots on black apical area of forewing often sub-obsolete
above. Antenne in both sexes black, sparsely sprinkled with whitel
dots ; head, thorax and abdomen above and below white ; thorax above
_often bluish grey. Dry-season form. Male and female: similar to male and —
female of wet-season form, but on the upperside the black markings are
narrower, the white markings on the black apical area of forewing broader
and longer, and on the hindwing the narrow inner margining to the black
.on the termen very narrow, somewhat obsolescent ; therefore, the white
subterminal spots have the appearance of opening inwards. Underside:
ground colour almost pure white; on the hindwing slightly tinged with
yellow. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen as in the wet-season
form. Expanse: 42-62mm.
Egg.—I\s of the usual type of pierid egg, cylindrical with a domed top,
twice as high as broad, the dome truncated in a small circle at apex where
the 12 meridional ridges, triangular in tranverse section, meet in a
thickened ring, their extremities hardly forming teeth round it or on it;
the surface is shiny and finely, transversely striated both on the ridges and
intervening parts. Colour white when laid, turning orange. L.: ‘5mm; B:
about ‘25 mm.
Larva.—The first stage of the little larva has the head black and shiny,
set with long, white hairs; the colour of the body is oily yellowish-green
and there isa dorsolateral hair to each segment carrying a globule of
liquid at its tip; the anal end is reddish.
The second stage is very much the same as the first in colour of head
and body and everything except size which is of course somewhat larger.
The third stage has the head black, shiny with a bright yellow, triangular
clypeus and it is set all over with white bristles proceeding from minute
tubercles. The body is cylindrical and has the usual subdorsal, dorso-
lateral, supraspiracular tubercles as well as one subspiracular, each bearing
an erect bristle at its tip. Body green with a broad, supraspiracular,
purple-brown band.
Fourth stuge—WHead shiny black with rather long, erect hairs
which are either white or the colour of the head; a yellow line bordering
the clypeus distinct. Anal segment rounded in outline, though inclined
to be square-ended, about as long as broad, only slightly convex dorsally ,
with two yellow, vitreous tubercles, one on each side of dorsal line. Body
surface oily-looking with the usual tubercles, subdorsal, dorsolateral and
supraspiracular, yellow, vitreous and conical, each bearing a short, brown
hair which may exude a globule of liquid from its tip; there is a subspiracular
tubercle, bearing a longish white hair, as large as these; besides these
amain tubercles there are many minute ones, each bearing a short, fine,
COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA. 1155
white hair; there is a subspiracular fringe of rather long, fine, white
hairs which is, however, not very thick. Spiracles broadly round, not
Jarge, light with a raised, shiny, thin, brown border. Colour of body
greenish ochreous, with a broad supraspiracular band mottled with white,
the region below it white enamelled with blotches of green, brown and
yellow ; there is a dorsal, double green line.
When the larva is full-grown it has the head very dark purplish with a
moderately large, rather narrowly triangular, greenish clypeus bordered
inside narrowly purple, outside broadly green; surface of head shiny,
rough with many tubercles, mostly white, all rather small except a sub-
dorsal one just below vertex and a dorsolateral one about the same height
as the apex of clypeus and one near base which are larger and vitreous-
yellow ; all bear white hairs, the larger ones longer hairs than the rest ;
labrum, ligula, eyes and second antennal joint whitish ; basal antennal joint
green. Surface of body as in the last stage, the main tubercles perhaps
slightly less conspicuous, each bearing a short, brown, cylindrical hair hardly
longer than the numerous lesser white ones which are practically the same
as inthe last stage also. Spiracles not large, flush, oval, light with a thin,
shiny, brownish, slightly raised border, those of segments 2 and 12 larger
than the rest. Colour much as in last stage, the purple band only dotted
with the little white tubercles; the region below it greenish mottled
brown; the base of prolegs purplish, the feet lobed, light greenish like
ventrum; the true legs the same with purple patch on basal part; the broad,
green-ochreous, dorsal colour finishes square at the hinder margin of seg-
ment 12 or nearly so. L: 35mm.; B: 4mm.
Pupa.—The pupa is somewhat of the type of the Appias-huphina lot
although the points are not quite so prominent and the dorsal parts of the
segments that bear them are notso flattened. The body is thickest at
middle; the 7th segment is swollen at the anterior margin very slightly
and runs out over spiracle laterally into a triangular, very prominent,
sharp tooth which is flattened above and below and curved up a good deal,
it bears the spiracle on its lower surface in its posterior basal angle; the
‘thorax is carinated highly in its dorsal line and the apex of the carination, ~
a little behind the middle of thoracic length, is the highest part of pupa,
whence the dorsal line slopes anteriorly to segment 2 and posteriorly to
segment 5. The vertex of head is in a plane only slightly inclined towards
longitudinal axis of pupa, is short and with the eyes on each side is as
broad as segment 2; fronsis produced out into a curved-up snout, from a
conical base as broad as half the breadth of front of pupa, soon thinning
to 3rd of that, then more or less parallel-sided, suddenly constricted
shortly; before the blunt tip; this snout is as long as segment 2. Segment
2.is'carinated in dorsal line though much less than the thorax, is rather
convex transversely and has the front margin with a dorsal sinus, the hinder
1156 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XX1.
margin straight and slopes up towards thorax at a small angle. The thorax.
is very convex, not long, highly carinated as already mentioned in.
dorsal line, the hinder margin a gentle curve meeting the wing-line-
in a largely-rounded, open angle of rather less than 90°. There is a
slight constriction between thorax and abdomen dorsally, none
laterally. The pupa at shoulders is broader than at the hinder
margin of segment 2, and slightly tuberculate, after which the breadth
of the body gradually decreases up to base of the lateral tooth on segment
7; after this it again decreases gradually to cremaster ; the keel of the
thorax runs into the dorsal line of segment 4 ; the ventral line of pupa is:
only slightly curved along suture-line of wings towards apices of these, the
ventral line of snout of head is in a higher though parallel plane to the
rest. The cremaster is square, forming, as usual, the end of segment 13:
which is trapeze-shaped : the former has strong extensor ridges dorsally,
ending behind in little knobs, the suspensory booklets being at the extre--
mity between the knobs ; the ventral ridges are curved towards each other.
The surface of pupa is finely transversely impressed-lined, mostly very.
irregularly so though fairly closely ; on the thorax and front segments the
lines are in all directions ; the membranes (intersegmental) between seg--
ments 8, 9 and 10 are broadly exposed ; the subdorsal and supraspira-
cular tubercles of larva exist here as conspicuous, small, nearly hemis-
pherical bosses on all segments but bear no hairs; the dorsolateral ones are-
less prominently indicated at hinder margin of segments; the antennz
reach end of wings. The spiracles of segment 2 are indicated by a rounded
slight thickening in a curve of front margin of segment 3, rather long and’
smooth ; others.are white, broadly oval, of medium size, with a fine, brown
border, slightly raised; there are short, fine hairs round eyes and on head
vertex only. The colour of pupa is green with a faint supraspiracular band
representing those of the larva; top of thoracic carina is black behind,
yellowish in front; end of snout is yellow, the sides are black as also»
shoulder points and teeth of segment 7 ; tubercles all black ; abdomen
tinged yellow ; wings marked with black ; the surface of abdomen is also»
pitted. Sometimes the pupa is greyish bone-coloured and then the
tubercles are bright orange-yellow. L: 23mm .; B: 26mm.
Habits.—The eggs are laid in clusters up to 200 in a batch om
the young shoots or the undersides of young leaves; the larvae
eat their way out near the top as a rule and as often as not do not
eat the egg-shell ; they herd together during the first stages but
separate in the last, feeding all the time on the young succulent
parts of the plant; they eat voraciously and grow rapidly like all
the others of the family. The pupation often takes place in:
company, one close up agamst the other on a perpendicular
«
—
COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA. 1157
surface or horizontal, on the upperside or underside of a leaf or
against a stone or tree-trunk indiscriminately. The fixture is
strong at the tail and the body-band is short. The females of a
brood emerge before the males. The butterfly is a fairly strong
flier and keeps to open places and the hot sunshine; it flies low
and is fond of resting on the ground with its wings closed over its
back and, in dull weather, the upper wings drawn down between
the lower ones. As may be imagined from the number of eggs
laid in a single batch, the perfect insects are very numerous
wherever they exist, notwithstanding the fact that the larvee are so
subject to parasitic attack. It is an insect of the plains and dry
regions more particularly, although it exists up to 6,000 feet
elevation in the Himalayas and 8,000 feet in the Nilgiris; it is
not uncommon near the sea-coast in Kanara where the rainfall is
over 100 inches. Its food-plants are all Capers and it has been
bred on Capparis aphylla, C. sepiaria, C. heyeana, Cadaba indica
and Merua arenaria, the latter two species also belonging to the
Capparidee. Its distribution is the Himalayas from Kashmir to
Sikhim up to 6,000 feet, and through the plains to Southern
India; one specimen is recorded as having been caught in Great
Nicobar Island, though it has not been recorded from Burma or
Assam ; in the west through Persia to Arabia and Africa. There
is one form of the insect which by some is considered another
species, A. taprobana, Moore, that occurs in Ceylon, in which the
male resembles the female of the typical form and the female has
the whole apical area of the forewing black; in both sexes the
underside of hindwing has the ground-colour, a rich chrome-
yellow.
~I
1158
NOTES ON A BIRD COLLECTING TRIP IN THE BALAGHAT
DISTRICT OF THE CENTRAL PROVINCES.
BY
KH. A. D’ABRED, F.Z.S.
Karly in January 1912, I had the good fortune to be deputed to collect
birds in the Balaghat District for the Nagpur Museum. The express
purpose of the expedition was to secure such specimens as were not
represented in the Museum and accordingly no wholesale slaughter
of birds was indulged in, only such specimens were shot as were
needed.
A list of the birds seen and identified with certainty is given, but this
cannot be considered complete, for only a part of the district was traversed
and that very hurriedly.
The District of Balaghat lies to the north-east of Nagpur. Itis bounded
on the north by the Mandla District, on the south by the Bhandara District,
west by Seoni and east by the districts of Bilaspur and Drug. It is
mostly hilly except for the valleys of the Wainganga and the Banjar. To
the north-east is the Topla Plateau. Heavy forests are plentiful and large
quantities of timber exported. Other industries appear to be mainly
agricultural, and cattle-rearing is carried on in some parts. Manganese
ore is plentiful and there are several companies excavating it.
The party consisted of five : myself, a fieldman, two peons, one of whom
was kindly lent to us by the Forest Department, and a cook. Before begin-
ning this account I would like to mention that this is the first time I have
collected in the Central Provinces and I had absolutely no knowledge of
the country. Country carts were available in most places and these formed
our mode of conveyance from one stage to another.
The party left Nagpur on the morning of the 3rd and reached Balaghat
in the afternoon ; here we found carts and the Forest Officer’s shooting
chakra waiting for us. A chakra is a bullock cart built on a very light
scale, suitable to seat one or two persons at the most. This chakra differed
a great deal from the common ones used by the natives; there was a
hood to it and the seat was in the form of a chair and on either side of it
was arack torestcne’s guns in. A common practice in the Central Pro-
vinces is to shoot from off a bullock cart, antelope and such like are so used
to seeing these vehicles pass near them that they have lost all fear of them
and the sportsman is able to get well within range which most probably
he could not do on foot. Carts can also be used in forests if the ground is
not very uneven and the forest not too dense; moreover most forests have
eart roads running through them.
On our arrival at Balaghat station we proceeded to the Dak Bungalow
NOTES ON A COLLECTING TRIP IN THE BALAGHAT. 1159
for the night and that very evening collected our first specimen, a Blac':-
headed Oriole (Ovolus melanocephalus). This bird and the Indian Criole
(O. kundoo) are the common orioles of the Central Provinces. At Nagpur ©
O. kundoo is common while O. melanocephalus is rare, but in this district the
reverse seems to be the case. O., melanozephalus is common everywhere
while O. kundoo was only met with at Baihar.
The next day a move was made to the Tikari Inspection Hut, a distance
of seven miles from Balaghat. Here we were near the hills and close to
heavy forest. The Bungalow is between the villages of Pipartola and
Tikari; a nulla runs along the side of the Bungalow and close to the
Tikari village is a large jheel which we visited the next morning. As we
approached it a large flock of Painted Storks were visible on a tree on the
other side o: the jheel, Egrets of two or three species studded the edges,
their white plumage showing distinctly among the green surroundings, a
Darter or two were seated on adjoining trees and the usual set of waders
(Herons, Sandpipers, etc.) were to be seen here and there in all directions
but no ducks were visible.
We decided to begin with the Painted Storks, but they flew off in a
body on my approach to a tree on the other s.de of the jheel. I attempted
to follow but in a bend of the jheel came across an Adjutant Stork feeding
all by himself. He was more of a prize to me, being the first one I had
set eyes on in the Central Provinces, but before I could put in a cartridge
suitable to his size, he was off and perched himself on a distant tree. He
was followed up but would not allow me to get within range. In the
meantime his painted brethren had also made themselves scarce but we
consoled ourselves with the hope of shooting them later on. We returned
to the bungalow working our way along the nullah; here we secured
specimens of Tickell’s Flowerpecker (Dicwum erythrorhynchus) and a Jungle
Owlet Glaucidium radiatum). The latter seemed quite awake although it was
midday. Near the nullah we saw a troop of about fifty monkeys (Presbytis
entellus), most of them were sjuatting on the ground and gave one the im-
pression of labourers working ina field. They showed no fear of us and
when a gun was levelled at them they did not seem to know the meaning of
it. Nore were shot as we did not want them. We visited the same spot
the next day and we found the monkeys still on the same ground. I made
it a point to visit the spot every day and to my surprise I found them on
the same spot for six days. In the afternoon shots were fired at some White-
necked Storks but none were bagged. The next morning we visited the
jheel again and the Painted Storks were on the same tree they had
occupied the day before. This time I sent my fieldman for them with
instructions to fire if he got well within range, while I hid against the tree
they made for yesterday. To my delight they went through the same
tactics they did before, but instead of settling straight away, they took it
1160 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XT.
into their heads to fly in a circle round the tree, prior to settling. It was
all up, a long shot was chanced, a few feathers fell to the ground and the
storks betook themselves to pasturesnew. We did the same. I made a
bee line for the forest country while the fieldman consoled himself with a
Brahminy Kite and made for the Bungalow, shooting en route a pair of
Greenshanks and a Black Vulture. In the forest country I secured a pair
of Rose Hinches, a Crested Goshawk and a large Cuckoo-Shrike. The
Rose Finch is a migratory bird with us, the hen is a plain bird resembling a
hen-sparrow while the cock is of a beautiful rose tint. It is a common
cage bird in parts of India, especially in Behar, where it is termed the Tuti.
They never seem to survive through the warm weather. On my return
to the bungalow at about 1 p.m. a smell seemed to pervade the whole
place and the vulture was pointed out to me as the source of the same.
There was no getting away from it, it could be perceived in all the rooms,
even the breakfast that day had a taint of it. However the bird had to
be dealt with, but it took us some time to make up our minds to skin it,
nevertheless we had his skin off by sunset but we took care to sprinkle
some spirit over him to deaden the smell. We had him fixed up before
noon the next day and his carcase was thrown away and it was not long
before the crows spotted it and this attracted the kites and other vultures.
As there were no vultures in the museum we decided to finish off with them
as we were about it, so a white-backed one (Pseudogyps bengalensis) was shot.
It dropped into a nullah and while I was hunting for it a crowd of servants
came calling forme saying that the ‘ burra saheb’ wanted to see me. This
was the Deputy Commissioner who was passing through and hearing the
crack of my gun came to see what I had shot. He was much interested in
natural history and examined with keenness the specimens I had already
collected, moreover, he very kindly offered to help the expedition, an offer
which was heartily accepted. Our second vulture did not smell so bad as
the first and on close inspection looked quite a handsome bird; his bill
was of a fine bluish tint, his neck was grey, his back spotlessly white and
his black underparts were striated with white, while round his neck was a
collar of white down.
The jheel was visited again the next day but it was deserted, only a
Darter and another bird were sitting on the trees patronised by the storks.
The Darter soon made himself scarce but we bagged the other bird which
turned out to be the Little Cormorant (Phalacrocoras javanicus).
Our attention was now exclusively devoted to the forest country.
Sambhar, spotted deer and wild pig were very plentiful and we frequently
disturbed them as we shot at small birds with our ‘fourten.’ Once I shot
at a minivet and a pig jumped up a few feet from the place I stood. We
came across the pugs of bears and panthers but never saw any in the flesh.
One evening we disturbed a spotted deer with a very good head and that
NOTES ON A COLLECTING TRIP IN THE BALAGHAT. 1161
very evening came across a pig lying down. I pointed it out to the forest
guard who was with me at the time but he insisted on its being a log of
wood till piggy took to his heels. We secured for ourselves a Chestnut-
bellied Nuthatch and a pair of Scarlet Minivets (Pericrocotus speciosus) ;
the cock is a scarlet and black bird while the hen is yellow and grey.
Strange to say, the cock minivet, the moment he saw me, flew to a tree with
red leaves and I have often noticed on the Himalayas P. brevirostris, a bird
similarly coloured, do the same. Can this be an instance of protective
coloration ?
Our last day at Tikari was almost a blank; only a Pale Harrier was
collected, but a bird resembling the Nilgiri Thrush was seen in the forest
country.
Leaving Pipartola, a move was made to Somnapur, passing Laughur
en rowte. Laughur is on the hills at an altitude of 1,933 feet; itis a great
place for big game shooting. After we had passed Laughur, we saw
Peafowl, Jungle Fowl and Spotted Deer on the road. Once we heard the
sereeches of birds resembling the call of the Malabar Pied Hornbill and
attempts were made to secure them, but they were not seen. Along the
roadsides lizards of the families Agamide and Scincide were plentiful and
I recognised Mabuia carinata and M. macularia amongst them. The
Southern Red-whiskered Bulbul, Sunbirds, White-eyes, Paradise and
Grey-headed Flycatchers were very common at Laughur.
We reached Somnapur at night and next morning the forests near
the bungalow were visited. Some sambhar and monkeys were seen but
nothing of special interest in the bird line. In the afternoon we had
better luck, a jheel was visited and an Egret, some Whistling Teal
and a pair of Little Ringed vers secured. A Redshank and some
Jacanas were seen.
On visiting the jheel the next day an Adjutant and a Heron were seen
seated on a tree. On my approach the Stork took to his wings but I
secured the Heron which proved to be the Common Heron ( Ardea cinerea).
The Jacanas were again seen and to my delight I shot one which rolled
over apparently hard hit. The Chaprassi waded for it while I moved on
towards the end of the jheel after some other birds and on my return he
declared the Jacana could not be found. On my way home a Pale
Harrier was shot; it was observed following a pariah dog and
sitting down near it whenever the dog sat down. When about two miles
from the bungalow, a large Stork suddenly flew upfrom a ditch and sat
on a tree. It was shot and turned out to be the Lesser Adjutant
(Leptoptilus javanicus). Somnapur is a great place for small birds, the trees
round the bungalow simply swarmed with them, Bhimrajas ( Rackettailed
Drongos) Mynas, Babblers, Hornbills, Koopoes, Barbets, Woodpeckers,
Parakeets, Bee-eaters, Doves, Flycatchers, Wagtails, Bulbuls, Tits, Mini-
1162 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XX1.
vets, Shrikes, Kingcrows, Sunbirds, Pipits, all were plentiful, while Peafowl
and Red Jungle Fowl were seen in greater numbers than elsewhere. In the
course of our rambles we came across a large flock of Jungle Fowl in an
open glade. We did not get a shot but we noticed that near the place
where the fowls were, there was a sort of ‘machan.’ This we made use of
the next day and at precisely the same time the birds came out, but they
were out of range though moving towards us. A cock bird came well
within range, but we wanted a hen, so we waited, but some cattle passing
through the glade drove the birds away. We waited, nevertheless, in the
hope that they may appear again, and as it got dusk, the Nightjars began
to utter their cries and the air was alive with them. From their sizes
they appeared to belong to three different species. One that flew close
to us was shot and turned out to be Horsiield’s Nightjar (C. macrurus).
Among other birds collected here were the White-browed Blue Fly-
catcher, the Pigmy Woodpecker, the White-eyed Buzzard-Eagle, the Pale
Harrier, the Common Snipe, the Western Blossom-headed Parakeet and
the Large Indian Parakeet.
A Crested Serpent’ Eagle (Spzlornis cheela) was also shot by seniaattel lf
there is an eagle that baulks the collector it is this species. He has many
phases of coloration and I have got him in every phase in the Nagpur
Museum, so do not wish to have anything more to do with him; yet he
will come in my way. If I see an eagle the identity of which is uncertain
and shoot 1t accordingly, it is bound to be a Cheela. On the other hand if
I spare a bird thinking it to be a Cheela, it is bound to turn out some-
thing else. Parakeets of three species were very plentiful all over the
district ; these were the Rose-ringed Parakeet, the Western Blossom-
headed Parakeet and the Large Indian Parakeet, but the Blossom-headed
Parakeet far outnumbered the other two. Of Doves five species were
noticed, namely the Spotted Dove, Ring Dove, Little Brown Dove, Rufous
Turtle Dove and the Red Turtle Dove. The Spotted Dove far outnumber-
ed the others at Pipartola and Somnapur; while at Baihar, Muki and on
the plateau the Ring Dove predominated and at Paraswara the Rufous-
Turtle Dove was seen in greater numbers than elsewhere. The Rufous-
backed Shrike appears to be the common Shrike of the district for we
noticed him everywhere ; the Bay-backed Shrike was only seen in numbers
between Pipartola and Balighat.
From Somnapur we moved on to Muki via Baihar. The country between
Baihar and Muki is not hilly, nor are the forests dense. Two large
streams were crossed, the Tonaur near Baihar and the Banjar near Muki.
Black Buck, Green Pigeons and a few Harriers were about, the only things
seen on the road. From Muki we journeyed on towards the Topla plateau
and after ascending the ghaut the country gradually opened out into an
undulating plain almost devoid of trees. A Crested Hawk-Eagle was shot
NOTES ON A COLLECTING TRIP IN THE BALAGHAT. 1163
néar the ghautand further on large numbers of Coursers were seen and a
few secured.
- Parsatola was reached at about 2 p.m. Here we were in an open plain
covered with spear grass. Cattle rearing seemed to be the chief occupa-
tion of the people, for large herds were seen in all directions. Black Buck
and Nilghai were plentiful and the latter might have afforded some excel-
lent runs for a mounted spearman, for the country was suitable in every
‘way. Foxes and Hares were also found and I was told that a Cheeta in-
habited the place, The first thing seen next morning was a Fox, it was
eventually shot and turned out to be the Common Indian Fox (Vulpes
bengalensis).
On the 22nd nothing in particular was shot, some Black Ibis, Stone-
Curlews anda small dark-coloured species of Quail were seen. Attempts
were made to shoot some Saruses, but without success, and I had to
content myself with a Rufous Fantail-Warbler (Cisticola cursitans).
We returned from Parsatola on the 23rd, shooting some Green Pigeons on
the way, but they turned out to be the ordinary ones ( Crocopus chlorogaster ).
As we neared the hills Nilghai were very plentiful, and a bull which
‘appeared to have a good pair of horns was shot, but they only taped 7:5
and 8 inches. Towards Baihar flocks of peafowl were seen and at dusk a
Four-horned Antelope was shot on the roadside. It was not a perfect
specimen, the anterior horns were mere knobs and the posterior ones
measured 2°8 inches. At Baihar a large Bandicoot Rat (Nesocia bandicota)
was: picked upon the road. It measured about 1 foot 9 inches. From
Baibar to Paraswara the country is more or less open except near Sita-
dongra where itis hilly. Jheels were visited on the way but only Teal of
the ordinary kind (Nettiwm crecca) were seen on the first two. The next
one seemed more interesting, two White-necked Storks, a Painted Stork
and some Herons were in evidence at one end and a flock of White lbises
and an Open-bill at the other. On my approach they all made themselves
scarce, but the White-necked Storks were the last to leave and as they
rose one was bagged. Further on we came across more White-necked
Storks in a ditch onthe road side and here they took no notice of us,
though we were only a few yards from them. The next jheel contained a
flock of Ibises and some Herons. A shot at the Ibises proved a failure but
a large flock of Teal rose out of the rushes and among them were two ducks
of a larger kind, the second barrel discharged into them only resulted in
bringing a Teal to the ground. An Egret, probably of the lesser or larger
species, was also shot at and fell to the ground, apparently stunned for
when the peon went to pick it up it recovered and flew off.
At Paraswara we found Saruses very plentiful, but they were very shy
and always flew off before we got within range.
On ‘the 27th I visited a jheel about 3 miles from the bungalow. Four
1164 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXT,
young Black-necked Storks and a pair of Saruses were seen. Shots were.
fired at the Saruses in preference and one was evidently hit for he settled.
after flying a short distance ; two more shots were had at him but without
effect. The storks meanwhile had settled in some fields about a mile away.
Some cover being available one was shot. The others hovered over it and
an adult female bird came flying towards it. I was still well concealed
and the contents of my second barrel brought her to the ground. On our
way home two Black Buck ran quite close to us, but we had no rifle with us
at the time.
On the 28th the jheel in front of the bungalow was patronised. Several
Coots, Dabchicks and Bronze-winged Jacanas were seen and twoof the
latter and a Snipe were bagged. Species of Herons and Egrets which
we wanted and a Pied Harrier were seen but not secured. We tried for
these the next day but had to content ourselves with a Marsh Harrier.
A pair of Saruses were again tried for, but with the usual result. Snipe
and Quail were very plentiful here and a little shooting was indulged in.
Five shots brought to bag seven birds. The Snipes were Fantails and
Pintails and the Quails were black-breasted ones. On our way back
Saruses were again seen, and this time I waited till it got dark and then
tried to get within range, but it was of no avail.
Leaving Paraswara a move was made to Lamtha and the jheel at
Bhondua visited. Ducks were seen in the middle of the jheel and Storks
and Saruses at the edges. The Ducks being out of range we tried our
luck again at Saruses but with the same result. At Lamtha we took train
and returned to Nagpur.
LIST OF BIRDS OBSERVED IN THE BALAGHAT DISTRICT,
CENTRAL PROVINCES.
ORDER PASSERES.
1. Corvus macrorhynchus .. The Jungle-Crow.
2. Corvus splendens .. .. The Indian House-Crow.
3. Dendrocitta rufa .. .. The Indian Tree-pie.
4. Machlolophus haplonotus .. The Southern Yellow Tit.
3. Argya caudata... .. The Common Babbler.
6. Argya malcolmi ... .. The Large Grey Babbler.
7. Crateropus canorus .. The Jungle Babbler.
8. Pyctorhis sinensis .. The Yellow-eyed Babbler.
9. Zosterops palpebrosa .. The Indian White-eye.
10. Aigithina tiphia .. .. The Common Iora.
li. Chloropsis jerdoni .. The Jerdon’s Chloropsis.
12. Molpastes hzemorrhous .. The Madras Red-vented Bulbul.
NOTES ON A COLLECTING TRIP IN THE BALAGHAT.
bo rw bd Ww
Ww Se
ee
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fon)
us
S
=)
on
PR SUAS?
Otocompsa fuscicaudata
Sitta castaneiventris
Dicrurus ater
Dicrurus czrulescens
Dissemurus paradiseus
Orthotomus sutorius
Cisticola cursitans
Hypolais rama
Prinia sylvatica
Prinia inornata
Lanius vittatus
Lanius erythronotus
Lanius cristatus
Tephrodornis pondicerianus.
Pericrocotus speciosus
Pericrocotus peregrinus
Pericrocotus erythropygius. .
Campophaga sykesi
Graucalus macil
Oriolus kundoo
Oriolus melanocephalus
Pastor roseus
Sturnus menzbieri
Temenuchus pagodarum
Acridotheres tristis
Sturnopastor contra
Siphia parva
Cyornis superciliaris
Cyornis tickelli
Alseonax latirostris
Culicicapa ceylonensis
Terpsiphone paradisi
Rhipidura albifrontata
Pratincola caprata
Pratincola maura ..
Ruticilla rufiventris
Cyanecula suecica
Thamnobia cambaiensis
Copsychus saularis
1165
The Southern Red-whiskered Bul-
bul.
The Chestnut-bellied Nuthatch.
The Black Drongo.
The White-bellied Drongo.
The Larger Racket-tailed Drongo.
The Indian Tailor-bird.
The Rufous Fantail-Warbler.
Sykes’s Tree Warbler.
The Jungle Wren- Warbler.
The Indian Wren-Warbler.
The Bay-backed Shrike.
The Rufous-backed Shrike.
The Brown Shrike.
The Common Wood-Shrike.
The Indian Scarlet Minivet.
The Small Minivet.
The White-bellied Minivet.
The Black-headed Cuckoo-Shrike.
The Large Cuckoo-Shrike.
The Indian Oriole.
The Indian Black-headed Oriole.
The Rose-coloured Starling.
The Common Indian Starling.
The Black-headed Myna.
The Common Myna.
The Pied Myna.
The European Red-breasted Fly-
catcher.
The White-browed Blue
cher.
Tickell’s Blue Flycatcher.
The Brown Flycatcher.
The Grey-headed Flycatcher.
The Indian Paradise Flycatcher.
The White-Browed Fantail Fly-
catcher.
The Common Pied Bush-Chat.
The Indian Bush-Chat.
The Indian Redstart.
The Indian Blue-throat.
The Brown-backed Indian Robin.
The Magpie-Robin.
Blycat-
1166 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XX1.
51a. Geocichla cyanonotus
52. Uroloncha malabarica
53. Stictospiza formosa
54. Sporzginthus amandava
55. Carpodacus erythrinus
56. Gymnorhis flavicollis
57. Passer domesticus
58. Hirundo smithii
59. Motacilla alba
60. Motacilla maderaspatensis ..
61. Motacilla melanope
62. Anthus maculatus
63. Anthus striolatus ..
64. Anthus refulus
65. Mirafra erythroptera
66. Ammomanes phoenicura
67. Pyrrhulauda grisea
68. Arachnechthra asiatica
69. Dicceum erythrorhynchus
70. Pitta brachyura
The White-throated Ground-Thrush.
The White-throated Munia.
The Green Munia.
The Indian Red Munia.
The Common Rose-Finch.
The Yellow-throated Sparrow.
The House-Sparrow.
The Wire-tailed Swallow.
The White Wagtail.
The Large Pied Wactail.
The Grey Wagtail.
The Indian Tree-Pipit.
Blyth’s Pipit.
The Indian Pipit.
The Red-winged Bush-Lark.
The Rufous-tailed Finch-Lark.
The Ashy-crowned Finch-Lark.
The Purple Sunbird.
Tickell’s Flower-pecker.
The Indian Pitta.
ORDER Pict.
71. lLiopicus mahrattensis
72. Iyngipicus hardwickii
73. Brachypternus aurantius
The Yellow-fronted Pied Wood-
pecker.
The Indian Pigmy Woodpecker.
The Golden-backed Woodpecker.
ORDER ZYGODACTYLI.
74, Thereiceryx zeylonicus
75. Xantholeema hxematocephala.
The Common Indian Green Barbet.
The Crimson-breasted Barbet.
OrpER ANISODACTYLI.
76. Coracias indica
77. Merops viridis
78. Ceryle varia
79. Alcedo ispida
80. Halcyon smyrnensis
81. Lophoceros birostris
82. Upupa indica
The Indian Roller.
The Common Indian Bee-eater.
The Indian Pied Kingfisher.
The Common Kingfisher.
The White-breasted Kingfisher.
The Common Grey Hornbill.
The Indian Hoopoe.
OrpER MacrocHires.
83. Cypselus aftinis
84. Caprimulgus macrurus
The Common Indian Swift.
Horsfield’s Nightjar.
NOTES ON A COLLECTING TRIP IN THE BALAGHAT. 1167
OrpeER CoccyGEs.
85. Hierococcyx varius .- The Common Hawk-Cuckoo.
86. Eudynamis honorata .. The Indian Koel.
87. Centropus sinensis .. The Common Coucal or Crow-
Pheasant.
OrpDER PSsITTAct.
88. Palzeornis nepalensis .. The Large Indian Paroquet.
89. Paleornis torquatus .. The Rose-ringed Paroquet.
90. Palssornis cyanocephalus .. The Western Blossom-headed
Paroquet.
ORDER STRIGES.
91. Scops bakkamcena .. The Collared Scops Owl.
92. Athene brama " .- The Spotted Owlet.
93. Glaucidium radiatum .. The Jungle Owlet.
94. Ninox scutulata .. .. The Brown Hawk-Owl.
OrpER ACCIPITRES.
95. Otogypscalvus .. .. The Black Vulture.
96. Pseudogyps bengalensis .. The Indian White-backed Vulture.
97. Neophron ginginianus .. The Smaller White Scavenger
Vulture.
98. Aquila vindhiana .. .. The Indian Tawny Eagle.
99. Spizetus cirrhatus. .. The Crested Hawk-Eagle.
100. Spilornis cheela .. .. The Crested Serpent-Hagle.
101. Butasturteesa .. .. The White-eyed Buzzard-Eagle.
102. Haliastur indus .. .. The Brahminy Kite.
103. Milvus govinda .. .. The Common Pariah Kite.
104. Elanus ceruleus .. .. The Black-winged Kite.
105. Circus macrurus .. .. The Pale Harrier.
106. Circus melanoleucus .. The Pied Harrier.
107. Circus zruginosus. . .. The Marsh Harrier.
108. Astur badius se .. The Shikra.
109. lLophospizias trivirgatus .. The Crested Goshawk.
110. VPernis cristatus .. .. The Crested Honey-Buzzard.
111. Tinnuneculus alaudarius .. The Kestrel.
ORDER COLUMBA.
112. Crocopus chlorogaster .. The Southern Green Pigeon.
113. Turtur suratensis .. .. The Spotted Dove.
114. Turtur cambayensis .. The Little Brown Dove.
116. Turturrisorius .. .. The Indian Ring Dove.
116. Turtur orientalis .. .. The Rufous Turtle-Dove.
117. Qénopopelia tranquebarica.. The Red-Turtle-Dove. _
1168 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXI, —
ORDER GALLIN”. .
118. Pavo eristatus The Common Peafowl.
119. Gallus ferrugineus The Red Jungle-fowl.
120. Coturnix coromandelica The Black-kreasted Quail.
121. Francolinus pondicerianus .. The Grey Partridge.
ORDER GRALLA.
122. Fulica atra The Coot.
123. Grus antigone The Sarus.
124. Anthropoides virgo The Demoiselle Crane.
ORDER LIMICOL.
125. QXidicnemus scolopax The Stone-Curlew.
126. Cursorius coromandelicus The Indian Courser.
127. Metopidius indicus The Bronze-winged Jacana.
128. Hydrophasianus chirurgus.. The Pheasant-tailed Jacana.
129, Sarcogrammus indicus The Red-wattled Lapwing.
130. Aigialitis dubia The Little Ringed Plover.
131. Himantopus candidus The Black-winged Stilt.
132. Totanus hypoleucus The Common Sandpiper.
133. Totanus glareola .. The Wood Sandpiper.
134. Totanus ochropus.. The Green Sandpiper.
135. Totanus fuscus The Spotted Redshank.
136. Totanus glottis The Greenshank.
157. Gallinago ccelestis The Common Snipe.
157a, Gallinago stenura
The Pintail Snipe.
ORDER STEGANOPODES.
The Indian Shag.
The Little Cormorant.
The Indian Darter.
OrpER HERODIONES.
138. Phalacrocorax fuscicollis
139. Phalacrocorax javanicus
140. Plotus melanogaster
141. Ibis melanocephala
142. Inocotis papillosus
143. Dissura episcopus
144, Xenorhynchus asiaticus
145. Leptoptilus dubius
146. Leptoptilus javanicus
147. Pseudotantalus leucocephalus
148. Anastomus oscitans
149. Ardea manillensis
150. Ardea cinerea
151. Herodias intermedia
The White Ibis.
The Black Ibis.
The White-necked Stork.
The Black-necked Stork.
The Adjutant.
The Smaller Adjutant.
The Painted Stork.
The Open-bill.
The Eastern Purple Heron.
The Common Heron.
The Smaller Egret.
NOTES ON A COLLECTING TRIP IN THE BALAGHAT. 1169
152. Herodias garetta .. The Little Egret.
Herodias alba i .. The Large Egret is probably found
in the District as well.
153. Bubulcus coromandus .. The Cattle Egret.
154. Ardeola grayi se .. The Pond Heron.
OrnpER PHANICOPTERI.
No flamingoes were seen by me but I was told that they were occasion-
ally to be met with at Somnapur.
ORDER ANSERES.
155. Dendrocyena javanica .. The Whistling Teal.
156. Nettopus coromandelianus.. The Cotton Teal.
157. Chaulelasmus streperus .. The Gadwall.
158. Nettium crecca .. .. The Common Teal.
too. Dafila acuta .. .. The Pintail.
OxrpdER PYGOPODES.
162. Podicipes albipennis .. The Dabchick.
1170
BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY'S
MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA.
Report By R. C. WRouGHTON, F.Z.9.
COLLECTION... Pal BENOS oe
Locauity ies ... Dharwar.
DaTE Ne ... November-December 1911, Feb-
ruary-March 1912.
COLLECTED BY... jt MiG 20. Shortridee:
EARLIER REPORTS ... No. 1, E. Khandesh,
Vol. XXI, p. 392,
No. 2, Berars, Vol. XXI, p. 820.
No. 3, Cutch, Vol. XXT, p. 826.
No. 4, Nimar, Vol. X XI, p. 844.
Dharwar, the district in which the present collection was
made, is situated about 15° 30’ N. Lat. and 76? E. Long. At
the commencement of the last century Sir W. Elliot, 1.C.8.,
collected the mammals of this district and published a paper on
them in the Madras Journal of Literature and Science, 1839. As
a description of the district I cannot do better than reproduce
here the Introduction to his paper.
*‘The district of India, in which the animals contained in the
following list were procured, is a part of the high tableland
towards the south of the Dekhan, commonly called the Southern
Mahratta Country, and constitutes the British zillah of Dharwar.
It ought, likewise, geographically speaking, to include the small
province of Sunda, which, according to the political arrangement
of the country, is placed under the zillah of Canara, in the
Presidency of Madras.’’*
“The general boundaries are the rivers Kistnah and Bhima on
the north and north-east ; the Tungabhadra river on the south; the
Nizam’s territory on the east, and the Syhadri range of mountains
on the west. ‘The latter are generally called the Ghats........
* Since this description was published the boundary of the Daa:war District has
been pushed back eastwards and tie area referred to in this para-is now part of
the Kanara District which will be dzalt with in my next Re,oct —R. C. W.
———
MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA. 1171
“The general face of this tract is much diversified and affords a
great variety of elevation and of geological structure thereby
materially affecting the distribution and the habitat of the
different species of animals existing within its limits.”
“The whole of the western portion is a thick forest, extending
from the outskirts of the mountainous region of the Ghats to their
summits, and clothing the valleys that extend between their
ridges. It abounds with the teak and various other lofty forest
trees, festooned by enormous perennial creepers. The bamboo
forms a thick and luxuriant underwood in some places, while
others are entirely open, and the banks of many clear and rapid
streams flowing through it, abound with the black pepper plant,
the wild cinnamon and other odoriforous shrubs. Portions of this
forest are often left entirely untouched by the axe or knife,
forming a thick impervious shade for the growth of the black
pepper, cardamom, and Mari palm (Caryota urens). These are
ealled ‘kans ’ and are favourite resorts of wild animals.”
“« To the east of the regular forest lies a tract called the Mulnad,
or rain-country (though the native of the plains often includes the
‘jhari,’ or forest, under the same denomination), in which the
trees degenerate into large bushes, the bamboo almost entirely
ceases, and cultivation, chiefly of rice, becomes much more
frequent. ‘The bushes consists of the karunda, the pallas, etc.
It abounds in tanks and artificial reservoirs for purposes of
irrigation.”
“ Hast of the Mulnad is a great extent of alluvial vlain produc-
ing fine crops of wheat, cotton, maizes, millet, etc. (Holcus
sorghum, Panicum italieum, Cicer arietinum), and on the Nizam’s
frontier are found a succession of low dry hills, with tabular
summits often rising in abrupt scarped precipices, and intersecting
and traversing the plains in various directions. They are clothed
with low thorny jungle of babul and acacia, and their bases, and the
valleys between, composed of a light sandy soil, are cultivated
with millet, vetches, etc. (Panicum spicatum, Panicum miliare,
Phaseslus max, Phaseolus mungo, &e.).”’
“ The first or mountainous d.vision consists chiefly of micaceous
clay, and ctier sshists, which to tae northward are succeeded by
1172. JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Voi. XX.
basaltic or trap formation. ‘The Mulnad is composed of undulating
clay-slate hills, which become covered with basalt to the north.
This trap formation extends in a slanting direction from south-
west to north-east nearly comeiding with a line drawn from
Sadasheaghur on the coast, to Beejapoor and Sholapoor—and, what
is remarkable, is almost coincident with that marking the separation
of the two great tribes of the population using totally distinct
languages—the Mahrattas and Canarese. ”
«The hills to the north-east and east are all of primitive sand-
stone, sometimes resting on schists, sometimes immediately on the
eranite, which latter is the rock nearest the surface in the central
and eastern plains. But a well defined range of hills to the south-
west, called the Kupputgud, is entirely composed of micaceous and
clay-slates, resting on granite. The hills more to the north and
north-west are basaltic. ‘The extensive plains lying between these
different lines of hills and eminences are composed of the rich, black
mould, called regur, or cotton ground, resulting from decomposed
basaltic rocks. To the north-east a considerable tract of limestone
is found, resting on the sandstone, about Bagalkote, Badami
Hungund, Mudibihsal, etc. i
Mr. Shortridge has furnished the following short notes on the
actual localities in which he collected :—
‘* Dharwar—Chiefly red Mulnad country, except to the north,
where there are large areas of black cotton soil. Flat or un-
dulating with a few bare rocky hills to the east. Those on the
west being more or less covered with scrub which gradually
changes into forest as the Kanara border is approached.
Large areas under cultivation. Altitude 2,500 feet.”
“The prolific results of the collections throughout the district
are largely due to the active and invaluable assistance
received from Mr. R. M. Phillips, D.5.P., whose guest I was
during the whole of my two months’ stay in Dharwar,
while many thanks are also due to Mr. EH. Macconochie,
1.0.8., the Collector of the District, for his kindness and
help, particularly in instructing and causing the native
officials in all of the places I visited to give me a great deal
of assistance.’
MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA. 1173
*« Alnavar and Avatgi—About 24 miles west of Dharwar, on
the borders of North Kanara. Red soil and where there
is no cultivation thick Mulnad scrub or partly open
country covered with long grass. A number of hills,
largely covered with teak and other forest trees. Altitude
about the same as Dharwar.
‘¢ Short camps only were made at these places.”
“ Devikop—26 miles south of Dharwar. On the borders of
the Kanara forest which starts abruptly on it, south and
west of the village. Flat or slightly undulating wita
chiefly open and cultivated country to the north and
north-east. Altitude 2,000 feet.”
“‘ Gadag and Lakundi-—Although Gadag itself is situated on a
patch of red soil the district proved a perfect centre for
working the black cotton country which extended in flat
and almost treeless areas in every direction, only broken in
the south by a few distinct ranges of rocky hills. Cotton
is grown over the whole country while the few scattere
trees are mostly babul which fringe the roads forming
not very shady avenues. ‘The chief cover for any of the
larger animals being stray patches and hedges of prickly
pear.
n
‘I stayed here for nearly a fortnight with Mr. T. J. Spooner,
a keen and enthusiastic life member of the Society, and
owing to his help and knowledge of the country I was
able to get a very representative collection from the black
cotton district.”
Hawsbhavi—About 15 miles to the west of Bayadi Station
in the Southern Dharwar District, open, undulating red
sandy country in all directions, with scattered babul trees
and toddy palms, patches of black cotton country to the
north and some low ranges of rocky hills to the east.
‘“‘ Large areas under cultivation, many of the villages sur-
rounded by mango trees, cocoanut and areca palms.
‘“¢ T camped here for ten days, afterwards moving on to Til-
levelly, a neighbouring village.”’
“¢ Honkan—A small village situated on the banks of the
9
1174 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XX1.
Varadi river, a permanently running clear stream that
eventually joins the Tungabhadra.
“ At this point the river forms the boundary between the
Dharwar District and north-western Mysore.
** The country is quite flat and covered with very dense scrub
jungle, largely composed of low deciduous trees, thick
masses of Karunda and other bushes which are curiously
even in height.
“The country tothe east and the Mysore territory on the
south bank of the river are more open, leading eventually
to black cotton plains. One of the most curious things
noticed here was the frequent occurrence of the black buck
well within the thickest parts of the jungle which afford
cover for its much more natural inhabitants, chital, pig
and four-horned antelope, while on one occasion during a —
beat I witnessed the unusual sight of a number of chital
and black buck simultaneously crossing a road running
through the centre of a particularly large and thick piece
of jungle.”
‘‘ Samasgi— About twelve miles to the north of Honkan
situated at the point where the three territories of South-
ern Dharwar, Mysore and Kanara meet.—. pas
Samasgi which is a small native village is situated in high
deciduous forest which surrounds it on all sides.
‘There are isolated patches of cultivation and many dense
lantana thickets. Undulating, almost hilly country, the
forest being similar to those around Devikop.”
The collection contains in all 749 specimens, belonging to 51
species, in 40 genera. In view ofthe whole-hearted way in which
the Mammals of this District were worked over 70 years ago, by
Sir W. Elliot, it is not surprising to find that there is nothing
?
‘““new’’ in the present collection, This does not, however, detract
from its great value, for it furnishes us with topotypes of no less
than 8 species, named by Gray, &c., on specimens obtained by
Elliot. These are as follows: (1) Hipposideros fulvus, Gray
(=murinus, Gray—fulgens, Elliot—murinus, Elliot). (2) Pachyura
nigra, Horsfield. (3) Mus manet, Gray (nom. nud.). (4) Leggaad
MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA. 1175
booduga, Gray (Mus lepidus, Hlhot). (5) Hpimys rufescens,
var.—=Mus rufus, Elliot—Mus flavescens, Klliot (both names pre-
occupied). (6) Millardia meltada, Gray (= Mus mutade, Elliot—Mus
lanuginosus, Elliot). (7) Gunomys kok, Gray (=Mus (Neotoma)
providens, Hlliot). (8) Golunda elliott, Gray (—Mus golunds,
Elliot Mus hirsutus, Elliot).
Out of the list of 58 species (really 56 for H. fulvus and Hpimys
rattus are entered under two names) recorded by Sir W. Elliot,
Mr. Shortridge has obtained 51; those not obtained are mostly
large animals from the heavy forest country now forming the
Kanara District. As Mr. Shortridge notes “ four species men-
tioned by Sir W. Elhot, wz., Boselaphus tragocamelus, Cynclurus
jubatus, Canis pallipes and Hycenu hycena are now either entirely
absent in the Dharwar District or rare stragglers south of
Haidarabad.”
Mr. Shortridge has taken a single specimen of the Common five-
striped Squirrel (Funambulus pennantr) at Dharwar. This is some-
what of a surprise tome. I have taken it with the Palm Squirrel in
Surat District, while Mr. Crump has sent them both from Nimar
and Berar, and both occur in Bombay Island, so that we must, on
the data available, accept 22° Lat. as about the northern boundary
of palnarum. FF. pennantr has been obtained by Capt. Whitehead
at Sehore, by Mr. Caccia, I.F.S., at Hoshangabad and by the Society
from Nasik, so that, until the present specimen turned up, the most
southern record was about 20° N. Lat., and this is what one would
expect, allowing for a slight overlap in the distribution of the two
species. Perhaps some members who are favourably placed will
push this enquiry further and report their results in the Journal.
F. palwarwm is at once recognisable by the bright red-yellow
colouring of the under side of the tail and the presence of only
three pale stripes on the back. In FI’. pennanti there are five pale
stripes, though the outer one, on each side, is sometimes not very
bright, and there is never any trace of colour on the under side of
the tail.
In his List Sir W. Elliot includes Mus decumanus, unfortunately
without any indication of its characters, so that it is impossible
to say to what animal he was referring; that it was really the
1176 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. X-XI.
European Brown Rat seems to me an absolute impossibility.
From the vernacular name given by Elliot his decwmanus
was a house rat.
Sima sinica, L.
The Bonnet Monkey.
1771. Simia sincca, Linneus. Mantissa, p. 521.
1812. Cercocebus radiatus, Geoffroy. Ann. du Mus. XIX, p. 98.
1888. Macacus sinicus, Blanford. Mammalia, No. 10.
$ 107,109; 9 108,110. Dharwar.
go 142; @ 143. Devikop, Dharwar.
3 749, 750; Q 751, 752, 758, 754. Samasgi, S. Dharwar.
Vernacular names.—K6ti, Kapi, Mangé, Maungy4, Kempmanga ( Kana-
rese); Makad Lal manga (Marathi); Mangya-Koti (Haran Shikaris and
Waddars) ; Bandra (Dekhani).
[“ Very plentitul ; often going about in large parties of from 20 to 30.
Although said to avoid each other, I once saw troupes of these Monkeys
and Langurs on the banks of a stream, apparently mixing together on
quite friendly terms, but, when frightened, they went off separately.
“ At Gadag, in the vicinity of Hindu Temples, where they are protected,
they are said to have died, in large numbers, from Bubonic Plague.”——
G. C.8.]
PRESBYTIS HYPOLEUCOS, Blyth.
The Malabar Langur.
1841. Semnopithecus hypoleucos, Blyth. J.A.S.B., p. 839.
1842. Semnopithecus dussumierit, Is. Geoffroy. Comptes Reudus. XV,
ps 20:
1888. Semnopithecus hypoleucus, Blanford. Mammalia, No. 15.
3 52; 9 47. Alnavar, Dharwar.
g 145, 146, 147, 183, 185; 9 148, 186. Devikop, Dharwar.
o 714, 717 juv.; Q 715, 716 juv. Hawsbhavi, 8. Dharwar.
3 747, 748, 781, 791, 792; Q 744, 745, 746, 793. Samasgi, 8S.
Dharwar.
This species was named by Blyth from the Malabar Coast; the present
series seems to fit his description.
Vernacular names.—Mushya, Kari-K6ti, Adavi-Koti (Kanarese); Yerpa-
Moti-Koti, Karimikkamungyé (Waddars) Kari-Mangyé (Haran Shikaris)
Wanga, Wanar, Maka (Marathi) ; Langur (Dekhani).
[“‘ Extremely plentiful; generally fearless and inquisitive, easily dis-
tinguishing between Europeans and Natives, and much more suspicious in
the presence of the former. When frightened they can crouch among the
tops of thick trees, and by grasping’ and drawing branches together, become
completely hidden.’’—G. C. 8.]
MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA. 1177
PTEROPUS GIGANTEUS, Brinn.
The common Flying-Fox.
(Synonymy in No. 2.)
3 53, 55, 56, 57, 59, 60, 73; Q 54, 58, 72. Avatgi, Dharwar.
@ 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 180. Devikop, Dharwar.
SutOle (legos 120 Oo ait vogo, o80, 712) (ime al.), “ie:
Hawsbhavi, S. Dharwar.
6 731. Honkan, S. Dharwar.
(See also Reports Nos. 2, 3 and 4.)
Vernacular names.—Togal-Bavali, Kichapala, Bavali (Kanarese) ; Wad-
_wagal (Marathi) ; Toggal-Bavali-Gua, Sikattélle (Waddars), Gaddal, Gibta
(Haran Shikaris).
[Very plentiful, around Dharwar, at this time of the year; they feed
chiefly on tamarinds and wild figs.
“Appearing to avoid thick forests.”—G. C. 8.]
LyYRODERMA LYRA, Geoffr.
The Indian Vampire Bat.
(Synonymy in No. 1.)
6 131, 133, 188, 194,195; 9 182, 156, 160, 187, 189, 196, 197,
198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 2038. Devikop, Dharwar.
¢ 732 (in al), 735. Honkan, S. Dharwar.
9 803. Hangal, 8. Dharwar.
(See also Reports Nos. | and 2.)
These specimens, like those from E. Khandesh, come from the geographi-
eal boundary (about 76° E. Long.) between true /yra and the subspecies
caurina which differs mainly in size. A very large proportion of the present
series is undoubtedly true /yra, but, as was to be expected, there are some
“wrong ’uns.’’ One specimen has the dimensions of caurina and two are
intermediate between it and true lyra.
[“ This bat, which is plentiful in both forest and Mulnad country, is a
late flyer.
“ T have found it by day in wells and old temples and once in a hollow
tree.”—G. C. 8.]
MEGADERMA SPASMA TRIFOLIUM, Geoff.
The Malay Vampire Bat.
1810. Megaderma trifolium, Geoffroy. Ann. Mus. d’H.N. XV, p. 193.
1863. Megaderma horsfieldi, Blyth. ‘Cat. Mamm., p. 23.
1891. Megaderma spasma, Blanford. Mammalia, No. 170.
3 739, 741 ; $738, 740 (in al.) juv., 742. Honkan, S. Dharwar
The true spasma is an inhabitant of the Moluccas and Philippines ; the
present form was first described from a specimen from Java.
1178 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XX.
RHINOLOPHUS ROoUXI, Temm.
The Rufous Horseshoe-Bat.
1835. Rhinolophus rouxt, Temminck. Mon. Mamm. I1., p. 30 b.
1852. Rhinolophus rubtdus, Kelaart. Prodr. Faun. Zeyl., p. 13.
1852. ~Rhinolophus cinerascens, Kelaart. 1. c.
1852. Rhinolophus rammamka, Kelaart. 1.c., p. 14.
1872. Rhinolophus petersi, Dobson. J. A. 8S. B. XLI (2), p. 387.
1891. Rhinolophus afinis, Blanford. Mammalia, No. 150.
6 185,137, 189, 174, 1773) O° 134) 136) 1388, 402 14 eee
179, 180, 181. Devikop, Dharwar.
Blanford ranks rou2zi as a synonym of afinis, but Dr. K. Andersen has
pointed out (P. Z. 8. 1905, p. 75 et seg.) that the form of the nose-leaf in
the two is entirely different. In the same paper Dr. Andersen has gone
fully into the name peters? and shown it to be a synonym of rouz, and
further has shown that Kelaart’s three names represent the “colour phases”
of one species and that one identical with row.
Vernacular names (for all small bats.)—Kanakappadi, Kanakappate,
Kankappate (Kanarese); Wagal (Marathi); Koptel, Sancipta (Waddars
and Haran Shikaris). .
[“ Plentiful at Devikop; a late flyer, roosting by day in hollow trees,
wells and in old temples.”—G. C. 8. ]
HiPpPosIDEROS DUKHUNENSIS, Sykes.
Sykes’ leaf-nosed Bat.
1831. Rhinolophus dukhunensis, Sykes. P.Z,S., p: 99.
1838. Hipposideros apiculatus, Gray. Mag. Zool. Bot. II, p. 492.
1838. Hipposideros penicillatus, Gray. 1. c.
1852. Hipposideros templetoni, Kelaart. Prod., p. 17.
1852. Hipposideros aureus, Kelaart. Prod., p. 18.
1852. Hipposideros blythi, Kelaart. Prod., p. 20.
1891. Hipposiderus speoris, Blanford. Mammalia, No. 164.
S 320, 321, 323, 324, 325, 326, 327, 328, 333, 358, 359;
Q 317, 318, 319, 322, 329, 330, 331, 3382, 354, 335, 336,
360, 361 (in al.), 343, 344, 345, 346, 347, 348, 349, 350.
Gadag, Dharwar.
The name speovis was given by Schneider to a bat from Timor. [ have
seen no specimen from that locality, but both Sykes and Gray agree that
the Indian form is separable. The names available are dukhunensis, Sykes,
and apiculatus and penicillatus, Gray. These specimens are quite like the
type of apiculatus of which they are topotypes. Though I have not seenan
undoubted specimen of dukhunensis, its type locality is so close to Dharwar
that, pending refutation, dukhunensis must be accepted as the proper
name of the species.
MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA. 1179
HiPposIDEROS FULVUS, Gray.
The bicoloured leaf-nosed Bat.
(Synonymy in No. 3.)
Q 245. Dharwar.
gS 446; Q@ 4038, 447, 448, 449, 451, 452, 463, 454, 455, 456.
Gadag, Dharwar.
These are topotypes of Elliot’s murinus and fulgens, the latter being
merely the red phase of the former, and equally so of Gray’s fulvus and
MUIINUS.
(See also Report No. 3.)
PIPISTRELLUS CEYLONICUS, Kel.
Kelaart’s Pipistrelle.
(Synonymy in No. 1.)
3 42, 44, 46,77, 86, 87, 98, 386, 387, 389, 390, 392, 395, 398,
411; Q 41, 43, 45, 67, 83, 84, 85, 96, 97, 99, 246, 384, 385,
391, 398, 394, 396, 397, 399, 412. Dharwar.
(See also Reports Nos. 1, 2 and 3.)
[“ Very plentiful in a Hindu Temple at Gadag, hiding in crevices.”—
G.C.S.]
PIPISTRELLUS COROMANDRA, Gray.
The Coromandel Pipistrelle.
1838. Scotophilus coromandra, Gray. Mag. Zool. Bot. Il, p. 498.
1851. Vespertilio coromandelicus, Blyth. J. A. 8. B. XX, p. 159.
18538. Myotis parvipes, Blyth. J. A. S. B. XXII, p. 581.
1872. Vesperugo micropus, Hutton. P. Z.S8., p. 707.
1891. Vesperugo abramus, Blanford. Mammalia No. 187.
3g 703. Hawsbhavi, S. Dharwar.
36 775,783; 2 773, 807, 808. Samasgi, 8S. Dharwar.
Temminck’s names imbricatus and abramus refer to species found in Java
and Japan respectively. Gray based his coromandra on the “ Vespertilio
de Coromandel” described by F. Cuvier from a specimen taken at Pondi-
cheri. The names parvipes and micropus were both based on a Pipistrelle
taken by Hutton at Masuri, it is quite possible it may prove to be distinct
from the present form.
PIPISTRELLUS DORMERI, Dobs,
Dormer’s Pipistrelle.
. (Synonymy in No. 1.)
¢ 588. Hawsbhavi, 8S. Dharwar.
(See also Reports Nos. 1, 2 and 3.)
1180 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XX],
\
PIPISTRELLUS MIMUS, Wrought.
The Southern dwarf Pipistrelle.
(Synonymy in No. 1.)
3 218, 571 (in al.). Dharwar.
2 316 (in al.). Gadag, Dharwar.
3 589, 594,591; Q 592,721. Hawsbhavi, S. Dharwar.
(See also Reports Nos. 1, 2 and 3.)
HESPEROPTENUS TICKELLI, Blyth.
Tickell’s Bat.
1857. Nycticejus tickelli, Blyth. J. A. S. B. XX, p. 157.
1857. Nycticejus isabellinus, Horsefield. Cat. Mamm., p. 38.
1891. Vesperugo tickelli, Blanford. Mammalia No. 191.
3 811, 812; 92 776,798,799, 805,810. Samasgi, 8S. Dharwar.
Horsfield in his Catalogue gave the name isabellinus on the authority of
a manuscript name of Blyth’s, fortunately Blyth had already published
the name tickelli before the Catalogue appeared. The two names there-
fore refer to the same animal whose type locality is Chaibasa “in Central
India” (or more correctly Cuttack).
ScoTroPHILUs KUHLI, Leach,
The common yellow Bat.
(Synonymy in No. 1.)
36 17, 458; Q 384,82. Dharwar.
Q 772, 806. Samasgi, 8. Dharwar.
(See also Reports 1 and 3.)
[ “Plentitul; an early flyer, coming out at the same time as Pipistrellus.”—
G.C.8.]
ScOTOPHILUS WROUGHTONI, Thos.
Wroughton’s Bat.
(Synonymy in No. 1.)
36 217; 9 404. Dharwar.
(See also Report No. 1.)
TYLONYCTERIS PACHYPUS, Temm.
The club-footed Bat.
1840. Vespertilio pachypus, Temminck. Mon. Mamm. II, p. 217.
1859. Scotophilus fulvidus, Blyth. J. A.S. B. XXVIII, p. 293.
1891. Vesperugo pachypus, Blanford. Mammalia No, 180.
- Y 743. Honkan, S. Dharwar.
@ 782. Samasgi, 8. Dharwar.
The type locality of pachypus is Java, while fulvidus was established by
Blyth on a specimen from Tenasserim.
Journ. Bompay Nat. His. Soc; PLATE
THe PaInTED Bat, KERIVOULA PICTA, PALLAS.
MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA. 1181
Kerivouta picta, Pall.
The painted Bat.
1767. Vespertilio pictus, Pallas. Spicil. Zool. III, p. 7.
1891. Cerivoula picta, Blanford. Mammalia No, 213.
6 11; 9 28. Dharwar.
The type came from Ternate in the Molucca Archipelago: the present
specimens differ somewhat from the type, which is in the National
Collection, but the material is not sufficient on which to base a strict
diagnosis.
[“Said to hide by day among thick foliage, clinging to the under side of
leaves, where their bright colours would have a protective resemblance to
dead leaves.
“ Apparently very widely distributed, although somewhat rare every-
where.
“The brilliant orange of the wing membranes fades almost immediately
after death. This colour seems to vary in shade in individuals from Java.”
26.0.8.
RHINOPOMA HARDWICKII, Gray.
The lesser Indian mouse-tailed Bat.
(Synonymy in No. 3.)
3 3886, 369. 370, 373, 428; 9 357, 371, 372, 427. Gadag
Dharwar.
(See also Report No. 3.)
“Fairly plentiful in old Hindu Temples at Gadag and Lakundi, some-
times found in company with Hipposideros dukhunensis although not in such
large numbers. All were enormously fat, especially this species, in which
it is manifested in the form of swellings at the root of the tail present in
both sexes, but more particularly inthe males. At certain times of the
year these swellings are developed to such an extent as to interfere with
the flight of the bats.”—G.C.S.] ;
NyctTInomMus TRAGATUS, Dobs.
Dobson’s wrinkle-lipped Bat.
(Synonymy in No. 3.)
2 383. Gadag, Dharwar.
(See also Report No. 3.)
PAcHYURA.
Shrews.
6 7,19, 251, 286; 2 212,287. Dharwar.
d 418, 442. Gadag, Dharwar.
1182 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SUCIETY, Vol. XXI,
3 578; @ 574, 575, 598. Hawsbhavi, 8. Dharwar.
6 727,733; 9 734. Honkan, 8. Dharwar.
(See also Reports 1, 3 and 4.)
Vernacular names.—Migili, Sundili, Sondili, Chichikili (Kanarese); Chi-
chandari (Marathi) ; Séndi, Sondiyelka (Waddars and Haran Shikaris).
(“Fairly plentiful around stables and outhouses, widely distributed,
though apparently not in great numbers.”—G.C.8. ]
PacHyura NicRA, Horsf.
The Nilgit Wood Shrew.
1851. Sorex niger, Horsfield. Cat. E. I. C. Mus., p. 135.
1888. Crocidura murina, Blanford. Mammalia No. 117 ees
Q 220. Dharwar.
This is a topotype of EHlliot’s Sorex niger which was never published.
Horsfield quoted it from Elliot’s Manuscript and gave a short description ;
the name stands therefore on Horsfield’s responsibility. Whether the name
will stand for the species ultimately must be left for decision when more
material is available, but for the present we are on firm ground in adopting
for it the name nigra.
FELIs PaRDus, L.
The Panther.
1766. Felis pardus, Linneus. Syst. Nat., p. 61.
1775. Felis leopardus, Wagner. Schreb. Saug. IIT, pl. ci.
1888. Felis pardus, Blanford. Mammalia, No. 30.
6 726. Hawsbhavi, S. Dharwar.
@ 801. Samasgi, 8S. Dharwar.
Vernacular names.—Kiraba, Hongiya, Chirate, Chirchu, Sannhuli (Kana-
rese); Chita-Wagh, Chita-Bagh, Bibta, Hasanya (Marathi); Kirrbah,
Kurrkuda (Haran Shikaris); Chota-Bagh, Théndwa (Dekhani).
FELIS AFFINIS, Gray.
The Jungle Cat.
(Synonymy in No. 1.)
dg 78, 240, 469; Q 22, 224 470, 471, 474. Dharwar.
(See also Reports Nos. 1, 3 and 4.)
Vernacular names.—Kadubekku, Mantbekku, Adavibekku (Kanarese) ;
Jungli Maniar (Marathi); Burakaétchki (Haran Shikaris); Jtngli-billi
(Dekhani).
[ “Very plentiful; hunts a lot by day. Its long legs give it a very
distinctive appearance, in the open its movements are very much like those
ofa small panther. Very swift and exceedingly strong for its size; it is
probably capable of bringing down quite large game. Kittens become
MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA, | 1183
tame quickly, although never to the same extent as those of a domestic
cat. They become perfectly fearless, although remaining amusingly savage,
especially at feeding time.”—G. C. S.]
Kittens of the Jungle Cat.
FELIS RUBIGINOSA, Geoffr,
The rusty-spotted Cat.
1834. Felis rubsginosa, Is. Geoffroy. Belanger Voy. Ind. Or., p. 141.
1888. Felis rubiginosa, Blanford. Mammalia No. 37.
36 21. Dharwar.
Vernacular names.—Kiraba-Bekku ( Kanarese) ; Ark-Philli ( Waddars).
| “ Apparently rare round Dharwar.”—G. C. 8.]
VIVERRICULA MALACCENSIS, Gniel.
The small Indian Civet.
(Synonymy in No. 3.)
3 79, 100, 285, 291, 472, 473; Q 8, 226, 241. Dharwar.
S$ 182. Devikop, Dharwar.
(See also Report 3.)
Vernacular names.—Punagina-Bekku (Kanarese); Jowddi-Manjur (Mara-
thi) ; Puluk-Philli (Waddars) ; Punkassibekk ( Haran Shikaris) ; Mtishak-
billi (Dekhani).
[ “ Plentiful; the large number of small carnivora around Dharwar may
account for the comparative scarcity of hares and game birds, although
their chief food probably consists of Tatera and the other field-rats, which
exist in such enormous numbers.”’—G. C. 8.]
Muneos muneo, Gmel.
The common Indian Mongoose.
(Synonymy in No, 1.)
3 9, 71, 476; & 101, 102, 225, 475, 477, 482, Dharwar.
1184 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XX1.
6 648; 9 677. Hawsbhavi, 8. Dharwar.
(See also Reports 1, 2, 3 and 4.)
Vernacular names.—Mingali, Mungili (Kanarese); Mungts ( Marathi
and Dekhani); Mingsi, Antir ( Waddars and Haran Shikaris).
[ “ Plentiful ; their burrows are frequently found in prickly pear thickets,
numerous broken off spines of that plant being often found imbedded in
their bodies. Although seldom leaving the ground, this species is a ood
and agile tree climber.”—G. C. 8.]
PAaRADOXURUS NIGER, Desm.
The Indian Toddy Cat.
1820. Viverra niyra, Desmarest. Mamm., p. 208.
1820. Viverrva bondar, de Blainville. Mamm., p. 210.
1821. Paradoxurus typus, F. Cuvier. Hist. Nat. Mamm., pl. 186.
1832. Paradoxurus pennanti, Gray. P. Z.S8. p., 65.
1835. Platyschista pallasii, Otto. Ac. C.d. Nov. Act. XVII, p. 1089.
1891. Paradoxurus nictitans, Taylor. Jour. B.N.H.S., Vol. VI, p. 429.
1888. Paradoxurus niger, Blanford. Mammalia, No. 51.
3 50; 9 49,5). Alnavar, Dharwar.
@ 184, 242, 243, 247, 292. Dharwar.
3 708. Hawsbhavi, 8. Dharwar.
2 768, 769. Samasgi, 8. Dharwar.
This is a most puzzling species to deal with; it seems tv have several
colour forms but they are not also local forms, any or all of them may be
found in any locality, including Zanzibar, Madagascar (?), Mauritius, &c.,
where they have been introduced. The only safe course is to call them all
niger.
Vernacular names.—Kerabekku (Kanarese); Menuri (Marathi and
Dekhani) ; Nulla-philli (Waddars); Mahngutchi (Haran Shikaris).
[ “Plentiful, especially near houses, in the roofs of which they often live,
and may be heard at night chasing rats. When caught young this animal
becomes tame in a very short time.”—G. C. 8.]
Canis 1npicus, Hodgs.
The Jackal.
(Synonymy in No. 1 under C. aureus.)
3 481; 9 284, 294, 484. Dharwar.
S 718 juv.; 9 608 juv. Hawsbhavi, S. Dharwar.
(See also Reports 1, 3 and 4).
Vernacular names.—Nari (Kanarese) ; Kéla ( Marathi and Dekhani) ;
Nakka, Tada Nakka (Waddars).
[ ‘‘ Very plentiful both in open and forest country.”—G. C. 8.]
MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA. 1185
VULPES BENGALENSIs, Shaw.
The common Indian Fox.
(Synonymy in No. 1.)
3d 493; 9 68,486. Dharwar.
¢ 122. Devikop, Dharwar.
6 311. Gadag, Dharwar.
¢ 609. Hawsbhavi, 8. Dharwar.
(See also Reports Nos. 1 and 3.)
Vernacular names.—Kunni-Nari, Kemp-Nari, Ko6nk, Chandak-Nari
(Kanarese) ; Lokri kékri (Marathi) ; Gunta-Nakka (Waddars).
[ “ Fairly plentiful, chiefly among rocky hills and broken country, often
seen in the day-time. This fox is said to be difficult to hunt, except by
sight, as it leaves a very slight scent.”—G. C. 8.]
The common Indian Fox from a photograph.
Ratura 1npica, Erxl.
The Bombay Grant Squirrel.
1777. Sciurus indicus, Erxleben. Syst. Reg. An., p. 420.
1777. = Scrurus purpureus, Ximmermann. Spec. Zool. Grog. Anad., p. 518.
1785, Scturus bombayannus, Boddaert. EHlench. An., p. 117.
1831. Scvurus elphinstonei, Sykes. P.Z.S8., p. 103.
1891. Sczwrus indicus, Blanford. Mammalia, No. 239 (partim).
S 150, 151, 158, 161, 164, 165, 166, 192; 92 149, 157, 168,
191. Devikop, Dharwar.
36 784, 786, 788, 789; & 758, 759, 770, 778, 779, 780, 785, 787
Samasgi, S. Dharwar.
Blanford wrote on these squirrels in a paper in our Journal (Vol. XVI
p. 298) and later I dealt with them (Vol. XIX., p. 880.) These specimens
are unmistakably indicus, which is curious for Mysore specimens, I believe,
belong to another of Blanford’s races.
1186 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XX.
Vernacular names.—Kadalale, Kempalale (Kanarese ); Tambrikar
(Marathi) ; Bet-urté (Waddars and Haran Shikaris) ; Kargilheri, Jungli
Gilheri (Dekhani).
[“‘ Plentiful in the Forests round Devikop and Samasgi. Very active
and rather shy. Where abundant, it soon makes its presence known by it
loud call; any sudden noise, such as hitting a tree sharply with a stick,
will often start these squirrels calling in all directions.—” G. C. 8.]
FUNAMBULUS PALMARUM, L.
The Palm Squirrel.
(Synonymy in No. 2.)
& 95,108,105; @ 6,104, 106, 214, 250. Dharwar.
& 337, 338, 421; ¢ 420. Gadag, Dharwar.
& 646, 653, 654, 655; 611, 616, 661, 662, 687. Hawsbhavi
S. Dharwar.
(See also Reports 2 and 4.)
Vernacular names.—Alale, Alalu, Inachi, Viirchi (Kanarese); Karzani
(Marathi) ; Urta (Waddars and Haran Shikaris) ; Gilehri (Dekhani).
[“ Very plentiful, occurring everywhere except in the forest country where
it is replaced by F. tristriatus. Particularly abundant in the neighbourhood
of houses—sleeping in the roofs and spending the day in the verandahs and
surrounding trees. Its call, which is a loud unmusical chatter, is uttered
very frequently ; when startled, angry, or in any way excited.
“They may often be found in prickly pear thickets, when their mouths
are usually stained crimson with the juice of the fruit. Both this species
and tristriatus feed also on the berries of the Lantana,”—G. C.8.]
FUNAMBULUS TRISTRIATUS, Waterh.
The jungle Striped Squirrel.
1837. Sccurus tristriatus, Waterhouse. Charl. Mag. N.H. I, p. 499.
1667. Sciurus (Lamias) dussumiert, Milne-Edwards. Rev. Mag. Zool.
XIX, p. 226.
1891. Sciurus tristriatus, Blanford. Mammalia, No. 254.
2 1, 2, 35. Dharwar.
f 206; 9 124,176, 205. Devikop, Dharwar.
@ 774, 777,814, Skulls enly, 794, 795, 796. Samasgi, 8.
Dharwar.
“« Replaces F. palmarum in the forest part of the Mulnad. Its call how-
ever is distinct, being softer and much more musical.”—G. C. S.]
FUNAMBULUS PENNANTI, Wrought.
The common five-striped Squirrel.
(Synonymy in No. 1.)
d 69. Dharwar.
MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA. 1187
I was much astonished to find this animal in the collection. Iwas not
aware that it came south of Bombay.
(See also Reports Nos. 1, 2, 3 and 4).
TATERA INDICA, Hardw.
The Indian Gerbil.
(Synonymy in No. 1.)
6 3, 61, 62, 118, 119, 215, 216, 221, 222, 228, 267, 268, 274,
277, 279, 280, 283, 288, 289, 290 ; 9 4, 5, 70, 88, 89, 116,
117, 232, 249, 269, 270, 273, 275, 276, 278, 281, 282, 2938,
485. Dharwar.
Q 152, 153, 154, 155, 159. Devikop, Dharwar.
& 307, 308, 340; 9 309, 310, 426. Gadag, Dharwar.
& 583, 585, 586, 600, 602, 606, 607; YP 582, 584, 587, 599,
601, 603. Hawsbhavi, 8. Dharwar.
(See also Reports Nos. 1, 2, and 4.)
Vernacular names.—Ili_ (all rats, mice); Bilaili, Kadili, Buddilchi
(Kanarese) ; Undir (Marathi); Yélka, Yeri-yélka, Ili Yélka (Waddars) ;
Jungli-Choua (Dekhani).
- [“ Plentiful everywhere, but most plentiful in red soil country near culti-
vation, where their rather large burrows are very noticeable, nocturnal.
Always numerous among prickly pear thickets and hedges, when they
frequently have their mouths and feet stained crimson with the juice of
the fruit. Their speed and agility are remarkable.’’—G. C. 8.]
VANDELEURIA OLERACEA, Benn.
The Dekhan Tree-Mouse.
(Synonymy in No. 2.)
3 27, 208, 209, 210,211. Dharwar.
Q 578. Hawsbhavi, S. Dharwar.
(See also Reports 2 and 4.)
Vernacular name.— Malkélka Meinélka (Waddars).
(“Apparently not very plentiful around Dharwar. Four young, that were
kept alive, were very active, and great climbers. When resting in a bush
their tails would generally be curled round a branch.”—G. C. 8.]
Mus manet, Kel.
The common Indian House-Mouse.
1852. Mus mane, Kelaart. Prod., p. 64.
1891. Mus musculus, Blanford. Mammalia, No. 282 (partim).
@ 281, 244; 9 15, 229, 230 (in al.), 252, 263, 254, 255, 256,
257, 258, 259. Dharwar. .
‘
1188 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol... XX1.
3B 296, 298, 299, 341 (in al.), 406, 407, 408, 409, 410, 434,
435, 436; 2 297, 302, 342 (in al.), 405. Gadag,
Dharwar.
These are topotypes of Gray’s Mus manei. Unfortunately Gray publish-
ed no description. In 1852 Kelaart applied the name to a Ceylon Mouse,
whose description, as given by him, agrees quite closely with these
specimens, except that the size quoted is rather small. Until specimens
from Ceylon are available to show that they are distinct, | propose to use
the name manei for the House-Mouse at any rate of Southern India.
Kelaart points out that its longer tail, darker colour, and white toes
differentiate it from Mus musculus.
[“ Particularly plentiful round Gadag. In the Dharwar District
generally this species is not so generally distributed as Epimys rufescens.
It appears to be quite absent in many villages and is never found at any
distance from human habitations.”’—G. C. 8. |
LEGGADA PLATYTHRIX, Sykes.
The Dekhan Spiny-Mouse.
(Synonymy in No. 1.)
AG 13, 467, 468; 9 14, 30, 36, 37, 38, 39, 266, 271. Dharwar.
Q 429. Gadag, Dharwar.
B 572, 597, 612, 623, 625, 627, 628, 649, 673, 674, 682; 9 596,
613, 614, 615, 624, 626, 629, 630, 650, 651, 675, 683, 686.
Hawsbhavi, 8S. Dharwar.
@ 728,729. Hoakan, S. Dharwar.
(See also Reports Nos. 1, 2 and 4.)
Vernacular names.—Légg4dé (Waddars).
|“ Plentiful, often living among piles of loose stones or rocks. In open
country it throws a collection of small stones round the entrance to its
burrow, which recalls Mus albocinereus of the sandy districts of Western
Australia, which constructs a small circular net work of sticks round its
hole, to prevent sand from blowing in and choking it up. Elliot however
notes that Leggada platythrix frequently closes the entrance to its burrow.”
= Ge Ge isi
LEGGADA BOODUGA, Gray.
The Southern Field-Mouse.
(Synonymy in No. 1.)
6 12, 29, 31, 219, 227; Q 32, 38, (in al.), 264, 265. Dharwar.
SG 315, 362, 376, 379, 419, 430, 432, 439, 440, 441, 443, 444, 445,
488, 497, 498; 9 377, 378, 400, 431, 433, 437, 438, 495,
496, 497, 499, 500, 501, 502, 503 (in al.), 489, 490. Gadag,
Dharwar.
MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA. 1189
3G 595, 632, 658, 660, 709; 2 581, 656, 657, 693 (in al.), 633 to
645, 663, 665, 666, 667. Hawsbhavi, S. Dharwar.
The Dharwar specimens are topotypes of Gray’s booduga, which was
based on specimens sent by Elliot.
(See also Reports Nos. 1, 2 and 4.)
Vernacular names.—Budtga (Kanarese); Chittagand, Chittayelka
(Waddars).
(“Very plentiful everywhere, especially in cultivated country.”—
G. C.8.]
EPIMYS RUFESCENS, Gray.
The common Indian Rat.
& 20, 26,114, 218; 113, 115, 121, 272. Dharwar.
& 112; 9 168, 169,170. Devikop, Dharwar.
& 308, 306, 367; Y 3800, 301, 304. Gadag, Dharwar.
& 460; 9 461. Hubli, Dharwar.
& 698. Hawsbhavi, 8. Dharwar.
& 755, 763; 9 756, 757, 764. Samasgi, S. Dharwar.
VARIETY with white underparts.
GO 16, 25, 120, 234, 235, 236, 237, 238, 239; 9 24, 111, 283.
Dharwar.
G 459. Hubli, Dharwar.
3 576, 621, 622, 689, 691; YP 688, 690, 692, 723. Hawsbhavi,
S. Dharwar.
& 765; 9 761, 762. Samasgi, Dharwar.
(See also Reports Nos. 1, 2, 3 and 4.)
Vernacular names.—lli (all rats, Kanarese) ; Gndir (all rats, Marathi) ;
Intyelka (Waddars) ; Choua (all rats, Dekhani).
Hitherto all the specimens dealt with in these Reports have been uni-
formly characterised by dark underparts, whereas in this collection the
majority are white below.
There has been at one time or another much discussion as to the
taxonomic value of the belly colour in this very variable species.
Capt. Lloyd, I.M.S. (Records Ind. Mus. Vol. IT], Part 1, page 92, 1909)
writes: ‘ White-bellied rats form a pure race in Rangoon; they are
common in Calcutta. Out of 69 villages in the Punjaub it was found
that only 3 contained them in small numbers.” And again: “It cannot be
doubted that the commonest type of Mus rattus in India is the dark-bel-
lied one, and that the white-bellied type occurs sporadically.” In the
Malay Peninsula, Siam and the islands of the Malay Archipelago the.
dark-bellied type forms only an insignificant portion of the whole.
Two parallel forms occur in Egypt, and Mr. L. Bonhote has been car-
rying out breeding experiments with these. Some of his recent results
11
1190 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXTI.
are recorded in P. Z. 8., 1912, page 6: “ With regard to the heredity
of the two normal varieties, the white-bellied form (M. 7. tectorwm) was
found to be apparently a simple Mendelian dominant to the dark-bellied
form ( M. r. alexandrinus), the dark-bellied ones always breeding true
and the heterogeneous light-bellied ones giving a proportion of pure
alexandrinus.”’
According to Mr. Bonhote’s results there can be no “ intermediates ”’
(z.e., in the outward appearance ) between the dark-bellied and white-
bellied forms. Amongst these Dharwar specimens in the large majority of
white-bellied individuals the belly is pure white, marked off from dark back
colour by a well defined line, but in one or two this sudden transition
from dark to white is absent, and over more or less the whole of the
under surface the bases of the hairs are grey.
Amongst the Chiroptera and especially amongst the Rhinolophide it is
well known that colour “ phases’ constantly occur, and these perhaps are
analogous to these forms of rufescens.
For the present I propose to list the white-bellied form merely as a
“variety ”’ of rufescens, as the course at once the safest and most convenient.
This white-bellied variety is undoubtedly the rufus and flavescens of
Elliot, but both names are preoccupied; should a name be at any time
required, arboreus, Buchanan Hamilton, is available and most apposite.
Kelaart calls the corresponding animal in Ceylon “The white-bellied
tree Rat.”
Nos. 689, 690, 691, 692 above are representatives of the ‘“‘sport” with a
white spot on the forehead for which Capt. Lloyd has inadvertently estab-
lished the name dbrahminicus ; all four are quite young and evidently
belong to the same litter.
MILLARDIA MELTADA, Gray.
The soft-furred Field-Rat.
(Synonymy in No. 1.)
fg 10,18, 40; 9 462 (in al.), 463, 464, 465, 466. Dharwar.
a 314, 339, 375, 401, 415, 416, 422, 424, 479, 480, 504; 2 374,
413, 414, 428, 425, 478, 487, 491, 492, 494 (in al.), 402.
Gadag, Dharwar.
The Dharwar specimens are topotypes of Elliot’s M. lanuginosus as well
as of Mus meltada, Gray.
(See also Reports Nos. 1 and 3.)
Vernacular names.—Mettada, Mettad Illi ( Kanarese); Mettanyélka,
Mettad (Waddars).
[ Confined, almost, if not entirely, to black soil country, where it is
probably chiefly destructive to cotton crops. These rats, in favourable
seasons, increase in such enormous numbers as to eat down the crops of an
MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA. 1191
entire district. While at Dharwar I never found the species so plentiful
as Tatera or Gunomys, although there is no doubt that at times it becomes
a plague.” —G.C.8.]
GuNoMYs KOK, Gray.
The Southern Mole-Rat.
(Synonymy in No. 1.)
G 28, 66,91, 260, 261; 2 63, 64, 65, 90, 92, 98, 262, 263.
Dharwar.
f 173, 175; 9 162,171,172. Devikop, Dharwar.
G 351, 354, 355, 364, 380, 381, 382, 450; Y 305, 352, 353, 306,
368, 365, 366, 417. Gadag, Dharwar.
f 605; Q 604, 620, 685. Hawsbhavi, 8. Dharwar.
(See also Reports 1 and 4.)
Vernacular names.—Koka, lllkéka (Kanarese); Urpunigodka (Haran
Shikaris).
[ “ Although not in quite such enormous numbers as Tatera, this species
probably comes second here as a destroyer of crops. Occurs everywhere
both in open cultivation, and the thickest forest ; its existence being
always indicated by the mole-hill like mounds which it throws up. They
are extremely savage and when in confinement will jump at, and attempt
to bite, anything that comes near them, at the same time giving a series of
angry grunts.’”—G. C. S.]|
BANDICOTA MALABARICA, Shaw.
The Malabar Bandicoot.
1801. Mus malabaricus, Shaw. Gen. Zool., p. 54.
1839. Mus (Neotoma) giganteus, Elliot. Madr. Jour. Land. S., p. 209.
1891. WNesocia bandicota, Blanford. Mammalia No. 296 (partim).
go 144, 190, 193; 9 167, 204. Devikop, Dharwar.
Q 223. Dharwar.
Q 760,771, 813. Samasgi, S. Dharwar.
These certainly represent Elliot’s Neotoma gigantea, but they seem most
like the Travancore form. Compare my paper on the Bandicoots in this
Journal (Vol. XVIII, p. 747).
Vernacular names.—Heggana (Kanarese); Ghis, Ghotis (Marathi and
Dekhani) ; Phersakéka (Waddars).
[(“ Chiefly frequenting stables and outhouses, where they are said to be
very destructive in undermining floors. The habits of the Java Bandicoot
were entirely different, it lived in rice fields and was fond of water.
This rat (as well as Funambulus, Tatera and even Simic) is said to be
very liable to bubonic plague, and occasionally to be found dead in numbers
from that cause.’ —G. C. 8.}
1192 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXI.
GOLUNDA ELLIOTI, Gray.
The Indian Bush Rat.
(Synonymy in No. 1.)
@ 248. Dharwar.
3G 598, 617, 619, 659, 664, 669, 671, 676, 680, 694, 700, 701,
702, 710; 9 594, 610, 618, 631, 652, 668, 669, 670, 672,
678, 679, 681, 684, 695, 696, 697, 699, 704, 705 (in al.).
Hawsbhavi, S. Dharwar.
& 766; 9 767. Samasgi, 8. Dharwar.
(See also Report No. J.)
Vernacular names.—Gulanda (Kanarese); Serrumginda Gulandélka
(Waddars).
These are topotypes of Gray’s species, later ; in his Dharwar List, Elliot
named it hirsutus.
Hystrix LEUCURA, Sykes.
The Indian Porcupine.
(Synonymy in No. 1.)
76 (skull only). Dharwar.
(See also Report No. 1.)
Vernacular names.—Mulluhani, Yédu (Kanarese); Saial, Sayler (Mara-
thi and Dekhani); Yetundi, Yédu (Waddars and Haran Shikaris).
[(“ Not plentiful round Dharwar.”—G. C. 8.]
LEPUS NIGRICOLLIS, Cuv.
The black-naped Hare.
1807. Lepus hurgosa, Buchanan. Voy. Mysore 1., p. 169 (nomen nudum).
1823. Lepus nigricollis, F. Cuvier. Dict. Sc. Nat. XXVI, p. 307.
1843. Lepus kurgosa, Gray. Cat. Mamm. (nomen nudum).
1891. Lepus nigricollis, Blanford. Mammalia No. 319.
@ 48. Alnawar, Dharwar.
g 75, 81 (imm.); 94.; 9 74, 80. Dharwar.
& 123; Q 207. Devikop, Dharwar.
@ 312, 318, 388; 2 457. Gadag, Dharwar.
Q 647. Hawsbhavi, S. Dharwar.
@ 730. Honkan, 8. Dharwar.
@ 790, 804 (in all.) Samasgi, S. Dharwar.
The type locality of this species is Malabar. It is also found in Java
(introduced). The material is very scanty on which to judge, but the
Nilgiri form seems to vary from this one and when specimens are available
from Malabar for comparison both may be found to differ from true
nigricolls. a
MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA.
1193
Vernacular names.—Mola, Mala (Kanarese); Sasa (Marathi); Kundéli
(Waddars and Haran Shikaris) ; Khargosh (Dekhani).
[“ Occurring both in open and forest country.
sively, nocturnal. Two young ones born in captivity, in early November,
Chiefly, but not exclu-
had their eyes open and were just able to move about within 12 hours.
This hare is rather savage, and when caught will often attempt to bite,
and to scratch with its fore paws, frequently uttering loud squeals. If
two are confined together, one will generally fight with and kill the
other.” —G.C.8.]
1799.
1823.
1823.
1825.
1825.
1831.
1843.
1891.
Vernacular names.—Kadave,
Rusa UNiIcoLor, Bechs.
The Sambhar.
Cervus unicolor, Bechstein. Allgeui. Uebers. Vierfus. i., p. 112.
Cervus hippelaphus, Cuvier. Oss. Foss. ed. 2. N., p. 40.
Cervus equinus, Cuvier.1. c., p. 45.
Cervus aristotelis, Cuvier. Oss. Foss. ed. 3, iv., p. 503.
Cervus leschenaultt, Cuvier. 1. ¢., p. 506.
Cervus yarat, Hodgson. Glean. Se. iii., p. 321.
Axis pennantii, Gray. List Mamm."B.M., p. 180.
Cervus unicolor, Blanford. Mammalia No. 367.
& 295 (imm). Dharwar.
(Marathi) ; Sambar (Dekhani).
Witte
1831.
1841.
1843.
1891.
Axis axis, Erxl.
The Spotted Deer.
Cervus axis, Erxl. Syst. Reg. An., p. 312.
Cervus nudipalpebra, Ogilby. P.Z.S., p. 136.
Axis major and minor, Hodgson. 8.A.8S.B., x, p. 914.
Axis maculata, Gray. List. Mam. B.M., p. 178.
Cervus axis, Blanford. Mammalia No. 368.
802 92. Samasgi, S. Dharwar.
Kadaba (Kanarese); Méru,
Sambar
Vernacular names.—Saraga, Saranga (Kanarese and Waddars) ; Chital,
Chithal, Mirg (all kinds of deer, Marathi and Dekhani); Ka4rdoh,
Saringi (Haran Shikaris).
1766.
1850.
1891.
ANTILOPE CERVICAPRA, L.
The Black Buck.
Capra cervicapra, Linneus. Syst. Nat., p. 96.
Antilope bezoartica, Gray. P.Z.S., p. 117.
Antilope cervicapra, Blanford. Mammalia No. 357.
d 483. Hebli near Dharwar.
@ 722,724 (Skull only), 725; 2 706. Hawsbhavi, 8. Dharwar.
1194 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XX,
Vernacular names.—Chigari (Kanarese) ; Haran, Krishnamrig (Marathi);
Haran, Kalwit (Dekhani) ; Ginka (Waddars and Haran Shikaris).
[“ Not occurring in the immediate vicinity of Dharwar, but in the black
cotton soil districts that stretch away to the north-east and south-east
they are widely distributed and in many places sufficiently numerous to do
a considerable amount of damage to the cotton crops. The does and
immature bucks have a considerable resemblance to the Spring Buck of
South Africa, and their habits are similarin many ways. But there is
something stilted and stiff jointed about the movements of a Black Buck
which is quite unlike a Spring Buck, which I consider the more graceful
and certainly the swifter of the two.”—G.C.8.]
GAZELLA BENNETTI.
The Indian Gazelle.
(For Synonymy, sce Report No. 1.)
3 (imm.) 1357. Near Haveri, Dharwar.
(See also Reports Nos. 1 and 3.)
Vernacular names.—Channachigari, Burari Kungur ( Kanarese); Chin-
kara (Marathi and Dekhani).
TETRACEROS QUADRICORNIS, Blainv.
The four-horned Antelope.
(For Synonymy, see Report No. 2.)
&@ 800. Samasgi, 8. Dharwar.
(See also Report No. 2.)
Vernacular narmes.—Kond-kuri, Kan-kuri (Kanarese); Jangli-Békra
(Marathi and Dekhani) ; these names are also used for M. vaginalis the
Muntjac.
Sus cristatus, Wagn.
The Indian Wild Boar,
1839. Sus cristatus, Wagner. Munch. Gel. Anz. ix., p. 435.
1843. Sus indicus, Gray. Cat. Mamm. (no description).
1847. Sus affinis, Gray. Cat. Ost. Spec, p. 71.
1860. Sus indicus, Blyth. J.A.S.B., xxix,’p. 105.
1891. Sus cristatus, Blanford. Mammalia No. 374.
@ 736, 375, Honkan, 8. Dharwar.
Vernacular names.—Handi, Karimikka (Kanarese) ; Dukar (Marathi) ;
Fundi (Waddars) ; Pandi (Haran Shikaris) ; Suar, Bura Janwar (Dekhani).
Blanford points out, though he does not accept, Blyth’s separation of
three forms, under separate names, of the Indian Wild Pig. Blyth accepts
the Malabar form as true cristatus and separates the trans Gangetic pig as
bengalensis on account of the less marked constriction of the parietal and
MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA. 1195
the shorter tail. Blanford distinguishes cristatus from the European scrofa
by the great size and complexity of its posterior molar. The material in
the Museum is very scanty but in three adult or old Boars (from Malabar,
Sind and ‘India’ ) I find that the parietal constriction measures from 28
to 34 mm., the posterior molar 43, and the next two together 35 mm., while
in three animals (from Sikhim and the Tarai) these measurements average
46, 37 and 35 mm. respectively.
The question does not directly affect this report for the present speci-
mens are undoubtedly enistatus, but I would suggest that the Society start
a record of measurements of Indian Pigs. If a direct appeal were made to
‘the Secretaries there should be no difficulty in obtaining body measure-
ments from various Clubs, and the loan or gift of skulls for the desired
measurements.
[ The coloured plate of the Painted Bat Kerivoula picta which accompanies this
paper gives a very good idea of the brilliant colouring of this bat.
The red of the wings is very faithfully reproduced but the fur on [the head has
hardly been made long enough which makes the ears appear to stand out more than
they doin life. No one who has not seen this bat alive or a short time after death
can have any idea of the beautiful colouring as it rapidly fades after death and
in museum specimens the wings appear a parchment yellow.— EDs. ]
1196
A LIST OF BIRDS FROM ARAKAN.
BY
CyriL Hopwoon, I.F.s.
Before attempting to deal with the birds met with during my
two years’ stay in Arakan, perhaps I may be permitted to give a
brief description of the district itself, as I feel that this may prove
of interest to those unacquainted with this corner of the Indian
Empire, and help to explain the presence or absence of certain
birds.
Arakan may be divided roughly into three belts. (4) The sea
coast, (ii) the foot hills and (iii) the main hill ranges. With
regard to (i) a considerable portion of the coast line is fringed
with mangrove swamp, in which kingfishers, storks, herons and a
few raptorial and passerine birds are found; but there are, in
places, considerable areas of sandy beach, backed by open grassy
downs, which are a favourite haunt of the small waders, and
especially of the Eastern Golden Plover, which is found here in
thousands. Between the sea coast and the foot hills lies the paddy
land, which is of very considerable extent; this tract is of more
interest to the sportsman than to the ornithologist, as there are
few birds to be seen (other than the very commonest), except
snipe and duck, though the latter are not too numerous, on
account of the scarcity of suitable jheels.
Passing over (11) for the moment, it may be stated roughly that
practically the whole of (4i1) is dense bamboo jungle, almost
treeless, and consequently unsuitable for a great variety of bird
life. The exception is the Kyaukpaudaung range, which reaches
an elevation of about 4,000 feet. This range, which I was lucky
enough to visit for a few days in May 1909, is a veritable ornitho-
logist’s paradise, and my only regret was that my time there was
so limited. Ata height of about 3,000 feet the bamboo gives
place to very fine evergreen jungle, and at the top of the range
there are numerous open grassy glades. As the birds met with
here will be dealt with in their proper order, it is unnecessary to
remark upon them at this point.
A LIST OF BIRDS FROM ARAKAN. 1197
From the foregoing, it follows that the bulk of the passerine
birds are to be met with in the foot hills (41) and the forest growth
may be described as mainly of the deciduous type, fairly open,
and without much undergrowth. The streams, however, many of
which are perennial, are frequently fringed with dense evergreen
jungle including palms and canes and the foot hills thus afford a
very considerable variety of forest eminently suited to the
requirements of passerine and raptorial birds. Further, as there
is a good deal of paddy cultivation lying between the lower spurs,
there is an additional attraction for such birds as find their food
amongst the standing grain and stubbles. In conclusion, I must
apologise for the meagreness of my list ; and in extenuation would
plead guilty to being an oologist rather than an ornithologist ; this,
added to the extreme difficulty of transporting specimens, accounts
for my having undoubtedly passed over large numbers of the
smaller passeres, especially warblers, though so far as possible,
I made a point of shooting any small bird with which 1 was
unacquainted. ;
The numbers used are from the “ Fauna of British India.”’
ORDER PASSERKES.
Famity Corvin.
4. CoRVUS MACRORHYNCHUS.—The Jungle Crow.
Common on sea coast and in foot hills; frequently found feeding on
garbage on the beach. I found two nests on 27th March 1909, each with
three young, nearly fully fledged.
7. Corvus SPLENDENS.—The Indian House Crow.
The only house crow found at Akyab and to the north; to the south it
extends as far as Kyaukpyu (some 60 miles south of Akyab), where it is
found in company with C. insolens.
South of Kyaukpyu I failed to meet with it. It is of interest to note
that it commences breeding at the end of February, and nests with eggs
are numerous by the first week in March. It is much victimised by the
Koel, of whom more anon. On 2nd March 1909, I obtained two very
abnormal pale blue eggs, with a few large blotches, rather recalling the
eggs of the talking Myna (£. intermedia), but quite rough to the touch, and
glossless.
8. Corvus INsoLENS.—The Burmese House Crow.
Found with C. splendens at Kyaukpyu, but not further north. South of
12
1198 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XX1.
Kyaukpyu it replaces C, splendens. I did not look for nests, but doubtless
it breeds in March.
12. Unroctssa occrpiraLis.—The Red-billed Blue Magpie.
Foot hills of Arakan Yoma, but rare.
14. Crssa CHINENSIS.—The Green Magpie.
I only met with the bird once myself, in March 1910, when beating for
pig. The only other occasion on which I heard of it was from my friend
Mr. Hamilton, of the Forest service, who tells me that when he was sitting
up over a corpse for a man-eater, one of these birds came and pecked at
the corpse; but whether it was devouring the flesh or searching for insects
is uncertain. The incident, however, seems worthy of note. The bird
would appear to be rare, as I did not meet with it at Kyaukpaudaung.
16. DeEnpRocitta RuFA.—The Indian Tree-Pie.
Common, especially at Akyab, where it breeds in April and May, though
I failed to find its nest.
31. Parus atricers.—The Indian Grey Tit.
I think I saw some of these birds on Kyaukpaudaung, but failed to
obtain a specimen. As its range extends throughout Burma it is fairly
certain that it occurs in Arakan.
I met with no other birds which I even suspected of belonging to the
Parine or Paradoxornithine. The country, on the whole, is unsuitable for
these birds, and if any occur they must be very rare and local.
FAMILY CRATEROPODIDA.
69. GARRULAX LEUCOLOPHUS.—The Himalayan White-Crested Laughing
Thrush.
Fairly common. I got a nest with 4 eggs on 8th May 1909 on Kyauk-
paudaung. I failed to meet with G. belanger: at all.
72, GARRULAX PECTORALIS.—Black-gorgeted Laughing Thrush.
Common. I saw a partial albino of this species, but failed to
secure it.
73. GARRULAX MONILIGER.—The Necklaced Laughing Thrush.
Less common than the preceding. ;
116. Pomaroruinus scHisticePs.—The Slaty-headed Scimitar Babbler.
Fairly common, and one of the few birds which inhabits the heavy
bamboo jungle.
131. PomarorHryvs HyroLeucus.—The Arakan Scimitar Babbler.
Not common, and appears to inhabit the dense bamboo forest. I was
fortunate enough to obtain a nest with 2 eggson 26th January 1909. The
nest was of the usual type, and placed ina fork of a bamboo. It was
made of the twigs and tendrils of a creeper, and thickly lined with roots
and fibres of fern. It measured 13 inches from top of dome to base and
7 inches from entrance, which was at the side to back.
A LIST OF BIRDS FROM ARAKAN. 1199
134. TrmELIa PILEATA.—The Red-capped Babbler.
Far from common, but occurs occasionally in scrub jungle, usually near
the sea.
137. GamPpsonHYNCHUS RUFULUS.—The White-headed Shrike-Babbler.
I only once met with these birds, and that was in dense bamboo jungle
at the foot of the Sandway Yoma. I secured one immature specimen.
139. PycrorHis sINENSIS.—The Yellow-eyed Babbler.
Not uncommon in scrub jungle near the sea coast; resident and
breeds.
143. PxELLoRNEUM MINUS.—Sharpe’s Spotted Babbler.
Mr. Oates was good enough to identify my specimen, whose nest I
found on Kyaukpaudaung on May 10th, 1909, with 8 eggs. The bird is
not uncommon ; all the specimens I obtained were similar to that sent to
Mr. Oates, so I fancy that P. subochraceum does not occur in Arakan.
1538. CoryrHocicHLa stRIaTA.—The Streaked Babbler.
I record this with some diffidence, as the bird was severely damaged by
the shot, and could not be preserved; but it appeared, after careful exami-
nation, to be referable to this species. It was one of a pair, which appeared
to be breeding, though I could not find the nest, and was obtained on
Kyaukpaudaung on May 9th, 1909.
160. Turpinus aBpBorti1.—Abbot’s Babbler.
Not uncommon’ in evergreen jungle.
163. ALcIPPE NEPALENSIS.—Nepal Babbler.
On Kyaukpaudaung, where I found a nest on May 10th, 1909. I failed
to meet with the bird elsewhere, or with A. phayrit.
169. SracHyRuHis NiGRIcEPs.—The Black-throated Babbler.
Not uncommon. Nest with 4 eggs on Kyaukpaudaung on 8th May 1909.
188. MytopHongeus EUGENII.—The Burmese Whistling Thrush.
Not common.
Other members of the Brachypterygine and of the Sibiune are likely
to occur on Kyaukpaudaung, but I should not expect to find them
elsewhere.
243. AXGITHINA TIPHIA.—The Common lora.
Common everywhere.
247. CHLOROPSIS AURIFRONS.—The Gold-fronted Chloropsis.
Fairly common.
250. CHLOROPSIS CHLOROCEPHALA.—The Burmese Chloropsis.
Common.
254, Irena PuELLA.—The Fairy Blue Bird.
Rather rare ; but breeds, as I shot a female on April 8th, 1909, which
would have laid in a few days time.
255. MELANOCHLORA SULTANEA.—The Sultan Bird.
A single specimen, probably breeding, on Kyaukpaudaung, May 1909.
1200 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXI.
SuB-FAMILY BRACHYPODINA.
263. CRINIGER FLAVEOLUS.—The White-throated Bulbul.
I believe this to be the common Criniger of Arakan. I have undoubted
specimens of this bird, but none of C. durmanicus. The birds are common,
but difficult to shoot.
269. HypsirpETES PSAROIDES.—Himalayan Black Bulbul.
Very common on Kyaukpaudaung, where I got numerous nests in May
1909; but I did not see it elsewhere. I failed to meet with H. concolor.
272. HemMixus FLAvVALA.—The Brown-eared Bulbul.
Kyaukpaudaung, but not elsewhere.
275. HEMIxUS MACCLELLANDI.—Rufous-bellied Bulbul.
Kyaukpaudaung, not elsewhere.
279, Mo.pastEs BURMANICUS.—Burmese Red-vented Bulbul.
Common everywhere.
287. XANTHIXUS FLAVESCENS.—Blyth’s Bulbul.
Mr. Oates identified two specimens from Kyaukpandaung, where they —
are common. They are smaller than the type specimens, but this Mr. Oates
attributes to their being young birds. However, I shot adults which were
no larger, and I am inclined to think that this is a small local race ; there
is no reason to consider it a different species.
288. Orocampsa EMERIA.—Bengal Red-whiskered Bulbul.
Common everywhere.
290. OrocaMPsA FLAVIVENTRIS.—Black-crested yellow Bulbul.
Common. I saw a pair collecting nesting materials in March 1910; but
I have never found a nest.
306. Pycnonotus BLANFORDI.—Blanford’s Bulbul.
Very rare in Arakan, the country being unsuited to its habits ; but occurs
occasionally.
310. Micropus MELANOCEPHALUS.—The Black-headed Bulbul.
I obtained a single specimen on 2nd March 1909, near the Akyab race-
course. I searched for a nest, but was not successful.
Faminy SItripz.
325. SirTaA FRONTALIS.— Velvet-fronted Blue Nuthatch.
This bird is very fairly common, and appears to be the only nuthatch
commonly found in Arakan. S. neglecta was not met with.
Famity DicrvuRIDz&.
327. Dickurus atTER.—The Black Drongo.
Common.
333. DicruRUS CINERACEUS.—The Grey Drongo.
I saw, but failed to secure a species of Grey Drongo on several
occasions. I feel almost certain that these birds were D. cimeraceus.
ae
_"
A LIST OF BIRDS FROM ARAKAN. 1201
335. CHIBIA HOTTENTOTTA.—The Hair-crested Drongo.
Common everywhere. I have seen flocks of 40 or 60 together. On one
occasion they were dashing into the water from an overhanging tree, flying
back, and repeating the performance; they seemed to be bathing or
playing, not feeding.
339. BHRINGA REMIFER.—Lesser Racket-tailed Drongo.
Fairly common.
340. DissEMURUS PARADISEUS.—Larger Racket-tailed Drongo.
Common throughout the foot hills, and along the larger streams. I
found several nests, but was unable to get at them. Curiously enough I
obtained two nests quite easily accessible, in mango trees, near Rangoon
shortly after [left Arakan. The tail feathers of this bird, and of B. remzfer,
are much sought after for use as head-dresses by the Chin hill-tribes.
Famity CEertHiipZ.
I failed to identify any species, but once or twice I saw a wren, pro-
bably a species of Pnoepyga.
Famity SYLviIIp2.
As already stated, I know that I missed many warblers; the appended
list is therefore very meagre, and far from representative.
363. ACROCEPHALUS STENTOREUS.—Indian Great Reed Warbler. Obtain-
ed a single specimen on 28th March 1910.
367. ACROCEPHALUS AGRICOLA.—Paddy-field Reed Warbler.
I got abird on 9th February 1909, which I identified as this species,
but unfortunately the bird went bad before I had time to skin it, sol was
unable to have my opinion corroborated.
374, OxtHotomus sutToRIUS.—Tailor-bird.
Very common. Nests abundantly in May.
379. CiIsTIcOoLA TYTLERI.—Yellow-headed Fantail Warbler.
Identified for me by Mr. Oates. Cisticolas are very common in suitable
localities, but I failed to actually identify any other species. I found
no nests.
382. FRANKLINIA GRACILIS.—Franklin’s Wren-Warbler.
Appears common. Numerous nestS were obtained by my friend, Mr.
Thorn, near Paletwa in N. Arakan.
424, AcANTHOPNEUSTE MAGNIROSTRIS.—Large-billed Willow- Warbler.
Irecord this species with some diffidence, as the single specimen
obtained was moulting, and was damaged by the shot. But it was without
doubt an Acanthopneuste; and judging by the dark colour, attributable
to this species. Date 12th April 1910.
463. PRINIA FLAVIVENTRIS.—Yellow-bellied Wren-Warbler.
Common and breeds.
1202 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XX1,
468, PRINIA BLANFORDI.—Burmese Wren-Warbler.
I cannot swear to the species, but it is either this or P. znornata. Not
common.
Famity LAanip2.
474, LaAnius coLLuRio1pEs.—The Burmese Shrike.
Common in the winter. Leaves about April, and first seen on return on
October 3rd, 1909.
481, Lanrus cristatus.—Brown Shrike.
Very common near the sea coast from August to April. Mr. Oates identi-
fied the bird for me, but it was not quite typical. I much regret not having
collected a series, though I see no reason for suspecting the occurrence
of anew species. Butitis just possible.
484, Hemipus picatus.—Black-backed Pied Shrike.
I several times saw birds which I presume belonged to this species, and
shot and identified one on 20th March 1910.
488. TEPHRODORNIS PONDICERIANUS.—Common Wood Shrike.
Common in suitable localities. I failed to obtain any other species of
Tephrodornis.
491. PERICcROCOTUS FRATERCULUS.—Burmese Scarlet Minivet.
I did not actually obtain a specimen, as the birds were very rare, but I
presume the few seen were of this species.
500. Prricrocorus PEREGRINUS.—Small Minivet.
Common. Breed in the Casuarina trees in Akyab cantonments.
510. GravcuLus macii.—Large Cuckoo Shrike.
Very common and noisy. I was lucky enough to get a nest, with
two nearly fresh eggs on 30th March 1909, to which I was attracted by the
agitation of the birds. It was only when my man climbed the tree that
the nest was discovered, as it was almost invisible from below, being most
cunningly concealed in a forked branch.
512. Artamus FuscuS.—Ashy Swallow Shrike.
Very common. Breeds about April in the Casuarinas in Akyab.
FaMIty ORIOLID.
° 521. OrioLus MELANOCEPHALUS.—Indian Black-headed Oriole.
Common everywhere.
Famity EULABETID2.
524, KEuULABES INTERMEDIA.—Indian Grackle.
Not very common. Obtained eggs in N. Arakan in May. As elsewhere, a
favourite cage bird. One of a pair which I had in my aviary was a brilliant
talker and mimic, and could also whistle tunes.
FAMILY STURNID&.
538. SruRNIA MALABARICA.—The Grey-headed Myna.
Common. Breeds in holes in the Casuarinas in April and May in Akyab.
F
:
~ J
A LIST OF BIRDS FROM ARAKAN, 1203
549. AcRIDOTHERES TRISTIS.—Common House Myna.
Common everywhere.
552. CitniopsaR Fuscus.—The Jungle Myna.
Common in all suitable localities, but I failed to find a nest.
506. STURNOPASTOR SUPERCILIARIS.—Burmese Pied Myna.
Very common and breeds in large numbers near towns and villages
in May. Mr. Oates writes under S. contra: “ A specimen from Arakan in
the British Museum is a typical S. contra. ’’ Every single bird which I met
with, and I shot some dozens. and examined many more through glasses
at close range were typical S. superciliaris. The British Museum specimen
must, therefore, have been a rare straggler.
Famity Muscicaripa.
Flycatchers are scarcely as numerous as might be expected, and I failed
to meet with several usually common species. Iam inclined to think that
I did not overlook many, as I take a rather particular interest in this
family.
558. HEMICHELIDON sIBIRICA.—Sooty Fly-catcher.
Apparently confined to Kyaukpaudaung, where I obtained a specimen on
May 7th, 1909. From the date, I should judge it to be resident.
562. SIPHIA ALBICILLA.—EHastern Red-breasted Fly-catcher.
Common winter migrant approximately from November to March.
All in female dress.
569. CyorRNIs MELANOLEUCUS.—Little Pied Fly-catcher.
Common in Kyaukpaudaung at about 4,000 feet, not seen elsewhere.
575. CYORNIS RUBECULOIDES.—Blue-throated Fly-catcher.
Appears common.
592, CULICICAPA CEYLONENSIS.—Grey-headed Fly-catcher.
Common. ;
594. Nittava suNDARA.—Rufous-bellied Niltava.
Though several times seen, I failed to shoot a specimen; but I am well
acquainted with the bird which I obtained in the Upper Chindwin, not
a great distance from Arakan as the crow (or Niltava!) flies, so I think it
may safely be recorded.
599. TERPSIPHONE AFFINIS.—Burmese Paradise Fly-catcher.
Fairly common in suitable localities. I got a nest from an evergreen
stream with two fresh eggs on 13th April 1909. The nest was placed in the
angle between the stem and leaf of a wild canna. Cock bird in chestnut
plumage.
605. RHIPIDURA ALBICOLLIS.— White-throated Fantail Fly-cather.
Not common. One of the birds which haunts the gloomy bamboo forests
of the Yoma, where I first observed it.
1204 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXT.
Famity TurpDIpDz&.
608. PratTiIncoLa CcAPRATA.—Common Pied Bush Chat.
Common and breeds. ~
610. Prarincota MauRA.—Indian Bush Chat.
Common winter migrant.
631. Hxrnicurus guttatus.—Hastern Spotted Forktail.
On Kyaukpaudaung only. I obtained a nest of the usual Forktail type
with three fresh eggs on May 8th, 1909. The nest was in a cleft of a rock
over water.
633. HENICURUS IMMACULATUS.
Common along all jungle streams, and occasionally seen in Akyab can-
tonments. Breeds March and April.
638. CHIMARRHORNIS LEUCOCEPHALUS.— White-capped Redstart.
Not common, but occasionally met with near waterfalls in perennial
streams. Probably breeds, as I have seen it as late as April.
646. RHYACORNIS FULIGINOSUS.—Plumbeous Redstart.
A single female. N.Arakan. Cold weather.
663. CopsycHUS SAULARIS.—Magpie-Robin.
Common.
664. CrrrocINCLA MACRURA.—Shama.
Not common.
686. GrOCICHLA CITRINA.—Orange-headed Ground Thrush.
Only met with on Kyaukpaudaung, in evergreen jungle at about 4,000
feet. I got three nests on May 8th and 9th, 1909, containing respectively 1
fresh, 3 slightly incubated and 2 hard set eggs. The nests were of the
usual type, placed in the fork of a sapling in each case.
693. PrrropHiLa cyanus.— Western Blue Rock Thrush.
Common from October to about April. A few arrive in September. This
bird occasionally sings most beautifully but very rarely.
698. OrnocINcLA DAuMA.—Small-billed Mountain Thrush.
Ruchaung, N. Arakan, March 1910. Appears rare.
Famity PLocrip2.
720. Puiocreus Bpaya.—The Baya.
Common.
723. PiLocrus MANYAR.—Striated Weaver-bird.
Common.
725a. Munta ornyzivorna.—The Java Sparrow.
I met with a flock of six on September 26th, 1909, when snipe shooting :
they were feeding on grass seeds, like common munias. Again, in March
1910 I saw a pairin Akyab cantonments and a single specimen in the
paddy fields in April 1910. The birds are known to the Arakanese villagers,
so the species may be taken as thoroughly established in Arakan.
ap Oe
A LIST OF BIRDS FROM ARAKAN. 1205
726. Munia ATRIcAPILLA.—Chestnut-bellied Munia.
Common.
727. URononcHa acuricaupa.—Hodgson’s Munia.
Common. Breeds early in May, when I obtained several nests with fresh
eggs.
735. UroLoncHa PUNCTULATA.—Spotted Munia.
Common everywhere.
739. SPORHGINTHUS FLAVIDIVENTRIS.—Burmese Red Munia.
Fairly common. Found a nest of young birds at the end of August
1909 in a screw-pine on a bund in a paddy field.
FRamity FRINGILLIDZ.
761. Carpopacts ERYtHRINUS.—Common Rose Finch.
A single specimen at Myohaung, 3rd March 1910. I am told the bird is
not uncommon in this particular locality. Itis one of the few places in
the “plains” of Arakan, or rather of the Akyab district of Arakan, where
there is a fair extent of jungle, other than mangrove jungle, and is conse-
quently a good place for birds. The woodland near Myohaung would
repay more careful exploration than I was able to give.
776. Passer pomEsTicus.—The House Sparrow.
It may be of interest to record that this bird is not found north of Kaladan
on the Kaladan river. It does not occur at the little town of Paletwa, the
head-quarters of N. Arakan ; nor is it replaced by any other sparrow. At
Akyab, I found a nest containing young sparrows built into a kite’s nest,
in which were young kites and the sparrows were quite unmolested. The
sparrows also use old kingfisher’s burrows, which are very numerous near
Akyab, as nesting sites.
780. Passer cINNAMOMEUS.—Cinnamon Tree Sparrow.
Rare.
I only identified one bunting, though I saw others.
797. HEmpBeErizA aurzota.—Yellow-breasted Bunting.
Occurs in large flocks, and is common in the cold weather months. °
4 observed them as late as April.
Famity Hrirrunpdinip2&.
807. CHELIDON NEPALENSIS.—Hodgson’s Martin.
Common at Kyaukpaudaung, where it breeds on the clifis in April and
May. ‘The nests, as a rule, are inaccessible and I did not get eggs. The
birds are occasionally met with, but are rare elsewhere.
809, CorTILE stNENsIs.—Indian Sand Martin.
Common.
814. Hrrunpo eurruratis.—EHastern Swallow.
Common everywhere in winter.
13
1206 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XX, ;
815. Hirunbo TYTLERI.
Tytler’s Swallow.
Fairly common.
817. Hrrunpo savanica.—Nilgiri House Swallow.
I failed to satisfy myself as to whether these birds are resident throughout
the year, but I obtained eggs from some cliffs by the sea at Kyaukpgu
at the end of March, and the birds are common in winter. Oates does
not record this bird from Burma.
818. Hirunpo smiruit.— Wire-tailed Swallow.
Common. Nest with 4 eggs from a cliff on the Lemru river, N. Arakan
April 12, 1909.
822. HirRunDO NEPALENSIS.—Hodgson’s Striated Swallow.
Appears to occur only in N. Arakan, where I met with itin April and
May fairly commonly.
Famity Morvacinnipa.
Wagtails are very numerous in Arakan. The following were actually
i*entified, but there are probably others.
826. Moracizta atBa.—White Wagtail.
Common everywhere.
828. Moract~ta ocuLaRiIs.—Streak-eyed Wagtail.
Upper Kaladan, N. Arakan, November 1908.
832. MoraciLbLaA MELANOPE.—Gray Wagtail.
Common in winter; earliest date of appearance September 20, 1909. »
834. Moracitnta FLAva.—Blue-headed Wagtail.
Not uncommon.
839, LimonipRomuUS iInDicus.—Forest Wagtail.
Twice seen in January and February 1909 but I failed to secure either
specimen. I have shot it elsewhere in Burma, and once identified. It is
easily recognised, so may be unhesitatingly recorded.
845. ANTHUS RICHARDI.—Richard’s Pipit.
Common.
847. ANTHUS RUFULUS.—Indian Pipit.
Common everywhere, and I saw a pair carrying nesting materials in
February ; but as Iwas on the march, I did not look for the nest.
850. ANTHUS ROSAcEUS.—Hodgson’s Pipit.
A young bird, Akyab racecourse, 24th November 1908. Just assuming
the pinkish tinge on head and neck ; breast and sides heavily streaked. The
specimen, which I had intended to preserve, was unfortunately stolen from
my verandah by a crow!
Famity ALAUDIDA.
861. ALAuDA GuLGuULA.—Indian Sky-Lark.
Resident and breeds from March to May,in both of which months I
sot nests.
«
A LIST OF BIRDS FROM ARAKAN. 1207°
870. Mrrarra assamica.—Bengal Bush Lark.
Very common and resident.
Famity NECTARINIIDS.
The birds of this family are very plentiful in Arakan, but I only identi-
fied a few.
884, AlrHopyGa caRA.—Tenasserim Yellow-backed Sun-bird.
Oates says that 1t is “ doubtful if this sun-bird extends to Arakan or not.’”’
I can now positively state that it is common in Arakan, being found usually
on the edge of the forest, near the paddy fields. ;
895, ARACHNECTHRA ASIATICA.—Purple Sun-bird.
Common.
896, ARACHNECTHRA HASSELTI.—Van Hasselt’s Sun-bird.
This beautiful Sun-bird is not uncommon.
898. ARACHNECTHRA FLAMMAXILLARIS.—Burmese Yellow-breasted
Sun-bird.
Common.
908. ANTHOTHREPTES MALACCENSIS.—Brown-throated Sun-bird.
Fairly common.
909. ARACHNOTHERA LONGIROSTRIS.—Little Spider-Hunter.
Fairly common, but I never succeeded in finding a nest, though I think
I must have been near one more than once, to judge from the excitement
of the birds.
Famity Dicamipz.
912. DicmumM cruENntTATUM.—Scarlet-backed Flower Pecker.
Common.
914. DicmumM cHRYSORRHGUM.—Yellow-vented Flower Pecker.
Rather rare.
919. Dicmum ERYTHRORHYNCHUS.—Tickell’s Flower Pecker.
Not uncommon. A bold familiar little bird, which will settle close to:
one, and is far too intent on its own business to take much notice of one’s.
movements.
I also saw, once or twice, a bird which I should be inclined to attribute
to the genus Prionochilus ; but as I did not obtain a specimen I cannot
venture any more definite opinion.
Famity Pirripa.
927. PiIrrTa NEPALENSIS.—Blue-naped Pitta.
Not common. The jungle is not suitable for Pittas, but P. cyanea and
P. cyanoptera are also recorded from Arakan, and would probably be found
on Kyaukpaudaung.
This concludes the Passeres, of which I find I have actually identified
121 species. There is therefore plenty of scope for further research !
1208 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXI.
ORDER EURYLAIMI.
Famity HuryvyL“{MIpa&.
I only met with two species, both on Kyankpaudaung. These were :—
948. SERILOPHUS RUBRIPYGIUS.—Gould’s Broadbill.
944. PsaRisomMus DALHOUSI#.—Long-tailed Broadbill.
I got nests of both, May 7th to 9th, but whereas Jonly got one of P.
dalhousia, I got about half a dozen of 8, rubripygius, and frequently saw
the birds.
ORDER PICI.
Famity Picipz.
In my nine years’ experience of Burma, during which I have served in some
‘ten “ districts,” I have never struck a place in which the Pict are so scarce as
in Arakan. This is doubtless accounted for by the immense areas of
bamboo jungle, and the paucity of tree growth; but even in ordinary tree
jungle, woodpeckers are far less numerous than usual. I wonder if the
proximity of the sea, and the heavy rainfall has anything to do with this.
The following list is complete as far as my observations went, as I did not
see a single woodpecker which I failed to identify.
951. GEcINUS CHLOROLOPHUS.—Small Himalayan Yellow-naped Wood-
pecker.
Common.
958. GECINULUS GRANTIA.—Northern Pale-headed Woodpecker.
Fairly common in the bamboo jungle.
‘967. DxrNDRocopuUS mMaciI.—Fulvous-breasted Pied Woodpecker.
2
4
R
:
:
;
¢
;
‘
.
Common ; nest in Akyab in a bamboo which had been used as a post in a
deserted hut, June 1909, with three young.
988. TIGA JAVANENSIS.—Common Golden-backed Three-toed Wood- |
pecker.
Very common.
992. CHRYSOCOLAPTES GUITICRISTATUS.—Tickell’s Golden-backed Wood-
pecker.
Common. ri ,
995. HEMICERCUS CANENTE.—Heart-spotted Woodpecker.
Fairly common.
996. HErMILOPHUS PULVERULENTUS.—Great Slaty Woodpecker.
I only saw one pair, and found the nest hole on May 10th, 1910, but it
proved inaccessible to my great disappointment. It was in a huge
“+ Kauyin ” (wood-oil) tree, fully eighty feet from the ground.
1002. Sasta ocHracEA.—Rufous Piculet.
Common.
A LIST OF BIRDS FROM ARAKAN. 1209
ORDER ZYGODACTYLI.
FaMity CApITONIDa.
1009. THrReIceERYxX LINEATUs.—Lineated Barbet.
Common.
1012. Cyawnors astarica.—Blue-throated Barbet.
Common. I got a nest with two fresh eggs on the road to
Kyaukpaudaung at about 3,000 feet, May 7th, 1909.
1019. XANTHOLHMA H®MATOCEPHALA.—“ Coppersmith.”
Very common.
ORDER ANISODACTYLI.
Famity CoraciaD@.
10238. Coractas AFFINIS.—Burmese Roller.
Very common.
1025. Hurystomus or1tENTALIS.—Broad-billed Roller.
Fairly common.
Famity MeERopipz.
1026. Mbroprs viripis.—Common Indian Bee-eater.
1027. Merors pHitipprinus.—Blue-tailed Bee-eater.
Appears to be more or less migratory, as I noticed both in 1909 and 1910
that it was far more abundant in the breeding season, April and May, than
at other times.
1030. MernirrorpHacus swinHoir.—Chestnut headed Bee-eater.
Common.
1031. Nycriornis AtTHERTONI.—Blue-bearded Bee-eater.
Not uncommon. I found a nest early in May, 1910, but without eggs.
Famity ALCEDINIDS.
1033. CERYLE varnia.—Indian Pied Kingfisher.
Very common. I found young birds just able to fly on March 21st, 1909;
and got a nest with 5 eggs on April 13th, 1910.
1034, CrryLE LtucuUBRISs.—Himalayan Pied Kingfisher.
N. Arakan, Lemin river only, but common there.
1035. AtcEDo isprIpA.—Common Kingfisher. Common.
1041. PELARGOPSIS AMAUROPTERA.—Brown-winged Kingfisher.
Common near the sea coast, and in mangrove swamps. This bird has
the habit of plunging into the surf, and settling on the sand while it secures.
its prey, allowing the waves to break over it.
1043. Pxrtarcopsis GuRIAL.—Brown-headed Stork-billed Kingfisher.
Common, but keeps most to the fresh water, rarely coming down to tidal
limits. P. amauroptera, on the contrary, I never found frequenting fresh
water.
1210 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XX. -
1044. Hatcyvon smyRNENSIS.— White-breasted Kingfisher.
Very common.
1045. Hancyon prtzara.—Black-capped Kingfisher.
Very common in fidal jungle, and along brackish creeks. Common as it
was, I totally failed to find a nest.
1047. SauropatiIs cCHLORIS.—White-collared Kingfisher.
Common in same habitat as H. pileata, and very noisy. This bird
undoubtedly breeds in holes of dead trees, and apparently excavates its own
burrow. I found several such holes, but failed to obtain eggs. My friend
Mr. Wickham, however, got them from trees in the Andamans, and I have
-a clutch which he gave me. One of my clerks told me that there was a nest
-of this species in a tree in his compound at Akyab afew years ago. The
bird is commonly seen in the gardens in Akyab town, and I have no
reason to disbelieve his statement.
Famity BucEerorip.
1051. DicHocERos Bicornis.—Great Hornbill.
Common.
1053. ANTHRACOCEROS ALBIROSTRIS.—Indo-Burmese Pied Hornbill.
Common. I had two of these birds as pets, and they were extremely
‘tame, flying ahout loose in the compound, and coming into the house when
they wanted food. As an amusing pet, this bird is hard to beat; but it is
a tyrant in an aviary, and will kill small birds.
1054. RuyrTiIpoceRos uNDULATUS.—Malayan Wreathed Hornbill.
Not common, confined to the hills, and very shy and wary. I did not
succeed in collecting a specimen, but identified them with the aid of field
glasses.
Famity Upvurip.
1067. Upupa 1npica.—Indian Hoopoe.
Common. I once took a single young bird from a nest (the others had, I
suppose, flown), and put it in a cage in my verandah, fully 300 yards from
its nest. Within a few hours the old birds were feeding it, and continued
to do so for two days, when it made its escape.
ORDER MACROCHIRES.
Famity CyYpsELipa.
1074. CypsrLus suBreRcATUS.— Malayan House Swift.
Breeds in hundreds on Kyaukpandaung in May, but the nests were
inaccessible.
1076. TacHoRNIS INFUMATUS.—Hastern Palm Swift.
Common.
1078. CHu#tTURA INDICA.—Brown-necked Spine-tail.
Common.
A LIST OF BIRDS FROM ARAKAN. 1211
Famity CaPRIMULGIDA,
1091. Caprimuneus asraricus.—Common Indian Nightjar.
Common.
1093. CaprimuLeus MacruRus.—Horsfield’s Nightjar.
Common.
1096. LyNcoRNIs CERVINICEPS.—Great Eared Nightjar.
Fairly common.
ORDER TROGONES.
Faminy TROGONID.
1101. Harpacres ERYTHROCEPHALUS.—Red-headed ‘Trogon.
Common.
1103. Haxpactss orEscius.—Yellow-breasted Trogon.
I made the acquaintance of this beautiful Trogon for the first time in
Arakan. It is not common.
ORDER COCCYGES.
Famity Cucunip.
1104. Cucunus canorus.—The Cuckoo.
Two in September, 1908. Presumably migrating.
1107. CuctuLus microprERus.—Indian Cuckoo.
Fairly common.
1108. HiERococcoyx sPpARVERIOIDES.— Large Hawk-Cuckoo,
Not common.
1118. Caccomantis MERULINUs.—Rufous-bellied Cuckoo.
Not common.
1114, PENTHOCERYX sONNERATI.—Banded Bay Cuckoo.
Rare.
1119. CoccystEs conomanpus.—Red-winged Crested Cuckoo.
Met with occasionally but not commonly. I also have it in my mind
that I saw C. jacobinus, and failed to note it in my book, so it must be
considered a “ doubtful starter.”
1120. Hupynamis Honorata.—Indian Koel.
For a koél-ridden place, commend me to Akyab. ‘There are more koéls
to*the square yard, I should imagine, than in any other portion of the
Indian Empire. Tam inclined to agree that the bird is partially migra-
tory, as it is far more common in the breeding season than at other times.
As stated above C. splendens breeds in Arakan in March, and the koél of
course, follows suit. During the first week in March 1909, I got koél’s eggs
ad. lib. and I believe I established a record, on March 4, when I took
seven koél’s eggs from one crow’s nest (and incidentally performed a
public service), There were no crow’s eggs in this nest, and the koél’s
1212 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXI.
eggs were allfresh. The eggs were of three distinct types, and made
three natural clutches of 3,2, and 2. I presume three koéls were laying
in this nest, and the crows had given it up as a bad job. I saw crows
feeding young koéls as late as July.
1123. Ruopopyres rRistis.—Large Green-billed Malkoha.
Fairly common.
1130. CENTROPUS SINENSIS.—Common Corocal.
Common.
ORDER PSITTACI.
Famity Psirracipsz.
1136. Panmornis INDOBURMANICUS.—Large Burmese Paroquet.
Common.
1138. Patmornis TrorQuATUS.—Rose-ringed Paroquet.
Common.
1145. Pata#ornis Fascratus.—Red-breasted Paroquet.
By far the commonest parrot in Arakan.
1150. Loricutus vernatis.—Indian Loriquet.
Common.
P. schisticeps or jfinscht probably occurs,’ but I failed to meet with either.
ORDER STRIGES.
Famity ASIONIDA.
1164. Kerupa zEYLONENSIS.—Brown Fish Owl.
Common, and breeds in Akyab.
1178. Scors BakKAM@NaA.—Collared Scops Owl.
Common. I found two nests with young in April 1909 and 1910.
1180. AvrHENE BRAMA.—Spotted Owlet.
Common.
1187. Ninox scuruzara.—Brown Hawk Owl.
I know the call of this owl well, having shot them, whilst shooting, i=
the Chindwin. I did not actually see a specimen in Arakan, but frequently
heard them calling, so include it in my list.
ORDER ACCIPITRES.
Famity PAaNnDIONIDA.
1189. Panpion HALIAETUS.—The Osprey.
A not uncommon winter visitor, usually met with near the sea.
FaMILty VULTURIDA.
1191. Orogyrs catvus.—Black Vulture.
Rather rare.
1195. Gyps tENUIROSTRIS.—Himalayan Long-billed Vulture.
Common.
A LIST OF BIRDS FROM ARAKAN, 1213:
1196. PshupoGyrs BENGALENSIS.—Indian White-backed Vulture.
Very common.
Famity FALconips.
1212, Spizagrus LiImnanrus.—Changeable Hawk Eagle.
Not common: but I was lucky enough to get a nest, with a single hard
set egg, on April 22nd, 1910.
1217. SpritoRNis cHEELA.—Crested Serpent Eagle.
The commonest eagle in Arakan, found everywhere.
1223. Hanianrus tevconypuus.—Pallas’ Fishing Eagle.
Fairly common. Found a nest without eggs on 9th November 1909.
White-bellied Sea Eagle.
Very common near the sea. I found several nests in October and
1224. HALIAETUS LEUCOGASTER.
November, but always failed to get eggs.
1226. Ponioanrus 1cHTHYAnTUS.—Large Gray-headed Fishing Eagle.
Fairly common. Nest with almost fledged chick on January 26th, 1910.
1228. Hatistur 1npus.—Brahminy Kite.
Very common.
1229. Mitvus covinpa.—Common Pariah Kite.
Very common.
1232. Enanus c»/RuLEus.—Black-winged Kite.
Rare.
1233. Crrcus MacruRUS.—Pale Harrier.
Very common in winter.
1236. Crrcus MELANOoLEUCUS.—Pied Harrier.
Common in winter.
1237. Circus zRueINosus.—Marsh Harrier.
Common in winter.
1244, Asrur Baprtus.—The Shikra.
Common.
1254, Fatco pernerinus.—Peregrine Falcon.
Not common.
1265. TinuncuLus atauparius.—Kestrel.
Common, especially in the hot weather. I noticed large numbers of
Kestrels on Akyab race course, in March and April; on shooting a speci-~
men, I found that it had been feeding almost entirely on a kind of large
cricket, which is very abundant at this time of year; and which doubtless
attracts the hawks.
“ORDER COLUMBAS.
\
Famity CoLUMBIDZ&.
1271. Crocopus PHaNIcoPrERUS.—Bengal Green Pigeon.
Rare.
14
1214 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XX1,
1273. OsMOTRBRON PHAYREI.—Ashy-headed Green Pigeon.
Very common.
1278. OsMOTRERON BICINCTA.—Orange-breasted Green Pigeon.
Fairly common. On March 13, 1909, I got a nest with two slightly
incubated eggs. The nest was placed in a pollarded stump, only a few
feet from the ground, and the eggs were plainly visible when the bird
flew away.
1281. TreRon NEPALENSIS.—Thick-billed Green Pigeon.
Not common.
1284. CarpopHaca #NEA.—Green Imperial Pigeon.
Common, and breeds from February to May, as I have found nests in
‘both months.
1289. MynristicIvora BIcoLOoR.—Pied Imperial Pigeon.
This I believe to be the first record from Burma, at all events from the
mainland. One of my men shot three from a flock of four in February
1910, a little south of Sandoway; one of the skins was sent to the Bombay
Natural History Society. The villagers at once recognised the birds, and
say they are numerous, and breed, in the islands off the coast, visiting
the mainland in the winter months. The crops of the birds shot were
stuffed with wild figs ; and the birds were far superior to C. enea for the
table.
1291. CHaLcoPpHaPs INDICA.—Bronze-winged Dove.
Common.
1304. TurtuR ortzNTALIs.—Rufous Turtle Dove.
Common.
1308. Turtur TI¢RINus.—Malay Spotted Dove.
Very common.
1311. CinoPorrnia TRANGUEBARICA.—Red Turtle Dove.
Fairly common.
ORDER GALLIN At.
FaMiny PHASIANID.
1325. Pavo muricus.—Burmese Peafowl.
Occurs sparingly in the Sandoway District.
1327. PotypPLEcTRUM CHINQUIs.—Gray Peacock-Pheasant.
Not uncommon in the N. Arakan Hill tracts.
13828. GaLLUs FERRUGINEUS.—Red Jungle Fowl.
Common.
1840d. GENNZUS CUIVIERI.
Silver Pheasants are not common as a rule, as the Jungle is unsuitable.
But in N. Arakan they are fairly plentiful throughout and along the
Ru stream, a feeder of the Lemru, they positively swarm. The specimens
collected by me, and sent to the late Mr. Oates, were identified by him
A LIST OF BIRDS FROM ARAKAN. 1215
as G. prendergarsti. However, on comparison with the types in the
British Museum, my specimens were found to be identical with G'. cuiviert
and were identified and labelled by Mr. Ogilvie Grant as such, I
only met with the one variety, but one male approximates to typical
G. horsfieldt. This came from the Chittagong border.
1354, HxcaLFACTORIA CHINENSIS.—Blue-breasted Quail.
Fairly common on swampy grazing grounds. This bird seems to have a
very strong scent, as my spaniel used always to get very keen when they
were about.
1364. ARBORICOLA INTERMEDIA.—Arakan Hill Partridge.
Common almost everywhere in the jungle, and easily detected once its
call is known. Breeds in March, when I obtained eggs.
1365. ARBORICOLA ATRIGULARIS.— White-cheeked Hill Partridge.
Rare. I only obtained one specimen, at about 2,000 feet, on the road to
Kyaukpandung.
ORDER HEMIPODII.
Famity TURNICID2.
1382. TurNnIx PuGNAx.—Bustard Quail.
Found almost everywhere, in suitable localities, but never common in
any one place.
1386. TURNIX BLANFORDI.—Burmese Button Quail.
Rare.
ORDER GRALLA.
As soon as we arrive at the water birds, waders, herons, storks, etc., the
number of common species rapidly increases, as might be expected in
a district offering such a variety of suitable localities, as does the coast
line of Arakan.
Faminy RaLLip®.
1389. Hyporanipia striata.—Blue- breasted Rail.
Very common.
1401. AmMavRoRNIS PH@NICURUS.— White-breasted Moorhen.
Very common ; breeds in Akyab town.
1402. GaxLLINuLA cHLoRoPuUS.—Moorhen.
Common.
1403. GALLICREX CINEREUS.——Kora.
Common.
1404. PorpHyRIo POLIOCEPHALUS.—Purple Moorhen.
Rather rare.
1405. Fuxica atra.—Coot.
Not common,
Species of Poozana and Rallina also occur, but I failed to identify any.
1216 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXI.
Famity HELiorNnirHip”.
1406. Heniopais PERsoNATA.—Masked Finfoot.
One evening, whilst fishing with my friend Mr. Pickthall, in a deep pool!
on the Ru stream, a bird which we took to be a duck, flew down and settled
with a loud grunting quack. My friend fired, and the bird, hard hit,
struggled into the elephant grass. On being driven out, it swam and dived
well for several minutes, until secured ; all the time it kept uttering its:
monosyllabic grunt. It proved to be a fine male, and the skin is now in.
Mr. Pickthall’s possession. The date was March 9th, 1910.
Famity GRuID&.
1409. Grus anticgonr.—The Sarus.
Cranes are not common: the only one I shot proved to be G. antigone
and not G. sharpii.
1411. ANnrHRoporpEs vrrco.—Demoiselle Crane.
On New Year’s Day, 1909, I saw three of these birds, which I easily
identified with my glass, though they were too wary to allow of my shooting:
any. There were, apparently, one old and two young birds.
ORDER LIMICOL2.
FamMity QpIcCNEMID#.
1419. Hsacus REcURVIROSTRIS.—Great Stone Plover.
Rare, but I met with it at Kyaukpyu. In N. Aracan I saw birds which
were probably . scolopa...
FaMity GLAREOLID.
' 1425. GuarEoLa oRIENTALIS.—Large Indian Pratincole.
Very common and resident. In 1909 I was too late for eggs, but found
a young bird. In 1910, I determined to get eggs, and after several days’
hunting got the knack of it, when my Burman. “boy ” and I succeeded in
finding about twenty nests. The birds were breeding in paddy stubble,
near the sea, just outside Akyab town; the nests are best found by
flushing the birds, and then watching them return, when they run to the
nest and squat down. The nests were all found during the last week in
April.
1427. GLAREOLA LACTEA.—Small Indian Pratincole.
Much less common than G. orientalis, but resident and breeds.
Famity ParRrips.
1428. Meropopius Inpicu s.— Bronze-winged jacana.
Common.
1429. HypropHasIANus CHIRUGUS.—Pheasant-tailed jacana.
Fairly common.
:
a
f
7
e
.
ue
:
9
A LIST OF BIRDS FROM ARAKAN. 1217
Famity CHARADRIIDS.
H430. StTREPSILAS INTERPRES.—Turnstone.
Four birds on October 5th, 1909, on the rocks near Fakir point, at Akyab.
1432. SarcoGRAMMUs ATRINUCHALIS.—Burmese Wattled Lapwing.
‘Common.
1435. HorLorrErus venrRALIs.—Indian Spur-winged Plover.
Fairly common.
1439. CHARADRIUS FULVUs.—Hastern Golden Plover.
Occurs in vast numbers from September to May, by which time the birds
are assuming breeding plumage. I kept one in my aviary for several
‘months, and it throve exceedingly on a diet of white ants. It was liber-
.ated in May.
1441. SQuarTaROLA HELVETICA.—Grey Plover.
A not uncommon winter migrant.
1442, ANGIALITIS GEOFFROYI.—Large Sand Plover.
A common shore bird, from August to February or March.
1447. AMerariris pusia.—Little Ringed Plover.
Very common.
1451. Himaropus canpipus.—Black-winged Stilt.
Rare.
(1454. NuMENIUS anquata.—Curlew.
Very common. I have seen them as late as June and as early as August.
1455. Numrnius pHm@orus.— Whimbrel.
Equally common ; returns in August, and appears to leave about April or
“May.
1460. Toranus HypoLEUCUS.—Common Sandpiper.
Very common.
1461. Toranus GLuaArEnoLta.— Wood Sandpiper.
Very common.
1462. Toranus ocHRopus.—Green Sandpiper.
Very common.
1463. Toranus staGNatitis.—March Sandpiper.
Rare.
1464. Toranus caLtipRis.—Redshank.
Very common ; August to April or May.
1465, Totranus Fruscus.—Spotted Redshank.
-Common.
1466. Toranus cuorris.—Greenshank.
Very common ; August to March.
1472. TRringa RvuFIcoLLIS.—Eastern Little Stint.
Fairly numerous.
1482. Scotopax rustico~a.— Woodcock.
_A very rare visitor. One was shot in the winter of 1908.
1218 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. AXI,
1484. GaLLINAGO C@LESTIS.—Common Snipe.
Less common than G. stenura. The first shot was on September 25th.
1910, and on October 10th, 1909. Last shot about end of January.
1485. GALLINAGO STENURA.—Pintail Snipe.
Very plentiful. Arrive between August 20th and 25th and stragglers.
remain till the end of April.
1488. RosTRaTULA CAPENSIS.—Painted Snipe.
Unaccountably rare, as there are many suitable localities.
ORDER GAVIA.
Famity Laripa.
1489. Larus 1cHTHyYaTUS.—Great Black-headed Gull.
On November 20th, 1909, I observed three very large Gulls, in company
with G. brunneicephalus. They were too wary to allow of my shooting
one, but from what I could make out through my glass, I think they must
have been L. ichthyetus.
1491. Larus BRUNNEICEPHALUS.—Brown-headed Gull.
The Gulls arrived about the end of October, and are then commonly met
with throughout the winter. In 1909 they left in Apirl, when most had
assumed breeding plumage ; in 1910, breeding plumage was assumed about
the same time, but they did not leave till the beginning of May.
1496. HyprocHELIDON HyBRIDA.— Whiskered Tern.
Commonest in winter, but as there are always a few about, it probably
breeds. As the whole country is under water in the rains, there is an
ample choice of nesting sites.
1502. Sterna BERGII.—Large Crested Tern.
Very common. According to Hume, they used to breed on Oyster
Island, some three hours out from Akyab! but there is a Lighthouse there:
now, and this seems to have scared them, as they no longer breed there.
1503. Srerna sHENA.—Indian River Tern,
Rare.
1517. Ruyncors aLBIcoLtiis.—Indian Skimmer.
Fairly common.
ORDER STEGANOPODHS,
Famity PELICANIDA.
1523. Ps.ecANUS PHILIPPENSIS.—Spotted-billed Pelican.
Common.
FAMILY PHALACROCORACIDS.
1526. PHALACROCORAX CARBO.—Large Cormorant.
Common.
1528. PHALACROCORAX JAVANICUS.—Little Cormorant..
Very common.
A LIST OF BIRDS FROM ARAKAN. 1219'
1529. PLoTUS MELANOGASTER.—Indian Darter.
Very common.
ORDER HERODIONES.
Famity Iesipia.
1641. Isis MELANOCEPHALA.— White Ibis.
Extremely common, but appears to be partially migratory, as most of
the birds disappear in the breeding season, and I failed to find nests.
1543. Inocoris Davison1.—Davison’s Black Ibis,
Not uncommon, and usually found in pairs, but very wary. An
excellent bird for the table.
FaMity PLATELEIDS.
1545. PuLatTaLEA LEUCORODIA.—Spoonbill.
My first record was a young bird, shot on November Ist, 1908. It was by
itself but I subsequently met with several small parties in the same locality
both in 1908 and 1909. The place was not far from Akyab, and was the
site of an old irrigation tank, now no longer extant, the bund having beer
destroyed. The birds are probably the remnants of a colony which bred
there when the tank contained water.
Famity CIconripz.
1548. Dissura EPIscopus.— White Necked Stork.
Common.
1549. XENORHYNCHUs AstIatTICUS.—Black-necked Stork.
Common.
1550. Lerroprinus pusius.—Adjutant.
Common.
1551. Leprorrinus savaNnicus.—Smaller Adjutant.
Rather rare.
1552. PsHUDOTANTALUS LEUCOCEPHALUS.—Painted Stork.
Common.
1553. ANastomus oscitans.—Open-bill.
Not common, but occasionally met with in small parties.
T failed to find the nest of any stork though doubtless [they breed, in
Arakan.
|Famity ARDEIDA.
1554. ARDEA MANILLENSIS.—EHastern Purple Heron.
Very common.
1555. ARDEA CINEREA.—Common Heron.
Very common.
1556. ArpEA sumATRANA.—Dusky Grey Heron.
Fairly common. Haunts the mangrove swamps and muddy brackish
creeks,
4220 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XX1.
1557. ARDEA INSIGNIs.—Great White-bellied Heron.
Occasionally met with on the larger jungle streams.
1559. Heropias auBa.—Large Heret.
Very common.
1561. Heropras carzerra.—Little Egret.
Very common.
1562. Busutcus coromanpus.—Cattle Egret.
Very common.
1564. LeprEropius sacer.—Eastern Reef Heron.
Very common.
1565. ArpEoLA GRAYI.—Pond Heron.
Very common.
1568. Nvyoericorax Grispus.—Night Heron.
Very common. j
1572. ArpErra cINNAMoMEA.—Chestnut Bittern.
Very common.
1573. Duprtror FriavicotLis.—Black Bittern.
Very common, generally in nullahs amongst the paddy fields.
ORDER ANSERES.
Famity ANATIDA.
1584. SarcrpIoRNIs MELANONOoTUS.—Comb Duck.
Common.
1584. AsARcORNIS scUTULATUS.— White-winged Wood Duck.
Occasionally met with in N. Arakan, haunting the larger streams.
1587. Taporna cornuta.—Sheldrake.
L obtained one from a party of three on January 31st, 1910, m the
Kyaukpyu district. The skin was sent to the Bombay Natural History
Society.
1588. Casarca RUTILA.—Brahminy Duck.
Visits Arakan in enormous numbers in the cold weather.
1589. Denprocyena savanica.— Whistling Teal.
Very common.
1591. Nertropus COROMANDELIANUS.—Cotton Teal.
Common.
1594. Eunerra ratcata.—Crested Teal.
A single female, February 1909, Kyankpyn district.
1597. Nuxrrium crecca.—Common Teal.
Common from October to March.
1599. Marca PENELOPE.— Wigeon.
Obtained two birds from a flock of about 40 on February Ist, 1909, and a
single bird in December 1909, Kyaukpyu district.
A LIST OF BIRDS FROM ARAKAN. 1221
1600. Darria acursa.—Pintail.
Visits Arakan in enormous numbers from December to March, but as
there are few decent jheels, the birds are most often seen in the estuaries
of rivers, where they are unapproachable.
1601. QUERQUEDULA CIRCIA.—Garganey.
There are generally a few garganeys with the common teal, but they are
not very plentiful.
1602. Sparuna cLrypratsa.—Shoveller.
Rare. I did not see any during the season 1908-09, but shot three
during 1909-10.
1607. Nyroca BAERI.
two. In each case the bird was by itself, did not meet with any flocks of WV.
ferruginea, so assume that the single birds which I saw and did not shoot
Saw about half a dozen altogether, and shot
were NV. haert.
ORDER PYOPODKS.
Pamity PopiciPpEDID®.
1617. Popicers sLBIPENNIS.—Indian Little Grebe.
Very common.
This completes my list. which numbers 294 species actually identified.
1222
THE MOTHS OF INDIA.
SUPPLEMENTARY PAPER TO THE VOLUMES IN
“THA FAUNA OF BRITISH INDIA.”
SERIES IV, PART V.
BY
Str Grorce F. Hampson, Bart., ¥.2.8., F.E.S.
(Continued from page 911 of this Volume).
CATOCALIN®.
2443a. HoMoprEeRA EREMOCHROA, 0. Sp.
@. Head, thorax and abdomen pale grey-brown; palpi white, the
extremity of 2nd joint and the 3rd joint blackish; pectus, legs and
ventral surface of abdomen white, the fore tarsi black ringed with white.
Forewing brownish grey irrorated with black, the costa with numerous
black strive with slight whitish streaks between them ; subbasal line repre-
sented by black points on median nervure and vein 1; antemedial line
black, minutely waved and slightly excurved; reniform a minute lunule
with traces of a blackish line from it to inner margin; postmedial line
indistinctly double, slightly bent outwards below costa and incurved at
discal fold, incurved below vein 4 and excurved at vein 1; subterminal
line indistinctly double filled in with grey, angled outwards at vein 7 and
excurved at middle; a minutely waved black line just before termen
with series of black points in the interspaces. Hindwing brownish grey
with dark strize on inner margin; traces of four waved dark lines on
terminal half; a lunulate black line just before termen; cilia whitish with
a brown line through them ; the underside white irrorated with pale brown
except on basal and inner areas, a slight discoidal point and waved
blackish terminal line.
Habitat.— Bombay, Deesa (Nurse). Exp. 24 mill. Type in B. M.
2446a, HomorrERA RUFICOLORA, 0. Sp.
6. Head, thorax and abdomen bright rufous mixed with some
ochreous; antennez blackish; tarsi blackish ringed with whitish. Fore-
wing bright rufous ; subbasal line deep rufous, double, waved, from costa
to median nervure ; antemedial line deep rufous, minutely waved, inwardly
oblique ; medial line minutely waved, excurved; postmedial line indis-
tinctly double, oblique from costa to vein 6, slightly incurved at discal
fold, incurved and minutely waved below vein 4; subterminal line
indistinct, brown, excurved below vein 7 and at middle; a terminal series
of slight brown strie. Hindwing greyish white, the veins and terminal
area suffused with bright rufous; a postmedial series of minute dark
THE MOTHS OF INDIA. LW ieee
streaks on the veins and a striga at inner margin with another dark striga
before it ; a terminal series of slight brown striz ; the underside ochreous
white, the costal area slightly irrorated with red-brown.
Habitat.—Mapras, Gooty (Campbell). zp. 32 mill. Type in B. M.
25266. HypmTra PULCHERRIMA, Butl., A. M. N. H., 1892, p. 298.
tepesceus, Swinh., A. M. N. H. (7) xvi, p. 152 (nee W1k.).
Head rufous; palpi brown; sides of frons deep brown with fine whitish
streaks above; thorax rufous and deep brown; abdomen brown, the
dorsal crests rufous. Forewing brown with a violaceous tinge; a black
spot on costal area near base finely defined by whitish; a broad deep
black antemedial band from costa to just above inner margin, its inner
edge defined by a fine whitish line and angled outwards in cell, its outer
edge by a whitish band diffused outwardly ; a blackish spot on costa above
end of cell; an oblique cocked-hat-shaped mark just beyond the cell finely
defined by whitish, its upper extremity curved up to below costa and its
lower bent inwards to lower angle of cell, its outer edge forming the
postmedial line, angled upwards from its lower extremity into cell, then
excurved and forming two small black lunules finely defined by white on
inner area, a rufous shade beyond it; a small blackish spot below costa
towards apex ; the terminal area rather darker. Hindwing uniform
brown.
Hahitat.—AnDAMANS, Port Blair; Stncarorre ; Bornzo; Br. N. Guinea.
Exp. 50 mill.
2527a. HyPmTRA HETEROGRAPHA, N. sp.
dg. Antennz bipectinate with moderate branches, the apical part
simple ; hindwing with fold between veins 6-7 clothed with glossy scales
on upper side. Head, thorax and abdomen reddish brown; tarsi pale.
Forewing reddish brown suffused with grey except medial part of costal
area ; subbasal line represented by a small curved black mark, from costal
with point below it; a large irregularly triangular black antemedial patch
from cell to just above inner margin, its apex connected with the costa by a
sinuous line with small black spot before it below the costa ; a black point in
middle of cell; two sinuous red-brown indistinct medial lines, oblique from
costa to lower angle of cell, where there is a black point, and with small
diffused spot on its inner edge on discocellulars, below the cell incurved to
submedian fold, then bent outwards, an oblique black bar beyond it from
costa ; an irregular obliquely placed cocked-hat-shaped black patch beyond
the cell, its upper extremity forming an oblique line to below the costa and
its lower curved inwards to below angle of cell, then with bisinuate line to
iImner margin; subterminal line indistinct, irregularly waved, angled
inwards at discal and submedian folds and with oblique black striga on it
below costa; the terminal area somewhat redder brown. MHindwing grey
brown with glossy scaling between veins 6°7 and slight dark subterminal
1224 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XX.
marks at veins 2 and 1 ; the underside greyer with slight brown postmedial
striga below vein 2.
Habitat.—Burma, Tenasserim, Moolayit. vp. 48 mill. Type m B. M
2490a. OpnHtusa ruBIDA, Wlk., Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. vii., p. 179
(1864).
Head and tegule deep chocolate red; thorax greyish brown ; pectus
pale rufous ; legs fuscous mixed with grey ; abdomen fuscous, the
extremity and ventral surface pale grey. Forewing deep chocolate red,
the medial area with a greyish gloss to median nervure; a terminal
whitish band irrorated with brown, bent outwards to apex and
narrowing to tornus; a fine dark antemedial line, very oblique from costa
to below the cell, then obsolete ; a black point in middle of cell; two minute
grey discoidal spots defined by chocolate; a slight dark postmedial line
very oblique from costa to vein 6, then obsolete ; an indistinct diffused
waved brown subterminal line; a fine waved line just before termen; a
slight dark terminal line; cilia fuscous with series of whitish points at
base. Hindwing fuscous black ; an oblique bluish white band from middle
of costa to above tornus ; the termen narrowly whitish from below apex to
submedian fold with a waved brown terminal line ; cilia white; the under-
side grey-white, the terminal area suffused with fuscous, broadly at apex.
narrowing to tornus.
Habitat.—Assam, Khasis, Jaintias ; Borneo, Sarawak. Harp. 76 mill.
2491a. OPHIUSA LACTEICINCTA, 0. sp.
@. Head and tegule deep chocolate red; thorax greyish; pectus
whitish tinged with rufous; legs grey-brown; abdomen fuscous brown,
the extremity grey, the ventral surface whitish tinged with rufous. Fore-
wing grey-brown tinged with chocolate deepening towards the brownish
white terminal band which is bent outwards to apex and narrows to
tornus ; a fine dark subbasal line from costa to submedian fold ; ante- and
postmedial lines dark-brown, very oblique, the latter slightly curved; a
black point in middle of cell; two minute grey discoidal spots defined by
brown , a diffused brown subterminal line; a fine waved brown line just
before termen; a slight brown terminal line. Hindwing greyish brown,
the termen and cilia brownish white from apex to vein 1; the underside
brownish white, the terminal area tinged with brown.
Habitat.—Assam, Shillong (Rawlings). Exp. 76 mill. Type in B. M.
PLUSIANZ.
2667a. Puusta Exquistra. Feld. Reis. Nov. pl. 110, f. 30 (1874).
Head and thorax whitish mixed with brown; metathorax with some
black scales; tarsi brownish ringed with white ; abdomen white slightly
tinged with red-brown. Forewing whitish mostly suffused with rufous
brown and slightly irrorated and striated with black; a waved white
THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 1225
subbasal line from costa to vein 1 defined by black on inner side; a waved
black antemedial line defined by white on inner side and with blue-grey
Iunules before it in submedian interspace; orbicular pure white, elongate
elliptical and conjoined to a large oblique elliptical white spot below the
cell; reniform narrow, defined by white and _ strongly constricted
at middle, a black spot above it on costa; postmedial line black.
slightly defined by white on outer side, minutely waved below costa, then
oblique, somewhat dentate, and angled outwards at vein 3, some blue-
erey beyond it between veins 5 and 2; subterminal line black, defined by
brown on inner side and white on outer, excurved below costa, angled in-
wards in discal fold, then somewhat dentate, a fine black terminal line
with narrow brown band before it, defined by white striz on inner side ;
cilia chequered brown and white. Hindwing bright yellow with broad
fuscous terminal band; cilia chequered brown and white.
Hatitat.—_Natat; Carr Cotony; BatucHistan, Quetta. Exp. 36 mill.
2677a. PLUSIA MEGALOBA, 0. sp. ,
Q. Head fiery red; palpi and antenne rufous, the latter with the
basal joint whitish ; thorax rufous, the tegule tinged with fiery red and
the metathorax with brown; tarsi with slight pale rings; abdomen
sreyish rufous, the dorsal crests fiery red, the basal crest tipped with
black. Forewing rufous with a greyish tinge, the medial area, except
towards costa, and the medial part of terminal area suffused with brilliant
cupreous red ; subbasal line represented by an oblique golden striga from
costa defined on each side by some cupreous red; the stigma below the
cell silvery white forming a small oblique elliptical spot conjoined to a
large conical spot beyond it; orbicular slightly defined by silver, round,
open above ; reniform with silver bar on inner edge and angled mark on
outer; postmedial line slight, silvery defined by brown on inner side,
erect, sinuous, some whitish points beyond it on costa; an indistinct
irregularly dentate subterminal brown line; cilia grey-brown. Hindwing
cupreous brown with a greyish tinge ; cilia brown at base, grey at tips.
Habitat.—Assam, Khasis (Badgley). zp. 26 mill. Type in B. M.
268la. PLUSIA CHALCOPASTA, 0. Sp.
Hind tibize and Ist joint of tarsi of male fringed with long hair ; abdomen
with lateral tufts of very long hair.
Head and thorax bronze-brown slightly mixed with greyish, the tegule,
patagia and metathoracic crests tipped with whitish scales ; tarsi slightly
ringed with whitish ; abdomen red-brown. Forewing purplish grey-brown
suffused with golden bronze, the lines golden bronze ; subbasal line slight,
oblique, from costa to median nervure ; antemedial line inwardly oblique,
sinuous, a bisinuate striga from it to near postmedial line below the cell, with
some purplish grey above it in and below the cell; orbicular and reniform
with faint bronze annuli, the former round, the latter oblique elliptical ;
1226 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XX1.
postmedial line oblique, slightly incurved below discal fold ; subterminal line
more golden with some cupreous bronze on its inner side and dark suffusion
before it and beyond it at apex, excurved from below costa to vein 6, then
oblique ; a terminal series of slight golden striz. Hindwing fuscous brown
with a reddish bronze gloss ; cilia whitish with a dark line near base ; the
underside grey irrorated with brown, the terminal half suffused with brown
except the termen. . 3
Hahitat.—N. Inpia (Walhouse); Mapras, Gooty (Campbell), Nilgiris —
(Lindsay, Hampson) ; Ceyton, Maskeliya (de Mowbray), Pattipola (Green).
Exp. 42-48 mill. Type in B. M.
Genus OMORPHINA.
Type.
Omorphina, Alph, Hor. Soc. Ent. Ross., XXVL., p. 452 (1892). . aurantiaca.
Prohoscis fully developed ; palpi obliquely porrect, slender, the Ist and.
2nd joints fringed with long hair in front, the 8rd rather long ; frons
smooth ; eyes small, reniform ; antennz of male ciliated ; head and thorax
clothed with rough hair only and without crests; tibiz clothed with long
hair; abdomen with some rough hair at base Ae without crests. Fore-
wing short and broad, the apex rounded, the termen evenly curved ; veins 3
and 5 from near angle of cell; 6 from upper angle; 9 from 10 anastomos-
ing with 8 to form the areole ; 11 from cell. Hindwing with veins 3-4 from
angle of cell; 5 fully developed from above angle ; 6:7 from upper angle ; 8
anastomosing with the cell near base only.
2688a. OMoRPHINA AURANTIACA, Alph. Hor. Soc. Ent. Ross., “XXXVI. 8
p. 452 (1392) ;id. Rom. Mém. ix., p.
Al, pl. 1 £.2. Staud. Cat. Lep.
pal., p. 220.
Head, thorax and abdomen black clothed with bright rufous hair ; palpi
and legs with fuscous hair mixed, the anal tuft palerufous. Forewing bright
. tufous, the basal half slightly suffused with fuscous ; traces of a sinuous dark
antemedial line ; orbicular and reniform defined by deep rufous, the former
round, the latter narrow ; a deep rufous postmedial line, slightly bent out-
wards below costa, then waved, incurved at discal fold and strongly below
vein 4; a minutely waved rufous subterminal line; cilia deep rufous.
Hindwing bright orange yellow; the base and inner area suffused with
black, confluent with the black discoidal lunule ; a narrow black terminal
‘band ; cilia pale rufous, with dark line near base; the underside with the
blackish suffusion confined to inner area.
Habitat—Tiset ; Sixxim. Exp. 24 mill.
Nocruinz.
2300. CosMOPHILA MESOGONA.
~Tarva, Semi-looper. Grass green with numerous black-centred white
THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 1227
spots; dorsal and lateral stripes dark-green with pale edges. Food plant
wild raspberry in the leaves of whichit spins up when pupating. (W. H.
Campbell).
2303@. CosMOPHILA FIGLINA, Butl., Ill. Het. B. M. vii., p. 71, pl. 131,
f, 2 (1889).
g. Forewing with the termen slightly excurved at middle.
Head and thorax rufous tinged with brown; palpi whitish in front ; lower
part of frons whitish ; antenne with the basal joint whitish in front ; pectus
and legs yellowish tinged with rufous; abdomen grey-brown, the basal
erest rufous tipped with whitish, the anal tuft tipped with white, the
ventral surface yellowish tinged with rufous. Forewing yellow mixed with
red, the costal area, cell, and the area from lower angle of cell to termen
between vein 5 and submedian fold red-brown witha greyish tinge; a
whitish mark at base of inner margin; antemedial line blackish, oblique,
waved, excurved at median nervure and above inner margin ; orbicular and
reniform diffused brown, undefined, the former round with a white point in
centre, the latter lunulate ; postmedial line black, waved, oblique from costa
to below vein 7, at vein 3 retracted to lower angle of cell and again excurved
below submedian fold ; an indistinct waved subterminal line defined on
inner side by brown suffusion, incurved between veins 6 and 4 and below
vein 3. Hindwing grey-brown; cilia whitish ; the underside whitish with
the costal half tinged and irrorated with red, a slight waved postmedial
line.
©. Forewing more uniform purplish brown.
Habitat—Punsas, Dharmsala; Assam, Khasis; Ceyvton, Maskeliya,
Madulsima ; Burma, Rangoon. zp. 38 mill.
2318. CHuRIA ancuatTa. del. Anomis figlina.
2441a. PotypesMA NopUNA; Swinh. A.M.N.H. (7), xvi., p. 152 (1905).
Q. Head and thorax dark sap-green mixed with white ; pectus and legs
pale red-brown, the tarsi fuscous ringed with white; abdomen pale red-
brown, the ventral surface whitish. Forewing dark sap-green irrorated
with white ; a diffused white fascia below base of cell, the medial area
whitish from below costa to above submedian fold, the postmedial costal
area whitish ; subbasal line defined on each side by whitish, excurved
below costa and angled inwards in cell; antemedial line defined on inner
side by white to submedian fold, slightly incurved from costa to median
nervure, angled inwards in submedian fold, then double and excurved
above inner margin; a black discoidal lunule; a rather diffused straight
medial line interrupted in cell; postmedial line double filled in with white,
oblique and minutely waved from costa to vein 6, inwardly oblique to
submedian fold, then excurved and angled inwards on vein 1, some
white points beyond it on costa ; an oblique dentate white line defined by
dark scales on inner side from costa near apex to submedian fold, where
1228 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXI.
there is a wedge-shaped blackish mark beyond it; subterminal line
dentate, black defined by white lunules on inner side and connected by
slight dark streak with a terminal series of faint stric ; cilia with a fine
whitish line at base. Hindwing whitish suffused with glossy ochreous, the
veins and terminal area dark-brown ; a discoidal lunule, and sinuous post-
medial line angled outwards in submedian fold; a subterminal series of
white strie ; a white patch at termen and on cilia with a dark patch
above it; cilia with a fine pale line at base ; the underside whiter irrorated
with brown, a black discoidal Iunule, sinuous postmedial line. and broad
dark terminal band.
Habitat—Cryton. Eup. 42 mill.
2522a. IsoURA METAPH#A, Nn. sp.
Palpi with the 3rd joint long.
2. Head, thorax and abdomen red-brown with a purplish tinge ; palpi
at base, pectus, legs and ventral surface of abdomen whitish tinged with
fulvous, the tarsi fuscous with pale rmgs. Forewing red-brown with a pur-
plish tinge ; subbasal line represented by a small black spot below costa, the
antemedial line by a black striga from costa, a spot in cell nearer base, and
sometimes a slight striga below submedian fold; orbicular represented by a
small black spot, the reniform by black points on its inner and outer edges ;
a more or less incomplete minutely waved black medial line bent inwards
to costa; postmedial line represented by a double series of slight black
lunules with another series beyond it, bent inwards to costa, then nearly
erect; an incomplete minutely waved black subterminal line slightly
excurved below vein 7. Hindwing with the basal area’ brownish ochreous,
the rest of wing fuscous brown with a diffused brownish ochreous post-
medial band not reaching costa or inner margin ; cilia paler; the underside
ochreous white with blackish postmedial band from below costa, where it is
angled outwards, to submedian fold; the terminal area suffused with
fuscous.
Habitat,—Crvion, Colombo (Mackwood), Kandy (Green). Hixp. 44 mill.
Type in B. M.
25436. BocvuLa SINIFERA, 0. sp.
2. Head and thorax red-brown ; legs suffused with fuscous ; abdomen
fuscous brown, the ventral surface whitish suffused with red-brown. Fore-
wing red-brown tinged with fuscous; two indistinct diffused ineurved
medial lines: a slight pale discoidal spot with minute brown lunule on it:
an indistinct pale mcurved postmedial line; a pale subterminal line,
oblique from costa just before apex to vein 7, then excurved, then strongly
bent inwards between veins 6and 4 and excurved to inner margin near tornus,
defined by black on outer side from costa to vein 4, strongly in the sinus :
a terminal series of slight pale points; cilia greyish at tips. Hindwing
fuseous brown, the cilia greyish: the underside greyish suffused and
a
THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 1229
irrorated with brown, a slight discoidal lunule and indistinct ditfused curved
postmedial line. }
Habitat.— Assam, Khasis. Lap. 40 mill. Type in B. M.
2544 6. Bocuta mMacoma, Swinh., A. M. N. H. (7) xviii., p. 410 (1906).
6. Head and thorax pale rufous slightly irrorated with fuscous ; palpi
fuscous ; forelegs and the tarsi fuscous ; abdomen greyish dorsally suffused
with fuscous. Forewing pale rufous slightly irrorated with fuscous; a
_ black point on median nervure at origin of vein 2; traces of a very cblique
sinuous medial line ; postmedial line represented by avery oblique series
of minute dark points on the veins ; an oblique sinuous fuscous fascia from
apex to vein 5 just beyond the postmedial line with a straight black line
diffused on outer side from its extremity to inner margin near tornus, the
area beyond it tinged with fuscous to the indistinct diffused sinuous subter-
minal line; a terminal series of small black lunules. Hindwing pale
brown suffused with fuscous; the underside grey irrorated with brown,
the terminal area suffused with fuscous to vein 2, a slight discoidal lunule
and indistinct diffused curved postmedial line.
Habitat—Assam, Khisis. Exp. 28 Mill.
2555. ACANTHOLIPES HYPENOIDES insert (Syn.) evula magniplaga.
Swinh, A. M.N.H. (7) xvi., p,
622 (1900).
Genus Masca.
Type.
BUSCH WANES VN SN LSOS) leit peetys a. abd sei SE Als Shh elsMs abactals.
DeMM Mira, NN ke ext xaviny LOOS (LSGaA he Wen. willed... abactalis.
Probosis fully developed; palpi obliquely upturned, the 2nd joint rea-
ching to about vertex of head and moderately scaled, the 3rd moderate ;
frons smooth ; eyes large, rounded; antennze of male ciliated; head and
thorax clothed with hair and scales and without crests; fore femora and
tibiz of male broadly fringed with hair, the Ist joint of tarsus with tuft
of hair; mid tibie broadly fringed with hair ; hind tibize broadly fringed
on both sides with hair and with tuft of very long hair from base ;
abdomen without crests. Forewing with the apex rectangular, the termen
slightly angled at vein 4; veins 5 and 5 from near angle of cell; 6 from
upper angle; 9 from 10 anastomosing with 8 to form the areole ; 11 from
cell. Hindwing with veins 3-4 from angle of cell; 5 from above angle : 6:7
from upper angle ; 8 auastomosing with the cell near base only.
2616a. Masca apactaris, WIk., xvi., 9 (1858).
Phagytra leucogastralis, Wik., xxxiv., 1508 (1865).
Metria platypoda, Keld., Reis. Nov., pl. 120, f. 44 (1875).
Head and thorax white mixed with reddish-brown; antennz ringed
brown and white ; hindlegs with the tufts of hair black at tips; abdomen
16
1230 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXTI.
white with lateral brownish streaks. Forewing with the basal half white
tinged aud irrorated with brown ; the terminal half suffused with fuscous
brown; traces of an oblique antemedial line with more prominent spots
below the cell and above inner margin; an obscure very oblique dark spot in
middle of cell and discoidal spot constricted at middle; the dark terminal
area angled inwards below the cell; a minutely dentate postmedial line
bent outwards below costa, oblique below vein 4, and angled inwards in
submedian fold ; two subterminal white points near apex and traces of a
subterminal line; a terminal series of dark strie. Hindwing white, the
terminal half of costal area broadly fuscous, on terminal area extending to
vein 3; a postmedial series of minute black streaks on veins 5 tol;a
terminal series of black striz ; the underside thickly irrorated with fuscous
brown except inner area and terminal area below vein 5, a black discoidal
point, curved diffused medial brown band and double postmedial series of
brown points.
Hatitat.—Assam, Khasis; SincarorE; Bornro; PHILIPPINES; JAVA:
AmBOINA; CeRAM; New Guinea. 2p. 46 mill. |
2747a. Eanasia MESoTYPA, Swinh., A.M.N.H. (7), xvii., p. 550 (1906).
Head, thorax and abdomen dull reddish brown; palpi irrorated with
fuscous, the tuft on 3rd joint black ; pectus and ventral surface of abdomen
greyish irrorated with fuscous. Forewing dull reddish brown tinged with
grey and irrorated with fuscous ; a dark oblique antemedial line, incurved
in cell; a small round white spot in middle of cell defined by fuscous ; an
inverted comma-shaped discoidal whitish mark defined by fuscous and
with reddish spot in lower part; a dark postmedial line oblique from costa
to vein 6, then minutely waved, oblique below vein 5 and with traces of
another line beyond it; a curved dentate subterminal line; a fine black
terminal line; cilia brown at base, whitish at tips except at middle.
Hindwing dull reddish brown tinged with grey and irrorated with fuscous ;
a whitish discoidal mark defined by black, its outer edge twice indented
and with small round spot beyond its lower extremity; a dark slightly
sinuous medial line; a dentate subterminal line; a fine black terminal
line; cilia brown at base, whitish at tips, intersected by brown at the
points; the underside paler with indistinct diffused line beyond the
medial line.
Habitat.—Assam, Khasis. Exp. 3 24, 9 30 mill.
2748a. EGNASIA TENELLA, 0. sp.
3. Head, thorax and the abdomen creamy white, back of head with two
brown points, the thorax slightly irrorated with brown, the abdomen faintly
tinged with brown ; palpi with the extremity of 2nd joint and the 3rd joint
ringed with brown; tarsi brownish ringed with white. Forewing creamy
white slightly irrorated and striated with brown ; a curved subbasal brown
striga from costa; antemedial line brown, waved; the discocellulars, with
THE MOTHS OF INDIA, 1231
two brown strize and two blackish points; a faint medial line excurved to
discocellulars ; postmedial line brown, excurved from costa to vein 4, then
slightly ineurved ; two minute dark streaks on costa towards apex and
traces of a minutely waved white subterminal line with series of blackish
points on its outer edge; a fine brown terminal line ; cilia tinged with rufous.
- Hindwing creamy white slightly irrorated with brown; a black discoidal
point enclosed by the faint medial line which forms an elliptical annulus
round it; a curved brown postmedial line ; subterminal line represented by
a double series of small brown spots eycept towards costa, with whitish
points between them ; a fine brown terminal line; cilia tinged with rufous.
Habitat —Burma, Maymyo. Erp. 26 mill. Type in B. M.
2762a. CAPNODES SUBAPICALIS, Swinh., A.M.N.H. (7), xvi., p. 154.
(1905).
©. Head and thorax fuscous irrorated with white, tibize and tarsi pale
rufous; abdomen pale rufous dorsally irrorated with fuscous and whitish.
Forewing pale rufous irrorated with a few black scales ; a blackish patch
at base of costa; a black point in middle of cell; an indistinct medial line,
strongly incurved below the cell; two black discoidal points edged with
whitish ; an indistinct dentate rufous postmedial line, oblique towards
costa and strongly incurved below vein 4; traces of a waved subterminal
line towards tornus; a semicircular brown line from below costa towards
apex to termen at vein 5, defined by white on outer side, and connected by
diffused fuscous streaks with small subterminal black spots defined by
white, below this semicircular patch is a series of black points before
termen ; a fine black terminal line; cilia marked with fuscous towards
apex and with fine black line near tips. Hindwing pale rufous irrorated
with a few black scales; two obliquely placed black discoidal points; a
minutely waved rufous line from below middle of costa to tornus with a
black spot beyond it at tornus; a series of black points just before
termen; a fine dark terminal line; the underside yellowish white irrorated
with rufous, two discoidal black points, a curved dentate rufous postmedial
line, and series of black points just before termen.
Habitat.—Assam, Silchar; CacHar. rp. 36 mill.
2772, RaPARNA DIGRAMMA.
Larva.—Fuscous thickly spotted with pale green ; intersegmental olive-
green bands ; an olive-green dorsal stripe with spots on it; an interrupted
subspiracular pale green line ; tho 12th somite somewhat swollen, with
an orange band; ventral surface dull green; head flat, bright red ; four
pairs of prolegs. Food plant. Ochna sguarrosa, 5. (W.H. Campbell.)
HYPENIN#.
28196. BLEPTINA HETEROPALPIA, 0. sp.
Antennz of male minutely serrate and with fascicles of long cilia, some-
1232 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XX1.
what contorted and fringed with scales above at middle; palpi with the
3rd joint long, from outer extremity of 2nd, oblique, bent forward at
extremity, fringed with long hair behind and short scales in front; fore
tibia without sheath; forewing with large costal fold on underside.
6. Head and thorax fuscous brown mixed with grey; tarsi with
slight pale rings; abdomen grey suffused with fuscous brown. Forewing
erey tinged with brown and irrorated with black; an indistinet sinuous
black antemedial line; a diffused black medial shade not extending to
costa; reniform whitish with brown centre, elliptical; postmedial line
diffused, blackish, incurved below end of cell; subterminal line indistinct,
whitish defined on inner side by blackish suffusion, angled outwards at
vein 7 and with blackish patch before it, excurved at middle; a terminal
series of black points. Hindwing whitish tinged with brown, traces of a
diffused antemedial line and curved postmedial and subterminal lines ; a
terminal series of black striz ; the underside whitish irrorated with brown,
a black discoidal Iunule, the postmedial and subterminal lines more
distinct.
FHabitat.—Mapras, Palnis (Campbell). vp. 28 mill. Type in B. M.
2828. BLEPTINA TRIANGULIFERA insert (Syn), Macna pretectata, Hering
Stett. Ent. Zeit. xliv., p. 98, pl. 1, f. 1
(1903).
28336. MAsrigorHORUS INDENTIFASCIA, Swinh., A. M.N. H. (7) xvii.,
p. 283 (1906).
Fuscous brown ; palpi with the tuft of hair on inner side ochreous ; tarsi
ringed with whitish. Forewing with the area to postmedial line greyish
fuscous ; antemedial line represented by slight dark suffusion; a small
deep black spot in middle of cell and rather large deep black discoidal
lunule ; postmedial line fuscous defined by greyish on outer side, excurved
from costa to vein 4, then incurved and minutely waved, subterminal
line grey, angled inwards at discal fold and incurved in submedian inter-
space; a terminal series of slight black lunules. Hindwing with small
blackish discoidal spot, postmedial line fuscous defined by grey on outer
side, minutely waved, excurved at middle; subterminal line greyish,
obsolete towards costa, excurved from vein 6 to 3, then incurved; a
terminal series of black strie ; the underside grey irrorated with fuscous,
the terminal area suffused with brown, a black discoidal spot, curved
minutely waved medial line and pale curved subterminal line defined on
each side by fuscous.
Habitat.—Buvutan ; Assam, Khasis. Fup. 40 mill.
Under MasticornHorvs insert Ovenanus, Swinh. Cat. Het. Mus. Oxon, 11.
p. 201 (1900) for Sect. ii. Type drontesalis.
a. MASTIGOPHORUS MAGNIPLAGA, Swinh., A. M. N. H. (7) xvi, p. 624
).
5
28
(190
o
o
5)
THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 1255
g. Red brown. Forewing with black point at base of costa and subbasal
point below the cell, an indistinct pale antemedial line slightly bent inwards
to costa, with black point before it in cell and spot beyond it on costa :
a large rounded black discoidal patch truncate above and defined by
ochreous, with dark brown patch above in on costa and slight oblique pale
band beyond it touching its outer edge ; postmedial line very indistinct,
dark, minutely crenulate, excurved from costa to vein 4, then oblique, a
diffused dark patch beyond it on costa ; a terminal series of black points.
Hindwing with indistinct diffused pale postmedial band with the slight
curved brown postmedial line on it ; a slight dark terminal line ; the under-
side greyish brown with small black discoidal spot, minutely crenulate post-
medial line, and indistinct minutely crenulate subterminal line.
Habitat.—Sixuim ; Assam, Khasis. vp. 42 mill.
28686. NoDANA DISCOSTICTA, 0. sp.
Antennz of male knotted and contorted at middle ; fore tibia with the
sheath covering the basal joint of tarsus only, fore and hind legs with a
large tuft of hair from femero-tibial joint.
g. Head, thorax and abdomen ochreous brown tinged with purplish
grey ; legs with the tufts ochreous. Forewing brown mixed with purplish
erey and with slight dark irroration, the costal edge darker; subbasal line
blackish, from costa to median nervure; antemedial line black, minutely
waved, bent inwards to costa : a round black discoidal spot ; postmedial line
black, minutely dentate, exeurved from costa to vein 4, then incurved,
subterminal line whitish, defined on each side by fuscous, almost straight ;
a terminal series of black points ; cilia with a fine pale line at base. Hind
wing grey suffused with brown ;an indistinct discoidal bar and straight
postmedial line from vein 6 to inner margin; subterminal line whitish
defined on inner side by fuscous, the white not extending to costa, almost
straight from costa to submedian fold where it is angled ; a terminal series
of black points; cilia with a paleline at base; the underside whitish
irrorated with brown, a black discoidal lunule, the postmedial line slightly
angled outwards at vein 6 and inwards at discal fold, the subterminal line
diffused and slightly angled at veins 5 and 2.
@. Rather deeper ochreous brown.
Habitat.—Cryiton, Kandy (Green), Peradeniya (Green). Exp, 34 mill.
Type in B. M.
Genus PILIPECTUS.
Type.
Pilipectus, Beth-Bakn. A. M. N. H. (8) vi., p. 443 (1910) ...... ocellata.
Proboscis fully developed ; palpi upturned, the second joint reaching to
about vertex of head and moderately fringed with hair in front, the 3rd
long and slender ; fronts smooth, with tuft of hair; eyes large, round ;
1284. JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XX.
antenne of male ciliated ; thorax clothed with scales mixed with long hair,
the tips of patagia with very long hair, without crests ; mid tibis moderately
fringed with hair, the hind tibiz fringed on both sides with long hair, the
inner spurs very long; abdomen with some long hair at base and crest on
basal segment. Forewing with the apex rounded, the termen rather oblique
below vein 4, not crenulate, the inner margin with numerous scale-teeth of
scales and long hair; vein 3 from before angle of cell ; 5 from above. angle ;
6 from just below upper angle; 9 from 10 anastomosing with 8 to form the
areole; 11 from cell. Hindwing with veins 3:4 from angle of cell; 5 fully
developed from just above angle; 6:7 from upper angle; 8 anastomosing
with the cell near base only.
28746. PILIPECTUS CYCLOPIS, nN. Sp.
3. Head and thorax ochreous white tinged with rufous and mixed with
chocolate-brown scales ; pectus and legs white, the latter suffused with
brown; abdomen white dorsally tinged with brown, the crest at base brown.
Forewing covered with fine chocolate-brown and white striz and with
numerous coarser white strize, the basal half with the dark markings black-
ish; the veins whitish, antimedial chocolate-red marks above and below vein
1; a chocolate-red patch suffused with plum-colour beyond the cell, an orange
spot on its lower part with white point above it, divided by whitish strie
from a semicircular chocolate-red patch defined by whitish beyond it, its
middle part suffused with plum-colour and with some white in centre, two
fine dark streaks above it below costa ; the apex pale rufous without striee ;
the termen with blackish marks irrorated and striated with white, the
three towards apex small triangular spots, a large triangular patch at vein
5, wedge-shaped patch below vein 8, and rounded patch above tornus.
Hindwing white, the apical area suffused with brown. Underside of fore-
wing brown, the tornal area white.
Q. Hindwing almost wholly suffused with brown, the cilia white slightly
tinged with brown.
Habitat.—Cryton, Haldamulla (Mackwood), Matale (Pole); Srncarorn;
Borneo, Sarawak. zp. 44 mill.
No. 1497. Cacyparis prunifera, Swinh. from Sikhim belongs to this genus,
the forewing has the outer part of the postmedial patch extending from
just below costa to below vein 3 and with yellow marks on it in the inter-
spaces except between veins 6 and 5; P. ocellata, B.-Baker. from New
Guinea has the fuscous on termen of hindwing in male extending to tornus.
14077. ToLPiA ARGENTESCENS, 0D. sp.
Head, thorax and abdomen brownish ochreous with a slight silvery gloss ;
palpi blackish except at tips ; tarsi blackish ringed with white. Forewings
ochreous with a slight silvery gloss irrorated with rufous, the terminal area
suffused with rufous, the costa dark-brown to middle where it expands into
a patch ; subbasal line represented by a black striga from costa and a point
THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 1235
in cell; antemedial line brown, oblique from costa to a small black spot in
middle of cell, then erect, waved ; medial line brown with small black spot
on costa, erect, sinuous, with a small white discoidal spot on its outer
edge ; postmedial line red-brown defined on outer side by whitish, oblique
to vein 6, slightly incurved at discel fold, then excurved, incurved below
vein 4; subterminal line whitish defined on inner side by red-brown, ex-
curved below vein 7 and at middle; some black striz on costa towards
apex and ontermen. MHindwing ochreous white tinged with brown; a fine
brown terminal line; the underside with the costal area suffused with
brown, a blackish discoidal striga.
Hatitat.—Cryton, Kandy (Green). xp. 14 mill. Type in B. M.
2904c. MARAPANA CAUTIPERAS, 0. Sp.
Head and thorax white mixed with grey-brown ; palpi with the 2nd joint
red-brown at sides, the 3rd with fuscous ring near tips; frons red-brown at
sides ; forelegs fuscous in front; abdomen white dorsally suffused with
rufous except at base, the basal crest red-brown. Forewing white tinged
with rufous, the costal area suffused with brown towards base; a large
quadrate patch of red-brown mixed with fiery red and grey on terminal
part of costal area, extending down to vein 4 and on inner part to vein 3;
subbasal line white, excurved below costa and ending at submedian fold;
antemedial line white slightly defined on inner side by rufous, angled out-
wards at subcostal and median nervures, then oblique; traces of a waved
brown medial line ; postmedial line white, very oblique and sinuous to vein
4, then inwardly oblique, some white points beyond it on costa; sub-
terminal line white with diffused white patch before it at costa aud defined
on outer side by brown on the dark area, angled outwards at veins 7 and
4 and slightly incurved at submedian fold, where there is a rufcus point
on its outer edge; a series of black points just before termen; a fine black
terminal line. Hindwing whitish suffused with brown; a dark discoidal
point ; a whitish postmedial line ; traces of a sinuous punctiform subterminal
line, a series of black points just before termen and a fine black terminal
line ; cilia pure white ; the underside white irrorated with fuscous, a black
discoidal spot, indistinct rufous postmedial line, faint punctiform sub-
terminal line, and series of black points before termen.
Habitat.—Cryton, Kandy. (Mackwood); Stnaapore (Ridiey). 9. Lup. 34
mill. Type in B. M. ©
2904d, MaRraPANA DIPLOGRAMMA, Na. Sp.
3. Head and tegule red-brown slightly tinged with grey; thorax and
abdomen grey-brown. Forewing grey-brown suffused with reddish brown
on basal costal area, beyond the antemedial line, on postmedial area ex-
cept towards inner margin, and on terminal area; subbasal line pale, in-
wardly oblique, from costa to submedian fold; antemedial line double
filled in with whitish, erect, slightly incurved in cell; a double discoidal
12386 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Voi. XXTI.
bar filled in with whitish; postmedial line double filled in with whitish,
oblique below vein 4; an oblique grey-white shade from costa before the
subterminal line which is indistinctly double filled in with whitish,
slightly incurved at discal fold, excurved at middle, and incurved below
vein 4. Hindwing grey suffused with fuscous brown; an indistinct post-
medial line ; cilia pale rufous ; the underside whitish irrorated with reddish
brown, a dark discoidal lunule, somewhat diffused sinuous postmedial
line, and series of points just before termen.
Hatitat.—Cryiton, Ambalangoda (Pole). Erp. 22 mill. Type in B. M.
29156. RHYNCHINA LEUCOGONIA, Nn. sp.
©. Head and thorax brown mixed with grey-white, the metathoracic
crest tipped with black ; abdomen whitish suffused with brown, the basal
crest tipped with black; pectus and ventral surface of abdomen white
irrorated with brown. Forewing whitish tinged with purple and suffused
with brown and irrorated with black ; a diffused whitish fascia above vein |
to postmedial line where it is met by an oblique whitish band from apex ;
antemedial line very indistinct, excurved below costa, then oblique and
angled inwards on vein 1; a white point at lower angle of cell; post-
medial line indistinct, double, angled outwards below costa, then very
oblique, some white points beyond it on costa; subterminal line slight,
dark, dentate with black streaks, before it below veins 7,6, defined by
whitish on inner side below vein 5, with a slight black mark at submedian
fold, then with a pure white lunule before it; a. terminal series of black
points; cilia with slight white lunules in the crenulations. Hindwing
reddish brown ; the underside whitish tinged with red-brown, a slight dis-
coidal lunule and indistinct curved postmedial line.
Habitat.—Manpnras, Horsleykonda (Campbell). Exp. 34 mill. Type in B.M.
29286. HyPENA THERMOPHA, 0. sp.
3. Head and thorax dark red-brown ; palpi whitish at base and as tip
of 8rd joint; pectus and base of legs whitish ; tarsi fuscous ringed with
whitish ; abdomen grey-brown tinged with rufous, the basal crest tipped
with grey, the ventral surface whitish. Forewing dark red-brown irrorated
with black; an indistinct waved rufous antemedial line defined by
ochreous on inner side ; obscure blackish spots at middle of cell and on
discocellulars ; postmedial line rufous slightly defined by ochreous on outer
side, minutely waved, oblique from costa to vein 4, then imeurved; a sub-
terminal series of slight black points, and a terminal series. Hindwing
uniform reddish brown with a cupreous gloss; the underside with the inner
half greyish.
Habitat.—Bompay, Ratnagiri (Jayakar). vp. 30 mill. Type in B. M.
2929a. HyrENA MESOGRAMMA, 0. sp.
Q. Head and thorax black-brown mixed with grey ; palpi whitish
below ;antennze ringed with whitish ; pectus whitish ; tarsi fuseous ringed
~
a
THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 1237
with white; abdomen black-brown mixed with grey and with whitish
segmental lines, the crests blackish, the ventral surface whitish. Fore-
wing reddish brown mixed with some grey and thickly irrorated with black,
the terminal area darker ; points of raised black scales with whitish scales in
centre at middle of cell and on discocellulars ; the postmedial line almost
medial, oblique, whitish, defined on inner side by rufous, then by some
black scales, some grey points beyond it on costa ; subterminal line indis-
tinct, oblique and blackish from costa to vein 6 where it is met by an
oblique black streak from apex, then greyish, slightly incurved at discal
fold and strongly at submedian fold, a terminal series of black striz.
Hindwing fuscous brown with a greyish tinge;a terminal series of black
stris ; cilia whitish at tips; the underside whitish irrorated with red-
brown, a blackish discoidal point and terminal series of minute black
lunules.
Hatitat.—Manpras, Gooty (Campbell). zp. 16 mill. Type in B. M.
29856. HYPENA MOLYBDOTA, nN. sp.
¢. Head and thorax glossy black-brown ; abdomen pale brown ; palpi
white at tips; tarsi ringed with white. Forewing black-brown with a
leaden gloss and irrorated with a few white scales; antemedial line black
from median nervure to inner margin, waved ; a minute rufous spot defined
by black in upper part of middle of cell, reniform small, triangular, rufous
defined by black; a waved medial shade from lower angle of cell to inner
margin; postmedial line black, minutely waved, excurved below costa and
at middle, angled inwards at discal fold, ineurved below vein 3 and ex-
curved above inner margin, subterminal line white, minutely waved
slightly excurved below vein 7 and at middle ; a terminal series of minute
black lunules defined on inner side by white scales. Hindwing fuscous ;
a slight waved black postmedial line on inner area; subterminal line
whitish, incurved at vein 2;a terminal series of black points ; the under-
side whitish thickly irrorated with fuscous brown, a small discoidal spot,
indistinct dark waved postmedial line, and waved whitish subterminal line
defined on outer side by fuscous.
Habitat.—Manpras, Palnis (Campbell) ; Travancors, Pirmad (Mrs. Imray).
Exp. 30 mill. Type in B. M.
2985 6. HYPENA ATRIRENA, 0. 8p.
Q. Head, thorax and abdomen reddish brown tinged with grey ; palpi
black-brown, white at tips; sides of frons black-brown; forelegs tinged
with fuscous. Forewing grey suffused with reddish brown; antemedial
line indistinct, dark, oblique, waved ;a whitish point in middle of cell ;
reniform black defined by some whitish scales, attenuated above and
rounded below ; postmedial line slight, dark, minutely dentate, slightly
bent outwards below costa and incurved at discal fold and below vein 4;
subterminal line indistinct, pale, minutely waved, exeurved below vein 7
17
12388 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXI.
and at middle ; a terminal series of black striz. Hindwing grey suffused
with brown; traces of antemedial and medial lines; a terminal series
of dark strize ; the underside with slight dark discoidal bar and traces of
waved postmedial and subterminal lines.
Habitat.—Cryton, Wellawaya (Green). vp. 22 mill. Type in B. M.
2988a. HyPENA ABNORMALIS, n. sp.
Palpi of male with tuft of ochreous hair from Ist joint in front, the 2nd
joint with tuft of long haic from base above, curved forward before the fringe
of hair; antennz serrate and fasciculate; the cell with fold on underside
containing a tuft of long yellow hair; the fore coxe and femora with tufts
of hair, the fore tibia with small streak covering the base of torsus.
&. Head and thorax fuscous brown; abdomen whitish tinged with brown.
Forewing grey suffused with reddish brown and irrorated with fuscous;
traces of an erect dark antemedial line; postmedial line dark, excurved
below costa and at middle and incurved at discal fold and below vein
4; faint traces of a dark subterminal line, angled outwards at vein 7;a
terminal series of black points. Hindwing white faintly tinged with
brown except the costal area to beyond middle, the inner area strongly
tinged with brown ; the underside white slightly irrorated with brown, a
dark discoidal point and terminal line from apex to vein 2.
Habitat.—Cryton, Hatigala (Green). Exp. 28 mill. Type in B. M.
2990. BrirHa BIGUTLATA insert (syn.) Hypena colabalis, Feld., Reis.
Nov., pl. 120, f. 29 (1874).
2996b. CHUSARIS RUBRIRENA, 0. Sp. A
Q. Head, throax and abdomen rufous mixed with some ochreous white ;
palpi with some black on outer side of 2nd joint at base and extremity,
the 3rd joint white with black ring near extremity ; tarsi banded with
black. Forewing ochreous suffused with rufous and irrorated with brown
especially on costal area; a brown antemedial mark on costa with traces
of the antemedial line arising from it, oblique, sinuous ; reniform oblique,
with red centre defined by black except above and whitish bar before it,
some dark suffusion beyond it and a blackish striga above it from costa ;
postmedial line white and oblique from costa to vein 6, then obsolescent,
strongly angled inwards in submedian fold, a blackish patch beyond it on
costa; subterminal line white slightly defined on inner side by red
suffusion, angled inwards below costa and at discal fold, the area beyond
it suffused with red and with slight diffused black streaks from below costa
to vein 4; a terminal series of small black spots defined on inner side by
white lunules ; cilia white with some black at apex and middle and black
line through them between those points. Hindwing blood-red, the
terminal area tinged with brown; a slight dark discoidal point, indistinct
curved white postmedial line with slight oblique black striga before it at
inner margin, and subterminal series of slight dark spots towards tornus
THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 1239
with oblique black striga on a white mark before them above inner margin ;
a series of blackish points just before termen ; cilia whitish with blackish
line near tips from apex to discal fold ; the underside whitish suffused with
rufous, traces of waved red medial and postmedial lines, and of a waved
white subterminal line defined on inner side by brown and on outer side
towards costa, a terminal series of black lunules.
Habitat.—Cryton, Kegalle (Alston). Erp. 18 mill. Type in B. M.
30086. HyPENAGONIA FLAVISIGNA, 0. sp.
Palpi projecting about one and a half times length of head.
©. Head, thorax and abdomen dark-brown mixed with grey; palpi
with oblique pale band on 2nd joint. Forewing dark-brown mixed with
grey; a slight dark subbasal line, angled outwards below costa, then
oblique; a slight dark antemedial line, obliquely excurved from costa to
median nervure, then oblique ; an oblique diffused medial black band from
upper angle of cell to inner margin; a minute whitish discoidal lunule ;
postmedial line indistinct and whitish on costal half, yellowish on inner
half, bent outwards below costa and incurved below vein 4, a irregular
yellow mark with slight black marks on its edges beyond it between veins
6 and 4, and some white points on costa; a subterminal series of small
triangular black spots with white striz on their inner side; cilia mixed
with white at tips. Hindwing grey and yellowish thickly irrorated with
dark-brown, a black medial band from upper angle of cell to inner
margin; a maculate black postmedial line with some yellow before it;
an indistinct blackish subterminal line; a series of black striz slightly
defined on inner side by grey just before termen; a fine black terminal
line; cilia mixed with white at tips; the underside white mixed with
seme yellow and thickly irrorated with black, a small black discoidal spot,
medial and postmedial lines, and diffused subterminal shade.
Habitat.— Cryton, Kalutava (Alston). Exp. 16 mill. Type in B. M.
3008c. HyPENAGONIA LONGIPALPIS, 0. sp.
Palpi projecting about three times length of head, the 3rd joint
upturned and tufted with hair at middle.
Head, thorax and abdomen yellowish mixed with rufous and a few black
scales ; palpi with oblique black line near extremity of 2nd joint, the 8rd
joint with black band at middle; tegule with some black at tips; tarsi
ringed with black. F orewing yellowish mixed with rufous and irrorated
with black; a slight waved black subbasal line from costa to median
nurvure ; a fine minutely waved black antemedial line; a brown medial
band edged by slight dark lines, the outer edge slightly angled outwards at
lower angle of cell below the minute white discoidal lunule ; postmedial
line fine, black defined on outer side by white, oblique from costa to vein
6, slightly angled inwards at discal fold, incurved and minutely waved
below vein 4, the costa beyond it with alternating black and whitish
1240 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XX.
streaks ; the postmedial area with curved series of black points and in female
a rounded spot in discal fold with diffused streak from its outer edge to
tips of cilia; a subterminal series of small black spots, excurved at
middle; a fine waved black terminal line; cilia with whitish line at base
of cilia. Hindwing yellowish and white mixed with rufous and irrorated
with black; a brown medial band from below costa to inner margin, edged
by blackish lines; a postmedial series of black points with minute yellowish
lunules on their outer sides; a subterminal series of small black spots
defined on inner side by whitish; a fine waved black terminal line; cilia
with a whitish line at pase and black line at middle; the underside with
waved black medial, postmedial and subterminal lines, black discoidal bar,
and series of small spots before termen.
Habitat.—Cryton, Puttalain (Mackwood), Haputale (Alston). Zzp. 18
mill. Type in B. M.
30085. HyPENAGONIA BRACHYPALPIA, 0. Sp.
Palpi projecting about the length of head.
©. Head, thorax and abdomen white; palpi and hinder part of thorax
tinged with rufous ; fore femora and tibiz tinged with fuscous; abdomen
with rufous band at base and slight fuscous bands towards extremity.
Forewing white tinged with rufous except on costal area; antemedial line
with black point at costa, then slight, rufous, incurved in cell and excurved
in submedian interspace; two black discoidal points; a rather diffused
oblique rufous line from lower angle of cell to inner margin; postmedial
line fine, brown, with black point at costa, strongly bent outwards below
costa, then oblique, slightly incurved at discal fold and somewhat sinuous
below vein 4; two slight black streaks on costa towards apex ; subter-
minal line slight, whitish, slightly angled inwards below costa and with
rufous mark on its outer edge at middle; a terminal series of black strize
with small rather dentate white marks before them; cilia with fuscous spot
at middle. Hindwing white; a diffused rufous antemedial line except on
costal arva; a black discoidal spot; the medial area with some fuscous
irroration ; an inwardly oblique dark line from costa towards apex to
diseal fold; a double very minutely waved subterminal line, the inner line
blackish, the outer brown and rather diffused towards apex; a fire black
subterminal line except at apex; the underside white slightly irrorated
with fuscous, a black discoidal point and slight sinuous postmedial line.
Hantat.—Cryton, Labugama (Mackwood). rp. 14 mill. Type in B. M.
30L42. Maostsroprera ALBISIGNA, 0. sp.
3. Head and tegule brownish white, the palpi brown irrorated with
black, the frons with brown lateral bars, some brown between antenne and
two black points at back of head, the tegule black at middle and tips;
thorax and abdomen grey-brown irrorated with a few black scales. Fore-
wing grey-brown irrorated with a few black scales; traces of a strongly
THE MOTHS OF INDIA, 1241
excurved antemedial line ; orbicular near end of cell, round, defined by
black except below ; a comet-shaped mark at end of cell, its upper extre-
mity extending to near costa and its lower to near postmedial line above
vein 3, defined by black except above, a white spot on its inner side on
discocellulars, a white line on its outer edge and some rufous in centre,
some black suffusion beyond it and a slight white streak above its upper
extremity ; postmedial line black, dentate, oblique from costa near apex
to vein 3, angled outwards at vein 7 and inwards at discal fold, a fuscous
mark below vein 2; some white points on costa towards apex; subterminal
line slight, grey defined on inner side by black strize, excurved at middle,
and angled inwards at discal and submedian folds; a fine waved black
terminal line with an ochreous white mark before it below vein 3 and black-
brown spot below 2. Hindwing fuscous brown. the cilia whitish; the
underside grey thickly irrorated with brown, a slight dark discoidal striga
and indistinct pale curved postmedial line.
Habitat.—Mapras, Horsleykonda (Campbell). Exp. 24 mill. Type in
B. M.
2103a@. RivuLa COGNATA, n. sp.
Mid and hind tibiz of male fringed with long hair on outer side, the mid
tibia with fold containing a tuft of long hair; abdomen with lateral tufts
of hair near base meeting ventrally; hindwing with the termen deeply
excised at submedian fold, the tornus lobed, the inner area with
a fold containing a tuft of black scales on upperside just beyond
middle.
3. Head and thorax red-brown, the patagia ochreous white; pectus and
legs ochreous white; abdomen dark-brown mixed with some grey. Fore-
wing ochreous white irrorated with dark-brown, the terminal area suffused
with red-brown, the costa dark-brown; subbasal line represented by a
whitish striga from costa ; antemedial line whitish, angled inwards in cell,
then with a large patch of black-brown suffusion before it; a whitish
discoidal point on a diffused brown spot ; postmedial line whitish slightly
defined on inner side by brown, bent outwards below costa near apex,
then minutely waved, oblique and ircurved below vein 4, some oblique
white strie beyond it from costa; subterminal line represented by a
small wedge-shaped whitish mark from costa with black point at
its apex, then by a series of black points with whitish points on their
inner side and by a whitish striga at tornus. Hindwing fuscous brown; a
slight whitish line at base of cilia ; the underside ochreous white irrorated
with brown, a slight dark discoidal spot and indistinct postmedial line from
costa to vein 4.
9. Thorax and ground colour of forewing uniform red-brown.
Habitat.—Bompay, N. Kanara, Karwar (Bell) ; Cryton, Kandy (Green),
Exp. 18 mill. Type in B. M.
1242 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXTI.
The structure of R. basalis is similar, but the postmedial line of fore-
wing is straight from below apex to inner margin.
21036. RivuLa SIMULATRIX, 0. sp.
Structure of male similar to R. basalis and cognata, but abdomen and
hindwing normal.
3. Head, thorax and abdomen pale ochreous yellow. Forewing
pale ochreous yellow, the terminal area tinged with rufous; antemedial
line whitish defined on outer side by a fine brown line and on inner by
rufous suffusion except at costa, excurved from costa to submedian fold,
then oblique ; a whitish point at upper angle of cell on a diffused rufous
spot; postmedial line whitish slightly defined on each side by brown,
strongly bent outwards below costa, then oblique, straight, some oblique
whitish strise beyond it from costa; subterminal line represented by a
whitish striga trom costa, then by a series of black points with whitish
points on their inner side and a whitish striga at tornus. Hindwing
ochreous white tinged with brown especially on terminal area, a fine dark
terminal line; the underside ochreous white irrorated with red-brown.
Q. Head, thorax and abdomen red-brown; forewing entirely suffused
with red-brown, with deep red-brown suffusion before antemedial line ;
hindwing dark red-brown, the cilia rufous.
Hatitat.—Cryton, Dickoya (Green), Pundaloya (Green), Nawalapitiya
(Pole). zp. 18-20 mill. Type in B. M.
2103d. Rivuna procrira, Swinh. A. M. N. H. (7), xvi., p. 621 (1905).
Forewing with vein 10 absent or very short.
©. Head and thorax white or pale brown mixed with dark red-brown ;
palpi, pectus, and legs brown, tarsi blackish slightly ringed jwith white ;
abdomen fuscous, whitish at base. Forewing white or pale brown slightly
irrorated with brown; a red brown patch on costa near base with the
indistinct irregularly waved antimedial line arising from its outer edge and
expanding into a patch at inner margin; a medial red-brown band
expanding into a triangular patch at costa, narrowing at lower angle of ©
cell and expanding into a wedge-shaped patch at median nervure with a >-
shaped black mark on it; postmedial line arising from outer edge of the
band, bent outwards below costa, incurved below vein 4 and joining the
band at inner margin; terminal area red-brown with two white points on
costa, an indistinct blackish subterminal line excurved below vein 7 and at
middle, a white spot beyond it at apex with five black marks below it and
some small white spots towards tornus ; a terminal series of black points
with white striz on their inner sides. Hindwing fuscous brown with a
slight pale line at base of cilia; the underside whitish tinged with brown,
the terminal area suffused with brown, a fuscous discoidal lunule and
curved postmedial line.
Habitat.—Assam, Khiasis; Baur. Zvp. 22 mill.
a
THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 1243
URANIAD.
3045d. HpipLEMA FULVIHAMATA, Nn. sp. (pl. G., f. 14).
Forewing with the termen very slightly angled at vein 6, hindwing with
the costa excised beyond middle and produced to points at veins 6 and 4.
Head and thorax red-brown tinged with purplish grey ; palpi above and
frons black; pectus and legs whitish, the forelegs fuscous above;
abdomen grey tinged with brown, the medial segments with blackish
dorsal marks. Forewing greyish suffused with purple-brown and striated
with blackish; traces of an interrupted waved antemedial line bent
inward to costa; postmedial line double tinged with fulvous and oblique
from costa to vein 5, then indistinct, pale, and incurved from vein 4 to
submedian fold, then defined by black on inner side and slightly excurved ;
a terminal black point below apex, then a dark band with diffused black
and fulvous on its inner edge, angled outwards at vein 6 and ending on
termen at vein 2. Hindwing with the costal half purplish, the inner half
purplish grey-brown striated with black; a fulvous streak in lower part of
cell hooked on discocellulars and with some black beyond its angle ; post-
medial line ochreous, defined on inner side by brown from costa to discal
fold and below vein 4 by black and fulvous, oblique and slightly sinuous from
costa to vein 4 where it is acutely angled outwards, then nearly straight ;
a whitish line from termen at vein 7 to termen at vein 2, defined by black
on outer side and produced to termen as short white streaks at discal fold
and veins 4°3; the underside brownish white slightly striated with black.
Habitat. Cryton, Kandy, Peradeniya (Green); Punto Laut (Doherty).
Exp, 22 mill. Type in B. M.
GEOMETRID A.
BoaRMIAN&.
3148a@. SYNEGIA CONFLAGRATA, N. sp.
Q. Head, thorax and abdomen fiery red mixed with yellow; palpi
brownish ; frons yellow below and with red and brown bars above;
antenne brown, the shaft above and a line between their bases pure white ;
pectus and legs ochreous and brownish, the forelegs brown; ventral
surface of abdomen whitish. Forewing yellow and fiery red almost
entirely suffused with fuscous brown, leaving some of the ground colour at
base, as irroration on medial costal area, as ante and postmedial patches on
inner margin, as a semicircular patch on termen from apex to vein 4, and
lunulate spots towards tornus ; an interrupted red and yellow antemedial
line, excurved below costa ; a postmedial white spot in submedian fold at
the apex of the patch on inner margin ; some brown striz on termen; cilia
yellow intersected with brown towards apex and at middle. Hindwing
yellow suffused with fiery red ; some brown at base ; a dark discoidal point
1244 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXTI.
with the indistinct sinuous brown medial line just before it; postmedial
line double, fiery red filled in with yellow, waved ; a strong brown sub-
terminal line, angled outwards to termen at discal fold and produced as
streaks to termen at veins 4, 3,2; the underside ochreous, a brown
subbasal line except towards costa, medial line brown, waved, double
towards inner margin, the discoidal point just beyond it, postmedial line
brown, curved, waved, the subterminal line connected at discal fold with
a lunulate patch on termen.
Habitat.—Manpras, Nilgiris (Andrewes). Exp. 36 mill. Type in B. M.
3235. Macaria SUBALBATARIA.
Larva.—Bistre brown; two black dorsal lines with a white line between
them; two fine lateral black lines; ventral surface paler; head bistre
brown with black spots. 6 (W. H. Campbell).
3236a. Macaria HONORIA, 0. sp.
Head and thorax dark-brown mixed with some grey ; palpi ochreous at
base and white at tips; frons with white points at sides, antennze with the
basal point white in front ; pectus yellow, legs yellow irrorated with brown,
the tibiz and tarsi brown above; abdomen yellow, dorsally dark-brown
except at extremity. Forewing purplish grey irrorated and striated with
dark-brown, the basal and costal areas suffused with brown, the medial
area pale grey except towards costa; an oblique antemedial dark-brown
bar from costa ;a small black-brown discoidal spot; postmedial line dark-
brown, strong oblique and slightly sinuous to vein 7, then bent inwards to
discal fold, then slightly oblique, a patch of black-brown above its angle on
costal area, then a band of dark-brown suffusion beyond it emitting a
diffused fascia from the angle of the line to termen;a terminal series of
black-brown points; cilia brownish with white line at base, chequered
with dark-brown towards apex. Hindwing purplish grey striated with
brown ; the basal area suffused with brown, a whitish subbasal spot in cell,
its outer edge incurved before the small round black discoidal spot placed
on the paler medial area ; postmedial line blackish, almost straight, a broad
band of brown suffusion beyond it and rather wedge-shaped black patches
between veins 6:7 and 4°3, the former extending at extremity to discal
fold ; the terminal area with dark-brown patch between veins 6 and 4;a
terminal series of slight dark lnnules; cilia whitish at base, brownish at
tips, dark between veins 6 and 4. Underside of both wings with the basal
area pale striated with brown, the terminal area fuscous brown with white
subapical spot on forewing, the hindwing with some white striz near inner
edge of the dark area and on apical area and an irregular white patch
striated with brown at middle of termen.
Habitat.—Mapras, Nilgiris (Andrewes). Eup. 42 mill. Type in B. M.
3326b. GARUS FLAVIPICTA, 0. Sp.
3d. Head and thorax fiery red; antennz with the shaft whitish, the
wegyear Leask
rigged
PUFA EME i
yA
% Be ATK rit :
' nigh V4
pipenrd ast
ass Sra rhe
15.
THE MOTHS OF INDIA.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE G.
Arbela theivora.
Celama leucoscopula.
BS mesotherma.
rufimixta.
3 dentilinea.
Reeselia pallidiceps.
Zia ectrocta.
flema atrifrons.
Halone flavinigra.
Asura phantasma.
,, toxodes.
, fulvimarginata.
Neasura taprobana.
Epiplema fulvihamata.
Cidaria nyctichroa.
Gymnoscelis lobata.
Chloroclystis dentatissima.
polygraphata.
Utetheisa pulchelloides.
Episilia clavata.
arenacea.
>)
Lycophotia poliades.
23.
24,
Ufeus carnea.
Anytus leucocyma,
Tichestra serrata.
Dichonia chlorata.
Chloroclystis plicata.
Prasinoxena metaleuca.
Melissoblaptes monochroa.
Crambus endopolia.
., neurigrammalis.
‘3 albiceps.
Chilo arzealis.
Prorophora dialeuca,
Heterographis augentescens..
Nephopteryx rhodobasalis.
Thermopteryx rubrifusa.
Spatulipalpia albistrialis.
Lepidogma chlorophilalis.
Macalla eumictalis.
Trichophysetis umbrifusalis.
2.° Bostra mesaleucalis.
Oligostigma andreusialis.
Massepha rufescens.
————
44
Horace Knight del.et lith. . West, Newman chromo.
INDIAN MOTHS.
THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 1245
branches brownish, abdomen yellow tinged with red and brown. Fore-
wing fiery red with a few dark striz, the medial area with diffused yellow
patches on costal area and below the cell and an oblique yellow bar from
costa before the angle of postmedial line, the costal edge yellowish on basal
area; a diffused brownish antemedial line oblique from costa to median
nervure, then slightly waved ; a black discoidal point ; postmedial line dark
slightly defined by violaceous on outer side, acutely angled outwards below
costa, then oblique ; the apex brownish with some violaceous irroration.
Hindwing fiery red sparsely striated with black, the terminal area witha
faint violaceous gloss ; medial area yellow, narrowing towards costa and
with slight red marks on its outer edge towards inner margin, bounded by
the dark postmedial line which is excurved and minutely waved from vein
4to inner margin. Underside of both wings yellow striated with black
and with diffused patches of rufous suffusion especially on tornal area of
forewing and apical area of hindwing which has the postmedial line
excurved between veins 4 and 2.
Habitat.—N. Assam, Dibrugrah (Ward). Exp. 38 mill. Type in B. M.
3528a. ABRAXAS DIVERSICOLOR.
Larva.—Dull fuscous; a pale yellow dorsal stripe interrupted at the
junction of the somites ; spiracular line red with a series of minute red
specks above it ; head prominent, glabrous, red; legs and preanal claspers
red, anal segment and anal claspers whitish. Food plant Rhododendron.
(W. H. Campbell).
LARENTIANA.
3643a. CIDARIA NYCTICHROA, n.sp. (PI. G., f. 15.)
6. Head, thorax and abdomen reddish brown mixed with some grey
and black, the tegule, prothorax and abdomen with blackish bands, the
metathorax with black crest ; pectus, legs and ventral surface of abdomen
brownish white, the fore tibiz and tarsi black with pale rings. Forewing
reddish brown suffused with a black and with numerous minutely waved
black lines, the double antemedial line and the postmedial line rather more
prominent, the latter excurved below costa and at middle ; a waved greyish
subterminal line and black terminal line. Hindwing red-brown suffused
with black and with numerous waved black lines except on costal area
which is greyish; a black terminal line ; the underside whitish irrorated with
fuscous, curved sinuous medial and postmedial blackish lines and a broad
diffused subterminal band.
Halitat.—Manras, Palnis (Campbell). Exp. 28 mill. Type in B. M.
3738. PHoToscoTOSIA VENIPICTA insert (syn.) ustroma pilosa, Th.
Mieg. Le Nat. i910, p. 34.
3747). PoMASIA PUNCTARIA, 0. sp.
©. Head white with blackish bars above from and between antenne,
18
1246 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXI.
the back of head and tegule yellow, the latter with blackish patches ; palp
blackish banded with white ; antennz brown, the basal joint white in front;
thorax brown with white patches on patagia; pectus and legs yellow, the
fore and mid tibiz and tarsi banded with brown ; abdomen dark-brown with
dorsal series of white spots and segmental lines, the extremity and ventral
surface orange-yellow. Forewing brown with numerous waved white lines
with series of small spots between them, the apical area and termen with the
markings orange-yellow; a white discoidal annulus with white point in
centre; the termen with a series of orange lunules concave towards
base. Hindwing brown with numerous waved white lines with series of
small spots between them, the terminal area with the markings orange-
yellow.
Habitat.—Manras, Nilgiris (Andrewes). vp. 24 mill. Type in B. M.
3754. GYMNOSCELIS SUBTRIGOSA, insert upithecia substristigera,
Wk., XXXV., 1879, (1866); which has
precedence.
Larva.—Black ; two yellow-green dorsal lines conjoined at the junctions
of the somites by bands of the same colour ; a spiracular series of yellow-
green spots and a few similar spots on the ventral surface; head black,
glabrous. Feeds gregariously on a species of low-growing Fig. ( W. H.
Campbell.)
3755@. GYMNOSCELIS LOBATA,n. sp. (Pl. G., f. 16.)
Hind tibia with long inner medial spur, the outer spur absent: hind-
wing of male with costal lobe folded over on underside, the inner area
folded over on underside and grooved.
dé. Head, thorax and abdomen ochreous mixed with reddish brown, ~
the underside ochreous whitish, the fore tibize and tarsi fuscous ringed
with white. Forewing greyish ochreous irrorated with fuscous ; subbasal
line represented by slight double dark strie from costa; antemedial line
slight, waved, inwardly oblique, a waved dark band beyond it with the
black discoidal striga on its outer edges; a faint double minutely waved
medial line ; postmedial line double, minutely waved and obliquely curved,
with fuscous suffusion on its inner side; subterminal line pale, minutely
waved, with fuscous suffusion on its inner side, the area beyond it purple ;
a fine dark terminal line ; cilia ochreous and fuscous. Hindwing greyish
ochreous irrorated with fuscous; traces of double waved ante and post-
medial lines; a rather punctiform blackish subterminal line, the area
beyond it tinged with purple; a fine black terminal line ; cilia ochreous
and fuscous. Underside of forewing suffused with purple except the
inner area to beyond middle, a curved whitish postmedial band with
deeper purple before and beyond it; hindwing whitish, the costal fold
fulvous, an obliquely curved purple postmedial band from costa to vein 4
and a terminal band.
THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 1247
Q. Head and abdomen more fulvous ; wings tinged with green; fore-
wing with the suffusion before postmedial and subterminal lines rufous, no
purple on termen; the underside with the purple replaced by brown.
Habitat.—Cryiton, Madulsima ( Vaughan ), Maskeliya (Alston), Amba-
wela (Green), Hakgala (Green). Zvp. 3 18, 9 20 mill. Type in B. M.
3/706. CHLOROCLYSTIS DENTATISSIMA, Warr., Nov. Zool., v., p. 428
(USoS) ene Ge, ft. 17.)
Q. Head, thorax and abdomen grey tinged with reddish brown; palpi
fuscous towards tips; fore tarsi brown ringed with whitish. Forewing
grey suffused and irrorated with brown; subbasal line represented by a
black striga from costa, the antemedial line by black strize from costa and
inner margin and at median nervure, inwardly oblique; a blackish point
on middle of costa ; postmedial line faint, waved, with short black streaks
on the veins, oblique from costa to vein 6, angled inwards at discal fold
and oblique below vein 4; subterminal line whitish, minutely dentate,
defined on inner side by slight dark streaks on the veins ; a terminal series
of black striz with minute streaks before them in the inter spaces. Hind-
wing grey suffused and irrorated with brown; indistinct minutely waved,
subbasal antemedial and medial lines; postmedial line blackish, curved,
slightly incurved at discal fold, with another faint line beyond it; sub-
terminal line whitish defined on inner side by brown, minutely dentate ;
a terminal series of black striz; the underside brownish white with
curved dark medial and postmedial lines except on inner area, a fine black
terminal line.
Habitat.—Cryion, Peradeniya (Green), Colombo (Mackwood); Cocos
Keewine 1; Key Is; N. Ausrratia, Port Darwin. Zvp. 18-22 mill.
3770c. CHLOROCLYSTIS POLYGRAPHATA, n. sp. (PI. G., f. 18.)
© Head, thorax and abdomen grey mixed with fuscous and tinged in
parts with rufous ; palpi, sides of frons, pectus and legs blackish, the tarsi
slightly ringed with white. Forewing grey, slightly tinged with reddish
brown and irrorated with fuscous ; subbasal line double, curved, from costa
to submedian fold, the inner line indistinct, antemedial area with two
indistinct waved lines, the antemedial line black, diffused and oblique to
median nervure, then minutely waved, the medial area with two lines,
oblique to just below cell, then minutely waved ; a strong black postmedial
lunule with blackish patches above it on costa and black points below it on
veins 3 and 2; postmedial line fine, on a pale band slightly angled outward
at vein 6, oblique to below vein 4, then minutely waved, a diffused lunulate
dark line beyond it; subterminal line whitish defined on each side by
fuscous, minutely waved ; cilia fuscous intersected with whitish. Hindwing
grey tinged with brown; a black mark on base of median nervure and two
spots an inner margin; two obscure antemedial lines angled outwards at
middle and interrupted in submedian inter space ; postmedial line double,
1248 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXI.
the inner line with slight dentate black marks before it on median nervules,
angled outwards at middle, then incurved and minutely waved ; subterminal
line double, maculate, oblique from costa to vein 3 where it is obtusely
angled; a series of fuscous spots just before termen from apex to vein 3;
cilia tinged with ochreous and with series of fuscous spots at base.
Underside of both wings suffused with fuscous brown; hindwing with
obscure maculate postmedial line excurved at middle.
Haintat.—Cuyton, Hakgala (Green). Exp. 28 mill. Type in B. M.
37736. CLOROCLYSTIS PLIcaTA, n. sp. (PI. G., f. 27.)
Forewing of male with the costa folded over on upperside from before
middle to towards apex.
Head, thorax and abdomen grey suffused with reddish brown, palpi
blackish except at base, the tips of 8rd joint white. Forewing grey suffused
with red-brown and with some black irroration on the veins; antemedial line
indistinct, double, waved ; three oblique blackish strive from medial part of
costa ; postmedial line indistinct, double, minutely waved, excurved to vein
4, then oblique; subterminal line grey, minutely waved, with slight black
streaks before it below costa and at middle and beyond it in the inter
spaces; a terminal black line. Hindwing grey suffused with red-brown,
the median nervure and veins beyond lower angle of cell irrorated with
black to the indistinct double whitish postmedial line which is excurved
at middle; an indistinct dentate whitish subterminal line; a black
terminal line.
Hobitat.—Cryton, Hakgala (Green), Ohiya (Green), Newara Eliya
(Mackwood), Horton Plains. £2p. 26 mill.
ACIDALIANA.
3925. HpHyna VALIDARIA, insert (syn.) 4076a. Geometra rufifrontaria.
597la. TIMANDRA FLAVISPONSABRIA, D. Sp.
Head rufous; antennz whitish towards base and with white bar
between their bases; thorax yellow tinged with rufous; legs rufous;
abdomen yellow tinged with rufous. Forewing ochreous yellow, the costal
and terminal areas suffused with rufous and irrorated with blackish; ante-
medial rufous points on median nervure and vein 1;' a minute rufous
discoidal spot; traces of an oblique postmedial line defining the rufous
terminal area, obsolete towards costa and excurved between vein 5 and
submedian fold; subterminal line with diffused oblique blackish streak
from apex, then represented by a series of black points; a fine red-brown
terminal line; cilia rufous. Hindwing ochreous yellow slightly striated
with brown, the terminal half suffused with rufous; an oblique red-brown
medial line with rufous band beyond it and fuscous patch on costal area; a
brown postmedial line excurved between veins 4 and 2; a fine red-brown
terminal line ; cilia rufous. Underside of both wings tinged with rufous
}
f
a
BS
¥
A
7
THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 1249
and prominently striated with blackish, the postmedial line black, excurved
between veins 5 and 2, a black terminal line ; forewing with black discoi-
dal spot.
Hatitat.—Mapras, Wynad (Cardew), Nilgiris (Andrewes); Burma,
Katha (Bingham). zp. 30 mill.
PYRALIDA.
GALLERIANZ.
414lc. PRasINOXENA METALEUCA, n. sp. (Pl. G., f. 28).
6. Head, thorax and abdomen white, the patagia green. Forewing
apple-green with two brownish grey discoidal points and one in discal fold
beyond the cell; the costal edge brown towards apex; cilia white with
waved brown line at base and fuscous tips. Hindwing white. Underside
of forewing with the fringe of hairy scales on and beyond median nervure
ochreous white. :
Halitat.— Cryiton, Kandy (Mackwood). Exp. 16 mill. Type in B. M.
4144c, MeLIssoBLAPTES MONOCHROA, Nn. sp. (Pl. G., f. 29).
¢. Head, thorax and abdomen brownish white. Forewing pale brownish
ochreous, sparsely irrorated with black; a subbasal black point in cell; a
series of black points on costa towards apex and on termen from apex to
vein 2. Hindwing uniform pale brownish ochreous.
Hatbitat.—Cryion, Ambalangoda (Pole). vp. 32 mill. Type in B. M.
CRAMBINE.
4156d. CRAMBUS ENDOPOLIA, n. sp. (Pl. G., f. 30).
¢6. Head and thorax pale grey-brown; pectus, legs and abdomen
whitish tinged with brown. Forewing pale grey-brown, the inner area
paler to submedian fold, the veins beyond the cell slightly streaked with
whitish and defined above and below by faint brown streaks; traces of a
brown point at middle of vein 1 and discoidal point; an indistinct highly
curved postmedial brown line. Hindwing white tinged with brown ; the
underside with the inner area whiter.
Hantat.—Crvion, Wellawaya (Green). rp. 26 mill. Type in B. M.
4169a. GRAMLPUS NEURIGRAMMALIS, n. sp. (PI. G., f. 31).
Head and thorax white, sides of palpi, antennz and patagia golden
bronze ; abdomen white faintly tinged with ochreous. Forewing white; a
diffused golden bronze fascia on costal area to subterminal line and another
on median nervure to well beyond angle of cell; a black discoidal spot;
the veins beyond the cell defined by fine golden bronze streaks; a
double highly curved subterminal line with small wedge shaped black-
brown mark beyond it on costa; a black-brown terminal line. Hindwing
white with a slight bronze terminal line from below ajex to submedian
fold.
1250 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXI.
Habitat.—Cuyton, Ambalangoda (Pole). Exp. § 16, 2 18 mill. Type
in B. M.
41786. CRAMBUS ALBICEPS, n. sp. (PI. G., f. 32).
92. Head and thorax grey tinged with brown, the vertex of head
whitish; abdomen white tinged with brown. Forewing grey tinged with
reddish brown and thickly irrorated with brown; a slight blackish discoidal
point and blackish terminal line; cilia with a silvery gloss. Hindwing
white tinged with brown, the cilia white; the underside white faintly
tinged with brown.
Habitat.—Cryton, Haputale (Alston). Zxp.18 mill. Type in B. M.
420%2e. CHILO ARZALIS,n. sp. (Pl. G., f. 33). ;
Forewing with vein 8, 9, 10 stalked, 11 anastomosing with 12.
3. Head, thorax and abdomen pale ochreous yellow ; forelegs brownish,
the tibia and tarsus whitish in front. Forewing pale ochreous yellow
slightly irrorated with brown and the veins defined by faint brown streaks ;
traces of an oblique antemedial brown line from vein 2 near base to vein 1;
a triangular blackish discoidal spot with a brownish streak from it to termen ;
postmedial line rather oblique and formed of faint dark streaks from costa
to vein 6, then very oblique to middle of inner margin and minutely
dentate ; two black points on termen above tornus. Hindwing white; the
underside with the costal area tinged with ochreous.
Habitat.—Manras, Palnis (Campbell). Exp. 26 mill. Type in B. M.
4203. CHILO SIMPLEX.
Larva.—Pinkish grey sparsely covered with fine hairs; two faint pale
brown dorsal stripes; a diffused lateral band of the same colour; a supra-
spiracular series of small black specks ; in some cases the whole body is
suffused with brown ; head red, glabrous; thoracic plate horny. . Feeds in
the heads and stems of the great millet and Holcus spicatus, boring down
into the head as the earis formed and settling in the stem in which it
pupates ; the whole upper part of the plant rots; very destructive. (W. H.
Campbell).
4205. CHILO SUPPRESSALIS, insert (syn). Chilo auricilia Dudgeon. J.
Bomb. Soc. xvi., p. 405 (1905).
Food plant Sugarcane.
ANERASTIANZ.
4279a. AMBALA ALBIVENALIS, 0. sp.
Maxillary palpi flattened against frons; antennze of male strongly
laminate and with ridge of scales in sinus at base of shaft; hindwing
with veins 3 and 5 stalked to near termen.
Head and thorax white mixed with rufous; abdomen white dorsally
suffused with fulvous yellow at base. Forewing ochreous tinged with
rufous and slightly irrorated with black, the veins prominently streaked
with white ; an antemedial black point on vein 1; a postmedial black point
eS ae
THE MOTHS OF INDIA, 1251
on vein 1 and usually an oblique striga between veins 5 and 2; a terminal
series of slight black points. Hindwing white with a faint ochreous brown
tinge ; the cilia pure white.
Halitat.—Cryion, Puttalam. (Pole) 1 ¢g,1 2, Haputale (Alston) 1 dg,
Kegalle (Alston) 1 g. ap. 12-20 mill.
4285a. ANERASTIA CASTANEALIS, 0D. sp.
@. Head, thorax and abdomen chestnut-red ; pectus, legs and ventral
surface of abdomen paler, the tarsi fuscous ringed with white. Forewing
pale chestnut-red, deeper red towards costa; the ante-and postmedial
lines represented by traces of short deep red streaks. Hindwing white,
the costa and termen slightly tinged with brown; the underside with the
costal area tinged with brown.
Habitat.—Cryion, Kegalle (Alston). Exp. 16 mill. Type in B. M.
4299a. SaLURIA HEMIPHZALIS, nN. sp.
Head and thorax fuscous, the metathorax rufous; abdomen grey
dorsally tinged with rufous. Forewing with the costal half fuscous, the
inner half rufous, the costal area with a white fascia tapering to a point
just before apex. Hindwing semihyaline whitish tinged with brown;
cilia whitish with a brown line through them.
Hatbitat.—Cryion, Haldamulla (Mackwood), Haputale (Alston). Exp.
22:26 mill. Type in B. M.
43046. CRITONIA OCHRACEALIS, Nn. sp.
Palpi of male oblique, the 2nd joint hollowed out to receive the brush
hike maxillary palpi; antennez serrate, with large tuft at base of shaft.
Head and thorax brownish ochreous; abdomen ochreous. Forewing
ochreous with a brownish tinge below costal area from base to apex ;the
costal edge blackish at base; a blackish antemedial point on vein]; an
ill-defined blackish discoidal spot ; an oblique postmedial series of blackisn
points on the veins; an oblique blackish bar from apex and terminal
series of black points. Hindwing semihyaline ochreous, the costal area
tinged with brown towards apex; a fine dark terminal line. Underside
of forewing suffused with fuscous brown, except on inner and terminal
areas, more extensively suffused in female.
Haintat.—Punsazp; Kangra Valley (Dudgeon); Mapras, Nilgiris (An-
drewes). Lzp. 5 26, 9 30 mill. Type in B. M.
4312. PoLYACHA DEPRESSELLA insert (syn). Polyocha saccharella (Dud-
geon) J. Bomb. Soc. xvi, p. 405 (1905).
This belongs to Sect. II; but the forewing has veins 4:5 approximated
for some distance and veins 10 from the cell, hindwing with veins 3 from
angle of cell and 8 free.
Larva on sugarcane.
4326a.—HuTEROGRAPHIS ARGENTESCENS, n. sp. (PI. G., f. 35).
. Head and thorax rufous with some silvery scales; antennze blackish
1252 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XX1.
abdomen ochreous brown. Forewing ochreous mostly suffused with
bright rufous; traces of an oblique dark antemedial line with silvery
scales before 1t towards inner margin; an oblique medial band of silvery
suffusion ; an indistinct. oblique dark postmedial line with band of silvery
suffusion beyond it; the inner margin blackish from near base to a dark
brownish batch at tornus ; cilia silvery whitish at tips. Hindwing ochre-
ous brown, the cilia silvery white except at base. \
Habitat.—Cryton, Kegalle (Alston). Zap. 20 mill. Type in B. M.
PHYCITINA.
Genus PRoRoPHORA.
Type.
Prorophora, Rag., Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1887, p. 252 ........ curvibasella.
Proboscis well developed; palpi down-curved, typically extending about
the length of head; maxillary palpi slightly tufted with hair; frons
with pointed prominence hidden in a tuft of hair; antennz of male almost
simple. Forewing long and narrow, the apex rounded ; vein 3 from angle
of cell; 4:5 on a long stalk from above angle; 8:9 stalked; 10:11 from
cell. Hindwing with vein 3 from angle of cell; 4-5 on a long stalk; 6°7
from upper angle; 8 not anastomosing with 7.
4335+. PRoRoOPHORA DIALEUCA, n. sp. (PI. G., f. 34).
Palpi extending twice the length of head.
@. Head, thorax and abdomen grey suffused with brown. Forewing
grey suffused with brown and slightly irrorated with fuscous ; a white
streak above median nervure from before middle of cell to termen at
discal fold, emitting minute spurs on bases of veins 4°3; slight fuscous
medial marks on median nervure and vein 1, and a postmedial series of
minute diffused streaks on the ve.ns, oblique below vein 4 ; the veins slightly
streaked with whitish towards termen which is more strongly irrorated
with brown. Hindwing semihyaline white, the termen faintly tinged
with ochreous brown.
Halbitat.—Cryton, Elephant Pass (Mackwood), Jaffna (Mackwoud). Exp.
24 mill. Type in B. M.
Genus HypHANTIDIUM.
Type.
Hyphantidium, Scott., Proc. Zool. Soc., 1859, p. 207... sericaria.
Assara, Wlk., xxvii, 79 (1863) Pee RN nse.
Cateremna, Meyr., Pr. Linn. Soc., N. 8S. W., vil, p. 156
(1882) .. or : .. microdova.
Seneca, Hulst., Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., xvii, p. 177 (1890).. temedella.
4345. MH yPHANTIDIUM ALBICosraLis, Wl1k., xxvii, 80 (1869); Rag. Rom.
Mém., viii, p. 73, pl. xxv., f. 14.
THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 1253
Euzophera subterebrella, Snell., Tijd. V. Ent., xxiii, p. 250 (1880) ;
id., XXvii, p- 54, pl. v., f. 12.
- nivricostella, Hmpsn., Moths. Ind., iv., p. 74 (1896).
4354a. NmPHOPTERYX NEPHELOALIS, N. Sp.
@. Head, throax and abdomen grey suffused with brown; pectus and
ventral surface of abdomen whitish; tarsi blackish ringed with white.
Forewing grey suffused with brown;some diffused whitish from base of
costa followed by a dark shade; an oblique whitish diffused antemedial
bard with the slight double brown antemedial line on its outer edge
followed by a blackish shade from costa to median nervure ; two obliquely
placed blackish discoidal spots; subterminal line whitish defined on each
side by dark lines and with slight oblique dark shade from its inner side
at costa, slightly excurved at middle and very minutely waved : a terminal
series of blackish points. Hindwing pale suffused with brown; cilia
whitish with a brown line near base.
Habitat,—Cryton, Trincomali (Green). Zp. 20 mill. Type in B. M.
4359d. NEPHOPTERYX RHODOBASALIS, n. sp. (Pl. G., f. 36.)
Antennz of male with large tuft of scales from basal joint and sinus
at base of shaft but without tuft of scales in it; the tibiz broadly
scaled; large black anal and genital tufts with some silvery scales in
them.
Head and thorax ochreous tinged with rufous; tibiz and tarsi banded
with blackish; abdomen fuscous, ochreous at base. Forewing with the
basal area whitish tinged with pink and rufous and with dark patches on
costa at base and before middle ; antemedial line double, oblique, formed
of raised blackish and silvery scales; the rest of wing fuscous mixed
with greyish ; two obscure discoidal spots with some whitish before and
beyond the lower ; subterminal line indistinct, double filled in with whitish,
the inner line minutely dentate, slightly incurved below costa; a terminal
series of black poiuts; cilia with a fine whitish line at base followed by a
dark line. Hindwing semihyaline whitish, the veins and a terminal line
brown ; cilia with a dark line near base.
Habitat.—Cryton, Madulsima (Vaughan). zp. 18 mill. Type in B. M.
4359e. NEPHOPTERYX ACROBASELLA, N. Sp.
Maxillary palpi of male dilated with scales and flattened against the
frons; antennz with sinus at base containing a tuft of scales; thorax
with tufts of long hair from below base of hindwing.
Head and thorax grey mixed with some red and pale olive brown, the
tarsi fuscous ringed with white; abdomen brownish ochreous with grey
and fuscons bands. Forewing grey irrorated with purplish red; some
olive ochreous‘on basal inner area; the first line medial, blackish, oblique,
straight, with a conical olive ochreous band before it, not quite reaching
costa, and defined on inner side by band of raised blackish, red and silvery
19
1254 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXI.
scales from cell to inner margin; two black discoidal points; an olive
ochreous postmedial band from submedian fold to inner margin; subter-
minal line whitish defined on inner side by black and on outer by red,
almost straight, oblique ; a fine black terminal line; cilia whitish with an
ochreous line at base followed ‘by a fine dark line. Hindwing semihyaline
whitish tinged with brown; a blackish terminal line; cilia with a dark
line near base.
Habitat.—Cxryton, Hambantota (Bainbrigge-Fletcher). Zvp. 18 mill. Type
in B. M. 7
4370d. NEPHOPTERYX FERREOTINCTA, N. sp.
©. Head, thorax and abdomen grey-brown mixed with whitish; tarsi
fuscous ringed with white ; abdomen with brownish dorsal bands towards
base, the anal tuft ochreous, the ventral surface white. Forewing white,
thickly irrorated and suffused with grey-brown and with some rufous espe-
cially on inner area before and beyond the subterminal line ; antemedial line
ill-defined, whitish, with diffused black patch before it on inner half and
diffused white patch beyond it, oblique from costa to submedian fold, then
incurved : two indistinct conjoined brown discoidal points; subterminal
line white, slightly angled inwards at discal and submedian folds; a
terminal series of blackish points; cilia witha white line near base.
Hindwing semihyaline whitish, the costal area tinged with brown; a fine
brown terminal line and line near base of cilia.
Haintat.—Cryton, Matale (Pole). Exp. 20 mill. Type in B. M.
Genus THERMOPTERYX, nov.
Type.— 7. rubrifusa.
Palpi upturned, the second joint reaching about to vertex of head and
moderately fringed with scales in front, the third short; maxillary palpi
slightly dilated with scales; frons smooth; antennz of female almost
simple; tibize slightly fringed with hair. Forewing with veins 2-3 on a
long stalk; 4-5 closely approximated for about half their length and not
in line with median nervure; 6 from uvper angle; 8-9 stalked and 10
closely approximated to them for about halfits length. Hindwing with vein
3 from angle of cell; 4-5 strongly stalked; 6-7 from upper angle; 8 not
anastomosing with 7; the cell about half length of wing.
4382a. THERMOPTERYX RUBRIFUSA, nN. sp. (PI. G., f. 37.)
Q. Head, thorax and abdomen grey-white suffused in parts with
rufous; palpi fuscous. Forewing grey-white irrorated with rufous; a
patch of rufous suffusion on basal costal area ; the inner area suffused with
rufous from before middle where it extends almost to costa and thence
obliquely to termen between veins 3 and 2; a patch of rufous suffusion
at apex ; two rufous discoidal points; a greyish subterminal line, slightly
bent outwards at discal fold, then minutely waved; a terminal series of
THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 1265
rufous points. Hindwing semihyaline white, the costal area faintly tinged
with rufous towards apex.
Habitat —Cryton, Trincomali (Green). £zp.28 mill. Type in B. M.
4383c. MYELOIS ATRIMACULALIS, Nn. sp.
©. Head, thorax and abdomen grey mixed with red-brown, the pectus,
legs and ventral surface of abdomen greyer. Forewing grey suffused
with red brown ; a small subbasal black spot below costa; small antemedial
black spots just below costa and on vein 1; a rather large blackish spot at
lower angle of cell with two black points above it: a minutely dentate
postmedial dark line from below costa to submedian fold, the veins beyond
it with slight dark streaks ending in minute terminal black points. Huind-
wing greyish tinged with brown especially on apical area.
Ha'ntat.—Cuyton, N.C. Province (Pole). vp. 18 mill. Type in B.M.
4385a. PHYCITA UMBRATALIS, N. sp.
¢. Head and thorax grey-brown mixed with some fuscous; abdomen
erey-brown; the tarsi with slight pale rings. Forewing grey suffused
with fuscous-brown ; antemedial line diffused, brown, curved, with black
points before it on median and submedian nervures; a black discoidal
point ; the veins of postmedial area with short black streaks; subterminal
line grey defined on inner side by black and on outer by red-brown; a
terminal series of black points ; cilia grey with brown lines at base and
middle. Hindwing greyish white with fine brown lines on termen and
near base of cilia.
Haintat.—Manpras, Horsleykonda (Campbell). Zvp. 18 mill. Type in B.M.
4389c. PHYCITA MELANOSTICTA, nN. sp.
@. Head, thorax and abdomen grey suffused with brown ; tarsi fuscous
ringed with white; ventral surface of abdomen white. Forewing grey
suffused with brown and clouded in parts with fuscous ; the first line medial,
double, brown filled in with white and defined on outer side by white,
slightly excurved below costa and with short black streak before it above
vein |; a slight curved black striga on upper discocellular and a blackish
shade beyond the cell bent inwards below vein 4; postmedial line white,
rather oblique from costa to vein 4 and slightly angled inwards in sub-
median fold ; a terminal series of dark points. cilia whitish with a fine
brown line near base. Hindwing semihyaline white, the costal area
tinged with brown towards apex; a fine brown terminal line and line
through the cilia.
Ha'itat.—Cryton, Peradenya (Green), Habarana (Green). ZEvp. 22-24
mill. Type in B.M.
4393a, PHycITA MIMELLA, Rag., Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1889, p. cexviii;
id. Rom. Mém. vii, p. 163, pi. viii, f. 3.
©. Head, thorax and abdomen grey mixed with brown, the tarsi with
pale rings. Forewing grey tinged in parts with brown and rather thickly
1256 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XX.
irrorated with black; antemedial line indistinctly double, oblique from —
costa to submedian fold and incurved at vein 1, a brownish patch before it ©
in and below the cell, defined on inner side by a black bar; two small black
discoidal spots ; postmedial line indistinct, brown defined on outer side by
whitish, arising below costa, oblique to vein 6, then minutely waved and
somewhat bent outwards to inner margin, an oblique blackish shade
beyond it from costa ; a terminal series of black points ; cilia white tinged
with brown. Hindwing semihyaline white, the veins and costa towards
apex tinged with brown; a fine brown terminal line from apex to vein 1;
cilia with a fine brown line near base from apex to vein 1.
Habitat.—Cxyton, Kegalle (Alston) ; New Guinea, Port Moresly. Exp. 18
mill.
44916. SPaTULIPALPIA ALBISTRIALIS, n.sp. (PI. G., f. 38.)
Palpi of male with the second joint strongly dilated with a fold enclosing
the brush-like maxillary palpi and fringed with hair on outer side at ex-
tremity ; frons hollowed out ; antennze with the basal joint large, the shaft
with sinus at base enclosing a large tuft of scales, then laminate; the
vertex of head with ridge of scales ; forewing with veins 8, 9, 10 stalked ;
hindwing with the lower angle of cell very strongly produced to half the
length of wing, the median nervure and discocellulars closely approxi-
mated, veins 3, 4, 5 from angle, 4, 5 closely approximated for about one-
third length.
&d. Head, thorax and abdomen bright rufous, the second joint of palpi
in front, the basal joint of antennee and tuft of scales in sinus, and the
tegule at middle ochreous; tibize and tarsi banded with dark brown.
Forewing bright rufous with fine blackish streaks on the veins ; a silvery
whitish streak below base of cell ; antemedial line silvery whitish, strongly
angled outwards in cell, then running inwards as a streak above median
nervure to near base and on inner area represented by an oblique streak
to inner margin with a streak from it above vein 1 to postmedial line; a
silvery whitish streak in lower extremity of cell and short streaks in the
interspaces beyond the cell; a blackish discoidal spot; postmedial line
silvery whitish, arising from costa near apex, acutely angled inwards in
discal fold and outwards at vein 5, then oblique to just above vein 1 to
which it is slightly bent outwards ; a fine black terminal line ; cilia whitish
at base and tips with fine red lines through them, brown at middle. MHind-
wing whitish tinged with brown ; cilia with whitish line at base followed
by a brown line.
Habitat.—Cryton, Maskeliya (Alston), 1 ¢.type. vp. 20 mill.
4421c, SPATULIPALPIA ALBICOSTALIS, Nl. Sp. :
dé. Head and tegule white slightly tinged with brown; thorax and
abdomen pale brown, the anal tuft, pectus, legs and ventral surface of
abdomen white tinged with ochreous. Forewing pale ochreous brown, the
— .., co.
.
g ’
‘yp
THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 1257
costal area white slightly irrorated with brown; obliquely placed ante-
medial dark points on and below costa; a slight white discoidal striga; a
straight punctiform postmedial dark ime slightly defined on outer side by
_ whitish, and punctiform terminal line; a fine whitish line at base of cilia.
Hindwing pale tinged with brown ; a fine brown line near base of cilia.
Habitat.—Czrvton, Poyahawelle (Alston). Z2p.16 mill. Type in B. M.
4425a. CRYPTOBLABES SCOTOCHROALIS, N. Sp.
©. Head and thorax dark cupreous brown with a greyish glose;
abdomen greyish suffused with brown; pectus, legs and ventral surface of
abdomen whitish mixed with fuscous, the fore legs fuscous, the tarsi
fuscous with slight pale rings. Forewing dark cupreous brown with a
silvery grey glose; antemedial line rather strong, white, oblique from
below costs to inner margin towards which itis diffused on inner side ;
subterminal line slight, whitish, somewhat excurved at middle then
oblique ; a faint greyish terminal band; cilia greyish. Hindwing greyish
tinged with brown especially on the veins; cilia pale brownish with a white.
line at base. ;
Halitat.—Cryton, Kegalle (Alston). Exp. 14 mill. Type in B. M.
4427a. CRYPTOBLABES FLAVIZONALIS, Nn. sp.
©. Head and thorax brownish white; palpi black at side; a black-
brown band between antenne; abdomen yellowish with lateral fuscous
marks and dorsal black points on basal segments; the terminal segments
fuscous with whitish bands; pectus, legs and ventral surface of abdomen
white mixed with some fuscous, the tarsi fuscous ringed with white. Fore-
wing white slightly irrorated with black, the inner area suffused with pur-
ple-red ; obliquely placed subbasal black points below costa and cell; an
antemedial olive-yellow band expanding on inner half and defined on each
side by black lines overlaid by silvery scales ; two black discoidal points ;
subterminal line white defined on inner side by a red line blackish and
angled outwards below costa and on outer by a rather diffused black line
overlaid by silvery scales with some red on its outer edge; a terminal
series of black points; cilia whitish with brownish lines near base and
tips. Hindwing white tinged with brown especially on the veins; the
cilia whitish with a faint brownish line near base.
Hatitat.—Cryton, Kegalle (Alston). zp. 12 mill. Type in B. M.
HpIpascHIAN.
4538a. LEPIDOGMA CHLOROPHILALIS, n. sp. (PI. G., f. 39.)
@. Head and thorax green mixed with rufous and a few black scales:
palpi black at tips; antennz blackish except at base; tibize and tarsi
banded with black; abdomen ochreous tinged with brown and with obscure
blackish bands except at base. Forewing sap-green irrorated with black ;
the terminal half of costa red, the medial area sometimes irrorated with
red ; subbasal line represented by black points below costa and cell; some
1258 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXI.
black below the cell and on inner margin before the rather diffused oblique
waved antemedial line; a discoidal tuft of black scales; postmedial line
black defined on outer side by whitish, dentate, excurved from below costa
to vein 2; subterminal line represented by a pale green band defined on
inner side by dark green or blackish suffusion and on outer by a terminal
series of dark green lunules; cilia chequered white and black. Hindwing
pale almost wholly suffused with fuscous; a curved minutely waved
diffused dark postmedial line defined on outer side by whitish ; the termen
purplish red with a terminal series of small black lunules; cilia whitish
chequered with black from apex-to vein 2; the underside whitish suffused
with purplish brown, especially on terminal area, a curved dentate dark
postmedial line.
Hlabitat.—Cryton, Maskeliya, (Pole), Madulsima (Vaughan), zp. 30
mill. Type ia B. M.
44385. LepipogGM4 MELANOLOPHA, 0. sp.
Q. Head, thorax and abdomen pale reddish brown; palpi black with
pale ring at base and extremity of third joint; tibie and tarsi black ringed
with white. Forewing pale reddish brown sparsely irrorated with black ;
the costal area suffused with black to the postmedial line, the subbasal
and antemedial lines represented by pale bars on it; a prominent tuft of
black scales at upper angle of cell; a faint diffused fuscous shade beyond
and below the cell; postmedial line black, strongly excurved below vein 6
and slightly incurved below vein 3; a terminal series of black strize and a
fuscous shade on terminal area above tornus; cilia fuscous with a pale
line at base. Hindwing pale reddish brown suffused with fuscous; a
subterminal black bar at vein 2 defined on outer side by whitish; a
blackish terminal line ; cilia fuscous with a pale line at base; the under-
side ochreous whitish irrorated with fuscous especially on costal area, the
terminal area tinged with fuscous, a pale postmedial line obliquely curved
to submedian fold near termen.
Habitat.—Cryton, Kegalle (Mackwood). Zp. 20 mill. Type in B, M.
4545). MAcALLA BRACHYSCOPALIS, nN. Sp.
Male with the antennal process short and hardly extending behind
the head.
d. Head and thorax olive-green with some black scales ; palpi mostly
black ; antennal process black at tip ; tarsi black with pale rings ; abdomen
olive green with some black scales, tinged with rufous and largely mixed with
black towards extremity. Forewing olive-green irrorated with black
expecially towards costa, the terminal area slightly ringed with rufous; a
pale oblique antemedial striga from costa ; a discoidal tuft of black scales ;
postmedial line blackish defined on outer side by pale olive, oblique from
costa to vein 5, excurved to vein 2, then again oblique to near tornus;
a terminal series of small triangular black spots ; cilia chequered olive and
|
|
|
THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 1259
{ blackish, with a fine pale line at base. Hindwing pale silky olive tinged
with fuscous especially on terminal area; a terminal series of smal!
triangular black spots; cilia with a fine pale line at base.
Halitat.—Cryton, Maskeliya (Alston). Zep. 22 mill. Type in B. M.
4446), MacaLLa EUMICTALIS, n. sp. (PI. G., f. 40.)
Head, thorax and abdomen greyish mixed with rufous and black; tarsi
black with pale rings. Forewing greyish tinged with olive and in parts with
rufons especially on medial area and irrorated with black, the apical area
suffused with black; some black suffusion on base of inner margin and on
costa before middle; antemedial line represented by a ridge of xaised
black scales, inwardly oblique from costa to vein 1, then bent outwards
above inner margin; a sinuous medial ridge of black scales from cell to
nner margin; a discoidal tuft of black scales and a diffused oblique
ridge of scales from lower angle of cell to vein 1; postmeduial line black,
dentate, oblique from costa to vein 4, then erect and angled inwards at
vein 2, a whitish patch before it beyond the cell; a terminal series of
rather triangular blackish spots with a slight whitish patch before them at
middle; cilia chequered rufous and blackish. Hindwing olive tinged
with rufous and fuscous ; cilia with a fine pale line at base.
Habitat.—Czryton, Maskeliya (de Mowbray). Zap. g 34, 2 40 mill.
ENDOTRICHIN&.
4504a. TRICHOPHYSETIS UMBRIFUSALIS, n. sp. (FI. G., f. 41).
©. Head, thorax and abdomen white, the last faintly tinged with
brown ; palpi with some black scales; two black points between antenne ;
fore tibize, the spurs and tarsi with black points. Forewing white with a
faint brownish tinge on inner area except towards base and on terminal
area; a black point below base of vein 1; an indistinct double curved
brownish antimedial line with black points at costa and submedian fold ;
an indistinct double curved brownish postmedial line; a minutely waved
fuscous line from costa towards apex to termen at vein 3, the area beyond
it suffused with brown. Hindwing white, the terminal area tinged with
brown ; a double brown antemedial line with black spot on its outer edge
in submedian fold ; a double brown postmedial line with black spot on its
inner edge at submedian fold almost touching the antemedial spot, and
black point at inner margin; cilia brown; the underside with indistinct
double subterminal line from costa to vein 3 with black spot on its inner
side at costa.
ab. 1. Abdomen more suffused with brown and irrorated with black ;
forewing with the inner half from before middle suffused with brown and
irorated with black; hindwing with the inner area from before middle
and the terminal area suffused with brown and black.
Habitat,—Maonras, Nilgiris, Ootacamund (Cardew), Ouchterlong Valley
(Andrewes). Zap. 22 mill. Type in B. M.
1260 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XX.
PYRALINZE.
454617. STEMMATOPHORA ADALIS, nN. sp.
@. Head, thorax and abdomen brownish grey irrorated with black; the
tarsi with slight pale rings. Forewing grey tinged with brown and thickly
irrorated with fuscous; antemedial line white, almost obsolete towards
costa, angled outwards on median nervure and oblique towards costa and
inaer margin; postmedial line whitish, excurved at middle and above
inner margin; a fine pale line at base of cilia. Hindwing grey suffused
with browa, the inner area slightly tinged with purplish; a slight curved
whitish postmedial line ; a fine dark terminal line: cilia whitish with dark
lines near base and tips; the underside grey tinged with purplish and
thickly irrorated with fuscous, a curved white postmedial line defined on
inner side by fuscous.
HA vhitat—Manpxras, Horsleykonda (Campbell). zp. 22 mill.
4610a. BosrRa saRcosia, n. sp.
36. Head and thorax brownish ochreous ; palpi blackish at tips ;
antennx with the shaft ringed with black towards base; pectus and legs
tinged with reddish and with black mixed, the tarsi black with pale rings ;
ab.lomen brownish ochreous irrorated with black, the anal tuft with some
black, the ventral surface tinged with purplish red towards extremity. Fore-
wing brownish ochreous with a slight flesh-coloured tinge and sparsely irro-
rated with black ; a series of black points on costa ; a black discoidal point ;
postmedial line formed of black scales, excurved to vein 3, then incurved ;
a terminal series of black strie; cilia purplish red with black lines near
base and tips. Hindwing ochreous irrorated with fuscous; a rather
difused fuscous curved postmedial line; a terminal series of black points :
cilia purplish red with black lines near base and tips; the underside with
the costal and terminal areas irrorated with black, a black discoidal point.
Habitat—Ceyton, Galgama (Mackwood). Z£vrp.14 mill. Type in B. M.
46lla. BostrRa MESOLEUCALIS, n. sp. (PI. G., f. 42).
6. Headand thorax pale olive slightly tinged with rufous and with -
som? blackish scales; legs whitish; abdomen whitish irrorated with black. .
forewing pale olive, the medial area white irrorated with black, the termi-
nal area irrorated with black; some diffused purplish red on base of median
nervure; an oblique white antemedial line defined on inner side by pur-
plish red suffusion ; postmedial line white defined on inner side by diffused
purplish red wedge-shaped patches at discal and submedian folds, oblique
from the costa to vein 6, excurved to vein 4, then incurved; a blackish
terminal line: cilia with a fine white line at base. Hindwing pale olive
irrorated with fuscous ; a blackish terminal line ; cilia with a white line at
base.
Habitat.—Cryton, Maskeliya (Alston). zp. 20 mill. Type in B. M.
THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 1261
HypDROCAMPINZ.
4645c. NyYMPHULA GRISEALIs, nN. sp.
@. Head and thorax grey tinged with brown; palpi with the 2ud
joint fuscous at sides ; abdomen reddish brown, the ventral surface grey.
Forewing glossy brownish grey, the terminal area suffused with fuscous
brown, a diffused brownish discoidal spot. Hindwing pale brownish grey:
cilia of both wings with pale line at base followed by a darker line.
Hahntat.—Cryion, Peradeniya (Green). Lrp. 18 mill. Type in B. M.
467la. OLIGOsTIGMA ANDREUSIALIS, n. sp. (PI. G. f. 43).
©. Head and thorax whitish mixed with yellow-brown and fuscous
scales; antennee ringed with black; abdomen yellow mixed with brown
and black and with whitish segmental rings. Forewing whitish suffused in
parts with yellow and thickly irrorated with black; a double oblique
fuscous postmedial line filled in with whitish from costa to vein 3, with
fulvous orange suffusion before it, met at vein 3 by an oblique fulvous
orange streak from origin of vein 2; a whitish streak from middle of inner
margin, bent upwards to submedian fold in which it extends to the
terminal band, some fulvous orange above it below origin of vein 2; an
orange terminal band defined on inner side by a black line with a white
line before it from costa to the whitish streak ; cilia brownish white with a
fuscous line near base. Hindwing orange, the base whitish with a diffused
brown subbasal line; a diffused double brown medial line filled in with
white ; a white subterminal band defined on inner side by ditused brown
and on outer by a black line; some slight black stirze before the black
terminal line forming at apex two spots with a white point between them:
cilia brownish white ; the underside paler, the subterminal band arising
at discal fold.
Habitat.—Manras, Nilgiris (Andrewes). Zvp.18 mill. Type in B. M.
468la@. OLIgosTIGMA CHRYSOZONALIS, n. Sp.
@. Head and thorax ochreous white ; abdomen brownish ochreous with
white segmental lines, the ventral surface white. Forewing brownish
ochreous ; a round orange discoidal spot defined by fuscous, a black point
above it on costa, an indistinct oblique whitish band from before it to vein
1 and some whitish beyond and below it, an obscure orange streak on medial
part of vein 1; postmedial line slight, dark, slightly defined by whitish on
outer side, erect from just below costa to vein 2, then bent outwards to
inner margin near tornus where it is met by a black line from median
nervure just before end of cell, bent outwards below submedian fold, a
golden yellow terminal band with fine black line on its inner edge from
just below costa to above tornus with a white band before it with dark line
on its inner edge; a terminal series of black points. Hindwing white ;
a fuscous brown band from costa beyond middle to inner margin nea base:;
20
1262 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, bol. XXI,
a golden yellow terminal band with dark line on its inner edge excurved
below costa, then slightly sinuous ; two black terminal lines with some white
between them, the inner slight and with some whitish before it at apex
and from the lobe to tornus, both interrupted at the lobe on which there
are two black points with silvery white points before them: cilia white
with slight fuscous line through them and some fuscous at the iobe.
Habitat.—Manpras, Palnis (Campbell). Zxp. 24 mill. Type in B. M.
4700a. DavLia ARGYROSTROTALIS, n. sp.
d. Head and tegule orange; palpi brownish at base ; frons brownish
with slight white lateral line ; antenne brownish; thorax brownish mixed
with silvery white; abdomen white irrorated with brown. Forewing
brownish grey irrorated with silvery scales and with obscure orange rufous
markings; some orange rufous on basal area, a rather difused antemedial
line, a discoidal lunule and a diffused incurved postmedial band; the
terminal area rather yellower with a silvery subterminal band onit. Hind-
wing brownish grey irrorated with silver; some orange yellow below and
beyond lower angle of cell; a small dark spot below the angle of cell and
another above tornus; a diffused incurved dark band from costa beyond
middle to termen at vein 2 towards which it has some silver markings on
it; a silver terminal band from below apex to vein 2 with some yellow
before it, cilia yellow with brown tips from apex to vein 2, then pale.
Hatitat.—-Cuyton, Maskeliya (Alston). Zxp. 26 mill. Type in B. M.
. Genus CENOLOBA.
Cenoloba, Wism. Ent. Mo. Mag. xxi, p. 175 (1885).
Type C. obkkteralis, W1k., from Australia.
Proboscis fully developed ; palpi porrect, typically extending about three
times length of head and with the ?rd joint porrect, the 2nd joint fringed
with hair below produced to a point at extremity, the 3rd naked; maxillary
palpi about half the length of labial palpi, typically triangularly scaled;
frons rounded; antennz minutely serrate and ciliated. Forewing
elongate, narrow, the termen deeply cleft to one half, the segments
lanceolate; vein 1 simple; 2 and 8 stalked; 4 from angle of cell; 5,6
obsolete ; 7 from upper angle; 8, 9, 10, 11 stalked. Hindwing elongate
and gradually dilated, the termen deeply cleft, the segments lanceolate ;
vein 2 from before angle of cell; 3, 4 stalked from angle; 5 to base of
cleft from middle of discocellular; 6,7 shortly stalked; 8 anastomosing
with 7 to three-fourths of wing.
A75ld. CENoLOBA TAPROBANA, n. Sp.
Palpi about twice the length of head, the 8rd joint set on at an angle;
maxillary palpi almost filiform.
White ; antennee yellowish ; tarsi with brownish rings. Forewing with
some dark points on costa; indistinct yellowish antemedial, medial and
a
——— > oe
THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 1263
postmedial bands from below costa to inner margin ; a slight dark
discoidal striga on outer edge of the medial band ; the extremity of the
lower lobe yellowish. Hindwing with antemedial and postmedial yellowish
bands, the extremities of the lobes yellowish.
Habiiat.—Cryton, Trincomali (EH. E. Green). 2p. 10 mill. Type in
B. M.
PYRAUSTINA.
4768a. MasSSEPHA RUFESCENS, n. sp. (PI. G., f. 44).
Hindwing with veins 4, 5 strongly stalked.
©. Head, thorax and abdomen dark-brown mixed with yellowish white
the frons and head between’ antennee paler; palpi yellowish white, the Ist
and 2nd joints banded with brown;legs yellowish white tinged with
brown. Forewing reddish brown irrorated with dark brown on inner area;
the costa and terminal area pale’ yellow; antemedial patches of diffused
black scales below the cell and vein 1; a discoidal whitish patch with a
brown striga on discocellulars ; an oblique brown postmedial line defined on
outer side by a whitish band. Hindwing red-brown, the basal half irrorated
with dark-brown and greyish scales; an indistinct oblique dark discoidal
spot; an indistinct sinuous brown postmedial line faintly defined on outer
side by greyish; the apex pale yellow; the underside whitish, the costal
half suffused with brown, a dark spot in cell near base and prominent
discoidal lunule, the postmedial line more distinct.
Halitat.— Manvras, Nilgiris (Andrewes). Zvp. 16 mill. Type in B. M.
4783. RegIMENA PHRYNEALIS.
Larva. Pale grass-green; skin semi-transparent ; somites well-defined :
dorsal stripe slightly darker green;a few fine black specks on the head
and 2nd somite ; ventral surface and legs much paler; head ochreous
yellow. Feeds spun up in the leaves of a creeper. (W.H. Campbell.)
4850a. NosopHORA MESOSTICTA, N. sp.
dg. Head and thorax brown, the frons, vertex of head and tegule with
some whitish ; pectus and legs ochreous white with some brown ; abdomen
brown with white dorsal bar at base, the ventral surface white. Forewing
brown ; a small white spot in middle of cell and a bar beyond the cell ex-
panding into a rounded patch between veins 4and2. Hindwing brown
with round whit2 spot beyond the cell.
Ha'itat.—Assam, Khisis. I¢type. zp. 28 mill.
4834a@. BoccHoRIx ALBINALIS, 0. sp.
Head and thorax pure white, the patagia with rufous point; fore tibie
with rufous band at extremity; abdomen white’ dorsally tinged with
rufous. Forewing pure white; a subbasal rufous striga from costa and
slight curved mark above inner margin; antemedial line double, rufous,
oblique and sinuous ; medial line double, rufous, enclosing a rufous discoidal
1264 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. X.XT,
striga, the inner line incurved and the outer line excurved below the cell;
postmedial line rufous, double towards costa, excurved to vein 3, then in-
curved ; subterminal line rufous, incurved, from costa to vein3, a rufous
terminal line; cilia with a slight rufous line at middle. Hindwing semi-
hyaline white ; a double rufous medial line arising below costa, obliquely
curved and enclosing a white discoidal bar ; postmedial line rufous, slightly
excurved at vein 5 and ending at vein 2 on the sinuous rufous subterminal
band ; a rufous terminal line and fine rufous line near base of cilia.
The Muscat specimen has the subterminal line of forewing continued to
inner margin and closely approximated to the postmedial line; the post-
medial line of hindwing double, the line through the cilia of both wings
stronger and the cilia of forewing tinged with rufous at apex and middle.
Hahitat.—Arasia, Muscat (Jayaker) ; Bombay, Kutch (Swinhoe). zp.
18-20 mill. Type in B. M.
4878a. PHRYGANODES STYGIALIS, n. sp.
Abdomen of male slightly dilated towards extremity with exsertible
dorsal fringe of white hair, the anal segment very long.
cf
6. Head, thorax and abdomen deep fuscous brown; palpi white at
base; pectus, legs and ventral surface of abdomen white, the fore legs
fuscous in front, the fore tibiz and tarsi banded with white. Forewing
deep fuscous brown; a minutely waved blackish antemedial line; a small
black spot in middle of cell and discoidal lunule ; postmedial line black,
ineurved below costa, bent outwards and minutely dentate between veins
5 and 2, then bent inwards to below end of cell and sinuous to inner
margin. Hindwing deep fuscous brown with a slight greyish tinge; post-
medial line blackish, oblique and minutely waved from costa to vein 2,
then bent inwards and sinuous to inner margin; the underside whitish
tinged with brown, a small black discoidal spot, the postmedial line not
waved.
Hatitat.—Cryton, Maskeliya (Alston), Haputale (Alston). Zvy. 30 mill.
Type in B. M.
4894a, DIcHOCROCIS MACROSTIDZA, 0. Sp.
Head, thorax and abdomen orange-yellow; tegule, shoulders and
patagia with black spots ; fore coxce and fore and mid femora blackish
the fore tibiz and the tarsi banded with black; abdomen with dorsal and
subdorsal series of black spots, the anal tuft of male black. Forewing
orange-yellow ; a black spot at base of costa; antemedial black spots at
costa, below cell and on inner margin; a black spot in middle of cell and
discoidal bar; an oblique postmedial maculate band from costa to discal
fold and an incurved series of three spots from below lower angle of cell to
inner margin ; an oblique series of seven spots from below costa towards
apex to inner margin and three subterminal spots between veins 3 and 2.
Hindwing orange-yellow; a black discoidal spot and two obliquely
THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 1265
placed spots above middle of inner margin; three obliquely placed post-
medial spots from below costa to discal fold, a series of eight spots from
below costa towards apex to above tornus, and three subterminal spots
between veins 5 and 2.
Habitat.—Burma, Rangoon (Scott), Khyen Hills (Watson). Erp. 28°32
mill. Type in B. M.
491la. NacoLzia PACHYTORNALIS, n. sp.
Hindwing of male with groove in submedian fold on upperside, the
underside with tuft of long pinkish hair from base of inner margin, the
inner area forming a large hollowed out vesicle towards tornus, with small
eurved tuft of hair at middle of vein J and fringes of thick scales towards
tornus.
6. Head ochreous; thorax grey suffused with purplish brown; abdo-
men brownish ochreous; palpi whitish at base and with brown band
at middle ; pectus and legs white tinged with ochreous. Forewing grey
tinged with purplish and irrorated with brown; traces of a sinuous dark
antemedial line; a dark discoidal lunule constructed at middle; post-
medial line dark, excurved to vein 4, then bent inwards to lower angle of
cell and oblique to inner margin ; cilia grey and fuscous with a pale line at
base. Hindwing brownish grey irrorated with fuscous except on costal
area; an ill-defined whitish antemedial band; a dark postmedial line,
excurved to vein 4, then bent inwards to lower angle of cell: cilia fuscous
with whitish lines at base and middle; the underside yellowish white with
indistinct curved dark postmedial line.
Halitat.—Mapras, Horsleykonda (Campbell). Exp. 20 mill. Type in
B. M.
4920a. NacoLBIA OCHRIZONALIS, Nn. sp.
Head brown mixed with ochreous ; palpi ochreous with blackish band on
second joint; thorax cupreous brown; pectus and legs ochreous, the fore
tibize with blackish band; abdomen cupreous brown, the extremity and
ventral surface ochreous. Forewing cupreous brown, the costa except
towards base and the termen and cilia ochreous; antemedial line rather
diffused, oblique from costa to median nervure ; a black point in middle of
cell and small discoidal lunule ; postmedial line rather diffused, blackish,
at vein 4 bent inwards to below angle of cell, then erect. Hindwing
cupreous brown, the termen and cilia ochreous; a blackish discoidal
striga ; postmedial line indistinct, blackish, slightly bent outwards between
veins 5 and 2, then bent inwards and oblique to above tornus.
Habitat.—Sixuim (Pilcher); Assam, Khasis. zp. 30 mill. Type in
B. M.
4928a. NacoLEIA FUSCIFUSALIS, 0. sp.
Head, thorax and abdomen fulvous yellow mixed with fuscous; palpi
black, white at base; pectus, legs and ventral surface of abdomen white,
1266 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XX1.
the fore tibiz with fuscous band. Forewing fulvous yellow irrorated and
suffused with fuscous especially on basal area and terminal area except
above tornus ; antemedial line blackish, bent outwards at median nervure,
a small annulus in middle of cell and discoidal lunule defined by blackish ;
terminal half of costa with short black streaks; postmedial line black,
meurved at discal fold, excurved between veins 5 and 2, then retracted to
below end of cell and again excurved above inner margin, a blackish patch
beyond it above inner margin and the terminal area blackish from apex to
vein 3; a terminal series of small black spots; cilia yellow with a black
line near base and some fuscous at middle. Hindwing fulvous yellow, the
terminal area suffused and irrorated with blackish except a patch below
middle ; some black at extreme base and a black discoidal spot; post-
medial line black, excurved between veins 5 and 2, then retracted to below
the discoidal spot and straight to inner margin; a series of black points
just before termen: cilia yellow with some fuscous at middle; the under-
side with the blackish on terminal area confined to apical area.
Halitat.—Cryton, Rambukkhana (Alston) ; WooptarKc I. (Meek). Zap.
14 mill. Type in B. M.
49286. NacoLEIA LEUCOSEMALIS, Nn. sp.
3. Head, thorax and abdomen pale yellow mixed with black except on
terminal half of abdomen which has a black bar at base of anal segment
and lateral series of black points ; antennee ringed with black ; pectus, legs
and ventral surface of abdomen whitish, the fore tibiz with blackish band.
Forewing yellow thickly irrorated with black, the costa and termen less
thickly irrorated; a subbasal black striga from costa; antemedial line
black, waved ; a white spot in middle of cell and narrow discoidal lunule
defined by black; postmedial Jine blackish with black spot at costa,
excurved between veins 5and 2, then retracted to below the discoidal lunule
and straigth to inner margin ; a terminal black line from apex to vein 3.
Hindwing yellow thickly irrorated with black except at termen; a small
black discoidal spot, sinuous blackish postmedial line, and slight blackish
terminal line from apex to vein 3; the underside with the postmedial line
excurved between veins 5 and 2.
Habitat.—Cryuon, N. Centr. Province (Pole). Zap. 12 mill. Type in B.M.
4942b, NAvOLEIO CONISOTA, nN. sp.
©. Head, thorax and abdomen pale reddish brown, the head and
front of thorax tinged with black; palji white at base; pectns, legs and
ventral surface of abdomen pale. Forewing ochreous suffused with reddish
brown and irrorated with fuscous, the basal half of costal area blackish ;
antemedial line dark, excurved in submedian interspace ; a black point
in middle of cell and two discoidal bars ; some black points on medial part
of costa; postmedial line black, excurved between veins 5 and 2, then
retracted to below end of cell and excurved above inner margin; a
THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 1267
terminal series of blackish points. Hindwing ochreous tinged with red-
brown and irrorated with fuscous; a small blackish discoidal spot; post-
medial line blackish, excurved between veins 5 and 2, then retracted to
below end of cell and oblique to tornus ; a terminal series of blackish points.
Hatitat.—Manpras, Nilgiris (Andrewes). Exp. 22 mill. Type in B. M.
A94%e. NAcoLEIA MEGASPILALIS, 0. sp.
Head and thorax cupreous brown mixed with white ; abdomen banded
white and cupreous brown. Forewing whitish ; the basal area suffused with
cupreous brown; an oblique, slightly irregular dark antemedial line; a
quadrate cupreous brown spot in middle of cell conjoined to another
below the cell ; a equadrate cupreous brown patch in and beyond end of
cell with small spot above it on costa and another beyond it on costa;
postmedial line rather diflused and maculate, oblique from costa to vein
5, bent outwards and somewhat dentate between veins 5 and 2, then
retracted to below angle of cell; terminal area suffused with brown and
with a white patch between veins 5 and 2 leaving two small wedge-shaped
brown spots on termen. Hindwing white; a diffused brown line close to
base ; a discoidal point ; a diffused rather maculate medial line ; a diffused
rather maculate postmedial line bent outwards and somewhat dentate
between veins 5 and 2; teminal area suffused with brown and with white
patch between veins 5 and 2 leaving two small wedge-shaped brown spots
on termen. ;
Habitat.—Mapras, Horsleykonda (Campbell); QuEENSLAND, Dawson Dist.
Ranée (Barnard). vp. 20 mill. Type in B. M.
4983a. SYLEPTA AGRAPHALIS, 0. sp.
Sylepta denticulata, Hmpsn. Moths Ind. iv., p. 338 (part).
6. Head, thorax and abdomen grey-brown, the head whiter; palpi
black, white at base and tips; pectus, legs and ventral surface of abdo-
men whitish. Forewing grey-brown; aslight dark antemedial mark on
costa and oblique whitish line defined on outer side by fuscous from cell to
inner margin; a small whitish spot at middle of cell and curved discoidal
striga both defined by fuscous ; postmedial line represented by a small
fuscous spot at costa with two small whitish spocs below it, then by a
series of small fuscous spots with whitish points on their outer side, excurv-
ed between veins 5 and 2, then bent inwards to below end of cell and
oblique to inner margin ; a terminal series of minute blackish points and a
fine pale line at base of cilia followed by a dark line. Hindwing grey-
brown; an oblique dark discoidal striga; a slight dark postmedial line
defined on outer side by whitish, bent outwards between veins 5 and 2,
then retracted and oblique to above tornus; a terminal series of blackish
striz and fine pale line at base of cilia.
Habitet.—Buutan (Dudgeon) ; Assam, Khasis. vp. 32 mill. Type in
B.M.
1268 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXI.
4989a.—SYLEPTA MICROSEMA, 0. Sp.
¢. Head and thorax dull greyish brown; palpi fuscous, white at base,
bdomen pale brown ; pectus, legs and ventral surface of abdomen white,
the fore tibiee with slight fuscous band. Forewing brown with a slight
cupreous tinge; antemedial line indistinct, dark, oblique, from costa to
median nervure, then more erect ; a pale point in middle of cell and slight
whitish discoidal lunule both defined by dark-brown ; postmedial line dark-
brown, slightly incurved below costa and oblique to vein 2, then retracted
to below end of cell and excurved at vein 1. Hindwing brown with a slight
cupreous gloss ; a faint dark discoidal bar ; postmedial line very indistinct,
dark, slightly excurved between veins 5 and 2, then retracted to below
end of cell and oblique to above tornus ; the underside brownish white.
Habitat.—Crvion, Puttalam (Pole); StncaporE (Ridley) ; Lours1apss,
St. Aignan (Meck). zp. 28 mill. Type in B. M.
4990. SyYLEPTA ADDUCTALIS.
Larva.—Attenuated at extremities, the divisions of somites strongly
Se a ee ee
marked, dull pinkish green ; head small, dull green. Feeds spun up in the
leaves of Balsam. (W. H. Campbell.)
4994, SyLEPTA PSEUDOVIALIS, nN. sp.
Sylepta ovialis, Hmpsn. Moths Ind. iv, p. 340 (nec. Wk.)
E ead, thorax and abdomen fuscous brown with a slight cupreous gloss ;
palpi black-brown, white at base; pectus, legs and ventral surface of
abdomen white, the fore tibiz with fuscous band at extremity and the
tarsi tinged with fuscous above. Forewing fuscous brown with a slight
cupreous gloss; traces of a whitish antemedial line from cell to inner
margin with a more or less distinct spot beyond it in cell; a quadrate
white spot in end of cell; postmedial line forming an eliptical white spot
from below costa to vein 5 where it is very slightly bent outwards, then
slight, whitish, at vein 2 bent inwards to below end of cell, then more
distinct and slightly excurved. Hindwing fuscous brown with a cupreous
gloss; a faint dark discoidal lunule ; postmedial line with small white
spot below costa, then slight, whitish and bent outwards between veins
5 and 2, then bent inwards to below end of cell and more distinct and
oblique to above tornus ; cilia with a fine white line at base ; the underside »
with the basal and inner areas whitish, a dark point in middle of cell and
discoidal lunule, the postmedial line more distinct,
Habitat.—Si1xuim (Dudgeon, Pilcher); Buuran (Dudgecn); Assam,
Kh4sis; Cryton (Green); Borneo, Sarawak (Shelford), Pulo Laut
(Doherty). Zzp. 30 mill. Type in B. M.
5008a. GLYPHODES CAPRINIODES, nN. sp.
Head. tegule and shoulders fulvous brown, the rest of thorax white ;
palpi white at base and in front; pectus, legs and abdomen white; the
fore tibie fulvous. Forewing semihyaline white, the costal area fulvous
THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 1269
brown indented by a slight white striga at discocellulars; a series of
fuscous strize just before termen. Hindwing semihyaline white with a fine
fuscous line just before termen.
Habitat.—Punsas, Manpuri; Bompay, Ratnagiri (Jayaker); Burma,
Tenasserim, Dondut Hills, (De Nicéville); ANDamans. vp. 36-40 mill.
Type in B. M. |
5010a. GLYPHODES ATHYSANOTA, nN. sp.
@. Yellow-green; palpi fulvous, white at base, and at tips of maxillary
palpi; frons fulvous and white at sides; antennz with the tuft before
the excision yellow at tip; shoulders with fulvous streaks; pectus and
ventral surface of abdomen white ; the fore tibize banded with fulvous, the
mid tibiz streaked with fulvous above at base; anal tuft fuscous and
white. Forewing with the costa reddish brown; a black discoidal point ;
cilia reddish brown, white at tips. Hindwing with the costal and inner
areas white; cilia red-brown, white at tips from apex to vein 2, then
wholly white.
Habitat.—Manpras, Nilgiris (Andrewes); Br. N. Guinea, Mafalu (Pratt),
McKebea (Pratt). Hap. 30 mill. Type in B. M.
51846. NoorDA MARGARONIALIS, 0. sp.
@. Head, thorax and abdomen pale yellow-green; palpi at tips and
lower part of frons white; pectus and legs white; anal tuft fuscous.
Forewing pale yellow-green, the costal edge white; cilia white at tips.
Hindwing semihyaline white tinged with green; the underside with the
costal area green.
Habitat.—Punsas, Kangra Valley, 4,500 feet (Dudgeon) 1 ¢. Exp. 20
mill. Type in B. M.
51966. CALAMOCHROUS BIPUNCTALIS, n. sp.
¢. Head, thorax and abdomen pale ochreous yellow mixed with whitish ;
palpi white at base, brownish at tips; fore femora and tibiz tinged with
brown. Forewing pale ochreous yellow, the costal and inner areas tinged
with brown ; two obliquely placed blackish points in middle of cell; an
oblique dark antemedial striga from vein 1 to inner margin; a diffused
brownish discoidal lunule; the median nervure and base of veins arising
from it slightly streaked with brown; a diffused brown mark beyond the
cell with oblique fascia from it to apex; short dark postmedial streaks
in the interspaces from vein 6 to below vein 2. Hindwing pale ochreous
yellow.
Habitat.—Manras, Palnis (Campbell). Zap. 34 mill. Type in B. M.
52366. PYRAUSTA METASIALIS, 0. Sp.
3S. Head, thorax and abdomen ochreous white irrorated with fuscous ;.
palpi below, pectus and legs whitish, the fore tibiz with black band at
extremity. Forewing ochreous white thickly irrorated with fuscous ; the
costal edge blackish towards base ; a curved blackish antemedial line ;
21
}
1270 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XX.
an obscure blackish annulus in middle of cell and discoidal lunule defined
by blackish ; postmedial line blackish, oblique to discal fold, bent out-
wards between veins 4 and 2, then retracted to below end of cell and erect
to inner margin. Hindwing ochreous white thickly irrorated with fuscous ;
a rather diffused oblique blackish antemedial line ; postmedial line black-
ish, incurved at discal fold, then excurved and diffused to tornus ; some
fuscous suffusion before termen towards apex.
Habitat.—Sixuim (F. Moller). zp. 14 mill. Type in B. M.
52556. PyRAvsTA MICRODONTALIS, Nn. Sp.
Head, thorax and abdomen white faintly tinged with reddish brown, the
head and base of tegule rather more strongly tinged ; palpi white below
and blackish above ; abdomen with subdorsal black points on 3rd segment ;
fore tibie with black band at extremity. Forewing white tinged with
reddish brown and slightly irrorated with fuscous ; antemedial line black-
ish, oblique from costa to submedian fold; black points at middle of cell
and on discocellulars ; postmedial line formed of small dentate black marks,
excurved between veins 5 and 2, then bent inwards; a terminal series of
slight blackish strie. Hindwing white tinged with reddish brown and
slightly irrorated with fuscous; a black discoidal point ; postmedial line
black, minutely dentate, bent outwards between veins 6 and 2; a terminal
series of slight black strize.
Habitat.—Crvyuion, Maskeliya (Alston). rp. 40 mill. Type in B. M.
5259a. PyRAUSTA MONOSEMA, 0. sp.
Head, thorax and abdomen red-brown; pectus, femora and ventral
surface of abdomen fuscous ; antennze tinged with fuscous. Forewing red-
brown ; a blackish discoidal bar ; postmedial line blackish, bent outwards
at vein 6, then minutely waved, excurved to vein 4, then obiique. Hind-
wing pale reddish brown ; the underside with indistinct curved postmedial
line.
Habitat.—Punsas, Lahore. (Mrs. Mulvany). Evp.28 mill. Typein B, M.
ADDENDA.
SPHINGID.
91f. MaruMBA BENGALENSIS, nN. sp.
3. Head, thorax and abdomen pale red-brown tinged with grey, the
dorsum of thorax with darker stripe ; frons dark red-brown at sides. Fore-
wing pale red-brown tinged with grey; an oblique slightly incurved
antemedial line; two medial lines; some dark suffusion on inner medial
area; a pale elliptical discoidal spot defined by fuscous and exten-
ding to well below the cell; a dark line just beyond the cell, oblique
below vein 4 ; postmedial line dark, incurved to below vein 4 where it is
hooked, then strongly retracted and incurved; a large chocolate brown
patch on terminal area from costa to below vein 4, with incurved inner edge
THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 1271
and two conjoined obliquely placed spots from below vein 3 to tornus.
Hindwing ochreous tinged with rufous; a lunulate chocolate-brown patch be-
fore termen from vein 3 to tornus ; the underside with two red-brown ante-
medial lines and two postmedial lines oblique from costa to between veins
3 and 4, then incurved.
Habitat.—Brneat, Chota Nagpur, Kalunga. Exp, 60 mill. Type in
B. M.
NOTODONTID&.
221c, PHALERA DIVERSA, 0. Sp.
Antenne of male bipectinate to two-thirds length.
d6. Head and thorax dark-brown mixed with grey especially on
patagia and metathorax; abdomen dark-brown, the ventral surface
‘with grey mixed. Forewing dark-brown with grey mixed; an oblique
‘sinuous black subbasal line and erect sinuous medial line; a narrow
white discoidal lunule; some white irroration on postmedial part of costa ;
postmedial line black, arising below costa, sinuous, incurved below the
cell where there is some brownish grey before it and bent outwards
between veins 4,3; a dentate blackish subterminal line arising from apex
towards which it is oblique and diffused, incurved between veins 6 and 4,
where there is a brownish grey patch beyond it followed by slight black
streaks on the veins, then indistinct, dentate and slightly defined on outer
side by brownish grey ; a crenulate blackish terminal line. Hindwing dark
reddish brown, the cilia whitish at tips ; the underside with rather diffused
postmedial line and the terminal area slightly irrorated with grey.
Q. Forewing suffused with pure white to postmedial line except on
inner area, some white on terminal area below apex.
Habitat.—Bompay, Kanara, Karwar. Exp. ¢ 56, 9 76 mill. Type in
B. M.
265a. STAUROPUS CHLOROTRICHA, N. Sp.
<6. Head and thorax dark-brown mixed with grey-white; palpi
black-brown, whitish in front; pectus and legs whitish tinged with red-
brown, the tarsi ringed with red-brown; abdomen dark-brown, the basal
crests with a few whitish scales, the ventral surface whitish suffused with
red-brown. Forewing dark reddish brown overlaid with golden-green hair-
like scales ; faint braces of waved dark antemedial, postmedial and sub-
terminal lines. Hindwing dark red-brown, the apical part of costal area
overlaid with golden-green hair-like scales and with a paler green bar just
before apex ; the underside white faintly tinged with red-brown.
Habitat.—Si1xuim (F. Moller). vp. 44mill. Type in B. M.
DREPANIDE.
706a. LEUCODREPANA FURVICOSTA, 0. Sp.
Heid, thorax and abdomen pure white; palpi, frons and antennsz
1272 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXI.
7
fulvous; forelegs brownish in front. Forewing pure white, the costal j
edge fulvous; traces of two oblique waved lines formed of blackish scales —
from below middle of costa to inner margin and of two similar subterminal ©
lines, and of a line just before termen. Hindwing pure white with traces
of a waved antemedial line formed of dark scales, of two similar postmedial ©
lines, and of a line just before termen.
Halitat.—Si1xuim Tiset, Yatung (Hobson) ; Sixuim (F. Méller). Lup. 30
mill. Type in B. M.
720a. DREPANA BICOSTATA, 0. Sp.
¢. Head blackish; thorax pale violacious brown; pectus and legs
greyish ochreous, the forelegs tinged with brown; abdomen greyish, the
ventral surface ochreous white. Forewing pale violaceous brown ; ante-
medial and postmedial red-brown"patches on costa, the former with slightly .
incurved fulvous line from it to inner margin ; an oblique fulvous subtermi-
nal line; the costal area towards apex, the termen and cilia to vein 3
suffused with red-brown. Hindwing ochreous yellow, the inner area greyish
with a fulvous postmedial bar; the underside with some greyish on costal
area beyond middle and a slight postmedial bar.
Habitat.—Sixuim (F. Moller). zp. 23 mill. Type in B. M.
(To be continued. )
be iN, 7
'
f : ie an < +
rer By vag fh ihe pipny Ai
, . iy. -
eh
r
<
a
JOURN. BomBay Nat. Hist. Soc. Prats I,
ee
i iy TE Hy Hi es i
y MME Wy
A.—Russula Theissenit.
B.—Armillaria mellea.
C.— Marasmius subrhodocephalus.
D.—Favolus ciliaris.
1278
THE FUNGI OF INDIA
BY
F. THEIssen, 8. J.
Pani 1
(With Plates Ito IV and teut figures 1 to 10.)
The fungal flora of India, especially of the Bombay Presidency,
has received very little attention upto now. Whilst collections on
a larger scale were made in Ceylon, Australia, and New Zealand,
we possess, with regard to the Indian mycoflora, but short notices
which appeared at great intervals in the scientific journals of the
last forty years. It was only during the last ten years that larger
collections were made by Mr. W. Gollan, the Superintendent of
the Royal Botanic Gardens at Saharanpur, the Rev. EH. Blatter,
Professor of Botany at St. Xavier’s College in Bombay, and
quite recently by the Imperial Mycologist, Mr. E. J. Butler,
whose extensive materials have been described by Messrs. H.
and P. Sydow in the Annales Mycologici of 1906, 1907 and 1911.
It is not difficult to understand, why the Indian mycoflora has
been so much neglected in the past. As it happens very rarely
that scientific expeditions, composed of specialists, select India as
the field of their explorations, mycologists in Hurope have to depend
entirely on the good-will and the initiative of amateurs. Much
has already been done in this respect by Huropeans residing in
India, but we feel convinced that many more would be willing to
contribute towards the exploration of that vast and interesting
country, if they knew how to gather and prepare specimens. We
trust, therefore, that a few practical hints for collectors will be
welcome.
As to the literature on Indian fungi, we refer to the
‘Bibliography of the Botany of British India and Ceylon’ by
H. Blatter, which appeared in Vol. XX, No. 5 of this Journal,
p. Ixxix—clxxxv.
I
A Few Hints ror CoLuecrors.
1. How to distinguish fungi.
Fungi may easily be distinguished from other cryptogamic
1274 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXTI,
plants, such as lichens and alge, by the absence of the green
colouring matter, called chlorophyll. It is for this reason that
they assume all possible colours, except green. Being devoid of
chlorophyll they cannot assimilate carbon dioxide, but must take
up their carbonaceous food in the form of rather complex com-
pounds, which they find on living or dead organic substances v. g.
leaves, wood, dung, humus, decayed fruits, paper, insects, etc.
Accordingly, some are parasitic, such as the Rusts and Smuts,
and absorb those complex carbon-compounds from other living
organisms, whether plants or animals. Others are saprophytic,
absorbing those compounds from the remains of dead organisms as,
v.g. the numerous and often large mushrooms which grow on
humus or leaf soil in forests,—or from organic substance formed
by living organisms. Hxamples of the latter are the Yeasts and
Moulds which make their appearance on juicy fruits, saccharine
liquids, etc.
This is not the place to give a systematic account of the differ-
ent classes of fungi. We shall confine ourselves to giving the
general characteristics of some more important groups.
Excluding from the outset the Schizomycetes (v. g., Bacilli),
Myxomycetes and Phycomycetes, we shall consider the fungi
known as Mushrooms, ‘Toadstools, Puftballs, Yeast, Moulds,
Mildews, Rusts and Smuts.
These may be divided into two classes, the Basidiomycetes and
Ascomycetes. In the Basidiomycetes the spores are borne free on
so-called basidia (Fig. 1), whilst in the Ascomycetes the spores,
Fic. 1.—Section of a gill of an Agaric Ceft) and of a pore of a
Polyporus (right), showing the basidia (a) which bear
on 4 steriemas (b) the 4 spores (c).
a
.
THE FUNGI OF INDIA, 1275
usually 8 in number, are included in a sack, called ascus (Fig. 2).
Fic. 2.—Section of the hymenium of an Ascomyces,
showing the asci with 8 bicellular spores.
A.—BASIDIOMYCETES.
Omitting for a moment the Uredinales (Rusts, Smuts), we
divide the Basidiomycetes into two very natural orders; the
Hymenomycetes and Gastromycetes.
In the Hymenomycetes (v. g., the common Mushroom) the
basidia with the spores are exposed and free from the beginning,
or at least from a very early state. In the Gastromycetes the
basidia are developed in cavities within the tissue of the plant
(Puff-Balls for instance).
Hand in hand with this internal anatomical structure, the
various families show distinct outer morphological characters. In
order to distinguish them it is, therefore, not necessary, to make a
minute microscopical examination.
I.—Hymenomycetes.
1. Agaricacew.—Agarics, the common Mushroom. (Plate I,
A, B, ().*
* Fioures A,B, D of Pl.I, A of Pl. II, from Rick. Contributio ad Monogr.
Agar. et Polyp. Broteria, 1907.
Fig. C of Pl. I. Theissen, Marasmii austro-brasilienses, Broteria, 1909.
a OE LEGIT “A Polyporacee austro-brasilienses, Denkschr. Acad.
Wien, 1911.
» Bot Pl. III. Lloyd, Hexagona.
» A, D of Pl. V and A of Pl. VI. Lloyd, Phalloids.
[ See over ]
1276 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XX.
Usually fleshy, somewhat umbrella-shaped, when stalked, or fan-
shaped when sessile. Consists generally of a stalk, termed the
stipe, bearing at its apex a large circular expansion, the pileus
(hat). On the underside of the pileus are a number of radiating
plates of tissue (lamelle) on which are developed the microscopic
basidia. Pileus and stalk vary much as regards size, shape,
consistency and colour.
Habitat.—On the ground, amongst moss, on trunks, rotten
wood, dead leaves.
Collectors ought to take notes regarding the following points :—
Whether the pileus is furrowed or even, viscid or dry, .convex
or plane, umbonate in the centreor depressed, pubescent or scaly
or smooth, ciliated on the margin, of what colour and size ; whether
the stalk is viscid, hairy, striped ; colour of the lamelle.
2. Polyporacez.—(poly—many, porus—pore, hole). The Dry
Rot of timber is caused by members of this family. (Plate I, D;
Plate If; Plate M11 Ay "Plate 1V." AC)
Plants of all possible shapes ; fleshy, cartilaginous, or tough like
wood, forming thin crusts, shapeless lumps, or umbrella-shaped
like Agarics, or with the stalk-less pileus reflexed. They differ,
however, from the Agarics by bearing the basidia not on radiating
lamellz, but in alveolar (honey-comb-like) pits or tubes.
Habitat.—On rotten wood, branches, stumps (seldom on living
trees), or on the ground.
Characters to be noted.—Colour of pileus and tubes; surface even
or striped.
* (contd.)
Fig. 3 and Dof PI. VI. Grevillea, I.
» B,C of Pl. VI. Durand, Geoglossacee, Ann- Mycol., 1908.
» @andC of Pl. VII. Theissen, Fragm. brasil. Ann. Mycol., 1909.
» Aof Pl. VIII. Theissen, Hypocreacex bras., Ann. Mycol., 191i.
» A, Bof Pl. VII. Starbick, Ascom. R. Exped.
» C of Pl. VIII and Pl. IX. Theissen, Xylariacee bras., Denkschr. Acad.
Wien, 1910.
» 6,9,10. After Spegazzini, Mycet- Are. IV.
THE FUNGI OF INDIA. 1277
oa
3. Hydnacew.—Like the preceding, but more rarely stalked,
usually resupinate (expanded) or forming a reflexed pileus.
Basidia on spinous projections or teeth, which cover the under
surface of the pileus, or the upper when the fungus is resupinate
(Plate IV, B).
Habitat, etc., asin No. 2.
4. Glavariacee (clava—club).—In this family the special
organs for the support of the basidia (like lamelle, tubes, teeth)
disappear. The basidia cover the whole surface or are limited to
the upper part. The fungus is either unbranched, forming simple
club-shaped bodies, or densely branched, cylindrical, or flattened
and expanded, but not differentiated into stalk and pileus, cartila-
ginous. (Plate IV, C.)
Halitat.—On the ground or on bark.
Characters to be noted.—Colour, pubescence.
5. Telephoraceew.—Light yellow, reddish or brown crusts, ear-
shaped pileus, seldom stalked. Basidia equally distributed over
the even smooth light-coloured surface.
Habitat.—On wood.
Characters to be noted.—Colour.
IT.— Gastromycetes.
In characterizing the families of this order we follow C. G.
Lloyd’s excellent monograph.
1. Phalloidew.—(Plate V, A, B, C.)
Plants fleshy, enclosed in a gelatinous volva when young (eggs);
when mature, they bear at the top a mucilaginous mass which
contains the spores.
Phalloids are known for their fcetid smell and bizarre shape.
They attract the attention of the most unobserving, and are often
given very appropriate names like: Stinkhorn, Stinkballs, Dead
Man’s Finger.
Only three colours have been observed in Phalloids: red, yellow,
22
1278 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXI.
and white. Most of them are red or some shade of red, pink
flesh-coloured, orange. ;
2. Nidulariacez.—Nest Fungi, Bird’s Nests. (Plate VI, A.)
Plants shaped like little cups which open at the top and con-
tain a number of small seed-like bodies, “ eggs” (sporangia).
3. Lycoperdaceew.—Puff-Balls.
The ripe peridium consists of two distinct membranes (exoperi-
dium and endoperidium), enclosing a powdery mass (spores).
(a) Geastre. Star Puff-Ball.—(Fig. 3).—Outer membrane
thick, splitting into recurving seg-
ments.
(6) Bovistae. Tumblers.—Outer
membrane thin, not splitting into
radiating segments.
(c) Lycoperde. True Puff-
Balls.—(Plate V, D.)—Peridium
flaccid, opening by a definite mouth,
Fig. 3.—Geaster saccatus. or rupturing irregularly and falling
away in pieces.
ITT.—Uredinales.
This order comprises those parasites which are generally known
as Rusts, on account of the rusty appearance they give to their
host-plants at a certain stage of their development.
They may be distinguished with the naked eye as minute
roundish or oblong brown (yellowish or black) spots (‘ sori’) on
the leaves, or even as compact bullate pustules some mm in dia-
meter, scattered or crowded, often hidden by the pubescence of the
leaf. The surrounding tissue is often killed by the parasite,
assuming the appearance of round reddish-brown or pale spots.
B.—ASCOMYCETES.
This class includes a vast number of forms. We shall mention
only a few typical representatives of the chief families. Some of
them, the Discomycetes, have the ‘asci’ (spore-sacks) disposed on
a continuous plain or disc, whilst others, the Pyrenomycetes, have
them enclosed in capsules or receptacles, called ‘ perithecia.’
Prate II,
JouRN. Bompay Nat. Hist. Soc.
UsstmuUm.
ma formos
Ganoder
THE FUNGI OF INDIA. 1279
I.—Discomycetes. (Plate VI, B, C, D and fig. 4.)
Fig. 4.—Sarcosoma Meelleri.
Light-coloured small cups or bowls from 1 mm to several cm in
diameter, or upright ears, or finally with a distinct stalk. The
asci with the spores are not included in receptacles, but distributed
over the whole fertile, mostly coloured surface.
In the family Geoglossacez this surface does not present the
usual cup-shaped form, but reminds one of the club-shaped , body
of Xylarias. !
Characters to be noted.—Colour, dimensions, pubescence.
IT.—FPyrenomycetes.
1. Perisporiales and Microthyriales. (Fig. 5, 6 and Plate
VELA.)
Fig. 5.—Single threads and
young perithecia Fig. 6.—Vizella Urvilleana.
of an Asterina a. natural size.
(enlarged). b, two perithecia enlarged.
1280 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XX1.
A very interesting group, mostly leaf-fungi, growing on living
and fading leaves of phanerogamic plants. The minute receptacles
would escape the eye of the fungus-hunter, if they were not, as is
usually the case, crowded together in a black araneous spot of
densely interwoven threads.
2. Hypocreales.
The representatives of this family appear in all shapes of the
Spheriales (vide No. 4 below): clubs, pustules, diffuse thin crusts, .
and isolated minute scattered perithecia; but they differ by the
light-coloured (white, yellowish, reddish), soft (almost fleshy)
bodies, the perithecia appearing on the surface as crowded dark
minute points.
The most striking species are those growing on insects and their
larvee and chrysalids. (Plate VIII, A.)
3. Dothideales. (Plate VII, B.)
Mostly leaf-fungi, forming shining carbonaceous circles or
stripes. On branches, they produce pustulate rough black
tumours, which are easily recognized.
Fig. 8.—Section of the
club of a Xylaria
showing the
small dark recep-
Fig 7.—Poronia oedipus.
tacles (perithe-
cia).
4. S§pheriales.
The most common forms are the following :—
‘a) Receptacles (perithecia) crowded and immersed in a
compact, solid carbonaceous vegetative ‘ stroma’, black
4
:
;
.
|
|
.
A
THE FUNGI OF INDIA. 1281
on the outer side, forming club-shaped bodies, bullate
pustules, or dark flat crusts. (Plate VII, C, VIII, B,
C, IX and tig. 7 and 6.)
(b) Receptacles single or scattered, minute, superficial, and
attracting the attention only when closely grouped
together, or immersed in the bark, piercing the
epidermis with their tips. (Fig. 9 and 10.)
In this case their presence may be noticed by dark punctiform
holes in the epidermis or by the removal of the epidermis, when
the black deformation produced in the cambium will at once be
apparent.
Frc. 9.—Lophiostigma xerophilum Fie. 10,—Oraniella coffeicola ; natu-
19) ema, F
ral size (left) and section
(right ; enlarged).
2. How to gather and preserve fungi.
GENERAL.
1. Take your notes from fresh specimens, before the fungus
begins to shrivel up. As to what notes are required, see above.
2. Add the name of the locality, and of the collector, the date
(vainy season or not, etc.); mention the substratum of the fungus,
whether branches, stumps, leaves, ground. As to the leaf-fungi
it is almost indispensable to know the host-plant.
3. Pick up as ample material as possible. There will be more
chances in this case, that your material will contain not only half-
developed or abnormal specimens without fructification, but also
ripe and typical ones. As the various stages of development are
of interest to the specialist, it will be good to gather young and
old specimens.
1282 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXI.
4, Do not break or cut off the fungus, but dig or cut it out
along with its substratum. This will enable mycologists to study
the method of insertion.
5. Specimens of different localities or hosts should be kept
separately, even if the fungi seem to belong to the same species.
SPECIAL.
1. lLeaf-fungi do not require much preparation. The leaves
may be put between sheets of newspaper and pressed and dried in
the ordinary way. Do not forget the name of the host-plant.
2. Fungi of hard (woody or carbonaceous) consistency should
be dried in the open air. Keep them in a dry well-aired room
for two or three days. This simple way of preparing specimens
will always do for Thelephoracez, Clavariacee, Gastromycetes,
Discomycetes and Hypocreales.
If enveloped in paper or kept in boxes before thoroughly dry,
the specimens will be attacked and spoilt by moulds.
3. Big specimens of Polyporaceze should be treated in the
same manner. It often happens that fine specimens are packed
and sent to Hurope, but on their arrival nothing is to be
found but a powdery mass. The fungus has become a prey of
insects.
The practical instruction given by C. G. Lloyd in his ‘ Mycol.
Notes, p. 36, ’ might be useful in this connection :—
‘The principal trouble that many have in making collec-
tions of fungi is that specimens are apt to be eaten by insects.
This is very discouraging, but we have learned now how
to avoid it in a very simple manner. In the old collections
where specimens are pasted on sheets they have to be poisoned
with a solution of corrosive sublimate and alcohol, but this
is very objectionable from the fact that it changes materially
the condition of the specimens and they are not in their
natural condition after going through the poisoning process.
It was formerly my custom when I received specimens to sub-
mit them to the fumes of carbon bisulphide, which is fatal to
insect life, but I have found that while it may kill the insects
in the specimens it does not kill the chrysalis, and specimens
THE FUNGI OF INDIA, 1283
submitted to the fumes may have chrysalides which will hatch
out and eventually destroy the specimen. I learned from
Mr. Romell of Stockholm a very simple process which is as
inexpensive as it is effectual for specimens that are preserved
in boxes, but of course does not apply to specimens pasted on
sheets. Simply put in each box a liberal quantity of flake
naphthalene. Jor boxes the size of No. 4 and No.1 a tea-
spoonful, and for larger boxes a larger quantity in proportion.
_ Flake naphthalene does not affect the specimens at all, but it
kills the insects, not only those that may be in the plant, but
those that develop afterwards. I have recently gone through
our private collection of some ten thousand specimens or more
and dumped into each box a sufficient quantity of this flake
naphthalene. I do not anticipate there will ever be any
trouble in future with insects in my collection. Flake
naphthalene is comparatively inexpensive, and two or three
pounds will take care of two or three hundred specimens. It
costs about fifteen cents per pound.”’
4. As to the fleshy slender Agarics which always cause great
difficulties, there are a good many species which may be treated as
mentioned under No. 2. We have adopted this method with
success in numerous cases, even with those species which have
delicate cartilaginous stalks like Marasmius (cf. Fig. 6). But a
great number of the fleshy Agarics resist any attempt to dry them.
There are even some (Coprinus, etc.), which regularly melt into a
black gelatinous mass as soon as they are ripe. These must be
preserved in tubes filled with alcohol.
5. Of the Hymenomycetes spores should be procured. For this
purpose fresh specimens must be put on a slide, or a piece of
window-glass, or dark paper in such a way that the lamelle (in
Agarics) or tubes (in Polyporez:) or teeth (in Hydnacez) or the
smooth surface (in Telephoracez) look towards the glass or paper.
After a few hours the spores will fall away, covering the glass with
a fine layer of white or reddish powder. The glass or paper should
then be wrapped up in paper and packed together with the dried
specimen. Care must be taken not to mix up the corresponding
powders and specimens.
1284 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XX.
ila
List or FUNGI.
Nore.—The area dealt with comprises British India, including
Burma. Baluchistan, Ceylon, the Andaman and Nicobar Islands
have not been considered.
Our present article does not include the Uredinales, Phycomy-
cetes, Fungi imperfecti and Myxomycetes.
Many species, specially the older ones, require a critical revision
It is evident from this that much of our list is only of provisional
value. As to more recent critical publications we made use of
C.G. Lloyd’s ‘Gastromyceten’ and ‘ Polyporaceen,’ and our own
: investigations on Microthyriaceze, Perisporiales, and Xylariaceee.
A,—ASCOMYCETES.
1.—PERISPORIALES.
Sphzrotheca pannosa, (Wallr.) Lév. Syll. I, p. 3.
Locality unknown. Known from Europe and N. America.
Erysiphe communis, (Wallr.) Fr. Syll. I, p. 18.
ra Martii, Lév. Grevillea VI, p. 117.
Simla, on leaves of Populus ciliata, Wall.
Eurotium herbariorum, Link-Syll. I, p. 26.
Bengal, Chittagong, Burma ; common on various substances. (Cooke
Grevill. IV, p. 117.)
Balladyna Butleri, Syd. p. 388.
On leaves of Bambusa, Khasi Hills.
Limacinula Butleri, Syd. p. 385.
On leaves of Artocarpus mysorensis, Vayitri, Wynaad.
Limacinula Thee, Syd. et Butl., p. 386.
On leaves and branches of Camellia Thee, Rungmook, Darjeeling.
Capnodium, mangiferum, C. et Br. Syll. I, p. 77.
Syn.: Dimerosporium mangiferum, (Cooke) Sace. 1. cit., p. 53.
On leaves of Mangifera indica, Mysore.
Capnodium lanosum, Cke. Grevill. VIII, p. 96.
On leaves of Ficus, Belgaum.
Capnodium Eugeniarum, Cke. 1. cit.
On leaves of Jambosa vulgaris, Belgaum.
Capnodium Anone, Pat.—Syd., p. 384.
On leaves and branches of Ficus retusa, Agave Vera-Cruz, etc. Builkere,
Mysore ; on Ficus glomerata, retusa, bengalensis, Hassan, Mysore.
—
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"SNULLAPOWOY SAUo..T—V¥
‘009 “ISIF] “LVN AVaWog ‘“Naoor
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=
THE FUNGI OF INDIA. 1285.
This species was originally described from the Gambier Islands, Polynesia
(Syll. XVII., p. 555).
Capnodium hetle, Syd., p. 384.
On leaves of Piper betle, Dacca; Mudon, Amherst District, Burma.
Capnodium brasiliense, Putt.—Syd. 1. cit.
On leaves and branches of, Coffea arabica, Tuttapullum, Nilgiris.
Parodiella perisporioides, (B. et. C.) Spee.
On leaves of some leguminous plant, Bombay (Cooke in Grevill. IV., p.
117); on cultivated (imported!) Medicayo lupulina, Dehra Dun; on Des-
modium rufescens, Wahjain, Assam ; on Indigofera trifoliata, Kistna District,
Madras (Syd., p. 383). The species occurs throughout the tropics.
Lasiobotrys Lonicerae, Kze. Syd., p. 384
On leaves and branches of Lonzcera, Harwan, Kashmir; on leaves . of
Lonicera, Bhowali, Naini.
Acanthostoma Wattii, (Syd.) Theiss.
Syn. Dimerium Wattu, Syd., p. 383. (cfr. Theissen, Zur Revision d. G.
Dimerosporium, Beih. Bot. Centr. Blatt 1912). On leaves of Camellia Thea,
Dunmur Dullung, Sibsagar District, Assam ; Darjeeling.
{Dimerosporium Fumago, (Niessl.) Sacc.]
Syn. Meliola Fumago, Niessl.
On leaves of Celastrus, Calcutta.
This species is Asterina crustosa (cfr. Theissen, Fragmenta brasilica VI.
in Ann. myc. 1912).
[Dimerosporium aterrimum, Cke. et Wint. Grevill. XX, p. 83.]
On coriacious leaves, Manipur.
Species imperfectly known (cfr. Theissen, 1. cit.).
Dimerosporium erysiphoides, Harte.
On leaves of Cynodon dactylon, Pusa ; on Paspalum scrobiculatum, Bassein,
Bombay Presidency. (Syd. p. 3838).
Meliola zig-zag, B. et Br.
Grevill. VIII, p. 96, Belgaum; Syd., p. 383, on Crmnamomum, Wahjain,
Assam. i,
Meliola densa, Cooke, Grevill. XII, p. 85.
On leaves of J/ex (?) Khasia,
Meliola amphitricha, Fr.
Grevill. VIII, p. 96, Belgaum; Syd., p. 379, on leaves of Terminalia Catappa,
Auda Tode, Wynaad. This species occurs throughout the tropics.
Meliola asterinoides, Wint. var. maior, Gaull.
Type from Africa; Syd, p. 379, on leaves of Webera corymbosa, Bilikere,
Mysore.
Meliola Butleri, Syd. 1. cit.
On Citrus medica var. acida, Chittagong ; on Citrus decumana, Kya-in,
Amherst District, Burma.
23
1286 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST SOCIETY, Vol. XX1, —
Meliola cladotricha, Lév. ,
Syd., p. 380, on leaves of Eugenia jambolana, Cottamunda, Wynaad ; on
leaves, Kya, Amherst Dist.
Known originally from Borneo, New Guinea and Australia.
Meliola clavulata, Wint.
Syd., 1. cit., on leaves of Ipomoea Tellicherry, Malabar; Pulliyanur, Tra.
vancore ; on Argyreia hirsuta, Balehonnur, Mysore.—Known originally from
Africa.
Meliola Diospyrl, Syd., p. 381.
On Diospyros montana, Sidrabunna, Koppa, Mysore.
Meliola geniculata, Syd. 1. cit.
On leaves of Odina wodier, Pulliyanur, Travancore.
Meliola indica, Syd., p. 382.
On Barringtona acutangula, Dacca.
Meliola Mangiferae, Earle.
Syd. 1. cit., on Mangifera indica, Pulliyanur, Travancore.—Originally .
known from Portorico. |
Meliola palmicola, Wint.
Syd. 1. cit., on Phenix, Mudigere, Mysore ; Chittagong ; Burdwan, Bengal; —
Hunsur, Mysore; Ramachendrapur, Godavari.—Syn.: M. contigua K. et R.;
known from Florida and Tonkin. .
2.—MIcROTHYRIALES.
Asterina pemphidioides, Cke. Grevill. V, p. 16. |
Syn.: Ast. crustosa B. et Cke.
Ast, Fumago (Niessl.) v. H.
On leaves (locality unknown): Grev. 1. cit ; on Eugenia jambolana, Godavari
(Syd., p. 390), cfr. on this species Theissen, Fragmenta Brasil. No. 109, 201
(Annal. mycol. 1911).
[Asterina concentrica, Cke. Grevill. XIV. p. 13.]
On culms of Saccharum, N. W. India. Belongs to the Dothideacez (cfr.
Theissen, Fragm. brasil. No. 90), without fruit and cannot be further con-
sidered.
[Asterina scutellifera, Berk. Syll. I, p. 50. |
On leaves of Antidesma, Chittagong.—Undeveloped, cfr. Theissen 1. cit.
No. 102.
Asterina congesta, Cke. Grevill. VIII, p. 96.
On leaves of Santalum album, Belgaum.
Asterina carbonacea, Cke. Grevill. 1. cit.
On coriaceous leaves, Belgaum.
[Asterina cincta, Berk. Syll. I, p. 48.]
On leaves of Camellia, Khasia.—This undeveloped and wrongly described
species is to be replaced by the following:
THE FUNGI OF INDIA.
Asterina Camelliae, Syd. et Butl. Syd. p. 389.
On Camellia Thea, Dunmur Dullung, Sibsagar District, Assam.
Theissen, Fragm. bras. n. 169.
Asterina Capparidis, 8. et B.-Syd. p. 390.
On Capparis, Madras.
Asterina incisa, Syd. 1. cit.
On Webera corymbosa, Balehonnur, Mysore.
Asterina indica, Syd., 1. cit.
On Symplocos, Darjeeling.
Asterina Lawsoniae, P. H. et Nym Syd. 1. cit.
On Lawsonia alba, Pusa. :
Originally described from Java.
Asterina magnifica, Syd. et Butl. 1. cit.
On Terminalia, Moulmein, Burma.
Asterina malabarensis, Syd. 1. cit.
On Pothos scandens, Kanouth, Malabar.
Asterina spissa, Syd., p. 392.
On Jasminum, Chittagong.
Asterina StuhImanni, P. Henn. Syd. 1. cit.
On Ananassa sativa.—Original from Africa.
Microthyrium microscopicum, Desm.
Grevill. VIII, p. 96, Belgaum.
Calothyrium aspersum, (Berk.) Theiss.
Syn.: Asterina aspersa, Berk. Syll. I, p. 45.
Microthyrium aspersum, (Berk.) v. H.
1287
Cfr.
On leaves of Laurus, Khasia. Cfr. Theissen, Zur Revision d. G. Micro-
thyrium No. 17 (Oest. Bot. Zeitschr. 1912).
Seynesia grandis, (Niessl.) Wint. Syll. IX, p. 1064.
On dry culms of Calamus, Calcutta.
Vizella conferta, (Cke.) Sacc.
Syn.: Micropeltis conferta, Cooke Grevill. VI, p. 118.
On leaves of “ Bhauri”’ ( Symplocos spicata), Dinagepore.
Myiocopron orbiculare, (Cke.) Sacc.
Syn.: Micropeltis orbicularis, Cooke Grevill. VI, p. 118.
On Symplocos spicata, Dinagepore.
3.—HYSTERIINEA.
Lembosia caespitosa, (Cooke) Sacc.
Syn.: Arlographium cespitosum, Cke. Grev. VIII, p. 95.
On coriaceous leaves, Belgaum.
Aulographum vagum, Desm. Syll. II, p. 727.
On coriaceous leaves, Himalaya.
Lopi-¢ ermium Pinastri, (Schrad.) Chev.
1288 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXT.
Syn., p. 378, on Pinus excelsa, Achibal, Kashmir.
Acrospermum parasiticum, Syd. 1. c.
On leaves of Heptapleurum venulosum, Kumaon, Himalaya.
4,—PLECTASCINES.
Thielavia basicola, Zopf. Syd. 1. cit.
On roots of Viola odorata, Lahore.
Originally described on roots of Senecio elegans, in the Bot. Gardens
Berlin.
5,—DiIscoMyCETES.
Heivelia crispa, Fr. Grevill. IX, p. 13; Syll. VIII, p. 18.
On the ground, Punjab; Syd., p. 374, Achibal, Kashmir.
Morchella bohemiea, Kromb. Syll. VIII, p. 10.
Grevill. V., p. 16, on the ground, Kashmir. ‘“ Haten by the natives;
dried and sent down into the plains.” (It seems doubtful, whether the
identification was correct; it was, perhaps, the following.
Morchella esculenta, Pers. Syll. viii, p. 8.
Grevill. V., p. 16, on the ground, Kashmir ; Syd., p. 374.
Amritsar ; Ranikhet, Kumaon, Himalaya. |
Morchella deliciosa, Fr. Syll. VIII, 10.
Syd., p. 874, on the ground, Amritsar.
Morchella conica, Pers. Syll, VIII, p. 9.
On the ground, Dehra Dun (Theissen, F. Bombay. Ann. mycol. 1911,
p. 158) var. acuminata, Kickx.
Siwalik Range (P. Henn. F. Ind. Orient. II, Hedwigia 1901, p. 338).
Rhizina reticulata, B. et Br. Syll. VIII, p. 58.
On the ground, Neilgherries.
Rh. zonata, Berk. Syll. VICI, p. 59.
Amongst Pinus leaves, Darjeeling.
Peziza epispartia, B. et Br. Syll. VIII, p. 89.
Grevill VIII, p. 96, Belgaum.—Type from Ceylor.
Otidea darjeelensis, Cooke.—Syll. X, p. 4.
Darjeeling, on the ground.
Lachnea geneospora, Berk.—Syll. VIII, p. 178.
On wood; locality unknown.
Helotium pusense, Syd., p. 374.
On twigs of Ricinus communis, Pusa.
Ombrophila indica, Syd., p. 375.
On rotten wood, Dehra Dun.
Pseudopeziza Medicaginis, (Lib.) Sacc.
Syd., p. 375, on leaves of Medicago sativa, Poona; on Medicago luputina,
Harwan, Kashmir.
THE FUNGI OF INDLA. "12989
Known from Europe, South America, Siberia.
Pseudopeziza repanda, (Fr.) Karst. Syll. VIII, p. 727.
Syd. 1. cit. on leaves of Galiwm, Kasauli.
Known from Europe.
Pseudopeziza trifolii, (Biv. Bernh.) Fuck.—Syll. VIII, p. 723.
Syd. 1. cit. on leaves of Trifolium pratense, Verinag, Kashmir.
Chiorosplenium zrugineum, (Berk.) Sacc.—Syll. VIII, p. 318.
Syn. : Peziza eruginea, Berk.
On decayed wood, Khasia.
Lachnella nilgherrensis, Cke.—Syll. X, p. 20.
Grevill. XIX, p. 73, in caulibus herbaceis ; locality unknown.
Dasyscypha Emerici, (Berk. et Phil.) Sacc. Syll. X, p. 22.
Grevill. XIX, p. 74, on branches, Neilgherries.
Bulgaria chalybaea, (Berk.) Cke. et Mass. Syll. X, p. 41.
Grevill. XTX, p. 41, on wood, Darjeeling.
Lagerheimia Carteri, (Berk.) Sacc. Syll. X, p. 55.
Syn. : Patellaria Cartert, (Berk.) Phil.
Grevill. XIX, p. 75, on dead wood, Bombay.
Aleurina orientalis, (Pat.) Sacc. et Syd.
Syn. : Pheopezxia orientalis, Pat. Syll. X, p. 24.
Syd., p. 374, on cow dung, Pusa.—Type from Tonkin.
Saccobolus Kerverni (Crouan) Boud.—Syll. VIII, p. 524.
Syd., 1. cit., on horse dung, Pusa.—Common European species.
Tryblidiella rufula, (Spreng.) Sacc.
Syd., p. 375, on branches of Citrus, Sagaryng, Burma; Pulliyanur, Tra-
vancore ; Dehra Dun.—Known also from N. America and Brazil.
Pseudophacidium indicum, Syd., p. 375.
On branches, Dehra Dun.
Phacidium symplocinum, Syd., p. 376.
On living leaves of Symplocos, Darjeeling.
Cryptomyces Pongamiae, (B. et Br.) Sacc.
Syd. 1. cit. on leaves of Fongamia glabra, Islampur, Bombay Presidency.
Schizothyrium annuliforme, Syd., p. 376.
On living leaves of Acer oblongus, Mussoorie.
Coccomyces vilis, Syd. et Butl.—Syd., p. 377.
On leaves of Mangifera indica, Malda.
Rhytisma conoideum, Cooke. Syll. VIII, p. 761.
Grevill. V, p. 16, on leaves (sterile).
Rhytisma durissimum, Cooke 1. cit.
On coriaceous leaves (sterile).
Rhytisma ustulatum, Cooke Grevill. V, p. 17.
On dead leaves (Ficus ?).
Rhytisma fuscum, Fr.—Syll. VIII, p. 759.
1290 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXTI,
On Sapindacea (sterile).
The last three species are very doubtful.
Rhytisma acerinum, (Pers.) Fr.
Syd., p. 377, on leaves of Acer cesius, Harwan, Kashmir ; Darjeeling.
Rhytisma himalense, Syd. et Butl.—Syd., p. 377.
On leaves of Ilex ( dipyrena ?), Ranikhet, Kumaon, Himalaya.
Rhytisma piceum, Berk.—Syll. VIII, p. 762.
Syn. : Rhytisma pieridis, Pat.—Syll. XIV, p. 817, from Tonking.
Tambur Vall, Nepal. Syd., p, 378, on Pieris, Ranikhet, Kumaon, Hima-
laya; on Pieris ovalifolia, Nepal.
6.—DoTHIDEALES.
Phyllachora demersa, (Corda) Sacc. Syll. II, p. 595.
Syn.: Spheria demersa, Corda.
Dothidea demersa, Corda.
On living leaves (Ixora ?); Grevill. V, p. 16.
Phyliachora annulata, (Cke.) Sacc. Syll. II, p. 610.
Syn.: Dothidea annulata, Cooke, Grevill. VIII, p. 95.
On leaves of unknown tree, Belgaum.
‘“‘A curious species, with the perithecia forming little rings, but entirely
sterile.”
Phyllachora Ficuum, Niessl. Syll. II, p. 598.
On leaves of Ficus infectoria, Calcutta; Syd., p. 395, on Ficus mysorensis,
Yelwal, Mysore; on Ficus mysorensis var. pubescens, Wynaad.
Phyllachora infectoriae, Uke. Bilikere, Mysore; on Ficus religiosa, Jessore,
Bengal; Syd., p. 396.
Phyllachora aspidea, (Berk.) Sacc. Syll. II, p. 598.
Syn. : Dothidea aspidea, Berk. (from Ceylon).
Syd., p. 396, on (Ficus scandens ?), Ranikhet, Kumaon, Himalaya.
Phyllachora topographica, Sacc.
Syn.: Phyllachora marmorata, Rac. (from Java).
Syd.1. cit., on Ficus, Wynaad ; on Ficus hispida, Chittagong.
Phyllachora abyssinica, P. Henn.
Syd. 1. cit. on Ficus sp., Assam.—(Type from Abissynia.)
Phyllachora Musae (K1.) Sacc. Syll. IL, p. 613, 625; IX, p. 1023,
Grevill. XITI, p. 64, on Musa.
Phyliachora repens, (Corda) Sacc. Syll. II, p. 598.
Syn.: Dothidea repens, Corda.
Grevill. V, p. 16, on Ficus gossypina; VIII, p. 95, on Ficus religiosa, Bel-
gaum; Syd., p. 396, on Ficus religiosa, Madras.
Phyilachora rhytismoides, (Corda) Sacc. Syll. II, p. 595.
Syn.: Dothidea rhytismoides, Corda.
On Acacia sp., Tenasserim.
THE FUNGI OF INDIA, 1291
Phyllachora Chionachnes, Syd.—Syll. XVII, p. 839.
On living leaves of Chionachne barbata, Panjab.
Phyllachora viventis, (Cke.) Sacc. Syll. II, p. 601.
Syn.: Dothidea viventis, Cooke. Grevill. V., p. 16.
On living leaves of Leguminose.
Phyllachora Dalbergiae, Niessl—Syll. II, p. 595.
Syd., p. 397, on Dalbergia Sissoo, Pusa ; on Dalbergia sp., Bilin, Burma.
—Type from Calcutta.
All the following Phyllachora-species are mentioned by Sydow, p. 397
sqq.
Phyllachora Pongamiae, P. Henn.
On Pongamia glabra, Madras.
Phyllachora Desmodii, P. Henn.
On Desmodium sp., Harwan, Kashmir.
Phyllachora ? tenuis, (Berk.) Sacc. ;
On Bauhinia vahlii, Kirkee, Bombay Presidency.—Type from N icaragua.
Phyllachora? fimbristylicola, Spec.
On Fimbristylis sp., Dauracherra, Assam; on F. dichotoma.—Kanaighat
?
Assam.
Phyllachora Coicis, P. Henn.
On Coix lacryma Jobi, Wynaad, Malabar.
Phyllachora Cynodontis, (Sacc.) Niessl.
On Cynodon Dactylon, Bankipore.—Very common.
Phyllachora Cyperi, Rehm var. Donacis, Berl. et F. Sacc.
On Arundo, Wahjain, Assam; on Imperata arundinacea, Khasi Hills,
Assam; on Andropogon muricatus, Pusa; on Saccharum spontaneum, Pusa.
Phyllachora graminis, (Pers.) Fuck.
On Isachne, Kaneighat, Sylhet, Assam; on Panicum, Panora, Wynaad ;
on Andropogon assimilis, Kumaon, Himalaya and Dehra Dun; on <Andro-
pogon micranthus, Maymyo, Burma; on Anthistiria, Wynaad ; on Pogonathe-
rum saccharoideum, Kumaon, Himalaya; on Pallinia grata, Moulmein, Burma;
on Oryzopsis, Wynaad; Panicum sp., Wahjain; Ischemum laxum, Bilin,
Burma; Panicum colonum, Champaran, Bengal; Centotheca lappacea, Moul-
mein, Burma; Andropogon sp., Roppa, Mysore.
Phyllachora Bischofiae, Syd.
On Bischofia javanica, Panora, Wynaad.
Phyllachora dolichospora, Syd.
On Tinospora cordifolia, Solebile, Mysore.
Phyllachora erebia, Syd.
Oo Caragana sp., Harwan, Kashmir.
Phyllachora permixta, Syd.
On Schima wallichii, Maymyo, Burma.
Phyllachora transiens, Syd.
1292 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXT,
On Eurya acuminata, Kumaon, Himalaya.
Phyllachora spissa, Syd.
On Dalbergia sissoo, Wynaad.
Phyllachora malabarensis, Syd. et Butl.
On Lambusa, Wynaad, Malabar.
Phyllachora Shiraiana, Syd.
On Arundinaria, Wahjain, Assam.
Phyllachora Rottboelliae, Syd. et Buitl.
‘On Rottboellia exaltata. The Droog, Nilgiri Hills.
Ophiodothis vorax, (B. et C.) Sace. Syll. I, p. 652.
Syn.: Dothidea vorar, B. et ©.—On Carex, Khasia.
Ophiodothis sclerotica, (Pat.) P. Henn. Syll. XVI, p. 638.
Syn.: Epichioe sclerotica, Pat. Syll. IX, p. 1002 (from Tonkin).
On the inflorescence of Andropogon nardus, Erramacola, Wynaad; A.
Sehenanthus, Vayitri, Wynaad; A. sp. sp., Chatrapur, Ganjam; Belgaum.
Metachora Bambusa, Syd. et Butl.
On Bambusa, Kanouth, Malabar.
Bagnisiella Tamaricis, (Cke.) Sacc. Syll. II, p. 590.
Syn.: Dothidea Tamaricis, Cooke. Grevill. XI, p. 108.
Syd., p. 401, on Tamarix gallica, Pusa.—Type from N. America.
Dothidella bambusicola, Syd. et Butl.—Syd., p. 401.
On Bambusa, Moulmein, Burma.
Dothidella dispar., Syd. 1. cit.
On Andropogon contortus, Tellicherry, Malabar.
Scirrhia seriata, Syd. et Butl.—Syd., p. 402.
On Bambusa, Moulmein, Burma.
? Dothidea Terminaliz, Syd., p. 401.
On Terminalia catappa, Wynaad.
Apiospora camptospora, Penz. et Sacc.—Syll. XIV, p. 534.
On Saccharum officinarum, Bilin, Burma (Syd., p. 402)—Type from Java.
Apiospora Montagnei, Sacc. Syll. I, p. 539.
Syn.: Spheria apiospora, Dur. et Mont.
Hypopteris apiospora, (Mont.) Berk.
On Bambusa, Nangki; Syd., p. 402, on Bambusa, Wynaad.—Known from
Europe, Algeria, N. America.
7.—HYPOCREALES.
Polystigma ochraceum, (Wahlb.) Sacc. Syll. II, p. 458.
Syn.: Polystigma fulvum, DC.
Spheria ochracea, Wahlb.
Cited in Grevill. VI, p. 117, on leaves of Prunus Padus, Jubal State,
N. W. Himalaya (18,000 feet).—Species known from Europe.
Nectria collabens, Berk. et Cke. Syll. TIX, p. 958.
THE FUNGI OF INDIA. 1293
Grevill. XII, p. 81, on bark, Bombay.
Nectria alutacea, B. et Cke. Grevill. XII, p. 81 Syll. 1. cit.
On bark, Neilgherries.—The species belongs to the group of J. ochro-
leuca (Schw.) Berk.—Cfr. on this and other species of Nectiza; Weese and
vy. Hohnel “Zur Synonymie der Nectriaceen” in Annal. myc. fase. 4, 1910
and 1911.—VN. ochroleuca is a widely spread species.
Nectria lztifulva, B. et Cke. Grevill. XII, p. 82; Syll. [X, p. 961.
On bark, Neilgherries.
Nectria xanthostigma, B. et Cke. ll. cit.
On herbaceous stems, Neilgherries.
~ Nectria bolbophylli, P. Henn. Syll. XVII, p. 790.
Syd., p. 392, on stems of Cajanum indicum, Dehra Dun; on bark of
Piper niger, Vayitri, Wynaad; on Piper betle, Shiggaon, Bombay Presi-
dency; on Cocos nucifera, Pulliyanur, Travancore ; on culms of Oryza sativa.
Chittagong.
This widely spread species shows numerous forms, such as NV. Cvrtrz, P.
Henn. ; calonectricola, P. H.; citricola, P. H.; Vietorie, P. H. ; luteococcinea,
v. Hohn. ; bogoriensis, P. H., asperata, Rehm ; Melanommatis, Syd. a. o.
Nectria cinnabarina, (Tode) Fr. Syll. II, p. 479.
Syn. : WV. ochracea (Grev.) Fr. Syll. II, p. 487.
Syd., p. 393, on branches of Populus ciliata, Verinag, Kashmir ; of Prunus
armeniaca, Achibal, Kashmir.—The species occurs also in Europe, Ceylon,
Siberia, N. America and Brazil.
Nectria subcoccinea, Sacc. et Hl. Syll. I, p. 482.
Syn.: WV. Colletie, Rehm. Syll. XVI, p. 578.
N. coccidophtora, Zim. Syll. XVII, p. 784.
Syd., p. 393, on Piper niger, Wynaad.—The species occurs in N. America,
Brazil and Java.
Nectria diversispora, Petch. Syd. 1. cit. \
On Hevea brasiliensis, Mergui, Burma.—Type from Ceylon.
Nectria heterosperma, K. et Cke. Syll. II, p. 485.
Syd., l. cit., on dead branches, Dehra Dun.—Type from South Africa,
Necitria tjibodensis, Penz. et. Sacc. Syll. XIV, p. 636.
Syn.: WV. bogoriensis, P. H.; ochracea, P. H.; Jriartee, P. H.; flocculenta
P. H. et Nym.
Syd. 1. cit., on stems of Guazuma tomentosa, Pusa.—Known also from
Java and Brazil.
Melanospora parasitica, Tul. Syll. II., p. 464.
Syd., p. 392, on Cephalosportum Lecanti, on leaves of Coffea arabica, My-
sore.—Huropean species, —
Melanospora Zamiz, Corda, Syll. 1I, p. 463.
Syd. 1.cit.,on culms of Oryza sativa, Noakhali—Known from Europe
and Australia.
24
1294 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXI.
Hypomyces chrysospermus, Tul. Syll. II, p. 467.
Syd., p. 394, on Boletus (?), Khasi Hills, Assam—European species.
Sphzrostilbe gracilipes, Tul. Syll. II, p. 513.
Syd. 1. cit., on dead branches, Pulliyanur, Travancore.—Known from
Cuba and Ceylon.
Hypocrea flavo-virens, Berk. Syll. IX, p. 976.
Grevill. XII, p. 100, on bark, Neilgherries.
Hypocrea grossa, Berk. Syll. II, p. 528.
On wood—Loeality unknown.
Hypocrea subrufa, Berk. Syll. IX, p. 972.
Grevill XII, p. 79, on branches, Neilgherries.
Hypocrea rugulosa, Berk. et Cooke Syll. IX, p. 973.
Grevill XII, p. 79, on rotten wood, Neilgherries; var. maior ibidem, on
bark of trees.
Hypocrea undulata, B. et Cke. Grevill. XII, p. 79.
Syn.: Hypocreopsis undulata (B. et Cke.) Sace. Syll. IX, p. 981.
On rotten wood, Neilgherries.
Hypocrea Nilgherrensis, B. et Cke. Syll. TX, p. 979.
Grevill. XII, p. 79, on bark, Neilgherries.
Hypocrea Carteri, B. et. Cke. Grevill. XII, p. 79.
Syn. : Hypocreopsis Carteri (B. et Cke.) Sacc. Syll. TX, p. 981.
On bark, Bombay.
Pleogibberella calamia, (Cooke) Berl. et V. Syll. EX, p. 992.
Syn. : Gibberella calamia, Cooke.
On Calamus fasciculatus ; locality unknown.
Balansia andropogonis, Syd., p. 395.
On the inflorescence of Andropogon aciculatus, Forbesganj, Purnea,
Bengal.
Cordyceps Ridleyi, Mass. Syll. XVI, p. 611.
On ant, Selangor.
Cordyceps falcata, Berk. Syll. II, p. 575.
On larvas; locality unknown.
Cordyceps racemosa, Berk. Syll. II, p. 576.
On larvas ; locality unknown.
Epichloe cinerea, B. et Br. Syll. I], p. 579.
Syd., p. 394, on the inflorescence of Eragrostis tenuifolia, Hunsur and
Bilikere, Mysore—Type from Ceylon.
Epichlo: Bambusae Pat., Syll, XIV, p. 655.
Syd., p. 395, on culms of Bambusa, South India.—Type from Java.
Hypocrella semiamplexa, (Berk.) Sacc. Syll. IT, p. 581.
On Bambusa ; locality unknown.
Hypocrella Panici, Mass. Syll. XVI, p. 603.
On culms of Panicum, Selangor.
THE FUNGI OF INDIA. 1295
Endothia hypocreoides, (B. et Cke.) v. Hohn.
Syn.: Nectria hypocreoides, B. et Cooke, Grevill. XII, p. 81.
Syll. IX, p. 958, on bark, Bombay.—Cfr. Weese et v. Hohn. in Ann.
mycol. 1910, p. 466.
Neocosmospora vasinfecta, Smith. Syll. XVI, p. 562.
Syd., p. 394, on roots of Cajanum indicum, Crotalaria juncea, Indigofera
arrecta, Cicer arietinum, Pusa.—Type from North America.
On the morphology of this svecies and its saprophytic nature in Hast
India Cfr. E. J, Butler. “The wilt disease of pigeon pea and the parasi-
tism of Neoc. vasinfecta (Mem. Dept. of Agric. in India, Botan. Series II,
No. 9, Jan. 1910).—This species was also observed in India, on Vigna Cat-
Jang, Cyamopsis psoraloides, some cultivated Grossypiwm-species and Indi-
gofera sumatrana.” (Syd. 1. cit.)
8.—MYRIANGALES.
Myriangium Durieui, Mtg. et Berk.
Syd., p. 395, on bark, Pusa.
9.—SPH ARIALES.
Apiospora Montagnei (Pass.) Sacc. Syll. I, p. 539.
On Bambusa, Nangki.
Lestadia Thez, Rac.
PSyn.: L. Camellie (Cke.), Berl. et V.
Syd., p. 406, on leaves of Camellia Thea, Dooars, Bengal.—Type from
Java.
Lestadia perusia (B. et Br.), Sacc. Syll. I, p. 430.
Syd. 1. cit., on leaves of Dioscorea, Chittagong.—Type from Ceylon.
Spherella Bhauria, Cooke-Syll. I, p. 489.
Grevill. VI, p. 118, on leaves of “ Bhauri” (Symplocos spicata), Dinage-
pore. :
Physalospora Bambusez (Rabh.), Sacc. Syll. I, p. 496.
Syn.: Spheria Bambuse, Rabh.
On leaves of Bambusa spinosa, Calcutta Bot. Garden.
Physalospora Calami, Syd., p. 407.
On Calamus tenuis, Chittagong.
Physaiospora transversalis, Syd., p. 407.
On leaves of Cocos nucifera, Bilin, Burma.
Physalospora ventricosa (Dur. et Mtg.), Cke. Syll. XI, p. 292.
Syd., p. 408, on dead twigs of Ricinus communis, Pusa.—Type from North
Africa.
Physalospora xanthocephala, Syd., p. 408.
On branches of Cajanum indicum, Pusa.
Anthostomella Pandani (Rabh.), Sace. Syll. I, p. 292.
Syn.: Spheria Pandani, Rabh.
1296 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XX1.
On leaves of Pandanus furcatus, Calcutta.
Anthostomella Bambusz (Lév.), Sacc. Syll. I, p. 289.
Syn. Spheria Bambuse Leév.
Hypopteris Bambuse Berk.
On culms of Bambusa arundinacea, Nangki.
Metaspheria Boehmerie (Rabh.), Sacc. Syll. II, p. 156.
Syn.: Sphaerella Belmerie, Rabh.
On dry stems of Behmeria nivea, Calcutta.
=e “spheria celastrina, Syd. et Butl., p. 408.
On dead branches of Celastrus, Pusa.
Paranthostomella Capparidis, Syd. et Butl., p. 408.
On leaves of Capparis spinosa, var. cucophylla, Pusa.
Leptospheria Agaves, Syd. et Butl., p. 409.
On leaves of Agave rigida, var. Sisalana, Douracherra, Assam.
Leptospheria Eriobotrye, Syd. et Butl., p. 409.
On leaves of Eriobotrya japonica, Saharanpur.
Leptospheria indica, Syd. et Butl., p. 409.
On leaves and twigs of Asparagus, Wynaad.
Leptospheria Sacchari, v. Breda. Syll. XI, p. 324.
Syd. 1. cit., on leaves of Saccharum officinarum, Dehra Dun; Bilin,
Burma.—Type from Java.
Ophiobolus Cajani, Syd., p. 409.
On dead twigs of Cajanum indicum, Pusa.
Ophiobolus Manihotis, Syd., p. 410.
On Manihot utilissima, Pulliyanur, Travancore.
Ophiobolus Porphyrogonus, (Tode), Sacc. Syll. I, p. 338.
Syd., p. 410, on stems of Vigna Catjang, Pulliyanur, Travancore.—Known
from Hurope, North and South America. aa
Pleospora spinarum, Syd., p. 410.
On spines of Astragalus, Achibal, Kashmir.
Massarina usambarensis, (P. Henn.) v. Hohn. Fragm. Z. Myk. XII, p. 46.
Syn.: Holstiella usambarensis, P. Henn. Syll. XIV, p. 594.
Syd., p. 410, on bark of Feronia elephantum, Chittagong.—Type from
Africa.
Massaria marginata, Fuck. Syll. II, p. 9.
Syd. 1. cit., on twigs of Rosa, Harwan, Kashmir.—Huropean species.
Pleomassaria ilicina, Syd. et Butl., p. 411.
On bark of Llex (dipyrena ?), Ranikhet, Kumaon, Himalaya.
Astrocystis mirabilis, B. et Br. Syll. I, p. 293.
Syd. 1. cit., on culms of Bambusa, Bulsar, Bombay Presidency.—Type from
Ceylon.
Trabutia ambigua Syd., p. 411.
On leaves of Hugenia Jambolana, Koppa, Mysore.
THE FUNGI OF INDIA, 1297
Trabutia cayennensis, (D C.), Sacc. Syll. I, p. 449.
Syn. : -Xyloma cayennense, D C.
Spheria cayennensis (D C.), Fr.
On Myrtacea ; locality unknown.—Type from South America.
Sphzria constellatio, Berk. Syll. II, p. 398.
On leaves, Khasia.
Trichospheria macularis, Syd. et Butl., p. 402.
On leaves, Pulliyanur, Travancore.
Melanomma citricola, Syd. et Butl., p. 405.
On bark of Citrus medica, Chittagong.
Melanomma giumarum, Miyake.
Syd., p. 406, on culms and glumes of Oryza sativa, Chittagong.
Rehmiomyces profusus, Syd. et Butl.
On dead branches of Cajanum indicum, Dehra Dun.
Boerlagella effusa, Syd. et Butl., p. 405.
On wood and branches of Populus ciliata, Mussoorie.
Acanthostigma heterochata, Syd. et Butl., p. 403.
On living leaves of Phaseolus Mungi, var. radiatus, Pusa; on Dumassia
villosa, Nagpur; on Dumassia sp., Samalkota.
Rosellinia picta (Berk.), Cooke Grevill, XV, p. 81; Syll. IX, p. 496.
Syn.: Hypoxylon pictum, Berk..
On decorticated wood, Neilgherries.
Rosellinia andurnensis, Ces. et de N. Syll. I, p. 253.
Syd., p. 404, on dead twigs, Dehra Dun.—European species.
Rosellinia bunodes, (B. et Br.), Sacc. Syll. I, p. 254.
Syd., p. 404, on stumps of Tees eee Hassan, Mysore.—Type
from Ceylon, known also from Java.
Syd. l.c.: “ Rosellinia bunodes causes on Piper ngrum in Mysore and
other trees (Litsea Wightianz, Sehleichera trijuga, Holigarna longifolia,
Grevillea robusta) a disease known as ‘ stump rot’ which is fatal to the trees
attacked. Massee was the first to draw the attention to this disease of the
Black Pepper (Kew Bull. 1895, p. 178), but did not identify it. It has
been figured by Penzig and Sace. in Ic. F. Jav. t. IV, f. 4, and described
by Petch in ‘ Revisions of Ceylon Fungi’ II, p. 454
Rosellinia Mangifere, Syd., p. 405.
On bark of Mangifera indica, Chittagong.
Rosellinia picacea, Mass. Syll. XVI, p. 438.
On dead bark, Bot. Gardens, Singapore.
Rosellinia echinata, Mass. Syll. XVII, p. 597.
On roots of Ficus dubia, Bot. Gardens, Singapore.
Amphisphezria Khandalensis, Rehm. ,
On Bambusa, Khandala. Cfr. Theissen, “F. Bombayenses’”’ m Ann.
Mycol. 1911, p. 158.
99
1298 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XX1,
Chetospherla indica, Niessl. Syll. II, p. 96.
On leaves of Alangium decapetalum, Calcutta.
Chztomium indicum, Corda. Syll. I, p. 220.
Grevill. IV, p. 117., on paper, Burma.
Chetomium amphitrichum, Corda, Syll. I, p. 228.
Syd., p. 402, on dead palm-leaves, Tenasserim ; on trunks of Gossypium
indicum, Nagpur.
Cucurbitaria Agaves, Syd. et Butl.
Syd., p. 406, on leaves of Agave, Dehra Dun.
Corynelia clavata (L.), Sacc. Syll. TX, p. 1073.
On Podocarpus, Khasia.—Known from Africa, New Zealand, Venezuela.
Syll. XVI, p. 650 gives as synonyms Alboffia oreophila, Speg. (from
Argentina) and Trullula tropica (Awd. et Rabh.) Sace. from Chile.
Corynelia fructicola (Pat.) v. Hohn.
Syn. : Capnodium fructicolum, Pat. Syll. IX, p. 441.
Syd., p. 406, on fruits of Myrsine africana, Mussoorie.—Type from
China.
Valsa nepalensls (Berk.), Sacc. Syll. I, p. 125.
Syn. : Spheria nepalensis, Berk.
On dead branches of Betula, Kast Nepal.
Valsa Corchori, Syd. et Butl., p. 412.
On branches of Corchorus sp., Poona.
Cryptovalsa Rabenhorstii (Nke.), Sacc. Syll. i p. 190.
Syn.: Valsa Rabenhorsti, Nke.
Sphaeria spiculosa, var. Robiniae, Rabh.
Syd., p. 412, on cultivated Morus, Pusa.—EHuropean species.
Cryptovalsa indica, Syd., p. 412.
On corticated branches, Dehra Dun.
Cryptovalsa planiuscula, Syd. et Butl. 1. cit.
On dead branches, Pusa.
Allescherina Boehmeriz, Syd. et Butl., p. 413.
On dead branches of Bwhmeria nivea, Pusa.
Allescherina Cajani, Syd. et Butl. 1. cit.
On dead branches of Cajanum indicum, Pusa.
Eutypella Zizyphi, Syd. et B., p. 413.
On dead branches of Zizyphus jyujuba, Pusa.
Eutypella Vitis (Schw.), E. et E.—Syd. 1. cit.
On wood of Vitis vinifera, Poona.—Type from North America.
Peroneutypella ambiens, Syd., p. 414.
On decayed twigs, Dehra Dun.
Peroneutypella indica, Syd. et B., p. 414.
On dead branches of Dalberyia Stssoo, Pusa.
Peroneutypella pusilla, Syd. 1. cit.
Th
“i
«
mi
*
a
he
1
JouRN. BomBay Nat. Hist.§Soc. PLATE IV.
teeth se
5 Ma Me
A.— Lenzites ochroleuca.
B.—Under Surface of a Hydnum.
C.—Clavaria cinerea.
THE FUNGI OF INDIA. 1299
On dead corticated branches of Citrus, Sagaing, Burma.
Anthostoma Carteri (B. et Cke.), Berl. et V. Syll. IX, p. 520.
Syn.: Fuckelia Carteri, B. et Cooke Grevill. XII, p. 51.
On bark, Bombay.
Diatrype chlorosarca, B. et Br. Syll. I, p. 195.
Syd., p. 415, on dead culms of Bambusa, Tellicherry, Malabar; on
branches, Pulliyanur, Travancore ; Dehra Dun; Palghat.
Malabar.—Type from Ceylon.
Botryosphzria Agaves (P. Henn.), Butl.
Syn.: Physalospora Agaves, P. H. Syll. XVII, p. 585.
Syd., p. 415, on leaves of Agave, Pusa.—Type from Hast Africa.
Botryosphzria egenuia, Syd. et Butl.—Syd. p. 415.
On leaves of Cymbidium, Gauhati, Assam.
Hypoxylon ochraceo-fulvum, B. et Cke. Syll. IX, p. 554.
Grevill. XI, p. 133, on bark, Nirwab Jungle.
Hypoxylon deciduum, B. et Br. Syll. I, p. 369.
On palm-leaves, Ceylon, Borneo, India.
Hypoxylon perforatum (Schw.), Fr. Syll. I, p. 375.
On wood, Europe, N. America, Ceylon, India.
Hypoxylon udum (Pers.), Fr. Syll. I, p. 386.
Syn.: Sphaeria confluens, Tode.
Sphaeria albicans, Pers.
Sphaeria ordinata, Fr.
Sphaeria lineata, D C.
On wood, Europe, Borneo, India.
Hypoxylon vividum, B. et Br. Syll. I, p. 359.
On bark, Bombay (Theissen, F. Bombayenses, Ann. mycol. 1911, p. 159;
Syd., p. 417). Type from Ceylon.—Syd., p. 417, on wood, Chittagong
Calcutta; Pusa; Surat.
Hypoxylon coccineum, Bull. Syll. I, p. 353.
On wood, Europe, N. America, Australia, Cuba, India.
Hypoxylon multiforme, Fr. Syll. I, p. 363.
On wood, Europe, N. America, Kamtschatka, India.
Hypoxylon Hookeri, Berk. Syll. IX, p. 548.
Grevill. XI, p. 129. On wood, India; locality unknown.
Hypoxylon atropurpureum, Fr. Syll. I, p. 375.
On wood, Europe, N. America, South America, Java, India ; Syd., p. 475.
On wood of Tamarindus indica, Surat.
Hypoxylon fusco-purpureum, (Schw.) Fr. Syll. I, p. 378.
Syd., p. 416, on dead culms of Lambusa, Bulsar, Bombay Presidency.—
Occurs also in N. America, Cuba and Brazil.
Hypoxylon stygium, (Lév.) Sacc. Syll. I, p. 379
Syd., p. 416, on bark of Feus glomerata, Pusa. I collected specimens
1300 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXTI,
with exactly the same characters in Rio Grande do Sul. Type from
Guadeloupe.
Hypoxylon rubiginosum, (Pers.), Fr. Syll. I, p. 376.
Syd., 416, on wood, Kasauli; Dehra Dun; on Bambusa, Chittagong ;
on palm-trunk, Poona ; on bark of Dalbergia, Sissod, Pusa.—This Huropean
species was ‘also found in N. America, S. America, Cuba, Ceylon, Java
and Algeria.
Hypoxylon indicum, Syd., p. 416.
On branches, Pusa.
Daldinia concentrica, (Bolt.), Ces et D. N. Syll. I, p. 393.
Tneissen, F. Bombayenses., p. 159, on trunks, Andheri; Syd., p. 417, on
wood, Dehra Dun; Nagpur; Ootacamund, Nilgiris; Bulsar, Bombay
Presidency; Cherrapoonji, Assam; Bilin, Burma; Pusa; Darbhanga pr.
Pusa; P. Henn., F. Indiz orient. IT (Hedwigia 1901, p. 339), Saharanpur
Garden.—Known also from Europe, Siberia, N. and 8. America, Ceylon,
Borneo, Tasmania, New Zealand.
Daldinia vernicosa, (Schw.), Ces. Syll. I, p. 394.
On wood, Europe, N. America, Algeria, Cuba, India.
Daldinia Gollani, P. Henn. Syll. XVII, p. 617.
P. Henn., F, Indiz orient. I, p. 389, Siwalik Range, on rotten wood of
Ficus Carica.
Kretzschmaria Heliscus, (Mont.) Mass. Syll. XVI, p. 449.
Syn.: Poronia Heliscus, Mot. Syll. I, p. 349.
On dead bark, Bot. Garden, Singapore.—Type from South America.
Kretzschmaria Kurziana. (Curr.), Cooke Syll. TX, p. 567.
Syn.: Xylaria Kurziana, Curr.
Grevill. XII, p. 3, on the ground, Calcutta.
Poronia Oedipus, Mont. Syll. I, p. 349.
Grevill. V, p. 16, on dung; Syd., p. 420, on horse dung, Pusa ; known
also from N. America, Java, Borneo, Australia.
P. Henn., F. Indice orient. I, p. 240, on horse dung, Saharanpur
Garden.
Poronia arenaria, Syd., p. <20.
Under Casuarina trees, Chatrapur, Madras Presidency.
Poronia polyporoides, P. Henn. Syll. XVII, p. 620.
F. Indi orient. II, p. 340, on dead trunks and on the ground, Saharan-
pur Garden.
Camislea bacillum, Mont., Syll. I, p. 347.
Theissen, F. Bombayenses, p. 159, on bark, Khandala. Type from 8.
America.
Ustulina maxima. (Hall.) Schrot, Syll. I, p. 351.
Syn.: Ustulina vulyaris, Tul.
Hypoxylon ustulatum, Bull.
ee Pee ee
< —
THE FUNGI OF INDIA. 1301
Sphaeria deusta, Hoffm.
Sphaeria versipellis, Tode.
P. Henn., F. Indiz orient. II, p. 339, Saharanpur Garden.—Known also
from Europe, N. and 8. America, Cuba, Ceylon.
Ustulina tessulata, (Berk.) Cooke, Syll. IX, p. 542.
Grevill. XII, p. 3, on wood, Bombay.
Xylaria allantoidea, Berk, Syll. I, p. 314.
Syd., p. 417, on wood, Wahjain, Assam.—Known also from Brazil, Cuba
Borneo, Ceylon. P. Hemmings, F. Indiz orient. Il, p. 340 mentions also
Xylaria obtusissima (Berk.) Sacc. on dead stems, Saharanpur Garden ; this
species, if correctly determined, is identical with allantoidea (cfr. Theissen,
Xylariaceze austro-brasil., Denkschr. Acad., Vienna, 1910, p. 57, and Beit.
Bot. Centralbl. 1910, p. 366).
Xylaria regalis, Cooke, Syll. IX, p. 530.
Grevill. XI, p. 86, on wood, Bot. Garden, Calcutta; perhaps merely a
form of X. plebeja Ces. (cfr. Theissen 1. cit., p. 58).
Xylaria plebeja, Ces. Syll. I, p. 318.
Syd. p. 420, on wood, Pusa. Xylaria jfistuca, Berk.
Syll. I, p. 318, from Nepal is the same species (cfr. Theissen ll. cit.)
Xylaria salmonicoior, Berk, Syll. IX, p. 529.
On wood, Neilgherries. °
[Xylaria furcellata, Berk, Syll. IX, p. 537.]
Grevill. XI, p. 88, Neilgherries. This species cannot be maintained,
because quite undeveloped.
Xylaria dealbata, B. et Br. Syll. I, p. 323.
Theissen, F. Bombayenses, p. 159, Khandala, 4.
Xylaria Thyrsus (Berk). Sacc. Syll. I, p. 320.
On wood, Calcutta.—Known also from Brazil (cfr. Theissen Il. cit.).
Xylaria deserticola, Spee. Syll. XVII, p. 629.
Syd., p. 417, on roots of Ficus, Fraserpet, Coorg ; on rotten wood, Pusa.
Having identified Sydow’s specimens myself, I could not find the slightest
difference between his from India and my own from Brazil.
Xylaria involuta, K]. Syll. I, p. 324.
On wood, Kala Panee; Khasia; [Ceylon; S. Amerika; Australia; New
Zealand}. This species was described under various names from all tropical
regions [.X. Telfairii, gigantea, tabacina, ventricosa, ete.—cfr. Theissen ll. cit.]
[Xylaria compuncta, (Jungh.) Berk. Syll. I, p. 325.]
Reported from Khasia; also from Ceylon, Java. This species probably
belongs to the Hypocreaceas.
Xylaria Gomphus, Fr. Syll. I, p. 316.
P. Henn. F. Indie or. II, p. 840, Saharanpur Garden in a subterranean
cellar. Identical with the above mentioned X. involuta (cfr. Theissen
Cit.)
25
13802 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XX.
Xylaria Hypoxylon, (L..) Grev. Syll. I, p. 338.
P. Henn. 1. cit., Saharanpur Garden; Syd., p. 418, Solebili, Balehonnur
and Bargnai, Mysore. The species occurs all over the world (cfr. Theissen
Il. cit).
Xylaria aristata, Mont. Syll. I, p. 338.
Grevill. VIII, p. 96, Belgaum—Known also from Central America,
South America and Borneo.
Xylaria Delitschii, Auersw. Syll. I, p. 336.
P. Henn. F. Indiz or. II, p. 340, Saharanpur Garden. It is very doubtful
whether the identification of this species, which is only known from Ger-
many, is correct.
Xylaria digitata, (L.) Grev. Syll. I, p. 339.
P. Henn. 1. cit. Mussoorie, Arnigadh—Known from Europe, Africa,
North and South America, Java, Ceylon.
Xylaria pistillaris, (P. Henn.) Theiss.
Syn. : Hypoxrylon pistillare, P. Henn. Syll. XVI, p. 446.
Syd., p. 416, on bark, Bargnai, Mysore.
[Xylaria Carteri, Berk. Grevill. XI, p. 88.]
Syn.: Hypozylon Carteri, Berk. Syll. IX, p. 545.
On wood, Bombay.—Belongs to Xylaria obovata, Berk. (Cfr. Theissen,
Xylariacee, p. 34.) e
Xylaria scopiformis, Mont. Syll. 1, p. 340.
Grevill. VIII, p. 96, Belgaum.—This species is only a form of the follow-
ing:
Xylaria tuberosa (Pers.), Cke. Syll. IX, p. 537.
Syd., p. 420, on rotten wood, Bargnai, Mysore.—Type from the Sand-
wich Islands. On this species cfr. Theissen, Xylariacee, p. 8.
[Xylaria escharoidea (Berk.), Sacc. Syll. I, p. 316.]
Grevill. VIII, p. 96, Belgaum.—Type from Ceylon. Cir. Xylaria nigripes.
Xylaria Emerici, Berk. Syll. IX, p. 528.
Grevill. XI, p. 86, Neilgherries.
Xylaria trichopoda, Penz. et Sacc. Syll. XVII, p. 633.
Syd., p. 420, Dehra Dun.—Type from Java.
Xylaria excelsa, Syd., p. 418.
On the ground (?), Narsinghpur, Central Provinces.
Xylaria heloidea, Penz. et Sacc.
Syd., p. 418, on branches, capsules and leaves of Cedrela Toone, Dehra
Dun.—Type from Java ; known also from Brazil. (Cir. Theissen, Xylariacee
. Cit.)
Xylaria euglossa, Fr. Syll. I, p. 324.
Syd., p. 418, on dead wood of TYamarindus indica, Surat District,
Bombay Presidency ; on wood, Botanical Garden, Calcutta,—Type from
Costarica; as Xylaria turgida from the Nicobar Islands); as Xylarva
|
.
THE FUNGI OF INDIA. 1303
australis from Australia; also common in Brazil. (Cfr. Theissen, Xyla-
riacee, p. 57.)
Xylaria hypsipoda, Mass. Syll. XVI, p. 442.
On dead leaves, Singapore.
Xylaria Ridleyi, Mass. Syll. XVI, p. 443.
On dead wood, Botanical Garden, Singapore.
Xylaria aspera, Mass. Syll. XVI, p. 444.
On rotten wood, Selangor.
Xylaria nigripes, K1. Syll. IX, p. 527.
Syd., p. 419, on the ground, Dehra Dun; Koppa, Mysore; Jullundur ;
Pusa ; Dhulia, Bombay Presidency. Xylaria peperomioides, P. Henn., re-
ported by Hennings (F. Indiz Orient. II, p. 340; Syll. XVII, p. 622) from
Saharanpur, is the same species (Cfr. Syd. 1. cit.) ; other synonyms are:
Aylaria Gardnert, Xylaria escharoidea, Berk., Xylaria piperiformis, Xylaria
mutabilis, NXylaria flagelliformis.—Known from East India, Ceylon, Java,
South America.
(To be continued.)
1504
MORE BIRD NOTES BY THE WAY IN KASHMIR.
BY
fon =Com, -als VAL. ES aera
The following notes are supplementary to and in amplification of “ Bird
Notes by the Way in Kashmir” published in Vol. XXI, No. 2, of this
journal. In these latter I expressed the hope of being able to revisit.
my leave haunts, of last year, in the breeding season. That wish has been
partly gratified for I reached Sonemurg this year (1912) during the second
week in June. Hopes and anticipations with which I set out to ornitho-
logize on arrival were on the whole, I must confess, not realized, and no
startling discoveries fell to my lot.
Sonemurg, with which locality these notes are mainly concerned, lies
at an elevation of 9,000 feet and over, is well in the interior of the Himalay-
an region, and consequently is practically under snow till the middle of
May, and it surprised me therefore to find the breeding season already well
advanced when I arrived there. Many species had young, well feathered,
in the nests, and of some species these were on the wing.
References in these notes are to the above named publication except
where otherwise stated.
On the Jhelum Valley cartroad near Dulai at an elevation of barely
2,000 feet I passed a midday, the 29th of August, a flock of young
Jackdaws, C. monedula, with bills wide agape feeding on the roadway.
At this time of yearin the narrow gorges, through which the Jhelum
flows at this spot, the temperature of the air, owing to the confined space
and to radiation from the rocky surroundings, may be anything, from 120
Fahr. and upwards, at midday, and bears comparison with the conditions
obtaining at the same season in Dera Ismail Khan or Jacobabad. Yet at
this same moment similar flocks of young daws were disporting them-
selves in the cool breezes of Sonemurg, 150 miles to the north-east. Truly
the vagaries of individuals of a species as regards distribution and relative
temperatures are wonderful.
The Chough, Graculus erimeta, is supposed to derive its name from its.
note. But the note is much more like the syllables “ Chee-o kah” pitched
high and squeaky. ‘There is also the common note like “Khew ” which has
been recorded of this species in England. The young after leaving the
nest and when clamouring to be fed make a loud plaintive squeaky mewing
note.
The Himalayan Whistling Thrush, Mytophoneus temminckz, often utters.
its loud whistling song when on tne wing.
Nests of the Kashmir Wrens, Anorthura nepalensis, found at Sonemurg
were all built in holes in birch trees, one nearly 10 feet from the ground.
BIRD NOTES BY THE WAY IN KASHMIR. 1305
A large brown Warbler with a long bill seen at Sonemurg on August the
9th among the dwarf elders and rank weedy growth on the flat ground
across the Sind river, where it had a concealed brood of fledglings, was (I
_ feel safe in identifying it as such in spite of its resemblance to some of the
Acrocephah, and especially as a nest of the species was taken in this very
spot a few years ago by Colonel K. Buchanan). “The Large-billed Bush
Warbler” Tribura major. This Warbler when imagining its young in
danger clings to the top of a tail plant to survey the intruder, and utters
aloud alarm note, which, if a double ‘r” could be added to the sound,
would be exactly reproduced by the knocking together of 2 large pebbles.
The similarity in habits between Pallas’ Willow Warbler, Phylloscopus
proregulus, and the Goldcrest, Regulus cristatus, is very marked. Both
flutter inthe same manner at the ends of fir branchlets when picking insects
therefrom. But the Goldcrest perhaps creeps more and hunts less on the
wing than the Warbler. From the latter he is, from below, most easily
distinguished by his beady black eye set in the plain greyish white expanse
of the side of the head and cheek,
Nests of the Sooty Flycatcher, Hemichehidon sibirica, in Sonemurg were
beautifully neat little structures of moss and cobwebs lined with goats’ hair.
All were placed on branches. Some near the trunk, others well out on the
branch. Some were high up near the tops of the trees, others only 20 feet
or so from the ground. The Birch, the Sycamore, the Bird Cherry, and
the Himalayan Silver Fir all seemed to be equally selected as nesting sites.
The Rufous-tailed Flycatcher, Alseonax ruficaudus, has a loud melodious
song. Some of the notes indeed are remarkably loud for the size of the
bird. The song is not continuous but consists of warbles and whistles
interrupted by the bird’s flittings to catch a fly, or pick an insect off a leaf,
the stem of a tree, or, rarely, from the ground. Some notes closely
resemble those of the Indian Blue Chat, Larvivora brunnea. A character-
istic part of the song may be syllabified as “Tyee-trrirr, trrirr tee.”
Amongst others notes frequently heard sound like “ Weetititew, ” “ Ke-willu
willu ” and “ Choi choi.”” Occasionally there is a loud finch-like “Twoink
twoink”. All notes are rapidly repeated. While singing the male
rarely stays for more than afew seconds in one spot and as he prefers
a leafy tree, for choice the Birch, Betula utilis, and is at the best
of times not a conspicuous bird, coupled with the exasperatingly
ventriloquial character of the song, he is exceedingly hard to pick
up and follow by eye. Indeed during the breeding season this Fly-
eatcher but for its loud song may be considered to be of a retiring
disposition. The male is a hopeless guide to follow in search for nest
and eggs. He wanders over a large area of open forest while sing-
ing and at times may be found thus, perhaps 300 or 400 yards from the
nest.
1306 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXI,
Days and hours spent by me in searching for a nest met with no
success. I came to the conclusion that this Flycatcher must have been
breeding high up in the silver firs, Abies webbiana, than which trees none
are more difficult to spot the nests of small and inconspicuous birds in.
But one day long after I had ceased to devote exclusive attention to these
birds, my woodcutter coolie, who had orders to report any nests he found, in-
formed me that he had found one of sorts. Proceeding to the spot I saw
a small nest from which the young had evidently flown, situated about 10
feet from the ground in the fork of a branch of a small silver fir in forest.
Built of moss and grass, it was deep and cup-shaped, and densely lined
with feathers. My knowledge of the birds of the locality combined with a
process of elimination and, above all, reference to a published description
of nests of the present species (Stuart Baker, Ibis Vol. VI., No. 22, p. 279)
with which it tallied, led me to the conclusion that I had at last, only too
late, found what J had so long sought.
As remarked (bid) the Rufous-tailed Flycatcher does not make sallies
from a selected perch when capturing its prey, but flits from branch to
branch. In disposition it is pregnacious, chasing away other small birds
that come near it. Especially intolerant does it seem of the Himalayan
tree-creeper, Certhia himalayana. It was not numerous in Sonemurg and
pairs did not breed near each other as in the case of HH. sibirvea.
Like Mr. 8. L. Whymper I too found a tree nest of the Plumbeous Red-
start, Rhyacornis fuliginosis. This was over 20 feet up, and built in a
crevice in the stem of a silver fir.
The Red-flanked Bush Robin, Lanthia rujilata, is to the nest hunter in
these forests what the Ruddy Sheldrake is to the Duck Shooter on our
Indian Rivers, namely, an unmitigated nuisance, for its loud harsh scolding
or alarm note puts every little bird within 100 yards radius on the qui-
vive and all come to see the trouble and take warning accordingly.
In different localities songs of males of the same species differ, and often
to a considerable extent. For instance up the Sind Valley, at about
7,000 feet, the song of Tickell’s Ouzel, Merula wunicolor, which, in the
Kashmir Vale below, is a monotonous repetition of a few notes, was here
much more varied and melodious. So much was this the case that on
occasions I was led to stalk a singing Thrush not recognising it from the
song. In every case it proved to be of the present species.
The low pitched musical call note “Tew” followed by a quickly repeated
“ Tewtya”’ is quite characteristic of “‘ The Orange Bullfinch,” Phyrulla auran-
tiaca, and will, even midst a variety of forest sounds, always indicate the
presence of this bird. By imitating the note it is not difficult to bring the
bird into one’s immediate presence. I used often to call a male into a tree
by my tent, where he would sit and sing lustily, and I once called him down
on to my tent ropes. The song as mentioned (2d7d) sounds “ metallic,” but
BIRD NOTES BY THE WAY IN KASHMIR, 1307
it may be still better described as consisting of a series of very rapidly
repeated low flutelike notes. No two males sing quite alike, although the
pitch or tone is the same in every case. For my own edification I syllabi-
fied many variations of the song, and so well acquainted did I become with
pairs of these birds that I was able to differentiate between them on hear-
ing the male sing. The impression received from the song of the male,
mentioned above, when not heard too close, may be well conveyed to the
ear by a rapid repetition of the words “ Give the devil his due’’—“ Divil a
bit. ”—This uncharitable sentiment, let us hope, was not really endorsed by
the bird !
The staple food in summer appears to be buds and catkins of the Hima-
layan Birch (ibid), but early in the season it was not uncommon to see
pairs hopping about on snow patches in forest picking up minute seeds left
on the surface of the melting snow. A curious feeding habit late in
summer was the pecking and swallowing of mouthfuls of a very fine grained
dry yellow clay which filled in the archways of the roots and the hollow
bases of individual old silver Firtrees. Within four yards of me I watched
a pair gorge themselves on this stuff for fully ten minutes and then fly away
down hill to where I suspected there was a nest but which I never found.
If such there was then this nesting was well below 9,000 feet. The clay in
question probably contained food properties essential to the young which
‘were doubtless fed on it by regurgitation. A rough analysis however
failed to reveal any seeds, insects, or grit and to the taste it was insipid.
I spent many days in forest and on hill side at various elevations search-
ing forthe nest. Colonel Ward’s description of the locality in which his.
collectors took these puzzled me considerably for it was only between 9,000
and 10,000 feet, rarely over, that I could be sure of meeting with this species.
Above 10,500 feet there was never a sign of the birds. They were in fact
left below. This was my experience both in the Liddar and Sind valleys
(ibid). I have little hesitation therefore in asserting that 11,000 feetis the
maximum elevation at which the Orange Bullfinch will be found in Kashmir.
A very short acquaintance too with its habits suffices to shew that like its
Kuropean congener it is a woodland species. Searching for nests there-
fore on open bush clad hillsides at 12,000 feet and over which is above the
tree limit in these parts, was anything but profitable and I soon abandoned
it to confine my attentions to the forests below frequented by the birds.
My reward eventually followed in the discovery of a nest on 28th July.
On the 27th I observed a pair of Bullfinches in a strip of forest at a spot
just about 10,000 feet above sea level. The action of the female clearly
indicated that she contemplated domesticity. But after hopping about in
the lower branches of a silver fir and occasionally giving a half-hearted tug
at a twig or piece of lichen she and her mate, to my chagrin at the time,
disappeared into the forest, and although the notes sounded at intervals did
1308 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XX1.,
not return to the spot. Determining to watch the place, however, I
returned there next day and was gratified on arrival to see the flash of two
white rumps as a pair ef Bullfinches startled from the ground simultaneously
disappeared into a thick tree. A few moments and they were back again,
and to my delight the female picked up a twig and flew behind the trunks
of some silver firs. Shifting my position, so as to watch the direction of
her flight, I saw her return, pick up another twig, and dive with it into a
low, tangled, and drooping branch of a medium sized silver fir. For some
time I watched through glasses the process of building. Twigs were the
only material used during my vigil. It was interesting to watch the
manoeuvres to get an extra long one into position. This would be first
pushed into the branch by one end while she, going round to the nest side,
would from there pull it through and deftly weave it into place. Not
The cross marks site of nest of Orange Bullfinch (P. Aaran-
tiaca)}—nest about 6 feet from ground.
daring to go nearer for fear of disturbing the pair left the spot quietly,
deciding to return a week later when I hoped the full clutch would be laid.
On the 4th of August, accompanied by Colonel K. Buchanan, I
revisited the spot. We found the female on the nest anc sitting very
close. Three people walking about immediately below did not disturb her
and it was not till I almost had my hand on her that she flew off. My
astonishment was considerable therefore on examining the nest to find
only one egg and that fresh! The situation was puzzling but on Buchanan’s
advice the nest was left till the Sth August. On arrival at the
nest on this date the female was not “on” but appeared a moment or two
later with the male and at once flew to the nest. She sat for half an hour
or more when the male, returning, called her off. Being satisfied that she
was sitting in earnest this time I took the nest and the 3 eggs which it
BIRD NOTES BY THE WAY IN KASHMIR. 1309
contained. While removing these both birds reappeared close above me
uttering the ‘ tewtya’ note.
The eggs were blunt ovals measuring about ‘75°56 and in other
respects were more or less similar to those described by Colonel Ward,
mine being white fairly densely speckled with reddish brown -with super-
imposed purplish brown spots in a zone round the larger end. The shells
were somewhat fragile, smooth, and fine grained in texture.
The nest though smaller was not unlike that of ‘The European Bulltinch.’
A platform of twigs on which was built a shallow cup of fine rootlets and
a little dried grass. A few goat hairs completed the lining.
The close sitting of the female on the 4th August was decidedly
strange. She could hardly have been incubating, for although some birds
are known to commence this from the laying of the first egg, notably
species that lay early in the year and in exposed situations, the Bull-
finches are not of this group. Ican recall too the fact that on this date
she was not sitting down into the nest as she was on 8th August when
only the top of her head was visible to one standing by it. The only
explanation of her behaviour on the 4th that occurs to me is that she was
in the act of laying as we arrived. This was about 8-30 a.m. Asshe was
not kept more than quarter of an hour off the nest on this occasion I am
inclined to be sanguine that she had time to get back to lay her egg and
did not drop it outside in her extremity.
August nests must, I imagine, be second broods. From the second
week in June, when I first met with these Bullfinches, they were always
in pairs and the males singing vigorously. Moreover in the beginning of
August I came across parties of 3 or more. One party was for certain a pair
with 1 young. This latter had been out of the nest for some time as it
was exactly like the female and the male kept hunting it away when it
persisted in following him. It was not till June the 28th that I first saw
signs of nesting when I observed a female with a twig in her bill, but as
she flew far away with it I never succeeded in locating the nest.
Like the European Bullfinch, this species is secretive at nesting
time only, choosing for the nesting site the quietest and remotest corner
of a wood within the limits of elevations given. As faras I could gather
the densest portion is not selected, but parts more or less on the level are
preferred.
The Orange Bullfinch is a charming little bird in every way. The
affection with which the male treats his partner is quite pretty to watch.
Rarely does he let her out of his sight, and while she feeds, drinks, or
bathes he is never more than a yard or two away seemingly too utterly
absorbed in admiration of her charms, to follow suit, and constantly burst-
ing into his melodious little song. While she builds the nest he sits on a
twig close by, now and again looking to see how the work is progressing,
26
1310 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXTI,
though never, I fear helping, and occasionally hopping up to give her a
kiss by way of encouragement.
That these Bullfinches pair for life is I imagine more than probable.
The Rose Finch, Carpodacus erythrinus, was fairly numerous in Sonemurg
up to the beginning of July. It doubtless nested there, and at no great
elevation either.
I must qualify the statement (ibid) regarding the partiality of the
Red browed Finch, Callacanthis burtoni, for dark forest situations. This is
only partly correct. Although essentially a woodland species and, when
actually nesting, a forest bird, yet when the young are fledged, it often
ventures into open situations, though never away from the vicinity of trees.
Much of its time is spent in searching for food on the ground. Itis a
wonderfully tame species and often in the early morning a family party
would peck for food round the door of one’s tent.
Contrary to the impression received last year I find these birds to be
early breeders. Fully fledged young were on the wing by the 3rd week
in June if not before. The young have the head uniform brown and show
no coloured brow or supercilium. There is little doubt that two broods are
usual, though I failed to observe a nest.
The common note of this species (ibid) may perhaps on a close acquain-
tanceship, be better rendered by the syllable ’ Pweee’*. This is often
followed by notes like ‘Pweu’ ‘Pweueu’ or ‘Chipeweu’. The ‘eu’
pronounced as in the French. All notes are plaintive and melodious.
The Himalayan Goldfinch (Carduelis caniceps) nested commonly in isolat-
ed fir trees about the “ Murg” and young were fully fledged by the
third week in July. The young have the head uniform grey brown, the
red and black mask of the adult probably not being assumed till after the
autumn moult. It was a pretty and familiar sight to see flock of
““ Goldies ” flying about the “ Murg”’ fluttering at the thistle and dandelion
heads. But only a short time do they stay at the nesting elevation, and
by the end of July most have left for the lower valleys. The notes do not
differ from those of the European Goldfinch.
* It might be imagined that the conformation of a bird’s vocal organs, v12.,
syrinx, palate and bill, would preclude the possibility of its producing any
sound commencing with the letter ‘P’ as made by human lips, but it is remarkable
how often bird’s notes can only be correctly reproduced by syllables commencing
with this letter. As regards the present species this is very much thecase. I
have listened to the notes at a distance of 3 yards only and no other initial letter
in the syllable could so well convey the sound to the human ear. It may be that
in the vocal apparatus of some birds an action, analogous to that of human lips
when pronouncing the letter ‘P’ takes place when air, in giving utterance to a
note, is expelled through the syrinx, the contiguous surfaces of the back of the
tongue and the soft parts of the palate taking the place of lips.
.
BIRD NOTES BY THE WAY IN KASHMIR. 1311
On the 10th of June at Gund, 14 miles below Sonemarg in the Sind
Valley, I saw large flocks of Gold-fronted Finches (Metaponia pusilla) on the
open hillsides. This finch, like “Stoliczkas,” seems to keep in flocks
throughout the breeding season. The call-note is a twice quickly-repeated
note like ‘chup’. It did not occur in Sonemarg.
The 39 miles of cart road running through the rice fields of the Vale of
Kashmir from Baramulla to Srinagar is bordered on either hand by a
monotonous row of tall poplars planted close together. In the
breeding season every third or fourth poplar holds a nest (bulky, untidy
structures of grass), some hold four or more. These are nests of the migra-
tory sparrow (Passer domesticus) mentioned (i:d). The number of nests along
this stretch must run nto thousands. But this is only a very small por-
tion of the breeding area of this sparrow in Kashmir. The origin of the
vast hordes of sparrows, which descend upon the cornfields of North-West
India during the spring passage and hurry through to Central India in
autumn, is thus partly revealed. If not a blessing in disguise to the
Kashmiri zemindar (as it is a curse and curse only to the farmer of the
plains of North-West India) this sparrow at any rate compensates him for
any damage done to the rice crops later in the summer by the prodigious
quantities of green caterpillars which it destroys to supply the needs of the
young in the nest.
Breeaing, as described, along a roadway on which there is a consider-
able traffic, these birds are afforded protection to a great extent from their
natural enemy the Sparrow Hawk (Accipits nisus). But they have one enemy
which nests among them and has no fear of the traffic, namely, the Rufous-
backed Shrike (Lantus erythronotus). That this shrike takes a heavy toll of
the sparrows in the shape of young is pretty certain. Indeed, I believe the
Rufous-backed shrike to be somewhat addicted to sparrow fare, as where-
ever sparrows occur in numbers either nesting or roosting, in this part of
India, this shrikeis pretty sure to be common. A good illustration of its
propensities in this respect was afforded me one November afternoon while
standing in the club verandah at Nowshera. Over the porchway was a
heavy creeper in which sparrows roosted in numbers. While these were
noisily settling down for the night a shrike of the above species darted in,
took a sparrow, and flew with it to a small tree a few yards away. The fortu-
nate observers of this incident attracted others to the scene, and the strange
spectacle was witnessed of a shrike breaking up and devouring his quarry
while perched on a small branch some 6 feet or so above the head of the
big drummer of the band of an Indian regiment which was playing at the
time on the club lawn. Evidently this particular shrike appreciated
music at his meals.
Nesting colonies of the above migratory race of P. domesticus also occur
in Peshawar. In remote corners of this district away from villages n
1312 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XX1.
small jungles and rukhs I have found tamarind thorn trees full of such
nests.
A curious instance of a double nest was that of an Eastern Meadow
Bunting (Lmberiza strachei) which had built, under a stone, two nests along
side of one another. One of these was empty, the other contained four
young.
The Crested Bunting (Emberiza melanicterus) was quite common on the
Murree-Srinagar tonga road between Dulaiand Uri. The bird was often
to be seen singing perched on the telegraph wires.
In company with a few Snow Pigeons (Colwmba leuconyx) which had their
nests in holes in the limestone rocks of the famous pilgrims cave of
Amarnath (13,000 feet) was a small colony of Kashmir House Martins
(Chehidon kashmiriensis.) A further instance of the desolate wild and
AMARNATH VALLEY (13,000), where the famous pilgrims cave
isandin which the Kashmir Martin (C. Rashmirensis) was
found breeding. The bottom of the valley is all snow. Taken
Aug. 16,
elevated regions to which these Martins resort for breeding purposes in
some parts of their range.
On the 30th June a friend, when descending a hill above Sonemarg,
disturbed a bird nesting on the ground at about 11,000 feet. The nest
contained four eggs which he described as dull whitish in colour and fairly
densely speckled with brownish purple. Two days later we visited the
spot together and found the eggs hatched and four young in the nest.
{ watched the female on to the nest and gota close view of her through
glasses. From the broad bold streaks on the breast, the comparatively small
amount of white visible in the tail in flight and the light flesh coloured legs I
BIRD NOTES BY THE WAY IN KASHMIR. 1315
feel sure that the bird was the European Tree Pipit (Anthus trivialis,) which
was so common here last year at the end of August. The nest was in a
hollow under a sod on the hillside and was built of dried grasses. It was
situated within 20 yards of a small clump of birches into which the parent
bird always flew on being disturbed.
_ A nest of Hodgson’s Pipit (4. rosaceus) containing four eggs, which I
found four days later about 1,500 feet above on the ridge, and under a
stone, was composed of exactly similar material.
The Long-billed Horned Lark (Otocorys longirostrzs) when disturbed, rarely
takes flight immediately, but runs in front of one with a slight waddling
gait which reminds one of a minature chikor. This lark was fairly common
on open grassy hilltops at 14,000 feet and over.
The Cuckoo (Cuculus canorus) occurred, but was rare,in Sonemarg. The
last date on which the call was recorded by me was July the 18th.
I failed to discover—and not for want of searching—the author of a very
loud monosyllabic note which was uttered twice comparatively slowly and
then three or four times rapidly, the whole being repeated several times
with an attempt at rhythm. I first heard it about 14 miles below Sonemarg
in the Sind Valley late in the afternoon and again the following morning.
At Sonemarg it appeared to be uttered at night only usually between 2
and 4 a.m. My first impression was that it was a note of some Laughing.
Thursh with which I was unacquainted. But not having met with any
birds of this genus, I eventually abandoned this idea and came to the
conclusion that the Large Barred Owlet (Glaucidium cuculoides) must be
the author of the sound. The note could be heard some hundreds of yards
away, but was exceedingly difficult to locate.
Seully’s Wood Owl (Syrniwm beddulpht) was the common owl in Sonemarg.
Indeed this was the only owl I met with. -It was often to be seen perched
at the entrance to a large hole in some gnarled old sycamore in forest.
Some of these holes, especially those under which I found pellets, were
searched, but failed to reveal a nest in being. As I did not come across
the bird till after the middle of June the young may have flown, but I
have little doubt that it was in such situations they nested.
About an hour before dark this owl wakes up and gives its quadruple
ery—a loud “ Hoo—Hoot tu whooo,” an impressive sound at dusk in these
high Himalayan forests. The pause after the first syllable is very marked.
Only occasionally in the breeding season was the ‘hoot’ given during
the actual hours of darkness, but with a waning moon it was often to be
-heard an hour or so before dawn. Later on in the summer the young
owls were often very noisy at night. For some days, whenever an owl,
which haunted a bit of wood close to my camp, uttered its note at dusk it
was immediately answered by another in a slightly higher key. At times
the two hoots would sound simultaneously and whenever this happened the
1814 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXTI.
higher-pitched note invariably upset the cadence of the lower, the effect
being quite ludicrous. Whether this was a rival, a mate, or a young
“Scully ” getting his first singing lessons I never discovered. When flying
about at night a note repeatedly uttered by these owls sounded like
“ Khawak.”
From an examination of the disgorged pellets it appeared that the prin-
cipal food in the breeding season consists of small rodents of the Micromys
and microtus genera which abound in these forests. Occasional pellets
showed bits of the wing cases (elytra) of beetles. I saw no remains of birds.
One method of hunting at dusk is as follows:—The owl flits silently to
the horizontal trunk of a birch or other tree (at these elevations, 9,000 ft.
and over, trees on any slope, owing to the pressure of snow in winter
issue horizontally from the soil before they curve up vertically) under
which it has marked down the hole of a mouse or vole and there remains
motionless. As the little rodent cautiously creeps forth in search of food
there is a swift pounce and the owl gets the entrée of his supper.
Some writers on Natural History affirm that the “ Hoot” of an owl isa
hunting cry which they suppose terrifies small birds and mammals into
movement so enabling the owl to locate and swoop on them. In the case
of the present species the cry, by twilight at any rate, was certainly not
used for this purpose for it was generally uttered from the top of a high
fir tree on rising ground and repeated often for ten minutes at a time.
Like most members of the family pairs of these owls have their own
hunting preserves into which no other individuals of the species are per-
mitted to enter. Three separate patches of forest around Sonemarg each
held its own pair of Scully’s Wood Owls.
The graceful flight and hover of the Kestrel (Tinnunculus alaudarius)
was occasionally to be seen over the ‘‘ Murg.” Twice I observed a Kestrel
stoop at and give chase to small birds in best approved peregrine style. On
the first occasion the quarry was a Grey Wagtail (Motacilla melanope) at
which constant deadly stoops were made, the wagtail only just escaping
by flying into afirtree. The second instance was the stooping at and
chasing of a flock of Stoliczkas Mountain Finches, but in this case it was
probably play only.
1315
PROGRESS OF THE MAMMAL SURVEY.
Since July, when the last editorial note on the progress of the
Mammal Survey appeared, work has only been proceeding slowly.
This is inevitable in India where, owing to the rainy season pre-
vailing from June to September inclusive, it is almost impossible
for field work to continue during these months.
Mr. Crump left Chanda, C. P., in July when the rains set in and
returned to Bombay. He is now in Kathiawar and will afterwards
probably work Guzerat or Rajputana.
Mr. Shortridge after leaving Shimoga made an expedition to
Bellary District where at Humpi (the ancient city of Vijayanagar)
he camped and collected vigorously for some weeks. He obtained
some 331 specimens there, and the old ruins and temples contain-
ed a large number of bats. From Humpi he proceeded to
Bangalore and from there to Kolar in the east of Mysore State.
He has just left that for Cauvery (Seringapatam) and Mysore after
which he goes to Coorg and the West Coast—where the rains will
then be over—on his way to the Nilgiris and 8S. India.
The Committee hope that members residing in districts visited
by the Mammal Survey collectors will send in specimens of any
animals of which only one or two or no specimens have been
obtained by the collectors.
In the Nimar report (p. 844, No. 3, Vol. XXI) it will be seen
that very few skins were collected of certain animals and it is
most desirable that further specimens should be procured, more
especially of the Langur, the Deccan Spiny Mouse and Phillips’
Spiny Mouse. Also a considerable number of species, which are
almost certain to occur in the district, do not appear in the report
as having been obtained by the collector and to make up these de-
ficiencies the Society will be glad to obtain skins and skulls of the
Bengal monkey, the smaller bats, flying squirrels, Bandicoot rats,
Blanford’s rat, porcupine, four-horned antelope, mouse deer, pigs,
&e. Though no specimens of the Tree-Shrew (T'upaia) were caught
either in this district or the Berars (vide report, p. 820, No. 3,
Vol. X XT) it is in all probability to be found and skins are much
wanted. The report on the Dharwar collection appearing in this
issue is more complete, but nevertheless as will be seen more speci-
mens of certain kinds are wanted and also of the few which although
found in the district were not obtained by Mr. Shortridge.
1816 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXT,
As our special collectors can only visit a particular district at
one time of the year, it will be obvious that it is almost impossible
to obtain specimens of every animal found in that district—as at
one season some animals will be more difficult to procure than at
another season—and it is in this way that our members who are re-
siding in that district can help the Society by filling in the blanks.
Skins and skulls from all districts of the different kinds of big
game are also much desired, more especially so as our collectors do
not try to obtain the larger game animals except when opportunity
offers
All skins should be accompanied by their skulls and if possible
by the following simple measurements ; head and body, tail, hind
foot and ear, and a label giving locality, sex and date, should be
affixed to both skin and skull which should only be roughly cleaned.*
Besides specimens we should be glad to receive from members
any notes on the distribution, habits, local names and folklore of
the different animals in their district. It is hoped that members
will co-operate and help with this information so that the Mammal
Survey may not only result in a collection of properly labelled and
worked out specimens showing the species and their distribution
in India, Burma and Ceylon, but also in the bringing together of
information of all sorts relating to their habits.
As regards finance, members will be glad to learn that we have
received valuable help from the Government of Bombay (Rs. 2,500),
the Government of the United Provinces (Rs. 2,000), the Govern-
ment of India (Rs. 7,500) and Mr. Ratan Tata, a second donation
(Rs. 1,000) and the total sum obtained and promised now amounts
to Rs. 42,992-8-6 whilst up to date we have spent about
Rs. 17,877-11-4.
The Committee feel, however, that a third collector is absolutely
necessary if the survey is not to be prolonged for several years. The
magnitude of the task is becoming more evident as the survey
progresses. India, Burma and Ceylon cover such an enormous
amount of ground that if the survey is to be thoroughly done, a
third collector to start at the southern boundary of Burma to
work northwards is extremely desirable at once. It is estimated
that a sum of Rs. 15,000 to Rs. 20,000 will be required to bring
out a third collector for 2 years to work Burma. The Government
* A pamphlet on the skinning and measuring of large and small mammals
can be had from the Honorary Secretary on application.
PROGRESS OF THE MAMMAL SURVEY. 1317
of India have promised Rs. 7,500 as mentioned above and
Mr. Ratan ‘Tata has kindly promised another donation of
Rs. 1,000 towards this object on the understanding that the rest of
Rs. 7,500 is obtained and the object carried owt. The Committee
therefore hope that the balance may speedily be obtained, so that
the provision for the other two collectors may not have to be
dipped into.
At the same time it will be noticed that the subscription list
this time includes very few members’ names andit is earnestly
hoped that members will not lose their enthusiasm for the scheme
in consequence of some Governments having given the Society a
helping hand.
Small annual subscriptions towards the Mammal Survey Fund
will be very acceptable as the work cannot be carried through
thoroughly unless a good deal more money is forthcoming.
MAMMAL FUND.
FURTHER LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS UP TO 30TH SEPTEMBER 1912.
Name. Amount.
Rs | A. i,
Amount previously acknowledged in Journal
No.3, Vol. XXI_.. ae ts FA Sl Ne2oo 15 0
BomBay GOVERNMENT a ne aes Sis 2,500 0 0
' Burke, Capt. H. F. .. re Ae we win 51 S | 6
Evaus, Col.G. H. .. ar a. ae ei 45 0 0
Fletcher, 'l. Bainbrigge ... BY ae Be 50 Mo 0
Holden, Major H. N. ik {0 ee me 15 0 0
Howell, E. B. Es “ih ss ste vs 15 0 0)
| Milner, C. E. as. be ¥ a &: 15 0 0
; Mapras GOVERNMENT ¥e = re dhe 2,500 0 0
O’Donnell, O. Me ie a ae 6 5 0 0
Suter, Dr. M. F. (Rs. 10 per month for June,
July, August and September) .. ie e, 40 0 0
UniteD PRovinces GOVERNMENT .. ee we yy 2000 0 0
; Rs. ..| 34,492 8 6
For a third Collector.
Promised by THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA Rs. 7,500
a » Mr. Ratan Tata (znd He
donation) .. ae. ay) 1 O00 8,500 0 0 |
Total Rs. ..| 42,992 | 8 6
H c
Ceres ee ee SSSSSSFSFSSFMMMMMfsMsSsSs
27
1318
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES.
No. I.—TIGER (FELIS TIGRIS) KILLING AND EATING
ITS YOUNG.
[have often wondered how it is that I have seldom found more than
two and never more than three cubs witha tigress although on two occa-
sions when I have been so unfortunate as to shoot a pregnant tigress I
have found as many as five unborn cubs inside her. Until a short time
agol accounted forthis with the theory that possibly the tigress eats
some of her cubs soon after they are born—a habit not unknown with other
animals I believe.
Recently however I have come to change my views.
On May 20th I had joined camp with Mr. Symes who was shooting in
this district. A tiger, a tigress and two cubs were known to be about and
the previous night and in the very early morning the rather unusual roar of
a tiger was heard for some time. In the direction of the roars a prepared
kill had been taken by a tiger and later about a mile beyond this kill
a natural kill of a sambur by a tigress was found. We decided to beat over
the artificial kill frst. The beat was blank the tiger having gone out of
the beat beforehand towards the other kill. The beaters however found
two dead half-grown tiger cubs in the beat which had clearly died in the
evening before.
We examined these dead cubs and found that they had been killed by
a male tiger and both of them partially eaten at the haunch. They had
both been killed in the same place but one of them had been dragged some
hundred and fifty yards from its dead companion. It was interesting to
see that the cubs besides being rather severely bitten in the throat had
been much clawed in the arm pits, in fact sufficiently so to alone cause
their death.
Local natives, who certainly ought to know something about tigers, say
that a male tiger will always kill cubs if he comes across them, and after
this interesting experience one can weil believe it. In this particular case
the tigress had probably left her cubs early in the evening and killed the
sambur. While she was busy with this the tiger probably came across the
cubs on his way down to the water where the kill was. After disposing of
the cubs he must have gone for a drink andkilled the bait tied up for him.
The roars we heard were probably those of the distressed mother and per-
haps it was well that she was not in the beat.
Mr. Symes also corroborates the facts of this story.
JAMES W. BEST, I. F. S.
Bitaspur, C. P., 6th July 1912.
[In Vol. VII. of our Journal (1592), page 253, we published a note by Golaned
Scott of Palanpur, on “‘ Tigers eating their young.” —Eps. ]
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 1319
No. I1.—CANNIBALISM AMONG PANTHERS (FELIS PARDUS),
About a week ago I had three panthers, said to be a large male, a female
and a small male, marked down in some dense thora jungle chiefly can-
delabra cactus and babul not many miles from Veraval.
The jungle was far too close to beat, so I tied up a live goat and sat over:
it in a machan about 6 p.m. A medium sized male panther came at 6-30:
and I hit him hard with a 500 express bullet. He turned and jumped
back into cover, and, on examining the spot, I found a piece of lung on a -
stone, and a thick trail of light-coloured frothy blood leading into the thick
thorn jungle. I knew then that he was hit through the lungs and could
not go far, so I decided, as the cover was so thick, to leave him till next.
morning. Inthe morning I found him lying about 50 yards away the
other side of a thick clump of cactus through which he had dragged him-
self. Imagine my disgust to find that he had been more than half eaten
and the skin of course ruined. The head, chest and forelegs, hindlegs, tail
and part of the rump were untouched, the rest of him was eaten, the ribs
bitten off close to the spine.
All round were the footmarks of the female and the small male, so there
is no doubt thatthey had made a square meal of their dead relation.
There were no signs of jackals or hyenas. The dead panther had very
large pads, and this accounted for his being described as a large male
though as a fact he was only a medium size.
I remember reading of a similar case in a previous note in our Journal,
tut lI believe such cases to be sufficiently rare to make this one worth
noting.
J. R, CARTER, Masor,
Bombay Political Department.
Camp VERAVAL,
7th June 1912.
[Cases of this kind have already been recorded both amongst tigers and panthers
in Vol VI. and XVII of this Journal.—EbDs. |
No. I1.—_NUMBER OF A PANTHER’S ( FELIS PARDUS) CAUDAL
VERTEBRA.
In my notes in the last number of the Journal on Mr. Hick’s book “ Forty
years among the wild animals of India” I referred to his statement that
two species of panther are distinguishable, among other differences,
by the ‘ fact’ that the large ‘ species’ has only 22’ vertebrz in the tail while
1320 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XX1.
the smaller has 28. It is of interest therefore to record that in April last in
the Mahi Kantha Agency I shot a female panther measuring 6 feet 2 inches
(including tail of 2 feet 7 inches) the number of whose caudal vertebrae on
careful examination proved to be 24. Asa single instance is insufficient
to dissipate what I believe to be a myth, it may be hoped that others will
be reported by members of the Society.
A. H. MOSSE, Capratn, LA.
PALANPUR,
23rd July 1912.
No. IV.—NOTES ON MARTENS IN KASHMIR.
Toiling up a moraine one afternoon with a friend at Sonemurg and when
at an elevation of about 11,000’ he suddenly gave a low whistle froin behind
me aud beckoned me to his side. There not five yards from us appearing
from beneath a rock was a fine example of The Beech Marten (Martes foina).
The animal did not appear much disquieted by our presence, continuing to
sniff and gaze around, till one of us made a slight movement when it with-
drew beneath the rocks. We waited some time for its reappearance but it
evidently decided to stay at home, or had slipped away by a hidden passage
beneath the moraine.
Imagining that we had found the entrance to its lair my friend a few
days later set up a camera and waited on the chance of securing a photo,
but there was no further sign of the Marten, only afew mouse hares
appeared from beneath the same rocks and played about. Later on I went
up to try my luck with a gun and to endeavour to secure the Marten as a
specimen. But I waited in vain and had to contend myself with a mouse
hare which came out at the same spot as the marten had. The presence of
these mouse hares rather upset the theory that we had discovered the
Marten’s lair, and we: came to the conclusion that, when we saw the latter,
it was hunting, and had been prospecting the mouse hare burrows under the
rocks from beneath which we saw it emerge. It is hardly likely that a
Beech Marten and mouse hares would live amicably side by side. The
biblical “ Lion and lamb” miracle would be quite eclipsed by such a state
of affairs.
In the same locality, the Indian Marten (M. flaviguia) frequented the
forests just below. sss
H. A. F: MAGRATH, Lizvr.-Cotonet. |
Kasumir, July 1912, |
es
| MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 1321
No. V.—NOTES ON THE TIME OF APPEARANCE AND
FLIGHT OF EASTERN BATS.*
Time of appearance. Flight.
Pteropus .. .. early (well be- High, slow and heavy (rook-like)
fore sunset). occasionally soaring for short
distances.
Cynopterus (includ- late (well after Low, compared with Péeropus,
ing all other small fruit sunset). comparatively quick and flut-
bats.) ; tering.
Rhinolophus. . oat ene eree .. Low and fluttering.
Hipposiderus (small). frequently High, although not particularly
early. swift (Java, New Guinea, etc.)
Megadermutidce .. very late .. Low swift fluttering.
Pipistrelius .. =» Searlyaer .. Larger species swift, smaller
species (including Tylonycterts)
very erratic in flight. The
larger species generally fly
high, the smaller are variable.
[This is true, but I have several times seen them in swarms beiore sunset
when white ants were swarming after first rain—R. C. W.|
Scotophilus .. .. early ie .. High, swift.
Harpyiocephalus ! early .. | .. High, slow and heavy.
(Hesperotenus ?)
[I am not sure of this identification but all specimens entered in lists as
Harpytocephalus were Hesperoptenus—R. C. W.]|
Plecotus Kh ss aeal| if :
Kerivoula .. ae late a elon and fluttering, compara-
Vespertilio .. es J IL tively ow:
[Almost certainly Mr. Shortridge means Myotis—R. C. W.]
Minopterus .. .. early + .. High, very swift.
Emballonura SLeanlysneieee: .. Erratic in flight. Like that of
small Pipistrellushigh (Java, N.
Guinea, &c.)
Taphozous .. Dearly, Mee ot .. Swift, high.
Rhinopoma .. J) CALlyinn amas .. Swift.
Nyctinomus . . .. early Ak .. High, very swift (Java,Australia,
etc.)
G. C. SHORTRIDGE.
‘August, 1912. ;
* Mr. Shortridge’s notes were submitted: to Mr. Wroughton who has added a
few remarks in brackets under his initials R..0. W.—Ebs.
1322 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXT.
No. VIL—THE HABITS OF VOLES.
Where voles of the genus Microtus are common in Kashmir and
Himalayas, a curious phenomenon is revealed, on the melting of the snow,
which covers their burrows in winter, in the long tortuous ridges of clay
left lying on the surface of the ground. These ridges, often some yards in
length, are solid throughout, more or less cylindrical, and from 2 to 3
inches in diameter in section. As often as not they are unconnected at
their extremities with the entrance holes of the voles. The rough sketch
below will perhaps explain my meaning better than the description, wz :—
Hide)
Ly
A friend who had also noticed and taken an interest in these curious
ridges informed me that he had once found them in the melting snow on a
hillside, running through the snow and not im contact with the ground though
close above it. This discovery shed some light on what was a perplexing
puzzle, and led to the formation in my mind of the following vague theory
of their origin, one which however does not altogether satisfy me.
If any of our readers can enlighten me with the true and _ scientific
explanation I shall feel indebted to him or them.
I imagine then that, when their burrows are buried deep in snow,
these voles abandon their usual habits of burrowing connecting passages
underground (such passages being likely to collapse when the snow melts,
and thus to lead to flooding of burrows), and construct instead passages
along the surface of the ground and through the snow. But, in order that these
passages may be kept dry and warm, earth is pushed up into the snow to
form a roof above and possibly walls along the same, the earth for this pur-
pose being excavated and brought from the holes, as no trench is ever
apparent under the ridges in question or connecting the holes. When the snow
melts on a slope these ridges can rarely, owing to force of gravity, be de-
posited on the ground vertically below the position they occupied in the
snow, and must therefore often come to rest some little way down hill.
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 1328
This explains their seeming lack of connection with the holes when tound
on dry ground. On deposition also the walls, if any, would tend to col-
lapse and quickly assimilate with the surrounding soil.
Whatever the explanation of these mysterious ridges, however, they, at
all events, bear silent witness to the activity of these little rodents when
their homes are buried deep in winter snows and show that hibernation is
not entirely spent in sleep.
Kasumir, 1912. H. A. F. MAGRATH, Lt.-Col.
No. VII.—THE INDIAN BUFFALO (BUBALUS BUBALIS).
In the Bellary Gazetteer published in 1904, attention is drawn to the
fact that ‘‘ Many of the buffaloes in the district are peculiar in having
a white patch between their horns.” I have noticed that this is also of
frequent occurrence in the North Kanara, Mysore and Dharwar districts,
the white varying in size from asmall patch, to the whole forehead ;
more rarely extending over the face. Another curious form not uncom-
monly observed is that in which the eyes are of a clear, almost China-blue
instead of the usual dark brown.
In Blanford’s “ Fauna of British India” the only mention of any colour
variety of the domesticated buffalo is “that the legs are occasionally
white to the same height as in the Gaur,” while the fact is noted that few
of any animals have cha: ged less in captivity than the Indian buffalo.
It would be interesting to know if this variety with the white forehead
is peculiar to the south, or whether it is found throughout India.
Any one who has been in Java may have noticed the extremely large
number of entirely albino buffaloes there, quite 20 per cent. of those on the
island.
The Banting (ibos sondaicus) is also very successfully domesticated in
Java and Bali where it is indigenous.
G. C. SHORTRIDGE.
Camp, Brnitary, August 1912.
[ Both the variations mentioned by Mr. Shortridge are to be seen amongst the
dairy buffaloes in Bombay which come chiefly, we believe, from Gujarat,
Kathiawar and the Punjab.— Eps |
No. VII1.—TSINE (BIBOS SONDAICUS) CONSORTING WITH
TAME CATTLE.
I was greatly interested in Mr. Hauxwell’s note in the Journal published
in July of a bull Tsine (Lzbos sondaicus) consorting with tame cattle. To
quote Mr. Hauxwell, “it is not an old bull, and it is strange why it should
have taken to this solitary life. Can it be that it has been driven out or
1324 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXI.
the herd by an older and stronger bull, and so forced to come to the
village cattle for companionship P ”’
I make no doubt that this is exactly what has occurred. I have known of
three similar cases, two of ‘sine consorting with tame cattle, and one of a
Gaur which had attached itself to a herd of tame Mithan (Bibos frontalis).
All three were young bulJs—I have also heard of an old bull Tsine which
was supposed to frequent cultivation in pursuit of tame cattle ; but as my
informant was a Burman it is possible that he may have been deceived by
the size of animal into thinking it an old bull. Anold bull Tsine shot by
me was said to be this very beast, but I always had my doubts on the
subject. His tracks were found some miles from the nearest cultivation
and he was killed in dense Bamboo jungle. Stillhe may have consorted
with tame cattle from time to time and the fact that he was well past his
prime lends colour to the supposition. As all sportsmen know who have
hunted Gaur and Tsine frequently, it is by no means an uncommon
occurrence to come across quite young bulls leading a solitary existence,
and the only explanation that presents itself is that they have been driven
from the herd by the master bull. One would naturally expect, therefore,
that when Tsine are found consorting with tame cattle they would be
young bulls, or very occasionally old bulls past their prime. The sexual
instinct would naturally be stronger in young bulls than in animals past
their prime, and the former would also be less shy and wary than the old
stagers. At the same time it is conceivable that in the case of very old
bulls driven from the herd by stronger rivals, the sexual instinct would in
some cases assert itself and the animal, debarred from consorting with its
own kind, would occasionally take refuge in an artificial existence rather
than become a recluse for good. Such cases, if they occur at all, must be
of rare occurrence, and it would be interesting to have authenticated data
on the subject. I do not know of any case of a bull in its prime—whether
Gaur or Tsine—consorting with tame herds of Mithan or cattle, and it
would seem to be extremely unlikely that any such could occur. My own
theory is that when such animals take to a solitary existence they do so
from choice, and merely for the time being. It was once my good fortune
to shoot an erstwhile solitary bull Tsine while with a herd which he had
joined on the day he was killed. This beast was a bull in his prime with
a very fine head, showing no signs of advanced age. He had merely
jomed a herd when it suited him to do so. It may be asked why such an
animal finding itself near a herd of village cattle should not join them as _
a younger beast occasionally does. The obvious reply is that the younger
animal having been driven from a herd of his own kind is faced with two
alternatives—either to remain solitary until old enough to take possession
of a herd or to consort from time to time with tame cattle. The older
beast on the other hand can appreciate a herd whenever inclined to do so ;
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. — 1325
for evenif driven from his own herd—an unlikely supposition—he is
sufficiently powerful to find other herds in which he can hold undisputed
away. But I would not be held to dogmatise on a subject of which we know
very little. I state my theory for what it may be worth, in the hope that
some observer with more knowledge of the subject than I can lay claim to
will be able to throw more light on this very interesting question. While no
one can account for the vagaries of individuals evenin the animal world,
it will, I think, be admitted as a general rule that for wild animals to
consort with tame is an unnatural state forced on them by circumstances
beyond their control, and that no animal having access to its kind is at
all likely to seek an artiiicial existance even fora short period.
MALaKanp, 20th August 1912. G. P. EVANS, Major,
XIX Punjabis.
No. [IX.—HABITS OF THE KASHMIR STAG (CERVUS
KASHMIRIENSIS) IN SUMMER.
The comparatively high altitudes to which the Kashmir Stag ascends in
summer has probably attracted little attention, interest in this animal
being, as a rule, confined to the shooting season when it descends, and
keeps mainly to the forest levels. This year I frequently saw ‘Barasing’
(so called) and their numerous tracks on a hil) top, 14,000’, and on
one occasion observed a herd of about 16 hinds at 14,000’ and still
climbing by a track which would take them to the water shed 15,000’ and
over, and for which I have little doubt they were making. These high
ascents, far above forest levels, are made in the mornings, and are
generally for the purpose, besides grazing, of indu/ging in a midday siesta
at some elevated spot where fancied security from enemies may be
obtained. ;
The unwariness of a big stag met with one day afforded me what must
be a rare, if not unique, experience. Ona hillside at 13,500’ the sudden
appearance of what, at first sight, looked like a great caribou head, over
a snow field above me caused me considerable astonishment. But re-
alizing that caribous do not exist in the Himalayas, and that it was a big
stag in velvet, | had to deal with, I stood and watched, and saw the
‘head’ slowly sink behind the snow again. Feeling sure that the owner
thereof had settled down to rest I decided to stalk him. The only route
lay to windward and a fresh breeze was blowing across the hill. Notwith-
standing I managed to reach unobserved and unwinded a small mound
behind which I suspected he was lying. Creeping up and peeping cautiously
over, there, sure enough, lay the great beast—a true ‘monarch of the glen’
fast asleep and only 16 yards (paced) away. Luckily my terrier, who was
28
13826 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XX1.
behind me, did not scent or spot the sleeping animal, and I was able to
survey him at leisure. Though he lay with head towards me and I was
quite conspicuous, taking little trouble to conceal myself, he never winked
an eye, only his ears flapped lazily keeping off the flies. The head was a
fine one (12 pointer) but thick in velvet. The coat was patchy and
evidently in process of being shed. I gazed my fill, then dropping quietly
behind cover again, left him to his siesta and passed on up the hill. As
luck would have it my camera was not with me that day and I have since
often regretted the unique snapshot lost. From a coign of vantage, some
800 yards beyond and above, not a movement of the stag could escape me
sol sat and munched my sandwiches and enjoyed the panorama of snowy
peaks and glaciers spread before me. .
For 2 hours or more he slept peacefully. Then, rising, shook himself,
sauntered across the snow, and proceeded to drink at a puddle left by
the melting snow, after which he began to drop slowly down hill, on the
steep side, browsing the while. Wishing to have a last look at him on my
way down I made for the spot where he had disappeared from view and
peered over.
There he still stood, some 80 yards below, browsing quietly. I let him
see me but he evinced little sign of fear, merely dropping a few feet lower,
and resuming his browsing. But for my terrier which, this time, spotted
him and gave him chase, I could have approached him much closer. Seeing
the terrier he rattled down hill and out of view, leaving a void in the
picturesque landscape.
When descending a hill these stags look awkward and clumsy compared
with the graceful bounding movements of Markhor or Ibex.
Some days later a further curious experience with Kashmir Stag befell
me on this same hill. Climbing it with a brother officer we had a cooly
with us carrying our paraphernalia. When some way up I asked the
latter if he had ever been on this hill before and if he knew that
“Barasing”’ lived on top. He replied that he had not, and expressed a
desire to see a “ Hangul.’”’ This I undertook to promise to show him.
Within 5 minutes of this conversation, appearing slowly over a ridge to
our left, we saw the antlers of a big Barasing, then the whole animal
standing on the sky line. Following him came another, then another, and
still others, until there were jive grand stags, all apparently good shootable
heads, standing in fvll view and barely 400 yards away! No one was
more astonished than I, for although feeling pretty confident of meeting
with a stag that day, 1 was not prepared for the splendid fulfilment. of
my promise in the vision we had just seen. For some days after this I
believe I bore the reputation of being a “ Jadu-gar.”
H. A. F. MAGRATH, Lr.-Cot.
Kasumir, August 1912.
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 1327
No. X.—ABNORMAL TYPE (2?) OF EGGS OF THE LITTLE
FORKTAIL (MICROCICHLA SCOULERI, Vigors).
On the 12th May last, [found anest of this species placed in the niche
of a rock by the side of a large waterfall in the neighbourhood of Simla.
The position of the nest was betrayed by one of the birds, which hurriedly
left the spet on my approach. On examining the nest I found that it
was practically completed, and was ready for the birds to lay in. Allowing
a few days to elapse I sent one of my hunters to bring away the eggs, if
any, and also the nest. He carried out my instructions, but, on examining
the eggs, which were quite fresh and three in number, I was much
astonished to find that they were pure spotless white. I immediately
questioned my man as to the identity of the bird, which he knows well. He
firmly maintained that the eggs in question belonged to this Forktail, that
he had distinctly seen it leave the nest on his approach, and that when he
removed the eggs they were quite warm. I have no reason whatever to
doubt the man’s statements, for I have alwaysfound him truthful, and in
this instance there was no particular reason for him to deceive me; but
nevertheless I still feel rather disturbed about the colouration of these
eggs. Had I for a moment foreseen this contingency, I should of course
have spared no pains to put the identity of the bird beyond doubt. As
things stand now, there is doubt but doubt which can be dispelled by the
experiences of other Ornithologists.
I should like to know whether this Forktail, like some other birds, for
example, Dicrurus ater, lays eggs of two different types: one, pale dingy
pink, spotted and speckled with reddish brown, and the other pure
spotless white ?
The eggs from this nest are, as already stated, pure spotless white, and
they have a distinct gloss. In shape they are somewhat elongated ovals,
slightly pointed towards the small end. Their measurements compare as
follows with those of the normal type :—
Abnormal type (?) of eggs. Normal type of eggs.
Giyie- sil” x "58" Average measurements of 11 eggs
(@yp282 x +58" a= IS Se ay
(3) °85! x “6
I may add that there is no doubt whatever about the nest. It was of
the usual Forktail type—a small cup, composed externally of moss, and
lined with a little dry grass, and a few dead and skeleton leaves.
Since the publication of my notes about this species at pages 257—261 of
Vol. XXI of the Journal, I have found the following nests in addition to
the one mentioned above :—
(t) Keonthal State, 1st May: elevation 5,000 feet ; nest with three young,
just hatched. .
1328 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol XX1.
(ti) Keonthal State, 21st’ May; elevation 5,000 feet; 8 hard set eggs
(normal type).
(222) Ditto. 21st May ; elevation 5,000 feet; two young, full
fledged.
P. T. L. DODSWORTH, F.z.s., M.B.0.U.
Simua, 8. W., 29th August 1912.
No. XI.—NESTING OF THE WESTERN BLUE ROCK THRUSH
(PETROPHILA CYANUS, Linn) IN THE NEIGHBOURHOOD
OF SIMLA, N.-W. HIMALAYAS.
After several years of fruitless search, I have at last succeeded in -
finding the nests of this species, which is a tolerably common summer
visitant to these N.-W. Himalayan ranges, arriving in April, and leaving
about the beginning or middle of September.
In the neighbourdhood of Simla, it breeds at elevations of 6,000-7,200
feet, on bare rocky hills, during May and June. The nests are shallow
saucers, in some cases mere pads, adapted to the shape of the cavities in
which they are placed, and are composed externally of dry grass, lined
with rootlets. The diameter of the egg-cavity does not exceed 4”, and its
depth is about 12”. The external diameter varies from 5 to 6”, and the
height is about 23 or 3”. The nests are placed sometimes in low stone walls
occasionally under boulders, but more frequently in fissures or crevices of
large rocks.
The number of eggs is usually four, and their colouration is exactly as
described by Dresser in his “‘Manual of Palaearctic Birds”, page 238.
The ‘speckled ” eggs seem to be the commoner type.
The average of 12 specimens measured was 1:01” x*75".
Between the dates 18th May and 20th June, I found, in addition to the
eggs mentioned above, no less than eight nests containing young ones.
Five of these nests had three young each, and two, four young each:
the exact number of young in the eighth nest could not be satisfactorily
ascertained, as the latter was placed very far back in the fissure of a large
rock.
The nests of this Thrush, especially when they contain eggs, are most
difficult to find, as the old birds are very cautious and wary in their move-
ments, and itis only by patient and laborious watching that one can
hope to be successful with them. The cock bird, though he helps in feed-
ing the young, and is always much in evidence when the eggs are hatched,
keeps far away from tae scene when building operations are in progress.
The hen alone carries the materials, and if she catches sight of one, or
suspects that she is being observed, will sit on a rock, with the grass in
her mouth, for whole hours at a time, rather than give away the show.
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 13829
When there are eggs in the nest the hen bird sits very close, and on two
occasions | have caught her on the nest. So far as my experiences go, lL
do not think that the cock takes any part in the hatching of the eggs.
P,.T. &. DODSWORTH, F.z.8., M.B.0.U.
Simna, 8. W., 29th dugust 1912.
No. XII.—THE HIMALAYAN GREENFINCH
(HY PACANTHIS SPINOIDES).
In Mr. P. T. L. Dodsworth’s interesting note on Hypacanthis spinoides
(The Himalayan Greenfinch) in Vol. XXI, No. 3, p. 1076 of this Journal, he
gives the distribution of this species as follows :—‘ Along the Himalayas at
elevations 6,000—10,000 and perhaps even higher from the south side of the
Pir Panjal Pass in Kashmir (Brooks) to Sikkim (Blanford) also recorded
from Manipur (Godwin Austen). During the cold weather these birds move
to tower elevation, and the N.-W. Himalayan ones at all events are found
in the Duns and plains (Bijmor to Pilibhit) at the foot of the mountains
(Osmaston). In quoting this as the distribution Mr. Dodsworth has
apparently overlooked various publications in this Journal from the pens of
Colonel Rattray, Captain C. H. T. Whitehead and others which add
considerably to our knowledge in this respect and shew that the range of
The Himalayan Greenfinch extends very much further to the North-West.
For example it is common in the Murree Hills and Hazara. It occurs in
the N.-W. F.P. (Samina), and not improbably breeds in the Kurram
Valley. I may add also thatin parts of the Peshawar Valley it is a
common winter migrant, being freely snared there for the Peshawar bazaars,
where it is a favourite cage bird with the Pathans. With regard to
Kashmir its range extends well north of the Pir Panjal and the Vale of
Kashmir itself, in the Liddar and Sind Valleys, it breeds commonly from
7,000 to 9,000 ft.
H. A. F. MAGRATH, Lr.-Cot.
Kasumir, August 1912.
No. XIII.—EARLY ARRIVAL OF GREY WAGTAIL.
I am sending you a specimen of what I think is the Grey Wagtail (Mota-
cilla melanope) shot near here on the 22nd August, by a stream in the
midst of dense jungle. Chikaldais 125 miles south of Sehore as the crow
flies ; but Capt. Whitehead, in his article which appeared on page 153 of
Vol. X XI of the Journal, notes its earliest appearance at that place as the
20th September. Considering how late the rains broke here, not until
the 10th July, and that it breeds in Kashmir above 6,000 ft. and in
Afghanistan in May and June ( dates on p. 294 of Vol. II, F. B. I.) This
must be distinctly an early bird.
1330 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XX1,
Will you kindly verify my identification of the specimen which is
unfortunately in a somewhat shattered condition ?
J. DONALD, 1.F.s.
CHIKALDA, Berar, 22nd August 1912.
(The bird is as Mr. Donald suggested a Grey Wagtail M. melanope.—Eps.]
No. XIV.—EGGS OF THE LARGE HAWK-CUCKOO
(HIEROCOCCYX SPARVERIOIDES).
In his “ Indian Parasitic Cuckoos ” Mr. EK. C. Stuart Baker reproduces an
article of his printed in the Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society
in 1906, The article shows that at the time of writing, the oology of this
cuckoo was not so thoroughly known as not to require further investigation.
Colonel Rattray was then the only person who had obtained undoubted
eggs of the bird, and though these were blue Mr. Stuart Baker hinted at
the possibility of there being also a chocolate coloured variety.
For many years my brother Mr. B. B. Osmaston has tried to obtain eggs
of this cuckoo from the Himalayan region round about Naini Tal where at
suitable elevations it is no uncommon bird. During the rains of 1911, he
found a nest of the Red-headed Laughing-Thrush (Trochalopterum erythro-
cephalum) close to Naini Tal and it contained two Laughing-Thrush’s eggs.
Intending to rear the young birds he sent his chaprassy a few weeks later
to fetch them. The chaprassy returned with a young cuckoo, the sole
occupant of the nest, and the cuckoo proved to be a young one of H.
sparvertordes.
We now knew that this cuckoo laid her eggs in the nest of this bird,
and we decided to thoroughly search the same place again this year
for eggs. The hill overlooking Naini Tal rises to a height of 8,600 feet,
and for the last 1,000 feet the vegetation is chiefly ‘“‘ Karshu” oak mixed
with shrubs of various species. There are scarcely any birds breeding here
during the rains excepting the Red-headed Laughing-Thrush (Trochalop-
terum. erythrocephalum) and Himalayan Streaked Laughing-Thrush (7rocha-
lopterum lineatum) and of these the former is by far the commoner. In the
beginning of June my brother visited the place and found the Large
Hawk-Cuckoo calling incessantly and in considerable numbers, but the
Redheaded Laughing-Thrushes had hardly commenced nesting. At the
beginning of July the cuckoos were still continually to be heard and the
Laughing-Thrushes were nesting in earnest.
On 7th July I found a nest of 7. erythrocephalum containing two fresh
Laughing-Thrush’s eggs and one fresh cuckoo’s egg. The nest was about
six feet from the ground ina dense holly bush. When I took the eggs a
cuckoo (H. sparverioides) was calling lustily only fifty yards away.
On 18th July I found another nest of 1. erythrocephalum containing one
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, 1331
fresh cuckoo’s egg. The nest was piaced about 8 feet from the ground in
a small Deodar. There is some mystery about this nest as it contained no
Laughing-Thrush’s eggs nor were the parents lurking round as they
usually do. In fact there had evidently been some tragedy recently
enacted for the nest contained besides the cuckoo’s egg, a smail
piece of fresh meat with a little skin and a few bedragled feathers
adhering to it. The nest, however, was not disturbed. WhenI found
the nest a cuckoo was calling persistently only 100 yards away.
On 28th July I found another nest of the same Laughing-Thrush
about eight feet from the ground in a young oak tree. It contained one
Laughing-Thrush’s and one cuckoo’s eggs, both quite fresh. This time I
did not hear the cuckoo calling as on previous occasions.
These three nests containing cuckoo’s eggs were all found within a
quarter of a mile of one another, and on the many occasions on which I
hunted the locality I never failed to hear the cuckoo calling close round,
yet never heard the call of any other cuckoo. The elevation was about
8,200 ft. Though there is no absolute proof of their identity there is little
room for doubt, considering also that they agree with the. authenticated
eges obtained by Colonel Rattray.
All three eggs are of the same colour and texture. They are pale
greenish-blue (almost exactly the same blue as the ground colour of the
Laughing-Thrush’s eggs) and distinctly glossy. They are also traced by
distant corrugations and minute raised dots. Their shape is a narrow
oval compressed at the smaller end in two of the specimens, but not in the
third. The dimensions of the eggs are as follows :—
Ezg taken on 7th July 1912 3 Joelle! Segue
, , 18th July 1919 Se eee eles. gt
,, » 28th July 1912 # ie CLS eal!
The eggs of the Laughing-Thrush are ordinarily spotted round the larger
end though occasionally unspotted eggs occur, but even in these rare cases
the cuckoo’s eggs may be at once recognised by their glossiness, those of
the Laughing-Thrush being entirely without gloss.
Naini Tat, 21s¢ August 1912. A. EK. OSMASTON.
No. XV.—-QUESTION WHETHER GYPS FULVUS, Gmelin,
THE GRIFFON, OCCURS IN THE HIMALAYAN
DISTRICTS OF THE PUNJAB.
Assuming that the Gyps fulvescens of Hume is identical with the Gyps
fulvus of Gmelin, the common Griffon of Europe, I should feel much obliged
if some Ornithologist would kindly let me know whether he has observed
this bird in the Himalayan districts of the Punjab, and, if so, at wha
places ?
1332 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXI,
Strachey records * it from Kumaon, and Blanford gives (Fauna, B. I.
(Aves), iii, p. 320) its range in the Azmalayas as extending east as far as
Nepal and Sikkim, but I have been unable to trace all the data on which
the latter statement was founded.
The common species in the neighbourhood of Simla is the Himalayan
Griffon, Gyps himalayensis, Hume. And this is the Vulture, not Gyps fulvus
that Colonel C. H. T. Marshall mentions (1bis, October 1884, p. 405) in his
list of Chamba birds.
Hume spoke (Rough Notes, p. 21) of the Griffon—his G'yps fulvescens—as
the “ Vulture of the desert,’ and it seems only reasonable to conclude
that if it had occurred in the N. W. Himalayas, he would surely have |
mentioned the fact.
1 see that Colonel Ward includes (J.B.N. H.S. Vol. XVII, p. 728) Gyps
Julvus in his birds of Kashmir, where, he says, it is resident in many
districts, bert on the other hand it is significant that Davidson never saw
it there (Ibis, January 1898), and all the Vultures procured by Dr. Abbott
(Proc. U. S. N. M. Vol. XVIII, p. 453, and Vol. XXII, p. 210) in
that country turned out to be Himalayan Griffons—a totally different
species.
P. T. L. DODSWORTH, F.z.s., M.B.0.U.
Sima, 8S. W., 27th May 1912.
[In 1869 Hume described Gyps fulvescens and on account of the knowledge of
its distribution then wrote of it “as the Vulture of the desert.” Since, how-
ever, this vulture has been recorded from Nepal and still later under the name of
Gyps fuluus by Colonel Rattray from Thull and Captain Whitehead from the
Kurram Valley. Though Dr. Blandford treated fulvescens as a synonym of
fulvus, Dr Sharpe both in his catalogue and hand list considered them
distinct giving the distribution of fulvws as ““S.and UC Europe, N. Africa and
Sudan,” and that of fulvescens as “ Afghanistan, N. India ’’—Eps.]
No. XVI.—A KITE’S LARDER.
With reference to Mr. Remington’s enquiry in the last issue of the
Journal, I do not think it is usual for this species (Milvus govinda) to make
“larders.” During a course of observations extending over several years,
I have only once come across a “larder.” It was in Calcutta where, on
acertain tree, a pair of these Kites have bred for several years in
succession. Hrom my Office window the nest was not distant more than
10 feet, and I hal ample opportunities of closely observing the owners. I
noticed that the Kites frequently brought dead rats, bones, pieces of
meat, and ate them on the edge of the nest, leaving the scraps behind to
* Is it possible he confused this bird with Gypys humalayensis, Hume ?
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 1333
be devoured at leisure. Both the old birds resorted to this “larder” at
frequent intervals during the course of the day, and for many months
after the young had left the nest.
In connection with the breeding of this species, I may mention that I
have frequently found lumps of clay and small stones in their nests when
the latter contained eggs (see also Jesse in “‘ Ibis,” January 1903, p. 75),
but have never yet been able to make out what purpose this rubbish
serves. I daresay other Ornithologists have had similar experiences, and it
would be interesting to know what explanations, if any, have been
advanced in regard to this curious practice indulged in by these
Kites.
P.T. L. DODSWORTH, ¥.z,.s., M.B.0.v.
Sima, 8. W., 29th August 1912.
No. XVII.—TAMENESS OF GREAT INDIAN BUSTARD
(EUPODOTIS EDWARDS).
With regard to the recent articles on Bustard in your Journal, readers
may be interested in hearing that, in spite of the extreme wariness of the
Great Bustard, on the 15th of May this year, [came upon a pair of these
birds wading at the edge of a large pond and drinking. The pond itself is
about half a mile from a town of considerable size and there were at the
time a group of dhobies washing clothes on the opposite side of the pond
within 200 yards of the Great Bustard. I myself walked to a point just
opposite them, and about 90 yards distant from them, so there can be no
mistake about their identity. I enquired whether any had been seen
before in the locality and was informed that they had not. It would also
appear that these particular birds were in the practice of coming here to
drink, for a friend of mine who happened to visit the pond some three
days later also says he saw them. Ido not suppose fora moment that it
is an unknown characteristic of the Great Bustard that he should come to
drink at ponds, but I am surprised that such a retiring bird as he should
come to drink at a popular dhobies’ ghat.
R. TEAGUE JONES,
Indian Police.
FreRozEPORE, Punsas, 4th August 1912.
No. XVITI.—BUSTARD IN KATHIAWAR.,
In ordinary years during my district touring in Sorath Prant I have
occasionally come across a solitary Great Indian Bustard ( Eupodotis
edwardst) sometimes two or three together, but they are by no means
29
13834 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXI1.
common. This year owing to the failure of rain in other places I suppose
these birds have been seen in large numbers throughout the Prant. In ali
I have seen over fifty close to my headquarters alone. In one morning I
came across two distinct groups of 9 and 10 together. At the time of the
bajri harvest they could be easily bagged with a shot gun, being feeding
so busily as to be quite off their guard, and I once got two fine cock birds
18 and 20 lbs. in weight, left andright. After the crops were cut they
could only be bagged with a rifle. One male bird of 16 lbs., I had shot
with a ‘310 rifle and on picking him up by the legs to feel his weight a
long red thing dropped from his mouth. On examining it closely I found
it to be the partially digested body of a snake about 2 ft. long. In the
stomach of the same bird I found another snake, “a phoorsa,” evidently
recently swallowed, and two stones measuring 1+ inches by 1 inch. I
have got the snakes and stones in spirits and will send them to you on the
first opportunity. As the hot weather advanced the Bustard disappeared
and I have not seen one since early in April.
J. R. CARTER, Masor,
Bombay Political Department.
Camp VERAVAL, 7th June 1912.
No. XIX.—THE GREAT INDIAN BUSTARD (LUPODOTIS
EDWARDS).
During a shoot in February 1906 in the Bikaner State near Bhatinda,
with a party of four guns, Mr. R. Sale Bruise, Punjab Police of Karnal,
shot amale bustard. The neck of the bird was pure white, its length
from tip of wing to tip of wing was exactly 98 inches and the weight
241bs. The food bag contained, whole ears of barley; some (blister ?)
beetles, and a snake about 9 inches long.
Two females were also shot close hy, but they weighed only 8 and 9 lbs.
They had atso been feeding on barley and beetles, but had been unfortu-
nate in their hunt for reptiles.
A, B. AITKEN.
Quetta, 20th August 1912.
[We are glad to welcome this note from Mr. A. B. Aitken, the son of the late
Mr. E. H. Aitken, one of the founders of this Society — Ens. ]
No. XX.—THE MASKED BOOBY (SULA CYANOPS)
IN BOMBAY HARBOUR.
Through the kindness of Mr. E. R. H. Jackson of the Bombay Port Trust,
the Society has received a fine specimen of the Masked Booby, which
was captured in an exhausted condition on a dredger near the new
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 1855
dock works. In 1909 a similar specimen, also captured in the harbour
was presented by Mr. Jackson and there is another specimen in the
Society’s collection labelled “Bombay Coast, 25-7-02”. Mr. W. F. Sinclair
writing of this bird in an early number of the Society’s Journal says that
“I is not uncommon for these birds to be brought up here ( Alibag ) by
south-westerly gales and be caught by hand.”
According to the catalogue of birds in the British Museum this bird is
found in the tropical seas throughout the world, but when the catalogue
was published there were in the collection only two skins from north of the
equator, one from Tenasserim and the otherfrom the Mekran Coast. In
the Handlist of birds, however, the distribution is given as “S. Tropical
Seas.”
N. B. KINNEAR.
BompBay, August 1912.
No. XXI.—BAIKAL OR CLUCKING TEAL (NETTIUM FORMOSUM),
The 8.8. “ Empire” of the Hastern & Australian Line on her homeward
voyage from Japan to Australia in January 1912 had on board a consignment
of about 300 Baikal or Clucking Teal in cages. The cages were kept on
the bridge deck out of the way of the passengers, where they could not be
seen. The passengers in the smoking saloon of the upper deck were always
aware of the continual clucking noise that the teal made. The noise was
very similar to that made by a clucking hen. In fact all the passengers
were under the impression that the Captain, for some reason known
only to himself, had a large stock of clucking hens on the bridge deck. One
passenger, who was told that the noise proceeded from ducks, would not
believe till he saw and heard with his own eyes and ears. The purser was
unable to give any information beyond the fact that the teal had been
shipped in Shanghai and were consigned to Port Darwin, and that a similar
consignment was carried on every voyage.
A. B. AITKEN.
Quetta, 20th August 1912.
No. XXIIl.—IS LYCODON GAMMIEI ( Blandford) AN
ABERRANT SPECIMEN OF LYCODON FASCIATUS (Anderson )?
In Vol. XXI of the Journal ( Part I, page 279) Major Wall compared
my specimen of L. fascratus obtained in the Eastern Himalayas with the
type of LZ. gammiei which is in the Indian Museum. |
Regarding the point of the loreal shield, I must admit that it is pointed,
to some extent, posteriorly and not anteriorly as stated, the third labial
and the preocular intervening between it and the eye.
1336 JOURNAL,* BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XX1.
vy 3s
Sonic me ex
aadtS220
I figure the exact condition of this shield and also a drawing of the
markings on the head. The dark portions are deep black and the rest
yellowish green. The illustration is about twice the natural size.
Naeeour, C. P., 13th August 1912. K. A. D’ABREU, F.z.s.
No. XXIII.—NOTES ON THE SIZE AND BREEDING
OF THE COMMON GREEN WHIPSNAKE
(DRYOPHIS MYCTERIZANS).
Two common green whipsnakes were recently purchased from a snake-—
charmer, who said they came from Thana and Bandup (Salsette) respec-
tively. Both were large specimens, the Thana one measuring 6'-42”, while
the other was 5/-10”.
On 14th August the larger of the two specimens died in our museum and
on being dissected was found to contain fifteen young ready for expulsion.
Two days later the remaining specimen gave birth to eighteen young, one
of which was born dead, having been unable to clear itself of the egg
envelope. The remaining young sloughed on the second day after
birth. They measured 13 inches.
Bompay, September 1912. N. B. KINNEAR.
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, 1337
No. XXIV.—COBRA BREEDING AT PAREL.
During the past ten years many of the cobras (Nata tripudians) sent to
the Bombay Bacteriological Laboratory have laid eggs while in captivity,
but hitherto all attempts at hatching out young cobras have proved
failures. Whether left with the mother, or kept apart from her, the eggs
have always shrivelled up and no development of embryos took place.
When kept in an incubator at blood-heat, the eggs became rotten in a few
days, and when buried in dry sand they shrivelled up.
In 1905 a full grown krait (Bungarus ceruleus) and some half dozen eggs
were dug up close to the Laboratory. Some of these eggs were kept ina
box with the mother, and some were buried in the soil in which they were
found. Both sets of eggs remained infertile.
In 1909, Major Liston, I.M.8., suggested that the cobra mother and her
eggs should be placed in a glass case half full of sand, that the case should be
darkened by winding cloth round it, and that the sand, and the cloth cover
of the case be kept moist. Next day one egg was examined and a trace
of embryo fouud. Unfortunately the mother died 9 days afterwards, and
the eggs shrivelled up.
This year (1910) we had occasion to require a considerable number of
_cobras for experimental purposes, and four out of 21 laid eggs, and gave
us the chance of experimenting further. Two of these cobras laid 21 and
22 eggs respectively, the other clutches were not counted as the eggs were
glued together and mixed up with shreds of the mother’s cuticle, and it
was thought advisable to leave them alone. These latter batches all proved
failures as far as hatching out young ones was concerned.
With regard to the period of the year when young cobras may be looked
for, our experience is that the month of May is the usual time. Thus from
Ist January to 3lst May 1910 we received 24 cobras, of which 4 laid eggs;
while after the 3lst May 25 more cobras were received and none laid eggs.
The following table shows the date of receipt of cobras, and the laying
of eggs :—
Rabe: Date of receipt Date on which | Place from which
’ of cobras. cobra laid eggs. received.
28 11-1-10 12-5-10 Khandwa.
30 11-1-10 14-5-10 if,
39 20-4-10 11-5-10 #4
42 30-4-10 9-5-10 ie
The following is an account of the plan we employed with success in the
case of the eggs of cobra No. 28 :—
The eggs were laid in the tin biscuit box in which the cobra was kept
on 12th May 1910. The eggs, 21 innumber, were placed on the surface
13838 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XX1.
of moist earth which four-fifths filled an ordinary garden flower pot. The
eggs were then carefully covered with dry sifted earth to a depth of one
inch, and the earth also slightly moistened. The pot was kept in a cool
dark room. Next day we carefully removed the covering earth and found
*o our joy that the eggs were plump and fresh, looking though, of course,
stained by the damp covering. The earth was replaced, and carefully
sprinkled with water by old Benjamin, the snake man, who took quite a
naturalist’s interest in the proceedings. We had no idea of the incubation
period of snakes’ eggs, so sent Benjamin to enquire of some Bombay snake-
charmers. He brought back news that 21 days was the recognised time. So
on the 2nd of June, 22 days afterwards, we dug out one egg and opened
it to see what progress had been made. The egg was quite plump and
fresh looking, and contained a quantity of clear albumen, with a well formed
embryo in one end of the shell. The small embryo snake was coiled up
beside the yellow yolk, and with a small cord connecting it to a placenta
attached to the shell. The embryo was white in colour, almost four inches
long, and the heart could be seen distinctly pulsating. No scales could be
made out on the skin, but the head, was large with two prominent eyes.
On the 23rd of June, z.c., on the 43rd day, we opened another egg, and
found another living embryo in a further stage of development. It was
some seven inches long, with well developed scales on the skin, and the
heart could be seen beating vigorously.
The pot was watered daily as before, and was covered with wire netting
as a precaution against the escape of the young should they happen to
hatch out during the night. At length on the 18th of July, 67th day, a
cobra head was noticed protruding, as far as the neck, from the egg shell.
This specimen was removed from the flower pot and carefully washed ina
basin. On enlarging the opening a little the embryo emerged with the
placenta still attached.
On the following day others were found in a similar condition. They
were left alone all night to see if they had strength to deliver themselves.
‘Two had succeeded in this endeavour, but one of them being dead, it
was thought advisable to render artificial aid to the others, and several
of the little cobras lived for several weeks after. It was noted as a
curious fact that all the young cobras had well developed spectacle marks
on their hoods, although the mother was a black “ czeca”’ from the Central
Provinces, with no trace of a spectacle mark on the hood !
The new born cobras had a cutting chisel on the snout of the same
shape and appearance as that described by Major Wall in the Society’s
Journal, Vol. XXI, page 693. Major Wall saw the specimens, but unfor-
tunately the notes on the subject which he kindly jotted down have been
mislaid owing to the transfer of one of us (Col.jW. B. Bannerman, I.M.S.)
to Madras.
—————— es
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. | 1339
‘In all, 21 eggs were placed in the flower pot. Two were opened to see
what progress the embryos had made; four were found shrivelled (on 4th
June) and proved on dissection to be infertilised and quite solid. Of the
15 remaining eggs, 14 hatched out at full time, and one was dead in the
egg but appeared fully developed.
_W. B. BANNERMAN, LM.S.,
Surgeon-General.
J. P. POCHA, um. & s.,
Senior Assistant Surgeon.
Bompay BacterioLocicaL LABORATORY,
Parez, 15th July 1912.
No. XXV.—BREEDING OF THE COMMON GREEN VIPER
(LACHESIS GRAMINEUS).
On 30th June a female Common Green Viper which was said to have
come from Khandalla gave birth to fifteen young in our Museum. They
sloughed first on 24th July. The brood vary considerably in colour, some
being much darker than others and nearly all show the blackish markings
on the back, though in the light coloured ones it is very faint. The
mother belongs to the variety which has a yellow line along the side of
the body, but in the young this line is hardly discernable. It has been
found impossible to get the young snakes to feed naturally, though they
have been tried with earth worms, young frogs, grasshoppers, young
cockroaches and other insects. They have however been fed twice with
raw meat and the nine which are still alive look well and are beginnin
to grow.
N. B. KINNEAR.
Bompay, September 1912.
No. XXVI.—SAW-SCALED VIPER (ECHIS CARINAT'A)
AS A TREE SNAKE.
Some time ago a note appeared in the Journal stating that the phoorsa
very rarely climbs trees. At the time I doubted the correctness of this
as regards the habits of this snake in North Gujarat, as ten years ago I
frequently found a snake, which I believed to be of this species, on cactus
hedges and in bushes and small trees a few feet from the ground. I
presumed however that I might possibly have been mistaken in my
identification of the species, though I did not think it likely. I have now
returned to the same part of the country and find that my original belief
was correct. In confirmation I am sending you a specimen of Echis
erainata which I found this week and killed in the outer branches of a
1340 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XX.
lime tree at a height of 4feet from the ground. chs is not a difficult
snake to recognise if one knows its ‘“ points” but perhaps you will kindly
confirm my identification.
A. H. E. MOSSE, Capr., I. A.
Patanpur, N. Gusarat, 23rd July 1912.
[The specimen sent by Captain Mosse is certainly Hchis carinata—Ebs. |
No. XXVII.—HABITAT OF ECHIS CARINATA.
It is generally supposed that the saw-scaled Viper (Lchis carimata) is
rarely seen at a height of 5,000 feet. Major Wall in his book ‘The
Poisonous Terrestrial Snakes of our British Indian Dominions” writes of
the Echis: “It is aninhabitant of the plains and becomes progressively
scarcer at altitudes ranging up to 5,000 feet. 5,700 feet is the highest I
know of.”
It is of interest therefore to note that at Kacha Thana, a small outpost
in the hills of the Chagai Tahsil of Baluchistan, at an altitude of 5,000
feet, the Echis is quite common. During the past three months I have
obtained six specimens, all from the Kacha nullah, at heights ranging
from 5,000 to 5,400 feet.
Unlike the Persian Horned Viper, another common snake in this locality,
the Echis is apparently not timid in approaching human habitations.
About a fortnight ago while the Officers of the Garrison were sitting in
front of the Mess Bungalow before dinner, an-chis was observed quietly
making its way under the chairs. It passed beneath the whole line of
deck chairs and was unconcernedly heading for the verandah when I
captured it.
Local Balochis call the Echis “landi mar ” evidently in allusion to the
brevity of its caudal appendage. It is also occasionally named “ gwanden
mar” or “little snake’ in contradistinction to the “shakhwala mar”
(Pseudocerastes persicus), an altogether bigger and stouter snake and the
only other poisonous species common in this part of Baluchistan.
G. G. JOLLY, Cart., I.M.S.
Kacua TuHana, 2nd September 1912.
No. XXVIII.—“ POISONOUS” LIZARDS IN INDIA.
With regard to “ poisonous” lizards you may be interested to have one
little piece of negative evidence. Last Saturday (17th) being Nag
Panchami up here, some of the servants went round showing a number of
snakes and a “‘ gubera”’ (young Varanus). We were assured that this was
deadly poisonous, but after it had been on show for about three hours—
with a string tied round its middle—it apparently got annoyed and
turned round and bit the man in his finger. The unfortunate man sucked
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, 1341
the wound and looked rather frightened and then went on showing his
snakes ; he is still alive and doing his regular work.
H. F. SAUNDERS.
THe Fort, Gwattor, C. 1., 26th August 1912.
[This subject was thrashed out in the early numbers of our Journal, Vols. III
and IV (1888-9), but the belief is still apparently as strong as ever in Gujerat.
Sind, Rajputana, Central India and Baluchistan that the young of the Varanide—
otherwise known as Monitors or “ Ghorpads,” ‘“ gho-samps,” also ‘‘ Bis-cobras”—
are poisonous.
It is difficult to trace whence this opinion has arisen. In Kaira, Gujerat, it is
known as “ Chandan-goli” and is ‘‘said to be as deadly as a cobra and able to
spring ten paces” (A. Wood, I.C.S.).
Other lizards in India also bear an equally evil reputation, particularly Hwble-
pharis hardwickit and H. macularius, but so far as can be ascertained no lizard im
India is poisonous.
According to Mr. EH. E. Green “the Brahminy Lizard,” the common skink,
Mabuia carinata, holds a similar reputation in Ceylon. He mentions a case in
which a lady was bitten by one of these lizards. The injured finger in a few
hours’ time became swollen and tender but by next day practically all the
swelling and tenderness had disappeared.—EDs. |
No. XXLX.—THE FOOD OF A BULL-FROG (RAWA TIGRIN A).
In Vol, XXI, No. 2 of our Journal, Mr. S. P. Agharkar states a few things
about the diet of a bull-frog (Rana tigrina) and remarks at the end of his
note that “further observations on this point by our members would yield
interesting results.” Taking advantage of this remark I put down a few
observations on the subject.
On the 5th of September 1910 I dissected a freshly caught frog ( Rana
tigrina) before my B.A. students. On opening the animal, the very first
thing, which struck me, was the unusual size of the stomach. I made an
incision on the wall of the stomach and on carefully examining the con-
tents I found to my surprise a big mole-cricket ( Gryllotalpides ), twenty
maggots of a fly, a big beetle ( Scarabeide), a small shell of a snail and
some green vegetable product.
On another occasion, I had put a frog in the cage of a John’s earth snake
( Eryx johni) to serve the latter as its food. In the cage as much of the
sand was spread as would be sufiicient for the snake to hide itself. After
3 days when I saw that the snake would not go for the frog, I took out the
latter and dissected it. On dissection it was found out that the stomach
was tensely filled with sand. I cannot say definitely whether the frog had
swallowed sand to get some nourishment from the small insects in the sand
or for some other purpose.
Biotogicat LABORATORY, J.P. MULLAN, m.a.
St. Xavier’s CoLttece, BompBay, 16th August 1912.
30
1342 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XX1.
No. XXX.— VITALITY OF A BUTTERFLY.
While watching a cluster of about thirty Papilio philozenus which were
feeding on the flowers of a creeper, I noticed one of these butterflies had
a large heavy pin driven through the thorax. It must at some time have
been caught and pinned down, afterwards escaping. It was in very good
condition and the pin did not seem to interfere in any way with its powers
either of feeding or of flight, for when I tried to capture it by taking hold
of the pin, it darted away and showed itself as strong on the wing as any
other of its kind.
G. A. HASSELS-YATES, Carr., R. G. A.
Kauyra Gai, Murree Hits, 11th July 1912.
No. XXXI.—THE BED BUG (CIMEX ROTANDATUS) ON THE
COMMON YELLOW BAT (SCOTOPHILUS KUHLI.)
Now that the responsibility of the Bed bug for “Kala azar” has been
established, an observation I made in 1907 of the presence of the bug on
two specimen of the Common Yellow Bat Scotophilus kuhli gains in impor-
tance. ‘The bats were taken singly from holes in two cocoanut palms in a
village near Tellicherry and were badly infested. Captain Patton, I. M. S.,
who kindly identified the bugs as Cimea rotandatus desired me to collect
more bats of the species, but pressure of work of a different kind has left
me little leisure to do it and I venture to publish this note in the hope that
it will induce others interested to look for the bats and the bug on it.
I may mention what struck me as curious at the time that the bugs were
on the bats themselves, rather an unusual habit for the insect. Perhaps
the reason was thatit was 7 a.m. when 1 caught them and the bugs
starving over night had started just then to feed. The cocoanut trees
were about 30 yards from human habitation. The holes on them could
not be examined.
K. KUNHIKANNAN, o.a., F.z.5.,
Assistant Entomologist, Bangalore.
BaNGALoreE, August 24th, 1912.
No. XXXII.—FLIES ON SNOW.
On the snow covered slope of a glacier in Kashmir at appoximately
15,000 I noticed that part of it, which I was ascending, was discoloured by
what seemed to be a coarse, blackish dust, the snow elsewhere being clean
and white. My eyes being fixed on this discoloured snow as I climbed, it
suddenly dawned on me that the particles of ‘dust’ were in motion,
jumping, and constantly shifting position. At first the thought occurred
that I must be suffering from asevere ‘ go’ of vertigo or mountain sickness,
ee
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 1543
but closer scrutiny revealed the fact that what I had taken to be dust
was, in reality, a swarm of minute diptera. These tiny flies were thickly pep-
pered over the snow for a space of 100 square yards or more, and apparently
preferred to stay where they were or else were incapable of removing them-
selves by flight. How they got there, or into the predicament in which I
found them, is difficult to conjecture, but if I might hazard a guess, I
should say they had been wafted in a swarm, in a warm strata of air, from
the valley beyond, and, suddenly meeting with the cold air above the
glacier, collapsed and fell on the snow in a body.
Kasumi, July 1912. H. A. F. MAGRATH, Lr.-Con.
No. XXXIIIT.— PRESERVATION OF GAME.
Some notes by Capt. Mosse on Mr. Hick’s “40 years among the wild
animals of India” have induced me to give a few details and make a few
suggestions on the subject of game preservation.
Owing to the courtesy of a former Manager of the Court of Wards, I had,
in 1911, the opportunity of shooting in one of the largest of the Zamindarys
of the Central Provinces. My primary object was to secure a couple of
good heads of that fast disappearing race—the C. P. Buffalo-—and anything
else, provided it did not interfere with my securing these.
The Zamindary has an area of something over 2,500 square miles and I
had the opportunity of going over some 1,500 of this and in the localities
where it would not be unreasonable to expect tosee game fairly plentiful.
If it had been during the cold weather that I went over this splendid piece
of country, there might have been the argument—difticult to overcome—that
one could not expect to find game universally plentiful over such a large
area of, except for village sites and deserted village sites, uninterrupted
jungle. I was however there during the months of April, May and June.
At that time of year till the break of the rains, water is very scarce and
there are frequently several miles. between one patch of water and the
other and if there were game about, their tracks would be found at the
water. Although continually about before sunrise, I did not come across a
single chital and only once a sambar and that was on the borders of
Government forest whence it had come a few hundred yards to feed and
where it returned at daybreak. There were several things which appeared
to me to be conducive to this state of affairs.
(1) The Native licensed to have a gun.
In order to show how this man does the greatest amount of harm and
the least amount of good: I should note that in this part of the country
there is one harvest of rice, which is sewn at the commencement of the rains
and reaped in September or October. Protection of crops is the excuse for a
gun in many cases and a very legitimate excuse too, provided the use of
1344 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XXII,
the gun was limited to that. Shooting animals over crops gives both man
and animal a sporting chance, anyhow in the estimation of the native and
neither crops nor animals would be much the worse. The native however
looks a bit further ahead and works out the simple problem that if there are
no animals to shoot there will likewise be none to eat the crops. He, there-
fore, during the hot weather, when water is an absolute necessity and sport
(for him) an absolute certainty, sits over the very limited numbers of water
holes and makes use of his gun till there are no animals left to shoot.
Now it appears to me that there are not insurmountable difficulties to get
over and that a little local and if not sufiicient, provincial legislation would
make this state of affairs impossible. Let the protector of crops have his
gun while his crops are in the ground and until they are reaped, which in
most cases would be for four months—June, July, August and September.
Let the native shikarry also have his gun for those four months as well and
he will be able to pit his cunning against that of the unfortunate deer
and the results of his labour will be sport and not slaughter.
(2) The village nets.
These nets, kept in every village inhabited by Mariahs, and in many
other villages as well, are capable of catching any thing from a sun bird
to a full grown Nilgai. It is probable that these are not on view in the
same way when an official of the district is on tour, but in no case did
they consider it necessary to put them away on my approach. I meta
Mariah one day in the jungle and he explained their method of shikar
with nets. Villages band together, bring out all their men and all their
nets. After having arranged the nets in arun where animals pass, the
jungle is beaten towards these and any flesh is good for the Mariah pot.
‘Ihe man told me that they had had a large beat a few days before, for
miles around, but had not seen anything. It is not difficult to understand
that game of all sorts under these circumstances must soon cease to exist.
As far asI could ascertain the sale of flesh is not the object in these
wilds, but the animals secured are divided with strict impartiality
between those concerned in the beat. I was a witness of one of these
partitions and the sport obtained was a jungle cat, a most unwholesome
looking animal, but this was carefully divided up and put on leaves in a
row. Nothing was wasted and the last of the flesh was being scraped off
the cheek and carefully put aside for some one when I came up.
No doubt animal product is the property of these primitive jungle
fellows, but their methods are those of extinction and if they are not
restrained all animal life is bound to die out. The thriftless constructor is
prevented from ruining the jungle at the expense of Government or the
State and in his own interests the jungle man should be restrained from
exterminating game on which he partly exists.
I also had occasion to see how birds fared at the hands of these ignorant
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 1345
folk. Within a few miles of where I was one day camped, the pugs of
a tiger had been seen in a dry water course in which there were two small
pools of water where apparently the animal had drunk on the previous
night. I intended to tie up in the water course and see if I could get the
tiger. I went down in the afternoon and found that round the first pool
branches of trees had been arranged to scare birds and prevent them
from drinking there. At the second pool the same had been done and also
a small hut of green boughs had been erected afew yards from the pool.
In this case, however, a wet patch of sand had been left to entire thirsty
birds on a sultry afternoon in the middle of the hot weather. Hidden
just under the surface of the sand, was a jointed wooden frame working
in the same way as a spring trap, with fine netting on either side of the
frame. This frame was connected by a long cord to the hut in which the
bird catcher and his son sat. By pulling the cord, any unfortunate bird
up to the size of a peacock was secured the moment it put its feet on the
enticing piece of wet sand. There is nothing to prevent the jungle man
catching his birds in this manner and one might just as well talk to him
of the evolution of the zroplane as attempt to reason with him concerning
extermination. When I got upto the pool I asked to see what sport
they had had and in the hands of an urchin of some 8 summers were the
plucked remains of 3 unfortunate still-fluttering birds, one of which was
the beautiful male Pitta brachyura. I put an end to their sufferings as
speedily as possible. I felt it my duty, although I cannot flatter myself
that it would have any lasting effect, to protest against the needless bar-
barity of plucking these unfortunate birds alive and after thoroughly
explaining to the man my reasons, destroyed the trap. I sat up that
evening and no tiger came, but the hen of this lovely thrush ( Pitta
brachyura ) was hopping round picking up insects and with those dark
patches like large tear drops looked as if she was mourning the cruel fate
of her mate.
A plea for the Central Province buffalo.
I do not think any one will dispute the fact that this splendid animal
is fast disappearing and sportsmen of former years would turn in their
graves were they be acquainted with the conditions that now exist.
In conversation with.a well known sportsman, a forest officer, some
time ago, the subject of preservation of buffalo cropped up, and I remember
him saying that it was very disheartening, as a stock of these animals
may have been preserved and looked after for years only to be wiped out
by some cattle disease which may attack them at any time. It appears
to me now that this risk might be lessened and possibly entirely avoided
the part of the country frequented by these animals consists of undulating
plains of grass and scrub jungle and are the grazing grounds of thousands
of cattle brought into the country from the Deccan by “Banjaras” (a
,
1346 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXT,
wandering tribe) at the commencement of the hot weather and they
remain till the break of the rains. There is not a corner of this vast area,
where there is grazing, where these men and their herds do not penetrate.
If cattle disease were introduced, it would more likely emanate from these
cattle than from any other source. But these wandering tribes having
paid their 2 annas a head (I think it is) for each animal are at liberty to
wander at will and it is difficult to disassociate poaching, theft, or any
other rascality from a member of a wandering tribe, although cattle-grazing
may be his ostensible means of livelihood. There are parts of a jungle
where bnffalo will remain throughout the year, provided they are not rudely
disturbed and there are parts which they never frequent or only pass through
during the rains. Knowing these areas, surely it would be possible to close
those they frequent to all grazing, and the areas would not be very large.
This would give the buffalo a chance, his water would be left alone and the:
chance of him being killed off by cattle disease would be greatly diminished.
I obtained one head of the C. P. buffalo a photo of which may be considered
sufficiently interesting to reproduce in the Journal. I have no intention of
visiting this part of the country again, but if what I have seen, and any
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 1347
suggestion I have made would lead to preservation of game, especially of
the buffalo, I shall not have written in vain.
ST. G. de CARTERET.
July 1912.
No. XXXIV.—NOTES ON CUTCH AMMONITES.
II
In my last notes, onthe Fakirwadi Belteram beds, I drew attention to the
peculiar arrangement of the hills bordering the great Cutch fault. They
fall into a string of circles, semicircles and curves so much so that one is
sometimes inclined to think that there is not so much fault here as a steep
dive of the North side of an anticline under the later beds. However in
other places the fault theory seems more probable. Possibly the formation
of the fault had a good deal to do with the circling of these hills.
This ‘ Circling’ is not confined to the Fakirwadi beds.
bhi,
fo)
mil es ae IW SE
a
a yee \v ~~
Sanalrs Bhavasar folhlirwacor o ler
CHARWAP HILLS
At each of the places named, Samatra, Bharasar, Fakirwadi and Ler I
find the Ammonite ridges or hills turned in curves or circles, the North
descent of the anticlines being often visible (perhaps only as a low broken
off outcrop) dipping steep North and often clean gone, as if the curved hill
had been shorn down across its middle by a fault.
Of Ler more later: of Fakirwadi I have written: of Bharasar this much
at present : the outcrop here bends round at its Hast extremity in a most
graceful curve : you might call it the end of a stadium. The South side
dives under Charwar, the East dives down Eastwards, and the North side
dives down to the North fora few hundred yards and then disappears.
How far the Southerly exposure extends towards Samatra, I cannot say ;
T have followed it out for about 13 miles, and it was still running West-
ward when [I left it.
‘To-day I write of Samatra, which again has its circle or stadium. The
shape of the Samatra outcrops of Ammonite beds is roughly this. A sort
of 2 mile long stadium. Its beds dip quaquaversally, but I am not quite
sure how far they extend to the South-East and South-West. All the
1348 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXI.
West side is a plain of golden yellow soil, except where a basalt intrusion
has forced up the rock (and hardened it) into a biggish pile of hills.
SAMATRA 4
CoM aa
ag
~~ CHARWAR FAIILLS
From this mass of hills the yellow fields and slope away to the East, till
crimson black slabs come sloping up from under the yellow fields and rise
into high hills at the Hast end of the stadium, break off into very rough
and tumbled ground and sink down again below a broadish yellow belt.
Here too in one place are some hummocks of basalt, the intrusion of which
is probably responsible for the upheave. At the South-East corner the
hills rise up and join a projecting angle of the Charwar range: but I
have not yet had time to study the junction point.
To the West and South except for a South-West extension for along way
not yet mapped the wet blanket of shale-coated with small broken red stone
covers up the warm yellow beds, just as it does on the South side of the
Fakirwadi beds: on the North side, the line of the fault is visible, hard
cold coarse sandstone dipping South, 7.e., against the Ammonite dip. To
the East the yellow beds of Ammonite extend to some distance yet fully
explored. I call the shale beds a wet blanket because you may hunt for
hours in them and find nothing.* Its deposition seems to have cut off all
(shelly) life.
* Tn a bit of coarse sandstone of the wpper Jurassics lying apparently a fair
height above the shale beds I have to-day fou d the relics of an Ammonite so per-
haps Ammonites did struggle through the shale period : anyhow they must have
done so to continue through into Cretaceou- times, unlessas I sometimes think
these masses of shale beds and upper jurassic sandstones are contemporary with the
European cretaceous deposits. But there has been an intrusion of basalt not far off
the spot, which may have carried up some of the Ammonite rocks through the
overlying shale and sandstone left this waif here.
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 1349
One peculiar feature of the ground is the curve which indents the North
side. There are several low parallel walls—the outcrops of the harder
Ammonite strata—running along the North edge; but they curve at right
angles at this point: each of them—as do also the sandstone beds to the
North. There was a bad kink in the fault here.
We must then suppose that at one time the whole stadium was a vast
hill; all its centre has been eroded, and has probably become much more
so in the last 31 years: anyhow a very low ridge is marked in the Trig-
ometrical Survey Map which certainly doesn’t deserve a contour line,
now but then other hills deserve a contour line, which do not get it.
Basalt heaved up the West end: basalt heaved up the East end. Now
the hills of the Hast end are of crimson-black rock, weathering on their
inner faces into light yellow grit, while their broad slabby backs remain
black and grim as contrasted with the golden yellow of the main stadium.
They are of lower, earlier, deposit: and I presume Dr. Waagen refers to
these when he writes of the Anceps beds of Samatra. I found two or
three Anceps among them and several other Interrupt: Perisphinctes, which
I could not name. They also contain many biggish flat broad-trimmed
Ammonites for which I can get no satisfactory name from the list of those
supplied to Dr. Waagen.
The lowest beds visible in the lowest part of the hollow of the Eastern
clump of hills seem to be of a dirty white sandstone—beds lying almost
level—with, it seems, no fossils. Above them belemnite bearing rocks
appear: these also contain very big Rhynchonelie. At one spot on the
outer edge of these black rocks there is a whole swarm of these big
Rhynchonelle. Embedded in the black rocks on the slabby side can
be seen many big specimens, much worn and inextricable. One looked to
be a long ribbed Stephanoceras. Another specimen was a big Aspidoceras
(as far as I could judge). Its upper surface was worn almost flat and
squat with the rock: I barely noticed it: but I did and I set to work
carefully and long. As I removed the surrounding matter, it broke up.
On unearthing a big outer fragment, I found strong straight even ribs,
which from its shape and volution pointed to an Aspidoceras. It was
22 inches across and I much lamented its loss.
A big Rehmanni+ was also found not far off. Above the black rock comes
the golden yellow, which I consider to be athlete beds for in the lower
parts of the deposit I found many athlete fragments. There were also
large numbers of Perisphinctes rota many Per. dhosaensis, great numbers of
fragments of Stephanoceras opis (at least I can see no other Stephanoceras
in Waagen’s book to which these fragments answer): unfortunately I
found no specimen with inner whirls : Stephanoceras polyphemus, tumidum,
and diadematum, Per. curvicosta, angigaster, and Indogermanus and
+ Now in the B.N. H.S. Museum : a fine big fellow.
31
1350 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIsT. SOCIETY, Vol. XX.
Harpoceras eairense and dynastes. One well preserved Echinolampas (dis-
coides?) was found here too; if the identification hazarded by Mr.
Stone is correct, this is a rarity in so low a bed.
In the hills on the west of the Stadium there is one corner in which good
specimens of Harpoceras Dynastes abound. And another odd feature of
these West hillsis the great abundance of small Ammonites, evidently cut
off by early death: perhaps the basalt rose and poisoned or heated the
water while these beds were still forming, for these seem to be the highest
of the ammonite beds here exposed. Their flat slabby backs slope down
to the cold’ red stone beyond.
There are hundreds—-probably thousands—of these immature examples
exposed, though the majority are in fragments. I cannot be sure yet of any
having their body chamber preserved ; but there isno sign of any outer whorl
having covered those now exposed. I promise myself and Mr. Stone an
exciting time in examining these and guessing into what class of monster
each would have grown.
And so this chapter of ancient life seems to begin in a jump with plate-
like Ammonites, Belemnites and big Rhynconelle. Probably their ancestors
lie crushed and powdered in the dirty-white rock of the lowest visible
stratum. And they pass on through centuries of evolution into slightly
varying forms, the old ones dying out and leaving descendants unlike
themselves to start ever more widely differing branches. Suddenly while
the waters are teeming with the life of these beautifully-shelled animals,
there comes a bubbling up of hot or poisonous basalt. The waters get hot
or poisonous and kill off all. The mud, till now flat and level, is heaved up
into mounds and hills, and the whole mass is raised above water level into
a small island.
One more point for notice : the Fakirwadi upper beds overlying the reefs
with Samatra like species, contain many Perisphinctes, Oppelie and Phyl-
locersa: but the Samatra beds have not yet these upper layers: I have
found none of the Perisphinctes so common to the upper Fakirwadi levels.
(torquatus, Katrolensis, Pottingeri, &c.): possibly a few Oppelie in the
Samatra upper beds, but so worn as perhaps to be Harpocersa: and one
possible Phylloceras which refuses to budge from his compact rock-setting.
So I think we may assume that these Samatra beds were clear of the
water when the upper Fakirwadi beds were being laid down under water.
But where did the water-line come? If it still washed the base of the hills
sketched above, the Oppelic, Phylloceras and later Perisphinctes should be
found under the cold red-stone shales round the edges of the raised island.
This question must be solved by a close examination of the nullahs cutt-
ing through the cold red-stone shales ; and this must wait a bit.
J. H. SMITH.
Buus, Curcn, July 1912.
4
’
§
|
,
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 1351
P, S—tThe Nautilus and Ammonite specimens have been, as far as
possible, identified by reference to Dr. Waagen’s work on the Jurassic
Cephalopoda of Cutch. (Pal. Indica Ser. IX. 4. vol. I. Pts. 1-4.). Several
specimens discovered do not seem to tally with any given in Dr, Waagen’s
work : these are now awaiting identification.
Among the specimens from Samatra, as yet identified by Mr. F. H. Stone,
are the following :—
Belemnites grantianus’. Stephanoceras tumidum’*.
Ps gerardi. 5 polyphemus.
3 katrolensis’. Perisphinctes hians*,
os sauvanausus. rehmanni.
Amaltheus schaumburgi. curvicosta.
Harpoceras dynastes. sparsiplicatus’.
, lairense. angygaster.
Peltoceras athleta. dhosaensis.
bidens. omphalodes.
9
Also a Pleuromya.
Notes :—(1) Belemnites grantianus is mentioned in R. D. Oldham’s Manual
of the Geology of India, page 224, alsoin a footnote on same
page as having been overlooked by Dr. Waagen in Jurrassic
Cutch Pal., Indica Series IX.
(2) Bel. katrolensis being found in these beds shows that this species
had its origin earlier than was known to former surveys.
(3) Steph. twmidwm found in upper Athleta or Dhosavolite (the dividing
line is not clear to me) shows a later extension in time than
was formerly believed. Dr. Waagen allocated it to Macrocephalus
beds only.
(4) Per. mans also seems to continue much later than was supposed.
It was formerly assigned to Putchum beds (Bathonia). Here
it is found in Callorian.
(5) Per. sparsiplicatus was only known in Katrol beds. There is no
sign of Katrol beds here.
* *
*
Mr. R. C. Burton, of the Geological Survey, Calcutta, has kindly
examined the large number of small Ammonites referred to in the above
article. He, however, reports that the specimens are too badly preserved
for safe identification. They are limonite casts. However, he is inclined
to believe that several which I had marked ‘“ Oppelia?” are real Oppelia,
a point which is interesting, as Oppelie are so very rare (or absent) in the
Samatra beds; and these small specimens found in the upper strata may
have been the preecursors of a revival of the family. Large swarms existed
in the Katrol seas.
1352 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXI,
Mr. Stone has added the following to my Fakirwadi list :-—
Oppelia glabella.
Perisphinctes orion.
», bicostata. plicatilis.
Harpoceras lunula. frequens.
5 ignobile. chloroolithicus,
yh lairense. Indogermanus,
Peltoceras bidens. preecursor.
+ athleta. euplocus.
Aspidoceras iphiceroides. altiplicatus.
Stephanoceras subtumnidum. rota.
FS diadematum. sparsiplicatus,
Ws semileeve. spirorbis.
Also Monttivaltic chariensis. jooraensis.
leiocymon.
angygaster.
On the other hand, some of my indentifications (Vol. XXI. No. 2) must
for the present be crossed out, vz:—Opp. orientalis, Harp. trilineatum
and hecticum, Asp. divrsiforme and Wynnei, St. maya, macrocephalum, and
fissum and Per. paramorphus.
The Fakirwadi beds extending about 250 yards horizontally thus
contain Anceps, Athleta, Dhosa Oolite, Kuntkote (?), and Katrol beds.
The question naturally arises as to what formation the masses of shale
and sandstone which overlie the Katrol beds (Tithonian) belong to? Dr.
Waagen in the G. S. I. Records, Vol. IV., Pt. 4.. 1871, moots this problem
Are they Cretaceous, and included in the 3,000 feet thick Umia beds of
Mr. Vredenburg’s Summary ?
J. H. SMITH.
NO. XXXV.—AMMONITES FROM CUTCH.
This sketch is meant to outline the probable history of the area
during the Jurassic period and later, and to explain some of the points
raised by the author in his paper (page ) entitled ‘Notes on the Cutch
Ammonites. ”
In a Jurassic sea, the rocks containing the ‘‘ Belteram”’ fossils were laid
down. The sea was deep and little or no movement occurred in that area ;
Ammonitess, Belemnites and other deep-sea forms flourished and their
remains were entombed where they lived.
A period of protracted earth movement began, the sea commenced to
shoal slowly, allowing a deposit of fine, argillaceous material to collect over
the “ Belteram”’ beds. These conditions were probably not favourable to
the existence of the Ammonites, &c., and they therefore moved into deeper
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 1353
waters and to places on the deep-sea bottom where the conditions were
more congenial to them and deserted the places where they formerly
lived.
Occasionally, during this period of slow elevation, movement was arrested,
the sea deepened and for a space, similar conditions to those that prevailed
when the “ Belteram ” zone was being laid down, induceda few Ammonites,
Belemnites, &c., to return and the remains of some of them are found where
they died. The uplifting movement began afresh and the survivors fled
when the argillaceous material began to envelop them again.
As the sea shallowed sufficiently to bring the area within the “ Thalassia
zone ’’ of deposit, the sandstones of the Upper Charwar Age and of the
Upper Jurassic Epoch were laid down over the Charwar shales.
The processes of sedimentation and movement kept pace till all the beds
of Upper Jurassic age exposed within the area were laid down and then
the crushing was accentuated and folding, along an axis parallel to the
existing shore-line began, resulting in an anticlinal fold that was faulted
along its crest when the movement became more intense.
About this time probably, the Charwar range came into being along the
fault-line, as a faulted shale anticline forming a sea-cliff. Denudation
removed this cliff backward, the sea encroached and planed down the
shales, exposing the in-lier of ‘ Belteram,’’ which now formed part of the
sea bottom.
Boulders were torn from these beds by the waves and dragged back and
forth and left at various points of the sea bed, composed of the white Bhuj
sandstones. The sea floor was finally elevated and the “ Belteram”’ beds
exposed in intimate contact with the white sandstones, along a line of
fracture down throwing to Northward, that ran along the Belteram anti-
clinal.
As the movement became concentrated and localized along the fault, a
series of domes were formed along the fold and gave rise to the line of
circular hills referred to.
The fault often cuts along the crest of the fold and the fossiliferous,
dark crimson, vanguard ridges, are probably the lowest beds exposed
within the area.
The “ Belteram ” in-lier itself, forms an elongated dome, allowing the
overlying Charwar shales to come in against the fault in the Nulla beyond
the Barapur road.
The shales and “ Belteram ” beds exposed on the Bhuj side and beyond
Dhonsar, are evidently the same series that form the Charwar range and
“ Belteram ” hills, outcropping from below the Bhuj sandstones across
the fault. \
H. J. DAVIES, F.a.s.
Camp Lepaune, 17th August 1912.
1854 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXI.
NO, XXXVI.—THE TRINOMIAL SYSTEM OF NOMENCLATURE.
To open any discussion on “nomenclatorial questions” is, we know,
treading on exceedingly delicate ground, but the subject has recently
assumed such vast importance for all Naturalists that, itis felt that the
time has now come, when it can no longer be shelved.
In a very remarkable book entitled “ A Hand-List of British Birds” by
Hartert, Jourdain, Ticehurst, and Witherby (published by Witherby and
Co., London, 1912), a most thorough attempt has been made by the authors
to settle, let us fervently hope once and for all, the vexed question of
nomenclature. Each bird has, in this work, been assigned its correct
scientific name in conformity with the Rules of the International Commis-
sion of Zoological Nomenclature. That this will now lead to uniformity can
hardly, we think, be doubted. The uniformity, however, to be useful must
be universal, and this universality can alone be arrived at by a strict
adherence to the letter of the Law of Priority, against which there must be
no appeal. It is only too notorious that the existing confusion has hitherto
arisen by authors having systematically disregarded this important principle
and individual tastes and fancies thus having been given free play, the
same bird has been redescribed under different names. In the circum-
stances is it surprising when we see in text-books a mass of synonyms
tagged on to each species ?
That a large number of birds exhibit sub-species—by which term we mean
not a “species in the making’, but a ‘“ varietas geographica”, a
geographical race—will not be denied; and Ornithologists of the present
day are fully alive to the great importance of the separation definitely of
nearly allied forms of the same species. Itis here that the Trinomial
arrangement comes into play ; and its use, not only helps us to speak with
absolute precision of a particular race of birds, which have hitherto been
binomially merged into other allied forms, but also helps to demonstrate
scientifically the close relationship existing between geographical races of
the same species.
The International Rules of Zoological Nomenclature clearly lay down
how specific and sub-specific names shall, in the future, be accorded, and if
universal uniformity is one of the desiderata, then there can no longer be
any excuse for not adopting the principles everywhere. Henceforth
(Article 2) the scientific designation of animals will be Uninomial for
subgenera and all higher groups, Binomial for species, and Trinomial for
subspecies. The Law of priority (Article 27) lays down that the oldest
available name, even though it be inappropriate (Article 32), or “‘ indicate
characters contrary to those possessed by the animals in question ”
(Article 33) shall be adhered to. Doubtful cases, should any such arise,
will have to be cleared by careful nomenclatures, with the help of the
:
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, 1355
International Commission, which discusses doubtful cases, and brings them
up finally before the International Zoological Commission for decision.
Unsightly tautonymy, such as Apus apus apus, or Troglodytes troglodytes
troglodytes, is of no moment (Article 33).
As some doubts exist in regard to the use of trinomials for subspecies
(geographical races), the authors of the “Hand-List” explain that when a
species is divided into two or more races, or when two or more species are
grouped asraces of one species, then each of these races must have
a trinomial appellation. It being impossible to say which is the oldest or
parent form, the first named race of all those grouped under one species is,
therefore, arbitrarily taken as the typical race, and its name becomes that
of the species.
Applying these principles to a specific case, let us take that of the Raven
as an example, and see how the revised nomenclature, in regard to the
Indian birds, works out. The typical race of this Raven must, if it is to be
distinguished from the Tibetan or Punjab birds, be designated Corvus
Corax Corax, Linnzeus. As Hodgson was the first Naturalist to describe
the Tibetan race underthe binomial “ Corvus tibetanus”’ , then this, we
take it, becomes, under the new Rules, Corvus corax tibetanus, Hodgson
Similarly as regards the Punjab Raven. Hume originally described this as
“ Corvus lawrencii’’, and it would now become Corvus corax lawrencit,
Hume, and so on for other races.
This “splitting” of species will doubtless be very distasteful to the old
school of “lumpers”, but its advantages in leading to amore exact
knowledge of the distribution of birds can hardly be overestimated. We
notice that the reformed system of nomenclature has been adopted by
Messrs. Baxter and Rintoul in their Report on Scottish Ornithology for
1911, and it is apparently only a question of time now before it comes
into general use. That we must now all fall into line and revise our
labels is inevitable, but willit be too much to hope that our Society will
take early steps, in consultation with experts in Europe, to help their
field workers by having the binomial system of nomenclature used by
Blanford in his Aves thoroughly overhauled, and by issuing a Hand-List
of revised scientific names as required by the International Zoological
Congress ? In sucha “List” the synonymy need be as brief as possible ;
references being simply given, asin the “Hand-List of British Birds”, to
the earliest names, and the typical locality for the bird described under
that name.
P. T. L. DODSWORTH, F.z.s., M.B.0.U.
Simta, 8. W., 22nd August 1912.
[ We understand that a revised list of the birds of India giving the various races
is in preparation by one of our members at home.—EbDs.]}
1356 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XX1.
No, XXXVII,—CRUELTY TO WILD FOWL IN SIND.
With reference to the note on this subject by Captain C. H. Elliot in the
last Journal, page 1083, and to the editorial note at the end, the following
satisfactory letter has been received by the Society from Mr. A.D.
Younghusband, C.8.I., I.C.S., Commissioner in Sind, dated the 27th
June 1912 :—
“T have the honour to refer to correspondence ending with your
letter of the 12th February 1912, on the subject of cruelty to water
fowl on the Manchur Lake, which has been very fully considered and
discussed with the local officers.
2. I find that the question was taken up some years ago, resulting
in the extension to the locality of the provisions of Section 62 of the
Bombay District Police Act (IV of 1890) and of Section 3 of the
Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act (XI of 1890), which runs as
follows :—
Section 62, Bombay Act IV, of 1890.
62 (1) Whoever cruelly beats, goads, overworks, ill-treats or tortures,
or causes or procures to be cruelly
Punishment for Cruelty to
: beaten, goaded, overworked, ill-treated
animals,
or tortured any animal, shall be punish-
ed with imprisonment which may extend to one month, or with
fine which may extend to one hundred rupees, or with both.
(2) Jurisdiction in cases arising under this section shall not be
exercised by a Magistrate of lower rank than the first class unless
such Magistrate be specially invested with jurisdiction for that
purpose by Government.
Section 3, Act XI, of 1890.
Penis he came Oe 3. If any person in any street or in
animals in public places and any other place whether open or closed,
for sale in such places of : 1:
Cate amen eaaiebh can ug whee the public have access, OF
necessary cruelty. within sight of any person in any street
or in any such other place—
(a) cruelly and unnecessarily beats, overdrives, overloads or other-
wise ill-treats any animal, or
(6) binds or carries any animalin such a manner or position as to
subject the animal to unnecessary pain or suffering, or
(c) offers, exposes or has in his possession for sale any live animal
which is suffering pain by reason of mutilation, starvation or
other ill-treatment, or any dead animal which he has reason to
believe to have been killed in an unnecessarily cruel manner,
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 1357
he shall be punished with fine which may extend to one hundred
rupees, or with imprisonment for a term which may extend to three
months, or with both.
3. Difficulties have however been experienced in the practical
enforcement of these provisions of the law. It is one thing to be
able to state that cruelty has been practised. It is another thing
to produce such precise evidence against a particular individual
of all the facts required to constitute a technical offence as will suffice
for his conviction in acriminal court. Moreover there are certain
doubtful points connected with the interpretation of the law. Such
doubts can best be determined by the institution of test cases, and
attention is being directed to the desirability of instituting them
whenever opportunity arises.
4. It has now been arranged that in future the annual licenses
granted for the capture of water fowl shall contain express conditions
prohibiting all such cruel practices as that of breaking the birds’
wings while alive. A proclamation is in course of issue to the public
of the locality, warning them that such practices are illegal, and that
the law will in future be strictly enforced against all persons
resorting to them. And the local subordinate officials are being
instructed to see that the warning is not disregarded.
5. The matter is one in which the co-operation of visiting
sportsmen will be specially welcomed by the district authorities,
and I shall be grateful if you canjhelp, in enlisting such co-operation.
It would be of the greatest assistance if any visitor under whose notice
an act of cruelty may come would (1) make a full note at the time,
of all relevant facts, including the names and descriptions of the
offenders and of any witnesses, (2) give immediate information to the
nearest Magistrate or police officer, (3) report by letter to the
Collector of Larkana.”
We are sure that all bird lovers and sportsmen will appreciate the
action of the Commissioner in Sind in regard to the above matter, and it is
hoped that all sportsmen will co-operate with the district authorities as
suggested by Mr. Younghusband.
September 3, 1912. EpItTors OF THE JOURNAL.
32
1358
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE MEETING HELD ON 271TH JUNE 1912.
An “At Home” of the members of the Bombay Natural History Society
took place on Thursday, the 27th June 1912, Dr. A. H. Deane presiding.
NEW MEMBERS.
The election of the following 51 members since the last meeting was
announced :—Capt. H. G. J. Byrne, Bombay ; Mr. E. C. H. Condon, M.L.E.,
A.M.I.C.E., Bandra, Bombay ; Rev. W. S. Sutherland, Kalimpong, Dar-
jeeling ; Mr. 8S. H. Covernton, Larkhana, Sind ; Mr. M. T. Kennard, Lon-
don ; Mr. C. Saunders, Calcutta; Mr. J. B. Lloyd, Calcutta; Mr. W. G.
Leys, Bahraich, Oudh; the Mess President, King’s Liverpool Regiment,
Lahore Cantonment ; the Principal, Larkana Madrassatul-Islam, Larkana,
Sind ; the Honorary Secretary, Arthur Library, Castle Rock ; Capt. E.D.F.
Kelly, England; Mr. G. O. Allen, I.C.S., Mirzapur, U. P.; Capt. Gordon
G. Jolly, I.M.S., Kacha, va Nushki, Baluchistan ; Mr. G. T, Barlow, Jhansi,
U. P.; Mr. Humphry Nevill, Phillaur, Punjab; Major L.L. Maxwell,
London; Mr. G. N. Kingsford, C.E., Calcutta ; Mr. C. F. Reeve, Nasrapur,
Poona Dist. ; Capt. L. A. Bethell, Dibrugarh, Assam; Dr. S. N. Gore, L.M.
& S., Agra; Dr. J. M. O’Connell, Mannar, Ceylon; Rev. H. Fairbank,
Ahmednagar; Mr. H. C. Robinson, Director of Museums, Kuala Lumpur,
F.M.S.; Maharaj Kumar Shri Vijayarajji, Bhuj, Cutch; Mr. C. V. Birch,
Bombay ; Lt. E. B. Fawcett, Port Blair; Mr. John A. Wood, Kelantan, via
Singapur; Mrs. Leslie James, Mandalay, Burma; Major B. E. M. Gordon,
Manpur, via Mhow, C.I.; Mr. A. Oliver, Swatow, China; Rajkumar Hari
Singh of Kashmir, Kashmir; Mr. C. G. Stewart, Tharrawaddy, Burma; Mr.
Chas. Cook, Edinburgh ; Mr. H. H. M. Spink, Ahmednagar ; Capt. Norman
Leslie, Darjeeling; Major H. F. Thuiller, R.E., Ahmednagar; Mr.
L. Bishop, Hutti P. O., via Raichur, Deccan; Capt. E. J. C. MacDonald,
I.M.S., Balek, Abor Hills, Assam; Mr. S. Hanhart, Bombay; Mr. Frank
K. Rice, England ; Mr. B. J. Gould, I.C.8., Gyantse, Tibet; Mr. Alister
Forbes, Bombay ; Mr. G. B. Lambert, I.C.S., Bijnor, U.P.; Mr. A. P.
‘Kinloch, Pollibetta P.O., South Coorg; Mr. L. P. Hutchison, Gonda,
Oudh; Mr. A. C. Tunstall, Calcutta; Miss Annie L. Skinner, Honorary
Secretary and Treasurer, Natural History Society of Malaya, Kuala
Lumpur, F.M.S.; Mr. J.C. Stodart, 1.C.8., Pollachi, Coimbatore Dist. ;
Capt. W. Paget Tomlinson, Bangalore ; and Mrs. T. W. Birkett.
PROCEEDINGS.
1359
The Honorary Secretary, Mr. W. S. Millard, acknowledged the following
contributions to the Museum, since the last meeting :—
2
1
8 Hares,
Ss)
ee b>
HO we
Donor.
Contribution. Locality.
Urial, Ovis vigner (alive)
Four-horned sheep, Ovis aries > |Persia
(alive).
Takin, Budoreas taxicolor, heads.
Unicorn Sheep, Ovis aries
Mishmi Hills
Wolves, Canis pallipes ..)
Jungle Cats, Felis affinis
Common Indian Civet, Viver-
ricula malaccensis.
Jackals, Canis indicus a
Mungoose, Mungos mungo .. |
ve
Lepus ruficaudatus .. J
kin and skull of Hybrid Lion|Kolhapur
and Panther. dens.
Clouded Leopard, Felis nebulosa.|Sadon, Shan Sta-
tes.
Skull of Lion, Felis leo . Junagadh
dens.
Leopard Cat, Felis bengalensis.|Mongnai,
States.
Jungle Cat, Felis affinis ..
Skulls of Desert Fox, Vulpes + |Ferozepore.
leucopus.
Jungle Cat, Felis affinis Motihari,
Fishing Cat, Felis viverrina } paran.
Jungle Cat Felis affimis ..|Chakdara
2 Chital, Aais axis (alive) ..|Kanara
Bear Cat, Hlurus fulgens .. {Silchar
Jakals, Canis indicus a
Hyena, Hyena hyena Shs } Busey MES:
Wild Boar, Sus cristatus (vari-
ety.) Cutch
Jackal, Canis indicus “4
Tiger, Felis tegris Cubs, foetal) Mudhol
specimens.
Hares, Lepus nigricollis
Ratel, Mellivora indica.
..|Nilgri Hills
..|Hoshangabad
Black Buck, Antilope cervicapra.| Wadhwan
Bats, Rhinolophus affinis ..|Khatmandu
Bats, Scotophilus khuli .. |Pusa
Spot-billed Ducks, Anas pecioer-\Taunggyi
hyncha haringtont.
Siripur, Saran
Gar-|Mr.
.|Capt. F. W. Town-
send.
.|Capt. F. M. Bailey.
.|Khatmandu,Nepal/Lt.-Col. J. Manners-
Smith.
.|Mr. M. Mackenzie.
Gar-|Col. F. Wodehouse.
Mr. Chas. Gray.
L. Robertson,
LC.S.
Shan|Mr. L. E. C. .Eva-
rard.
..|/Mr. H. Whistler.
Cham-/Mr. J. S. E. Walker.
..|Capt. H. Graham.
Hol Mrs Gs CaaShort=
ridge.
..|Mrs. F. EK. Jackson.
.. (Mr. C. H. Dracott.
..|H. H. Rao of Cutch.
..|H. H. The Rao Sa-
heb of Mudhol.
..|Mr. Chas. Gray
..|Capt. W. F. Max-
well.
..(Mr.S. A. Stripp.
..|Lt.-Col. J. Manners-
Smith.
..(Mr. TT. Bainbrigge
Fletcher.
-f| Many ous oy rh.
Harington.
*Forwarded to the Victoria Gardens, Bombay.
.
1360 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXI.,
Contribution. Locality. Donor.
1 Stiff-tailed Duck, Eiismatura
leucocephala. 5 \ Srinagar ..|Mr. M. T. Kennard.
1 Mallard-Shoveller (hybrid)
1 Swinhoe’s Snipe, G'allinago me-|Chingleput .|Mr. I. S. Fraser.
gala.
1 Swinhoe’s Snipe, Gallinago me-\Dinvi V anam,|Mr. R. F. Stoney.
gala. Madras.
1 Common Hill Partridge, Ardo-|Khatmandu .| Lt.-Col. J. Manners-
ricola torqueola.
Eastern Bayas, -Ploceus passe-
rinus.
Blue Winged Teal, Querquedula
cureia.
1 Barn Owl, Strix flammea
19 Duck Skins of various species..
3
3 Eggs of Grey Jungle Fowl, Gal-
.|Bandra
Bhutan, Duars ..
Wardha ..
Srinagar ..
Chanda
Smith.
Mr. H. V. O’Donel.
.|Lt. W. A. Tucker.
..|Mr. Windgate.
..|Hon’ble H. G. O.
Bridgeman.
.|Mr. A. H. A. Sim-
lus sonnerate.
cox, I.C.S.
1 Egg of Bengal Florican, Syphetis|Hasimara, Duars .|Mr. H. V. O’Donel.
bengalensis.
1 Nest of the Tailor Bird, Ortho-
tomus sutorius.
1 Nest of the Purple Sun Bird,
Arachnechthra asiatica
2 Bird’s Nests : as :
A large number of Fishes and
Crustaceans.
2 Snakes, Typhlops porrectus
1 Cobra, Nava tripudians Ns
4 Common wolf Snakes, Lycodon
aulicus. 3 Brown Tree
Snakes, Dipsadomorphus trigo-
nata. 1 Chequered Water
Snake, Tropidonotus piscator.
1 Common Krait, Bungarus
ceruleus, 1 Hypserhina sie-
boldi and 4 Skins.
Head of a King Cobra, Nata bun-
garus, which measured 16 ft.
4 ins.
5 Snakes and 8 Scorpions
1 Johns Earth Snake, Eryx johnii
(alive).
1 King Crab, Limulus sp..
.|Lucknow. .
Dinapur ..
Persian Gulf
Alipore
Pusa
_|Akyab
Quilon
.|Pasighat, Abor.
Country.
Ootocamund
22 Fresh Water Sponges
A few Fresh Water Medusa
..|Various .
.|Satara
A number of Shells and Fossils. .
35 Butterflies
Persian Gulf,Mek-
ran Coast.
Ni giris
.|Major J. W. UL.
Elgee.
..|Mr. J. Florence.
.|Capt. W. F. Town-
send.
.|Major O. A. Smith.
..|Mr. T. Bainbrigge
Fletcher.
.|Comdr.
.|Capt. F. H. Branson.
Capt. R. S. Ken-
nedy.
.|Mr. C. B. Antram.
Ave Bias
Willock, R.I.M.
..|Indian Museum,
Calcutta.
Do.
Capt. F. W. Town-
send.
.|Capt. G. A. Hare.
PROCEEDINGS. 1361
Minor contributions.—Messrs. J. P. Paterson, Chas. Gray, C. Beadon,
K. C. Macdonald, Capt. Massey, Mir 8S. Ali, C. E. Traylen, Major H.
Robertson and Mr. P. F. Gomes.
MAMMAL SURVEY.
GRANT FROM BomBAY GOVERNMENT.
The Secretary announced that he had just received a letter from the
Government of Bombay intimating that Government had been pleased to
sanction a special grant of Rs. 2,500 towards the funds for the Mammals
Survey.
The survey is progressing satisfactorily. Mr. Crump is at present at
Chanda, C. P., and Mr. Shortridge in Mysore.
The Superintendent, Victoria Gardens, Bombay, exhibited some plants
of Hemanthus multiflorus in flower.
The Secretary exhibited a plant of Peristerza elata, the ‘ Dove’ Orchid, in
flower.
An “ At Home” of the members of the Bombay Natural History Society
took place on Thursday, the 26th of September 1912, Mr. T. R. Bell, I.F.S.
presiding.
?
The election of the following 37 members since the last meeting was an-
nounced :—Mr. G. M. McCleverty, Dehra Dun, U. P.; Mr. E. Lane,
Koderma, P. O.; Mr. W. E. Kidner, R. E., Bombay ; Mr. G. N. Frattini,
Bangalore ; Dr. E. H. Hankin, Agra; Mr. H. Gill, Kallini P. O., Cachar;
Capt. W. G. Meale, I.A., Mount Abu; Mr. W. W. Phillips, I.C.8., Madras ;
The Librarian, Gauhati Club, Assam ; Mr. Aga Shah Rookh Shah, Poona ;
Mr. Carl Meyer, Rangoon; Capt. C. H. Barbar, I.M.S., Banda, U. P.; Dr.
_ A. D, Cunnyngham Perdriau, Narsinghpur, C. P.; The Mess Secretary,
R.A. Mess, Meerut ; Major H. N. Holden, Jaipur, Rajputana; Mr. B. L.
Clarke, Quetta; the Honorary Secretary, R. A. Mess, Cambellpore;
Major James Davidson, I.M.S., D.S.O., Dehra Dun, U. P.; Mr. E. D.
Knowles, Purulia, B. N. Ry.; Mr. T. R. Rearden, England; Capt. T. L.
Bomford, I.M.S., Calcutta; The Mess President, The Border Regiment,
Maymyo; Mr. HK. H. P. Jolly, 1.C.8S., Jalgaum; Mr. E. Ferry, Benares ;
Mr. HE. L. Mahon, Pollibetta, South Coorg ; The Principal, Madras Forest
College, Coimbatore; Major A. D. Kirby, R.F.A., Allahabad; Mr. H.
Jouquet, Dehra Dun, U.P.; Mr. F. C. Chamier, I.C.S., Mirzapur; Mr. E. A.
Macnee, Jubbulpore, C. P.; Mr. T. J. Tasker, I.C.S., Hospet, Dist.
Bellary ; Mr. 8. H. Harman, Tavoy, L. Burma; Mr. J. W. Bradly, Katha,
Burma; Mr. V. A. Mackinnon, Mussoorie, U. P.; Mr. Donald Fraser,
Bombay; Mr. B. 8. Hickey, Tateriah P. O., Champarum and Mr. A. W.
Botham, 1.C.8., Shillong.
1362 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XX.
The Honorary Secretary, Mr. W.8. Millard, acknowledged the following
contributions to the Museum, since the last meeting :—
Contribution. Locality. Donor.
Panther (black variety) Felis par-|Siam .. ..|Mr. J. F. Keddie.
dus.
Desert Cat, Felis ornata .. aiGubelhte, ..|H. H. The Rao of
Cutch.
Burmese Civet Cat, Viverra megas-|Shan States ..(Mr. L. E. C. Eve-
ula. rard.
1 Wolf, Canis lupus ae ..|Gumal, Baluchis-| Lt.-Col. H. C. Ber-
tan. nard.
1 Tree-Shrew, Tupaia sp.? ..|(Bhutan, Duars ..|Mr. H. V. O’Donel,
2 Large brown Flying squirrels, )
Petaurista inornatus. |
4 Small Kashmir Flying squir- |
rels, Sccuropterus fimbriatus. |
1 Parti-coloured Flying squir- Simlae ..{(Mr. P. T. L. Dods-
|
rel, Sciuropterus alboniger. worth.
8 Rats, Epimys vicerer, 1 |
Persian house mouse, Mus
bachtrianus and _ several
shrews and bats in spirit. J
2 Squirrels, Scwius pernyt . .|Siam be ..|Mr. E. B. Howell.
15 Voles and Mice ..|Kashmir.. ../Lt.-Col. H. A. F.
Magrath.
2 Black naped Hares, Lepus ni- Coimbatore ..|Mr. C. EH. C. Fischer.
gricollis.
Deformed head of Gaur, Bibos Kanara .. ..{Conservator of
gaurus, Forests, C. C.
2 Young Baral heads, Ovis bur-\Garhwal .. ..|Mr. J. C. Pickersgill
rhel. Cunliffe.
6 Bird skins Hs
Masked Booby, Sula cyanops ..
Bhutan, Duars ..|Mr. H. V. O’Donel.
Bombay Harbour.|Mr. E. R. H. Jock-
son.
White winged Wood Duck, Asar-|Siam oe ..|Mr. J. F. Keddie.
cornis scutalatus.
Scully’s Wood Owl, Syrnium in-)
drant. i
Eggs and nest of Orange | :
+e Tah Pyrrhula aurantiaca SABLE fe ane: ira ae
and nest of Sooty Flycatcher = ;
Hemichelidon sibirica. J
2 Bird’s Nests and Eggs ..|Garhwal .. ..|Mr. J. C. Pickers-
gill Cunliffe.
Eggs of Koklas Pheasant, Pucrasia|Jansar .. ..|Mr. A. Rodgers.
macrolopha.
2 Young Monitors, Varanussp.? ..|Ceylon .. ..|Mr. F. H. S. Stone.
|
Head of King Cobras, Naia bunga|-Thayetmyo ..|Mr. A. Bailey.
rus.
PROCEEDINGS. 1363
Contribution. Locality. Donor.
2 Young King Cobras, Nava bun-)}
garus. |
1 Golden Tree Snake, Chryso- $|Tindharia ..| Mr. A. Wright.
pelea crnata and one black |
Krait, Bungarus lividus. J
6 Snakes ../sholapur. . ..| Mr. R. E. Macpher-
son.
1 Painted Tree Snake, Chryso-
pelea ornata.
1 Brown Tree Snake, Dipsado-
morphus trigonata.
Kadra,Rajputana.| Mrs. Hume.
2 Snakes .. (Sikkim .. ..|Mr. C. H. Dracott.
11 Snakes .. (Jalpaiguri ..|Mr. W. L. Travers.
3 Snakes ..{Ootacamund ..|Mr. C. B. Autram.
Chameleon, Chamelon calcaratus|Nadiad ... .-|Mr. T. N. Jhaneri.
(alive).
Young Hawks bill turtle, Chelone/Karachi .. ..|Capt. F. W. Town-
imbricata (alive). send.
17 Fish and several other Lizards|Charbar, P. Gulf.) Mr. W. D. Cumming.
and spiders.
] Small crocodile, Crocodilus poro-[Kanara .. ..|Mr. G. C. Shortrid-
sus (alive). Eat ge.
A number of frogs and toads ../Simla .. ..|Mr. P. T. L. Dods-
worth,
A number of insects . {Singapore ..| Mr. F. H. Stone.
A large number of Butterflies ..|Nilgiri Hills ...| Capt. G. A. Hare.
Do. do. .. (Sikkim .. ..| Mr. C. H. Dracott.
A large number of Beetles ..{Charbar, P. Gulf.) Mr. W. D. Cum-
ming.
Beetles and other insects ..|Maymyo ..| Capt. S. Pershouse.
Corals . ./Singapore ve Mia ES Stone:
Minor contributions from Messrs. 8. A. Stripp, H. M. Dwane, H. V.
O’Donel, E. Comber, J. F. Keddie, H. White, L. Bishop, L. Newton Davis,
1.M.S., P.M.D. Sanderson, L. Robertson, W. R. Clarke, P. Gomes and J. F.
Lopez.
MAMMAL SURVEY.
The Secretary said since the last meeting Mr. Crump had sent in 227
specimens from Chanda, C. P., and Mr. Shortridge 106 specimens from
Shimoga and 331 from Vijayanagar (Humpi), Bellary District. Mr. Crump
was now in Kathiawar collecting and Mr. Shortridge at Kolar, HE. Mysore,
from whence he proceeds to Coorg and the Malabar Coast. In regard to
finances, the Government of India had kindly responded to the Society’s
appeal. by giving them Rs. 7,500, which was very acceptable but would
unfortunately not permit the Society to bring out a third collector, a very
desirable course if the Survey was not to drag on for the next five years.
1364 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXI.
EXHIBITS.
Mr. Kinnear exhibited the specimen of mammals which had been named
and returned by the British Museum.
The Secretary exhibited the following flowering plants new to Bombay :—
Mussenda erythrophylla from Central Africa with bright crimson bracts (in
contrast to the white bracts of the indigenous M. frondosa), Solanum pensile
with violet and yellow flowers and Odontodenia harrisit with large pale
yellow flowers and a salmon centre.
CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBE R—~Contd.).
PAGE
MIScELLANEOUS NotEs—contd.
V.—Notes on the time of appearance and flight of Eastern
Bats. By Gy On omertridee: ) 23 55.05) \ se esi oes 1321
V1I.—The Habits of Voles. By Lt.-Col. H. A. F. Magrath. 1322
VIl.—The Indian Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). By G. C.
SHorbrid ce elim eet nee se ce ter a ssats (43) oP ols, hoarse 1328
VIII.—Tsine (Bibos sondaicus) consorting with tame Caitle.
By ia jor, Gi Beever teen eve hols fotls ot sicnelie) sho sirai ee rs Hes
IX.—Habits of the Kashmir Stag ( Cervus kashmirtensis) in
‘Summer. By Lt.-Col. H. A. F. Magrath ........ 1325
X,—Abnormal type (?) of Eggs of the Little Forktail
(Microcichla scoulert, Vigors). By P. T. L. Dods-
worth, F.2.8., M.6.0.U. ......« eee eae evan ate wi atetaaaeusy 6 Boi
XI.—Nesting of the Western Blue Rock Thrush (Petrophila
cyanus Linn) in the neighbourhood of Simla, N. W.
Himalayas. By P.T.L. Dodsworth, F.z.s.,M.B.0.U, 1328 ~
XIIl.—The Himalayan Greenfinch (Hypacanthis spinoides).
By Lit:-Coly EAs Re Mia cratiy pee sad elegs ee ae 1329
XIII.—Early arrival of the Grey Wagtail. By J. Donald,
LESH: EMRE TG Pci ocelcs peat) Ste eM Och ga aR nA Pe 1329
XIV.—Eggs of the large Hawk-Cuckoo (Hierococeyx sparve-
riotdes). By A. E. Osmaston........... eh ae 1330
XV.—Question whether Gypus fulvus, Gmelin, the Griffon
Vulture, occurs in the Himalayan districts of the
Punjab? By P. T. L. Dodsworth, F.z.s.,M.B.0.U... 133]
XVI.—A Kite’s Larder. By P. T. L. Dodsworth, F.z.s.,
iV FA 09 On ere Bt oi 4 Ie Caria “hich TORE MMR ent tos AGRON EOS. Cre SYS e
XVII.—Tameness of great Indian Bustard ie edwardst).
By R. Teague Jones, Indian Police .............. 1333
X VIII.—Bustard in Kathiawar. By Major J. R. Carter .... 1333
XIX.—The great Indian Bustard (Eupodotis edwards:). By
Paes BS Athen. 2 em meaMe doh te menaa ate yaar lam 1334
XX.—The Masked Booby (Sula cyanops) in Bombay Harbour.
By N.. Bi Kinesis aeesinls aoe nieiavt aie 1334
XXI,.—Baikal or Clucking Teal (Nettium formosum). By A.
PB ATER O ID... Bin au yer Sacer aeTAIar: tet ieee hanna Nae 1335
ca al AAA ft Au ras wnhone
eRe ORC Ae
gar
ite wie)? seh 4 i J ola at
ite (SARE HNaON Wee) {" eerie dite fit af ve hi pila neh.
OSA cre aaa ALARA Bie oi end
otk E ORE add Vy ou ha ‘Vinge fava
an Oltde A eit wie EY ema atete ‘whdeidas “ites
vee : + ‘ SE Me eee ABO. ;
Meee via: haart ph) APL Eee wee Bae
: ? ny yak ‘ F nie : Eee eat!
i Wey ue ¢ : i at Wiies, 1) (Taha Oe He tte Which, ae eae
a *- r | ' Pe I
; ’ ay ; - " *! i ‘ ah ee i
EL Ro De ATURE SOW ADOLT, als RISE Ae iia ean ee
AME,” aly “cy HieiGatthe a2 ¢ whe tii ith
tiered Mate eas RAT, Mads ER AOS ate
Alpert ele i ee | na FE AALS tei tara Seat
SG ‘vce pa ha tae cis uk
<1) o ns AYA, CC Pog wiet inane boil: 40 saat
Of TO aT ee | (hae!
Ria aad At bai, gine, raat daleb ak oie tS Dee
HA Pa ROERT ash) Sy oie ee ee eae wronay
Ps Es OR ete hiro Vk Oe Wee Oe a
Ais Wiad ta! ; i . d * ¢ al Ait i, AEs A,
he ai ae AE eT ie
“ee
~_
en ee Bb To ‘ok DUPER CHEE TRE Bo ANT tt sein
ia aye HL neti a: Sel Ay aime, fat Wes
Ne oT hy Cue (Of AM wth awe Ahtene Yet ‘ened “
vant ie ditt env) yeh). fad alee: snilisel THY oft
; wild, fh AS
f * - ‘
ti | f
x ; 4 4 ¥
whe h WRONG ;
{ 1,
‘
-
WE we
e ‘ ie
hire:
ay i ;
oem eae
CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBE R—Cconeld.)
PAGE
MIscELLANEOUS NoTEsS—coneld.
XXII.—Is Lycodon yammier (Blanford) an aberrant specimen of
Lycodon fasciatus (Anderson) ? By E. A. D’Abreu,
TE HAL al is Rultie abe 7a ios Wabi ae Nea ar gn Rats Re Creat ay Tees ele ob keys
XXIII.—Notes on the size and breeding of the Common Green _
Whip-Snake (Dryophis mycterizans). By N. B.
Kinnear. ....: COMUNE NOTES. Las tee svat h ocve vate) eens E pieme loa
XXIV .—Cobra Breeding at Parel. By Surgeon-General W. B.
. Bannerman, I.m.s., and J. B. Pocha, um. &s. ...) 1337
XXV.—Breeding of the Common Green Viper (Lachesis
gramineus).. By N. B. Kinnear.....0..... Teese bie 13359
XXVI.—Saw-Sealed Viper (Lchis carvnata) as a Tree Snake.
By’ Captain Aa He Mosse ha An hi boy Re is i 1339
XXVIL—Habitat of Echis carnata. By Capt. G. G. Jolly,
PGR SORELLE gs PGES SE Ny Lae A cer AC 1340
XXVIIL. —‘ Poisonous” Lizards in India.. By H. F. Saunders... 1340
XXIX.—The Food of A Bull-Frog ue tigrina.) By J. B.
Mil gaa sisi Bac tock, areca.’ era hate Cres wns shis aftacehia a SS ANI
XXX.— Vitality of a Butterfly. By Bet: G. A. Hassels-
Yates, BGM. Me Aaa eine a Si rb lale ane ett) e Parner enya too
XXXI.—The Bed Bug (Cimex rotundatus) on the Common
Yellow Bat (Scotophilus kuhtr). By K. Kunhi-
I echona yan oWepin iin Versa Dts) Vente nue ear nea Brae Moe stad sean aS ae 4 BAD
XX XII.—Flies on Snow. By Lt.-Col. H. A. F. Mtagati Gap ARN
XXXI1I.— Preservation of Game. By St. G. deCarteret'...... 1343
XXXIV.—Notes on Cutch Ammonites Il... By J. H. Smith .... 1347
'XXXV.-Ammonites from Cutch. By H. J. Davis, r.cs., ....) 1352
XXXVI.—The Trinomial System of Nomenclature, By P. T. L.
Dodsworth e728)" My Bs Osis a/c. Obl Me salen le raey ceaydny 1354
KOO Ll “Cruelty,to Wild) Bowl, iniSimdian 7s oe ater dee 1356,
PROCEEDINGS ...%..% ester na ane a Be ete daste Sofi, Moe AHR gS eet Ola Seed 1358
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Printed by Hi. G, Pearson for the Proprietors of the Times Tress, Pcn bay, and published by es uy
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: YOV 1}
FOURNATA 2
Sona, 2 . Sy
oolagice
OF THE
o
Bombay Naturat History Socrery..
EDITED BY
w.S. MILLARD,
R. A. SPENCE and N. B. KINNEAR,
Vor, 2 xXI, NO. 5S.
EE
Containing Plates I, II and III (Mimicry in Silk-worm Moths) ;
Title Page; Contents of Vol. XXI; Alphabetical List of
Contributors; Errata and Addenda; List of Office-
bearers ; List of Members ; Statement of Accounts
for 1911-12 ; Index of Illustrations ; and
Index of Species.
Date of publication, 21st April 1915.
ed
Price to Non-Members Bas Hoe se GP) Rs. 4-8.
PRINTED AT THE TIMES PRESS, BOMBAY.
Z
NOTICE TO THE BINDER.
The contents of this Number chonldsbe arranged in the follow- ‘¢ 7
ing order, when Volume XXI, is being hound =
Title page’ = bes a Frontispiece.
Contents of Vol. XXI... 0...)
List of contributors | é :
>To follow the frontispiece in
‘Errata and Addenda oo ahs | this order.
List of Illustrations ... — ri) ;
List of Office-Bearers ap iif te)
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>At the end of the Volume —
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Index of Species ane 2
Bombay Aatural Bistory Society.
OFFICE-BEARERS, LIFE MEMBERS,
HONORARY CORRESPONDING MEMBERS AND MEMBERS
ON Ist JULY 7971.
LIST OF OFFICE-BEARERS.
President,
H. KE. The Right Honourable Lord Sydenham, G.C.M.G., G.C.LE.,
G.C.S.1., F.R.S.
Vice=Presidents.
Mr. J. D. Inverarity, B.a., LL.B. | Rev. F, Dreckmann, 8.0.
The Hon’ble Mr. N. G. Macleod.
bon. Secretary.
Mr, W. S. Millard.
thon. Treasurer. thon. Librarian.
Mr. L. H. Savile. ( Vacant.)
thon. Editors,
Mr. W.S. Millard. ©
Mr. R. A. Spence. | Mr. N. B. Kinnear.
Managing Committee.
Revd. J. Assmuth, s.z. Mr. G. 8S. Hardy, 1c.s.
Mr, I. Bainbrigge Fletcher, F.z.s, | Mr. N. B. Kinnear.
Mr. T. R, Bell, 1.¥.8. Lt.-Col. K. R. Kirtikar, 1.M.s.
Mr. C. L, Burns. Major W. G. Liston, ¢.1.8., 1.M.S.
Mr. E. Comber, F.z.s. Mr. J. McNeill, 1.c.s.
Lt.-Col. G. H. Evans, c.1.8., F.L.8.| Dr. A. Powell.
Capt. W. H. Evans, B.5. Mr. EH. L. Sale, 1.c.8.
Prof. G. A. Gammie. Mr. R, A. Spence.
Mr. HK. EH. Green, ¥.5.s. Major I’. Wall, LM.s., C.M.Z.8,
Mr. F, Hannyngton, Lc.s. Mr. John Wallace, C.£.
Ist Section.—(Mammals and Birds.)
President—Mr, J. D. Inverarity, B.A., LL.B.
Secretary—Mr. E, Comber, F.z.s.
2nd Section.—( Reptiles and Fishes.)
President—-Rev. F. Dreckmann, s.3.
Secretary —Major F. Wall, 1.M.s., c.m.z.s.
3rd Section, — (Insects. )
President—Mr. H. Maxwell-Lefroy, M.A., F.B,S., F.Z.S.
Secretary —( Vacant.)
4th Section.—( Botany.)
President— Professor G, A. Gammie, F.L.S8.
Secretar y—Lt.-Col. K. R. Kirtikar, nu.s. (retd.)
Hombay Hatural Bistory Society.
LIST OF MEMBHRS.
LirtE Mrmpers.
Aga Khan, H. H. Aga Sultan Mahomed Shaha ... Bombay.
Austra, H. I, H. the Archduke Franz Ferdinand... Europe.
Baker, H. ©. Start (£.z.8., M.B.0.U.) ... Huro pe.
Balcrishna Venayek Wassoodew (B.A.) .. Bombay.
Baroda, H. H. the Maharaja Sir Saya Rao,
(G.¢.8.1.) Gaekwar of ale .-. Baroda.
Barton, E. L. tee Ser Se ... Hurope,
Beale, H. F. cst .- Bombay.
Bell, Le, 101 (1.0. s.) o Mamaia: Cee
Bhownagar, H. H. the Maharaja Sir Bhosingj
(G.C.8.1.) .. Bhownagar.
Bhurie Singh, H. H. Sir (K.C.S.1., O.1.E. .) ... Chamba,
Bikaneer, H. H. Major Sir Gunga Pe (G.0.
Manes of hae Sop itancer
Burder, H. C. te a0 aa ... Hurope.
Bute, Marquis Of ge ue as ... Scotland.
Caccia, A, M. (1.¥.8.) si cies ... Lurope.
Cama, Dr. Maneckji D. a sis ... Bombay.
Campbell, Capt. D.... Sa bi ... Hurope.
Cassamalli Jairajbhoy Peerbhoy oa ... Bombay.
Clarke, L. O. (1.c.8.) A es ... Nowgong.
Coltart, Dr. H. N. et oie ... Samastipur,T.S.Ry.
Coode, J. M. - nae ye ... Europe.
Cowie, Rev. A. G. G. ee oe ... Rawal Pindi.
Craw, HL HL. (a. C.8.) bss .- Rangoon.
Cursetji, Khan Bahadoor ©. M. .- Bombay.
Cutch, H. H. Sir Shri Kengurji Sawai Bahadoor,
(G.C.1..), Rao Saheb of ... .. Cutch,
Davidson, Major J. (1.11.8., D.S.0.) HS .-. Dehra Dun.
Dawson, W. H. (1.C.8.) ee dat ... Hurope.
Dhar, H. H. Raja of aoe oe ... Dhar.
Dhunjibhoy Bomanji -«. Bombay.
Drake-Brockman, Lt.-Col. H. E. Ges M.S.) ... Bombay.
Duxbury, Capt. C. D. ee ... Mhow, O.I.
Foulkes, Major T. H. (i.m.s.) A ... Madras,
Fulton, Capt. H. T. (D.s.0.) ... ses ... Dehra Dun, U.P.
LIST OF LIFE MEMBERS, xli
Gammie, Professor GA. ... fee .-. Poona.
Gonsalves, A. F. ... ee She .-. Banora.
Hahbibudin, 8. (N.c.s. “) see eee ... Hyderabad, Deccan.
ides PF... ae ae ... Lurope.
Hill, Capt. R. D. oO. pony Citric
Holkar, H H. H. the Maharaja Taku Rao. ... Indore.
Husbands, ‘HL W.S. ... Hingoli, Deccan.
Hyam, Judah (G.B.v.C., F.%.8. Ni oe ... Pusa, Bengal.
Ichalkaranji, The Hon’ble Meherban Narayenrao
Govind, alias Babasaheb Ghorpade, Chief of .. Kolbapur.
Idar, Maharaj Kumar Major pewiieings . Idar. [Darbhanga.
Inglis, C2 Me fe . Lahiria-Sarai, P30.
Inverarity, J. D. (8. " LL.B ee ea ... Bombay.
Ivens, J. H. aid on es ... Agra.
Jamkhandi, Shrimant Parashram Ramchandra
Patwardhan, The Chief of .. Kolhapur.
Janjira, H. H. ‘Sir Sidi Ahmed Khan, Nawab of ... Janjira
Kagal, Meherban ca Rao Bapoo Saheb rues
Chief of aes . Kagale S:vieC:
Khan, Muncherji Fr ramji : . Bombay.
Kolhapur, H. H. Sir Shahu Chhatrapati, The
Maharaja of (G.C.8.1., @.C.v.0. ) .. Kolhapur.
Kotah, H. H. Sir Umed wins. Bahadoor, TC S.1.,
the Maharaja of... . Kotah,
Lamb, The Hon’ble Mr. R. A. oe ©.8., 6.1, 1B) ... Bombay.
lee, D. H. ... Hurope.
Long, G. R. (1. FS.) doe sc ... Rangoon.
Manavadar, Khan Shree Fatehdin Khan, Chief of... Kathiawar.
Manders, Lieut.-Col. N. (R.4.M.c.) 2.5 ... Colombo, Ceylon.
Mandlik, Narayan Vishvanath eas ... Bombaye
Marshall, Arch. McL. a bs ... Hurope.
Marshall, J. MeL. aes ine ... Hurope.
Martin, Col. Gerald.. ... Hurope.
Masani, A. M., Crees, Baroda State lngeaae ... Baroda.
Millard, W. S. (F.Z.8.) sei ae ... Hurope.
Mills, J.D. . Hurope.
Miraj, Shrimant Gungadharrao Gracie Aes Baba-
saheb Patwardhan, “Chief of aes durope.
Monteath, G. (1.0.8.) ise Wareae Kanara.
Mosse, Capt. A. H. EK, (eae: *. Bhuj, Cutch,
Mysore, H. H. Krishna Raj Woodayar Bahadoor,
a Maharaja of (G.C.8.1.) eve eae .. Mysore.
LIST OF LIFE MEMBERS.
Naraenji Dwarkadas wae saw ... Bombay.
Narotum Morarji Goculdas ... see .-- Bombay.
Nurse, Lieut.-Col. C. G., (F.8.8.) bee ... Hurope.
Ogilvie, G. H. (1.F8.) a aa ... Rangoon.
Olivier, Col. H. D. (Ks. F.z.8.) das ... Hurope.
Patiala, H. H. Maharaja of... ed --» Patinda.
Pestonji Jivanji (N.C.S.) ee mee .-. Hyderabad, Deccan,
Petit, Bomanji Dinshaw ore aes ... Bombay.
Petit, Dhunjibboy Bomanji ... oe .-» Bombay.
Petit, Jehangir Bomanji A be ... Bombay.
Phipson, H. M. (F.z.s.) so ... Europe.
Pickersgill-Cunliffe, Lieut. ie 0. nes .-. Jhansi.
- Poncins, Baron Edmond de ... oe ... Hurope.
Rae, Capt. M. BE. ... a, a ... Chitral.
Ravenshaw, Col. C. W. ee On ... Murope.
Roberts, Lieut.-Col. M. B. ... ska ... Hurope.
Ross, Major Tyrell... ee Se ... Lucknow.
Sangli, Shrimant Chintamanrao Appasaheb Pat-
wardhan, Chief of Sangli ... . Sangli, S. M. C.
Scindia, H. H. The me ae Sir Madhowrao
(G.C.S.1., G.C.V.0.).. ah be ee
Seton-Karr, Wie. se oe ~. Lurope.
Spooner, T. J. (c.B.) aA sat .-. Poona.
Standen, B. (1.c.s.) ne ae .. Pachmarhi, ©. P
Tata, Sir Dorabji J. a Joe ... Hurope.
Tata, R. J. oa -«- Bombay.
Tejpal, Goverdhundas Goculdas sof .-. Bombay,
Jona dbe dels .. Rangoon.
Travancore, H. H. the Maharaja Sir Sultan Rama
Raja Bahadoor (G.C.8.1., G.C.LE.) es ... Trivandrum.
Ulwar; H. H. Sawai as Singh pee we the
Makaraja of me .. Ulwar.
Unwalla, J.N.” ... aye soe .- Bhownagar.
Vanghan, W. (F.£.S.) ose a .-. Oeylon.
Venning, Capt. F. H.W. ... wh ... Myitkyina, Burma.
Venour, Major W. EH. 555 ee ve Kohat!
Whitehead, Major J. H. ee aoe ... Mandalay.
Whitworth, G.iG@iG@-os.) -.. eee --. Hurope.
Wroughton, R. C. (F.z.s.) ... ee ... Hurope.
Yerbury, Col. J. W. oe ae ... Europe,
LIST OF MEMBERS. xiii
Honorary CorRESPONDING MEMBERS.
Heeckerenez, Le Baron Von... nee ... Hurope.
Kerthoven, HE. J. ... oe tee . Java.
MeEmBERs.
Abbay, Capt. B. N. te ae ... Myitkyina, Burma,
Abbott, R. G. Bs re ... Bombay.
Abbott, Capt. 8. H. Ti (1.M.s.) ... Dalhousie, Punjab.
Abu High Schobl, The oe Secretary ... Mt. Abu, Rajputana.
Acworth, H. C. B. ... Bombay,
Adam, J. ee ... Lucknow.
Adam, J. B. mrgrcen (1 F ey nee .-- Moulmein, Burma.
Adams, R. M. ss ia fet ... Peshawar.
Addison, Capt. A. M. - Rawalpindi.
Aga Khan, His Highness Aga Sultan "Mahomed
‘Shah {Life Member) ae wat .. Bombay.
Aga Shah Rook Shah ee ce ... Poona.
Agharker, Shankar Purshotum so ... Bombay.
Ahmedabad P. R. Training ee PE rneipal .-. Ahmedabad.
Ainslie, Major H. P. ... Kamptee, C. P.
Ainsworth, ee It, a M. Se las ... Europe.
Je aC ees ae --- Nilgiris.
Aitchison, D. Cod ode .-- Madras.
Aitchison, P. H. (1.5. “8) a ee ... Belgaum.
Aitken, A. B, Be, sei Quetta.
Aitken, Cai. eae ae soc .-- Mirpurkhas.
Aiyar, ae ANA 1a ... Ranipet, N. Arcot.
Allan, C. W. ney aad no ... Henzada, Burma.
Allen, G. O. (1.6.8.) =n Ee pa Mirzapur Wee
Alston, G:C. . Hurope.
Alwar, H. H. Maharaja Sawai Jaisingh Bahadur,
K.C.8.1., K.C.L.E. (Lite Member) is -. Alwar, Rajputana.
Ameerudin Tyabjee... --- Bombay.
American Museum of Natural History... ... New York.
Anderson, A, a hale .-» Quetta.
Anderson, C.W.B. se Ae ... Rangoon.
Andrew, G. PLGes:) ava me. ...» Mergui, Burma,
Andrews, Capt. S. G. Boe nas ... Malta,
Andrewes, H. Leslie wee Sue ... Guynd,P.O.Nilgiris
Annandale, Dr, N.... ede ae ... Calcutta,
Annesley, F.C. ... Eee ne ... Bombay.
Anstead, H. D. ... Sen ox ... Bangalore.
Antram, C. B. (F.£.8.) oa ee ... Ootacamund.
Appleford, W, P. ... ane eae ... Kashmir,
Archibald, W. eee ... Rangoon,
Archer, Lt, -Col. C. (c, LE, i. ee .«. Quetta,
xliv LIST OF MEMBERS.
Armstrorg, 8. oo cue oe ... Hurope.
Arnould, F.G. ... a es .. Broach, B. B. & C.
Lay.
Arthur, D. (1.m.s.) . .. China.
Arthar Library, The “Honorary Secretary
Ash, H. D.
a Castle Rock
.. Bombay.
Assmuth, Rev. J. (s. 3.) see ess ... Bombay.
Aspinwall, eluent 7 oe. aids “co .. Bombay.
Atkins, O, H, (1.c.s.) oe a ... Hurope,
Atkins, E. R. fe aoe a .. Raheng, Siam.
Atlay, F. .-- Mogok, Burma.
Australian Museum, “The Secretary bee .. Sydney.
Austria, H. I. A. the Archduke Franz Ferdinand
(iife Member) ae = --. Hurope.
Dackhouse, B. H.
Bacon, A. ie
Bagnall, Lieut. R,
Bagshawe, eevee.
Bailey, Capt. F. M.
Baker, OC. D.
Baker, B. C. Stuart (r. Z.8.) (Life Member)
Baker, Major H. R.
Baker, PM ewses ADLLM.B., AM.LE.E.)
Bale, Sons & Danielsson, Ld., ’ Messrs, John
Balding, C. J.
Balfour, KLM. Bis
Balkrishna ace. Wassoodew oa) (Life
Member)
Ball, H. P.
Ballantine, W. J. et
Balston, Capt. G. R. ae
Bamber, Col, Ora! (¥.1.S., LM.S.) es
Banatvala, Lt.-Col. H. E. (1.m.s.)
Bannerman, Surgeon-General W. B. (c. Sal. > LM. s.)
Bapat, 8. ae ace 360 Sc .. Karwar, Kanara,
Barker, ©. ae i .-. Tezpur.
Barker, By w. .. Neeschindipur, I.
B.S. Ry.
Barkley, Mrs. L. G. M. oe et ... Ceylon.
Barlee, K. W. (2.c.8.) Jan =e ... Bombay.
Barlow, G. T. ee so .. Jhansi,
Barlow-Poole, Isreal’ (Cr. FE. 8) eet .. Kurnool.
Barnes, B. D. : ae .-- Bombay.
Barnett, Capt. W. H. “0 .. Haka, Chin Hills,
Burina.
Baraett, W.G. ... ean 2a Waueor Cee
.. Europe.
.. Mogok.
-- Lucknow.
.. Pyamtaza.
... Nadiva.
..- Bombay.
.-. Kurope.
... Cannanore.
... Bombay.
.. Kurope.
.-» Panposh.
oe ed LranSis) Wl oulleee
.. Bombay.
.-- Bombay.
... Sadiya, Assam.
.. Mhow, C. I.
.-. Simla.
.. Nagpur.
Madras.
LIST OF MEMBERS.
Baroda, H. H. the Maharaja Sir pes Rao
.. Baroda.
. Lucknow.
.-» Rangoon.
. Manipur.
.. Bangkok,
Gaekwar of (G.c.s.1.) (Life er
Barrett, Capt. F. W.
Barrington el. ( AN on.)
Barron, Lt. A. H. D. x dea
aaron, Fe Age buts) 2 va!
Barrow, Col. H. J. Waller Ga Me)
Barton, C. 8.
Barton, EK. L. (Life Member) .
Bove Dr. GC. Clifford ee
Battie, 8 (RS a) a «
Battye, Major W. R. (1m. 8}...
Baumbach, R. ses Ss
Baxter, N. B.
Bayley, Hon’ble Sir Chas. (Re, 1. gs
GiC LE.)
Bayley, Major F. Gn
Beadnell, C. B. — ... Soe
Beadon, W. B.C. (BiGISS)) yeas
Beale, H. F.(Life Member) . a
Blanarisin, 1a eee ets wee
Doom T. L. F. es
Beazley, Noe ae
Beebe, C. William
Beechey, A, ot V. i F.S.)
Beeson, C.
Beg, Mirza Nazir eee aoe wee
Begbie, Li.-Gol. A. S.
Bell, HW. N. (1.c:s:) ...
Bell, H. F. E. (1.c.8.)
BellsDrelie HD...
Bell, R. D. (1.c.8.) .., sree and
Bell, T. R. (1.5.8.) ... fais “2
Bellairs, R. G. ee
Bennett, H. C. (1.F.8.) e en
Benson, Miss A. M. (m.D.) ...
Benson, J. d. 8. (6.8) a
Bentley, Dr. Charles (™.B.)
Berhampur, Krishnath Bees The Principal Se
. Nasirabad.
. Europe.
. Europe.
..- Bombay.
. Bilaspur, C, P.
. Bangalore.
.-. Bombay.
. Bombay.
Bernard, Col. H. C. eet
Berne, Capt. J.G. (sano). ee
Boeahardt, K. se te =
Berthon, Major H. W.
Best, The Hon’ble James Ww.
elec Lt.-Col. R. M. : ae
Bettoni, G. Bee
Betts, Capt. ALIEN “(LM.S.) woe see
slv
.« Hurope.
... Burma,
.. Ln rope,
.. Europe.
.- ['richinopoly.
A, Udaipur, Rajputana.
.. Pachmarhi, ©. P,
, Poona.
KeG. 8.0)
... Ranchi.
.., Lurope,
... Calicut.
... favoy, L. Burma,
.. Bombay.
. Rangoon,
... Karachi.
... Kohat.
... America,
-.. Balaghat, C. P.
... Rawalpindi.
.. Nanuder, Hyderabad
(Deccan),
... Hurope.
... Allanmyo.
.. Jubbulpore, C. P.
ne Hubli, $
S. M. R.
PG Birra.
... Hrance.
.. Kumaon, U. P,
bee Chatrapur.
... Bombay,
... Ahmednagar,
Le Darjeeling.
Berhampur.,
xlvi LIST OF MEMBERS,
Betts, C. R.S. cul He o ... Bokakhat.
Beynon, Peo: ee 459 a8 ... Kasauli,
Bharda, J. D. ... Bombay.
Bhatavadekar, Sir Bhalchandra Krishna, Kr. ... Bombay.
Bhatia, G. BR. Se ihbitwe ee
Bhownagar, H. B. thel Maharaja Sir Bhaosingji
Takht ‘Singji of (a.c.s.1.) (Life Member) ... Bhownagar.
Bhurie Singh, 0.H. Sir ae S.C. : LE. oe Chamba.
Biggie, H.W. .. Bahraich.
Biggs, A. A. ee re ee .. Goa,
Bignell, G. N, . Chaman.
Bijawar, H. d. the “Maharaja ‘Sawai Sawant Singh
Bahadur.. .. Bijawar, C. I.
Bikanir, H. “H. Gol. the Maharaja ‘Sir Gung a
Singh Bahadur of (G.C.8.1., G.C.1.E.) ( Oak Menten Bikanir.
Binning, DiBiess 50. .. Bombay.
Binny, 5A, OMS. wee oe ... Aden,
Birch, C. V. ae va ... Bombay.
Bird, Lt.-Col. R. (1. MAS.) oh is .. Calcutta.
Birkett, Mrs. T. W. ae 2 ... Hurope.
Bishop, Fred. me bak he ... Rangoon,
Bishop, L. Set Nasee ... Hurope.
Bishop, Dr. T. H. en ah? ... Paksey, Eastern
Bengal.
Bisset, Capt. Ei. (1.M.s.) ee uae ... Banna,
Bing erucsl N. O’ Reilly is waa ... Secunderabad.
Blake, A. A. oe ... Chapra, Saran.
Blanford, Capt. C. b. (R. ee sos ... Kohat.
Blanford, H. R. (1.F.s.) ee ae ... Rangoon,
Biathwayt, CHALE .0;8, |). inns ne ... Mirpurkhas.
Blatter, Revd. H. ee) Sf “5 ... Hurope.
Bloech, BK. O. fee ag ... Rangoon,
Blunt, i. R. oe =o 08 ..- STinagar.
Boag, G. T. ee aoe ee ... Palamcottah.
Boalth, Vote oe ... Hurope.
Boalth, Capt. W. H. LG. m8) 0 = ..- Baroda,
Bogle, Major J. S. + ap ... Mardan.
Boles, Dac. “on sn ... Sialkot.
Bolitho, H.W. (RF. F.A. .) Bee sek ... Ferozepore.
Bolster, R. C. (1.¢.8.) ts iia ... Lahore.
Bomanji, K. R. (2.¢.8.) .. Dhulia.
Bombay Government, The Chier Secretar y ;
Separate Department ..- Bombay.
Bomkay Vara ae College, The Principal --. Bombay.
Bomford, Capt. T. L. (im. ek a ... Bombay.
Bastock, 7. M. ae =e Ss ... Mardan.
Botham, A. W. (1.C.8.) a Cente ... Shillong.
Boughey, G. M. (1.¢.s.) aa hes ... simla,
LIST OF MEMBERS. xl vii
Bourchier, E. F. G, 5a ae ««. Peshawar.
Bourke, D. R. 8. ... Han oe .-. Godhra.
Bowden, H. F. “oe hs ie .-. Mandalay.
Bowen, J.C.G.... Rae ee .. Bombay.
Boxwell, Capt. A. ... a ee .. Bangalore.
Boxwell, ake eae oe Aa .. London.
Boyd, C. 6: EOS) hee ave . Ratnagiri.
Boyd, Capt. ait BE. M. (R. A.M.C.) = me Ferozepora,
Boyle, De HOMEY... see ... Europe.
Bracken, Capt. G. P. A. (8. ke ot. a a ... Necunderabad.
IBS radley, DAU ith ehese Be ... Katha,
Bradshaw, J.P. ... ae oo ... Bombay.
Brandon, J. A. 5: ep ses Bombay.
Branford, R. és oc es ... Punjab,
Brassey, Capt. Hee. uae .-- Mandalay.
Bridgeman, Lt. ‘'he Hon. H. ese. ... Rawalpindi,
Bridgeman, Lt. Comdr, The Hon. R. O. iB ... Hurope.
Bright, Geo. EH. (c.£.) = Bee woe Matol Oaube
Briscoe, Jean OF : a bes ... Europe.
Brodie, N. 8. (os) As ae: .-- Chitoor.
Brook- Fox, Hi. ( ¢.5. ) une ah .. Junagadh,
Brooke, AL FE. es it i. ... Ambala,
Brooke, A. 8. 14. as we ..» Aden.
Brooke, R. H. on an tise ... Bombay.
Broughton, Capito d. Di (RE). _ .-. Europe.
Brown, Major EDR ran S.)h.: ie -- Belgaum.
Brown, Prof. R. 8. C. (8.8.¢.) aes .. Poona.
Browne, AOA o'cae oe aa --- Bombay.
Browne, D. R. H. one ste ... Shikarpur.
Browning, G. E. (M.1.0.8.) aia ae ..- Lrichoor.
Brownlow, CLCP ie “On ... Hurope.
Brymer, W. HH. ... a an ... Panniar Bridge, P.
Q., S. India.
Budd, Col. N. A. H. ie sae .«. Bolarum, Deccan.
Bulkley, i. ‘SB. M. ae eee .. Europe.
Bulkley, H.G.... eee se .-. Thana.
Bulkley, W. W. ... ie poe - Bulsar.
_ Bull, E. H. Soc _ _.. Hoogrijan, P. O.
Burd, a HE. (i. A. ..) ane fon .. Rangoon.
Burd, lea ne ss .. Itakhola, P.O,Sylhet
Burder, H.C. (Life “Member)... ode .. Hurope.
Burkill, I. H. (at.a.) nis see . Singapore.
iByrieoy ie (Co (Gore) ee maee ue Us Natings.
Burne, Capt. L. E. L. a ide . Europe.
Burnett, Fuori. uu Bee .. Hyderabad, Deccan.
Burnett e.rbeee ).... Yad Ph bee .. Sholapur.
Burns, C. L. ee Ea ies .. Bombay.
Burns, W. cee eee 20s eee Poona,
xlvili LIST OF MEMBERS,
Burt, HE. . soe act .e- Bombay.
Burton, Li-Col. RB. G. ae oy ... Europe.
Burton, Major Richard W. ... “ee ... Meerut.
Bury, Charles H. ... es ie ... Hurope.
Busch, H. F. a ons Le .»» Bombay.
Butcher, A. .. Behali P. O.,Assams
Bute, The MostHon’ble Marquis of (Life Member. ") Europe.
Butler, A. L. .. Hurope.
Butler, Capt. H. M. ie aka ... Baroda.
Butler, S. G, a 4 ... Assam.
Byculla Club, The Hon. Secrets a! a ... Bombay,
Byrne, Capt. aHIEG: 0: se ... Bombay,
Cabell, W. H. L. (1.c.s.) eit ... Rangoon, Burma.
Cacia, A. M. (..s.) (Lafe Member) eae ... Hurope.
Cadell, P. R. (I. C.S.) ... Bombay.
Calcutta, Hon. Secretary, Zoological Gardens _... Calcutta,
Calder, H. aes “ec aise ... Rangoon.
Calder, N. ae ae oe ... Lucknow.
Oald wel, ale bes oe ae ... Calcutta,
Caleb, Dr. C.C. .. ... Lahore.
Cama, Drs Menectaee D. (™. D.) (Life Member) ... Bombay.
Cambridge University Museum of Zoology, the
Superintendent a Ase ee ... Hurepe.
Cameron, 1.M. ... ss Hp ... Bengal.
Cameron, Thos. H. me fe « Quilon, Travan-
core.
Cameron, W. L. (c.&., C.s.1.)... Bis ... Europe.
Campbell, Capt. D. (Life Member) me ... Hurope.
Campbell, A.S. _... he ... Hurope.
Oampbell, R. C. C. ee aah .. Katha, U. Burma.
Campbell, R. G. ... 305 ... Iurope.
Campbell, W. E. M. (1. 08.) .. a .-- Lucknow.
Candy, H. E. ee Ese .-. louncov, Burma.
Canning, Fred. (LF. ‘s.) an sa ... Almora, UJ. P.
Capper, “Major A A. Stewart... wet oe. Wiwaz Persian
Gulf.
Capper, Brigadier-Genl. W. ... S03 ... Luro pe.
Cardozo, C. “HL ae ee ... Cuddalore.
Carey, Capt. W. RB. vids 350 ... Europe.
Carleton, M. B. (m. D.) ... Punjab.
Carmichael, The Hon’ble Mr. G. (1.0. 8.) .. Bombay.
Carmichael, H.E. The Hon’ble Lord (6.c.1. B.,
K.C.M.G.) ea ues a @alentiet
Oarr, R. C. C. G.c. s.) oo ee wee Delhi.
Carr, (tar S5)t hee es see .-. Naini Tal.
ie etic N. L. M. Sia a ... Jhansi.
Carter, B.S. ee aes a ... Malacca.
LIST OF MEMBERS, xlix
Carter, C. E, (R.N.) age 4 ... Atlantic Fleet.
Carter, Capt. J. F. CG. ay tele ... Bassein, L. Burma.
Carter, Major J. R.... see vad w. Kathiawar.
Carson, A.de ©. ... a eee ws» Jafina, Ceylon.
Carson, G. M. = oe oes ... Papua, New Gui-
nea,
Casling, Dr, P. V. (1.8.M.D.) .. ... Sialkote,
Cassamali Tahebhos Peorbhoy (Life Member) --- Bombay.
Cater, A. N. L. (1.c.8.) aa ... Port Sandeman.
Cattell, J. G. ie ase ae ... Karachi.
Cavanagh, Beene |. oss se iat Mt heed ombaive
Cave, W. A. ..- Colombo,
Central Research Institute, The Director ... Kasauli, Punjab.
Chalk, G. F. 08 sd .-» Bombay.
Chambers, D. W.. ab des ... Calcutta.
Chamen, C. H. re isi ae ..» Hyderabad, Deccan.
Chamier, F. C. (1.c.s.) ae bes .. Mirzapur.
Channer, Capt. B. G. a6 eae «. Kohat.
Channer, Capt. Kendall ahs ats ... Murope.
Chanter, E. D. sas ae ... Hurope.
Chapman, W. H.... a0 pos UCcmra ela:
Chatfield, H. 8. (8.4., Bar.- -at-Law) Bee ... Bombay.
(Shemdllane. Badue ioe! san ... Calcutta.
Chesney, H.G.... ans os .. Toungoo, Burma.
Chibber, H. M. a ag ie ... Ahmedabad.
Chico, J. R. (c.E.) . Ses ee ... Baroda.
Childers, H. F. E. ... Burma,
Chitty, The Hon’ ble Mr, Juslice C. W. .-. Calcutta,
Christie, C. ape re ... Europe.
Christopher, Ss. oe Ge Be ... Rangoon.
lark). (eessu)t |... oes ... Hurope.
Glass. B. i. 23rd Cavalry F. F. kee ... Quetta.
Clarke, L. O. (t.¢.8.)(Lz/e Member)... ... Nowgong,
Clarke, Robt. L. H. (1e.s.) — ... 43 Br Orai, Jalaan Dist.
Clayton, Major EH. F. See Be ... Hurope.
Clayton, F. zee aes aa ... Nagpur.
Clifford, Capt. R. ... fae ace »». Benares.
Clift, F. A. sen at she ... Burma.
Clive, Herbert Bes ae 0 ... Myitkyina, Burma.
Clouston, D. st ... Nagpur.
Clutterbuck, P. H. (1. B.Ses fF, 2.8. 8) oa «2 Naini Tal.
Coates, C. F. ae ace owanliaukomy
Coates, Cantal Week se ... Lurope.
Coats, J. R. (B.8.c., A.M.1.C. R. i oes .. Madras.
Cochin, Private Secretary to H. H. the Raja Tri-
punitiura Fe ae .» Hrnakulam.
‘Coen, W. W. Ses et -. Hubli, 8S. M. Ry.
Coghill, Major N, S. (tA.) see Sed ... Murope,
7
1 LIST OF MEMBERS.
Cogill, Dr. H. (™.R.¢.8., L.B.C.P.)
Colam, EAN: see che
Coldstream, J. (1.0.8. )
Cole, 8. H.
Collier, J. V. (LF.S a whe
Qollings, F. W. (.F.8.) abe
Colomb, Lt.-Col. R. P. ak
Colombo Museum, The Librarian
Colston, Major H. K.
Coltart, Dr. H. N. (Life Member)
Comber, Hidward (F.z.8.) :
Comber, HE. P.
Condon, EC. H. (MAL, A.M.LC.E.)
Congreve, C. R. T. wt
Coningham, Capt. M. E. =
Conley, Andrew ... eee
Connor, Capt. F. P. (£.2.¢.8., "LM.s.)
Conservator of Forests, Berar Circle
Conservator of Forests, N. C. Division...
Coode, J. M. (Life Member)
Cook, Chas. He ade
Cook, Geo.
Conk De mbevion |
Cooke, Hi. Bernard..
Cooper, H. L.
Cooper, Lt.-Col. P. ‘7. (R.A.) ..
Cooper, R, W. ae oes
Cooper, Je ee :
Coote, M. C. aes
Copeland, T. B. (1.c.s.)
Copleston, W. KE. (1.8.s.)
Corbett, Capt. W. F’.
Cordue, in -Col. W. G, RB. (un)
Cosens, F. R. on
Cosens, Lieut. G. P. se
Cotton, C. W. E. (1.0¢.8.)
Cotton, W. B. (1.c.s.) ce bee
Courthope, H. A. ... oe re
Coutts, W. 8. oo oa
Coventry, B. O. (1. FS. ) one aes
Covernton, Professor A. L. ..
Covernton, 8. H. (1.c.s.
Cowie, Rev. A. G. G. (Life Member)
Cowie, W. P. (1.c.8.)
Cox, C. KE. C. (#.z.8.)
Cox, Col. Sir P. Z. (#.z.8.,
Cox, S. 5.8.) :
FLR.G.S., O.1.E.)
.. Hurope.
Pardi,’ Bi Rais:
I. Ry.
.. Kulu, Kangra Dist.
. Bangkok.
.. Ramnagar.
.. Shwegyin.
.. Hurope.
.. Colombo.
.. Hyderabad.
.. Darbhanga, T.S.Ry.
.» Bombay.
.. Bombay. {tana,
.. Abu Road, Rajpu-
--- Coimbatore.
.. Bombay.
... America.
.. Hurope.
... Amraoti.
... Jubbulpore, C. P.
... Hurope.
... Hurope.
.. Ceylon.
. Burma.
. Manmad.
.. Dibrugarh.
... Rangoon.
... Karachi.
... Dandikui.
.. Jhansi.
.. bannu.
. Belgaum.
. Hurope.
... Calcutta.
.. Colombo, Ceylon.
.. Africa.
. Madras.
. Gonda, N. P.
. Europe.
. Hurope.
. Lahore.
. Bombay.
. Larkhana.
.. Rawal Pindi.
Europe.
... Hoshangabad, C.P.
. Bushire.
. Ootacamund.
LIST OF MEMBERS, li
Craddock, W. H. eo F cs Ta Bee ... Rangoon.
Craw, H. H. Dy, a ... Rangoon.
Crawford, | Shee Bee e's oe ae «-< Wrusi)., Bs
Crawford, Leslie 2 oe ... Bombay.
Crawiord, W. M., (1.c,s.) ahs na ... Sambalpore.
Crerar, J. (1.¢.8.) is des ... Bombay.
Crolyeone Bidee i... Big aan ... Lurope.
Cross, H. E. ae aN BA .-» Muktesar.
Cross, R. G. aan a3 ue .» Daloo P.O., Cachar,
Crosthwaite, B. M. ce sis ... 'watoung.
Cruickshank, A. H. P. Re a ... Lahore Cantt.
Cruickshank, W. D. is eee ..- Dholpur.
Grom WH.) \\ eee oes ... Calcutta.
Cubitt, G. E. 8. (1.8.s.) aac oo .-. Europe.
Ouffe, Mrs. C. T. W. o- ae -e. Rangoon.
Cuffe, T. W. be. Ene ae .. Europe.
Culbertson, T. M.S. (4.M.1.0.5.) Bae «ee Bombay,
Cumming, J.W.N. wisi .-- Quetta.
Cummings, Col. W. H. (a,c. i ) oer .-. Europe.
Cunningham, Capt. J. aa ch ... Bombay.
Currie, A. J. see one ..- Lahore.
Currie, M. M. L. (1.0. S.) Su =e -. Ferozepore.
Currimbhoy Ebrahim, Sir, Bart. oss ... Bombay.
Currey, H. 8. oo ees ... Europe.
Currey, Capt. V. E. eae = ... Hurope.
Curror, John ... 9. Sylhet.
Cursetji, Khan Bahadur C. M. ‘(Life Member) . Bombay.
Cutch, H. H. Sir Shri Kengurji Sawai Bahadoor,
the Rao Saheb of (a.c.1.E.) (Life Member) .. Bhuj, Cutch.
D’Abreu, FB. A. a. ne e ... Nagpur,
D’Albedyhll, ©. C.... nee See ... Hurope.
Dalgliesh, G. gi sae was ... Hurope.
Dallaporta, J. N. ... ze silt -- Bombay.
Dalrymple-Hay, Mrs. L. aoe ... Trichinopoly.
Daly, The Hon’ble Col. Sir Hugh (kK. Out. E., 0.8. t) Mysore.
Daly College, The Librarian . ae ee (Oval:
Dames, Felix L. ... ae os .. Germany.
Daniell, Col. A. C.(R.a.) wi . Lurope.
Danson, J. W. W. Sc -.. Hurope.
Darjeeling, The Vice-President, Natural ek
Museum ee rey .. Darjeeling.
Dastur, J. F. . Pusa, Bengal,
Datia, H. H. the Maharaja ‘Lokendra Govind
Singh, Bahadur ... mas .. Datia, CP 1,
Daukes, "Capt Cal: an na ., Kashmir.
Davidson, J. .. Hurope.
Davidson, Major J. G. M.S., D. 5.0. ) (Life Member) .. - Dehra Dun.
ta LIST OF MEMBERS,
Davidson-Houston, Major C. HE. DD. ... .-- Quetta.
Davidson, Norman ... “ae 550 .«- Thazi, Burma.
Davidson, H. M. M. ee at ... Behali P.O. Assam
Davies, H. J. (F.G.8.) “et Tite .-. Burma.
Davison, A. ie us .». Raipur.
Dawkins, C. G. E. (1. ESS.) 0 aes ee ... Pyinmana, Burma.
Dawson, W. G. ... Hurope.
Dawson, W. H. (1.¢. 8.) (Life Menber) » Lurope.
Deakin, Mrs. M.. EH. ... Bombay.
Deane, Dr. A. H. ... ost ee ... Bombay.
Deane, He i(6:.) awe “53 ... Bombay.
Deane, N. B. ah whe ... Rangoon.
_ De Carteret, St. G. cad < oe Htah UP
DeCruz, A. M. “o) ... Bombay.
DeRhe-Philipe, G. W. V. Fn. eae ... Bombay.
DeSouza, A.B... wa se we» Karwar,
Delmé-Rade'! ime, Capt, A. w.. ee ... Poona.
Delmé-Radeli ffo, Lt.-Col, H. set .-. Quetta,
Delany, M. F. ot hd ... Bombay.
Dempster, Lieut. Gol. ae ate ... Rawalpindi.
Denso, W. .-. Bombay.
Deputy Director of Agriculture, Burma. ... Mandalay.
Devas, A. HE. f ... Hurope.
Dewar, D. (t1.c. a sve ae ee ww Pilibhit Uses
Dewar, BY, Gees) 22. ait ..» Dalaghat, C. P.
Dewes, Lt.-Col. F. J. Guus. Ae .. Myingvan.
Dhar, H. H. The Raja of (K.c ‘S.I.) (Life Member)... Dhar, C. L.
Dharamdas Tribhuvandas Varjivandas, Sir ..- Bombay.
Dhunjibhoy Bomanji (Life Member)... . ... Bombay.
Director of Agriculture, Bombay a ... Poona.
Director a Aoriculture, F. M.S. ese . Kuala Lumpur.
Director of Land Records & Agriculture, EH. B.
& Assam a3 .. Shillong.
Dixey, Revd. Mr. Duncan (c. M. s) “as ... Sibi, Baluchistan.
Dixit; Deiat oc es ... Poona.
Dobbs, H.R. G. (1.0.S., C.LE. Ws tee ... Quetta.
Dobbs, W. HE. J. (1.¢.8.) ae wee w-- Liuro pe.
Dodgson, J. (I.E.S.) os. ae ae ... Dhulia.
Dodgson, R. C. es Sialkote.
Dodsworth, Pe. ToL, fas ESS. MB.0.0) ... Simla.
Denaghey, J. O. B.. wide .-- Bangalore.
Donald, GC. D. oe fee ee .». Luangoon.
Donald, C. H. aa ave “ee ... Simla,
Donald, J. (1.F.8.) .. it af se Dehra Dun.
Donaldson, Lionel ... Sue 4s. Dharamsala Punjab.
Donovan, Li-.Co!. C. (1u.s. )s iv ... Madras.
Dow (Hs GC's) een ae = ue ... Schwan Sind.
Dowlay, F. M. = Ge he ... Bezwada.
LIST OF MEMBERS. lili
Downing, A. K. Weld aoe Sei .. Coonoor, Nilgiris.
Doyle, James ua seis se ees Balaghat, C. P,
Dracott, C. H. oe re Gangtok
Drake- Brockman, Major Dar foe ... Lansdowne, Garh-
wal, U. P.
Drake-Brockman, D. L. (1.¢.8.) wa ... Jhansi, U. P.
Drake-Brockman, H. G. (1.¢.8.) .. Bhagalpur.
Drake-Brockman, Lt.-Col. H. E. (1m. s. | FDS.) . Bombay.
(Life Member)
Drake-Brockman, Maj. V. G. (LM.s.) ... ... Dera Ismail Khan.
Dreckmann, Rev. F. (8.3)... oie .«. Bombay.
Drummond, yi (B.A., F.L.S.) .. Hurope.
DuBoulay, The Hon'ble Sir J. H. (10. s., K.O.1. B.) ese Delhi.
Dubash, K. D. = eos Bombay.
Duff, A.C. (GECHS5) Be — ah .. Mercara, Coorg.
Duke A. H. ees aoe Hoe ... Siam.
Dugan, HM. ... 7” as ... Karachi.
Dumayno, Sir F. G. isa ... Calcutta,
Dunbar-Brander, A. A. (1. BS.) ... Nagpur.
Dunlop, Hon’ ble Mr. R. W. L. oe I. B)... ... Bombay.
Dunn, C. W. (1.c.s.) ba ... Rangoon.
Dunsterville, Col. K. S. (Ra. oie ist woe Lurope.
Dunsterville, Lt.-Col. L. C. ... de .., DIIDAGar.
Durant, J. L. aut oe ae ... Hasimara.
Durie, G. A. Si wae se ... Kangoon, Burma.
Durie, T. E. (n.¥.A.) re ... Cawnpore.
Duxbury, Capt. C. D. Ege Member) se ... Mhow.
Dwane, E. H. aos .-. Necunderabad.
Dwane, F. C. oy sh Nae ... Deccan.
Dwane, H. M. he ae ae ... Efurope.
Dwane, Major J. W. ae oe ... Lurope.
Dyer, Lt.-Col. R. B. ee ... Muitan.
Dyson, Lieut.-Col, T. E. (1.31.8.) as ... Poona.
Hecles, P. (1.0.8.) ... ... Bombay.
Keonomic Botanist to Government, ee .-. Cawnpore.
Aide, F. J. (A.M.1.C.z.) Sse =o ... Silchar, Cachar.
Edwards, W.N. ... de ee ... Majuligarh, Assam,
Hgerton, B. (c.1.8.)... sia wes ... Hyderabad, Decean.
Hlgee, Major J. W. L. Seb Pec .«. Aden.
Elliot, Capt. C. H. Bas se ... Lurope.
Elliott, HGR (OSES) (55. oe ... Hurope.
Hlliott-Lockart, Major P. C. on -e- Mardan.
Hliott, R. EH. A. (1.0.8.3 : ea --- Bombay.
Elliott, Lt.-Col. R. H. (rats) bf .-» Madras.
Bllis, BV, (1.F.S.) i doe .. Tharrawaddy.
Hitis, R. H. (1.c. ee
Ellis, 8. F.
.. Mereara, Coorg.
ae Europe.
liv LIST OF MEMBERS,
Elwes, G. F. W. ... Se ae
Elwes, H. J. (F.R.s.) Dest oon
Emanuel, Ae HEGESC!S in gene
Einthoven, The Hon’ble Mr. R. E. (10. s., C um)
fivans, dvan
Hvans, Geoffrey (3. in &
Evans, Lt.-Col. G. H. (Lev.D. F.L.S. Out.)
Evans, Major G. P.
Evans, T. M. oer
Hivans, Lic NV aD: 343 ES
Evans, Capt. W. H.(R.B.) cer
Fivans, Capt. W. K. oe at
Everard, L, C. FE. ... “5 ‘
Evershed, John ae ro
Fagan, Capt. B. ... ae sae
Fagan, H. R. ie =e
Fairbank, Rev. H. ...
Falkiner, Dr. J. M.... was
Farmer, EH. J. (1.¢.8.) aes
Barry Hela: oa ass
Farrel, Ra@nGirs)e:
Farrington, pir He AS Bart. (Le. 8.)
Fatehsingrao of Akalkote, H. H. Raja ...
Fawcett, eon ‘Bs ha
Fayrer, ree Fr. D. 8. (IM. =)
Fendall, C.E
Fenton, Col. L. L....
Fenton, Capt. L. 8.
Ferrar, ‘Capt. M. L. .
Ferry, (Deeg
Field, Frank
Field, W. P.
Filson, Je DNV
Finlay, C. Kirkman
Tae (by ge Ay 20
Fischer, 0. B.C. (I. P. 8.)
Fisher, W. D. (1.5.8.)
Fitz-Gerald, H. G...
Fitz-Gerald, Capt. 0. A. G. ae
Dy ize are, Gen AGREAs) 2 oe
Fitz-Gibbon, PMS Cs. se See
Fleming, Major A. M. (1.m.8.) ab
Fletcher, T. Bainbrigge (F.E.S. " aoe
Florence, James... tee
Flower, Capt. 8.8. oa
Flyfishers Club, The Secretary aes
.. Slam.
.. Hurope.
«. Larkhana.
~ Delhi.
«» Dibrugarh, Assam.
.. Hoshangabad, CHes
2 ".. Rangoon.
.. Kurope.
.. Bombay.
.. Rawalpindi.
.. Simla.
ea J ullunder
.. Mongnai, S. Shan
States.
.. Kodaikanal.
.«- Imphal, Manipur.
.. Europe.
... Ahmednagar.
.. Euro pe.
.. Lashio.
.-. Ceylon.
.. Aurangabad.
.. Kurseong.
.. Kirkee.
.. Port Blair:
.-- Bombay.
... Bussahir State, Sim-
la District.
.. Hurope
.. Deesa.
Pall Gallet,
... Denares.
.. Hardon We Rs
.. Jalpaiguri.
.. Hurope.
.. Rangoon.
.. Calicut.
... Coimbatore.
.. Bandra.
... Rawalpindi.
-. Queita.
.. Jubbulpore,
.. Poona.
.. Raipur.
.. Coimbatore.
.. Cawnpore.
-- Egypt.
we. Hurope
LIST OF MEMBER ,
Flynn, A. A.
Forbes, Aiister
Forbes, Col. James
Forbos-Sempill, The Hon’ble RB. A.
Forster, T. W. (8.F.s.) se =o
Forsyth, Dr. W. wae “ ase
Foster, R. Guy one :
Foster, Capt. R. T.
F oulkes, George F. F. G: B.S.)
Foulkes, R.
Fr oulkes, Major T. =. Ge M.S.) (Life Member)
Fountaine, Miss M. E. eee) uae
Fowle, F. ©. cies a
Fowler, lai ae *is
Hox: Hi. Manning aa wee
Francis, R, F. Me ees bs
Fraser, D. a
Hvaser, D. de M.S Bee
Fraser, Capt. F. C. (1.M.s., M.D., F.L.B,S. )
Fraser, Prof. J. N. aoe
Fraser, J.5.
Fraser, The Hon’ble Mr. S. M. a CS. “OLE, )
Fraser, 8S. G. G.
Fraser, W. 8S. ee eee
Frederick, Capt. E. B. Boe
Frere, Capt. ANG te —
Friedlander, F. L.
Friedlander and Sonn Messrs, R:
Frizelle, Major J. ... aes
Pry, John 7. bie oo
Fulton, Major H. T. ‘(. 8.0.) co Member)
Fyson, Prof. P. F. ze ee
(xairdner, K. G.
Gale, A. C.
Gale, Capt. B. (1m. s.)
Gale, Major E. 8.
Gales, R. R.
Gallie, H. H.
Gammie, Prof. G. A. (Life Member)
Garbett, C. ©. (1.¢.8.) ue
Gardyne, Major A. D. G.
Garrett, H. B. G. eo
eee
Garrett, Rie Ss
... Karachi.
.« Bombay.
. Bombay.
.. Lurope.
2
e
.. Lharrawaddy.
. Europe.
. Sallebile
Py O,,
Kadur Districé,
.. Hurope.
- Manantoddy,
Malabar.
.- Madura.
i Madras.
-. Hurope.
-- Bengal.
oa iow York, U.S.A.
“ Barrackpore.
-- Jullundur.
C)
e
-- Bombay.
. Shiraz, Persian
Gulf.
... Hurope.
-es» Bombay.
. Madras,
-. Bombay.
.. Bangalore,
... Ajmer, Rajputana.
... Hurope,
... Madras,
e» Insein.
.» Hurope.
.. Luro pe.
--- Bombay.
.» Dehra Dun.
.- Madras,
-. Bangkok.
.» Dharwar.
.. Peshawar,
ne Maymyo.
.. Calcutta.
.- Moulmein.
.-- Kirkee.
-- Lahore.
. Cairo.
Bangkok,
.. Mhow.
Ivi LIST OF MEMBERS,
Gaye, W. C.
Satan Capt. R. G. T. me
Gauhati Club, The Librarian..
Gebbie, F. Sia dures “a
George, Cake
Gerhardt, Paul _...
Gervers, Capt. F. B.S. ae
Gharpurey, Capt, K. G. (.™. )
Ghosal, J.(1.¢.8.)
Giberno, Le aD:
Gibson, A. J. (1. F. ‘s)
Gibson, E. ©. (1.0.8.)
Gibson, RH (ine: ay
Gibson, W. R. (F.B.GS., LsR.O.P.)
Gilbert, C. CG. wae
Gilbert, C. E. L. (LF.s.)
Gilbert, R.N. i
Gilbert-Cooper, W. J. rie F. Som
Giles, A. R. -
Giles, G. W.
Gilehrce GAW ew
Gill, Capt. GyiAg ee
Gill, C. G. ae
Gill, Eh, oi
Gillespie, Major R. ‘Ss. BiB) lose
Gillett, Capt. E. 8. Ce BAD) wee
Gillies, Capt. F. G..
Gillum, S.J.
Gimlette, Lt.-Col. G. H. D. (ca LE., 1.M.S. ie
Gimlette, Dr. J. D.
Gimson, C. (1.0.s.) ..
Girard, George...
Girvin, Lt.-Col. J. (R.A.M.C.)...
Gladstone, ELASS(EZ;s., FLR.S.E,)
Glascock, TO (u.v.0.)
Glasson, J. W. (1.¢.S.)
Gleadow, F, (#.R.M.8.)
Gloster, Capt. J. A. (4. MS.) .
Godber, Rev. John ...
Godfrey, K. J. (B.sc)
Godson, Capt. C. A. (LM.s.) .
Goldsmith, Dr BAK. ae
Goldsmith, Eg Ais oe
Goll, E. A.
Gombert, Rev. F. (s.3.)
onsirest A. F. ee Member)
Gordon, D. M.
.. Secunderabad.
.. Bhamo, Burma.
.- Ranhati.
.» Karachi.
ee. Secunderabad.
eee Hurope.
.. Bombay.
-- Bombay.
.. Panch ‘Mahals.
.. Mandalay.
-- Kotgarh, Simla
Dist.
-» Akola.
-- Bombay.
eo. Hurope.
«. Ceylon.
.. Nasik.
.. Dongri P. O
-» Kado, Moulmein
.. Lurope.
.. [richinopoly.
.- Bombay.
es. Rawalpindi,
.. Amritsar.
.. Cachar.
es. Secunderabad.
es S2vharanpur.
eee Quetta.
.. Calcutta.
e-. Hurope.
.. Kelantan, F. M. 8.
.. Gauhati.
.. Calcutta.
... Ahmednagar.
.. Hurope.
.. Lahore.
.. Godaveri, Madras,
.. Lurope.
.. Bombay.
... Calcutta,
-- Bangkok,
«» Dacea.
.. Bombay.
.. Bolarum, Deccan.
... Bombay.
... Lrichinopoly.
.. Bandra, _—[States,
.. Keng Tung, 8. Shan
LIST OF MEMBERS.
Gordon, K. LL. ...
Gordon, R. G. (1.¢.8.) ae ae
Gordon-Ralph, J. B. a Bee
Gore, F. W. eae oes oe
Gore, Dr. 8. N., L.M.s. ee
Goss, M. Ei Ay) \. _ aes
Gough, Lt.-Col. C. H. a oo
Gough, Major H. (1.4. > Ls
Gould, Be disi(L.c.s.).
Gourjn, an OF ee
Gover, A. A.
Grafton-Wignall, i, 0}
Ginnlogy ie ge 1 es
Graham, Ca -
Graham, Capt. G. H. V.
Graham, J. A. ae
Graham, L. (1.¢.8.) ...
Graham, R. J. D. (a.a.)
Graham Roe, HE. W.
Graham, W. L.
Grant, F. A.
Gravely, F. H.
Gray, Chas.
Gray, P. B.
Greaves, H. R. at a —
Greaves, 8. H. aah oo eee
Green, EB. Ernest (F.E.S.) :
Shacn, James aes
Green, Lt.-Col. J. S (aan)
Greener, Wertman. oa:
Greer, Major F. Jae
Greer, R, F. (1.0.8)
Greer, W. (1.€.8.) nec Pe
Gregory, RB. V. Hoe aa
Gregson, Capt. C. De :
Gregson, H. G. (¢.1.2.)
Gregson, ANOSE
Greig, Major W. B. a
Gro WiscAstl ay Vcc ae an
Gribbon, M.C. ... nee ace
Grigson, Po Stadei bs aa
Grieve, F. C. L. (R.H.A.)
Gronvold, H. Ae
Gross, Carl
Grubbe, Major E. A. sia oe
Gupta, B. Sen ey oe wee
Gari Basat Lal ee Se.) es
Gurdon, Lt.-Col. B. E. M. ...
$
lvit
... Ceylon.
... Hurope.
. Europe.
... Hoogrijhan, Assam.
- Avra.
.. Rangoon.
... Hurope.
... Quetta.
... Gyantse.
.. Berhampur.
... Bangalore.
.. Hurope.
-» Bombay.
..- Rangoon.
=. Ajmer:
»
eer
.. Mercara, Coorg.
-- Bombay.
. Nagpur, C. P.
Europe.
.- Bombay.
. Bhamo, Burma.
. Caleuita.
.. Coonoor.
. Hurope.
. Bombay.
Europe.
. Kurope.
Europe.
.. Bangalore.
... Charanpur.
eo» Quetta.
... Rangoon.
... Hurope.
... Purna, Deccan.
.. Bangalore.
... Peshawar.
-» Bombay.
.-. Nowshera.
.-. Burma.
.. Quetta.
... Rangoon.
... Mhow, CG. I.
.. Europe.
... Rangoon,
xe Europe.
». Fakiragram, Dine
nA linden,
ines © T.
Iviii
Giusde) oes ak oor
Gwyer, Chase
Habibuddin, 8. (.c.s,) (Life Member) .
Hacker, K.
Haeberle, Curt. (LF.S.)
Haftanden, Ed. D. H.
Haig, Major N. W.
Haig ob, iy. sm cise)
fine Lake Col, Cue. eee °.)
Haldane, C. Jel
Fall, W. D. ea ney
Hallaner, Martin
Ha: mbure Natural History Museum
Hamer, Thruston
Hamid, A. Ali
Hamilton, GAN. oie
Hamilton, J. D. @.r.s.)
Hammond, AT,
Hankin, A. C. eu Ca) a
Hee S. ane
Hankin, ‘Date.
Hannay, Aelia (Gress )
Hannyngton, F, (1.¢.s.)
Hannyngton, W. O.
Harcourt, Major J.S. M.
Hardie, Dr. Geo. W.
Hardy, 0G es a(eers: )
Harington, ‘Maree Eig;
Harington, Col. V. (1.M.8.)
Harker, O. Allen
Harman, Node a Let aa
Farold, Major C. F.
Harper, HE. W. (F.z.S.)
Harris, H. R.
Harris, Capt. O. M. H. A)
Harris, W.
Harrison, A. J... es
Harrison, Major C. B, (1a.s. )
Harrison, Major C. F. oe
Harrison, C. H. (1.c.s.) ies
Harrison, R. T. (4.4.1...)
Harrold, W. owe
Hart, B. H. ner
Hart, Garoe(Cxisnn)
Harter, R. W. td aes
Hartshorne, J. ¥. B. “(1.08.)
Loe
LIST OF MEMBERS.
2s
o ry e
.. Andheri.
... LThayetmyo,
.. Hyderabad, Deccan,
. Hurope.
. Hurope.
. Rangoon.
. Mutira.
.. Hurope.
.. Kamptee, C. P.
ie Mandalay.
-- Bombay.
fe Bombay.
.. Hamburg,
... Ceylon.
Sob Eade Sind.
... Eurape.
--» Sandoway.
ae --- Hurope.
-Hampson, ‘Sir George F., Bart. (F. Ls., 4 EB) Bae
Europe.
-». Secunderahad.
.. Bombay.
.- Calcutta.
* W altair.
.. Mereara.
«- Shwebo, Burma.
Bie Dehra Dun.
.. Big Canjeeveram,
© .
® 6
S. 1
ndia.
. Bombay.
. Lurope.
.. Hurope.
.. Sholapur.
... Lavoy.
... Wadhwan.
.. Afriga.
.». Bombay.
-.. Lrimulgherry.
«» Grauhati.
Se Lakhimpur, Ae
.. Europe.
os lary oye
.. Nilgiris.
... Nasik.
... Abu Road.
.-. Hurope.
« Nagpur, Cy ie
.-. Bombay.
... Kaira.
LIST OF MEMBERS. lix
Harvey, Capt. W. F. (1.u.s.) we > deKasaullt.
Haslam, R. E. oe aes see ... Lravancore.
Hasted, H.R. G. ... wee fat ... Chittoor.
Hasted, Wieealats ee ae ... Linnewelly.
Hassels-Yates, Capt. G. Je (R.A. a ... Egypt.
Eatchell, "De Gl)” ~ ss. one ... Hurope.
Hate, enc Vinayek N. a ade ... Bombay.
Haughton, Cap. H. L, Sen ay ... Europe.
Hauxwell, T. A. (1.F.s.) Ad ie ... Maymyo.
Hawley, Capt. W. G. B, oh oh ... Multan.
Hay, EH. Alan ake wes we ... Lurope.
Ebay NY | ee ad ... Pyinmana.
lay, Capt. G. W..... oe re ... Europe.
Hayden, H. H. (c.1.2.) ate ‘ie ,.. Calcutia.
Hazlewood, Miss M. Ae bar ... Hangoon.
Hearn, H: 8. Ske ... Meerut.
Headlam, Lt. E. James (RI. M. ) bee ... Eahrein, P. Gult.
Hearsey, ©. H. 3 ad ... Burma.
Hearsey, T. N. (1.F. > ae rhs ... Pollikonda.
Heath, H. A. zi hk ee ... Horawala, Ceylon,
Heath, R. H. (c.z.) aa aac ... Ahmedabad.
Hector, (rom. (MsA Biscay | 1 Mie 4) Daceas
Heeckerenz, Baron Von (Hon. Corres. Member)... Europe.
Hemans, Capt. Gow. on. ; ... Bolarum, Deccan.
Henderson, Capt. H. D. ey, Re .-. Lmphal, Manipur.
Henderson, Capt. R. R. Se. ua ... Hurope.
Henderson, G. S. ... be ee ... Mirpurkhas, Sind.
Henderson, W. L. ... das ded --. Rangoon.
Hepburn, W. ies ae nae ,.. Rangoon.
Herbert, H. P. sa eee aes ... Trevandrum.
Herbert, V. A. ve Sue yen ... Almora.
Heron, F. A. a nef bai we Punjab.
Heseltine, Capt. G.. ex ux ... Lurope.
Heseltine, Capt. J. He Nc are ... Jubbulpore, C. P.
Hewetson, Major A. W. (R.F.A.) ast ... Dinapore.
Heygate, Col. R. H. G. (p.s.0.) see ... Hurope.
Hichens, G. W. ... ae ae ... Rangoon,
Hickman, R. St. J. oe “io ... Cachar.
Hickey, B.S. i Fis Lug ... Champarun.
Hide, P. (Life Member) 407 wee -.. Indore.
Higgins, je Laws Maes see oe ... Hatikhira Sylhet.
Higgins, J. ©, (1.C.8.) Ae ae ... Imphal, Manipur
Higginson, GR. ... #50 Eee ... Lucknow. -
Hignell, S. R. (1.0.8.) Be Be cone Urulies
Hiley, A. C. (1F.s.) sie ats ... Belgaum.
Hill, Rev. E. HB. (at.a.) “= .. Bombay.
Hill, Hon’ble Mr. Claude H. ys C.8., @. L B., C..1. ). . Bombay.
Hill, HK, W. ae . Mandalay.
lx LIST OF MEMBERS,
Hill, Capt. R. D. O. (Life Member)
Hingston, Ii. W. (1.m.s.)
.-- Chitral.
.. Bombay.
Hitchcock, R. H. ... oa wee .. Salem.
Hoare, H. J. (1.¢.8.) : ... Hurope.
Hobart, R. C. (1.¢.8.) .. Gorakhpur.
Hobson, IER: .. Dharwar.
Hodason, Capt. M. R. Ase Sheek
Hodgson, Hon'ble MiasSEe Pe
Hojel, Lt.-Col. J. G. (1aates.) oe
Holberton, N. V. (1.F.s.)
... Jubbulpore.
--. Lurope.
.-. Bombay.
. Rangoon.
Holden, Major H. N, ae see --, Jaipur.
Hole, B. 8. (UES) <. .. Bombay.
Holkar, H. H. the Meters Taka Rao i
Member) a .. Indore, CG. I.
Holland, Dr. H. T. (cas. a nae .. Quetta.
Holland, i Be oe ue .. Lahore, Punjab.
Holme, A. T. GOS ) ae bei eco Ajmer.
Holme, H. B. (1.c.s.) Be : . Simla.
Holmes, H. R. ts on .. Kamptee, C. P.
Hood, A. F. bi .. Mogok, Burma,
Homfray, Jeston ...
Hoosein Belgrami, The Hon’ble Mr. Syed Nawab
Imud-ul-Mulk Bahadoor oe 8.1.)
Hope, A. J. R. ae
Hopwood, J.C...
Hopwood, 8S. F. ee
Hosken, A. Fayrer..
Hoste, RD: oa aie
Hotson, J. H. B. (1.c.8.) ae ase
Howell, Hy Bi wee ae
Howell, Gale, (ros.) ee
Howlett, Capt. A. W. (rans.)
Howlett, F. M. (.a., TES.) be
Hudson, Lt.-Col. C. T. (£.M.8.) caries
Hudson, Major C. ... ae ae
Hudson, O. W. M. (1.¢.s.) :
Hudson, Major J. H.
Hudson, Capt. P.
Asai
.. Hyderabad, Deccan.
... Launggyi, Burma.
... Mandalay, Burma.
... Maymyo,U.Burma..
... Hecunderabad.
.. Purulia, Bengal.
.-. Larkana.
w.. China.
... Lahore.
Bag PLOT
1. Pusat
.. Dharwar.
.. Bangalore.
.-. Bombay.
.. Hurope.
. Rangoon.
Hudson, HE. H. (a.m.1.0.£. ,) ae. as .-. Jalna, Deccan.
Haggins, J.R. na a ... Madras.
Hughes, Capt. F. io ae “6 ... Waziristan.
Hughes, T. O, ee ue aoe ... Hurope.
Hughes, E. A. ee ns .-- Munnar, 8. India.
Teter Major J. G. (1.us. J ~ .-. Muttra
Hulton, W. P. - ae ... Gangapur.
Hume, H. R. (0. SP.) — ae .. Dharwar.
Humphrys, Capt. F. H. om vee
Hundley, G. ss a
mr Bombay.
... Mepole,
ee
LIST OF MEMBERS,
Hunt, C. B. Holman...
Hunt, A. R. (1.5.8.)...
Hunt, Capt. A. T. (8.n.)
@iunt, Dr. HOH. |...
Hunt, Capt. F. W..
Hunter, Wires sei
Husbands, H. W. S. Te M.I.C. i ‘.) is
Husbands, Capt. G. 8S. (1.u.s.) oo
Husbands, J. H. (1.0.s.) 5 ote
Hutchins, B. R. ... oo
Hutchinson, Major F. H. G. (TO1.8.) dee
Hutchinson, Major L. T. R. G McSs)) lass
Hutchison, De ee a ee
Hutton, ©. I.
Hyam, Judah (4.3 vic G., F-Z.8. ) (Life Member)
Hyde-Cates, Lt.-Col. G. Hi.
Hyderabad, the Librarian, State Library
Ichalkaranji, The Hon’ble
Govind alias Babasaheb Ghorpade,
(Life Member)
{dar, Maharaj Ream Major Dowlatsing A.-D. re)
Inglis, C. C.
- Inglis, Chas. M
Inglis, H. A.
(Life Member)
Ingram, Capt. A. C. (10LS.) ..
Inman, Capt. H. M. (. WASs)) c
Innes, Charles (B.8.C. )
Inspector of Schools, Surma Valley & Hill Dists..
Inverarity, J. D. (B.a., L1.B.) (Life Member)
Irvine, Lt.-Col. T. W. (. M =
Irwin, C. J. (1.6.8.) se
Ivens, Capt. H. T. C.
Tvens, J. H. (p.w.v.) (Life Member)
Iyer, ‘V. Subramania (MA., FLAS. )
Jackson, Dr. T. 8.
Jaekson, H. (1.8.8.) ..
Jackson, Lt.-Col. Thos. (1.308.)
Jacob, W. R. LeGrand ia
James, Aston :
James, C. H,
James, Lt.-Col. C. H. (oars.
James, Capt. F. H.
James, Mrs. Leslie..
wardhan, The Chief of (Lz/e Member)
]xi
Kuala Lumper.
... Akola, Berar.
.- China Station.
.»» Secunderabad.
.-. Sialkot.
.. Calcutta.
.. Hingoli, Decean.
ial Lahore,
.. Bombay.
a. Shwegyin.
3 Poona
.-. Bombay.
... Fonda.
a3 Ywataung.
. Pusa, Bengal.
: Europe.
.. Hyderabad, Deccan.
Meherban Narayen
Chief of
.. Kolhapur.
Mahi Kanta,
... Kopargaon. —
La Durbhanga,
.. Anarh Laher ia
Serai.
... Madras.
.. Bombay.
.. Rangoon.
.C: char, Assam.
My Bombay.
.. Peshawar.
... Hurope.
... Miranshah.
.. Europe.
.. Coimbatore,
... Abu Road,
.. Hurope.
nthe
.. Shillong,
.. Europe.
.. Lahore.
... Patiala, Punjab.
set Bombay.
. Mandalay.
Ja amkhandi, Seeman Pasian Ramet: a Pat-
-- Kolhapur.
Ixii LIST OF MEMBERS.
Jamsetji M. Doctor(c.m.z.s.) .. . Bombay.
Janjira, H. HW. Sir Sidi Ahmed Khan n (Kc)
Nawab of (Life Member) . .. Janjira.
Janson, V. T. ee ae .. Hurope.
Jardine, A.J. A. (D.s.P.) A seh aks ".. Rangoon.
Jardine, E. R, a a she .. Rangoon,
Jardine, M. R. ee me tug .. Europe.
Jardine, W. E. (2.6.s., ¢.1. B) ais «. Gwalior, C, I.
Jayakar, M.S. (am. Ao a a .. Alibag.
Jeddere-Fisher, H. C. wee eae wee Europe.
Jellett, H. H. bo .-. Calcutta.
Jenkins, Lit. N. M. (RGA). Bes ... Madras.
Jenkin, "R. Trevor Yee nee Sooner ocuves (Om le".
J) enkins, S. E. F. (1.8.s.) abs a ... Rangoon.
Jenkins, J. B. “os el sae .-. Hurope.
Jenkins, H. H. (1.¢.s.) eve ... Rupar.
Jennings, Lt.-Col. W. E. (1. M, ) dee ... Bombay.
Jermyn, Col. T. aot oes -.. Hurope.
Jesse, William ae Bes eye .-- Meerut.
Johnson, We Hse, se ae ... Sibsagar.
Johnston, E. G. ... oi: ale .-. Mandalay, Burma.
Johnston, Capt. P. D.C. ... She ..- Hongkong.
Johnston, Capt. R. G. M. (R.H.4.) a ... Hong Kong,
Johnstone, J. W. D. (c.1.8.) ... fe ... Lurope.
Jolly, Capt. G. G. (Lus.) 2. so .-. Kasha,
Jolly, B. oe Bue. 2 dee ee ... Jalgaon,
Joly, P. B. asc ue ... China.
Jones, A. HE. ass oe ae .-. Lahore.
Jones, C. P. G. ae si .-- Burma,
Jones, Lt.-Col. F. W. C. (R.A.a1.c.) ive ... Quetta.
Jones, Lt.-Col. J. Lloyd (1.m.s.) es .-- Bombay.
Jones, Major M. D. Goring ... ac ..- Nowshera.
Jones, R. T. are < ... Ferozepore.
Jones, Capt. T. W. = be en ..- Hurope.
Jones, W. Harvey .. a aoe ... Calcutta.
Jones, Dr. W.D. ... as ae ... Kyankse, U.Buima.
Jouguet, H. ae ese ase --- Dehra Dun.
Julius, V. A. uae 3 -» Colombo,
Jukes, J. EH. C. (1.0. 8.) . Europe.
Kagal, Meherban Piraji Rao “Bapu Saheb Ghote,
Chief of oe «| Kagalaisa iG.
Karachi Victoria Museum... a -- Karachi, Sind.
Kashmir, Rajkumar, Hari Singh of ... | ,«. Ajmere. [| many.
Kauffman, Oscuries: s dee ... Marburg A/L, Ger-
Kealy, H. ED (1.0.S.) qi ase ... Rajputana.
Keddie, D. L. a cas zee -.. Durma, ;
Keddie, J. I. -o aes eae ... Raheng, Sian:
Kelly, B. P. ads aig sae pref Eqonstoey lente
LIST OF MEMBERS.
Kelly, Capt. 0. R. (R.G.a.)...
Kelly, Capt. E. D. F. 355
Kelly, Major H. N.
Kelsail, Major H. J. (R.a.)
Kemball, Major A. G.
Kemball, H. Lb... dais
Kemball, H. V. (c.£.) ace
Kemp, g. W. eae aie
Kennard, M. J. (F.z.s.)
Kennedy-Craufurd- Stuart, Capt. C. (rz, Z. s., F.R.G.S, ye
Kennedy, Capt. R. S. (1.m.s.)...
Kennedy, R.
Kennion, Major R. 6. (F.Z. s.)
Kenrick, Major W. H. (i.m.s.)
Keogh, A.D. wes
Keppel, Capt. T. R. H.
Kerr, Dr. A. F. G....
Kerr, H. R.
Kerr, Nigel
Kettlewell, Capt. H. W. ea
Keys, Capt. W. D. A. (.m.s.)
Khan, Muncherji Framji (Life Member)
Khareghat, M. P. (.c.s.) —... ead
Kiddley JeAj Cs) |...
Kidner, W. BH, (8.£.)
Kilkelly, Major P. P. (1™Ms. ye
Kilner, Dr. J. N. (™.B.) as
King Edward Library, The Hon. Secretary
King, A. W.
King, R. C. H. Moss (1.0.8.) .
Kingsford, G. N. (c. Hy
Kingston, A. H...
Kinloch, A.M...
Kinloch, ASE
Kinloch, Victor
Kirby, Major A. D.
Kirkness, L. H.
Kirtikar, Lt.-Col. 1, Be (Cats. Retd. ow
Kirwan, Neol G. B.
Knowles, A. B. (1.¢.s.)
Knowles, LD eee se
Knapton, Major H. A, F. (1.™.s.)
Knyvett, Capt. W. A, oo
Koechlin, M. C.
Ixiii
.-. OLinagar.
... Hurope.
... Jubbulpore, C. LP.
.. Hurope.
¢ase
Fort Sandeman.
... Gurgaon, Punjab.
... Bombay.
eee Waleuittes
.. Hurope.
Myitkyina.
.. Dinapur.
a Bombay.
.. Malakpand.
Khandwa.
.. Narayanganj, BH. B.
and Assam.
.. Bombay.
.. Chiengmai, Siam,
... Rangocn, Burma.
... Bombay.
... Lurope.
.-. Rajkote.
.-. Bombay.
.. Bombay.
..- Moulmein,
... Bombay.
... Lurope.
... Hurope.
.. Rawalpindi.
0) Dacca
2. Baucom Cir.
... Calcutta.
... Bombay.
... Kollengode.
.. Yercaud.
ee Klang,
Federated
Malay States.
. Allahabad.
. Madras.
Andheri, Salsette.
.. Chikmagalur.
... Amaraoti Camp.
.- Manbhoom,
.. Poona.
Lahiria-Sarai.
.. Munaar.
Kolhapur, H. H. the Maharaja Sir Shahu Chhatra-
pati (G.C.8.L, G.c.V.0., G.G.1.E.) (Life Member) .
.. Kolhapur.
Ixiv LIST OF MEMBERS.
Kotah, H. H. the Maharaja Sir Umed Sing, Baha-
door (K.C.S.1., 6.0.8.1.) (Lefe Member)... Je Kotah:
Kunhardt, C: pt: J. HE. G. (1.m.s.) oe ... Bombay.
Kushal Pal Singh, eat = a ... Kotla, Agra Dist.
Kynaston, E. . ce eee .» Yatiyantola,
Ceylon.
Lace, BE. W. - ee wee “i. Waltair.
Lace, Jolin H. (1F.s., F.LS.) .. “oo we. Maymyo.
Taner, Curator, Una Museum Ny . Lahore,
Lahore Punjab Veterinary College, The Principal. Lahore.
Laird-MacGregor, E. G. L. (1.c.s.) oe .. Europe.
Lamb, The Hon’ble Sir RB. A. (1.C.S., K.C.8.1. C.1.E.) ae
Lambert, G. B. ey (Life nee ... Bijnor, U. P.
Lane, K. ... : .» Koderma P. O.
lane, H.S. oe oe apo .-. Bangalore.
Lae, Capt. W. H. oes --- Bombay.
Langford, Capt. E. G. (R.F. ey ane ... Jubbulpore.
Laughton. kr ALTh 3. ..- Kolaba.
Larkana, Madrassatul-Islam, Tho Principal .». Larkana Sind.
Laurence, Revd. F. (c.u.s.) ... “8 ... Europe.
Laurie, A. 8. (P.W.D.) mee wet .». Waltair.
Lawrence, TR ea. bs = ..- Bombay.
Lawton, W. ie ae a .-- Rangoon.
Leach, F. B. oe. bes oe .-- Rangoon.
Lean, R ast pe ..- Madras.
Learoyd, G. E. D. a ore ... Rawalpindi.
Lee, Capt. A.J. (2 M. 18.) oe eens ... Aurangabad,
Lee, Major A. W. H. age std --. Quetta,
Lee, D. H. (Life Member)... Abe .-. Hurope.
Lee, Li-Col. PF... ube oo ... Hurope.
Lees, John ae oo ... Hurope.
LeMesurier, isles (c. ‘E.) Heo .». Calcutta.
Lemarchand, J. R. ae oF ..» Kookila Mook,
Assam,
Lee- Wilson, Rev. H.W. ... eae ..- Panchgani, Satara.
Leeson, G.W. «ee se dus ... Barisal, Bengal.
Leete, F. A. (ROHS E.S.) ie ... Lharrawaddy.
Lefroy, H. M axwell (M.A., F.E.S., F.Z.8.) ... Hurope.
Leftwich, C. G. (1.c8.) 6 a --- Khandwa,
Legard, Chas. ae an eee ... Allicutty.
Leonard, Capt. W. H. 536 eae ... Bombay.
Leslie, Major G. A, J. oo 2 ... Hurope.
Leslie, M 5 os Ms --» Bombay.
Leslie, Capt. Norman Ais aes .-. Calcutta,
Yevett-Yeats, G. A. . StOn) aa aoe ... Hurope.
they, “A. Ey (ics. ) se obi ee ... Calcutta,
Leys, W. G. ae ase se ... Baraich, Oudh.
LIST OF MEMBERS.
Ixv
Librarian, Students’ eee St. Xaviers’ eaneee Bombay.
Light, Major W. A.
Lightfoot, De st. ©. oa
i ieara, W. ee
Limaye, S. P. -
Lindley, E. 8. (c. B)
Lindsay-Smith, os J. (L A)
Linneli, Fred. :
.»« Diorugarh.
% Taungeyi, Burma,
... Lucknow.
we. Sirsi, Karwar.
... Europe.
.. Multan.
.. Rangoon,
List, John N, ... Rangoon, Burma.
Lister, B.S. ... Ghoom, D.-H. Ry.
Liston, Major W. G, - (L M.S. 6. oh.) .. Bombay.
Little, Shae ... Kirkee.
Little, F. D. ... Hurope.
Lloyd, Major C. R. Ck S.C. ee ... Bombay.
Lloyd, J. B. BAS .. Caleutta.
Lloyd, Capt. R. EB. (1.t.s.)
Lloyd, Capt. R. A. (1.™.s.)
Lock, Lt.-Col. F. R. E. (1.8.c.)
Lodge, G. E. Oe
Logan, Capt. R. oN
Logan Home, W. M.
Lomas, H. A. (I.c.s.)
Long, G. R. (1.F.8.) a fe Member
Long, Major W.C..
Longden, C. C.
onyeot <5. 2. (at...)
Lovegrove, W, H. (1.F.s.)
Lovell, HE. H. (R.a.)
Howis, Major R. M.
Lowndes, G. R. :
Lowrie, A. H. (1.F.s.)
Lowsley, G.O.
.. “urope.
... Peshawar.
.. Hangu, Kohat.
... Murope.
... Hurope.
te ah al Ry vopantys
N.W.F.P.
.. Cawnpore.
.. Rangoon,
..- Coimbatore.
-. Trichinopoly.
... Dharwar.
...dummoo. __ fabad.
.. Baragali, Abbott-
Da (Ghazi Khan.
.-. Hurope.
... Raipur.
.. Hyderabad, Sind.
Lowson, Major C. S. res M.S.) . ae .. Poona.
Taner. Lt.-Col. H. ane ... Bolarum, Deccan
T.uard, Major C. E.. ... Delhi.
ease, ENA)... .-- Bellary,
Lucas, The Hon'ble Mr. W. H. Gc: 8.) oo. .-. Karachi.
Luck, W. H. --. Murope.
Lucknow, The Chena Enon Museum ... Lucknow.
Lucknow Publie Library, The Honorary Librarian. Lucknow.
Ludlow, F. “ce es Me --» Karachi.
Tutiman; MijA.5 :.. sie Ace .-. Camilla, Tippera.
Luke, J. H. ee ah aoe ... Narayenganj.
Luke, K. J. ae eas ... Chatalpara, Bengal.
Lumsden, O. F. (Lc. s) nee aa ... Amritsar.
Lund, E. . ns ... Balur P.O.
Lunham, Capt. aie, (. MLS. vee ae .-» Bombay.
9
Ixvi LIST OF MEMBERS
Lushington, P. M. (Ims.) ... oes ... Cuddapah.
Lyall, J. H. (Lr. ae sea se .e. Chakrata.
Lyall, Capt. R. A. nee 0% ... Parachinar.
Lynn, G. R. (¢.5. ve asi bee .e. Manora, Karachi.
Macdonald, K. C. (.8.P.) _... “5 .. Burma, Tharra-
waddy,
MacGregor, J. A.... bee ees ... Arconam, Madras.
Macintyre, D. was ae bee ... Dehra Dun.
Mackay, C. J. abe bss wes ... Mymensingh.
Mackenna, J. (I1.c.s.) bee sae ... Mandalay.
Mackenzie, Colin A. see SoS ... Ootacamund.
Mackenzie, Major K, L. W. ... acc .-. Benares.
Mackenzie, Lt. L, H. L. (t.m.s.) os ... Bombay.
Mackenzie, J. M. ... aon eae ... Ghazipur.
Mackenzie, M. M. ... “5 550 ... Saran, Bihar.
Mackertich, M. = 53 ie ... Asansole.
Mackiie, A. W. W. (.cs.) .. 3, ... Belgaum.
Mackinlay, Chas. ... ele ee .. Hurope.
Mackinnon, V. A. ... ae isl ... Mussoorie.
Mackrell, G. eine Le’ a .-. Sylhet.
Mac Lachlin, R. B. 555 oy ... Sukkur, Sind.
Mackwood, F. M. ... aa ae ... Colombo.
Macleod, The Hon’ble Mr. Justice N. C. ... Bombay.
MacMichael, N. (1.0.s.) ao wise .. Chatrapur, Ganjam.
MaeNair, R. H. (i.c.s.) are le we. Lurope.
Macnab, AcsM ... ue eee ... Maymyo.
Maenes, EH. A. its Sh ... Jubbulpore.
Macnachten, H. P. W. ( (B.A.) sak ... Calcutta.
Maconochie, Eh. (C.S.) ies Bee ... Dharwar.
Macphail, G. 550 oa oo ... Hurope.
Macpherson, R. H. Nees ... Mirzapur.
Macpherson, Col, T. R. M. sa ... Hurope.
Macrae, Major J. L. (1M. s.) .. ae oes ... Anautapur.
Maecwatt Lieut.-Col. R. CO. (1uns.) ... Bombay.
Madras Forest College, The Principal ... ... Coimbatore.
Madras, The Librarian, Govt. Central Museum ... Madras.
Madras, The Principal, Presidency College ... Madras.
Madras, The Professor of Zoolosy, Christian College. Madras.
Magrath, Lt.-Col., H. A. FL. Jee see) Kohat:
Mahaluxmiwalla, C. D. Bi ... Bombay.
Mahomedbhoy a Bieri sas .-- Bombay.
Mahon, EH. L. $8 .-» Pollibetta.
Main, T. F. ee be a8 ... Poona.
Forbes Major aa eee ise ... Bombay.
Maltby, GC. M. .. Bombay.
Manavaiar, Khan Siree Fatchdinkhan, Chief Ge
(Life Member) ge eee eat .. Kathiawar.
LIST OF MEMBERS.
Manders, Lt.-Col. N. oar F.Z.8., F.E. ae) ee
My . Hurope.
.. Bombay.
.. Poona.
... Hurope.
.. Hurope.
... Vellore.
.-- Nasik.
.». Bahraich.
... Hurope.
... Hurope.
... Lurope.
.. Madras,
... Rangoon,
... [iurope.
.- Quetta,
... Mussoorie.
.». Ramnad Dist., S. L.
... Hurope.
... Baroda.
.. Lurope.
.. Maymyo, Burma.
.«. Baroda,
... Hurope.
... Hurope.
... Myitkyina.
.Mvaung-Mya,
Member)
Mandlik, Narayan V. ( ee Member)
Mana, Met Ee
Maun, ©. A,
Manners- cue Lt.-Col. J. (v.c C., CI 2) C.V.0.
Marjoribanks, N. E. (1.08.) .
Marjoribanks, Major J ode dat ve M.S. 2
Marriott, R. G.
Marryatt, N.
Marshall, Arch. McL. ‘(Life Member)
Mars}: ali, Wg Wie sy ed
Marshall, D.
Marshall, ee. He i(u..0.8.)...
Marshall, J. McL. (Life Member
Marshall, Major T. HE. (.a.) ...
Marten, James aa
Martin, A. Ff. ae
Martin, Coi. Gerald (Life Member)
Martin, Capt. J. ...
Martin, L. K.
Martindell, la loulae Ww.
Masani, A. M. (Life Member)...
Mason, ©. W. 33
Masson, The Hon’ ble Sir D. P. (K. C.1 2)
Massy, Capt. W. J. =
Maung, Po Bye (K.s.m. & ¥F ROL.)
Maunseli, Capt. H.C. C, (1. ee
Maxwell, ne Cole Cee
Maxwell, Major L. L.
Maxwell, R. M. (2.0.s.) :.
Maxwell, Capt. W. F. (R.=.) ...
Mayes, W.
Mayne, Major H. B. (RG. Na)iee: a
McCarrison, D. L. e S. Sy ey oe:
McCleverty, G. M.. : :
McComas, H.
McOrie, C. M. (14F.8.)
McCudden, Capt. J. A.
McDiarmid, K. ass
McDonald, Capt. BE. aon (1.1.8) =
McDonald, J. “ Bae a
McGlashan, John (C.£.) so og
Mellwrick, L. Bee ne
McIntosh, Alex. (c.B.) ses sen
McIntosh, R. (1.¥.8.) .. awe
McKendrick, Capt. A. @ (t.s.) see
Ixyi
Burma.
.. Cochin.
... Jubbulpore.
.. Hurope.
.. Karwar, Kanara.
... Lurope,
.. Abbottabad.
... Ferozepore.
... Europe.
.. Dehra Dun.
.«. Lucknow.
... Dehra Dun.
.. Poona.
.Shwebo, Burma.
.-. Assam.
sie Bombay.
... Calcutta,
os ‘name
.. l'richinopoly.
eee ( hamba, Punjab.
a) Gaodgas!
Ixvill
McKenel, A.
McKerron, R. G. (aL.A., 10.8.)
LIST OF MEMBERS,
. Insein, Burma.
.. Rangoon.
McMahon, Col. The Hon. Sir ay (x C. ele Gc.
ViO%,, OsS:05)s :
McMullen, Capt. G. C, Pag oP
‘McNeale, J. HH. ... wa .
McNeill, J. (1.c.8.) 5
McPherson, Major G. (1M. San nee
McPherson, Capt. J. (1u.s.) . of
Mead, P. ip (cosa:
Mears, Major A. (1.a. )
Meikle, H. G. W.
Meinertzhagen, Vapt. R.
Meilor, -J. Ri. M.
Mendoza, Vu,
Menon, KG.
Mercer, A. W.
Mercer, D.
Wena, M.S. fia Bee
Mess President, R. ne Mess... eee
. Mess President, R. A. Mess
Mess Secretary, Ite AeiVess. <2.
Mess Secretary, R. A. Mess
2nd Battln.
Mess President, Eta means een tee
Mess President, 1st. South Wales Borderers
Mess Enos en 1st Connaught Rangers
Mess President, The Ist. Border Regiment
Mess President, 2nd RVioreostcrahine Reet.
«» Delhi.
. Amritsar,
. Buldana, Berar.
. Hurope.
.. Bombay.
.. Bombay.
.. Ahmednagar.
... Calcutta
... Delhi.
.«. Quetta.
.. Amballa.
>, Bombay.
... Lrighoor, Cochin.
... Rawalpindi.
.. Bombay.
.. Burma.
ve Colaba.
. Roorkee.
Jambellpore.
.. Meerut,
Mess President, The King’s Liverpool “Reciment,
Lahore Canton-
ment.
.. Raniket,
.. Murope.
.. Dagshai.
... Maymyo.
Mess President, 1st Battalion, The Royal Scots ...
Allahabad.
.. Jhansi.
Mess Secretary, 5th Ammunition Column, R Ba.
.. Secunderabad.
.. Bengalore.
Mess President, 6th Jat. Light Infantry
Mess President, 7th Hussars... -
Mess President, Xi K. EO. Laneers ...
Mess Secretary, 18th eae
Mess Secretary, 1/39th Garhwal Regiment
Mess President, 41st Dogras ...
Mess Piresiuleats 42nd Deoli Regiment .
Mess President, 44th Merwara Inf: niry
Mess President, 45th Rattray’s Sikhs ...
Mess President, 52nd Sikhs, F. F. oe
Mess Seeretary, 58th Rifles, ok:
Mess Secretary, 59th Scinde Rifles
Mess Presiaent, 62nd Punjabis
Mess Prosident, 64th Pioneers
Mess Secretary, 74th Punjabis, Book Club
Mess President, 85th Regiment (.s.L.1.)
Deesa.
. Delhi.
ele
... Lansdowne, U. I.
..- Cawnpore.
... Rajputana,
.. Ajmer.
Dera Ismail Khan.
.-. Peshawar.
.. Quetta.
.. Kohat.
.. Betiares.
. Secunderabad,
.. Lucknow.
Secunderabad.
LIST OF MEMBERS. xix
Mess Secretary, 87th Punjabis sot ... Jhelum.
Mess President, 90th Punjabis BY ... Nasirabad.
Mess President, 98th Infantry ae .-. Haugor.
Mess President, 101st Grenadiers oe ..- Bangalore,
Mess P resident, 103rd Mahratta Lt. Infy. ... Ahmednagar.
Mess Secretary, 109th Infantry ... Secunderabad.
Mess President, 110th Mahratta L. Infantry .-- Belgaum.
Mess President, 117th Marathas ae .»- Poona.
Mess President, 122nd Infantry “on ... Fort Sandeman.
Mess Secretary, 39th C. I. Horse eh Whitraz, ole iis tae
Gulf.
Mess President, 1/10th Gurkhas nas ... Maymyo.
Mess Secretary, R. 1. M.S. “ Dofferin ”’ ... Bombay.
Messent, P. G. (0.£.) sac Son .-- Bombay.
Metcalfe, Oe Gry Bi oe. Rh tes .-- Bombay.
Meyer, Carl aca vee “An .. Rangoon,
Meyer, O. ees fon --» Bombay.
Meyrick, E. (F.8. yee .. Huro pe.
Millard, W. 8. (#.z ‘s.) (Life Member) . ..- Bombay.
Miller, ie ee se ... Karwar.
Millett, Hon’ble Mr. G. P. (LF.s.) ie ... Poona.
Mills, Sle D. (Life Member)... ace .-. Hurope.
Milner, C. EH. eee Once: .-. Tharrawaddy.
Milward, R. C. Gor. s.) aes oe: .. Chakratta.
Minns, Mrs, H.C. --- Rangoon.
Miraj, Shrimant Gungadhar Rao Ganesh, ‘alias Baba-
saheb Patwardhan, Chief of ee Member .- Miraj.
Mitchell, F. J. eae .. Hurope.
Mitchell, RK. St. J... on os ... Nanded Dn.
Mitchell, lsl@jala Creal ae ns ... Madras.
Mitchell, J. 0. H. ... Sos was .. Kampong Batn
P.O. Nagri Sam-
bilan, F. M.S.
Mockler, Major G. F. ee bh ..- Bombay.
Mody, Bomanji Edulji ans soe woo OMAb.
Moggridge, C. B. ... ... Pyinmana.
Mohun Shumshere Jung Bahadur, General ... Nepal.
Mollison, J. aie ... Lurope.
Montagnon, D. J. aaa ... sylhet.
Monté, Dr. D. A. de (LM. & 8.) aie 22. andra,
Monteath, G. (1.0.8.) (Life Mae ose ... Karwar.
Monteath, J. (1.0.8.) aes ... Bombay.
Montgomerie, JN G C.8.) ae _.«. Ahmednagar.
Montgomerie, C. W. E. (1. c. 's.) Ae ... Jubbulpore.
Montgomery, Miss BA” 6 ee ae .«- Broach.
Montmorency, G. F. de (1. ¢. 8.) ee .-- Delhi.
Montresor, Capt. L. B. PAS F a aan ... Hurope.
Moore, J. os ... Korapat.
LIST OF MEMBERS.
Ixx
Moore, T. D.
Moore, W. (F.1.Cc.) . ade
Moore, W. G. ee aut on
Morgan, Mrs. Chas. ae aa :
Morgan, R R. Ye a eae
Morris, Major A. H. (waane,)
Mortist ANE: sc.)
Morris, Major D. O. oa ae
Morris, Major G. M. “30 oe
Mosley, CaptopNiny den. As
Mosse, Capt. A. H. E. (Le“e Member) -
Motilal Vallabhji Sor
Moule, Capt. H. E.
Mowbray, Gb Dera.
Moylan, W.M. ... oa
moysey, H. L. (1.C.s.) aa oc os
Mudhol, Shrimant Malojirao Raje Ghorpade,
Chief of sie nae
Muir, G. B. F. (1.0.8.)
Mullan, J. P. (a.a.)
Muller, CA eAl epee Be
Miiller, Protessor O. V. BMA
Mullings, C.'T. e wee
Mullins, Bt.-Col. W. 'B.
Mulraj, ‘Lala ,
Mumford, J.
Mundy, B. ee Be (2.6.8)
Mundy, N.S. as
Mann, Leonard %
Murison, Major C, C. (rs.)
Murphy, ae eM TEMES 9) "25
Murphy, E ise 205
Murray, A. &
Murray, Lt. J. Wolfe (its Ny
Murray, Capt. J. H. (LM.s.) ..
Bombay.
«. Bombay.
... Mandalay.
.. Mangalore.
Monghir.
.. fiuro pe.
... Insein.
.. Amraoti, Berar,
.-» Rawalpindi.
..- Bombay.
... Hurope.
-- Bombay.
.- Falam, Burma.
... Maskeliya, Ceylon.
nos Dames, Ouukr,
. Europe.
.-- Mudhol, 8. M. C.
.. Karwi, Banda Dist.
... Bombay.
je OQuettar
... Lurope,
... Rajahmundry.
-»» Chaman.
.-. Quetta.
... Lurope.
... Bombay,
... Silchar, Cachar.
ee. Secunderabad.
... Bombay,
.. Europe.
. Monywa,U.Burma.
.» Nelliampatty.
. Hurope.
.. Bombay.
Murray, R. A. G. 2. ae. sei as- ACTA.
Murray, R. D. a sie aoe .-- Kasauli.
Murray, &. B. (p.w. D.) .-. Madras,
Muspratt, Lt-Ool. F, ©. oa .. Bombay.
Mysore, Agricultural Chemist
Mysore, The Superintendent, Mysore Government
Museum
Mysore, H. H. the Maharajo Krishna Raj ‘Woodayar
‘Bahadoor (a.c.s.1.) (Lzfe Member) ;
Nahar Singh of Bedla, Rao ...
Nanavati, D. D., (1.0.8.)
Nangle, Capt. M. ‘a
.. Bangalore.
. Bangalore.
.. Mysore.
.. Bedla near Udaipur.
.. Burma.
.. Rangoon.
LIST OF MEMBERS, 1xxi
Napier, A. G. Fitz.... aad fey ... Rangoon.
Napier, Capt. A. H. (1.M.8.) oo. nd --- Alipore.
Naranji Dwarkadas (Life Member) asia .-- Bombay.
Narrotumdas Morarji Goculdass (Lzfe Member) ... Bombay.
Nash, H. J. ... Bulsar.
Recmniia Khan, 4). Nawab Mahomed ..» Bhopal, C. I.
Neale, Capt. W.G. (I.a.) ... ore w». Rajputana.
Needham, eet ices ses ak «es Bombay.
Nene, Sadashive Sitaram ... nist ... Sangamner,Ahmed-
nagar Dist.
Nevill, Capt. G. A.... dec aa ... Badiya, Assam.
Nevill, Humphry ... ce ad ... Lahore.
Nevill, T.N.C. ... - ae oce Hurope.
Newcome, Lionel ... wee =a ... Sbanivarsante P.O.
N. Coorg, 8. India.
Nichol, Col. C. H. (D..s.0., oe ade --- Calcutta.
Nicholetts, Wap Aue cs a ... Assam.
Nicholls, W. A... os an ..- Campbellpore.
Nicholson, Kh. EF. (8.2.8.) c85 oo .»» Bombay.
Nicholson, Capt. HE. H. oe ae .. Ohakratta.
Nicholson, HK. M. F. Are En .«. Bombay.
Nicholson, Major W. C. See ane ..- Herozepore.
Nisbett, Mujor W. G. ae ie _.. Europe.
Nisht, R. H. was ese e-. OiAM.
Nixon, Capt. F. Be see ... Hurope.
Nizam’s College, The Librarian Se ..» Hyderabad, Deccan.
Norman, Major H. H. (R.a.M.¢,) adie ... Europe.
Noyee, F, (1.c8.) .. eee Simla,
Nurse, Lt.-Col. C. G. ¢. ES.) (Life Member) eo» Hurope.
Nuttall, Ae URS Se ne ..- Dibrugarh.
Oberholser, H. ©. ... das ae ... Washington, U.S.A.
O’Brien, Major Hdward aon “<5 » Hurope.
O’Brien, Capt. H. C. H. ne coe ... Hurope.
O’ Entec, Pe — Aa ... Mirpurkhas, Sind.
O’ Callaghan, T. P.M. 2 bee ... Sadiya.
O’Connell, Dr. J. M. Bas AS. ..«- Cevion,
O’ Donel, He \We a ne Sor ... Alipur, Duars.
O’ Donnell, O. a nee cbs ... Hurope.
O’Nash, EB. us ane ae --- Calcutta.
Ogilvie, A. W. (1.F.8.) ons) eeacblan pulse ueiner
Ogilvie, G. H, (1.F.s. (Lofe Member) oes ... Burma,
Ogilvy, W. aa eae .-- U. Burma.
Ogston, Mrs. W. re os Bek ..- Bombay.
Okeden, Wisk. Mee! La) eae ae ... Rangoon,
Oliphant, J. six a hie ... Hurope.
Oliphant. J. N, ar Ba) .-- Bahraich,
Oliver, A. W. L. ae oe ... China.
Ixxii LIST OF MEMBERS.
Oliver, Lt.-Col. L. G.
Olivier, Col. H. D. (2.£., F.z.8. 8.) (Life Member)
Ollenbach, O. C....
Orchha, H. H. the Raja Bhagvunt Singji
Ormiston, W.
Orr, Capt. H. M. GC.
Orr, J.P. Hon’ble Mr. (10.8., “O.S.1)
Osmaston, A. E. (L¥.s.) eet
Osmaston, B. B, (L4.s.) 4
Osmaston, L. 8S. (1.F.s.) bee ste
O'Sullivan, Col. D. (R.A.M.c.)
Owen, W. Tudor (1.¢.8.)
Oxley, Capt. J. C.8. (1.m.s.) bs is
Paddison, G. F. (1.c.s.) mel
Page, A. G. (1.6.8.)... eee
Page, W. G. ed wee see
Page, W. T. (£.z.8.) oui
Paget, Dr, A. J. M. (u.p., Se.)
Paget, BC ahs
Painter, H. L. (1.c.s,)
Palanpur, Nawab Zada ae “Mahomed Khan
Palmer, Capt. C. E. (1.m.s.) . oie
Palmer, W. L. ae, aaa we
Panday, Mrs. J. L... see
Pandit, 8. Prem N..
Panna, H. H. the Maharaja Mohendra
Yadvendra Singh Bahadur...
Parames, N. V. (G.8.) wi
Pargeter,C. E. ... ae
Parish, N. B. es ee
Parker, RN. (LF.s.) =
Parnell, R, (L¥F.8.) ..
Parrington, Capt. J. W. (B.A.) .)
Parshotumdas Vishram Maoji
Parsons, A. A. L. (c.8.)
Parsons, A. HE. B. ...
Parsons, S. R. ie nes
Partridge, MH. A. ... tee
Parton, F. J. ae see
Pascoe, J. Harding “3
Pasteur Institute of India, The ‘Director
Patel, Khan Bahadoor Burjorji D.
Patiala, H, H. the Maharaja of (Life Member)
Patton, Capt. W. S. (1.M.8.) o0 ies
Patuck, P. S. (1.c.s.) a ae
_« Allahabad.:
... Europe.
«» Dehra Dun, U. F.
- Tikumgarh, Bun-
delkhund.
.. Ceylon.
... Hurope.
-. Bombay.
.- Garhwal.
eco Naini eule
... Murope.
-- Kurope.
-. Junagadh.
.. Chanda.
... Madras.
.. Nyaunglebin.
.. Europe,
.. Lurope.
-. Berbera,Somaliland
. Wellington , Nilgiris
.. Bombay.
.. Palanpur.
.. Denares,
Pe, Europe.
.-. Hurope.
.. Jaipur, Rajputana,
.. Ajmer.
.-- Ernakulam, Cochin.
.. Huro pe.
.. Alwar, Rajputana.
witahane.
.. Lahore.
oes ... Bangalore.
.. Bombay.
. Simla.
.. Peshawar.
.- Buldana, Berar.
... Deccan.
.. Koppa P. 0., Ka-
dur District.
.-. Nilgiris,
.. Kasauli, Punjab.
.. Quetta,
.. Patiala.
ee. Madras.
.. Wardha.
LIST OF MEMBERS.
Payne, R.(B.a.) ...
Pearce, Major C. R. (cars)
Pears, S. G. (1.0.8.) ...
Pearse, Lt.-Col. J. ies an ays
Pearson, G. H. A. ... eh =
Pearson, R. 8. (1.F.s8.) :
Pearson, Major W. B.
echey, WePo 4. aiek ave
Peck, N. F. /1.c.s.) o ais
Peile, Major H. D. (1.m.s.) baer
Pendlebury, W. M. F.
Pentland, Lord (P.c., G.C.1.E.)
Percival, A. P. (1.¥F.s.)
Percival, G.S. P. ...
Perey-Rae, A. HE. ... es aes
Perfect, S. R. (P.w.D.) ee as
Perreau, Capt. G. A. f oe
Pershouse, Capt. 8. .
Pestonji Ji ivanji ee 5) (Life Member).
Peters, C. R. ae
Poters, Col. C.T. (1. M.S. retd.)
Petit, Bomanji Dinshaw (Lee Member)...
Petit, Dhunjibhoy Bomanji ( Life Member)
Petit, Jehangir Bomanji (Life ae
Petit, Phirozsha Bomanji
Petley, C. A.
Phillimore, Capt. R. H. (nan)
Phillips, Te op
Phillips, W. W. (1.c,3.)
Phipson, H. M. (F.z.s.) (ie Member)
Phythian, Adams, Li, E. G
Pickersaill-Cunliffe, Lt. J. oe “0
Pichihall, Capi. J. W. ase eee
Pilcher, Col. J. G. C. MEsSe ates oe
Pile, J. és ane e
Pinfold, ELS.
Pinhey, The Hon’ ble is OA. F, ee Es 2.)
Pipe, T. 8S. a
Pitman, C.R.S. eh eh
Pitt, W. H. Baw So
Player, H. B. “we
Plunkett, P. HE...
Pollard, Capt. A. HE. St. V.
Pollard, G. F. (¥.z.8.)
Poncins, Baron oc de (Life Member)
Ponsonby, W. G. ee ees
Pope, J. A. (1.0.8.) .. se se
10
lxxil
... Bankipur, B, 1. Ry.
.. Maymyo,
.. Parachinar.
.. Hurope.
... Dalhcusie.
... Dehra Dun, U. P.
.. Multan.
.. Hurope.
.. Dinapore, Bihar.
Bann a.
Vs Secunderabad,
Deccan.
... Madras.
... Hurope.
... Hurope.
... Rangoon.
.«. Karachi.
.. Lurope.
... Rangoon.
- Hyder abad, Deccan.
--. Denares.
... Dinajpur.
... Bombay.
... Bombay.
... Bombay.
. Bombay.
... Loungoo.
.. Maymyo.
... Burma.
... Madras.
.. Europe.
es. Rangoon.
.. Jhansi.
.« Rangoon.
... Lurope.
... Necunderabad.
... Rangoon.
cf Hyderabad, Decean.
se. Eoones
... Derah Ismael Khan
... Rajakimundi.
... Hurope.
.-. Katha, U. Burma,
.-. Bombay.
.. Tehri, Garhwal.
... France.
eos (Purna,
. Satara.
lxxiv LIST OF MEMBERS.
Porter, A. A.
Pottinger, Lt. J. ING oe
Pottinger, Major R. 8 -or
Powalla, Jamsetji oa see
Powell, Dr. A. ous oo see
Powell, J. E. oo oe oe
Powell, V. N. F,
Powell, W. a
Powell, W.S. (15F.s.)
Praed, On pt. & A. M. = eee
Prall, Lt. ce S. E. ate ss eee
Pratt, EL. iG; a
Prendergast, ret 11,
Preston, “F, on “
Priestley, Hi.
Primrose, Alex. M.
Principal, Agricultural College and Research _
Institute aoe
Procter, The ioe Sir H. BE. a05
easton, Capt. Alfred H. (t..s.) ;
Professor of Forestry, Oxford University
Punjab Agricultural College, The Principal
«. Lakon, U. Siam.
.. Jhansi.
... Bombay.
.. Bombay,
-» Bombay.
.. Ghazipur,
. Beawar.
-- Hurope.
.. Rangoon.
.. Nowgong.
s pes :
.. Selangor.
.. Arkonam.,
Same
.. Belgaum.
.. Punkabari, Duars.
. Coimbatore.
a .. Bombay.
.. Meerut.
.. England.
» Lyallpur.
Punjab Government Horticultural eee Supat, Lahore.
Parkis, F. C. (B.F.s.)
Purkis, H. V. cos < owe
Quin, Capit) <.. Sai eae
Quinlan, D. (M.R.¢.V.Se) =
Quinn, Dr. T. W. nia aus
Quarry, P.S. see ose
Radford W. J. aes
Rae, Capt. M. &. (Life Member) oc
Raikes, E. B. ee
Rajkumar College, the Principal
Ralston, Capt. W. i. ee
Randle, H. Jets is 45
Raper, J. C. D. (Aa. i.) ee
Ravenshaw, Col. C. W. (Life Member) ...
Rawalpindi Club, The Secretary 2
Readymoney, N. J. as oe
Rearden, T R. aoe wae
Rebello, Rev. Joao ...
Rector, St Mary’s College
Reed, W. H. oo
Pace, R. nee
. Rangoon.
oenada rwa v2
JdJummu.
.. Cawnpore,
.- Ranchi.
.. Betul, C. P.
... Jessore.
.. Bangalore,
.. Chitral,
.. Europe.
.. Rijkote.
.. Jullundur.
.. Benares.
.. Lanowli.
.. Hurope.
..- Rawalpindi.
-- Bombay.
.. Europe.
.. Margao, Goa.
.. Mazagon, Bombay.
.. Kolasa P. O.:
.. Chandkhira,Sylhet.
LIST OF MEMBERS.
Rees, W. E. oe
Reeve, Geek: fis
Reichwald, Capt. W. EF. (R.HLA.) nee
Reid, Cecil H. (1.¢.8.) KEE oe
Reid, Hon’ble Mr, M. F,. (c.1.m.) ane
Reid, W. J. (1.c.s. Me 4 eae
Reiley, R OC. bee oor
Reilly, Capt. N. EL a wae
Reinhold, Capt. C. H. (1m. s.) aac
Remington, G. L. . soc aes
Rendall, H. D. (1.0.8.) Wig mee
Rennick, Capt. Alex. de C. eee
Rennie, Thos. (1 ¢.v.D.) aes aoe
Reynolds, ae Ne (REREAL 38 Wee
Reynolds, Cupt. G. N. ys =
Reynolds, L. W. (1.c.s.) als ne
Bhenius, C. E, xe Hoe
Rhodes, T. M. Ae AY:
Rice, F. E. a es one
Rice, H. D. aoe om
Richards, ie Do te: 'sc.) sce was
Richmond, R. D. (1.5.s.) Ose oe
Robert, A. W. & ae “eo
Roberts, A. A..Lane (1. 0.8.)
Roberts, Capt. A.S. B. ace
Rovere hit.-Col. J. R. (imMs.,¢L8.) ...
Roberts, Lt.-Col. M. B. (Life Member) ...
Robertson, Hon*ble Sir B. (Los.,
K.C.S I.) aoe Se oe
Robertson, J. H. (1.c.s ) te a
Robertson, Laurence (1.0.8.) ... ait
Robertson, L. V. M. (1as.) ... te
Robinson, H. C. “ce the
Robinson, H. K. (1.F.s.) us
Rcbinson, Hon’ble Mr. Justice 8. M.
Robinson, Major H. A.
Rocke, Capt CxAc
Roddis, F.
Rodger, A. CE: aye
Rovers, A C.
Bacar, C. G. (LF. s.) see aR
Rogers, J. B, Leslie Bee ae
Rogers, Rey. K. St. A. oo ai
Rogers, W. 8. ae Bae see
Rome, H. C. és des nce
Roper, F. cc oa eee
Rorie, J. J. me ae iiss
Rese, Col. H.
C.I.
Ixxv
.. Gaya, Bengal.
... Nasarpur.
..- Mhow.
Calentta.
.- Bombay.
ay Dace.
Balaghat, C P.
.. Peshawar.
-- Quetta,
--- Bombay.
Junagadh.
.. Delhi.
.. Rangoon.
2es
Nowshera.
.. Saugor, OC, LP.
.. Caleutta.
... Uovonada,
.. Hurope.
.. Lurope.
.. Hurope.
.. Lanowli.
eon
Coimbatore.
.. Lanjore.
.. Lahore, Punjab.
Rangoon.
.. Indore, C. I.
.. Hurope.
K.
ie Nagpur, C. P.
... Dellary.
.. Kurope.
@e*
Kaira.
Kula Lumpur.
ee
< Pana
.. Montgomery.
. Europe.
i . Hurope.
.. Europe.
. Bombay.
. Bombay.
... Europe.
.. Bombay.
. Laudi Kotal.
.. Europe.
.-- Bhamo Burma.
. Europe.
Ixxvi LIST OF MEMBERS.
Rosenthal, F. M.... Ba ck ... Europe.
Ross, J. P. a3 ... Bombay.
Ross, Major Tyrell ( (Life Member) ea ... Hurope.
Routh, Capt. G. F.. ee ... Kohat.
Roughton, N. J... oe wee .-. Khandwa.
Row, Dr. R. (M.D.) a. Bad .-. Bombay.
Rowlandson, H. J. S. .. Calicut.
Royal Asiatic Society, The lames ary Socretary .. Bombay.
Ruddle, W. H. £0 .. Hurope.
Rudman, F. R. R. (x. 8). si 503 .. Mandla.
Rumboll, ae (O} ae ssi ie ... Bombay.
Rushton, C. E. wee eee ss ... Mandalay.
Russell, Ae oe .. Rangoon,
Russell, Hon’ble Mr. “Justice L. 'P, 485 ... Hurape.
Rust, Dea (R2CISa). = nas ae .. Hurope.
Rutherford, W. FE. ane Sob woo Wine
Ryan, G. M. G. FE. Sun oes coe vee Hurope.
Ryan, J. G. ee as ... Cawnpore.
Ryan, W.J.N. ... Se on ... Hurope.
Rylands, H. R. ae ... Europe.
Ryves, The Hon’ble Mr. Justice A. E... .». Allahabad.
Sabour, Toe Principal, College of Agriculture ... Sabour, Bengal.
Sale, Kidaaed L. (1.¢ =) tie she .-«. Lombay.
Salkeld, Cpt. R. E... eee aioe ... Kismayu, British
East Africa.
Salmon, Capt. W. H. B. a a ... Poona.
Sampson aD ees iz, ... Madras.
Sanders, A. D. a i .. Bellary.
Sanderson, P.M. D. . Bombay.
Sangli, Shrimant Chintamanrao Appassheb: Patwar-
dhan as - .. vangli, 8. M. C.
‘Saone, G. Prier De eae oe , Europe.
Sassoon, Mrs. S. D. eae ay .. Hurope.
Saxby, Ast B. wee ny oe Bees yfanvercs
Saunders, C. we te ... Caleutta.
Saunders, Capt. Cy, ‘ae ae .. Lurope.
Saunders, EBs... = me ... Gwalior, C, 1.
Saunders, Major F. W. (x. m) ee ... Bombay.
Savile, L. H. ne ... Bombay.
Scarlett, Capt. J. 8S. (RHA. . . Hurope.
Scindia, H. H. the Maharaja Sir Madhowrao
(G.C8.1, 6.0.V.0.) (Life a) Sas . Gwalior, C. ie
Schomberg, Capt. R. C. F. me .. Taiping.
Schultz, Glas ify ies es Bea ... Hurope.
Scot, J. 8. (urs.) ... ae ie ... Madras,
Scott, Major A. Bey ee oa ... Pachmarhi.
Scott, Edmund we i Se ... Ceylon.
LIST OF MEMBERS. xxvii
Scott, Capt. G. B. ... Dera Ismailkhan.
Scott, G. B. aes ... Ahwaz.
Scott, F. B. ... Mussoorie.
Scott, hye’ ... Europe.
Cerion, Capt. J. B. cB ... Secunderabad.
Scribner, Staff Sur geon R, B. (R, N.) an
Scroggie, Capt. W. “R. J. (1.M.8.) a
Seroope, HIV ostlve (ISC.S3).. 285 :
.. Hurope.
»». Mercara, Coorg.
.-. Lurope.
Secunderabad Club
Secretary eee
moo
Selby, Major W. oe T.R.G.S. , LMS.)
Seale, Dr. C. E. B..
Sealy, Major A. E. ...
Sedgwick, L. J. (10s.)
Seervai, Dr. Rustom F.
Seychelles, Curator, Botanic Station
Seton-Karr, H. W. (Life Member)
ae
Settlement Reading Club, The Principal
Sewell, J. H.
Seymour Sewell, Capt. RoR: (1. M. 5... i
Skand, J. H. B. ‘(LM.s.) id
Sharp, The Hon’ble Mr. W. H.
Sharp, ‘The Hon’ble Mr. H. ...
Shaw, Capt. W. 8. J. (1. ay
Sheldon, Dr. J. H. an
Shebbeare, HESOr
Shepherd, Philip
Shepherd, W. ©. (1.c.s.)
Shepperson, C.J. W.
Shevade, S. V. (B. sc.) #s
Shipp, W. E. ae
Shipman, Major H. a.
Shirlay, G.S. ne
Shore, H. A.
Shortland, C.V.N. (aac)
Shortt, A. ii. (7.M.S.) fe
Shoubridge, le) (CLES)
Silvester, C. J.
Simeox, A. H. A. (1.0.8.)
Simonds, Capt. M. H. eee
Simpson, J. Hope oy cis: = soe
Simson, Lt. R.
Sinclair, R. L, be
Sind Club, The Hony. Secretary
Sirdar Anandrao Scindia te
Sitwell, Capt. N.S. H. ieee
Skelton, J. A. :
Skene, G, A.
2ee
eee
.. Secunderabad.
... Lucknow.
.. Darjeeling.
. Dalhousie, Punjab,
Ahmedabad.
. Bombay.
- Seychelles.
.. Europe.
i Port Blair.
.. Rangoon, Burma.
... Calentta.
... Bombay.
we. Poona,
.. Delhi.
.. Yerrowda.
.. Touncoo, Burma.
Jalpaiguri.
- Quetta.
»» Bombay.
.. Europe.
.. Poona.
.. Ajmer.
aL Bombay.
. liangoon.
.. Hurope.
-. Hurope.
.. Benares.
.. Hurope.
i) Moradabad. pele:
.. Jalgaon, Khandesh
. Ferozepore.
. Gorakhpur, U. P.
ne Mazaoed.
,. Castle Rock.
-e. Karachi,
... Gwalior, C. I
... Lurope.
... Bombay.
.. [Thayetmyo,
Ixxvill
Skilling, W.
Skinner, ©: Way eye.
Skinner, Miss - L.
Skinner, Oapt. J. M. Gm. ae
Skinner, Capt, R. B. ee
Skinner, R. R, Pv igi :
Slade, G. E. R.
Slade, Reur-Admiral Sir H. dh “Warre.. 1p
Sladen, J. (1.C.8.) ...
Sladen, Dr. R. J. L.
Slater, A. F. ate bis
Slater, H. Feolchall ice oa
Slater, J. Sanders ... Dae san
Smallwood, H. St. ©.
Smales, Chas. B. (1.F.8.) oo
Smart, Dr. A. G. M. (a1. B.) ...
Smith, A. Kirke... ace
Smith, a. Ei Bes
Smith, J. I. (10.8) ..
Smith, Major F. A. (1. M.S. )
Smith, Capte jlagetlics.. =a
Saith, Wel Gees. ses
Smith, Major O. A, a oe
Smith, 8. D. (z.4.) ... 5 eee
Smith, W. J. sis a i
Smyth le We Gary ce.
Sommers, W. B. (m.3.)
Somervaille, Geo. ... osc
Soater, U. A. (1.c.s.)
Southon, Capt. C. E. (1.8) .
Spalding, Capt. W. B. ace
Sparke, | W. om
Sparling, A, H. eae
Sparrow, Major R,
Spence, A. D.
Spence, R. A.
Spink, see ets T) e ie a
Spooner, T. J. (c.E.) (Life Menber)
Squire, D.
Stables, Major Alex, (Ra. M. c.)
Stack, Mach...
Stakelum, H.R...
Stallard, R. H. (R.8.) Bo
Stanbridge, Capt. W. J. eee
Standen, B. (I.C.8., C.1.E.) “on
Stanton, W. C. eee
Staples, kK. W. H. (c.x.)
LIST OF MEMBERS.
... Shillong.
..- Dehra Dun,
.. Kuala Lumpur.
... Ganjam.
... Hurope.
.-- Fort Bilaspur.
..- Bombay.
... Hurope.
ws. Rajkot.
see bitte
-. Aligarh:
.-- Bangalore.
-. Bombay.
--, Moulmein, Burma.
«. Hurope.
.. Kelanton, via Sin-
gapore.
... Bombay.
.-- Cutch, Bhuj.
... Koraput.
-e. Lndores) Ose
... H'yzabad.
.-- Gadag, Dharwar.
..» Hazaribagh.
... Bombay.
.-» Colombo.
.. Katha, Burma.
.. Rangoon.
... Bassein, L. Barma.
... Madras.
... Bombay.
... Cawnpore.
.. Rangoon.
1) ARO
« Lrimulgherry.
e 6
e e
... Rangoon.
-«. Bombay.
. Ahmednagar.
. Belgaum.
. Europe.
.. Europe.
.. Hurope.
S: Bombay.
.. Sialkot.
. Roorkee.
.. Pachmarhi,
». Calcutta,
.. Dum Dum.
LIST OF MEMBERS,
Stebbing, H. P. (1.8.S., F.L.8., F.ES., F.Z.8.)
Steel, Capt. D. (1.m.s.) aes ao
Steen, Capt. R. (L.mMs. ) . =
Steffen, O. ne aids
Stephens, en Ds ieee a0
Stevens, Herbert...
Stevenson, Oapt. F. (1.m.8.)
Stevenson, Hon’ble Surg. -Genl. H. W. (1. M, S., 0.8 D,
Stevenson, Capt. W. D. A. Cre
Stewart, C. G.
Stewart, Dr. D B..
Stewart, Major G. B. ‘(LMs.) |
Stewart, Major G. H, (1.M. »
Stewart, John 558
Stewart, Capt. J. M. eee
Stirling, J. H. oo a
Stockley, Capt. C. H.
Stockley, Capt. J. P.
Stodart, J. C. (1.c.s.)
Stokes, I. W. aes
Stone, F. H. 8.
Stoney, R. F. Boe
Stoner, W.
Storey, Thos. HH. ...
Story, 8. 5S.
Street, E.
Stringfellow, H. poe
Strong, F. W. (1.0.8.)
strong, K.P. W. . ...
Stuart, C. J.
Stuart, G. A. D. (1.08,)
Stuart, J. D. eee ¥
Stubbs, L. M. (1.0.8.) a
Sulivan, Col. G. D. F. sae
Sullivan, E. H. se
Surveyor, Dr. N. F. (1. D.)
Suter, Dr. M. F.
Sutherland, Rev. W, 8.
Swinhoe, Col. C. aoe
Sydenham, Lord (F.R.S., G.C.M.G., G.CALE., * G.0.8.1.).-.
Sykes, C. M. (o..)...
Sykes, Sir Tatton, Bart.
Symes, W. C. see
Symons, H. (R.c. ae
Symons, C. T. sm
eee ses
Ixx1x
.. Europe.
.-. Bombay.
--- Hurope.
... Bombay.
»». Karachi.
... Kurope.
. Loralai.
Poona.
.. Bombay.
.. Tharrawadd y;
Burma.
.. Rangoon,
.. Mahableshwar,
.. Rangoon.
.. Travancore,
0 Bombay,
. Jodhpur, Rajpu-
tana.
.. Barrackpore.
fd Kotra, Itajputana.
... Pollachi.
... Bombay.
... Bombay.
.. Madras.
... Nagasamud ram,
S. M. Ry.
... Oodeypur.
.. Bo: bay,
... Mandalay.
... Bombay.
... Hurope.
--- Bombay.
-- Nellore.
... Madras,
... Hurope.
.-. Hurope.
... Kashmir.
... Madanapalli,
... Bombay.
.. Bombay.
- Kalimpong,
. Hurope.
Bombay.
Dwarka.
... Hurope.
.. Hurope.
Kirkee.
.. Colombo.
Ixxx. LIST OF MEMBERS.
Talbot, A. D. bee
Talbot, W. A. (L5.8.)
Tambe, Dr. Gopal Ramchandra (a1, A,B. sc. in M.& 8.).
Eke ae .-- Karachi.
Tanner, Major C. O. O.
Taskar, ‘Tage (I.c.s.)
Tata, Sir Dorabji J. (Life Member ses
Tata, Ratan (Life Member) be
Taylor, Capt., E. C, (i.m.s.)
Taylor, Capt. J. 4
Taylor, James H.
Taylor, L. K., A.M. L.C.E. =
Taylor, H. W. O. (Bse., ALMLLC.E.)
Tejpal, Goverdhandas Goculdas ( Lzfe Member hp.
Tenison, Lt. W. P. C. Se
Tennant. Gara,
Tew, G. C. (1.0. 8.)
Thom, W.S. 2
Thomas, E. F. (1.¢.s.)
Thomas, M. P. ...
Thomasset, H. P. ...
Thomason College, The Principal
Thompson, Miss he a
Thomson, Major D. B.
Thomson, Lt.-Col. Henry (.m. +8)
Thomson, F.
Thompson, 2. H. E. (LES) .
Thompson, Major W. G. (Run. A)
Thomson, Capt. W. M. (1.m.s.) ae
Thornhill, Lt.-Col. Sir H. B. (K.c.1.8.) ...
Thornton, Capt. F. EK. as =
Thornton, H. A. (1.0.8 ay a
Thorpe, Capt. L. L. G. (R.a.m.c.)
Thring, MeeGolkeRak. WD. > ..0..
Thruston, L. A. ;
Thubronie oe.
Thuillier, Major H. F. (R.E.)...
Thultier, Capt. L. C. (1.4)
Thurn, Count a8
Tibbs, ei PMG <x
Tilly, cies . (Life Member)
Tinley, Col. G. F.N.
Tipper, G. H. (8.4.)
Tipping, P. G. oh
Tod, Alex. M. é
Tomkins, ee Lis (Baie
Tomlinson, Capt. W. Paget, 7th Hussars
Toppin, S. M. (R. A.) “a5 aw:
.. Multan.
... Kirkee.
Indore, C. I.
Hospet.
-- Hurope.
.., Bombay.
.. Parachinar.
.. Hurope.
... Hurope.
. Dharwar.
.. patara,
.. Bombay.
... Hurope.
.- Bombay.
... Pyinmana.
.. Paletwa,
Aracan
Hill Tracts.
.. Madras.
.. Chandpur,
ia Seychelles.
.. Roorkee.
... Betul, ©. P.
... Hurope.
.. Calcutta.
.. sShwegyin.
... Hurope.
... Lurope.
... Chaubattia, U. P.
.. Debra Dun.
... Hurope.
... Lashio, Shan States
.. Hurope.
.. Jubbulpore.
.. M andalay.
... Aden.
... Ahmednagar.
.. Bombay.
ti Bombay.
.. Bombay.
i Canada.
. Europe.
Jaleutta.
.. Sidapur, Goorg.
ie Bombay.
... Jubbulpore.
«. Bangalore,
.. Bhamo, Burma.
LIST OF MEMBERS. Ixxxi
Tottenham, W. F. L. (1.8.s.) ... Re .. Pokokku, Burma.
Townsend, Lt.-Col. HE. ©. ... af, .. Europe.
Traill, W. H. . Jhansi.
Travancore, H. H. The Maharaja Sir Sultan Rama
Raja Bahadoor ic C.S.L, G.C.LE.) ee oe Trivandrum.
‘Travers, W. L. .. Jalpaiguri.
Treeby, H. F. a a .. Ambala.
Trench, CVG: (1.0.8.) sac she .. Hurope.
Trevor, C. G. (1.F.8.) sae . Kulu, Kangra Dist.
Trivandrum, The Director, ‘Government Museum
and Public Gardens ae ane eos Lrivandrum.
Trotter, E. W. ee aa ide .. Bangkok, Siam.
iroups IN. Hs fa)” ... nee bt ... Kousanie, Almora.
Troup, R. 8. (LF. ia ae vie ... Dehra Dun.
Truninger, L. fe tis oR .-. Caleutta,
Tunstall, A. C. BOM OIL. wg a »». Calcutta.
Tarkhud, Dries... i sae ... Bombay.
Turner, A. J. (B.SC.)... a8 ae --- Bombay.
Turner, H.G. hes con ae .. Hurope.
Turner, Sir Montague “on oo .. Hurope.
Tweedie, A. G. ee a ae .. Calcutta,
Tweedie, Capt. J. L. ace a . Cairo.
Twiss, Capt. A. M. © E.) sis tive (i Konkees
Tyabji, 8. B. mes Le .-. Sholapur.
Tyler, H. H. F. M. ( (1. C8.) a0 aa ... Madras.
Tyrrell, Major J. R. (1.M.s.) ... sas .-. Hurope.
Tytler, Lt.-Col. H.C. ee bee ... Manipur.
United Service Club, The Secretary... ..- Bangalore.
United Service Library, Hon. Secretary ..- Poona.
Unwalla, J. N. (Life Member)... snk .. Bhavnagar.
Urwin, Capt. J. J. .. Motihari, B.-N. Ry.
U.S. Department of ‘Agriculture, The Librarian .. - Washington D. C.
Vakil, J. D. ane ees ... Bhavnagar,
Van Ingen, i. M. set ae .-. Mysore.
Varvill, M. N. bis sas ..- Bombay.
Vaughan, W. (F.u.8.) (Life Member) me .-. Hurope.
Venning, Capt. F. E. W. le Member ) .«. Pyawbwe, Burma,
Venoar, Major W. E. (1.4. we Member) .»» Kohat.
Vernon, ©. i Vieg(e@3s.) = ... Karwar.
Vernon, H. A. B. (1.¢.8.) Lae Bee .. Hurope.
Victoria College, The Principal . Palghat.
Victoria Technical Institute, The Curator and
Librarian ae eo .. Nagpur.
Villar, A. R. oe abe ... Tharrawaddy.
Vincent, W. H. H. G.cs.) ae ae ev Calcutta,
11
1xxxli LIST OF MEMBERS.
Vijayarajji, Maharaj Kumar Shri
Viasto, P.
Volkart, L. aa Aan ue
Waddington, T. H. Sree, see
Wainwright, F. M.. any res
Waite, H. W. a nay as
Wakefield, G. C. E. ee
Walker, J.8. EH. ...
Walker, Capt. W. B. (ae) =
Walker, Major W. R.
Wall, Major F. (L.MS., ca.
Wall, M. G.
Wallace, John (c. BE)
Wallace, R.
Wallace, Titedtselt x
Wallace, W. V. (t.0.8.) :
Wallinger, W. A. ... ae
Walsh, oe oe)
Walsh, W.
Walters, O. H.
Walton, “Major H. I (LM.S., C.M.Z.8.)
Warburton, A, P. As
Warburton, H. G. (1.c.s.)
Ward, Col. A. B.
Ward, Major CO. H.
Ward, W.
Wardrop, Major AR.
Ware, F.
Warner, Cae Lee
Wasey, G. K.
Watokeld Diy Jel (1.c.s.)
Watney, Capt. C. W.
Watson, Capt. H. R.
Watson, H. W. A. oe) an.
Watson, eaee J. W. (1.M.S.)...
Watson, W.M
Watts, Major G. A. R.
Watts, N. A Ju:
Way, J. D. es ee aoe
Webb, G. R. ake 503 aon
Webb, IM; (EG:s3) nee
Webb, Wis IK, ud
Webb, J. E. Lae
Webster, J.B.
Webster, Lieut. D. (RN)
.-. Bhuj, Cutch.
Vithuldas Damodhar a hae The Hon'ble Sir...
Bombay.
... Bombay.
. Bombay,
.. Europe.
.. Gudivada, Kistna.
, Delhi.
.. Hyderabad, Deccan,
. Motihari, Bengal.
_.. Kirkee.
= Cownpo re.
a Almora.
.-. Punjab.
... Bombay.
... Bombay.
... Patara.
... Burma.
.-. Europe.
... Rajahmundry.
... burma,
... Rawalpindi.
... Bombay.
... Kindat.
. Lucknow,
.. Via Haldwani, R,
and K. Ry.
. Colombo.
.. Ootacamund,
.-. Meerut.
.. Madras.
. Jubbulpore.
. Lurope.
_ Poona.
... Peshawar.
... bangalore.
... Mogok, Burma.
. Bharatpur.
+ Europe.
. Queita.
. Mandalay.
. Vizagapatam,
... Lurope.
... Hyderabad, Sind.
.. Sonada.
... Calcutta.
... Bombay.
.. Hurope.
LIST OF MEMBERS.
Welchman, G. H. ...
Weldon, W. L.
Weller, JO)
Wells, Capt. F. W. ie
Wells, Dr. H. E. (.3.)
Wells, Capi. R. T. (1.m.s.)
Wiliam. Po...
Wenden, H. (¢.£., ne?
Weston, A. T.
Weston, W. V. ae ce é
Whalley,G.P. ... aor aes
Whately, Richard ... ee
Wheatley, Major P. ae F.A.)
Whiffin, D. oa oes
Whistler, ial) 22. see 2c
White, Capt. ‘A. W. se tae
White, Colin R. ; i
White, C. R. ces nes ue
White, Chas. W. ... ii et
White, C. A. had was oan
White, W. T. wis ach
White, W. P. ue
Whitehead, Capt. C. HT,
Whitehead, John (r1.¥.s.)
Whitehead, ae J. H.
Whitehead, T. A. ...
Whittall, Lieut, G.
Whittall, Brigade-Col. F. Vie eee
Whitworth, G. ©. (Life Member) re
Whymper, Suen: mi
Wickham, H. C. Q is ou
Wickham, P. F. (c.8.) eee ao
Wiles, G. (1.c.s.) aie me
Wilkis, J.S.
Williams, HK. leans oe
Williams, Major C. E. (1.M.S.)
Williams, Dior a awe: une
Williamson, A. (1.¢.8.) ae ee
Williamson, K. B. ... Seis des
Williamson, W, J. F. as
Willis, R. A.
Willock, Comdr. A. i. G: (R.LM.)
Wilson, “Major Alban aes
Bilson, A.R. - Bue as
Wilson, P. R. a ane Bas
Wilson, A.T. ae ae
Wilson, Johnstone J. (reise ee
ie Bombay.
1xxxill
. Ganjam.
[S. Ry.
.. Kanchrapara, E. B.
... Loungoo, U. Burma.
.-- Minbu.
... Bombay.
... Bombay.
... Hurope.
.. Uminelongyee,
L. Burma.
. Sylhet.
. Saidpur,
. Bombay.
. Mhow, C. I.
. Panposh, B,-N. Ry,
. Europe.
. Poona.
... Mandapam.
.. Shwebo, Burma,
s Bombay.
.. Alipore.
. Rangoon.
°
e e e
. Bhandara, C, P.
.. Kohat.
.. Europe.
. Port Blair.
. Cuddapah.
. Malapuram.
... Hurope.
.-. Hurope.
... Lurope.
... Hurope.
... Rangoon,
... Belgaum.
.. Russelkonda,
... Bombay.
... Hurope.
... Bijapor.
... Nhwegyin.
... Jubbulpore, C. P-
... Bangkok, Siam.
... Bombay.
.-- Akyab.
... Shillong, Assam.
.. Almora, U, P.
Europe.
.. Bushire.
.. Europe.
IxxXiv LIST OF MEMBERS.
Wilson, C. C
Wilson, Lt. -Col. C. cai i. EF, (na.
Wilson, H.C! es
Wilson, J.C.C. ...
Wilson, P. Na Willa
- Wilson, R. A. (1.C.8.)
Wilson, William Burns
Wimbush, O. C. B...
Wimbush, A. a
Winter, G. B: (A.M.I.C.B.)
Withinshaw, sth th os
Withers, D. Ss. Be
Witt, D. O. (L8-.s.) ...
Wood, C. W., (c.z.)
Wood, Major H. (R. 5.)
Wood, Major H. 8. (LM. Same
Wood, JohnsAsiamee.. see
Wood, Sip CpiGr nals... “aa
“Wostltetas. Bidelhees
Worgan, Capt, R. B.
Wright, A. J. Be
Wright, Lti-Col. EB. H. (1. ns.)
Wright, F, A, (¢.z.)
Wright, H. C. =
Wright, J. M. (1.c.s.) :
Wright, Capt. W. D. (I..8.)...
Wrenches R. C. (F.Z.8.) (Life Member)
Wyndham, P, (1.¢.s.)
ates, B CeGigdi a i
Yeo, Edwin W....
Yerbury, Col. J. W. (R.A.) (Lite Memter
Younan, Lt.-Ool, A. U. (1.M.S. )
Young, B. B, as xe
Young, Pee: Ee Se:
Young, Hi. G. eee
Young, J. V. (1.F.s.)
Young, Capt. M. J. D. a
Yule, “Capt. Riggs. oo
..- Coimbatore.
. Hurope.
... Madras.
... Papun, Burma.
... Jubulpore.
.. Jubbulpore.
... Hurope.
... Hurope.
... Nilambar, Malabar.
... Bombay.
... Ramnad,
... Assam,
ss Nangor, C. be!
... Madras.
... Bombay.
.. Calcutta.
... Kelantan.
.. Bombay.
... Savour.
-- Madras.
.. l'ravancore.
... Lanjore.
... Hurope.
... Hurope.
.. Shwebo, Burma.
. Beloaum.
on Natal, S. Africa.
Z, Mirzapur.
... Madras.
... Bombay.
.-. Lurope.
... China,
0. Luropes
... Hurope.
-- Lahore Cantt.
... Pyinmana, Burma.
.. Rawalpindi.
.. Hurope.
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‘ALSIOOS AYOLSIH 4 WWYNLYN AVENOS
Journ. Bompay Nat. Hist. Soc.
c. 1. Apex of forewing of Atracus ATLAS (Linn), from India, Fic. 4. Apex of forewing of Arracus cyntHia (Drury), from India. :
, 2. Apex of forewing of ATracus EDWARDS! (White), from India. » 5. Apex of forewing of Samia CEcRoPIA (Linn), from United Sti
, 3. Apex of forewing of ATracus MITHYMNA (Westwood), from Natal. ,, 6 Apex of forewing of SaTURNIA SIMLA (MWestiood), from India.
Fic. 7. Apex of forewing of Lompa KATINKA (Westwood), from Sumatra.
Ixxxix
MIMICRY IN SILK-WORM MOTHS.
(With Plates I, II and III).
The phenomenon of Mimicry, as presented by Lepidoptera, affords a most
fascinating study to those who go about the world with their eyes open—
even though they may not happen to be students of entomology. For
instance, what beginner at collecting has not been struck by the startling
resemblance of the female of Hypolimnas misippus (Linn.), to the com-
mon Danais chrysippus (Linn.)? or by thatof the moth Epicopia rolydora
(Westw.) tothe Papilios of the Philoxenus group ?>—just to mention two very
self-evident instances. What is the meaning of it? and why should D.
chrysippus be such an exceedingly common butterfly ? are questions which
suggest themselves to us at once. These are phenomena which are
presented to us, and it is “ up to’”’ us to endeavour to account for them in
some reasonable manner, and not to pass the problems by as insoluble.
In endeavouring to account for them, however, one fundamental rule must
not be lost sight of, which is that the imitator and it’s model must be or
must recently have been inhabitants of the same locality, otherwise the
whole theory of mimicry falls to the ground. As it happens, the solution
of the apparent enigma referred to above is a simple one: the sub-family
Danaine to which D. chrysippus belongs have, as we all know, acquired the
faculty of being distasteful to the many insectivorous birds and reptiles
which prey upon, butterflies and moths, and so enjoy immunity from their
attacks, and are consequently, numerous in individuals; and further, some
of those forms, which do not possess this faculty, have gradually become
developed in imitation of their more fortunate comrades, in accordance
with the Darwinian Law of the survival of the fittest. The immunity of
these specialized forms has probably been acquired as follows :—the larvze
of many of them are known to feed on. Aristolochia indica, Gomphocurpus
fruticosus and other Asclepiad plants which, when cut, exude a white
milky substance which is exceedingly bitter to the taste, and the inference
is that this quality is transmitted to the imagines and renders them dis-
tasteful. The Phzloxenus group of Papilio is also protected by possessing, as
imagines, a disgustingly rank odour, somewhat resembling musk, which is
so strong and enduring that it remains even after the death of the insect.
Still the theory of protective imitation is a thorny subject to tackle, and
it is with considerable diffidence that I write this paper dealing with
another forms of mimicry as exemplified by forms of the family Satwrniide
(or silkworm moths). Any observer who has studied the family must have
been struck by the faithful representation of a snake’s head, which appears
on both sides of the apex of the forewing in the various forms of the genus
Attacus and other allied genera of Saturniiade ; in other words, the apex
of the forewing of these forms appears to have been developed in imita-
tion of the head of some snake: this phenomenon is apparent at once to
anyone who places a piece of paper over a specimen in the cabinet, so as to
cover up the whole insect from view except the apical half of the forewing.
I have figured the apices of the forewing of seven forms of Saturniade
in my collection, which exhibit this character with greater or less fidelity,
the two most striking representations being undoubtedly Attacus atlas
and <Attaeus edwards, the former of which exhibits the snake’s head in
profile and the latter gives a view of the head from above, showing both
eyes: the remaining forms though, perhaps, not so striking, give, never-
theless, an accurate delineation of a serpent’s head, and point to general
tendency towards snake mimicry in this family in forms from the Aithio-
pian and Nearctic regions as well as the Oriental.
12
Ke MIMICRY IN SILK-WORM MOTHS.
It may be objected that the colours of these moths are very different from
those of the cobra and other snakes, but allowance should be made for the
moths resting under the shade of leaves, as they would often be, during
the sunny hours of the day, when the colours would not show up so
brightly. In such circumstances, well marked colouration would be
necessary to bring out the details when in deep shadow, and even the apex
of the forewing of such a brightly coloured moth as Loepa katinka
(Westw.) might be mistaken for the head of one of the smaller bright
green snakes. In any case, the phenomenon is a most remarkable one, and
I have not read as yet of any reasonable explanation of it; that there is
a reason for itis as great a certainty as that there is a reason for the
existence of everything in nature, in the economy of which all forms of
life work out their allotted duties. Let us try, then, to see how we may
reasonably account for it.
Being of large size, these moths are conspicuous objects, when resting,
and some protection is necessary for the continuation of the species.
There are in India 213 species of snakes of which some 33 are poisonous :
the food of many of them consists of rats, mice and small birds,—a per-
centage of which are insectivoruus: the toll of birds taken by these
reptiles must be very considerable, and is said to be obtained by the
exercise of a mysterious power termed ‘fascination,’ the victim being
held, as it were, by the gaze of it’s destroyer, and compelled to remain in
the same spot until the serpent can approach sufficiently near to seize it.
It is clear, therefore, that an insectivorous bird in pursuit of a moth
amongst the leaves of a tree would be quickly brought to a standstill by
the appearance of a snake’s head just as it was about to seize it’s prey.
Now an Atlas moth resting amongst the leaves of a tree (as shown in
Plate No. I.), with the apices of the forewing projecting and giving the
appearance of a snake’s head, would, in my opinion, have a good chance of
escape from any insectivorous bird, which suddenly came across it ; and as
the upper and underside of the wings representing the reptile are coloured
in a similar manner, the result would be the same on whichever side it was
approached.
Such appears to me to be the most likely explanation of the phenomenon.
Some remarks in detail on the forms figured may now be given.
Fig. 1.—Attacus atlas Linn—In this form a side view or profile of the
snake’s head isseen. The eye is represented by the black subapical spot,
and the mouth by the crimson streak below it, while the dark markings
with whitish edges and diaphanous spot in the centre of the wing would
serve to represent the “ hood ” and ‘‘ spectacles” of a cobra.
Fig. 2.—Attacus edwardsi White.—This form gives the most startling
and sinister representation of a Serpent’s head of ¢ any of the forms figured.
The aspect presented is that which would appear to an observer looking
down on it from above ; the violet subapical patch would represent the
shining surface of the top of the snake’s head; the small black subcostal
apical spot is the left eye, and the somewhat elongated oval black spot
between veins 6 and 7 the right eye, while the mouth and lips are shown
by the submarginal and marginal lines ; as in fig. 1 the central markings
serve to represent the “hood” and “ spectacles.”
Fig. 3.—Attacus mithymna (Westw).—An African form representing a
smaller species of snake viewed from above ; the various details are well
brought out in this form: central markings present, and give a fair
representation of “hood ” and “spectacles” of Naja haje, the African
cobra.
Fig. 4.—Attacus cynthia, (Drury)—A form very similar to the last, but
much lighter in colouration; snake’s eye and mouth well delineated. This
Prats II.
JouRN. Bompay Nat. Hist. Soc.
Sketch of ATTACUS ATLAS resting on the branch of a tree, showing the protection obtained by the
apices of forewings resembling serpents’ heads.
*e) -
ie
ee
. “Sei
in
-
¢
-
“
MIMICRY IN SILK-WORM MOTHS. X¢l
form is curious in that, while the outlines indicate unmistakably a snake’s
head, the colouration does not appear to have been modified to an equal
extent. Inhabits the Nearctic as well as the Oriental region.
Fig. 5.—Samva cecropia (Linn.).—An American form showing a similar
aspect of a snake’s head to the two last ; both eyes are represented.
Fig. 6.—Saturnia simla (Westw.).—This form represents the snake’s head
as it would appear to an observer somewhat below it. Subcostal black
spot representing eye, and pale subapical patch showing part of the snake’s
head above the line of the mouth. An interesting form as the hind wings
appear to be somewhat modified, to represent an owl’s head in certain
positions. (Plate No. II).
Fig. 7.—Loepa katinka (Westw.).—This form is intetesting in that it shows
a marked tendency to snake imitation, even in a form in which the specific
colouration does not lend itself to mimicry of this kind. Yet here we
have the usual violet subapical patch referred to above, with a more or
less developed black spot between veins 6 and 7, and the other eye in-
dicated by a minute subapical costal spot.
It is somewhat difficult to imagine surroundings in which this form with
its unusually vivid colouration could be mistaken for a snake, unless, when
resting among similarly coloured leaves in deep shadow, it may resemble
one of the smaller bright green snakes.
Another remarkable character in this family is the diaphanous spot in
the centre of each wing: in the hindwing these are, in many forms, much
enlarged and developed into conspicuous eye-like spots. These may be
intended to afford protection by presenting the appearance of an owl’s
head when the moth is at rest amongst the leaves of a tree as suggested.
(Plate No. II.). These spots are most beautifully developed in this direc-
tion on the hind wings of Telea polyphemus, Cramer, an American form.
Of course, an owl’s head would have an equally deterrent effect as that
of a snake on a small insectivorous bird.
J. M. FAWCETT, Cot.,
(late 5th Lancers).
ENGLAND, 1911.
xCcll
NEW GENERIC TERMS PROPOSED “IN THE
PRESENT VOLUME (XXII)
Page
Cremnomiys (Mla muial tay) caverns ccdtcch sed cide ake seh lasnaneaeh 340
Crusimetca (lnsecta)r Qckrce 40%. Ieraene maaan eee 859
Micoastrss(limsecta) yo 2.2. iat dade tae pee oer ase 125
Elermen tas (bMSECba)) 0 fe euch ag cute. cette cht as ee Meee eae 852
atroty cisbis (Umsecta tA. as ncean cru, pectin capes tetera aa eee eer 131
Prybameninsh tlmsecta)t 0 Avs. vie nce at tn se enna creas Cee menee 109
Sy nhamubermiesi(msecta), 20 Ueaure tity ae Talis alae ieee 792
Thermopberyx (nsectal) 1.6% ean kee a. ee Oo ee 1254
JOURN. BomBay Nat. Hist. Soc. Prate III.
Sketch of Sarurnra simxa (Westw.), resting amongst leaves, showing the protection obtained by
the hindwings resembling the head of an owl. Note also, the serpent’s head
at the apices of the forewing.
Imdex of ZTllustrations.
Acmea bombayana, Figs.
Amarnath Valley, Fig.
Anapheis, Fig.
mesentina, Pl.
Anytus lencocyma, PI.
Apatura florencie Pl.
Aphneus? Pl.
Appias, Fig.
Arbela thewora, Pl.
Arenga wightii, Pl.
Armillaria mellea, P1.
Asiled, Ootheca of an, Pls. .
, oviposition, Fig.
Asterina, Fig.
Asura fulvimarginata, Pl.
phantasma, Pl.
toxodes, Pl.
Barwal, Pl., 1066 ; Fig.
Bat, Painted, Pl.
Belteram range, Cutch, Figs.
Bengal Florican, Pl.
Bibos frontalis, Fig. ..
PAGES.
PR OoS
5 LBM:
petS2
. 1145
. 1244
. 48
.. 590
sy L398
.. 1244
ao BH
5 LAE
610, 612
. 697
.. 1279
.. 1244
. 1244
. 1244
. .1067
.1181
709, 710,
712
so LAI)
. 1072
Bombay Presidency, Orchids of the
Pl. XV
Borassus fiabellifer, Pls. 932, 934;
931, 1098
Fig.
Bos sondaicus, Fig. ..
Bostra mesalencalis, Pl.
Bubulcus coromandus, Fig. ..
. 1069, 1070
Buffalo, Central Provinces, Fig.
Bustard, Great Indian, Pl. ..
Budorcas taaicolor, Pl.
5 abel
4m (EDT
. 1244
.. 276
. 1346
. 303
Butterflies, Common, of the Plains
of India, Pls. D2-D4,
ire .. 518, 522, 528,
1145, 1153;
, Naga Hill, Pls. A-B. 48, 590
Cabbage Palmetto, PI.
Calotes jerdoni, Fig ..
Canis aureus, Fig.
Capra falconert, Fig.
Castor Rust. Pls.
Cat, Jungle, Fig.
.. 382
-. 692
.. 838
617
.. 1092, 1094
. LISS
Catopsilia, Fig. 33
pyranthe, Pl.
Calama dentilinea, Pl.
lencoscopula, Pl.
mesotherma, Pl.
rufimiata, Pl.
Cerceris agnata, Pls.
baluchistanensis, Pls.
binghami, Pls.
boysi, Pls.
circumeincta, Pls.
comberi, Pls.
compta, Pls.
elizabethe, Pls.
ephippuim, Pls.
fastidiosa, Pl.
ferocior, Pls.
ferox, Pls.
flavopicia, Pls.
flavoplagiaia, Pls.
fortinata, Pls.
funera pallidopicta, Pls.
hilaris, Pls. ste 4
|
TETRA
—— instabilis, Pls.
——— invita, Pls.
——— kirby, Pls.
———— latibalieata, Pls.
——— lencozonica, Pls.
——— mastogaster, Pls.
— melaina, Pls.
— nebulosa, Pls.
——— novare, Pls.
—— nursei, Pls. ..
——— orientalis, Pls.
pruimosa, Pls.
pulchella, Pls.
quetiaensis, Pls.
rhyncophera,
saussurer chrysothemis, Pls. ..
tetradonta, Pls.
MUSH» else ets
——— rothneyi, Pls.
— vigilans, Pls.
humbertiana viscosus, Pls. ..
inexorabilis, Pls. .. 488, 818
PAGES.
. 1133
. 1153
.. 1244
.. 1244
. 1244
. 1244
. 488
. 818
.. 488
. 418
. 818
sie teillts:
. 818
.. 818
. 488
. 818
. 818
. 818
.. 488
.. 488
.. 818
.. 488
88, 818
488
. 818
oo tills,
.. 488
. 488
. 488
. 818
. 818
. 488
AG tellus’
. 818
. 488
.. 488
.. 488
. 488
Rigs elite:
. 488
488
.. 488
. 818
. 488
XCiV INDEX TO ILLUSTRATIONS.
PAGES.
Cerseris violaceipennis, Pls... so) ellis}
rischnu, Pls. Be .. 818
wroughtom, Pls. .. .. 488
Cervulus aureus, Fig. nae . 1068
Cervus eldii, Fig. .. be .. 654
Charwar Hills, Figs. .. .. 1847, 1348
Chilo arealis, Pl. ae ae . 1244
Chinese Levistona, Pls. 346, 355, 388
Chloroclystis dentatissima, Pl. .. 1244
plicata, Pl. ah .. 1244
polygraphata, Pl. .. 1244
Cidaria nyctichroa, Pl. a .. 1244
Clavaria cinerea, Pl. .. “4s .. 1299
Colias, Fig. .. Bi 50 . 1132
Colotis, Fig. .. ea sf . 1132
amaia, Pl... ae . 1153
eirida, Pl. .. 5 ples
Commerson’s Latania, Pl. 925, Fig. . 926
Corypha talliera, Fig. ae He pail
umbraculifera, Pls. 66, 68, 70
Fig. 67, 68
Crambus albiceps, Pl. Ah . 1244
———-endopolia, Pl. a6 . 1244
neurigrammalis, Pl. . 1244
Cremnomys cutchicus, Pl. 338; Fig.. 341
Cutch, Map of, Fig. .. oF .. 640
Cyllogeres janete, Pl. PY .. 48
Delias eucharis, Pl. .. a . 1145
Diagram of the Belteram range,
——Cutch, Fig... 709, 710
of the Charwar Hills
Figs. 1347, 1348
of ridges of clay left by
Voles. Beis . 1322
Dichonia chlorate, Pl. aie 1244
Dwarf Sabal, Pl. .. ae .. 380
Egyptian Doum Palm, Pl. .. we 92a
Epiplema fulvihamata, Pl. .. .. 1244
Episilia arenacea, Pl. at . 1244
clavata, Pl. .. ste . 1244
Erinaceus collaris, Fig. Bc .. 833
micropus, Hig. .. .. 834
Eryx conicus, Pl. p. 1; Fig... nie tl
map showing distri-
bution of .. oe LO
john, Pl. 29 50
map showing distri-
bution of .. eae LS
Eupodotis edwardsi, Pl. ete .. 303
PaGss.
Favolus ciliaris, Pl. .. 57 5 5! PA7(83
Felis affinis, Fig. .. re .. 1183
Flata, Pls. 607, 608
Florican, Bengal, Pl. ah . 1109
Lesser, Pls. 721, 730, 7 73
Fomes homodermus, P1. Ee . 1285
Fox, Indian, Fig. .. ot .. 1185
Fungi, Indian, Pl. .. . 147
of India, Pls. eee 1273, 1279,
1285, 1299
Gadag, Result of ten days’ collec-
ting at, Pl.. ae .. 642
Game Birds of India, Baia and
Ceylon, Pls. V-VIII & A, B..3038, 324,
330, 721, 730, 736, 1109
Ganoderma formosissimum, Pl. . 1279
Gayal, Fig. .. be Bo . 1072
Geaster saccatus, Fig.. ab . 1278
Geisha distinctissima, Pl. .. .. 607
Great Indian Bustard, Pl. .. .. 303
Grypomys gleadowi, Pl., 338; Fig... 341
Gymnoscelis lobata, Pl. st . 1244
Habenaria susanne, Pl. ste Be Ludi!
Halone flavinigra, Pl. cs . 1244
Hardwicke’s Hedgehog, Fig. .. 833
Hebomoia australis, Pl. a . 1153
Hedgehog, Hardwicke’s, Fig. .. 833
, Northern pale, Fig. .. 834
Helicops schistosus, Pl. hs . 1016
———, Map showing
distribution of .. Bo . 1020
Heterographis augentescens, Pl. . 1244
Hexzagona pobeguimi, Pl. .. . 1285
Himalayan Snow Cock, Fig. . 1084
Hoogendorps Livistona, Pl. .. 356
Houbara, Pls. 324, 330
Houbara macqueent, Pls. 324, 330
Howea forsteriana, Pl. ae oo ati
Hunia, Pl. .. ats a . 1066
Huphina nerissa, Pl.. a .. 1145
Hydnum, Pl. .. Ae ae . 1299
Hypheene indica, Pls., 917, 918 ; Fig. 918
thebaica, Pl. ae . 922
Hypsirhina enhydris, Pl., 1016; Figs. 1018
—_——__ -- , Map showing
distribution of .. af . 1020
Tlema atrifrons, Pl. .. 45 . 1244
Tlerda kohimensis, Pl. ate -- 590
INDEX TO ILLUSTRATIONS.
PAGES.
Tlerda viridipunctata kala, Pl. . 590
Indian Doum Palm, Pls., 917, 918 ;
Fig. 918
Fox, Fig. . 1185
Py ihouspeae: .. 448
Ixias marianne, Pl... . 1145
pyrene, Pl. .. 1153
Jackal, Persian Gulf, Fig. . 838
John’s Earth Snake, .Pl.. 1
. Map i owine
distribution of aes
Jungle Cat, Fig. . 1183
Kagi, PI. : . 1066
Keelback, Olivascous PES Ole;
ig... . 1018
Map sHowine
distribution of . .1020
Kerivoula picta, Pl. . . 1181
Lampides elpis chinee, Pl. . 590
Latania commersonii, Pl., p. 925;
Fig... ah s a .. 926
———loddigesii, Pl., 926; Fig. .. 928
Leggada platythrix, Fig. -. 113
Lenzites ochroleuca, Pls. 147, 1299
Lepidogma chlorophilalis, Pl. . 1244
Leptosia, Fig. Le ea Uli
———-xryphia, Pl... .. 1145
Lesser Florican, Pls. ..721, 730, 736
Lethe brisandra, Pl. .. 48
dinarbas, Pl. 48
Licuala elegans, Pl. .. one 84
grandis, Pl., 86; Fig. 86
peltata, Pl., 80; Fig. 79
spinosa, Pl., 588; Fig. 82
Liku, Pls. 721, 730, 736
Lioptila capistrata, Figs. . 254
Livistona sp., Pl. oe .. 355
-— chinensis, Pls. 346, 355, 388
—- hoogendorpii, Pl. . 356
——-— inermis, Pl... 355
——-— oliveformis, Pl. .. 305
Loddiges’ Latania, Pl., 926; Fig... 928
Lophiostigma xerophilum, Fig. 1280
Lycodon fasciatus, Fig. 1336
Lycophotia poliades, Pl. 1244
Macalla eumictalis, Pl. 1244
Mammal Survey of India, Pl. A. ..1181
XCV
PaGEs.
Map of Belteram range, Cutch, Fig. 712
of Cutch, Fig. . 640
showing distribution of Hryx
conicus a wo LO)
— LHryx
johni Bellis
Heli-
cops schistosus . 1020
Hyp-
sirhina enhyaris . 1020
Marasmius subrhodocephalus, Pl. ..1273
Massepha rufescens, Pi. . 1244
Mazari Palm, Pls. pp. 72, 76; Fig.. 74
Melampsorella ricini, Pls. .. 1092, 1094
Melissoblaptes monochroa, Pl. .. 1244
Microcerotermes heimi, Pl. . . 790
Microtus, Fig. . 1322
Millardia meltada, PI. soos
Mithan, Fic. . : ..1072
Moths of Tadiat BE G. ae . 1244
Mus manei, Fig. 5 die:
phillipsi, Fig. .. 40 -. 173
Musa superba, Fig. . . 706
Naga Hill Butterflies, Pls. A-B. 48, 590
Nannorhops ritchieana, Pls., 72, 76;
Fig. 74
Neasura taprobana, Pl. ..1244
Neomelicharia furtiva, Pls... 607, 608
Nephopteryx rhodobasalis, Pl. ..1244
Northern pale Hedgehog, Fig. . 834
Odontotermes brunneus, Pl... . 790
obesus, Pls. 778, 780, 782
Oligostigma andreusialis, Pl. . 1244
Olivaceous Keelback, Pl., 1016;
Figs. ..1018
Map showing
distribution of . - 1020
Oorial, Fig. . . 1065
Oraniella coffeicola, Fi ig. . .1280
Orchids of the Bombay Presidency,
Pl. XV lida
Oreodoxa regia, Pl. 50 Cas
Ovis vigner cycloceros, Fig. . .. 1065
Painted Bat, PI. . 1181
Palmetto Royal, Pl. 382
Palms of British India, Pls. XVIIL
—XXXIX, 66, 68, 70, 72, 76, 80, 84,
86, 346, 355, 356, 358, 380, 382, 388,
917, 918, 922, 925, 926, 932, 934.
x¢evl
PAGES.
Palmyra Palm, Pls., 932, 934; Fig.
931, 1098
Papilio doson, Figs. .. bo Gals!
helenus daksha, Pl. 35 mls
polymnestor, Pl... .. 522
polytes cyrus, Pl... .. 028
——— polytes, Pl... a6 Bets)
——— romulus, Pl. .. oA
teredon, Figs. us =. 062
Pereronia hippia, Pl. .. 1145
Persian Gulf Jackal, Fig. .. .. 838
Phengaris atroguttata, Pl... .. 590
Pheretima posthuma, Figs... 290, 291
Phyrulla aurantiaca, site of nest of,
Fig. aE Ane oe . .1308
Pieris, Fig. : . 1133
Polystictus Ai icalis: Pi. ee Lad
—xanthops, Pl... .. 147
Poronia oedipus, Fig. . . 1280
Prasinoxena metaleuca, Pl. . .. 1244
Prioneris, Fig. . 1132
Pritchardia pacifica, Pl. + .. 358
Promachus, sp., Pls.. 610, 612
Prorophora dialeuca, Pl. .. 1244
Psammophis schokari, Figs. . .. 635
triticeus, Figs. . 25 (pts
Pyromys pcleri Pl. a .. 338
Python molurus, Pl.. we .. 448
Reselia pallidiceps, Pl. .. 1244
Russell’s Earth Snake, Pl., 1; Fig... 11
Map showing
distribution of oe at Ag
Russula theissenii, Pl. Ae U8}
Satal adansoni, Pl. .. ae .. 380
—— mauritieformis, Pl. .. .. 388
palmetto, Pl. .. 53 .. 382
Salurnis marginellus, Pls. 607, 608
Sarcosoma meelleri, Fig. salary)
Spryanoniay Ralhing (los) bc .. 388
Schneider’s Water Snake, PI. .. 1016
——— Map show-
ing distribution of . . 1020
Section of a gill of an Agaric, Fig...1274
of the hymenium of an As-
comyces, Fig. ..1275
of a pore of a Polyporus, Fig.1274
Sheep, Typical breeds of Nepal, Pl.
p. 1066 ; Fig. 1067
INDEX TO ILLUSTRATIONS.
PAGES.
Snakes, Common, Indian, Pls.
XVI—XVIII . 1,448, 1016
Snake, John’s Earth, Pl. .. a alt
——_____—_—— Map showing
distribution of A . 18
Snake, Russell’s Earth, Pl. L ee ly
—____—__—_—_——_—. Map chowiee
distribution of .. 10
Schneider’s Water, Pl. . 1016
Map showing
distribution of . .1020
Snow Cock, Himalayan, Fig. . 1084
Sonemurg—A bit of Woodland, Fig. 549
Glaciers, Fig. .. “» Jol
Spatulipalpia albistrialis, Pl. .. 1244
Spiny Licuala, Pl. .. Bs .. 388
Sypheotis aurita, Pls... 721, 730, 736
Takin, Heads of, Pls...
Talipot Palm, Pls.
. 1069, 1070
. .66, 68, 70;
Figs. 67, 68
Termites from British India, Pls.
A-D. ..778, 780, 782, 790
Tetrogallus himalayensis, Fig. . 1084
Thermopteryx rubrifusa, Pl. . 1244
Tichestra serrata, Pl... . 1244
Trachischium quinquelabialis, Fig... 202
Trichophysetis umbrifusalis, Pl. ..1244
Typhlopidus porrectus, Fig... Ser aus:
Ufeus carnea, Pl. . 1244
Una usta, Pl... a Sf .. 990
Unicorn sheep, Fig... . 1067
Utetheisa pulchelloides, Pl. . .. 1244
Vizella urvilleana, Fig. ..1279
Vulpes bengalensis, Fig. . 1185
Washington filifera, Fig. .. .. 363
gracilis, Fig. .. .. 373
robusta, Fig. .. -. 309
sonore, Fig. . . 375
Wasps, Indian Fossorial, Pls. A-D.,
488, SL
Xylaria, Fig... . .1280
Zia ectrocta, Pl. . 1244.
Abeia triflora
Abies webbiana
Abisara abnormis. .
- chela
-echerius ..
———- angulata..
—_—__—~- bifasciata
——-— kausambi
prunosa ..
- fylla
—- neophron
Ablabes gilgiticus
Abraxas diversicolor
Abrota confinis
ganga
jumna
mirus
Abutilon avicennze
bidentatum
graveolens
indicum
Acacia sp..
Re tholipes nypencides!
Acanthopneuste .
davisoni
magnirostris
—____________—_ nitidus..
occipitalis
os
——— plumbeitarsus..
viridanus. .
Acanthostigma heterochceta
Acanthostoma wattil
Accentor rubeculoides ..
strophiatus
Accipiters nisus ..
Acer coesius
oblongus
Acerbas anthea .
tagiadoides
INDEX OF SPECIES.
NUMBER.
142, 705, 1306
.. 969
65, 584
.. 969
.. 969
.. 969
.. 969
., 969
65, 584
65, 584
. 201
1245
.. 574
oye!
.. 574
. BTA
.. 212
996
211, 1028
226
_ 1290
. 1229
. 545
626, 671
..1201
_ 155
. 160
. 671
160, 617
. 1297
. 1285
. 184
. 185
eeu)
..1290
_ 1289
..1003
xevil
NUMBER.
. 703| Achalarus bifasciatus ah RE
- casyapa Be EE
liliana.. hoe BIC
Achillea millefolium eon AOE
Achyranthes aspera . 105
Acmcea bombayana 638, 639
— ceylanica .. . 639
——— parasitica J 0a0
travancorica 637, 639
Acomys 772, 773
Aconitum pacevophy lane po GUE
lycoctonum .. . 704
Acontia bimacula oo BMC
- firina . 886
- pulla . 417
—- turpis . 444
Acrapex Ae wee SOME
-- atriceps.. 901, 902
-- brunnea nu gOR
- hamulifera oa Oil
-- leucophlebia 901, 902
-- prisca 901, 902
-- roseotincta 901, 902
Acridotheres ginginianus s LG:
— -- tristis . 92, 165, 1165, 1208
Acrocephalus agricola 155, 1201
dumetorum . 159
stentoreus 159, 1201
Acroclita belinda Ae tsiste,
cheradota .. 856
chlorissa ay told)
clivosa . .. 866
corinthia .. 858
esmeralda .. 858
—___—_— grypodes .. 856
multiplex 2000)
newxra .. 2. 899
neavana a COM
— ‘physalodes CeRaoe
. .10038
XCVIL1
NUMBER.
Acroclita scleropa . 857
symbolias 857
thysanota 860
Acronicta ,. 425
leporina 425
Acronycta 425
- aceris .. 428
albiorbis . 425
- alnoides .. 426
- bicolor 427, 428
diffusa . 426
- fasciata . 425
- gastridia 427, 428
—— - indica . 426
iria . 427
a leporina .. 425
- maxima . 427
nigrostriata . 425
- pruinosa 425, 426
- rubiginosa 427, 428
—- rumicis 425, 426
ee salicis - 426
- turanica . 426
Acrospermum parasiticum . 1288
Actoea spicata Be D3
Actinodura radcliffei . 256
ramsayi .. 256
ripponi .. 625
Actinor radians .. 1004
Acutipenna : SOR
acuminata . GUL.
.. 262
ey Oe)
.. 574
. O74
Adelura cceruleicephala. .
Adiantum cappillus veneris
Adolias cyanipardus
dirtea
— - khasiana .. OF4
mergui . 574
Adonis cestivalis .. 2. £08
Aecidia : 53 . .1092
Aecidium habunguensis. . -. 1094
harvettz rine)
AXgialitis alexandrina ee iol
dubia .. 102,-168, 662, 1168, 1217
geoffroyi Prl217
hiaticula 266, 668 |
INDEX OF SPECIES.
Aigialitis mongolica ,.
Aegithaliscus manipurensis
Aigithina tiphia ..
Adlurus fulgens
Aimona amathusia
lena
Aeromachus discreta
dubius
indistincta
jhora . 1002
kali. . 604, 1002,
koruthaialos butteri .. 1001
obsoleta .. 1002
— pygmoea . 1002
————— stigmata 604, 1002
AXsalon chicquera 99, 167
regulus .. 61s
Adschynomene indica 705, 1046
Adsculus indica oe wO0S
AXithopyga cara .. .. 1207
- ignicauda .. 631
Agama himalayana . 132
tuberculata sokag
Agarista zgoceroides.... .. 909
Agave ae . 1299
rigida sisalana . 1296
vera-Cruz.. .. 1284
Agrimonia eupatorium .. 7038, 1054
- pilosa.. .. 1054
Agrotis exempta. . . 433
infixa oie .. 482
Ailographium ccespitosum 287
Ainsliza aptera .. : ve 108
Alangium decapetalum .. . .1298
Alauda gulgula 94, 165, 1206
japonica .. 265 ly
Alaudula raytal .. cn OE
Alboffia oreophila ; . 1298
Alcedo ispida 96, 166, 661, 1166, 1209
Alcippe nepalensis evil 99
phayrli .. 1.1199
Aletia erigida .. 898
Aleurina orientalis . . 1289
Allescherina boehmeriz. . .. 1298
cajanl .. 1298
INDEX OF
NUMBER,
Allotinus drumila 953, 981
horsfieldii Spprctoll!
multistrigatus .. 593, 981
— nivalis Peel:
panormis ote Welle
subviolaceus ae Well
taras » Sieil
Alpesa avs Pat yeh As!
villicosta. . .« 08
Alseodaphne «.,, 199
- somcarmifolia 536, 763
Alseonax latirostris 161, 1165
ruficaudus 546, 13805
Alysicarpus hamosus oe el)
— monilifer aimee LO)
rugosus meek)
Amaltheus schaumburgi .. 1351
Amathusia amythaon 54
“On
- (Amathusia) phidsanns
——-- (———--) ————anda-
manensis.. 571
————-- (Amathuxidia) amythaon .. 571
Amathyntis athyra epee als)
catharopa a aiuilies
— nucleolata .. as:
oporina 1138
Amaurornis akool 101, 168
pheenicurus.. 101, 168, 1215
Ambala albivenalis 1250
Amblypodia andersoni .. .. 990
——_—_——-- anita .. 990
- darana 1-990
- arracana .. 990
- erichsonii .. .. 990
- narada ey 990
- naradoides 5 BB
— taooana is .. 990
Ammomanes phoenicura. . 94, 162, 1166
Amphicome arguta rer 013)
Amphidrina .. 485
agratina .. 485
intaminata .. .. 485
Amphipyra agrotoides .. 893
Amphispheria botulispora Pe alse,
= edamensis . 162}
SPECIES.
xcix
NuMBER,
Amphispheeria khandalensis 152, 1297
Ampittia. camerta 1001
dioscoroides 1001
lynx 1001
maro 604, 1001
——— maroides 1001
palemonides 1001
Ampullaria SP rAte:
Amyna pulveria . 888
Anadebis himachala awe
(Anadebis) hinigchalel aol)
(Zethera) diademoides . 570
Anagallis arvensis 702
Ananassa sativa 1987
Ae 1132, 1134, 1135, 1186,
Anapheis ..
1137, 1144, 1145
-mesentina 975, 11385, 1148, 1153
- —————-taprobana . 975
- taprobana prep lela”
Anaphalis nubigena aoe
Anas boscas . 18k
haringtoni . .. 1088
—— peecilorhyncha Go
haringtoni . . . 1359
zonorhyncha . 1086, 1088
Anastomus oscitans 102, 1090, 1168, 1219
Anceps . 1849, 13852
Ancistrodon iimulvande 1338, 142, 201, 280
Ancylis ancorata .. 862
- carpalima 21 (OO
- rostrifera .. 862
- scatebrosa bey She!
Androlymnia ; .. 896
——_—_——-- emarginata ¢ .. 396
Andropogon, sp. . 1291, 1292
—_——_———-- aciculatus .. . 1294
assimilis . 1291
contortus .. .. 1292
- micranthus . 1291
- muricatus.. ..1291
- nardus .. 1292
——_——- schznanthus . 1292
Anemone polyanthes .. 705
rivularis . 703
Anerastia castanealis . 125)
c INDEX OF SPECIES.
NuMBER. NuMBER,
Angelice glauce ss .. 703, 1057) Antilope hazenna BY a .. 410
Anodontodes Se ae ett .. 435 -- subquadricornutus .. .. 825
—_—_——_——-- rotunds .. oe .. 485 -- (Cervicapara) quadricornis .. 825
Anomis figlina .. ae “ ..1217| Antirrhinum orontium .. ee .. (0am
Anona reticulata 3 Be .. 766} Apamea capensis ue i .. 886
squamosa be ai pee NS - minima .. BY NY .. 889m
Anopheles ne . 649 - modestissima .. we .. 888m
Anoplotermes (Shecultennes) eyaleuell 775| Apatela .. sh Ae is .. 425 ‘
Anorthodes aks ng en no 215%5) - aceris .. ap fe .. 425
tarda — i, Re .. 485 | Apatura ambica .. ate Ms -. “5G
Anorthura neglecta Rs eae tee ORD —- chevana - ie .. oGa
- nepalensis .. ba 1805 | = ‘florencize Hi 4 .. 56H
Anser cinereus i oe .. 1108 | ———-- pallas .. i i ees
- ferus 2, vi .. 158, 618 | ———- parisatis A i . OGM
- indicus .. ae 158, 181, 1088 | ————- parvata.. om be oie
- rubrirostris 4 a4 . .1088 | ———- sordida .. NG 4 >. oe
Antha ate Bi nh ae .. 485|———-- ulupi_... fn .. 660
-- grata 4 ae ns .. 435 | —~—- (Apatura) ambice a 573
——-- pretiosa .. bc a! .. 435 | ———- ( -) chitralensis 558, 573
--rotunda .. a ce .. 435 | ———- (- ) bhavana .. ote
Anthistiria oe ok oe ..1291 | ———- ( -)ilia here... Se vote
Anthostoma carteri x ats . .1299 | ——-—- (Chitoria) sordida = .. 5738
. Anthostomella bambusze a . .1296 | ———- (Dravira) fulva es: PY 45)
- pandani Mi . .1295 | ———- ( -) pallas florencize .. 573
Anthothreptes malaccensis A! .. 1207 | ———- ( -) ulupi ce oes
Anchracoceros albirostris Hed ..1210 | ———_- (Eulaceura) osteria .. 0 Ole
Anthracophyllum nigritum .. .. 151 |———- (Mimathyma) chevana .. 573
Anthremus fasciatus .. i‘ YP 1098 - (Narsenga) parvata .. .. 573
Anthriscus nemorosa .. 2 sOe, 10a - (Rohana) parisatis .. .. 573
Anthropoides virgo .. 157, 181, 183, 1089 =( ) > camiba haa
1168, 1216 | Aphnzeus sp. ab aR a: 4 5600
Anthus campestris ie Aye 56 |" SEES ieee .. 288
maculatus 156, 552, 678, 1166; khurdanus__.. oe .. 600
ae richardio).. Pe 54 056, 1206 | aa LOA sf See .. 600
——— rosaceus .. be Fo 206, 1313) soe ees . . .. 600
aS rufulus |). 94 165) 630; 1166, 1206 | —.> rukmini os .. 600
seo similis: 24) EN 160 | Se BOS) ae eee
—— striolatus a .. 156, 1166; ———— (Aphneeus) concanus .. 989
trivialis .. We PIN56 552) 1818 aaa ae ee) eae .. 989
Anticrates oe RI ROOIAML fees >: 181 Se ae) BEC eni i ae!
Antidesma ms Rs Me 1986) Gee ICI v .. 990
Antilope bennettii bo ae + 410 |e Ga maximus .. 990
--bezoartica ... | 410, 11938 | —-—— _~——-) llacinus:.) 4)e8ea ee
———_—-- cervicapra 2A AO AN9S; 3359) | seam CS) - abnormis 989
——--— chickara Lib otialas 0825 |e, a) eh .» 989
INDEX OF SPECIES. ci
NUMBER. NuMBER,
Aphneeus (Aphneeus) lohita zoilus . 989] Appias (Appias ) libythea Tai
(—————) minima .. 989 ( ) - zelmira Be Mie
(——-——) nipalicus . 990] ——— ( ) lyncida hippoides beet
Ss ) sani .. 990/-——_ (___) - latifasciata .. 977
(—_—-——_) peguana . 989|———- (—___) -nicobarica .. 977
—_——. ( ) rukma . 990 | ———- (———_) —-taprobana .. 977
—_—_——._ ( ) rukmini.. . 990 ,——— ( ) orissa .. Se SlONs
(————_) schistacea 989, 990 (Catophaga) albina ahs Oliva
( ) syama . 989 | ——— ( -) — confusea .. 977
—___—— (———_) vuleanus.. . 989 |——- (—__- ) flava Seis
(————) fusca .. 989} (-———__) semiflava .. 977
—__—_— (———__) zafira 55 SED) = swinhei .. 977
———— (Cigaritis) acamas hypargy- ——— (-————_) venusta .. 977
rus.. : ta .. 989 | —— (- ) lankapura.. 5 Biel
Apiospora camptospora.. . 1292 ; ——— (-——-—— ) melania ee IG
- montagnei WERE) ISS || -)- adamsoni.. 977
Apium graveolens . .1054 | ———— (-——-—_ ) ——- darada .. 977
Apocalymnia ‘ .. 897 | (—_ ) - galathea. . 978
-- tenebrosa .. .. 897 | ————_ (——_- ) - paulina .. 977
Aponomma 10, 189 (- )- weardi. 9 Sian
geryasi .. 472| ——— (-———_) -yaksha .. 977
Aporia agathon . .. 591 |——— ( -) neomba Me Sih
(Aporia) dousieata .. 975 |——— (Hyposcritia) confluens a AS
——— ( ) larraldei harrietze .. 976 (——~ ) indra .. 978
—— | ) leucodica balucha .. 976|———— (——-———_) - narendra .. 978
ee |) Sa Hcl . 976| ——— _ (—————__) - shiva 2 Oas
——— ( ) nabellica . 976 | ——— (—————__) - statilia .. 978
——— (——__) ————_ hesba. 559, 976] -———- (—— ) lalage a Sis)
——— _ ( ) soracta . 975 | ——— (——-———_) --argyridina. 978
——— (Metaporia) agathon , 860) == | —)- durvasa .. 978
—- (—__-) -ariaca .. 976|——— ( —) -- lagela .. 978
a - caphusa.. 976 |——— ( ) pseudolalage .. 978
(————-) - phryxe .. 976 (Lade) lalassis . op ais)
Appias .. 751, 975, 1133, 1136, 1141, 1142, | Apsarasa .. ay ‘ .» 905
11438, 1144, 1145, 1152, 1155 figurata .. 905
——— albina 592, 1137 radians .. 905
——— hippo 592, 1137, 1141] Apus apus apus .. . 1355
——— indra ..1136 | Aquila maculata. . piped Ko)
——— lalage .. 592 vindhiana 99, 167, 1167
—— leis ot: ..1187 | Aquilegia pubiflora . 708
——— libythea .. .. 1137, 1141 | Arabis amplexicaulis yn aO2
——— narendra.. iss glabra . 702
——— nero ae .. 592 | Arachnechthra nsiatiods 95, 165, 1166, 1207,
——— wardi . 1137, 1145 1360
—— zelmira 5o US 7 - flammaxillaris ., 207
eli
NUMBER.
Arachnechthra hasselti . . .. 1207
- longirostris 207
Arachnothera aurata One
longirostris 1 Ole
Area ahs . 419
attenuata .. .. 419
Araotes lapithis .. 5 OS
Araschnia dohertyi 62
prorsoides a 62
— - dohertyi .. 580
Arboricola atrigularis 1215
- intermedia 1215
- rufigularis 675
torqueola . 1360
Archangelica officinalis .. . 1057
Archibuteo hemiptilopus 182
Arcilasisa .. : 905
sobria .. 905
Arctium lappa 704
Arctomys caudatus 548
Arctomyscis . 425
- aceris ‘ ae .. 425
Ardea cinerea ..102, 169, 1161, 1168, 1219
insignis . 1108, 1220
—— manillensis. 102, 169, 1168, 1219
sumatrana : 5a PALS)
Ardeola grayi 102, 169, 1169, 1220
Ardetta cinnamomea .. 1220
Areca catechu .. 9538
Arenaria orbiculata Sa OE
Arenga wightii .. 308
Arenostola ie o« OOE
phragmitidis .. 900
procera 6 SUM)
Argas persicus axe .. 694
Argya caudata 89, 163, 1164
malcolmi 90, 168, 1164
Argynnis childreni 4 pe OH
hyperbius .. 64
jerdoni chitralensis y/ 619
pales an Bd Jo NS)
———— (Acidalia) hyperbius .. . 581
——— ( —-) castetsi.. 581
————._ (—_-) ———_hy brida 558,581
——_—_— (—____-) ———_ taprobana. 581
INDEX OF SPECIES.
NUMBER,
Argynnis (Acidalia) niphe . 581
(Argynnis) adippe jainadeva
558, 582
———-— _ (—__—_) pallida 558, 582
( ) aglaia ashretha 558,582
——— (——_) —vitatha .. 582
——__— (———_) childreni . 581
( ) ————-sakontala 581
( ) kamela . 581
——_—— ( ) laodice rudra . 582
—————) maia . 581
(Boloria) altissima .. 582
ne )? mackinnoni 582
——_—. (— ) clara .. 582
——_——— _ (—— --) manis .. . 582
——~ —— ( ) gemmata . £582
———_—_—— ( ) hegemone .. 582
—_—— ( ) jerdoni Se .. 582
—_—_—— (—__) chitralensis, 582
——_——— (——-__) pales generator .. 582
————. ( ) sipora.. . 582
(Rathora) lathonia isscea .. 582
Argyreia hirsuta. . . 1286
Argyrolobium flaccidum .. 704
roseum 704, 1030
Argyroploce anemodes .. .. 873
- antzea .~ Si
- centritis . o¢2
—_—_—_—\_—- compsitis .. . 870
- iophzea . 873
- lamyra .. 870
- microplaca . 873
- pyrrhocrossa . 874
- sandycota.. +12 OU
- scolopendrias . 871
scorpiastis Si
Arhopala aberrans .., 993
aboe . . 993
abseus .. 992
adala . . 993
————. adatha .. OR
adorea 991, 992
adriana .. 992
adulans .« 09s
edias .. a . 992
Arhopala
INDEX OF SPECIES.
NUMBER.
aeeta .. .. 993
agaba .. 597, 991
agelastus . 992
agnis 992
agrata 992
aida 991
albopunctata . 991
alea 992
alemon 992
alesia .. ; 991
aliteous mirabella 991
alpha .. 991
amantes 991
-- amatrix 991
ammonides 993
anarte 991
andamanica . 993
anniella .. 992
anthelus . 991
antimuta no Qyiil
antura.. .. 992
apidanus . 992
ahamus .. 992
arama .. . 991
arbegal Bins go
areste .. .. 992
ariel .. 998
arisba .. .. 993
aroa oon
artegal 21992
arvina .. .. 993
asoka .. co OO
asopla .. .. 998
atosia aricia .. 991
atrax .. . 992
basiviridis .. 992
bazaloides oe Se MSI
bazalus 597, 991, 992
belphcebe sor OE:
birmana .. 993
camdeo .. 991
canaraica poe
centaurus Ae .. 99
- coruscans.. . 991
- pirama ~ 991
Arhopala
chinensis
comica..
dama
davisonil
diardi ..
dodonea
duessa ..
epimuta
eumolphus
farquhari. .
- hellenore..
fulgida..
fulla
ganesa ..
watsoni
hellenore
hewitsoni
hypomuta
irregularis
khamti. .
maxwelli bts
meander constancere..
metamuta
mindanensis
meelleri
moolaiana
nicevillei
oberthuri
cenea
opalina..
paraganesa oe
— zephyretta
paramuta
pastorella
perimuta
perissa ..
pirithous
pseudomuta
rafflesii. .
rama
roona
selta
silhetensis
singla .
sounguva
>
cil
NuMBER.
.. 992
.. 992
oo el
. 991
597,
992,
992
993
.. 993
Oo
oe
.. 991
. 991
597,
992
.. 993
. 993
559,
993
.. 598
.. 992
eo
eos
.. 992
4 SIL
.. 990
.. 991
a5. BL
. 992
991,
992
weOOr
5 Weal
597,
992
.. 991
.. 998
.. 993
598,
992
. 991
598,
597,
993
. 993
991
aRoO
. 991
992,
993
.. 992
.. 991
. 991
597,
992
. 992
civ
Arhopala subfasciata
teesta ..
vibara .
viridissima
wimberleyi
yendava
zambra. .
zeta
Ariophanta bajadera
leevipes
Armandia lidderdali
——
Armitermes neotenicus ..
Arnetta atkinsoni
binghami
——__——- khasianus
———- lesliei
————- modesta..
———- nilgiriana
——-—- subtestaceus
- vindhiana
Arrhenotrix penicilligera
Arsilonche
- albovenosa
Artamus fuscus ..
Artemisia absinthium
annua ..
- aracunculus
- laciniata
- maritima
—___———- moorcroftiana
- parviflora
- roxburghiana
- scoparia
- sleversiana
- vestita
- vulgaris
Artocarpus mysorensis ..
Arundinaria
Arundo
Asarcornis scutulatus
Ascaris attenuata
rubicunda
Asparagus. .
Aspidoceras
- badeanum ..
INDEX OF SPECIES.
. 714
NUMBEB. |
991, 993 | Aspidoceras diversiforme
.. 992 |——____— iphiceroides
991, 992 )—— - pondesosum
.. 991 | _———_- sub-distractum
.. 991|——_—__—-- wynnei
: 992 | Asplenium septentrionale
. 991 | —————--- trichomanes ..
.. 992) Assara a
ae 707) albicostalis
.. 708] Aster asperulus .
588, 974 - molliusculus
.. 790| Asterina aspersa..
604, 1002 camellize
. .1002 capparidis
.. 1002 carbonacea
. .1007 | ————— cincta .
. 1002 concentrica
. .1002 congesta
.. 1002 crustosa
. . 1002 fumago
.. 994 incisa
. 428 ; ——_—— indica ..
. 428 lawsonize
. 1202 magnifica
705, 1028 malabarensis ..
. .1028 pemphidioides. .
Te LO27 scutellifera
. 1028 spissa
. . 1028 | ————- stuhlmanni
.. 1028 | Astictopterus chinensis
..1027 herrici
..1028 jama
. .1028 kada
..1028 melania
. 1028 nubilus
. 1028 olivascens
.. 1284] Astilbe rivularis
. .1292 | Astragalus
.. 1291 - aitchisoni
. 1220, 1362 -- cashmirensis
. 472 -- chlorostachys
.. 472 -- ciliolatus
. .1296 -- contortiplicatus
..1349 -- falconeri
-- frigidus
4
NUMBER. |
714, 1852
1852
. 114%
. 714
714, 1352
. 620
.. 620
. 1252
.. 1252
.. 704
.. 704
. 1287
. 1287
. 1287
.. 1286
. 1286
. 1286
. .1286
. 1285, 1286
. 1286
128i
mee)
287
. 1287
. 1287
. 1286
. 1286
. 1287
. 1287
..1001
604, 1001
..1001
..1001
.. 1001
..1001
604, 1001
. 1059
. .1296
..1040
..1041
end
..1039
ee! 6)
. 1038
. 1039
INDEX OF
NuMBER,
Astragalus leucocephalus .. 1041
-- meianostachys . 1040
-- munroi .. 1042
-- prolixus . 10389
-- trichocarpus . 1038
Astrocyslis mirabilis a . .1296
Astur badius 90, 99, 167, 1167, 1213
-- palumbarius a zis .. 665
Atalantia ee ae TO
Atella alcippe alcippoides ase .. 581}
- - ceylonica on pee Biel!
—— fraterna sh .. 581
-- phalantha as .. 63, 581
Athene brama POOP G7, LNG eho
Athetis +3 ws .. 435
ambigua 436, 438
——— bicornis 437, 441
——— bimacula 438, 443
bremusa 437, 440
castaneipars .. Pi .. 436
= OATINE 55 ae peetoO
—— cognata 437, 441
—— delecta 436, 438
divisa 436, 438
——— externa a4 ae .. 486
—— fasciata 436, 439
—— flavitincta ot ne | 4a7, 442
—— furvula st a .. 436
——— fuscicornis 437, 440
—— himalayica 437, 440
————. interstincta 436, 438
—— longiciliata 436, 439
——— obtusa 437, 441
placida 437, 441
preetexta 436, 438
——— sincera 437, 441
——— stygia 437, 442
———. varlana 438, 443
vicina “i .. 487, 441
—— -- fergana ae .. 442
-- syriaca ie .. 442
Athleta st . . 1352
Athyma asura .. ts 0 Page oul
perius .. a Hi ant OO
Atropa belladonna ae .. 704
14
SPECIES,
Attagenus
Attalea funifera
Atylosia platycarpa
Atypha
— pulmonaris
Aucha
minor
nectens
velans
Augiades brahma
siva
subhyalina
Aulocera loha
Aulographum vagum
Auricularia mesenterica
polytricha..
sambucina
Auzakia danava ..
Axiorata ..
leucozona
Axis axis ..
maculata
major
—— minor
pennantil
Azanus jesous
—-———_ ——-- gamra
—— ubaldus
——— uranus
Babax lanceolatus
wadelli
yunnanensis
Badamia exclamationis. .
ladon
thymbron
Bagada
fuscostrigata
pyrochroma
— spicea
Bagnisiella tamaricis
Balasasia andropogonis ..
victorie .. 55
Cv
NUMBER.
. 1091
50 a
au MOS
.. 435
.. 4385
meraslid
no AL
AlUTs
49 Ale
.. 1004
605, 1004
. 1004
wo O08
.. L287
Na
po, ALAeel
5 late
Seo)
. 910
ae s5 SO
.. 1198, 1359
.. 1193
.. 1198
.. 1198
. 1198
.. 985
.. 986
.. 985
. 985
.. 62
paGe
. 184
.. 628
606, 1007
. 1007
- dead eae OO
.. 882
. 88
bo co
evi
Balladyna butleri
Balsam
Baltia butleri
— sikkima
Baltia shawl
INDEX OF SPECIES.
NUMBER. ,
.. 1284
. .1268
dios SIU)
OTS
5 Bae
Bambusa 1284, 1292, 1294, 1295, 1296,
1297, 1299
arundinacea .. 1296
spinosa ..1295
Bambusicola fytchii .. 682
Bandicota malabarica sable
Baracus hampsoni .. 1001
---- septentrionum .. a LOOW
-- subditus ¥ .. 1001
—----- septentrionum .. 1001
—-- vittatus ee LOOM
Barbus tor
Barringtonia acutangula
Basilica
—-- chrysosticta
Bassia latifolia
-- longifolia
Bauhinia vahlii
Baza laphotes
Belemnites gerardi
grantianus
katrolensis ..
souvanansus
Berberis lycium
Betula
utilis
Bhringa remifer ..
Bibasis sena
Bibos gaur ze ar
- frontalis
- sondaicus ..
Bidens pilosa
tripartita. .
wallichii .
Biduanda cyara ..
fabricia
———_-——- melisa
nicevillei
scudderu
——__—.
———— thesmia
..1068
. 1286
88S
. 898
.. 939
. 942
..1291
586, 587, 674
..1851
..1351
. 1351
, 1351
708
. 1298 |.
705, 1305
671, 1201
_ 1007
. 1362
1071, 1324
.. 1072, 1323
205, 705
.. 204
.. 205
.. 996
., 996
.. 996
.. 996
HE BE 99g
bist 1S15
Bindahara ines
Bindahara kamorta
-- phocides
-- —_—_———- areca
-- sugriva
-— moorei
Biophytum sensitivum ..
Bischofia javanica
Bisulcia
- ligustri ..
Bleptina hetlropalpia
-- triangulifera
Bocchoris albinalis
Bocula macoma ..
sinifera
Beehmeria nivea ..
Boerlagella effusa
Boletus
Boophilus ..
Borassus a
aethiopum
dichotoma
flabellifer
flabelliformis ..
tunicata
Bos gaurus
sondaicus :
Boselaphus tragocamelus
Bostra mesoleucalis
— sarcosia
Boswellia .
Botaurus stellaris
Bothridium pythonis
Bothrina chennelli
Botryospheerla agaves .
- egenuia
Boucerosia crenulata
Brachypternus aurantius,
Brahea dulcis
— filamentosa
filifera .. oO
robusta
Britha biguttata ..
Brunella vulgaris. .
Bryophia .. “e
NuMBER.
. 996
.. 996
603, 996
.. 996
.. 996
. 996
.. 208
..1291
, 424
., 494
est
_ 1232
. 1268
Reman) 2712155
ieee
.. 1296, 1298
_.1297
..1294
nt
915, 916, 929
.. 980
. 917
930, 958, 1098
.. 949
.. 930
, 241
. 656
_.1176
. 1260
. 1260
., 644
~. les
fee al
.. 694
_ 1299
..1299
a
95, 166, 1166
"ue
361, 362
362, 364
.. 362
, 1288
.. 708
7 aa
te
INDEX OF SPECIES, evil
NUMBER, NuMBER.
Bryophia albiclava ue .. All, 412] Cacyparis prunifera Ai og . 12384
deceptura.. .. 411, 413}/Cadaba indica .. AS 30 plead
——— ereptricula .. -: .. 414] Czeoma ricini a. Ae ae . 1092
——-+— lichenea ve .. A11, 413; Cajanum indicum . .1298, 1295, 1296,
———_ literata We ML ANAT S 1297, 1298
modesta at a 411, 413] Caleenorrhinus aspersa .. he .. 603
nilgiria - Me 411, 412 | ————_—___ aurrivittata dip .. 603
ochrophea .. .. All, 413 | ————_—_——~ chamunda ie 12 60S
ochrota ar sh 412, 415 | ——_—__—— leucocera aig .. 608
poliophea .. = 411, 412 ; —————_—__. maculicornis .. .. 603
postrochrea .. ar .. 413 |] ——-————_. pero ae oe .. 603
ravula Se .. 412, 414 |——-——_—— pulamaya oe .. 603
——_—— ereptricula .. .. 415 | ———— sumitra .. Ae .. 603
—_—— — vandalusiz .. .. 415 | Calamistis Vs Ae oY: so ees)
——_—— troglodyta .. oe .. 414 |—————-- fusca .. he oii Ooo
vandalusiz .. tr .. 414|-—————_- microsticta .. Ms sp C00)
—————. virescens se .. 412, 414|-—————- preepallens .. ae so Sy)
Bryophila si a oh sag nor lal —- submarginalis Sa .. 900
conjecturalis .. He .. 423] Calamochrous bipunctalis os . .1269
muralis Br as .. 411]/Calamus .. ws if ae 1.1287
muscosa ae nf ». 423 - fasciculatus .. oe .. 1294
Bryophylium calycinum ih .. 208 - tenuis .. of ay 22295
Bubalus bubalis .. ers sce . 1323] Calandrella bracydactyla a .» 156
Bubo bengalensis os be sip duals -- tibetana .. 186
Bubuleus coromandus .. 102, 169, 276, |Calanthea tricarinata .. 5 .. 704
1169, 1220 | Calinaga brahma.. oe ae .: 64
Budorcas taxicolor 1068, 1069, 1103, 1359 | ————— buddha or. 6 .. 583
Bufo viridis on oe .. 54, 145 —- brahma ws .. 583
Bulgaria chalybeea Bee ae LA —- gautama .. .. 583
Bungarus cceruleus .. 281, 283, 1337, 1360 |—————- sudassana_ .. ns .. 583
fasciatus ve ae .. 284|Callacanthis burtoni .. 546, 547, 1310
lividus. . we: 281, 282, 1363] Calliana pieridoides is .. 997
niger .. Ae .. 281, 282] Calliope pectoralis 7 nt .. 548
Bupleurum tenue me st .. 704! Calloecia .. o. oe Ad .. 892
Butastur liventer ah St .. 586 -- swinheel me ite ., 892
teesa .. .. 99, 167, 586, 1167 | Callophis macclellandi .. a O98
Buteo desertorum me a .. 157|Callophrys rubi .. oe és .. 989
Butorides javanica xi ee LOS h6OiCalhymat ie... ys ae hi ba SOE
Buxus sempervirens... us ya dO, costiplaga ays Abe silehOr
Byblia ilythia .. as ae .. 583 |——— jugaria .. ee oa a LUE
——— monoleuca ws ne SOTmIOe
———— mystica .. ip pe SU Site
ae ——— semivitta ci a8 .s 907
Cacomantis merulinus .. .. 631, 1211] — siderea ,. oF a v.07
passerinus .. He .. 97) Calogramma 55 vs Sa .. 430
evill
NUMBER.
Cologramma festiva .. 430
Calophasia lobifera 4 . 429
Calotes .. os a on aS
jerdoni 690, 691, 1099
——— nigrilabris . . L099
——— ophiomachus .. 1108
versicolor 132, 135
Calothyrium aspersum .. . .1287
Caltoris .. 1005
Calymnia .. : Secon
flavifimbria Oe
ochreimargo Se
picta ood
restituta 4 Oot
trapezina ye eel
Camellia . .1286
- thea 1284, 1285, 1287, 1295
Camena otesia .. 600
- (Camena ) RETOuEoH ood
——-.-- ( ) carmentalis .. 995
——- ( ) cippus .. 994
——_—_- (———) cotys .. 994
———- ( ) etesia .. 994
——- ( ) deva .. 994
———_- ( ) icetoides .. 995
-—__—_- ( ) leetas .. 994
———- ( ) lila .. .. 994
—-—— (Creon) ‘cleobris .. 995
——_—- ( ) ister . 995
- (Creusa) culta .. .. 995
- (maneca) bhotea .. 995
Camillea bacillum 152, 1300
Camphora officinalis . 759
Campophaga sykesi 92, 161, 1165
Canis aureus . 801, 402, 459, 614, 837,
838, 839, 848, 1184
—-- — indicus 402, 837
———- bengalensis 176, 408
-——- dukhunensis ms ei .. 822
——.- hyena . 402
——- indicus 837, 838, 839, 848, 1184, 1359
———- kokree . 408
——- lupus .. 1362
——- pallipes 837, 1175, 13859
-- primeevus ..
INDEX OF SPECIES.
. 822 |
NuMBER,
Canis rufescens .. 5 403
— (Vulpes) indicus. . : .. 408
Canna ae a Be a .. 420 9
malachitis 420
——— prasinaria 420
— pulchripicta . 420
Cannabis sativa . 1029
Cantoria violacea. . 1010
Capila jayadeva .. 997
— zennara i OG
Capnodes subapicalis .. .. 1231
Capnodium anon .. 1284
betle.. . 1285
—— brasiliense .. .. 1285
— eugeniarum .. 1284
fructicolum . .1298
a lanosum .. 1284
mangiferum . 1284
Capopecilma elegans «5 GU2,
Capparis . ss .. 1287
———— aphylla.. .. 1157
heyeana 1147, 1157
horrida. . .. 1158
sepiaria .. 1157
spinosa eapophelly .. 1296
Capra cervicapra 410, 1193
falconeri .. 301, 616, 617
sibirica be .., 615
Caprimulgus asiaticus 96, 166, 1211
—- indicus . 166
- macrurus 1162, 1166, 1211
- mahrattensis fs Pia loi e)
- monticola .. Fie ale
Capritermes incola 775, 792
Caprona agama .. .. 999
elwesii . .. 999
kuki mes es)
ransonnettii .. 999
- alida .. 999
saraya .. .. 999
—— syricthus eee)
taylorii .. 999
Caradrina arenacea i .. 440
——_———- belucha “ By .. 441
- conducta . 886
Caradrina crenulata
discophora
- euthusa
—- farinacea
——-——- fergana
——_—_—-- fuscicornis
heliarcha
hilaris. .
himaleyica
insignata
insignifica
junceti
latebrosa
lophophora
orbicularis
pectinata
preeterita
pretexta
pratti
proxima
yee
sebghana
syriaca
terminata
tristis
variabilis
venosa
vicina
Caragana sp.
— brevispina
Caranx sp. :
Carassius auratus
Carcharodus alceze
altheze
dravira
malvarum..
marrubii ..
——_— swinhei
Cardamire impatiens
Carduelis. .
caniceps
Carissa carandas..
Carpesium abrotanoides
unipunctata ..
boeticus ..
INDEX OF
NUMBER.
.. 893] Carpodacus erythrinus .
. 444
.. 898
_ 441
_ 441
.. 440
v893
. 438
.. 440
. | 489
.. 898
.. 484
.. 482
.. 894
.. 482
aay ABM
.. 489
.. 438
.. 894
.. 440
asa
.. AB5
heal
As
.. 446
.. 898
.. 440
.. 435
., 441
_.1291
5 708
..1101
. 1100, 1103
..1000
. 1000
. 1000
. 1000
, 1000
. 1000
..1000
.. 708
a ay)
262, 551, 1310
Fig ea OkO
. 705
SPECIES, cix
NUMBER.
160, 552, 673,
1166, 1205, 1310
— severtzovl ., He .. 185
Carpophaga xnea ..1214
Carum bulbocastanum .. 1055
— carui a . 1055
copticum .. .. 1055
— roxburghianum . .. 1055
,. 69, 947, 968, 1171
.. 159, 181, 619, 1088, 1220
Caryota urens
Casarea rutila
Cassia .. L145
absus .. 1051
—— obovata .. 1051
———— obtusa .. 1051
——— obtusifolia . . 1050
——— occidentalis . . 1050
———— sophera ..1050
tora . . 1050
Castalius anada . Br .. 996, 985
decidia. . an Ae Smenetelé
—— elna 596, 986
— ethion .. 596, 985
——__— - airavati as .. 985
rosimon 596, 985
TORUS!) 4: ue Ay .. 985
- manluena te .. 985
—- -roxana .. a on Bhs
Casuarina a ae -,.1300
Catachrysops cnejus.. ae .. 9865
—_—_—_—_—— lithargyria es .. 985
pandava .. We Sai cle)
—_—_————-strabo .. ae 7. So
Catamecia ve 4 ap 55) tele)
———_——- bacheri ie an co clew
- furtiva a ie Sm tet)
——_—\——- jordana oe = Su letels)
- minima vs oe Jo (slot)
Catapeecilma delicatum. . ve eno
elegans .. ae Sy CS
subochracea on OO
Catapsilia crocale ue és teaog
Cateremma palit: .. 1252
————— microdoxa .. . 1252
Catochrysops lithargyrea We .. 596
strabo .. ae .. 596
cx INDEX OF SPECIES.
NUMBER.
Catopsilia 752, 1133, 1134, 1137, 1141, 1142,
1148, 1144, 1145
oe crocale .. 592, 979, 1187, 1141
a eatilla .. 592, 1137
——-— florella .. 592, 979
pomona : 5S ee
———— pyranthe 979, 1187, 1141
seylla . . 979
Caucalis anthriscus ..1058
latifolia . .1058
leptophylla ..1058
Cedrela toonze Ate . 1302
Cedrus deodara 705, 1076, 1078
— lebani deodara.. AD,
Celzna serva .. 886
Celzenorrhinus aftinis .. 998
ambareesa so OMIM
—__—__—— andamanica .. 998
asmara .. 998
——_—_—__—_—. aspersa oon
aurivittata so Sigs
—_—___— badia . 998
cacus .. 998
Sa Cem a .. 998
——- clitus .. 997
— concertus.. .. 998
dhanada .. .. 998
flavocineta se OA
fusea .. 998
—— goto ge) Ys
— leucocicirea .. 998
— leucocerea .. 998
lucifera 55 SH
— maculicornis _. 98s
—— munda .. 998
—___—_———_ nigricans. . .. 998
—— palajava .. .. O98
— patual , oes
—— pero eon
—— plagifera .. .. 998
—-- pluscula ve 8s
pulomaya.. ROO
putra . 998
pyrrha .. 998
— ruficornis, , , 998
Celenorrhinus spilothyrus
: - sumitra .
- Zea
Celastrus .. :
Celsia coromandeliana
Celtis australis
Cemas goral
Cenoloba ..
olliteralis
taprobana
Centotheca lappacea
Centropus sinensis
Centunculus tenellus . 108
Cephalanden indica .. 108
Cephalosporium lecanii .. .. 12955
Cerastes .. 8
Cerastis levis 891
Cerastium vulgatum i Oe
Cerberus rhynchops .. 1017
Cerceris : 476, 477
—- abuensis 480, 483, 807
———- acuta 481, 489
———- agnata.. of 481, 493
———- albopicta 479, 483, 798, 800, 808
———- annandalei ele
———- annexa.. . 515
———-- ariadne.. . 815
———- assamensis . 504
———- aureobarba 801, 802
———- baluchistanensis 482, 486, 516
———- basimacula 485, 497
———- belli 480, 808
———- bicornuta . 814
———- bifasciata .. 806
———- bimaculata 485, 505
———- binghami 480, 503
—_——- bolanica 483, 486, 515
———- boysi 479, 805
———- cameroni . 505
——-—- canaliculata . 505
———- circumcincta 483, 486, 513
———- comberi 479, 484, 798
———- compta 479, 803
———- dentata 479, 796
——-—- dolosa | 812, 813
Cerceris downesivora
elizabethee
emarginata
emortualis
ephippium
erythropoda
euryanthe
excavata
fastidiosa
ferocior
ferox
ferreri ..
fervens
INDEX OF
NUMBER.
482, 507
481, 498, 508
.. 476, 480, 484, 802
491, 492
.. 478, 486, 498, 500
. 504
. 511
mets
482, 509
817, 818
. 508, 816, 817, 818
, 814
804, 813
flavopicta 481, 486, 492, 493, 502
flavoplagiata 481, 494
fletcheri F 478, 500
fortinata .. 479, 484, 801, 807
funera .. 476, 478, 813
pallidopicta 478, 813
hilaris . 481, 485, 490, 491
himalayensis °° 485, 490, 504
histrionica ; 5 WSs)
humbertiana 481, 485, 491, 492
493, 496
vicosus .. 492
inexorabilis 478, 500
instabilis.. 478, 483, 806, 807, 818
intimella fe a .. 004
invita Petes)
kashmirensis Ne: S00
kirbyi 482, 494, 508
komarowli ie .. 499
lama , 814
lanata : : 5 oil!
latibalteata .. 481, 495, 496, 497
lepcha . 485, 496, 497, 498
leucozonica 483, 511
maculata . 819
mastogaster 478, 505
melaina A479, 811
mellicula : 483, 485, 514
nebulosa .. 482, 485, 504, 505
novare .. 479, 483, 804, 805
nursei 483, 485, 512
opulenta 480, 809
SPECIES. exi
NuMBER,
Cerceris. orientalis 481, 486, 487
—- pallidopicta . 813
———- pedetes ,. Me . 814
——- pentadonta .. 481, 494, 496, 497
———- pictiventris 804, 805
———- protea 479, 484, 803
———- pruinosa 476, 480, 794
pulchella.. 476, 479, 484, 510, 795,
796
———- pulchra .. 480, 483, 808, 810, 811
———- quettaensis 479, 483, 797
———- rhyncophora 482, 485, 510
———- rothneyi 482, 486, 508
——- rubida 515, 803, 811
———- rufinodis 492, 803
——_~ rufoplagiata an .. 486
——-—- rybiensis 479, 484, 800
———- saussurei 481, 486, 488
—_——- — —chrysothemis 481, 486, 488
———- seraxensis et = O00
———- shelfordi 815, 817
———- simlaensis 490, 491
———- smithii . 814
———- specifica .. 481, 495
——- spectabilis 479, 484, 794
———- sulphurea .. 486, 492, 493, 301, 502
———- tetradonta .. 482, 486, 506, 507
———- tristis .. 480, 484, 810, 811
—- unifasciata 801, 802
———- yagans . . 515
———- velox ne .. 806
———- vigilans 482, 485, 511
———-- violaceipennis .. 478, 484, 486
———- visthnu ., .. 480, 483, 812, 818
———- viscosus a .. 492
——- wickwari 480, 484, 799
- wroughtoni 482, 485, 502
Cercocebus radiatus ae LZG
Cercomela fusca 93, 165
Cercus peruvianus eLOgG
pterogonus ~ L097
Cerivoula picta EST
Certhia himalayana 545, 1306
Cervulus areus . . 1068
—- grandicornis »» 826
INDEX OF SPECTES,
exii
NuMBER. NuMBER, 4
Cervulus muntjac 246, 825 | Chalcophaps indica 675, 1214 ‘
—- tamulicus .. 825] Chameleon calearctus 687, 1103 —
Cervus albipes .. 825|Chameeriphes thebaica .. . 9208
— aureus .. 825| Chamerops acaulis . a9 ;
aristotelis 5g JLitS excelsa “889 —
axis 459, 1198] glabra 379, 889 —
curvostylis . 825] palmetto 383, 389
eldi 248, 654 ritchieana a; .. (2
——— equinus .. 1193] Chamelon calcaratus . 1368 9
——— hippelaphus ..1193| Charadrius fulvus 180, 181, 1217
jarai ..1193|Charana mandarinus .. Fe }3)
——— kashmiriensis 5 LBB : cepheis 997
leschenaulti .. 1193} Charaxes a 536
melas, .. 825 aristogiton 55
moschatus .. 825 hierax .. : 55
muntjak .. . 825 hipponax 55
pleiharicus .. 825 — jalinder 55
——— porcinus 301, 459; ————— khasiana 55
HT IE . 825 naganum 55
——— stylocerus en O28 pleistonax 55
subcornutus . 825 kahruba 55
——— undipalpebra elie marmax 55
——— unicolor .. 235, 459, 1193 sulphureus we 55
——— equinus. . . 248 | ————— ( Haridra ) adamsoni. . 572
— vaginalis .. 825 ( ) aristogiton 572
Ceryle lugubris Ki Mi . .1209 (———_——_) desa . 572
varia .. 96, 166, 662, 1166, 1209 | —__—_ ( ) distanti . 572
Cethosia biblis 63, 583 ( ) durnfordi nicholi 572
—— andamanica .. 583 ( ) fabius se One
nicobarica .. 583 (————_) sulphureus 572
— cyane .. a 63, 583 (————_) kahruba .. . 572
———— hypsea hypsina .. 583 ( ) marmax . . 572
nietneri .. 084 (————_) polyxena hemana 572
——— mahratta . 584 (————_) hierax558,572
thebava 583) ————— (——-—_). ————— hiponax 572
viridiana, 583} ——-—— (———__) naganum 572 »
Cetola 429 ( ) psaphon .. oe MD
dentata 429 (————__) imna .. 572
rubricosta 429 (-————) raidhaka .. Oe
Cheetomium amphitrichum 1298 | Chariclea vexilliger Aes 24
indicum 1298} Charmion ficulnea Ba kT
Chaetopisthes heimi 786 leucographa oad
Cheetoprocta odata 988 signata sp 387
Cheetospheeria indica 1298 | Chasmina .. 906
Cheetura indica .. 1210] cygnus .. 906
Chasmina glabra
judicata
maculata
rejecta
sericea
stigmata
——_—— tibialis
Chaulelasmus streperus ..
INDEX OF SPECIES,
NUMBER.
.. 906
.. 906
906, 907
.. 906
.. 906
. 907
He .. 906
159, 181, 619,
1088, 1091, 1169
Cheilanthes syoritzii
Chelidon kashmiriensis ..
nepalensis
urbica :
Chelidorhynx hypoxanthum
Chelone imbricata
mydas
Cheritra freja
jafra
--— pseudojaftro
Cheritrella truncipennis
Chersonesia risa
Chettusia leucura
Chibia hottentotta
-Chilades laius
-- trochilus
putli. .
Chilo arzealis
- auricilia
- simplex
- suppressalis
Chimarrhornis leucocephalus
.. 620
550, 1812
, 1205
. 160
.. 628
_ 1868
.. 694
602, 996
.. 996
.. 996
602, 996
me Gd
aay)
_ 1201
.. 984
. 984
.. 984
_ 1250
_ 1250
, 1250
rae 1250.
184, 262, 545,
548, 551, 629, 1204
Chionachne barbata
Chiripha
involuta
Chirita pumila
Chliaria cachara
- kina
merguia
nilgirica
othona
- watsoni 5
Chloroclystis dentatissima
- plicata
———- polygraphata
19
.,1291
. 430
5, 280
. 704
.. 996
601, 996
.. 996
.. 996
601, 996
.. 996
..1247
_. 1248
“gh gnaweal EG
Chloropsis aurifrons
- chlorocephala
—__——- hardwickii
- jerdoni
Chlorosplenium serugineum
Chloroxylon swietenia
Cheerophyllum acuminatum
- cachemiricum
- capnoides
- reflexum
—__———__- virosum
Chryscolaptes festivas
gutticristatus
Chrysopela ornata
Chrysophanus caspius
-- evansil ..
kasyape ..
mandersi . .
pavana
phleeas
sarthus
solskyi aditya
stygianus
timeus
transiens..
tseng
Chrysophlegma flavinucha
Chrysosplenium tenellum
Churia areuata
Chusaris rubrirena
Cicer arietinum
Cicuta virosa
Cidaria nyctichroa
Cimex rotandatus
Cinclus asiaticus
Cingalesa ..
strigicosta
Cinnamomum by
zeylanicum
Circaétus gallicus
Circzea cordata
Circus zeruginosus
-- macrurus ..
——.- melanoleucus
-- Susanus..
exiil
NUMBER.
.. 1199
5 LIB
5 Al
90, 1146
, . 1289
5 EA
fhe
,. 1056
. 1055
.. 1055
.. 1055
.. 166
.. 1208
.. 1363
55 Bee
ne 989
». 989
.. 989
so Vel
55 SY)
.. 989
so Sls
.. 989
s5 Shel
989
.. 989
so Ss)
5 OR
a 108
. 1227
, 1288
1047, 1171, 1295
1055
1245
. 1342
551, 618
.. 890
.. 890
_ 1285
536, 763
99, 167, 662
. 704
157, 1167, 1213
156, 1167, 1213
.. 1167, 1218
cXiv
INDEX OF SPECIES,
NUMBER.
Cirrochroa aoris .. 64
: - mithila fag Oe
- (Cirrochroa) aoris 2 GOOIL
—— —- (-_——-) jiraria .. 581
———- (—____-) olivacea .. 581
—_—_—- (————_- ) bajadeta . 581
—_——- (—__-) nicobarica, 581
—_—_——- (————_-) fasciata . 581
——_—_- ( -) flavobrunnea .. 581
—_——- (————__- ) mithila 5 ool
————- (————--) anjira.. 581
————- (———-) surya’ . 2 OO
————- (————_- ) thais . 581
——_——- ( -) lanka . 581
- (Ducapa) fasciata .. 581
- ( -) flavobrunnea . 581
Cissa chinensis 669, 1198
Cisticola cursitans
164, 1163, 1165
-- tytleri 5 glleON
Citrus a .. 1289, 1299
decumana. . 521, 527, 581, 1285
medica 521, 5381, 1297
acida .. 1285
Cittocincla macrura .. 1204
Clematis barbellata =e 103
gouriana . 703
montana Os
Cleophora dendriformis . oN
- lontaroides .. 925
Clerome arcesilaus 54, 571
-- cumeus assama oual:
—__—. —- incerta aia
Clethrorasa .. 905
-——— pilcheri .. 905
Clinophlebia . 906
- sericea .. 906
Clypidina notata. . av Oat
Cnaiolade agni .. 998
- agnioides . 998
————-- buchananii .. 998
-cacus .. se os:
——_-—+_—_- dan . 998
- dichroa .. 998
— - fatih ; . 998
————_—-- hamiltoni dy 998
> NumsBs
Cnaiolade indrani =
- - tissa..
Sanaa - lankae
-laxmi..
Cnicus arvensis
Coccomyces vilis .. e
Coccystes coromandus .. he .. 12
- jacobinus 97, 162, 1211
- splendens te .120
Cochoa purpurea. . Bt .. 673
Cocos nucifera 9538, 1293, 1295
Ceelioxys .. cs a bi . 44
Ccelites epiminthia binghami .. . @
- nothis adamsoni a .. 568
Ccenonympha (Lyela) macmahoni .. 564
( -) myops . 564
(——-) macmahoni 564
Coffea arabica
Coix lacryma jobi
Coladenia agnioides
- dan
- 603
Colias 1132, 1188, 1144, 1148
- alpherakii chitralensis 979
—- cocandica thrasibulus . 979
——- dubia . 979
——- eogene 979
ees cana 979
—- — leechii . ae
——- erate 558, 979
——- fieldii 558, 592, 979, 1138
——- - edusina 979
—- hyale a 58 .. 9am
——- - chrysodona 558, 979
wna - glicia 979
-— - lativitta 979
——- nilagiriensis 979
—- - pallida 979
—- ladakensis.. : 979
——- ——_—__- berylla 979
——- stoliczana.. - aie si
—- - miranda 979
- wiskotti 979
Collybia stipitaria Ar .. Loi
Colotis 1132, 1138, 1141
INDEX OF SPECIES.
Colotis amata
danaé ..1139 | Coracias aftinis
etrida .. 7 Sie else: indica ..
eucharis . 1139, 1140, 1144] Corchorus sp.
fausta 7 LSS acutangulus
phisadia .. oe HSS) ILO) — capsularis
protractus .. 1139, 1140 fasicularis
tripuncta J 1139 olitorius
vestalis ao) LLSO; TAO tridens
(Callosune) danae ie . 980 trilocularis
——— (————__) dulcis nia 980 | Cordyceps falcata
—. (—— ) etrida se 980 racemosa
—-— (—__—_-) — limbata 980 ridleyi
———. ( ) eucharis 980 | Coriandrum sativum
—— (— ) subroseus .. 980 | Corticium cceruleum
—— — (Colotis) calais .. 980] Corvus corax
-———— ( ) albina.. 559, 980, coraxqy se
——— (———_) amatus.. 559, 980 lawrencil. .
——_— ( ) eypreea :. 980 tibetanus. .
——— ( ) dynamene .. 980 insolens
——— ( ) intermissus .. 980} ——— lawrencii .. i
——— ( ) modesta ete . 980)]——— macrorhynchus ..
—_—— (———__) protractus 980 |
———— ( ) puellaris 980
——_— (———_) vestalis 980 monedula. .
—— (Madais) fausta ate 980 splendens
—-- | ) fulvia 980 |
( ) tripuncta oe .» 980 ]——— tibetanus
Coluber molurus - 447} Corydalis govaniana
Columba intermedia Si). UG) rutzefolia
leuconota . 182]|Corynelia clavata
leuconyx . 1312 fructicola
rupestris 182, 183] Corypha australis
Colutea nepalensis .. 104} cerifera
Polystictus flavus >. 148) — fiitera
Condica : .. 882 gebanga
cupentia 7 8824 —_ Slabra
Convolvulus arvensis tum Oe macropoda
Conyza balsamifera . 885 minor
Copernicia st O12 palmetto
cerifera ea OU ee pilearia
Copsychus saularis pumila
Coptotermes ceylonicus
formosanus
heimi
..98, 165, 1165, 1204
NUMBER.
1139, 1140, 1143} Coptotermes travians
.. (171 ————. rotundifolia
oo 0) ———— allienn
1715, 777 | ————— thebaica
CXV
NUMBER.
3 COE.
. 1209
95, 166, 1166
.. 1298
221, 227
. 220
ae oo
Be eal
22
week
.. 1294
.. 1294
.. 1294
.. 1058
sy LAY
.. 183
.. 13855
. 13855
. 1855
669, 1197
wlgaa
89, 163, 549, 621,
669, 1077, 1164,
1197
549, 1304
. 89, 163, 248, 1164,’
1197, 1198
. 1855
P7202
. 702
. 1298
. 1298
. 350
918
. 862
HOG
, 882
. 66
.. 879
.. 882
Brae: t |
. 879
.. 849
ral
,» 920
Xvi
INDEX OF SPECIES.
NUMBER.
NuMBER.
Corypha umbraculifera .. 66, 67, 68, 70, | Crocidura perrotteti 1. OA/m
358, 382, 949 travancorensis . 847
Corythocichla striata .. L199 stoliczkana . 847
Corythoderus gibbiger .. 786 | Crocodilus palustris .. Sola
Cosmia affinis 5 sly porosus . 138639
bipuncta .. .. 894 | Crocopus chlorogaster 99, lex 1168, 1167 ©
restituta .. , 897 phcenicopterus ..1218
Cosmophila erosa 698 | Crossiura pennicillatum . . . 997
— figlina 1297 Crotalaria alata .. .. 209
-— mesogona : 1226 hirsuta .. 209
Cotile riparia 160, 185, 618 humifusa .. 2099
—sinensis ie 94, 165, 1205 juncea .. 1295
Cotoneaster acuminata .. orr03 medicaginea ..1031
Coturnix communis i Prot mysorensi .. 209
coromandelica 100, 168, 1168 } prostrata 5 ANY
Crabro 7 ATT sessiliflora . 209
Crambus nibieopa .. 1250} Crusimetra gen. nov. .. 855
——-— endopolia ..1249 verecunda .. 855
neurigrammalis .. 1249 | Cryphia : crea li
Craniophora . 424 receptricula .. 411
fasciata 424, 495 | Crypsithyris fissella ee lal
ligustri .. 424 - soporata «SS,
Sa nigrivitta 494, 425 - spectatrix Bes AMS)
— nubilata 424, 425 | Cryptoblabes flavizonalis . 1257
Crateropus canorus 89, 97, 164, 1164 scotochroalis leon
Cratcegus oxyacantha .. 705 |Cryptolopha tephrocephala mam
Cratceva religiosa .. 1147] Cryptomyces pongamiae ..1289
Cremnomys gen. nov. 340, 341 | Cryptovalsa indica . .1298
— cutchicus 340, 341, 342, | —— planiuscula .. 1298
641, 828, 841 rabenhorstii . .1298
Crepis foetida . 703} Crvsophila .. 912
Creteus cyrina . .1003 | Ctenoptilum Teale weenie Be SIs)
— meleagrina .. 1003 vasava So SUS)
— parca . .1003 } Cucifera os EMOIG
Crex pratensis . 546 thebaica # .. 920
Criniger burmanicus .. 1200} Cuculus canorus .. . 97, 161, 618, 631,
flaveolus. . . .1200 1211, 1318
Critonia ochracealis 2a — micropterus By Al
Crobylophora siglias . 108] Cucurbitaria agaves . 1298
Crocidura .. 400] Culicicapa ceylonensis .. 162, 672, 1074,
—— bidiana .. 847 1165, 1203
————— macrotis .. 847) Cuminum cyminum .. 1058
——— murina ..1182| Cuon dukhunensis 822, 848, 1102
—— nilgirica . 8475 grayiformis if a . 822
nitidofulva . 847 | Cupha erymanthis as at va 6S
=
INDEX OF SPECIES. exvil
NUMBER. , NUMBER.
‘Cupha erymanthis andamanica .. 581 |Cyaniris (cyaniris) agriolus victoria .. 982
- lotis .. ool -- (———--) bothrinoides 54 Shek
—— maja... .. 581 | ———-- ( --) dilecta .. 982
——— placida .. 58] | ——-- (——-—--) huegeli 557 , 983
nicobarica .. 581 | —-- (———_--) lanka .. 982
Cupitha lycorias .. . .1004 | ———_-- (————--) lilacea 982
-- purrea . . 1004 | ———_-- (———--) limbata 982
——-- tympanifera .. 1094 | ——_-- (——_--) - placida 982
Curetis angulata .. .. 597 | ——_-- ( --) marginata .. 982
- arcuata .. 988 | -- ( -) melzena 982
——- bulis 596, 988 | -- (———--) oreas 983
—_- angulata by 988 | —___-- (_—___--) ——_- oreana 985
—--- discalis.. bs &. 988 |———-- ( -) parrishii 985
—.-- malayica .. .. 988 }——\-- (———_--) puspa 988
- dentata 81S, Sle) ee (ee) cyanescens 982
- discalis .. 597 | —_-- ( --) puspargiolus 982
———- felderi 988 | —_—_-- (——__--) singalensis.« 9835
sperthis .. 988 { —___-- ( --) trauspecta .. . 982
———- stigmata.. 988 | ———_-- (Notarthrinus) musina . 982
-- thetis 988 | ——_—-- ( --) —————_ musi-
——_—- ——- gloriosa 988 | noides .. 982
—___- ———- nicobarica =. 988) -- (——————_--) vardhana .. 982
- - saronis ee .. 988] Cyaniroides libna eon
Cursorius coromandelicus 101, 163, 1168} Cyanops asiatica .. 678, 1209
Cuspidia .. 425) ramsayi .. 674
-- psi ii .. 425) Cydia : . 863
Cyamopsis psoraolides . 1034, 1295] Cygnus bewicki- .. . 273
Cyanchum glaucum » 08: - musicus .. re ees
Cyanecula.. .. 552} Cyllogenes janetz 54, 570
-- suecica 156, 1165} -- suradeva . 570
Cyaniris albocerulea .. 594] Cymbidium or . . 1299
-- diluta 594] Cynodon dactylon . 1285, 1291
-- jynteana 594 | Cyncelurus jubatus 648, 1175
——_—-- marginata 594 | Cynopterus “a .. 1821
———-- placida .. 594 - -marginatus .. .. 846
-- puspa 092 > > elliot. .. 846
-- transpecta st .. 594} ——- - sphinx .. 846
———-- (Bothrinia) chennelli .. . 985] Cynthia erota 63, 581
——_-- (Cyaniris) akasa ho. ois - - asela . 581
——_—-- ( --) albidisea .. 982) ———- - pallida ee tel!
———_-- (——_--—) alboczeruleoides .. 982|———- - saloma To Bleu!
———-- ( --) alboczrulea 1982 —- pura, on OOl
———-- ( --) agriolus cxlestina.. 557 | Cyon dukhunensis a teP
982 | Cyornis melanoleucus 672, 1203
——=-- (_——--) --jynteana.. 982| - rubeculoides. 672, 1203
@XVill
NuMBER.
Cyornis supercilliaris 161, 1165
- tickelli 92, 165, 1165
Cypselus aflinis .. 96, 166, 659, 1091, 1166
subfercatus .. 1210
Cyrestis thyodamas ute 861
- (Apsithra) cocles Ra Y/AS)
—_—_—-- (——__) -andamanica... 579
——- ( ) natta .. 579
———_- (—__—— ) periander . 579
——-—- (—_____) - binghami. 579
———- (Chersonesia) peraka .. . 579
———- (— -) rahria 2) O02
—_—- (——— -) rahrioides . 579
———_—- ( -) risa One
- (Cyrestis) nivea oe ORO
———- (——_) - nivalis . 579
——_—- (—___) - tabula .. Of9
——- (— ) thyodamas.. . 579
—_—— - (______) anda-
manica.. 579
Cystopheris fragilis .. 620-
Cytocanis.. con,
- demmeulods 892, 898
Dadica 893, 894
lineosa nS .. 893
Dacalana vidura burmana ., 994
Dacryopsis sp. ie L4G
Dafila acuta 159, 181, 658, 1088, 1169, 1221
Dalbergia sp. . 1291
- S1SSOO ., 108, 1291, 1292, 1298
Daldinia concentrica 152, 1300
gollani. . . .1300
vernicosa . .1300
Danais chrysippus : Ae ito as)
limniace 49, 5381, 535, 536, 1131
melanea .. 49
melanoides 49
——-— plexippus 49
——~— septentrionis Bone ee)
tytia 49, 64
——— (Chittira) Hecetan . 560
———— ( -) melaneus . 060
INDEX OF SPECIES.
NuMBER.
Danais (Chittira) nilgriensis . 560%
( -) plateniston . 560%
= | —-) tytia . . 560 —
(Nectaria) haeanncsive iimewte 560
(Parantica) aglea . 560
——— ( -)- melanoides.. 560
——— (—__-) ——- melanoleuca 560
——— _(—_—_-) - phormion .. 560
——- ( -) eryx agleoides . 560
—— (Radena) similis exprompta .. 560
—_—— ( -) -micobarica .. 560
——— ( —-) - vulgaris . 560
—-— (Ravadebra) aspasia . 560
——— ( —) crocea .. 560
(Salatura) alcippus .. 560
—_—— ( ) chrysippus .. .. 560
——— (———__) -alcippoides 560
———— (———_) ———_- dorippus 560
———— (————_) hegesippus .. . 960
———. (————_) melanipus indicus.. 560
——_——_ (———_) ———— nesippus.. 560
———— (————__) nepalensis .. .. 560
—— (— ) plexippus . 560
(Tirumala) gautama . 560
——_— (——_——_) - gautamoides 560
—— ( ) limniace .. 560
—_— (——__) -mutina .. 560
——— ( ) melissa dawidarum 560 .
——— (——_——__) musikanas.. 560
— ( ) ——-— septentrionis 560
Daphne oleoides. . £05
Darpa hanria .. 1000
Daseocheeta ; . 420
brevipennis i. Aad
— chrysochlora . 422
Dascocheeta discibrunnea . 423
— fasciata 421, 429
-— muscosa .. 423
—_——_-——_ pallida . 421
vigens . 421
— viridis . 421
Dasyscypha emerici .. 1289
Dasyses ma ge! 21//
Datisca cannabina . 704
Datura stramonium .. my Oe
INDEX OF
NUMBER.
aucus carota .. 1058
aulia argyrostrotalis . 1262
Delias 1131, 1134, 1142, 1144, 1145, 1153
SPECIES. CX1X
NuMBER.
Dendrobium ochreatum .. 1105
——____——_-- parishii OS,
Dendrocitta himalayensis . 669
- aglaia 591, 1148, 1151 -tufa ..89, 163, 669, 1164, 1198
- agoranis .. 1151 | Dendrocopus heratus 5 OS)
——- agostina 591, 115] |- —- himalayensis . 545
——- belladonna .. 1151 |-—————_-—- macii . 1208
——- descombesi 591, 1151 | Dendrocyena javanica 103, 169, 1088,
- ethira .1148 1169, 1220
-eucharis 1154, 1135, 1148, 1149, 1152 | Dereas brindaba .. She orits)
——- hierta . 1134, 1148 }— lycorias : 592, 978
- ithiela . 591 | ——— —- decipiens . 978
- metarete .. 1148 verhueli doubledayi Was
——- thysbe 591, 1151 —- pallidus on ws
——- (Delias) aglaia a OND Desmnodium sp. .. 1291
——- ( ) - beata oe O08 podcearpum 705
——- ( ) belladonna een HRS) rufescens . 1285
——- (——__) ithiela . 975|Deudoryx diara .. .. 993
——- (——_) sanaca 3 ES - epljarbas 602, 993
——- (——-—_) berinda .. 975 |———_- gaetulia . 993
——- ( ) perspicua 7 SS - hypargyria . 998
——- ( ) thysbe rs . 975 | Deuterocopus alopecodes .. 105
—- (———_) kandha 975 socotranus 104, 105
——- ( ) pyramus 975 viticola .. 104
—- (Piccarda) agostina 975 | Deutzia staminea -. #035
——- ( ) descombesi 975 | Diathus angulatus .. 703
——- (-—_——_) auriga 975 | Diatrype chlorosarca selk299
——- (—_____) —_— leucacan- | Diczeum chrysorrhceum .. Paez 0
tha .. 975 - cruentatum . .1207
—- (—_——) leucogeea.. 975 - erythrorhynchus. 1159, 1166, 1207
——- (————__) eucharis .. 975| Dichoceros bicornis 674, 1210
——- (——_—__) hyparete ciris .. 975} Dichocrocis macrostidza .. 1264
—- (—____) ———— ethire . 975) Dichorragia nesimachus : . 574
——- (——____) —-——_ hierte . 975) Dicrurus ater 90, 164, 585, 586, 1073, 1165,
——- (—_—__) metarete ae Oe 1200, 1327
——- ( ) infumata .. 976 cxerulescens 90, 164, 1165
- (————__) singhapura agoranis. 975|—— cineraceus 586, 1200
Delphinium denudatum. . .. 708 longicaudatus. . . 164
Delta ., 429] Dictamnus albus. . 703
- indica 430 | Didissandra lanuginosa .. 704
——- intermedia 430 | Dietyophora phalloidea .. he deena
- stolifera Si 429 | Dilipa morgiana .. 67, 578, 1008
Dendrelophis proarchos. . 284] Dimerium wattii .. 1285
tristis 284} Dimerosporium aterrimum » 1285
Dendrobium gratississimun 1105 erysiphoides .. .. 1285
cxx
NUMBER.
Dimerosporium fumago .. . 1285
-- mangiferum .. 1284
Dioscorea .. : .. 1295
Diospyros ae oe 2: .. 84
- montana . 1286
Diphtera deceptura .. 413
fasciata .. 422
imray .. .. 423
Diphtherocome : 420, 421
-- nally A 420
Dipsacus inermis. . 208
strictus a .. 203
Dipsadomorphus .. a an .. 280
-ceylonensis .. 5 2S)
ee - nuchalis see Ze)
- trigonata . 1360, 1363
Dipus indicus .. 404
Dirtera ae . 1150
Discophora petnade andamanensis .. 57/1
<= continentalis a OGL
deo .. a. are ee Ov
lepida ae ave acowil
— tullia ah “a 55, 571
Dissemurus paradiseus .. 164, 671, 1165,
1201
Dissura episcopus 169, 1168, 1219
Distira Aa .. 693
Dodona adonira .. & oF 65, 584
-ageon .. = ee so Mod
- angela ae oe . 584
———- binghami ee a .. 584
- deodata .. : .. 584
——_-— —- longicaudata .. . 584
- dipcea 64, 584
————- dracon .. 584
- durga .. O84
———- egeon 584, 1008
———- eugenes . 64, 584
- ouida 65, 584
Deedolea aulacophylla Be 1)
Doleschallia bisaltide andamansis Snood)
—- - —- ceylonica . 580
-_—- -- continentalis .. 580
—- ——-—-- malabarica ose).
-—_ ————--- pratipa .. . 580
INDEX OF SPECIES.
Doleschallia continentalis
—- malabarica
Doma
Dophla derma
nara
patala
sahadeva..
taoonana..
Dothidea annulata
aspidea an
demersa
repens .. ,
thytismoides ..
tamaricis
viventis
vorax ;
Dothidella iarnbacieelte
- dispar
Douma <
thebaica . :
Downesia brettinghami. .
Draco
Drepana oostaies
Drina donina
Drosera lunata
Dryonastes chinensis
Dryophis mycterizans
Ducula griseicapilla
Dumassia sp.
villosa. .
Dumetia albigularis
-- hyperythra
Dupetor flavicollis
Dyrzela 2
—- plagiata..
Dysmilichia 4: A
calamistrata
gemella
Ebenus stellata
Echinolampas discoides. .
Kchinops cornigerus
niveus ..
287, 698, 699
NuMBER,
63.
.. oe
. 916
58
58
.. 58m
287, 699
. 1290
.. 1290
..1290%8
..1290 ©
. 1290 —
..12929
1291 —
..1292 9
..19999
. 1292
A906
. 920
.. 607
BOL
122
. 996
on 2. 705
5 (alge)
9, 1108, 1336
.. 674
..1297
. 1297
1 801
90, 164
. 1220
4.1808
rege
.. 444
.. 444
. 444
16
INDEX OF SPECIES. CXR
NUMBER.
Echis carinata .. 16, 142, 1339, 1340
Egnasia mesotypa . .1230
—- tenella .. . .1230
Elacagnus umbellata a Oz
Elacosticta meifolia .. 1054
Elanus ceruleus .. 167, 1167, 1213
_Elaphria : iy aoe
morpheus . 435
Hlegistis, gen. nov. . 125
cunicularis ei 25)
Elydna ” .. 893
—— atripuncta .. ood
——— bipuncta .. 894
—— bisignata .. 895
——— bosca .. 893
——— erigida . 893
——_— lineosa .. 894
—— ochracea 895, 896
—-— ochreipuncta 894, 895
——— plagiata .. .. 893
——— reclusa . 893
——— rectilinea . 895
—— renalis fos .. 895
——— transversa 893, 895, 896
truncipennis 894
Elymnias malelas 54
— patna .. 54
undularis 54
— vasudeva ar rae 54
——— (Agrusia) andersonii.. 571
—————_ (——_-— ) esaca By wo
(Bruasa) penangachelensis.. 571
(Elymnias) cottonis .. Se hOiO
| - — } -- obnubila. 570
—_—— (——_—_-) dara dedaion 570
——_——._ (———__) hypermnestra cau-
data 570
( ) tinctoria.. 570
( ) traterna... 570
( ) undularis. 570
( ) panthera mimus.. 570
(Melynias) malelas 571
( ) nilamba... 571
(————_) saueri 571
(——-——) nesaea cortona .. 570
NuMBER.
Elymnias (Melynias) nesaea timandra.. 570
(————_) patna... 73 ROWE
a -- patnoides. 571
( )) pealitiy ne. a. O80
————_ ( ) singhala .. 2 0G0
——_——— (Mimadelias) deva .. MOM
—_— (—— ) thycana Ne Ou
( ) vasudeva oe
(——————) -burmensis. 571
Emarginula australis .. Se .. 638
— dilecta Ay .¥ > Gent
elongata .. oM: .. 637
radiata gts if ao (Gam
— (Clypidina) radiata 2 (O38
Emballonura Ade A ae .. 1321
Emberiza aureola a the .. 1205
buchanani .. Be Sp ae
-——- leucocephala .. a a (Olus)
——- luteola.. a8 ae 156, 552
melanicterus .. be See
rutila .. We hy .. 673
oo scheeniclus .. at: .. 262
stewarti a .. _ Lod 160
stracheyi a .. 546, 1312
Endothia hypocreoides .. as . 1295
Enhydrina valakadien .. aE .. 693
Enispe cycnus .. nN sa) 55, 572
euthymius ae 7 ome
—__ ——_——--- tessellata .. .. O4
— tessellata sit i 5. ome,
Kogenes alcides .. za Ss lOOd
Koxylides tharis . . As ite so eo
Epactris melancheta .. ae oy ET
-- thyreota ae Act ee il
Ephyra validaria. . wis Hes ..1248
Epichloe bambusae ae ae ..1294
-- cinerea &: Ant . 1294
-- sclerotica we He ped PAS)
Epilecta opulenta Pa hs .. 418
-- pulcherrima .. ve -» ALS
Epilobium brevifolium .. ie .. 704
Kpimys.. See Ba .. 340,770
— arboreus.. By a ..1190
es lenitonch., a he .. 824
brahminicus.. “44 a OISD)
Cxxii
NUMBER.
..1175
Epimys rattus ie
. 405, 823, 841, 850,
rufescens
1175, 1189, 1190
rufus . .1190
vicerex bt . .1862
Epinephele (Chortobius) ccononympha. 564
—__— (———__) maiza . 564
(——————) neoza .. 564
—_——— ( ) pulchella. 563, 564
(———_-—_-) pulchra. 563, 564
—_____— (Maniola ) cheena .. 068
-——_—_—_— ( ) davendra . 563
—_______ (——__) ——— re-
vistigma. 563
(———__) —————_ lati-
stigma. 563
—_—___— (————_-) lyeaon _inter-
posita. 563
—_——— .- ( ) narica .. 968
—_______ (——_) tenuistigma ... 563
Epiphytic andromedee . 250
Epiplema fulvihamata 1243
Eragrostis tenuifolia 1294
Krebia orixa ou nap, POF
(Callerebia) annada 557, 564
——— ( -) orixa . 564
—_— (—————-) daksha .. 564
—_— (————-) hy bbrida .. 564
—_— (—————-) nirmala .. 564
—_— (——_-) —- saxicola .. 564
—____ (——_——_-) scanda .. 564
(Dallacha) hyagriva . 564
——— (Hemadara) narasingha . 564
(Paralasa) kalinda . 564
—_— (————) mani . 564
(———_) shallada .. 564
Ergolis ariadne 64, 583
merione . i 64, 583
taprobana ie .. 983
Krigeron .. a
Erinaceus blandfordi Elio
- collaris 832, 838
- grayl ESS
- indicus .. 832
- jerdoni fo LAS
INDEX OF SPECIES.
.. 706 | ———
NUMBER.
Krinaceus micropus 833, 834
- pictus . 833 —
- spatangus . 832
Eriobotrya japonica . 1296:
EKrionota anitta .. . .1003.
attina .. . .1003
batara . .. 1003:
cruda . .1003.
hiraca .. . 1003:
lara . .1003-
latreillei . .1003:
thrax Be 604, 1003-
—_—— acroleuca . . 1008.
Erismatura leucocephala . . 1360.
Krites angularis .. .. 965.
-- argentina .. .. 565-
-———_ —— ines .. 565.
——-- medura falcipennis . 565-
-- rotundata .. 565-
Erynnis comma dimila . . 1007
Erysimum hieracifolium .. 7108-
Erysiphe communis . 1284.
martu .. . . 1284-
Eryx ie i .. 452
conicus 2, 4, 5, 7, ld, 14a wes
301, 1103:
jaculus as 2, 3, 4, 10-
—— johni 2, 3, 4, 5, 12, 14, 301,
451,91108, 1341, 1360.
101, 1074, 1216.
Hsacus recurvirostris
Kuaspa milionia . i .. 988-
EKublepharis hardwickt .. . 1841
-— macularius.. .. 1341
Kucheria lyra ae Tao
Eucosma brachyptycha .. . 869-
calligrapha . 865-
celerata .. 863
cremnitis 860, 864.
cyanopis 2+ 866
helota .. eGo:
isogramma .. 866:
lasiura .. .. 868
— legitima . 865-
litigiosa SOF
———— ludicra.. .. 867%
INDEX OF SPECIES.
NUMBER.
Eucosma melanoneura .. .. 866
numellata eos
semicurva . 864
— solidata .. 865
speculatrix .. 866
———— spicea .. # ie hols
Kudynamis honorata 162, 277, 1167,
1211
Eugenia : oe Oe
- jewtelene . 1286, 1296
Kulabes intermedia . 1197, 1202
Kulaphygma . 431
- abyssinia . 431
Kulepis arja 56
athamas .. aY9)
——— eudamippus 56
———— moori 56
schreiberi 5 HS
—— (Hulepis) arja . 572
——— ( -—-) ainaeiee 5 DUH
——— _(-—__) -- agrarlus . 572
——— _ (——_-) jalysus . O72
——— ( -) marginalis . 572
——_— (———_-) moori sandakanus 572
——— ( -) schreiberi assamensis. 572
——— ( -) —__——- wardi 572
— (Murwareda) delphis . 572
( ) concha .. 572
——— ( ) dolon = OnZ,
—_—— (—————__) - centralis .. 572
—— (—————__) - grandis 572
——— ( ) eudamipus 573
——— ( ) ————_--_ nigro-
basalis .. 573
——— ( ) magniplaga 572
( —) nepanthes 573
Eumeues . oe AT7
Eunetta ealcaie Bp. 1220
Ku-Opuntia 1096
Euperia ; 897
—- trapezina 897
Euphorbia pilosa 704
EKupithecia substristigera 1246
EKupleeca core 531, 536
———-- coreta .. 536
CXXill
NuMBER.
Eupleca kollari .. . 586
Kuplexia albomaculata . .. 885
Kuplea .. av . 030
- alcathee .. 49
—- diocletiana 49
———- dione 49
Oey 49
———- klugii fdicotern 49
——- mulciber 49
———- splendens .. 49
———- (Calliplcea) mazares igderont . d61
———- (Crastia) andamensis 561
———- ( -) biseriata 561
= [= ) camarabzaman 561
———-. ( -) camorta 56L
—_—_.-- ( -) climena scherzeri 561
——- ( -) core 56L
———- ( -) asela .. 561.
—_—_- (—_—_-) vermiculata .. 561
———- ( -) crameri 561
———- (——_—_-) cremeri ook
—__- (—___-) - Ppavenfelclil 561
———- ( -) defigurata 56)
—___.- (—- ) esperi 561.
—_—_- ( -) godarti 56L
—_—- (————_-) ——_- layardi 561
———- (————-) modesta 56k.
—-——. ( -) nicevillii 561
———- ( -) oliracea O61
———_- ( -) simulatrix 561
———- ( -) subdita 561
-——— (Danisepa) diocletianus 562°
——- (——___) —_—___- ramsayi 562°
—.- (Huplea) corus. 7 OGK
—_—- ( ) - piebes . O61
———- ( -)- vitrina 2 .OOK
——-— (Isamia) adamsoni 7, 00K
—_——- ( ) brahma . O61
——-— (———) midamus spargarita.. 561.
—-——— _(————__) ————__ splendens.. 561.
—__.. ( ) roepstorfii .. 065
———- (Penoa ) alcathce sia OIE
= ) - esatia . O61
——__— (—_) - doubledayi.. 561
—_——- ( ) arida . . 565
CXXI1V
NuMBER.
Euploea (Penoa) deione ; aEwaol
= --) limborgii . 561
yah EY ( ) menetriesi .. 561
- (Salpinx) leucogonys .. .. 562
——- ( -) leucostictos . 562
—_—- (—__—_-) nowaree 562
———- ( -) klugii . 562
—_—- (——_—-) -- crassa . 062
—__—- (——_—_-) -- kollari . 562
—__—- (___) ——-- sinhala . 622
-(- ) coreoides . 561
———- (Stictopleea) coreta . 561
aes --) -- montana .. 561
——_—- ( --) harrisi .. d61
——_—- ( --) hopei . 561
- (Trepsichrois) mulciber an OOl
- ( —-——) kalinga. 561
Eupoditis .. 21, 503
aurita be ze we hae
ae edwardsi 274, 304, 322, 335, 1333,
1334
macqueenil 325
Euphrasia officinalis .. 103
Kupolia.. 5 889, 890
—- licentiosa 889
Kuripus alcathceoides 573
—- cinnamoneus 573
———- haliastus Seemed
——-- halitherses 58, 573
—-—- -- clnnamomeus 58
— -- isa 58
———- isa f 573
—- nyctelius 573
Eurois albicostata 878
Kurotium herbariorum 1284
Kurya acuminata 1292
Kurystomus orientalis 1209
Eurytermes assmuthi 715
Kusemia transiens 909
EKustegnia.. if 897
- diffinis 897
Kustroma pilosa .. .. 1245
Kutermes biformis LAON TOMS MOO
-heimi .. Sas
INDEX OF SPECIES.
NUMBER.
Eutermes rubidus 775 q
Kuthales .. . All
———— alge . 4119
Euthalia apicalis 59
appiades 59
eriphyle 59
francize ; 59
-— attenuata 59
garuda 59
jahnu 59
kama 59
kesava 59 .
lepidea.. 59
lubentina 59
phemius 59
telechinia fe . 699
(Bassarona) goodrichi 574 |
———— (--—_-——) gupta.. 574
a - ) ira 574
(—————--) recta 574
(——_--——_) teuta 574
(--————) - teutoides.. 574
—_—__—— (Chucapa) francie 575
—___—_— (Cynitia) cocytus . 575
—__——— (——_—-) lepidea oY AS)
—_——— ( —-) — andersoni.. 575
——— (Dophla) derma . 575
—_——— ( ) ewelina .. O75
( ) laudabilis .. 575
(Euthalia ) apicalis 576
(——_—_) binghami. . . 575
—_—_—_— ( ) eriphyle .. 576
(————) garuda . 575
(——-——_) acontius .. 576
(————_) diversa 558, 576
(————_) jama 576
—_____— (————_) kanda 576
( ) lubentina. . d75
( ) nais a 576
(————_) phemius .. 575
—_—_ (—_——_) wasanta . 576
—_—_—_ ( ) zichri : 575
(Haramba) appiades .. pe (3)
——_—_— (——_) adima.. 575
575
(Sue ote eu
INDEX OF SPECIES.
NUMBER.
Euthalia (Haramba) appiades sedeva ... 575
—__—_—_ (————_ ) jahnu .. O75;
—___—_— (————__) khasiana .. 575
(Kirontisa) telchinia. . 575
———_— (Labranga) duda 575
a (E ) durga 575
(Limbura) nara 575
(Mahalda) iva.. 575
sea [| \sahadeva .. 575
SS = \——— narayana 575
(Nora) kesava.. 575
( -) rangoonensis.. 575
— (Rangara) dunya 575
(Saparona) cibaritis .. 575
—____— (Tasinga) anosia . 575
(Zalapia) patala . 575
(——-—-) taooana 575
Eutrema, primulcefolium De 0B!
Eutypella vitis 1 E298
—_—_—_—- zizyphi .. 1298
- Euzophera nivricostella . . 1258
- subterebrella .. 1255
Everes argiades . 595, 985
-- dipora .. . 985
-- parrhasius . 985
= diporides . 985
kala 595, 985
——__——. moorei . 985
parrhasius 595
potanini .. 985
Evodia roxburghiana 548
Evolvulus alsinoides . 04
Excalfactoria chinensis. . . 1216
Fagopyrum cymosum 217
esculentum 217
tataricum biphes7
Falco jugger SSP LLOK
peregrinator 99, 1090
— peregrinus 157, 1218
Fanklinia bachanani 91, 164
gracilis 164, 1201
Felis aftinis
..400, 401, 835, 848,
1182, 1359
CXXV
NUMBER.
Felis bengalensis. . 301, 1359:
—— caracal es : . 835
—— chaus 229, 396, 400, 401, 631
i - affinis .. 400:
—— ——- furax .. 400
—— - nilotica .. 400
—— domestica .. PaO
—— jacquemontii 400, 401
—— jubata .. 648
—— kutas 400, 401
—— leo .. 238, 1359
—— leopardus 648, 1182
—— nebulosa . 13859
—— ornata 175, 835, 1362
—— pardus . 237, 458, 648, 1182, 1319,
1362
—— rubiginosa .. .. 1183
—— servalina .. 835
—— temmincki . 237%, 1102
—— tigris 1102, 1818, 1359
——— yiverrina .. pa! .. 1859
—— (Lynchus) erythrotus 400, 401
Feronia elephantum D296:
Ferula joeschkeana .. 1057
thomson. . 10o7
Fiagaria indica . 703
- -- vesca 7. Sy ae Oe
Ficus 1284, 1289, 1301, sp., 1290
- bengalensis .. 1284
- carica . 13800
- udbia 1290
- glomerata . . 1284, 1299
- gossypina E230,
———- hispida . .1290
- infectoria bz 810)
- mysorensis aie . .1290
——_- —-- pubescens «1290
- religiosa 856, 1290
- retusa .. 1284
- roxburghii oO
- scandens m2, 810);
Fimbristylis sp. .. Ae Maton
- dichotoma .. rl 20n
Fissurella bombayana Jy Gon
. 1299
- bombayensis ..
CXXvi
NUMBER.
. 637
Fissurella lima ;
. 705
Flemingia fruticulosa
Floccifera . 893
erigida si)
Feeniculum vulgare .. 1056
Francolinus chinensis 632, 675
pictus 100, 168
pondicerianus 101, 168, 1168
a vulgaris : . 100
Fringilla montifringilla . . be =f Om
Fringillauda sordida .. OO1
Fuckelia carteri .. LAS)
Fulica atra .. 101, 163, 180, 1168, 1215
181, 1088, 1089
ton
—- indicus : ste .. 822
——_———- palmarum . .7, 8, 822, 823, 849,
1175, 1186
Fuligula fuligula ..
Funambulus
—————- pennanti .. 403, 404, 823, 839,
849, 1175, 1186
—___—___- ¢ristriatus .. .. 1186
Gagea persica ae Oe
Galerita cristata 94, 185
— - deva 94, 165
Galium . .1289
are es _ 1915
158, 179, 181, 269, 271,
633, 1106, 1168, 1218
Gallicrex cinereus
Gallinago ccelestis
-- raddei ya iel
——— gallinula 158, 264, 1103
——_——. major .. My, 3 OM
ae mesala 269, 1083, 1360
———— nemoricola 633, 677
——— solitaria .. 179, 181, 633. 677
———— stenura 158, 181, 633, 677, 1108,
1168, 1218
101, 162, 1215
675, 1168, 1214
Gallinula chloropus
Gallus ferrugineus
-- sonnerati . . 1360
Galloperdix lunulata 100, 168
spadicea a LOO
Galtha palustris .. . 208
INDEX OF SPECIES.
Gampsorhynchus rufulus
Gangara pandia
— thyrsis..
Ganoderma applanatum
lucidum
— resinaceum
Gaphara
—- tetera
Garzeus flavipicta
Garrulax belangeri
—-— leucolophus
——_—— moniliger
pectoralis
Garulus leucotis
Gasada tripunctata
Glaucidium radiatum
Gazella bennetti
ehristii
Geaster saccatus
Gecinulus grantia
Gecinus chlorolophus
Gegenes karsana
lefebrii
nostrodamus ..
pumilio
pygmaeus
Geijera salicifolia
Geisha distinctissima
Gennzeus
cuivieri
horsfieldi
lineatus
prendergarsti . .
Gentiana capitata
contorta
kurroo
Geocichla citrina
cyanonotus
Geometra rufifrontaria ..
Geranium collinum
divaricatum
———— lucidum
palustre
grandiflorum ..
NuMBER.
..1199
..1003 |
. 1008
. 148
. 148
. 148
, 882
.. 882
..1244
669, 1198
_.1198
..1198
669, 1198
. 585
. 602
98, 1167
410, 655,
843, 1068, 1194
.. 410
_.1278
_.1208
_ 1208
_.1007
. 1007
. 1007
. 1007
. 1007
. 759
607, 608, 609
Meee 2 GE2
., 1214, 1215
1215
.. 460
_ 12165
. 704
.. 704
Peers
_ 1204
_.1166
. 1248
2 927
. 704
‘Geranium pratense
tuberaria
Gerbera lanuginosa
Gerbillus cuvieri
erythrourus
hurriane
indicus
Gerydus ancon
assamensis
bigsii
boisduvalii
longeana
croton
gopara
irroratus
symethus
Geum elatum
Gibberella calamia
Girardinia heterophylla
Glareola lactea
orientalis
Glaucidium cuculoides
radiatum
Glauconia blanfordi
Glossogyne pinnatifida .
Glycosmis pentaphylla
‘Glyphodes athysanota
-- capriniodes
Gnaphalium luteoalbum
Goenycta .
-- niveiguttata
Golunda coffceus ..
-- ellioti
INDEX OF
NUMBER.
.» 297
. 227
08
. 404
.. 840
.. 840
404, 840
. 981
igsi
.. 981
.. 981
. 981
eos
.. 981
593, 981
>) 98
704
.. 1294
227, 1029
..1216
168, 1216
586, 1313
..1159
eg
.. 205
521, 527, 531
. 1269
. 1268
Oe
.. 428
493, 424
. 408
406, 407, 408, 824,
842, 851, 1175, 1192
—— —-. hirsutus
-- meltada
-- newera ..
Gomalia albofasciata
--— littoralis. .
Gonepteryx rhamni nepalensis. .
- zaneka
- ——-— chitralensis
- zanekoides
Gordius zorattarii
Gortyna
..1192
. 406
.. 408
..1600
. 1000
978
978
978
2978
.. 619
890, 891
SPECIES. CXXvii
NUMBER.
Gortyna leucostigma .. .. 890, 891
- micacea.. pie tel
Gossypium . 1295
indicum a pls)
Graculus eremita.. .. 549
Graphiphora fasciata .. 439
- interstincta . 438
- stellata 2 .. 894
Graucalus macii .. 92, 165, 262, 1165, 1202
Graculus erimeta . 1804
Grevillea robusta.. —... pe llZr
Grus antigone 101, 168, 1168, 1216
communis yo LET
nigricollis 181, 182
sharpii , L206
Gryllotalpides .. 1341
Grypomys.. : .. 340
gleadowi 176, 341
Guazuma tomentosa ae pel 48185
Gunomys kok 407, 851, 1175, 1191
varius .. .. 11038
132, 135, 136
93, 162, 1166
Gymnodactylus stoliczkee
Gymnorhis flavicollis
Gymnoscelis lobata ..1246
subtrigosa . 1246
Gypaétus barbatus 182, 663
Gyps fulvescens . 1331, 1832
fulvus ..98, 167, 1331, 1332
— himalayensis 618, 1332
indicus . 167
tenuirostris Beg le,
Gypsonoma anthracitis .. .. 863
Gypsophila cerastoides .. . 704
Habenaria Peal
— susannee 729
Hadena funesta.. aH elsho)
leonina .. 886
littoralis . 431
pauperata .. 886
—— retina . 431
spargens a5 eisld
taprobanze .. 885
INDEX OF SPECTES.
. . L005 | ———
CXXVill
NUMBER.
Hadjina . .. 886
- chinensis 887, 888
————- cinerea . 887, 888
———-- cupreipennis . 887
———- grisea 887, 889
—-—- lutosa .. 886
———- modestissima 887, 888
———- poliastis.. 887, 889
———- pyroxantha 887, 889
———- viscosa .. ie Ty) Ace ese
Hemanthus multiflorus. . £: . .13860
Heemogregarina cantliei a a lkG)
pococki a ee eed
Halcioniscus a esis
Halcyon pileata . as of ee 2aO)
- smyrnensis ..96, 166, 1166, 1210
Halenia elliptica.. . 104
Haliaétus leucogaster pa ile,
leucoryphus .. 662, 1213
Haliastur indicus : un Baye
indus .. ..99, 665, 1167, 1213
Halpe aina . . L005
albipectus .. 1005
——— astigmata .. 1005
aucma .. 1005
brunnea .. .. 1005
cerata .. 1005
ceylonica.. .. 1005
— debilis
decorata . .. 1005
SS EINE) . 1005
—-— evershedi .. 1005
fusca .. 1005
gupta .. 1005
——— homolea . 605, 1005
honorei .. 1005
hyrie 605, 1005
hyrtacus . .. L005
—— kumara .. .. 1005
knyvetti .. .. 1005
——— marta .. L005
masonl . . 1005
moorei .. 1005
ormenes . .. 1005
(mitten OlMaba: .. L005
NUMBER, ~
Halpe palawea .. ... «, 000m
perara) ~.). te ee . . L005
separata .. m .. 605, 1005
sikkima .. als .. 605, 1005
sitala es 93 7 .. L005 —
—— teliga ar ne 7 ..1005
wantona .. oF ty .. 1005
zema M, Fi .. 605, 1005
Hamitermes belli Ths
brevicorniger .. (92
quadriceps .. wat Mi Open
— (Synhamitermes) quadric-
eps 792:
Hantana infernus 997
Hapalotis 435:
gutvula . 435:
Hardwickia ant ied .. 844
Harpactes erythrocephalus .. 674, 1211
- orescius i ae eye LPM
Harpoceras dynastes .. 714, 1350, 1351
—eairense.. a8 . . 1350:
hecticum .. «. (1A 13am
ignobile fs yi .. 1852
lairense a3, .. 1351, 1353.
lunula us if .. 1352
————— trilineatum .. w+ (145. lea2
Harpyiocephalus. . a: $: we Lee
Hasora alexis .. bi ae: - LOOG
ANU sy ae ee . . L007
——— badra.. me .; 606; 100%
-——— butleri .. dt: = nL OOM
SS malayana iM - hOOM
—-— chabrona re »». (COCO
——— chromus .. ae .. 606, 1007
——— chuza .. a2 »» O06y LOU
— coulteri .. 4h ms «LOOK
—— philetas .. sis 3 .. 1007
—— quadripunctata.. e LOOM
——— sena . . 1606:
simplicisima .. ok: .. L007
Hebomoia.. .. 1182, 1140, 1142, 1143,
1144, 1145.
ceylonica uf .. 980
glaucippe ote 598, 980, 1140:
australis .. 980
INDEX OF SPECIES.
NUMBER.
Hebomoia glaucippe roepstorfil . 980
Hedera helix .. ie pr Ael5)
Hedysarum astragaloide .. 1045
laxiflorum . .. 1044
microcalyx .. .. 1042
oachemirianum .. 1044
strobiliferum .. 1044
Helcyra hemina .. 56, 573
Helicops carinicauda . 1009
chistosus SH .. 1108
schistosus . 1009, 1012, 1014,
1015
—— yunnanensis .. 1015
Heliopais personata .. 1216
Heliothis cilisca .. rea So2
exprimens . 892
Helospora.. .. 84
Helotium pusense 28s
Helotropha , 7e 0)
leucostigma .. 890
Helvelia crispa .. 1288
Hemicercus canente . 1208
Hemichelidon ae ae .. 546
———— sipirica, -. O40, 1205300,
Hemicurus guttatus
immaculatus
Hemidictyum ceterach ..
Hemilophus pulverulentus
Hemipus picatus ..
Hemitragus jemlaicus
Hemixus flavala ..
macclellandi
Henicurus leschenaulti ..
- maculatus
Heptapleurum octophyllum
- venulosum
Heracleum cachemiricum
candicans
canescens
pinnatum
thomsoni
Hermenias, gen. nov.
epidola
implexa
17
1306, 1362
, 1204
_.1204
.. 620
268, 1208
91, 1202
.. 800
_ 1200
_.1200
. 672
258, 259, 550
. 607
_ 1288
703, 1058
..1058
1058
1057
PP05%
. 852
. 852
. 852
exxix
NUMBER.
Hermenias, pachnitis .. 852
—__——— palmicola .. HE , 853
Herodias alba 169, 618, 1169, 1220
garzetta 102, 169, 1169, 1220
—— intermedia 169, 1168
Herona marathus it .. O13
andamana . O78
angustata .. .. 573
Herpestes auropunctatus 176, 237, 238
- ferrugineus . 175
- frederici » 401
- griseus sive ERO
- malaccensis .. a ZOn
- mungo 175, 401
- nemo .. . 175
- nyula. . 175
- pallidus je AO
- pallipes 175, 176
- smithi 237, 238
—_____- vitticollis 237, 238
Herpystis pallidula . 862
Hesperia alpina Be . . 1000
- cashmirensis .. 1000
durwazica . . L000
evanidus . . 1000
galba .. 1000
hellas . . 1000
lugens .. .- 1000
nanus 1000
orbifer .. . . 1000:
= phlomidis . .1000
geron . . 1000
poggel .. . . L000
——_——— sao .. 1000
superna . . 1900:
——_ zebra .. L000
Hesperoptenus tickelli SO
Hesperotenus As .. 1821
Hestia (Hestia) jasonia. . ue .. 560:
( ) agarmarschana. 560
—_— (———_-) arrakana . 560°
( ) cadelli. . 52 BIRO)
—__—_ (—__) hadeni.. .. 560:
—_____ (___) ——— kanarensis_ .. 560
—_— (——__) malabarica . 560:
XXX
NuMBER.
-Hestia (Hestia) jasonia margherita .. 560
Hestina melanina Let me 5 OS
-nama .. an on 57, 573
Heterographis argentescens .. .. 1251
Hevea brasiliensis a oe . 1293
Hexagona polygramma .. ms .. 150
——————- tenuis a he = lod
Hibiscus abelmoschus .. 226, 1026
cancellatus .. .. 226, 1026
cannabinus .. .. 698
esculentus .. ie OT
ficulneus Le ae .. 1025
gibsoni. . a ae ..1025
pungens ie es ..1026
sabdariffa a .. 226, 1025
solandra 226, 1024
surattensis .. ee .. 1024
— trionum Bs .. 226, 1028
vitefolius ‘a Me . 1024
Hidari bhawani .. ai %, . 1003
hypepa .. es sr : 1003
irava Re ar a .. 10038
Hieracium vulgatum ... 4 wm 0s
Hieraétus fasciatus aa . 1090
Hierococcyx span vonoales 97, 1167, 1330
varius 162, 1211
Himatopus candidus 163, 180, 1168, 1217
Hipcepa opacaria s ie .. 888
Hipposideros es Bt re a tezl
apiculatus Me salllizts}
ater : aie o5 9)
atratus .. a sig eS)
— aureus... me pa lull ras)
bicolor .. a 55 it)
— blythii ... ve ae bile)
—_—_—_—_— clneraceus ~ 5 ets)
dukhunensis 5 liter duliey
— fulgens 1174, 1179
fulvus 829, 830, 174, 1175,
1179
—— murinus. .829, 830, 1174, 1179
penicillatus ne aa Jlrs
speoris .. x sig IL Mis)
templetonii by erelelens
Hirundo daurica scullii ..
6) ———
INDEX OF SPECTES.
NUMBER.
Hirundo erythropygia .. 94, 165
fluvicola 94, 165
gutturalis 1205
—. javanica 1206—
nepalensis 1206 :
tufula . 659 ©
rustica 160
smithii. . “94, 165, 1166, 1206 |
tytleri .. 1206
Hodgsonius phoenecuroides . 550-
Hodotermes macrocephalus wt
Holcus sorghum .. Ait
spicatus 1250
Holigarna longifolia 1297
Holstiella usambarensis. . .. 1296
Homoptera eremochroa .. . 1222
— ruficolora . 1222
Hoplopterus ventralis . Lay
Horaga albimacula 997
andamana 997
—— moulmeina 997
—— onyx é Pee ol GHENT
——- cingalensis ood
——— rana 5 SOT
— sikkima .. a4 SIS
— viola L217
Houbara .. i a1, 324
macqueenil .. 303, 325, 328, 336
undulata 325, 328
Houbaropsis $e 21, 722
—- bengalensis By ILI)
Howea forsteriana : . 355
Huphina .. 1134, 1135, 1144, 1145, 1155
- copia .. 592
———- dapatha . 592
——_—- lea Oi
———- nadina .. : 592, 977
—- - andamana sy SH
—_____- ———_ cingala.. ode
—_—- remba .. SOG
———- nerissa . a. 977, 1135
—__—_- dapha .. j SVE
aa evagete » OY
——--—- lichenosa OME
phryne. Saat
INDEX OF SPECIES.
NuMBER. !
Hyena hyena... 402, 837, 848, 1175, 1359
striata é Pa AZ
Hyalomma egyptium . 695!
Hyarotis adrastus 604, 1002
pheenicis oe . .1002
- praba . .1002
Hyboma te . 425
divisa .. .. 425
—— strigosa .. 425
Hydrecia.. Sook;
- tealipunctats 5 tee
- khasiana oe ull
- micacea secu
: tibetana mes 4
Hydrelia conjugate Re iis)
-Hydrilla lugens .. .. 446
Hydrochelidon Hy brida. 158, 1218
Hydrocotyle javanica : .. 704
Hydrophasianus chirurgus 101, 168, 1168,
1216
Hy drophis i . 693
-Hymenocheete strigosa .. .. 148
Hyoscyamus niger Be au G04
Hypacanthis spinoides .. 262, 1074, 1075,
1329
Hypeetra heterographa . .. 1223
— pulcherrima 1223
tepesceus . 1223
Hypena abnormalis 1238
atrirena 5 WB
——- colabalis . .1238
———- mesogramma . 1236
———- molybdota . .1237
- thermophzea . . 1236
Hypenagonia brachypalpia . .1240
-—__—_—_—_— flavisigna.. . .1239
longipalpis . .1239
Hypericum perforatum .. ade
Hypermnestra balucha .. .. 974
- helios 5 . 974
—_ — maxima 974
Hypheene .. 915, 916
- - cuctiona ; x . 920
- indica... 917, 918, 919, 920, 921
- thebaica 917, 920, 921 |
Hyphantidium
——_—_——_——- albicowtalis
- sericaria. .
Hypocalamia a:
meterythrax
Hypocrea carteri
- flavo-virens
- grossa... :
nilgherrensis. .
rugulosa
- subrufa
———- undulata
Hypocrella panici
semiamplexa
Hypocreopsis carteri
undulata ..
Hypolais caligata
rama
Hy polimnas onpnoada,
—_———- bolina
—- diocippus ..
- inaria
- misippus
Hypolyczena andamana. .
- erylus
- thecloides
Hypomyces chrysospermus
Hypoperigea :
- albenotatal
- ie proetcnae :
- tonza
—- turpis
Hypopteris bambusze
Hypoptris apiospora
Hypoteenidia striata
Hypothymis azurea
Hypoxylon atropurpureum
carteri
coccineum ..
deciduum
fusco-purpureum
hookeri
indicum
multiforme ..
ochraco-fulvum
CxXxXXl1
NuMBER.
ae L252
. 1252
_ . 1252
oo YO
.. 911
.. 1294
.. 1294
. 1294
.. 1294
. 1294.
.. 1294
» L2OA:
.. 1294
.. 1294
.. 1294
.. 1294
. 159
159, 1165
.. 580
63, 580
. 580
.. 580
.. 580
.. 996
601, 996
.. 996
.. 1294
.. 443
so Bale
443, 444
. 443
.. 444
.. 1296
|. 1292
.. 1215
169, 672
. 1299
Pe l3a02
.. 1299
.. 1299
.. 1299
.. 1299
.. 1800
..1300
.. 1299
eXXxxil
NUMBER.
Hypoxylon perforatum .. snl ZS)
-- pictum Pali2on
-- pistillare . 1802
-- rubiginosum ..1300
——_—_—-- stygium .. 1299
——_—_—-- udum.. 21299
——_——_--- ustulatum . .1300
-- vividum 152, 1299
Hypsipetes concolor 671, 1200
————-- psaroides . .1200
Hypsirhina bilineata .. 1018
-- enhydris seLOG
-- furcata fh .. LOS
————-- plumbea FE LOTO ON,
-- sielboldi . . 1360
Hystrix cristata indica .. .. 408
—- cuneiceps a 771, 848
———- leucura.. 408, 459, 771, 843, 1192
———= — cuneiceps . 843
—- malabarica 408
—- zeylonensis 408
Hysudra hades 993
—-- selira 993
Tambia : .. 415
harmonica .. A416
———inferalis .. se els)
— nocturna .. .. 416
— rufescens.. .. 416
—— thuaitesi.. .. 416
— transversa .. 416
lambiodes ANG
— —- anormalis 416, 417
lambrix salsala 604
Tanthia rufilata ;
Ibidorhynchus struthersi
Ibis melanocephala
Jichneumon edwardsi
-- griseus
Icthyosamus
Ictinaétus malay ensis
Ideopsis deopsis
lattia calamistrata
550, 1306
183, 545
. 102, 163, 1168, 1219
so Atoll
.. AOL
. 465
.. 986
.. 060
.. 444
INDEX OF SPECIES.
Ilattia cupreipennis
Tlerda androcles
viridis. .
—-— brahma
—— epicles
——— hybrida
—-— kohmensis
——— moorei
——— sena
—— tamu
—— viridipunctata
kala
Tlex
—-- dipyrena
Impatiens amphorata
- amplexicaulis
——_—_—- brachycentra
- edgeworthii
——_——- laxiflora
—————- miscranthemum
- racemosa
- seabrida
Imperata arundinacea
Indogermanus bis
Indigofera anabaptista ..
- arrecta
cordifolia
- gerardiana
hirsuta
- linifolia
- sumatrana
- trifoliata
- trita
Inocotis davisoni
- papillosus
Inodes blackburniana
palmetto
Interrupti perisphinctes. .
Inula cuspidata
Tpomcea
Iraota mezecenas ..
- rochana
——-- timoleon af
-- nicevillei
Irene puella
-NUMBER.
” .. 887m
599, 600, 989°
559, 989°
599, 600, 989°
598, 599, 989°
. 989
598, 599, 989
.. 989:
/. 989
) EE en
599, 600, 989:
599, 989
_ 1285
703, 1290, 1296
. 222
bo
bo bs
ey 1
nS)
bo bo bo b& bO
bo bo t S}
02 Os
bo
bo bo
bd) oo
.. 1084, 1285.
. 1084
_ 1219:
102, 170, 1168
. 389°
. 882
, 1349:
i042
1286:
.. 990
.. 990:
.. 990
.. 990:
_.1199:
INDEX OF SPECIES. CXXXlli
NUMBER, NuMBER.
Iris nepalensis .. Pi ne .. 702|TIyngipicus hardwickii .. 95, 166, 1166
Irpex canescens .. a ay .. 148 | Iynx torquilla Bis Ai si Seal
—. flavus Re hee alas
- vellereus .. ae ie elas
Isache ... Se at aa .. 1291
_Ischemum laxum fh $y .. 1291 | Jambrix luteipalpis by op .. 1002
Isma iapis en Be af .. 1002 —- salsala .. BP. Ne .. 1002
protoclea .. oe aS .. 1002 - stellifer on a ., 1002
Ismena amara .. ae .. 605, 1007 | Jasminum He aM on . 1287
aya Ge ns uy LOO - ofticinale ae rb fe HOS
—-—— ataphus .. "2 ny .. 1007 | Jaspidea .. fe ds a eth
—— consobrina os ae . .1007 | ————- alge .. be ahs so HUI
—— etelka .. a of .. 1007 | Jochezera .. ne af Ae ». 495
——— gomata .. re .. 606, 1007 | ———— alni.. ie ae 15 ADs
——-—harisa.. Ks) .. 605, 1007 | Juglans regia a sh ys so OS
———— jaina A a .. 605, 1007| Junonia almana .. a Ae 62, 579
—_— fergusonii as .. 1007 - atlites .. 7 a 61, 579
——— lorquinii .. hos aie .. L007 | ——_- hierta .. ot ie 62, 579
——— mahintha ot ee . .1007 | ———- iphita .. te M, 61, 579
——— cedipodea Pe eats . . L007 | ————- lemonias ah oy 61, 579
——— tuckeri .. p Ais .. 1007 - orithya .. ai os 61, 579
vasutana .. .. 605, 1007 | Justicia pubigera ie ime 50 OR
Isoura metaphza of ds . 1228
Issoria sinha at a up's 63, 581
Ithagenes cruentus A ae elias
Iton barea ae Ried) yt oe ..1005|Kala ban .. a ae ay a etOo
semamora .. ae as .. 1005] Kallicephalus willeyi .. i AO20
watsoni A wae a .. 1005 | Kallima albofasciata fe oy 4 HSI
Ttys microstictum He se - O02 —- horsfieldii As 3 .. 580
Ixias .. .. 975, 1134, 1136, 1144, 1145 | ———_- ————— alompra ne .. 580
evippe ok or ae 56 SKS) | <== olanllzneolanns| 5 i. 80
— latifasciata c. th .. 592 |———- inachus .. Ay as 63, 580
—— marianne .. em .. 978, 1186}|——-—- ———- huegeli ¥. .. 580
eee ah a .. 9/8 |\———- — limborei ae Arts\0
— nola A ” Ups . .1136 | ———- knyvetti Ae oe 63, 581
—— pyrene i on 2. 978, 1136 - wardi.. oy Ae .. 580
— andamana ati .. 978|Kerana diocles .. ee .. 604, 1003
ee cine a lensis ee .. 978} Kerivoula.. a ate as .. 1321
—— —— citrina.. ws 55 Se) == [Dicey oa), LLOS MTS Mess
—— ———— conectens.. us .. 978] Ketupa zeylonensis ae 98, 166, 1212
—— ——— letifasciata A .. 978} Koruthaialos butleri a ey .. 1001
—— ——— pallida... st .. 978 |———————- gemmifer .. ie ..1001
—— ___— _ pirenassa .. sts .. 978 |————_—- hector a a 5 ONL
a rhexia ey oe .. 978 |—-_——_—-- palawites .. a .. LOOL
Iyngipicus canicapillus .. ™ .. 673 | ——-———- rubecola .. A .. 1001
CXXXI1V INDEX OF SPECIES.
NUMBER. NUMBER
Koruthaialos xanites .. ci .. 1001 | Laphygma exigua i .. 4838, 48
Kretzschmaria heliscus au) . .1800 -imperviata .. i _. 43
- kurziana ee . . 13800 | —— - obliterans .. a .. 432]
——-———- procedens .. a .. 482
-retrahens .. ah .. 482°
Lachesis gramineus bi id . .1339| Laringa castelnaui Ae .. 583.
lanceolatus .. .. 296, 298 -- horsfieldii nidatnenen .. 583
monticola vy .. 284, 693 |—-——_—. ——_—_-- glaucescens .. 5Cam
Lachnea geneospora.. Bs ..1288| Larus argentatus ce KE .. 662
Lachnella nilgherrensis . . a . . 1289 -- brunneicephalus .. 180, 1089, 1218.
Lactuca scariola a aus .. 108 - ichthyzetus 56 ar .. 1218 ©
Leestadia camellize Ate a .. 1295| Larvivora brunnea a .. 624, 1805: i
perusia.. ee ne . .1295 | ——_——- cyanea or a .. 6708
thes .. He is ..1295| Lasiobotrys lonecerae_ .. ry .. 1285-9
Lagerheimia carteri ie a . 1289) Laspeyresia lencostoma. . Ay .. 876.
Lampides bochus on .. 595, 987 | ——_——__- optica a tg -. Oley
i nicobarica .. .. 987 | —__—_——___- primigena .. é 87a
eek - celeno 2 Be 595, 987 | —______- prolopha .. i .. 875:
u - kinkurka 5G .. 987 | ——_————- pulverula .. bat .. 876
- cleodus i .. 595, 987 | ——————_- turifera .. ave 2 Se
oe ee - coerulea me a .. 987|Latania .. Sy me 915, 916, 924
-conferena .. ie 5 OW) aurea... Bes oh ee ray
-coruscens .. = .. 987 | ———_- burbonica sf .. 846, 924
-elpis .. a .. 695, 987 | ——_—- chinensis Wh a .. 346
—— chinee .. 5% .. 596}/——- commersonii_.. .. 925, 926
2s eres kankena a; 2 SOG - loddigesii a 26, 927, 928:
Ss koudulan A ae Si - plageecoma oe a B25»
- lacteata eh: ae eo =rubra | -5 Ae bs 1. O2o
Soulca |e. es a be 987 | —-verschaffeltii .. Le se SEE
- rogersl.. oe aa a 987 | Lathraea squamosa Ae 1 .. 703:
- subdita an ne .. 987, Lathyrus altaicus ae Bh .. L049
Lamyristis, gen. nov. .. ie .. 1381|————_ luteus .. sa ay -.1050:
leucopselia .. a .. 131| Laticilla burnesi . . SE MA . .1080:
Lanius collurioides ml be .1202|Laurus .. BS ss _. 1287
cristatus .. vn Pealino; 1165, 1202 | Lavatera eens wo a . 1022
pees (ery paronopus) .91, 164, 546, 1165, | | upecana alba .. BP Fe . 1287
1311 | Lebadea martha .. ae ae 60, 176
—____— isabellinus Ai eb .. 155 ; ————-atttenuata ae ae. .. d7E
ee ip One er a Has 91) 164 |= Sismene =~ a ns .. 576
—_—— tephronotus oh “ .. 184| Leggada booduga.. 338, 339, 406, 772, 824,
vittatus .. M4 .. 164, 1165 850, 1175, 1188, 1189:
Lantana .. 1186 | ———— cinderella... .. 770, 842
Laphygma ei ss 7 .. 433 |——_—_ dunni .. 0 339, 340, 842
: - apertura ae a ., 433 | ——— platythrix 405,770, 772; 773; 624>
exempta, | ReMi oy ren 3S 842, 845, 850, 1188.
Leggada platythrix sadhu
sadhu
Leguminosce
Lehera eryx
— skinneri
Lembosia czspitosa
Lens esculenta
Lentinus czespitosus
cretaceum
curreyanus
manipularis
multiformis
subnudus
Lenzites ochroleuca
repanda
Leocyma apicalis. .
dianz ..
vestce ..
Leontopodium alpinum ..
Leonurus cardiaca
gardiaca
Lepidogma chlorophilalis
— melanolopha
Lepidoscia globigera
Lepiota badhami
- sordescens
Lepitoreuma
-- ovata
Lepterodius sacer
Leptina grata
Leptocircus curius
- meges
———-- virescens
—____—- virescens
Leptopeecile sophize
Leptoptilus dubius
—_____— javanicus
Leptorhabdos benthamiana
Leptospheria agaves
eriobotry ze
indica
sacchari ..
Leptosia
xiphia
-- indistincta. .
INDEX OF SPECIES.
NUMBER.
.. 842
770, 842
..1291
. 997
“1907
_ 1987
..1049
: Abe
swell
pei
-, UE
1) él
yas
so 150
.. 150
. 908
.. 906
.. 906
e708
. 704
207
1957
1258
ee
be GIL
a, leat
. 425
425
1220
.. 485
588, 974
588, 974
588, 974
oe
. 588
. 184
158, 1168, 1219
1161, 1168, 1219
.. 206
. .1296
. L296
nl296
. .1296
1131, 1184, 1143, 1144, 1146
975, 1134, 1145
Leptosia xiphia nicobarica
Lepus sp...
dayanus
hurgosa
joongshaiensis
kurgosa
nigricollis 2380, 338, 339, 396, 409,
CXXXV-
NUMBER.
97s
sae lags
176, 843.
» 1nS2e
.. 843:
.1192-
460, 1192, 1359, 1362-
oiostolus : . 179
ruficaudatus 177, 338, 339, 396,
409, 1106, 1359-
simcoxi 338, 389, 409, 825, 851
tibetanus .. 615
Lerwa lerwa .. 178.
Lespedeza elegans .. 1034
-- gerardiana .. .. 1034
——_———_-- juncea 705, 1034.
Lethe bhairava.. pea og
- brisanda 50, 51
——- chandica D3.
——- confusa 51
——- dinarbas 50, 51
——- goalpara 53>
——- guinihal 52
——- insana a .. d50-
—- kansa 53, 286, 698, 699
——- khasiana 53:
——- latiaris 52°
——- mekara 53
—- pulahoides 53-
——- rohria 50-
——- scanda 52°
——- serbonis 53-
——- siderea 52.
——- sidonis 52°
——- sinori 53.
——- sura 53
——- verma 52°
——- vindhya 53.
——- yamoides .. .. O38
—- (Blanaida) bhadea .. 567°
——- (——__) khasiana 2. OOF
—- ( ) muirheadi .. .. 068
——- (————_) pulaha .. 068.
—- (—_—_) pulahoides, 568.
CXXXV1
NuMBER.
Lethe (Blanaida) yama .. 968
(——_—) yamoides .. 568
___— (Debis ) chandica hao OG
en ) distans .. 566
ee |( ) dynsate .. 966
____— (_—_—) flanone . 566
ah ( ) kansa 566
—___— (—__) zeugitana. 566
J ( ) ladesta 566
____—- (——_) mekara 566
2 | ) satyavati 566
pss ) serbonis 566
a ( ) vaga 566
a ) vindhya 566
a | ) zuchara 566
(Dionana ) margarite .. 566
se || ) naga 566
_—_—— (Kerrata ) callipteris .. 567
a lyncus 567
—_— ( ) tristigmata.. 567
(Lethe ) brisanda 566
———— ( ) confusa 566
—) gamhara 566
= | ) daretis 566
| ) drypetis.. 566
—_— (———_) tamuna 566
a todara 566
a | ) dyrta 566
a nilgiriensis 566
a ) europa .. 566
—_—_— (———_-) — nudgara 566
a ( ) isana * 566
—_—__— (_——) — dinarbas 566
——__— ( ) niladana 566
—_—— (———) ragalva 566
—_—_— (——-—) rohria .. 566
2 ( —) yoga 566
—_—— (Nemetis) minerva .. 566
—___— (——_—_) — tritogenia .. 566
__—— (Rangbia) bhairava 567
—___— (——_) _ gulnihal 567
_—__ (—__) ——— peguana .. 967
—__— (————_ ) latiaris 567
—_____ (———_-) perimele 567
—_—— (————_) seanda 567
INDEX OF SPECIES.
Lethe (Sinchula) maitrya
— (————_ nicetas
——— (————_ nicetella
——— (————-) siderea
= || ) sidonis
——— ( ) vaivarta
——— ( ) visrava
(Tansima) stenopa
——— ( ) verma
——— (——-—_ ) — sintica
(Zopheessa) andersoni ..
NUMBER.
—_— (———__) armandli
——— (————__) atkinsonia ..
——— ( ) baladeva
——— ( ) asia 567 —
——— ( ) dura 567 —
——— ( ) gammiei 567 —
——— (————_) goalpara . 06
——— ( ) narkunda 567 ©
——— ( ) jalaurida 567
—_—— ( ) elwesi 567
—_——— ( ) kabruni 567
——— ( ) maeelleri 567
——— ( ) ramadeva 567
— ( ) sura.. 567
Leucania hesperica 903
inferens 903
proscripta 903
Leucocosmia 893
— ceres 893
reclusa . 893
Leucodrepana furvicosta 2a
}| Leucoptera sphenograpta 108
Leucotermes ceylonicus phe
indicola 775, 776
—_—_____— tenuior TG Ciclis)
Libythea celtis 584
- lepita 584
lepitoides 584
geoffroyi1 alompra 584
hauxwelli .. 584
lepita .. 64
——_—— myrrha 64
————— rama .. 584
narina .. 584
INDEX OF
NUMBER. |
Libythea rohini ., .. 084
——_—. libera .- . 584
sanguinalis . 584
Licuala 76
elegans 84
——— grandis 85, 86
—— horrida (a
— longipes bey pill)
—— paludosa 81, 83
——— peltata 77, 79, 80, 84
——— ramosa 81
——— rotundifolia ree ne .. 350
spinosa .. 81, 82,83
—— brevidens ra oe
— cochinchinensis. . Pearce
Ligusticum marginatum . . 1056
Ligustrum compactum .. = AOS
Limacinula butleri .. 1284
theze .. 1284
Liminitis daraxa : 60 |
dudu .. =a 60
zayla .. 60
—_——— (Auzakia) danava eon
(Bhagadatta) austenia amo
(Moduza) procris .. 576
——_—— ( ——) - anarta . 576
—____ (————__) - calidasa .. 576
= (Najas) trivena Hig OK
——_—— ( —)ligyes .. ode
(Parasarpa) zayla .. O76
(Sumalia) daraxa .. 576
—____ (————_-) dudu 54 O06
(————_) zulema Sone
Limnocnida Wy: Seoul:
Limonidromus indicus .. . .1206
Limosa belgica .. 157, 180
Limulus sp. : .. 1360
Linota rufo-strigata eae}
Liopicus mahrattensis
Lioptila capistrata
Liosis albertisii ..
Liphyra brassolis
Listeria dudgeoni
Litsza angustifolia
wightiana
18
95, 166, 1166
.. 249
. 466
: 997
.. 994
. 1297
. .1297
SPECTES,
Litsea
chinensis. .
———. consimilis
sebifera
Livistona .
sp.
altissima
australis
chinensis
———— filifera ..
hoogendorpii ..
humilis. .
inermis
jenkinsiana
——_-——— mauritiana
oliveeformis
rotundifolia
speciosa
subglobosa
ternatensis
Lobesia genialis ..
Locustella straminea
Lodoicea
Logania andersoni
marmorata
——_——— massalia
watsoniana
Lonicera .. aes
Lontarus domestica ic
Lophidermium pinastri ..
Lophiostigma xerophilum
Lophoceres birostris
Lophophorus refulgens ..
Lophospizias trivirgatus. .
Lophotriorchis kieneri
Lophotyna
albirena
Lophygma caradrinoides
- cycloides
Lopophanes melanolophus
Loranthus
elasticus
longiflorus
scurrula
Loriculus vernalis
358, 854, 355
CXXXV1i
NUMBER.
789
536, 763
ey US
. 536
8 BES
pao5
.. 849
350, 353
346, 355, 924
. 362
356
350, 354
.. 844
.. 846
. 855
. 849
.. 845
. 849
. 362
.. 869
. 155
915,916
. 987
. 981
. 981
. 981
1285
.. 980
leea
..1281
.. 96, 166, 263, 1166
178, 182
2. WGA
265, 674
.. 890
. 890
.. 484
.. 484
.. BAB
..1151
Aen
,.1151
,.1151
674, 1212
CXXXVill
NUMBER. NUMBER.
Lotongus aliena . .. 1003 | Lyczena (Latiorina) orbitulus walli 559, 983
— avesta .. . . 1003 | — - (lyecena) galathea .. 98am
calathus . . 1003 | ———-— _( ) metallica .. .. 9858
maculatus 1003 | ——-— ( ) omphissa .. .. 9839
parthenope 1003 | ——-—- (—————_) younghusbandi .. 983
pure sarala .. 1003 | —-———_ (Phengaris) atroguttata sar-
Aoi one sarus 1003 toides .. 984
: tamiata 1 ae (a8 ) sarta -. 984
—— traviata 1003 | —-—— ( ) gracilis .. 984.
- zalates Dae (Plebeius) bracteata .. . 983
zeus 1003 -— ( ) christophi .. . 983
Lotononis leobordea . 1031 | ——-— (——___) cytis .. 983
Lourea vespertilionis 228, 1034 | —-—— (——— )) eI ge .» 983
Loxia curvirostra scotica .. 547 | —— ) loewil .. 983
Loxura atymnus ; 602, 996 | —-——— .——-——_) - chamanica.. 983
— - arcuata 996 | ——__—_- (Scutilantides) baton cash-
- prabha 996 mirensis . 983
surya . .. 996} ———-- (——-_———-) hylas ep GIS)
Lusciniola melanopogon 154, 155 - ( ) vierama .. 983
Lutianus jahngarah 694 | Lyczena (Tiora) devanica 559, 984
sebze 693 - (——-) gracilis .. 1008
Lutra vulgaris 614 | ———__- (——-) lysias . . 1008
Lyczna jaloka 620 | ———- (- ) sebrus .. é .. 984
- (Albulina) asiatica 983 -— (-——) -- shandura 559, 984
——_-— (——__) pheretes lehana 983] Lyczenesthes emolus 594, 986
———- (Aricia) antiqua 984 —— ——topa 559, 986
——_-— ( ) astrarche 984 | —— 594, 986
-— ( —) eumedon 984 | Lychnis fimbriata 704
-—— ( ) jermyni 984 | Lycodon aulicus . .13860
——_—- ( ) medon 984 fasciatus 279, 280, 1335
———- (Bryna) ariana 984 gammiei 279, 280, 1335
——_-— ( —) chitralensis 984 | Lygosoma himalayanum. . 133, 148, 144
——_—- ( ) drasula 984] Lyncornis cerviniceps Fae dL
- ( ) drunela 984 | Lyonetia melanochalea .. 2 LOS
- ( ) eros balucha .. 984 praefulva ioe 721 09
-— ( ) sutleja .. 984} Lyroderma lyra 397, 846, 1177
——-— (————) fugitiva 984); ——————_ caurina So ia Ware
-—— ( ) icarus 984! Lysimachia chenopodioides 5) ee
——_- ( ) persica 984 — japonica 702
———- (———) pseuderos 984
- ( ) stoliczana .. 984
——-—- ( ) - painehe .. 984 ,
———- (Latiorina) ellisi 983 | Mabuia carinata 301, 1161, 1541
——_—- ( ) orbitulus jaloka 983 | —- macularia . GH
———- (———__)—_- leela 983 | Macacus sinicus aC
INDEX OF SPECIES.
INDEX OF SPECIES.
NUMBER.
Macalla brachyscopalis . 1258
——- eumictalis . . 1259
Macaria honoria . 1244
-— subalbataria .. 1244
Macheeropteris aif lal:
—__-—___-_- ceramina 128,129
——- - frenigera 128, 130
—__-—__-——_ halistrepta RS)
—__-—__-——_. horrifera 128, 129
—__-——_-——. limatula 128, 130
—- melicera 128, 130
——__-——_-——— phenax .. 127, 128,129, 180
- - receptella 127, 128, 129
- - taciturna 127, 128
—_-—__-—— vernacula 128, 130
Machilus macrantha eS
oberatissima be oe AGS)
Machlolopus haplonotus. . 89, 163, 1164
_— spilonotus .. 2-069)
Macna pretextata . L232
Macrochlamys pedina Peis
(Eurychlamys) platy-
chlamys 707, 708
Macrophoma musze f l46
Macropisthodon . 1012
plumbicolor .. 1014
Macropodia semitosta fe dae)
Macropteryx coronata 96, 166
Macropygia ruficeps 261, 675
- tusalia 261, 632, 675
Meerua arenaria n Pleo
Mahathala (Apporosa) atkinsoni | SS
--—— (Mahathala) ameria .. 990
Malachra capitata . 698
Mallobathra cellulata eaele
Malva sylvestris 704, 1023
verticillata .. 1022
Malvastrum tricuspidatum . 224
Mamestra albomaculata 431, 884
dolerosa . 885
- prodita . 886
Mangifera indica .. 1284, 1286, 1289, 1297
Mangusta (Herpestes) nyula ..” . 401
Manihot utilissima
Manis brachyura .. 844
- hastulifera
CXXXix
NUMBER.
Manis crassicaudata . 844
-- indicus . 844
-- pentadactyla .. 844
- (Phatagis) laticauda .. 844
Manto martina on 296
Marapana cautiperas .. 1285
-—— diplogramma . 1235
Marasmarcha atomosa .. .. 106
phlyctaenias . 106
Marasmius spaniophyllus f: ru £50)
Mareca penelope .. 159, 181, 1088, 1220.
Marmaronetta angustirostris .. .. 684
Marmessus boisduwalii . Pee
— lysias te SES
moorei oo BBS
Martes flavigula . . 1320
foina . . 1320
Martynia dlandra an 2G
Marumba bengalensis ..1270
Masca i 2229
-- abactalis . =. lA29
Massarina marginata .. 1296
- usambarensis . . 1296
Massepha rufescens . .1263
Mastigophorus indentifascia .. 1282
- magniplaga . 1232
Mastiphanes .. A425
— edolata .. 425
Matapa aria .. L003
—- druna .. L008
——- pulla . 1003
———- purpurascens .. 1003
———- sasivarna .. 1003
—- shalgrama .. 1003
Matopo .. : .. 429
- celecta . .. 429
—- typica .. 429
Mazus rugosus BELO
Mecistoptera albisigna . ..1240
Medemia .. es . 915
Medicago falcata . 1033
- lupulina . 1285, 1288
- sativa.. . « 1038, 1288
.. 1296 | Megacronycta x . 425
. 425
exl INDEX OF SPECIES.
Megaderma horsfieldi
—_—_————_ lyra
spasma
trifolium
—__—_—— trifolium
Megalema marshalloruin
Megalurus palustris
Megisba malaya ..
Melampsora ricini
Melampsorella aspidiotus
- cary ophyllacearum
————__—- ricini
Melanargia halimede
Melanitis bela
gakissa
ismene..
leda ismene
phedima bela ..
- bethami
- tambra
varaha
zitenius auletes
gokala
kalinga
Melanochlora sultanea
Melanocyma faunula faunuloides
Melanomma citricola
—- glumarum ..
Melanospora parasitica ..
-- yamiz
Melasina . ;
Melia avadenietite
Melilotus alba
indica ..
parviflora
Meliola amphitricha
asterinoides major
—— buitleri
-——- — celadotricha
——— clavulata
——— contigua
——— densa
—— diospyrl
——— fumago
—— geniculata
NUMBER. NUMBER,
.. 1177 | Meliola indica . 12868
we oy) mangifere . 1286 ©
re ed, - palmicola . .1286 |
lla - ieee ake ..1285
.. 1177 | Melissoblaptes raoMacnee 1249 —
.. 681 | Melite: (Melite) didyma ., 583m
. 169 ( ) chitralensis .. 583 :
594, 982 | ——— ) dodgsoni .. 583m
. . L092 | ——— ( —_) ferghana . 583
. .1094 | ————- (———_) maracandica .. .. 683
. .1092 | ———— (————) mercea .. 1008
. .1092 | ——— ( ) robertsi 8s
. 562 |—— ( ) saxatilis shandura .. 583
.. 54|—— ( ) sindura .. 582
. 570 | ——— (———) dalba.. 558, 582
. §4|—— (———_) balbita . 582
. 670|——— (———_) — ikkimensis .. 582
oo SID aaa ) trivia mixta 558, 583, 1008
Bea O) ( ) - persea .. . 583
.. 570 | Melittophagus swinhoei. . . 1209
.. 970| Mellivora indica. . 839, 1359
.. 570| Melophus melanicterus .. 94, 165 -
. 570 | Melursus ursinus. es
570 | Mendicago palcaes .. 704
1199 Merganser castor Bie (clk
.. 571 | Mergus albellus . .. 619
Gl 277 - castor prey Kou
. .1297 | Meriones hurrianz 840
. .1293 | Merops persicus. . ; 161, 162
. 1293 philippinus 96, 161, 162, 674, 1209
. 126 — viridis . .95, 162, 1166, 1209
. 942} Merula . 249
705, 1033 — atrigularis 154, 156
. .1032 | ——— maxima .. 680, 681
. .1032 obscura . . 673
. 1285 unicolor . . 1306
. .1285 | Metachora bambusz . 1292
. .1285 | Metachrostis 2 ee:
. .1286 | ———————_ muralis .. All
..1286 | Metaponia pusilla eet:
..1286| Metasphzria boehmerize . .1296
. 1285 -- capparidis 3 ». 1296
. .1286 | Metopidius indicus 101, 169, 1168, 1216
..1285| Metria platypoda » 1229
. .1286| Micrapatetis oe oe «» 910
INDEX OF SPECIES.
1167, 1218, 1332
melanotis
Mimusops hexandra
Minopterus
Mirafra assamica
- cantillans
—- erythroptera
Mixornis rubricapillus .
Moduza procris ..
Molpastes bengalensis
- burmanicus
- hemorrhous .
- intermedius .
167, 182
147
.. 1321
_ 1207
94, 162
94, 165, 1166
.. 585
59
a 90
625, 1200
90, 164, 1164
exli
melanope 160, 548, 1166, 1206,
1314, 1329, 1330
ocularis 651, 1206
personata 160, 550
Mudaria . a .. 898
—-- cornifrons . 898
Mungos ferrugineus 175, 836, 837
NUMBER. ' NUMBER.
Micrapatetis flavipars . 910} Molpastes leucogenys 256, 257
- orthozona.. 1) - leucotis $a) 9G
——-——- pyrastis 2 uO - nigripileus port
Microcerotermes biroi .. 790] Monodes .. an Helle!
- heimi . 775, 789 conjugata One
-papuanus.. so SO) fissistigma aya nteifics'
Microcichla scouleri 257, 550, 1327 nucicolora fe fevits)
Microccelia . 425 trifissa.. 2 8t8
fragilis 425] Monopis florilega cel
Micromys Bie 1314 -- viatica .. aie le!
Micropeltis conferta 1287 | Monotropa uniflora EOs
orbicularis .. 1287, Montifringilla adamsi . 185
Micropus melanocephalus 1200 | ————————- ru fricollis .. 185
Microsemyra 903| Monttivaltic chariensis . _, 1352
-- pallida .. 903] Morchella bohemica . 1288
Microtermes incertus 775, 788, 789 | —————- conica 151, 1288
-- mycophagus . (0) acuminata L285
=- obesi.. 775, 779, 787, 788, 789) ———_ deliciosa . .1288
-- sindensis .. 775, 787, 788, 789 | —————- esculenta . . 1288
——______-- tragardhi.. 789) Morina coulteriana 704
Microthyrium aspersum 1287 | Morus alba 702
microscopicum aol 280 -- serrata 702
Microtus .. .. 1814, 1322] Moschus moschiferus . 800
Milichia ; .. 444) Mota massyla nz a .. 990
-- gemella.. oe .. 444) Motacilla alba 156, 630, 1166, 1206
Millardia .. 340, 341, 342; —————._ beema . 156
comberi . 407| ————— borealis .. 156
listoni . ie . 407| ———— citreola . 156
— meltada .. 341, 406, 407, 408, | ————— feldeggi .. 156
840, 850, 1175, 1190] ————— flava . .1206
Millingtonia hortensis .. . .1082| ————— hodgsoni 545, 550
Milvus govinda ..99, 138, 167, 1082,); ————— maderaspatensis 94, 165, 1166
256, 257
——_—- mungo 401, 822, 828, 836,
837, 848, 1183, 1359
——- pallipes.. . 175
——_—- sanguinea .. 828
- smithi . 836
Munia atricapilla 673, 1205
exhii
‘Mus
INDEX OF SPECIES.
NUMBER.
Munia oryzivora .. .. 1204
‘Muntiacus vaginalis . 825
Murraya kcenigii. . .. 699
af oh 392, 845
albidiventris s. .. 406
albocinereus 5 allilicts
bachtrianus . . 1362
badius . 823
beavanil . 406
blanfordi .. 824
booduga : 406, 842
decumanus.. . 1175, 1176
dubius .. 841
flavescens endl
fulvidiventris . 406
gleadowii gD
golundi 407, 408
hirsutus 407, 408, 1175
homourus . 841
kok .. ae 20K
lanuginosus 406, 1175
lepidus 406, 1175
malabaricus ae soll IUgil
manei SMe (rhea, MMe liei7i. 1bikste)
mettada 406, 1190
musculus .. 405, 406, 841, 1187, 1188
mutale ae) WA
myothrix 408
nilagiricus .. 823
oleraceus 823
phillipsi 772, 773, 849
platythrix .. He .. 405
rattus = 405, 614, 1189
alexandrinus So LEED)
— tectorum .. SJ)
rufescens .. 405
rufus 5 LES)
saxicola 405, 406
spinulosus . 405, 406
terricolor . 406
urbanus ae .. 841
(Neotoma) giganteus sahil
(————) providens 407, 1175
Musa sapientum .. , . 146)
- superba . 706°
NUMBER.
Musca . .1290
Musicapa .. a: ae .. O46 ©
Musseenda erythrophylla . 1364
frondosa .. 1364
Mustela erminea .. 653
—- whiteheadi 614, 653
Mycalesis anaxias 49
- charaka
- lepcha 50
malsara 50
- malsarlda 50
- mineus 50
- nicotia 50
— - orsels.. 50
——_———- sanatana 50
- visala.. : . 4a0
- (Calysisme) ewansli :~ O09
- (—————-) intermedia . 568
- (—————_-) mineus .. . 568
- (————_-) polydec-
ta .. 568
- (————-) perseoides . 968
- (————_-) —————- igilia. 568
—__—__- (—__—__-) —_—___-- khe-
sia 558,
568
- (————_-) - sub-
dita.. 568
- ( -) perseus . 968
- (—————-) rama . 569
- (— ) visala . 968
- ( -) -andamana,. 569
= (——-——_-) eeenuae st
50
orcha. 558, 569
- (Culapa) mnasicles perna ..
570
- (Gareris) francisca sanatana. 568
( ) gomia
(Khabanda) malsarida
(Loesa) oroatis surkha
i)
- (Myrtilus) mystes
- (Nissanga) patnia
- (Orsotrizena) meda ..
——- (+)
. 568
.. 569
3 ark)
junonia.. 569
. 970
- mandata 570
- (Pachama) mestra ..
569
INDEX OF SPECIES.
NUMBER,
Myealesis (Pachama) suavolens .. 969
——_——- (——_) vetus J. 969
(Sodarga) gotama charaka,. 568
———_——\- (Samanta) heri . 969
—_—___—_- ( ——) lepcha ne OS)
= - ( )— bethami.. 569
- ( ) davisonu. . 569
- ( ) watsoni58, 569
- ( ) malsara .. 569
- ( ) mineus 569
- ( ) misenus .. 569
- ( ) nicotia . 969
- ( ) nudgara.. 569
- (Suralaya) nautilus .. .. 568
- ( ) orsels .. 968
- (Telinga) adolphei .. .. 969
—————- (————-) oculus © 569
- (Virapa) adamsoni .. 568
- (= ) zemate . 568
- ( ) anaxias . 568
- ( ) —-manil . 568
- ( ) -— radza oe pe
- ( —)anaxoides .. .. 568 |
Mycotheca brasiliensis .. 149 |
Myelois atrimaculalis 1255 |
Myiocopron orbiculare .. 1287
Myiophoneus eugenii J LS
— temmincki 545, 670, 682,
1304
Myosotis czspitosa 704
sylvatica 704
Myotis . 1321
parvipes . ig)
Myriangium durieui 1295
Myristicivora bicolor 1214
Myrmecozela glebifera .. 126
— leontina .. 126
metrophora 126
Myrsine africana 702, 1298
semiserrata 55 02s
Myrtacea .. » UA
Myrtale . 882
- imitata . 882
Mythimna implexa be leks
- viscosa . 888
exliii
NUMBER.
Nacaduba ancyra .. 986
- ardates os .. 986
———— atrata.. 595, 986, 987
—_——- bhutea 595, 986
—_—_——_-- kodi .. .. 986
- ccelestis 595, 986
————- dana .. 595, 986
- hampsoni .. 986
——_—- hermus 595, 986
- kerriana a2 GEG
——_—_—.- kurava 986, 987
- macrophthalma 595, 986
—————- nora . 595, 986
———_——- noreia 595, 986
- pavana eG
- plumbeomicans pes Sis
—_—-—__ ——_—__—____ nicobarica .. 987
————- prominens 595, 986, 987
- sivoka.. .. 986
- viola .. 986
Nacoleia conisota .. 1266
fuscifusalis .. 1265
—— leucosemalis . 1266
megaspilalis 11267
-——. ochrizonalis .. .. 1265
— pachytornalis .. fi ..1265
Naia bungarus 460, 1360, 1362,1363
tripudians 141, 1103, 13837, 1360:
Namangana .. 889
— atrescens . 890
— cashmirensis 890
cretacea 889
——_—_—— pectinicornis 890
Nanina bajadera 708
lavipus .. 108
Nannorhops 72, 75,76
— ritchieana 72, 73, 74
Nasturtium palustre
Nauclea rotundifolia
Nautilus kumagunensis .. :
—kuchensis
Nebrissa
bimacula
Nectria alutacea
—- asperata
. ABS
435, 443
_ 1298
-. 1298
exliv INDEX OF SPECIES.
NuMBER. NuMBER.
Nectria bogoriensis . .1293 | Nephopteryx ferreotincta .. 1254
———- bolbophylli . .1293 | ———————_ nepheloalis .. 1258
- calonectricola . . 1293 | —————_——_ rhodobasalis . 1258
———- cinnabarina .. 1293 | Nepticula polydoxa 1 OR
———- citri . . 1293 | ————_- sporadopa . 108
———- citricola ..1293 | Neptis anata 61
—-—- coccidophtora . .1293 astola 61
———- collabens . .1293 | ——— cartica 61
—_——- colletiz . . 1293 | ——— guilta 61
———- diversispora . .1293 | ——— miah 61
- flocculenta . .1293 | ———\ radha 61
———- heterosperma . .1293 | ——— soma 61
—-—- hupocreoides . .1295 | ———varmona .: 61
———- Iriarteze .. 1298 viraja 61
———- letifulva . . 1293 yerburii =. a oth 3 Gils
———- luteoccinea . . 1293 | ——— (Andrapana) columella kankena 558,
———- melanommatis .. . .1293 577
———- ochracea . . 1293 | ——— (-—— ) khasiana 577
———- ochvoleuca . . 1298 | ——_—- (——____) martabanad77
———- subcocejnea . . 1293 | ——_— (———___) nilgirica. 577
———- tjibodensis . . 1293 | ——— ( ) jumbah . 578
———- victorize . . 1293 | ——— ( ) magadha .. Onn
—- xanthostigma . 12938 (Bimbisara ) anjana .. 008
Nelumbium speciosum . 704 |——— ( —) cartica burmana.. 578
Nemorhzedus bubalinus .. . 246 ( ») nashona.. 578
Neocheritra amrita . 996 | ——— ( ) ebusa .. 078
fabronia 996 | ———- (—_____) fuliginosa., 578
Neocosmospora vasinfecta . 1295 | ——— (—— ) harita .. 578
Neolyczena sinensis .. 989 | ——— (—————___) nar .. 578
Neomelicharia furtiva 607, 609 ( —) sankara .. 578
Neomilichia . 879 |———_ (—————___) ———— guilta .. 577
- hylea . 879 | ——— (—— ) vikasi pseudovikasi 578
- veprecola . 879 | ——— (Lasippa) heliodore Oe,
Neomyrina hiemalis aM .. 996 |——— (Neptis ) eurynomena .. O77
Neophron ginginianus 98, 167, 1167 | ——— ( ) hylas adara .. PRON
- perenopterus. . 98, 618 | ——— (—___) - andamana . 577
Neopithecops zalmora 593, 981 | ———- (——_-_) - astola MOnee
Neorina hilda , ie .. 654,——— (——___) ——- nicobarica By.
- (Hermianax) chrishna archaica 568 | ———- (———_) - varmona JE OT
——- ( ) patria westwoodi 568 | ———_ (——-) mahendra Yas
- (Neorina) hilda .. . 568 | ———_ (——_) mananda Ort
Neotoma gigantea .. 1191 | ———_ (——_) nata 577
Nepeta campestris . 703 | ——— (——-—) soma 577
ciliaris Mea TOS eee (a aay clinia 577
Nephopteryx acrobasella . . 1253 | ——— (——__) hampsoni 577
INDEX OF SPECIES.
; NUMBER.
Neptis (Neptis) soma kallaura .. 577
( ) yerburii i proune
(Rahinda ) assamica . 579
——— ( ) aurelia . 579
—_—— ( ) enacalis . 519
——— ( ) dindinga 579
——— ( ) hordonia 578 |
( ) sinuata 578
——— ( ) peraka . 579
(Stabrobates) ananta 2008
( ) manasa .. 578, 1008
_— ) melba 558, 578, 1008
( ) miah hs erro
—_— (———__) nolana 53 Me)
——— (——— ) narayana 578, 1008
( ) asterastilis 578
——— ( ) Wana ve OMS
( ) nareissina . . 1008
—_— (——— ) nyctea 578, 1008
( )p nada 2k a sOne
( ) thisbe .. .. 078
——— ( \pUciay aaa 2 One
— ( ) akan OAK OKs
Nerium odorum ues 2 1 O2
Nesocia bandicota 5 Le sy TL)
- bengalensis a es 229 A0%
Netta rufina
Nettion crecca
159, 181, 619
181, 633, 1088, 1163, 1169,
1220
- formosum 1090, 1091, 1103, 1335
Nettopus coromandelianus. 103, 163, 1088,
1169, 1220
Neurosigma doubledayi .. 58, 574
-- nonius .. .. OT4
——fraterna .. a: .. O14
siva vo. Oe
Nia tripudians .. 301
Nicara Ho teeho)
castanea . 896, 897
Niltava sundara ..
Ninox scutulata ..
Niphanda cymbia
Noctua ambigua
19
conspicua
257, 628, 1205
167, 1167, 1212
. 986!
_ 986
_ 438 |
- 892)
marcia
Noctua
elata
exigua
fibrosa
fulgens
histrionica
kadenii
leucostigma
litura
lunina
lupula
marginago
marginata
plantaginis
ravula
rejecta
rumicis
rutilago
—— tibialis
umbra
umbrago
Nodana discosticta
Nonagria ..
cyrncea
gracilis
innecens
typhee
uniformis
Noorda margaronialis
Nopalea :
Nosophora mesosticta
Notocelia . 383
Notocrypta albifascia
alysos
__—_— hbasiflava
—____——. chimaera
— clavata
a curvifaseia ~
___________ feisthamelii
——monteithii .
—______— paralysos
rectifascia .
SS restricta
— singularis
a AS
So (TIT
exlv
NUMBER.
.. 430
.. 484
.. 891
, 484
.. 480
.. 440
Go
. 430
.. 891
. 414
. 892
:. 89h
.. 488
Paes
.. 906
.. 426
.. 892
.. 906
. 891
vi89g
i 188
BOS
.. 908
.. 908
.. 908
. 898
.. 904
1269
..1096
_ 1268
.. 863
..1004
..1004
..1004
. 1004
. 1004
. 1004
604, 1004
. 1004
. 1004
..1004
605, 1004
_.1004
..1004
..1004
exlvi
NuMBER.
. 693
Notopterus kapirat .
. 548
Nucifraga multipunctata
Numenius arquata 157, 1217
- phzeops 157, 180, 1217
Nuripus consimilis iy . O14
-- —— meridionalix.. . o74
funebris .. . O14
Nyceticorax griseus .. 1220
Nycticejus dormeri .. 398
isabellinus eas O
— kuhli. . .. 398
tickelli .. 1180
Nycticorax griseus eeliGs
Nyctinomus ..1321
- tragatus 831, 832, 1181
Nyctiornis athertoni 674, 1209
Nymphula grisealis .. 1261
Nyroea africana
792, 793 | ——
baeri .. 1088, 1221
—— ferina .. 159, 181, 619, 1088
————— helquissusyen) 161, 619, 1221
se lores . 159
Ochna squarrosa. . A mi .. 1231
Ochus subradiatus .. 1002
-- subvittatus 604, 1002
Odina decoratus. . .. 1000
-- ortygia . L000
- wodier .- 1286
Odontodenia harrisi .. 1364
Odontoptilum angulata. . 52 Se
pygela .. 998
sura 603, 998
Odontotermes brunneus 775, 781, 783, 784,
785, 786
—_—__ ceylonicus 782, 783, 784, 786
feae 775, 786
horni 775, 782, 786, 787
—_—__ obesus 775, 778,779, 780, 781,
782, 783, 785, 788,
Wallonensis 775, 779,
786
== obscuriceps . 786
INDEX OF SPECIES.
181, 1088 |
Number.
Odontotermes redemanni 783, 786
(Edicnemus scolapax 101, 168, 1168, 1216 |
CGnopopelia tranquebarica 100, 168, 585, 586,
675, 1103, 1167, 1214 |
Oerane nezra .. 1004
(ithiopsar fuscus . 1203
Oligodon .. vs . 280
Oligomeris glaucescens . . . 208
Oligostigma andreusialis ..1261
chrysozonalis wl 26m
Ombrophila indica . 12889
Omorphina in 1226 —
aurantiaca .. . 1226 4
Onchidium ie oa 108
Onobhrychis stewartii . 1043
Ononis hircina .. 1031
Onryza meiktila . . 1005.
Ophiobolus cajani bie . 1296.
manihotis . .1296
porphyrogonus . .1296
Ophiodothis sclerotica ~. 1292
- vorax . 1292
Ophiusa lacteicincta .. 1224
- rubida .. 1224
Opogona ee .. 118
cerodelta .. 112
—— dimidiatella el
dramatica Pe INO)
elaitis .. alee,
isoclina . ib
orchestris . 110
— pandora 4 elalit
——— plasturga sell
—— protographa .» 112.
semisulphurea 110,111
sphaerotoma «» JE
stathmota gO) ALIN
xanthocrita Fela
Opostega epistolaris a .. 108
Oppelia .. ae 714, 1350, 1351
- bicostata 714, 1352
glabella .. . 1352
—_—- kutchensis .. 714
- orientalis 714, 1852
- trachynota . 714
INDEX OF SPECIES.
NUMBER,
Ops (Britomartis) cleoboides .. 995
—- (Bullis) buto .. 995
-— ( -) valentia .. 995
—- (Ops) melastigma .. .. 995
—- (—--) oeta .. .. 995
--— (--—) ogyges . 995
Opsyra fa OOOH
chaleoela. . 909, 910.
Opuntia sp. ; . . 1095
— cochinelifera .. 1096
——-— dillenii . gy ANUS Ta MO)
——-— elatior .. . 1096, 1097
——- ficus indica ~ yOom
——-— monacantha P LO9GS L097,
—- nigricans . 1096, 1097
——-— tuna Oo”
Oraniella coffeicola .. 1281
Oreocincla dauma 630, 1204
- ferrea : 545, 629
- -- ferrea.. .. 629
-- haringtoni qe G29
Oreinus richardsoni sols)
Oreodoxa regia . .. 300
Orinoma damaris 53, 562
Oriolus kundoo .. 92, 161, 1073, 1159, 1165
——— melanocephalus 677, 1159, 1165, 1202
tenuirostris 585, 586
——— traillii . 676
Orneodes lyristis. . aon
panduris . 106
Orsotricena meda pre)
Orthogonia malayica 52 88
Orthomiella pontis . 986
Orthopeztus latita ae hag, SSN
- lidderdali .. 4 Be
——-——— phanzeus . 997
Orthosia uniformis oe ae .. 438
Orthotomus sutorius 91, 164, 1165, 1201,
1360
Oryza sativa 5. LSB IR
Oryzopsis 129i
Osmorhiza claytoni 2408
Osmotheron bicincta ..1214
-— phayrei .. 1214
Otidea darjeelensis . . 1288
exlviz
NUMBER.
Otis 21
—— aurita 722
bengalensis 1109
—— delicosa .. 1109
—— dybowskii 21, 24, 34
—— edwardsli . 304
—— indica . 722
—— macqueenil .. . 525
—— marmorata .. ae oe Br et
tarda 21, 22, 25, 40, 268, 301, 335
tetrax 22, 38, 41, 47, 303, 335, 738
Otocompsa emeria 671, 1200
——-- flaviventris .. 585, 1200
— —- fuscicaudata in LUGS
Otocorys elwesi .. 185
longirostris ..1313
Otogyps calvus .. 167, 1167, 1212
Ovis ammon pele
aries... . . 1359
—— vignei 301, 615, 1359
cycloceros . . L066
Oxzenanus = . 1232
- brontesalis . . 1232
Oxalis corniculata .. 103
Oxytropis cachemirica .. 1042
ae lapponica .. 1042
- meinshausenil .. 1042
Pachyura spp. 400, 834, 847, 1181
——_—_— assamensis . 847
—_——— etrusca .. 845
gracilis .. 845
———— hodgsoni .. 848
— leucura ; . 845
—_——— madagascariensis .. 845
—_——— nigra .. 1174, 1182
— perrotteti 845, 847, 848
stoliczkana .. 847
Paduka andamanica . 10038
- glandulosa . 1008
- lebadea . .. 10038
——-—- subfasciata x . 1003
Paleornis cyanocephalus 98, 166, 1167
fasciatus .. 1212
exlviii INDEX OF SPECTES.
NuMBER. NuMBER.
Paleornis finschi ae ats .. 1212 | Pantoporia (Pantoporia) nefte nivifera. 576
- indoburmanicus at . 1212 |; —______ (_______) - rufula.. 576
- nepalensis .. 97, 166, 1167 | _______ (_______) selenophora. 576.
- schisticeps .. a8 ..1212 ( ) zeroca 4 OG
- torquatus.. Ode Ike, WOES.) ——— (Parathyma) sulpitia .. 577—
1167, 1212 ,——__——__(Tacola) larymna .. -. OG |
Pallinia grata... oe chs . .129]1 ,——_—_—\— (Tacoraz) asura .. ad tOrm
Palma blanca .. oe sg .. 3874] —_——_— ( -—-) -idita .. 577%
- colorada .. a the .. 374/——_— ——(Tatisia) kanwa .. . JOC
- nigra ae A ne .. 374 |——_ (Tharusia) jina.. Pa 5/7
Pammene homotorna .. be! .. 874|Papilio .. od a} .. 1134, 1144
-peristictis .. 7 .. 874 — agamemnon te 591, 763, 766
- theristis bis fe .. 874 |—_ —————— decoratus .. a OG
Pamphila avanti .. be a . .1001 | —_—— ——_——_ ligatus... -. 466
demea .. ce ss . .1001 | ———- ——————- salomomis .. Ou
dieckmanni_ .. th .. 1001 |———— agenor .. a tat .. 089
gemmatus ae a . . L001 | ——— —aleanor .. EA 53. Be)
Pandanus .. : He 4h .. 84/—— bullerianus ag .. 089
- furcatus ae we 5 ZG} )) == ——— GNBBSTOIEg- a Se .. 589
Pandion halietus oa) toGymis2, 1213) aidoneus ae D. .. 589
Panicum .. ar a .. 1291, 1294 | ——-— alcibiades Wy 3 DIO ioe
amy BIW aa: af ee . .1291 | ——— androcles. . 752
Panicum colonum Hs ie .. 1291 | ——— antierates ae 590
italicum Me Wt .. 1171 | ——— antiphates .. 590, 748, 752, 755
miliare A tA hil) = - alcibiades .. 102
spicatum vi a) 07) |) Sareturus) i Bt .. 644, 590
Pantoporia cama Bui A .. 60|——— aristeus ay 795
— inara Me oy .. 60 |——— aristolochize .. 287, 530, 531, 588
kanwa oe oF, 80) | a siete 544
opalina a ie .. 60|——— ascapaphus 527
orientalis .. i .. 60]——— astorion 589
naa ranga ae a .. 60]/——— axion 590°
— selenophora ie .. 60|——— bathycles.. 587
zeroca ae De .. 60|——— bianor 544
(Athyma) perius .. 577 | ——— blumei * ds .. (42
————— (Chendrana) pravara .. 577 |——— buddha 541, 740, 741, 742, 743, 747
————— (Condochates) opalina .. 577 | ——— carpenteri 972
SS ori- Sa CESDI 8 i A .. 589
entalis.. 577|——-— chaon .. im a ey si’)
(Thironga) abiasa . off |= -ehiron! a i J aqo0k
(————__) ranga .. Hi |= llopnendanis Re ae 591, 765
(Pantoporia ) cama . 576 | ——— sumatranus .. Gs
(—————_) kresna ot) === telly tice i 531, 536, 589
(——————_) nefte asita.. 576 |—— -- casyapa .. .. 582, 533
—--——— (—_____) -inara.. 576|——-—- ——-- commixtus At .. 533
exlix
NUMBER. NUMBER.
Papilio clytia dissimilis.. 532, 533, 536, 589| Papilio philoxenus 589, 1342
—_____—_— flavelimbatus . 533 !———_ ——- polymitis . 989
lakeswara . 938 polyctor 544
——__—_——— papone ; .. 033 polymnestor 518, 519, 520, 52, 527,
——-— crino 740, 741, 742 529, 530, 538, 744
daksha 521, 529, 530 polyphontes oa 2. ool
——— danisepa.. 589 polytes 287, 522, 527, 528, 529, 531,
dasarada 589 538, 589, 699
—-— deiphobus 527 | _—_— ———- alcinder : .. Od
a deiphontes RD (| Sk - cyrus ..527, 528, 531, 589
= deipylus . 527 |—_—- —-——— polytes.. 527, 530, 531
demetrius . 972 | - romulus 527, 529, 530, 531
a Gemoleus\. « 589, 742 procles .. 758
——— dorcas A .. 752 |——— protentor .. 589°
———— doson 755, 757, 758,761, |———— romulus .. 287, 699
762, 764, 765 ,_——— rhesus . 755
— dravidarum 752 |—— rhetenor .. . 589
— elephenor 590 | ——— rumanzovius aS . 527
——— epaminonda 752 | sarpedon . . 591, 752, 758, 759
——— eurypylus 755, 358 | ——— semifasciatus. . 5 FES)
—— - jason.. . 752 | —— sikhimica. . ae oe .. 990
evemon . 758 | ——— tamilana.. 538, 545, 544, 744, 745,
ganesa . 44 746
gyas Be .. 590 |——— telearchus . 589
hector 287, 529, 530, |_——— telephus .. ak oe Siao
531, 533, 699 |_——— teredon .. .. 759, 762, 763, 765
helenus 521, 525, 526, 527, | —— anthedon 5 Wee
533, 589, 747 choredon nigGe
——— - daksha . 517 | ————————- mmilon .. 463
——— isander . 758 | ——————— parsedon pe EB
——— krishna 544, 590 | triumphator . 590
——— maacki .. 544 | ——— -—— mal . 590
——— mayo .. O27 xenocles. . : OO
——— memnon .. . 627 (Achillides) species one
mooreanus 521 | —__—__ (———-) -— arius One
——— nomius 749, 750, 751, | -——- (~~) bianor gladiator .. 972
752, 756, 757 | ———_ (———-) buddha . 973
enomaus .. 527|——_ (—————--) erino . 973
= palinurus : ae .. 742|—_— (—————_-) fruhstorferi .. 973
= augustatus . 742 ( -) dialis schanus .. 972
——— deedalus .. 742|——— (—————-) doddsi . 972
—__— pamon .. 746) ( -) elephenor . 5 OL
———-— pandiyanus . 580} ——— (—————-) krishna 1 OS
——-— parinda .. me 527 | _——_ (—————-) montanus . . 973
paris at .. 537, 53 8, 544, 590 | ——— ( ) palinurus .. Se
INDEX OF SPECIES,
INDEX OF SPECIES.
cl
NUMBER.
Papilio (Achillides) paris re O24
—_— (——_—-) polyetor . 972
—__—_ (-___-—__) —— ganesa .. 972
pia 8 -) - significans 972
ag BY HS ) triumpha-
tor.. 972
——— (Byasa) adamsoni 5. SAO)
—— ) crassipes oe ED)
( ) dasarada se Bee eho)
( ) barata aoe)
=== | ) ravana a SO)
( ) lama aoa)
——_— (——— ) latreillei i Opnoree,
—— _(———_) - polla . 970
(. ) nevilli =e YAO
—_-—_ (——_—_) philoxenus 52 OO
= (===) polyeuctes. 970
——— ( ) plutonius pembertoni. 970
—_—— (Cadugoides) agestor .. OO)
—_— _(————___) govindra.. 970
( ) epycides. . . 970
( ) curiatius 970
( ) hypochra 970
( ) slateri te BH
= (( ) marginata. 970
( ) tavoyanus. 970
——_ (Charus) chaon .. ; a wel
a= ) -—— ducenarius poe
( ) demolion oe noel
( ) liomedon .. 971
( ) fuscus andamanicus.. 971
( ) ——- prexaspes a oe
——— (———) helenus fe Ol
( ) - daksha Pol
( ) -mooreanus .. 971
( ) -sakontala .. 971
——— ( )e walkeri 4 Oral
( ) hipponous pitmani .. 971].
——_— ( ) iswara. . dal:
——— ( ) noblei .. oe all
——— (Chilasa) clytia.. 8
( ) — casyapa a970;
( ) commixtus .. 970
= ( ) dissimilis Vo
—_— (———_) ——— flavolimbatus.. 970
NUMBER,
Papilio (Chilasa) clytia janus ., . 970
(———) lankeswara .. 970
( ) onpape .. 9705
( ) papone .. Oa
——- | ) paradoxus danisepa .. 970
—— |( ) —————- telearchus.. 970
. 9708
—— — (lliades) mayo :
Oe
——— ( ) memmon agenor
——— ( ) polymnestor . Ze
—_— (——_) —- parinda.. 972
(———) protenor . 972
—_— (———) euprotenor., 972
——- ( ) rhetenor . 972
—_— ( ) ————— leucocelis .. 972
——-— (Laertias) polytes. . 558, 971, 972
( ) aristolochiz . 972
( ) cyrus 1 OTe
—___ (—_—__) ———_ hector 1972
—__ (_—_—_) nikobarus .. 972
ee ) ——— romulus 972
ee (Se) - sakontala .. 972
( ) stichioides558, 972
ee ) ——— stichius O72
—__—- (——_—_) ——— walkeri... 972
——— (Losaria) coon .. Be ei)
aaa (= =) -cacharensis .. 970
——— (-——_-) doubledayi .. 970
—__— (-——_—_) ——- sambilanga . 970
—— (- —) rhodifer e®
—_-— (Meandrusa) gyas i de
SS) aribbas ve
( ) payeni amphis .. 973
a (SS) evan . 973
——- (Menelaides) aristolochize . 969
( ) ——_————_ camor-
ta.. 970
( ) ceyloni-
eus.. 970
( ) goniopel-
tis.. 970
a | -—) hector .. 969
== ( ) jophon .. 969
—-— (Mimbyassa ) bootes See
sete (( ) janaka . 972
(Ornithoptera ) acacus .. . 969
INDEX OF SPECIES.
eli
NuMBER. NUMBER.
Papilio (Ornithoptera) darsius. . . 969} Papilio (Zetides) agammemnon ve Oey
(—_———____) helena cerberus. 969 ( -) andama- "
I — helia .. 969 ENE RI
—_—— ( )minos . SOON ern aay 2 decora-
——— (Pangerana ) aidoneus . 969 wes og
aoe [ ) varuna astorion .. 969 |——— ( ) -menides ee
( ) zaleucus .. . 969 )———_ (——_-) bathycles chiron . 973
—— (Papilio) demoleus ON ae Gor crs cloanthus 93
peeeeeg eee) ie nalayauus.. 97) |—__— (~_-) doson - 978
( )} machaon asiatica . 971 |——_ (—. ——- axion .. 973
( ) ladakensis .. 971 | _____ (____-) . eleius .. 2 Oifites
( ) sikkimensis.. 971 |____ (—___-) eurypylus cheronus.. 973
( ) sphyrus ee oral ( ) - macronius. 973
——— (———_) —— verityi er ciiel ( -) jason .. a OS
ae ) xuthus. 971 | ——_ (—___-) sarpedon ate .. 973
(Paranticopsis) macareus gyndes 974 | ( ) teredon .. 973
( ) —_—— indicus974 | Paracaryum glochidiatum 704.
(———_—__—_) ———— lioneli 974 | Paradoxurus nictitans lisa
( ) megarus . 974 - niger 301, 1184
( cS similis 974 |__ - pennanti ..1184
( — ) xenocles . 974 Gaara typus .. 1184
( ) -- kephisos974 | Paramigyna monophylla Be ee
= (== EE phrontis 974 | Paranthostomella capparidis .. 1296
——— (Pathysa) agetes -. 973 | Parantinheea marshallii . . 570
ee ) alcibiades .. 973 Pararge (Chonala) masoni .. 562
ek ) antiphates .. . 9738 - (Lasiommata) maera schakra.. 562
( ) - ceylonicus 973 - ( ) meeroides 562
ee - epaminon- = ( -) menava.. . 562
das 973 - merula . a ie 02
EE - naira 973 —- (Pararge) eversmanni cashmir-
—— -pompilius 973 ensis. 562
ee (SS ) aristeus anticrates.. 973] Pareba vesta ; 64, 584
( ) hammacnnten. 973 | Pareronia .. Aisa “1134, 1140, 1142,
( -) eurous cashmirensis. 973 1143, 1144, 1141
ae eee, sikhimica .. 973! Ss avatar. . 593, 981
= Sy etter SS) paravatar 54 GIL
mee = ( ) nomius 973 - ceylonica . 981
——_— (——__) swinhoei 973 - fraterna oo 9S
—- (Tamera) castor .. el - hippia.. ..1140
al -) mehala Siril - pingasa 981, 1140
—_—_— (_—_) polias. . 971 | ____. - naraka , SEE
——— (———_-) dravidarum 971 - spiculifera poy viel!
( -) mahadeva Sil - valeria hippia 24 Sel
———. (Zetides) acheron 973 - livilla egeu
cli
Parhestina mena nicevillei
— persimilis
— zella
Pariambia aprepes
- pulla ..
unduligera
Parnara assamensis
——_—- bevani
———- contigua
———- eltola
- guttata
———- kumara
———- ocela
———- pagana
———- sinensis ..
——-—- (Baoris ) farri
) occia ..
) penicillata
rican i
=
=i
TAK
=
—_——- (Chapra) agna ..
) scopulifera
) sikkima
) unicolor
——_—- ( ) balaramaella
——_—- ( ) brunnea
———-- ( ) chaya
- ( ) ecera
—_—- (———) julianus
—_—- ( ) larika
—_—- (———_) mathias
—- ( ) midea
—- ( ) prominens
- ( ) similis
—_—- (— ) sinensis
—_—- (— ) sodalis
-— ( ) subochracea ..
——- (— ) thrax
——-—- (Milena) mormo
——_—- ( —) plebeia
———- ( Parnara ) abica
——_—- ( ) alie..
——_—- ( ) assamensis
——_—- ( ) aurociliata
—_—_—- ( ) austeni
——_—_- (—_) bada
Se) evan
INDEX OF
NUMBER.
sya}
57, Ae
oye
aly
SANZ
ae
. 605
.. 605
.. 605
.. 605
-. 605
.. 605
.. 605
4s GOS
.. 605
. 1005
..1005
.. 1005
. 1005
..1005
..1005
..1006
.. 1006
..1006
..1006
..1006
..1006
..1006
.. 1006
..1006
. .1006
..1006
. .1006
.. 1006
..1006
. .1006
. 1005
..1005
..1006
..1006
..1006
..1006
..1006
. .1006
. .1006
SPECIES,
Parnara ( Parnara ) cahira
— - ( ) canaraica
—_—( ) clingala
ee ) colaca
———- ( ) conjuncta
———- (—_) contigua
——__- (————__) davida
——_—- ( ) discreta
= ) eltola
———- ( ) flexilis
———_- ( ) fortunei
—_—- ( ) guttatus
——_—_- (———_) haga :
——- ( ) intermedia
——_—- ( ) javana
———- ( ) jolando
——_—- ( ) kolantus
—_—_—- ( ) kumara
——— ( ) mangala
———- (——_——_) moolata
ase | ) nandoa
= ) narooa
—_——- ( ) onchisa
sais | ) pagana
—_——- ( ) pellucida .
———- ( ) philippina
———- ( ) philotas
————- ( ) saruna
—_——- ( ) scortea
———-. ( ) seriata
——_—- ( ) sifa
——_—- ( ) thyone
——— ( ) toona
———- ( ) tulsi
———- ( ) una
———- ( ) urejus
a ) wambo
Parnassius stubbendorfi tartarus
- (Kailasius) charltonius
—______- (———-__) imperator augus-
tus .. 974
- (Koramius) delphius atkin-
soni. 974
—____- (—_-) - chitra-
lica, 974
INDEX OF SPECIES.
NUMBER.
Parnassius (Koramius) delphius lampi-
dius. 974
———_——_— (————_) -- steno-
semus. 974
——___—__—_ (______) —_—— stolic-
zanus. 974
—____— (_____) hunza, . . 974
—_—— - ( ) whitei,.. OU
(Parnassius) epaphus, . O74
— (——- ) —— sikki-
mensis. 974
——_—__— (——_—__) hardwickii, .. 974
2s ( ) v1-
ridicans, 974
— (- ) himalayensis... 974
= — (—————_) jacquemontii.. 974
——— ( )
chitralensis 974
impunctata, 974
———+_—— (Tadumia ) acco ge elie
—____— ( ) gemmifer . 974
—__—_—— (——_———_) meelleri war Blak
— (————__) simo . 974
(————) acconus ee
Parodiella perisporioides . 1285
Parthenos gambrisius .. 59, 576
—- -- apicalis 576
—— -- cyaneus . 576
—_—__- -- virens .. 7 2au6
Parus atriceps 163, 1198
- monticola .. 262, 621
Paspalum scrobiculatum . 1285
Passer cinnamomeus 185, 552, 1205
domesticus 94, 165, 185, 552,
618, 1166, 1205, 1311
— hispaniolensis .. 552
——— montanus 618, 630
— pyrrhonotus LOWS
Pastor roseus
Patella aster
155, 552, 1165
637, 638, 639
capensis .. . 638
novemradiata . 638
——— rota .. 638
= eae, - + 639 |
20
clili
NUMBER.
Patellaria carteri . . 1289
Patorius erminea. . Be ss Se ant!
Pavo cristatus 100, 168, 1082, 1168
muticus .. 1214
Pavoncella pugnax va Los
Pedestes masuriensis ..1002
pandita 604, 1002
= sala. , . 1002
submaculata . . 1002
Pedicularis gracilis . 206
pectinatas . UG
— porrects 2.) 206
—— tennirostris. . : an
Peganum harmala i bf 228
Pelargopsis amauroptera "1209
gurial 96, 166, 1204
Pelecanus philippensis .. 163, 1218
Pellorneum minus .- L199
Pelomys watsoni. . 407, 408
subochraceum. . 670, 1199
Peltoceras athleta 714, 1351, 1352
bidens . 13851, 1352
Pentapetes phcenicea 226, 1027
Penthema binghami .. 580
- darlisa .. 580
- lisarda 63, 580
Penthoceryx sonnerati .. splat
Perdicula argunda 100, 168
- asiatica 100, 168
Perdix hodgsonize 1797 13h
Pericrocotus brevirostris 160, 628, 1161
- —- erythropygius 92, 164, 1165
—- fraterculus 672, 1202
—- peregrinus. 92, 164, 1165, 1202
—- speciosus . 1161, 1165
Perigea oe 32) O82
albomaculata 882, 884
———— apameoides 7 Seo
———— atricuprea 882, 884
——— canorufa .. 886
——— capensis 888, 885
——— centralis . 888
——— chinensis. . oe
——— contigua. 882, 883
——--— dolerosa .. 883, 885
cliv
‘ NUMBER,
Perigea galaxia .. 883, 885
—__— illecta . 886
— inexacta.. Pestle)
leprosa 882, 883
——— leucospila 882, 884
——— meleagris fe 5 886
spicea 882, 883, 886
——— stellata . 882).
— tricycla F tels lk
Perigeodes . 879
— magna 880, 881
malayica 880, 881
poliomera a Bn toteh)
rectivitta 879, 880, 882
tricycla 880, 881
ee fuscostrigata . 881
Perisphinctes alterneplicatus .. 715, 1352
—— anceps Ris ousdpLe
angygaster 1349, 1351, 15352
bathyplocus 5 lS)
chloroolithicus .. 13852
— curvicosta .. 1849, 1351
dhoscensis .. 715, 1349, 1351
euplocus . 13852
frequens .. 715, 1852
—_—. hians .. 1851
indogermanus . . 1352
jooraensis .. 1352
katrolensis 715, 1850
leiocymon ealood,
——_—_——— martelli . prey ak)
omphalodes 715, 135)
orion .. 1352
paramorphus 715, 13852
plicatilis .. .. 13852
pottingeri 715, 1350
a preecursor . 13852
rehmanni. . ae .. 1351
a rota . 1849, 13852
sparsiplicatus .. 1851, 1352
— Spirorbis .. .. 13852
torquatus 715, 1350
virguloides aca (LG)
Peristeria elata .. .. 1361
Peristylus Si. Reh pitas
INDEX OF SPECIES.
NuMBER.
Peristylus goodyeroides var. affinis 172, 173 —
lawii 172, 174
plantagineus .. 172, 173m
—— spiralis. . .. L722
stocksii _ le
Pernis cristatus .. 167, 1167
Peroneutypella ambiens . . 1298
indica .. . 1298
— pusilla . . .1298
Petaurista cinderiella .. 301
inornatus .. 13862
oral .. we . 822
philippensis. . at sin Oe
Petrophila cyanus 160, 1204, 1328
erythrogastra 257, 673
Peucedanum graveolens .. 1057
thomsoni .. » L0aa
Peziza sruginea .. . .1289
— aluticolor =o, ees
epispartia . . 1288
——— hainesii Be 2
lachnoderma v WlS2
semitosta. . =i lion,
Phacidium symplocinum . .1289
Phegorista catocalina .. .. 908
catocaloides 2 209
Pheopezia orientalis Bae eo)
Phagytra ..1229
abactalis . 229
— leucogastralis .. 1229
Phalacra .. ; .. 444
gemella .. 444
Phalacrocorax corbo 170, 1218
fuscicollis .. 1168
javanicus. 102, 163, 1160
1168, 1218
Phalera diversa .. .. 1271
Pharetra .. .. 4256
auricoma .. 425
Phaseolus calcaratus .. 1050
- max odie
- mungo 698, 1050, 1171
- radiatus 297
- radiatus .. 698
Phasianus humiz 1. 632
INDEX OF SPECIES, clv
. NuMBER. NuMBER.
Phasinoxena metaleuca .. ae .. 1249] Phyllachory malabrensis .. 1292
Phengaris atroguttata .. ¥ _. 594 | ——————_- marmorata. . +. 1290
Pheretima posthuma .. as .. 289 |-————- musae . .1290
- (Pericheta) posthuma .. 291|_ permixta .. 1291
Philadelphus coronarius aA .. 703 |-————- pongamiae . . pple)
Philanthus dissectus .. iy .. 813 |-——————_- repens ..1290
— emarginatus ae .. 802 ,——————-- rottboelliae . 1292
interstinctus Mt .. 813)— - rhytismoides . 1290
Philorgyia Be ie uf .. 425 | —_—————- shiraina 2 1292
- luteicoma .. a _. 425 | —————_—_- spissa . 1292
Phlebotomus babu i Mi .. 620 |———- tenuis 129m
pappatasi go _. 620 |——————_- topographica . .1290
Phoenicopterus roseus .. ae _. 170 |\————- transiens 7. 1291
noenixe =... ae Be ae _. 1286 | ——————- viventis e229)
=) arms): : a . _. 880] Phylanthus niruri PONG
- sylvestris Be aS .. SBS) ——= —- simplex ee ZIG)
Pholidocarpus .. os a .. 915 | ——————-- urinaria Fes
Pholidotus bengalensis .. ie .. 844] Phylloceras Pe . 1350
Photoscotosia venipicta. . ah 29 WEES) | = — disputabile .. .. 714
Phragmatiphila .. Est et: .. 898 |———— lodaiense 5 lal
—___—1+—— fumea.. an agi olen —— mediterraneum mal
—— grisescens ne 898, 899| Phylloscopus aftinis 1e4, 548
leucaneura. .. ., 6) —————= humii . 160
nexa |. M: 5. (ls! indicus . 155
Phryganodes stygialis .. Ae .. 1264 | ——————— proregulus .. 1305
Phycita melanosticta .. ne .. 1255 tickelli . 155
- mimella.. a Ke .. 1255 tristris i . 155
- umbratalis Bh Bie .. 1255] Phyrulla aurantiaca .. 1306, 1808
Phyllachora abyssinica .. a, ..1290| Physalis minima .. . 704
—— -annulata .. wd .. 1290} Physalospora agaves Pele 39.
—-aspidea.. se ..1290 | ——_—————. bambuse .. . 1295
— - bischofiae .. a) . 1291 | ———————- calami ..1295
—- - chionachnes # _, 1291 | —————_—— transversalis my 1295
— - colcis a Ks . 129] | ———__——— ventricosa ..1295
—_—— - eynodontis. . As 1. 1291 ——— xanthocephala nel29e
-cyperi donacis .. ..1291)| Pica bottannensis .. 184
—- dalbergiae .. oe .. 1291} Picea morinda 142, 705
— -demersa .. Re .,.290) Pieris a, .. ~1138, 1185, 1144, 1145
—— -desmodii .. He 221291, - brassicz 591, 1135
—_—______—-- dolichospora me pel2O - canidia 592, 1135
—____—- erebia as a 29K - glauconome .. 1135
— - ficuum be bon ..1290 | ——- kreuperi desta . 620
-fimbristylicola .. _. 1291 |-——- melete poge
—______-- graminis .. Bs .. 1291 | ——- naganum o3 O08
- infectoriae .. ay . 1290 - ovalifolia . .1290
elvi INDEX OF
NUMBER.
Pieris (Anthocaris) lucilla One
———- (Parapieris) callidice s5 DS
ene -) kalora 976
——- (-_—-) chumbiensis so SK
——- (Pieris ) brassicze 2 OG
——- ( ) canidia .. » DAS
—_- (——__) — Canis, s. 009, 976
——- ( ) deota . eS
——- ( ) krueperi devata 2 Os
——- (——_) melete 5) io
- ( ) ajaka Pome
——- (———-) melaina POG
——- ( ) montana no SAS
——- ( ) naganum 25, VIS
——- (——__) napl Som:
——- ( ) rapae a 976
——- (Pontia) daplidice a SKS
——- (———_) —— moorel pws
——- (——__) glauconome oy DOE
——- Synchloe belia daphalis .. idl
+ —— chloridice ees
Pilipectus : .. 1233
- eyclopis .. 1234
- ocellata .. 1233, 1234
Pimpinella acuminata 705, 1055
——— - diversifolia .. 1055
— - saxifraga .. 1055
Pinus bs 5 , 1288
-excelsa 705, 1076, 1077, 1078, 1288
- longifolia .. . 705
Piper betle ob: . 229
——- niger 1293, 1285, 1293
——- nigrum eon
Pipistrellus ae : pelea
——— ceylonicus 397, 821, 330, 1179
ee coromandra oN)
————— dormeri__.. .398, 821, 830, 1179
——_—_— mimus . .898, 769, 821, 1180
ve glaucillus .. -, (69
Piprisoma squalidum 95, 166
Pirdana distanti. . .. 1008
-hyela .. Bad .. 1003
——- - rudolphii .. 10038
—-pavona .. .. 10038
Pisonia excelsa .. . 294
SPECIES.
|
Pithauria sitchisonii
glauca
——-—— murdava
stramincipennis
Pithecops fulgens
-hylax ..
Pitta brachyura ..
-cucullata
- eyanca
- cyanoptera
- nepalensis
Plastingia callineura
- corissa
————- drancus
—_—_——- idyalis
- indrasana
- latonia
- margherita
-~naga ..
—_—_———- noeml
—- tessellata
Platalea leucorodia
Platanthera
- susannee
Platanus orientalis
Plataplecta
——___— primosa
Platyachista pallasii
Platystemma violoides .
Plecotus .. ‘ e
Plectranthus gerardianus
Plegadis falcinellus
Pleogibberella calamia ..
Pleomassaria ilicina
Pleospora spinerum
Plesiosaurus
Pleuromya of a:
Pleurospermum angelicoides
brunonis
candolii
— densiflorum
—— govanianum
— stylosum
Ploceus baya
—-manyar ..
NUMBER.
..1004 —
..1004
604, 1004
604, 1004
/)98it
593, 981
.. 1345
. 586
_ 1907
.. 1207
. 1207
, 1008
..1008
. 1008
. 1003
.. 1008
., 1003
604, 1003
. 1008
.. 1003
. 10038
102, 169, 1219
171, 1129
..1129
. 705
. 495
. 425
.,1184
.. 704
_ 1821
. 704
“163
..1294
. 1296
. 1296
.. 465
pers
.. 1057
1057
. 1057
.. 1057
., L056
_.1057
. 93, 165, 675, 1073, 1204
. 1204
ae ae ee ee
Ploceus passerinus
INDEX. OF SPECIES.
NuMBER. |
.. 1360] Polyommatus beeticus
elvil
NUMBER.
_ 287, 289, 596, 987
Plotus melanogaster 102, 163, 1168, 1219| Polyphezenis . 418
Plumbago zeylanica pee confecta 418, 419
Plusia chalcopasta ..1225 | ——_——— diminuta 418, 419
— exquisita . 1224 — indica .. 419
— megaloba.. . 1225 inepta ne I
Pnoepyga ma bOI — largetani .. 418
Podiceps albipennis 103, 169, 275, | —— pulcherrima .. 418
663, 1169, 1221 | Polypectrum chinquis 632, 1214
Podocarpus .. 1298 | Polyporus cubensis .. 148
Podophyllum emodi , (02) = gilvus Plas
Peecilia .. 41] | —— egrammocephalus 5 lets)
muralis .. 411 |——- isidioides . 148
Poeenia emodi >» 0S) == lepideus .. 149
Pogonatherum saccharoideum .. ..1291 | ——-—— persoonii . 148
Poinciana regia . 699 - umbilicatus .. 149
Polia soluta . 426| Polystictus crassipes ree ltss()
Polioaétus ichthyaétus 167, 1213 cupreonitens 1) LO
Polyacha depressella LSI | === floridanus .. 149
Polyalthia longifolia 755, 766 — gibberulosum .. 149
Polychrosis cellifera 869 | -—————. kattui ts LEO
Polydesma noduna 27 — leoninus dees)
Polygala chinensis ~-.. (OL |—= occidentalis .. 149
crotalaroides .. 704 -—resupinata .. 149
triphylla 704 | ——_———— russogramme os Le@
Polygonum alatum 216 | ——————_ sanguineus .. 149
— alpinum 216 — sarawacensis . 150
= [ORO IG OIE 214 — senex ? aoe LO)
— flaccidum 215 ; -—————- xanthopus .. po ale
— glabrum 213 | —— zeylanicus .. .. 149
————— glaciale ; 215 zonatus .. 149
ra eee HVC SOpipsere 215| Polystigma fulvum . 1292
———— lapathifolium 214 ochraceum .. .. 1292
minus 214| Pomasia punctaria . 1245
orientale 212| Pomatorhinus hypoleucus ~ .. 1198
—-——__— persicaria 214 imberbis .. . 670
— polystachyum 216 | —— macclellandi . 624
sagittatum . 216 nuchalis .. 261, 659, 670,
— sibiricum DF 1085, 1086
——_—— simlense ls) || ruficollis .. . 623
—— stagninum .. 214 schisticeps sedis:
——_———— strigosum 216 | Pongamia glabra . 1289, 1291
tortuosum 216 | Pontedera oe 916
virginianum 213 | Poocephalus moniliformis ona
Polyocha saccharella 1251 | Poozana ., a Bs ue jo AS
elvili INDEX OF SPECIES.
NUMBER. NuMBER.
Populus ciliata .. 702, 1284, 1298, 1297|Prinia inornata .. 91, 164, 1165, 1202 |
Poritia geta be 1 ie Jo. DIG socialis .. Fa Ny 91,164 —
hewitsoni .. oh: be OOO — sylvatica .. 4 91, 164, 1165
——— (Poiritia) erycinoides .. .. 987) Prioneris .. 752, 1132, 1135, 1142, 1148,
———-, ( -) geta .. oy. so Bsls 1144, 1145
——— _ (——-—-) hewitsoni, .. .. 987 |—————antiphates.. ae .. 1153
—_—— (——_—_-) - tavoyana,.. 987 } —— clemanthe .. 591, 975, 1153
( -) phraatica, .. 5. SSK |. cloxaim .. eyelids lula
—__— (———_—_-) pleurata it .. 987 | ____sita.. 97 8 1135, 1151, 1153
— (——_—-) sumatree ws ... 987 | ——_——- thestylis ts 591, 975, 1153
— (Simiskina) harterti .. .. 987 | —_____ —___— jugurtha .. J Oto
( : ) pediada.. .. 987] Pritchardia af; =e -.. 89%, 009
—_— (——--—_) phalia a) Yad —— filamentosa .. 361, 362, 364
— (———_-——-) phalena .. 987 | —____—— filifera 4 .. 9861, 362
Poronia arenaria Sy = 1300 — grandis Mt: mi .. 85
-— heliscus S. -, ; 1300 pacifica Ee .. 308, 359
——-— oedispus.. ms .. 1280, 1800} Prodenia .. uM we st .. 430
——-— polyporoides .. ee . .1800 | —__—— androgea th Mt BONS
Porphyrio poliocephalus ». 169; 1215) ——-___. apertura cm #7 .. 433
Portulaca oleracea ae a .. 209 |—__— _bipars .. “. As .. 433
Parzana maruetta . oy .. 157|—— ciligera.. 8 ee .. 431
-- pusilla .. ee - .. 157 |———— declinata “it St .. 481
Potentilla albifolia ti .. 703, 1052 |———— evanesceous .. My .. 431
-- argentea ai a .. 1054 | —————- glaucistriga .. 46 .. 431
— argyrophylla .. “i . . 10385 | ——_—— ingloria 23 18 .. 433
—- clarkei Et a . . 1053 | ——-—— litura .. os ye .. 430
—-—— fulgens be Se . . 1052 | ——-—— reclusa.. i a 2898
— kashmirica .. ye . .1054 | ——_—— subterminalis .. hs .. 431
—- nepalensis .. .. 703, 1054 |——_—— synstictis fh Be .. 483
- sericea $3 bet . .1053 | ——_—— tasmanica ae es .. 431
Pothos scandens... ie Be . .1287 | ——__ testaceoides .. is .. 431
Prangos pabularia cs bd ..1056|Promachus sp. .. 8 ihe 6G
Pratincola caprata .. 93, 165, 617, 672, |_—_—-—— yessonicus .. LA A VGLG
1165, 1204) Propassers pulcherrimus sa 185
- maur .. 160, 545, 617, 1165, 1204 | Proraphora Ww ay on 1952
Prenanthes violcefolia .. Ei .. 704 | ——__—_ curvibasella. . oe : _ 1952
Presbytis anchises i! +e nic OE dialeuca.. xe . 1252
- entellus . .230, 397, 820, 821, | Prospalta .. - a re 882,
845, 1159 ; ——--—__- contigua Sly ihe .. 883
——-——hypoleucos .. .. 821, 1176 |——_——- leucospila... ity .. 882
leucopus sis Le sp ell -——- stellata + 883
Primula denticulata a Ss .. 702) Prothoe (Agatara) calydonia pelisarnan 580
-— floribunda as ue 29 102 - (Prothoe) francki = .. 580
Prinia blanfordi .. ae Py, . . 1202 ; ———- ( --) regalis .. 580
- flaviventris Ae an ..1201|Protoseudyra .. cf te 2» 909
INDEX OF SPECIES.
NUMBER.
Protoseudyra picta 5 S108)
Proxenus .. 5 . 445
———— dlissimilis 445
os hospes. . 445
tristis .. 446
—_——— ab. lugens 446
Prunus amygdalus 702
armeniaca 1293
cerasus .. NF es se (OH
a padus 1292
puddum .. 702
Prytaneutis, gen. nov... 109
clavigera.. ; 109
Psammodynastes pulverulentus 22.686
Psammogeton biternatum . .1058
Psammophis schokari 634, 635
—- triticeus 634, 635
Psarisomns dalhousiz . .1208
Pseudergolis wedah 64, 583
Pseudocerastes persicus .. 1340
98, 167, 1160,
1167, 1213
Pseudogyps bengalensis. .
Pseudopeziza medicaginis . . 1288
repanda .. .. 1289
ae trifolii . .1289
Pseudophacidium indicum Pelesg
Pseudopunda . 425
bicolor . 425
Pseudotantalus leucocephalus.. 102, 169,
1168, 1219
Pseudoxenodon .. palor2
Psoralea corylifolia . 224
Pterocles fasciatus 100, 168
Pteroclurus exustns 100, 162, 1106
Pteromys candidulus .. ..1102
oral . a. tele
Pteropus alec
————. assamensis . 821
———— edwardsi : i: 5p temll
———\— giganteus . 821, 829, 847, 1177
———— kelaarti usa
a leucocephalus doz
—_—_—— marginatus . 846
medius ye yu
pusillus .. 846,
regius
reticulatus
sebze
spilotes ..
timorensis
Quercus dilatata. .
genestrata
incana
lamellosa
lineata ..
elix
NUMBER.
Ptyonoprogne concolor .. 94, 165
rupestris. . 618, 660
Pucrasia macrolopha . 1362
Pudicitia pholus. . .. 1008
Punicea granatum «OZ,
Pycnocycla glauca .. 1056
, Pycnonotus blanfordi Pe A120005
pygoeus . 250
Pycnorhampus icteroides . 547
Pyctorhis sinensis .. 89, 164, 1164, 1199
Pyrausta metasialis , A269
microdontalis. . pe LA
: monosema go ea)
Pyromys .. a 340, 770
Pyrops candelaria a LOS)
Pyrrhia Be ew
- aconiti .. loon
———- angulata 1 oo2
————.- purpurina Jou
= - umbra ool
Pyrrhocorax graculus alee
Pyrrhula aurantiaca 546, 1362
Pyrrhulanda grisea 95, 162, 1166
Pyrus baccata Boe Oe
- pashia 621, 702
Pythium palmivorum a DIL
Python obs 447, 448
—— amethystinus .. 447
—-— anchicte.. . ALT
—— curtus me a .. AAT
——— molurus .. 277, 447, 451, 452, 458,
460, 461, 474
te 447, 467
_ 447, 451, 452, 458
447, 453
_ 447
_ 447
elx
Quercus pachyphylla
- spicata .
Querquedecula circia
Rabila ;
— frontalis ..
Radinacra
- cinerascens ..
————- placida
- thoracica
Nadinogees
— tenuis
Rahinda hordonia
Rallina
Rana tigrina
Ranunculus arvensis
diffusus
——_-——— hirtellus
——— letus
Rapala abnormis
— hbarthema
—— huxaria
—-— damona
—— deliochus
— dieneces
—— francesia
——— grisea
———. jarbas
—— lankana
-——— lazulina .
——— maculata
-———— melampus
-——— nicevillei
———— _ nissa
———. orsels
—— petosiris ..
———- ranta
—— rectivitta
——— refulgens
———. rosacea
—— schistacea
..8, 687, 1341
sceleratus ..
INDEX OF SPECIES,
NUMBER.
Boy Phe
he AS
159, 181, 1088,
1221, 1360
.. 900
. 900
.. 893
.. 898
, 441
.. 893
445, 446
, 445
ulaheH
. 1215
227,
INS) ESE Gay 182)
bo
603, 994
602, 994
.. 994
602, 994
Rapala scintilla
sphinx
subjuttata
subpurpurea
saffusa
tara
—— testa
varuna
— rogersi ..
xenophon
intermedia
Raparna digramma
Rathinda amor
Ratufa gigantea
— indica
Recurirrostris avocetta. .
Regadia crisilda . .
crito
critolaus. .
Regulus cristatus
Rehimena phrynealis
Rehmiomyces profusus . .
Reinwardzia trigyna
Reseda pruinosa
Reticularia venosa
Rhabdops bicolor
Rhapalocampta benjamini
Rhaphicera moorei
— satricus
Rhapis acaulis
Rhinolophus
—____—_—-- affinis
——__—_—_—- cinerascens
—- dukhunensis
—- fulgens
—-- murinus
- petersi
—______- remmanika
—______-. rouxi
———.- rubidus
Rhinopalpa polynice
—_— - birmana
Rhinopoma ay
cordofanicum
— eystops
.. 994
602, 994
.. 994
603, 994
.. 994
..1281
|, 99%
..1102
. 1185
Leo
.. 566
.. 566
.. 566
.. 1805
. 1263
. 1297
221, 708
208, 227
.. 146
.. 686
.. 606
.. 562
58, 562
.. 879
, 1321
.. 1178, 1359
Aas
leas
.. 829
-. O29
oars
As
alas
-allas
15 OS
.. 580
.. 1321
<=) 68,
289)
INDEX OF SPECIES.
NUMBER.
Rhinopoma hardwickii 767, 768, 769,
831, 1181
-———_—_—— kinneari .. 767, 768, 831, 847
——_—_-— lepsianum oH ge Gs)
———- microphyllum 767, 768, 831
——_—_—— muscatellum 767, 769
— sumatre 767, 768
Ithipicephalus sanguineus 694, 695
Rhipidura albicollis
- albifrontata
- pectoralis
Rhizina reticulata
zonata
Rhododendron
.. 92,
Rhopalocampta benjaminii
erawfurdi
— elctra .
Rhopobota
Rhopodytes tristis
Rhus punjabensis
Rhyacornis fuliginosus ..
Rhynchina leucogonia
Rhynchops albicollis
Rhynchosia himalensis . .
Rhytidoceros undulatus. .
Rhytisma acerinum
———— conoideum
cee durissinum
fuscum
himalense
piceum
pieridis
ustulatum
ltibes nigrum
- rubrum
Ricinus communis
Ritra aurea
Rivula basalis
— cognata ..
——— magniplaga
——— procrita ..
— simulatrix
R0biularda
21
-campanulatum ..
628, 672, 1208
165, 672, 1165
93, 169
_ 1288
. 1288
1245
+. 708
. 1007
_.1007
eLOOn
. 855
674, 1212
iene Lo
184, 262, 545,
1204, 1306
. 1236
170, 1218
705
..1210
, 1290
_ 1289
_ 1289
. 1289
. 1290
_ 1290
..1290
_ 1289
. 708
. 708
1094, 1288, 1295
.. 996
meets 22
.. 1941, 1249
. 1229
, 1249
, 1249
. 146
Robillarda seutata
Rosa Re
macrophylla
sericea
Rosellinia andurnensis . .
- bunodes
- echinata
———_—- mangiferze
—_—_——-- picacea
- picta ..
Rostratula capensis
Rottboellia exaltata
Rubus clarkei
macilentus
—- niveus
tumMeXx acetosa
hastatus
——-— nepalensis
— vesicarius
turalis
Rusa unicolor
Ruticilla frontalis
pheenicurus
rufiventris
Sabal
- adansoni
——- blackburniana
- caroliniana
- giesbreghtii
- glabra
- glaucescens
- mauritizformis
- minima
——- minor
- mocini
——- palmetto
—- pumila
- serrulata
——.- taurina
- umbraculifera
Saccharum
elxi
NUMBER.
oad 27
. .1296
Ears
. 703
.. 1297
5 297
ap LEI
bora
ell
. 1297
102, 168, 666,
667, 1218
, 1292
_ 1035
a 702
6 G02
218, 1029
218, 1028
, 218
a8
.. 988
_.1198
. 548
Meg 58
160. 184, 548
. 876
378, 380, 389
389, 391
. 879
se387
. 879
.. 887
83, 387
Meade RS 27'S
3a
, 389
382, 386, 389
i379
, BIE
379
382, 387
_ 1286
elxii
Saccharum officinarum ..
- spontaneum ..
Saccobolus kerverni
Saccopetalum tomentosum 709,
Salamandrize :
Saletara panda chrysea
Saluria hemiphzealis
Salurnis marginellus
Salvia glutinosa ..
- ljanata
Sancus forensis
— kethra
——— pulligo
-_—— subfasciata
— ulunda
Santalum album ..
Sapheneutis galerita
—- metacentra
Sapindacea
Sarangesa albicilia
- dasahara
- purendra
—————-- sati
- sezendis
Sarcidiornis melanotus ..
Sarciophorus malabaricus
Sarcogrammus atrinuchalis
- indicus .
Sarcoscypha sp.
——————-- colensoi
——_————- melanopora
———- racoitzee
Sarcosoma meelleri
Saribus
hoogendorpii
oliveeforris
——— rotundifolia
— subglobosa
Sasia ochracea
Satarupa bhagava
cognata
corinna
———— diversa..
andamanica
NUMBER.
.. 1292, 1296
5g IAI
a 289
758, 766
. 145
4 Sits)
oa ol
607, 608, 609
703, 704
a 702
..1001
..1001
604, 1001
Be LOO:
55 LOLOL
.. 1286
5 a
lz 7,
. .1290
.. L000
6038, 1000
. . 1000
.. L000
.. L000
103, 163, 685,
1088, 1103, 1220
102, 168
ong
101, 168, 1168
abt
oo)
. 152
Pilot
_.1279
. 846
. 856
.. 865
349, 350
. 3849 | —
. .1208
.. 1000
. . L000
. . 1000
. . L000
. . 1000
INDEX OF SPECTES.
NuMBER.
Satarupa gopala .. . . 1000
narada. . . .1000
niphetes . . L000
——-—— phisara 603, 1000
sambara mo . .1000
—_—— aftinis ..1000
: dohertyi . . 1000
Satsuma leechii .. ‘xe . 989
Satyrus (Aulocera) brahminus .. .. 562
— ( -) loha .. 563
-——— (———-) chumbica . 563
——— (———-) padma . 562
——— (————_-) saraswati . 563
———— (———-) sibyllina _ brahmin-
oides . 062
——— (-———-) swaha .. 562
——— (KEumenis ) enewata . 563
—— ( ) mniszechii alka . 063
( ) -lehana .. 563
( ) thelephassa . 563
——— (Karanasa) actza pimpla . 563
——— ( ) cadesia .. 563
—— ( ) diffusa . 563
——— ( ) digna . 563
( ) hiibneri 563
( ) - woorel. 558, 563
——— (———_) leechi .. 563
( ) modesta .. 963
——— ( ) semele . 563
Satyrus (Nytha) macropthalma . 563
> ( ) parisatis . 563
- (Parzeneis) paleearcticus sila
mensis .. 562
———- (——_—_) pumilus 562
sees (a ) - bicolor 562
———- (Philarcta) hanifa 563
——- ( ) heydenreichi shane
dura 563
-(— —) persephone 563
Sauropatis chloris 294, 1210
Saxicola deserti .. . 155
— — isabellina .. 165
= montana . 184
— opistholeuca . 155
. 160
———— picata ..
Saxifraga ciliata. .
- filicaulis
Scabiosa olivieri
speciosa
Scandix pecten-veneris. .
Schima wallichii ..
Schizodactylus monstruosus
Schizophyllum alneum ..
Schizothorax esocinus
Schizothyrium annuliforme
Scirrhia seriata .
Sciuropterus, sp. ts
alboniger. .
..1362 | Sehleichera trijuga
fimbriatus 614, 1362 | Selenium vaginatum
Sciurus bombayannus _.. 1185} Selinum candolii
elphinstonei PSS —- papyraceum
——— erythrus ae dUKO; - tenuifolium
——— indicus By i .. 1185 —- vaginatum
——— palmarum . 403, 404, 822, 823| Semnopithecus anchises
—— penicillatus . 822 - dussumieri
——-— purpureus .. 1185 | ——_——____- entellus
——— stevensi .. . .1102 | —————___- hypoleucos
——— tristriatus . .1186 | ————_____- hypoleucus
——— (Tamias) dussumieri .. 1186] Seneca ae
Scobura cephala . .. 1002 tumidella
- cephaloides 604, 1002 | Senecio graciliflorus
- isota ..1002| Sephisa chandra..
——_—~martini .. . .1002 —- ——-—- albina..
- phiditia.. : . . 1002 - -—- chandrana
Scolopax rusticula 268, 633, 1087, 1217] Serilophus rubripygius ..
Sclopendra ae 143,144! Serpens indica
Scops bakkamcena 167, 586, 1167,1212|Serranus .. Ae
= faa oe . 631} Serratula pallida
Scotophilus ..1321] Sesamia sg
belangeri . 398 - albiciliata
—— ceylonicus .. . 397 | ———- cretica ie
— coromandra allie) - striata ..
flaveolus .. 398 | ———- fraterna
fulvidus SO - inferens
heathi af 5 Las) - pallida
—____—kuhli 398, 830, 1180, 1842, 1359 | ————- striata
Scotophilus luteus . 398 - tranquillaris
wroughtoni . . 398, 399, 1180 - uniformis
Scotozous dormeri .. 398 - vulteria: .
Scrophularia calycina
INDEX OF SPECIES.
NUMBER.
. 704} Scrophularia lucida
. 704 | —————_—-- scabioseefolia
. 204 |—————_—- variegata ..
. 204} Scuirus pernyi
.. 1056} Seutellaria angulosa
sal Zon grossa
.. 1091; Scutum ungius
. 151|Sebastonyma dolopia
.. 285|Sedum linearifolium
.. 1289
trifidum .
..1292| Segetia mandarina
31 - sareptce ..
. 7038 Sesamum indicum
elxiii
NUMBER.
205, 206
... 206
.. 206
.. 1362
2 7048
. 704
637
604, 1002
2708
2 108
.. 888
.. 888
_.1297
mer (0S:
..1056
..1056
..1056
..1056
Pao
AiG
.. 3897
eras
sys
1952
1252
ie 704
58, 558, 574
558, 574
558, 574
_.1208
903, 904
clxiv INDEX OF SPECIES.
NUMBER.
Sesbania aculeata on me ..1038] Sitta neglecta
Seseli sibiricum .. fis 7 .. 1056} Sium latijugum
Seudyra .. ae ie oe .. 908 | Skimmia laureola
- albifascia a a .. 909] Smithia ciliata
———- bala oy as ay. .. 909 - geminiflora
——- catocalina he 4% 25 els) - sensitiva. .:
——-—- dissimilis ae . .. 909; Solanum dulecamara
———- longipennis st 55 SUS: nigrum. .
———- nepcha .. a ee ey SOS) pensile
———- transiens a .. — 908, 909| Solenophorus negacephalus
—- venosa ... a f .. 908] Sonchus oleraceus
Seynesia grandis ze 4) . .1287 | Sopubia trifida
Sibia nigriceps 251| Sorex melanodon
_ Sida carpinifolia . 225 - nigra
cordifolia 925 | ——- nudipes
grewloides . 211 - perrotteti..
— humilis a a 5s .. 224] Speelotis uniformis
—— rhombifolia. . ae .. 225, 698| Spalgis epius eit sis Me
spinosa oe ha ae .. 224 — - nubilus.. 3 .. 98m
Silene griftithii .. ci hi .. 704]Spatula clypeata .. 159, 181, 1088, 122]
-- tenuis i Le w) .. 704|Spatulipalpia albicostalis eh, aloe
Silybura ocellata. . i af A. 280 albistrialis * .. 1256
Simia ae sb Mi .. 392, 1191 | Spheerella bhauria a re .. 1295
- entellus .. ia a eo - boehmeriz .. she .. 1296
~ sinica ie ok Ke ..1176| Spheeria albicans a E, -. 1299
Simotes .. Se a ot .. 280 —- aplospora es Ws 1292
Simyra.. Be as He .. 428|———- bambusze fs .. 1295, 1296
——— albicosta.. oe ae .. 498|——= cayennensis .. oF 297
——— albovenosa ve 8 .. 428 |———- confluens ih ef: 299
= Gomiivisey 5 - 42 .. 428, 429|——- constellatio .. és .. 1297
— conspersa Ne .. 428, 429|————- demersa = oe . 1290
Sinthusa chandrana a oe .. 994|———- deusta .. is oh .. 1801
nasaka .. wis ui .. 994; ———- lineata .. Te aes .. 1299
amba .. Oe .. 994|———-. nepalensis ore cr 1298
VITO ee ite .. 603, 994|——- ochracea is at . . 1292
Siphia albicilla .. of .. 672, 1203 |; ———- ordinata wes ne . .L299
hyperythra ati a .. 546| ———- pandani a sf ..1295
parva ans a 155, 546, 1165 | ——-—- spiculosa robinice 2 1 298
Sisyimbrium alliaria .. — wadOe —- versipellis a a .. 1301
- wallichi .. oh .. 703| Sphezerostilbe gracilipes . . oe .. 1294
Sithon nedymond of oa .. 996| Spheerotheca pannosa .. zh .. 1284
Sitta castaneiventris .. .. 90, 1165} Sphecoidea Ap ot oc cee
Trombalis wer is 90, 671, 1200| Sphenocercus apiccauda Me .. 674
kashmiriensis Ne We .. 545 | ——————_——_ sphenurus w+ | CSL Gia
nagaensis .. fe se .. 625/Sphetta .. ane aife bis .. 901
Sphetta apicalis ..
Sphex rybiensis .
Sphragifera
——— sigillata
aestuosa
algosa..
babylonica
caleata
Spilonota
melanacta
meleanocopa ..
rhothia
Spilornis cheela
Spirzea aruncus
—— ulmarsa
=———— _ vestita
Spizaétus cirrhatus
limnaétus
Spizixus canifrons
Spodoptera
abyssinia ..
acronyctoides
—_———- cilium
erica. .
insula
—_—_—_— mauritia
pecten
——— postfusca
Sporzeginthus amandava
flavidiventris
Squatarola helvetica
Stachyrhis nigriceps
Staphidia strata
Staphylea emodi
Statherotis decorata
Stauropus chlorotricha .
Stellaria paniculata
Stemmatophora zedalis
Stephanoceras .. -
- diadematum
- fissum
- macrocephalum
——- maya
—_—- opis
INDEX OF SPECIES.
NUMBER.
12901
. 800
. 906
.. 906
.. 854
.. 854
. 854
.. 853
.. 853
. 858
853
1162, 1167, 12138
.. 1052, 1059
, 228
228, 702
99, 167, 1167
586, 1213
. 625
243i
430
.. 488
(228i
fda
.. 489
431, 438
. 431
kin oe
93, 165, 1166
_ 1205
apealG:
_.1199
266, 301, 670
. 702
. 870
..1271
i 704
_ 1260
1349
. 1349, 1352
714, 1352
714, 1352
714, 1352
.. 1349
- polyphemus. 714, 1349, 1351
semileeve
‘6 . - 1352
elxv
NuMBER.
Stephanoceras subtumnidum . . 1352
- transiens - C14
— - tumidum. 714, 1349, 1351
Stereum annosum .. 148
elegans oa aD
hirsutum RAG
lobatum . 147
Sterna bergii .. 1218
fuliginosa .. 684
media 7. OU
melanogaster 102, 168
minuta al)
scena 168, 1218
Stibochiona nicea 58, 574
ene subucula . of4
Stiboges nymphidia See,
Stictopthalma camadeva Say!
—__—__—___- ———— camadevoides 571
- ———— nicevillei . O71
aoees - howqua sparta worl
- louisa ty aoa
- nourmahal om
- nurinissa : Ania
Stictospiza formosa 95, 165, 1166
Stimula swinhoei . 1003
Stoparola melanops 161, 628, 672
Strepsicrates 2 858
Strepsilas interpres penal
Strix flammea 98 1360
Strobilanthes glutinosus Be (0
Sturma nemoricola iG
Sturnia malabarica .. 1202
Sturnopastor contra 92, 161, 1165, 1203
— superciliaris .. 1208
Sturnus menzbieri 155, 1165
- perphyronotus SOL
Stygiathetis .. 446
—_—_—_—- mus.. .. 446
Suada swerga 1. (602 100R
Suastus aditus .. 1001, 1002
- bipunctus .. LOO1
- divodasa .. 1001
- gremius.. 1001, 1002
———- lisides .. 996
———- minuta .. .. 1001
elxvi
NUMBER.
Suastus raika ..1001 | Synchloé . 1131, 1135, 1145)
- robsonil. . . 1001 lucilla .. 1135
———- sala ..1001 | Synegia conflagrata 1243
——-—- sinhalus.. ..1001 | Synhamitermes n. subg. .« MZ
—- subgrisea . 1001 | Syntermes aoe 783, 792
Subemarginula . 638 | Sypheotides aurita .. (22m
Succinea .. . .. 107 |_— - bengalensis .. 1109
Sula cyanops 272, 273, 1334, 1362 | Sypheotis .. ae 21, 720
Surendra amisena --. 990] == aurita.. ‘101, 168) 721) 72am
biplagiata .. 990 727, (32, 737, 1124
florimel . .. 990 ]—____—_. bengalensis 721, 722, 7387,
quercetorum .. 597, 990 1109, 1128, 1360 —
- discalis.. . 990| Syrhaptes tibetanus 179, 181
stimula .. 990] Syrnium biddulphi lsat
tatimargo eo indrani.. .. 1862
Sus affinis.. Salt pane ocellatum 98, 166
—- bengalensis . .. 1194
—- cristatus 1194, 1195, 1359
—- indicus 237, 1194
- scrofa. . ..1195 | Taccocua leschenaulti 97, 166
Suya khasiana . 627|Tachornis infumatus .. 2 NG
superciliaris .. 671|Tadorna cornuta .. 181, 274, 1089, 1220
Sylepta adductalis ..1268 | Tagiades alica ap Ss)
- agraphalis et LOA athos vo BES
———- denticulata .. 1267 atticus 605, 999
———- microsema . .1268 calligana .. 999
———- ovialis _2es))| == dealbeata v3 WIS)
- pseudovialis ..1268 distans. . .. 999
Sylvia affinis » Wet) |) == gana By Ss)
— jerdoni 5 La) = helferi ts 28)
Sylviparus modestus SEC ravi 52899
Symbrenthia brabira . 580 khasiana .. 6038
ee cotanda .. } Sr%G2 lavata .. .. 999
hippoclus lucina.. . 580 |— litigiosa 5 288)
— hypselis . oy On meetana Pee)
re cotanda .. . 580 | menaka 608, 999
a sinis . 580 menanto .. 999
khasiana . . oov |————— Nana Ue 31!)
lucina we 62 noctis .. .. 999
niphanda. 62, 580 obscurus . 999
silana.. . 580 | ———— pinwilli . 999
ae sivokana . . 980 pralaya Ba ei)
Sympheedra khasiana a .. 68}— tabrica 23999
Symplocos . 1287, 1289 ~ trichoneura .. 999
—- spicata . 12987, 1295 | Tajuria illurjis. . 600
INDEX OF SPECIES.
NUMBER.
:
INDEX OF SPECIES.
NUMBER.
Tajuria maculatus .. 600
(Cophanta) illurgis .. 995
—— ( ) illurgoides .. . 995
(Cophanta) jalindra indra . 995
——— ( ) ————tarpina .. 995
———— ( ) luculenta .. 995
——— ( ) maculatus .. . 995
(Remelana) donatana .. .. 995
——— ( -) istroidea -. 999
——— ( -) jangala . 995
re anda-
manica. 995
—— | -} ravata .. 995
——— ( -) mantra .. 995
——_— ( -) megistia .. 995
| -) teza .. 995
—_—— _ (——_—_--) thria .. 995
——— ( -) yajna 29 OES
(Tajuria) albiplaga .. 995
——— ( ) cippus .. 995
——— (———) diaeus 28995
——— ( ) jehana .. 995
——— (———-) longinus .. 995
—— ( ) nela .. 995
——— (———) thyia . . 995
( ) tyro .. 995
Talicada khasia . 594, 985
nyseus .. 594, 985
khasiana .-- 985
Talliera bengalensis 70
- taleti at eed)
Tamarindus indica 942, 1299, 1802
Tamarix gallica .. . .1292
Tapena hampsoni sas
minuscula .. 998
thwaitesi oS
Taphozous : . .1321
bicolor . 3899
Tapinostola procera
Taractrocera archias
kachhensis .. 229, 395, 399, 831
melanopogon. 229, 399, 822, 830,
846
theobaldi .. 847
so BUY)
. 1001
- atropunctata .. 1001
elxvi1
NuMBER.
Taractrocera ceramas a .. 1001
- nicevillei .. L001
—____________ _____. oherthuri .. 1001
coras .. 1001
oe danna .. 1001
dara .. 1001
SSS uZOnensis .. 1001
in Old ecu .. 1001
maévius .. .. L001
silhetica . .. 1001
ziclea * .. 1001
Taraka hamada .. 5938, 982
Taraxacum officinale .. 108
Tarucus plinius . 596, 985
- theophrastus 288, 985
- —————_ venosus .. 985
Tatache albonotata .. 444
- plumbicula a .. 444
Tatera Fe) LSI, WSN
indica . 404, 823, 849, 1187
Taverniera nummularia .. . 1034.
Taxila burnii a .. O84
— haquinus fasciata .. 084
thuisto . 584
Teinopalpus imperialis .. 588, 974
—______- ——_——__- himalaicus .. 974
—__—_—____- ——__——__- imperatrix oe
Telchinia violz .. 584
Telicota bambusz . 605
dara .. 605
maesoides .. 605
(Padraona) akar .. 1004
(————_ ) alfurus .. 1004
(————_) concinna . 1004
(————_) dara .. 1004
———— ( ) fabriolata . 1004
(———_—) flava .. 1004
(————-) gola .. 1004
————. (———___) goloides .. . 1004
——_—— ( ) hataerus .. 1004
—_—— ( ) locus ..1004
(————__) meesa .. 1004
(————__) mesoides .. 1004
———__— (———__) nala .. 1004
(————_ ) nitida .. 1004
elxvili
NuMBER. |
Telicota (Padraona) pseudomesa .. 1004
- (————__) rectifasciata .. 1004
- (————) sunias .. L004
Telicota ( ) taxilus .. 1004
- (————_-) trachala .. 1004
- ( ) zatilla .. 1004
——___- ( ) zebra .. 1004
- (Telicota) augias : 1004
———- ( -) bambusze .. 1004
——- ( -) chrysozona .. .. 1004
——-—- ( -) palmarum .. 1004
—- ( -) pythias .. 1004
Temenuchus pagodarum 92, 165, 1165
Termitoxenia assmuthi . . si (hh0)
heimi 786
Tephrodornis pelvicus . . 672
pondicerianus 91, 164
680, 1165, 1202
Tephrosia pauciflora .. 1087
> purpurea - 0sd
- villosa : .. 10387
Terias 1133, 1138, 1141, 1142, 1143,
1144, 1145
——— hecabe 593, 1158, 1146
leeta 593, 1138, 1142
——— libythea . 592, 1138
——— silhetana. . 593, 1138
venata 592. 11388
(Gandaca) harina andamana .. 980
a [ ) — assamica . 980
—_— (————_) — burmana . 980
—_—— (Kibreeta) libythea a Sell)
—___— (————__) - fruhstorferi. 980
——— (Nirmula ) leata .. 980
—_— (—___) pseudelacta .. 980
— ( ) venata a OU
—_ (—_——_) rama . 980
( ) ——— sikkimica .. 980
(Terias) andersoni .. 980
——— (——-—) blanda 80
——-— (——__) hecabe 557, 558, 980
( ) sari . 980
( ) —- sodalis . 980
——— ( —) silhetana . 980
Terinos clarissa ..
INDEX OF SPECIES,
Termes estherae ..
obesus
Terminalia
- catappa
Terpsiphone aftinis
—- paradisi
Tetraceros iodes ..
- paccerois
——_———- quadricornis..
Tetraogallus tibetanus ..
Tetrax
tetrax
Tetrogallus himalayensis
Thaduka multicaudata ..
Thalatha . :
conjecturalis .
sinens ..
Thalictrum cultratum
— foliolosum
javanicum ..
— reniforme
Thamala .
miniata
Thamnobia cambaiensis. .
Thanaos marloyi
Tharraleeus jerdoni
Tharrheleus atrigularis. .
Thaumantis diores
— lucipor
Thauria aliris intermedia
- pseudaliris
Thecla sassanides
Thereiceryx lineatus,
- Zeyionicus
Thermopsis barbata
Thermopteryx, gen. nov.
- rubrifusa
Theron nepalensis
Thielavia basicola
Thisizima :
——_— bubalopa
Thriponax feddeni
. 581 |Thymus serpyllum
pedunculatum
NUMBER.
. ie
779, 780, 781
1287
. 1285, 1292
..1208
. 92, 162, 617, 660,
1165
. 825
.. 895
825, 1194
178, 181
21
21, 38
..1084
.. 990
. 493
. 423
. 423
. 1058
. 1059
. 1059
Bee OS
. 1059
.. 998
i 5 Oss
93, 165, 1165
. 1000
.. 550
. 262
54, 571
yey
“Sil
meal
.. 989
_ 1209
95, 1166
703, 1030
. 1254
. 1254
. 1214
.. 1288
. 126
at . 195
1081, 1085, 1086
: ete
Thyphlops porrectus
Ticherra acte
Tichodroma muraria
Tiga javanensis ..
Tillcea pentandra
Timandra flavisponsaria
Timelia pileata ..
Tinea
Tinnunculus alaudarius
artificiosa ..
brachychlora
camarota ..
canicoma ..
charmatica
chelyodes ..
cholea ..
glabrella
hierographa
imbricata ..
iritis are
isoplaca
melanochrysa
melliflua
opsigona
orphnodes
plasmatica
platyntis .
receptella..
sacerdos ..
sartoria
scenatica .
schoenoploca
sindonia
spharagistis
strophiota
trierodes .
vestella
zalocoma ..
Tinospora cordifolia
Tmetocera
Tolpia argentescens
Totauus calidris
tw
i)
canescens
fuscus ..
INDEX OF SPECIES, elxix
NuMBER.
..1360
602, 996
261, 1103
. 1208
ae:
. 1248
..1199
ke
fe ne)
eal
uel
eo
ee hl
ld9
. 128
.. 198
Pelle
ell
. 122
oH si LUG
., 120
. 121
j28
. 122
.. 122
.. 124
eee)
. 128
.. 120
ey
Eyal
its
Elo
Mle Wh AUS
Ue iene Cn tetas
peat:
OG ete pe 0)
.. 161, 182, 1167,
1213, 1814
FPN / fis LOOT
oy .. 853
“he .. 1234
. .158, 180, 663, 1217
. 180
oni dige) 1168, 1217)
NUMBER.
Totanus glareola., 157, 663, 1168, 1217
- glottis .. 158 548, 663, 1168, 1217
———- hypoleucus .. 161,545, 1168, 1217
———- ochropus 157,548, 663, 1168, 1217
- stagnatilis an Pee isc aly
Trabutia ambigua se ake . 1296
cayennensis .. ae 1.129%
Trachischium fuscum .. Or ae OM
quinquelabialis .. iad ZOE
tenuiceps 4 e210)!
Trachycentra .. oe: Sp sity LEE
Tragopan blythi is ak .. 682
Tragulus meminna cs ae ., 469
Treina .. see att .. 426, 426
denticulata Sr x: ~. 428
psi Oe we a .. 426
Tribura luteiventris Np a ne O26
— major .. oy oA . 1305
Tricholonche Fi at 3 .. 420
—_——_—_—— afilicta .. a: .. 425
Trichophysetis .. Oe a .. 1259
Trichorhiza a or ae .. 429
petersenl .. ae .. 429
Trichosanthes anguina .. my 70%
—— cucumerina bY A100
dioica ah one, LOO OL
—____—— divica a a Aig ALY)
—nervifolia .. ot tO)
Trichosphieria macularis Re . 129%
Trifolium corniculata ve . . 1082
emodi we ss . 1082
—_—_—— foenum-grecum a3 . L081
-_—_—-— polycerata .. ae .. 1082
pratense .. 702, 1031, 1289
— repens 4 Ls Ae P7iis
Trigonella pubescens .. ae ra hOe
Tringa alpina .. oe a Jjelas
minuta .. ae Pec s. los
——— ruficollis ae whe Prag lear
temmincki of ji andes
Triphcenopsis oe , 418
— —-lucilla .. vs sere
Trithrinax mauritieformis .. 10) LOO
Triumfetta annua 0% an -» 220
e pilosa oA .. =: 219, 22
elxx
NuMBER.
Triumfetta rhomboidea 219, 220, 227| Una usta .. 598, 982 —
—— rotundifolia .. 220) Unkana ,. 1003
Trochalopterum erythrocephalum .. 1330] Unona discolor . 766
—— holerythrops .. . 623 | ——— lawii 752, 758
—__—___—— lineatum .. 1078, 1330] Upupa epops 161, 182, 618
—_—_—— ramsayl fies .. 669 indica 96, 166, 674, 1166, 1210
Se yinerunm .. 623) Uraria lagopus 210, 1035
Troglodytes, troglodytes, troglodytes. . 1855 |--—— neglecta 210, 705, 1084
Trophimcea arenatella . 124)- picta 210, 1034, 1046
——— testata duc 6 .. 124] Uredo ricini .. 1092
Tropidonotus Bu ..1012|Urena repanda .. 225, 1023
—— —piscator ..8, 281, 1020, 1360] Urocichla oatesi .. hss ane «. 626
———— stolatus .. L011, 1108 | ——_—- — sinlumensis .. 626
—— — tessellatus ,. 183, 145] Urocissa flavirostris ne 621
Trullula tropica . 1298 occipitalis 621, 1198
Tryblidiella rufula .. 1289} Uroloncha acuticauda .. i . 1205
Tupaia ) oe ‘, ss .. 396 | — malabarica. . 93, 165, 1166
- sp. , 1862 | ——-—--— punctulata .. 98, 165, 678, 1205
Turdinulus davisoni Sr Ms . 670} Urosphena squamiceps .. ti L085
— exsul 64d .. 1088 | Ursitaxus inauritus a we .. 839
= TOwbertT “ee 670, 1089 | Ursus indicus ». 889
Turdinus abbotti .. 1199 )|— torquatus.. mn ,, 800
Turdus iliacus . 617 | Ustilags tritici .. 147
visc1VOrus 262, 547, 550] Ustulina maxima . 1800
Turnix blanfordi .. 632, 1215 — tessulata oo SO
dussumieri ; 101, 169 | --_—-— vulgaris . 1300
pugnax .. 101, 168, 632, 1215
— tanki me; ; boy JUGUE -
Turtur cambayensis ya eLOO MGB AGT.
ferrago .. + os $2) UGH
——~— orientalis .. 183, 1167, 1214 | Valsa corchori . 1298
risorius 100, 168, 1167 | ——-- nepalensis . 1298
———. suratensis 99, 167, 631, 632, 1167 - rabenhorstii . 1298
_ tigrinus .. chy ». 682,1214| Vanda cerulea . 601
Tycracona a «. 424] Vandeleuria dumecola .. ts )-03)
- obliqua ., 424 - dumeticola ae ... 828
Tylonycteris oe . 1821 | ——-—-—_-—- oleracea 8238, 849, 1187
—- - pochypus 1180 | ---— - povensis .. i; . 823
Typhloyidze mackinnoni Si .. 278] Vanellus vulgaris a ~» L8O;atsH
porrectus .. i ., 278] Vanessa canace.. ith Re eae
Typhlops braminus nd os rae ol — cardui.. wf G2igiee
——diardi .. “ts a6 .; 284|)——_—-— indica... i Olt) GEe2
i — (Aglais) cashmirensis Me oy
=——— (—-=+-) ladakensis.. Ve Oe
Udaspes folus .. Ne wr 605,-1004 | ——+-+-- (+--+) urtiex rizana » 679
INDEX OF SPECIES.
NuMBER.
INDEX OF SPECIES, elxxi
NuMBER. | NUMBER:
Vanessa ( Eugonia) fervescens .. 979) Vicia griffithii .. va Mi , 1047
( =) fervide .; .. 979]. narbonensis Bt Md URE . 1049
(———_) polychloras 579). peregrina .. ah 8 ..1048
——-— (_—____) xanthomelas SiS) | See tenis lil eh yee ste =f M04
(Huvanessa) antiopa .. 579|____. sativa sue es se , 1048
(Kaniska) canace .. 579). sepium a3 “a ih ..1048
(Kaniska) haronica .. 579 tetrasperma e <a ,. 1047
(Polygonia) c-album . . 580) Vigna catjang .. 7 .. 1295, 1296
ae —- agnicula, 4580 - vexillata .. oy * .. 705
ae — cognata. 580/Viminia .. a Ef Ne .. 425
SSS || -) egea 580 -rumicis .. a if ee
(—————-) tibetana .. 580 | Viola biflora ae £3 me MOTUS
CGC) velba. 519 - canescens .. sy ae .. 108
(Vanessa) cardui.. "Oro -odorata .. ass i Bie iste,
—— nig .. 579| Vipera orientalis. . we Us see
a nubicola.. 579} Virachola isocrates ox bs .. 993
Varanus.. My ae ne ..1840 | _____. perse .. i .. 608, 998
———_—— sp. a * He . . 1362 | —___——. gimilis .. a3 Hs .. 994
bengalensis .. .. 460, 689) Vitis quadrangularis .. ih .. 105
eriseus .. as a los vinifera vfs - nt . 1298
Verbascum thapsus cs = .. 704] Viverra bengalensis .. i, San
Verbena officinalis ot .. 207, 703 |———— bondar .. ne bi .. 1184
Veronica biloba .. 2 a .. 708 }|—— indica .. a é: .. 835
———— serpyllifolia .. is .. 703 |——— malaccensis se EE Bap ksi)
verna .. wT os .. 206 |——— megaspilla oe st .. 1362
Vespertilio Bs si ae ..1821]———— mungo .. °.. oo ., 401
——-coromandelicus.. .. 1179 | ———— nems es ne ms .. 401.
fibulatus... oe .. 846|——— nigra af i ste .. 1184
a gigantea .. ic .. 821|—— pallida .. ae ate .. 835
pachypus .. P. . .1180 | ———— rasse Bie Bie oe Ye, f33i0
pusillus ie = .. 846 zibetha .. oe $e .. 1102
Vesperugo abramus ‘ .. 898, 1179] Viverricula malaccensis.. 307, 855, 1183,
—castaneus .. oi mee 1359
ve ceylonicus .. He .. 397 | —————- desert af tes .. 836
imbricatus .. uy ..1179| Vizella canferta .. ae a . 1287
indicus oe i oud urvilleana ats sls leme
——- micropus .. a ..1179| Vulpes bengalensis 176, 229, 403, 839, 1163,
—————pachypus .. 1180 : 1185
— pictus be bs; sialidifed griffithi .. ae Mee denice!)
temmincki .. an .. 898 | ——— hodgsonii se Hee .. 403
tickelli ve uf .. 1180 kokree .. ae i ot VEG
Viburnum foetens ve: ms: .. 703|——— leucopus .. 176, 229, 403, 839, 1559
Vicatia coniifolia af ee .. 1054 pusillo .. nie De .. 839
millefolia xe a .. 1054 pusillus .. are oe 2 AG
Vicia faba ae ofa ,. 1049 | Vultur monachus robs hts ct .. 264
elxxii
NUMBER. |
Washingtonia 359, 364
filamentosa 361, 362
filifera ..361, 363, 364, 366,
367, 378, 374, 375
= var. microsperma. 365
var. robusta .. 366
—_—_——— gracilis .. 361, 872, 374, 375
robusta .. 366, 368, 371, 372;
378, 374, 375
— var. gracilis .. 372
—— sonore .. 374, 1275
Watsonia.. : .. 1003
Webesa carymbosa .. 1285, 1287
Xanthixus flavescens 671, 1200
Xanthodes mariz Ad Us .. 906
Xantholema hematocephala 95, 166, 1166,
1209
Xanthoptera nigridia a a age sich
Xanthoteenia busiris .. = Ae aril
Xanthoxylum nitdum .. ak ie OE
Xenorhynchus asiaticus.. 163, 1168, 1219
Xerotus grisgus .. ee te Sees
lateritius Se i ae 2OO)
- nigritus.. as ae .. 150
Xylaria sie . .1280
allantoidea .. 1301
——— aristata . . 138038
———._ aspera . 1303
——— australis.. .. 1303
carteri : .. 1302
——— compuncta a be L3H
—— dealbata.. 152, 1301
——— delitschii : . 1302
—— deterticola a ae .. 1301
digitata .. ..13802
emerici . .1302
escharoidea 302, 1303
——— euglassa.. ..1302
——— excelsa .. . .1302
Sane Pe tucat et ie Ne . 1301 |
INDEX OF SPECIES.
Xylaria flagelliformis
furcellata
——— gardneri
——— gigantea
gomphus..
heloidea ..
hypoxylon
hypsipoda
involuta ..
kurziana. .
mutabilis
——— nigripes ..
abovata ..
obtusissima
peperomioides
piperiformis
pistillaris
plebeja
regalis
ridleyi
salmonicolor
scopiformis
tabacina
telfairii
——— thyrsus
trichopoda
tuberosa
turgida
ventricosa
Xyloma cayennense
Xylophasia selecta
Xylostola
indistincta
tobusta
Yasoda tripuntata
Yoma sabina vasuki
Ypthima affectata
austeri..
avanta..
baldus ..
NUMBER.
. 1303
.. 1801
. .1803
..1801
«BO
. 1802
. 1802
. 1808
, LOR
. .1800
vii . 13038
., 1802, 1303
.. 1802
>. 1301
. 1808
152, 1303
. 1802
LOH
.. 1801
. 18038
. 1301
. 1802
.. 1801
» Ou
Relics 0!
.. 1802
..1802
. 1302
«LO
. 1297
.. 429
Ue
.. 904
. 904
INDEX OF SPECIES, e]xxiil
NuMBER, NuMBER.
Ypthima huebneri ye 54|Zamenis diadema .. 134, 138, 301, 474
lycus 53 korros .. ie Fc .. 134
methora 53 mucosus . 134, 452, 690, 1099
newara. 53 ravergieri 137, 188
(Kolaza) chat 564 rhodorhachis .. 134, 135, 136
——--—— ( —-) ypthimsides 564 ladacensis 134, 135
———— (Wadira) bolanica 564 136
(Pandima) asterope mabeatta 565 ventrimaculatus 134, 135
——_—— ( ) inica 565 | Zanthoxylum rhetsa 521, 531, 747
—_—_——_ (——_) lycus 565 | Zarona jasoda oa Gls
nn lycoides 565 zanella . 987
——__—_—— (—_) nareda 565 | Zea mythecoides .. 1003
——_—_— (——__) newara .. 066 taprobanus .. .. 1003
——— (-----——) sarcoposa.. 565} Zeltus etolus 602, 996
—_————— (————__) watsoni .. 565|Zemeras flegyas.. : 65, 584
(Shania) megalia .. 564 - confucius . 584
(Thymipa) affectata .. . 565 | Zephyrus sp. ods
-—__—_—-- (——__) avanta . 565 | ————— ataxus fo Glele)
—__——. (——_-) cerealis .. 565 birupa .. 55 Blas
a (-) singala .. 565 dohertyi .. 988
— () — striata 565 duma 598, 988
—_____ (———__ ) baldus 565 icana «988
—— (————__) dohertyi .. 565 khasia . ., 988
( ) matinia 565 letha 55 leis:
—_—_—— (————_) methora .. 565 pava .. 988
— ) — persimilis. 565 syla . 988
—__— (————_) philomela 1535) = triloka .. .. 988
—_———— (——_) indecora 565 | —— ziha .. 988
—_——— (————_) sakra 565 | ————— zoa__.... Bo elsis)
—— (——_——__) ——-- austena 565 | Zesius chrysomallus ‘; .. 9938
—____ (—___) - nikeea 565 |Zeuxidia amethystus masoni .. seal
—___—_ (——) sawara 565 doubledayi rome
——___—— (————__) similis 565 | Zinaspa todara 6 .. 990
—_—__——. (———_) sobrina 565 - distorta . S80)
—_—_——- (—_) tabella .. 565 | Zipcetis saites +. 065
—___—— (Ypthima) ceylonica 557, 564, 565 scylax 53, 566
—_—_—— (————_) hiibneri .. 557, 564| Zizera gaika .. 984
se) kashmira . 564 — lysimon .. 594, 984
—— (——— ) iarba 564 | ——— ( ) Javeandea .. 984
——— maha 594, 984
—— - opalina .. 984
——- ossa .. 984
——— marginata .. 984
Zalissa exivifascia .. 908 |——— otis 594, 984
Zamenis fasciolatus ., 1103! ——_ —- indica . 984
elxxiv
Zizera zera 5
Zizyphus jujuba ..
Zographetus flavalum
- flavipennis
- maculicornis
- ogygia
INDEX OF SPECTES,
NUMBER.
.. 984
310, 1298
. 1002
. 1002
.. 1002
. 1002
Zographetus satwa
Zoothera monticola
Zornia biphylla
Zosimia absinthifolia
Zosterops plapebrosa
simplex
NuMBER,
. . LOeRg
.. 630)
.. 1035 —
as .. 1058
90, 164, 1164
He . 670
ore nef
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Vol. XVIII.—
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Vol. XIX.— ; *.
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Vol. XX.— j
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