Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society

- Sane ts “GasnO
re, ME %,

|\veaeahe me

i s

| Wi

4 We SY

SWroncrat

Xs) i

%, :

| in :

Hy
+

Me

/
1@)

0 ety eG er) ‘
At AL AE ee
| 4 i “Ay oS GM
r

J

ty aes

#4: 1 =e
my A \ Ae,

Y Me Ag ial ipa uy
ath 1 y i Mer i

ni ie
a i aie Ts A
rly = th ive
d enV '
\ ih a
j i
, Lae A
i
‘
i} ;
'
I y
:
#1 {7
'
f
: Aa
a
; yee
J
rs] t
Mi
‘
f
j
af : =
‘il
Ly!
Pa
{
i
{ j
!
‘
fe j
il a + r,
—
:
, 7
‘ ' ae Pr ie
a y Fl 1
'
hy
an
’ -
' 7 1
iy ®
{ , ;
—
1
‘
wed ‘
tee
Ni
‘
du
i
?
4
i
oe
‘
‘
‘
t 3 \
e
iA m:
*. i
\
= “ > |
f Aa i
’
hee Ch Se ee Th ; FOR? te
ue tf, 7 i At ,

THE

POURNAL

OF THE

,
3
|
D

oMBAY Navrurat History Socrery,

EDITED BY

A. SPENCE, M.L.A., F.Z.S., B. C. ELLISON, C.M.Z.S., S. H. PRATER, C.M.Z.S.

“ 4)
oe a
: ag wth é
VOL. XXVII. SA Tigiat WSS“

: Consisting of Five Parts and containing Five Coloured
: Plates, Thirty-six Black and White Plates, Fifty-seven
Diagrams. Five Maps and Sixty seven Text-Figures,

Dates of Publication,

W Part I (Pages 1 to 192) PM eee nae a ce Ms! Lab Feed y 1880,
» IT (Pages 193 to 415) ee Mr iaue YS cere Hate eee! + cuscc ORM. Dees, 1920;
5, III (Pages 116 to 650) to ore oe ane ae wee ee 31st Mar., 1921.
MEY (Pages GoM 0973) ose one oases ts nee sat July 1981.

Bombay:
PRINTED AT THE TIMES PRESS.

THE

POU RN ATE

OF THE

Boupay Natura History Socrery.

EDITED BY

WwW. Ss. MILLARD eee eT ED ~
geaei ati bec ra gn ias adi tye, >
g Mi

me ae 1927, w}
ay xe
wWeJAy,. Sex V LL, WO, 3.
Date of Publication, 1st July 1920.
Price to Non-Members ate PEN osc, bese 9- 0
or £ 0-180 \

LONDON AGENTS:
DULAU & Co., Ltd.,
34-36, Margaret Street, Cavendish Square, W.

—____@—___——

PRINTED AT THE TIMES PRESS, BOMBAY.

CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER.

THe GAME Birps or Inp14, BurMA AND CEYLON. Part
XXIX. By EH. C. Stuart Baker, r..s., F.Z.8.;
M.B.0.U. (With a coloured Plate of Galloperdix bieal-

carota, The Ceylon SpursHowlt)’ {... 02s. csresccescmee-eciene

Screntiric RESULTS FROM THE Mamma Survey, No.

XT * By Oldheldhomas,2F RS. ares. csoue wee ete

A.—A new Bat of the genus LRhinopoma from 8. H.
Persia.

THe ComMon BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS oF INDIA. Part
AY. 2 By PR, Bell C12. LHS.) (retired) :..) 2 cee

THE PasT AND PRESENT DISTRIBUTION OF THE LION IN SOUTH
Hastern Asia. By N. B, Kinnear, ©.M.Z.8. ............

THE FLora or THE InpIAN Desert. (Jodhpur and
Jaisalmer.) Part V. By Rev. E. Blatter, S.J., and
Pron, mie ral berg cc costes manne shsameteetn ae et

Inpian Draconrures. Part VII. (With text figures.) By
Major WiGc Prasers Taegan 4.0 en oe ae aaa

SUMMARY OF THE RESULTS FROM THE INDIAN MAMMAL
SURVEY OF THE Bompay NaturaL History Society.

Part (Vill < By Ru C: Wroughton,¥7.8. 5 lho ee
Nores on Inpian BurrerFuies. By Lt.-Col. W. H. Evans,
LENCE, ip DESI co OS aE OC Se Ae LO Ga i

FurrHer Notes on Birps asour Simia. By Hugh Whistler,

MPG ss MBA Ur relenie ne iret cteetan aunty cree leur sie fica etn ‘

Tae Power or Scent 1n WILD ANIMALS. By EH. C. Stuart
Wither 7s rss wo Del oo oe ae

Some Soutn Inpran Batracutans. (With two plates.) By
C. R. Narayan Rao, M.A.

THE Birds or PREY or THE Punsas. Part V. By Coke
Bema Ds fred aS a gioco, amet ee AY ci

NOTES ON THE NIDIFICATION OF CERTAIN BiRpS in Lapax.
py Hy indlows Jocec oy lees ee os)

ewer wees Coe Poe eee dee ese een cccn eels ele alee @.a.4 ee ce ete
. ee ee ree eee . eneee .

A TENTATIVE List oF THE VERTEBRATES OF THE J ALPAIGURI
District, Benga. Part IIT. By Chas. M. Inolis
PZS., M.B.0.U,, W. L. Travers, H. V. O’Donel’
M.B.0.U., and H. O. Shebbeare, LF.s.

Die VO USCIS er el OL PHOT Clb ary

PaGE

25

26

33

AO)

48

a”

[Moy “ands uojAe5” eau L
VIVEVOTVOId XIGYadO171YD

‘NOGNO7
fo) 9) “O17 ‘ANYOSWAS 7B ALLIA

JOURNAL
Or; “VEE

Bombay Natural History Society.

JtLy, 1920. Vou XxX Vil. No. 1,

THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON.
BY

E. C. Stuart Baker, F.L.S., F.Z.S., M.B.O.U,<<ajia Iisa
iS ipy

ay \hsu =
Parr XXIX. * oa
With a Coloured Plate. Sec. SE eae
(Continued from page 906 of Volume XXV 2 os

SToONaL MUSE
Genus—GALLOPERDIX. Sa ere

GALLOPERDIX SPADICEA SPADICEA.
The Red Spur-Fowl.

The genus Galloperdiz contains a group of small game-birds
entirely confined to India and Ceylon. In general appearance
they are half-way between the Jungle-Fowl and the Partridges;
they have the general carriage of small hens, but their tails, though
much longer than those of the Partridges, are carried in the same
manner, and not erect as in the true Jungle-Fowl.

The moult of the tail feathers is not as yet known, so for the pre-
sent I propose to retain these birds amongst the Perdicine or
Partridges, though in many ways they show a close affinity to the
Phasianine.

The wing is short and rounded, the first primary the shortest,
and the fifth or sixth longest or equal. The tail consists of fourteen
feathers, slightly graduated, and about two-thirds, or rather more,
the length of the wing. The tarsus is long and stoutly built, and
has two, three, and rarely even four spurs, the numbers on the two
legs often being unequal. Even the female usually has a spur on
either leg, and often two on one or both of them.

There is no wattle or comb as in the Jungle-fowl, but there is
a naked space round the eye of a dull brick-red colour, which
becomes markedly brighter in the breeding season.

1

2 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII.

There are three known species of this genus, and it is further
necessary to sub-divide one of them, G. spadicea, into three races
which are easily distinguished from one another and of which each

occupies a well-defined area.
I adopt Blanford’s key as it stands, as no better can be made.

Key to Species.
A. ‘Two or three spurs on each tarsus.

a. Breast chiefly chestnut or rufous ...G. spadicea 3
b. Breast buff with black spots... ...G. lunulata g
c. Breast chiefly white ... aN ...G. bicalcarata g

B. Rarely more than one spur on one leg
and two on the other.
d. Breast chestnut with black tips to feathers G. spadicea 92

e. Breast ochreous brown ... aah ...G. lunulata 9°
jf. Breast chestnut without black tips to
feathers ee Bee oct ...G. bicalearata 2

GALLOPERDIX SPADICEA.
Key to Sub-Species.
General colour chestnut, crown brown ..G. s. spadicea g
General colour very bright chestnut, crown
blackish ... bie Gs. stewart 3
General colour snarl chesnut “gilen arin
where aah Gs. caurina g
Above grey with ong faint online tinge G. s. spadicea 9
Above rufescent grey and darker See s. stewarts 9
Very pale with no rufous tinge Ss. caurina 2

The Red Spur-Fowl was originally described fy om Madagascar
into which island it had apparently been introduced from India.
Gray (Ill. Ind. Orn. II., pl. 42) describes the bird as being the
“« Kokee-tree of the Mahrattas”’. His Polyplectron northic is des-
eribed from a female, but no locality is given, and, finally, Blyth’s
Galloperdia spadiceus is described as coming from Central and South
India. We may therefore fix the type locality as Ootacamund in
the Nilghiri Hills of South Central India.

GALLOPERDIX SPADICEA SPADICEA.
The Red Spur-Foul.

La Perdix rouge de Madagascar,—Sonnerat, Voy. Ind. Orient. ii., p. 169
1782).
ee African Partridge,—Lath, Gen, Syn. pt. ii., p. 759 (1788) (Ma-
dagascar.)

Tetrao spadiceus,—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1, pt. i1., p. 759 (1788) (Madagascar)

Perdix spadicea,—Bonnat. Tabl. Encycl. Meth. 1, p. 208 (1791) (Madagas-
car); Temm., Pig. et Gall. ili., p. 315, 719 (1815) (Madagascar), Less.;
Traite ‘d’ Orn. ., p. 504 (1831) (Senegal) ; ieee in Griffith’s ed. Cuv. iii.,
p. 47 (1829) (Madagascar).

HSS © BE

THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA,

Francolinus spadiceus,—Gray, III. Ind. Orn, ii., pl. 42, fig, 2 (1834),
Polyplectron norte, —Gray, III. Ind. Orn. ii., pl. 48, fig. 1 (1884) (female),
Ithaginis northie,—Gray, List of Birds pt. iii., Gall. p. 82 (1844).

Ithaginis madagascariensis,— Gray, (nec. Tetrao madagarensis, Scop.) List
of B. pt. iii., Gall. p. 32 (1844); id. Gen. B. iii. p. 504 (1846).

Galloperdix spadiceus,—Mc, Master, J. A. 8. B. xl., pt. 2, p. 215 (1845) ;
Blyth, Cat. Mus. As Soc., p. 241 (1849) (C. and 8. India); Gould, Birds
Asia, vi., pl. 68 (1854) ; Jerdon, Birds of India, iii., p. 541 (1863): Hume,
Nests and Eggs, Ind, B., p. 532 (1873): Fairb., Str. Feath. v., p. 409 (1877)
(Palani Hills); Ball., Str. Feath. v., p. 418 (1877) (Mahanadi and Godaveri
Rivers); Marshall, Birds’ Nests Ind., p. 59(1877); Hume & Marshall
Game B. Ind. 1, p. 247, pl. (1878); Davidson and Wendon, Str.,
Feath. vil, p. 87 (1878) (Deccan); Ball, Str. Feath. vii., p. 225
(1878) (Ganges to Godaveri); Vidal, Str. Feath. ix., p. 76 (1880) (S.
Konkan); Butler, Str. Feath. ix., p. 422 (1880) (Deccan and 8S. Mahratta
Country); Davidson, Str. Feath. x., p. 316 (1882) (W. Khandeish) ;
Davison, Str. Feath, x., p. 410 (1883) (Nilghiris, Wynaad and Mysore) ;
Swinhoe and Barnes, Ibis, 1885, p. 131 (Central India) ; Taylor, Str. Feath.
x., p. 1164 (Manzurabar, Mysore) p. 531 (1887) (Orissa) ; Terry, Str. Feath.
x., p. 479 (1887) (Palani Hills) ; Barnes, Birds Bombay, p. 305 (1885) ; Oates,
ed. Hume’s Nests and eggs iii., p. 423 (1890); Davidson, J. B. N. H. Soe.
vi., p. 8340 (1891) (Kanara); Sharpe, J. ibid. ix., p, 487 (1895) ; (Coonoor) ;
Davidson, ibid. xii , p. 63 (1898) (Kanara) ; Dewar, ibid. xvi., p. 495 (1905)
(Madras).

Hepburnia spadicea,—Hartl., Orn. Beits. Madag. p. 68 (1861) (Madagascar).

Ithaginis spadiceus,—Gray, List. Gall. Brit. Mus., p. 47 (1867).

Galloperdix spadicea,—Blyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 157 (Oudh, Gorakhpur) ; Elwes,
Ibis, 1870, p. 528 (Cardamum Hills) ; Blanford, Journ. A. 8. Bengal xxxviii.,
pt. ii, p. 189; Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds B. M. xxii., p. 261 (1893) ; id.,
Man. Game B. 1, p. 206 (1895); Blanford, Faun. Brit. Ind. iv., p. 106
(1898) ; Oates, Mon. Game Birds Ind. 1, p. 215 (1898).

Hepburnia spadiceus,—Ball, Str. Feath. ii., p. 426 (1874) (Chota Nagpur),
iii., p. 294 (1875).

Galloperdia spadicea,—Oates, Cat. Birds Eggs Brit, Mus. 1, p. 49, pl. iv.,
fig. 4 (1901) (Egg).

VERNACULAR NAMES.—Chota Jungli Murghi (Hin. Cent. Provinces,
§c.) ; Chakotri, Kokatri (Mahr. Syhadri Range); Kustoor (Mahr, Deccan) ;
Sarawa-Koli (Tamil) ; Yerra-Kodi, Jita-Kodi ( Tel.) ;

Description— Adult Male-—Crown and nape dark brown shading
into pale brown on the hind neck and into sandy brown or butt
on the forehead. Upper back, scapulars and inter-scapulars rufous
chestnut, each feather margined with pale greyish-brown; lower
back, rump and upper tail-coverts chestnut, finely vermiculated
with broken bars of black; visible portions of tail the same, but
the inner webs blackish on all but the central pair of rectrices and
almost entirely black on the outermost.

Median and greater wing-coverts like the lower back, and lesser
wing-coverts like the upper back; quills dark brown, the outer
secondaries with chestnut buff mottling on the outer webs, and
inner secondaries like the lower back; under aspect of wing lighter
brown.

Below, chin whitish-brown, grading into silvery brown on the
cheeks, ear-coverts, and sides of the throat; breast, flanks and

4 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII,

abdomen above vent chestnut, each feather margined with pale
chestnut buff; thighs, vent and posterior flanks dull brown; under
tail-coverts brown, or chestnut brown, vermiculated with black.

The sparse feathers on the naked part round the eye are dark
brown, but hardly show except in a fine line under the lower
eyelid.

Individuals, both of typical specimens of spadicea and of its two
races, have a few of the feathers of the breast with grey centres,
which, as Ogilvie-Grant has pointed out, appear to be indicative
neither of age, locality nor season.

Colours of Soft Parts.—Iris yellow, yellowish brown or dull
hazel brown ; naked skin round the eye brick-red, dull and often
somewhat lividin the non-breeding season, but brighter and redder
in the breeding season; bill horny-brown, reddish at the base and
paler on the lower mandible ; legs generally reddish brick, often
reddish-brown, sometimes almost reddish-yellow or, very rarely,
with a faint greenish tinge; spurs dull horny brown.

Measurements.—Wing from 145 to 166 mm., average 32 speci-
mens, 156-1 mm.; tail from 125 to 147 mm., average 137°5 mm.;
tarsus from 48 to 52 mm.; bill from front about 20 mm., from
gape rather over 25 mm.

Adult Female.—Forehead sandy brown, changing to brown and
blackish-brown on crown and nape; neck dark brown. Back, sca-
pulars and wing-coverts grey or sandy, rarely with a faint rufous
tinge, each feather wath two bold bars of black; rump and upper
tail-coverts the same, but with less black and, generally, a more
rufous tinge ; tail blackish, the central feathers with mottled bars
ef buff or rufous, decreasing in extent until they only form a
mottled edging to the outermost.

Chin and throat almost white, changing to dirty pale brown on
foreneck ; breast and flanks rather pale chestnut rufous, each fea-
ther with a terminal band of black, lessening in extent towards the
vent; the posterior flanks often mottled with black in addition to
the bars; vent and under tail-covert dull brown, the latter mottled
with black and rufous or sandy.

The extent of the black on the lower parts varies considerably, in
some the extreme upper breast and anterior fianks being very heavily
barred. Wing-coverts and innermost secondaries hike the back;
primaries and outer secondaries amber brown.

Colours of Soft Parts ——As in the male, but the bare skin round
the eye is duller and less clear a red, and the legs never become so
red as they do in some breeding males and often are more brown
or even greenish-brown.

Measurements. — Wing from 134 to 163 mm., average of 24 speci-
mens 150°] mm.; tail from 118 to 146 mm., average 129-1
mm.; tarsus 45 to 49 mm.; bill from front about 20 mm., and

THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, 5

from gape about 24 mm. Nearly all females have some signs of
spurs, many have a well developed spur on one or both legs, and a
few have two spurs on one leg and one on the other, and occasion-
ally have two on both legs.

The Young Male is like the female, but is more richly and deeply
coloured, with more black in proportion to the buff and rufous.

The Young Male in first plumage is like the female, but more
dark and rich in general tint, and the tail is deep ‘chestnut with
definite bars of black.

Distribution The Red Spur-Fowl is found over a very wide
area, although it is rather scattered in its distribution. It is found
in the Terai below the Central Himalayas in Western Nepal to
Goruckpur; it is common in practically all the well-wooded hill
ranges throughout Central India from Saugor to Rajmahal and Nya
Dumkah, though it appears to have now practically disappeared from
the latter district. South of this it is found in suitable localities in
Central India, Orissa and Madras wherever there are broken hills
well covered with forests or bamboo jungle. Birds from Mysore
and North-East Coimbatore are of the typical race, and this extends
at least as far South-East as the Palni Hills, latitude 10°.

In South-Hast Bengal it is undoubtedly becoming more rare. In
1883 when stationed in the Santhal Parganas it formed a not very
rare item in our miscellaneous bags, but I hear that now it is never
seen ; in Madras, however, where it is to some extent preserved, it
appears to be steadily increasing in numbers, and it is very
common on all the Hill Ranges from the foot hills to 4,000 feet
or more.

It extends into the Bombay Presidency South of Rajputana and
the Mahableshwar birds referred to by Blanford are far nearer true
spadicea than to cawrina.

On the Malabar Coast North of Travancore specimens appear to
assume a somewhat richer colour, and three specimens procured
there by Chapman and now in the British Museum series are about
half-way in depth of colouring between spadicea and stewarti, but
have not the bright tint of the latter bird, so for the present I retain
them under the typical name.

Nidification—The breeding season of the Red Spur-Fowl varies
very greatly in different portions of its habitat, and even in single
areas is somewhat erratic. In the South and Central portion of its
habitat its eggs may be taken any time from February to June,
March being, perhaps the month in which most are found. It has
generally been credited with having a second brood in September
to November, but I can trace no grounds for this, and such an
occurrence must be quite exceptional.

It breeds from the foot hills at all heights up to 5,000 feet, and
sometimes in the Southern Hill Ranges up to 6,000 feet or more.

6 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII,

Most birds, however, will be found breeding in these hills between
2,000 and 4,000 feet. They make no real nest, but lay their eggs
in some small hollow, either scratched out by themselves or a natu-
ral one, not infrequently they are laid on the flat ground, and are
only kept together by the fallen leaves and rubbish under and
around them. ‘The majority of nests will be found in fairly thick
scrub jungle, forest or bamboo jungle, and the latter, especially
where there is plentiful undergrowth, is a favourite breeding haunt
over much of its area. It does not appear necessary for the jungle
to be very extensive, and in Chota Nagpore it was sometimes found
breeding in quite small patches of Sal and scrub surrounded with
small fields of cultivation.

The number of eggs laid is 2 to 5, and undoubtedly the normal
full clutch is 8. I have never seen more than 4 myself, one taken
by Mr. Vidal and one taken by Mr. J. Davidson in Kanara. The
latter, who took very many nests of this Spur-Fowl in Kanara and
Nasik, never found more than 4 in a clutch, and that number only
two or three times in some 50 or 60 clutches. On the other hand
two eggs only are often found incubated.

The stories of the large number of eggs laid seem to be founded
only on native reports; Miss Cockburn, who made many of her
notes on such authority, says that they lay from 6 to 10 eggs, but
she writes of the Nilgiris where everyone else has found only 2, 3,
or rarely 4 eggs in a clutch except Davison, who says he has rarely
found more than 5. Hume thinks it lays from 4 to 7 eggs, but
apparently he too writes on rumours chiefly, though it must be
noted that Darling records one nest of 7 eggs and two of 5.

The eggs are miniature fowls eggs, on the whole rather narrower
in proportion to their length, and perhaps slightly more pointed.
The shell is very stout, and the texture fine and close, and the sur-
face smooth and often with a slight gloss.

Hume gives the average of 25 eggs as 46:6 x 84-0 mm. 36 mea-
sured by myself have averaged much smaller, 7.e., 38-9 x 29-2 mm.,
whilst the average of Hume’s eggs now in the British Museum is
42-8 x 31:3 mm. The largest egg both in length and breadth I
have been able to measure is 46:9 x 86:3 mm., and the smallest in
both length and breadth is 37:7 x 28-1 mm.

It is probable that these birds pair for life ; the cock is certainly
monogamous and keeps close to the hen whilst she is sitting and
helps her to rear and look after the chicks when hatched. The
hen is a very close sitter, and Hume writes that he has twice known

one to be caught by natives on the nests.

General Habits—The Red Spur-Fow] is found from practically
the level of the Sea up to 5,000 feet, wandering above this up to
6,000 feet, and even 7,500 feet, but it does not appear to be found
anywhere in the true plains; it is essential that there should be

THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, 7

ample cover and that it should be in broken hilly country. As
regards the kind of cover it frequents, this does not really seem
to matter much. It is sometimes found in thick evergreen forest,
but more often in thick scrub, in bamboo jungle and the dense
undergrowth of Sal and other deciduous forest. At other times it
may haunt well wooded nullas and ravines of scattered patches of
Jungle in more or less open or cultivated ground.

It is not a gregarious bird, and when found in small parties up
to some half dozen or so, these consist only of the two old birds
with their last brood, and before the breeding season commences
the latter disperse to take up their own domestic responsibilities.

I have never heard of the Spur-Fowl being especially made
the object of a day’s sport ; the few one gets are nearly always part
of a mixed bag made when one is shooting game driven by
a line of beaters. Under these circumstances one never seems
to get many, even where they are most common, for they
are such confirmed runners and skulkers that they are most
difficult to flush, and prefer to race across from one patch of
Jungle to another rather than trust to their wings. They are
splendid runners, and dodge trom one bush to another at such
a pace that it is really just as sporting to treat them like
rabbits on the ground rather than wait for the chance of their
flying when they offer a very easy shot. If forced to fly
they get up with a great fluster and flapping of wings, but
their speed is by no means commensurate with the noise,
consisting of a few flaps and beats, then a sail of a few
yards, another few beats, and a headlong dive into cover.
When rising, they always utter a chuckling noise which reminds
one much of an old barnyard hen which has been frightened,
but they cannot emit nearly such heart-rending cries as the latter
bird. The crow of the cocks in the breeding season is much
the same kind of call, and the conversational notes of a
separated family are merely subdued and modified versions of
the same.

In the mornings and evenings they frequently come out into
the open to feed, especially where small patches of cultivation
intersect their forests and jungles. In the Hazaribagh and Ranchi
districts we often found them quite in the open feeding on the
fallen berries of the Bér bushes scattered about on the broken hill
sides and more than once we turned them out of millet and ripe
rice in the very early mornings in the cold weather.

They feed on both an insect and vegetable diet, and as Hume
records “ their food consists chiefly of grain and seeds of all kinds,
and small jungle fruit, the berries of the dwarf Zizphus (Jher
bery), the figs of the Peepul and its congeners, but i have often
found the remains of bugs, beetles, and other insects im their

8 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII.

crops mixed with these.’’ J have also found their crops full of a
millet (Bajra) and of paddy. ;

They are very good eating and are better and more gamy than
most of our Indian partridges. No finer way of cooking them can
be found than rolling them up in a ball of clay and roasting them
in the ashes of a good strong fire. They should be rolled up, fea-
thers, entrails and all, and then when the burnt clay is broken open
the feathers and skiu will come away with the clay, and a most
juicy morsel remain to he eaten.

GALLOPERDIX SPADICEA STEWARTI.

Stewart's Red Spur-Fouwl.

Galloperdix spadiceus.—Blyth, Cat. Mus. As. Soc., p.241 (1849) (part) ; Da-
vison, Str. Feath. x., p 410 (1883) (part) ; Bourdillon, J. B. N. H. Soc. xvi.,
p. 4. (1904) (Travancore).

Galloperdix spadicea.—Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. B. M. xxii. p. 261 (1898)
(part) ; id, Man. Game-B. i., p. 206 (1895) (part) ; Blanford, Avi. Brit.
In. iv., p. 106 (1898) (part); Oates, Man. Game-s.In. i., p. 215 (1898)

(part).
Galloperdic spadicea stewarti.—Stuart Baker, Bull. B. O.C. xl. p. 18

(1919). (Aneichardi Travancore).
VERNACULAR NAMES.—Saravoo Koli (Tamil, Travancore).

Jeseruption—Adult Male.—Similar to G. s. spadicea, but very much
more richly coloured ; the crown is practically black, and the whole
of the upper parts are a bright chestnut rufous, the pale borders to
the feathers being absent or obsolete, the vermiculations on the
lowet back entirely absent and on rump and upper tail-coverts al-
most so. Below the colour is equally intensified and rich, and the
chestnut colour extends right back behind the vent and on to the
posterior flanks.

The type male has some grey spots on the breast, but this is
probably only an individual characteristic, as two males obtained by
Surgeon-Major Fry at Trevandrum have no such spots. It should,
however, be noted that whereas these spots in typical spadicea are
more or less circular in this bird they are heartshaped, and they
are also bordered with black, a feature only seen, and that very
faintly, in one other specimen of true spadicea from Ootaca-
mund.

Colours of Soft Parts as in G. s. spadicea.

Measurements.—Wing, 145 to 161 mm., average 10 specimens,
154°5 mm.; tail, 125 mm. to 140 mm., average 129-6 mm.; tarsus,
about 50 mm.

Adult Female.— Differs from the adult female of spadicea in the
same way asthe male differs from the male of that bird. The
colour generally is very rich and very strongly suffused with
rufous both above and below, and altogether it is a brighter,
much handsomer bird than is the typical form.

THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, 9

The extent of the black markings varies to the same degree as
in that bird, but they are generally bolder, and in one bird the
smaller vermiculations are entirely wanting on the upper surface,
the black being restricted to bold bars.

Colours of Soft Parts as in G. s. spadicea.

Measurements.—Wing, 148-150 mm. (4 _ specimens); _ tail,
125-129 mm.; tarsus, about 48 mm.; spurs, from one on each leg
to two on each leg, up to 15 mm. long.

The Young Male differs from the young male of typical spadicea
in being much more richly coloured. The upper parts are rufous
with the black bars reduced to strie, whilst the breast and lower
parts are bright chestnut brick-red with the black markings
showing merely as black shaft lines on the extreme upper breast
and foreneck, and as obsolete bars elsewhere.

Distribution.—Travancore only, between the foot hills and 3,500
feet.

Nidification.—The Travancore Spur-Fowl breeds during Febru-
ary and March, and it is during these two months only that Mr.
Stewart obtained all his eggs. The nest-hole is always scraped
in dense cover, and most often in some almost impenetrable cane
brake in evergreen forest. Less often it is placed under a bush
or a mass of creepers, and it may also occasionally be found in
thick bamboo jungle. Like G. spadicea it makes no nest, the
only materials used being the fallen leaves and rubbish accumu-
lated on the ground.

The eggs number 2 or 3 only, and whilst Mr. Stewart has
never seen or heard of more than 5, he has often taken 2 well
incubated.

The eggs are, of course, quite inseparable from those of G. s.
spadicea.

The average of 24 eggs is almost exactly 40 x 30 mm. The
largest I have measured in length and breadth was 41-7 x 31-1
mm., and the smallest in length and breadth were 39:1 x 30-2
mm. and 40:7 x 28:3 mm. respectively.

The cock is monogamous, and Mr. Stewart thinks they pro-
bably pair for life, and as with the common Red Spur-Fowl, the
cock bird proves an excellent father and husband.

They seem to breed only inthe area of heaviest rainfall, to
which fact is due their brilliant and dark colouration. ‘The
average rainfall is about 150 inches or more annually, an amount
greatly in excess of that falling over the greater part of the range
of the typical bird.

General Habits.—This Spur-Fowl is very common in Travancore
on the Shinkotta Hills between 1,000 and 3,000 feet, being more
common at elevations half-way between these two extremes, and
sometimes being found still lower than 1,000 feet. They are

2

10 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII.

essentially birds of thick cover, and will never be found on the
open bare lands so common in parts of Travancore, nor indeed
will they often be found in scrub or thick grass, though they
frequent the dense patches of Lantana bush in the mornings and
evenings, greedily eating the berries and the white ants-—or
termites—which are as plentiful as the berries.

Their home is in the depths of evergreen Jungle, and less often
in heavy bamboo jungle, and here, as one wanders gun in hand,
they may often he heard rustling about amongst the fallen leaves,
a habit which has bestowed upon them the Tamil name of Saravoo
Kol or Dry-leaves Fowl.

Less often than they are heard they may be seen scuttling across
some more open glade or forest path, and a hasty snap shot obtains
a dinner worthy of an epicure. If put up by dogs, they invariably
take to trees, and if so treed it is then easy to pot them as they
sit. They are poor flyers, though ike many others who are poor
performers, they are very noisy, making a great fluster in rising,
and a loud whirr as they fly.

Mr. J. Stewart, to whom I owe the foregoing notes, says that
he has never attempted to make abag of Spur-Fowl, but has
several times got 4 or 5 in a morning’s or evening’s walk. They
were most often met with when one was after big game, and in
consequence escaped without being fired at.

When disturbed, they utter a chattering cry, and after a pair
or a family have been put up and separated, they continue to call to
one another until all have been reunited.

The cocks are not noisy birds, but crow, if one can call their chuck-
ling cry a crow, regularly in the mornings and evenings during the
breeding season. One would have expected birds so well armed
with weapons of offence to be exceptionally combative, but I can
find no support for such an idea, and Mr. Stewart informs me that
he has never come across them fighting or obtained any evidence,
native or otherwise, to make him think they are at all pugilistic by
nature.

They are difficult birds to rear, and Mr. Stewart never succeeded
in bringing them up. His most successful attempt was with some
birds which grew half-way to maturity, and then all died after
their first meal of paddy, a food substituted too suddenly for their
previous diet of white ants.

They have, however, been reared in the Trevandrum Zoological
Gardens, where they lived in amity with some Grey Jungle-Fowl.

They feed on a mixed diet of insects, fruit and grain, and in the
mornings and evenings are very fond of scratching about and feeding
in the intensely thick secondary growth which so soon covers the
deserted coffee clearings. They do not, however, ever haunt the
more open coffee which is being cultivated.

THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA. 11

GALLOPERDIX SPADICEA CAURINA.
The Aravalli Spur-Feoul.

Galloperdix spadicea var caurina,—Blanford, Avi. Brit. In, iv., p. 107

1898).

- ae spadiceus,—Gray, Ill. Ind. Orn. ii., pl. 42, fig. 2 (1834) (part).
Polyplectron northie@,—Gray, Ill. Ind. Orn. ii., pl. 43, fig. 1 (1834) (part).
Ithaginis northie,—Gray, List of B., pt. iii., Gall. p. 32 (1844) (part).
Galloperdix spadiceus,—Blyth, Cat. Mus. As. Soc., p. 241 (1849) (part);

Butler, Str. Feath iv., p. 5 (1876) (Aboo and N. Guzerat) ; Fairbank, ibid,

iv., pp. 251, 262 (1876) (Khandala, Mahableswar and Ghat Range);

Butler, ibid, v., p. 222 (1877) (Aboo); Hume and Marsh, Game-B. 1., p.

247 (1878); Butler, Cat. B. of Sind, p. 54 (1879) (Aboo).

Galloperdix spadicea,—Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. B. B. M. xxii., p. 261 (part),
(1893) ; id, Man. Game-B. i., p. 206 (1895) (part) ; Blanford, Avi. Brit. In.
iv., p. 106 (1898) (part) ; Oates, Man. Game-B, In. i., p. 215 (1898) (part).

Description—Adult Male.—Differs from the adult male of spadicea
in being everywhere much paler; on the upper parts the chestnut
centres of the feathers are paler, and the grey margins wider;
below the tint is much paler over the whole surface.

Colours of Soft Parts.— Legs and feet coral red; bill dusky
reddish; irides light brown” (G. King).

Measurements—Wing, 153 to 173 mm., average 8 specimens,
159°7 mm; tail, 116 to 136 mm., average 123 mm.; tarsus, 49 to Al
mm. ; bill from front about 21 mm. and from gape about 26 mm.

“ Weight 84 to 10 ozs.” (G. King).

Adult Female.—Very much paler both above and below than
the female of G. s. spadicea; the black bars and markings are
almost absent, being confined to narrow broken streaks on either
side of the shaft and to dull mottlings on the inner secondaries.
Below the chestnut is much paler, and the feathers are edged with
paler grey, whilst the black markings are greatly reduced in
amount. On the whole the differences between the females of this
race and G. s. spudicea is even more marked than it is in the males.

Colours of Soft Parts.—‘ Legs and feet orange red to coral red;
bill dusky red, irides dull yellow.” (G. King).

Measurements.—Wing, 154-171 mm. (3 specimens) ; tail, 120 to
130 mm.; bill from front about 21 mm, and from gape about 25
mm.; tarsus, 49 to 51 mm.

“ Weight, 8 ozs.”’ (G. King).

Distribution.—The Aravalli Hills and Udaipur only. The
birds from the Bombay Presidency South of these hills are at once
strikingly darker and more chestnut than the Mt. Abu birds, and
are nearer to the typical form, although somewhat paler and more
grey than specimens from the Nilghiris and hill ranges of South
India. ‘These cannot, however, be given a name, as it 1s quite
impossible to define any area for any special degree of depth of
colouring.

12 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII.

Nidification.—-1 can find nothing beyond what is recorded in
Hume’s Nests and Hges.

From Aboo Dr. King writes to me :—

“This species is common at Aboo in the valleys,
‘“yanoing as high as 4,000 feet, but is most plentiful from
“about 1,500 to 3,000 feet above the sea. It prefers
“dense jungle about nullahs, and where there is a thick
‘undergrowth and especially where there is much bamboo.

“T never took the nest myself, but its eggs were
“brought to me in the early part of May, and my shikaris
‘‘and the Bheels employed said that the nests were flat and
‘shallow, composed of dry bamboo leaves placed under, or
“even in the middle of, clumps of bamboo, in the deeper
“* valleys. ”’

Col. Butler also wrote :—

“The Red Spur-Fowl is common all along the
“ Aravallis. It is usually found singly or in pairs, and
“breeds like the last species during the hot weather, but
‘“‘T have often seen the chicks with the old birds after they
“have been hatched in May and June.”

I have not seen enough of these eggs to say whether they vary
in size from those of the other races, but otherwise they are, of
course, quite indistinguishable.

A pair in the British Museum measure 46-2 x 32-6 mm., and
44-7 x 31:5 mm. and a clutch of 3 in my own collection taken
by Mr. Vidal measure 35°8 x 27-0 mm., 35°6 x 26°8 mm.
and 36°5 x 26:4 mm. These are almost certainly abnormally
small,

General Habits—Like those of G. s. spadicea, but the Aravalli
Spur-Fowl is less of a dense forest and thick jungle haunter than
is that bird, and may be found more often in comparatively open
forests and thin jungle.

It inhabits a country of comparatively small rain-fall, and
less luxuriant vegetation hence its pale colouration. lt is very
common throughout the Aravalli Hills and the lower hills in
Udaipur.

Col. Butler says that it is ‘‘ common all along the Aravallis. It
is usually found singly or in pairs and breeds during the hot
weather. ”’

GALLOPERDIX LUNULATA.

The Painted Spur-Foul.

Curria Partridge,—lLath., Gen. Hist. viii., p. 270 (1823) (India).

Perdia’ lunulata,—Valenc. & Dict. Sci. Nat. xxxviii., p. 446 (1825)
(Bengal) ; Gray in Griffiths, ed. Cuv. iii., p. 48 (1829) (Bengal) ; Lesson,
Traite, d’Orn, p. 504 (1831).

THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA. 138

Perdia hardwickiu,—Gray in Griffiths’ ed. Cuv. iii, p. 48 (1829); Id,
iii., Ind. Zool. 1, pl. 52 (1830-32).

Francolinus nivosus,—Delessert, Mag. de Zool. Ois., pl. 18 (Text) (1840) ;
Id. Rev. Zool. 1840, p. 100 (Bengal).

Francolinus hardwickit,—Delessert, Voy. dans 1’ Inde, p. 26, pl. 10 (1843)
(Pondicherry).

Ithaginis lunulatus,—Gray, List of Birds, pt. iii., Gall. p. 32 (1844).

Galloperdiv lunulosa,— Blyth, Cat. Mus. As. Soc., p. 241 (1849) (Rajmahl.);
Gould, B. Asia vi. pl. 69 (1854) ; Sclater & Wolf, Zool. Sket. 2, pl. 41
(1861) ; Beavan, Ibis, 1868, p. 882 (Maunbhum) ; Blanford, Journ. As. Soe.
Beng. xxxviii., pt. 2, p. 189 (1869) (Nagpur).

Galloperdiv lunulosus,—Jerdon, B. India iii., p. 543 (1863) ; Marshall, B.
Nest Ind., p. 59 (1877) ; Hume & Marshall, Game B. Ind., 1 pl. (1878).

Galloperdix lunulatus,—Hume, Nests and Eggs, Ind. B., p. 538 (1878) ;
Ball, Str. Feath. ii., p. 427 (1874) (Chota Nagpur), v., p. 418 (1877) (Maha-
nadi & Godaveri Rivers) ; vil., p. 225 (1878) (Ganges to Godaveri); Hume
& Marshall, Game-B. Ind. 1, p. 254, pl. (1878) ; Markham, Str. F. ix., p.
206 (1880) (Allahabad) ; Butler, ibid, ix., p. 422 (1880) (Belgaum Dist.) ;
Davison, ibid. x., p. 410 (1883) (Nilghiris) ; Barnes, Birds Bombay, p. 306
(1885) ; Taylor, Str. F. x., p. 531 (1887) (Orissa) ; Oates, ed. Hume’s Nests
and Eggs, Ind. B. iii., p. 425 (1890).

Galloperdix lunulata,—Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds B. M. xxii., p. 263 (1893);
Markham, Journ. Bomb. N. H. Soe. ix., p. 35 (1894) (Ken. R.) ; id., Man.
Game-Birds I., p. 209 (1895) ; Oates, Man. Game-B. L, p. 220 (1898) ;
Blanford, Faun. Brit. Ind. iv., p. 108 (1898) ; Finn, Ibis, 1899, p. 472; King,
Journ. Bomb. N. H. Soc. xxi., p. 100 (1911) (Saugor) ; Whitehead, ibid,
xxi., p. 163 (1911) (Schose); Pitman, ibid, xxii., p. 801 (1914) (C. Provinces,
habits).

Galloperdix lunulata,—Oates, Cat. Egg & Brit. Mus. 1, p. 50, pl. iv., fig.
91901). | F

VERNACULAR NAMES.—Askol (Orissa and Singbhoom) ; Hootkah
(Gondh) ; Cull-koli (Tamil) ; Jitta kodi (Telegu).

Description—Adult Male.—Crown of head black, glossed with
green, each feather having a white oval spot, these again some-
times with a narrow black centre; sides of head, nape and neck all
round, throat and extreme upper breast brownish-black, each
feather with a glossy black terminal, and a white sub-terminal bar ;
the chin is whitish or buffish-white, less spotted with black. Whole
upper parts from hinder neck to shorter upper tail-coverts rich
chestnut with white, black-edged ocelli, the white decreasing in
extent towards the tail-coverts, and often absent or obsolete on
lower back, and rump. Longer upper tail coverts and tail brownish-
black, the rectrices with green or purple reflections in a good
light.

Scapulars and innermost median and greater coverts like the back
but with strong metallic green gloss; other coverts like the back,
but with larger and more conspicuous ocelli; bastard wing and
quills brown, some of the innermost secondaries glossed on the
outer web with green like the scapulars. Smaller under wing-
coverts and axillaries chestnut with black and white bars; greater
coverts brown faintly edged with chestnut.

eS

14 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII.

Breast and upper abdomen bright buff, each feather with a
terminal spot of black, the buff palest next these spots; flanks
chestnut, each feather with a buffy white bar between two black
ones. The colours of the flanks and breast grade into one another.

Lower abdomen, vent and under tail-coverts brownish-chestnut,
more or less spotted with insignificant black-edged white spots ;
the under tail-coverts are black-tipped, and the longest almost
wholly of this colour.

There is not much individual variation in colour, though some
birds are more spotted than others, and some have the head a
deeper black than the rest.

Colours of the Soft Parts.— Legs and feet horny-green, plumbeous
horny, or plumbeous ; upper mandible blackish horny, lower pale
horny especially at the base and gape; irides hazel brown or dark
brown,

Measurements—Wing, 144-161 mm., average 28 specimens,
153 mm; tail, 128-135 mm.; tarsus, 42—45 mm.; spurs, gene-
rally two on each leg, sometimes less, sometimes three on each
leg or on one only. The spurs run up to about an inch in length
(25-4 mm.) ; Bill from front, about 19 mm. and from gape about
22-23 mm.

«¢ Weight, 9-10 ozs.” (Hume).

Adult female.—Crown black, the feathers with chestnut stripes,
occupying nearly the whole of each web on the forehead, and the
posterior crown chestnut tipped as well; broad supercilia chestnut,
the feathers with pale centres; ear-coverts deeper chestnut; chin,
throat and cheeks pale yellowish-buff, mottled with chestnut; neck
all round, upper parts and wings dark brown tinged with greyish-
olive, especially on back, scapulars and lesser coverts. Upper tail-
coverts browner than the back; tail deeper richer brown, obso-
letely rayed with black bars.

Below, the brown neck changes gradually to paler rufescent
brown on breast and upper flanks, and then again to earthy brown
ou lower abdomen, vent and under tail-coverts.

Such variation as exists in adult females consists in the absence
or prevalence of narrow terminal spots or bars on the lower plumage,
and less often on the upper. These markings appear to have
nothing to do with age, as old birds are to be found both well
spotted and immaculate.

One female from Raipur is noticeable for its very bright, almost
pure chestnut, breast.

Colours of Soft Paris.—Similar to the same parts in the male.

Measurements —Wing, 138-159 mm., average 20 specimens, 146
mm,; tail, 128-145 mm.; tarsus, about 40 mm.; bill from front
about 1S mm., and from gape about 21-22 mm.

«Weight, 8-9 ozs.’? (Hume).

THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, 15

The Young Male,and Female resemble the adult female, but are
much duller. Above, the whole plumage is much freckled and
weakly barred with dull black and rufous brown, and the tail and
inner secondaries are chestnut brown, distinctly barred with black.
Below, the whole surface is brownish, and the breast is no more
chestnut than the rest of the plumage, but is more or less freckled
with dull pale buff.

The Chick in Down is a rich chestnut rufous above, the head and
a broad dorsal line darkest and brightest ; below, a dull pale earth-
brown, more chestnut on throat, upper breast, flanks, thighs and
vent. The wing and tail feathers, when they appear, are dull
rufous brown, vermiculated with black and with a few tiny buff
ocelli on scapulars and innermost wing-coverts.

Distribution —The distribution of the Painted Spur-Fowl is
practically the same as that of the Red Spur-Fowl. Roughly to the
North its boundaries are the Sind, Jumna and Ganges rivers, west-
wards it is found as far as the Hastern slopes of the coastal Hill
Ranges, but not apparently on the Malabar coast itself or in
Western Travancore, though it is found in suitable places through-
out Coimbatore and Mysore. On the Hast it extends right up to
the coast wherever the country is suitable.

Nidification.—There is not much on record about the breeding of
this very common bird, and more detailed information is wanted.
The breeding season appears to extend from February to June, the
principal months being April and early May. It is of course resi-
dent wherever found, and breeds throughout the area it inhabits.
The nest is the usual scrape, natural, or made by the birds, under
the shelter of a rock, bush or tree trunk, and the only materials
used are the fallen leaves and rubbish. The eggs are, I think,
generally 3 in number, sometimes 2 or 4, and, rarely 5. In appear-
ance they are hardly separable from those of the Red Spur-Fowl,
but I think asarule they are rather paler in tint, not so warm a
buff-cream colour. They are just as smooth and fine-textured and
the same long shape, but I have one clutch of € eggs in my
collection which are very pointed and inclined to a _ peg-top
shape.

‘Lhe 15 eggs I have been able to measure vary in length from
39-9 x 30°3 mm. to 42:4x 28-4 mm., and in breadth from the
latter to 41-6 x 31:0 mm., the average is 40°6x29°9 mm. Like
the other Spur-Fow] this bird is monogamous, and probably pairs
for life.

Mr. Blewitt records that :—

«The parent birds assiduously care for their young, and
«‘ when disturbed exhibit great anxiety for their safety. When
“ closely pursued, the old birds endeavour by many artifices to
« draw the attention of the intruders from the spot where the

16- JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XXVIL

«‘ chicks lie concealed, and invariably on the cry of a chick
‘“¢ wounded or captured, the parent birds daringly return to the
“‘ rescue, often to within a dozen yards or so of the sportsman.
«« The chicks are very soon able to fly as well and as fast as
‘‘the old birds, and it is then not easy to get very near
them.”

General Habits —This Spur-Fowl is not so restricted to dense
forest or bamboo cover as the last species, and appears rather to
haunt broken ground with numerous boulders and rocks amongst
the vegetation, and this love of rocks and rocky ground seems to
be the principal cause in restricting its haunts, for in wide stretches
where these are absent, no birds will be found, though in suitable
areas on either side it may be common. Neither does it ascend the
hills to the same height as does the Red Spur-Fowl, and probably
few birds live at altitudes over 3,000 feet, though the evidence on
this point is very scanty.

Major C. R. S. Pitman says that he found them extraordinarily
common in the Central Provinces on rocky hiils of Granitoid Gneiss
covered with forest, bamboo and thorn jungle, with thin scrub and
grass on the tops. Here they seemed to prefer the crests of the
hills where the cover consisted of this scrub and grass rather than
those parts lower down with tree forest, andthe more open this
cover, the greater the certainty of finding several pairs of Painted
Spur-Fowl.

In a letter to me Major Pitman writes :—

‘“‘ Tt much prefers running to flying, and is fond of scuttling
‘‘ about amongst rocks or standing on the highest one of some
“‘ group of rocks and thence surveying the country all round it.
«« During three weeks I saw many every day, and, though
‘‘ when hard-pressed they are not difficult to flush, flying rather
“‘ like a partridge, J never saw one fly up-hill unless occasion-
‘‘ ally when birds few down from one hill across a col to the
“next one. ‘Then if flushed again, they would sometimes fly
‘« back to their original crest. Down-hill they fly readily enough
‘“« however steep and seem to get along equally well whether
‘‘ hurling themselves down obliquely or at the steepest angles.
‘«« T have often noticed both sexes perch in trees when fright-
“‘ ened whether by dog or man, possibly to see better what
‘“‘ was worrying them; even then though they had to fly up it
“‘ was either a sort of scramble from directly below or a point
“ used as a rest as they flew down-hill. .
‘«« When frightened on the slopes at the bottom of a hill,
‘“‘ they invariably make for the top running, all with a view of
‘ eventually being able to look back from some high vantage
‘point. Thus I found an excellent way of shooting them was
‘“¢ to walk along the hill crests with a beater on either side -

“

THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA. ez

‘of the hill about 50 yards below me. By this means
“ birds from the slopes would always run up and were
“t then flushed together with those which were originally on
“the top.

* T cannot agree with some descriptions of this bird which
“say that it is difficult to flush, and even when flushed at
“ once makes straight for the thickest cover. My experience is
« that males when first put up usually fly along the crest of
“the hills, and after being flushed a couple of times or so,
‘“« break back; broods and pairs flew straight down-hill, and
‘at once started running up again. On such occasions they
‘* generally just went over the crest and squatted a few yards
‘** down the opposite slope.

“« When flushed the males get up with a curious bubbling,
‘scolding, chuckling noise and at night I heard this same
‘‘ ery on the rocky hills.

«“ Females with broods, whether young chicks or nearly
‘“ fullorown, in the first instance usually led them away by
“running, uttering at the same time a peculiar scolding
‘chuckle. Hven under these circumstances they were always
“so eager to climb to the tops of rocks and look back that
“ one could often get right up to them.

‘« Their food seemed to consist of seeds, berries, grain and
‘“ other vegetable matter. Inthe crops of all I examined
‘“* there was a soft dark brown mash with occasionally a few
‘*‘ small seeds distinguishable in it, and I also found a lot of
‘‘ stale dry mowrah flowers in their crops after the middle of
« May.

«« The legs of the males J] examined had from two to three
‘‘ spurs, in one case three on both legs, the females had from
‘“‘ one to two, often two on each leg.”’

Jerdon does not think much of it as an article for the table, he
writes :—

“ Its qualities for the table are inferior to those of the last
‘* species, having less flavour and being more dry. Numbers
‘are snared in the hills not far from Madras, and are generally
“ procurable in the Madras market. I have kept them in
“confinement for long. They thrive pretty well, but the
‘males are very pugnacious. The males have a fine cackling
“* sort of call, very fowl-like.”’

It should be noted that Capt. Baldwin states that this Spur-
Fowl when running carries “the tail up, not like a partridge. vi
This must surely be wrong, but I have never seen it contradicted,
and unfortunately skins will not either refute or confirm this, and
some sportsman should remember to take observations which will
enable him to do one or the other.

3

18 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII.

GALLOPERDIX BICALCARATA.

The Ceylon Jungle-Foul.

Perdiz bicalcaratus,—Pennant, Ind. Zool., p. 40, pl. vii. (1769).

Perdix zeylonensis,—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1, pt. ii., p. 759 (1788) ; Bonnat.,
Encycl. Meth. 1, p. 210, pl. 98, fig. 3. (1791).

Perdix ceylonensis,—Lath. Ind. Orn. ii., p. 644 (1790) ; Temm., Pig. et.
Gall. iii., pp. 311, 718 (1815).

Ceylon Partridge, Lath., Gen. Syn. Suppl. i1., p. 278 (1802).

Francolinus ceylanensis,—Uess., Traite d’Orn., p. 504 (1831). .

Galloperdiz zeylonensis, -Blyth., Cat. Mus. As. Soc., p. 241 (1849); Gould,
B. Asia vi. pl. 67 (1854) ; Hume, Nests & Eggs Ind. B. p. 535 (1873).

Galloperdix bicalearata,—Layard, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (2) xiv., p. 105
(1854) ; Blyth, Ibis 1867, p. 308 ; Holdsworth, P.Z.S., 1872, p.469; Legge,
Ibis, 1874, p. 26; 1875, p. 400 ; id., Birds Ceylon iii., p. 741, pl. (1880); Hume,
Str. Feath. vii., pp. 430, 453 (1878) ; Hume & Marshall, Game-B, Ind. i, p.
261 pl. (1878) ; Oates, ed. Hume’s Nests & Eggs Ind. B. iii., p, 426 (1890);
Ogilvie Grant, Cat. Birds B. M, xxii., p. 264 (1898); id., Man. Came-B.
1, p. 210 (1895) ; Butler, Journ. Bomb. N. H. Soc. x. p. 31 (1896); Blanford,
Faun. Brit. Ind. iv., p. 109 (1898) ; Lewis, Ibis, 1898, p. 551; Oates, Man.
Game-B. 1, p. 224 (1898) ; Wait, Spolia Zeylanica x, pt. 39, p. 371 (1917).

VERNACULAR NAMES. Haban-or Saban-kukula (Cznghalese),

Description— Adult Male.—Crown, nape, hind neck, back, scapu-
lars and wing-coverts black with white central lines; on the head
these are very narrow, but gradually broaden towards the back
until on the outer wing-coverts they become large pear-shaped
drops. The bases of the feathers of both back and wing-coverts are
pale brown or chestnut brown, vermiculated with blackish, and
these show through everywhere ; on both the lower back and greater
wing-coverts the feathers have broad chestnut edges vermiculated
with black and grade gradually into the chestnut rump and shorter
tail-coverts. The rump is sometimes immaculate except for a
terminal black spot or narrow bars of buff and black, at other times
there is a certain amount of black vermiculation; the coverts are
invariably freely vermiculated with black and the longer tail-
coverts and tail are black, the central tail feathers sometimes, and
the outer feathers on the ‘bases nearly always, vermiculated with
chestnut.

Primaries brown ; secondaries brown, vermiculated with chestnut
on the outer wens, the innermost on both webs; greater coverts
like the quills, but with white pear-shaped black-edged ocelli at
the tips.

Sides of head white, the feathers with tiny edges of black; chin
and throat pure white. Neck, breast, flanks and abdomen white,
each feather black-edged. On the flanks the black edges dominate
so that this part of the plumage is almost black; the upper breast
is boldly black and white, and the centre of the abdomen almost

THE GAME BIRDS OF INDLA. / 19

white. Vent, posterior, abdomen and flanks dull-earth-brown with —
white spots. Under tail-coverts blackish-brown with grey tips.

The extent to which individual variation is found is in the pro-
portionate amount of black and white on the feathers of the breast
and lower parts and in the amount of vermiculation on the back
rump and upper tail-coverts.

Colours of Soft Parts.—‘ Iris brownish-yellow or brownish-red ;
orbital skin red; bill, legs and feet red; spurs dusky reddish.”
(Legge. )

Measurements —‘‘ Length, 13:5 to 13-8 inches.’ ( Legge.)
Wing, 151 to 174 mm., average of 20 specimens, 164 mm., tail
121 to 130 mm.; tarsus, 54 to 57 mm.; bill at front about 22 mm.,
and from gape about 25 mm. The spurs run up to about 20 mm.,
and are more generally about 12-15 mm.

I can find no records of weight.

There are usually two spurs on each leg, sometimes only one on
one, and sometimes as many as three.

Adult Female.—Crown blackish-brown, the feathers of forehead
and sides with paler centres; sides of the head dull chestnut, the
feathers black-edged. Whole upper plumage and wing-coverts
dull chestnut vermiculated with black, most profusely so on the
longest upper tail-coverts. Tail black, the two central pairs of
feathers faintly vermiculated with chestnut.

Quills brown, the secondaries all vermiculated with chestnut on
the outer webs, and the innermost on both webs.

Below, chestnut, practically immaculate on the breast, and more
and more vermiculated with dark brown towards the vent. Vent,
posterior, abdomen and flanks earthy chestnut; under tail-coverts
darker chestnut, densely vermiculated with black.

Colours of Soft Parts.—‘‘ Iris brownish-yellow; bill, legs and
feet lighter red than in the males.” (Legge.)

Measurements.—‘‘ Length, 11-75 inches.” (Legge.)

Wing, 143 to 150 mm., average 8 specimens, 146 mm. ; tail,
108 to 110mm.; tarsus, 46 to 48mm. ; bill from front about 18mm.
and from gape about 22 mm.

The spurs are small, seldom as much as 12°5mm., and number
either one or two on each leg, sometimes, however, wanting on one
or both legs. Wait says that the females are generally without spurs,
but this is not so with the British Museum series.

Distribution.— This Spur-Fow] is found only in Ceylon, and only
in those portions which are well forested and have an ample rain-fall.
Thus it is very common in the South-Western portion, more or less
common in the West and Kast, but is not found in the extreme
North-West nor in the North-Hastern portion of the island.

Nidification.—The breeding season of the Ceylon Spur-Fowl
lasts almost throughout the year. Wait says that it appears to be

20 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVIII.

from about November to March or April and occasionally again in
July and August. I have a pair of eggs taken in June, and Hart
found them in October. Possibly February and March are the two
months in which most eggs are laid.

The nesting arrangements are much the same as those of the Red
and Painted Spur-Fowls. No real nest is made, but the eggs are
laid in some shallow hollow under the protection of a bush or thick
clump of creepers or grass, and the only lining is the mass of fallen
debris carpeting the whole forest. The site selected appears always
to be in very thick cover, and, preferably, in evergreen forest with
dense undergrowth.

Undoubtedly the number of eggs most often laid istwo. Wait
says ‘ usually two, sometimes more, ”’ but I understand that three
is the largest number he has personally seen or taken. Legge
found two only, but the natives told him that they laid up to four,
and Hart records it as laying from 4 to 6 eggs. Personally I have
never seen a genuine clutch of more than three, but believe four
may rarely be found.

They are like other Spur-Fowls’ eggs, but of a warmer tint of
buff or caté-au-lait, and are not so elongated.

The eggs measured by W. EH. Wait averaged 1:60" x 1-16"
(42:1 x 30-4 mm.), but 3 in my collection and a few others which
have passed through my hands average only 39-1 x 28-9 mm. The
largest 40-2 x 29-0 mm. and 39:0x29°5 mm. and the smallest
38-0 x 28-4 mm. and 39°4 x 28°3 mm.

Like other Spur-Fowls, the Ceylon bird is monogamous, and the
cock and hen remain together throughout the year.

General Habits.—The Ceylon Spur-Fowl may be found within the
damper regions of Ceylon at all heights from the broken ground of
the foot hills up to 4,500 feet or even 5,000 feet, and according
to Wait ‘‘ spreads further into the dry flat country between the hills
and the sea’”’ on the South-Hast. Ample cover is essential. Legge
records that :—

«The shy habits of this bird would prevent its being detect-
‘‘ed in most places where it is even abundant, were it not for
‘‘its noisy cries or cackling, so well known to all who have
‘‘wandered in our Ceylon jungles.

“Tt frequents tangled brakes, thickets in damp nullahs,
‘‘ forest near rivers, Jungle over hill sides, and in fact any kind
‘“©of cover which will afford it entire concealment.

‘Tt runs with great speed, and has the knack of noiselessly
‘beating a retreat at one time, while at another it ventrilo-
‘quizes its exciting notes, until the sportsman becomes fairly
“exasperated, and gives up the attempt he has made to stalk
‘it in disgust. I have more than once endeavoured to cut off
‘its retreat or flush it by rushing into a little piece of jungle

THE GAME BIRDS GF INDIA, 21

“or detached copse in which I had found it, and from which
‘it seemed impossible for it to escape, but I invariably failed
‘in the attempt, a failure aggravated by my utter bewil-
‘‘derment at its unaccountable disappearance.

‘“The cock birds begin to call at six in the morning, and
“‘when one has fairly commenced, the curious ascending scale
‘* of notes is taken up from one to another, until the wood re-
“sounds with their cries.”

Most writers give the Ceylon Spur-Fow] the credit of being a
strong swift flyer when once it is forced to take to wing, and its
flight is possibly stronger than that of its Indian relations whose
powers in this respect are not very great. Like them, however, it
is askulker of the most crafty and persistent description, and
very hard to flush. Even dogs only force it up into the nearest
thick bush or tree, where it will lie concealed and quiet until it
thinks all danger has passed.

Everyone seems to agree that it is hard to rear from eggs and
almost impossible to tame if caught. If precautions are taken to
prevent its killing itself against the roof or sides of its cage or
enclosure when startled, or if they do not quickly die from unsuit-
able food or refusal of all food, they still always remain shy, wild
birds, resenting observation and also the presence of other birds or
beasts.

They are constantly trapped by the natives, who lay snares for
them in the places they most frequent for feeding purposes. A
favourite trap described to me by a Mr. Kellow, formerly atea-plan-
ter in Ceylon, is said to consist of little triangles made by two fences
with open bases and open apexes, in the latter of which are numer-
ous nooses into which the birds walk, led thereto by the fences
which they run along in preference to jumping or flying over.

They are also said to be decoyed into a ring of nooses by a captive
bird, for the cocks are very quarrelsome, and the cocks in the
vicinity soon come to the challenge of another invading their
sanctuaries. As far as I could ascertain, however, the decoy system
was one introduced into Ceylon by immigrant Tea labourers, and
used by them only.

Legge remarks that in their manner of fighting the males remind-
ed him of the game-cock, both in the way they elevated and depres-
sed their heads and in the way they imitated one another's action.

‘The flesh is very good eating, and has been likened to that of
Grouse. Their own food is both vegetarian and insectivorous, and
they are particularly fond of the ripe berries of that imported pest of
Ceylon, the Lantana bush. Hart says that their diet is principally
white ants, and various other insects and their larve.

Its powers of ventriloquism have already been referred to above,
and this has been corroborated by many observers. So great indeed

22 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII

is this power that Layard says that when listening to lirds confined
in his aviaries, he could have declared that the calls proceeded from
every part of the ground rather than from the aviary itself.

OPHRYSIA SUPERCILIOSA.

The Mountain Quail.

Rollulus superciliosus,—Gray., Knowsl. Menag., Aves. p. 8, pl. xvi. (1846)
(India).

Ophrysia superciliosa,—Bonap. Comp., Rend. xliii., p. 414 (1856) (no loe.);
Hume, Str. Feath. vii., p. 434 (1878) (no loc.); Hume & Marshall, Game-B.
Ind. ii, p. 105 pl, (1879) (Mussorie, Nainital) ; Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds
B. M. xxii., p. 266 (1898) ; id., Handb. Game-B. 1, p. 212 (1895) ; Blanford,
Faun. Brit. Ind. iv., p. 105 (1898) ; Oates, Man. Game-B. 1, p. 121 (1898) ;
Comber., J. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc. xvi. p. 861 (1905).

Ptilopachus (Ophrysia) superciliosa,—Gray, List Gallinze Brit. Mus., p. 45
1867).
ene superciliosus,—Blyth, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 475 (Mussorie) ;
Gould, B. of Asia vii., pl. 8 (1868),

Malacortyx sxperciliaris,—Blyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 313.

Coturniz (Ophrysia) superciliosa,—Gray, Handl. B. ii. p. 269 (1870).
VERNACULAR NAMES. None known.

Description,— Adult Male.—Forehead and a broad supercilium
reaching to the nape white, a band above and below this supercilium
black; chin, throat, sides of the face and upper ear-coverts black;
lower ear-coverts and cheeks white, extended in a broken band down
the sides of the throat; aspot in front of the eye and another
behind it white; crown greyish-brown with velvety black central
strie. Plumage, generally, above and below dark clear slaty
olive-brown, each feather with black edges to the basal four-fifths
of each web except on the longest tail-coverts and tail feathers.
Under tail-coverts black with broad white terminal bars.

The wings are rather browner and lighter than the rest of the
upper plumage, and the primaries are vermiculated with pale dull
buff on the basal halves of the outer webs.

Colours of Soft Parts.—‘ Bill coral red ; legs and feet dull red or
dusky red”’ (Hutton).

Measurements.—‘ Length 10 inches” (Hutton).

Two specimens in the British Museum. Wings, 86 mm. (in moult),
and 95 mm. ; tails, 80 and 82 mm.; tarsus, 29 mm.; bill from front
11-5 mm., and from gape 13°5 mm. two other specimens not quite
adult have wings of 85 and 86 mm.

Adult Female.-— Above cinnamon brown, the centre of the crown
with practically no markings, nape and neck with broad black
streaks changing to triangular black spots on the back, scapulars,
rump and upper tail-coverts which are bordered with fulvous, more
especially on the scapulars. A white spot both in front and behind
the eye, and a small white eyebrow. A broad supercilium, ear-cov-
erts and sides of the head vinaceous-brown, merging into albescent

THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA. 23

on chin and throat; a broad black band on either side of the
crown and a black patch under the eye next the beak.

Wings like the back; primaries Jight brown, mottled with buff on
the outer webs, the mottlings gradually increasing in depth of colour
and extent towards the innermost secondaries which are like the
back.

Below a beautiful pale, but bright, vinaceous brown, each feather
with abroad black central stripe and faint chestnut edgings; flanks
and vent vermiculated with brown and black.

Colours of Soft Parts.—*‘* Bill dusky red, lower mandible brightest ;
legs dull red ; eyelids black, with a small white spot at the corners’’.
(Hutton.)

Measurements.—Two females in the British Museum collection.
Wings, 88 and 93 mm.; tails, 70 and 71 mm.; tarsus and bill, not
aifferent in size to that of the males.

Young Male.—Judging from a specimen in the British Museum
collection, the young male must be somewhat like the female, as it
still retains a few buff and brown mottled wing-feathers and a certain
amount of mottling on the breast.

Distribution.—As yet only known from Mussoorie and Naini-Tal.

Nidification.—-Unknown. |

General Habits—The 10 specimens enumerated by Hume in
Game-RBirr= remain the only known specimens of this bird. The
original spe¢imens were a pair in the Knowsley Collection, and their
origia was unknown but supposed to be ‘from India’. This was
in 1846. In 1865 Kenneth Mackinnon shot a pair near Mussoorie
in the month of November, and in the following year from Novem-
ber to June, 1868, there were several birds, or covies of birds at
Jerepani at about 5,500 feet elevation, and five specimens were
procured, and finally Major G. Carwithin shot one at Sher-ka-danda,
.7,000 feet, near to Naini-Tal. Since then this bird has never been
seen again. Kenneth Mackinnon, writing to Hume about the birds
he sent, said :—

“Tt was shot together with asecond, alsoa male, out of a
“covey of 8 or 10 in grass jungle on the southern face of
“* Budraj.

“T noticed that nearly half the birds, probably females,
‘“were brown, rather darker than the ordinary game brown.
‘They were very difficnlt to flush, and, but for the dogs, we
‘could not have got them up. After being flushed they col-
“lected again at some distance with a shrill whistling unlike
“that of any of our other birds. Their flight was slow and
“heavy, and I should never have supposed them capable of
‘‘ migratiny’ far.

‘«T saw these birds frequently after this, and have frequently
‘heard their whistling when outsooting near Mussorie. They

24 JUURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVI1I,

‘are not confined to the spot where I shot that brace, I have
“seen and heard them at other similar places, at about the
‘same elevation, in the neighbourhood of Mussorie, but to the
“best of my recollection only during the w inter, but of this
‘latter I am not sure.’

Capt. Hutton’s boys knocked over three specimens, one of which
was destroyed, and again a fourth in December. Hutton writes
of these as follows :—

“There were only 5 or 6 birds in this covey, and all young
‘apparently. This one was shot with a pistol, as we find the
‘oun of little use, the birds refusing to take wing and only
“running among the long high grass when pressed, and allow-
‘Ine themselves to be nearly trodden upon before they will
“move. During the forenoon they wander to feed up among
‘the long-grass to which they obstinately cling, feeding on the
‘fallen seeds, and their presence being made known by their
“short Quail-like note. They will not come out into the open
“oround, and in the afternoon they descend into sheltered
“hollows amongst the grass and brushwood.”’

Major Carwithin records of the bird shot by him that it was shot

by him on the eastern slopes of Sher-ka-danda when booting for
Cheer-Pheasant. The ground is described as ‘‘ very steep, with
patches of brushwood here and there.” .

The above contains all we know about these birds, and Hume
thought that they were migratcry birds yp: sancti receding im
South-Hastern Chinese Tibet. Judging, however, trom what we

know of their habits, I should think it is more probable that they
are resident birds, and that Mussorie and Naini-Tal pr obably form

the outposts of their habitat in native Garhwal and Nepal. Their

skulking habits and the extraordinary persistence with which they
refuse to fly would suffice to keep them unknown to any but the

most observant of sportsmen, and as the few that are flushed gene-
rally would get up when men were expecting pheasants, they would
probably not waste shot upon such smail fry.

Probably we shall have to wait until someone with time, patience
and acute powers of observation makes a regular business of once
more locating and obtaining these birds. Once found, their very
habits should make them an easy prey to clever netters, and perhaps

we may see some betore long in the Zoological Gardens in India
and London.

(To be continued.)

25

SCIENTIFIC RESULTS FROM THE MAMMAL SURVEY
NO, XXIT.
By
OLDFIELD THomas, F.R.S.
(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)

A.—A NEW BAT OF THE GENUS RHINOPOMA FROM S. E. PERSIA.

The following new bat belonging to the genus Rhinopoma
occurs among the collections made by Col. J. E. B. Hotson :—

RHINOPOMA PUSILLUM, sp. n.

A species of the cystops group, smaller than any as yet des-
eribed.

General build light and delicate, about as in R. muscatellum and
seianum, but size still smaller. Connecting band of ear well
developed. Feet small and very slender. Tail short, slightly
shorter than the forearm, the converse being generally the case in
all the smaller forms of Rhinopoma.

Skull with the prominent nasal inflations characteristic of the
cystops group, and these proportionally a little higher; top of
muzzle, as seen in profile and compared with the line of the
tooth row, slanted downward anteriorly in cystops, horizontal in
muscatellum and seianum, wpwards anteriorly in the new form,
though very slightly so. Sagittal crest well developed anteriorly.
Bulle not so large as in muscatellum and seianum.

Molars smaller than in any of the allied species, Canines shorter,
comparatively broad at base.

Dimensions of the type, measured on the spirit specimen :-—

Head and body, 54; tail, 46; ear, 17°5; lower leg and foot (c.u.),
32; hind foot: (c.u.) 11-3. Skull :—greatest length, 15°9 ; median
naso-occipital length, 14; zygomatic breadth, 9-2; breadth across
nasal inflations, 5°5; mastoid breadth, 8; length of bulla, 4-4;
basal diameter of canine, 1-1; front of canine to back of m’., 9°93 ;
combined length of m’. and m’*., 2:6, ;

Hab.:—Sib, S. E. Persia, near the Perso-Baluchistan frontier.

Type :—Old female in spirit B.M. No. 20.1.19.5. Collected by
Col. J. E. B. Hotson, presented by the Bombay Natural History
Society. One specimen only.

Considering how near are the respective localities I had expected
this would prove to be seianwm, but it is readily to be distinguished
by its small size, much smaller teeth and shorter tail.

26
THE COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS
OF INDIA.

(INCLUDING THOSE MET WITH IN THE HILL STATIONS
OF THE BOMBAY PRESIDENCY.)

BY
T. R. Bett, LF.s. (RETD.).

(Continued from page 954 of Vol. XXVI.)
Part XXV.

39. Genus—VIRACHOLA.

Eyes hairy ; body robust. In the male there is tuft of hairs turned up-
wards from the inner margin of the fore wing, these hairs fixed on that
margin ; in the hind wing there is also a male sexual mark : glandular, de-
pressed, on the upper surface, near the base, pear-shaped with the narrow
end directed towards the base, extending slightly below the costa into the
discoidal celland reaching as far out as the discocellulars ; the palpus of the
male shorter than that of the female ; the hind wing with an anal lobe and
a thin threadlike tail atthe end of vein 2. The genus contains three
species, all belonging to the Indian region. Two of these are found through-
out India except in the absolutely desert tracts and in Ceylon ; the third is
confined to the Andamans. The transformations of the two Indian species
are known and have often been described ; they will be found below. The
larve and pupe are very similar to those of Deudoriv and Bindahara and
the larve all feed on the inside of fruits of different sorts. They are all,
the butterflies of the present genus that is, very powerful fliers, quick and
agile and capable of traversing long distances. Our two species, isocrates
and perse, are both fond of the sun and the males bask on the tops of
high trees, sitting with the wings half-open as long as the sun is bright.
They rest, "with them closed, under leaves, &c.

196. Virachola perse, Hewitson—Male. Upperside: Fore wing with the
costa above the median vein up to the base of vein 2 deep black ; the apex
broadly black; the black colour occupying the whole apical space and
outer margin, leaving the inner and lower portion of the wing blue ; some-
times with an ochreous-red patch varying in size outside the cell. Hind
wing with the costa broadly black, the band narrowing suddenly round the
apex and continued narrowly down the outer margin to the anal angle ;
abdominal space also rather broadly black ; the fold grey ; the remaining
inner space blue; the anal lobe black, with a dull ochreous spot in it; tail
black, tipped with white; cilia of both wings black. Underside: vinous-
grey, sometimes with a red tinge; markings darker grey, pale-edged.
Fore wing with an irregular, rather large spot at the end of the cell with
dark edges ; a discal band of conjoined spots from the cost to near the
submedian vein ; the lowest small, the first four outwardly oblique, the
others straight down, commencing a little inwards. Hind wing with a
black, subbasal spot ial the costa; twin spots at the end of the cell; a
discal band of conjoined spots, the third and fourth a little outside the
others, its lower part curving suddenly in towards the abdominal margin
below Aig middle ; anal lobe black, a small, round black spot in the he
interspace, ringed with pekeeons. Avmieneres black, ringed with white,
club with an penance red tip; frons grey; eyes ringed site white ; head

THE COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA, 27

=

and body black above, grey beneath.—Female. U pperside paler blue, with-
out gloss. Fore wing with broad, costal and outer, marginal, black borders,
a white patch, sometimes tinged with ochreous beyond the cell. Hind
wing with the costal and outer, marginal, black borders broader than in
the male ; abdominal space clear of blackish suffusion; the fold blackish-
grey ; a white, anteciliary line from the anal lobe to vein 2. Underside
paler than the male, markings similarly disposed, but more defined,
Expanse: male, 35-50mm ; female, 45-60 mm.

Egg.—Hemispherical, very much flattened in shape. Surface pitted all over
with small cells which may be hexagonal but their shape is obscured by
the thick, coarse walls which are double the diameter of the cell—aper-
tures; there are some scattered thickenings of the intersections of
cell walls ; on the very apex of the egg there is a more or less circular
depression, the bottom of which is minutely pitted. The egg is broadest
just above the base. The colour is green as seen at the bottoms of the
cells and apical depression ; the cell-walls are all white obscuring most of
the ground-colour. B: 1.75mm.; B: lmm.

Larva.—Nearly exactly the same as that of V. tsocrates. Head of
medium size, light yellow-brownish ; shining. The swi:face shining ; covered
with similar black hairs but slightly longer than in ‘socrates; the other
hairs also longer: instead of one hair, subdorsal, on each segment there
are here three or four subdorsal on each side on segments 4-6 and two
on 8-10 ; the little wart-like tubercular swellings below each spiracle bear
some rather longer, white bristles; the edges of the shovel perhaps
more tumid. The spiracles large, oval, black. The colour indigo-brown ;
segments 1-3 orange-brown; marks on segments 7, 8 are light-cream
coloured ; segments 11-13 same colour as 1-3, but somewhat darker ; the
spiracles of segment 12 larger, L: 25mm. ; B: nearly 7mm.

Pupa.—Similar to that of isocrates but the constriction more pronounced
because the abdomen is more swollen at segments 7 and 8 where it is
highest and broadest; circular in transverse section. Surface covered
with minute hairs sparsely, more dense round spiracles and a little longer
along the front margin of segment 2 ; the thorax is more humped than in
isocrates, Spiracles of segment 2 facing slightly forwards instead of
being flush ; the other spiracles long and narrow, dark-brown. Colour dirty
light-brown. L: 16mm.; B: 7 mm.

Habits.—Exactly the same as those of V. isocrates. They do
not deviate in any single particular from them ; ants only attend
the larve as scavengers and not as visitors except that they may
occasionally find some of the sugary ferment on the backs of the
latter that might attract them—there should be a good deal of the
sort adhering to a bristle-bearing surface. The butterflies are
strong and rapid in flight and difficult to catch; the maies bask
also, like those of isocrates, but are not found at the tops of hills
so much ; they do not commonly visit flowers, neither do they go
to water. The habitat of perse in India is from the Himalayas to
the South. It is, seemingly, confined more tothe jungles than the
other species, ‘socrates, and is certainly more plentiful on the
sea-coast in Kanara than that species, and continues plentiful as
fay as the jungle lasts to the east, say to where the rainfall diminishes
to 40 inches. The commonest foodplant is Randia dumetorwm
(fraits).

28 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Voi. XXVIII,

197. Virachola isocrates, Fabrisius. Male (Pl. H., fig. 54)—Upperside :
violet brown. Fore wing: with the colour darkening on the margins in cer-
tain lights, showing a bright violet gloss on the inner area; an indistinct
orange-ochreous patch, varying in size in different examples, beyond the
cell, only visible in certain lights. Hind wing: with the costal area and
abdominal fold blackish-brown; anal lobe whitish with a black spot in it,
varying in size in different examples, with some pale bluish-white scaling
on its upper side, in some examples the black spot nearly fills the whole of
the anal lobe; tail black, tipped with white. Cilia of both wings with the
basal part black, the outer half white, becoming bluish-grey below the tail
and round the anal lobe. Underside vinous-grey, or slaty-grey, markings
darker than the ground colour, edged on both sides with white. Fore
wing with a barat the end of the cell, a discal band of conjoined spots,
decreasing in size hindwards, nearly straight down, from near the costa to
below vein 2, where the spot is very small. Hind wing with similar discoi-
dal bar and discal band, the latter somewhat irregular; the third, fourth
and sixth spots a little outside the others, then the band, with a sudden
curve, reaches the abdominal margin a little below its middle; anal lobe
black with a white spot on its upper inner side, a smaller black spot ringed
with orange in the first interspace, with some blue, grey and white scaling
between them; both wings with indications of a narrow, submarginal band
and very fine, marginal, grey line. Antenne black, ringed with white,
club with an orange tip, with a white streak below at its base; frons
greyish-white ; eyes ringed with white; head and body above and below
concolorous with the wings, abdomen below white-——Female. (PI.,H., fig.
54a)—Upperside brown. Fore wing : with the colour darkening towards the
margins, the orange-ochreous patch larger and more distinct and varying
much in extent, in some examples extending broadly to the base below the
median vein. Upperside as inthe male, but the bands are broader and
more outwardly curved; the black, anal spots larger. Expanse: male,
40—45 mm.; female, 45—50 mm.

Larva.—tThe shap2 is exactly the same, practically, as that of Deudortx
epijarbas, with the same kind of anal end, 2z.e., a “‘ shovel,’”’ circular and flat,
on the dorsal areas of segments 12-14; the general style of marking is
also similar. Head rather small, hidden under segment 2, shining, round in
shape and dark-brown in colour; segment 2 semicircular in shape, thick-
ened round the margins, slightly emarginate in dorsal line on front
margin, evenly convex transversely, with a dorsal depression which has on
it a double, fine, dorsal line flanked on either side by a small, black spot ;
segment 5 broader and higher than segment 2, flat on dorsum or top, rising
suddenly from the front margin, that is forming a perpendicular declivity
from the surface of segment 2; segments 4-6 shorter than 3, the body
highest at segment 4, each of the segments 4-6 with a transverse dent
on dorsum ; segments 7-10 about the same breadth—the larva is broadest
at segment 3—with, each, a small, dorsal, elliptical indentation ; segments
3-10 have also a lateral, central longish depression or dent parallel to
the front and hinder margins : segment 11 is dorsally flat (as in Deudorix)
and not very distinguishable from the succeeding “ shovel’’ segments :
the surface of the shovel-dise is pitted and the margins raised ; all seg-
ments very distinct except the anal ones, especially on the dorsoventral
margin which is somewhat flanged or thickened all round ; segment 13
about the same breadth as segment 2 and the hinder margin of 14 is
semicircular. The surface of the larva is shining-oily looking, covered with
many small, tubercular, black hairs ; front margin of segment 2 and the
whole dorsoventral margin of body with a row of fine, short, white hairs
much longer than the tubercular, black ones; on top of each segment 3-10

THE COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA. 29

is a subdorsal, erect, white much longer hair, each rising from a small
swelling ; bases of legs and prolegs also finely hairy. Spiracles are oval,
shiny-brown and sunk in depressions. Colour of the body is a dark indigo-
blue with the front margins of segments 2, 8 broadly yellow, top of
segment 3 also yellow, with a dorsal, blue line; segments 7, 8 with a large,
dorsal, square, whitish patch over both of them, the whole length of the
segments and about one-third of the breadth, with a semicircular, small,
blue indentation on the dorsal line of each near the hinder margin; these
two segments 8, 9 have also a whitish blotch under each spiracle ; seg-
ments 11-13 are translucent-looking grey as well as the ventrum; legs
' shining glassy-yellow. The organs on segment 13 are small and cylindri-
cal, occasionally protruded from the circular orifices, white; gland not
perceptible. L: 20mm.; B: 6mm.

Pupa.—ts quite normal in shape; head under segment 2 which over-
reaches it in a thin margin ever so slightly, eyes prominent with a central,
shiny depressed line; antennez hardly distinguishable between eyes and
margin of segment 2; segment 2 transversely convex, sloping up to the
hinder margin very steeply, rounded in front—that is the front end of
pupa is rounded; thorax with its front ascent inthe same plane as that
of segment 2, only slightly humped, rather long, the binder margin
running into segment 4 in a point on dorsal line; constriction slight and
gradual; abdomen and thorax the same breadth to segment 8, transverse
section at segment 8 circular, slightly depressed; segmental divisions
distinct, that between 9, 10 especially accentuated—that is the segmental
membrane is visible ; segment 11 to anal extremity are, dorsally, in a plane
very nearly perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the pupa—the passage
from 10 being of course evenly rounded ; the anal segment itself turned
under ventrally. The surface issparsely cobered with minute, comb-topped
hairs which are denser round the front margin of segment 2 and round the
spiracles ; otherwise pitted and dull. Spiracles of segment 2 are long,
prominent, velvety-looking and light in colour; the rest are in small, circular
depressions, slightly prominent, oval, brown in colour and conspicuous.
Colour of the pupa is brown-pinkish suffused with blackish; wings light
reddish-brown, spotted and splashed with blackish; a blackish, dorsal,
blotchy line and row of dark, lateral spots on abdomen; sides of thorax
and head blackish. L:16 mm.;B: 6.25mm.

Halbits.—The egg is laid on flowers, fruits, stalks, leaves, &c.,
always one at atime. ‘The little egg-larva eats into the carpel or
the fruit, wandering until it finds one, if born otherwise than in a
flower or on a fruit. The mother-insect generally chooses a fruit
that is not too far advanced and often a flower—to give the small
larva a chance: what it does when the egg is laid on bark, leaves,
&c., isa matter of conjecture. Certain it is, however, that many
eggs are laid which never come to anything ; also many larve bore
into fruits that never reach maturity—possibly because they cannot
get inside the hard stone? For it is im the interior of the stone,
in the case where a tree with a stoned fruit is chosen that the larva
chooses to live and feed. When well-grown it does not seem to
have any difficulty about piercing the stone and during its habita-
tion of the inside, which means during the time it has sufficient
food to go on with, it enlarges the perforation so as to admit of its
passing its body through it as it finds necessary. When it has

30 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII,

finished one fruit, hollowed it out completely that is, it wanders out
and looks for another,—it is generally at these times, in all proba-
bility, that many get eaten by birds, &c. When the fruit chosen
is large enough to accommodate more than a single larva, there may
be several in it. In these cases where one large fruit—such as a
Pomegranate for example—contains only afew larvee of small size,
it takes them a long time to finish the contents. In the course of
time, also, the gradual demolition of the vital parts of the inside,
would and does lead to the eventual atrophy and the consequent .
weakening of the stalk attachment. In the ordinary course of
events, the fruit would fall before the contents were nearly finished.
To prevent this, the larvee have evolved a very etlicacious method:
they tie the fruit on to the branch at the stalk. They come out at
intervals from their retreat and weave silken ropes all over the stalk
and the surface of the fruit as well as on the neighbouring surface
of the branch, repeating this again and again until the fixings be-
come so strong that it requires quite an effort to tear the fruit away.
Every larva attaches its particular fruit to the branch or twig in this
manner and thus prevents it being shaken off by the wind or falling
to the ground while still inhabited. If it did, it would quickly rot
and the inside would become unserviceable as food; or ants and
other enemies would invade the premises and make short work of
the inhabitants. Of course, when the caterpillars come out to fix
the fruit, they are always liable to be snapped up by a bird or lizard
or something, so that it is a dangerous game for them; but it is not
half as dangerous as if they were to fall to the ground in their houses
or house to become a prey to many more pertinacious and probably
more numerous enemies. Thisis not the only adaptation that
these larvee have developed in the course of by-gone ages either.
The ‘shovel’ at the end of the body is another. The inside of a
fruit becomes very insanitary after a time, wet and damp and
mouldy and extremely strong-smelling (anybody can testify to
this who has bred the larvee from ‘‘Ghela”, Randia dumetorum).
As the sap accumulates from the wound, due to the biting of the
larvee, and gets mixed with the droppings, it becomes necessary
to clean up and hence the shovel. Itisused to push out the refuse
from the interior and just fits the orifice which is always made of
the requisite size for that purpose. The inside of a fully eaten
fruit is as clean as a new pin, especially when the larva is full grown
and about to change. It pupates inside the last fruit as a rule
and a very general rule. The operation is rarely effected anywhere
else. Before finally settling downto change, the larva spins a web
across the orifice, and always a web with two holes at the sides
and hinged on one side as well; it is quite opaque. ‘The pupa is
formed inside, attached by the tail and a body-band_ to the surface.
The butterfly, upon emerging, runs to the hole, forces its way

THE COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA, 3]

under the edge of the web—the edge that has been left unfastened
by the larva for that purpose—and runs out to find a place from
which to hang and develop its wings. Ants are hardly ever found
with the larve and the few that were observed had probably other
things in view than to visit them—the sugary, fermented juices of
the inside of the frait for example. The fruits the larvee have been
found in are various :—fRandia dumetorum (Rubiacee): Frio-
botria japonica (Rosacece); Psidium guava (Myrtacee); Tamarin-
dus indica (Legquminosee); Strychnos iux-vomica (Loganiacecr) ;
Gardenia latifolia (Rubiacee). Itis evident, from this list, that
they feed upon any species handy. The pupa is so attached
inside the fruit that its head is directed towards the opening.
It is stated by Downes that ‘‘we may notice an interesting fact,
namely that the insect has the precautionary instinct, which acts
as asecond inducement, to make the aperture in the fruit in that
stage of its existence in which itis furnished with organs best
adapted for that purpose; for, had the larva omitted taking this
step, the consequences would have been that the insect, when come
to the butterfly state, would have been a prisoner totality unable to
escape, being unprovided with any instrument suited to the
purpose.” But it does not; itmakes the aperture and enlarges
it as found necessary all through its existence for egress and
ingress so as to be able to come out and fix the stalk: after a time
that is, after it has passed through, say, the first two stages. The
larvee in confinement will leave any fruit to which there is want
of access of air because of the fermentation and consequent smell
which must be exceptionally bad. Also, in confinement, they may
not be able to shovel out the dirt owing, perhaps, to the hole not
being uppermost and free—no wonder they then quit. Ants
take away the droppings for some purpose or other but the larva
does the cleaning itself, independently of their help. The shovel
is very often used to block up the opening—to prevent enemies
from gaining ingress very probably ; though this device is not
always resorted to.

The butterfly itself is a strong, powerful flier and takes quite
long flights on occasion as when in pursuit of another one—a
practice it is much prone to when basking on the tops of trees in
the sun. It sits there expectant of sport—and gets it. It is one
of the ‘basking butterflies’ that is always to be found on the tops
of the trees on the summit of the 2,000' high hill near the coast at
Karwar in Kanara; and it appears at about 2 p.m. in the monsoon
months—all butterflies have their particular time of day for putting
in an appearance. Once known, their sequence is as good as a
watch up there. The females are never seen on the hills-tops and
do not bask. They may be found ovipositing however round the
food plants. The insects are very difficult to catch in a net because

32 JOURNAL, BUMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. X XVII,

of their swiftness and high-flying habits; they are, also, so strong
that they batter themselves to pieces before one can get hold of
them. To illustrate the strength of the larvaljaws EH. H. Aitken
remarks a propos of V. perse—and it is apposite here—that ‘the
stony hardness of the fruit turns the edge of one’s penknife and
one’s curiosity too.” Also, in alluding to the strength of the fas-
tening of the fruits to the branches hesays ‘‘I have taken a pome-
eranate infested with these larvee (several usually inhabit each fruit)
and made it stand in an ege-cup. In the morning it was so secu-
rely fastened that in taking up the fruit I lifted the cup.”

Virachola isocrates inhabits the whole of India, Burma and Ceylon
except the desert tracts. It is commoner in the open country, with
moderate rainfall of say about 20'' where scrub jungle is the best
forest available, than in heavy forest country with a large rainfall ;
it is commoner in the Bijapur District than in Kanara in the Bom-
bay Presidency. It is also, in the latter District, more plentiful on
the uplands at 2000’ than on the sea-coast.

The figures 54 and 54a of the male and female on Plate H Vol.
XXVI are fair; the male shows too little purple on the upperside ;
the female upperside is too light. Both are too pink.

(To be continued.)

sy

—s a

33

THE PAST AND PRESENT DISTRIBUTION OF THE
LION IN SOUTH EASTERN ASIA

BY

N. B. KInnear.

From the popular point of view one of the, if not the, most interesting
animals found in India is the lion and to many, who are not members of
the Society and have not read Colonel Fenton’s papers in the Journal, it
may come as a surprise to hear that the lion does occur in this country
though, it is true, in very small numbers and in a restricted area.

Dr. Blanford, in his volume on the Mammalia in the Fauna of British
India series, gives a good account of the present and former distribution
of the lion in India, but as that work is now out of print and not easy to
obtain, I propose in the present paper to trace as far as possible the history
of the lion in this country. At the same time a number of notes have
been included on the lion in Persia, Mesopotamia and Asia Minor. which
Ihave collected for some time. Asit has not been possible to see the
Asian, certain numbers of the Oriental Sporting Magazine and several of
the other old Indian sporting magazines, a number of records have probably
been missed and in the same way some records from books of travel
referring to Mesopotamia, Persia and Asia Minor have also not been seen.

In the various cave and river deposits throughout Europe the remains
of what is called the cave lion, Felis spelea, have been found and by many
authorities this animal is considered to have been identical with the lion of
the present day or, at the most, a race. The deposits in which these
remains are found belong to the Pleistocene.

Dr. A. B. Meyer in his paper on “ The Antiquity of the Lion in Greece”,
which was reproduced in the Annual Report of the Smithsonian Institute
in 1903, summarises what has been written on the lion being found in
south east Europe and Asia Minor by various authorities, and his conclu-
sions are that, within historic times, lions were found in Greece, if not also
in the Balkans and the valley of the Danube. According to Herodotus
the baggage camels of Xenophon were attacked by lions in the country
of the Pceonians in Macedonia, this was roughly about 355 B. C. so that
at that time most of Asia Minor and Syria were included within the range
of the lion. Also we know that in Biblical times lions were found m
Palestine, but according to Canon Tristram they appear to have become
extinct about the time of the Crusaders, the last mention of them being
by writers of the 12th century, when the lion still existed near Samaria.

We may take it then that during the 12th century, the lion roamed
over parts of Syria, along the banks of the Euphrates and Tigris, parts of
Arabia, the south western corner of Persia and northern India, through the
Punjab, Sind, as far east as Palamau and south to the Nerbudda. There is
no evidence of the lion being found in Afghanistan or Baluchistan nor
have I been able to find any record of its occurrence in southern Arabia.

Coming now to actual records it is proposed to trace the history of the
lion in S. E. Asia down to the present day and for the sake of convenience
this will be arranged under the two headings (1) Syria, Mesopotamia and
Persia, and (2) India,

(1) Syr1a, Mesopotamia AND PERsIA,

Rich, in his “ Narrative of a Residence in Koordistan’’ published in
1836 and dealing with the years 1820-21, mentions that a part of the Tigris
called Jat was famous for lions, but apparently he did not see or hear any

5

34 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII,

there, though at the junction of the Hye and the Tigris he saw some
Arabs carrying a bier containing the mangled remains of a young child
which had been killed by a lion. Lower down, below Kut, he heard lions
roaring at night, but did not actually see any.

Colonel Chesney, the leader of the Euphrates Expedition, which was to
prove the practicability of the Euphrates as a quick mail route to England,
made his first visit to Mesopotamia m 1830, to carry out a hurried survey
of the Euphrates and the Tigris. In his account of this expedition he
mentions that near Gobain Island, on the well wooded banks of the
Euphrates above Hit, he saw a lion on the bank within eight yards of his
boat, and higher up at El Werdi he heard lions roaring at night.

The Euphrates Expedition took place in 1835-36, but no lions appear to
have been seen on the voyage down the river, and Ainsworth, writing after
1850 (Personal Narrative of the Euphrates Expedition), says that “ it is
remarkable that the last two mentioned explorers (Loftus and Layard)
saw many lions during their excavations of the mounds in the central parts
of Khaldea, whilst we met with none during the navigation of the river,”
and later on he remarks that ‘ the jungle of the Karun is reputed to be
infested with lions, but we never saw one.”

On the completion of the expedition down the Euphrates, the steamer
“‘ Huphrates ” was taken up the Tigris, and at Bagdad Ainsworth tells us
that he saw a tame lion sitting in a kufa with its owner. He also mentions
that near Kut the natives spoke in terror of the lion, but that though he
always went on shore, when the steamer was tied up for woodcutting, the
only large carnivora he saw was a cheeta.

Assistant Surgeon Winchester, who was on the same trip, seems to Lave
been more fortunate in seeing lions and he writes (Memoir on the River
Euphrates, etc., during the late Expedition of H. C. armed steamer
«‘Huphrates’” Ree. Bomb. Geog. Soc., Nov. 1838) that below Ctesiphon,
where the tamarisk was very thick on the river banks, he saw about sunset,
three lions basking on the river’s edge. The lions were fired at, but the
shooting was bad and “ so independent were they”’ notes Winchester that
“they did not move!”

The next author to mention lions is Layard, the famous explorer of the
ruins of Nineveh. He not only came across many lions, but also hunted
them with the friendly Bakhtiyari chiefs in Arabistan, of which he gives
interesting accounts, but of that more later.

In 1840, on his first visit to Mesopotamia, he mentions that while they
were encamped on the desert side of the Tigris, near Mosul, they lit fires to
keep off the lions ‘ which are occasionally found there in the jungle in this
part of Mesopotamia”, and at Tekrit his raftsman would not stop during
the night “for fear of marauders and thieves and also he averred lions,
which are occasionally, but very rarely, found so far north on the banks of
the Tigris’ (Autobiography, vol. 1).

In 1841 Layard saw a lion which had done much damage in the plain
of Ram Hormuz and had eventually been killed by a detachment of the
Luristan regiment. ‘It was unusually large and of very dark brown
colour in some parts of its body almost approaching black.” He goes on
to say that “ The lion has not, I believe, been known to traverse the high
chain of the Luristan mountains into the valleys of the Persian side.*
in the plains of Khuzistan its usual places of concealment are the brush-
wood and jungle on the banks of the rivers and streams and in the rice
fields.” (Early Adventures). On the desolate hills near Mt. Asemari

* Layard apparently meant north of the Bhaktiyari mountains, since at this
time lions certainly occurred round Shiraz.

PAST AND FRESENT DISTRIBUTION OF THE LION IN ASIA, 35

in Khuzistan Layard says that besides wolves, lions, leopards, bears
hyzenas, jackals and other beasts of prey, various species of wild sheep
and goats are found in great numbers, and while living with the Bakhtiyari
near there he was present at a number of lion hunts. Of one of these he
writes ‘‘One afternoon when Mehemet Taki Khan was seated at the
doorway of his castle with the elders, a man arrived breathless and in
great excitement, declaring that in crossing the plain he had met with a
lion in his path. The beast, he said, was preparing to spring upon him,
when he conjured it in the name of Ali to spare a poor unarmed man, who
never harmed any of his kin. Thereupon the lion being a good Musalman
and a Shia to boot, as some lions are believed to be, turned away and
disappeared amongst the bushes. The man, ungrateful to the lion, offered
to conduct Mehemet Taki Khan to the spot....’. Layard then goes on to
say how the man took them toa hollow covered with brushwood, where
he said the lion was and on its being disturbed it sprang out at one of the
chief’s followers, who wounded it with his long gun but did not kill it.
The lion then seized another follower and in doing so knocked down a
third. The situation, as can be imagined, was most critical and Layard
gives a delightful account of how the lion was killed. ‘“ Mehemet Taki
Khan himself” he says “jumped off his horse, and advancing towards the
beast addressed it thus in a loud voice: ‘“O lion, these are not fit anta-
gonists for thee. If thou desired to meet an enemy worthy of thee
contend with me.” The lion did not however appear to think that the
chief was better than any of the rest and did not let go of its prey,
so “the chief approached it and drawing the long pistol which he carried
in his girdle, fired at its head and the lion falling on the ground was
quickly despatched by the guns and swords of his, Mehemet Taki Khan’s,
followers.” This lionwas an unusually large one and had a short black
mane.

As a rule, Layard tells us, these lions seldom attack human beings, but
once, while on a hunting expedition, one of the party was carried off in
the night. They were sleeping in the open and the man was not missed
till, next morning, his remains were found close by! In the plain of Ram
Hormuz, the flocks and herds of sheep and oxen belonging to the Bakhti-
yari suffered from the depredations of lions. On account of this, Layard
tells us, the Bakhtiyari used to place male buffaloes on the outskirts of their
encampments, since ‘It is said that the buffalo does not fear alion, and will
even drive it away.”

Between the years 1848 and 1849 Layard was at Nineveh and in his
book ‘‘ Nineveh and Babylon” he writes “The lion as I have observed is
now rarely found on the banks of the Tigris as far north as Mosul, or even
above Bagdad. That it was originally an inhabitant, there can be no
doubt. From the earliest period it was considered the noblest of game, and
was included amongst the wild beasts preserved in the paradises, or parks,
attached to the royal palaces. On the monuments of Nineveh, the
triumphs of the King are deemed no less worthy of record than his victory
over his enemies.”

Of the distribution of the lion in Mesopotamia as a whole, Layard in the
abovementioned book says “The lion is frequently met with on the banks
of the Tigris below Bagdad, rarely above. On the Euphrates it has been
seen, I believe, almost as high as Bir, where the steamers of the first
Euphrates Expedition under Col. Chesney were launched. On the Sinjar,
and on the banks of the Khabour, they are frequently caught by Arabs.
They abound in Khuzistan, the ancient Susiana. I have frequently seen
three or four together and have hunted them withthe chiefs of the tribes
inhabiting that province,”

36 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII,

When making excavations at Nifier near Karna, Layard frequently saw
lions and he says that ‘“‘ The Midian Arabs boast of capturing them in the
following manner, and trustworthy persons assure me that they have seen
the feat performed. A man, having bound his right arm with strips of
tamarisk, and holding in his hand a short piece of the same wood, about a
foot or more in length, hardened in the fire and sharpened at both ends,
will advance into the animals lair. When the animal springs upon him,
he forces the wood into the animals extended jaws, which will then be
held open whilst he can dispatch the astonished beast at his leisure with
the pistol he holds in his left hand.”

The Bedouins and Jebours, in Layard’s time, used frequently to find hon
cubs in the spring at Khabour and at Hillah. On his first visit to the
last mentioned place Layard was presented with a pair of lions by Osman
Pasha. These two lions appear to have been very tame and were allowed
the run of the town, in the same way as sacred cows are allowed in this
country. As the behaviour ofthese lions is rather amusing, I give Layard’s
description in full. ‘‘One was nearly of full size, and was well known in
the bazaars and thoroughfares of Hillah, through which he was allowed to
wander unrestrained. The inhabitants could accuse him of no other
objectionable habit than that of taking possession of the stalls of the but-
chers, who, on his approach made a hasty retreat leaving him in undisturb-
ed possession of their stores, until he had satisfied his hunger and departed.
He would also wait the coming of the large kuffas, or wicker boats of the
fishermen and driving away the owners help himself to a kind of a large
barbel, of which he appeared to have a decided relish. When no longer
hungry he would stretch himself in the sun, and allow the Arab boys to
take such liberties with him as in their mischief they might devise. He
was taller and larger than a St. Bernard dog, and,like the lion found
generally on the banks of the rivers of Mesopotamia, was without the dark
and shaggy mane of the African species. The other lion was a cub, and
had recently been found by an Arab in the Hindeyah Marshes.”

Loftus, who travelled in Chaldea and Susiana about 1849-50, while
encamped near Sinkara killed two lion cubs and frequently heard lions
roaring. He also says that at this date lions were to be found at Susa
near Dizful in Khuzistan. (Travels and Researches in Chaldea and
Susiana.)

The lion existed in Upper Mesopotamia to a much later date than any
already given, and in the Proceedings of the Zoological Society for 1880
Durnford writes that “Sheik Muslapha also informed him that five years
ago a lion appeared near Biledjik* and after destroying many horses was
done to death.” In 1885 Cannon Tristram in his “Fauna and Flora of
Palestine”? says ‘‘the latest trace being that a few years ago the
carcass of one was brought into Damascus” adding that “itis still
common in Mesopotamia though rare in India.” Still later Sir Alfred
Pease, in his “ Book of the Lion,” published three years ago, remarks on
the status of the lion in Upper Mesopotamia as follows: “I find in my
notes onthe Fauna of Asia Minor made during a journey in 1891, the
following :—The lion is no longer found in Asia Minor, but exists in Meso-
potamia and Arabistan, between Pcelis, west of Aleppo, and Deyr, and in
the Euphrates valley, where it frequents impenetrable thickets growing
in places along the banks and in the islands in the river; it is also found
in the lower part of the Karun river but is nowhere plentiful.” Unfor-
tunately there is nothing to show how this information was obtained and
whether it was from direct occurrences or simply what the Arabs reported.

* This is probably Biredjic, of the Times atlas, on the Euphrates north east of
Aleppo.

PAST AND PRESENT DISTRIBUTION OF THE LION IN ASIA. 37

Sir Oliver St. John, in Blanford’s Eastern Persia, volume 2, which was
published in 1876, writes that lions “are very numerous in the reedy
swamps bordering the Tigris and Euphrates and are also found in the
plains of Susiana, the modern Khuzistan.”’ At this date too, they were
also common in the country south of Shiraz as far east as longitude 53, but
how far north the lion existed, St. John was unable to say, though he had
definite information that they were not found north or west of Kerman-
shah*. In a certain valley west of Shiraz four or five adult lions used to
be killed every year, which shows that in Sir Oliver St. John’s time they
must have been pretty common.

Mr. Robertson, H. B. M. Consul at Busra, informed Sir Victor Brook in
1875, that lions were then plentiful on the Karun, and Dr. Morit, writing
on the Geology and Ethnology of Lower Mesopotamia, mentions that in
1888 lions were still numerous.

About 1907 or 1909, Sultan Abdul Hamed presented to the Berlin Zoolo-
gical Gardens a full grown lion from Mesopotamia, but whether or not it
came from Mesopotamia properis not mentioned. This appears to be
the last record for Mesopotamia, but in the adjoining country of Persia
Sir Percy Sykes tells us that in 1900} the hills around Kazerun between
Bushire and Shiraz were full of game “notably the maneless lion, which
haunt this locality,’ and ten years later{ he wrote “ lions still exist along
the banks of the rivers in Arabistan, but in very small numbers, I once saw
a dead one floating down the Karun being eaten by sharks.” Apparently
this is the last authentic record of the lion in Mesopotamia, since Hubbard
in his book ‘‘ From the GuJf to Arat,” published in 1916, says that on
“the Karun it is now ten years or more since the last lion was seen
in this part of the world.”’” Whether afew stragglers still exist in the
country between the Karun and Amara or near Kharbour remains to be
seen, but so far no member of the Expeditionary Force§ has been able to
give any definite information as to whether any are still to be found
though many have been asked.

INDIA.

India.—There is no evidence to show that the lion inhabited Afghan-
istan or Baluchistan within historic times, but it was formerly found in
Sind,|| Bahawalpur and the Punjab, becoming extinct round Hariana, in

* Dr. A. B. Meyer in “ The Antiquity of the Lion in Greece’? mentions Khau-
rism asa locality in which the lion was found. Thisis on the strength of a
statement in a book called ‘“‘A Narrative of a Journey from Herat to Khiva,
Moscow and St. Petersburgh” by Abbott.

The book was published in 1843 and in the appendix at the end of volume two
the lion is mentioned, along with the tiger. leopard and bear, as occurring in
Khaurism, now spelt Khorassan, the country between the Caspian and Afghanis-
tan. No other traveller as far as I have been able to find out, confirms this
statement.

+ Ten thousand miles in Persia, 1900, p. 319.

ft The Field, 1910, p. 625. eae

§ In an official publication on Mesopotamia published in 1916 it 1s stated that
a few lions may be met with near Kharbour and on the borders of Persia.

|| Blanford, F.B.I. Mammalia, includes Khandesh within the range, but accord-
ing to the Bombay Gazetteer for Khandesh, published in 1880, this is not certain
and in a footnote it is stated that ‘“ whether lions were formerly found in
Khandesh seems doubtful.” Reference is made to an article which appeared a
the Oriental Sporting Magazine on “ Lion Hunting in Khandesh,”’ but, as 1t Se
pointed out, this article refers to Guzerat and not to Khandesh- Lions certainly
have not been found in Khandesh since 1818, as special enquiries have been made,
and there would seem to be no record of lion shooting in Khandesh since the
beginning of British rule.”

388 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII.

the latter province, in 1842. It was however extinct in Sind before that
date and the last on record was shot near Kot Dejiin 1810. Exactly
how far eastwards the lion wasa regular inhabitant we do not know, though
there is a statement of one being killed in the Palamaw district, Behar
and Orissa, in 1814, but whether this was merely a straggler or not, there
is no evidence to show. The southernmost limit appears to have been the
Narbada. In 1832 one was killed at Baroda, while further north it was
comparatively common round Ahmedabad in 1836. Centrai India in
these early days was one of the strongholds of the lion and to give an
idea of its numbers we may mention that Lydekker was informed that
during the Mutiny, Colonel George Acland Smith killed upwards of 300
Indian lions and out of this number 50 were accounted for in the Delhi
district!

The occurrence of the lion in Cutchis doubtfully recorded. The hon
probably was found in Cutch at one time but the records are not satisfac-
tory. Lt. Dodd mentions that Burns about 1830 wrote that lions as well
as tigers, bears and wolves were found north of Bhooj, but that none except
the last named were now found, though a solitary lion was shot near Bela
on the Runn, which was supposed to have been a straggler from Guzerat.

Edward Blyth, the curator of the Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal, in his
catalogue of the mammals in the collection, which was published in 1868,
wrote that the “lion was extirpated in Hurriana about 1842, a female
was killed at Rhyl in Damoh district Saugor and Nerbudda territories, so
late as the cold season of 1847-48, and about the same time a few still
remain in the valley of the Sind river in Kotah, C.I. The species would
appear to be now extinct in that district.”

A few years later writing in the Oriental Sporting Magazine, Blyth
drew attention to some more recent records of the lion, which he said
must have come as a surprise to sportsmen and naturalists, as it was thought
that they had been long exterminated in these localities.

These two records consisted of one from Deesa, where Lt. Clarke of the
Royal Artillery was badly mauled by a lioness in March 1864 and lost his
arm, and near Gwalior, where three officers out shooting in March of the
following year came suddenly on three lions, two of which they secured.
Blyth seems to have missed certain records, for in 1863 Col. Martin of the
Central Indian Horse, and Mr. Beadon, the Deputy Commissioner, saw and
killed no less than eight lions at Patulghar, 70 miles north-west of Goona
while in 1864 Mr. Arratoon of the police “ shot at and wounded a lion near
Sheorajpur (25 miles west of Allahabad) and eventually with native help
stoned him to death as he had no spare ammunition.” In 18665 Blanford
tells us that Messrs. Lovell and Kelsay. of the railway staff at Jubbulpore,
shot a lion in Rewah near the 80th milestone on the railway from Allahabad
to Jubbulpore, and in the same year no less than nine lions were shot by
one party in the neighbourhood of Kotah, Rajputana.

Round Goona lions were still numerous and two or three were shot in
1867, and Blanford, writing in the Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal
for that year, says “a few appear to be killed about Gwalior and Goona, but
the animal is scarce.” At the end of his article he summarized the distri-
bution of the lion in India at that date as follows :—‘“ The lion seems still
to exist in three isolated parts of central and western India, omitting its
occasional occurrence in Bundelkund. These are (1) from near Gwalior to
Kotah, (2) around Deesa and Mt. Abu and thence southwards nearly to
Ahmedabad and (3) in part of Kathiawar, in the jungles known as the
Ghur.”

On Waterloo day, 1872, Sir Montagu Gerard killed a lion on Cheen
Hill, nine miles from Goona, and the last one in Central India proper

PAST AND PRESENT DISTRIBUTION OF THE LION IN ASIA. 39

v

appears to have been that mentioned by Sclater as having been killed
by Col. Hall near Goona in the following year.

In Rajputanathey became extinct about the same date and in the
Gazetteer of the “ Western Rajputana States Residency and Jodhpur
Residency ” we find that a full grown female lion was killed on the Anandra
side of Abu by a Bhil shikari in 1872, and in Jodhpur “ the last four” are
stated ‘to have been shot near Jaswantpura about 1872.”

Lydekker gives 1888 as the date the last lions was killed in Guzerat
exclusive of Kathiawar, but the last record I have been able to find is that
mentioned by Colonel Nurse in the Society’s Journal, volume XIII, 1900,
in which he says “the last, I believe, killed in 1878 near the village of
Bhoyen, about two miles from Deesa.” According to the Gazetteer for
Palanpur the lion was ‘now very rare” there in 1880,

The lion is still found in small numbers in the Native State of Junaghad
in Kathiawar, where they are principally found in the Gir forest, but
occasionally lions stray over the border into neighbouring states, where
it is not long before they are shot. >

For information in regard to the present position of the lion in Juna-
ghad reference can be made to Colonel Fenton’s two papers in the
Society’s Journal, Volumes XIX and XX, and Mr. Crump’s notes in the
Mammal Survey Report for Kathiawar in Volume XXII.

40

THE FLORA OF THE INDIAN DESERT.
(JODHPUR AND JAISALMER).
BY
E. Buattrer, §.J., AND Pror. F. HALLBERG.
PART OV.
(Continued from page 987 of Vol. XXVI.)

1. Sraristican Novzs.

We give in the first place a tabulated list of the orders represented in
the Rajputara Desert, together with their respective genera and species,
indigenous as well as introduced :—

Genera. Species.
Total Total
Order. SSS of SSS of
Indige- | Intro- |Genera.| Indige-| Intro- | Species.
nous. duced. | nous. duced.
: Ress

Menispermacee . cE i 2 2
Nymphaeacez .. u : 1 iL 1
Papaveraceze 2 Z ; 2 2
Cruciferse ; 1 2 3 2 3} 5
Capparidacez .. 4 4 8 8
Violaceze 1 1 il I
Polygalaceze 1 1 2 Y
Caryophyllacez.. 2 2 S| 2
Portulacacez .. il 1 OF 2
Tamaricacese 1 il; 3 | 5)
Elatinacese i a 1 3 | MY 3
Malvaceze 4 il 5 12 | 4 16
Sterculiaceze .. 1 iL 4 | : 4
Tiliaceze ; 2 ae 2 @) | ae 10
Linaceze Ey a 1b ey it ethkee| 1 1
ZLygophyllacece . 5 5 6 | os 6
Geraniacez .. 4 Ss 4 5 ae 5
Rutaceze a ae il 1 2) 2
Burseraceze si 2 fh 2 3 We 3
Meliaceze aye sy 1 1 am il 1
Celastracese .. if 1 il 1
Rhamnacez .. 1 ms 1 5 ae 5
Vitaceze he fe 1 Il = 1 1
Sapindacee .. i a 1 1 a 1
Anacardiacese .. 1 1 2 I 1 2

FLORA OF THE INDIAN DESERT. 4]
Genera. | | Species.

; Total | Total

Order. Pekar: of

Indige- | Intro- | Genera.| Indige- | Intro- | Species.
nous. | duced. nous. | duced.

Moringacezw .. 1 | d 1 | 1 1 2
Leguminose .. 21 10 31 47 15 60
Rosaceze ae IL fea 1 i
Combretaceze .. 1 fl | 4 ie 4
Myrtaceze | 3 3 [ewe 3 3
Lythracez ] 2 3 3 2 5
Saxifragaceze | 1 1 i 1
Onagraceze | at: 1 ul 1
Cucurbitaceze | 8 i oe 9 14 3 LZ
Cactaceze | 1 1 ‘a 1 1
Ficoideze sin, | 5 me 5 10 a5 10
Wmbellifers ..-| °.. 1 1 we 1 1
Rubiaceze of 3 ae 3 4 4
Composite #3 | 28 3 31 33 3 36
Oleacese Sh dae 1 1 es 1 L
Salvadoracex .. 1 1 2 Si 2
Apocynaces.. 1 2 3 i 2 3
Asclepiadacee . . 9 9 9 9
Gentianaces .. 5) 3 3 3
Boraginacer .. 6 6. | 15 15
Convolvulacez .. 9 9 | 21 1 22
Solanaceze a 7 (ae 9 6 15
Scrophulariaceze. 7 7 9 9
Orobanchacez .. 1 if 1 1
Bignoniacee .. 1 ; 1 1 ae 1
Pedaliaceze : ae 1 1 ud 1 1
Acanthacez ; 7 fi 12 12
Verbenacee .. 4 A 4 - 4
' Labiatie e 3 3 | 9 1 10
Nyctaginaces .. 1 1 3 3
Amarantaceze .. 8 i Ora Li, 1 18
Chenopodiacez . 5 on 5 | 7 ai 7
Polygonacez .. 2 1 3 3 1 4
Aristolochiaces . 1 i lied f! : 1
Lauracez ot 1 a i! | 1 .- 1
Kuphorbiacez .. 2 i 3 13 1 14
Urticacez : Es 3 3 | ae 5 5
Gnetacez ‘ iT i 1 1
Hydrocharitaceze 1 1 i! 1
Liliaceze wis 3 2 5 3 2 5
Commelinacez. . Y 2 4 eS
Naiadaceze 2 3 i A

Cy peracez 6 ig ) a
Ge cinineae 25 3 28 65 3 68
Orders 69 (58 in- | i A
digenous) 226 46 | 272 440 67 507

we EE

6

42 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII.

As can be seen in the above list there are 69 orders, 272 genera and 507

species. Of these are indigenous : 58 orders, 226 genera and 440 species.

From now we shall confine ourselves to the indigenous plants only.

The following are the 10 dominant orders :—

1. Gramineze with 65 species in 25 genera.
2. Leguminosz sp 3 obo ae
3. Composite neh Bi) ms Ret Ps
4, Cyperaceze FeO 55 Men Ty teas
5. Convolvulacee ,, 21 5 Pan Oe ite \sae
6. Amarantaceze meter, m, Of eis a neee
7. Boraginaceze uD . am OU) bn,
8. Cucurbitacez Srnec et L Pa eOliah oss
9. Euphorbiaceze als : Rate HON halos
an { Malvacez Si ob yo 5

| Acanthacese pesca 6 Toit LAAs

In order to geta clearer insight into the relations of the flora of W.
Rajputana with the neighbouring countries, we add a list of the 10 dominant
orders of N, Gujarat, the Indus Plain region and the Gangetic Plain region.
The fact that W. Rajputana itself belongsto the Indus Plain region
cannot prevent us from instituting this comparison, as W. Rajputana was
practically unknown from a botanical point of view when J. D. Hooker
wrote his “ Sketch of the Flora of British India.”

N. Gujarai* Indus Plain Region** Gangetic Region**

1. Graminez. 1. Graminez. 1. Graminez.

2, Leguminose. 2. Leguminose. 2. Leguminose.

3. Cyperacee. 3. Composite. 3. Cyperaces.

4, Composite. 4. Cyperacee. 4, Composite.

5. Convolvulaceze. 5. Scrophulariacee. 5. Scrophulariaceze.

6. Huphorbiacere. 6. Labiatee. 6. Malvacece.

7. Acanthacec. 7. Boraginacee. 7. Acanthacee.

8. Malvacez. 8. Malvacee. 8. Euphorbiaceze.
Scrophulariacee. 9. Huphorbiacez. 9. Convolvulacee.

10. Amarantaces. 10. Convolvulacez. 10. Labiatie.

*Saxton and Sedgwick in Rec. Bot. Surv. Ind, VI (1918} 218.
*® Hooker, J. D.,in Imper. Gazetteer, ed. 3.

43

FLORA OF THE INDIAN DESERT.

‘apso YORI OF Suojoq soroods kueut Moy MOYS OF,

casas ee '=— = Bee RP adais wel pale eae

1 acetal. te halon

iS9 . LV ear! ee 19 1% ZL igh ot ist iat 0116 18 12 19 (FFE ot |
*/ e] ~ i)
KIUIWMIVIF) ; : 1 1 1 (tel Wry 1 ry aah Me de ibe ule \
gouruinse'T _— pets
‘i 1 i} ' eae ; ' ; Ce mete i ee es
-eyisoduroy - = —
1 1 1 freee tI 1 "yout gma Wesel SS)
-wooerod AK — ee
1 n \ Pfr) Ga 1 jae em Fi et Pome fae cu ‘
“R[MATOATOD, ————= ———
1 eet 1 te ay Te time tL ipoml We ee
soequedeuly om
tere at tea? Teponcyt, bE tt Le aL LS iPeas
1 1 7 i
“peulse10g
fy lbs fh) Tie ome aN al iy ew
“oeqtqanony) pment ——
Tay Tie -Vomstpatiioa lent mew \
\ |
-qroq dng,

\
‘

“yyuroy “oe ATRIAL

‘eoploord “OVNEL

ele Sts!

‘qery ‘tnydor9g muejog ‘petdopsy ~T) —
-oepredde,) Lett

sgerpodouerqy' foes
-oeprre Nl cowpisqdoB 57
‘ovummeg ey, gureuen
“urpamMTOY “419A “AML “qorquor .no2019' r

‘yey ‘aos [od “SeqokN “welyUep) soeay gary “tosane, urgeTg, “oMVUe LL
|

“ ‘

“yeIOpeATeY “ov[N41Od “qAqdodae/ yesdjod POM) -uedstua yy

-sequaeyporpAH “ovgeU) “NET joqstay “wourtg “4° arqorg ‘uXoody “oeaSeUC) “SRAPIXVG “OBSOd ‘Sunoy, prveoweuy spurdeg “498" 19) *TOTA ‘eq AN

44. JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVIII.

A comparison of the Dicotyledons with the Monocotyledons shows the

great poverty of the latter, whether we consider the orders, genera, or

species :
Genera. | Species.
Or- Total of Total of
olen Indige- | Intro- SERENE. Indi- | Intro- SPEIER.
; nous. |duced. genous. |duced.
| |
Dicotyledons 63 HSV Al 228 335 | 62 397
aa |
Monocotyle- |
dons cP 6 39 a) 44, 105 | 5 110
| |

If we take only the indigenous plants into account we find that the
Dicotyledons make up 76:13 per cent., and the Monocotyledons 23°86 per

cent. of the total, in other words, the ratio of Monocotyledons to Dicoty-
ledons is 1: 3:9.

The ratio of orders to genera and species is 1: 3:9: 7°3.

The proportion of genera to species is striking. In the whole of British
India itis 1: 7, in the Bombay Presidency (including Sind) itis 1: 2°6,
whilst in the Rajputana desert it is 1: 1°99.

For the number of genera belonging to each order we refer to the

following diagram which does not require any explanation :—

FLORA OF THE INDIAN DESERT.

‘wap4o yane Ur niawab fo saquinu oy) NOYs OT,
‘qavpoorp APT ‘ovqjouy “ovsnery

‘qoopoystay “Sey AN ‘uousIg ‘yourqoig ‘ovudsoody ‘1opealeg ‘ovISVUC *BVIFIXBG “OVIYZATT “JoIQIMOH ‘oBSOY ‘ORSUIIOP, ‘prvovuy

‘puideg

‘xqpisoduroy

‘QBUUTVIT ‘OVIISLTAD ‘“OVITMOIEAG “ovUulyVjHL “OlvULEy, “oVpNTog ‘ouptesdjog ‘ovpolA ‘ovsozlondy ‘oveeydudN ‘wasedsiuay=——

‘pRIeN ‘uIpeUTUOD ‘ovrqroydny ‘ovUosATOg ‘ovIOSING ‘OVTLL ‘ovypAydodrey

NT eeennean eeraenshtr

‘OOVTIT ‘ageiqery ‘eoovueryor ‘ooviqny

9 en en
‘q2oNVMOGIO A ‘eoOBITRAO}) ‘BOOVATLIN| ‘gooepuvdderd

. ry ——— nl
‘poovrtipodousyy ‘aoptootg ‘eeooet;tAydosk
I @) toot)

. £ a OR EA OS. |
moovrod fy ‘oovulsei0g

. el
eaoBygyUuvo ‘pooRlsRpuydoi9g ‘eVooRUuRyo
. b

el
*BOOVJULIVULY ‘oovqiqaneny

® a
gooR[NAToauog ‘aooepvidoposy

the ee
On) aa as
Peete) @

es LR

«wD
NA

ie 4)
AN

‘g10U9S JO
Jequin y

46 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XXVII,

Out of 440 indigenous species we have classified 406 according to their
geographical distribution. 34 have not been considered on account of their
abnormal and erratic distribution, which makes one doubt whether the
plants have been accurately named and compared in all cases. These
are the results of our classification arranged according to the greater or
smaller number of species belonging to each division :

North African-Indian Desert 1

Indian .. pO
Tropics of the Old World . 46
Trop Afr. and N. Afr.-Ind. Desert . 44
Tropical Africa ay : 5
Oriental 28
Indo-Malayan 27
Tropies generally 5 9
All warm countries . 20
Endemic alle
Mediterranean 9
Cosmopolitan 7

7)

Temperate and subtropical — regions
We can easily distinguish 3 well- marked elements in the flora of the
Rajputana desert: A western, an eastern, and a more general element
(including those which are purely Indian).
The followimg make up :—
The Western Element. The Hastern Element.

N. Afr.-Ind. Desert 97 Indian

The General Element.

71 Indo-Malayan 67

Trop.and N.Afr. 44 Trop. of Old World 46
Trop. African 37 Tropics generally 26
Oriental 28 All warm countries 25
Mediterranean $) Endemic 17
a Cosmopolitan 7

Total 189 27 Temp. and subtrop. reg. 2

The following diagram gives the same data graphically :— se
N. Afr.-Ind. Desert.
Indian.

Tropics of Old World.
Tropical and N. African.

eres Se ec pcnanEORE
ttt ttt ttt tt

Tropical Africa,
Oriental.

RRR RK KER EX

Indo-Malayan.

SSS Tropics generally.

seo SLE EE All warm countries.

Se Endemic.

ee Mediterranean,

hee Cosmopolitan.

aL, Trop. and Subtrop. regions.
= Western element.

Explanation; { ~*~ ~*~ *~* Hastern element.

eee

The rest.

FLORA OF THE INDIAN DESERT, 47

The general element can be neglected for our purpose, as it consists of
species which are either only Indian or show a wider distribution over the
Eastern and Western parts of the Old World, or comprise even certain
regions of the whole globe.

What is left to form an estimate of the plant-geographical position of
the flora is the western element with 189 species, and the eastern (here
Indo-Malayan) element with 27 species. Ihe eastern forms just 1/7 of the
western. These numbers indicate that the Indo-Malayan and western
botanical regions meet in the Western Rajputana desert. The ecological
conditions of the country are not such as to exclude Indo-Malayan
types entirely, but the western element is preponderant. This proves
that Drude was correct, when he drew the line of demarcation between
the Indo-Malayan flora and the Perso-Arabian region from the Gulf of
Cambay northwards along the Aravallis.

We have saidthat there are 17 endemic species. We mention their
names, as they are new to systematic botany :

Farsetia macrantha, Blatt. and Hall. (Crucifere).

Melhania magnifolia, Blatt. and Hall. (Sterculiacee).

Zizy phus truncata, Blatt. and Hall. (Rhamnacec).
Psoralia odorata, Blatt. and Hall. (Leguminosee
Tephrosia multiflora, Blatt. and Hall. (
Tephrosia petrosa, Blatt. and Hall. (
Kihynchosia rhombifolia, Blatt. and Hall. (
Rhynchosia arenaria, Blatt. and Hall. ( :
Anogeissus rotundifolia, Blatt. and Hall. (Combretacee).

Ammannia desertorum, Blatt. and Hall. (Lythracee).

Pulicaria rajputane, Blatt. and Hall. (Composite).

Glossocardia setosa, Blatt. and Hall. ( iG

Convolvulus densiflorus, Blatt. and Hall. (Convolvulacee).

Convolvulus gracilis, Blatt. and Hall. a

Afrua pseudo-tomentosa, Blatt.and Hall. (Amarantacee).

Euphorbia jodhpurensis, Blatt. and Hall. (Huphorbiacee).

It is very likely that a better knowledge of the Cutch, Sind and Balu-
chistan floras will reduce the number of endemic species.

)

)
”?

(To be contuirued.)

48

INDIAN DRAGONFLIES,
BY
Mayor F. C. Fraser, I.M.S.
(With Teat-figures.)

(Continued from page 932 of Volume XXVI.)
Rarh, VIL.

64. Rhyothemis plutonia, Selys.

Male and female much alike.

Male: Expanse 64mm. Length 30mm. Female: Expanse 54 mm.
Length 28 mm.

Head: eyes reddish brown above, paler olivaceous beneath and at the
sides; vesicle, frons and upper part of epistome metallic blue green; occiput
blackish brown ; lower part of epistome, labium and labrum brown.

Prothorax black.

Thorax and abdomen brown with a metallic green lustre. Legs brown.

Wings; both short, the fore narrow, the hind very broad, especially at
the anal area; black or blackish brown by transmitted light but reflecting
a dark, metallic green. In the male the! metallic lustre is general through-
out the wing but in the female is most marked at the base, especially in
the fore part of loop. The apex of forewimg in the male is hyaline,
this area being very variable, from a mere spur at the extreme apex, to a
wider area extending to within i or 2 cells of the stigma and running
obliquely outwards and backwards. In the female both wing apices are
hyaline, in the fore to just proximal of the stigma and in the hind to 1
cell distal of the stigma, its free border being here deeply concave. In the
male, there is often a clearer triangular area just distal of the node more
marked in the hindwing than in the fore.

Sexual organs as for the genus.

Hab. Burma, Bengal, Indo-Malay and Indo-China, Borneo.

65. Rhyothemis triangularis, Kirby.
Rhyothemis lankana, Kirby.

Rhyothemis bipartita, Selys.
Expanse 60mm. Length 28mm. Subject to slight variation in size.

Head: eyes reddish brown above, lilaceous at the sides and beneath;
vesicle and forehead metallic green ; face and labrum yellowish.

Prothorax brown.

Thorax and abdomen blackish with a metallic green lustre. Legs black.

Wings short and broad, the anal field of hindwing very broad. In both
sexes hyaline, with the bases of all wings deep black, this part appearing
dark metallic blue vy reflected light. The hyaline part is suffused with a
greyish brown’ which gradually deepens as traced towards the wing apices.
The limits of the black basal marking in the forewing, up to the 2nd
antenodal nervure and to the distal or proximal end of trigone; in the
hind up to the 3rd antenodal nervure or in some specimens up to as far as
the node. The outer border of the marking sharply defined and serrated
or notched. The extent of the marking is extremely variable, Ceylon
specimens usually being more extensively marked than those from South
India. In an average specimen, the black extends to within 1 cell of the

INDIAN DRAGONFLIES. 49

node, 3 cells distal of the trigone and as far as the apex of the loop.
Usually there are two, more or less clear, hyaline rays at the base of the
hindwing.

Sexual organs as for genus.

Hab. South India, Coorg, Ceylen, Java, Borneo.

Genus—PANTALA,

SYR IT
wae
aS

6 ] D> SARS
> 1) > ee
y) EK OK ue
“ead LAS DY

Fig. 53. Wings of Pantala flavescens showing neuration.

Genus Puntala, Fabr, 1861.

Head large and globular; eyes contiguous fora long distance ; suture
very deep and separating two flat areas which lie below the forehead, the
latter narrow and prominent; vesicle broad and low.

Prothorax with a very small lobe which is almost entirely hidden by the
approximation of head and thorax.

Thorax robust, very hairy. Legs slim and long; hind femora with about
25 small, evenly sized spines and some larger, wider-spaced ones in the
outer third ; mid femora with a row of gradually lengthening, larger spines.
Tibial spines very long, moderately robust and numerous. Claw-hooks
robust, situated about the middle. Armature of legs very similar in the
female.

Abdomen cylindrical and appearing relatively short due to the depth of
the hindwing, dilated atthe base, constricted at the third segment and
then gradually tapering to the end. Supplementary ridges on the 2nd,
ord, 4th and 5th segments.

Wings long, the fore narrow, the hind very broad; reticulation close ;
srigone in forewing 2 or 3 cells distal to the line of trigone in hind;
sectors of the are with a moderately long fusion, about equal in the two
wings ; the arc lying between the Ist and 2nd antenodal nervures; ante-
nodal nervures 133, the final one incomplete; I cubital nervure in the
forewing, 2 in the hind, the distal of which lies near the trigone and forms
a minute subtrigone; no supplementary nervures to the bridge; trigone
in the forewing traversed once, very narrow, the costal side about jth the
length of distal side, its relation to the hypertrigone a little more than a
right angle; trigone in hindwing entire, its base very slightly proximal
to the arc; Sth nervure in the hindwing from the anal angle of trigone,
inthe forewing nearly straight, so that the discoidal field is strongly
contracted at the termen; discoidal field begins with 3 rows of cells for 4
or 5 rows and is then continued as rows of 4; 2 rows of cells between 5 and
5a ; all hypertrigones entire ; 4th nervure strongly undulated; 5th nervure

fr

50 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII.

diverging from the 4th and tending to become lost in the general reticula-
tion a short distance from the termen; the 7th nervure at the distal end
of 7a, strongly approximated towards the 6th and bent abruptly towards
the termen; loop long and narrow, made up of 2 rows of cells none of which
are asa rule divided, its outer angle tending to become obliterated and
its midrib to become straightened. The inner border with a strong angle
from which a nervure descends and splits the anal area into a distinct
outer zone of large cells and an inner one of narrow, elongated ones, Mem-
brane moderately large, Stigma of forewing much larger than that of hind.

Anal appendages very long and slender, in close apposition.

Sexual organs: male: 2nd segment very small, the lamina projecting and
deeply fissured so that it appears to be made up of 2 lobes; tentacule
broad, depressed, the internal directed outwards, the external only present
as a rudimentary ridge on the internal; lobe small, oval and depressed.

Female: borders of 8th segment not dilated; no distinct vulvar scale
formed onthe 8th ventral! plate, the free border of which projects as a
stunted, tongue-like process; 9th ventral plate short, carinated, near its
middle 2 small, horn-like processes similar to those seen in Rhyothemis.

Anal appendages in the female as long as those of the male.

66. Pantala flavescens, Fabr.
Libellula flavescens, Fabr.
Inbellula viridula, Palisot de Beauvais.
Libellula analis, Burm.
Iibellula terminalis, Burm.

Male and female very similar. Hxpanse 85 mm. Length 48 mm.

Head rounded and relatively large; eyes capped with bright red or
reddish brown, pale lilac blue atthe sides and beneath ; vesicle and occiput
bright yellow or olivaceous ; face and forehead bright yellow, often with a
dash of bright red atthe upper part of latter; labium and labrum dark
yellow.

Prothorax ochreous.

Thorax variable in colour, usually olivaceous or golden brown but some-
times areddish orange, especially in wet season forms which are more
highly coloured. Laterally paler, bluish green or greenish white, no markings.

Abdomen ochreous or yellow, suffused with red along the dorsum and on
the dorsum of the 8th, 9th and 10th segments, small black spots. Beneath
the first four segments, bluish green or whitish, the remainder dark yel-
lowish brown and all bearing lateral, black ‘“f’-shaped marks.

Superior anal appendages very long, as long as segments 9 and 10,
brownish or the basal part yellow

The female is very similarly coloured but has no red on the face or ab-
domen and the eyes are olivaceous brown above. The abdomen is stouter
and without the constriction at the 3rd segment.

Wings similar in the sexes but the basal spot paler and more diffuse in
the female. Hyaline with a pale yellow, basal spot in the hindwing extending
as far as the cubital nervure, inner border of the loop but not asa rule to
the termen. Very often the apices of the wings are alittle smoky. Stigma
reddish brown. Membrane white. Legs ochreous streaked with black.

Sexual organs as for genus.

Hab. Throughout India. P. flavescens occupies in the dragonfly world the
same position, which Cynthia cardui occupies in the lepidopterous, it being
a very cosmopolitan insect and found throughout the warmer zones of the
whole world.

In Indian limits itis usually found to be gregarious and a swarm of a
hundred or more may often be seen dancing lazily in the air. They prefer
open breezy situations and for no explicable reason, will often choose the

INDIAN DRAGONFLIES. 51

lee-side of a banyan tree bordering a hot, dusty highway. To such situ-
ations they appear to migrate from their breeding places which are usually
to be found at no great distance off, these being generally shallow
swamps or marshes.

Genus—TRAMEA,

, 3 ERE eS

SOS.
ag ee8,

ye

Vitae

Fig. 54. Wings of Tramea basilaris to show neutration.

Genus Tramea, Hagen, 1861.

Head very large ; eyes contiguous for a long distance, about equal to the
length of occiput ; vesicle large ; forehead broad and prominent, but with no
marked foreborder ; suture flush. :

Prothorax with a very small posterior lobe which is completely hidden
beneath the head.

Thorax robust, cubical, very hairy, almost pilose. Legs very long and
slim; the hind femora with a row of stout, widely-placed, gradually
lengthening spines; mid femora similar; tibial spines robust, numerous ;
claw-hooks robust, situated near the apex. Armature in the female very
similar.

Wings very long, the fore moderately and relatively narrow, the hind broad;
reticulation close; trigone inthe forewing 3 or 4 cells distal to the line of
the trigone in the hind; sectors of are fused for a long distance in the
forewing and running close together for some distance, in the hind a much
longer fusion ; are lying between the Ist and 2nd antenodal nervures ;
antenodal nervures 103 to 114, the final incomplete ; the distance between
the first two antenodals is much greater than the following ones; 8th
nervure in the forewing from the anal angle of trigone, very short and only a
little convex, its outer end more or less lost in the general reticulation ; the
discoidal field on account of the shortness of the &th nervure, but very
slightly dilated at the termen, usually parallel-sided ijhroughout its extent,
4 rows of discoidal cells; base of trigone in the hindwing at the arc; only 1
cubital nervure to all wings ; no supplementary nervures to the bridge;
trigone in the forewing extremely narrow and very long, usually traversed
twice ; trigone in the hindwing long and narrow, entire ; all hypertrigones
entire ; subtrigone in forewing almost or quite square, with 6 or 7 cells, its
outer angle more or less lost ; 4th nervure straight, but the outer end bent
abruptly towards the termen; 5a strongly concave,with 2 rows of cells between
it and 5; a well-marked accessory nervure running, about midway between
the 3rd and 4th nervures and parallel to both, but with a concavity towards

52 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVILI,

the 8rd; loop very long and very narrow, its inner border with an angie very
similar to that seen in Pantala flavescens, from which a tolerably distinct
supplementary sector runs back to split up the anal area into an inner area
of narrow, elongated cells arranged in oblique rows and an outer, of
rounder, hexagonal cells. Divided cells in all angles of the loop; body
of loop narrow and strongly constricted, the toe much elongated. Stigma
small, that of the hindwing much smaller than that of the fore. Membrane
moderately large.

Abdomen long and narrow, cylindrical, the base tumid, the 3rd and 4th
segments markedly constricted, the remainder fusiform in the male,
cylindrical in the female.

Anal appendages very long and slender in both sexes.

Sexual organs: male: lamina broad and depressed, the border curling
outward a little; internal tentacule very robust, long, almost straight
hooks, somewhat carrot-shaped ; external tentacule obsolete ; lobe quad-
rate, strongly arched posterior border.

Female : border of 8th segment not dilated ; 8th ventral plate prolonged
into a split, vulvar scale ; 9th ventral prolonged into a tongue-like process
overhanging the 10th and furnished at its middle with two small, horn-like
processes similar to those seen in Paniala.

Key to SpPEcrss,

A. Basal marking of hindwing a golden yellow
enclosing a dark reddish brown, smaller

mila ke yee iy: oy bs a .. 7. basilaris burmeisteri
S. Basal marking of hindwing a blackish brown
without any surrounding zone of yellow .. 7. limbata.

67. Tramea basilaris burmeisteri, Kirby.
Lnbellula chinensis, Burm.
Lnbellula basilaris, Hagen.

Fig. 55. Sexual organs of Tramea basilaris burmeistert.
a. Female organs. 6. Male crgans. (x 12).

‘INDIAN DRAGONFLIES, 53

Expanse in both sexes 99 mm. Length 50 mm,
Male: head; eyes deep reddish brown above, lilaceous at the sides and
“beneath; vesicle yellow; occiput olivaceous; forehead brilliant crimson,
with a fine, well-defined, black, basal lime; bright red above, paler yellow
below; labrum yellow; labium brownish,

Prothorax olivaceous yellow.

Thorax ochreous on the dorsum, where it is thickly covered with short,
light brown hairs, paler at the sides and a bluish or yellowish green, marked
with two oblique, black stripes placed close together and often confluent
at their middles, A black humeral stripe often present, incomplete below
or connected by a fine black line to the black on the under surface of the
fore part of thorax,

Abdomen rust red, with black annules as far as the 6th, at the distal end
of each segment. These annules widening laterally and occasionally
incomplete on the dorsum; black spots on the dorsal surface of the
7th to 10th segments, each of these bearing a fine, clear white annule at
its proximal border. Some specimens especially those caught during the
rains, have the abdomen a brilliant red. Legs black, the armature brown.

Wings hyaline. A basal marking in the hindwings, consisting of a golden
yellow background in which lie two, dark brown, irregular spots. The yellow
area extending as far asthe middle of trigone, nearly as faras the 2nd
antenodal, as far as the midrib of loop and thence somewhat obliquely to
the termen but not reaching the tornus or anal margin. The anterior
brown spot begins in the cubital space and extends out to trigone and
backwards for about one cell’s breath into loop; the posterior is separated
from the anterior by about one cell’s breadth and extends obliquely
towards the tornus, being a little constricted at its middle. The nervures
in this spot are golden yellow and contrast well with the dark ground
colour. Antenodal nervures 113. Membrane white. Stigma mahogany
red; that of the hindwing about two-thirds the size of the fore,

Female very similar to the male. Eyes and face without the red,
olivaceous or yellowish, the cap of the eyes being brown. Thorax similar
to the male. Abdomen, segments 2 to 7 light olive brown, with complete
distal, black rings, the remaining segments blackish brown.

Basal marking in hindwing more extensive, the yellow extending as far
as the 3rd antenodal and outer end of trigone.

Sexual organs as for genus.

Hab.—Throughout Continental India and extending into Thibet in the
North, and to Ceylon southwards. Burma and Indo-Malay. This insect
is usually found hovering over tanks in which it breeds or wandering in the
near neighbourhood, generally ascending to great heights. On some days,
during the rains in Bombay, the air is seen to be full of them, often in
company with pantala whose flight they rival in gracefulness. I once took
a male specimen of this insect about forty miles off the Kathiawar coast on
board a liner so that it probably has strong migratory instincts,

68. Tramea limbata, race similata, Rambur.

Tramea limbata, Kirby. Tramea rosenbergi, Brauer.

Libellula limbata, Desjar- Tramea transmarina, Brauer,
dins. Tramea samoensis, Brauer.

Libellula incerta, Rambur. Tramea eurybia, Selys.

Tramea incerta, Brauer. Tramea euryale, Selys.

Libellula mauriciana, Brauer. Tramea continentalis, Selys.

Libellula similata, Rambur. Tramea limbata continentalis, Ris.

Tramea simil ta, Brauer. Tramea translucida, Kirby.

Libellula stylata, Rambur. Tramea madagascariensis, Kirby.

Tramea stylata, Brauer.
y ’

54 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, vol. Osi

From the long list of synonyms, it will be seen that Tramea limbata is
the name applied to a series of insects, differing but slightly and all
tending to merge the one into the other. Ris remarks that they are all
probably subspecies or varieties of one form and that the Indian represen-
tative is a tolerably well defined form, described first from a female
specimen under the name of similata by Rambur, and later from a male,
under the name of stylata, by the same odontologist.

Male. Expanse 90 mm. Length 50 mm.

Head: eyes dark brown above, olivaceous at the sides and beneath ;
vesicle occiput and face dark olivaceous brown; forehead dark, glossy,
metallic violet; labrum blackish brown: labium olivaeeous brown, with
the middle lobe and a stripe on the lateral lobe, black. Some greenish
yellow occasionally on the sides of face.

Prothorax brown.

Thorax densely pubescent, dark reddish brcwn with some obscure dark
lines laterally and often some pruinescence beneath. Legs black.

Abdomen deep mahogany brown, the last three segments black. Broad,
black annules at the junctions of the segments and the borders often edged
with black. Anal appendages very long, black.

Wings hyaline, reticulation black ; a basal spot in the hindwing of a deep
blackish brown, aray in the intercostal spaces extending as far as the Ist
antenodal nervure and separated from the main larger spot, which extends
halfway along the subcostal space, nearly or quite up the trigone in the
cubital space, for 1 cell in the base of the loop and from thence in a more
or les3 indented line to the tornus, at which spot only it reaches the ter nen.
In some specimens, there is a very marked indentation where the base
of the loop cuts into the marking, so that it appears mote or less bilobed.

Stigma reddish brown, tho hind about two-thirds the size of the fore.

Membrane pale brown, or grey.

Sexual organs: male: lamina similar to basilaris; internal tentacule
longer and narrower than basilaris and the end of hook more bent; lobe
long and narrow. Female similar to basilaris but the vulvar scale smaller
and not obscuring the 9th ventral plate which is longer than in that insect.

Female very similar to the male but palerin colour. A broad, blacks
basal line to the forehead. The abdomen a dark olivaceous brown or
yellow, or in many specimens a reddish brown as far asthe ]0tk segment.
Basal marking of hindwing more extensive outwardly but less so posteriorly.
Outwardly it extends as far as the trigone or slightly within it and for
halfway along the body of the loop internal to the mid rib. Posteriorly it
fails to reach the tornus and internally, the anal border, where a small,
clear hyaline area is enclosed. (A very small, hyaline area, similar to this
is occasionally seen in the male but is absent in all my specimens). Wings
decidedly smoky.

Burma specimens differ a little from the above description. The face is
a deep red, the forehead a lighter red and with a broad, black, basal band.
The basal marking extends rather beyond the Ist antenodal nervure, as far
as the arc, to just within the trigone, rather more into the loop and to
within 2 or 3 cells of the termen. The hyaline area at the base covers
about 12 cells, The colour of the marking is a deep reddish brown.

Hab.—Similar to that of O6basilaris and with similar habits. Cosmo-
politan.

INDIAN DRAGONFLIES, 55

Genus HYDROBASILEUS.

_—————

a
Wg8 PO

Fig. 57.—Wings of Hydrobasileus croceus to show neuration.

Head relatively large; eyes contiguous for a long distance ; forehead
prominent and rounded ; suture deep ; vesicle high and deeply notched.

Prothorax with a small lobe which is hidden beneath the head.

Thorax robust. Legs long and slim; hind femora with a row of numerous
small but gradually lengthening spines; mid femora with similar spines
but less numerous and rather wider spaced ; tibial spines fine, short and
numerous ; claw-hooks very robust, situated about the middle of claws.
Armature of the female very similar but the spines rather less numerous
and more widely spaced.

Abdomen relatively short, the base dorso-ventrally dilated, the sides
much compressed, tapering from the base to the end. A transverse ridge on
the 4th segment.

Wings very long and broad; reticulation moderately close ; trigone in
the forewing about 3 cells distal to the line oi the trigone in the hind;
sectors of are in forewing with a short fusion, in the hind a somewhat
longer one, the sectors running very close together at their origin ; are
lying between the Ist and 2nd antenodals; antenodal nervures 123 to 183
the final incomplete, the distance between the lst two antenodals dis-
tinctly longer than that between those following: base of trigone in
the hindwing at the arc; 1 cubital nervure to all wings; no supplementary
nervures to the bridge ; 8th nervure from the anal angle of trigone ; tri-
gone in the forewing very long, with a very short costal side, traversed
once or twice ; trigone in the hindwing longer than usual, entire, the
distal side concave ; all hypertrigones entire; subtrigone in the forewing
variable, with 3 to 8 ceMs, its outer angle a little obscure and tending to be
lost in the general reticulation ; 4th nervure strongly undulated ; 2 rows
of cells between 5 and 5a; 8th nervure in the forewing moderately curved
and short; the discoidal field contracted at the end due to an abrupt
curving of the 7th nervure towards the termen, the field usually beginning
with one or two rows of 4 cells and then continued as rows of 3 cells; the
loop with a long body and short toe, its outer angle very obtuse and its
inner border often incomplete and lost in the general reticulation so that
the loop is open at the apex; a distinct supplementary sector runs from
the angulation of the inner border of loop, which splits up the anal area

56 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XXVIII,

into an inner area of narrow, elongated cells arranged in transverse rows
and an outer of somewhat larger cells. Stigma equal in the two wings,
of moderate size. Membrane moderately large.

Sexual organs: male: lamina depressed, its free border turning out-
ward, tentacule straight, the point turning a little outwards ; lobe short,
oval, a little less prominent than the tentacule. Female: border of 8th
segment not dilated; end of 8th ventral plate prolonged into a deeply
cleft vulvar scale; 9th ventral plate carinated at its distal half and
bearing two small horny processes similar to those of tramea.

Only one Indian species.

69. Hydrobasileus croceus, Karsch.
Tramea croceus, Brauer.
Tramea extranea, Hagen.
Hydrobasileus extraneus, Kirby.

Expanse 90 mm. Length 50 mm.

Male: head; eyes reddish brown above, lilaceous or o.ivaceous at the
sides and beneath; vesicle brown ; face and forehead ochreous, tinged with
red and with a brown, basal line to the latter; labrum yellow.

Prothorax light brown.

Thorax olivaceous or ochreous, paler at the sides where the colour is a
whitish green.. Legs ochreous or yellow.

Abdomen dark ochreous to reddish brown, the first 4 or 5 segments with
the borders finely dark brown and on the 5th to 7th, a brownish, subdorsa]
stripe. A dorsal band commencing on the 7th which merges into reddish
brown on the 8th to 10th segments.

Wings suffused with bright golden yellow, this more intense along the
costa of both wings and over the basal area of the hind. The apices often
tinted with pale brown, this being more marked in the hindwings. Nervures
in the basal part of wing and in the costal fields, bright yellow. The basal
marking black and its included nervures a bright yellow; its size and shape
somewhat variable, usually beginning at the tornus and running out as far
as the apex of the loop where it ascends that structure, being limited
outwardly by its outer border. Anteriorly the border of the spot is more or
less crenated and runs obliquely trom the outer angle of loop to the tornus.
Stigma brownish yellow. Antenodal nervures numbering about 17.

Female very similar to the male. The face and forehead olivaceous with-
out any reddish tinge ; the thorax similar to the male; the abdomen ochre-
ous, with a reddish tinge and all the sutures, the carina and the lateral
borders finely mapped out in black. Wings scarcely differing from
those of the male.

Sexual organs. See under genus.

Anal appendages in the female very small, ochreous.

Hab.—Throughout India in the moister zones, Ceylon, Burma, Indo-
Malay and Indo-China.

(To be continued.)

57
SUMMARY OF THE RESULTS FROM THE INDIAN
MAMMAL SURVEY
OF THE
BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY

By R. C. WRoUGHTON, F.Z.S.

Parr Val,
(Continued from page 967 of Volume XXVI.)
Subfamily 111.—Cricetina.

The CrICETINZ contains three Indian genera which are arranged
in a key, by Blanford, as follows :—

Key to the genera of the CRICETINZ.

A.—Molars rooted, tubercular... .. iL. CRICETULUS.
B.—Molars rootless, elongate, composed
of prisms.
a.—Har-conch present ... mA ... ol Microrus,
b.—Har-eonch absent... ue ... III. ELosivs.

Gen. I.—CrICETULUS,

The separation of CRICETULUS, as asubgenus, from CRICETUS, to
represent the oriental forms, was proposed by Milne-Edwards in
1867, and it is now accepted as a full genus.

No. 309. pheus, Pall. Blanford records a doubt as to

No. 310. fulvus, Blanf. the validity of these three species,

No. 311. isabellinus, de Fil. Thomas who has quite recently

studied them (A. M.N. H. (8). xix,
p. 452, 1917) concludes that none of these names apply to the
Ladak form, for which he proposes the name alticola. ‘There is no
other species.

DISTRIBUTION :—
C. alticola, Thomas. Type locality :—Shushal, 13,500'
Ladak (Ward—Crump).
Other localities :—Ladak; Upper
Sutlej Valley (Whitehead) (B. M.).
Type :-—B.M. No. 6. 10. 3. 13.

Gen. IJ.—Microrvus.

This genus has been divided into a large number of subgenera
of which, however, only five are found in or on the boundaries
of our area. They may be placed in a key as follows :—

8

58 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII,

Key to the subgenera of Microtvs. |
A.—Pattern of lower anterior molar with some triangles closed
a. Mamme 2—2—8.
a’. Palate normal.
a. Claws small, those on forefeet

always shortest ... abe op ly Mreromiuse
b. Claws large, those on forefeet
usually longest ffysh) once de ULs Enos

6’. Palate abnormal, ending in a broad
median plate, cut off from the maxil-
laries on both sides... foe 2. LT. Anricomag
6b. Mammee 0-2—4 - ame .. IV. HYPperaermmse
B.—Paittern of lower rtiberion molar with all V. HorHEeNomys.
triangles open.
Subgenus [.—Microrus.
No. 306. sikimensis, Hodgs. The only species recorded from our

area.
DISTRIBUTION :—
M. (M.). sikimensis, Hors- Type locality :—Sikkim. (Hodgson).
field. Other localities: Sikkim (Hodgson);
Kalapokhri, Darjiling (B. M.), Sikkim
(M. 8. 1)

Type :—B. M. No. 79.11.21.397.
Subgenus IJ.—PHatomys.
' Bonhote described a_ species,
BTSs DS, (alti ia, isle waltom, from Lhassa, of which I
named a subspecies petulans, (J. B. N. H.S., xx, p. 931, 1911),
on specimens taken by Captain ©. H. T. Whitehead. This form
may be distinguished from blythi as follows :-——

Key to the forms of PHaAtomys.

A.—General colour drab ... Ae 1. blythi, Blanf.
B.—General colour sepia ... a ...2. walton petulans, Wr.
DISTRIBUTION :— /

1. M. (P.) blythi, Blanford. Type locality :—Tsomoriri, 14,000’,
Western Ladak. (Theobald).
Other localities :—Thibet (B. M.).
— Type :—Ind. Mus. Calc. No. a.
(Type of leucurus, Blyth, Ind. Mus.
Beaters Calc. No. a.).

2. M. (P.) walion petulans, Type locality :—Teza, Upper Sutlej
_ Wroughton: Valley. (Captain C. H. T. Whitehead).
ae i Other localities :-—Upper ele Val-

Bley. (Baa) te e520
Type :—B. M. No. 10 A2 2224s

SUMMARY OF THE INDIAN MAMMAL SURVEY. 59

Subgenus IT].—ALricoxa.

Miller dealt with these voles in

No. 300. roylez, Gray. his paper on Dr. Abbott's collection
No. 301. stoliczkanus, Blanf. from Central Asia, and I propose
No. 302. stracheyi, Thos. to follow his results closely. In
No. 303. wynnez, Blanf. two cases, however, I cannot accept

No. 304. blanfordi, Scully. the type localities mentioned by
him. In the case of royles ; have
ech pointed out in this Journal (J.B.N.H.S., xxiii, p. 299,
1914) my reasons for believing Kumaon and not Kashmir to le the
type locality. The name WM. stracheyi, Thomas, is a re-naming of
the animal called “ Cricetus songarus”’ by Horsfield, who, in his
Catalogue (p. 145) distinctly states that the specimen is ‘ From
Capt. R. Strachey’s Collection in Ladak.” The following is Mil-
ler’s key to the species :—

Key to the species of ALTICOLA.

- A.—Under parts dark.
a. Thethird upper molar with 4. salient

angles i: 1. wynnei, Blanf.
The third upper molar Ww ith ¢ salient
angles.
a}. Hind-foot 22 mm. 2. roylei, Gray.
6’. Hind-foot 20 mm. . 3. montosus, True.
B.—Under parts whitish.
a. Back bright, ferruginous, brown... 4. stoliczkanus, Bly.
b. Back grey or pale fawn.
a. Tail vertebra over 45 mm. ... 5. blanfordi, Scull.
5x. Tail vertebrae under 40 mm.
a. Third upper molar with 6 salient
angles.
a’. Anterior upper molar with 10
salient angles... 6. stracheyi, Thos.
6°. Anterior upper molar nile 8
salient angles eh 7. albicauda, True.
BD’. Third upper molar with 5 salient
ed

. Teeth heavy; posterior loop
of third upper molar form-
‘ing much less than half of
crown 8. acrophilus; Mill.
- 6%. ‘Teeth light ; “posterior loop of .
third upper molar forming at
least-half of crown ... 9. ericetulus, Mill.

60 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XXV II,

DISTRIBUTION :—

1. M. (A) wynnei, Blanford. Type locality :—Murree, Punjab.
Other localities :—Murree (B. M.).
Co-types :—B. M. Nos.92.2.27.1 &

Ses Daikey
Lectotype :—B. M. No. 8.3.9.18.
2. M. (A.) royle, Gray. Type locality:—Kumaon. (See
above).
Other localities :— Kumaon ; Sikkim
(METS: I.).

Type :—B. M. No. 2002a,
3. M. (A.) montosus, True. Type locality:—Central Kashmir,
11,000'. (Abbott).
Other localities :—Kashmir (Ward) ;
Kaghan Valley (Whitehead) (B.M.).
Type :—U. 8S. Nat. Mus. No.

eat lye of imitator, Bonhote, B. M.

Ten, Be 1 Be 1)
A, M. (A.) stoliczkanus, Type locality :—Plateaux of North-
Blanford, ern Ladak.
Other localities :—None.
Co-types :—Ind. Mus. Cale. Nos.
a and b.
5. M. (A.) blanfordi, Scully Type locality :—Gilgit, .9,000'—
10,000'.
Other localities :—Gilgit; Skardo
(Whitehead) (B. M.).
Co-types:—B. M. Nos. 83°3-1-122
and 8. 3. 9. 17. (Other co-types Ind.
Mus. Calc. Nos. a. and 0. in al.).
Lectotype :—B. M. No. 8.3.9.17.

6. M. (A). stracheyi, Tho- Type locality:—LLadak, Strachey,
mas. (See above).
Other localities :—Ladak (Ward)
Cai):
Type :—B. M. No. 60.5.4.118.
7. M. (A.) albicauda, True. Type locality :—Baldu Valley,
Baltistan. (Abbott).
Other localities :—None.
Type :—U.S. Nat. Mus. No. =
8. M. (.4.) acrophilus, Mil- Type locality:—Ladak side of
ler. Kara Korum Pass, 17,000'. (Abbott)
Other localities:—None in B. M.
Type :—U.S. Nat. Mus. No, 26.126

SUMMARY OF THE INDIAN MAMMAL SURVEY, 6]

9. M.(A.) cricetulus, Miller. Type locality :—Tso Kyan, 16,000',
Ladak. (Abbott).
Other localities :—None.

Type :—U. 8S. Nat. Mus. No.
84043.

Subgenus I1V.—HypeEracrivs.

Three species have been described (all from Kashmir), one by
True and two by Miller, who arranges them in a key as follows :—
Key to the species of the subgenus HYPERACRIUS.
A.—Hind-foot (with claws) 19 mm.;
upper tooth-row 7 mm. ... ... Ll. aitchisom, Mill.
B.—Hind-foot (with claws) 16-18 mm.
upper tooth-row 6 mm.
a. Kar, from meatus, 10-11 mm.
b. Ear, from meatus, 7-8 mm....

DISTRIBUTION :—

. fertilis, True.
. brachelix, Mill.

co bo

1. M. (A.) aitchisoni, Mil- Type locality :—Gulmarg, Kash-
ler. ; mir.
Other localities :—None.
Type :—B. M. No. 96.11.2.38.
2. M. (#.) fertilis, True. Type locality :—Pir Panjal, 8,500',
Kashmir. (Abbott).
Other localities :—Central Kashmir
(B. M,).
Type:—U.S8. Nat. Mus. No. aan
3. M. (H.) bracheliz, Mil- Type locality:—Nagmarg, Kash-

ler. mir (Abbott).
Other localities :—Kashmir (Ward)
(B. M.).
Type:—U. 8S. Nat. Mus. No.
63445.

Subgenus V.—HOTHENOMYS.
This form has never been taken
No. 307. melanogaster, M.- within our limits, but as it,
Edws. with several subspecies, is found
all over Szechuen and may there-
fore be found in the Kakhyen Hills, I have included it here.
DISTRIBUTION :-—

M. (E). melanogaster, Milne- Type locality :—Moupin, Szechwan.
Edwards. Other localities:—Not yet taken
within the Northern Burmese bor-
der.
Type :—In Paris Museun.

62 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SUCIETY, Vol, XXVII,

--Gen. JIL.—ELuosius. -

i The only species of the genus
No. 308. fuscicapillus, Bly. found within our area. Blanford
ieee ’ records that it was taken at Quetta
by Hutton, but Blyth when he named it thought that it came
from the Himalayas. The British Museum has no Indian speci-
mens, and only three in alcohol contributed by the Afghan Boun-
dary Commission from Bala Marghab, &c., in Afghanistan. A
lady recently gave me a description of a small animal seen by her
at Quetta, which she stated to be not uncommon, and which could
only have been this animal.
DISTRIBUTION :—
E. fuscicapillus, Blyth. Type locality: Unknown (?
Quetta) (Hutton).
Other —_localitues ;—Bala Marghab,
Afghanistan.
Type :—Not traced. —

Family V.—SPALACIDA.

Blanford recognises only one genus of the Bamboo Rats, but
Thomas has recently revived NycrocLerres for the giant forms,
restricted Ruizomys to the medium-sized ones, and established
Cannomys for the smaller animals of the badius type (A. M. N. H.
(8) xvi. p. 57, 1915). These three genera may be arranged in
key as follows :—

Key to the genera of the SPALACIDA.

A.—Size large, condylo-basal length of
skull 57-76 mm. ; soles of feet granu-
lated; mammee 1-3—8 or 2-3—10.
a. Size larger, condylo-basal length of
skull 71-76 mm.; posterior sole-
pads conjoined... oe 7... L. NYCroCLEraas:
b. Size smaller, condylo-basal length
of skull 57 mm.; posterior sole-
pads separate a) clas ... . LD. Reizomys:
B.—Size small, condylo-basal length of
skull 43-50 mm.; solepads not
granulated; mammz 2—2—8 ... II]. Cannomys.

Gen. J.—NYCTOCLEPTES.

No. 314. swmatrensis, Raff. The proper name for the Indian

form is cinereus, McClelland. Besides

sumatrensis, Thomas has distinguished another form from Sumatra,
but cinereus alone is found within our limits.

SUMMARY OF THE INDIAN MAMMAL SURVEY, 63

DISTRIBUTION :—

_N. cinereus, MacClelland. Type locality :—Moulmein.
; - Other localities :—Tenasserim (M.
ons
Type:—Not traced. (Co-types of
erythrogenys, Anderson, Ind. Mus.
Cale. Nos. a. and 6.).
Gen. I].—Ruizomys.

No. 313. pruinosus, Bl. Besides the Assam species, Thomas
has recently described senex, from
eastern Burma and Yunnan (A. M.N. H. (8) xvi, p. 313, 1915).
These two may be distinguished as follows :—
Key to the species of RuIzomys.

A.—Size smaller, palatilar eee of skull

OoeeT. <2 ... 1. pruinosus, Blyth.
B.—Size larger, lia length. of skull
tA MAM, 6.5 ie ... 2. senex, Thos.

DISTRIBUTION :—
1. R. pruinosus, Blyth. Type locality :—Cherrapunji, Assam
(F. Skipwith).
Other localities: — Khasi Hills(B. M.)
Co-types :—Ind. Mus. Cale. Nos. 1.
m. and n.
2. R. senex, ‘Thomas. Type locality :— Yunnan. (Ori).
Other localities :—Mountains east of
Bhamo (B. M.).
Type :—B. M. No. 12. 7. 25. 42.

Gen. I1J.—Cannomys.

Besides badius, Hodgs., of Nepal and castaneus, Blyth, ot
Tenasserim, Thomas has recently described pater from Mt. Popa and
c. plumbescens from the Shan States. These four forms may be
arranged in a key as follows :—

Key to the species of CANNOMYS.

A.—Size larger, condylo-basal length 49-

53 mm.
a. Colour normal ee ... 1l. badius, Hodgs.
6. Colour paler and brighter, pinkish
cinnamon ... ... 2. pater, Thomas.

B.—Size smaller, condylo-basal length of
skull 43-46 mm.
a. Colour normal ae bak ... 3. castaneus, Blyth
5. Colour plumbeous _.... ee ... 4. c. plumbescens,
Thos.

64 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII,

DISTRIBUTION :—
1. C. badius, Hodgson. Type locality :—Nepal (Hodgson).
Other localities :—Darjiling; Khasi
Hills; Manipur (B. M.); Chin Hills,
Chindwin (M. S. 1.).
Type :—B, M. No. 48. 1. 12. 61.
2. C. pater, Thomas. Type locality :—Mt. Popa, Burma.
(B. N. H. 8.—Shortridge).
Other localities :—Mt. Popa (M.8.1.).
Type:—B. M. No. 14. 7. 19, 281.
3. C. castaneus castaneus, Type locality:—‘‘Arakan” (?)
Blyth. (Phayre).
Other localities :—Thaton, Burma ;
Tenasserim (B. M.).
Co-types :—Ind. Mus. Calc, Nos. 1.

: and m.
A. C. castaneus plumbescens, Type locality :—Gokteik, N. Shan
- Thomas. States (B. N. H.S.—Shortridge).
Other localities :—N. Shan States
(MESS 10)

Type:—B. M. No, 14. 7. 8. 78.
Family V1.—Hysrricipz.
The family includes two genera which may be distinguished as
follows :—
Key to the genera of the Hystricid.
A.—Tail short, clothed with spines, with

hollow quills at the end ... ... 1. ACANTHION,
B.—Tail long, clothed with scales, with a
tuft of bristles at the end... ... LI. ATHERURUS.

Gen. I.—ACANTHION.

Some years ago Lyon in a paper on Malay Porcupines (Proc.
U.S. Nat. Mus. xxxii, p. 575, 1907) revived the name ACANTHION
for them. In a note, quoted in my Sind Report (J. B. N. H.S.
xxiv, p. 707, 1916), Thomas pointed out that that name must
equally be applied to the Indian species, in place of HysTrix, as
now used.

The Indian Museum Catalogue

No. 315. leucura,G.& H. gives no locality for the type of

No. 316. hodgsoni, Gray. bengalensis, and I have entirely

No. 317. bengalensis, Blyth. failed to find any authentic record

of any other specimen having been
taken. I propose to take the general view and regard it as a
synonym of hodgsoni. Thomas has quite recently divided off the
south Burmese porcupine, under the name of klossi, from brachyurus,

SUMMARY OF THE INDIAN MAMMAL SURVEY. 65

the Malay form. At the commencement of the Survey I named
a species, cuneiceps, from Cutch (J.B. N. H. 8. xxi, p. 771, 1912),
in the note incorporated in my Sind Report, quoted ater omen
Thomas accepts it only as a subspecies. These fume may he
arranged 1 in a key as follows :—

Key to the species of ACANTHION,.

A.—A full crest of long hairs; a mantle
of long, thin spines; the stout, stiff
spines of the back ringed black
and white.

a. Size larger, condylo-basal length of

skull 155 mm... .. 1. 1. leucurus, Sykes.
b. Size smaller, condylo-basal length
of skull 145 mm. ... ... 2. 1. cuneiceps, Wr.

B.— Little or no crest; no Tacatlee chief
spines white with a black median

ring.
a. ‘The black on the chief spines much

more than the white tips ... ... 3. hoagson, Gray.
b. The black on the chief spines much

less than the white tips ... ... 4. klossi, Thos.

DISTRIBUTION :—

1. A. leucurus leucurus, Type locality: —“Dukhun” (Sykes).
Sykes. Other localities :—Bannu, Punjab ;
Rajputana; Sehore; Central India;
Dekhan; Nilgiri Hills; Malabar;
Ceylon; Nepal (B. M.); Kathiawar ;
Palanpur; Khandesh: Berars; Dhar-
war; Coorg; Mysore; Ceylon;
Kumaon (M. 8. L.).

Type :—B. M. No. 42.8.6.6. (Type
of indica, Gray and Hardw. not found ;
Type of zeylonensis, Blyth, Ind. Mus.
Cale. No. e.; Type of malabarica, Scla-

ter, B. M. No. 65, 1. 30. 10.).
2. A. leucurus cuneiceps, Ty ype locality:—Nokania, Cutch.

Wroughton. (B. N. H. S.—Crump).
Other localities :—Cutch; Sind (M.
Si. Ak).
Type:—B. M. No. 12. 9. 1. 11.
3. A, hodgsoni, Gray. Type loeality :—Nepal (Hodgson).

Other localities :—Sikkim (B, M.);
Bhutan Duars (M. 8. I.).

66 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVIII.

Co-types :—B. M. Nos, 45, 1, 8, 8
& 47. 7, 22. 9. (Lectotype of alophus,
Hodgson, B. M. No. 53. 8, 16. 11;
Type of bengalensis, Blyth, Ind, Mus.

Calc. No. f.).
Lectotype :—B. M. No. 47.7, 22. 9.
4, A. klossi, Thomas. Type locality:—Tenasserim. (B. N.

H. S.—Shortridge).
Other localities :—Sagaing, and Mt.
Popa, Burma; Tenasserim (M. S. I.)
Type :—B. M. No. 14. 12. 8. 223.

Gen. [1.— ATHERURUS.

No. 318. macrura, L. The only species found in our area.
DISTRIBUTION :—
A. macrourus, Linneeus. Type locality :—‘* Asia.”

Other localities :—-Tenasserim (B.
M.); Tenagserim (M.S. I.).
Type :— Unknown.
Suborder I1].— DupLIcIDENTATA.

The two Families in this Suborder may be distinguished as
follows :—-
Key to the families of the DUPLICIDENTATA.
A.—KEars, long; atail present... ... L. lePormat
B.—Wars, short; no tail -.. nb ... II, OCHOTUNIDA.

Family I.—LEporipa.

The Hispid Hare is now generally classed in a separate genus,
CAPROLAGUS, from the ordinary hares which make up the genus
Lepus. The two may be distinguished as follows :—

Key to the genera of the LEPORIDA.

A.—Fars at least aslong as the head; tail

white beneath ae soi ee le RUS.
B.—Ears shorter than the head; tail

entirely brown i ... IJ. CaproLaGus.

Gen. 1.— LErus.

The first four names in Blan-
No. 319. mgricollis, F. Cuv. ford’s list representthe hares of the
No. 320. ruficaudatus, Geoff. plains, while the last three are the
No: 321. dayanus, Blanf. mountain hares. Of the former,
No. 322. peguensis, Bl. in addition to those here enume-
No. 328. tibetanus, Waterh. rated, Bonhote named siamensis, in
No. 324. otostolus, Hodgs. 1902 (P. Z. 8., p. 40), while in the
No. 825. hipsibius, Blanf. course of this Survey I have added
three names (J. B. N. H. 8. xxi, p.

_ SUMMARY OF THE INDIAN MAMMAL SURVEY. 67

335, 1912; xxii, p.15, 1913; xxiv, p. 42,1915). Ofthe mountain
forms I think craspedotis, Blanford, may be kept distinct from
tibetanus, but as to hypsibius, Blanford, I can offer no Opinion.
Including these additional forms the species of the true hares may
be arranged in a key as follows :—

Key to the species of Lervs.

I.—Hair comparatively short and coarse,
A,—Tail brown above.
a. Colour darker; ears blackish brown 1. ruficaudatus, Geoff.
b. Colour paler; ears bright buff ... 2. rajyput, Wr.
B.—Tail black above.
a. Nape black.

a’, Feet ochraceous... ... 3. ngricollis, F. Cuv.
b'. Feet white ... Me ... 4. singhala, Wr.
b. Nape grey or brown or ochra- |
ceous.
a’: Nape gtey :.. “ nen 0. SUNCOM, Wr,

b'. Nape brown, or ochraceous.
a. Face pale, grizzled brown

and buff; a grey rump ... 6. dayanus, Blanf.
b°. Face darker, grizzled black
and tan,
a. Nape brown; general
ground colour tan... ... @. mahadeva, Wr.
6%. Nape ochraceous, or ru-
fous.
a’. Nape ochraceous; feet
white ... rs ... 8. peguensis, Bly.
b*. Nape rufous; feet ochra-
ecoud: (>.> “ie ... 9. stamensis, Bonh,

II.—Hair long and silky.
A.—Tail black above.
a. General colour paler, écru drab ;
nape fawn ... ie mn} ... 10. craspedotis, Blant.
6. General colour darker, dark pin-
kish drab; nape cinnamon rufous.. 11. tébetanus, Waterh.
B.—Tail all white.
a. ars longer than hindfoot with

tarsus aa as ‘i’ ... 12. otostolus, Hodgs.
b. Ear not longer than hindfoot
with tarsus Bes ny ... 13. hypsibius, Blanf.

DISTRIBUTION :—

1. L. ruficaudatus, Geoffroy. Type locality :—‘* Bengal.”
Other localities: —Saran, Bengal ;
Puri, Orissa; Nepal; Sikkim (B.M.);

68

Lo

JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVIII,

Gwalior; Kumaon; Behar; Bengal ;
Sikkim; Darjiling; Bhutan Duars
Qinssi);

Type :—Perhaps in Paris Museum.

. L. rajput, Wroughton. Type locality :—Sambhar Lake,

Rajputana (Adams).

Other localities :—Sambhar Lake,
Ulwar (B. M.)

Type :—B. M. No. 85.8.1.342.

. L. mgricollis, F. Cuvier. Type locality :—Madras.

Other localities: —S. Mahratha Coun-
try; Dekhan; Nilgiri Hills (B. M.);
Satara; Ratnagiri; Dharwar; Kanara;.
Mysore; Bellary; Coorg (M.S. 1.).

Type:—Perhaps in Paris Museum.

'. L. singhala, Wroughton. Type locality :—Kumbukkam, Cey-

lon (B.N. H.S.—Mayor).

Other localities:—Ceylon (B. M.);.
Ceylon (M.S. 1.).

Type :—B. M. No. 15.7.1.8.

. L. simeozi, Wroughton. Type locality:—Hdalabad, Khan-

desh, (B. N. H. S.—Crump).
Other localities :—K handesh; Nimar;
Berars; Central Provinces (M. 8. 1.).
Type :—B. M. No. 11.8.7.1.

. L. dayanus, Blanford. Type locality : —Sukkur, Sind (Dr,

Day).

Other localities :—Sind (B.M.);
Sind; Cutch; Palanpur; Kathiawar ;
(GME, 1S), IL)

Co-types :—B. M. Nos. 90. 4. 9. 2

and 3.

Lectotype :—B. M. No. 90.4.9.3.

. L.mahadeva, Wroughton. Type locality:—Dhaim, Mahadeo.

Hills, Central Provinces. (B.N.H.S.—

Crump).
Other localities;—Mahadeo Hills (M.
Spl)
; Type :—B. M. No. 12.7.8.1.
. L. peguensis, Blyth. Type locality :—Upper Pegu (Pha-
yre).
Other localities :—Rangoon (B. M.) ;
Chindwin ; Mt. Popa (M.S. 1.). .
Type :—Ind. Mus. Cale. No. a.
. ©. siamensis, Bonhote. Type locality :—Chiengmai, Siam

(Lyle).

SUMMARY OF THE INDIAN MAMMAL SURVEY. 69

Other localities ;—Siam ; Bhamo (Ha-
rington) (B. M.).
Type :—B. M. No. 1.7.7.18.
10. L. craspedotis, Blanford. Type locality :—Pishin, Baluchistan
(Blanford.)
Other localities :—Quetta, Baluchis-
tan ; Afghanistan (B. M.).
Type :—Ind. Mus. Calc. No. a.
Type locality :— Little Thibet. (Vig-
ne).
Other localities:— Yassin, Gilgit ;
Ladak ; Kurram Valley (B. M.)
Type :—B. M. No. 53.8.29.25.
12. L. ovostolus, Hodgson. Type locality :—Nepal. (Hodgson).
Other localities :—Sikkim; Ladak ;
Upper Indus Valley (B. M.).
Type:--B. M. No. 43.1.12. 44.
(Type of pallipes, Hodgson, not
traced).
13. L. hypsibius, Blanford. Type locality:—Changchenmo Val-
ley, Ladak (Stoliczka).
Other localities :—No specimen.
Co-types :—Ind. Mus. Calc. Nos. a.
and 6.

Gen. IJ.—Capro.LaGus.

11. L. tibetanus, Waterhouse.

No. 326, hispidus, Pears. The only species of the genus.

(DISTRIBUTION :—

C. hispidus, Pearson. Type locality:—Assam. (McClel~
. land).
Other localities :—E. Bengal ; Nepal
(B. M.)

Type :—Not traced.
Family I1.—OcHoTonIDaé.

There is only the one genus.
Gen.—OcHOoTONA.
In dealing with the collection
No. 327. roylei, Ogil. made by the Survey in Kumaon,
No. 328. curzonie, Hodgs. I classed the specimens of this
No. 329. macrotis,Giinth. genus as roylei. ‘Later when speci-
No. 330. rufescens, Gray. mens were obtained from Sikkim,

No. 881. ladacensis, Giinth. it appeared impossible to separate
them from roylei, and yet they

70 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII.

were apparently different from the Kumaon individuals, so I sug-
gested that Hodgson’s name nipalensis should be revived for these
latter. Now however on laying out all the available material I
am of opinion that mere colouring cannot be trusted as a guide
where seasonal changes are so great and so common. I therefore
propose to call all this group royle, pending the working out of the
genus on adequate material. This material is badly wanted, and
should include specimens taken “all round the year,”’ or as near it
as possible for each locality. Bonhote added a species, ward, (P.. Z.
S., p. 124, 1904), allied to rufescens, which I include in the follow-
ing key to the species :—
Key to the species of OCHOTONA.
A.—Palatal and incisive foramina not dis-

tinct.
a. Combined foramina constricted in
ee
. Colour brownish, eth white collar
behind the ears . 1. rufescens, Gray.
bx. Colour greyish, mith red head and
shoulders in summer ... . 2. wardi, Bonh.

6. Combined foramen not Ree cied..
a. Kars small, 23mm., or less.

a’. Uniform pale brown; feet white. 3. curzonie, Hodgs.
b°. Dark brown ae .. 4. royler, Ogil.
b*. Hars large, 27 mm. sais 5. macrotis, Giinth.
B..--Palatal and incisive foramina sistinee. 6. ladacensis, Giinth,
DISTRIBUTION :—
_ 1. O, rufescens, Gray. Type locality :—Baber’s Tomb, Ka-
bul.

Other localities :—Ziarat, Baluchis-
tan; Bolan Pass, ee Kurram
Valley, Afghanistan (B. M

Co-types :—B. M. Nos. 4A, 9.15.9 &

10.
Lectotype :—B. M. No. 44.9.15.9.
2. O. wardi, Bonhote. Type locality :——Talien, Kashmir,
(Col. Ward).

Other localities :—Gulmarg, 8,700';
Gugea Nala, 8,900'; Liddar Valley,
9,500' ; ; Sultanmure, 11,000' ; Kisht-
war, 11,000! ; leader 12,000! :
Kashmir, Chilas, 12,700'; Gilgit,
Hazara, 13,700' ; Tashgaum, 9,500’:
Ladak (B. M.). 3

Type :—B, M. No. 4. 5. 6. 1.

- SUMMARY OF THE INDIAN MAMMAL SURVEY. (a:

3. O. curzonie, Hodgson.

4. O. roylei, Ogilby.

5. O. macrotis, Giinther.

6. O. ladacensis, Giinther.

Lype locality :—Nepal. (Hodgson).

Other localities ;—Sikkim (B. M.).

Co-types ;—B. M. Nos. 58.6.24.98
and 99.

Lectotype:—B. M. No. 58. 6.
24,99.

Type locality :—Choor Mountain,
Punjab (Ogilby).

Other localities :—Garwhal ; Kuma-
on ; Nepal; Sikkim (B. M.).

Type:—B. M. No. 55,12, 24,326.
(Type of nipalensis, Hodgs. B. M.
No. 43.1.12.63; Type of hodgsoni,
Blyth, not traced).

Type locality ;—Kuenlun Moun-
tains, Thibet (Biddulph).

Other localities :—Shushal, 13,500’,
and Indus Valley, 12,000'; Ladak
(B. M.).

Co-types :—B. M. No. 44.3.1.14 &
79.3.30.3. (Type of auritus, Blanford,
Ind. Mus. Calc. No. a.; Co-types of
griseus, Blanford, Ind. Mus. Calc.
Nos. ec. and d.).

Lectotype :—B. M. No. 75. 3. 30. 3.

Type locality:—Chagra_ _ Lake,
14,000', Ladak ; (Biddulph).

Other localities :—Upper Sutle} Val-
ley (Whitehead) (B. M.).

Co-types :—B. M. No. 75.3. 3. 32.
and specimens in Calcutta.

Lectotype :—B. M. No. 75.3.
SOW 2:

Order VII.— UNGULATA.

With the exception of the Muntjacs, or Rib-faced Deer, practically
nothing has been done in this Order by the Survey. This was
to be expected, for the great majority are large animals, which do
not lend themselves to collection on a large scale. The late R.
Lydekker, F, R. S., brought out a Catalogue of the specimens in
the British Museum (Natural History) in 1913, and it seems
almost unnecessary to deal with the subject here, but for the con-

venience of Members I have decided to extract as shortly as

possible, the information contained in that Catalogue, in so far as

it concerns the Indian region.

The Order is divided into three Suborders as follows :—

72 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII.

Key to the suborders of the UNGULATA.

A.—Upper lip and nose not produced into
a flexible trunk.
a. The third and fourth toes, which
may be the only ones, equal in
size, and symmetrical to a verti- ©
cal line drawn between them ... © 1. ARTIODACTYLA.
b. The third toe, which may be the
only one, larger than the lateral
ones, when ea a and symmet-

rical in itself © Sd .... Ll, PERISSODACTYLA.
‘B.—Upper lip and nose ® produced in a
trunk : : ae . LI. PrRoposcipgEa.

Snipenden J.— ARTIODACTYLA.
The Suborder is divisible into three Sections as follows :—
Key to the sections of the ARTIODACTYLA.

A. —Upper incisors wanting ; ruminating.
a. Horns or antlers present, at least

in males... He The 2 PE Corse
b. No horns or antlers ses J. LS DRaGuieinae
B.—Upper incisors present ae zoe LTS Somnae

Section I.—PECORA.

This Section includes two Families which may be distinguished
as follows :—

Key to the families of the PECORA.
_.A.—Horns permanent; a corneous sheath

on a bony core te ae 8 Bovina
.B.—Horns solid, no cores, deciduous, gene-
rally branched eas Age ee ECHR vIn

Family I.—Boviwa.

The Bovip# have been divided into a number of Subfamilies,
but in dealing with the restricted Indian fauna, it has not seemed
necessary to use them. I may note however that in the following
key, the first three genera represent the Bovina, the next four the |
CaPrRIn#, the next three the Rupicarrin#, the following two the
TRAGELAPHIN#, and the last three the ANTILOPINZ. The genera
ef the Bovipz may be arranged in a key as follows :-—

Key to the genera of the Bovine.

I.—Horns smooth, or closely, irregularly,
and transversely wrinkled.

SUMMARY OF THE INDIAN MAMMAL SURVEY. 73

A.—Horns in the two sexes not differing
much in size.
a. Horns inserted far apart, at extrem-
ities of vertex.

a’. Horns circular, or oval, in sec-
tion.

a’. Dorsal vertebra. 13; no long

hair on flanks :

6°. Dorsal vertebree 14; a fringe
of long hair on flanks

b', Horns triangular, or partly so,
in section

4. Horns inserted close together,
a. Horns large in male, small,
usually mere spikes, in female.
a. Males inodorous; horns curved
at sides of head.
a. Horns in male with a cir-
cular or spiral curve
6°. Horns in male curved in
an 8. , fe “3
b°. Males tron horns ascend-
ing spirally, or scimitar-
shaped... e:

6’. Horns small, not longer ean
head not differing except in
size, in the two sexes.

a’. Adult horns directed straight
back over the head.
a. Horns angulatein front...
b*. Horns circular in section.
a’. Size larger; face
glands present
b*. Size smaller; face
glands absent a
b*. Adult horns bent down-
wards, then outwards, and
finally upwards
B.—Horns in male only.
a. Size large; male with two horns ;
a long tail
b. Size small; male usually with four
_horns ; a hoe tail
IL.—Horns with prominent rings at sub-
equal intervals.
10

I. Brsos
Il. PorPHaGus,

III. Busauuvs.

IV. Ovis.

V. PsEupois.

VI. Capra.

VII. HEmITRAGUS.

. VIII. Capricornis.

IX. NEMORHZEDUS

X. BuDORGCAS.

XI. BoSELAPHUS.

XII. TETRACEROS.

74; JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII.

A.—Adult horns much longer than
head ; females hornless.
a. Horns spiral ; muzzle not swollen. XIII. ANTILOPE.
6. Horns straight ; muzzle swollen... XIV. PANTHOLOPS.
B.—Adult horns scarcely longer than
head; female sometimes with
horns!) 27 WEBI ba deakes ... XV, GAZELLA.

Gen. I.—Bizos.

Blanford includes in the genus Bos all the five subgenera re-
cognised by Lydekker but Thomas supports me in the view that
the three subgenera (Bos is limited to Europe, and Bison to Ameri-
ca) represented in India should be treated as full genera.

The species frontalis I retain
because a wild specimen is
claimed as having been killed in

No. 338. gaurus,H. Smith. Tenasserim. The name sondaicus,

No. 339. frontalis, Lamb. = Miiller and Schlegel must give place

No. 340. sondaicus, M.& 8S. to banteng, Raff. which is older by

ten years, Lydekker divides gau-
rus and banteng into a number of subspecies. The whole may be
arranged in a key as follows :—

Key to the forms of Brsos.

A.—Horns turning inwards at the tips.
a. No white on back of thighs; no
horny mass between the horns.
a*. Intercornual ridge rising in a pro-
minent forwardly inclined arch.
a. Generally no dewlap; no throat

fringe; colour olive black ... 1. g. gaurus, H. Sm.
b. A distinct dewlap and throat
fringe ; colour darker ... 2.g. read, Lyd.

6:. Intercornual ridge forming a less
prominent and less forwardly
inclined arch, which may be
entirely absent ... ee ... 3.9. hubbacki, Lyd.
6. A large white disc on back of
thighs; a horny mass connecting
the horns; coat unicolor ... ... 4. bant. birmanicuss
Lyd.
B.—Horns not, or scarcely, turning inwards
ab ulster ee sa .. 9. frontalis, Lamb.

SUMMARY OF THE INDIAN MAMMAL SURVEY. 75

DISTRIBUTION :—

“1. B. gaurus gaurus, H. Smith. Type locality :—‘ India.”
Other localities :—Rajputana;
Central Provinces; Western Ghats;
Kanara ; Mysore ; Travancore ; Nepal;
Bhutan Duars; Assam (B. M.);
Kanara; Coorg (M.S. I.).
Type :—Unknown.
2. B. gaurus readi, Lydek- Type locality :—Burma. (Read).
« ker, Other localities :—Burma; Tenas-
serim (B. M.).
Type:—In Mr. Read’s collection

in 1913.
3. B. gaurus hubbacki, Type locality:—Pahang, Malay
Lydekker. Peninsula (Hubback).
Other localities :—Malay Peninsula.
(B. M.).

Type :—B. M. No. 7. 11. 27.1.

4. B. banteng birmanicus, Type locality :—Burma.
Lydekker. » Other localities :—Burma (B.M.).
Type :—B. M. No. 79.11.21.16.

on 9B. frontalis, Lambert. Type locality :—Tipperah.
Other localities :—Tenasserim (feral);
Assam (semi-domesticated) (B. M.).
Type :—Unknown.

Gen. I1.—PorpHacus.
No. 341. grunniens, L. The only species of the genus.
DISTRIBUTION :—

P. grunniens, Linneeus. Type locality :—Thibet.
Other localities :—Sikkim ; Thibet
Ladak (B. M.).

Type :—Unknown.

Gen. IIJ.—BuBa.uvs.

No. 342. bubalus, L. This is the only Indian species,.
(Blanford wrongly spells it bubalus),

but Lydekker recognises three subspecies which he distinguishes.
as follows :—
| Key to the subspecies of B. bubalis, L.
A.—Colour blackish.

a. Horns crescentic, or subcircular ... 1. 6. bubalis, L.
b. Horns directed mainly outwards ... 2. b. macroceros,
Hodgs.

*B.—Colour brown dun” ... eC ... 8. 6. fulous, Blanf.

76 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII.

(DISTRIBUTION :-—
1. B. bubalis' bubalis, Type locality:—Rome, Italy (do-
Linneeus. mesticated).

Other localities :—Assam.
Type :—Unknown.
2. B. bubalis macroceros, Type locality :—Assam.
Hodgson. Other localities :—Central Assam
(B. M.).
Type :—Not traced.
3. B. bubalis fulvus, Type locality :—Mishmi Hills,

Blanford. Assam (Hume).
Other localities :—Mishmi Hills (B. »

Co-types :—B. M. No. 91.8.7.215, &
in the Indian Museum, Calcutta.
Lectotype :—B. M. No. 91.8.7.215.
Note :—I believe the wild buffalo is found over considerable areas
an the Central Provinces, etc., but I can find no record of any specumen
from that part of India in either the British Museum (including
the Hume Collection), or the Indian Museum, Calcutta.

Gen. [V.—Ovis.

No. 343. hodgsoni, Bl. Lydekker treats the first two as
No. 344. pols, BI. subspecies of ammon, l., revives
No. 345. vigner, Bl. cycloceros, and names a new form,

punjabiensis, as subspecies of wignet.
‘These five forms may be arranged in a key as follows :—

Key to the forms of OVIs.

A.—Size small, 32-36 inches high at the
shoulder ; a long-haired and parti-
ally (or wholly) black throat ruff;
no nuchal or dorsal crest; tips of
horns turning mainly inwards.
a. Horns curving nearly in one plane
and tending to form a circle.
a. Size larger, reaching 36 inches
at shoulder; much black in
ruff, which is small ... ... L. v. vigner, Bly.
6. Size smaller, reaching 32 inches
at shoulder; ruff strongly
developed “ide . 2. v. punjabiensis,
Lyd.
6. Horns turning outward at tips,
forming an incipient spiral ... 3. v. cycloceros, Hutt.

SUMMARY OF THE INDIAN MAMMAL SURVEY, 77

B.—Size large, 46-48 inches at shoulder;
throat ruff, when present, wholly
white, yellowish, or greyish;
generally a dark nuchal, and some-
times a dorsal, crest; tips of horns
markedly everted.

a. Tips of horns but slightly everted;
the whole forming about one com-

plete circle.. ‘ .. 4. a. hodgsoni, Bly
b. Horns slender, foie an “opait and
outwardly extended spiral... .. 0. a. poli, Bly.

DISTRIBUTION :—

1. O. vignei vigner, Blyth. Type locality :—Astor (Vigne).
Other localities :—Ladak (B. M.).
Type :-—Unknown.
2. O. vigner punjabiensis, Type locality :—Salt Range, Punjab:
Lydekker. (Hume).
Other localities :—Salt Range, and
Akhor Hills, Punjab (B. M.).
Type :-— B. M. No. 12.10.31.65.
. O. vignei cycloceros, Hut- Type locality :—Afghanistan.
ton. Other localities :—Afghanistan ; Ba-
luchistan ; Waziristan (B. M.)
Type :—Not traced. (Type of blan-
fordi, Hume B. M. No. 12. 10. 31. 71.)
4. O. ammon hodgsoni, Type locality :—Thibet. (Hodgson).
Blyth. Other localities :—Ladak ; Sikkim ;
Thibet (B. M.)
Type :—B. M. No, 45.1.8.150.
5. O. ammon poli, Blyth. Type locality :—Syr Daria, Pamirs.
Other localities :—Altai Plateau ;.
Karakol ; Togdumbash ; Pamirs (B.M.)
Type :—B. M. No. 79.11.21.20.

o

©

Gen. V.—PSEUDOIS.

No. 346. nahura, Gray. The only species in the genus.
Hodgson called it mnahoor five or
six years before Gray published
the name nahura.

DISTRIBUTION :—

P.- nahoor, Hodgson. Type locality :--Northern Nepal
(Hodgson).

78 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XXVII,

Other localities :—Ladak ; Barinda
Pass, Punjab; Garwhal; Kumaon ;
Nepal; Sikkim (B. M.); Sikkim

Ripe s—B, iM. No,. 43: emeeE
(skull and horns 4:3.1.26.12.),

Gen. VI.—CapRA.

luydekker accepts the name
No. 347. @gagrus,Gmel. —_blythi, Hume, for the Persian Wild-
No. 348. sibirica, Mey. goat, ranking it however as a sub-
No. 349. falconert, Wagn. speciesof hircus, L. The Ibex and
Markhor are well marked forms,
‘but they have been split into a large number of subspecies, based to
a great extent on the size and shape of the horns, characters which
vary considerably and are most difficult to describe. Lydekker re-
cognises seven of these subspecies, wiz., four of the one and five of
the other, but confesses his inability to arrange them in any kind
of key, I, too, have therefore omitted these forms from my key,
but have entered them separately under the heading DISTRIBUTION.
The three main forms may be distinguished as follows :—

Key to the forms of CAPRA.

A.—Horns scimitar-shaped; beard long,
and restricted to the chin.
a. Front side of horns compressed to an

edge ee gate a ... 1. hircus blyth, Hume.
b. Front side of horns wide, flattened... 2. sibirica group.
B.-—Horns spirally twisted oe ... 3. falconert group.

DISTRIBUTION :—
1. C. horcus blythi, Hume. Type locality :—Sind.
Other localities :—Khirtan Hills,
Uric Hill, Surjun Hills, and Mekran
Hills, Sind; Baluchistan (B. M.).
Type :—B. M. No. 12. 10. 31. 62.
2 (a). C. sabsrica wardi, Type locality :—Nanga Parbat, Bal-
Lydekker. tistan (Ward).
Other localities :—Baltistan (B. M.).
Type -—B. M. No. 0. 6. 2551,
2 (b) C. sabirica skyn, Type locality :—North and LHast
Wagner. Kashmir.
Other localities :—Tillel Valley and
Sind Valley, Kashmir; Wardwan;
Khagan Valley, Hazara (B. M.).
Type :—Unknown.

SUMMARY OF THE INDIAN MAMMAL SURVEY, 79

Note :—Lydekker uses Blyth’s name, viz., “‘sakeen’’ but Blyth never
published a descruption of that name, consequently Wagner’s name,
although confessedly based on the animal intended by Blyth, must stand,

2 (c). C. sibirica pedri, Type locality :—Gilgit.

Lorenz. Other localities :—Chitral (B, M.).
Type :—In Vienna Museum,
2 (d). C. sibirica fiippu, Type locality :—Lahoul.
Camerano, Other localities :—Spiti ; Upper Sut-
le) Valley (B. M.).
Type :—In Turin Museum,
3 (a). C. falconert falcon- Type locality :—Astor.
ert, Wagner. Other localities :—Astor ; Baltistan ;
Indus Valley (B. M.).
Type :—Unknown.
3 (b). C. falconert cashmir- Type locality :—Pir Panjal, Kash-
iensis, Lydekker. mir.
Other localities :—Pir Panjal (B.M.).
Lectotype :—B. M, No. 12.10.31.54.
3 (ce). C. falconert mega- Type locality :—N. Afghanistan.
ceros, Hutton. Other localities :—Afghanistan Ba-
luchistan (B. M.).
Type :—Not traced.
3 (d). C. falconeri jerdoni, Type locality:—Suleman Range,
Hume. Punjab,
Other _ localities:—Dehra Ismail
Khan and Sheikh Budin, Punjab
(B. M.).
Lectotype :—B. M. No. 12.10.81.52.
3 (e). C. falconert chialta- Type localixy:—Chialtan Hills,
nensis, Lydekker. Baluchistan. (Appleton).
Other localities :—None.
Type :—B. M. No, 138. 3. 15. 1.

Gen. VII.— HeEmITRAGUS.

No. 350. jemlaicus, H. Sm. The name of the Tahr was first
No. 351. hylocrius, Ogil. written jemlanicus and then twice
corrected to jemlahicus by H. Smith.

The two species may be distinguished as follows :—

Key to the species of HEMITRAGUS,

A.—Horns flattened externally ; mammez

four +. ¢. ae ae ~ ... 1. jemlahicus, H. Sm.
B.—Worns convex externally; mamme

TWO6 oa cs me a ee ... 2. hylocrius, Og.

80 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVIT

DISTRIBUTION :-—

1. H. jemlahicus, H. Smith. Type locality :—Jemia Hills, Nepal.
Other localities :—Kulu; Sutle)
Valley ; Garwhal; Kumaon; Nepal 5.
Sikkim (B. M.).
Type :—B. M. No. 886.1. -
2. H. hylocrius, Ogilby. Type locality:—Nilgiri Hills,
Madras.
Other localities :—Nilgiris; Travan-
core (B. M.).
Type :—B. M. No. 55.12. 24, 291.

Gen. VII[.—Capricornis.

Pocock in a paper published in 1908 (A. M. N. H. (8) i, p. 183)
discussed the question of the proper generic names of the Serows
and Gorals, and decided that GApriconnis must be used for the
former and NEMOR# DCS for the latter.

No. 352. bubalinus, Hodgs. Pocock in 1913 (J. B.N. H.S.

No. 353. swmatrensis, Shaw. xxii, p. 296) reviewed the distin-

euishable forms of this genus,
and recorded his reasons for treating them all as subspecies of
sumatrensis. The following is adapted from his key, viz. :—

Key to the forms of C. sumatrensis.

A.—Head, body, and limbs not all red.
a. Head, and body brownish black or
black.
a’. Legs white or dirty white below
the knee.
a. Belly only a little paler than the
sides, their colours blending ;
much less white on the ye
throat, and breast... . ‘1..s. thar, Hodgs.
b’. Belly white, sharply Ce
with the onions brown of the
sides; much white on chest,
and alone lower jaw.. : 2. Ss. rodont, Poe:
G. Legs with a Rondon nist SittnG
of rusty or yellow below the
knees and hocks.
a. Legs below knees ‘and hocks all
rusty ; body brownish black... 3. s. mlne-edwards?,
7 ‘Dav.

SUMMARY OF THE INDIAN MAMMAL SURVEY. 81

b’. Legs below knees and hocks
rusty fawn; knees and fetlocks
white ; body jet black --. 4. 8. gamrachi, Poc.
b. Head pale chocolate brown, body
probably that colour also, and legs
probably white below the knee 5. 8. humei, Poc.
B.—Head, body, and limbs all red ... 6. s. rubsdus, Bl.

DISTRIBUTION :—

1. C. sumatrensis thar, Type locality :—Nepal. (Hodgson).
Hodgson. Other -localities :—Sutle} Valley,
Kumaon ; Nepal; Sikkim (B. M.).
Lectotype :-—B. M. No. 43.1.12.89.
2. C. sumatrensis rodom, Type locality:—Chamba State,
Pocock. Punjab. (Rodon).
Other localities :—None.
Type :—B. M. No. 2. 12. 11. 1.
3. C. sumatrensis milne- Type locality :—Moupin, Sze Chuen.
edwardsi, David. Other localities :—Sze Chuen ; Pegu ;
Moulmein; Mount Muleyit; ‘Tenasse-
rim (B. M,); N. Shan States ; Pegu
GS-1):
Type :—Perhaps in Paris Museum.
A. O. sumatrensisjamrachi, Type locality :—Kalimpong, Darjil-
Pocock. ing.
Other localities :—Kursiong, Dar-
jiling (B.M.).
Type :—2. 10. 12. 1.

5. C. sumatrensis humei, Type locality :—Kashmir. (Hume,.
Pocock. Other localities :—Pir Panjal, Kash

mir (B. M.).
Type :—B. M. No. 91. 8. 7. 65.
6. C. sumacrensis rubidus, Type locality :—Arakan.
Blyth Other localities :—Arakan (B. M.)
Type :—Not traced.

Gen. [IX.—NEMORHADUS.

In the paper quoted above, Pocock
No. 354. goral, Hardw. recognises three species which he
distinguishes as follows :—

Key to the species of NEMORHZEDUS.

A.—Tail shorter, about three inches long,
exclusive of hair ; black stripe on foreleg
passing over the knee, down the middle of
the cannon bone, to the fetlock.

11

82 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII, ~

a. General colour grey or fawn-grey,
more or less suffused with black;
spinal stripe absent, or not passing
beyond withers; no stripe down
middle of tail, and none on back

OMe TeouKeAGy ese. ... 1. goral, Hardw.
- 6. General colour Tereoreret suffused with
black; spinal stripe reaching at least
to the croup; a black stripe down

tail; blackish on back of thigh ... 2. hodgsont, Poe.
B.—Tail longer, about five inches without
hair; black stripe on foreleg not
passing over knee, but turning down

outer side of cannon bone ... ... 3. griseus, M. Edw.
DISTRIBUTION :—
1. N. goral, Hardwicke. Type locality :—Western Himalaya.

Other localities :—Kashmir; Dhar-
amsala, Punjab; Garwhal; Kumaon
(BEML).
Type :—Not traced. (Type of Uro-
tragus bedfordi, Lyd. B. M. No, 97.
4.3.1).
2. N. hodgsoni, Pocock. Type locality :—Sikkim. (Blanford-
Mandell).
Other localities :—Nepal (B. M.).
Type :—B. M. No. 91. 10. 7. 169.
3. N. griseus, Milne- Type locality :—Moupin, Sze Chuen.
Edwards. Other localities :—Arakan, Upper
Burma (B. M.).
Type :—In Paris Museum.

Gen. X.—BuporRcas.

Blanford does not include this animal in his Fauna, though he
mentions it (Mamm. p. 515, 1891) as occurring in the Mishmi
Hills. More recently it has been obtained in Bhutan. The Sze
Chuen form may still be found within our hmits. The three forms
which interest us may be distinguished as follows :—

Key to the forms of Buporcas.
A.—Dorsal stripe extending from. ocviput

to tail; ears, and entire eG in front of
them, iiacle

SUMMARY OF THE INDIAN MAMMAL SURVEY 83

a. Rather larger; paler, with large

dun saddle Ey. 1. ¢. taxicolor, Hodgs.
b. Rather smaller ; decked, Aa eayailer
saddle is ... 2. ¢. whiter, Lyd.

B.—Dorsal stripe not extending “forward
of the withers; black on head confined
to back of ears, a ring round each eye,
face in front of same, and tip of chin... 3. tibetana, M. Edw.

(DISTRIBUTION :—
1. B. taxicolor taxicolor, Type locality :—Mishmi Hills.
Hodgson. Other localities :—Mishmi Hills
(B. M.).
Co-types :—B. M. Nos. 53.8.16.9,
79.11.21.11 and 662.
Lectotype :—B.M. No. 79.11.21.662.
2. B. taxicolor whiter, Type locality :—Bhutan (J. Claude
Lydekker. White).
Other localities :—Bhutan (B. M.).
Type :—B.M. No. 6. 8. 24. 1.
3. B. tibetana, Milne- Type locality :—Moupin, Sze Chuen.
Edwards. Other localities :—Sze Chuen (B. M.)

Type :—In Paris Museum.
Gen. XI.—BosELAPHUS.

No. 355. tragocamelus, Pall. The only species of the genus.

(DISTRIBUTION :-—
_B. tragocamelus, Pallas. Type locality :—Plains of India.
Other localities :—-Central India;
, Central Provinces ; Oudh (B. M.).
Type :—Unknown.
Gen. XIJ.—TETRACEROS.
No. 356. quadricornis, The only species of the genus.
Blainv.

(DISTRIBUTION :—

T. quadricornis, Blainville. Type locality :—Plains of India.
Other localities :—Kathiawar ; Cen-
tral India; Central Provinces ;
Southern Mahratha Country ; Eastern

84 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVIZ.

Ghats, Madras (B. M.); Berars ; Cen-
tral Provinces ; Dharwar (M. 5S. L.)..

Type :-—B. M. No. 884.¢. (skull
A3.a.).

Gen. XII1..—ANTILOPE.

No. 357. cervicapra, L. The only species of the genus..
DISTRIBUTION :—
A. cervicapra, Linneus. Type locality :—Plains of India.

Other localities :—Punjab; Kathia-
war; Rajputana; Central India;
Dharwar (B. M.); Sind; Kathiawar ;,
Khandesh ; Coorg (M.S. I).

Type :—Unknown.

Gen. XI V.—PANTHOLOPS.

No. 358. hodgsom, Abel. The only species of the genus...

DISTRIBUTION :—

P. hodgsoni, Abel. Type locality :—Hundes District,
Thibet.
Other localities :—Thibet ; Ladak;
Sikkim; Kumaon (B. M.).
Type :—Unknown.

Gen. X V.—GAZELLA.

The name subgutiurosa has been

No. 359. bennetti, Sykes. restricted to the Yarkhand, &c., forms

No. 360. subgutturosa, and the name seistanica, Lyd., pro-

Giild. vided for the form from Baluchistan,

No. 3861. picticaudata, &c. The three forms may be dis-
Hodgs. tinguished as follows :—

Key to the species of GAZELLA.

A.—Females horned ; horns of males not
turned in at tip; face stripes dis- '
tinct : nh a . 1. bennette, Sykes.

B.—Females hornless; horns of males
turned in at tip.

SUMMARY OF THE INDIAN MAMMAL SURVEY. 55

a. Face stripes present ; no caudal disk. 2. seistanica, Lyd.
b. Face stripes absent; white caudal
disk bt; ao ee ... 3. picticaudata,
Hodgs.

DISTRIBUTION :—

1. G. bennetti, Sykes. Type locality :—Dekhan. (Sykes).
Other localities :—Sind ; Punjab;
Rajputana ; Central India; Nepal;
Bengal (B. M.); Sind; Cutch; Ka-
thiawar; Central India; Central Pro-
vinces ; Khandesh (M. S. I.).
Co-types :—B. M. Nos. 42.8.6.9 «
10. (Type of christy, Blyth. B. M.
No. 617.a.).
Lectotype :-—B. M. No. 42.8.6.9.
2. -G. seistanica, Lydekker. Type locality :—Seistan.
: Other localities :—Seistan.
Type :-—B. M. No. 10.1.22.2.
3. G. picticaudata, Hodgs. Type locality :—Hundes District,
Thibet.
Other localities:—Thibet ; Ladak ;
Sikkim (B. M.).
Type :—B. M. No. 48.6.11.19.

(To be continued.)

86

NOTES ON INDIAN BUTTERFLIKS.

(Continued from Vol. XXVI, Page 1023.)
BY

Lr.-Cot. W. H. Evans, F.Z.S., F.E.S.

19. Fruhstorfer in ‘Iris ” or ‘‘ Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift ”’
No. 27, p. 172, 1914, gives new names to certain Rapalas, viz., varuna gabe—
nia for the Assam race, said to be paler than others: nissa tacola for the
Assam race of the W. Himalayan niesa, Kollar.

90. There is a paper called “ Ubersicht der Lyczeniden” by Fruhstorfer
in the “ Berlin Entomologische Zeitschrift’? No. 56, p. 198, 1911-12, which
has not been brought to the notice of Indian Lepidopterists; it appeared
at the same time as the “ Lepidoptera Indica,” vols. 7 & §.

(1). Four varieties of Poritia hewitsoni, M, are given: principalis, the
ordinary form: interjecta with the orange spot very large; nigrita, a very
dark form ; palilia, an extreme dry season form, very bright blue above
and bluish gray below.

(2). Poritia erycinoides, Fd, is confined to Sumatra, where it has 3 named
varieties; the race flying from Tenasserim to Siam is phraatica, Hew,

(3). The Burmese race of the Bornean Poritia phalia, Hew, is described
as binghami from the figure in Bingham’s “ Butter-flies of India, etc,” a
somewhat dangerous course ; potina, Hew, is the Malayan race.

(4). The genus Zarona is sunk to Deramas, Dist. and jasoda, DeN, placed
as a race of livens, Dist. from Perak.

(5), The genus Arrhenotrix is sunk to Dacalana, while the following are
sunk to Zajuria, Charana, Ops, Britomartis, Bullis, Remelana and Cophanta.
This, in my opinion, is a good thing, as the differences are not very pro-

ounced.

(6). The N. Indian race of the 8. Indian Camena deva, M, is called

.gada, Fruh.

(7). Camena lucida, Druce, from Borneo is put as the name type
of what we used to call cippus, Fab, and now call argentea : argentea, Aur,
is the S. Indian race and minturna, Fruh, the N. Indian.

(8) The Indian races of the Javan Tajuria jalindra, Hors, are given as:
indra, M, N. India: macanita, Fruh, S. India: tarpina, Hew, Andamans.

(9) The Ceylon race of Tajuria cippus, Fab, from Continental India, is
given as longinus, Fab ; thus we get back a familiar name.

(10). The dry season form of Tajuria maculata, Hew, is called albipicta,
Fruh.

(11). Tajuria megistia, Hew, is stated to be Sumatran and the Indian
races are: yajna, Doh, from Kumaon: istroidea, DeN. from Sikkim, based
on a dry season form: thria, Den, from Tenasserim. The inference is that.
Fruhstorfer considers that, what we call istroidea and megistia at present,
are seasonal forms of the same species; this does not seem correct.

(12). The Indian race of the Javan Aphneus syama, Hors, is given as
orissana, M. Aphneus zoilus, M, is treated as a distinct species, of which
zebrinus, M, is probably a race.

(13). Aphneus lohita, Hors, was described from Java and the Indian ra-
ces are said to be: himalayanus,M, N. EH. India; concanus, M, South
India; lazularia, M, Ceylon: seliga, Fruh, Tenasserim.

(14). <Aphneus vulcanus, Fab, is given from Sikkim, 8. India and Ceylon
with race bracteatus, But, from the N. W. Himalayas to Mhow.

NOTES ON INDIAN BUTTERFLIES. 87

(15). Aphneus ictis, Hew,is given from Ceylon, with the following
races: maximus, El, from Burma; lunulifera, M, from Sikkim; khur-
danus, M, from Bengal and S. India; trifurcata, M, from the N. W. Hima-
layas, of which uniformis, M, and elima. M, are names for the dry season
form.

(16). <Aphneus fusca, M, is treated as a species.

(17). Loxura atymnus, Cr, is from S. India with races: arcuata, M, from
Ceylon; prabha, M, from S. India with Andamans: continentalis, Fruh, from
Sikkim to Burma, the dry season form being mahara, Fruh.

(18). The Indian race of the Javan Sithon nedymond, Cr, is called
ismarus, Fruh.

(19). The Indian races of the Javan Sinthusa nasaka, Hors, are pallidior,
Fruh, W. Himalayas and obscurata, Fruh, E. Himalayas and presumably
Burma,

(20). Sinthusa chandrana, M, is the form from W. China and the W.
Himalayas with race grotei, M, from Sikkim to Burma.

(21). Sinthusa amba, Kir, is given from Perak and Borneo and is said to
be probably a race of nasaka, Hew.

(22). Horaga onyx, M, is given from continental India with races cinga-
lensis, M, Ceylon: moulmeina, M, Burma and rana, DeN, Andamans.

(23). Catapacilma elegans, Iruce, is from Borneo and the Indian races
are major, Druce, N. India and Burma: myosotina, Fruh, 8S. India and Cey-
lon.

(24). The name type of Hypolycena erylus, God, is not from India : hima-
vantus, Fruh, is the race from India and Burma and andamana, M, from the
Andamans.

(25). Hypolycena marciana, Hew, is confined to Sumatra, Borneo, the
Burmese race being miniata, M, Thamala he does not think is worth con-
sidering as a separate genus to Hypolycena.

(26). Bindahara phocides, Fab, is given from Sikkim to Burma: race
moorei, Fruh, from Ceylon and race areca, Fd, from the Nicobars. Race
sugriva, Hors, which is a familiar name to us, is the Javan form.

(27). The dry season form of Ticherra acte, M, is called idina, Fruh.

(28). Cherita freja, Fab, is given from Sikkim to Burma, with race
pseudo-jaffra, M, from 8. India and Ceylon.

(29). Marmessus lisias, Fab, is from Cochin China, the Burmese race
being boisduvali, M, of which the dry season form is alcira, Fruh. Marmes-
sus moore, M, is said not to occur in India. j

(30). Biduanda fabricii, Doh, is placed as a race of the Malayan species
thesmia, M.

(31). Biduanda martina, Hew, is a race of the Javan hypoleuca, Hew, The
genera Manto and Drupadia are sunk to Biduanda.

(32). Ilerda epicles, God, is Javan: the Indian race is indicus, Fruh, the
dry season form being indica, Fruh, and the wet season form latilimbata,
Fruh, while rufonotata, Fruh, is a variety with very wide red markings.

(33). Rapala manea, Hew, is a butterfly found in the Celebes, with an
Indian race, grisea, M, which is found from Kangra to Burma. The male
has no brand; itis metallic blue above and below the discal band is
very narrow. This is what we have called varuna, Hors, the type
of which came from Java. I[ should think that the Indian form 1s much
more likely to be conspecific with the Javan than the Celebesian
form, but Fruhstorfer says varuna is a species not occurring In India.

(34) Rapala deliochus, Hew, is put as a race of the Javan kessiima,
Hors.

(35) Rapala nissa, Koll, is confined to the Western Himalayas and
Sikkim, rectivitia, M, being the Assam race.

8g JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII,

(86) Rapala xenophon, Fab, is said to be Javan, the Indian race being
suffusa, M. What we have hitherto called xenophon, is said to be dieneces,
Hew, of which intermedius, Std, is the Andaman race.

(37) Rapala melampus, Cr., is confined to S. India and Ceylon and
jarbas, Fab, is the race from N.-E. India and Burma. Fruhstorfer, how-
ever, modifies his views in the reference quoted in Note 19 above, where
he says jarbas is quite distinct and that melampus is a very rare insect
only found in Mussoorie. The. treatment of these two species is rather
a good example of the very sketchy methods adopted by Fruhstorfer.

(38) The genera Virachola and Lehera are sunk to Deudoryx, perhaps a
wise step.

(39) Deudoryx epijarbas, M., is given from S. India and Ceylon, with the
following races: ancus, Fruh, N.-W. Himalayas to Sikkim ; amatius, Fruh,
Assam to Tonkin. Perhaps he does not know that this species occurs in
the Andamans or a name would be at once forthcoming.

(40) Deudoryx perse, Hew, is given from the N.-W. Himalayas to Sikkim :
race ghela, Fruh, 8. India and Ceylon; race maseas, Fruh, Andamans ;
smilis, Hew, was described from East India and is taken to represent the
race from Tenaserim and Malay Peninsula.

(41) Deudoryx skinneri, W. M. & DeN., is considered as the name for a
variety of the female of eryz, L.

21. Innote17 (J. B.N.H.S. XXIII. p. 310) I stated that Ihad no
access to the original descriptions of Papilio echo, Ehrman or Athymy gynea,
Swin. (1) The reference for the latter is wrongly quoted by Swinhoe in
Lep. Ind. and I spent some time at the B. M. searching for the description
in vain: I now find that Fruhstorfer in the Macrolepidoptera places it as
the Perak race of the Bornean ambra, Steg. (2) Papilio echo is stated to be
very similar to boofes, Wd, but there are no spots on the tail and all the
crimson markings above and below are much reduced; the upper median
cell of the hindwing below bearsa faint red streak in the place of the
white spot; the tails are longer than in janaka, M., but not so long as in
bootes, Wd. The type specimen isin Mr. Ehrman’s collection at Pitts-
burg and was obtained by the late Bernhard Gerard in the Khasi Hills.
Jordan in the Macrolepidoptera places echo as — nigricans, Roth, the
W. China race of bootes. (3) In my list of Indian Butterflies J. B.N.H.S.
XXI, I omitted 2 Papilios given by Jordan in the Macrolepidoptera as
occurring in Indian limits: they are evemon albociliatis, Fruh, from
Assam and the Shan States, a species between doson, Fd., and ewrypylus, L.
(4) The second is arycles, Bdv., from the Shan States, like agammemnon, L.
but tailless.

22. Col. Swinhoe has described several new forms in the Annals and
Magazine of Natural History.

(1) Elymnias merula, Swin, from Kandy. As hecate, But, N. Borneo,
but on the hindwing below there is a prominent whitish blue spot below
the middle of the costa (xvi, 171). Thisis sure to turn out a variety of
fraterna, M.

(2) Hypolimnas curiosa, Swin, from Starn,C.P. This is obviously a
sport of bolina, L. (xvi, 171).

(8) Jamides alocina, Swin., from Haipaw, Yet Sank, Shan States. It is
a milky white insect, tinged with lavender blue. A long description is
given, but nothing is mentioned as to how it differs from the other species
in this difficult genus. (xxi, 171).

(4). Rapala nissa nissoides, Swin,, from the same locality as the last,
whence a long series was obtained. The discal patch on the forewing above
is said to be large, bright and square in shape, while the anal ocellus on
the hindwing below is minute. (xvi, 171).

NOTES ON INDIAN BUTTERFLIES, 89

(5). Astictopterus quadripunctatus, Swin, Khasi Hills. Above as olivas-
cens, M, larger: there are two subapical white dots on the forewing above
and three below. (xvi, 171).

(6). In xviii, 209, Swinhoe describes the females of Bullis buto, DeN
from the Khasi Hills and Zajuria drucei, Swin, from Haipaw, Shan
States.

(17). Isamia noblei is the name Swinhee gives toa butterfly caught by
Noble in Rangoon in 1887 and figured as irawada, var, by Moore in Lep.
Ind. pl. 47. le. (xviii, 481). This is merely a variety of splendens,
But.

(9). Jsamia eclecta, Swio, from Palone, Burma, eaughtin June 1887.
There is a long description, but no comparison with any other insect. (xix,
331). This will certainly be a variety of some well-known form, probably
splendens, But.

(8). Arhopala dascia, Swin, from Toungoo, This is said to be rather as
ganesa, M, but darker and is what Watson figured in plate A., fig. 6, J. B.
N.H.S. x., but Watson’s specimen had the tails broken off. (xix, 499).
Watson was too careful an observer to make a mistake about tails; I have
already named his specimens as ganesa watsoni in J. B. N. H. S.xxi, 998.
A, dascia I suspect to be the same as my ellisi described in J. B. N. H.S.
xxiii. 303; my name has priority.

(10). Swinhoe describes the female of his Rapala francesca from Cherra
Poonji. (xx. 158).

(11). Cyrestis atosia, Swin, from Maymyo. (Graham, presumably the
late Major G. H. Graham) said to resemble irme, Forbes, from Sumatra ;
it belongs to the menalis group, which is represented in India by the nivea
group. Swinhce states that Bingham in his “ Butterflies of India” figured
nivalis, Fd. from Java instead of the very distinct nivea, Z. S., which has
a broad black costal border from the base to the apex of the forewing. In
atosia the band is similar, but the transverse lines are dark chocolate brown
- (xx, 408). It seems to be very near to nivea, and I think will prove to be
a mere variety of nivalis.

(12). Neptis ancus, Swin, from Toungoo (Graham). Resembles clinia from
the Andamans, but above the markings are larger, the submarginal band is
pure white, while on the forewing below, the cell streak is narrower and
the subapical spots are joined together (xx, 408). This is probably a
seasonal form of susruta, M. ‘

(13). Tacupacuriosa, Swin, Naga Hills (Graham: 3 males). Tacupa 18
anew genus in the group Astictopterine. The specimens were named
Watsoniella swinhei, El, but are generically distinct. In describing the
genus, Zacuma, Swinhce does not mention how it differs from any other
genus, nor does he say how curiosa differs from any other species. It is said
to be a chocolate black insect, very dark and uniform, the veins promi-
nent, below it is paler, the outer and hind margins of the forewing being
paler still (xx, 408). ,

23, Lord Rothschild gives us some interesting notes on the Morphine
or what he calls Amathusiide.

(1). In Novitates Zoologicz xxiii, ne figures a male Stictopthalma from
Kindat, Burma, which he considers to be sparta, DeN, and states that sparta
is a distinct species and not a race of howqua, as considered by Fruhstorfer.
In N. Z. xxv, he names the Stictopthalma caught by Col. Tytler at Sebong,
Manipur, tytleri, Roth and considers that the male he previously figured
from Burma belongs to this species and not to sparta, which is a distinct
species between howqua, Wd, and louisa W. M. As far as I know De Ni-
ceville’s type of sparta remains unique, but I believe that time will show
that tytleri=sparta.

12

90 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII.

(2). The form of Hnispe euthymius, Db, from Burma, Siam and the Malay
Peninsula is separated as race intermedia, Roth ; itis intermediate between
euthymius and durania, Fruh. (N. W. xxiil)

(3). Thauria lathyi, Fruh, described from Tonkin is a species distinct
from aliris, Wd, described from Borneo. 1n Burma we have aliris interme-
dia, Crowley, from N. Burma; aliris pseudaliris, But, from S. Burmah and
Tenasserim ; lathyi amplifascia, Roth, from South and Central Burma and
Tenasserim. In Toungoo the two species occur together; intermedia differs
from amplifascia in that the oblique light bands are wider and the male has
very conspicuous cellular androconial tufts. (N. Z. xxiii and A. M.N. H.
Xvli, 474).

(4). Stictopthalma camadeva nagaensis, Roth, from the Naga Hills. Much
paler than camadeva, Wd, or camadeovides, DeN, and at once conspi-
cuous by the golden yellow costa and small chevrons on the forewing ;
below all the transverse lines are much straighter. (N. Z. xxiii).

(5). In A. M.N. H. xvii, 474, Stictopthalma godfreyi, Roth, is described
as a new species from Siam, near cambodia, Hew, from Cambodia. Mr. O. C,
Ollenbach obtained aspecimen of godfreyi from Taungshaun, Taung. Tavoy,
caught on May 17th,1917. A forewing of the same species was picked
up by Mr. Ollenbach in the neighbourhood of Tavoy in February 1918.
Godfreyi is a very distinct species of the size of camadeva, Wd, the ground
colour above being very dark brown; there is a double postdiscal row of
large white spots, terminating on the costa in a large white patch: along
the termen there are a series of chestnut coloured chevrons. Below the
ground colour is a dark fulvous ; there are two ocelli on the forewing and
three on the hindwing.

24. Dr, Chapman in Novitates Zoologice xxii. p. 80, gives an analysis
of the genus Curetis based on an examination of the male genitalia. The
thetis section has the harpe soft and hairy and contains the following
species ; (1). thefts, Drury, from N. India to the Malay Peninsula ; (2).
phedrus, Fab, always paler, from Bengal to Ceylon; (3). saronis, M, from the
Andamans, with race nicobarica, Swin, fromthe Nicobars and race gloriosa,
M, from Sylhet to Burma ;in saronis the postdiscal line is always distinct,
while the lunules between veins 5and 6 on the forewing hardly project
beyond the others as they do in thefts. In the bulis group the harpe is
smooth and hard ; below the bands are not parallel to the margin as they
are in the thefis group, this group contains the following species: (1) bulis,
Db and Hew, from the N. W. Himalayas to Malayana, with felderi, Dist, as
possiblya race fromS, Tenasserim and the Malay Peninsula ; (2) sperthis, Fd,
from Malayana and not recorded from India ; (5) acuta, M, differing from bulas
in having a constantly smaller edagus while there is always a dark tooth
projecting from the dark costal border into the discal red area ; paracuta,
DeN, is given as the Chinese race, acuta occurring in N. India and Burma,
while dentata, M, stigmata. M, and angulata,M, are treated as synonyms.
This is a very useful analysis, but I donot understand acuta, which was
described from China and paracuta from Japan; acuta isthe oldest name
and might represent the Chinese race, while dentata would be the name
for the Indian race. Again thetis—phedrus isthe name usually given
to the form from South India and Ceylon, while gloriosa, M, is the N.
Indian and Burmese species: I do not know where the types of thetis or
phedrus came from :—

25. A good deal has been written about the genus Parnassius lately:
the more important papers are :—

(a) Novitates Zoologice, xxv, p. 218. Catalogue of the Parnassiine.

(b). Trans. Ent, Soc., 1915, p. 351—360. Some new forms of Parnas-
eius by A. Avinoff,

NOTES ON INDIAN BUTTERFLIES. or

(c) Jahrbuch des Nassavischen vereins fur Naturkunde lxv, p. 4, some:
notes by Bryk. ;

Lpropose to give an up-to-date list of the Indian and S. Thibet forms
culled from these sources, referring to them by their letters when neeee
sary.

(1). Hypermnestra helios balucha, M : Verity says balucha—maxima Gr.Gr.,
but the B. M. type is a good deal smaller. (a).

- ae Parnassius jacquemontii. Bdl, (‘‘Himalaya’”’). Nashing La & Chita
adak.

r. himalayensis, El, (Lahoul). Kulu: Nila valley: Tonglon, Sikkim:
Afghanistan? ab. impunctata. Aust. (Sikkim),

r. chitralensis M. (Madaglasht, Chitral).

Avinoff in “Records of the Indian Museum” ix, 880, gives P.
rhodius chitralensis, Verity, from the Shandur Pass, Chitral and
Darkot. I think he means P. jacquemonti chitralensis, M.

(3). Parnassius epaphus, Ober. (Kashmir). Skoro La.

. phariensis, Avinoff. Phari jong, 8. Thibet.

. sikkimensis, El. (Kamba Jong, Chumbi Valley)

. unnamed, a good deal larger than last. Native Sikkim. (a).

. unnamed, darker, with very large spots. Phari Jong, Tongla

Pass: and Yatsung, Sikkim ? (a),
r. unnamed, a very white form. Chitral. (a).

(4). Parnassius discobolus insignis, Stg. Avinoff in “Records of the
Indian Museum” ix., 330, records this from the Shandur Pass, Chitral ;
I have specimens in my collection referable to this form.

(5). Parnassius hardwickii, Gray, (Ladak). Chitral to Sikkim. No races,
aberrations or seasonal forms are given. (a).

(6). Parnassius delphius stenosemus, Honrath. (Kutie Pass. Ladak).

r. stoliczanus. Fd. (Narka, Rupshu, Ladak).
ab. atkinsont, M. (Pir Parjal, N. Kashmir.)

r. lampidius, Fruh. (Kamba Jong, Chumbi Valley).

r. macdonaldi, Roth. (Yatung, Thibet), between lampidius and albulus
ab styz, Std. (a).

r. unnamed, 1 2 from Kulu, larger than stoliczanus. (a).

r. nicevillei, Avinoff. (b). Burzil pass, Kashmir: Zogila: Kishtwar
Mts. caught by Lt. Brownlow. Between sfoliczanus and atkinsont,
Avinoff has 70 specimens of this form, including two conspicuous.
aberrations one of which is near cardinal, the 3 red ocelli being
very well developed; he names it cardinalia, Avinoff. The
specimens from the Zogi La and the Kishtwar Mts. have the
markings on the hindwing more developed and may be a separate
race.

r. mamaievi, Avinoff. (b} W. Ladak. A member of the staudingeri-
hunza group.

r. workmanni, Avinoff. (b). Saltoro Glacier, Baltistan, caught by
Mrs. F. B. Workman’s expedition. Markings much reduced :
between mamaievi and hunza.

r. hunza. Gr. Gr., (Beik Pass, Hindu Kush).

. chitralica, Verity, (Shandur Pass, Chitral). /

r. kafir. Avinoff. (b). Mountains between Kila Drosh and Kafiristan,
obtained by Mr. A. Smith. No transverse discal band on the
forewing: the shape of the hindwing narrower and angled at
vein 6.

It looks as if every mountain will be found to have its own race:
of delphius, rather reminding one of the land snails in the valleys
of a certain Sandwich Island.

Leg Nike Hole Her |

=

92 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol, XXVII,

(7). Parnassius acco, Gray (Ladak).

r. gemmifer, Fruh, (S. Thibet). Kamba jong (a),

r. baileyi, South. (S. Yatung).

7. hunnyngtoni, Avinoff. (b). Mountains between Sikkim and Thibet
caught by Mr. Hannyngton’s collectors earlyin the year. A very
small form. The dark basal area differs in contour from acco.
where it is irregular about the cell. Inthe male above the dark
markings are very red. Cilia are very long and of the ground
colour. In the female the pouch is shorter than in acco, Avinoff
puts this race as a species distinct from acco..

r. hampsoni, Avinoff. (b). Karakoram.

(8) Parnassius maharaja, Avinoff, (b), Rupshu, 18,000 feet, Chinese
Turkestan and Karakoram. Near cephalus and szechenyi. LI
imagine Rupshu must be the Southern province of Ladak, but
that is a long way from Chinese Turkestan.

(9) Parnassius acdestis, Gr. Gr.

r. rwpshuana, Avinoff, (b).-Rupshu, Chinese Turkestan.

r. ladakensis, Avinoff. (b). one female from Shera La, H. Ladak.

r. latonius, Bryk. Kangoma, near Shigatse, 8. Thibet. A heavily

marked and large form of Acdestis lampidius, Fruh, from Sikkim.

(b).

Acdestis is treated in Seitz “Macrolepidoptera” as a race of delphius.

(10). Parnassius imperator augustus, Frub. (Mountains between Sikkim
and Thibet). Yatung (a).

(11). Parnassius charlionius, Gray. (Ladak). Lahoul. (a).

r. bryki, Haude, (Nilang Pass).

yr. unnamed, Cashmere. A large form (a).

ab. deckerti. Verity. (Chitral). Ladak. (c).

ab. haudei, Bryk, Kashmere. (c).

ab. atroguttata, Bryk. Nilang Pass, Chitral. (c).

r. occidentalis, Bryk. Chitral. (c). Described from one male and
two females.

(12). Parnassius simo, Gray. (Ladak).

r. acconus, Fruh, (Chumbi Valley). Kambajong (a).

r simonides. Aust. (Internat. Ent. Zeitschrift : 1911-12 v., 360).
High mountains N. of Ladak. A small form. Localities given in
brackets are those of the type.

26, Mr. Bethune Baker in T. E. 8. 1913. p. 205-12, gives some notes
on the Lycenide. ; he states that jaloka, M.,is a distinct species
more nearly allied to pheretiades, Kv., than to orbitulus, Prun, and
that ellist, DeN, and leela, DeN, are synonymous with jaloka. In the
Knt. Rec. xxvi, 185 and A, M. N. H. xvii, 378, he discusses the
synonymy of the Lyczenide, or, as he calls them the Ruralidae,
Ruralis has been dug out and found to be older than Lycena. It
is used as a generic name to replace Thecla plus Zephyrus. Heodes
has also been disinterred and is to replace the familiar Chrysop-
hanus. Polyommatus has been taken for the argus group of
Lycena and beticus, Ramb, put in Lampides along with
elianus. The true Lycenas are split up into a number of genera,
Lycena itself being restricted to the non-Indian arion group, Mr.
Bethune Baker is working out a revision of the genus, which will be
extremely useful, but I wish he would not rob us of our familiar
names, nor multiply needlessly the many genera we already have
to deal with. His new classification is, I believe, to be based
solely on genitalia examinations, regardless of the habits, larval
stages, facies, etc.

NOTES ON INDIAN BUTTERFLIES. 93

27. The life-history of Leptocircus curius, Fab, is given in the Entomolo-
gist xlvi, 203. Other papers that may be of interest to Indian naturalists
are :-—

(a). Notes on Ceylon butterflies, W. Ormiston “ Spolia Zeylanica ”’ 6.-2-
18. This isa most interesting and useful paper dealing with the habits
and localities of Ceylon butterflies. Mr. Ormiston has collected for nearly
30 years and has collected a mass of useful information.

(b) A list of butterflies of Borneo, Partiv., Papilionide by J. C. Moul-
ton. Journal No. 67, Dec. 1914, Straits Branch. Royal Asiatic Society,
The same authorin T. E. S., 1915, 2738, writes on new and little known
Bornean. Lycenide, with a revision of the genus Thamala.

(ce). Fruhstorfer in “ Iris ” xxiv., 58. (1910) ran through the Hesperiide
and produced a number of new races. Swinhoe in writing up the Hesperi-
ide in Lep. Ind. had the paper before him, soit is unnecessary to sum-
marise it, but there are several points in the paper that Swinhoe overlooked.

28. Major H.D. Peile, I.M.5S., sent anote on 17-4-15 regarding certain
butterflies caught in Nov. 1913 by Col. 8. W. Lincoln in thick forest near
Anisakan, North Shan States.

(a). Stictopthalma louisa fruhstorferi, Rober. 1 female. This race was des-
cribed from Tonkin and differs from typical lowisa from 8. Burma, in that
the tawny brown colour of the hindwing extends and surrounds the sagit-
tate spots.

(b). Huthalia sp. Three females, one of which has been deposited in
the B. M. and placed with HLuthalia pratti, Leech, from Central China, to
which species it certainly seems more nearly allied than to any other. The
B. M. specimen differs from pratti in the following respects : ground colour
above more bronzy ; forewing above, central of the 3 subapical spots mis-
sing and the lower spot pushed forward ; the black markings in the cell are
heavier ; of the discal white band the costal streak is faint, the onter edges
of the series are more rounded, and the inner edge of the 4th spot from the
costa is very oblique ; the lower spot is shifted right forward towards the
outer margin, on the hindwing above only the costal is white. The hind-
- wing below is more vinous tinted and the apex is browner ; there is a trace
of a white spot below the lower subapical spot. On the hindwing below
only the upper two spots of the discal band are well marked.

Major Peile proposed a new name for these specimens, but I advise him
to refrain at present, until the male turns up.

94

FURTHER NOTES ON BIRDS ABOUT SIMLA.
BY

HucH WH8ISTLER, F.Z.S., M.B.O.U.

In Volume XXVI of the Journal, pages 770-775, I recorded a
-short series of observations made out at Fagoo near Simla in 1918,
under the impression that it would be a long time before I should
again have an opportunity of visiting that locality. The unexpect-
ed however always happens and the end of October 1919 found
me under orders to spend a month’s leave in Simla to recover from
the effect of illness. This gave me an excellent opportunity of
increasing and supplementing the observations of the previous
year, more specially as Lreached Simla on November 2nd _ whereas
the previous visit had ended on October 31st. From the 2nd _ to
the 13th November I was in Simla itself and thereby limited in
my field for observation to occasional expeditions to neighbouring
hill sides. The period from 13th to 23rd November was spent
at Fagoo with daily collecting and observation, and on the 27th
November I finally left Simla for the plains. As many very in-
teresting species were met with, anda series of over a hundred
skins was collected, it appears desirable to set these notes on record.
With them have been incorporated the results of a short period
‘spent at Fagoo by Captain Claud Ticehurst, R.A.M.C., from the
15th to the 21st October. The original intention was for us both
to have been there together, but this plan unfortunately was upset
by various causes. It will be seen that the list now given includes
7 species which do not appear in the list of birds of the Simla Hills
by Mr. A. H. Jones (Jour. B. N. H.S., Vol. XXVI, 601) and fur-
ther work in these parts will certainly bring more additions to
light. The field is very great and many species are exceedingly
local and capricious in their distribution.

In the case of certain of the more interesting specimens obtained
I have appended a few notes on measurements, etc., etc. The mea-
surements have been taken in accordance with the methods used
in the “ Practical Hand-book of British Birds”? (Witherby). I feel
that some apology is required for the changes in nomenclature,
not only as compared with the Fauna, but even with my previous
note. I can however only urge that itis inevitable that these notes
‘should reflect the general instability of ornythological nomencla-
ture, annoying at the moment, but intended ultimately to secure a
-general uniformity.

The Jungle Crow, Cordes intermedius, Adams.
Abundant in all the places visited as before.

The Himalayan Nut-cracker, Nucifraga caryocatactes hemispila, Vig.

The

The

The

The

The

The

FURTHER NOTES ON BIRDS ABOUT SIMLA. 95

This species was certainly more abundant than on my last visit
and wascommon even at Kufrion November 9th. The gizzards of
two specimens preserved contained the long white seeds of some
species of pine, and this would appear to be their ordinary food
judging from the frequency with which individuals are to be seen
examining the ends of pine branches. They travel considerable
distances along the hills to their feeding grounds, and appear to
be very regularin their movements.

Himalayan Great Tit, Parus major subsp. ?

A few individuals ofthis Tit (Parus atriceps, Horsf., partim
of the Fauna B. 1. Vol.1, p. 46) were observed at 6,500 feet,
below Kasumpti on the 6th November, but as the species was not
otherwise met I have not yet been able to settle, by comparison
of specimens, conclusively which race is the breeding bird of the
Simla hills but in all probability it is Parus major caschmirensis,
Hartert. (Vog. Pal, F. p. 345.)

Green-backed Tit, Parus monticolus monticolus, Vig.

Ticehurst found the Green-backed Tit common out at Fagoo in
company with mixed hunting parties, but by the date of my
arrival comparatively few were still to be found about Fagoo
and Kufri, and these only down in the valleys, rarely venturing
higher than 7,500 feet. It was however still common on Jakko.
It frequents any type of forest or cultivation.

Crested Black Tit, Parus melanolophus, Vig.

Abundant about Kufri and Fagoo up to 8,500 feet, and invari-
ably met with in flocks, which were accompanied in most cases
by a few Goldcrests and individuals of the other species which
earlier inthe autumn are so common in these hunting parties.
On Jakko the Black Tit was not so distinctly in the majority.
In October a few birds were still in pairs.

Yellow-brovwed Tit, Parus modestus, Burton,

A male of this curious Tit was obtained by me on November 24th
at an elevation of roughly 7,500 feet, between Mahasoo and Simla.
It was in company with ahunting party composed chiefly of
Miyithalus and I shot it under the impression that 1 was procuring
some species of Phylloscopus. The measurements are as follows :—
Bill from skull 18mm. ; wing 57°5mm ; tail 35°5mm. ; tarsus 16 mm.

Red-headed Tit, Hgithalos erythrocephalus erythrocephalus, Vig.

Occasional flocks were met with in all places, but they did not
venture much above 8,000 feet.

Himalayan Goldcrest, Regulus requlus himalayensis, Jerdon,

First observed by Ticehurst near Kufri on October 19th.
Several had arrived on Jakko by the second week of November
and at Fagoo I found it common ; it was only met with in company
with hunting parties of Parus, A’:githalos and Phylloscopus.

Of seven specimens obtained in the two trips only two have fire-
red feathers in the coronal streaks ; all the others have the streak
plain lemon yellow, but unfortunately, as I found great difticulty
in sexing these minute birds by dissection, 1 am unable to draw
any deductions of value as to whether the presence or absence

96 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII,

of the red feathers is governed by the same conditions as in the
typical race ; it would be interesting to examine a better series.
There is some variation in the shape of the tail feathers between
the sharply cut acuminate feather of the adult male and a
coarser more broad and rounded type ; this is doubtless a mark of
age. The sevenspecimens yield the following range of measure-
ments, which I have not given in detail owing to the failure to
sex the series satisfactorily :—Bill from skull 10-11 mm.; wing
50-55mm. ; tail 83°5-37 mm.; tarsus 15°5-18 mm.

The White-throated Laughing-Thrush, Garrulax albogularis, Gould.

A single flock was met with close to Wildflower Hall (8,000 ft.)
on November 24th. They had just moved up out of the catch-
ment area.

The Variegated Laughing-Thrush, Trochalopteron variegatum variegatum,.
Wiese

This species has obviously a well marked altitudinal migration

as it had almost vanished from the ridge at Fagoo, where I had

found it so common last year and where Ticehurst met a few

flocks; and in the first days ofmy stay at Simla it had arrived

on Jakko where itis entirely wanting during the summer. A
decrease on the ridge at Kufri was also observable.

The Streaked Laughing-Thrush, Tyochalopteron lineatum griscentior,
Hartert.

No particular change was ebservable in the status of this
species, unless the upper limit of its range at Fagoo had des-
cended by a few hundred feet. It is active early and late but
a great skulker in the middle of the day.

The Black-headed Sibia, Loptila capisirata pallida, Hartert.

Only observed about 7,500 ft. on the eastern side of Jakko; ~
here it was common in small parties which fly from top to top of
the trees after the manner of Jays, also descending at times into
the low undergrowth below the trees.

The Stripe-throated Siva, Siva strigula strigula, Hodgs.

On November 4th and 6th a small flock was frequenting a
nullah on the eastern side of Jakko about 7,500 feet, feeding in
company with a mixed hunting party. The call is very distinctive
being a varied combination of the syllables‘ Pip’ and ‘ Peep.’
It may be worth noting that I saw a couple snuggle up to rest
side by side on a twig, after the manner of Bulbuls or Munias.

The Indian White-eye, Zosterops palpebrosa, Temm.

A few were met with in some cultivation at 6,500 feet, below
Kasumpti on November 6th, but the species was not otherwise
observed by me. Ticehurst however found one witha party of
Phylloscopt on October 20th.

The Black Bulbul, Hypsipetes psaroides, Vigors.

Parties of this Bulbul were observed in Simla on November 4th,
and at Kufri on November 9th. On November 19th a large flock
was found in the same nullah at Fagoo whence I recorded it in
my previous note.

FURTHER NOTES ON BIRDS ABOUT SIMLA. 97

The White-tailed Nuthatch, Sitta himalayansis, Jard. and Selby.

A pair vere observed about 7,500 feet in a nullahonthe eastern
side of Jakko oa November 11th.

The White-cheeked Nuthatch, Sitta leucopsis leucopsis, Gould.

The

The

The

The

Only observedon November 2]lst when two orthree were met
within company with a very large flock of Parus melanolophus; this
was at 8,500 feet near Fagoo; attention was drawn to their
presence by the very curious call “ Quair Quair” in a tin trumpet
sort of tone, and by their habit of perching on the topmost shoots
of the large deodars in which the flock was met. I obtained a single
specimen with difficulty, and its companion deserted the hunting
party and remained in the locality anxiously calling for the
missing bird. :
Ashy-bellied Dronge, Dicrurus leucopheus longicuudatus, Hay.

A single specimen was hawking about in a nullah on the eastern
side of Jakko at 7,500 feet on November 6.

Wall Creeper, 7ichodroma muraria (L).

One was seen on the railway line near Solon on October 21st and
another on Tara Devi on November 2nd.

Himalayan Tree-Creeper, Certhia himalayana himalayana, Vig.

Occasional individuals were met with, usually in the company
of hunting parties, throughout my stay at all heights and places
visited.

Cashmere Wren, Troglodytes troglodytes neglectus, Brooks.

First observed by me by Sanjouli tunnel on November 13th, and
after that date I saw a total of some 20 birds in all about Fagoo
and Kufri between 7,500 feet and 5,500 feet. In every case they
were solitary, and attention was always drawn to their presence in
some bush or tangle of undergrowth by the familiar scolding call.

In the two years a total of 9 specimens were obtained, but as in
the case of the Goldcrest I was very unsuccessful in sexing these
birds satisfactorily. Measurements of the series are ag follows :—

No. Sex. eo f : 2 is Wing. Tail. Tarsus,
mm. mm. mm. mm,
2907 ae 3 14 50 28 19
2932, 2898.. Oo 12°5: 13 45°5:48 28:°28:5 17:—(—)
2906, 2945, 2 2 2 (?) 12°35: 46:5: 45°5: 26°5: 27°65: (—): 17°5
2953. 13°5: 13. AT*5. 28°5. 165
2356, 2357. Sex? Ossi- 13°5: 12°5 47°46 23%): oo. 16: 16'5
fication of
skulls incomplete.
2917 Sex? 13°5 46°5 28'5 19°5

All the above birds are exactly alike inplumage and appearance
with the exception of the fact that in Nos. 2898 and 2:45 the
lower mandible was paler than the upper, whereas in the remainder
the entire bill was dark brown, Iris dark brown ; legs dark brown ;
mouth yellow. No moult inany specimen.

Hodgson’s Grey-headed Flycatcher-Warbler, Cryptolopha zanthoschi-
stos xanthoschistos, Gray.

13

98 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII.

In marked contrast to the abundance of this species in Simla
during the summer months I saw only a single individual at 6,500
it. below Kasumpti on 6th November. Ticehurst however observed
it in October.

The Pale Bush-Warbler, Horeites pallidus, Brooks.

Ticehurst observed two individuals in thick scrub near Fagoo
but the species had vanished before my arrival.

The Siberian Chiff Chaff, Phylloscopus collybita tristis, Blyth.

In October the Siberian Chiff Chaff was observed commonly on
the hill-sides about Fagoo, often singly in bushes, orin company
with other Phylloscopi. These birds however must have been on
passage as Ionly definitely identified a single specimen, in the
ilex trees before the Dak Bungalow at Fageo on November 22.

Hume’s Willow-Warbler, Phylloscopus humet humet, Brooks.

Ticehurstfound the autumn passage of this Warbler in full swing
as it was at the time of his visit the commonest of the Phylloscopz,
hunting in company with Tits and P. proregulus. These birds had
practically all vanished before my arrival though I noticed one or
two individuals still on Jakko up till November 7th.

Brook’s Willow-Warbler, Phylloscopus subviridis, Brooks.

Two specimens were obtained from a hunting party at 7,500 ft.
on the eastern side of Jakko on November 7th.

Pallas’ Willow-Warbler, Phylloscopus proregulus newtoni, Gatke.

On my arrival in Simla this Willow-Warbler was fairly common
in the hunting parties about 7,500 ft. on Jakko, but I did not with
certainty identify it at either Kufri or Fagoo; here however
Ticehurst had found it fairly common in October.

The Short-billed Minivet, Pericrocotus brevirostris, Vig.

Ticehurst only observed a solitary individual at Fagoo, while I
saw a party of 3 females or young males tly pastthe Dak bunga-
low at Fagoo on 18th November.

The Common Mynah, Aeridotheres tristis, (Li).
No change was observed in the status of this bird.

The White-browed Blue Flycatcher, Muscicapa superciliaris, Jerd.
Observed by Ticehurst in Simla, but it had moved down to lowee
levels before my arrival.

The Slaty-blue Flycatcher, Muscicapa leucomelanurus, Hodgs.
One was obtained by Ticehurst at Fagoo from some bushes in a.

nullah. It was tame and confiding and took much of its food
from the ground.

The Orange-gorgetted Flycatcher, Muscicapa strophiata.

I obtained a male of this species from a hunting party of Tits
and other small birdsin thick jungle at 8,000 ft. near Kufri on
November 23rd. It was hawking about the inner boughs of the
trees exactly after the manner of Muscicapa parva parva.

FURTHER NOTES ON BIRDS ABOUT SIMLA. 99

The Yellow-bellied Flycatcher, Chelidorhynx hypoxantha, Blyth.

A specimen was obtained from a mixed hunting party at 7,500
ft. on the eastern side of Jakko on November 7th.

The Indian Bush-Chat, Pratincola torquata indica, Blyth.

A pair of these Chats was observed in cultivation at Fagoo by
Ticehurst. ;

The Dark-grey Bush-Chat, Oreicola ferrea ferrea, Gray.

This common summer resident in Simla had vanished before
my arrival. A few however were met by Ticehurst who considered
it rather a skulker, inclined to dive into cover from its perch on
some bush top when noticed.

The Little Fork-tail, Wicrocichla scouleri, Vig.

Ticehurst observed a single bird from the Railway near Solon on
21st October.

The Blue-fronted Redstart, Phoenicurus frontalis, Vig.

Ticehurst observed 3 or 4as early as October 19th about the
sallows in forest nullahs. I observed it in small numbers from
7,500 to 8,000 ft., at Simla, Kufri and Fagoo, but the species was
probably on the move lower, as it was clearly decreasing in num-
bers towards the end of my stay. The call note is indistinguish-
able from that of Phoenteurus rufiventris.

The Blue-headed Redstart, Phoenicurus ceeruleocephala, Vig.

(e)

Ticehurst was a little early for this species and only observed
two males. I found it in slightly larger numbers than the last
species about the same localities, but in addition as low as 6,500
ft., below Kasumpti, on November 6th. This Redstart frequents
the upper branches of trees more freely than the other species
but is not averse to the thickets of damp sallows which grow in
the more shaded portions of the hills and are beloved of P.
frontalis.

The Golden Bush-Robin, Tarsiger chryseus, Hodg.

Ticehurst met with single example of this handsome species
above 8,500 ft. near Kufri on October 21. It was in damp sallow
thicket and was tame and confiding.

The Red-flanked Bush-Robin, Tarsiger rujilatus, Hodge.

Ticehurst met with one or two individuals amongst pine trees
on October 19th.

On my trip the species was met with as follows :—

One at 8,500 ft. at Kufrion November 9th: and three near
Fagoo about 8,000 ft. on the following dates, November 15th,
14th and 18th, all were in undergrowth under trees, and the
last three were all viewed from the Fagoo-Kufri road in the
undergrowth above it. The movements and habits appear to be
those of the Redstarts except that the tail is not shivered.

The birds of 9th and 13th November were respectively a
male and female just completing their body moult into Ist
Winter plumage. The bird of 18th November is similar, but un-
fortunately not sexed. All three birds agree with the description

100 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII,

of the adult female, so the description of the young given in the
Fauna, Vol. IL. 107, evidently refers to the juvenile plumage.

The Himalayan Ruby-throat, Calliope pectoralis, Gould.

Ticehurst met with this Ruby-throat about 8,000 ft. at Fagoo
on October 16th and 18th, obtaining the latter specimen. Both
birds were great skulkers and were found in the bushes at the
bottom of small nullahs running through cultivation.

It appears probable that a bird which I wounded and lost not
far from the same place in October last year was of this species,
but I did not include it in my first list as there was then no clue
to its identity.

The Red-spotted Blue-throat, Luscinia suecica, L.
One was obtained by Ticehurst on October 16th in short scrub
on a cultivated hill-side at Fagoo.

The Himalayan Whistling-Thrush, Myiophoneus temminekic temminckii,
Vig.
A few individuals were observed butthe species had I think
started to descend to lower levels before my arrival.

The Black-throated Ouzel, Turdus ruficollis atrogularis, Temm.

This Ouzel had begun to arrive early in the month about Fagoo
and Kufri but only occasional individuals were seen before
November 21st when there were a number about the hill behind
the dak bungalow at Fagoo, clearly fresh arrivals. A flock was
seen in the catchment area near Sanjouli on November 24th.

The Himalayan Missel-Thrush, T'urdus viscivorus bonapartei, Cab.

During the whole of my stay at Fagoo a loose seattered flock
of about 20 Missel-Thrushes was frequenting the southern slopes,
and the extreme summit of the hill mentioned above. They
appeared to be feeding largely on the small red berries of a
curious creeping bush which dotted the bare side of the hill, On
November 17th a single individual was found about 7,500 feet
in the valley to the west of the ridge on which the State rest-house
stands.

This race of Missel-Thrush differs from the European bird
T. v. viscivorus in its larger size (wing 160-175 mm. as against
145-158 mm.) and in its somewhat paler colouration.

The three specimens obtained measure as follows :—

No. Bee Wages Tail, ane
mm. mm. mm. mim,
9916, 17-1119 gad. 27 164-5 116 38
bos, 18-1119 | Od 27 159 112°5 36
5937) O11 19 Odsteare 6-5) an150 109 36
ter

The young bird is distinctly paler, almost whitish, on the chin
and throat, than the old pair. No bird shows any trace of moult.

Soft parts:—iris dark brown; orbicular plumbeous ; bill dark
brown, basal portion of lower mandible horny (No. 2928) or yellow-
ish (No. 2916) ; legs olive brown ; claws black (No. 2923) or olive
yellow, joints marked with brown, claws blackish (No. 2916).

The

FURTHER NOTES ON BIRDS ABOUT SIMLA. 101

Eastern Alpine Accentor, Prunella collaris rufilatus, Sw.

A single bird was shot by the side of the upper road (8,000 ft.)
close to Wild-flower Hall on November 24th, but I did not other-
wise meet with the Alpine Accentor unless a flock of birds seen
flying over head in the same locality was rightly identified as of
this species. This specimen proved to be a male, and appears to
be referable to the above race, which has been shown by White-
head (Jdis. 1909, 224) to occur onthe Samana in winter and to
breed on the Sufed Koh above 12,000 feet. The examination of a
series of birds is however desirable-to confirm the identification.

Jerdon’s Accentor, Prunella strophiatus jerdoni, Brooks.

The

The

The

The

Ticehurst met with a party of four of these Accentors at Fagoo
as early as October 19th. It was common about the Fagoo-Kufri
ridge when | first arrived there and had arrived on Jakko before
the middle of November.

Black-throated Accentor, Prunella atrigularis, Brandt.

A few individuals, occasionally one or two together, were met
amongst the undergrowth between 7,500 and 8,500 feet on the
Fagoo-Kufri ridge on various dates after November 13th. Minute
seeds were in the crops of the two specimens obtained.

Altai Accentor, Prunella himalayanus, Blyth.

Single individuals were obtained on November 9th and
November 14th about 8,500 feet near Kufri, and a third example
was shot from a small flock atthe same elevation at Fagoo on
November 21st. While the single birds were both extremely con-
fiding and allowed a close approach as they sat motionless on the
stones on bank faces, I found that this species when in flocks
was extremely hard to procure. These flocks were common,
occurring on the hill sides about 7,500-8,500 feet, and
appearing indifferent both to the presence or absence of wind
and sun (in this they strongly contrasted with most birds about
these hills). I found great difficulty in discriminating these
flocks from those of the Mountain-Finch; both species are shy
and restless, difficult to see when feeding amongst the waste
bush clad slopes, rising in loose order, and once roused difficult
to mark down again ; as the flocks when disturbed fly backward
and forward round the contours of the hill sides, rising and lower-
ing many hundred feet. The call note is silvery and very finch-
like, and with the reddish-brown iris and the streaked back this
Accentor seems to afford a curious case of parallelism with the
Mountain-Finch, which in Entomology would certainly be called
*Mimicry.”

Black and Yellow Grosbeak, Pycnorhampus icteroides, (Vig.)

Only observed at Kufri on November 9th and again on Novem-
ber 23rd and 24th about 8,060 feet :—

Red-mantled Rosefinch, Carpodacus rhodochlamys grandis, Blyth.

This race of Rose-Finch was first described by Blyth (Journal,
A. S. B. xviii. 810) in 1849 with the type locality of “ Range
beyond Simla, near snowline,’’ but for some time it was confounded
by later writers with the true Carpodacus. rhodochlamys of
Brandt 1843 (type locality Altai). The latter is somewhat

102 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII.

smaller in size (wing of male 87-91), with the rosy superciliary
plumes meeting over the forehead, with a heavier beak, and a
brighter tint of rose colour on the upper parts.

The restricted range of C. rh. grandis is given by Hartert. (Vog.
P. F. P. 101.) as from Pushut in N. EH. Afghanistan and the
Karakorum Mountains, Kashmere, and the Himalayas to Kumaon.
There appears however to be but little on record regarding this
race and of records of interest to Punjab ornithologists I only find
the following:—Jerdon (B. I. ii. 401) says that 1t has been
obtained in the Tyne range of Mountains between Simla and Mus-
soorje, and in the Pubher valley, near the snow, on the Simla side
by Hutton.

Later Hume writes (Lahore to Yarkand. 259.) ‘‘ This species is
only a winter visitant to the British Himalayas. At thatseason it
is not very uncommon, and one or two specimens are to be found
in every collection made during the cold weather near Darjeeling,
Almora, Massoorie, Simla and Murree.”

The British Museum Catalogue shows the following specimens
from the Hume collection :—

2 specimens from Kotegarh near Simla.
9? Pumlahie 17 November 1869.

6 Baja in Kunaitee Ist January 1871.
3 2 Simla November 1880.
One Simla lst December 1880.
do near Chamba.

The late Captain C. H. T. Whitehead obtained a female on
December 15th, below Sardiin the Salt Range (Jhelum district)
as he duly recorded in the Journal.

Mr. A. EK. Jones has kindly sent me an adult male which he
obtained with two others at Chhoi near Campellpore on 27th
December 1918, remarking that although the species was fairly
common adult males were scarce.

Ihad hardly expected to meet this bird on this trip and was
somewhat surprised on November 9th to find afew associating with
Meadow Buntings about 8,500feet on the ridge above Kufri. After
that I discovered that there were a small number about the entire
ridge above 8,000 feet between Kufri and Fagoo, but none were
actually identified after November 20th. They were met with
singly or in small parties in any type of ground or cuver, and the
call note was a curious “ Sqwee.”’

A small series of 2 adult males, 3 immature males and 2 females were
collected. Their measurements are as follows :—

No.

2895.
2940.
2894,
2875.
2874.
2899.
2900.

Description. Bill from skull. Wing. Tail. Tarsus.
mm. mm, mm, mm.
Adult male (rose plumage) .. 19 94 73 20°5
a. i 33 a) ie 17°5 Jaro ae 22°5
Male (Ist winter plumage) .. 18 91°56 = 69"5—-22*5
“9 M5 3 oe 17°5 87 67 23
55 Hh ae 18°5 94 7 22
Female (probably lst winter).. 18°5 90 7 22
5 i . 20 88 67°5 22

No specimen shows any sign of moult, but I should judge from

had moulted rectrices and remiges at the recent autumn moult,
the other birds had not done so.

The

The

The

FURTHER NOTES ON BIRDS ABOUT SIMLA, 103

The young males and the females are absolutely alike in plum-
age and agree completely with the description of the adult female,
of which however I have been unable to examine specimens.

Tris brown; legs dull brown, claws blackish; Bill dull brown
above, horny livid below (adult males) ; livid horny (young males
and females).

Pink-browed Rose-Finch, Carpodacus rhodochroa, Vig.

A very few of these Rose-Finches were met about 7,500-
8,000 feet on Jakko and at Kufri, and the two specimens which
I actually obtained I fired at under the impression from their
behaviour that I was obtaining Jerdon’s Accentor. The call note
is very sweet and canarylike.

Himalayan Greenfinch, Acanthis spinoides, Vig.

On Ticehurst’s arrival at Fagoo there weresmall parties of this
Finch still about in the cultivation. Adults were in worn breed-
ing dress and a bird in juvenile plumage just out of the nest was
obtained by him on October 19th.

The species was not however observed by me apart from the
fact that I heard its call note just below Kasumpti Bazar on
November 6th.

House-Sparrow, Passer domesticus indicus, Jard & Selby.

Common both in Simla and at about Fagoo rest-house. A
pair observed appear somewhat darker on the underparts than
birds from the plains.

The Cinnamon Sparrow, Passer rufilans debilis, Hartert.

Common about Fagoo, both in October and November and a
flock met with in cultivation at 6,500 feet, below Kasumpti on
November 6th. When in flocks about cultivation this sparrow is
wild and difficult to approach, but the birds about the neighbour-
hood of houses are tame and familiar enough, either taking the
place of the last species or being found together with it.

Stoliczka’s Mountain-Finch, Montifringilla nemoricolaaltaica, Kversm.

‘The

The

First observed on November 13th at Kufri where a flock
were frequenting the rough undergrowth of sallow which borders
the terraced cultivation there at 8,500 feet. One or two other
flocks were seen towards Fagoo on later dates, but | never was
able to get to terms with this finch and only secured a single
specimen by firing ata flock which passed high over my head
when I was beating a wood for pheasants. The habits of these
flocks have been noted under the heading of Prunella himalayana.

Pine-bunting, Emberiza leucocephala, 8. G. Gmel.

A few were observed about 8,500 feet at Kufri on November
9th and a single bird was found several hundred feet higher than
this on the same ridge on November 14th. The call is a sharp
oe Pit, ” Pit.”

White-capped Bunting, Lmberiza stewarti, Blyth.
While it was difficult to be sure of identifying this bunting

amongst the great numbers of the next species, I certainly saw
it about 8,500 feet on the Kufri-Fagoo ridge on November 9th

and 14th.

104 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XXVII,

The

The

The

The

The

The

The

The

The

The

Eastern Meadow-Bunting, Hmberiza cia siracheyi, Moore.

As before this was the most abundant species on the hill-sides.
It is distinctly pugnacious.

Crag-Martin, Ripiia rupestris, Scop.

Only a few odd birds were observed about Fagoo in October
although at that time the Crag Martin was common along the
road near Sanjouli. In November I saw none near Simla itself
but found a good many about Fagoo; here it was rather erratic
in its appearance; some days none would be seen or only an
occasional individual ; on others distinct flights would be hawking
about a particular locality. Itis possible that the explanation
of this is that the species was passing through on migration, a
suggestion that is rendered all the more probable by the fact
that 3 specimens shot on November 22nd were all very fat.

Martin, Chelidon urbica, subsp. ?

One or two House Martins were observed hawking about the
Kufri ridge on November 15th, but as no specimens were pro-
cured the exact race must remain in doubt.

Striated Swallow, Hirundo rufula, subsp. ?

On 2nd November from the train I observed a large flock of
Swallows, apparently of this type, and clearly on migration, on
the telegraph wires near Solon Brewery.

Upland Pipit, Oreocorys sylvanus, Hodgs.

On November 6th [ heard whatI feel sure was the song of
this Pipit at 6,500 feet, below Kasumpti, on the slopes where I
have met the bird in previous summers.

Tree-Pipit, Anthus trivialis trivialis, L.

Ticehturst met with a few odd Tree-Pipits on different days in
cultivation at Fagoo in October.
Indian Tree-Pipit, Anthus trivialis maculatus, Hodgs.

Ticehurst obtained one from damp sallow undergrowth at
Kufri on October 21st.
Brown Rock-Pipit, Anthus leucophrys jerdonit, Finsch.

A single bird was seen by Ticehurst on October 15th at Fagoo.

Water-Pipit, Anithus spinoletia tlakistoni, Swinh.

From November 15th onward a large flock of Water Pipits was
frequenting the ground described under the paragraph regard-
ing the West Himalayan Skylark. They were very restless and
rather shy, spending much of their time on the dry terraced hill
side above the pond. The only specimens procured were imma-
ture but there need be no hesitation in attributing them to this
race, Which is very common throughout the Punjab plains in
winter, and with specimens of which they closely agree.

White Wagtail, Motacilla alba, subsp. ?

A party of 3 Wagtails of this type were seen passing over at
Fagoo on October 15th.

FURTHER NOTES ON BIRDS ABOUT SIMLA. 105

The Grey Wagtail, Motacilla cinerea, Tunst.

The

One was seen by me from the train on November 2nd in a
stream bed about 4,000 ft.

West-Himalayan Skylark, Alauda gulgula guttata, Brooks.

Here and there on the bare hilltops near Fagoo may be found
small semi-artificial ponds which are used for the watering of
local herds of cattle. The neighbourhood of these ponds is usual-
ly productive to the ornithologist as, for the most part, other
water is scarce. One pond that I paid particular attention to
was situated at 8,500 feet. The edges were made up with hard
earth, dry and baked in the sun; the water was dark and muddy-
looking “with no vegetation in it. Round about stretched an
expanse of coarse short rough grass and low moor-land plants,
scarred here and there by crevices cut into the hard ground by
the draining away of rain water, and amply studded with stones.
On one side rose the still bleaker summit of the hill to another
200 feet or so, terraced all upits sides with that curious forma-
tion of natural steps so familiar to those who live near the Kentish
and Sussex downs. The locality thus described was quite small
in extent.

Here on November 15th I found a number of these Skylarks
and met with them again on subsequent dates about the same
place, which they were never willing to leave if it could possibly
be avoided: afew others were occasionally met on the bare
summits of neighbouring ridges.

Having previous acquaintance with the difficulty of identifying
races of Larks I was careful to procure a series of six specimens.
These on comparison with a series of A. g. gulgula from the
Punjab plains (Ludhiana, Jhang) prove to be much larger birds,
and darker in colour with less rufous on the upper surface. These
are exactly the differences pointed out by Hartert (Vog. P. F.,
Vol. I., p. 247) between Alauda g. gugula and A. g. guttata, for which
latter race he gives only the locality of Cashmere. The measure-
ments of the two races he gives respectively as :—A. g. gulgula,
wing 83-97 mm., A. g. guttata, wing 95-102 mm., exceptionally up to
107 mm.

The measurements of my specimens are appended below, and f
have no hesitation in referring them to A. g. guitata :

Bill from skull. Wing. Tail. Tarsus.
mm. mm, mm. mm,
17-11-19 3 14°5 97 59°5 2°5
15-11-19 ¢ 14 98 58°5 22°5
17-11-19 ¢ 14 100°5 61 23
21-11-19 @ 13°5 ¢4°5 60 23°5
15-11-19 @ 13'5 95°5 58 23°5
15-11-19 Q 14 95 59 23

No bird shows any trace of moult. The soft parts in all were
similar, viz. : iris olive brown; bill horny ; culmen and tip blackish :
mouth yellowish ; legs pale reddish brown; joints and claws dusky :
soles yellowish.

The Eastern Skylark, Alauda arvensis cinerascens, Ehmeke.

14

In the locality described under the last species I found a fiock
of Skylarks on November 15th and with some difficulty procured

106 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVIL,

two specimens ; these were very fat, in distinct contrast to all the
specimens of the last species, and it is in consequence probable
that these birds were migrating. On the next day a solitary
individual was seen on a bare ridge some 900 feet lower but not
procured. The measurements of these two birds are given below
and while I hesitate te be dogmatic on two specimens, 1 am of
opinion that these birds belong to the same race as a small series
of Skylarks obtained near the Chenab in Jhang District during
the winter months. These from their very white underparts I
identify provisionally with that race of Skylark described in the
Hand-book of British Birds under the above name.

No. Bill from skull. Wing. Tail. Tarsus.
2911. d 15:5 mm. 114mm. 73°5 mm. 24mm.
2912. oh 15:5 mm. 116 76 25

My identification is however necessarily provisional because of
the situation outlined below.

There is considerable difficulty over the question of the identi-
fication of Asiatic races of Alauda arvensis, due to the absence of a
sufficient series of breeding birds to enable the number of real
races to be accurately discreminated.

Yet until such breeding races have been satisfactorily worked
out it is most unsatisfactory to endeavour to identify winter or
passage birds. This difticulty has not yet been circumvented,
and the situation is made much more diflicult by the confusion in
the past between A. arvensis and A. gulgula.

The latest examination of the Eastern Skylarks which I have
seen is that by Hartert (Vog. Pal. F. Vol. I, p. 247). Hartert
states that Alauda arvensis cinerea. Ehmeke, now corrected to d.
a. cinerascens Ehmeke (vide Hand-book of B. B. p. 166), is the
breeding bird of West Siberia, Turkestan and Persia, wintering
further South. He goes on to state that the birds which winter
in India and China may belong to that form, or to the Hastern
Asiatic form of Alauda arvensis intermedia., Swinhoe, or to the
supposed Himalayan breeding form which he states it is impossible
to be certain of until a series of breeding specimens is available
for examination.

This unsatisfactory position led me to take up the question of
where these Himalayan birds breed, with the view of then con-
sidering how it might be possible to obtain a series. But an
examination of the literature of the subject has proved most un-
satisfactory. In short I begin to wonder whether there isa
breeding form in the Himalayas at all. The evidence on the
point appears to be as follows :—

The Fauna of B. I. (Vol. II. 325), in which of course the Skylark
is treated as one species, identical in Europe and Asia, gives the
following account :—

“<< Distribution.—The whole extent of the Himalayas from Hazara
and Kashmir to Assam, where the Skylark appears to be a con-
stant resident, moving about to different levels according to
season. In the winter many birds appear to visit the plains of the
Punjab and N.-W. Provinces and a lark killed by Dr. Anderson
near Bhamo in Upper Burma appears referable to this species.”

Under the next paragraph Habits it continues “ Breeds in the
Himalayas in May and June” giving a brief description of nesting
habits.

_ FURTHER NOTES ON BIRDS ABOUT SIMLA. 107

The first point to be noted is that the synonomy on the same
page includes Alauda triborhyncha, Hodg. and Alauda quttaia, Brooks.
This latter name is incorrectly attributed to this species. Since
Alauda guttata, Brooks, is really the Kashmere race of the other
species of Skylark gulgula, and should be called Alauda gulgula
guttata, Brooks (Vog. P., F. p. 249), it of course breeds in
Kashmere. Alauda triborhyncha, Hodgson, which apparently breeds
commonly in Ladakh and is figured in “Lahore to Yarkand”
(p. 268, plate xxviii) is expressly stated by Hume later (S. F. L,
48) to be identical with A. guttata, Brooks. It is therefore clear
that part of the evidence on which the breeding of the Skylark in
the Himalayas (Kashmere and Ladakh) is based in the Fauna
refers not to.askylark of the arvensis species, but to a race of
the gulgula species.

In Hume’s Nests and Eggs, (2nd ed., Vol. ii., p. 220) it is ex-
pressly stated thata large Skylark, which is certainly not A.
triborhyncha, ‘‘ breeds, J believe, pretty well all through the Hima-
layas, at elevations of from 8,000 to 10,000 feet, although I only
know of its nests having been found in Kooloo and Cashmere.”
The further account there given is not very clear, but mentions
Soonamerg as a Cashmere locality where Captain Cock obtained
the eggs, and it attributes then to the doubtful race /eiopus. Yet
at one time Hume certainly considered leiopus asa synonym of
A. triborhyucha (S. F. ix. 354). I notice also that while the
British Museum Catalogue includes a specimen named Jeiopus
from the Hume Collection obtained in ‘‘The Sutlej Valley”? ‘in
June’ the collection appears to include no Kooloo or Kashmere
skins of this species.

Fulton has stated (Journal. B. N. H. 8. xvi, p. 56) that the
Skylark is a resident between 5,000 and 11,000 feet in Chitral,
while Perreau (Jour., B. N. H. 8. xix., 901) says “Some present
in the winter low down, very common in March ; some present in
April after which they disappeared, probably going higher.”
Neither writer mentions any lark of the Alauda guigula type, nor
does it appear that specimens were submitted to critical exami-
nation, so Lam not prepared to accept the statement that any
race of arvensis breeds in Chitral until skins can be produced.

Ward is quoted as stating (Jour., B. N. H.S8. xvii. 724) that A.
arvensis is a resident in Cashmere, but I have Bont unable to
consult the original reference. As he does not appear to include
Alauda guttata or A. gulgula it is possible that the identification of
the birds as arvensis may be a mistake. The evidence regarding
the breeding of any race of arvensis in Cashmere is clearly not
conclusive.

On the extreme Western edge of our area there is no evidence
at all that any race of A. arvensis breeds. Whitehead and Ma-
grath (Ibis. 1909, 246) found it to be an abundant winter visitor
from November till March, about Kohat and Kurram, and ex-
pressly state that it is replaced by A. gulgula as a summer breed-
ing species.

From Quetta arvensis has been reported as a breeding species,
but I understand from private correspondence that really it is
only a winter visitor while the breeding birds when verified have
proved to be A. gulgula and not arvensis as recorded.

In Nepal, Scully states (S. F. viii., 338) that a race of arvensis
which he calls dulcivor, is tolerably common in the winter, being

108 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol.eXXVII,

The

quite social in its habits and frequenting the fields in February
and March, leaving about the end of the latter month.

In Gilgit (S. F. Vol. ix) Biddulph found some race of A. arvensis,
here also named dulcivoxz, to be a winter visitant only, first appear-
ing in November and leaving by the end of March; he also clearly
states that although there isa breeding Skylark in Gilgit it

belongs to the form Alauda gutiata, Brooks; it arrives at the end of

March and leaves about October. As he appears to have secured
a fair series of both birds, and critically notes on their peculiari-
ties these records are of considerably more value than most of
those referring to the Himalayan Skylarks.

The respective status of these two Skylarks in Gilgit is again
emphasised by Scully in the ‘‘Ibis” (as reprinted in 8S. F. x., 135),

So far the published records which I have been able to consult
on the question.

[have made a few enquiries by letter from which it appears that

“no race of A. arvensis is known near Simia or Dharmsala, in the

Garhwals or Kumaon, or near Darjheeline.

I have gone into this question at some length, in the hope that
members of our society who are suitably situated in the Himalayas
will endeavour to obtain a small series of whatever Skylark is
breeding in their vicinity, care being taken not to confuse the
problem by theinclusion in the breeding series of migrants or non-
breeding birds. At present i confess to being sceptical whether
any race of arvensis does breedin the Himalayas at all, but pos-
sibly there is evidence which I have overlooked and which J
should be most grateful to have brought to my notice. There are
of course many winter records of Skylarks in the plains, but it is
not worth collating these until the question of the supposed breed-
ing Himalayan race is settled one way or the other.

Long-billed Horned-Lark, Eremophila alpestris longirostris, Moore.

The greatest prize from my hill pond was however reserved for
November 18th. J had just secured a Missel-Thrush and was
sitting on the high bank above the pond packing it up and giving
directions to my orderly when a bird ran out from under the lee
of the bank snd along the dry hard margin of the pond quite
close tous. It ran like a small plover or sandpiper but I had no
difficulty in recognising it as some member of the genus of the
Horned Larks, which I had never seen in life before. Luckily my
‘22 bore with dust shot was ready beside me and I at once shot at
the bird which rose and flew across the pond falling dead on the
other side. It proved to bea male in freshly moulted plumage.
The measurements are as follows :—bill from skull 19, wing 122°5,
tail 76, tarsus 26°5 mm.

The West-Himalayan Scaly-bellied Green Wood-pecker, Picus syuwamatus
squamatus, Vig.

The

Two odd ones were met by Ticehurst in Pine forest.

Brown-fronted Pied Wood-pecker, Dryobates auriceps, Vig.
Fairly common in and about Simla at 7,500 feet.

The Himalayan Pied Wood-pecker, Dryobates himalayensis, Jard. &
Selby.

An occasional odd bird was observed on the Kufri-Fagoo ridge.

FURTHER NOTES ON BIRDS ABOUT SIMLA, 109

The King Vulture, Otogyps calvus, Scop.

A single King Vulture was seen over Jakko on November 12th
and again on November 24th.

The Himalayan Griffon Vulture, Gyps fulvus himalayensis, Hume,
Common about Simla and Fagoo, both in October and November,

The Egyptian Vulture, Neophron percnopterus percnopterus, L.

Common at Simla in October but only afew cbserved there in
November. Notseen near Fagoo.

Dodsworth (Ibis, 1913, p. 544) and A. E. Jones (Journal, B. N.
H, 8S. xxvi, 616) both recorded the Egyptian Vulture of Simla as
belonging to the Eastern form Neophron wercnopterus ginginianus :
this appeared to me to be most unlikely so I requested Mr. Jones
to examine a- few specimens and let me know the result. He
accordingly shot a couple and sent me the particulars
recorded below. While it is unsafe to dogmatise without further
material, itis clear that the description of these two specimens
supports my belief that the race of Neophron found at Simla is
the typical one.

No. 1. Male: shot 7-9-1919 at 7,000 feet, testes small, tail

and wing feathers very worn.
Bill, pale flesh, streak of pale horn colour on either side
of upper mandible.
Cere, orange shading to lemon on throat and nape.
Leys & feet, flesh colour; Claws, horn.

No. 2. Female: shot 7-9-1919 at 7,000 feet. Organs appear-
ed to be those of a bird too old to breed, tail and
wing feathers very worn.

Bill, flesh colour throughout.
Care, rich orange, shading to lemon on throat and nape.
Legs & feet, flesh colour; Claws, horn.

The measurements of these two birds were as follows :—

Nor T. No. 2.

Bill from gape 22 ins.=70 mm. 22 ins.=70 mm.
Cere to tip of bill 1 in. =25'4 mm. 175 ins.—=26'5 mm.
Depth of bill at

end of cere jo ins. 4 “mmoetoo “ins. 14 mm,
Mid toe (without

claw) from tarsus. 22 ins.=60'4 mm. 22 ins.= 60°4 mm.
Tarsus 3 ins.=76'2 mm. 32 ins.= 79°3 mm.
Wing 204 ins.=514'4 mm. 193 ins.—495'°5 mm.
Tail from oil gland 102 ins.=263'5 mm. 102 ins.=257'2 mm.

The Lammergeyer, Gypaétus barbatus grandis, Storr,
Observed as commonly as in the previous year.
Hodgson’s Hawk-Eagle, Spizactus nepalensis, Hodgs.
Ticehurst met with this species on one or two occasions near
Fagoo.
The Pariah Kite, Milvus govinda, Sykes.
Observed as before.

110 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol.XXVI1,

The Shahin Falcon, Falco peregrinus peregrinator, Sundev.

A Falcon seen on the summit of Jakko on November 7th was
doubtless of this species.

Buzzard sps., Buteo sp.

The

The

The

Th
The

oo)

An occasional Buzzard was seen on the ridge between Fagoo
apd Kufri about 8,500 ft.in November, but I failed to obtain a
specimen or satisfy myself as to what species was represented.

Common Kestril, Falco tinnunculus, subsp. ”

A few odd birds were observed from 6,500 feet at Kasumpti to
8,500 ft. at Fagoo beth in October and December, but I was unable
to obtain any specimens.

Indian Turtle-Dove, Streptopelia turtur ferrago, Hversm.

Notcommon. With the exception of asmall party which were
usually to be found in a small patch of pines about8,500 feet about
Kufri, only one or two odd birds were seen along the Kufri-Fagoo
Tidge.

Eastern Wood-Pigeon, Palumbus palumbus casiotis, Bp.
One was seen at 8,500 feet near Fagoo on November 15th.

Chukor Partridge, Alectoris graeca chukor, Gray.

On one stretch of very stony and barren hill-side I found many
eoveys of Chukor, but elsewhere met with only a single pair which
kept very closely to the same spot.

I only discovered the favoured locality on the last day of my
visit through hearing and seeing some 15 to 20 Chukor acting in
a very excited manner for no apparent cause. They were calling
loudly, running, and making short flights round about a patch of
ground which appeared favourable for a stalk. This I assayed,
though only a single ‘410 bore was in my hands, and had managed
to get well into the centre of the birds when I discovered that the
excitement was due toa large red fox which leapt out of a
hollow in the ground near me. He had doubtless also been
engaged on a stalk and I had spoilt his chance; one covey was
only a few yards from him and ignorant of his whereabouts.

Black Partridge, Francolinus francolinus asic.
On November 18th a pair of Black Partridges were flushed on
a fairly open hill-side at Fagoo at an elevation of 8,500 feet.

White-crested Kalij Pheasant, Genneeus albocrisiatus, Vig.

Koklas Pheasant, Pucrasia pucrasia macrolopha, Less.

I did not pay much attention to Pheasants from the point of
view of sport but noticed that both the above species were present
in small numbers on much of the ground which I visited.

The crop contents were examined of a hen of each species shot
in the evening of the same day on very nearly the same ground
The Koklas had been feeding almost entirely on coarse green
grass; with this was a very little maiden hair fern and moss,
and a few grass seeds. The, Kalij on the other hand had eaten
amuch more varied selection of seeds, roots, small bulbs and

a little clover.

FORTHER NOTES ON BIRDS ABOUT SIMLA. ne!

The Woodcock, Scolopax rusticola, L.

On the 19th November I shot a Woodcock on the Kufri road
at about 8,000 feet. It was feeding in thick undergrowth just
above the road and so close to it that a dog with me scented it
from the road and ran up and flushed it. This bird was extremely
fat and was preserved with difficulty. A second bird was apparent-
ly flushed the same evening butI did not actually see it, though
aman with me declared that it had risen in front of him from
a path. In support of his statement he showed me fresh borings
which might have been made by a Woodcock.

This appears a suitable opportunity also to record the fact that
the Woodcock has at last been proved to breed close to Simla.

On 15th May 1919 a valued correspondent met a hen Wood-
cock with 4 chicks only 2 or 5days old, in the downy plumage ;
these were in fairly heavy jungle about 8,500 ft. My correspon-
dent caught the 4 chicks and the old bird came quite close to
him in her anxiety until 5 of the chicks were given back to her ;
the fourth was preserved for me and it is now in the collection
of Capt. C. B. Ticehurst. On the same day in the same locality a
nest was found cortaining a single chipped and dented egg
which was quite fresh but apparently deserted. No bird was seen
near it and it was finally takenonthe 19th May and given to me ;
it measures 47°5 x 34°5 mm. and isin my opinion undoubtedly
the egg of a Woodcock.

J12

THE POWER OF SCENT IN WILD ANIMALS
BY

EC SrusRt PAK EE nes. OR S., MBO Ge

Recently there has been a good deal of discussion as to the powers of ©
scent in wild animals, more especially amongst the Fe/ide, and rather con-
tradictory opinions have been given on the subject.

My own opinion is that cats have a very indifferent sense of smell, and it
may be of interest if I give some of the reasons which have led me to this
belief.

Although many minor incidents occurring during the earlier days of my
life in the Indian jungles had made me pretty sure that such was the case,
it was not until I tried to work out the life history of a certain notorious
man-eating tiger that I became quite confirmed in my own mind of the
defectiveness of this sense in tigers.

These animals, as every one knows, obtain many of their victims by lying
up in extra thick patches of cover beside tracks made, through forest and
grass, by cattle, deer, pigs, etc. As long as the tiger is favoured by the
wind, the unfortunate prospective dinner will often wander right up to
within a few paces of the would-be diner without getting any hint of his
presence and itisnot until the tiger makes his actual rush, that he
knows, too late, of his danger. But I believe it is equally the case that
in many instances the tiger, himself, does not know what kind of animal
he is charging upon until he is practically on the top of his victim.

It is this, indeed, which in some cases turns an ordinary tiger into a
man-eater, and such was the case in the present instance. lt appears
that a party of villagers were returning from their work on their fields
and were passing along a narrow deer track which led towards their
home through a dense patch of jungle, such as generally grows up
the second year ou abandoned cultivation. Weary with their work
there was no conversation and, beyond the soft pad, pad of their feet along
the muddy track, nothing to indicate to a watcher what it was that was
using the path regularly traversed by Barking-deer and Sambhur on their
way to water. Suddenly there was a hoarse coughing grunt and the
tiger rushed out, knocked over the leading member ofthe band and then
incontinently bolted down the path as hard as he could go. One of the men
describing the episode to me some time after said that men and tiger
were racing down the path together, and that though two or three
more of the party were knocked overas they ran none were touched by
tooth or claw and the tiger seemed quite asfrightened as themselves.

It was nearly dusk when the man was killed and the sudden eastern dark-
ness fast setting down, so the villagers left the body where it lay and hurried
back to their village as fast as they could. The unfortunate man wasa
Mikir, a tribe who, however brave they may be by daylight, will never leave
+he immediate vicinity of their own houses by night for they believe every
patch of forest, every hill and every piece of water to be the abode of some
wicked spirit who works his evil will in the hours of darkness. It was not,
therefore, until the next morning that they returned to recover the body
of their comrade and when they did so they found on arriving at the spot it
had been partially eaten, the legs from the buttocks to the knees being
finished. The evidence given by the tiger’s tracks in the muddy pathway
showed that he had not touched the body until hard driven by hunger.
His footprints showed that he could not have returned to it until early
morning after the dew had ceased to fall and, apparently, he had several
+imes come up to within a few feet of the corpse from either side before

,

THE POWER OF SCENT IN WILD ANIMALS, 113

finally mustering up sufficient pluck to satisfy his hunger. Even after
commencing to feed he had, seemingly, had one or two bad frights as he
had rushed headlong from the body more than once prior to his being
disturbed by the Mikers in the morning.

In this case there can be no doubt that the tiger had relied entirely on
his'sense of hearing so that until he actually struck the man down he had
no idea that he was attacking anything more formidable than deer or
some other of his usual game. When he found what he had done he was
at first smitten with terror, but later, failing to kill anything else, he was
tempted to go back and investigate and then by degrees hunger overcame
his natural fear of man and he commenced the meal which eventually
turned him into the boldest and most clever man-eater I have known,

On one occasion when walking through the forest witha shot gun and
accompanied by some terriers I came on this same tiger standing some five
yardsaway, listening with ears pricked up and eyes staring towards me, but
evidently not using hissense of smell at all. The small dogs routed him
for a time but that evening he returned and killed a cooli within a few feet
of where I had been standing.

On yet another occasion I saw him asI was coming up a pathway leading
from my office to my bungalow. The pathway was cut on the side of a
sloping hill, covered with sun grass from three to four feet high, and sud-
denly down below me I caught sight of the tiger moving along a track made
by the school boys taking a short cut to the school house fifty yards away
down the hill. It was about three o’clock on a sunny afternoon and the
school was in full swing, the boys after the manner of all small Indian
school boys, hard at work reciting loudly the lessons they were learning,
making a perfect babel of noise. The tiger was slinking along this track,
his attention entirely fixed on the sound in front of him and evidently
gloating over a hoped for easily won meal, not the first obtained in similar
circumstances. I was not thirty yards from him and the wind was blowing
steadily from me to him, but he seemed utterly unconscious of my presence
until turning my foot in the gravelly soil I made a sound which attracted
his attention. One glimpse of my white sola-topee, evidently a most
dangerous enemy in his opinion, was enough for him and he quickly and
quietly slunk away into some jungle and when, a few seconds later, my
chaprassie came running up with my rifle he was no longer to be
found.

Once, bowever, I was even nearer than this to a tiger without his being
able to smell me. At the time I was out after Sambhur and was sneaking
along a deep nullah running through some open bamboo forest, here and
there dotted with small but very dense Ber bushes. It was just as dawn
was breaking and in the deep hollow the light was still very dim as I
dodged from one clump of bushes to another. As I got to one of these
clumps I heard something more onthe far side and shake the bush, very
much as if a deer was feeding on the Ber berries and shaking the branches
as he pulled at them. I was just about to step from behind the bush
when I heard a deep “ Aough hh” and of course at once realized that
my supposed deer was atiger. There may have been five or six feet
between us, certainly not more and though I could smell the tiger strongly
he evidently was very doubtful about me and kept inhaling long breaths
in the attempt to make out what I was. Finally, deciding it was some-
thing suspicious, he began to trot away in the opposite direction and as I
stepped from behind the bush raced up the bank giving me a snap-shot
which luckily spined him and rolled him over. He had originally come
up to the bush from the opposite direction to myself and was apparently
lying beside it when the sound of my approach roused him up.

15

114 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII,

On yet another occasion I lay for some minutes on a sandbank within
25 yards of a tigress as she drank, and she calmly alternately lapped and
cleaned herself without any suspicions of my presence before she eventually
put herself into a satisfactory position for a shotand I was able to termi-
nate the interview.

Most sportsmen who have sat up for tiger, whether on mychauns com-
paratively high up or actually on the ground behind screens, know that
it really matters little which way the wind blows as far as frightening the
tiger goes but that, on the other hand, the most absolute silence is essential.

A clever tiger who lies up any where within hearing distance of his kill
over which a mychaun has been erected, will neverreturn to it, however
hungry he may be, unless he has heard the last—as far as he can tell—of
his persecutors clear off. A very good instance of this was given me by
Mr. G. M. Peddie of the Assam Bengal Railway. A tiger had been
regularly killing cattle and goats belonging to his coolies and every
attempt to shoot it had failed. Time after time Mr. Peddie had had
mychauns made over the kill and at other times when a tree with a con-
venient branch was handy had gone out by himself with one gun bearer
and climbed on to the perch and waited. Whatever his arrangements were,
however, the result was always the same—no tiger,—yet a visit the follow-
ing morning generally showed that after he had gone the tiger had returned
and made a hearty meal.

Happening to pass through Mr. Peddie’s camp at this time he told me of
his failures and said that he thought the tiger must be able to smell him.
I advised him the next time he went out to take a number of men
with him, let them make as much noise as they liked whilst he climbed up
to his mychaun and, after he had settled himself comfortably, to let them
go away still talking as they went.

Within two days I gota letter to say that the tiger had been bagged.
Mr. Peddie had followed my suggestions with the result that immediately
the coolies who had come with him to the kill had noisely retired for
about a couple of hundred yards, the tiger had sneaked out, walked
round the far side of the kill listening to the men in the dis-
tance, followed them slowly up and, finally, after he thought
he had heard them off the premises returnedto his dinner and was
promptly shot with a single bullet through heart and lungs. Mr.
Peddie told me that judging from the action of the tiger he followed the
men almost entirely by sound though every few paces he put his nose to
the ground and inhaled a deep breath as if getting a whiff of the trail left
by the men. Atthe same time invariably after one of these inhalations
he finished by cocking his ears and listening intently as if to verify his
poor sense of smell by his outer sense of hearing.

The trick of making a very noisy approach toa kill and an even more
noisy departure, so that the fact that one or more persons have been left
behind may not be detected, is of course avery oldone. It had been
taught me by my father but has often proved effective within my own
experience.

Of course I must not be understood to claim that tigers have no seuse
of smell. Some they have, though it is not acute, and an incident
im the career of the man-eater already referred to proves this. My Head
Quarters were at the time at a place called Gunjong in the North Cachar
Hills, right away on the North-East Frontier of India where tigers—like
he poor—were always withus. They often came near the house, more
han once killed my animals in their stables and I had already killed one
iger within a stone’s throw of my garden. On the occasion referred to,
a tiger had two nights running passed along by the narrow path on the

THE POWER OF SCENT IN WILD ANIMALS, 115

crest of the hill just outside my garden fence, the tracks showing that he
had come in the early night and returned in the very early morning. I
accordingly determined to sit up and see whether he would not come
again a third time but asthere were no trees suitable for mychauns I
arranged to squat under the shadow of a very big, very dense orange tree
where there was just room to sit upright and move one’s rifle round in a
circle. Unfortunately it was a pitch dark night and though the tiger
‘came and remained within easy shooting distance of me for at least an
hour I never saw anything to shoot at. The one gap in the fence in front
of me hada big white post against which anything passing must have
shewn up but this was carefully avoided. On one side of me and about
fifteen yards to the right was a very massive hedge of bougainvillea and
most of the hour the tiger entertained me with an endless walk backwards
and forwards behind this. He knew something was wrong somewhere but
what he could not decide; every now and then I could hear him put his
nose to the ground and draw deep breaths in the attempt to get my scent,
then he would once more resume his walk, the soft pad, pad of his feet
hardly audible in the intense stillness unless a dried leaf or brittle twig
betrayed his movements. Every now and then he would make a little
whimper a sound I have sometimes heard tigers make when hungry, and
less often, he would give ventto his impatience in a long drawn,
“ a-a-a-ough. ”

He could not possibly have seen me andImade no sound so in this
instance it must either have been his sense of smell which warned or else
that uncanny extra sense which so many animals seem to possess of the
vicinity of danger.

_ Eventually he cleared off the way he came, and I went off to bed to be
awoke the next morning just after day light by two sweating frightened
men who came to tell me that this tiger had killed their companion about
two miles from my bungalow. I went out at once but failed to get him
and after this he killed with the greatest regularity, disposing of 52 people
in eight months before I finally shot him.

_ This tiger, all through his career, as far as we could ascertain, killed by
‘sound alone or by sight and sound ; his boldness was extraordinary and he
would enter huts and villages in broad daylight and pull people out, but
his usual habit was to lie up beside a village path in some patch of grass or
jungle, much too dense to see through, and leap out on any one he heard
passing. His caution, howeyer, was just as great as his boldness and he
would never face any risk he could avoid or run any danger he did not
understand. He had no objection to charging out upon a crowd of men
whose advent, as they approached his hiding place, had been heralded by
the patter of their feet and the sound of their voices, but if some of them
turned and faced him he never tried conclusions with them.

On the morning following the night I sat up for himin my garden, he
attacked two men who, as is usual with hill-men, carried spears and daos
They saw him as he charged up a steep hill at them and when he had got
within a couple of paces of them dashed their spears in his face upon
which he immediately turned tail and bolted. The next three men who
passed that way a few minutes later ran when they caught sight of him
and the slowest was promptly caught and completely eaten within the next
three hours.

Three or four times I saw this man-eater when I was unprepared for
him and each time he seemed to be depending mainly on sound for his
preliminary charge and it was only at the last moment, on catching sight of
something unusual, he repented and cleared off. My large white, or khaki-
coloured sola-topee always seemed to scare him terribly and I have

116 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISI’, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII,

no doubt that more than once his superstitious dread of this unknown,
object saved my life; indeed on one occasion I passed within inches of
where he was lying and knew nothing of it until I had passed some paces
when with a “ woof” he jumpedupand bolted. I had had to follow him up
into some long grass by means of one of the tunnels in it made by
deer and other game and up which he had dragged the body of a man he
had killed. When I reached the remains of the body I found the tiger had
retraced his steps and then leaped on one side, probably on hearing my
approach. I suppose my whole attention was so concentrated on the ex-
pected tiger in front of me that I was oblivious to anything on either side
of me, but it was a lesson never to be forgotten and in the many times
afterwards in which I had to follow him up I always remembered to keep a
very sharp look out on both sides of me as well as in front.

I saw an excellent example once of the want of scent possessed in a tiger,
who was drinking ata stream, within ten paces of a sambhur with the
wind blowing in fitful gusts from the deer to the cat. We were poling
down the Diyung River in a dugout, a dense mist driving up the stream
into our faces and completely obscuring both banks except at odd moments
when the wreaths blew on one side. I was sitting on the edge of the
boat, my legs dangling in the water and a shot gun on my knees waiting
for the mist to rise and give me a chance of shooting my grub for the
day, when the mist suddenly curled away from the bank and gave me
a glimpse of a grand tiger, his head between his paws as he lay on the
edge of the bank lapping his morning drink. Next second the rapid
stream hadi swung us round a bend of the river and there stood a Sambhur
Stag, head n air, evidently troubled by some faint whiff of his striped
foe so close to him. The rifle I had snatched up too late for the tiger was
in time for the deer who dropped where he stood with a shot through
the neck. When we brought the boat to the bank and investigated
matters more closely, we found that tiger and deer had been well within
ten yards of one another although separated by a very dense strip of reeds
and grasses. The tiger certainly appeared to have had no hint of the
presence of the deer thoughthe wind was in his favour, whilst the deer,
almost equally certainly had been disturbed by the presence of the tiger,
though the wind was against him.

Tame, or semi-tame, leopards which I have had in captivity have never
shewn any great powers of scent, although some of them were allowed
considerable liberty. Whilst my dogs would come up to me at a run
when tracking me by scent, the leopards would nose about, snufile
and inhale and often fail altogether to find me out. Bears, which
I have had atthe same time as leopards, were much keener nosed and
though clumsy in their movements would soon hunt me out. On the
other hand the leopard was the quickest at hearing of all my animals,
even sambhur and barking deer were not half so quick. |

After the leopard had had a good meal it was often possible to allow
him off his leash with the other animals, who curiously enough never
showed the instinctive fear of him one would have expected, and often
T have been able to compare their powers of hearing and invariably the
leopard was the first to hear any sound with the occasional exception of
a little prick-eared Tibetan dog.

The first sound, which to my human ears, used to convey the news that
any one was approaching my compound was the creaking of a bamboo
gate which let them into it, but long before this the animals knew all
about it. First the leopard would prick up his ears, raise his head, and
stare, with that curious far away look in his pale eyes, in the direction
of the new-arrival, next the deer would erect their heads, stamp with their

a

THE POWER OF SCENT IN WILD ANIMALS, 117

forefeet and alsoturn in the same direction and lastly the dogs would show
that they too had heard. The bears and monkeys never seemed to take
any notice unless the person was approaching aboat meal time, but even
then they were the last to pay any attention.

Unlike the true cats, the civet cats have an extraordinary powerful sense
of smell. I once had a beautiful grey beast brought to me by some Nagas
late in the evening as it was getting dusk. They asserted that it was ab-
solutely tame so I took it out of the basket and it at once licked my hands
and climbed over me uttering a sound like a contented little purr. I kept it
with me for about an hour and then wanting to go to bed decided to lock
him up in an old aviary I had once used for some eagles. Leaving it, as I
thought, safely shut up, I turned in, but hardly wasI in bed before I heard a
scratching at the thatch roof and presently down dropped the civet, pushed
itself cheerfully through my mosquito netand evinced the greatest delight
at having once morefound me. Feeling that it was hardly a desirable bed
companion, | again grabbed it by the neck and carried it outto the cage.
Shut up once more it was out, however, and back in my bed almost as soon
asl was. Determined to be allowed to sleep in peace I again carried him
right away out of the garden to a huge cotton tree about 200 yards away
and saw him run safely up into the top branches far overhead, but, before I
got back to my garden, I turned to have a look and there was my recently
acquired pet with its nose to the ground simply racing over it after me.

This cat would often nose out birds’ nests in trees or bushes within a few
feet of the ground and then climb up and devour any eggs or young con-
tained in them. When he arrived at a bush with a nest in it he would halt
for a second or two with his little nose lifted up and quivering about in
every direction until itwasin a bee-line with the nest and then up he
climbed. Fortunately he wus the most amenable animal to deal with I have
ever had and soon learnt that no nests within my garden fence must be
touched. He was immense pals with all the dogs and could track them up
by scent at a gallop, proceeding in ungainly leaps after the manner of his
kind. His sight for distant objects was very poor though for anything near
it was exceptionally quick.

Before leaving the subject of feline senses it may be of interest to relate
a story of a leopard child which has not yet ever been published though it
was pretty well known at the time.

In the North Cachar Hills, where the boy was found, Government taxation
used to consist in part of labour, so much being supplied by every village
forthe upkeep of roads, rest-houses, etc. Sometimes men would petition
for exemption from this labour on various grounds, and one day when ques-
tioning a man as to why he wanted exemption from such labour he told me
that he had a little “ wild” son to look after and as his wife had recently
died he could not leave the village to work or the boy would run back to
the jungle.

I accordingly went outside the court to see the “ wild child” and satis-
fy myself as to the truth of the story. There sure enough outside was a
small boy about seven years old, or less, squatted on the ground like a small
animal ; directly I came near him he put his head in the air and snuffed
about, finishing by bolting on all fours to his father between whose legs he
backed like a small wild beast retreating into a burrow. Looking closer at
the child I saw that he was nearly or entirely blind from some form of
cataract and his little body was covered with the white scars of innumerable
healed tiny cuts and scratches. Struck with his appearance I asked the
father to tell me all about the boy and he then narrated the following
wonderful story which I fully believe to be true, but which my readers must
accept or not as they think fit.

118 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII,

It appears that about five years before I saw father and son, the Cachar1
villagers of a village called Dihungi, had found two leopard cubs close to their
village which they killed. The mother leopard had tracked the murderers of
her children back to the village and had haunted the outskirts for two days.
The third day a woman cutting rice insome cultivation close to the village
laid her baby buy down on a cloth whilst she went on with her work. Pre-
sently, hearing a cry, she turnedroundand sawa leopard bounding away
and carrying the child withit. The whole village.at once turned out and
hunted for leopard and baby but without success and finally they were for-
ced by darkness to leave the boy, as they supposed, to be eaten by the
leopard.

Some three years after this event a leopardess was killed close to the
village by a sportsman who brought in the news of his success together
with the information that the leopard had cubs which he had failed to
secure. Onhearing this the whole village turned out and eventually
captured two cubs and one child, the boy of this story. He was at once
identified by his parents, claimed by them, and their claim admitted by the
whole village. :

Subsequently when visiting Dihungi I interviewed the head man and
also the man who actually caught the child and they both corroborated
the father’s tale in every detail. It appeared that at the time he was
caught the child ran on all fours almost as fast as an adult man could
run, whilst in dodging in and out of bushes and other obstacles he was
much cleverer and quicker. Atthat time he was only suffering from
cataract to a slight extent and could see fairly well, but after he was caught
his eyes rapidly became worse. His knees, even when I saw him and when
he had learnt to move about upright to a great extent had hard callosities
on them and his toes were retained upright almost at right angles to his
instep. The palms of his hands and pads of toes and thumbs were also
covered with very tough horny skin. When first caught he bit and fought
with every one who came within reach of him and, although even then
affected in his eyes, any wretched village fowl which came within his reach
was seized, torn to pieces and eaten with extraordinary rapidity.

When brought before me he had been more or less tamed, walked up-
right except when startled into extra rapid motion, was friendly with his
own villagers, whom he seemed to know by scent, would eat rice, vegetables,
etc., and consented to sleep in his father’s hut at night. Clothes, being a
Cachari child of tender years, he had not been introduced to.

His blindness was not in any way due to his treatment by the leopard—
if the story is true—as I found that another child, a couple of years older,
and the mother also had both had the same cataract. At the same time
the defective sense of sight may well have intensified his sense of smell as
the loss of the one must have caused him to rely more on the other. When
caught the child was in perfect condition, thin but well covered, and with
a quite exceptional development of muscle.

119

SOME SOUTH INDIAN BATRACHIANS.
BY
C. R. Narayan Rao, M. A

Central College, Bangaiore.
[With two plates. |

These notes discuss a portion of the material collected some time ago
in certain parts of Coorg and Shimoga, and I propose to include in this
paper a few remarks on some of the unidentified examples of batrachians
belonging to the Bombay Natural History Society, entrusted to me for
determination. Through the courtesy of Dr. N. Annandale I have had
access to the named collection of amphibians inthe Indian Museum, and I
should like to thank him and Dr. Boulenger who has very kindly examined
a few specimens submitted to him for his opinion.

Two specimens belonging to the species Spelerpes fuscus are contained
in the Society's collection and the label on the specimens shows that they
are from Burma. There area few points in which these two examples
differ from the description of fuscus given in the Catalogue of the British
Museum. For instance, 1]. The remnants of cirri or balancers are absent
below the nostrils in both the specimens. 2. The distance between the
snout and the gular fold is less than three times in the length of the snout
and the vent. 38. Two parotoids are present in both examples. 4. The
deep groove behind the gular fold is continuous with the cervical groove
starting from the posterior angle of the eye. 5. A lateral glandular fold
over the costal grooves (9-10) is present. 6. Total length from tip of
snout to tip of tail 105mm., more than 4in.(a) 7. The tail is marbled.
Considering the locality that the specimens are alleged to come from and
also in view of the fact that the characters enumerated above are constant
in the two forms, I naturally thought whether they could not be distinct
from fuscus. But Dr. Boulenger who has examined one of the specimens,
identifies it as the European Spelerpes fuscus and states that it could not
have been picked up in Burma. (4) The only species of Spelerpes present in
the Indian Museum is S. ruber, No. 2712 from North Carolina, and there is
practically no further material in India for comparison. As the source of
these salamanders cannot be definitely traced for the present, the inter-
pretation of Dr. Boulenger is certainly the more natural and correct one.

Among the unidentified examples of batrachians belonging to the
Society I found 1. Rana pileata, 2. R. plicatella. 3. R. erythrea, 4.
Rhacophorus bimaculatus, 5. Galophrynus pleurostigma, 6. Kaloula pulchra,
7. Bufo melanostictus, 8. Leptobrachium hasseltii? All these are from
Burma, except Rh. bimaculatus which I found in Mr. Kinnear’s collection
from Somavarapatna, Coorg. The occurrence in South India of this species
which is known to affect the rain forests of Assam is certainly very in-
teresting and is reported here for the first time. The two specimens of
Cal. pleurostigma are ina beautiful state of colour preservation and the
scheme of markings on them closely conforms to the description of
i red eae Ae rere

(a) Dr. Boulenger’s measurement for the male specimens is 96mm, and Dr. Gadow
(Camp, Nat. Hist Amp. Rept., p. 105) states that the total length of fuscus
remains under four inches. , .

(6) The only two salamanders known from this region are Tylototriton verru-
cosus and Amblystoma persimile.

120 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII,

Engystoma interlineatum (c) rather than Boylenger’s account (d). The ventral
surface bears in both the examples beautiful white roundish or squarish
spots, not alluded to by any previous writers and such as are present in
some species of Megalophrys.

Only the following examples of batrachia included in my collection call
for observation at present.

Rana hexadactyla, Less.
1890. Rana hexadactyla, Boulenger, Faun. Brit. Ind. Rept. Batr., p. 441.

Larva.

1904. Rana hexadactyla, Fergusson, J.B. N. H.8., Vol. XV., p. 500.

A young specimen measuring 23 mm. taken in Jog, Shimoga Dist., shows.
the following peculiarities as compared with examples of similar size.

1. The strong fold of skin behind the eyes and across the head is conti-
nued over the tympanum on each side.

2. Pearl-like granules crowd over the body and the limbs and toes

3. First finger equals the second.

4, A very distinct canthus rostralis.

5. Nostrils with valve-like flaps.

6. The tibio tarsal articulation reaches beyond the eyes

This specimen has been sent to the Indian Museum.

Rana tigrina, Daud.

1890. Rana tigrina, Boulenger, Faun. Brit. Ind. Rept. Batr., p. 449.
1915. Rana tigrina, Nicholls, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, pp. 608, 609.
1917. Rana tigrina, Annandale, Mem. As. Soc. Bengal, Vol. VI, p. 112.
1918. Rana tigrina, Id: & Boulenger, Rec. Ind. Mus., Vol. XV, 51, 67.

Larva.

1904. Rana tigrina, Ferguson, J. B. N. H.8., Vol. XV,p. 501.

1917. Rana tigrina, Annandale, Mem. As. Soc. Bengal. Vol. Vi, p. 125.

The variations observable in this species are quite striking and are asso-
ciated with the different modes of life adopted by the individual members.
In the Mysore State, e. g., Bangalore as in Madras town both this species
and its variety crassa occur together and though both are of robust build
their powers to stand captivity are so small, that any prolonged observa-
tions on their habits in a vivarium becomes almost impossible. My own
experience is that the fossorial habits are by no means confined to crassa
and I have on several occasions exhumed specimens of tigrina S. 8S.
while digging for earthworms. The presence of a horny plate on
the roof of the mouth or on the sides of the lower jaw of the larve is
purely arbitrary and indicates nothing. In my epinion it would not be
perfectly safe to use this character as a basis for specific or racial
distintion. The dental formula ascrihed to the tadpole by Dr. Annandale (e)
does not provide for the outer limits of variations and the description
of Dr. Boulenger (f) would be correct if the formula is written thus,1: 3
or 4/3 or 4: 1.

The osteological characters of Rana tigrina recently described by Dr..
Nicholls would appear to be subject to a great deal of variation and the
following description refers to the more important of them. He compares.
the vertebral column of the Indian bull frog with that of the European

(c) J. A. 8. B., 1854, Vol. XXITI, P. 732,

(d) Faun. Brit. Ind. Rept. Batr., 1890, p. 490.
(e) 1917, Mem. As. Soe., Bengal, Vol. VI., p. 125.
(f) 1918, Rec. Ind. Mus., Vol. XV., Part I, 57.

SOME SOUTH INDIAN BATRACHIANS. 121

R. temporaria, and Dr. Annandale (g) states that he has been able to confirm
the observations of Dr. Nicholls on most of the bones by an independent
examination. In South Indian colleges where practical zoology is
taught, the laboratory type is R. hexadactyla, and during the breeding
season of frogs, examples of R. tigrina are frequently brought to the
class for practical work. The skeleton of a R. tigrina 8. S. prepared for
the Central College recently showed certain abnormal individual vari-
ations and led to the making of a large series of skeletons of this species
for the purpose of comparison. On a careful examination of these series
with the skeletons of R. hexadactyla and R. cyanophlyctis, I am not able
to confirm some at any rate of the statements of Dr. Nicholls.

(a). The vertebral column :—In regard to the neural arches, R. tigrine
is said to show, “a very marked overlap of each arch dorsally upon that
immediately posterior to it and accordingly when the vertebre are in
position, the centra are not visible from above (h)’. ‘In this imbricate
condition of the vertebral column, it would appear then, that R. tigrina has
retained (or reverted to) a somewhat primitive condition (i)” such asis met
with in the families of Dvuscoglosside and Pelobatide. The condition,
shown in text fig. 1 of the paper cited,in support of the above statement, is
easily produced by a bend or flexture such as appears in badly prepared
skeletons, (j) and ; however, in carefully prepared bones the neural arches
only notch between the zygapophyses (k) so as to produce a more or less
open-work condition that Dr. Boulenger (/) describes as being character-
istic of the genus Rana. I possess two skeletons of R. esculenta and a
comparison with them or with the two other Indian species already
mentioned, discloses nothing strikingly different in the vertebral
column of tigrina. I may further mention that its vertebral column
is certainly not like that of Discaglossus pictus (m) and the figure
of Dr. Nicholls therefore does not represent the correct position of
the neural arches in well prepared and normally articulated spinal column.
It is further pointed out that the imbricate condition of the neural arches
is produced in trigina as in Pelobates fuscus, by the fact that in these
examples the centrum has practically the same length as the neural
arch (n). In the vertebre of R. tigrina that I have forwarded to Dr.
Annandale, the length of the centrum is 11 of the length of the neural
arch measured along the mediam line. This holds not only for the
sixth vertebra that Dr. Nicholls selects for comparison, but for all others in
the series. The dorsal view of the vertebral column of R. tigrina is not,
however, the fully and completely open-work condition figured for R. tem-
poraria by Howes (0) and for R. esculenta by Ecker, (p) and the seemingly
imbricate appearance is due to,—1. The largely developed neural spines,
directed backwards hiding the vertebral gaps. 2. The pre and post
zygapophyses are considerably flattened and hide the communications
between the dorsal gaps and the vertebral foraminae, and 3. On the
posterior border of the neural arch of some of the vertebree, a flange or
arcualium is developed.

(g) 1917,Mem. As. Soc., Bengal, Vol. VI, p. 124.

(h) 1915, Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 603.

(i) 1915, ibid. pp. 603-604.

(j) All osteological material in support of these statements are sent to the
Indian Museum.

(k) This is true of R. hexadactyla and R. cyannophlyctis also.

(1) 1897, the Tailless Batrachians of Europe, Vol. I, p. 38. P

(m) 1907, Wiedersheim and Parker Comp. Anat. Vert., p. 56..

(nm) 1915, Proc. Zool. Soc., London., p. 605.

(0) 1902, Howes, Atlas Pract. El. Zool., pl. IV., fig XXXV.

(p) 1889, Ecker. Anat. Frog., p. 18;

122 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII

Tn regard to the development of the neural spines, I agree with the

statement of Dr. Nicholls (p. 606) and I find that the neural spine of the
seventh vertebra is as upright as that of the eighth. The cartilaginous
ribs of the third vertebra of R. tigrina are said to be very like those of
P. fuscus and this condition is obviously common to more than one Indian
frog. The third vertebra of some of the examples of hexadactyla also show
this character and the third vertebra of these two Indian species are to be
distinguished by a flange or an osseous tubercle in tigrina alone. This
tubercle or flange may perhaps represent the partial bifurcation of the
diapophyses described by Dr. Bourne (g) as an abnormal occurrence in
temporaria, As regards the diapophyses of the eighth vertebra, it may be
mentioned that its stouter nature is rather an exception than a rule, and
in the specimens that I have sent to the Indian Museum they will be seen
to be not bigger than the transverse process of the seventh vertebra. The
sacral diapophysis is certainly cylindrical in tigrina. I entirely agree with
the description of the coccyx in Dr. Nicholls’s paper, but in respect of the
shoulder girdle, although there is a slight overlap, the ventral suture of
the two corocoids which meet in a median bar in front, passes through
the median axis of the girdle. Dr. Nicholls’s text fig. 3A showing the
right corocoid beyond the mid-ventral line, is rather an exaggeration. The
overlapping condition is certainly a primitive feature which tigrina has
retained, and in the metamorphosing larve of this, as in other Ranid larve
(r) it is the epicorocoidal cartilages that overlap and the left corocoid bone
extends slightly dorsally over the right, while ventrally they meetin a
median suture.

(6). The skull:—Dr. Boulenger appends a short description of the skull
of R. tigrina to his definition of the species (s) and in certain regards it
needs amplification. The cartilaginous basis of the skull is really confined
to the processes given off from the nasal capsule which is, however, perfectly
ossified ; the principal processes being the transverse ones meeting the
cartilaginous epiphyses of the pterygoid, the anterior and the anterolateral
and the alar cartilages. The floor, the roof and the septum of the olfactory
capsule are ossified by the great development of the othmoid bone—the
cornets are present in the form of powerful turbinated bones. The large
nasals which overlie the bony capsule,—occasionally with bony outwardly a
very short directed spines,—are united with one another and with the fronto-
parietals so completely that the sutures may be lost or may be faintly indi-
cated by grooves. The osseous floor of the nasal capsule is underlaid by
two equally large vomers the outer borders of which have two processes
enclosing a deep notch between them,—the anterior process almost meeting
the maxillary bone, while teeth are borne on the postero-lateral border.
The sagittal and coronal sutures are only indistinctly marked or not at all,
and the upper surface of the skull is either flat or slightly convex (noticed
in R. temporaria and R. oxyrhinus (t). The parietal ridge is generally
strongly marked, extending backwards to the apex of the heart-shaped
foramen magnum. The mastoid ridges and the mastoid elevations are pro-
minent. The lateral cartilaginous portions of the cranium are completely
replaced by the backward extension of the spenethmoid which is incorpo-
rated behind into the ala magna. Thus the foramen pro ramo-nasalis,
foramen opticus and foramen oculomotorius are simple perforations in the
sphenethmoidal bone. In some specimens the downward prolongation of

(q) 1894, Bateson, Mat., Stud. Var., p. 124, and 1884, Bourne, Q. J. M. Sci.,
XXIV, p. 86.

(x) 1901, Gadow., Camb. Nat. Hist., Amph. Rept., p. 25.

(s) 1918, Rec. Ind. Mus., Vol. XV., p. 57.

(¢) 1889, Ecker, Anat., Frog. p. 23.

Journ., Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.

HI tw, |
== os —— —

il .
"\\Wee7 Ae,
hy?

i, tif if
u
If

SOUTH INDIAN BATRACHIANS.

SOME SOUTH INDIAN BATRACHIANS. 123

the fronto-pariels may meet the upward extension of the parasphenoid
in front of the exit of the optic nerve. The foramen trigeminusis a large
vertically oval aperture and in some specimens of skulls, is constricted
slightly in the middle by the approximation of tongue-like processes of
the sphenethmoid and theala magna. The ophthalmic branch of the fifth,
the sixth and the palatine branch of the seventh occupy the dorsal part of
the foramen, while through the lower half of the foramen emerge the
maxillo-mandibularis of the fifth and the hyo-mandibularis of the facial
nerves. The trochlear nerve has no separate exit and issues through the
foramen opticus. The canalis nervi vagi may bear three orifices,—though
the usual number is only two,—the internal foramen condyloidium for the
exit of the vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves and two lateral ones for the
entry of the internal and the external carotid arteries. The maxillo—pala-
tine process is large and extending below the nasals, supports the cartila-
ginous epiphyses of the pterygoid and the transverse cartilaginous exten-
sion from the nasal capsule.
(c). The individual abnormal variations.—

i. The pelvic girdle. In the preparation I have forwarded to the
Indian Museum the ventral border of the ilium extends far beyond
the sacral diapophyses and before maceration, was continued over the
transverse processes of the eighth and the seventh vertebree by means
of a flat cartilaginous bar. In accordance with this fact the diapophyses
of these vertebrze are flattened into wing-like expansions at the base,
thus deviating from the cylindrical shape. The dorsal blade of the
ilium is practically of the same depth throughout and it is the
terminal portion of this sharp border, which unites with the trans-
verse process of the sacral vertebra by a cartilaginous epiphyseal
connection.

ii. The femur. The inner border of the right femur bears a strongly
developed tubercle or a process projecting in the living specimen
between the great adductor and internal vastus muscles. There is a
distinct ridge on the ventral surface of the bone, running from the
head of the femur to more than half the distance. A similar but fain-
ter ridge is found on the dorsal face also.

iii. The pectoral girdle. The inner end of the left corocoid is dis-
tinetly forked and amass of epicorocoidal remains persisted in the
living condition, in front of the corocoidal suture. The future is imper-
fect on account of the deficiency of the left corocoid. The ventral
face of the bony style of the omosternum bears a strong carina-like
ridge throughout its length.

Rana leptodactyla, Boul.
1890. Rana lepiodactyla, Boulenger, Faun. Brit. Ind. Rept. Batr., p. 448.
Larva.

1918. Rana leptodactyla, Annandale, Rec. Ind. Mus., Vol. XV., p. 19.

I have had opportunities of witnessing the spawning of this frog in Coorg
and could rear the larvee only up to the two-legged stage. J am of opimion
that the tadpoles described by Dr. Annandale in the paper cited, do not
belong to R. leptodactyla. I have myself examined the tadpoles No. 17698
contained in the Indian Museum collection, and I have in my own collec-
tion other tadpoles quite identical with this number, a few of these latter
tadpoles with me have developed the feet. Judging from this and other
characters I am led to infer that the examples described under Jeptodactyla
may prove to belong to one of the species of Nyctibetrachus. I am forwarding

124 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XX VII,

to Dr. Annandale these suspicious looking larve and other material,
and at present I am notin a position to say anything regarding the larvee
he describes under NV. pygmeus (uw).

The eggs of R. leptodactyla are large, measuring with the gelatinous outer
coat 42mm. and are laid in small clumps at several places along the grassy
margins of the ponds. The sexual embrace is axial. The total number of
eggs included in any one batch does not usually exceed thirty, and the
batches of eggs deposited by any one frog in the different parts of the
same pond may vary from six to eight. The localities for spawning are
most arbitrarily selected and have no reference to protection or develop-
ment being ensured. The debris that usually collects round the margins of
ponds fed by storm-water confers, however, some measure of protection.
The gelatinous outer envelope of the eggs ‘which swells out into a large
spherical mass in the water, shrinks in the preserving fluid. The two poles “of
the eggs are not distinguished by any colour.

The tadpoles are of moderate size, oval, rather flattened above (elevated
in the young). The ventral surface is convex. The snout is obtusely
pointed. The nostrils are widely separated, nearer to tip of snout than to
eyes. The inter nasal space is only half the inter orbital width. The
eyes are dorsal and directed upwards in the young, but outwards in the
older forms. Eye nearer to the snout than to spiracle. The spiracle is
lateral, not visible from above, sinistral, tubular, pointing backwards and
upwards. It is nearer to the root of hind leg than to tip of snout. A
frontal gland is present. The mouth disk is moderate, ventral in position.
Lips opposible, the lower fringed with a double row of fingers-like processes,
which extend on the emarginate sides. The upper beak is broadly
semilunar, produced more or less in the middle into a blunt tooth-like
process. The lower beak is V-shaped and the margins of both the beaks
are entire. The dental formula is 1: 2 + 2/1 :2or3. The upper entire
tooth row is the longest and the other two are broadly interrupted. The
innermost lower series is either narrowly broken or entire and all the
three series are equally long. Thevent is dextral, tubular. ‘he tail islong,
pointed at the tip. The muscular part at the middle of tail is as deep as the
membranes,—these are poorly marked in front but are deep and convex
behind. The dorsal surface of head and body is olive green or brown, more
or less speckled. The ventral surface whitish, immaculate. The tail is.
spotted throughout.

Measurements of a specimen in which the hind limbs are fully grown :—

Total length ee eh .. 43mm.
Length of head and body a0 onan:
Greatest breadth of body 50 nee belt 2iamar
Greatest depth of body.. sis 55 ddan,
Greatest debth of tail .. 5 69 7mm.

The eggs and specimens of tadpoles were obtained at Watekolle, Coorg, in
December 1918 and were taken also in Shimoga, Mysore State. Twelve
hours after the deposition of the eggs, the young one are found wriggling in
their gelatinous envelopes, which gradually spread out into a continuous.
film over the water. This viscous mass becomes completely dissolved, before
the final emergence of the larvee takes place. Buds of hind limbs. sprout
nearly a fortnight later, which is certainly a remarkably short period for:
the Ranid larvee in general and the rapidity in the present case is correlated
with the fact that metamorphosis has to be completed before the element in
which the larve live should dry up.

The eggs and the tadpoles are in the Indian Museum.

(w) 1918, Op. cit., p. 21.

SOME SOUTH iNDIAN BATRACHIANS. 195

Nyctibatrachus sancti-palustris sp. nov.

F Vomerine teeth in two strongly set, large oblique series, behind tha
choana,—considerably further behind in the young. Habit moderate, No
cathus rostralis, which in the young is obtuse. Length of snout nearly
equals the diameter of the eye in the adult, but longer in the young. Eyes
moderately prominent, directed upwards and forwards. The upper eye lid
is narrow and smooth in the young and covered by warty folds in the
adult. The inter orbital space is slightly wider than the upper eye lid.
Nostrils equidistant between the eye and tip of snout. Snout optuse in
the young, broadly rounded in the adult. Fingers moderate, first shorter
than},the second ; tips swollen, truncate. Toes more than half webbed
tips dilated into disks. Subarticular tubercles moderate. An inner
metatarsal tubercle. Tarso-metatarsal articulation reaches the eye or
slightly beyond. Skin nearly smooth in the young but covered by short
semicircular folds on the back and the sides, in the adult. A median
fold on the snout, forking behind in the adult, but generally continued
between the eyesin the young. A moderate sub-orbital fold and another
from the eye to the shoulder. Reddish brown above, limbs barred, A
broad dark band between the eyes. Throat bronzed in the adult, as also
the under surface of limbs. Abdomen yellow, the liver showing through
the transparent skin in the form of a squarish dark patch. In the young,
the upper surface of the limbs is lighter, the dark bands extend on the
toes. <A triangular bright yellow mark on the snout and orange yellow
streaks on the shoulder, sometimes continued to the groin in the young.

From snout to vent 39mm.

Locality.—The sacred swamps of the Cauvery, Brahmagiri hills 4,000
feet, Coorg.

The type and syntypes are in the Indian Museum. Dr. Boulenger has
retained for the British Museum one of the three specimens which he
kindly examined.

Nyctibatrachus sancti-palustris modestus var. nov.

This variety of the foregoing species differs in a striking manner and in
several important particulars and for the purpose of comparison, I have
selected examples of the same size.

1. The length of the throat along the mid-ventral line is 3 the distance
measured ventrally between the angles of the mandibles in sancti-palustris,
and in modestus it is +.

2. The length of snout equals the diameter of eye in modestus, exceeds
by far in sancti-palustris of the same size.

3. Nostrils nearer tip of snout in modestus. .

4, The inter orbital width more than twice the upper eyelid in modestus.

5. No canthus rostralis.

6. A more elongate metatarsal tubercle.

7. Tarso-metatarsal articulation reaches the snout or slightly beyond.
Toes less fully webbed.

8. Skin thrown into long longitudinal folds on the body and limbs.

9. Pinkish above, more or less blotched. Limbs barred. Throat and
under surface of limbs finely speckled. Abdomen white. An orange
yellow band on each shoulder.

Total length 25 mm.

Locality.— Jog, Shimoga, Mysore State.

Type and syntype in the Indian Museum.

Bufo.

Two specimens of Bufo collected in Coorg appeared to me to be distinct
from B. stomaticus which I had examined in the Indian Museum in June

126 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII,

1919. Dr. Boulenger to whom they were sent is, however, of opinion that
they cannot be separated from stomatieus. With a view to verify my
position, I have, through the courtesy of the Director of the Zoological
Survey of India, been enabled to re-compare my material with the Indian
Museum collection. At the end of the reconsideration, I find myself un-
able to accept the decision of Dr. Boulenger. For reasons given below I con-
sider myself sufficiently justified in regarding the two examples as repre-
senting a distinct local race differing from their North Indian congeners
in several important particulars. Though I do not possess at present
sufficient material to establish their specific distinctness, which may per-
haps prove the more correct view to take, I have no doubt about their being
racially distinct. ;
Bufo stomaticus peninsularis var. nov.

Head without bony ridges or feebly marked by minute cornified tuber-
cles. _Snout obtuse, rather truncated obliquely. Interorbital space
broader than upper eyelid. Tympanum moderate about # the length of
the upper eyelid. First finger equals the second. Toes half-webbed,
subarticular tubercles inconspicuous. Two meta tarsal tubercles,—the
inner spade-like. Tarso metatarsal articulation reaches the tympanum.
Skin perfectly smooth or covered uniformly by minute tubercles. Under
surface non-tuberculate. A feebly marked flask-shaped fold over the
occiput. Parotoids much flattened, inconspicuous. Cutaneous pores
aggregated in small numbers over the skin. Colour of live specimens either
pale buff or olive green more or less speckled with brown. Under surface
yellow on a background of dirty white.

From snout to vent 45 mm.

Locality. Mavkote and Watekolle, Coorg.

Type and syntype in the Indian Museum.

I'he enumeration of characters in which the variety peninsularis differs
from sfomaticus, (Indian Museum nos. 16067, 16068, 17254 and 17274) may
now be proceeded with. They are allfrom Northern India. 1. The inter-
orbital space is 13 or 14 of the upper eyelid in peninsularis and equals the
upper eyelid in stomaticus. 2. The length of the snout is 11 the length
the upper eyelid in peninsularis and is } in stomaticus. 3. The mandibulars
symphysis form an acute angle in peninsularis and is a broad semicircle in
stomaticus. 4. Inner meta-tarsal tubercle spade hke in peninsularis and
conical is sfomaticus. 5. The vertical diameter of the tympanum is 2 the
length of the upper eyelid in peninsularis and + in siomaticus. 6. The
upper eyelid is entire, coterminous with the canthus in penmsuluris and
notched both ends in stomaticus.

Bufo parietalis, Boul.

1890 Bufo parietalis, Boulenger, Faun. Brit. Ind. Rep. Batr., p. 507.

A single specimen of this species 1°8 inches (y) is included in the
collection and shows the following peculiar characteristics :—

1. The bony ridges are by no means prominent.
2. There is a distinct occipital and a prefrontal ridge.

_

3. Toes are considerably less than half-webbed and subarticular tuber-

cles are absent.
Specimen in the Indian Museum.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.
1. The abnormal Rana tigrina.

Fig. 1. The pelvic girdle and the abnormal femur.
Hig. 2. The abnormal femur showing the tubercle and the ridge.

1 St 0 stern on ete ee a eee eee
(y) Dr. Boulenger’s record is 3:25 inches, Faun. Brit. Ind. Rept. Batr., p, 507.

Journ., Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc

Plate Il.

Ze N
LTT 17

‘4

SOUTH INDIAN BATRACHIANS

ma
ih ee

SOME SOUTH INDIAN BATRACHIANS. 127

Fig. 3. The third vertebra showing the tubercle on the diapophyses and

the arcualium.

Fig. 4. The abnormal ilium with the forward cartilaginous extension.

Fig. 5. The pectoral girdle showing the forked left corocoid and the
keeled omosternum,

Figs. 6&7. Side views of the skull of the normal R. tigrina, showing
the relation of the sphenethmoid, the frontoparietal and the
parasphenoid bones, and their degrees of development.

Fig. 8. Lower view of the skull shown in fig. 7. The right vomer is
removed to show the bony base of the nasal capsule.

2. Rana leptodactyla.

Figs. 9,10&11. Egg* more than twice ; tadpole* twice ; mouth* more
four times magnified.

3. Nyctibatrachus.

Fig. 12. N. sancti-palustris sp. nov.

Figs. 13&14. The under views of sancti-palusiris and modestus var.
nov. respectively.

Figs. 15,17 and 16,18. The hind limb and the meta-tarsal tubercle of
sancti-palustris and modestus respectively.

4, Bufo.

Figs. 19, 21 and 20, 22. The throat and profile of B. stomaticus
No. 17274 belonging to the Indian Museum and peninsularis
var, noy.

Lettering.—a. Arcualium on the posterior border of the neural arch, ar.

articular facet of the tendon of m. vastus externus.

C. cartilaginous bar extending over the transverse processes of
the VIII and VII vertebre.

Cor. corocoid with the forked end.

db. dorsal blade of ilium.

EE. ecto and mesethmoid bones.

ep. epiphyseal connection between the dorsal blade of ilium and
sacral diapophysis.

FP. frontoparietal bone.

il. ilium. K. carina on the omosternum, om. omesternum.

PS. parasphenoid bone, r. ridge on the two faces of the femur.

SE. sphenethmoid bone. t. tubercle. v. vomer,

128

THE BIRDS OF PREY OF THE PUNJAB

BY
CEE DONALD AME. Z.S.

ARID Vs

(Continued from page 1020 of Vol. XXVI.)

Tyre G.
FamMiIny FALCONIDAL.

SUBFAMILY FALCONIN A.

Genus CIRCUS.

No. 1233. Circus macrurus. The Pale Harrier.

Characteristics.

Colsuration.

Size medium, wing about 142”; tarsi under 3”;
Outer web of 2nd, 38rd, and 4th, quills notched,
but not of 5th.

Adult male. ‘‘ Upper parts pale ashy grey, gener-
ally, except in very old birds, more or less
tinged with brown on the crown, back, scapulars
and quills; lores whitish; forehead and above
and beneath the eye white ; ear-coverts pale grey
streaked with white ; the ruff behind the ear-coverts
differing in texture, but scarcely in colour. Pri-
maries ashy grey, 38rd, 4th, and 5th, black or
blackish-brown on part of the terminal half, some
black on 2nd and 6th, the basal portion of all
quills white ; upper tail coverts banded grey and
white, middle tail-feathers grey unbarred, the
others white, with grey bars; lower parts white,
throat and upper breast with a faint grey tinge”
(Blanford).

Adult female. ‘‘ Above brown, feathers of head
and hind-neck broadly margined with rufous or
buff, and the smaller wing-coverts with broad pale
rufous borders; forehead whitish, a buffy white
supercilium and patch below the eye; moustachial
stripe and ear-coverts brown ; a well marked ruff
of small white or buff feathers with broad brown
shaft-stripes all round the neck, behind the ear-
coverts, and across the throat ; quills brown above
buff or whitish below, with blackish-brown cross-
bands on both sides; upper tail-coverts white,
brown shaft-stripes or other markings; middle
tailfeathers brown, outer feathers buff or rufous-
white, all with dark brown cross-bands.

Lower parts white, with rufous-brown shaft-
stripes, broadest on the breast ; in old birds these
stripes become very narrow, especially on the
abdomen and lower tail-coverts.

Young birds resemble the female above, except
that the feathers have, at first, rufous edges
throughout, there is a white nuchal patch with

Measurements.

Habits, etc.

ae

THE BIRDS OF PREY OF THE PUNJAB. 129

throughout, there isa white nuchal patch with
brown shaft-stripes, and the ruff is unstreaked,
or almost unstreaked buff and very conspicuous ;
the upper tail-coverts are white, the lower parts
throughout are rufous-buti, with faint shaft-stripes.
There is a gradual passage from this plumage
into that of the adult; nearly adult males are often
found with patches of brown on the crown and
brown shaft-stripes on the breast” (Blanford).
“ Bill black; cere greenish; iris yellow in adults
brown in the young ; legs yellow.” (Blanford).

Length of females about 19°5; tail 10 ; wing 14'5 ;
tarsus 2°9. Length of males 18; tail 8°75; wing
13°75 ; tarsus 2°7.

[have given the above description of this bird
in full, from the Fauna of British India, as it very
nearly applies to the next species also, and because
I have noticed that these two birds are very frequent-
ly taken for each other. Jn his description of the
next species, the Hen-Harrier, Blanford merely
gives the difference between it and the present
species, so there should be no confusion between
them. Ifit is remembered, in the first. instance,
that one glance at the wing of the bird, with-
out looking at the plumage at all, is sufticient
to keep the two species apart, it would save a
great deal of trouble and leave no room _ for
doubt. In the Pale Harrier the 5th quill is not
notched, whereas in the Hen-Harrier the 5th quill zs
notched . Secondly, look at the upper tail-coverts.

In the Pale Harrier these are always streaked
with brown, or edged with brown or buff. In the
Hen-Harrier the upper tail-coverts are pure white in
both sexes.

The Harriers, as a genus, are well known birds and
unmistakable as such. Their curious habit of flying
low over grass or scrub jurgle and dropping silently
to the ground, or for a second almost stopping still
in mid-air, and then continuing their fiight over an-
other bit of grass or scrub is unlike any other Bird
of Prey.

All the Harriers appear to do a great deal of work
to earn their dinner for it is seldom that one gets a
big enough meal in one quarry to satisfy it. Fortu-
nately it is not averse to taking almost anything it
can get, from grass-hoppers and insects of all kinds
to lizards, mice and birds, but it seldom loses an
opportunity of trying for birds when it gets a chance.
The writer watched a male of this species, on one
occasion, trying for little birds for the better part of
two hours, over a dried up water course, overgrown
with bullrushes and grass. The water-course was
some 3 to 400 yards long and about 30 feet wide;
the centre was clear of weeds which only grew on
either bank. ‘The Harrier started at one end, flying
very slowly and checking at frequent intervals, pre~

130 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVIII,

NOs UE),

Characteristics.

Colouration.

paratory to dropping, but each time it did so a few
birds would hurry out and drop back into the weeds
a little further on. Time after time the Harrier

' turned and twisted, swooped and rose and its legs

were over and over again seen to shoot out as a bird
came within striking distance, but each time it
missed its prey by inches. Up one bank and down
the otherit went, times innumerable, but did not
succeed in getting a single bird. There was a wide
open plain on either side of the water-course and
the birds which had taken shelter among the weeds
appeared to be very loth to leave it, for they merely
flew, when the Harrier got directly above them, for a
short distance and went into the rushes againa
little further on, only to be flushed again.

The flight is light and graceful but slow, a bout of
flapping being followed by sailing and frequent
‘‘ banking ”’ as the bird half turns from one side to
the other, as though unable to make up its mind as
to which side it should go. Harriers generally are
not very often seen soaring in the winter, but during
their bi-annual migrations they may frequently be
seen circling high up in the air,

When circling the wings are held very nearly in
line with the body, though slightly upwards inclined.
Whilst flying over scrub, i.c.. when hunting, the
wings are frequently seen to be held well over the
plane of the body for short distances. The tail is
long and projects well beyond the line of the wings
and the bird somewhat resembles a Goshawk, but the
wings are relatively longer and narrower.

The Pale Harrier is a winter visitant to India and
nothing is known of its nidification in this country.

On the wing this species can generally be distin-
guished from the Hen-Harrier by its marked upper
tail-coverts, if the back can be seen andin the case
of the male by its lighter under parts, as well as the
tail-coverts. Im the MHen-Harrier a bluish-grey
marking will be noticed on the chin and upper breast,
whereas this is wanting in the Pale Harrier in which
the chin and upper breast are, at most, a very pale
erey.

Circus cyaneus. The Hen-Harrier.

Size medium, wing about 14”; tarsi under 5”
outer web of 5th quill notched.

Adult male. Very similar to the preceding
species, except that the general colouration is some-
what darker, being a more bluey grey, especially on
the upper breast and throat. ‘There is a distinct
white nuchal patch with brown shaft-stripes.”

Upper tail-coverts are pure white.

“The adult female is distinguished from that of
C. macrurus by having the margins of the head and
neck-feathers more rufcus, by the rufous markings
on the wing-coverts and scapulars being larger and

;

THE BIRDS OF PREY OF THE PUNJAB. 131

Measurements.

Habits, ete.

more in the form of spots, by the white around the
eyes being more sullied, and the moustachial stripe
and ear coverts being rufous with dark streaks instead
of uniform brown, and by the upper tail-coverts being
pure white. The ruft is well marked. Young birds
have the lower parts buff or pale rufous, with dis-
tinct broad shaft-stripes and the ruff, though dis-
tinct, is always striated.”

“Bill black ; cere yellow ; iris yellow, brown in
the young and according to some observers in
females ; legs and feet yellow’ (Blanford).

“Length of male about 18”; tail 9; wing 13;
tarsus 2°75. Length of female 21; tail 10:5 ; wing
15; tarsus 5” (Blanford). N. B.—Usually the tarsus
is just under 3",

This bird can at all times be separated from
C. macrurus by its pure white upper tail-coverts and
by having its fifth primary notched. The iris of the
adult female is yellow, so far as I have seen though
in the young bird it is brownish.

The Hen-Harrier is a winter visitor to the Punjab.
and to be found throughout the Province, during
that time. Very like the Pale Harrier in its habits,
mode of hunting and flight, but 1 think, somewhat
more given to soaring than the latter. During the
spring and autumn it is found at great heights and
I have come across him at 15,000 feet and over,
beating over the barren hill-sides and chasing
accentors and finches.

The adult male can generally be recognised by
the darker colouring on the breast, throat and chin
in particular, and both sexes by the pure white
upper tail-coverts.

Nothing is known of its nidification in the Pro-
vince and I certainly have never met with this
species, evea in the higher Himalaya, during the
summer months. Blanford states that it has been
known to breed at Tso Morari in Thibet.

1237. Cir us «ruginosus. The Marsh-Harrier.

Charecteristic .

Colouration.

Size medium; length 213”; wing 16; tail 93;
tarsus over 3”. From cere on culmen to tip of bill
is more than 0:75”. (in the two preceding species
it is under 0°75”), Female dark brown throughout
except the head and the male is never so pale as
the other two and much more variegated.

“ Adult male. Head, neck and breast buff or pale
rufous, with dark brown shaft-stripes, broader on the
breast; back and most of the wing-coverts dark
brown ; scapulars still darker, sometimes grey to-
wards the base; smallest coverts along the fore-
arm whitish, with dark brown shafts ; outer greater
coverts, primary-coverts, and all quills except first
6 primaries dark silvery grey, remaining coverts
and very often the tertiaries dark brown ; first six
primaries black with the basal portion white ; upper

132 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII.

Measurements.

Habits, ete.

tail-coverts white, with rufous and brown mixed in
various ways; tail grey above, isabelline below ;
abdomen and lower tail-coverts ferrugmous brown,
more or less striped darker.

Females are dark brown except the crown, nape,
chin and more or less of the throat, which are buff
with brown stripes. There is sometimes a patch of
buff on the breast, the wing-coverts and back
have buff edges, and the upper tail-coverts are
rufous.

The young of both sexes resemble the females
except that the buff on the head is sometimes un-
streaked and more limited in extent, being confined
in some cases toa nuchal patch or even wanting
altogether.” (Blanford.)

“Bill black ; cere and base of bill greenish-yel-
low; iris yellow, brownish-yellow in females and
young ; legs and feet rich yellow” (Hume.)

“ Length of males 21; tail9°5; wing 16; tarsus
3°4. Length of females 22°5 ; tail 9°75 ; wing 166 ;
tarsus 3°5 ” (Blanford).

The Marsh-Harrier is a familiar feature of every
jheel in the Province and wherever there is a
swamp of any kind with reeds, there will be found
one or more of this species. Like all other mem-
bers of this genus this species spends most of its time
beating slowly over reeds and grass. The flight is
very similar to the others except that the beats of
the wing are slower and more deliberate, it is more
given to soaring and when so engaged it holds its
wings well above the level of the back. Nothing in
the way of food comes amiss to this species from a
wounded teal to adead crab or a grasshopper. It
is much more given to sitting than any of the others
and, in fact, spends a great deal of its time sitting
on the bunds of paddy fields or edges of jheels.
This species must have a hard struggle for existenca
and is only saved from starvation by the fact that
it is content to eat things which other Raptores do
not consider worthwhile to take from it.

Pallas’s Fishing-EHagle and the Spotted Eagle are
ever on the look out for any tit-bits the Marsh Har-
rier may find, and unless the latter can hide itself and
its quarry in long grass, it stands very little chance
of enjoying its breakfast.

There appearto be many more specimens in the
garb of the female than that of the male, and for
every one of the latter one might meet with 10 of
the former.

This Harrier, though migratory, breeds frequently
in this country and nests have been taken in various
places, and the bird is by 20 means uncommon in
the summer. Like all Harriers it builds on the
ground and lays 4 or 5 eggs ‘ which are either pure
white or slightly spotted and measure about 2” by
1:5”” (Blanford.)

THE BIRDS OF PREY OF THE PUNJAB, 133

JmNus Astur.

No. 1248. Astur palumbarius. The Goshawk.

Characteristics.

Colouration.

Measurements.

Halts, etc.

Size medium, length of female about 24”, male
20"; wing 14” (female), 12” (male). Tip of prima-
ries in closed wing reaching only to about half
way down the tail. Bill from gape 2 to 2 length
of mid-toe, without claw.

Variable. In old birds the whole of the upper
parts become a sort of ashy grey-brown, the feathers
having paler edges ‘‘ The crown, area behind eye,
ear-coverts, and sides of neck darker, sometimes
almost black ; forehead, lores, long supercilia, and
nuchal patch uniting them behind streaked and mix-
ed with white ; quills brown above, whitish below,
with dark bars ; tail light brown or brown mottled with
white above, paler below, crossed by four broad
dark brown bars and tipped buffy white ; lower parts
white, with blackish shafts and brown bars, which
become narrower and more numerous in older birds ;
lower tail-coverts white unbarred. Young birds are
brown above, most of the feathers edged or tipped
with buffy white ; crownnape and hind-neck with
broad buff or pale rufous edges: quills as in the adult,
but with the barring more distinct above ; tail with
five dark cross-bars and tipped with buff ; lower parts
buff or pale rufous, with brown longitudinal oval
spots, each having a black shaft-line in the middle.
Nestlings are covered with pure white down.” (Blan-
ford).

‘¢ Bill bluish horny ; cere yellow with a greenish
tinge ; iris and legs yellow” (Blanford).

Length of female 24 ; tail 11 ; wing 14; tarsus 3°5:
of a male—Length 20 ; tail 9°5 ; wing 12°5 ; tarsus 3°2
(Blanford).

The Goshawk is among the best known of the Indian
Raptores, not because he is common, but because he
is much sought after and far and away the best hawk
used in hawking. Every Indian Prince in whose
State falconry still survives does not consider his
ménage complete without a Goshawk, and it is the
zenith of every Indian falconer’s ambition to possess
one. Most Britishers would probably prefer a falcon,
as the spot shown by a hawk is in no way comparable
to that of a falcon, but for all that there is no denying
the qualities which combine to make the hawk, the
Goshawk in particular, the valuable bird it is, Rs. 150
to 200 being paid fora young femalea few days
after it has been captured. ;

The Goshawk, during the summer months, is a
dweller of the high mountain ranges and to be
found in the oak and spruce forests at elevations
from 9 to 11,000 ft. Like all true Hawks and Hawk-
Eagles, this species does most of its hunting from the
boughs of some thickly foliaged tree, usually pouncing
on its prey before the latter has realised its

134 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XXVII.

danger. 1 have found this species sitting on a rock
on the edge of a plateau, far above the limit of trees,
waiting for a covey of snow-patridges to come out
and feed among the rocks. They are trapped in
large numbers during the late autumn, in long verti-
cal nets stretched along ridges, where small game is
plentiful. These nets, or rather a succession of them,
cover very often a mile or more of country and vary
from 10! to 15/in height.

They are erected much in the same way as a tennis
net but the lower end forms a bag into which the
victim falls and remains there until the men visit the
nest and take it out. Another method adopted to
catch this species is by means of three vertical nets
each about 7’x6’x5'. They are erected to form 3
sides of a square and apigeon placed in the centre.
The man in charge hides opposite the open side of
the square, whence he makes the pigeon flutter
by pulling a string, when a hawk is seen.

This is a most effective trap for hawks generally,
and placed on the top of a knoll, is visible for miles
around, and will attract a Goshawk from very long
distances.

This species, though it does most of its hunting
among trees, may often be seen circling at great
heights. In the Himalayas, hawks will generally be
found to soar late in the morning or early in the
afternoon. Seldom in the middle of the day,
early morning or late evening, and if watched it
will be seen that about ofcircling on steady
pinions is almost invariably followed by a _ few
quick beats of the wing.

The short rounded wings and the long, projecting
tail, proclaim the members of this and the next genus
from afar, and though I have found falconers who
can differentiate, at a glance, between a sparrow
hawk and a shikra, 1 am afraid I have never suc-
ceeded in being able to place them for certain.

The Goshawk, if disturbed during the day, drops
from his perch to within a couple of feet of the
ground and flies low and fast until it approaches the
tree it intends to alight in and then rises almost
vertically into the branches.

This species, together with the Hodgson’s Hawk-
Hagle does more damage among game birds than
perhaps all the other birds of prey combined. Their
numbers appear to be on the decrease and I have
questioned several men who have the right to erect
nets for them, and they all say that they seldom get
more than half a dozen in the year where 15 to 20
used to be caught a couple of decades ago.

On one occasion, while in camp in the Simla Hills,
I had a most extraordinary experience with one of
these birds. It was late in November and we had
had an early fall of snow on the hills. My camp
was situated in a valley with a fringe of deodars on

THE BIRDS OF PREY OF THE PUNJAB. 135

three sides and open on the fourth, and I was
working in the verandah of the tent which was
enclosed by “ chicks” all round, except the centre
“ chick ” which was tied up and acted as a doorway.
Suddenly there was a tremondous commotion among
the fowls and one old cock came rushing into the
verandah with something hanging on to him, rushed
past my table and into the tent itself. I followed and
pulled the squalling bird ont from under the bed
und to my surprise found a very ancient male
goshawk, still holding on. I naturally thought it
must be somebody’s tame bird escaped.

The hawk literally fell off the cock as soon as |
pulled the latter out from under the bed, and lay on
the floor in a sort of fit. I picked him up and foend
it emaciated to a degree and nothing, but skin and
bone. There was a slight wound in one wing, which
accounted for his condition, and the poor thing
evidently put in every ounce of his remaining
strength to get a meal, but the cock was one too
much for him in his starving condition. The warmth
of the stove revived him and he sat on my fist as
though he had been accustomed to it for weeks and,
had a feed of raw meat, a small one to begin with
followed by another in a couple of hours.

In three or four days the bird began to put on
condition and in about a fortnight, the wing having
entirely healed, I released him after giving hima
good meal. This bird was avery pale blue grey
above and pure white below profusely barred with
black. A dark grey head and orange eyes.

The Goshawk breeds in trees from March to June
and lays 3 to 4 eggs, “usually nearly pure white,
but occasionally spotted or blotched.” I have had
youngsters brought to me as late as July and the only
nest I have seen was high up in the fork of a Blue
Pine (Pinus excelsa) at an elevation of about 8,500
feet.

The Goshawk is the only “True” hawk that will
follow its quarry for any distance. I have myself
seen them folluw partridges for 500 yards or so, and
Hume quotes Mr. Thompson, a keen falconer, as
saying that he has known his Goshawks to take a
partridge or quail 800 to 1,000 yards where the
hawks were slipped.

No. 1244. Astur badius. The Shikra.

Characteristics,

Colouration.

Size small, length from 123 to 14 inches: wing
7 to 81; tail 7. Tip of primaries in closed wing
only reaching to about half way down the tail ;
bill from gape 3to # length of mid-toe without
claw.

Somewhat similar to the preceding species,
generally and varying from it by the upper parts be-
ing brown, in the young, with buff edges to the
feathers, to a pale ashy grey in old birds.

136 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVIi.

Measurements.

Habits, ete.

The under parts of the young plumage are white
with brown centres to the feathers, the upper
breast being much more marked than the abdomen,
and the marking practically disappearing at the
lower tail-coverts.

The breast of an old bird becomes almost rusty
red, beautifully pencilled and barred, and the upper
surface is almost uniformly ashy grey throughout.

“ Bill bluish dusky at the tip ; cere bright yellow ;
irides yellow, becoming deep orange in old birds;
legs and feet yellow.” (Blanford.)

Length of females about 14; tail 7; wing 8°25 ;
tarsus 2; bill from gape 08. Males—the length
is about 12°5 ; wing 7. (Blanford.)

The Shikra is a common feature of almost every
grove and garden in the Punjab. It ascends far up
into the Himalayas, but I do not think they are even
locally migratory, as] have known couples to breed
in the plains, year after year in the same spot. It
lives on lizards, mice and small birds in its wild
state and I have seen this species eating a frog.

This without exception, isthe most easily tamed
and trained bird of all hawks and falcons and won-
derfully hardy. With care and trouble it is
possible to hunt this bird within 10 days of its
capture, and I have had one coming to the hand on
the third day.

The Shikra might often be seen soaring high up
in the heavensand has the same habit as the rest
of the true hawks of flapping vigorously after
accomplishing a few circles on steady wings. The
long tail and short rounded wings show him to be
a hawk at once, but the Shikra and the Sparrow-
Hawk are not easily separated unless they pass
very neat. ,

During the breeding season the Shikra is very
noisy and its call of two notes, “ titu titu’’ can be
heard all over the place and at this season it
assumes a most extraordinary flight at times.

The wings, slightly bent, are held far above the
level of the back and it progresses in a succession
of very slow deliberate beats.

This species must prey a good deal on the Indian
Babbler the ‘‘ Seven Sister’ of the European, in this
country, as every Shikra is anxious to get at them
as soon as he hears them, but easy though they must
be to catch, the Shikra has his work cut out to retain
its quarry. The moment one is caught, the remain-
der of the flock rush to the rescue of their ‘ Sis-
ter.” With feathers fluffed out and wings drooping
and tail spread the entire sisterhood come to the
attack and the Shikra is struck from every side
of the compass at one and the same time. I have
had a tame Shikra knocked clean over on to his
back and made to release his hold and seek shelter
from the infuriated mob. Ifhe can take his prey

THE BIRDS OF PREY OF THE PUNJAB. 157

away at once and fly across an open _ bit of country
or get into very thick scrub, he is probably left in
peace, but otherwise he finds it no easy matter to
retain hismeal. Though slow in flight, the babler
is extremely quick in sharp sudden attacks at close
quarters.

The Shikra breeds in trees from April to June
building a nest of twigs and sticks lined with
grass, roots and laying usually 3, sometimes 4,
smooth, bluish-white eggs, usually unspotted, very
rarely with a few small greyish specks, and measur-
ing 1°55 by 1°22.

Like the Goshawk, the Shikra is not lacking in
pluck and dash and can be trained to quarry
bigger and stronger than itself.

Crows and patridges can be taken bya Shikra
and Dr. Blanford quotes Jerdon as stating that
even young peafowl and small herons do not come
amiss, but personally 1 have never seen one take
anything bigger than a crow or a _ partridge,
though I have seen one pulldown a_ wounded
Great Stone-Plover which could just fly.

Genus ACCIPITER.

No. 1247 Accipiter nisus. The Sparrow-Hawk.

Characteristics,

Colouration.

18

Size small, length of female about 15”; wing
92”; of male, length about 13; wing 8. Tip of
primaries in closed wing reach to about half way
down the tail; bill from gape about half mid-toe
without claw. There is a vast difference between
the tarsi of Astur and Accipiter, that of latter
being very much thinner and the mid-toe longer.
‘‘ Five or six dark bars, one terminal, on 4th, quill
in adults ; no gular stripe.”

Adult male. “Upper parts slaty grey, some birds
darker than others, the white bases of the feathers
showing more or less on the nape and supercilia ;
feathers of scapulars, rump and upper tail-coverts,
and sometimes of the back, dark-shafted ; quills
dark brown above, whitish beneath, with broad
blackish cross-bands; tail generally with 4 (some-
times 5) cross-bars on the middle feathers, 5 or 6
on the outer, the last bar broadest and sub-terminal,
tips of feathers white ; lower parts white or buff,
the lower parts more or less distinctly dark-shafted :
breast and flanks very often suffused with rusty
red, the throat with a few dark shaft-lines; the
breast, abdomen and thigh-coverts rather irregularly
barred with rufous brown, the bars usually as broad
as the interspaces, but in very old birds either rusty
red or narrow and dark brown ; under tail-coverts
white.”

Adult females are browner above and less rufous
beneath, with the dark shafts to the feathers more

conspicuous.

1388 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVITI,

Measurements.

Habits, etc.

Young birds are brown above, the feathers with
rufous edges at first, the white very conspicuous
on the nape and supercilia; lower parts white, buff,
or brownish-buff, feathers of the breast, abdomen,
and lower wing-coverts with dark shaft-stripes and
spade or heart-shaped rufous-brown spots with dark
edges ; these spots pass into bars.

“Bill bluish-grey; cere, legs, and toes yellow,
claws black ; irides yellow in young birds, orange in
old.”’ (Blanford.)

“Sexes very different in size. Length of female
about 15’; tail 7’; wing 9°5; tarsus 2-4; mid-toe
without claw 1°6; bill from gape ‘85: in the male,
length about 138; tail 6:5; wing 8; tarsus 2:1.”
(Blanford.)

The Sparrow-Hawk, the Basha of the Indian fal-
coner, is another favourite anda good many are
caught in the nets set for Goshawks, in the Hima-
layas and brought down for sale. This species is
more given to hunting in forests than isthe Shikra
and may often be seen flying very low tothe ground
and very fast, in the mornings and evenings, The
Himalayan variety (Hume’s melanoschistus) is a very
dark coloured bird, almost black above and deep
rusty red beneath. Mr. A. HE. Jones, of Simla, has
found the species breeding in the vicinity of Mahasu
and the Catchment area, (Simla) but how far this
‘“‘ Himalayan variety” extends east or west of Simla
I am unable to say.

The flight of the Sparrow-Hawk while hunting is
unlike that of a Shikra, but while soaring the two
resemble each other very closely.

In the hand, the very thin tarsi and the long thin
mid-toe separates this genus from Astur, at once.

In the forest, like the Goshawk, this species drops
from a branch, flies very low and shoots almost
vertically up into the tree it selects to alight in.

The ‘‘ Basha” is a better bird thanthe Shikra for
purposes of sport, being faster and following its
quarry forlonger distances. Doves appear to be the
favourite food of the female Sparrow-Hawk, in its
wild state, and bunches of feathers dotted about
among the trees where a pair of these hawks have
made their home, tell their own tale.

Hawks and falcons, even when soaring or flying
from place to place, have their eyes on every point
of the compass, and only the other day, I was wat-
ching a Sparrow-hawk, which flew close over my head,
when it suddenly turned sharp round, increased its
pace and dashed into a tree some hundreds yards
away in its rear. A crowd of shrieking parroquets
dashed out of the branches and I saw the hawk
flutter to the round as though it had got one in its
talons. I went up to seeand found it was a dove
that had been caught and nota parrot. The hawk
had been flying in absolutely the opposite direction

THE BIRDS OF PREY OF THE PUNJAB. 139

when its keen eyes must have seen the dove go into
the tree, as it certainly could not have seen it sitting
there, among the branches. The tree was a mango
and thickly foliaged.

The call of the Sparrow-Hawk is very different to
that of the Shikra and is composed of two long
notes followed by three or four very short ones
repeated in quick succession, something like “tin tiu
ti titi’’.

The ‘‘bashin”’ the male of the sparrow-hawk is
very much smaller than the female and I have never
seen it used for hawking.

This species builds in. the Himalayas from about
5,000 ft. elevation upwards, in trees,and Blanford
sajs it often takes possession of a deserted crow’s
nest and “lays usually 4 eggs, but sometimes as
many as 6or7. These are bluish-white, oval, much
spotted and blotched with rufous-brown, especially
towards the broader end, and measure about 1°77”
12 ag ae

No, 1248 Aceipiter virgatus. The Besra Sparrow-Hawk.

Characteristic.

Colouration.

Measurements.

Habits, ete.

Size small, wing 7 to 8” ; tip of primaries in
closed wing reaching only about half way down the
tail. Bill from gape about half mid-toe without
claw ; a gular stripe usually present ; 7 or 8 bars on
4th quill in adults.

Very similar to the preceding species in some of
its various phases of plumage, but usually darker
resembling more the Himalayan variety of 4. xzsus,
except for the gular stripe and the extra bars on the
4th quill.

“ Bill leaden grey, blackish atthe tip, cere pale
lemon-yellow ;irides bright yellow, orange in old
birds ; legs and feet yellow.” (Blanford)

‘‘ A Himalayan female measures:—length 14. 5 ;
tail 7” ; wing 8; tarsus 2°5 ; mid-toe 1°5 ; billfrom gape
1:7;the male is smaller, tail 5 ; wing 675.” (Blan-
ford)

Personally I am not at all familiar with this spe-
cies and have only seen two to my certain knowledge.

One little male was identical with the male of
A, nisus in the dark Himalayan plumage. It lacked
the gular stripe but had 7 distinct bars on the 4th
quill. The second was a young bird in the possession
of a falconer, said to have been caught inthe Kan-
gra hills.

The Bera and Dhooti as the male and female are
respectively called, are frequently taken in the nets
erected for Goshawks, in the Kangra District, but as
often released. My old falconer was familiar with the
species and had a very high opinion of it and consi-
dered the female better than the Basha (A. nisus)
being faster and more tenacious but others agai
and particularly some of those who catch and

140 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL GIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII,

sell hawks, in the Kangra District, have told me
that there isno demand for them and that when
caught in thenets they generally release them
though they always keep the Basha.

Out of the dozens of the smaller hawks I have
caught in various parts of the Himalayas, the little
male above referred to isthe only one that I have
ever succeeded in catching, and yet it does not
appear to be very rare and is certainly widely dis-
tributed all over the Himalayas, Mr. Hume record-
ing specimens from Gurhwal, Murree and Lahore.

Nothing appears to be known of its breeding in
the Punjab though Blanford records nests taken
in Sikkhim and Ceylon, both nest and eggs resem-
bling those of the preceding species.

To be continued.

141

NOTES ON THE NIDIFICATION OF CERTAIN
BIRDS IN LADAK.

BY

EF, Lup.Low.

The following notes were collected on a shooting trip from Srmagar to
the Tso-Morari Lake in Rupshu, and a return journey via the Wakka Nai-
lah, Suru, and the Wardwan, during the spring and summer of 1919.

In the majority of instances where clutches were taken the parent bird
was shot off the nest and identified as far as possible with Blanford and
Oates. Where doubt existed the bird was skinned and forwarded to the
Society for identification, whilst Mr. E. C. Stuart Baker very kindly went
through the eggs and gave me the benefit of his expert opinion.

The Raven, Corvus corax tibetanus.

Fairly common in Central Ladak and Rupshu where it breeds in cliffs in
late winter. Fully fledged young seen out of the nest with the parent
birds on the shores of the Tso-Morari Lake in early May.

The Jungle Crow, Corvua coroncides intermedius.
Nests at Kargil on 18th April 1919 and at Leh on 23rd April 1919, both
in poplar trees.

The Jackdaw, Corvus monedula collaris.

The only place at which I encountered this species beyond the Western
Himalayan barrier, was at Dras on 15th April 1919 where I observed a pair
in the neighbourhood of the rest-house.

The Magpie, Pica pica bactriana.

Seen directly one crosses the Zoji La., and never lost sight of in the
main or side valleys until the treeless Rupshu country is reached. One of
the commonest birds in Ladak. I found a single pair at Gya (Alt. 18,500
feet) inhabiting the only tree the place boasts vf. Breeds in willows and
poplars and occasionally in bushes. Found it building at Kargil on I&th
April 1919 and took a clutch of 6 eggs at Mashoo near Leh on 28th April
1919. Eggs measure 35—34x24 mm. Its more Eastern congener, the
Black-rumped Magpie of Thibet was not met with.

The Red-billed Chough, Pyrrhocorax nyrrhocorax.

Common in Central Ladak and Rupshu where it lays in Apriland May.
One clutch of 3 incubated eggs taken at Meroo midway between Upshi
and Gya, at an altitude of about 13,000, on 14th May 1919. Nest in
cliff, built of sticks and lined with wool. Eggs are a very pale salmon
pink blotched with brown and with secondary purple markings, not un-
like those of the common Sandgrouse in colour. They measure 40°5—41 x
27°5 mm.

Breeds in the town of Leh itself as on 13th June 1919 I saw parent birds
feeding their young in the holes of a large kind of ‘ Hlato’ about 500 yards
South of the main bazaar.

The Yellow-billed Chough, Pyrrhocorax graculus,

Retires during the latter half of May to vreed in the most inacces-
sible cliffs, one spot being the crags overlooking the village of Bhot Karbu,
and another, the stupendous perpendicular cliffs of the Wakka Nallah.

The most accessible breeding haunt of this bird which I encountered was
in small cliffs on the left bank of the Wakka River, a mile or so beyond the
village of Paskyum near Kargil, but even here ropes would be a necessity,

142 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NA TURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVIL,

e gregarious than pyrrhocorax. 1 do not

This chough appears to be mor
although it possibly occurs there.

remember having seen it in Rupshu,

Hume’s Lesser White-throated Warbler, Sylvia althea.

Took a nest containing two fresh eggs at Shushot near Leh on 10th
June 1919. Nest cup-shaped, of dried grass lined with a few hairs,
and placed in a low bush two feet from the ground. Eggs greenish-white
spotted with yellowish-brown at the broad end, and possessed of a few
slatish secondary markings. Hggs measure 18:75x 12:75 mm. Altitude
10,600 feet.

Tickell’s Willow-Warbler, Phylloscopus affinas.

Two clutches each containing four eggs taken in the Wakka Nallah on
2th June 1919 and 30th June 1919. Eggs slightly incubated. Nests,
elongated ovals composed of dried grass, lined with feathers and with a
side entrance, placed in low bushes about two feet from the ground. Hggs
white, sparingly spotted with brownish-red. In the second clutch one egg
was pure white. Eggs measure 14°75-16 x 12 mm. Altitude about 12,500 feet.

The Brown Willow-Warbler, Phylloscopus collybita tristis.

Very common above and below Leh between 10,000 and 12,000 feet.
Numerous clutches taken in June and July. Normal number in ‘pliseie’h 4,
Nest similar to that of afinis. Eggs, white, spotted with rusty-red, mea-
sure 15°5-16x11°5-12 mm. :

The Plain Willow-Warbler, Phylloscopus neglectus neglectus.

A single clutch containing four eggs taken at Marshalong near Leh on

6th June 1919. Nest of the usual Phylloscopus type. Eggs, white, s
: tt
with rusty-red, measure 14°5-15 x 12-125. Altitude about’ 11,500 Be .

The Olivaceous Willow-Warbler, Phylloscopus indicus indicus. ?

A single clutch of 4 eggs taken on 28rd June 1919 at Bhot Karbu. Nest of
the usual Phylloscopus type but placed on the ground amidst grass in the bed
oO ariver. Hggs sumilar to those of tristis but measure 17-16°5 x 12-11:75 mm
The correctness of this identification is open to doubt, as I failed to gheets
the parent bird after having had two shots at it. From the colouration
a ie ane of the bird. I, however, suspected it at the time
to be indicus, and Mr. Stuart Baker after having exami i
very much inclined to agree with me. gone

The vee? cae Willow-Warbler, Acanthopneuste occipttalis

A single clutch of 4 eggs taken in the Wakk

So aee < akka Nalla 2
June 1919. Nest composed of dried leaves and grass lined with thin ie
dry strands of grass placed in a low bank beneath the exposed roots of a
TO Eggs, pure white, bluntly pointed at the fine end, measure 16-15:25
x 12°50—12-25 mm. Altitude 12,500 feet. : ae

The Indian Oriole, Ortolus oriolus kundoo ?
m An oriole straggles as far as Leh during the summer but is far from
eing common. It never met with its nest or secured a specimen of the
bird, and it might possibly turn out to be the European Oriole

The Siberian Chat, Ginanthe pleschanka,

Two clutches taken, each containing four i
e i g recos, Hirst Ke
en ee a ie a Fe on the Ooti Plain near the ae jane
at an altitude of 15,5 eet. Second nest taken in a ‘ oa i
on the Tsokr Chumo lake on 2nd June 1919 at an altitude ou Sooke

Nests of dried grass lined with a mixture of wool, hair, and f Hee
In pork instances the eggs were hard set with embryos anaes ae ld.
Higgs, light blue. with small brownish-red spots at the b 1 Cie
21-22 x 155-16 mm, begs) oe

NIDIFICATION OF CERTAIN BIRDS IN LADAK. 145

oD

The Desert Chat, Gnanthe deserti atrogularis.
A single clutch taken at Upshi, 40 miles from Leh, on 6th June 1919.
Nest constructed in a hole of a stone support to the bridle path, and com-
posed of the same material asin the case of pleschanka. Eggs light blue,
very similar to the last named species, but the brownish-red spots tend to
fuse into a ring at the broad end. Eggs measure 23 by 16 mm. Altitude
about 11,800 feet.

_ The Indian Redstart, Phenicurus ochrurus rufiventris.
_ A very common bird indeed from Suru to Rupshu, breeding from May to
July in holes in banks and beneath stones on the steep mountain side. In
Ladak it hasa special predilection for the‘ mani’ wallas a nesting site.
Nests of dried grass lined with wool, hair and feathers. Numerous clutches
taken. Normal number in clutch 4-5, Eggs pure cambridge blue, generally
-unspotted, but I found one cluch at Gya on Sth June 1919 in which the
eggs were very faintly marked with minute reddish-brown spots. Eggs
“measure 22-19°5 x 14-15 mm. ‘

The Indian Blue-throat, Cyanosylvia suecica abbotti.

_ ‘Two nests found at Bhot Karbn on 24th June 1919. The first contained
4 very much incubated eggs, the second 4 newly hatched young. Nests
placed on the ground amongst long grass and low bushes, cup-shaped and
built of dried grass. The eggs are described by Blandford as being “blue
spotted with reddish brown’’, but the eggs I have before me are sage yreen

suffused with reddish-brown. Distinct spots are not apparent. Eggs measure
~19°75-20'25 x 14:75-15 mm. Altitude 11,500 feet.

The White Spotted Blue-throat, Cyanosylvia suecica pallidogularis.

Nest containing 4 slightly incubated eggs obtained at Mulbek, a day’s
march from Bhot Karbu on 25th June. Nest and eggs similar to that of
abbott; except that the eggs are more olive than sage-green. Eggs measure
19°75-20'25 x 14°75-15 mm. Mr. Stuart Baker remarks ‘in epistola’ “‘ the

_breeding of these two birds within the above limits is remarkable anc
points to the fact that they should be regarded as true species and not
races.’ As Ward records this bird as a rare breeder on the Shyok River
in Ladak, it appears that the tiizomials should be dispensed with.

The Himalayan Ruby-throat, Calliope pectoralis pectoralis.

A nest containing 3 fresh eggs was taken at Donore, which lies midway
between Suru and the summit of the Bhot Khol Pass on 11th July 1919 at
an altitude of about 12,000 feet. The nest was composed of dry grass and
placed on the ground underneath a boulder.

Two of these eggs are pale blue very faintly freckled with reddish-brown

and are those of pectoralis. They measure 22 x 16mm. The 3rd egg
isaspecimen of Cuculuscanorus telephorus and measures 24'5 x 18 mm,
It is pale blue spotted with reddish-brown. This cuckoo was not unfre-
quently seen and heard around Suru and in the Rungdum Valley, but
I did not come across it in the Upper Indus Valley around Leh.

The Grey-headed Ouzel, Merula castanea.

Nest of 3 fresh eggs taken at Chengher in the Wardwan Valley on
24th July 1919 at an altitude of about 7,000 ft. Nest, composed of twisted
twigs and roots intertwined with dead leaves, and lined with green needles
of a pine, was placed on the top of a stump of a tree arongst thick jungle
about 5ft. from the gro nd. Eggs light green covered with brownish-red
smudges; 5 measure 29 22:5 mm.

The Robin Accentor, Latscopus rubeculordes.
Nest with 3 eggs taken toward the head of the Umlah Nallah near Leh
on 18th June 1919 at an altitude of about 13,000ft. Nest placed on the

144 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVIH.

ground and composed of dried grass lined with hair and small particles of
moss. Eggs, turquoise blue, measure 9075-21 & lov mm).

The Rufous-breasted Accentor, Laiscopus strophiatus jerdont.

Nest with 8 eggs taken on 6th July 1919 near Suru at an altitude
of about 11,000 feet. Nest and eggs similar to above. Eges measure
20°5 x 14°5-15 mm.

Adam’s Mountain-Finch, Montifringilla nivalis adamst.

Nest taken at Mashoo near Leh on 9th June 1919 containing 4 eggs
much incubated. Nest on the ground underneath a large stone, built of
dried grass and lined with a profusion of feathers. Kegs pure white and
measure 22-23x16-16'5. Altitude 11,500 feet.

A second nest at the foot of the Foti La near Lamayuru ina ‘mani’ wall
contained feathered young on 23rd June 1919. A third nest also with
young was found in a cleft in the rocky hillside at the foot of the Namuika
La on 24th June 1919. This bird is not uncommon in Central Ladak and
affects rocky nallah beds, especially those which contain water, at an
altitude of 10,000—13,000 feet.

Blandford’s deseription of this bird breeding in lony dykes in which the
Tartars bury their dead probably refers to the ‘mani’ walls, so common
a feature of Ladak scenery ; but I do not think they enclose Tartar dead
but are erected rather to commemorate some pious Lama.

? House Sparrow, Passer ?

A species of House Sparrow is common in Central Ladak, and was seen
also around the Champa encampments on the shores of the Tsokr Chumo
Lake in Rupshu at an altitude of 15,000 feet. I regret I did not secure
specimens. Lasser cinnomomeus does not cross the Western Himalayan
Range—at least 1 did not encounter it, although it is common in the
Wardwan.

The Eastern Meadow-Bunting, Lmberiza stracheyt.

Nest containing two fresh eggs taken in the Rungdum Valley near Suru
on 4th July 1919 at an altitude of about 13,000 feet. Eggs measure 23:25
—23 x 16°50 mm.

The Crag-Martin, Ptyonoprogne rupestris,

Common but nests in most inaccessible places. Took a single egg from
a nest in the Wakka Nallah on 27th June 1919, at an altitude of 12,000
feet. Hgg white with reddish-brown spots. Measures 20x14°50 mm.

Hodgson’s Pied Wagtail, Wotacilla alba hodgsoni.

Common. Nest, at Bhot Karbu on 23rd June 1919, built on the ground
underneath a stone in a dry portion of the river bed, containing 3 newly-
hatched young and one egg on the point of hatching. At Bazgo near Leh
on 19th June 1919, I saw parent birds feeding young out of the nest.

Hodgson’s Yellow-headed Wagtail, Motacilla citreola citreoloides.

Common in Central Ladak and Suru in swampy localities between
10,000 and 18,000 feet. Nest in the majority of cases on the eround
amongst long green grass and small bushes, occasionally in a bank
Nest composed of dried grass lined with hair. Numerous clutches taken.
At Shushot near Leh I found this bird building on 11th June 1919 At
Mulbek on 24th June 1919 I tock a nest of 4 fresh egos. At the villaee of
Parkutse above Suru on 5th July 1919 I found this bird breedine in eel
ance near the water channels in the fields. The normal clutch 2 ears -
be 4 but two nests were found here each containing one meatier eg i:
third nest with one young one, a fourth with one eos and one oun wee i
a fifth with 3 fresh eggs anda sixth with 4 much meuneved ae * eae

cele) 9

NIDIFICATION OF CERTAIN BIRDS IN LADAK. 145

oO

Half way up the Bhot-Khol Pass, at a spot called Donore, on 11th July
1919, I came across four nests of this bird. The first contained fully
fledged birds able to fly, the second feathered young still in the nest, the
third three fresh eggs whilst the fourth had only just been built and con-
tained nothing.

Blandford states that “ the two sexes of this bird are pretty certain to
be alike in plumage.” This is not the case in the breeding season at any
rate. The Q differs remarkably from the dg, in that the whole undersur-
fave and the head are only tinged with yellow, whereas in the ¢ these
parts are deep yellow. Eggs measure 21:50-—20°50x16°25—15 mm.

(Note.—Since writing the above my attention has been drawn to the
fact that Whitehead in the Ibis of 1909 has written to a similar effect with
regard to the colouration of the sexes, and.I have been persuaded to let
the above stand for the purpose of independent corroboration.)

The Long-billed Horned Lark, Otocorys longirostris.

Nest taken in the Rungdum Valley on 5th July 1919 at an altitude of
about 12,000 feet. Two eggs in the clutch, much incubated. Nest on the
ground underneath a stone, very small, cup-shaped, lined with hair and
dry grass. Eggs, a dirty white mottled with chocolate-brown, measure-
25°55 17°25 mm.

Elwes’s Horned Lark, Otocorys elwes?.

Nest with 2 eggs found whilst ascending the Thasangi La in Rupshu on
3rd June 1919 at an altitude of 16,000 feet. Nest built on the ground
underneath a small “ gabshun”’ bush, composed of dried grass lined with
the pappus growth of the “ gabshun”’ seed. Eggs, of the same colour as:
longirostris but are much less attenuated, measuring 22—22°5 x17—17'5
mm.

Large numbers of these birds were seen feeding in the fields of the
Indus Valley above Leh early in May at an altitude of about 11,000 feet.
When I returned a month later they had all disappeared.

The Sky-Lark, Alauda arvensis cinerea.

Common in the Upper Indus Valley above and below Leh wherever there
is cultivation. Clutch at Shushot on 10th June 1919 and another at Nimu
on 14th June 1919, both with 3 eggs which measure 24 x 16—16'25 mm.

The Blue Rock-Pigeon, Columba livia livia.
Yhis and the next species seem equally abundant both in Central
Ladak and Rupshu, breeding for the most part in inaccessible precipices.

The Blue Hill-Pigeon, Columba rupestris.

Found an empty nestat Thujgion 2nd June 1919 in cliffs overlooking the:
Champa encampment. A frail structure composed of a few twigs placed
in ahole of the cliff. Common everywhere above and below Leh and
greatly preferable to livia for the table.

The White-bellied Pigeon, Columba leuconota leuconota.

Fairly common in the Wakka Nallah and around Suru but Ido not re-
member having seen it in the Indus Valley above Leh or in Rupshu.

The Thibetan Sand-Grouse, Syrrhaptes tibetanus.

I only saw two pairs of this bird during the month I spent in Rupshu.

The Chuckor, Alecteris graeca pallida,

Common and breeds everywhere.

The Thibetan Partridge, Perdix hodgsonic. ;

Common between the Polokonka Pass and the Tso-Morari Lake, especial-
ly in the Puga Valley near the sulphur and borax deposits. It frequents.
trama’ bushes in the valley beds and is very loth to take wing. Not

19

146 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVITI,

seen below 15,000 feet. By the end of May it had paired off but had not
commenced to nest.

The Black-necked Crane, Grus migricollis.

I saw three specimens of this crane on the Tsokr Chumo Lake in Rupshu
on 2nd June 1919. I succeeded in shooting one whose head and wing I
brought back for identification. The Champas informed me it bred there.
Its call note is very similar to that of communis.

The Ibis-bill, Zbidorhynchus strutherst.

Saw several specimens of this strange bird in and near the islands of the
Maroo Jtiver just below Inshin in the Wardwan Valley in July 1919. Itis
a sure find here as I have seen it in this neighbourhood on two previous
occasions.

The Eastern Redshank, Tringa totanus eurhinus.

Seen ip pairs on the Tsokr Chumo Lake, Puga Valley, Tso-Morari Lake
and Ooti Plain, but 1t does not hreed in these places until after the month
of May.

cae across large numbers of this bird in the Rungdom Valley above
Suru on 5th July 1919. Found two empty nests in the midst of small
bushes amongst the swamps. From the behaviour of the parent birds, and
the piercing cries they uttered, it appeared as though their young had
been hatched.

The Himalayan Solitary Snipe, Gallinago solitaria.

Shot a specimen in the Puga Valley in Rupshu where it doubtless
breeds.

The Fantail Snipe, Galknago celestis.

Shot a specimen in May 1919 on the Ooti Plain beyond the Tso-Morari
Lake in Rupshu. This was the only specimen I saw in Rupshu.

The Brown-headed Gull, Larus bruneccephalus.
Abundant on the Tsokr Chumo and Tso-Morari Lakes, but it had not
commenced to lay by the end of May.

The Common Tern, Sterna hirundo tibetanus.
Pairs seen in the Itungdum Valley on 5th July 1919 but no eggs taken.

The Bar-headed Goose, Anser indicus.
Common or the Rupshu Lakes where it breeds in June.

The Brahminy Duck, Casarca rutila.
One of the commonest birds in Rupshu breeding in holes in the sur-
rounding mountains, often ata great altitude and ata considerable dis-

tance from water. The Ladakiis an omnivorous feeder but this is one of
the few animals he will not touch.

The Goosander, Merganser castor.
Fairly common along the banks of the Indus above Leh and on the
{tupshu Lakes. The crops of a pair of birds I shot wer

full i
of eel-worm. Breeds here. ; e full of a species

147

SOME NEW INDIAN DRAGONFLIES.
BY
Mayor F. C, FRAsEr, I.M.s.

During the year, 1919, quite a number of new species have been added to
“the list of In tian Odonata and amongst them are two new species of Giyna-
-cantha. One of these, wz., G. bainbriggi, was taken by Mr. Bainbrigge

Fletcher at Gauhati, Assam, the other species by myself at Poona, of which
the following is the description :—

Gynacantha millardi, sp. nov.

Several males and females, Poona, Bombay, Deccan, October-November and
February to March.

Male and female alike.

Head labrum, face and frons pale green without any markings. (The
‘usual T-shaped mark is absent in this species.) Eyes in juvenile specimens
a deep blue, in adults an olive green with a dark brown cap above.

Prothorax and thorax bright foliage green, the female having a brownish
“tinting on the dorsum. No markings whatever.

Abdomen a pale fawn, the sides of the first three segments green as in
the thorax and more so inthe male than in the female. Oreillets brown.

Anal appendages very narrow and long, especially in the male, fringed in-
ternally with longish hairs. Legs brown.

Wings long and broad, hyaline, stigma a pale brown. Forewing with 19
annodals, hindwing 14, forewing with 13 postnodals, hindwing 15,
hypertrigones with 3 nervures, trigones with 3, the inner with a nervure
running from its centre to the proximal side, loop with 10 cells.

Length of hindwing 44 mm., of abdomen 46 mm.

This species is a night-flyer, not appearing on the wing until dusk, after
which it can be seen for a Jong time silhoutted against the sky as it flits
swiftly up and down. Its principal food appears to be mosquitoes. There
appear to be two broods during the year, the one appearing in October and
lasting until the end of November, the other in February when teneral
specimens are seen. It is moderately plentiful during the whole of
March and disappears abruptly from the beginning of April.

Tribe AGRIONINI.

Mortonagrion, gen. nov.

Head not bearing any post-ocular spots but the eyes margined inwardly
-and narrowly with bright colouring.

Prothorax simple, the posterior lobe large and prominent, broadly arched.

Thorax with the anterior border laminated and projecting forward to
‘mesh with the posterior lobe of the prothorax.

Abdomen very slender, very gradually dilating from the 7th to the 10th
segment. Anal appendages highly specialised, 10th segment with a bifid
dorsal tubercle.

Wings hyaline, petiolation ceasing proximal to “ac”,stigma equal in
‘both wings, rhomboidal but the distal and posterior borders rather longer
than the proximal and costal respectively, arc distal to the 2nd antenodal
nervure, its distance from that nervure being equal to the length of the
-costal border of the quadrilateral, postnodal nervures7 to 9. “ ac” nearer to
the 2nd antenodal nervure in the hindwing, about midway in the forewing,

148 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII.

meeting “ab” well distal to its commencement, “ ab”’ continued outwardly
in the same straight line as “ Cu2”, that is to say, the junction of the two.
is not angulated. Quadrilaterals differently shaped in the two wings, that.
of the forewing being more angulated and with the costal border only half
the length of the posterior, that of the hindwing with the costal border
two-thirds the length of the posterior. Female without a ventral spine to-
8th segment.

Mortonagrion varralli, sp. nov.

Fore-and hind-wings of Mortonagrion varrali.

Several of both sexes from Pawar Lake near Bombay, 14th March 1920.

Male. Length of abdomen 23-25 mm., of hindwing 14-15 mm.

Head, labrum and epistome pale blue, vertex pale reddish brown, occiput:
a similar colour except for asmall, oval spot of pale blue bordering the eye
inwardly. Eyes slatey blue with a reddish tinge above.

Prothorax reddish brown, pale blue at the sides and narrowly anteriorly.

Thorax pale reddish brown on the dorsum and upper part of sides. A
natrow, pale blue humeral stripe. The sides pale blue except fora diffuse:
pale brown stripe on the 2nd lateral suture. Legs pale brown.

Abdomen similar in colour to the thorax. Fine, apical, dark brown annules.
to allsegments. The ground colour deepens dorsally near the apex of each
segment, but there is a clearer annule between this deepening and the
browpy black annules. These latter followed by fine, pale blue, basal annules.
which on the 8th segment lengthens to cover about two-thirds of the segment.
The apical border of this conspicuous blue marking deeply notched in the
mid-dorsal line. The sides of the lst and 2nd segment pale blue. Beneath.
whitish.

The dorsal, apical border of the 10th segment presenting a bifid tubercle:
very similar to that of Ischnura senegalensis. The anal appendages seen
from above show the superior divaricating, the inferior converging, superior
slightly shorter than the inferior, broad at the base, truncated and direct-
ed downwards to almost meet the inferior, the latter broad at the base,.
tapering strongly and curving inwards so that their tips almost meet,.
curving upwards. (

Female exactly similar to the male except for the blue marking on the
8th seoment which covers only one-third of it and has a diffuse unnotched
border. No spine on the ventrum of the 8th seement.

Alab. In dark, shady jungles, keeping amongst undergrowth. Never
comes out in the sunlight. Breeding apparently in wells. Pawai and
Vihar Lakes near Bombay.

SOME NEW INDIAN DRAGONFLIES. 149

Pseudotramea prateri. sp. nov.

1g from Turzum Tea Estate, Darjiling, coll. O. Lindgren.

Head globular ; eyes broadly contiguous. reddish brown above blackish
‘brown at the sides and beneath; suture flush ; face broad and flattened
_yellowish brown, the labrum ochreous and edged with black which has a
metallic sheen ; vesicle high, flattened at the smamit, not notched, ochreous :
occiput small, reddish brown.

Prothorax small, hidden completely.

Thorax bulky, coated with long, coarse hair, reddish brown on the dorsum,
golden brown at the sides where the lateral sutures are mapped out
obscurely with broken, black lines.

Legs black. The hind femora with a row ofca 20 short, robust and
gradually lengthening spines, tibial spines long and numerous, claw hooks
robust, situated near the end of the claws.

Wings long and tapering, reticulation close, node slightly proximal to
the middle of wing, trigone in the forewing nearly 3 cells distal to the
dine of the trigone in the hind, trigone in forewing very narrow, its costal
side much less than half the length of the proximal, traversed once only ;
trigone in the hindwing narrow, entire, its proxima!side convex outwards
and in line with the arc; sectors of are separate nearly to their origins
in the forewing, a long fusion in the hind; are between the Ist and 2nd
antenodal nervures ; antenodal nervures 113-124, the final incomplete, the
distance between the first two much greater than between the others ; only
1 cubital nervure to ail wings; no supplementary nervures to the bridge ;
stigma brownish, that of forewing nearly twice as long as that of the hind;
4 rows of cells in the discoidal field which is of even width throughout ; sub-
‘trigone in the forewing nearly square, formed of 6 cells; Rspl. very strongly
arched, 3 rows of cells between it and Rs.; Mspl. well developed strongly
curved in the forawing, flattened in the hind; the Rs. and M4. nervures
strongly curved towards the termen near their ends, in the hindwing,
M4. and Mspl. approximate at the angulation ; loop very long and narrow,
the toe not markedly broadened, divided cells at the trigone and
external angle ; anal area distinctly divided up into an outer area of more
open cells and an inner of closely packed, flattened cells arranged in
cblique rows. No basal markings whatever to either wing, the whole wing
being hyaline except for a single cell in the anal angle which is brown and
-chitinous. Length of hindwing 46mm.

Abdomen 32 mm., without the anal appendages which are 4 mm. in
length. Transverse ridges on the 2nd an 3rd segments, Ist and 2nd
segments dilated, especially dorsc-ventrally, 3rd and 4th slightly constricted
and the remainder tapering to the end, a golden brown in colour, the
apices of all segments and the dorsal surfaces of the 8th to 10th segments
black. Anal appendages bayonet-shaped, the superior twice as long as the
inferior, brown.

Sexual organs of the male, tramea-like. Lamina depressed and broad,
not fissured ; tentaculz carrot-shaped, long and tapering and ending in a
short, Cownwardly curved spine. The ends divergent, the external tenta-
‘cule obsolete. Lobe long, high and narrow.

This specimen, whichis closely allied to Tramea, differs from that genus
by the greater separation of the sectors of the are, by the wide space and
number of cells between Rs. and Rspl. by having transverse ridges only
on the 2nd and 3rd segments and none on the 4th and by the wings being
‘quite immaculate. The latter characteristic is not dueto age as the speci-
men is fully adult. I have named it after Mr. S. H. Prater of the Bombay
Natural History Society’s staff.

150 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII..

Protosticta lindgrent, sp. nov.

1 ¢ from Turzum Tea Estate, Darjiling.

Head labrum and anteclypeus pale greenish white, the fermer bordered:
with black; remainder of head a shiny black with a bluish metallic reflec-.
tion; the ocelli bright amber and very conspicuous in their dark setting ;.
eyes pale yellow with a black cap above and a narrow, black, equatorial
belt.

Prothorax black with a broadish, pale yellow, subdorsal stripe on each.
side.

Thorax black on the dorsum, yellow at the sides. A black line along
the lateral suture. Legs yellow, the extensor surfaces black. Wings.
hyaline, stigma blackish brown, postnodal nervures in forewing 16.

Abdomen very long and attenuated, almost as long as in P. gravelyi
Laid. Ist segment black on the dorsum, the sides and an apical annule
yellow, 2nd segment broadly black on the dorsum, the sides yellow, 3rd
to 1Uth segments black at the apices, yellow at the base, these two colours
gradually blending into one another.

Anal appendages, yellowish, of about equal length, equal to the length
of the last two abdominal segments or nearly so. The superior broad at.
the base and with the outer half bent sharply downwards and shaped
like the blade of a kukri; the inferior shaped like the horns of stag-beetle,
twisted at the middle and convergent at the apices. A long spiny process.
springs from just beyond the middle of each process on its inner side and
almost meets its fellow across the middle line. At the base of the inferior
appendages is a short, stout spine directed backwards and upwards.

This single specimen is named after Mr. O.Lindgren of Darjiling to.
whom I am indebted for it. It bears a superficial resemblance AO. Pe
himalaica, aid. but an examination of the anal appendages serves easily
to distinguish them.

151

A TENTATIVE LIST OF THE VERTEBRATES OF THE
JALPAIGURI DISTRICT, BENGAL,

BY

Cuas. M. INGLIs, F.z.S., M.B.o. u., W. L. Travers, H. V.
O’DONEL, M.B.O.U. AND KE. O, SHEBBEARE, I.F.S.

Part ITI,
(Continued from page 999, Vol. XXVI).

Barn-Owl (1152), Strix flammea.—Uncommon.

Grass-Owl (1153), Striz candida.—Common in grass land.

Brown Fish-Ow! (1164), Ketupa zeylonensis.—Common along riverside
forest.

Forest Eagle-Owl (1170), Huhua nipalensis.—Found in the forest, but not
often seen.

Scop’s Owl (1173), Scops giv—Common and extends well into the plains.

(Spotted Himalayan Scop’s Owl (1175), Scops spilecephalus.—Only shot in
the Terai. |

Collared Seop’s Owl. (1178), Scops bakkamena.—Very common. This owl
has two distinct calls; one the usual call of three or four notes and
the other a single note sounding like wot repeated at slow intervals.

Spotted Owlet (1180), <Athene brama.—Common near habitations, but not
in the forest.

Large Barred Owlet(1183), Glaucidium cuculoides.—Noticed in the forest.

Jungle Owlet (1184), Glawcidium radiatum.—Very common.

Coilared Pigmy Owlet (1186), Giaucidiwm brodiei.-Uncommon. It extends
well into the plains.

Brown Hawk-Owl (1187), Ninox scutulata.—Very common. It has a fine
call note sounding like pow oof, pow-oof.

The Osprey (1189), Pandion haliaétus.—A few pairs seen along the princi-
pal rivers and occasionally over small pieces of water. The latest date
of departure noted by O’Donel was the 9th of June.

Cinereous Vulture (1190), Vultur monachus.—Occasionally descends to the
plains.

Black Vulture (1191), Otegyps calvus.—Common.

Himalayan Griffon (1193), Gyps himalayensis.—Common.

Himalayan Long-billed Vulture (1195), Gyps tenuirostris.—Common.

Indian White-backed Vulture (1196), Pscudogyps bengalensis.—Common.

Booted Eagle (1208), Hieraétus pennatus Uncommon.

Rufous-bellied Hawk-Eagle (1209), Lophotriorchis kieneri.—Procured by
O’Donel, but very rare. [

Black Eagle (1210), Ictinaétus malayensis—Uncommon, extending well
into the plains during the winter.

Changeable Hawk-Eagle (1212), Spizadius limnaétus.—Fairly common.

Hodgson’s Hawk-Eagle (1213), Spizaétus nepalensis.—Noticed during the
cold weather.

Crested Serpent Eagle (1217), Spilornis cheela. Very common.

Pallas’ Fishing-Eagle (1223), Haliaétus levcoryphus.—Common, —

Large Grey-headed Fishing Eagle (1226), Polvoaétus ichthyactus. Fairly
common. ‘ ;

Hodgson’s Fishing-Eagle (1227), Polioaétus humilis. A few pairs extend
well into the plains along the rivers.

152 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVILI,

Brahminy Kite (1228), Haliastur indus. —Rather uncommon.

Common Pariah Kite (1229), Milvus govinda.—Common.

Large Indian Kite (1230), Milvus melanotis.—Common.

Black-winged Kite (1232), Hlanus cerul2us.—Seen occasionally.

Pale Harrier (1233), Circus macrurus.—A wintor visiter to the plains.

Hen Harrier (1235), Circus cyaneus.—Common during the winter.

Pied Harrier (12386), Circus melanoleucus.—Our commonest harrier. Most
individuals disappear during the rains, but a few are undoubtedly
resident. O'’Donel has notes showing birds met with during every
month of the year.

Marsh Harrier (1237), Circus eruginosus.— Uncommon.

Common Buzzard (1241), Buteo desertorum.—Obtained during the winter.

The Shikra (1244), Astur badiws —Common.

Crested Goshawk (1246) Lophospizias trivirgatus—Shot by Inglis in the
forest at Kuntimari at the end of January.

The Sparrow-Hawk (1247), Accupiter nisus.— Uncommon.

Besra Sparrow-Hawk (1248), Accipoter virgatus.—V ery common.

Orested Honey-Buzzard (1249), Pernis cristatus.—V ery common.
Black-crested Baza (1251), Baza lophotes.—Not uncommon in the plains. It
is generally found in pairs but occasionally large parties are seen.

[Blyth’s Baza (1252), Baza jerdonit.—Only shot in the Terai. |

Peregrine Falcon (1254), Falco peregrinus.—Obtained near the larger rivers
during the winter.

Shahin Falcon (1255), Falco peregrinator.—Occasionally seen during the
winter.

Indian Hobby (1261), Falco severus.—Uncommon in the plains but possibly
resident as O’Donel has seen a bird as late as the 6th August.

Red-hearded Merlin (1264), Aésalon chicquera—Not uncommon in the plains
where it breeds during May and June. .

The sa (1265), Tinnunculus alaudarius.—Common in the winter in the

5, plains.

Red-legged Falconet (1267), M icroherav eutolmus.—Not uncommon in the
foothills. It does not extend very far into the plains. We have seen
it capture a Ruby-throat.

Bengal Green Pigeon (1271), Crocopus phenicopterus phenicopterus.—Found
in the forest but not so common there as it is in the open country.
Ashy-headed Green Pigeon (1273), Osmotreron pompadora phayrei—Not

uncommon.

Orange-breasted Green Pigeon (1278), Osmotreron biscincta domvillia.—Not
uncommon in the forest.

Thick-billed Green Pigeon (1281), Treron nipalensis—Not uncommon in
the forest. Green Pigeons are very common round Kuntimari at

certain seasons and Shebbeare has shot the above four species there.

Pin-tailed Green Pigeon. (1282), Sphenocercus apicauda.—Common in the
ee and foothills. It breeds freely in the plains during April and

Wedge-tailed Green Pigeon (1283), Sphenocercus sphenwra.—Common in
ie Ae ee and foothills, possibly breeding in the plains as well as
oe es Be Fics species are frequently found in the same flock

Green Imperial Pigeon (1284), Carpophaga enea cnea.—Common in th
plains and foothills, but not noticed i i a
I : , in the hills round Buxa. It breeds
in the plains. The Nepalese name is Hukus.

Hodgson’s Imperial Pigeon (1286), Ducula insignis insignis.--Common in the

hills round Buxa and in the f i aa 4
Nasnioe® in the foothills. This is also called Hukus by the

VERTEBRATES OF THE JALPAIGURI DISTRICT, BENGAL. 153

Bronze-winged or Emerald Dove (1291), Chalcophaps indica.—V ery common
in the forest. of the plains. ‘The Nepalese name is Sim-dukur.

Indian Blue Rock-Pigeon (1292), Columba livia intermedia.—Apparently
only found in the cultivated southern part of the district.

Ashy Wood-Pigeon (1801), Alsocomus pulchricollis—This has been shot by
Mr. W. P. Field and by Shebbeare at Gorumara at an elevation cf
300 ft. as already recorded in No. 2, Vol. XXV of this Journal.

Indian Rufous Turtle-Dove (1304), Streptopelia turtu meena.—Very common
in the paddy lands daring the cold weather. It is locally known as
the “Bamboo dove”.

Indian Turtle-Dove (1305), Sireptopelia turtur ferrago.—This has also been

ot along with the preceding species,

Spotted Dove (1307), Streptopelia suratensis suratensis.—Exceedingly common
in the open country.

Indian Ring-Dove (13810), Sireptopelia risoria risoria—Very common in the
open country.

Indian Red Turtle-Dove (1311), @nopopelia tranquebarica tranquebarica.—
Very common in parts of the forest especially at Gorumara and
numbers are seen in the cold weather in the paddy lands at Kuntimari.
The cail note is a peculiar croaky sound.

Burmese Red Turtle-Dove (15lla), Gnopopelia tranquebarica humilis.—
Some birds approach this sub-species more than the last.

Bar-tailed Cuckoo-Dove (1312), Macropygia tusalia—Common in the hills
and extending wellinto the plains but only found in forest. The
Bhutia name for it is Natti.

Common Pea-Fow] (1324), Pavo cristatus—Very local. Common in parts of
the district; more so to the east of the Torsa. Where common they
breed freely.

‘Grey Peacock-Pheasant (1327), Polyplectron bicalcaratum.—There are spe-
cimens in the British Museum obtained by Mandelli in the Buxa
and Bhutan Duars ; from the former locality in May and from the latter
from February to May. Inglis has received, through the further
generosity of Mr. Phillips, a male of this species. 1t was obtained
in March about 4 miles S. E. of Buxaandata height of 2,000 ft. or
thereabouts. Every thanks are due to Mr. Phillips for the great
interest and continued help he has given us in obtaining specimens of
species, the occurrence of which we were doubtful.

Burmese Jungle-Fow] (1328), Gallus bankiva bankiva.—Common everywhere
in the forest and vicinity. Our birds appears to be referable to this
species, not having the white ear-lappet.

Black-backed Kalij Pheasant (1538), Genneus melanonotus.—V ery local but
scattered in various places all over the northern part of the district
in hills and plains alike. It is seen as low as 329 feet above sea level
and as faras 16 miles from the foothills. It usually haunts damp
evergreen jhoras and without dogs is not often seen and when treed
by them is rather difficult to spot. Both O’Donel and Inglis have seen
a Kalij with white bars on the rump on separate occasions, In the
neighbourhood of Sivoke, and Shebbeare got a similar bird in the
adjoining district of Goalpara which Mr. Stuart Baker considers a
hybrid between Genneus horsfieldi horsfieldi and Genneus melanonotus.
No pheasants with white bars on the rump have been seen by us in
this district which lies between the above localities. |

‘The Monal (1342), Lophophorus refulgens.—Sunder gives this as “found
between Buxa and Sinchula, but rare.” We have so far not been able
to get it.

‘Blue-breasted Quail (1354), Hacalfactoria chinensis.

20

154 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII,

Common or Grey Quail (1355), Cotwrnia communis.

Black-breasted or Rain Quail (1356), Coturnix coromandelica. :

Inglis’ Bush-Quail (1361la), Microperdi« inglisi.—The type specimens were:
procured in Goalpara ; there is an account of this bird in No. 1, Vol.
X[X of this Journal. Primrose has seen the bird in this district
not far from the Torsa, and Shebbeare also believes he has seen it.
There is a ragged skin in the British Museum said to have been
cot in the Bhutan Duars. This is evidently the bird mentioned by
Lt.-Col. Thornhill as shot by him at Alipur-Duar, vide J. B. NES
Vol. XV, p. 527. }

Blyth’s Hill-Partridge (1363), Arboricola rufigularis.—Common 10 - the-
undergrowth round Buxa, and the only Hill Partridge obtained
by us.

eadireacted Hill-Partridge (1366), Arboricola mandellii.—Specimens have:
been obtained in the Bhutan Duars in April, probably in this district,
though we have been unable to get it.

Black Partridge (1372), Francolinus vulgaris.—This, like other Game Birds,
is fast on the decrease. The Sonthal coolie, introduced in large
numbers from Chaibassa of late years, loves shikar and, according to
Travers, many and many a partridge is run down by these people.

Grey Partridge (1375), Francolinus pondicerianus.—Sunder says it is found
in similar localities as those in which the Black Buck is got.

Kyah or Swamp Partridge (1376), Francolinus gularis—Getting scarce as
suitable localities decrease.

Burmese Bustard-Quail (1382), Turniv pugnax plumbipes.—Resident and
breeding in the tea during June and July. This bird has an execep-
tionally loud note in the breeding season oof, oof, oof, strongly boomed.

[Little Button-Quail (1383), Zurniv dusswmieri..—Almost certain to occur. |

(ndian Button-Quail (1384), Turnix tanki tanki—Recorded trom Bhutan
Duars. A specimen in the British museum being got there in April.

Blue-breasted Banded-Rail (1389), Hypotenidia striata.

Banded Crake (1395), Rallina superciliaris.—For the past four years the
eall of a bird had been puzzling O’Donel during April and May and it
was oniy this year that he was able to shoot it and found it to be
this species. He found them inhabiting fairly thick jungle, the favourite
place being light tree forest with scrub over which creepers hang.
Judging from the number of birds heard calling they must exist in
fair numbers. Thenote ‘ Kok” said through one’s nose is the exact
sound andis uttered during the late afternoon and at night and
appears to be the breeding call as bird answers bird, and O’Donel
firmly believés that it breeds here. It is easy to get close to the bird,
but quite a different thingto see it asthe grass is up in the scrub:
jungle at this time of the year. The above remarks were all given
by O’Donel.

[Brown Crake (1400), Amauronis akool —Only shot
probably got in the south of the district].

White-breasted Water-Hen (1401), Amaurornis phcenicurus.--Common.

[The Moorhen (1402), Gallinula chloropus.—Only shot in Goalpara, but.
certain to be found in the south of the district. ]

[Water Cock (14038), Gallicrex cinerea.—Only shot in Goalpara, but probably
got in the jheels. ]

Purple Moorhen (1404), Porphyrio poliocepalus.—Got in the jheels.

[Great Indian Bustard (1414), Hupodotis edwardsiSunder gives this as
common in the grass jungle of high lands in the cold weather. This

is most improbable as they have never been found nearly as far east:
as this district. |

in Goalpara, but.

VERTEBRATES OF THE JALPAIGURI DISTRICT, BENGAL. 155.

Lesser Florican or Likh (1416), Sypheotis aurita.—Decidedly uncommon. .
Two were shot at Neora Nuddy tea garden and reported to Travers.
This garden is not very far from Baradighi. O’Donel has recorded
them from Hasimara in Vol. XXII, No. 1, page 201 of this Journal...
He has only seen them in April, May and June.

Bengal Florican (1417), Sypheotis bengalensis.—This fine bird is steadily
decreasing owing to the indiscriminate shooting of hens and the in-
creasing acreage under tea. It breeds in March and April, the..
eges according to O’Donel, being often laidin tea and consequently
destroyed during cultivation. One was shot near Ramshai during the
X’mas week of 1918.

Stone-Curlew (1418), @dicnemus scolopax.—Common.

Great Stone-Plover (1419), Hsacus recurvirostris—Found on the larger rivers-
and breeds on the Sankos.

Small Indian Pratincole (1427), Glareola lactea.—Common and breeds on.
the Sankos.

Bronze-winged Jacana (1428), Metopodius indicus.—Common in centre and
south of the district.

Pheasant-tailed Jacana (1429), Hydrophasianus chirurgus.—Found in south:
of the district.

Red-wattled Lapwing (1431), Sarcogrammus indicus.—Very common.

Indian Spur-winged Plover (1435), Hoplopterus ventralis —Very common.

Eastern Golden Plover (1439), Charadrius fulvus.—Seen in open country.

Grey Plover (1441), Squatarola helvetica.—Seen at Nilpara.

Kentish Plover (1446), Mgialitis alexandrina.

Little Ringed Plover (1447), Hgialitis dubia.

Long-billed Ringed Plover (1449), Mgialitis placida.

The Ibis-bill (1453), [bidorhynchus struthersi. O’Donel has shot them on the
Tista and Torsa rivers. He never saw them beyond two miles from
the hills.

Common Sandpiper (1460), Zotanus hypoleucus.

Wood Sandpiper (1461), Totanus glareola.

Green Sandpiper (1462), Totanus ochropus.

The Greenshank (1466), Totanus glottis.

Little Stint (1471), Tringa minuta.

Temminck’s Stint (1474), Tringa temmincki.

The Woodcock (1482), Scolopax rusticola—W oodcock are rarer in the Duars
than one would expect and although the district is not far from their-
haunts in the hills, they seldom visit us in the cold weather. ‘Travers
has seen one and one was shot by Mr. Whitmore in the Nagrakata
district. Mr. R. 8S. Hutchinson, p.1.c. Police, Jalpaiguri records ten
birds put up twice in tiger beats at Gorumara on 11th and 12th April
1920. This is exceedingly late for them to be in the plains; they
should be pretty high up in the hills by then.

Wood-Snipe (1483), Gallinago nemoricola.—According to sportsmen who have-
been in the district many years, this bird was commoner before so.
much jungle was cleared for tea. O’Donel says it is apparently a
very irregular winter visitor. He put up three while out shooting along
a forest stream in November 1915 but although he has searched tho
same stream since then he has never seen any more. Travers has.
shot one and according tohim it is very rare. Stuart Baker mentions.
it as met with in Buxa and Jalpaiguri and that he got a bird shot in
the swamps at the foot of the hills in May but we have found no,
other records except those mentioned above.

Common Snipe (1484), Gallinago ccelesiis.

156 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII,

Pintail Snipe (1485), Gallinago stenura.

‘Travers writes that this district is not one where large bags of
snipe are made; in the adjoining districts of Dinajpur and Rangpur
they are far more numerous. Snipe arrive early in August and some
remain as late as May. The 19th of August (Stuart Baker gives the
12th August) and the 5th of May are the earliest and latest dates
on which he has actually shot specimens, pintail, in both cases ; but he
has seen birds a fortnight earlier and later. They have been reported
to him in every month of the year and it is probable that a few do
summer here and breed in the lower hills in Bhutan and within
our limits. In Vol. XXIV, No. 2, page 367 of this Journal, Mr.
Hodding wrote that he had caught, on the 12th August 1915, one
out of three young Fantail Snipe which were with one of their parents
on a nearly submerged piece of grassland on the Tista in the Rangpur
district. ‘Travers states that snipe are more numerous in October
and November and again in February and March, though in a few
favourite places a few remain throughout the cold weather. Pintail
remain longer that the fantail and the former are often found in scrub
and thatching grass near a feeding ground that has dried to
hardness.

Himalayan Solitary Snipe (1486), Gallinago solitaria.—With the exception
of O’Donel’s remarks, those on the Woodsnipe are the same for this
Species.

Jack Snipe (1487), Gallinago gallinula —Uncommon.

Painted Snipe (1488), Rostratula capensis.

Indian River Tern (1503), Sterna szena._-Found on large rivers.

Black-bellied Tern (1504), Sterna melanogaster.—Found on large rivers.

White-shafted Ternlet (1509), Sterna sinensis —Shot on the Sankos.

Indian Little Tern (1510), Sterna minuta gouldie. Seen on the Sankos.

Indian Skimmer or Scissors-bili (1517), Rhynchops albicollis.—Oiten seen
on the Sankos. ;

Hastern White Pelican (1520), eee We have once or twice
TOseus. :

White or Roseate Pelican (1521), Pele-( Of One or other of these peli-
COnUsOnoCrorains \ cans during the cold weather.

Large Cormorant (1526), Phalacrocoraz carbo.—More common along forest
streams, but occasionally seen on the upper reaches of the Torsa
river.

{Indian Shag (1527), Phalacrocorax fuscicollis—Only seen in Goalpara.]

Little Cormorant (1528), Phalacrocorax javanicus.— Very common every-
where in the plains.

Indian Darter or Snake-Bird (1529), Plotus melanogaster.

Black-Stork (1547), Ciconia nigra. Observed near Nilpara. A few pairs
seen on the larger rivers in winter. €

White-necked Stork (1548), Dissura episcopus.—A specimen in the British
Museum from the Bhutan Duars was got in February.

Black-necked Stork (1549), Xenorhynchus asiaticus.—Common in the beds
of the rivers and apparently resident.

The Adjutant (1550), Leptoptilus dubius.

Lesser Adjutant (1551), Leptoptilus javanicus.

Hastern Purple Heron (1554), Ardea manillensis.

‘Great White-bellied Heron (1557), Ardea insignis—Uneommon and ‘keeping
to the larger rivers and those runningthough forest. O’Donel remarks
that it disappears from the plains during the rains and that it generally
feeds at dusk, but also occasionally does so at mid-day.

Large Egret (1559), Herodias alia.—Not uncommon,

VERTEBRATES OF THE JALPAIGURI DISTRICT, BENGAL. 157

Smaller Egret (1560), Herodias intermedia.—A specimen in the British
Museum was got in January.

Cattle Egret (1562), Bubulcus coromandus.—Very common.

Pond Heron (1565), Ardeola grayi.— Very common.

Little Green Heron (1567), Butorides javanica —Very common.

Night Heron (1568), Nycticorax griseus.

Chestnut Bittern (1572), Ardetta cinnamomea.—Common.

[Black Bittern (1578), Dupetor flavicollis—Shot in Goalpara and believed
to be found in this district. ]

The Bittern (1574), Botaurus stellaris—Sunder gives it as found on banks
and churs of large rivers and jheels. We have never seen it in this.
district.

Grey Lag Goose (1579), Anser ferus.—

Red-billed Goose (1579a), Anser rubri- > Rare, one of these geese is found.
rostris.-—

Barred-headed Goose (1583), Anser indicus.—Rare. Geese are occasionally
seen on the Tista and we believe they have also been seen away
from the river.

Comb Duck (1584), Sarcidiornis melanonotus.—One specimen in the British
Museum from the Sikkim Terai.

| White- winged Wood-Duck (1585), Asarcornis scutulatus.—Inglis’ collector
saw a duck on the Neora river. Hesaid it was about the size of a.
Comb-duck but brown below. It could not have been a Comb-duck as
the man knows that bird well and the only bird Inglis thinks it could
have been is this species. |

Ruddy Sheldrake or Brahminy Duck (1588), Casarca rutila—Common on
larger rivers.

Whistling Teal (1589), Dendrocycna javanica.—Resident and very common,
breeding freely in the district.

Large Whistling Teal (1590), Dendrocycna fulva.—Rare. Travers records one:
shot at Borara and a pair were also seen there which flew off in
company with a large flock of the common whistling teal.

Cotton Teal (1591), Nettopus coromandelianus.—Resident and very common.
It breeds in the district.

The Mallard (1592), Anas boscas.—Large bags of ducks are not made in this.
district. Travers says they are got in large numbers in the adjoining
district of Dinajpur and Rangpur and also that many spevies of duck
remain upon little ponds and lakes in October and early November
and then depart for the south. A few Mallards are seen in October and
are rarer after November, and after December they probably proceed

* south.

Falcated Teal (1594), Hunetta falcata.—Travers records a bird shot at
Borara and a couple were shot a few miles to the south of the district.
These birds are probably commoner than they are supposed tobe as
unless drakes are shot one seldom hears of them.

The Gadwall (1595), Chaulelasmus streperus.—Some years these duck are
far more plentiful than others and a fair proportion are sometimes.
obtained.

Common Teal (1597), Nettiwm crecca.—This is the commonest of the true
teal and large flocks are seen during migration in April.

The Wigeon (1599), Mareca penelope.—Not common. Single birds are
often seen.

The Pintail (1600), Dafila acuta.—Large flocks are found in March upon
the larger rivers.

Garganey or Blue-Winged Teal (1601), Querquedula circia.—Not as commom
as the common teal, but large flocks are scen at migration time.

158 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XXVIII.

The Shoveller (1602), Spatula clypeata.—Not uncommon.

2ed-crested Pochard (1604), Netta rufina.—Not frequently shot.

The Pochard (1605), Nyroca ferina.—Not rare.

White-eyed Duck (1606), Nyroca ferruginea.—The commonest non-resident
duck. It comes early and stays late and in this district is a fair table
bird.

‘Tufted Duck (1609), Nyroca fuligula.—Shot in fair numbers.

The Goosander (1613), Merganser castor.—Very common on the larger rivers,
but not generally seen more than 13 miles from the hills, though on
the Sankos they occur a good deal further off. O’Donel has seen full
plumage drakes in December. They take a heavy toll of the fish in the
rivers and Travers has seen them in a line across the shallows of a
stream and their crops are always, in those shot, crammed full of fish,

Indian Little Grebe (1617), Podicipes albipennis.—Occurs in the south.

CROCODILES.

The Gharial (1), Gavialis gangeticus.—Mostly found in the, south, where it
attains a very large size in the Sankos.

TORTOISES.

[Trionyx gangeticus (5), According to Dr. Annandale this tortoise is likely to
occur but we have not observed it. |

[Trionyx leithii (6), The same remark applies to this species. ]

Trionyx hurum (7).

Chitra indica (12).

Emyda granosa (13).

Testudo elongata (16).

Geomyda indopeninsularis.

Geomyda tricarinata (25).

[Cyclemys dhor (27), According to Dr. Annandale this is also likely to occur.

Kachuga tectum (42).

LIzARDs.

Hemidactylus gleadovit (86), Known as the “tiktiki.”
‘Gecko verticillatus (103), Known as the “ tuktu” or gecko.
Common Bloodsucker. (145) Calotes versicolor. Known as the “ bloodsucker.”
Veranus spp. ?—At least one monitor lizard (goi-sanp), erroneously called
iguana, Vecurs, probably more than one.
Mabuia carinata (211).

SNAKES.

py erors jerdoni (27), There is a specimen in the Indian Museum from Buxa

uars.

Burmese Blind Snake (276), Typhlops diardi—One obtained by Capt. K.
L, W. Mackenzie at Buxa, and Col. Wall recorded another which
Mr. Jacob obtained in the Jalpaiguri district.

‘Common Python (286), Python molurus.—Common in certain localities. It
grows to a large size, an 18 feet specimen was recorded by Major
Begbie as got in Tondu forest which had swallowed a leopard. One
was captured some years ago at Baradighi with a recently swallowed
barking deer inside it.

cee Me Snake (348), Lycodon jara.
Jommon Wolf Snake, (351), Lycodon aulicus—Very common i

‘Collared Dwarf Snake (363), Polyodontophis collars A a hee
was obtained by Capt. K. L. W. Mackenzie at Buxa and three from
other parts of the District by Mr. Jacob.

VERTEBRATES OF THE JALPAIGURI DISTRICT, BENGAL. 159

Striped Kukri Snake (876), Simotes cyclurus.—Very common, brick red
and brown coloured varieties are obtained.

White-banded Kukri Snake (377), Simotes albocinctus—Capt. Mackenzie
obtained four examples at Buxa.

Indian Rat Snake (397), Zamenis mucosus.—Common,

Trinket Snake (406), Coluber helena.

Striped-necked Snake (410), Coluber radiatus——-Two were obtained by
Captain Mackenzie at Buxa.

Ring-tailed Dhaman, Coluber cantoris——A single example was obtained by
Mr. Jacob.

Golden Tree Snake (463). Chrysopelea ornata.—Mr,. Jacob obtained a single
example and Capt. Mackenzie got one at Buxa. Travers gct one in
a coolies’ house.

Eastern Bronzeback (417) Dendrophis pictus.

Dibrugarh Bronzeback, Dendrophis proarchos.

Indian Bronzed-backed Tree Snake, Dendrelaphis tristis.

Malayan Bush Snake (431), Tropidonotus subminiatus.—Obtained by Capt.
K. L. W. Mackenzie at Buxa.

Himalayan Bush Snake (432), Vropodonotus himalayanus.—Recorded from
Buxa.

Hooded Tree Snake (422), Pseudoxenodon macrops.

Buff-striped Keelback (434). T'ropodonotus stolatus.

Chequered Keelback (485), Tropodonutus piscator.

Arrow-backed Cat Snake (447), Dipsadomorphus gokool.

Grey Cat Snake, (449), Dipsadomorphus hexagonatus.—Recorded from Buxa
and also got by Travers.

Black-barred Cat Snake, Dipsadomorphus cynodon.

Indian Egg Eating Snake, ( 452), Elachistodon westermanni.—Two specimens
of this very rare snake were obtained by Travers.

Mock Himalayan Viper, (453), Psammodynastes pulverulentus.—Two examples
were obtained by Capt. Mackenzie at Buxa. Travers got at Baradighi.

Malayan Whip Snake (460), Dryophis prasinus.

Common Green Whip Snake (461), Dryophis mycterizans.

Schneider’s Water Snake (467), Hypsiryhina enhydris.—Recorded from Jal-
paiguri by Wall.

Banded Krait (484), Bungarus fasciatus—Mr. Jacob shot a specimen
attacking a Dipsadomorphus cynodon. Travers has got several spe-
cimens.

Common Krait (482), Bungarus candidus.—Rare in the Duars.

Lesser Black Krait, Bungarus lividus. t A record specimen of lividus 41"

Black Krait, Bungarus niger. long was captured at Baradighi.
These Black Kraits are found in fair numbers, but no case has been
known of any coolie having been bitten by either of them.

The Cobra (485), Naia tripudians.—Duars Cobras are generally monocellate,
though spectacled specimers are occasionally met with.

King Cobra (486), Naia bungarus.—Rare. An 8-83" specimen pursued
some coolies for a short distance at Baradighi. When killed a large
monitor lizard was found inside.

Russell’s Viper (520), Vipera russelli.

Comon Green Pit Viper (581), Lachesis gramineus.

BaTRACHIANS.

Indian Bull Frog (16), Rana tigrina.
Common Indian Toad (115), Bufo melanostictus.—This toad frequently enters
bungalows.

160 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL GIST. SOCIETY ,. Vol. AG20e

Fis.

(Singi, Beng.) (133), Saccobranchus fossilis.

(Bowali, Beng.) (184), Wallago attu.

(Bachwan, Hind.) (135), Lutropuchthys vacha.

(Tengra, Beng.) (172), Macrones bleekeri.

(Bagara, Beng. ; Gunch, Hind.) (207), Bagarius yarrell..

[Gagata batasio (224).—Recorded from the Tista river, not observed by us.]

[Nemachilus corica (253).—Recorded from N. E. Bengal, not observed by us. }

[ Psilorhyncus balitora (278).—Recorded from hill streams and rapids in.
N. E. Bengal, not observed by us. }

(Oreinus richardsonii (233).—Recorded from Sub-Himalayan range and
Bhutan, not observed by us. |

(Rohu, Hind.) (297), Labeo rohita.

(Denkara, Beng. ; Goti, Oep.) Labio pangusia.

(Tehr., Nep.) Labeo sp.—A hill stream species, so far not identified.

Cirrhina reba (323).

(Darangni, Mech.) (326), Semiplotus macclellandi.

(Dowka, Mech.) (839), Barbus chagunio.

Barbus sarana (341).

Barbus dukaa (352),—Recorded from the Tista, not observed by us.

(Sor-masa, Nep.; Jungi-Mas., Beng.) (353), Barbus tor.—There appears to
be three varieties of Mahseer in this district, two of which are dis-
tinguished by colour alone, the first being lighter, silver and gold, the
second darker, slate and copper approaching the colour of B. hexas-
tichus, and the third known by its elegant shape and neat mouth
The first type is everywhere the commonest, though in the Sankos, the
second is fairly common; the third type is least common; it has been
caught in the Jaldhaka and, I think, in the Torsa and Sankos.

(Katli, Nep.; Buluk, Beng.) (354), Barbus hexastichus.—The fish which we
get here does not quite tally with the description in the Fauna, the
fins being slaty-blue and with no reddish tinge in the caudal and anal.
In a freshly caught fish the scales above the lateral row are almost
exactly the colour of a freshly minted penny and their bases are
bronze-green ; those below the lateral row are white with a faint blue-
green wash. The upper part of the head is dark olive, almost black,
fading to white on the underside.

Barbus chola (374).

Barbus conchonius (389).

(Dankoni, Beng.) (411), Rasbora daniconius.

Rasbora buchanani (412).

(Katal-Kusi, Nep., Kursha, Beng.) (413), Aspidoparia morar.

Barilius bendelisis (426).

(Na-musha, Mech.) (451), Barilius birna.

Barilius bola (435).— Sometimes known as the “ hill trout.”

[Danio equipinnatus. (489).—Observed in the adjoining Terai by Inglis. ]

[Danio dangila (440).—Observed by Inglis in the adjoining Terai. ]

| Danio rerio (443).—Observed by Inglis in the adjoining Terai. ]

(Moh., Hind., (519).—Notopterus kapirat.

(Kowa, Hind. (536).—Belone cancila.

Ambassis nama (628)

Ambassis ranga (629) hon. or more of these species occur.

Ambassis bacuiis (630)

(Tota, Beng.) (827), Nandus marmoratus.

(Turi, Beng.) (1159), Mastacembelus armatus.

(Sal-Mas., Beng.) (1208), Ophiocephalus striatus. —Known as murrel.

LRTEBRATES OF THE JALPAIGURI DISTRICT, BENGAL. 161

|Ophiocephalus punctatus (1206).—We think this species is found. }

Anabas scandens (1208).—Known as the climbing perch.

LOsphromenus nobilis (1211).—-Recorded from N. E. Bengal, not observed
by us. |

Tetrodon cutcutia (1406).

We append a list of native namesof fish given by Sunder in his Settle-
ment Report with the hopes that some member may be able to let us
know to what fish they refer. We mention what we think some of them
may be :—

Chital. (Probably 520), Notopterus chitala.

Chandan Koorsha.

Pani Koorsha ©

Baos or Kalbaos_ (/293), Labeo calbasu.

Soul. (1198), Ophiocephalus marulius.

Airh.

Bag Airh.

Magur. (121), Clarias magur.

Moja Tengra,

Lallua Tengra. | ataerme Sp.

Kooji Tengra.

Taki, Sati of Toopkooni.

Khoilsha.

llis or Ilsa. (Probably 470), Clupea ilisha. This is only found here
in bazars.

Elanga. Danio sp.?

Kuchia. (70), Amphipnous cuchia.

aoe \one of these is probably (135), Eutropiichthys vacha.

Foli.

Pabda. (138), Callichrous bimaculatus or (14), Callichrous pabda.

Khata, viz., Buna Khata and Deo Khatta.

Katna.

Khotti. (Perhaps (417), Rohtee cotio,

Bhot Khotti.

Borelli.

Dudua Cheng.

Hooloo Cheng. Prosi Ophiocephalus sp.

Boora Cheng.

Barra Isla.

Satasi Isla. Asla is the Nepalese for (283), Oreinus richardsonii.

i (Possibly 295), Labeo gonius and (305), Labeo angra

Bhath Isla.

Kala Isla.

Baim. (Perhaps 1159), Mastacembelus armatus,
Koochia. (70), Amphipnous cuchia.

‘Tara Koochia.

Choota Gochi.

Falua Gochi.

Tooree Gochi. Turi is the Bengal for (1159) Mastacembelus armatus.
Balia.

Batasi. (150), Pseudeutropius atherinoides.
Darika.

Bhol.

Tepa. Tetrodon sp.

Pangas.

Chella. (Perhaps 449), Chela gora.

Puti. Various small species of Barbus.

21

162 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XX VIZ.

Baspata. (143), Ailia coila.
Khorsola. (161), Macrones corsula.
Ahela.

Cheku.

Baghi. (Probably 230), Botia dario.
Poya.

Ghoor poya.

Jhuri poya.

Moogroosh.

Ghora. (449), Chela gora ?

Pogol.

Dhakra.

Badangi or Chapti.

Lengsa.

Tita.

Khoota.

i ae ; 163 eS ow j

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES,

No. 1—TIGER AND GOAT.

In the Deccan, at any rate, it is uncommon, I believe, for a tiger to be
attracted by a goat, so the following incident is perhaps worth mentioning.

One January evening my daughter and I went out to sit up fora
panther a mile orso from our camp in the Hyderabad Districts. The
machan was placed on a thickish tree in a glade amid fairly heavy jungle.
Aiter we were seated, a flock of goats was driven in due course along the
foot of the hill, where the panther was supposed to live, and came up behind
our tree, bleating lustily. A kid was quickly seized and tied up toa
stump ip the glade, and the rest of the flock .passed on feeding leisurely
back in the direction of the village, while the men in charge kept calling
as they went, in accordance with the usual procedure to give the panther
the idea that the goat left behind was a casual straggler.

The flock had not gone much more than 100 yards when my daughter,
her attention attracted by a slight rustling to the rear, nudged me and
whispered “ Big Tiger!” Glancing back over my shoulder, there sure
enough, I saw, not the spots of the panther we were expecting, but the
stripes of a full-grown tiger, which was striding stealthily along—ears cocked,
and a beautiful picture of alert concentration—in the direction of our
machan. Passing out of sight beneath us for an instant, the tiger then
ran rapidly on to the kill. My daughter in her anxiety to save the goat
fired at the tiger tail-on, rather too soon to get a picked shot, and the beast
bounding off into the long grass it became a case of driving in a herd of
buffalces the next day, but that is another story.

The goat, it may be mentioned, was saved by the skin of its teeth,
receiving only one claw mark, as the tiger reached out to seize it.

When the incident was dicussed afterwards, one well-known old
shikari of the neighbourhood was inclined to scout the idea that.any tiger
would follow up a flock of goats in this fashion. The shikari of the village,
however, expressed no surprise and said he knew the tiger in question
well asa brute which would go for anything from frogs in the tank to
dogs, goats, or even a man.

THE Resipency, Hyprrasan, Deccan, S. M. FRASER.
January 1920.

No. II—LENGTH OF TIGERS AND PANTHERS,

{In No. 3, Volume XXVI of the Journal, H. H. The Maharaja of Dhar
_ gives some notes on the length of tigers and panthers, shot in his State.
It would be interesting to know how the measurements were taken. Such
measurements cannot be considered satisfactory unless taken in a straight
line between pegs, the tail being measured separately. Measurements
round curves must aiways be unreliable, as no two people are likely to
make them alike. His Highness specifies a tigress 9 feet 10 inches in
length. I find my longest tiger recorded as 9 feet 8 inches in length, anc
tigress 8 feet 6 inches. Out of a long series carefully measured only two
of each sex reached even those lengths. Tails are generally three feet, an
inch or two more or less. Measurements were taken in a straight line
between pegs driven into the ground at the nose and root of the tail.
Measurements of skulls in a straight line between uprights from end to end
and across the zygomatic arches should also be taken.

In Volume XX of the Journal the length of a panther shot by a villager
in Tehri State is given as 9 feet 3 inches, but it is not stated how 1t was
measured. Pie

BaFrrorD GRANGE, CHELTENHAM, R. G. BURTON, Bric.-GENt.

December 1919. '

164 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVIII.

No. IlJ.—TIGERS IN TREES,

With regard to Mr. Monteath’s note on this subject im Journal No. 3,
Volume XXVI, some interesting instances of tigers climbing trees are
siven in the Bengal Quarterly Sporting Review for 1845. Two similar
instances are also recorded by “ Teutonius ” in the India Sporting Review
of 1856. But the most remarkable instance 18 related in eraphie detail in
the South of India Observer in 1870, when Colonel Christie and Mr. Hadow
shot a tigress out of a tree that was perpendicular for 25 feet from the
ground and about a foot in diameter. The tigress climbed the tree twice

during the hunt, which took place near Ootacamund.
R. G. BURTON, Cot.
December 1919.

No. IV.—SCENT.

A fox-hunter writes to the 7imes that the scent of the fox emanates
from a sub-caudal gland, and not from the pads, as is commonly supposed.

This opens up an interesting, though unsavoury, field for enquiry. Tt is
probable that all cauine species are similarly provided, and observation
might elicit whether this is characteristic of all animals. ‘

In following up a wounded Indian wild dog in the Melghat Forest in
1891, I observed a strong ammoniac secretion, which had exuded on to the
tail, and the scent of which could be detected from a distance. When the
dog was brought to bag, an aboriginal Kurku, observing this, remarked
that in pursuing its prey the wild-dog flicks poison withits tail into the
eyes of its victim, thus blinding the animal. The Kurkus were eager to
obtain the wild dog’s liver to make medicine, ascribing to it aphrodisiac
properties.

R. G. BURTON, Coz.
10th December 1919.

No. V.—FOOD OF THE GREY MUSK SHREW (CROCIDURA
CHIRULEA).

According to Blanford (Mammalia, Fauna of British India), the food of
this shrew consists mainly of insects and he says that “experiments made
by Anderson on individuals kept alive by him showed that they refused to
touch any kind of grain, but devoured insects, especially cockroaches,
freely and he found no vegetable food of any kind in the stomachs of
several he examined”. I have recently had a large number of these
shrews caught in my garden, as I found small holes made in the grass lawn.
As a result 1 have caught more than 40: of these shrews and in several
eases the bait in the traps—Cocoanut—was in the mouth of the shrew when
the trap killed it. The holes in the lawn appear to be made for the pur-
pose of digging up the roots of the ‘bimli’ grass and I found a lot of this
grass lying on the ground, bitten off just below the surface of the ground.
The roots of the ‘bimli’ are bulbs which go down several inches into the
ground and it may have been these bulbs that the shrews were after.

In any case I think it conclusively proves that these shrews also eat
xegetable matter.

W. S. MILLARD.
Bompay, Mazapar Hit,

8th April 1920.

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES... 165.

‘No. VI.—EXPECTED PLAGUE OF FIELD RATS IN 1920.

With reference to Mr. L. J. Sedgwick’s note at p. 661 of Vol.
XXVI of our Journal on the above subject, and Mr. J. Davidson’s
note on the same at p. 1041 of the same volume, through the kindness
of The Hon’ble Mr. P. J. Mead, c.1.5., 1.c.8., I have been favoured with an
inspection of these records from the Bombay Secretariat—Part II, P. W. D.,
Famine Relief Works—Destruction of rats in the Eastern Deccan, October
1879 to May 1880—and a perusal of these records furnish some interesting
details which I give below.

History oF THE PLAGUE OF FIELD Rats AFTER THE FAMINE OF 1877-78.

The Rat Plague appears to have been confined to the area known during
the last famine (1877-78) as famine districts, viz.—

Nasik. Satara. Kaladgi (Bijapur).
Khandesh. Sholapur. Belgaum.
Poona. Ahmednagar. Dharwar.

The remaining nine districts of the Presidency, namely,

Ahmedabad, Surat, Kolaba,
Broach, Kaira, Ratnagiri,
Panch Mahal, Thana, Kanara,

having been altogether free from this pest.

DATES OF COMMENCEMENT OF RAT-PLAGUE.

The appearance of these vermin seems to have first attracted notice im
November 1878 in the Sholapur Collectorate and in the ending of December
of that year they appeared also in Kaladgi Collectorate. The Collector
of Poona dated their first appearance as late as February 1879, and they
occurred at the same time in Ahmednagar District. I cannot find any trace
of when they were first noticed in Dharwar, the district which suffered most
from this visitation.

The Collector of Kaladgi (Mr. Middleton) states that “the heavy
rainfall during the later monsoon had fostered the growth of weeds in the
crops which otherwise promised an abundant harvest but for the appear-
ance of rats. For many years there had not been a year in which they
could have done so much damage as they did this year (1879). The
erop was far above the average and the loss was on that account greater.
The origin of the plague is not satisfactorily accounted for. Superstition
attributed it to the vengeance of the famine victims whose ghosts returned
in the form of rats to claim the food for want of which they had perished.
A more credible cause is that the rats, which always abound, found safety
and were able to breed in enormous numbers on the fields formerly
cultivated but left waste by the deaths of the cultivators during the two
previous years. They found shelter while their enemies, the birds of prey,
had not increased in equal numbers. Snakes which are useful in destroy-
ing rats had probably decreased owing to the absence in 1876-77 of the
grass and vegetation which are necessary to conceal them.”

BREEDING SEASON.

The plague of rats appears to have temporarily increased after the

breeding season at the close of the monsoon, 1879.

_ The first letter in reference to the decrease of the pest 1s from the
Collector of Sholapur to the Commissioner, Central Division, Poona, dated
8rd October 1879 and mentions that “the number of these vermins had
decidedly decreased. Formerly one Waddar would bring in 70 to80 ina

166 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL GIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII,

day, but now the same man will only get perhaps 20. This is so far satis-
factory, but I would point out that the present is the breeding season and
that in each hole may be found nests of young rats which was not the
case in the hot weather or even in July.” j
As regards the breeding season, Mr. Elphinstone, Acting Collector of
Dharwar, in a letter to the Commissioner, S. D., dated 3rd November 1879,
says: “the breeding season for rats has commenced a few weeks ago and
that in consequence enormous numbers of them are now being killed.”
He goes on to say that the season is very favourable for cotton sowing
“and it would be a pity to endanger what will otherwise be a bumper crop
by allowing the rats, which destroyed the American cotton last season,
to multiply, which they are still likely todo if the period of rewards is
not extended one fortnight longer, say to the 30th instant.” In a subse-
quent letter, dated 6th November 1877, from Mr. J. Elphinstone, it is
stated that the number of rats killed during the week ending the Ist
November had “again increased to the enormous number of 360,680 and
if the period for killing rats is not extended to the end of December the
havoc caused by these vermin among the rabi crops is likely to be very
great. If Government withheld help at this critical time all the money
that has been extended by Government up to the present moment may be
lost. The breeding season of rats has commenced in real earnest and I
am informed by the District Officers here that the great numbers that are
killed, nearly all are young rats.”
A Government Resolution, dated 13th October 1879, runs as follows :—
“Owing to the enormous numbers of rats which still threaten the
crops in the Dharwar districts, no less than 412,024 having been
destroyed in the week ending 27th September 1879, Government are
pleased to extend the period of rewards for the extermination of these
vermin up to the 15th November 1879.”

TERMINATION OF THE RAT-PLAGUE,

The plague of rats diminished about the end of November 1879 and
terminated about January 1880.

SPECIES oF Rats,

There appears to have been three species of rats concerned. The
Collector of Sholapur reported that “he saw in January 7th, 1879, fields,
especially those with groundnuts, completely burrowed by rats and what-
ever crop was obtainable was that which was dug out of the burrows. The
tats were of three species, a small black rat, a larger one and a brown rat
or Jerboa. The last is by far the most destructive and it is a serious ques-
tion for the future if it lives and multiplies. It digs its hole or burrow on
higher uplands and in hard soil so that it may not be affected by rain and
drowned. The other rats frequent black soil and perish during the rains.”

The Collector of Nasik (Mr. Ramsey) reported that he did not consider
the vermin to be a rat, but a species of Jerboa, a purely grain eating animal
which is found more or less in the Deccan. He attributed this sudden
appearance to the exhaustion of the grain stores in underground preserves,

termed “ Peos” on which these animals used formerly to subsist, and failing
this they betook themselves to standing crops.

DAMAGE CAUSED BY THE Rats,

The damage done by these pests was enormous. The Collector of
Kaladgi wrote that “ the devastation committed by rats was so great that
in February 1879, immigrants poured into Kaladgi from the Nizam’s
territory and relief works were opened in April 1879. It was expected
that the rats would perish in the heavy rains of the monsoon, but the

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 167

rains held off until past the middle of July, and when the fields were sown
the seed was scratched up and devoured by rats,”

METHODS OF EXTERMINATION.

Various methods were resorted to in endeavouring to exterminate the
rats.

The Collector of Poona (Mr. Richey) reported in July and August, 1879;
‘‘ Phosphorous paste balls were tried for their destruction in the Indapur

taluka, but were found to be utterly ineffectual.”

The Collector of Ahmednagar (Mr. King) stated that endeavours were
made to extirpate the rats with the Burmese method of catching them and
also by suffocating them with fumigation, but neither succeeded.

The Collector of Sholapur writes: “ other methods such as by asphyxa-
tion and sulphur squibbs were also tried. They were successful as far as
they went but would have suited more for a farmstead than for wide
country. The disappearance cf rats is traced to—

1. Their destruction by the above modes.

2. Rain having choked their holes.

3. A species of vermin or tick which has killed them off.”’

The most effective of the various measures appears to have been the
catching of the rats by the Waddars.

The Collector of Poona writing in reference to this says : “the only agency
for their destruction in great numbers was that of the Waddars. These
were at first reluctant to offer their services in the hope that the reward of
one rupee per i00 rats killed would be increased, but when they were
refused employment on relief works, they took to rat killing. The des-
tructive operations continued in this district till 27th December 1879;
when the total number killed stood at 365,766 at a cost to Government of
Rs. 3,643-13-1.”

In a letter, dated 3rd November 1879, Mr. Elphinstone, Assistant Col-
lector of Dharwar, writes: “ Waddars employed are the only people who
are able to do much execution among the rats. The rats destroyed the
American cotton last season, the breeding season for rats commenced a few
weeks ago and enormous numbers are in consequence now being killed.”

On the 20th January 1880 he reported that rewards were only paid after
comparison with the rats or rats tails which were burnt or cut in pieces and
buried in the presence of the Mamletdars or the head Karkuns.

ToraAL NUMBER OF RATS KILLED.

The following shows the number of rats killed in the different districts :—

Districts. Rats killed.
Nasik .. iu Hy ES i Ei A 243,551
Khandesh tes i a of oF 4,742
Poona .. ae He He ae bye 365,766
Satara 2. it ba an Ae! 29,427
Sholapur ar i p. ae We 1,163,019
Ahmednagar ay ete oe as 1,767,414
Kaladgi (Bijapur) .. & ae af) 4,130,209
Belgaum a as e% are es 135,226
Dharwar 7,132,453
Total .. es 14,971,807
I give below extracts from the opinions as to the methods adopted
for the extermination of the rats. Pee

Report made by the Acting First Assistant Collector, Dharwar,
February 2nd,1880: “That this marvellous decrease in the numbers of

168 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII,

i f this issue’ of
rats-had resulted from the measures taken in consequence o
the Government’s order about rewards cannot well be doubted. On all
sides I am told so, as ifit were a matter that admitted of no doubt what-

ever. The cultivators.as a body are (it would appear) assured that it is

sO.”

The Collector of Kaladgi writes (21st February 1880): ‘The destruc-
tion of rats brought about by the offer of rewards was most beneficial.
They might perhaps have died afterwards from natural causes but they
were killed sooner and the destruction of upwards of 4 millions of rats.
must have saved the crops to a vast extent. Besides the payment of
their rewards enabled large number of people who would otherwise have:
been thrown back on Relief works to support themselves and the money
was as profitably spent as any sums were during the famine.” The total
number of rats killed in the Kaladgi district was 4,130,209. Total rewards.
paid Rs, 40,437-7-9. ;

The Collector of Ahmednagar (Mr. King) was by no means sure that
their numbers were very appreciably reduced by artificial means. He
writes: “ Rain is very effectual in killing the vermin either by drowning or
causing the soil to swell and toclose the burrows. Frost in November and
December aiso appears to have killed them.”

The Commissioner, Central Division (Mr. Robertson), “was told that
shortly after the rains, in many villages in the Shrigonda taluka, large
numbers of rats were seen dead outside, and even in their holes, covered
with a species of tick which appears to have killed them in large numbers.
Ticks do not attach themselves to dead bodies. On enquiry it was report-
ed that red ticks fastened themselves on the rats while alive and caused
their deaths.”

The Collector of Poona writes: “the plague has now (21 February 1880)
ceased and in the Collector’s opinion the rapid fall in numbers killed is not
owing torats having been virtually exterminated but is probably due to
natural causes.”

The Collector of Sholapur considers that if the rats had not been killed
the plague would have ceased all the same but the damage would have —
been far greater. Possibly the later monsoon rain killed them off, but.
Mr. Spry is sceptical as to the tick theory.

Khandesh, Satara and Belgaum suffered much less than the other dis-
tricts referred to.

It appears from the above facts that the concensus of opinion was that.
the cessation of the plague of rats was due to natural causes and not to the.
measures which were taken by Government to exterminate them, but it is
admitted that the measures: by which some 15 million rats were destroyed
provided relief for starving people and that they probably saved a large
amount of damage to the crops. It is not clear that .the ticks were the
cause of the rats’ disappearance. In regard to the anticipated plague in
the cold weather of 1920-1921, the question arises is prevention possible
now? Would it be worth while to employ the Waddars im one or more of
the districts which was most affected by the famine of 1918-19 to catch the
rats now in order to prevent a plague occurring next cold season ?

The Mammal Survey which our Society has been carrying on elicited a
great deal of valuable information as to the various species of rats found
and I should like to endorse Mr. Kinnear’s appeal that specimens of all
these rats should be sent to our Society, since by determining to what
species they belong and their life history, it may be possible that in the
future some efficient measures may be feasible to prevent such plagues
occurring in the Presidency.

. W.S. MILLARD.
Bompay, March 1920,

= -) 9), MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. - ~.- 169

No, VII. FEMALE BLACK-BUCK (A. CERVICAPRA) WITH HORNS.

Tenclose photo of a freak Black-buck doe shot by me in the Mainpur

Uiereen (Ut yi N90. . . + . . . . =. Lam. sure the photo
will interest members of the Society.
Fatrecara, U. P., E. G. BROWNE.

31st January 1920.

[We publish the photo of another head of a female of Black-buck with
horns received from Mr. G. J. Griparis. The animal was shot by him at
Amraoti, Berar. Further instances of this nature are recorded in our
Journal, Vol. XXIII, page 354—Ebs.]

22

{70 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV1I.

No. VIII—ABNORMAL SAMBHAR HORN.

»T enclose a photograph of an abnormal Sambhar Antler in the possession
of E. A. Sweetenham, Esq., of the Somerford Orchard, Ramgarh, Naini Tal
District, U. P. He got it from a man at the foot of the Hills and the latter
said thatthe Antler had been picked up in the Bhabar, a tract between
the foot of the hills and the lower-lying Terrai further to the South. I
shave never seen anything like this type of abnormality. There seems to
me hardly any doubt, but that the animal who carried this, or a pair of such.
Antlers, must have been a Sambhar as the beam and tines are clearly of
this variety of the stag or deer family. .

“Ly [0° 1) MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, 171

The dimensions are as follows :—

Round beam just below the place where the
abnormal growth begins fe byrient o2
Round beam just above burr.. rs . 72
The outer curve to tip of iongest tine .. oo
The abnormal growth measured in a direct
line from beam is about 6 or 7 inches.
The length is a fair size of Antler for the
locality though larger have been seen.

Sr. QuENTIN, Nant Taz, O.:P., GywLATLE,
16th August 1919.

[Further references to abnormal Sambhar horns may be found in our
Journal, Vol. XVII, pages 845, 846 and 1020 and Vol. X, p. 534.—Ebs. }

No. [X.—BIRDS OF DIFFERENT SPECIES NESTING IN COMPANY.

With reference to Mr. Allen’s note on page 1044 of Volume XXVI, it
may be of interest to record that in the Ferozpc re District on the 3lst May
I came across a medium sized Shisham tree containing nests as follows :—

About 15 feet up. The Black Drongo (Dicrurus ater), 4 eggs.

About 1 foot higher up. The Red Turtle Dove (Oenopopelia tranquebarica),
2 eggs.

About 4 feet higher still. The Sonthern Green Pigeon (Crocopus
chlorogaster), 2 eggs.

And finally, about 30 feet up, the Madras Red-vented Bulbul (Molpastes
hemorrhous), no eggs but bird sitting in nest.

The tree was in the compound of a Canal inspection bungalow, and, like
many others in the compound, had partly withered for want of water, the
bungalow being situated on a sand hill well above the level of the Canal.
Below, on both banks of the Canal were rows of fine trees, providing, one
would think, far more suitable nesting sites. I imagine that the Drongo
chose the withered tree, and the others followed suit to obtain the benefit
of his efficient “ Chowkidari’”’.

LAHORE, H. W. WAITE,
12th April 1920. ; Indian Police.

No. X.—CURIOUS NESTING SITE OF THE INDIAN HOOPOE
(UPUPA INDICA).

There is adjoining the cattle pound at Chakwal in the Jelum District a
mud building used for storing Jhusa. This has no windows and a single door,
which does not fit properly. The building remained empty for some time,
and although the door was kept fastened there was room enough between
it and the threshold to allow Hoopoes to creep in and out, which they were
seen doing on several occasions. Eventually, on the 8th May, the door was
opened, and 8 Hoopoe’s eggs discovered, laid amongst the litter of bhusa on
the floor.

LanoRkgE, H. W. WAITE,
12th April 1920. Indian Pelice.

No. XI._BREEDING OF BLACK-NECKED STORK.
(XENORHYNCHUS ASIATICUS).

Isend you the following note as it may be of interest. On the 10th
December last, I saw from my tent door a Black-necked Stork,

172 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXV£I,

Xenorhynchus asiaticus, standing on the edge of her nest. She had just
flown up from the jheela little way off and after a bit she settled herself
into the nest.. Iwas unable to visit the nest then but next morning I
went to the nest, taking a man to climb. The bird was on the nest but
flew off as the man went up. On his approaching the nest, to my’ surprise
two nearly full grown young birds got up in the nest, and as the man got
close, flew off; they were very shaky and wobbly, evidently their first and
a ‘forced’ flight. The man went on tothe nest, and to my surprise said
there was an egg. I told him to bring it down, thinking it was an addled
one, but on his reaching the ground | saw there were two eggs. On blowing
them they proved to be perfectly fresh. Surely this is most curious ?.

Gonpa, llth March 1920. F, FIELD.

No, XII.—EGRET AND LIZARD.

I witnessed this morning what appeared to me a rather astonishing
performance on the part of a common white Egret (Paddy bird or Bogia.),

When I first noticed it, it had caught either a Chamaeleon or a Lizard at
least a foot long. This creature was struggling furiously in the Egret’s bill.
It repeatedly succeeded in escaping but was always recaptured after
running afew yards. After a bit its struggles became feeble and I noticed
that it was then always caught by the head, whereas at first the bird caught
it by any portion of the body it could catch hold of. The Egret now
started to try and swallow its head first. The head and front legs wentim
but it began to struggle furiously with its hind legs and long tail sticking
out. The commotion that went on in the bird’s neck was now extraordi-
nary to witness. It looked as if the lizard’s head or legs must break out:
through the neck. Several times a black patch appeared on the neck of the
bird which looked like the lizard’s head coming through but it was only that
the skin was stretched very tightly and the colour of the lizard or skin
showed through the feathers. At last after fearful efforts the hind legs
also went down. The bird then stood working its neck, in which the
bulge could still be seen, up and down for about ten minutes. After that it
flew away none the worse. When the bird stood holding the lizard in
its bill the latter looked quite as long as the bird itself and I would never
have. believed it could have been swallowed.

Kuvmri, Rancut Disr., H. R. MEREDITH, t.¢.s,
Cuora Nacrur, 18th May 1919. |

No. XIII.—COMMON POCHARD (N. FERRINA) AT BANGALORE.

Last Sunday Captain W. Le ©. Brodrich while out with me shot a
male Common Pochard (Nyroca ferrina) in full plumage. Is it not very
rare for this bird to be found so far south as Bangalore? Both Oates and
Finn say that he is not found south of Bellary.

HK. O. KING, Capv., 1.4.R.0.
Bancatore, 10th March 1920.

[Stuart Baker in ‘Indian Ducks and their allies” says that the ocour-
rence of these birds in Mysore is very rare-—Eps. |

No. XIV.—MESOPOTAMIAN BIRD NOTES,

With reference to the Revd. F.C. RB. Jourdain’s remarks on my notes-on
Mesopotamian birds, I submit the following in reply a

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 173

Previous to collecting for the British Museum I collected for.the Karachi
‘Museum, sending specimens from Ormara (Mekran), Bushire (Persia) and
Fao (Mespot).

Among the specimens sent to the latter institute, was one of a Warbler
which was identified as Scotocerca inguieta or to be more correct thet name
was supplied to me for the specimen sent; at the time Iwas not in a posi-
tion to know that this was an error and accepted the identification as
being correct, hence my labelling the eggs sent to the British Museum as
belonging to this bird. It was only on receiving Dr. Bowdler Sharpe’s list
published in the Ibis that I knew an error had been made.

Some years later I came to know that some of my specimens from the
Gulf got mixed up in the Karachi Museum with some others collected in
Sind, with the result that certain specimens from the Gulf were included
in the Sind Fauna, and I conclude a specimen of Scotocerca inquieta
collected in Sind, was taken as part of my Fao collection, which will ac-
count for the wrong name being supplied to me.

As to Mr. Jourdain’s remarks that Hypolais pallida and not H. languida
breeds in Fao, he is probably correct, for I accepted Dr. Bowdler Sharpe’s
identification and concluded, without examination, that all the Hypolais
were languida, as certainly were the two I sent home, thus having as
I thought established the breeding of H. languida.

Lanws fallax, | cannot see that confusion is made worse; Dr. Sharpe
originally identified my specimen as fallax, later on he thought he had
made a mistake and changed the identification to a@ssimilis. These names
were widely used at the time, but since the revision of nomenclature they
have been discarded for the prior names of auchert and pallidirostris,
respectively, both of which birds are known to occur in Mesopotamia. At
the time Dr. Sharpe wrote, these grey shrikes were not so well understood
as at present and his confusion of the two races is understandable. As to
which race my specimen belongs, Mr. Jourdain can easily satisfy himself,
as the specimen should be in the National Collection.

Hartert in ‘‘ Die Vogel des Paliartic Hauna’’, page 450, gives fallav as a
synonym of L. auchert, 1853, and on page 429 zbid states “assimilis. Brehm,
1854— pallidirostris. Casein 18527’.

Cumming’s Chat—I did not know such a bird existed till about 1908,
when asked by a Collector for some skins of S. cumminyi—the red-tailed
Chat—beyond this I knew nothing of the bird till within a few months ago
Capt. Ticehurst gave me a description and particulars of it. Dr. Bowdler

Sharpe never informed me of the correction and as he identified all my
specimens sent to the British Museum, I naturally concluded that on going
over the chats at a later time, he identified the bird as new and named it
after me.

I have always felt that this would prove to be an individual variety,
until Ifound out that Dr. Hartert in his ‘ Vogel des Paliartic Fauna”
states that more than one specimen has been secured.

As to Garrula, I do not know what puzzled Mr. Jourdain foras far as I
ean now recollect, my notes are correct as applying to Fao, The Euro-
pean bird was plentiful as a bird of passage at the time stated, while the
Indian bird was a rare visitor actually at Fao, but it may be more plenti-
ful above this station; at no time did I come across more than one or two
birds within twenty miles of Fao and then not as a resident.

The nestlngs received by me were taken by an Arab about 30 miles up
river beyond Fao.

Possibly the Indian bird comes to breed in Mesopotamia for I feel sure
the winter is too severe for it to remain on.

W. D. CUMMING.
Karacut, 7th February 1920.

174 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL AIST. SOCIETY, Vol, XXVII.

No, XV._THE GREAT INDIAN HORNBILL (DICHOCERROS
BICORNIS).

Members of the Society and cthers who have had the pleasure of visiting
our small Museum will be sorry to learn of the death on Monday evening,
the 3rd May, of the Great Indian Hornbill which had lived in the Museum
since August 1894 and was always a source of interest and amusement.

“ William”, the name affectionately given to this bird, was certainly an
appropriate one for if ever there was a big Bill it was to be found here.
The power behind this enormous beak is used in the case of the free bird
for many purposes amongst which may be mentioned the provision of a nest
for the breeding season, but in captivity it was principally used to draw
attention to its owner’s wants and the noise the bird made by hammering
at the roof or sides of its cage (an old disused temporary bath-room) would
arouse even the most inattentive of its attendants and servants.

There is a story that many years ago a lady was being shown round the
Museum by Mr. Phipson, who was then the Honorary Secretary, and on
arriving at the Hornbill’s cage the lady was told ‘“ You know that bird has
something in common with some ladies. He paints himself every day” “ Ah
Mr. Phipson you won’t catch me. I have been told of the stories you tell
to visitors ”’ was the lady’s reply. Mr. Phipson’s was “My dear lady itis
the first true story I have told you since you entered the Museum.”
Whether it was the first or not cannot now be proved but true it was.
The Great Indian Hornbill makes good use of the gland, called the
‘Uropygial,’ above the tail feathers from whence exudes an oily yellow
pigment. The bird laying back its head on to the gland would cover its
big casque with the yellow paint and take great pride in the operation.
The pigment no doubt served to preserve the horny substance of the casque
for it is a curious fact that whilst the bird has been named from dead
specimens the ‘‘ concave” casque hornbill—in the living specimens the
casque is convex. Inthe dead specimens the centre of the casque has
collapsed.

The Hornbill’s original home was Karwar and he was presented to the
Society in August 1894 by Mr. H. Ingle. In his early youth ‘‘ William ”
was a famous cricketer and could be relied on to equal a Presidency cricke-
ter in his capabilities as a field. Of late years, owing either to old age or
perhaps approaching blindness, he seemed however unable to catch any-
thing and the old system of feeding had to be changed and, instead of the
fruit on which he lived being thrown to him, the dish had to be held up
to him from which he would select those fruits which seemed to his sensi-
tive beak to be sufficiently succulent. In the day time, when he could be
observed, ‘‘ William ” hardly ever condescended to take food placed on the
floor of the cage.

* On only one occasion did this Hornbill ever depart from his life long
abstinence from drink of any kind, and on the occasion in question it was
force majeure. He had playfully extracted a lighted cigar outof a friend’s
mouth and swallowed it. Mercifully the cigar was promptly extinguished
in the process as in order to make the bird disgorge, brandy was poured
down its throat! All the liquid nourishment these birds require is obtained
from the fruit they eat.

«“ William ’’ was supposed to have been about six months old when he
came to Bombay—so was about 26 years old at the time of his death. He
has been carefully skinned and will be sent to England to be mounted by
a skilful taxidermist and will eventually occupy a prominent position in the
Natural History Museum which it is hoped Government will soon build. ~

: R. A. SPENCE,
Bombay Narurat History Socretry’s Musgv,

5th May 1920.

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, 175

No. XVI. SUPPRESSION OF THE NAME OF THE SNAKE
DESCRIBED BY ME AS OLIGODON EVANSI.

In Volume XXII, page 514, of this Journal, I described anew snake
under the name Oligodon evansi, the type of which was preserved in our
Society’s collection. Mr. Prater has drawn my attention to the similarity
between this and specimens of T'vrirhinopholis nuchalis Boulenger, ‘and
suggests that Oligodon evansi is not a valid species. I have revised my
notes, and find that Mr. Prater is quite correct, so that my name calls for
suppression.

BANGALORE, 3rd May 1920. F. WALL, Lievt.-Cot., 1.m.s.

No. XVII.—OCCURRENCE OF THEOBALD’S KUKRI SNAKE
(SIMOTES THEOBALDI) IN ASSAM.

Among the snakes recently presented to this Society by Mrs. Jackson,
Tura, Assam, is a specimen of Stmotes theobaldi. Dr. Boulenger in the
Fauna of British India, Reptilia, gives Pegu, U. Burma, as the habitat of
this species. Its occurrence in Assam is worthy of record.

Bompay Naturat History Society, Ss. H. PRATER.
3rd March 1920.

No, XVIII.—_COBRA WITHOUT THE CUNEATE SCALE.

Since getting back here I have looked up my notes about the cobra whose:
head I left with you. It was killed on April Ist, 1920. It was 3’-6” long
aud had all normal characteristics except it lacked the cuneate scale. |
may note that it had no occellate marks (var ceca). I have now had
14 cobras (the longest 5/-23”) brought me here and not one has had
occellate marks. At Manpur (14 miles south of Mhow Cantonment) which.
I left in March 1919 I used to get both ceca and typica.

The other cobras I saw in the Museum which had no cuneate scale were
not the ordinary species but banded (/fusciata). So perhaps this case:
is unusual.

Buopat AGENCY, Senore, C. L., C. E. LUARD, Lr.-Cot.
17th April 1920.

No. XIX.—ON THE BREEDING OF THE CHECKERED WATER
SNAKE (7TROPIDONOTUS PISCATOR.)

On April 15th I had a Vropidonotus piscator 2 (var., guincunciatus) brought
me. She was brought alive with 80 eggs. These examinations shewed
were quite lately voided. Each egg was 3” to 2” long, white, but not glossy.
As this seems late ii the year I record it.

Buopat AcEency, Senore, C. L,, C, E, LUARD, Lr.-Cot.
17th April 1920,

No. XX.—THE MYSTERIOUS ‘ JHOOR.’

During a recent tour through the Gir Forest I overheard a conversation
between the forest guards and the cattleherds regarding a strange beast
that is supposed to inhabit the deep pools in the forest rivers. I ques-
tioned a large number of men who have spent all their lives in the Gir,
including Hebat Jamadar, the famous old warder of the lions (now very old,
feeble, and probably ninety years of age) and made the following notes. It
would be of interest to know if such a belief exists in other parts of India.

“ The beast is named the Jhoor, lives in the deep rocky pools scoured
out in the beds of the big rivers, and is very seldom seen as it never leaves
the water. Hebat and two other men declare they have seen it. It pulls.

176 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII,

-in the largest buffaloes when they go down to drink. Ifthe buffalo should
be recovered after a few days, nothing but the skin and bones remain, with
a large puncture in the abdomen through which evidently the flesh has been
extracted. Tbe Jhoor has a body closely resembling a large turtle, with a
long neck, and snake-like head, and four very long flexible legs or tenta-
-cles. It seizes its victims by the nose and winds its tentacles round the
four legs, places its carepace under the chest of its prey, and levers it into
deep water.”

I am of opinion that this strange beast isa myth. The deep pools are
‘infested with huge crocodiles which are very destructive to cattle and pull
in the largest buffaloes. In several places villages have been deserted
owing to the decimation of the flocks by crocodiles at the drinking pools,
and the danger of children being dragged in. The Jhoor, I am afraid,
carries on his head the sins of his more tangible brother, the crocodile.

JUNAGADH, 4th March 1920. EK. BROOK FOX.
No. XXI.—LARGE CARP FROM MESOPOTAMIA.

T enclose a photo, which may be of interest to igri
‘ 1 ou of a 140 lb. T
“Salmon (so called) which 1 caught on a 2” apc at Samarra on 21st

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, 177

September 1919. I believe this to be a record as regards the size of the
fish caught spinning, though I know much larger ones have been caught on
meat and “ atta”’. :

The fish is a species of Barbel, but I should like to know its correct name,

Heap Quarters, 171TH Division, F. B. LANE, Mason.
MEsoporaMIA,
lst November 1919.

[Photos of large Carp from Mesopotamia appeared in our Journal,
Vel. XXVI, No. 2, p. 679. The name of the fish is Barbus setch—-Eps.].

No. XXII.—A NEW HAWK MOTH.

When on leave in Mussoorie in 1918, I found eggs of a Hawk moth,
and young larve. Being suddenly ordered away, I only obtained two
moths, one of which was later smashed up in the post. The last one
reached home safely, and proves to be a new species.

If any member who is visiting Musscorie or other stations close by
during the rains would care to help, I will let him know where he can get
eggs and larve. The British Natural History Museum would like a series
of moths, and incidentally he could get some for himself aud the Society.
The larvee are easy to rear, or if eggs were sent to me I would rear them.

r F,. B. SCOTT, Mason, 1.4.
FERNDALE, SHILLONG,
2nd March 1920.

No. XXIII.—-STRANGE FIND OF THE LARVA OF THE BUTTERFLY
(TEINOPALPAS IMPERIATLIS).

I was riding up to Sukia, elevation 6,050 feet, when upon the road I
chanced to see this fine Caterpillar almost under my pony’s foot. I
at once jumped off my pouy and secured this unknown specimen, un-
known then to me, as I had often wished to get this larva of this fine
Butterfly, but without success from the Lepcha collectors. What the
Caterpillar was doing on the road puzzled me but alongside was a big Oak
tree and [had been told the larva of this insect fed on the Oak so it
may have fallen down after being attacked by some enemy bird or
lizard. I was also aware the larva fed on Daphne nepalensis, a large
shrub, the bark used by the Nepalese to make a coarse paper, the wood
sweet scented. Close at hand, as I expected at this elevation, I looked for
several shrubs and found Daphne papyracea or Wallichia (Chota Aryili, Nepa-
lese) and it may have been the Caterpillar was making for one of these.
Anyhow the larva looked fairly full grown. Plucking the leaves of the
Oak and “ Daphne” I put the insect into a fairly big box with plenty of air
holes, The Caterpillar was green with a large thick head, Papilio-shaped,
the tail was certainly aggressive when I took hold of it from the ground
which made me think I had got some Spingidi larva yet new to me. On
my return home from Darjeeling 2 days after I was exceedingly pleased
to find the Caterpillar had turned into a soft pupa, a shape new to me, oval
greenish with a strange horn, this was enough to show me that it was no
“ Sphingidae” larva. The date of turning would be the end of Septem-
ber 1918. The perfect Butterfly did not come out until the following
April 1919. 7 months in the pupa state. Whether this insect 1s second
brooded is difficult to say, but I am inclined to think itis. Senchal is
the favourite hunting ground, catches are mostly made in August and end
of July by Lepcha collectors,

23

178 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVIII.

In Lieut.-Colonel Bingham’s book, Volume IJ, Butterflies, page 9, it is
recorded

“The larva of this magnificent butterfly, according to Mr. Knyvett,
feeds on Dhapne nipalensis, but so far as I know no description of it has

been published”. —
I trust to get hold of some larva this year as well as the larva of other

interesting Papilios. OSCAR LINDGREN

TurzuMm TEA Estate, NAGRISPUR P. O.,
DarseELInc Himatayan RalLway,
April 1920.

No. XXIV.—LIFE HISTORY OF THE “BUPRESTID ” LEAF
MINER (TRACHYS BICOLOR, KERREMANS)
A PEST ON BUTEA FRONDOSA IN MYSORE.

(With a plate).

Inrropuction :—Butea frondosa trees (Dhak or Palas) are subject to the
attack of several insects, v7z., leaf eating caterpillars fallmg under Limaco-
dids, Lycznids and Sphingids, Coleopterous insects such as snout beetles
or weevils, and Buprestid beetles and pentatomid bugs. All the above are
only very minor pests excepting the Buprestid Beetle—a leaf miner—which
is assuming the form of a serious pest in the majority of the places where
Butea are found in Mysore State. The injury to the plants consists in
that the adult beetles feed on the leaves of the plant and that the
grubs pass their life as leaf miners feeding on the leaf tissue and forming
regular pockets in the leaves, the leaves having a blistered appearance.
Almost all the leaves of a plant are affected, they are unable to perform
their normal functions, and they look quite dry without even a tinge
of green matter and as a consequence many of the plants kept under
observation for 4 or 5 years have never made any appreciable growth at
all on account of this. : ;

The adult. This beetle isa small oval wedge shaped creature, the head
and thorax being of a bronzy colour, the rest of a steel blue colour, with
4 or 5 wavey white lines marked across the elytra. It measures 5:25-5'5mm,
lengthwise and 3:25°35 mm. at the broadest part. The beetles are hard to
recognize on the plants as they cover themselves up with their excreta and
thus resemble the droppings of some small birds. The beetles are com-
monly found on the plants from about the end of April or the beginning. of
May and egg-laying and continuous breeding begins from now and con-.
tinues up to about February-March There occur as many as 4 or 5 broods
in a year. Se tgkevaa

. Oviposttion. The female beetle moves about the upper surface of the
leaves before egg laying and. when a spot is selected at the angle
formed by the junction of one of the veins with the midrib on the upper
surface of the leaves it first scrapes the epidermis of the leaf with the
mouth parts, lays an egg and then covers it with the dirty white excreta
with which the beetle is covered. The flattened oval eggs are laid singly
as well as in groups of 2 or 8, sometimes 4 or 5 on the upper surface
of the leaves. When the eggs are laidin groups they are usually laid
overlapping one another.

The Egg. The newly laid egg is colourless, flat, oval and measures
1:75 mm. to 2°25 mm. at its long axis and 1:25 mm. to 1:75 mm. at its
short axis. The egg remains colourless for 5 days and on the 6th day it
turns to a shining black colour and now the dirty white excreta with which
the egg is covered is plainly distinguishable. 13 days after the egg
turns to black, 7.e., 19 days from egg-laying, the ege hatches out.

Journ., Bombay at. Hist. Soc.

4
4
a4
al
>

Fig.1. A. Eggs of the Beetle. Fig. 2. Injury to the leaf by the
B. Pockets in the leaf made by adult Beetles.

the Grubs.

Fig. + Adult Beetles.
!_ Ventral side.

‘Fig. 3. Full grown Grubs. PME Torah)’ sides

THE “ BUPRESTID” LEAF MINER (fRACHYS BICOLOR, KERREMANS) A PEST ON
BUTEA FRONDOSA IN MYSORE.

Ah

5 aAe eal at ee

"

S

on me or

4)

beer ore

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 179

The Grub. Immediately on hatching, the grub which is of the charac-
teristic Buprestid form—d‘at, round, wedgeshaped, large head and thorax
and the body tapering to a point at the posterior end—splits open a
portion of the underside of the egg and begins to eat through into the
leaf tissue. The upper side of the egg remains quite intact. The wedge-
shaped, flat front portion of the grub is thrust into the tissue of the leaf
and the grub works gradually from side to side consuming the substance
of the leaf all the time without in any way injuring the epidermal layers
of the leaf and thus a small cavity is formed in the leaf. The grub goes on
widening the cavity gradully and feeding for about a month by which time
a fairly big pocket about half the area of the leaf is formed and pupation
takes place within this cavity now. The newly hatched out grub is 2 mm.
long and I mm. broad at the broadest portion. It is of a pale whitish colour.
The fully developed grub is of a dull white colour with a tinge of yellow
and measures 11°5 to 12 mm. lengthwise and 2°/5 to 3:5 mm. at the
broadest part. The centre of the segments 2nd to the 10th behind the
head in the grubs, both on the dorsal and ventral sides are marked with
peculiar markingsin black resembling “shirt” buttons. The larval life
is 29 days.

The pupa. Pupation takes place in the larval chamber. The pupa is
flat and brownish in colour and is 6 min. long and 3:5 mm. broad. The
pupal life lasts 9 days. The adult beetle on emerging from the pupal
stage remains within the chamber for a few hours and then bites a hole
through the lower surface of the chamber and escapes out and begins feed-
ing on the leaves.

Natural enemies. Found small black ants Campsnotus sp. feeding on
freshly laid eggs. A very minute chalcid parasite parasitises the grub.
It was found to walk over the upper surface of the pocket of the leaf tap-
ping with antenne the different portions and finally bending its abdomen
to pierce the thin wall of the pocket and lay eggs on the grub.

Conclusion. Considering the fact that no mention is made of any insects
affecting Butea frondosa plants seriously and this is one of the important
plants on which lac is raised in India, I venture to record the above facts
Tegarding this insect in the hope that lac growers in India will be parti-
cularly interested in the subject.

P. V. SUBRAMANIAM,
AssISTANT ENTOMOLOGIST,
Mysore AGRICULTURAL DEPARTMENT.
Baneators, 15th March 1920.

No. XXV.—A SHORT NOTE ON THE ATROPHIC ABORTION
OF THE INFLORESCENCE OF THE ONION (ALLIUM CEPA, L.)

( With two plates).

In March, 1917, I came across a few peculiar onion bulbs of which three

He (Figs. 1-4) have been figured here. In external appearance these were

indistinguishable from other bulbs of A. cepa, but, on closer examination,

were found to differ in being easily compressible and in containing

abortive inflorescences (Infl.). It is amatter of surprise that no similar
ease of abortive inflorescence has been either cited or described in either
Master’s Vegetable Teratology or any other available literature.

Although left for a fairly long time in a grocer’s store, curiously enough,
these specimens contained inflorescences (Infl.) bearing full-sized (deter-

180 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVITL

by actual measurement) waxy-white flowers. Fig. 1 shows the
hele (Infl.) inside the partially opened bulb of ‘pene No. 1.
Fig. 2 shows the scape (Sce.) (in specimen No. 1) which BBE TiS ve a
curious shape. It deviated so much from the type, that, it became solid,
fleshy and stunted (its length being only 6:25 cm. whereas a normal scape
is 30-60 cm. in length) and it bore the inflorescence along the whole of
its left side instead of bearing it on its top. The whole inflorescence thus
developed was wrapped up by a membranous covering (Memb.) with
prominent parallel nerves. A part of this membrane was found adnate to
the left side of the scape. This covering seemed to be nothing but a
modified form of a spathe. In the fourth specimen, which has not been
depicted here, I noticed two waxy ovate-lanceolate fleshy structures,
differing in shape from all the other scale-leaves (Sz.), adpressed to the
tiny inflorescence (Infl.) inside the bulb. Fig. 5 shows the two kinds of
inflorescence (Infl.) met with in specimen No. 2,in whicha group of
flowers or fascicle (b.) arose directly from the stem below and a small
umbel (a), partially hidden by ‘b.’ was borne by the irregularly zgzag
solid scape (Sc) slightly twisted to the left. Except the basal part of a
withered normal scape (Sc’. seen also in Figs. 1—8) no trace of a fresh
scape is seen in Fig. 4, all the flowers (Fl.) having taken their origin
directly from the stem (St.). Dissections of the flowers (Fl.) from each
of the above specimens revealed the fact that, although etiolation had
taken place, owing to the partial exclusion of light, still, the perianth and
the sporophylls were developed quite up to their normal size and shape.
Except in specimen No. 1 (in which the anthers appeared to have dehisced)
the anthers in all the other specimens were found to contain scanty pollen
grains. The ovaries ((B’ and ‘D’ in Fig. 5) were provided with either a
long-styled (D) or a trifid sub-sessile (B) stigma (intermediate forms being
noticeable in some of the flowers) and generally three compressed ovate
ascending and minutely pitted ovules (‘F’ and ‘EH’ in Fig. 5) in each cell.
As the ovules, particularly those in specimen No. 1 were quite tough
(unlike functionless ovules which are easily compressible) and asin some
of the anthers the pollen-sacs were almost empty, it seemed probable that
at least some of the flowers were self-fertilised. Here, itis obvious, that,
no cross-fertilisation could have taken place at all.

Histological differences between a normal (Sc.') and an abortive scape
(Sc. in Fig. 3) were no less marked. The following were the main points.
worth noticing :——

1. The epidermis (Ep.) of the abortive scape (Fig. 7) was thicker than
that of the normal scape (Fig. 6) and was provided with comparatively
larger cells, which were not of uniform size and shape throughout.
Whereas the cuticle (Cut.) was uniformly thickenedin the normal scape, in
the abortive scape 1t was distinctly thicker on the outer or ‘dorsal’ surface
than on the inner or ‘ventral’ surface. Stomata (Stom.) were often present
in the epidermis (very clearly seen in longitudinal sections of the epidermal
region) of the abortive scape, whereas no stomata were generally found in
that of the normal scape.

2. The ring of sclerenchymatous cells (Scl.) in the abortive scape
(Fig. 7) in which the vascular bundles (V. b.) lie scattered, was composed
of cells having walls thicker than of those in the normal scape (Fig. 6).

3. The vascular bundles (V.b.) in the abortive scape (Fig. 7) were
numerically less than those in the normal scape (Fig. 6), but proportionately
greater for the area supported by them.

4. Two distinct groups of large vascular bundles (V..b.1) were found —
developed in the ventral area near the centre of the solid abortive scape
(Fig. 7), whereas in the normal scape (Fig. 6) the central portion was hollow.

ss gour., Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.
F i , - Plate I.

( Shecivezn mpl)

SNAR size: o wae
ae Nat size.

nenpectete rn ntomrteiee

NAT. SIZE.

€ sae. view?

ABORTIVE INFLORESCENCES OF
ALLIUM CEPA L.

Jour., Bombay Nat. Hist. Soe. Plate Il
ate IL

Se si ag SS SO RN IOUT Be SS AOC A LO ER TOT,

SES

aaa SCS ast

8 6.6

Trans verse

Sechion ofa Normal Scape -
(K nearly 35)

| . tig 7 ae
ee Transverse Section of an aber hive Scape te nex a9)

a ’ vote ens

TRANSVERSE SECTION OF NORMAL AND
ABORTIVE SCAPES OF 4LLIUM CEPA L.

estan & os Oab

paeedean beth 3 ate
NLA sae

ait

BES

See

rea

oY

em ar

assess teers

ie

: Hae : I t
4 Fa
i Mia
ie el Ye oy 4 weticn
, .

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 18i

5, A transition from relatively large rounded to small elongated cells
was distinctly noticeable in the pith (P.) in the section ef the abortive
scape (Hig. 7), whereas in the normal scape (Fig. 6), the cells of the inner-
most part were distinctly rounded and generally big.

It will be worth while to consider the causes which have contributed to
check the growth of the inflorescences in these specimens. It is quite
obvious that, as the bulbs were never planted out on soil and as these could
not derive any nourishment from any extraneous source, these had to
suffer ultimately from starvation. For the supply of the plastic materials
necessary for the development of the scapes, flowers and ovules etc., for the
continuation and preservation of the stock, the bulbs had to depend solely
on the reserve materials stored in the fleshy scale leaves (Su.). These
being nothing but limited sources of supply, could serve to provide nou-
rishment only for a limited period of time. Although, stored in a grocer’s
shop, still, these bulbs were not totally deprived of all those necessary
external stimuli, e.g., Light, Heat, Air and Moisture, etc., which serve to
stimulate development. These forms of energy, however, were not, in the
long run, sufticient for inducing the production of normal development of
all the organs. Hence, we find that in specimens Nos. 1] and 2 (Figs. 1—3)
abortive scapes were developed and that in specimens Nos. 2 and 3 (Figs.
3 and 4) some or all the flowers were arranged in sessile fascicles instead
of in umbels. The reason why the scapes and flowers could not find an
opportunity of seeing the light of the day is this, that,—as much of the
vigour of these bulbs was spent, without being ultimately recouped, in
furthering the development of the inflorescences and scapes (where these

_were present) the pressure exerted inside the bulbs by these growing
organs was not sufficient to overcome the resistance offered by the outer
coating of dried scale-leaves. The thickened cuticle on the outer edge,
the thicker-walled sclerenchymatous ring in the cortex and the sub-central
vascular bundles appear to be nothing but the outcome of an effort, on the
part of the poorly nourished growing scapes, to gain an additional strength
to withstand the pressure exerted by the shrinking scale-leaves.

My sincere thanks are due to Dr. H. G. Carter, M.B., Ch.B., Economic
Botanist in the Botanical Survey of India, for some useful suggestions.

Explanation of Figures.

Fig. 1.—Specimen No. 1 partially opened to show the abortive inflores-
cence (Infl.) covered by a membranous covering (Memb.), Natural
size.

Fig. 2.—A fuller view of the solid scape (Sc.) and inflorescence (Infl.) in
specimen No.1. Natural size. :

Fig. 3.—A portion of the scale leaves (Sl.) removed to show the fascicle
(c.) arising directly from the stem and the zigzag scape (Se.)
supporting an umbel (a) in specimen No. 2. Natural size.

Fig. 4.—Some of the frontal scale leaves removed to show the fasciculate
inflorescence (Infl.) in specimen No. 3. Natural size.

Fig. 5.—A flower from an abortive inflorescence dissected to show the
different parts. (A) Front view of a flower without the ovary.
(B) Side view of an ovary. (C) Front view of an ovary. (E)
Transverse section of an ovary. (F) Ovules. All magnified.

Fig. 6.—Transverse section of a normal scape. Magnified.

Fig. 7.—Transverse section of an abortive scape (Sc.) from specimen
No, 2 (See Fig. 3), Magnified.

P, M. DEBBARMAN, B. s¢., M.RB.A.S.,
Systematic AssISTANT IN THE
Boranicat Survey or INDIA.

182 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII,

EDITORIAL.

Members will learn with regret of the retirement of Mr. Millard from the:
post of Honorary Secretary. Mr. Millard became Joint Honorary Secre-
tary with Mr. Phipson in 1898 and took on the work single handed when
the latter retired in 1905, and he remained Honorary Secretary until April
1919 when he retired to England on medical advice. Those who have been
brought in contact with him realise the extent of the Society’s obligation
for the manner in which heshas conducted its affairs for the last 20 years.
To use his own words “To him it was a labour of love”. Unsparingly he
devoted his time and energy to the advancement of the Society’s interests
and we are glad the Journal enables us to record the Society’s gratitude.

Although Mr. Millard has retired from india he is continuing to work
for the Society, and in England will act as our representative. There is a.
great amount of work to be done at home in connection with the forth-
coming publications of the Society and with the selection and choice and
approval of plates. All this Mr. Millard will look after, and he will be in
close personal touch with the officials at the Natural History Museum and
at the Zoological and Botanical Gardens. Membersin England who would
like to communicate with Mr. Millard on Society’s business should address.
correspondence to c/o Grindlay and Co., London.

Another loss sustained by the Society has been the resignation of Mr. N.
B. Kinnear from his post as Keeper of the Museum and one of the Editors.
of the Journal. Mr. Kinnear joimed usin 1907 and the care of the
Museum remained in his hands till October 1919 when he went to England
on 6 months’ leave. Mr. Kinnear did splendid service for the Society not
merely in the Museum but also in the way he encouraged members to
collect forus and helped them in their difficulties. During the war Captain
Kinnear was Intelligence Staff Officer to the Bombay Brigade but, despite
the long hours of work this entailed, all his spare time from military duties
was given to the Society. During the periods Mr. Millard was on leave
Mr. Kinnear acted as Joint Honorary Secretary, and at these times the
Kditorial work of the Journal fell mainly on him.

At a Committee meeting held on the 22nd of March 1920 it was resolved
that a vote vf thanks be passedto Mr. Wroughton for his work on behalf
of the Society at the British Museum, particularly in connection with the
Mammal Survey.

A similar vote was recorded in favour of Mr. T. B. Fry for his work at.
the British Museum in keeping the registers and identification lists of the
Mammal Survey specimens sent home.

The pages of this Journal have for several years past recorded some of
‘the work done by Mr. Wroughton, but only those actually working in
connection with the Society knew the amount of hard, willing, and en-
tirely honorary work these two old members have put in for the Society.

We have recently received a letter expressing the thanks of the Trustees
of the British Museum for the donation of several interesting specimens.
These included mammals from India, Burma, Persia and Arabia, and among
them were the skin of a rare Flying Squirrel (Eupetaurus cinereus) from
Chitral, a female example of the new form of Blood Pheasant (Ithagenes
kursert) from near Htawgaw, between the Kachin Hills and China, and 51
small mammals from Persia, collected by Col. J. E.B. Hotson, O.1.E., in-
cluding the type of a new Bat (Myotis myotis visorius).

Members resident in England will be interested to learn that the Com-
mittee have decided to open a Banking account in London in the name of
the Society, with the National Bank of India there, and to accept subscrip-
tions from members resident in England at two shillings exchange, so that

EDITORIAL.

See
«50

the annual subscription, including postage on Journals and registration, is
£1-15-9 payable in London. Members in England having money trans-
actions with the Society are asked to pay cheques drawn on English Banks
into our Bankers at home, and so obviate any loss to the Society through
varying exchange.

We would draw the attention of members to the appeal from Mr. E. C
Stuart Baker for information regarding eggs and nesting habits of Partrid-
ges, which he requires for his paper on these birds in his serial on Game
Birds now current in the Journal. It would be very advantageous if
members who have the opportunity for making observations or collecting
eggs would communicate with Mr. Stuart Baker. It is on the activities of
its members that a Society like ours must chiefly rely. It is due to their
efforts that so much has been accomplished in the past and we look to their
continued assistance and support in the future.

Butterfly collectors will be interested in Col. C. H. Ward’s offer of a
collection of Indian butterflies. Col. Ward has been collecting for several
years and his collections offer a great opportunity to members interested.

With the view to assist in the ready identification of poisonous snakes,
the Society has in course of preparation a chart by means of which pois-
onous and non-poisonous snakes may be readily distinguished. The use of
technicalities has been entirely avoided; the object of the chart being to
offer to the layman, by the use of simple diagrams, an easy method by
which he may tell whether a snake is poisonous or not. The chart has
already been approved by several Provincial Governments for use in their
schools and hospitals and dispensaries. For the individual member we are
preparing a folding pocket chart which he can carry with him on shikar
trips or for use on occasions when information on this point might be of
vital importance. For the medical cure of snake bite itis essential that
the species of snake should be known. Generally the snake which caused
the injury is killed and by means of this chart an easy method of identifi-
cation will be found. Instances are on record where people have died of
fright after being bitten by a perfectly harmless species. Such a chart as
this should go far towards spreading knowledge of a subject which is of great
importance to people resident in India. We expect to have copies ready
by next cold weather; the price will be low and members can register
their names for copies now if desired.

Mr. Stuart Baker is preparing a Hand List of the Birds of the Indian
Empire which will summarise the extent of our present day knowledge of
Indian Avifauna. The list will show the various races, will include the many
recently described species, and will give short notes as regards distribution
and locality where the types were obtained. The list will be published‘in
our Journal and on completion will be issued separately and ought to be a
welcome addition to the library of all those interested in ornithology.

A similar list is being prepared by Col. Wall in connection with the
snakes. Both these lists will be useful supplements to the volumes in the
Fauna of British India Series which, owing to the advancement of our
knowledge in recent years, have in many instances been rendered practi-
cally obsolete.

Members who were in Mesopotamia, and those especially | who
helped with the collection, will be sorry to learn that the Society's
entire collection of Mesopotamian Lizards was lost in transit after having
been identified atthe British Museum. We take this opportunity of
appealing to those still stationed in Mesopotamia to remedy the loss by
sending us fresh specimens. Specimens should be putinto fairly strong
spirits of wine and after “pickling” for some time they can be taken out
and wrapped in cotton soaked in the spirit, and soldered up in a tin for
despatch by post.

184 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XX VII,

The various collections of Birds, Mammals, etc., from Mesopotamia are
now allin England where they are being worked out. The lists of identi-
fications will be published in the Journal and on completion of the whole
Mesopotamian series they will be bound together and be available asa
separate publication, and as such will ferm a handy work on the Fauna of
that country.

lt is hoped that these editorial notes, which it is proposed to continue,
will by giving members a wider knowledge of our affairs and activities
increase their keenness and interest, as itis on these that the life and
progress of a Society like ours depend.

Capt. J. A, Budden wrote to us from England a short time ago with re-
gard to the Journal, and in his letter he says—“I fully understand that
your Journal is for the scientific advancement of Natural History in India
but I make a plea that you cater for the ordinary lover of the jungle.
Why not get known reliable members to write popular articles on their
shoots and observations, etc., which would be full of interest to many sub-
scribers who are out of touch with the highly scientific side of Natural His-
tory. Many Forest Officers—good observers, hunters and writers—would
interest us all.”

Capt. J. A. Budden’s suggestions are excellent and thereis no doubt
that many of our members could send us very valuable articles which would
be of an intensely interesting nature and whilst valuable from the scientific
point of view would appeal to the ordinary non-scientific member. Our
trouble in the pasthas been that so few of our members who can write
could be encouraged to write. The Miscellaneous Notes at the end of each
number offer a means for bringing about the end aimed at, and we appeal
to all members who have facilities for making notes and observations on
Natural History subjects, either on shikar trips or any occasions when
brought in contact with Jungle life, to send in their observations. Help in
this direction will tend greatly to popularise the Journal and so would be
to the advantage and benefit of our Society.

PROCEEDINGS

OF A MEETING HELD ON 22nn JANUARY 1920,

A meeting of members and their friends took place on Thursday, the
22nd January, Colonel C. H. Ward presiding.

The election of the following 53 new members since the last meeting was
announced :--Mr. Bjarne Hagem, Bombay ; Mr. E. Chapple, Bankok; Mr.
George Brown, Ceylon; Capt. A. B. Gibson, Bombay; Lt.-Col. M. Hews
derson, Quetta; Capt. R. G. Bignell, Aden; Mr. R. W. D. Willoughby,
L.C.S., Khery, Oudh; Mr. H. R. Cox, Simla; Lt.-Col. H. Brooke Smith,
1D) NSie O., R.F.A., Bombay ; the Mess Pecsiout Officers’ Mess, King’s
Own Yorkshire Et. inty., Mhow, C.1.; Lt. W. H. C. Jones, Belgaum ;
Major E. H. B. Stanley, 1.M.S., Lahore Cantonment; Major G. Petit,
R.A.M.C., Bombay ; Major P. B. Arbuthr not, I.A., Secunderabad ; Mr. A. R.
Ubsdell, ‘Caleutta ; Lt. A. P. Beatty, Tullander ; Lt. R. E. Boothby,
Meerut, Vola cape W. Rh. Ward, O'B.E., Bombay ; Sir Lakhajiraj,
K.C.LE., Rajkot; Mr.G.S. Napier-Ford, Vandiperiyar; Mr. Malik
Sahim Abdul Haq, Jullunder; Capt. E.C. Sylvester, R.F.A., Vandi-
periyar; Miss L. D. Greene, M.A., Lahore; Mr. C. F. Cunningham, Bom-
bay; Mr. C. S. Chaston, Topolia, P.O.; Lt.-Col. A. W. N. Bowen, R.A
M.C., Ahmednagar; Mr. K. B. Mazagonwalla, B.A., Bombay; Mr. H. F.
Lodge, Bombay; Mr. C. F. C. Steward, Mirik, P. O.; Major Sidney Smith,
R.G.A., Karachi; Mr. Chas. F. Morris, Bombay; Mr. A. N. Campbell,
Bombay ; Dr. R. N. O’Moynan, Bilaspur, C. P.; Mr. L. E. Aspinal, Rangoon ;
Mr. E. C. Dowson, Ceylon; Lt. J. G. Miller, Kandri; the Librarian, Bu-
reau of Science, Manila, P.I.; Mr. W. G. Beagle-Atkins, Sadiva; Brig.-
Genl, A. C. Wauchope, Mesopotamia; Major D.G, Oliver, Bombay ; Thakur
Rameshwar Singh of Bandanwara, Ajmer; Mr. E. E.G. L. Searight, Bom-
bay ; Mr. E. G. Browne, Fatehgarh, U. P.; Mr. P. G. Gilliam, Bagdogra,
P.O.; Mr. T. E. T. Upton, Calcutta; Mr. J.J. Macpherson, Jalpaiguri ;
Mr. R. C. Lowndes, Bombay ; Mr. C. Dover, Calcutta; Mr. C. M. Harlow,
I.F.S., Calcutta; Mr. Allan Mackenzie, Bengal; Mr. W. H. Woodhouse-
Adolphus, Coimbatore; Capt. H. Bullock, I.A., Salonica; and Major H. R.
P. Dickson, C.1.E., Bahrain.

The following contributions to the Museum were received since the last
meeting :—

Contribution. : Locality. Donor.

76 Mammal skins and skulls ../Mogokchung,| Mr. J. P. Mills.
Assam.

215 Mammals .. “5

10 Birds :
Botanical specimens
Urial skins (Ovis vignei) .
Marmots (Arctomys sp.) .
Pale Weasel (P. alpinus) .
Mouse Hare (Lagomys sp.)..

"| Ishirag, Persia ..| Lt.-Col. J. E. B.
“J
)
ot
ch
Birds skins <s

Hotson.

Ladak and Tibet .| Mr. F. Ludlow.

to oO He oto

Indian Gerbilles (G. indica)
1 Hare (Lepus sp.)
1 Jackal (C. indicus)

24

Montgomery, Pun-| Mr. W. A. Phillips.

186 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol, X XVII,

Sa rn

ee RR i

1 Little Malay Chevrotain (Tra-|Tavoy

i Turnstone (S. znterpes)

ra bY

Chinkara skulls (G@azella|Cutch
benettz).
2 Mammals .. at ae
Bird skin beylen
Blackbuck (A. cervieapra) ..|Dhar, C. I.

Contribution. | Locality.

.|Menjil, N. Persia.
.|Mesopotamia

Hamster (Cricetulus sp.)
Fox (Vulpes sp.)

gulus k. ravus).

Pine Marten (M. flavigula).
Weasels (Mustela cenit) |
Bat (Pepistrellus sp.) as
Mammals, 2 Birds and 3/Imaw Bum Range

nests with eggs. N. Burma.
Wild Dog (C. dukhunensis) ,.|Hasimara, Bhutan
Duars.
Hamster (Cricetulus sp.) ..|Kasin, N. Persia.
Pigmy Shrew (Pachyura sp.).|Mesopotamia
Pale Hedgehog (alive) (Zrima-| Baroda

ceus micropus).
Bat (Myotis sp.) in al. .|Darjeeling
Coronetted Sandgrouse

P. coronatus). \
i)

..|Mesopotamia and
the Punjab.
Wood Snipe (G. ee Chapra
Birds’ eggs . -|Museyeh,

Sinla

Punjab, Sind and
Baluchistan.
Small Mammals

Birds’ skins

Meso-

Pale Harrier OE)
Birds? 7,

Wood Snipe (G. nemoricola) .|Imphal, Manipur.
Short-toed eagle (C. gallicus)./Thana, Bombay...
Goosander (M. castor)

Donor.

ev

..| BH. Hy DhesRaomor

Cutch.

.| M. J. W. B. Good=

fellow.

..| H. H. The Maharaja

of Dhar.
Capt. C.M. Ingoldby

..| Lt. W. H. O. Shortt.
.| Mr. C. Hopwood.

.| Mr. A. E. Jones.

Mr. F. Kingdon
Ward.
Mr. H. V. O’Donel.

Capt. P. A. Buxton.

.| Capt. EK. A. Glennie.
{| 1D ie, 18.

N. Jadav.
Mr. O. Lindgren.

Capt. C. Ticehurst.

Major F. HK. W.
Venning.

.| G. J. Monahern.

Capt. C. R. Pitman.

Capt. T. R. Livesey.

Major W. M. Logan

Home.
Mr. C. Gimson.
Mr. W. R. Clarke.

..| Capt. A. S. Brooke

Black-barred Cat Snake Tura, Assam .|Dr.. J. Ahlquist.
(D. cynodon).
Snakes ce ae 36 Do. ..| Mrs. Jackson.
Banded Coral Snake|Maymyo, Burma.| Lt. B. H. Hayes.
(C. macelellandt),
Snake ek trachy -\Haputale, Ceylon.) Mr. James Erskine.
procta).
Shrimps and 1 Fish --|Madras .| Mr. Rodgers.
Scorpion and a few jnsects Mesopotamia Lt.-Col. H. D.).
ete. Peile, I.M.S.

PROCEEDINGS, 187

Minor contributions from:— Capt. H. R. Rishworth, Mr. C. Beeson, J,
Erskine, H. French, Mrs. Jackson, Lt.-Col. Tupe, O. C. Ollenback, Major
Kunhardt, R. EK. Haslam, Col. A. B. Dew, O. Lindgren, Capt. F. B.
Scott, Lt.-Col. A. W. Bowen, Mrs. Cocke, W. R. Clarke, T. H. Cameron,
J. Makeig Jones, Mr. Ackworth and Mr. Baretto.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO MUSEUM.

The Society has to acknowledge a large number of contributions received
since the last meeting. Our thanks are due to Col. J. E. B. Hotson for
his continued efforts on our behalf, his recent collections from Baluchistan
have been of great scientific value, several new forms and species having
been discovered. The Society has since received from him a further
consignment of 215 mammals, several birds and pressed plants obtained
around Shiraz in Southern Persia.

EXHIBITS FROM MESOPOTAMIA.

Since demobilization the number of contributions from Mesopotamia, &c.,
has dwindled down, but the Society still continues to receive some speci-
mens. Among these are 28 bird skins from Major W. M. Logan Home
and 23 from Major F. E. W. Venning (the latter number including a few
skins from the Punjab ). Several birds’ eggs were presented by Capt. C.
R.S. Pitman and a Pale Harrier from the banks of the Euphrates by Capt.
T. R. Livesey ; Lt. W. H. O. Shortt sent a fox from Baghdad and Capt.
Glennie, a Pigmy Shrew. A Scorpion and a few insects were contributed
by Lt.-Col. H. D. Peile, I.M.S. The Society has received a number
of skins of that curious rodent the Grey Hamster (Cricetulus). The
Hamsters are Palearctic and yet have been recognised as practically
identical with a genus found in North America, formerly described under
the name AHesperomys. A large series of these were received from Col.
Hotson and specimens have also been collected for us by Capt. P. A. Bux-
ton, R.A.M.C., Capt. C. M. Ingoldby, R.A.M.C., and Capt. C. B.
Tichurst, R.A.M.C., from Persia and Baluchistan.

EXHIBITS FROM INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON.

The most outstanding feature of our contributions from within Indian
limits is a collection of skins from Mr. J. P. Mills, 1.C.8S., Mokokchung,
Assam. Mr. Mills’ collection includes examples of the White-handed Gibbon,
Small-toothed Palm-Civet, Ferret-Badger, various Tree Shrews and Bamboo
Rats. Another valuable collection is that obtained for us by Lieut. Kingdon
Ward in the Imaw Bum Range on the Burmo-Yunnan frontier. Among the
specimens sent are examples of Anderson’s Squirrel, several Brown-toothed
Shrews, Pere David’s Vole, a Weasel and Bamboo Rats. A Chinese Blood-
Pheasant and a Laughing-Thrush were also collected by him in the same loca-
lity. The collection is a useful supplement to the work of the Mammal Survey
in Burma. The Society records its obligations te Mr. F. Ludlow for a series
of Marmot skins collected by him in Tibet. These animals have been for a
long time very greatly needed for the proper working out of this genus, of
which practically little is known scientifically. Mr. Ludlow also presented
us with the skins of 3 Oorials, 3 Hares and a Pale Weasel. Twelve mammal
skins from Ceylon were received from Mr. G. W. B. Goodfellow. Mr. C.
Hopwood, I.F.S., contributed a Malay Chevrotain from Tavoy and Mr. A.
E. Jones a Pine Marten, two Weasels and a Bat from the Simla Hills. Six
Blackbuck heads and skins were received from H. H. the Maharaja of
Dhar. His Highness has already sent a number of these skins and has

188 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII,

kindly promised to continue to send specimens shot at different periods of
the year with a view to ascertaining any seasonal colour variation in these
animals.

Amongst various additions to our bird collection are two very fine exam-
ples of the Goosander by Capt. A.S. Brooke, Gharwal. Contributions to
our collection of Reptilia include 9 snakes from Mrs. Jackson and a
Black-barred Cat Snake from Dr. Ahlquist, Tura, Assam ;a Diamond-backed
Rat Snake from Peshawar from Mr. Makeig-Jones ;a Banded Coral Snake
from Lt. B. H. Hayes, Maymyo ; and 9 frogs from Mr. F. J. Mitchell,
Srinagar, Kashmir.

Prof. F, Hallberg read some Notes, illustrated with photographs, on the
plants of North Canara.

A vote of thanks was passed to Professor Hallberg for his interesting
paper and for the excellent photographs exhibited by him.

189

PROCEEDINGS.

OF THE MEETING HELD ON 26TH FEBRUARY 1920.
ANNUAL MEETING.

A meeting of members and their friends took place on Thursday, the
26th February 1920, the Hon. Sir George Carmichael, K.C.S.1,, presiding.

The election of the following 24 new members since the last meeting was
announced :—The Director of Agriculture, Gwalior Government, Gwalior,
C.I.; Mr. H. R. Cooper, B.Sc., F.C.S., Assam; Mr. J. M. Wilson, Badli-
par, Assam; Mr. R. F. Stephen, Badlipar, Assam; Mr. F. A. Hill, Badlipar,
Assam; Mr. R. Stanley, Badlipar, Assam; Mr. J.J. Perry, Tavoy; Mr.
Manek M. Manekji, Tavoy; Mr. H. Brian C. Hill, Chabua, Upper Assam;
Lieut. S.G. Butler, LA.R.O., Calcutta ; Captain H. M. Stanford, R.F.A,,
M.B.O.U., Mesopotamia; Mr. Raymond W.d’Adhemar, Delhi; Mr. M,
C. Me. Leod, Calcutta; Mr. J. G. Brooker, Mirpurkhas; Mrs. W. Ouseley,
Dhukrani; Mr. J. Ribeiro, L.C.E., Bombay; Mr. Wm. Theobald, Mysore ;
Mr. G. L. Shaw, Banarhat, Jalpaiguri; the Honorary Secretary, Club of
Western India, Poona; and Colonel H. N. Dunn, A.M.S., Bangalore.

The following gentlemen were elected as office-bearers for the present
year: President,—H. E. the Right Hon’ble Sir George Lloyd, G.C.LE.,
D.S.O. ; Vice-Presidents—Mr. J.D. Inverarity, B.A., LL.B.; the Hon,
Sir Norman Macleod, and H. H. the Maharao of Cutch, G.C.S8.I., G.C.1.E,

Managing Committee:—Mr, T. Bainbrigge Fletcher, F.E.S., Mr. T. R,
Bell, C.1.E., Rev. E. Blatter, S.J., Mr. E. Comber, F.Z.S., Colonel G. H.
Evans, C.1LE., F.L.S., Lieut-Col. W. H. Evans, R.E., Major M. L.
Ferrar, I.A., C.B.E., Major F.C. Fraser, 1.M.S.,M.D., Lieut.-Col. J.
EK. B. Hotson, I.A.R.O., C.B.E. (1.C.8.), Mr. C. M. Inglis, Professor V. N.
Hate, Lieut.-Col. W. Glen Liston, C.I.E., I.M.S., Mr. F. M. Mackwood,
the Hon. Mr. P. J. Mead, C.1.E., 1.C.S., Mr. H. P. Macnaghten, B.A.,
Mr. R. A. Spence, Lieut.-Col. F. Wall, I.M.S., C.M.G., C.M.ZS,,
Lieut.-Col. H. J. Walton, I.M.S., C.M.Z.S., and Mr. John Wallace, C.E,

Mr. H. F. Lodge, Honorary Treasurer and Mr. W. 8S. Millard., Honorary
Secretary.

The following contributions to the Museum were received since the last
meeting :—

Contribution. Locality. Donor.
Wild dog pup (Cuon dukhunensis)\Gonda, U.P. ..| Mr. F. Field.
4 Blackbuck skins with horns| Dhar, C. I. ..| H. H. The Maharaja
(A. cervicapra). of Dhar.
8 Mammals oe a (Nae a tls Mind, be Mille,
Assam.
1 Himalayan Black Bear (U7r-| Manipur Fe Ol: Maras WV ROW.
‘ sus himalayanus).
2 Desert Foxes (Vulpus sp.) es 7
1 Jungle Cat rae CN) Viglen } a eee ey Shera
I Crested Pochard (Nyroca
rujina). 20 miles ‘from| General Wauchope.
1 White-eyed Duck (N. fuli- Babylon.

guia).

190 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVdI,

1 Rattus. 1. rufescens. : : é
1 Golunda elliota ‘ Southern India ..|Mr. A. F. Martin.
1

1 Zamenis diadema (Diamon¢ -|Mesopotamia ..| Lt. W. H. O. Shortt.
backed Rat Snake).

Contribution. Locality. Donor.
2 Hobbys (Falco subuteo) ..| Pegu dic ..| Mr. 8. E. F. Jenkins.
2 Arabian Chukor (C. melan-|Aden, Arabia .. Capt. R. G. Bignel.
ocephala.)
1 Echis coloratus (Arabian Saw-| Aden te ‘ Do.
scaled Viper). |
Skull of a Grampus (Urea sp.) ..|Bushire .. ..| Major F. C. Fraser,
I.M.S.
1 Scorpion oe be
1 Centipede .. Be ah } Rangoon ..| Dr. H. H. Marshall.
2 Spiders Me abe
aa Leia a ni 44 i Assam .. .. | Mrv EL. (Wie \ietlss

———————

ACCOUNTS FOR 1919.

Mr. H. F. Lodga. the Honorary Treasurer, in presenting the accounts
for the year ended 31st December 1919, said that a copy of the audited -
balance sheet was on the table for the inspection of members and this
would as usual be published in the Society’s journal. The following,
however, were the main features of the accounts of the past year. On Ist
January 1919, the Society opened with a credit balance of Rs. 14,727-5-8
and during the year this figure was increased to Rs, 15,168-12-11, the cash
balance shown on the 3lst December 1919. The receipts during the year
under review amounted to Rs. 33,767-4-8 which shows a decrease of
Rs. 2,203, when compared with the corresponding figures of the previous
year. The expenditure during the year 1919 amounted to Rs. 34,196-14-8
and this figure shows an increase of Rs. 9,719-10-11 over the corresponding
figures for 1918.

The increase in expenditure was easily understood as the Society in
common with every other institution had lately had to pay considerable
more for every thing required to carry on its work. In spite of this the Socie-
ty had not increased the annual subscription which remains at Rs. 15 and
it was hoped to avoid having to do so. Indications for 1920 pointed to the
fact that expenditure generally would be still further increased and to
counteract the rise in prices every effort ought to be made to increase the
revenues ofthe Society and this can best be done by the enrolment of new
ee : It i Bees, Here ne members would do their best to inter-
est their friends who were not already mem i i
are a view to their being enrolled AY pees athe work ot
* ince the close of the year ended 31st December 1918, 125
joined the Society and 52 had resigned or died, making ; a Me.
to the membership of the Society which now totalled 1,821. During the year
1918 the membership of the Society had been increased by 84 The ali ht
decrease in the number of new members during 1919 must not be ia cee
an indication that the Society was losing its popularity. The Society was
full of vitality and its members were tobe found in all parts of Tae
Burma and Ceylon. Now that we had come to the end of the first year of

PROCEEDINGS, 191

peace and the process of settling back again into peace-time conditions was
wellunder weigh, it was hoped that the year 1920 would show a marked in-
crease in the Society’s general prosperity both as regards new members and
cash balances.

As regards the Mammal Fund, the balance at the commencement of the
year was Rs. 8,684-7-2 and the closing balance Rs. 12,389-2-5. During the
year under review the Mammal Survey was dormant till October 1919
except in Baluchistan where Lieut.-Col. Hotson at his own expense
defrayed half the charges of Mr. Baptista to carry on the Survey work in
that area and very valuable work was done. Col. Hotson is now continuing
the work with the same assistance in 8, Persia. As soonasit was discover-
ed that neither the services of Messrs. Shortridge nor Crump, who were in
charge of the Survey before the war, were again available Mr. Wells was
brought out from England and proceeded straight to Assam. We have
only just received his first collection of specimens. If funds will permit, it
is proposed to engage another Collector in order that this very valuable
survey may be the more quickly completed.

CONTRIBUTIONS.

As regards contributions received for the Museum since the last
meeting :—

Two foxes anda jungle cat were presented by Capt. W. H. O. Shortt
from Baghdad, Mr. J. P. Mills, 1.C.S., sent ina further lot of Mammal skins
from Assam, these include bamboo rats, flying squirrels, water shrews, a
marten, and a wilddog. A black bear skin and skull was received from
Lieut.-Col. G. W. Row, Manipur, Assam, The Society has obtained a few
bears’ skins, from the Assam Hill Ranges. These have proved of great inter-
est and it is intended to have them examined and worked out at the British
Museum, so as to establish the identity of the various species found in
those hills. 4 black bucks’ skins and skulls were presented by H. H. the
Maharaja of Dhar. Two very fine examples of the Arabian chukor (C. melano-
cephala) were sent to us from the neighbourhood of Aden, by Captain R.
Bignell. This species is the largest of the chukor partridges and is a remark-
ably handsome bird. An Arabian saw-scaled viper was also received from
him. Two Indian Hobbys were presented by S. E. F. Jenkins, Pegu, and
Major F. C. Fraser, I.M.S., contributed a perfectly preserved skull ofa
grampus from Bushire.

MAMMAL SURVEY.

The first consignmemt of specimens since the restarting of the Mam-
mal Survey, which was in abeyance during the war, has just been received
from Mr. H. W. Wells, the Society’s Collector. Mr. Wells commenced work
in October last, starting at Margherita in Assam; he collected for some time
along the Assam-Burmese border but fonnd the jungle very thick and
heavy ; he is now at Turain the Garo Hills. The collection just unpacked
consists of some 234 species and is extremely interesting. It includes some
remarkable monkeys and a fine series of shrews. The collection will shortly
be sent tothe British Museum (Natural History) for identification and
return. Vast tracts of Assam present practically a virgin field to the Zoolo-
gical Collector and the work of the Mammal Survey will, it is hoped, be
productive of some remarkable additions to our knowledge of the fauna of
that interesting region.

The Society is anxious to bring out a second collector and so complete
the Survey more quickly if only sufticient funds can be obtained.

192 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII,

THE GEOLOGY OF WORLI HILL.

Mr. Ribeiro read a very interesting paper on the above subject and
illustrated it with several very fine examples of various minerals and fes-
sils collected by him at Worli.

He said Worli Hill at no distant date formed by itself one of the seven
isles which go to make up our present City of Bombay. It is a very imterest-
ing spot geologically, in fact the most interesting in Bombay. The Hill
is made up of two lava flows, between which is sandwiched a 30-feet
thick bed of sedimentary deposits. The lava beds are similar to the trap
rock in the other parts of the island, but the aqueous strata contain a
large amount of interesting relics from which important facts can be
deduced.

An examination of the beds of trap above and below the sedimentary
rock shows that the latteris older than both the trap flows, and the
occurrence of a very large amount of frog fossils goesto prove that the
aqueous deposits took place under fresh water, probably in a lake or a
river.

Mr. Ribeiro said that he had secured a fine collection of rock, mineral
and fossil specimens from the Hill, but it was very much to be regretted
that owing to the non-existence in a City like Bombay of a standard collec-
tion of minerals and geological specimens, it is not possible to give the
specific names of them beyond saving that they consist of Calcite quartz
and Zeolites.

The full text of Mr, Ribeiro’s paper will be published in the Society’s
Journal,

se | eee a ee

ee ee ee ee

7

LM<—S{e oe

Seok a ee

aki
_
5
ps
aN
LA:

pee Ee ee ee ee ee ee
* . “ > z

CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBE R—(conid.}

Pace
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES :—
I.—Tiger and Goat. By S. M. Fraser.......:...... 163
II.—Length of Tigers and Panthers, By ue General
POT RECOUN cai (S258. Fc eye wae dels dws Ya 163
U1I.—Tigersin Trees. By Brig. Genet G. Burton.. 164
IV.—Scent. By Brig. General R.G. Burton ........ 164
V.—Food of the Grey Musk Shrew (Crocidura caerulea).
EE VAMEN crise WE TUNROCS «phe 5 g's s oivies Pe era M a tae eds 164
VI.—Expected Plague of Field Ratsin 1920. By W.S.
wT oo 2A Satie SAGES ec Oe gaa me PU Ae 165
Vil.—Female Black-Buck (A. cervicapra) with horns. By
abe PEO WEG oe oc ne876 02 eps fo kai Wenge tabs Patios 1 CLOSE
VIIL.—Abnormal Sambhar Horn. By G. Tate .......... if
IX.—Birds of different species ngsting in company. By
BEV VPONOHAUE iia gh cuit dhcies oule cae tstep aces de’. 171
X.—Curious Nesting Site of the Indian Hoopoe (Upupa
imdieay. By. EH. W,. Waite 9.3% erases ao auatvere ad 171
XI.—Breeding of Black-necked Stork (Xenorhynchus
qormisenay. Dye H Righd'S. 6 ae es we whee Seer 171
XII.—Egret and Lizard. By H.R. Meredith, 1.c ee Oe
XIII.—Common Pochard (N. ferrina) at Bape. By
Peer OER yc ire ai ace ole ees tog we tie po 172
XIV.— Mesopotamian Bird Notes. By W.D.Cumming.... 173
XV.—The Great Indian Hornbill (Dichocerros bicornis).
RRR OM CBI an) cSWii ess als. aust e clie eb ue 8s od . led
XVI.—Suppression of the name of the snake described by
me as Oligodon evansei. By Lt.-Col. F. Wall,
MIRREN Che ag <p at gl Brc. somes wat elie sO oo sid eel ed 175
XVII. i of Theobald’s Kukri Snake (Stmotes
theobaldi) in Assam. By S. H. Prater............ 175
XVIII.—Cobra without the cuneate scale. By Lt.-Col. C. EB. <5
Dn ere Ns a ee Gs Lio a wise! « Si eid a fat sve dle, ages 1795

XIX.—On the Breediug of the Checkered Water Snake 3
(Tropidonotus piscator). By Lt.-Col. C. E. Luard, 175
XX.—The Mysterious ‘ Joor.’ By E, Brook Fox ........ 175
XXI.—Large Carp from Mesopotamia. By Major F. B.
PRAM A Handel eee arctate, ts, Woo! 3) aye ake etwttce nfs) «, oh ate eee s na |
XXIL.—A New Hawk Moth. By Major F. B. Scott, 1.4. J.. if
XXIII.—Strange find of the larva of the Butterfly rane
palpas imperialis.) By Oscar Lindgren ...... ; iw?)
XXIV.—Life History of the ‘ Buprestid’ Leaf Miner (Zruchys
bicolor, Kerremans), a pest on (Butea frondosa) in Ki
Mysore. By P. V. Subramaniam. (With a plate.) 178
XXV.—A Short Note on the Atrophic abortion of the
inflorescence of the Onion (Allium cepa, L.) (With 79
two plates.) By P.M. Debbarman, B.S¢., M.R.A.8, i ¢ >
pane Midtortal 2!) ita). ets eye eta ence ent ty ee 182
RPE CEOU ON fice cfere sks gcc eect ee cole yee Fag ae ot cle Fae geese oie
eeerrerrte Rete) ol ricco af aig Times Press, Bombay, aud

Printed by E. G. Pearson for the Proprietors of the Times Press, Bombay, and
published by W. §. Millard for the Bombay Natural History Society—1555,2Q,

THE .

JOURNAL

OF THE

Bompay Naturat History Socrery.

EDITED BY

R. A. SPENCE, M.L.A., and S.H. PRATER.

gens Ti liSiiig>> .

VOL, XXVII. No. 2. 0% 2£P. 7 1927

4 zy
TONAL, MUSED”

SEES

Date of Publication, 20th December 1920.

Price to Non-Members ie sain a pee OD
or £ O0-18-0

naan

LONDON AGENTS:
DULAU & Co., Ltd.,
34-36, Margaret Street, Cavendish Square, W.

——_—_¢———_—

PRINIED-AT THE:TIMES PRESS, BOMBAY.

“iy

o/

CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER.

PaGE

Tae Game Birps or Inpia, BURMA AND CEYLON. Part
XXX. By EH. C. Stuart Baker, F.L.S., F.Z.S.,
M.B.0.U. (With a coloured Plate of Hrancolinus fran-
colinus melanonotus, The Assam Black Partridge) ...... 193

THe ComMMon BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA. Part
XXV. By T. R. Bell, CLE, LFS. (retired) (With
coloured Plate M.) ........cccesceceeececneceeccsere cee cecece 211

Tur Birps oF THE InpIAN Empire. By EH. C. Stuart Baker,
O.B.E., F.L.S., F.Z.8., M.B.0.U., C.F.A.O.U. sseersereerceeeere 228

Screntiric RESULTS FROM THE MammaL Survey, No.
XXIII. By Oldfield Thomas, F.R.S. ......--...seeeeee00 248

-Screntiric RESULTS FROM THE MamMaL Survey, No. XXIV.
By R. C. Wroughton, F.2.S. ......2seeseeee cence once e ee ens 249

DESCRIPTION OF A NEw SNAKE OF THE GENUS ZAMENIS FRoM
Persia. By G. A. BOULENGER, LL.D., D.SC., F.R.S....... 251

DeEscrirTion or A New Lanp TorToIs— FROM NORTHERN y
Persia. By G. A. Boulenger, LL.D., D.SC., F.R.S. ...... 251-4

Inpian Draconruies. Part VIII. (With 10 text figures.)
By Major F. C. Fraser, LMS. 2.2.0... 2+. -secee ces ceceen eee 253

Tue Fora oF THE InpIAN Desert. (Jodhpur and
Jaisalmer.) Part VI. (With 3 Plates.) By Rev. EH.
Blatter) S.J:, and Prof.’ Eh. Hallberg: 2.222. 212s. enone 270

Tue Birps OF PREY oF THE PunJaB. Part VI. By C. H.
Donald? WzSe MB.OM ivi ce. oe aseces ayes cece de oen tee

SuMMARY OF THE RESULTS FROM THE INDIAN MAMMAL
SURVEY OF THE BomBay NaturaL History Society.
Part) VII." By B.C: Wroughton, ¥.Z.8. ..:.4 ...J..2. se

BomsBay NaturAL History Society’s MAaAmMaL SuRVEY OF
Inp1a, BuRMA AND CEYLON. (Repurt No. 32, Baluchis-
tan). By R. C.-Wrovehton, F.2:82) ss sseceoeel ee sees 314

REPORT ON THE MAMMALS OF MESOPOTAMIA COLLECTED BY
MEMBERS OF THE MESOPOTAMIAN EXPEDITIONARY FORCE —

1915 To 1919. By Major R. EH. Cheesman, M.8.0.U.,
BEB EGES ie iow menlgee saa cee Matin ca cee cok anette ee ee 323 -

280

A List oF SNAKES FROM MESOPOTAMIA COLLECTED BY MEM-
BERS OF THE MFSOPOTAMIAN EXPEDITIONARY FORCE .
1915-1919. By G. A. Boulenger, LL.D., D.sc., F.R.g. 347
A List of LizaRDS FRoM MESOPOTAMIA COLLECTED BY MEM- -
BERS OF THE MESOPOTAMIAN EXPEDITIONARY FORCE.
1915 to1919. By G. A. Boulenger, LL.D., D.gc., F.R.s. 351

(ez1g jeanyen #)

‘OSpldjIVg Yoelq wessy oul.
SOLONONVTIAW SONTIOONVYSA SONITIOONVYS

“NOQNO1

‘G11 ‘ANHOSVAS 7% ALLIA

JOURNAL
OF THE

Bombay Natural History Society.

Dec. 1920. Wor. OOxk VIL. I OEeH

THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON.
BY
ho. STusAnT GAKER, FoES., F.Z.S., M.B.0.U.,
Part XXX. cesta / Vin
With a Coloured Plate.
(Continued from page 24 of this V Se eae! .

<2 TI9 se
Genus—FRANCOLINUS. NAL MUS=

The genus Francolinus contains a very large group of African,
European and Asiatic Game-birds which in general appearance are
very like the true Partridges (Perdix) but have 14 tail feathers in-
stead of 16 or 18. The legs also are longer and stouter and, in the
males, are generally furnished with a spur.

The wing is longer than the tail, but is short and rounded. The
third or fourth primary is longest, and the fifth and sixth almost as
long. Insome species the sexes are alike, in other dissimilar.

Only five species of Francolin are known in India, but three of
these are further divided into two or three geographical races, manv
of which Hartert has recently discussed at length in Novitates
Zoologice.

Key TO SPECIES AND SUB-SPECIES.

A. Quills transversely barred or spotted with buff on both
webs.
a. Scapulars with a conspicuous buff submarginal band.

a’. Males with chestnut collar and females with chest-
nut nuchal patch.

a°. Darker .. ce ots fie O84.
bee eMac paler)... ..F. f. henrice.
ce”. Darkest, much _ black
above and below’... F.. f. melanonotus.

194 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII,

b’. No chestnut collar or patch.
a Wanker) 1... - .. Lf. p. pictus.
e". Paler oe by ..£. p. pallidus.
b. No submarginal buff band on scapulars Ff’. chinensis.
B. Quills without transverse bars or spots.
c. Breast buff with narrow black cross-bars.
c’. Darker, centre of throat ochra-

ceous Sf ue .. Ff. p. pondicerranus.
d’. Paler, centre of throat creamy
white a a .. Ff. p. interpositus.
e’. Palest, more grey and less
chestnut ss by ..F. p. mecranensis.
d. Breast brown, with broad longitudi-
nal white stripes fe ..£. gularis.

In giving the synonymy of the various races I have as far as
possible worked them out geographically, but in many cases the
areas and countries referred to overlap, whilst in some no definite
locality is given. References to forms which do not occur within
the limits of the Indian Empire have not been given.

FRANCOLINUS FRANCOLINUS ASIA.

The Northern Indian Black Partridge.

Francolinus asie.—Bonap., Compt. Rendu. XLII., p. 882 (1856) (Asia),
Bree., Ibis, 1863, p. 115.

Francolinus orientalis ewropeus.—Buturlin., Orn. Monatsb., p. 81 (1907) (?)
(Greece).

Tetrao francolinus.—Linn. Syst. Nat. I., p. 275 (1766); Gmelin, Syst. Nat.
I., (2), p. 756 (1788) (S. Asia).

Perdix francolinus.—Lath. Ind. Orn. II., p. 644 (1790) (Europe, Africa,
Asia); Temm. Pig. et Gal. III, p. 340 (1815) (part); Vieill. Tabl. Eney.
Meth. I., p. 214 (1823); Jard. Nat. Lib. Orn. IV., p. 110 (1834) (part).

Francolinus vulgaris——Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. Asiat. Soc. p. 251, (1849) (N.
Fndia, Persia, etc.) ; Adams, P. Z.S., 1858, p. 502 (Bombay, Bengal, etc.) ;
id, ibid, 1859, p. 186; Irby, Ibis, 1861 p. 236 (Oudh. and Kumaon); Jerd.
B. of I. III., p. 558, (1864) ; Tytler, Ibis, 1868, p. 203, (Simla to Mussoorie) ;
Pelz., Ibis, 1868, p. 383, (Koteghur) ; Hume, N. & E. In. Birds, p. 537 (1873) ;
Ball, Str. Feath. II., p. 427 (1874) (Chota Nagpore) ; Butler, ibid, IV., p. 5,
(1876) (Deesa) ; Ball, ibid, VII., p. 225, (1878) (Ganges to Godaveri) ; Hume
and Mars. Game-birds, II., p. 9 (1879); Reid, Str. Feath., X., p. 62 (1881)
(Lucknow); Marshall, Ibis, 1884, p. 423 (Chamba); Taylor, Str. Feath, X.
p- 530 (1881); St. John, Ibis, 1889, p. 175 (Afghanistan) ; Oates, ed. Hume’s
N. & Eggs III., p. 428 (1890); Blanf. Fauna B. I. IV., p. 136 (1898); Jesse, Ibis,
1901, p. 604 (Lucknow) ; id, ibid, 1902, p. 475 (Fyzabad) ; Inglis, Jour. B. N.
H.S., XIV., p. 563 (1902) (Behar) ; Jesse, Ibis, 1903, p. 153 (Gogra-Ganges) ;
Whymper, Jour. B.N.H.8., XVII., p. 232 (1906) (Naini-Tal) ; Ward, ibid,
p- 944 (1907), (Jhelum) ; King, Jour. B. N. H.S., XXI., p. 100 (1911) (Saugor);
Osmaston, ibid, XXII., p. 544, (1913) (Gorukpur); Brooking, ibid, XXVI.,
p. 677 (1919) (Euphrates Valley).

Francolinus francolinus.—Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. B. M. XXII., p. 132 (1893).

Francolinus francolinus asie.—Hartert, Nov. Zool. XXIV., p. 288 (1917).

VERNACULAR NAMES.—Tetwa Kalo-tetra (Garhwal) ; Kala-titar (Hin.)

————— rl ele

eS.

[eae vet. = he eS eee

THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, 195

Description—Adult Male-—Crown to nape sandy or rufous brown,
the feathers centred dark brown, supercilium and feathers round the
eye black; a broad white band from lower lores, cheeks and ear-
coverts white ; chin, throat and broad patch below ear-coverts run-
ning up to nape black ; feathers of nape showing a little black and
white mottling. A broad chestnut collar all round the neck ; behind
the collar the back and sides are black, each feather with white spots
on either web; back, scapulars and smaller wing-coverts, and inner-
most secondaries brown, each feather with a sub-marginal black-
edged band of buff or sandy rufous, the transition from the black
upper back being very gradual and not abrupt. Lower back, rump,
upper tail-coverts and tail feathers black with narrow white or ful-
vous-white bars, the outer tail feathers with the terminal third un-
barred black. Primaries, outer secondaries and greatér coverts,
dark brown with spots or broken bars of rufous buff.

Below, the breast is black, unspotted in very old males in the cen-
tre, but with oval white spots on the sides; flanks black with
larger, longer, oval, white spots, rarely running to longitudinal bars
on the posterior flanks and generally with narrow brown fringes ;
lower breast and thigh-coverts black to blackish brown with very
large white spots or bars; centre of abdomen and vent light
chestnut with whitish bars, under tail-coverts chestnut, rarely
having a few bars of white or fulvous.

Under wing-coverts and axillaries mottled fulvous and dark brown.

Colours of Soft Parts——Irides hazel-brown to dark brown; bill
black or dark horny brown, the tip of the lower mandible whitish ;
legs and feet reddish brown to orange red or brick red, always brighter
and redder during the breeding season than at other times; claws
black or horny brown ; spur dark horny, often paler at the tip.

Measurements,—Length about 13 inches (330mm.) ; wing 145°5 to
168 mm. ; average 80 birds, 155°3 mm. ; tail 77 to 110 mm.; tarsus
about 45 to 50 mm.; bill at front about 24 mm., and from gape
27 mm.

Eirds from various districts vary greatly in size. Thus 41 birds
from Gurgaon average under 153, whilst others from Kumaon and
Simla average in wing measurement a full 158 mm.; Deccan birds
are very small.

“ Weight 10 to 20-ozs.’’ (Hume).

Hume remarks on the weight ‘“‘ I have shot males in good condi-
tion in Gurgaon scrub weighing only 10-ozs. and others in the
Kadar of the Ganges, in the Marut district, weighing fully 20-ozs.”

In addition to being smaller, birds from Gurgaon and the Plains
generally have darker heads than those from the hills and the white
and black motthng of the neck seems to extend further down

the back.

196 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVIII,

Adult Female.—Above similar to the male, but paler and duller ;
the black and white cheeks and supercilia are replaced by dull,
pale buff; the ear-coverts are brown or buffy brown, and the
cheeks are more or less speckled with dark brown. The chestnut
collar is replaced by a duller chestnut nuchal patch, sometimes
freckled or slightly barred with brown. Rump, upper tail-coverts
and central tail feathers dull pale brown, with narrow wavy bars
of pale buff edged with black ; outer tail feathers as in the male.

Below, chin, throat and foreneck white or buffy-white; breast
and flanks white or pale buff, sometimes with a rufescent tinge, with
wavy arrow-shaped bars of black, narrowest on the neck and upper
breast, and gradually becoming broader on the posterior flanks and
lower breast, but again fewer and more narrow on the abdomen
where they occasionally disappear altogether. Ventral region pale
dull chestnut, sometimes with faint brown bars and sometimes with
whitish tips, under tail-coverts chestnut.

Colours of Soft Parts —As in the male, but the legs never become
a bright brick-red or orange-red as do those of the male in the breed-
ing season. The bill is paler, more a horny-brown, than black, and
the base and gonys is paler still.

Measurements.—Length about 12 inches (300 mm.) or rather
more ; wing from 138 (one specimen, Gurgaon) and 144 to 167 mm. ;
average 149°9 mm. Tarsus and bill a little smaller than im the
male, and the former only very rarely with a spur, though there is
often a tiny knot to indicate the place where it should grow.

“Weight 8 to 17-ozs.”’ (Hume).

Young Males are like richly-coloured females, but with dark,
almost black supercilia and white cheeks, the rufous nuchal patch is
darker and more pronounced and the breast is black, though the
two white spots take up practically the whole visible portion of
each feather.

The black throat and foreneck is soon assumed, but the chin
remains white for some time longer.

Chick in first Plumage is a peculiarly lark-like little bird, pale
rufous buff everywhere with broad dark brown bars and spots.
Below the buff is paler, almost albescent, and the spots are
smaller.

Chick in Down.— Head bright rufous with darker crown and
with paler supercilia and cheeks and dark line through the eyes,
above brown with a very pale buff streak on either side of the
back and rump ; chin whitish, neck and throat fulvous-white, and.
rest of body below dull earthy white.

_Ata slightly older stage when the wing quills grow, the brown of
the crown seems to become more defined and darker as well as
greater im extent.

— ea Xe Se i ee ee ee a eS Se a

THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, 197

Distribution — Excluding Sind and the extreme N. W. Frontier
of India, the whole of Northern India as far East as W. Nepal in the
Hills and East to and including Behar, but not Bengal and Orissa.
Birds from these two provinces and also from E. Nepal are somewhat
intermediate between asic and melanonotus, but are nearer the lat-
ter, and I agree with Hartert in retaining them with this race.

Southwards it extends to Deesa, Gwalior, Sambalpur, the Central
Provinces to Saran, Parguga and Udaipur and Western Bengal to
Chota Nagpore.

Type Localhity.—Asia. To restrict this further, I now designate
Gurgaon, India, as the type locality for this race.

Nidification.—The Indian Black Partridge breeds principally in
May and June and early July, but the breeding season extends over
a very protracted period. I have had eggs taken in early April in
the Deccan, and in late September in Behar, whilst Whymper records
finding hardset eggs near Naini-Tal at 5,000 feet on the 21st October.
In the South it would appear that the favourite nesting month is
April, over the central and western portions of its habitat June and
perhaps July, and in the drier portions of Behar not until September
at the end of the rains.

I think in some parts of its breeding range two broods are reared
in the year, for though most of the eggs sent me from Behar have
beentaken in August and September, I have had others taken in
April.

They make their nests in grass, tamarisk or scrub jungle, some-
times in sugar-cane, crops or indigo, but most often in the two first
named. The nest itself is generally a rather flimsy affair, composed
merely of a small amount of grass added to the fallen material and
collected in some hollow, either natural or scratched out by the birds
themselves. Occasionally, however, the nest is quite a compact
affair, a thick pad some two or three inches deep, being formed of
grass, dead leaves and odd fallen twigs.

The number of eggs laid is, I think, most often 6 to 8, but Hume
says from 6 to 10, and Jerdon writes of 10 to 12 or even 15in a
clutch. Certainly clutches of 4 and 5 only are by no means rare,
and I have frequéntly had such sent to me which had been ad-
vanced in incubation.

The eggs vary in colour from a pale stone colour, which is rare,
to a deep olive chocolate brown. The majority are a rather pale
olive brown, and in some almost an olive green, in fact they are
very much like the eggs of the common pheasant, but the range of
variation is proportionately far greater. I have, however, seen no
eggs of the beautiful blue variety occasionally taken in clutches of
pheasants’ eggs. Many eggs, more especially the darker ones,
have numerous white specks and blotches formed by a calcareous

198 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVI1.

deposit, apparently deposited on the egg immediately prior to ex-
pulsion, and after the deposition of the colouring matter has been
completed. These spots are easily removable with a sharp knife,
and the egg then appears to be unicoloured. ’

The texture is stout, but fine and generally rather glossy, and it
is noticeable that the greener the egg the higher the gloss.

Hume’s expression of sphero-conoidal exactly expresses the shape
of most eggs, others are more oval, whilst at the other extremity some
may be found which are of quite exaggerated peg-top shape, the big
end being almost flat.

Hume who does not divide the races, gives the average of 70 eggs
as 39°8 x 33°0 mm., practically, however, the whole of these are
typical asi@ as he seems to have had no eggs from Sind, and only
5 taken by Cripps in the Duars which might be attributed to mel-
anonotus. He gives the variation in length as 34°7 to 45°8 mm.,
and in breadth as 299 to 35°0 mm.

The average of 40 eggs which have passed through my hands is
35°9 x 31°3 mm. The longest and broadest are 38°6 x 31°0 mm.
and 36°3 x 32°3 mm., the shortest and narrowest are 32°6 x 30°4
and 35°2 x 29°4.

The majority of my eggs are, however, from Behar, where the
birds are smaller than in the Western area.

General Habits —The one essential for the Black Partridge is co
ver and lots of it, and if this cover is near water, so much the better,
but it is not a sine qua non, for many parts of its habitat are very
arid and dry. Rajputana and other districts frequented by the
Black Partridge elsewhere are very devoid of water except during
the rains, yet it seems to hold its own there quite well.

As regards cover, it really does not seem to matter much what
this is, but possibly its favourite consists either of grass a few feet
high or scrub jungle, which is fairly thick. They haunt thin forest,
date and scrub groves, dense ekra and nal of river beds and swamps,
plains of short grass, not two feet high, and practically any kind of
cultivated crop which affords sufficient concealment.

I fear that shooting and trapping by natives at all seasons of the
year has greatly decreased the numbers of this fascinating bird over
most of its range ; civilization has destroyed many of its favourite
haunts, and the crops which have taken the place of the seas of
grass and jungle, though forming quite sufficient cover, have brought
with them the ever-hungry native. Hume writes of places where he
could make sure of bagging 50 couple to his own gun in one day,
though even then he adds where “ in past times 60, 76 and 80 brace
have been thus brought to book.” Hume also-tells us of how in six
days he and Home shot 1774 brace of Black Partridge in the Aligarh
District besides nearly 200 head of other game. I fear that such

THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, 199

shoots are no longer possible, but still good bags can be had with
time available and proper arrangements made, and the charm is as
great as ever.

The very cry of this Partridge is a sporting one: “‘ Che-chirree
chick-chiree ’’ ringing out in the early morning before the sun is
up or the dew off the grass urges the sluggard out of bed. Some-
times the first two words are repeated twice, but generally only the
six syllables are uttered, the emphasis being placed on the
“chick”? and the last syllable of the cry. It is so joyous and
musical a call that it cannot but appeal to every lover of Nature,
even if he is not a sportsman bent on the murder of the utterer of
the cry.

The Black Partridge is a satisfactory bird to shoot, for he rises
quite well for an Indian game-bird, gets away fairly quickly, and
flies strong and straight, though not at the pace of an English
Partridge. Moreover he does not require such hard hitting as one
generally takes him as he flies away from the shooter and so he
does not present the tough shield of breast feathers presented by
the driven bird.

Big coveys are the exception, for the birds soon separate when
the young are old enough to look after themselves, and though
the cocks and hens keep together throughout the year, even they
often wander about some distance apart, so that often shots can be
obtained at more than one member of a covey or at both the two
birds of a pair.

Shooting with a few beaters in grass or crops is the form of sport
with this bird most often indulged in, and from a shooting point of
view is certainly the easiest, but birds can also be driven from one
piece of cover to another, and then afford faster, harder shots,
more like those obtained at a drive of Partridges at home.

in the hills which they ascend certainly up to 6,000 or 7,000 feet,
Dodsworth records them at 8,000 in the Simla Hills, one must use
dogs to work the heavier jungle which they there frequent, and even
then one can hardly hope for bags of any size judging by the
standard of the Plains.

Hume describes the joys of a Black Partridge shoot from elephants
a sport often indulged in even now, but generally at the end of some
tiger or big game shoot, when it no longer matters about disturbing
or frightening away the real object of the day’s outing. He says
that Black Partridge are easy to shoot in such circumstances, and
that he saw a Col. Congreve kill with ball cartridge in consecutive
shots 6 Black Partridge ! !

The natives trap the males in very large numbers to keep as pets.
The method adopted is the universal one of surrounding a decoy
bird with nooses so that when the wild bird hears the challenge of

200 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII,

the tame he rushes in and gets caught. They are great fighters, and
occasionally a tame decoy gets killed by a wild bird that has avoided
the nooses, for they are very savage in their attacks, and their long
sharp spurs soon inflict a fatal wound.

In captivity they are not used for fighting purposes, or at least they
are very seldom so used, though Capt. C. R. 8S. Pitman informs me
that round about Ferozepore they are some times trained for this
purpose, but they become tame rapidly, and can be allowed loose
in avery short time. They run ata great pace, and their predilic-
tion for this form of movement seems even stronger in captivity
than when wild as they always answer their master’s call on foot
rather than by flight.

They crow in captivity all through the months of March, April
and May and again, though less often, in August and September,
calling continuously through the early morning and after the cool
of the evening. In their normal state they are said to call occasion-
ally throughout the year, though principally in March and April,
but wherever they are I think that when heard calling they will alse
be found to be breeding.

The Black Partridges are principally grain and seed-feeders, but
also eat any small insects and a good deal of green food. As
a dish for the table, most people consider them rather dry and
flavourless, but they are not a bad change from endless fowl or goat
when one is in camp.

FRANCOLINUS FRANCOLINUS HENRICT.
The South Persian Black Partridge.

Francolinus henrici—Bonap, Compt. Rendu. XLII., p. 882 (1856) (Sindh).

Francolinus orientalis bogdanovi.—Zarudny, Orn. Monatsb. XIV., pp. 151, 152,
(1906) (Mesopotamia).

Francolinus orientalis arabistanicus.—Zarudny. & Harms., Orn. Monatsb.
XXI, p. 54 (1913) (Zagrossische and Mesopotamische Gebite Persiens).

Perdix francolinus——Lath. Ind. Orn. II., p. 644 (1790) (part); Temm., ©
Pig. et Gal. III., p. 340 (1815) (part); Vieill. Tabl. Ency. Meth. 1, p. 214
(1823).

Francolinus vulgaris.—Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. Asiat. Soc., p. 251 (1849) (N. In-
dia, etc.); Adams, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 502 (Bombay, Bengal, etc.); id, ibid,
1859, p. 186; Irby, Ibis, 1861, p. 286 (Oudh & Kumaon) ; Jerd., B. of I. TIL., p.
558 (1864) ; Filippi, Viag. Pess. I., p. 351 (1865) (Persia); Hume, N. & E. In.
Birds, p. 537 (1873); Hume, Str. Feath. I., p. 226 (1873) (Sind); Le Mes.,
Str. Feath. III, p. 379 (1875) (Sind); Schalow, Jour. f. Orn., 1876, p. 186.
(Persia); Blanf., Hast Persia II., p. 273(1876) (Baluchistan, ete.); Doig.,
Str. Feath. VIII, p. 371 (1879) (HE. Narra); Butler, Cat. B. of Sind, p. 54
(1879); Hume & Mars. Game-Birds: II., p. 9 (1879); Murdoch, Str. Feath.
X., p. 168, (1881), (Sind) ; Swinh. Ibis, (1882,) p. 119 (S. Afghanistan) ; Oates
ed. Hume’s N. & Eggs IIT., p. 428 (1890); Rattray, Jour. B.N. H. 8S. XIL.,
p- 345, (1898) (Thull); Blanf., Fauna. B.I. IV., p. 136 (1898); Cumming ;
Jour. B.N.H.S. XVI, p. 692 (1905) (Seistan); Whitehead, Ibis, p-. 269
(1909) (Kurram) ; id., Jour. B. N. H.S. XX., p. 969 (1911) (Kurram).

THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, 201

Francolinus francolinus.—Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. B. M. XXII., p. 136 (1893),
Francolinus francolinus henrici.—Hartert, Nov. zool. XXIV., p- 289 (1917).
VERNACULAR NAMES.—Kala-tetur or Kala-tetri (Hin); Taru (Pushtu).

Description—Adult Male.—Similar to F.f. asi, but paler every-
where. This is more especially the case in regard to the small Sind
birds. As regards the extent of the barring, this appears to me
to vary individually to such an extent that it is of no value as a
sub-specific character. The under tail-coverts are a darker chest-
nut than they are in asi, and there is hardly ever any trace of
barrings.

Colours of Soft Parts.—As in asia.

Measurements.—Birds from Persia and Afghanistan seem to run
larger than those from Sind and Baluchistan, the former measuring
in their wings from 164to175mm.,andthelatterfrom 148to163 mm.
In colour they agree very well, and I do not consider it necessary
to again sub-divide them. The Afghanistan and Sind birds are
the palest, whilst the Baluchistan birds, though as small as those
from Sind, agree with the Persian birds in being perceptibly
darker.

Adult Female.—Difiers from the female of F’. f. asi@ in being paler.

Colours of Soft Parts.—As in asie.

Measurements.—The only Sind female I have seen has a wing
of 149 mm., others of this race vary between 153 and 160 mm.

Chick in Down from Fao in Persia varies from the chick of asie
far more than the adults do from one another. Above it is a pale
whitish fawn, the central markings more narrow, though longer in
shape than they are in asie. The quills have many light bars and
narrower dark ones, making these feathers appear much lighter
than they do in the other races. The head is of the palest fawn
with a narrow darker centre, and below it is unmarked creamy white.

Distribution Southern and South-Eastern Persia to Fao and
Bagdad, Baluchistan, Afghanistan and Sind.

A specimen from Chitral is undoubtedly of this race, and probably
allthose found inthe hills of the N.-W. Frontier of India as far
North as Quetta will prove to be the same.

Type Locality.—Sind.

Nidification There is practically nothing on record about the
breeding of this race, butasitisa resident bird, it will be found
nesting wherever it occurs.

In Baluchistan and the foot hills of the N.-W. Frontier it breeds,
apparently in the thin scrub jungle, and, where there is any, in
grass patches. In South Persia it breeds in the sparse grass border-
ing the rivers and river beds, and also in amongst a species of
Polypodium, which grows over an enormous area of country
during the rains, forming the staple food of Sand Grouse, and
perhaps also of this partridge.

2

202 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVIII,

The only two eggs I have seen are two in my collection sent me
from 8. Persia, and taken on 27th April 1917. They are typical
normal Black Partridge’s eggs, and measure 37°0 x 31°0 and 3773

Sao OR mame
Whitehead and Rattray both found it breeding on the N.-W.

Frontier.

General Habits—The Persian Black Partridge inhabits much the
same_kind of cover as the last bird, but within its Indian limits
génerally haunts much more broken ground. It is found every-
where in suitable places in the Baluchistan and Afghan Hills up
to at least 7,000 feet, and is common up to 4,000 feet in most
localities along the frontier.

In Persia it is said to be common along many of the river beds
in the Tamarisk and heavy grass which grows so luxuriantly on their

banks.
Capt. C. R. 8. Pitman informs me that these partridges drink
very regularly every morning and evening.

FRANCOLINUS FRANCOLINUS MELANONOTUS.
The Assam Black Partridge.

Francolinus melanonotus—Hume, Stray Feath. XI., p. 305 (1888) (Assam
and Manipur).

Perdix francolinus.—Lath., In. Orn. II., p. 644 (1790) (Part); Lesson, Traite
d’Orn., p. 505 (1831), (Bengal, etc.).

Francolinus vulgaris? var brevipes —Hodg. in Grays Zool: Misc., p. 85, (1844),
(Nepal, nomen nudum.); id, Icon. ined. in B.M. Nos. 630; Bonap, C. B.
XLII, p. 414 (1856).

Francolinus vulgaris.—Stephen in Shaw’s Gen. Zool. XI., p. 319, (1819),
(Bengal, etc.); Adams, P. Z.8., 1858, p. 502 (Bombay, Bengal, etc.) id, ibid,
1859, p. 186; Irby, Ibis, 1861, p. 236 (Oudh and Kumaon) ; Jerd, B. of I., IL.,
p- 558 (1864); Blyth., Ibis, 1867, p. 157 (Manbhum); Beavan, Ibis, 1868,
p. 383 (Manbhum); Hume, N. & E. In. Birds, p. 537 (1873); Scully, Str.
Feath. VHI., pp. 348, 367 (1879) (Nepal Valley); Hume and Mars., Game-
Birds, IT p. 9 (1879); Hume, Str. Feath. XL, p. 304 (1888) (Manipur) ;
Oates ea, Hume’s N. & Eggs III, p. 428 (1890); Blanf., Jour. B. N. H.S.,
IX., p. 186 (1894) (Bengal); Stuart Baker, ibid, XII., p. 492 (N. Cachar) ;
Blanf., Fauna. B. I. IV., p. 136 (1898); Stuart Baker, Jour. B. N. H.S.,
XVII., p. 971 (1907), (Khasia Hills); Higgins, ibid, XXIII., p. 368 (1914)
(Manipur).

Francolinus francolinus.—Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. B. M. XXII., p. 132 (1893).

Francolinus francolinus melanonotus.—Hartert, Nov. Zool. XXIV. p. 290
(1917).

VERNACULAR NAMES.—Kais-tetur (Nepalese); Tetri-sorai (Assamese) ;
Kembi (Manipurt) ; Dao-chirree (Cachari); Inrui-jirip (Katcha-Naga).

Deseription.—Adult Male.——Similar to F. f. asie, but very much
darker both above and below ; the feathers of the upper parts have
the centres very dark brown, sometimes almost black, with their
paler edges very narrow and very rufous; the white bars on the rump,
upper tail-coverts and tail are very narrow. Below the white spots

are generally less round and more oval in shape ; on the extreme

THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA. » 203

lower breast at the sides these bars become longitudinal in shape, the
outermost running round the submargin of the feather. The under
tail-coverts are darker chestnut, and are unbarred.

The spurs are said to be smaller, and sometimes absent, but I
have not noticed this amongst the many I have shot, and this seems
to be more a matter of age and individuality.

Colours of Soft Parts.—As in asie, but I think the legs very often
seem to be a brighter, richer red in old birds. On the other hand,
I have seen some specimens—not in the breeding season, whose legs
I should have described as horny-brown. Probably these were
young males of the first year. :

Measurements —Wings 143 mm. to 155mm. Birds from Assam
and Manipur average a little smaller than those from Sikkim and
Nepal, 7.e., 149°6 mm. against 152 mm. The former birds are also
darker and more richly coloured, the latter are, however, much
nearer true melanotus than asie. Birds from Bhagiratti and Bengal
are also a trifle larger and paler than those from Assam.

Adult Female.-—Similar to the Female of asi@, but much darker,
and the breasts are much more regularly and profusely barred with
black.

Colours of the Soft Parts.—As in asi.

Measurements—Wings 141—149 mm.

Chick in Down.—There are none in the British Museum collection,
but they are well-known to me, and I think there is a greater contrast
between the chicks of the three races than there is in the adults.
The chicks of melanotus are very richly coloured, the dark portions
including the crown are broader in extent, a richer darker chestnut
brown, whilst the fulvous below is also much deeper.

Distridbution—EKastern Nepal, Sikkim, the whole of Assam and
Eastern Bengal and the Hill tracts of Tippera and Chittagong. The
birds of Central and West Bengal must also be placed with this
race, as must those from Northern Orissa, though both ai _;some-
what intermediate. On the other hand those found in the drier
climate of Behar are nearer asve.

Type Locality.—Manipur.

Nidification —The breeding season of this Black Partridge commen-
ces in early April, and continues until the first few days of July.
Undoubtedly April is the month in which most eggs will be found,
and those taken in July will, in many cases, be second broods, for
many birds lay twice. In North Cachar, where the birds were very
common in the wonderful park-like lands in the North, practically
every egg was laid in April immediately after the first light rain had
brought on a fresh growth of grass on the burnt lands. In Northern
Assam and the Plains of Cachar, Sylhet, etc., the birds occasionally
laid in the end of March, and more often in May, and then again In

204 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Voi. XXVII.

July. Inthe Eastern Duars and the foot hills of Nepal, June and
May seem to be the two months principally affected as breeding
time, but in the higher ranges they once more revert to April.

Everywhere the time is governed by the abundance of food, and
this in turn depends on the rainfall and the time of year the natives
burn off the grass.

The nest varies considerably. Asarule itis a slight ill-formed
pad of dead leaves and grass collected in some small hollow in
grass or scrub jungle, but now and then one finds quite a well-made
nest. I once came across one near Shillong on the 6th June 1907
placed between grass roots on a small stony grass-covered hill close
to the station. Cattle had been feeding in this grass forming little
deep tracks amongst the roots, and the nest in question was wedged
into one of these. The base of the nest was a thick compact mass
of dead leaves, bracken-fronds and grass, and over this was placed
a thick lining of grass worked up on either side so that the nest was
almost semi-domed. The nearest bracken grew at least 100 yards
from the nest, so that in this instance the birds must have gone to
some trouble to make their nest comfortable.

They breed up to 6,000 feet, but not often over 4,000, and prob-
ably their favourite altitude is under 2,000. They almost always
select sun-grass land in which to nest, and seem to prefer such as
is from 1 to 3 feet high. A few breed in high grass, ekra, elephant
grass and scrub jungle, but even in these instances they are invari-
ably near grass land and, almost equally invariably, the patches
themselves are small and not too dense.

The nests are easy to find, for the Cock-bird calls long and cheerily
morning and evening close to it, and if one has a little patience it
can soon be located, moreover the hen sits very close in the cool of
these hours and seldom rises until one almost steps on her, when
away she goes with a tremendous whirr of wings and loud
protests against being disturbed. In the heat of the day the cock-
bird is silent and the hen leaves the nest, so that finding the nest
then becomes a mere matter of luck.

As far as my own experience goes this Partridge does not lay large
clutches, and I think 4 to 6 is the number most often found, and
more than once I have known 3 eggs only to be incubated. I have
never seen more than 8 eggs in a clutch, and that only once, and
perhaps half-a-dozen times 7 eggs. I think 16 days is the period of
incubation, but it may be a day or two more.

The eggs are, as might be suspected, indistinguishable from
those of F. f. asiw, and vary over about the same range of colour
as does that bird, but on an average they are darker, and, I think,
browner and less olive. At the same time I have had one or two
clutches a very distinct dark olive-green.

THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, 205

100 eggs average 36°5 x 30°9 mm.; the longest and shortest meas-
ure respectively 39°033°O0mm. and 34:028-3 mm., the broad-
est and most narrow 37°633°3 mm. and 34:3x27°7 mm.

Like all Francolinus the cock-bird is monogamous and probably
the birds pair for life. ;

General Habits.—The Assam Black Partridge is principally a bird
of grass lands, seldom frequenting the scrub and tree jungle so often
haunted by the birds of the South and West. This is probablv due
to the fact that in the humid regions of the North-East, all forests are
of such dense and lofty growth that they are not suited to the
habits of the birds as are the sparse ‘“‘Sal ” and other forests of the
North-West of India.

They are very common in many of the grass lands, both North and
South of the Brahmapootra, being found in the long elephant grass
and thick reeds close to the river, andin the widestretches of sun-
grass which cover miles upon miles of the plains at the foot hills
of the Himalayas. Nowhere, however, do they—as far as I know—
exist in numbers sufficient to supply a full day’s sport to anyone
out to makea bag, but for the man who wants a day with Nature
and his gun, they suffice to supply an excuse and much hard work
with a few birds to bring home in the evening.

Many years ago—in 1883 to be exact,—there were still a few
birds left in Nadia, some 40 miles from Calcutta but though no one
ever shot there, and I never heard of their being trapped, they and
the last of the Black Buck disappeared altogether a few years later.

In Sylhet, Cachar and Manipur they were fairly numerous, in the
two last places in the grass plains at about 2,000 feet.

Personally I hardly ever shot these birds, as the places they
frequented were also the grazing grounds of the Gaur and Buffalo,
which one dare not disturb witha shot. Thecountry they were
found in North Cachar was extraordinarily beautiful. Great rolling
downs, covered with short brilliant green grass and scattered
oak-trees, whose great black trunks showed up effectively against
the green. Here and there meandered tiny streams, their banks
edged with long semi-withered sun-grass which had, from _ its
position, been able to withstand the fires which had burnt the rest
of the grass for many miles in all directions. In these strips and
in the damper pockets the Black Partridges took up their quarters,
and the ggeetings of their cheery calls as one started out in the
early dawn after big game is a sound I shall never forget.

The call made one feel that the birds were full of the absolute joy
of life, and it was easy to understand the Mahomedan version of
the call “‘ Subhan tere kudrut ’”’ (All powerful, who shall describe
thy power), the early morning hymn of praise which the Mahome-
dans say all birds and beasts raise to their Creator.

206 JUURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII,

From the crests of the hill one could see the birds afar off out in the
open scratching about and feeding like small barn-door fowls, and
every now and then the cock-bird would mount to the crest of an
ant-hill or the top of some fallen stump and ring out his hymn of
praise. Even in the breeding season and when the cock-birds were
calling from many directions, I never saw a calling bird attacked,
or, indeed, approached by another, and it never seemed to be either
uttered by the birds or accepted by others as a challenge to fight.

They appeared to feed in the open only in the very early mornings
and again for about an hour in the evenings before sunset, but they
continued to crow much later and to start again earlier, whilst,
during the months of March, April and May, one might often hear
an odd call at almost any hour of the day.

On the rare occasions I shot them for the pot I found them quite
nice eating, but I nearly always had them in a stew-pot, as roast
they wererather dry. Birds of the year after they have been
feeding in the mustard fields on the young shoots are excellent
eating however cooked.

When the hill rice is ripe they are very fond of lying up in the
thick cover it affords, and birds shot from them always have
their crops full of rice.

The family parties seem to break upin November or early De-
cember, but the grass was always so dense and high in these
months that it was not easy to know whether one had flushed the
whole party or not.

They are very easy to keep in captivity, and become so tame
that they can be allowed almost total freedom without fear of losing
them except during the breeding season when they naturally
require closer looking after.

FRANCOLINUS PICTUS PICTUS.
The Southern Painted Partridge.

Perdizw picta—Jard. and Selb., [1]. Orn., pl. 50 (1828) (Bangalore); Jard.,
Nat. Libi. Orn. IV., p. 103, pl. IIL. (1834).

Perdiz hepburnii.—Gray, lll. Ind. Zool. 1, pl. 55, Fig. 1 (1830-32).

Francolinus pictus —Gray, Gen. B. I1I., p. 505 (1846) ; Jerd., B. of I., IT. p.
561 (1863) (part) ; Blyth, Ibis, 1867, pp. 157-8 ; Holdsw., P. Z. S., 1872, ‘p. 469
(Ceylon) ; Hume, N. and E. Ind. Birds, p. 538 (1873) ; Fairbank, Str. Feath
IV., p. 262 (1876)( Deccan); Dav. & Wen., ibid, VII, p. 87 (1878) (Deccan) .
Hume & Mars., Game-B. Ind. I1., p. 19 (1879) (part) ; Legge., B. of Ceylon ITT
p. 744 (1880) ; Butler, Cat. B. of S. Bom., p. 68 (1880) ; Vidal., Str. Feath X..
p. 160 (1881) (Western Ghats) ; Davidson, ibid, p- 316 (1882) (W. Khandesh) ;
Macgregor, ibid, p. 440 (1887) (Deccan & S. Mahratta) ; Taylor, ibid, p. 530
(1887); Oates ed., Hume’s N. & Egos 1II., p. 430 (1890) (part) ; Ogilvie-Grant
This. 1892, p. 40 (part) ; id., Cat. B. M. XXIL., p. 138 (1893) ; id., Man. Game.

THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, 207

B. 1. p. 106 (1895) (part); Oates, Man. Game-B. I., p. 160 (1898) (part) ;
Blanf., Fauna., B. I. Aves. IV., p. 137 (1898) ; Butler, Jour. B. N. H. S. X.,
p- 312 (1896) (Ceylon) ; Davidson, ibid, XII., p. 64 (Kanara); Oates, Cat.
Egg. B. M. I., p. 37 (1901) (part).

VERNACULAR NAME.—Kakera Kodi (Telegu).

Description—Adult Male.—Crown black with narrow rufous-buff
margins to the feathers ; forehead, supercilia and sides of the head
ferruginous red; nape and neck like the crown but with the buff mar-
gins wider and more conspicuous ; upper back blackish with oval
white spots; wing-coverts blackish brown with buff spots and scapu-
lars the same, but with rufous buff margins. Wing-quills and
greater coverts brown with rufous buff bars, broken on the
primaries, complete on the inner secondaries on which the brown is
almost as dark as on the scapulars. Lower back, rump, upper tail-
coverts and central tail feathers black with narrow bars of white,
the latter sometimes more or less tinged with buff; outer tail
feathers more or less black on the terminal third.

Below, chin white or rufous, more or less marked on the sides
with tiny black specks, sometimes forming a line from the corner
of the lower mandible ; foreneck darker rufous, more boldly streak-
ed with black ; breast and flanks black with large white drops
increasing in size towards the lower breast and posterior flanks ;
centre of abdomen and vent dull pale rufous brown, more or less
tipped with dirty whitish ; under tail-coverts chestnut.

Colours of the Soft Parts—Irides dark brown ; legs reddish or
yellowish brown ; bill dark brown to black, the tip always black-
ish, the base and gape paler or horny white.

Measurements.—Length about a foot, wing 132 to 148 mm., ave-
rage of 30 specimens 138-5 mm., tail from 66 to 89 mm., generally
about 80 mm.; bill from front about 26 mm. ; tarsus about 40 mm.

The spurs are rudimentary or absent.

Weight “‘ 8:5 to 12°7 ozs.” Hume. This is apparently for both
SeXes.

Adult Female.—Like the male, but with the lower back, rump,
upper tail-coverts and tail dull pale brown with narrow bars of
white bordered with darker brown. The throat is generally white,
and the markings on the flanks and lower breast generally form
black arrow head shaped central bars on a pale buffy brown.

Colours of the Soft Pavts.—As in the male, but duller, the legs are
never as red in the reddest legged males, and are rarely even a dull
horny brown; the bill is brown rather than black, and with a greater
depth of whitish at the base.

Measurements.—There seems to be no difference in size between
the males and females, though the latter probably weigh distinctly
less on an avewage. I can find no recorded weights.

208 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVIL.

Distribution —The typical Painted Partridge 1s found only in
Cevlon and in the South of India. In the west and central portion
of its range it only occurs well to the south, but on the east works
further North. Its northern limits may be taken as Khandesh and
Raipur, working up on the east into Behar. The specimens in the
British Museum come from Ceylon, Belgaum, Khandesh, Deccan,
Raipur, Chanda and Behar. In Ceylon, according to Wait, it is
confined to the Ura basin and the eastern and south-eastern slopes

of the hills.

Type Locality Bangalore.

Nidification —Throughout practically the whole area over which
both races of this Partridge breed, the breeding season seems to be
from the time the rains break, 7.e., the middle or end of June up to
the end of September, July and August being the months in which
most eggs are laid. There are very few eggs of this sub-species in
Museums, and the Hume series consists wholly of eggs of pallidus,
the northern form, but Col. Sparrow sent me a few from Trim-
ulgherry taken in August and September, and I have others from
the Buchanan and Bulkley collections taken from July to
September. In Ceylon it is said to lay “ about Xmas time.”

The Painted Partridge appears to select patches or strips of grass
and scrub jungle in between cultivated fields and open country
rather than extensive stretches of grass-land in which to breed, and
its favourite ground is perhaps such as is evergreen with rather thin
grass two or three feet high, more or less mixed with bushes. Jerdon,
who was not much interested in nidification, long ago remarked on
this Partridge’s predilection for laying its eggs under the shelter of
some bush and my correspondents inform me that they think the
majority of nesting sites selected are of this nature. The nest itself
is very primitive, merely a few pieces of grass and a few dead leaves
on the ground, sometimes in a hollow, sometimes on quite flat

ground, where the eggs are only kept from rolling about by the fall-
en rubbish around them.

The eggs appear to vary in number from 4 to 7 or 8 ina full clutch,
and IJ can find no satisfactory evidence to prove the assertions some-
times made that they lay 10 or 12. i

In shape they are very similar to those of the Black Partridge,
but whilst some are quite as peg-top in shape as the most pyriform
of the eggs of that bird, some are much more of a true oval than
any I have seen of Francolinus francolinus. In cglour they are, on
the whole much paler, much less brown and moré inclined toa pale
stone colour or very pale olive-grey. A few eggs are almost a pure
grey, and I have seen no eggs of the comparatively dark olive-brown
so common in the eggs of the Black Partridge.

THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, 209

In texture they are fine and close, and the surface has a distinct
gloss sometimes quite highly developed. They are much more
fragile than the eggs of the Francolinus francolinus, a difference
strikingly great between two species so very closely allied.

The average size of 15 eggs, all I have been able to examine of
true pictus, is 35°9X30°9 mm. The smallest egg both in length and
breadth measures 33°6 x 28°6 mm., the longest is 37°8 x 31°9 mm.,
and the broadest is 36°5 x 32°0 mm.

The Hen-bird is a very close sitter, and will not move until
almost trampled on.

The Cock-bird is monogamous, and like the rest of his genus,
probably pairs for life.

They breed only in the Plains, and nowhere do they ascend
the hills for more than a few hundred feet, and even that only as
stragglers.

General Habits.—The habits of the Painted Partridge are very
similar to those of the Black Partridge, but whereas the latter
prefers good cover combined if possible with a certain amount of
dampness, the Painted Partridge likes very dry jungle, and does
not mind its being rather thin. It never enters the heavy forest of
the Western Coast, but wherever cultivation has taken the place
of forest, and grass has grown up over the abandoned areas, there
almost to a certainty, the Painted Partridge will sooner or later
put in an appearance.

Perhaps its favourite haunts are short grass on broken, stony
plateaus and plains, or thin scrub jungle, and in either place trees
are desiderata, for this bird is much more fond of perching than
the Black Partridge. They call like that bird from some elevated,
perch but more often from trees rather than from ant-hills
boulders and fallen stumps.

Hume says that the Painted Partridge “ often, if not generally,
roosts on bushes and trees, whence I have shot them after dusk and
have disturbed them before dawn’’, and he adds that they may
often be seen perched on some conspicuous part of the tree whilst.
the hen sits modestly —and wisely—hidden in the thicker foliage.

They are often found in such crops as offer suitable cover, or if
the crops themselves are too thin they hide in the adjacent scrub or
grass and wander out into the fields in the mornings and evenings
to feed, scratching about in the earth and picking up grain, seeds
and insects, or feeding on green shoots, etc. White ants are avery
favourite food with this bird, as indeed with almost all birds, and it
is said to be a foul feeder when living anywhere near villages.

Pitman found that it drank regularly every evening about si
o'clock in July in the Central Provinces, but he did not notice it
drinking in the morning as the Black Partridge always did.

3

210 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII.

Although never getting big bags, he obtained very fair sport with
the Painted Partridge by driving the grass and scrub round culti-
vation. The birds were very clever at squatting close until the
beaters were almost on them, when they doubled back through
their legs or rose and doubled back over their heads, giving no
chance of a shot. At other times they rose well and gave capital
shots as they crossed the open.

In Hume’s time Laird wrote : “7 or 8 brace of Painted Partridges
with 15 brace of Quail, etc., would be here (Belgaum) reckoned a
good bag for one gun’, and probably much the same would be the
case now. In a few other localities they may be rather more numer-
ous and rather larger bags possible, but I have heard of no place
where much over 20 couple can be hoped for in a day’s shoot.

Hume says that they fly faster and take more hitting than the
Black Partridge, and are about the equal in pace to the English Par-
tridge.

Other sportsmen say that it does not fly nearly so fast as our
home bird, and that though it may make more fluster and fuss as
it rises, it is much easier to hit, and takes less hitting to bring down
than that bird does.

Possibly a Painted Partridge walked up in grass or scrub is nos
much slower than a common Partridge walked up with dogs through
crops affording good cover, but is nothing like as fast as a driven
bird coming up with the wind and an inherited instinct of what to
expect in front of him.

The call of this bird is not unlike that of the Black Partridge. It
has been syllabised by many writers, but perhaps Jerdon’s “‘ Chee-
kee-kerray Chee-kee-kerray ’ gives as good an idea of its sound
as it is possible to put in words. The birds, both sexes apparently,
have also a call to one another sounding like “ chuck chuck”
repeated softly several times ; this may only be a call note to the
young. The latter, according to a writer in the Bengal Oriental
Magazine, “ begin to call soon and to chirrup like Crickets ’’, and
this cricket-like note is one also uttered by the young of the
Biack Partridge. I often heard the latter in North Cachar when
out big-game shooting, and it was sometime before I found out
its origin by putting up a family party of two old birds and three
chicks who, on re-settling, commenced chirruping loudly until the
whole family was satisfactorily re-united.

The chicks of the Painted and Black Partridges grow their wing
quills very rapidly, and can fly as well as their parents for a short
distance when they are little larger than sparrows.

The flesh of the Painted Partridge is rather dry, but quite plea-
sant, and has sometimes been described as excellent.

(To be continued.)

YT Y Y PPA M.
JOURNAL, BOMBAY NAT. HIST. SOC.

SOG

THE COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA.
Horace Knight, del. Hentschel-Colourtype.

THE COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE M.
Figs. 74, 74 a, Taractrocera ceramas ¢
75, 75 a, Telicota bambusze Bs

39

76, 76 a, Taractrocera mcevius

78, 78 a, Udaspes folus

g
2
Cire
77, 77 a, Parnara mathias Gis 20
G2
79, 79 a, Suastus gremius eile

2

80, 80 a, Hesperia galba 3

211

THE COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS
OF INDIA.

INCLUDING THOSE MET WITH IN THE HILL STATIONS
OF THE BOMBAY PRESIDENCY.)
BY
Devine BLE, TB.8)
(Continued from page 32 of this Volume.)

Part XXVI.
With plate M.
Family—HEsPeriipa,

“All six legs perfect. Wings with the discoidal cell of hind wing slenderly and
often incompletely closed ; veins 8, 9, 10, 11, all emitted from subcostal nervure
before the end of cell and ending on costal margin ; all other veins direct from
the cell, none branched either in the fore wing or in the hind wing. Of compara-
tively small size. generally very robust build and rapid flight. Antenne wide
apart at base, with a thick club or strong, curved hook at the tip. Palpi short,
broad, closely pressed against the face, densely scaled on the first and second
joints. Hind legs generally with a pair of moveable spurs or spines at the end
of tibiz and another pair at the middle ; middle legs with a pair of moveable
spines at end of tibiz.”’

The above is more or less in the words of Marshall and deNicé-
ville in their ‘* Butterflies of India, Burmah and Ceylon’. Colonel
Bingham characterizes the family thus, as already given in the key
to the Butterflies at the beginning of these papers :—

‘“* Antennz wide apart at base ; hind tibiz generally with a medial as well as

terminal pair of spurs ; all veins in the fore wing from base or from cell ; none
forked or coincident beyond.”

To this may be added that the eggs are generally few and nearly
always more or less dome-shaped, either smooth or longitudinally
ribbed more or less strongly, sometimes serrate along the ribs, some-
times tuberculate (rarely).

The larve are fusiform, the anal end rounded, sometimes flattened,
the head always conspicuously broader and higher than the neck ;
no projections of any sort either on the head or on the body in the
mature state though (Gangara for example) there may be a cereous
excretion taking the’ form of threads that rub off easily.

The pupe are moth-like in all cases, nearly always smooth, with-
out processes of any kind and are attached by the tail and a body-
band.

The habits of the butterflies differ somewhat according to genera
and species but the flight is very rapid in the great majority and of
a jerky nature in all. Some of the insects are diurnal, some crepus-
cular in their habits, a few, apparently, even nocturnal ([smene goma-
ta). The larve live in cells formed of leaves or sections of leaves
in various characteristic ways and the pupation takes place often
within them, though many larve wander and make special
arrangements ; Baoris, Udaspes pupating more or less in the open

2912 JOURNAL, BUMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVIII,

on the under side of a leaf, part of which is drawn together by a few
silks to form a concave depression; <Ampittia maro head-down,
absolutely in the open, on a stalk of rice or grass near the ground.

‘A proposed Classification of the Hesperiidae, with a Revision of
the Genera,’ by Lieut. E. Y. Watson, Madras Staff Corps, F.Z.8.,
F.E.S , which appeared in the ‘ Proceedings of the Zoological Sociey,
of London,’ January 17, 1893, is practically the latest effort at arrang-
ing the skippers scientifically into, first, more or less natural groups
and, secondly, into proper genera. The work deals with all known
species, both from the old world as well as the new world and is based
on the study of 234 generic names of which 49 were sunk by the author
as synonyms, while 45 new genera were described. He states at
the same time that it is based entirely upon the collection of the
British Museum while he acknowledges that “‘in addition to the
collection of the British Museum, free access has been afforded me to
the valuable collection of Messrs. Godman and Salvin.” His time
being limited, a certain number of species mentioned were not sepa-
rated into genera but were included in those to which they seemed
to be most nearly allied.

Watson says that, before 1874, no serious attempt had ever been
made to arrange the genera of the family into natural groups but
that it had been done later for limited faune. He then states that
the only suggested arrangement that seemed to him to bea perfectly
natural one was that of Scudder in the “ Bulletin of the Buffalo Society
of Natural Science’ (1874). According to this, two sub-divisions
were erected for the Hesperude of New England in America, namely
the Hesperidi and the Pamphilidi, based to a very large extent upon
the secondary sexual characters of the males, the egg, larva and pupa
supplying subsidiary characters. Watson approves of these and then
alludes to an amplification of Scudder’s arrangement by Mabille in
1878 in the ‘Annales de la Societé Entomologique Belge’ which
suggest a third tribe called the Pyrrhopygini, which he adopts. Speyer
then, in 1879, in ‘ Genera of the Hesperiide of the European Fauna ’
published in the ‘Stett. ent. Zeitung’ made a suggestion that has
proved to be of the greatest importance in the classification of genera,
namely that the position of vein 5 of the fore wing in relation to veins
4 and 6 would be a character of value. Watson makes full use of
this character in his keys. He alludes to the very superficial way
in which many authors have characterized their genera and has
adhered to the decisions of Scudder in his ‘ Historical Sketch of the
Genera of Butterflies’ absolutely to fix the doubtful ones. For
genera described after Scudder’s work and for which no type was
specified, the species that best agreed with the genus was taken as
type. He then refers to the male secondary characters on the wings : .
the costal fold, discal stigma and tufts of hair which he concludes

THE COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA. 213

are of great importance as indicating groups or subfamilies but are
of little use as generic characters. All butterflies possessing a costal
fold belong to his own Hespertine, all possessing a discal stigma to
his Pamphiline. The Pyrrhopygine, on the other hand, have no
secondary male characters of either description on the fore wing,
and are confined altogether to the New World.

The characters of the three subfamilies are enumerated in the
following key :—

Fore wing with vein 5 usually nearer to 4 than to 6;
with cell invariably more than two-thirds the length of
costa ; without costal fold or discal stigma. Antenne
with club thick, ending in a blunt point usually more or
less bent into a hook. Wings held horizontal when at
rest ds =, aie as uy: . .Pyrrhopygine.

Fore wing with vein 5 nearly always nearer to 6 than
to 4; cell rarely more than two-thirds the length of

costa ; costal fold sometimes present. Antenne rarely

blunt, nearly always ending in a fine point. Wings nearly

always held horizontal in repose .. es ze . -Hesperiine.

Section A.—Fore wing with vein 5 slightly nearer either to 4 or to 6, never
conspicuously close to either ; cell always more than two-thirds the length of
costa. Hind wing with vein 5 never fully developed except in a few Old World
genera. Antenne usually bent into a hook, sometimes sickle-shaped, always
ending in a finepoint. Third joint of palpi never curving over vertex of head.
Wings at rest held horizontal or erect over back

Section B.—Fore wing with vein 5 nearer to 6 than to 4; cell less than
two-thirds the length of costa. Hind wing with vein 5 never fully developed.
Antennz seldom hooked, sometimes bluntly pointed. Third joint of palpi never
curving over head.

Fore wing with vein 5 nearer to 4 than to 6 ; cell almost
always less than two-thirds the length of costa ; males
never with a costal fold but sometimes with discal stigma.

Hind wing with vein 5 well developed or not. Antennz
almost invariably ending in afine point. Palpi with the
end joint long or short, directed variously, sometimes
curving over the head-vertex. The wings are always held
closed perpendicularly over the back in complete repose ..Pamphiline.

Section A——Fore wing with, except in some aberrant Australian forms, vein
5 slightly nearer to 4 than to 6 ; cell always less than two-thirds the length of
costa ; no costal fold and rarely a discal stigma. Hind wing with vein 5 never
well developed. Antennz various, never much hooked, usually sharply pointed.
Palpus with third joint usually inconspicuous, rarely long and slender when it is
always erect and never horizontal. Wings held erect in repose.

Section B.—¥ore wing with vein 5 much nearer 4 than 6 ; cell less than two-
thirds costa ; no costal fold but often a discal stigma. Hind wing with vein 5
rarely developed. Antennz never hooked, the club sometimes without crook,
sometimes with. Palpi in a few genera with the third joint curving over vertex,
long and slender ; in most it is minute. The butterflies, when basking, depress
the hind wings and elevate the fore wings, “‘ an attitude peculiar to this section 8
(Watscn).

Section C.—Fore wing with vein 5 equidistant between 4 and 6 or nearer 6;
cell from half to just over two-thirds the length of costa ; no costal fold but with
various other sexual male marks on wings and legs. Hind wing with vein 5
usually well developed. Antenne with the club of varying stoutness, always

914 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Ve. AX VII.

tapering to a fine point ; sometimes hooked. Palpi with the second joint up-
turned, resting against the face; the third joint long, thin, naked and projecting
in front of the face. The wings are always held closed over the back when at

rest.

The above key is for all the Hesperiid@ of the world. The Pyrrho-
pygine axe wholly confined to the American continents. Section A
of the Hesperiine has but seven genera out of 50 which are of the
Old World and only five that are Indian, namely Orthophetus, Capila,
Calliana and Hantana, Crossiura. Section B contains about 42
genera out of which some 16 are Indian, 5 African, 1 Australian, and
the rest American. Section A of the Pamphiline contains about
34 genera of which 13 are Indian, 6 African, 4 Australian, 3 North
Asian and the rest American; Section B, 59 genera; 20 Indian, 6
African, the rest American ; Section C, 5 genera, all of the Old World
and confined to Eastern Asia, India, Burma to the Philippines and
Australia.

Later on, in the Journal of this Society (B. N. H.8.), Capt. Watson
as he then was, published a supplementary paper called ‘A Key to
the Asiatic Genera of the Hespertide,’ being an excerpt of his original
work, written for the convenience of workers in India (Vol. IX,
part 4, p. 411; 20th June 1995). The original keys have been modi-
fied to suit the restricted fauna. They are as follows :—

Fore wing with vein 5 nearer to 6 than to 4; male
occasionally with a costal fold but never with stigma.

Male with a tuft of hair at proximal end of hind tibiz in
nearly every case. Wings in repose always horizontal ..Hesperwine.

Fore wing with vein 5 nearer to 4 than to 6; male never
with a costal fold but often with patches of modified
scales on upperside. Male without tuft on hind tibie. All
species rest with their wings closed over the back .-Pamphiline.

Captain Watson has, as formerly, divided this latter subfamily
into three sections ; the first two, in this case, founded on a slight
difference of neuration, being purely artificial, have only been adopt-
ed for convenience. ‘“‘The third section, however, consists of a closely
allied group of genera which appear to have no near allies among
the Pamphiline, so much so that it is questionable whether it would
not be advantageous to form them into an additional subfamily
under the name of Ismeneine, the species contained under which
would stand in much the same relation to the remainder of the Old
World Hesperiide that the Pyrrhopygine do to those of the New
World. The name (but with a much more extended meaning) has
been made use of by M. Mabille in a paper on the Hesperiide of the
Brussels Museum published in the ‘ Annals of the Entomological
Society of Belgium, Vol. XXI (1878).” These sections of the Pam-
philine he characterises as follows :—

Section I.—Palpi various but never as in Section IIT. Vein 5 of fore wing
straight throughout its length and not arising markedly nearer to vein 4 than to

THE COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA, 215

vein 6, the middle discocellular being, therefore, only slightly longer than
the lower one.

Section II.—Palpi various but never as in Section III. Vein 5 of fore wing
deflected at origin and consequently arising much nearer to vein 4 than to vein
6, the middle discocellular being, therefore, much longer than the lower one.

Section III.—Palpi with the third joint long, slender and naked, porrected
horizontally in front of the face. Species robust. Habits often crepuscular.

Watson then gives keys for all the Asiatic genera of Skippers consisting of the
following genera under the different sections :—

Section I.—Pamphila, Taractrocera, Itys,

*Heteropterus, Ochus, Zographetus,
Baracus, Ampittia, Isma,
Astictopterus, Aéromachus, Matapa,

*Apostictopterus, Sebastonyma *Sepa,
Sancus, Pedestes, Pudicitia,
Koruthaialos, Lophoides, Acerbas,
Suada, Hyarotis, *Zea,
Suastus, *Tsoteinon, Erionota,
Jambrix, *Tdmon, Gangara,

*Ge, Arnetta, Paduka,

and states that all, with the exception of those marked with an asterisk, are
recorded from Indian limits. These 26 Indian genera contain some 60 species.

Section IJ.— Kerana, Hidari, Telicota,
* Ancistroides, *Ketion, Padraona,
Pirdana, Pithauria, Halpe,
Plastingia, Notocrypta, Onryza,
Lotongus, Udaspes, Iton,
Creteus, Actinor, Baoris,
*Zela, *Gehenna, Gegenes,
*Zampa, Cupitha, Erynnis,
*Mimas, Augiades, * Adopza,
of which those with an asterisk are not Indian : 20 genera with some 87 species.
Section III.—Ismene, Hasora, Rhopalocampta,
Bibasis, Badamia,

all 5 represented in India by some 23 species.

He gives the affinities and ranges of the different sections stating that, in
Section I, ‘‘ Pamphila and Heteropterus are closely allied to one another and also,
apparently, to Hesperia and the closing genera of the preceding subfamily, 2.e.,
Thanaos, Gomalia and Carcharodus.”’ Of Section II he says that the arrangement
of the genera appears to be fairly natural and that it connects satisfactorily
with the preceding section ; that Kerana to Eetion appear to be closely allied
and to show relationships with Hrionota, Sancus, Koruthaialos and Astictopterus
of Section I ; “‘ Pithauria is rather out of place, but appears to be close to Hidart
and is probably a near ally of Baoris ; Notocrypta and Udaspes are certainly
closely related to each other but show no particular affinity to any other genera.
Actinor, Gehenna, Cupitha and Onryza appear to be allied to Halpe which is
itself close to Iton and Baoris ; Padraona and Telicota are hardly generically
distinct and are certainly close to Augiades, Erynnis and Adopea ; while Gegenes
appears to be allied to both Baoris and Erynnis.” On the attinities of Section
TII he remarks that it is a well-marked group of closely-allied genera showing no
near relationship with any others of the family ; but that the habits and general
facies agree best with the Pamphiline ; adding, however, that their neuration
appears to have more resemblance to that found in the sub-family H espertine ;
and suggests that they might with advantage be treated as a distinct subfamily.

Tt might be of interest to repeat here what Watson says about the ranges of
the different groups. The last or third section, the Ismeneine (to make a

216 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISY, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII.

subfamily of it as Watson suggested and as has actually been done by Swinhoe
in Lepidoptera Indica, the latest work on Indian Skippers and Indian butterflies
generally) is confined to Asia, Africa and Australasia ; smene and Bibasis have
not been recorded out of Asiatic limits ; Hasora is chiefly Malayan and extends
as far as Australia ; Badamia also extends to that continent ; Rhopalocampita is
a very large genus almost entirely confined to Africa, only two or three species
being found within Asiatic limits.

In Section II of the Pamphiline, the genus Gehenna has only two species, one
from Borneo, one from Sumatra ; Ancistroides, in similar case, is confined to
islands of the Malay Archipelago ; Zela, Zampa, Hetion are Malayan ; Mimas
from New Guinea ; Adopea is northern, Holarctic. Extra information given
is that Taractrocera, Telicota extend to the Australasian region ; Ampittia, Baoris,
Baracus to Africa; Padraona to Australia, doubttully to Madagascar and S.
America ; Adopea, Hrynnis are Holarctic.

Section I: all the genera, with the exception of Pamphila, Heteropterus>
are Asiatic ; the former being European, the latter Holarctic. Heteropterus,
Isoteinon, Ge, Idmon, Sepa, Zea, Apostictopterus have not been recorded from
Indian limits. Isoteinon, Heteropterus are confined to Northern Asia ; Ge, Idmon,
Zea, Sepa are from Malacca and Sumatra ; Apostictopterus has a single species
found in China.

Watson’s subfamily of Hesperiine is divisible into two quite natural parts, one
consisting of those insects that keep their wings erect in repose, the other con-
taining the species that keep them open and stretched horizontally out.

His Pamphiline can be at once divided into two quite natural groups, one
consisting of Sections I and II, the other of Section III as has already been
mentioned by him.

The latest work on the Hesperiide, from the pen of Colonel C. Swinhoe, has
appeared comparatively recently as the climax to the truly monumental Lepi-
doptera Indica, originally started by Moore more than twenty years ago. It
occupies part of volume IX and the whole of volume X and is accompanied
by fine, coloured plates in which are depicted all the butterflies described with
a goodly number of their caterpillers and chrysalides. The author has erected
twelve new subfamilies but gives no keys to them. These are :—

Ismeneine, Pamphiline, Matapine,
Achalarine, Astictopterine, Notocryptine,
Celeenorrhinze Suastine, Plastingiine,
Hesperiine, EKrionotine, Erynnine.

In this arrangement he restricts the subfamily Hesperiince of Watson to the
genera Carcharodus, Gomalia, Hesperia and Thanaos, in which the insects do
not spread their wings horizontally when at rest ; dividing those that do so rest
into Achalarine and Celenorrhine. He finally divides off Section III of Watson’s
Pamphiline as the subfamily Ismeneine and erects eight subfamilies for Sec-
tions Iand II. These two sections Watson himself has allowed to be purely
artificial as has been seen above, whereas Swinhee believes his subfamilies to be
fairly natural and, therefore, a better arrangement.

Based upon certain knowledge of the earlier stages of members of all of these,
the probabilities are that Swinhe’s belief is correct ; but this knowledge also
suggests that certain alterations therein must be made. To start with, there-
fore, a more natural sequence of the above subfamilies is suggested as follows :—

Achalarine, Erynnine, Erionotine,
Celzenorrhine, Plastingiine, Matapine,
Hesperiine , Suastinee, Astictopterine,
Ismeneine, Pamphiline, Notocryptine,

with the first two subfamilies in which the insects sit with wings horizontally
spread in natural sequence to the New World Pyrrhopygine. Then follow all

THE COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA, 217

those resting with wings closed over their backs, connected by the Hesperiine
which occasionally rest with wings in abnormal positions ; as, in Gomalia and
Thanaos, where the position adopted is, occasionally, neither one nor the other.
In these two genera the wings are held in a “ pent-house”’ attitude as in the
great majority of moths, sloping at an angle along the body; Gomalia albi-
fasciata, tor example, occasionally rests with the wings in the pent-house
position and the abdomen curled up so characteristic of the noctuid genus
Eutelia. All these butterflies, however, often hold their wings in the normal,
erect way characterising the great majority of the subfamilies. In the genus
Hesperia also, the imagines have the habit of basking with the wings half open,
that is with the fore wings slightly opened from the erect position and the hind
wings still more separated as do many of the insects of the genera T'elicota,
Baoris, Halpe, dc.

Although the above represents the most natural sequence of Col. Swinhoe’s
subfamilies, there are various objections to be made to the groups themselves
and to their internal constitution. These twelve groups are best discussed in
detail in order :—

Achalarine.—Will have to stand as nothing is known about the earlier stages :

_ on a general view of the pictures of the insects composing it as given in Colonel

_ Swinhee’s Lepidoptera indica the subfamily seems to be quite a natural one.

— Celenorrhine.—Is a natural group and will also stand, even to the component

_ genera and their species. Out of the 13 genera of which it is composed 7 are
known in their early stages of egg, larva and pupa and show strong affinities ; all

_ the insects rest with horizontally spread wings as do the Achalarine.

_ Hesperiine.—Also natural within certain limits. The transformations of

most of the genera are known and show certai1 affinities ; the insects rest with

their wings perpendicularly raised over their backs except in the case of the
genera Gomalia and Thanaos which at night and in dull weather hold them “ pent-

house ” rather like moths of the genus Hutelia and even, like these, curl the
abdomen up. However these insects also occasionally close the wings over the
back. All the subfamily have eggs with strong meridional ridges except
Gomalia which has them strongly and densely coarse-tuberculate (the tubercles
are, however, arranged in radiating rows) with a 7-sided lid on the top through
which the larva emerges—all, indeed, of the eggs are characterized by the fact
that the larva emerges through the very top.

Ismeneine.—Is a very natural group as may be gathered by what has already
been said about it. The transformations of Ismene, Rhopolocampta, Bibasis,
Hasora and Badamia are known,

Erynnine.—There is not much to be said for this group as it contains ele-
ments that are quite irreconcilable with each other. To begin with the whole
of what may be called the Baorine section must be taken out of it : the genera
Baoris, Caltoris, Chapra and Gegenes ; Erynnis will remain. These excerpted
genera together with others of the subfamily Matapine will form a new
subfamily which may be styled Baorine. Colonel Swinhoe’s Matapine will
disappear as explained below, the genera Hyarotis, Acerbas, Arnetta, Zogra-
phetus, Scobura, Sebastonyma, Itys, Iton and Isma going to Notocryptine while
Aéromachus (and Swinhe’s new genus Machachus erected for one of the sections)
goto Pamphiline ; the only remaining genus which is the type-genus, Matapa,
going naturally into Erionotine with which (as evidenced by the earlier stages of
Gangara thyrsis and Matapa aria) it has every aftinity.

_ Plastingiine.—Is seemingly a natural group but, as only a single representa-
tive, namely Plastingia submaculata, of the various genera contained therein has
been bred, it is difficult to say. This particular butterfly is very like Suastus
“gremins in facies and has similar eggs, larva and pupa besides making its cell in
the same way so that, from its earlier stages, it should go into Suastine from
which, however, it is separated in the perfect state by having an inconspicuous

‘
- 4

a
4

218 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII.

third joint to the palpus (although the palpus is very robust and rather long)
instead of the long, naked, prominent third joint of Suastus, Iambrix, Baracus
and Suada ; it also has exceptionally long antennz with an exceptionally long
and very much hooked tip to the club ; the antenne of Suastus, Iambrix, Baracus
and Suada are somewhat shorter and have much shorter hooks or bends.

Suastine.—Is not a good subfamily but has been separated for the above
reasons of palpi ; the genus Swastus has a strongly few-ribbed egg; Iambrix has
a smooth one, finely cellular-reticulate under a lens; Baracus one with a minutely
tuberculate surface under magnification and 17 very fine meridional ribs ; in
fact the three species representing these three genera are a heterogeneous
collection offering nothing much in common except the naked third joints of
the palpi. The subfamily will be omitted.

Erionotine.—Quite a natural group and only requires the addition of Matapa
to complete it. The transformations of Gangara thyrsis, Matapa aria, Erionota
thrax and Paduka lebadea are known and serve to characterize it.

Pamphiline.—Contains Pamphila, Taractrocera, Ampittia and Ochus. The
genera Aéromachus and Machachus, both formerly known as Aéromachus but
recently split by Swinhee, must be added. The transformations of T'aractrocera,
Ampittia and Pamphila are known. The habits of the insects are similar.

Astictopterine.—Is untenable. The habits and early stages of Sancus are
identical with those of Notocrypta and Udaspes so that Sancus must go into
Notocryptine into which Astictopterus, Koruthaialos and Watsoniella should be
put. Swada fits better into Plastingiine.

Notocryptine.—Is a natural group into which Sancus, Iambrix, Astictopterus,
Koruthaialos and Watsoniella should be put.

So far, then, superseding Swinhe’s arrangement, there will be the following
subfamilies to be considered:—

1. Achalarine, 5. Plastingiine, 9. Baorine,

2. Celeenorrhine, 6. Erionotine, 10. Notocryptine,
3. Hesperiine, 7. Pamphiline,

4. Ismeneine, 8. Erynnine,

in which his Astictopterine, Suastine and Matapine have disappeared, while a
new subfamily, the Baorine, has been created. These subfamilies will also,
with the exception of numbers 1, 2, 3 and 4, all be slightly different from his in
their constitution as regards genera. Their composition, after this reconstruc-
tion, is given below, making use of Colonel Swinhe’s genera, but marking with
an asterisk (*) all the new genera created by him—he has made a good few,
basing them chiefly upon ‘“‘ male-marks ”, such as a stigma on the wing ora
tuft of hairs. He considers such sex-marks to be of generic importance: a
matter of opinion about which there has been no little controversy.

Subfamily Achalarine (1). Subfamily Celenorrhine (2)
Genus Achalarus, Scudder, Genus Celenorrhinus, Hubner.
Calliana, Moore, Charmion, deN.,
Pisola, Moore, Daimio, Murray,
Crossiura, deN., Satarupa, Moore,
Hantana, Moore. Tagiades, Hiibner,

Odina, Mabille,
Odontoptilum, deN.,
Ctenoptilum, deN.,
Darpa, Moore,
Abaratha, Moore,
Gerosis, Mabille,
Coladenia, Moore,
Sarangesa, Moore,
Tapena, Moore.

THE COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA. 219

fubfamily Hesperiine (3). Subfamily Jsmeneine (4).
Genus Hesperia, Fabr., Genus *Pola, Swinh.
Pyrgus, Hiibner, *Gecana, Swinh.,
*Spialia, Swinh., *Tothrix, Swinh.,
Gomalia, Moore, * Burara, Swinh.,
Carcharodus, Hiibner, Rhopaloecampta, Wall.,
Thanaos, Boisduval. Bibasis, Moore,
Hasora, Moore,
Subfamily Plastingiine (5). Parata, Moore,
Genus Plastingia, Butler, Badamia, Moore.
Lotongus, Dist.,
Zela, deN.,
Hidari, Dist., Subfamily Erionotine (6).
Pirdana, Dist., Genus Erionota, Mabille,
Crane, El. & Edw., Gangara, Moore,
Creteus, deN., Pudicitia, deN.,
Pithauria, Moore. Paduka, Dist.,
Pitiauriopsis, W.-M. & deN., Matapa, Moore.

Pedestes, Watson,
Suastus, Moore,

Suada, deN, Subfamily Pamphiline (7)
Arnetta, Watson, Genus Pamphila, Fabr.,
Isma, Dist. Taractrocera, Butler,
Scobura, El. & Edw.. Ampittia, Moore,
Itys, deN. Ochus, deN.,
Sebastonyma, Watson, * Aeromachus, deN.,
Zographetus, Watson. Machachus, Swinh.
Subfamily Erynnine (8).

Genus ELrynnis, Schrank, Subfamily Baorine (9).
Augiades, Hiibner, Genus Baoris, Moore,
Telicota, Moore, *Caltoris, Swinh,

*Corone, Swinn, Chapra, Moore,
Padraona, Moore, Parnara, Moore,
Halpe, Moore, Gegenes, Hiibner,

*Thoressa, Swinh, Tton, deN.

Onryza, Watson,
Actinor, Watson,
Baracus, Moore,
Cupitha, Moore.

Subfamily Notscryptine (10).
Genus Notocrypta, deN.,
Sancus, deN.,
Udaspes, Moore,
Hyarotis, Moore,
Iambrix, Watson,
Acerbas, deN.,
*Tamela, Swinh,
Astictopterus, Felder,
Koruthaialos, Watson,
Watsoniella, Bery.
Some justification of the subfamilies resulting from the foregoing analysis is
called for. The series begins with those insects which rest with the wings hori-
zontally outspread and never hold them closed together perpendicularly over

220 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII.

the back when in repose, exemplified by the two groups Achalarine and Cele-
norrhine. It is true that nothing is known of the early stages of the first but
Colonel Swinhce quotes Doherty’s statement about Calliana pieridordes that ~ it
flies in the darkest parts of the forest towards the end of the afternoon, alighting
with outspread wings ; in the morning it lies concealed, adhering closely to the
underside of leaves ; then floats lazily up and down the bed of a stream.” What
is true of one species will probably be true of the others and, if the group be a
natural one as it surely has the appearance of being, what is true in respect of
the resting position of the members of one genus will be true of the others. The
general facies of all the species of the subfamily suggest strongly the known
Species of Celenorrhinus of the second subfamily, to which Doherty’s remark
will equally apply.

Celeenorrhine.—The larval stages of seven out of fourteen genera are known:
The eggs are dome-shaped, distinctly ribbed ; the larve feed upon dicotyledonous
vegetation ; the chrysalides have well-marked and prominent expansions to the
spiracles of segment 2 and the proboscis free beyond the wings and the pupal
cell is closed. The butterflies rest with wings horizontally spread.

Hesperiine.—The eggs are dome-shaped and strongly ribbed ; the larvee feed
upon dicotyledonous plants ; the pupe are like those of the preceding family,
in that they have strong expansions to the spiracles of segment 2, a free proboscis,
and they all are formed in closed cells. The butterflies rest with their wings
erect over their backs in repose except that, in the genera Gomalia and Thanaos,
as exemplified by the species G. albifasciata and T’. tages (a home insect), they
have the habit of sitting in dull weather and at night with the wings “ pent-
house ”’ after the manner of noctuid moths, that is with them held slanting, the
inner or abdominal margin along the body, the wing thus hiding the body from
the side-view ; Gomalia, indeed, even curls the abdomen up like moths of the
noctuid genus Hutelia. This latter insect occasionally holds the wings erect
while Frohawk says Thanaos basks with them outspread. There is thus some
abnormality in the group.

Ismeneine.—Have dome-shaped, ribbed eggs. The larve are stout and
brightly coloured and feed upon dicotyledons ; the pupe are stout, pink or green
in colour, have no prominent expansions to the spiracles of segment 2 and the
proboscis is not produced beyond the wings.

Plastingvine.—Have ribbed eggs as far as the members of it are known—and
only Plastingia and Suastus, a single species of each, have been bred. The larvee
are found on palms (Calamus, Cane and Phenix, the Date Palm as well
as other palms) ; the pupe are fairly stout and have well-developed spiracular
expansions to segment 2, a frontal “ boss” and a short, free end to proboscis.
Butterflies rest with erect wings.

Hrionotine.—Have very finely ribbed eggs, the ribs very numerous and not
easily seen; the larvee feed upon bamboos and palms; the pupe are formed in clos-
ed, spirally coiled, roomy cells and have the proboscis produced free beyond
the wings (immensely long in Gangara), no prominent spiracular expansions,
and possess a rounded bow between the eyes. Insects rest with wings erect.

Pamphiline.—Kggs finely ribbed or minutely rough-tuberculate, a transition
between the ribbed and smooth eggs. Larvee feed upon grasses. Pupze formed
in more or less laxly made cells, with a somewhat accentuated boss or point be-
tween the eyes ; proboscis free beyond the wings or not ; a well-marked though
not prominent spiracular expansion. The wings are held erect in repose.

Erynnine.—Kges smooth or with very fine ribs with the single exception of
the genus Cupitha which has eggs similar to those given for the Plastingiine.
The larva of Cupitha also feeds upon dicotyledons while those of all the other
genera of the subfamily feed upon monocotyledons—palms, bamboos and grasses;
t also has an opaque skin whereas all the others have more or less thin skins

THE COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA, 22]

through which the trachee can be seen. In fact this genus is abnormal and
really fits intono subfamily properly. Pupz of all the others as well as that of
Cupitha are rather like each other, have well-developed expansions to spiracles
of segment 2, mostly funnel-siaped ; the proboscis slightly produced and a
slight boss between the eyes. The pupal cell is closed and often, as in the genera
Halpe, Thoressa, is cut free fron the plant and falls to the ground. All the
insects hold their wings erect in repose and often bask with them separated from
that position slightly.

Baorine.—Eggs quite smooth. Naked-looking, whitish larve feeding upon
bamboos, grasses or palms. Pupa naked, with a long beak between the eyes,
light green with a slight powdering of waxy excretion ; no spiracular expansions ;
a long, spatulate cremastral segment. It is formed on the underside of a leaf or
blade with tail-pad and body-string, quite unprotected, except that the edges of
the blade are drawn towards each other slightly by a few silks—they are never
brought together completely. There is a single exception in Parnara bada where
the pupa is of the erynnine type and the cell is tightly closed. Indeed, this insect
should be included in that subfamily preferably. Parnara canaraica has its
pupa and cell and larva normal for Baorine. The insects all rest as in Erynnine
and bask similarly.

Notocryptine.—Eggs limpet-shaped, smooth except that numerous tiny, short
ribs (as many as 40 and over) are discernible on the narrow ring or band upon
which the eggs stand—they are often brown-red in colour. The larvze
resemble those of the preceding family but have smaller heads. The pupz are
precisely similar but the method of making the cells is different in the earlier
stages though the pupal cell is similar. The food plants of the larve are
grasses or palms or belong to the family Scitaminee, the Gingers, and,
therefore, are monocotyledons. The butterflies rest with wings erect.

All the above may be stated in tabular form, based upon the eggs and food-
plants of the caterpillers—the larve and pupe will fit in al! right :—

Eggs ribbed.

Larvee feeding upon dicotyledons a . .Subfamilies 1, 2, 3, 4.

Larve feeding upon monocotyledons 3c . .Subfamilies 5, 6, 7.
Eggs more or less smooth.

Larve feeding upon monocotyledons a . .Subfamilies 8, 9, 10.

And some such arrangement as follows might eventually be found to be the
most natural for all the skippers of the world :—
Family Hesperiide.
Section Pyrrhopygides.
Group Pyrrhopygines.
Subfamily Pyrrhopygine.
Section Hesperiides.
Group Celenorrhines.
Subfamily Achalarine.
Subfamily Celenorrhine.
Group Hesperiines.
Subfamily Hesperiine.
Subfamily Ismeneine.
Section Baorides.
Group Baorines.
Subfamily Baorine.
Subfamily Notocryptine.
It would be absurd, however, to lay down that the above arrangement will

eventually prove correct, for the knowledge of the earlier stages of the Skippers
of the world is still very scanty. That for the Indian insects of the family is

922 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII,

very incomplete.

are :—

Achalarine
Celenorrhine

Hespervine

Ismeneine

Plastingiine

Erionotine

Pamphiline

Erynnine

Baorine

Notocryptine

The number of larve recorded of the different subfamilies

°
=
co

out

out

out

out

out

out

Call eee SO ee SO SO TO ere OT NO Oe i Heeb NeENY BR O

of 23 Celenorrhinus.
14 Tagiades.
1 Tapena.
8 Coladenia.
4 Abaratha.
2 Odontoptilum.
6 Sarangesa.
4 Spialia.
1 Gomalia.

of 2 Gecana.
5 Burara.

2 Rhopalocampta.

1 Bibasis.

4 Hasora.

5 Parata.

1 Badamia.
of 8 Plastingia.

2 Suastus.
Hrionota.
Gangara.
Paduka.
Matapa.
Pamphila.
Taractrocera.
Ampittia.
Erynnis.
Telicota.
Augiades.
Padraona.
Cupitha.
Baracus.
Machachus.
Baoris.
Caltoris.
Chapra.
Parnara.
Gegenes.
Notocrypta.
Sancus.
1 Udaspes.
2 Lambriz.
1 Ayarotis.

of

of

°
Fe

—
BEKO nwmwdowdnyp Wee AN wW HENoOW Oe ew

of

Representing 7 out of 14
genera and 14 species
out of 75.

Or 2 of 7 genera ; 2 out
of 12 species.

Or 7 out of 9 genera and
10 out of 24 species.

2 out of 12 genera and 2
out of 30 species.

4 out of 5 genera and 4
cut of 11 species.

3 out of 5 genera ; 4 of 19
species. The Pam-
hila is a home species.

All genera ; 9 species out
of 27. The Hrynnis
known is the home
one (comma), the
Silver-spotted Skip-
per.

Or 5 out of 14 genera
and 10 out of 47
species.

Amounting to 5 genera
out of 8 and 6 species
out of 16.

which means that, all in all, something is known of the earlier stages of 42 genera
out of a total of 81 and 61 species out of a total of 261.

_ As an example of how little has been done in breeding these insects and study-
ing their life-histories it is interesting to know that out of the 64 species of Indian
Hesperiide bred, 57 have been discovered in the Kanara District of the Bombay
Presidency alone and that by only three individuals. The earlier butterfly
breeding operations in Kanara were published in this Society’s Journal (Bombay
Natural History Society) in the year 1890 (Vol. V, pp. 260, 349) and continued

THE COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA, 223

in the year 1896 in Vol. X, page 237, again at page 372, further at page 568
and finished in Vol. XI, page 22 in the following year. The part dealing with
the Skippers is this last and it is accompanied by some coloured plates of larve
and pupe.

There are about 2.350 species of Hesperiide known to exist in the whole world
to-day according to Seitz’s great work, the Macrolepidoptera of the World of which
some 1,000 species are American, 350 African, 200 Palearctic and 800 Oriental.
Swinhoe enumerates 761 species from the Oriental Region, excluding Australia
and, of these, 283 are purely Indian, by which he understands India, Burma,
Ceylon and the Andaman Islands. These belong to 88 genera which he groups
into 12 sub-families. These twelve sub-families have been above shown to be
reducible tol0.

Out of the 283 species only 62 come into the present papers as butterflies of
the Plains and Bombay Hill Stations. All but seven of these have been bred,
their transformations and life-histories being carefully noted. Those still remain-
ing to be studied are Daimio milliana, Swinh., a single specimen of which was
caught on the Ghats in the Kanara District of Bombay in the monsoon at a place
called Anshi and Zographetus ogygia (Hewits.) of which, similarly, only a single
individual was taken near the sea-coast; Corone (Telicota) palmarum, Swinh.,
Telicota augias, (Linn.), Arnetta vindhiana, (Moore), insects of the drier parts of
the country : and Suastus bipunctus, (Swinh.), which was also once caught in
Kanara. This makes six, but the larva of Corone palmarum has really been
recorded once as feeding on Date Palm although no descriptions or drawings
were seemingly kept(Indian Museum Notes, Vol. V No. 3, p. 126, pl. IX) as only
the male and female insects are there figured. Similarly the larva of Rhopal-
ocampta benjamin, (Guerin), is known to feed upon Meliosma pungens, Wall.
ani Sabia campanulata Wall. (Family Sabiacee) in the Himalayas as dis-
covered by de Rhe-Philipe at Dehra Dun who figured the larve and pupa but
apparently wrote no descriptions (J., B. N. H. 8., Vol. XI, 1898, page 602, pl.
W, figs. 30, 30b larvee ; 30c pupa). A list of the 62 species is subjoined, those
still requiring attention being marked with an asterisk (*).

_ Celenorrhinus ambareesa, (M.) Hasora badra, M.
leucocera, (Koll.) chabrona, Plotz.
area, (Plétz.) alexis, M.
Satarupa milliana, Swinh. ( =Parata)
( =Daimio) butleri, Aurivillius.
Tagiades obscurus, Mabille. ( =Parata)
litigiosa, Moschler. Bibasis sena, M,

— Odontoptilum angulatum, M. Badamia exclamationis, (Linn.)
Abaratha ransonnettii, Felder. Rhopalocampta benjamini, Guérin.
Coladenia indrani, M. Plastingia submaculata, Staud.
Sarangesa dan, (Fabr.) Suastus gremius, Fabr.

dasahara, M. bipunctus, Swinh.
purendra, M. Arnetta vindhiana, (M.)
Tapena thwaitesi, M. ogygia, Hewits.
Hesperia galba, Fabr. Gangara thyrsis, Fabr.
_ ( =Spialia) Matapa aria, M.

Gomalia albofasciata, M.
_ Ismene fergussoni, deN.
( =Gecana)
gomata, M.
( =Burara)

224 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII.

Taractrocera movius, Fabr. ( =Caltoris)

ceramas, Hewits. seriata, M.

=nicévillei, Swinh.) { =Caltoris)
Ampittia dioscorides, (Fabr.) conjuncta, Herr,-Schafi.
Aeromachus jhora, deN. ( =Caltoris)

( =Machachus) colaca, M.
Telicota-bambuse, M. ( =Calioris)
augias, Linn. mathias, M.

palmarum, M. ( =Chapra)
( =Corone) subochracea M.
mesoides, Builer. ( =Chapra)

canaraica. M.

( =Parnara)
bada, (M.)
( =Parnara)

( =Padraona)
Padraona gola, M.
Halpe moorei, Watson.

hyrtacus, deN.

astigmata, Swinh. Gegenes nostradamus, Fabr.
( =Thoressa) Notocrypta restricta, M.
honorei, deN. fisthamelii, (Boisd.)
( =Thoressa) Sancus subfasciatus, (M.)
Baracus hampsoni, El. & Edw. Udaspes folus, Cramer.
Cupitha purreea, M. Hyarotis adrastus, (Cramer.)

Baoris farri, M. Tambri« salsala, M.

kumara, M.
These insects will arrange themselves in their proper subfamilies as under :—-

Subfamily Celenorrhine (1). Subfamily Ismeneine (3).
Genus Celenorrhinus |. Genus Jsmene 11.
Species ambareesa (1). Species fergussont (16)
leucocera (2). (Gecana)
area (3). gomata (17)
Satarupa 2. (Burara)
(=Daimio) Hasora 12.
milliana (4). badra (18).
Tagiades 3. chabrona (19).
obscurus (5). alexis (20).
litigiosa (6). (Parata)
Odontoptilum 4. butleri (21).
angulatum (7). ; (Parata)
Abaratha 5. Bibasis 13.
ransonnetiir (S). sena (22).
Coladenia 6. Badamia 14.
indrani (9). exclamationis (23).
Sarangesa 7. Rhopalocampta 15.
dan (10). benjamini (24).
purendra (12). Subfamily Plastingvine(4).
dasahara (12). Genus Plastingla 16.
Tapena 8. 3 Species submaculata (25).
thwattest (13). Suastus 17,
Subfamily Hesperiine (2). gremius (26).
Genus H esperia 9. bipunctus (27).
( —Spialia) Arneita 18,
Species galba (14). vindhiana (28).
Gomalia 10. Zographetus 19,

albofasciata (15). ogygia (29).

THE COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA.

Subfamily Hrionotine (5),

Genus Gangara 20.

Species thyrsis (30).

Matapa 21,

(Thoressa)
Baracus 28,
hampsoni (45).
Cupitha 29.

225

aria (31).
Subfamily Pamphiline (6).
Genus Taractrocera 22.
Species mevius (52).
ceramas (3°),
=—nicévillei.
Ampittia 23.
dioscorides (34).

purreea (46).
Subfamily Baorinz (8).
Genus Baoris 50.
Species farri (47).

kumara (48).
seriata (49).
conjuncta (50),
colaca (51),

Aéromachsus?4. mathias (52).
(Machachu) subochracea (53),
jhora (5). bada (54):
Subfamily Hrynnine (7). canaraica (55),
Genus Telicota 25. Gegenes
Species bambuse (36). nostradamus (56),
augias (37), Subfamily Notocry Ee (9).
palmarum (38). Genus Notocrypta 52.
(Corone) Species restricta (57).
mesoides (39). feisthamelii (58).
(Padraona) Sancus 33,
Padraona 26. subfasciatus (59),
gola (40). Udaspes 34.
Halpe 27. folus (G60).
mooret (41). Hyarotis 35.
hyrtacus (42). adrastus (61),
astigmata (43). Lambriz 36,

(Thoressa) salsala (62.)
honorei (44).

Although the above is the most natural grouping of sub-families, it is not
easy to make a key to them all. The first four come in quite easily but the last
five are very difficult to co-ordinate. The key is as follows :-—

A.—Insects in repose with wings extended horizontally.

Fore wing : with vein 5 always nearer to 6 than to
4. Eggs strongly ribbed. Larvze feeding on
dicotyledonous plants es oN

B.—Insects with wings in repose either held erect over

the back or slanting along the body. Fore wing:
with vein 5 various.

a. Insects with wings either erect or slanting.
Fore-wing: vein 5 always nearer to 6 than to 4.
Small butterfies never more than 37mm. in
expanse. Eggs strongly ribbed. Larve feed-
ing on dicotyledonous vegetation : . Hesperiine.

b. Insects with wings invariably held erect when
resting. ore wing : vein 5 various.

al. Fore-wing: vein 5 various. Palpi: robust,
the second joint held pressed against face,
erect, the third joint naked, long and direct-
ed out horizontally, or nearly so, in front of
head. Eggs all strongly ribbed. Larve
feeding upon dicotyledons. Robust, large
insects, with an expanse of wing from 45mm.,
at least to 75mm. me . Ismenemna.

. Celenorrhine.

296 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVIII.

bl. Fore wing : vein 5 never nearer to 6 than to
4+: sometimes from or very nearly from the
middle of the discocellulars, 7.e., half way
between 4 and 6 ; mostly nearer to 4. Palpv:
never as in Ismeneine. Eggs various. Larve
feeding upon monocotyledons ; the only
exception is Cupitha purreea, placed in the
Erynnine.
a2. Antenne: with the tip of club blunt,
never with a point, be that point ever so
small ae ue a a ie .. Pamphiline.
62. Antenne : with the tip of the club with a
point, well-marked in the great majority of
cases, sometimes small, but always present.
a3. Eyes : bright blood-red. Eggs extremely
finely ribbed, the ribs indistinct ; dome-
shaped, about double as broad as high.
Larve feeding upon palms, bamboos or
on plantains, the pupa makes a spiral cell
and that of Gangara has an enormously
long proboscis. 40 oF O00 .. Hrionotine.
b3. Hyes : never red.
a4. Breadth of head divided into the length
of antenna, always over 2°-Imm.,
the least number being 2°3mm. In
all these insects the head is small, the
antenne rather long. The larve are
very similar to those of the Baorine and
the pupa is also very like those of
that subfamily and is naked and formed
in an open cell made by a silk or
two fixed across a half cylinder so to
speak, this half cell bemg caused by
the shrinking of the silks: on the under-
sides of the leaves for Udaspes, Noto-
crypia and Sancus. The eggs are all
Jimpet-shaped, blood-red, quite smooth
standing on a narrow, shelving, basal
ring or band. The foodplants are
grasses and gingers (Scitaminew, for-
merly known as Zinziberaceew) as far
as is known “i .. Neiocryptine.
64. Breadth of head divided into length Be
of antenna never over 2°3mm ; nearly
always 2mm.,or less, down to 1°4mm.
All insects with broad heads, especi-
ally so in the subfamilies Baorine
and Hrynnine. Eges ribbed or more
or less smooth—always ribbed and
strongly so in Plaslingiine ; quite
smooth in Eaormne and less so in
Hrynnine.
a5. Hind wing: underside with white
dots at most, never with bands, black
dots or large spots and never with
dark clouding or fascie or streaks of

THE COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA 227

any kind. Eggs all smooth. Larvee
_ail white with broad anal segment.
Pupe like those of Notocryptine ;
naked, green, with a long, conical
snout in front, a proboscis free beyond
the wings and no spiracular expan-
sions. The cell is formed as for that
sub-family. The foodplants of all
the larve are bamboos and grasses. Baorine
55. Hind wing: never as-in Bacrine
on the underside.
a6. Hind wing: underside with black
dots. Eggs few, and _ strongly
ribbed, with an apical ring. Lar-
ve as in Erynnine. Pupe also
similar. Cell formed by cutting
out an oval piece of blade with the
midrib as one side, tightly closed
all round and cutting it free so
that it falls to the ground. Food-
plants oflarve are bamboo, palms
or cane As .. Plastingiine.
b6. Hind wing: underside not as
above. Eggs smooth or ribbed,
generally the former. Larve
with thin skins. Pupz with large
spiracular expansions to segment
2. Cell tightly closed. Food-
plants, grasses and bamboos .« Erynnine.

(To be continued.)

228

BIRDS OF THE INDIAN EMPIRE.
BY
E. C. Stuart Baxer, 0.B.E., F.L.S., F.Z.S.,M.B.0.U., C. F.A-OUF

It is now 22 years since the last volume of Blanfords’ and Oates’
Avifauna of British India appeared and it is to be hoped that before
very long the Secretary of State for India may see his way to
sanction a new edition of the Fauna. Pending this, however, it
seems desirable that something should be done to show our workers
in India what has been accomplished since that excellent series was
published. With this idea in view I have compiled the following
Catalogue.

It does not for a moment pretend to be complete for much yet
remains to be done in working out species, genera and even the
families of our Indian Birds. On the other hand our advance in In-
dian ornithological knowledge has been great since 1898 and many
ornithologists have contributed to this advance. First and foremost
must be placed Dr. E. Hartert of Tring Museum whose wonderful
work on Palaeartic birds (Die Vogel Paleeartischen Fauna) con-
tains an endless wealth of information on all our Indian visitors from
Northern climes in addition to much on more purely tropical forms.
The late Col. H. H. Harington did useful work amongst the Time-
lidze and others, including the writer, have from time to time worked
out certain families, genera and species.

The classification adopted is that of Oates’ but certain birds have
been removed from one family to another on account of discoveries
made since the Fauna was written. Especially has this been the
case in the sub-family Brachypterygine which has been transferred
almost en bloc to the Turdide.

The Catalogue has been arranged principally with a.view to
economy in space and contains only the following details. The
scientific and trivial name of each bird; the first reference with date ;
when the name in the reference is identical with that given in the
Catalogue it is not repeated but when trinomials are used in the
Catalogue and only binomials in the reference the initial letter of the
generic nome is given and not the name in fulland where the generic
name differs from the Catalogue name the reference is then given in
fall. Serial numbers are given and following these the number in
brackets according tothe Fauna of British India. When one
number covers more than one race or species in the Fauna it is
repeated in the Catalogue but when a species or sub-species is given
which is not referred to at all in the Fauna the second number is
left blank. After the reference the date is given and then the type
locality in brackets and, in some cases where it is necessary to narrow
the type limits given, a second locality is noted and wnderlined and
this second name must be considered the type locality in future.

BIRDS OF THE INDIAN EMPIRE.

bo
bo
Ke}

This is required as in some instances, such as ‘“‘Himalayas’”’, ‘India’,
etc., the one locality may cover numerous races and it is therefore
imperative to designate more clearly the area of the bird originally
described.

The distribution is givenin all cases in which Blanford’s and
Oates’ species are divided into geographical races or in which the
distribution as given in the Fauna has had to be amended or added
to.

Details of reasons for alterations to names or for sub-divisions
into sub-species are, of course, impossible in the space available and
have been left out for future articles. on particular families and
genera.

Wken the Catalogue is completed a table will be given showing
the full name of all the references.

The Society intends, I understand, to bring out the Catalogue in
book form and this, especially if interleaved, should form a useful
hand list to collectors in which to note down their collections and an
easy bookto annotate and keep up to date as further species are
worked out.

HAND-LIST OF THE “BIRDS OF INDIA.”

Order PASSERES.
Family Corvip&.

I. (1) Corvus corax laurencei. The Punjab Raven.
C. laurencei, Hume, Lahore to Yarkand, p. 235 (18738), (Punjab).
Punjab, Bombay, U. b., N. W. P. Rare straggler Kash-
mir and C, P.

2. (1) Corvus corax tibetanus. The Himalayan Raven.
C. tibetanus, Hodg., Ann. Mag. Nat. His., 2nd Series, 3, p. 203
(1849), (Sikkim).
Himalayas from Kashmir to E. Tibet.

3.* (2) Corvus corax umbrinus. The Brown-necked Raven.
C. umbrinus, Sundev., K. Vet. Acad. Forh. Stockh. p. 199
(1828), (Senaar).
Sind, Baluchistan, 8. Persia, Arabia, Palestine and? N.
EK. Africa.

4. (3) Corvus corone orientalis. The Eastern Carrion Crow.
Eversm., Add. Pal. Zool. fase. vi, p. 7 (1841), (Buchtarma)
Kashmir, N.-W. Frontier, Siberia, Yenesei to Japan.

5t. (4) Corvus coronoides levaillanti. The Indian Jungle-Crow.
C. levaillanti, Less., Traite d’Orn. p. 328 (1831), (Bengal).
Northern India 8. of Himalayas.

Soe ere tee
* The Indian Brown-necked Raven does not seem to me to be identical with all
the African birds which probably form several races, one of which is ruficollis.
+ The various races of Indian Jungle-Crow are only sub-species of the Australian
coronotdes.

230 JUURNAL, BOMBAY NA TURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVIII,

6. (4) Corvus coronoides intermedius. The Himalayan Jungle-

Q.

10,

If.

12.

14.

15.

106,

(4)

(4)

(5)

(6)

A

(8)

(8)

(10)

Crow. a
C. intermedius, Adams, P.Z.S., 1850, p. 171 (Sikkim).
Himalayas E. to Sikkim and Bhutan.

Corvus coronoides andamanensis. The Burmese
Jungie-Crow.
C. andamanensis, Beavan, Ibis, 1866, p. 420 (Andamans).
Assam, Burma, Siam, Malay States and Andamans.

Corvus coronoides culminatus. The Southern J :

Crow.
C. culminatus, Sykes, P. Z. S., 1832, p. 96 (Deccan).
India from the Deccan South to Ceylon.

Corvus frugilegus tschusii. he Hastern Rook.
Hartert, Vog. Pal. 1., p. 14 (1903), (Gilgit).
Afghanistan, Baluchistan, Kashmir, Ladak.

Corvus cornix sharpei, The Hastern Hooded Crow.
C. sharpei, Oates, Fauna B. 1.1, p. 20 (1889), (Peshawar).
W. Siberia, Turkestan, Afghanistan, Baluchistan.
Winter N. W. India.

Corvus splendens splendens The Indian House-
Crow.
C. splendens, Vieill, Nouv. Dict. d@ His. Nat. viti, p. 44 (1817),
(Bengal).
All India except Sind.

Corvus splendens zugmeyeri. The Sind House-Crow.
Laubm., Orn. Monatsb. xxi, p. 93 (1918), (Las Bela, 8. H. Balu-
chistan).
Sind, Baluchistan. Winter adjoining N. W. F. P.

Corvus splendensinsolens. The Burmese House-Crow.
C. insolens, Hume, Str. Feath. ti, p. 480 (1874), (Tennas-
serim).
Burma, Siam and Malay Peninsula.

Corvus splendens protegatus. The Ceylon House-
Crow.
Madar. Orn. Monatsh. xii, p. 195 (1904), (Colombo).
Ceylon.

Corvus monedula collaris. The Kashmir Jackdaw.
ae Drum., A. M.N.H. xviii, p. 11 (1846), (Mace-
Ona).

From KE. Russia to Turkestan, Persia, N. W. India and
Kashmir.

Pica pica bactriana. The Kashmi }
: mur :
P. bactriana, Bp. Consp. mo
N.-W. India to Kashmir.

17:

18,

To.

20.

21.

22.

23.

24.

25-

26.

27.

(12)

(13)

(14)

(15)

(16)

BIRDS OF THE INDIAN EMPIRE. 231

Pica pica sericea. The Chinese Magpie.
P. sericea, Gould, P.Z.8., 1845, p.2 (Amoy, China).
Shan States, Kachin Hills into China.

Pica pica bottanensis, The Black-rumped Magpie.
P. bottanensis, Deless., Rev. Zool., 1840, p. 100 (Butan).
N.-E, Sikkim into Tibet.

Urocissa erythrorhyncha erythrorhyncha. The
Chinese Red-billed Blue Magpie.
Corvus erythrorhynchus, Gmel., Sys. Nat. i, p. 372 (1788),
(China).

Yunnan into China.

Urocissa erythrorhyncha occipitalis. The Red-
billed Blue Magpie.
Psilorhinus occipitalis. Blyth, J. A. S. B. vv, p. 27
(1846), (N. W. Himalayas).
N. W. Himalayas to Assam.

Urocissa erythrorhyncha magnirostris. The Bur-
mese Red-billed Blue Magpie.
Psilorhinus magnirostris, Blyth, J. A.S. B, xv., p. 27
(1846), (Ya Ma Dong Mt.).
Burma and Siam.

Urocissa flavirostris flavirostris. The Yellow-
billed Blue Magpie.
Psilorhinus flavirostris, Blyth, J. A, S. B. ww, p. 28 (1846)
(Darjiling).
N.-E. Himalayas to Nepal, Sikkim and Tibet.

Urocissa flavirostris cucullata. The Western Yel-
low-billed Blue Magpre.
U. cucullata, Gould, B. of A. V., pl. 51 (1861), (Kulu Valley).
N.-W. Himalayas and W. Nepal.

Cissa chinensis chinensis. The Green Magpie.
Coracias chinensis, Bodd., Tabl. Pl. En., p. 38 (1783),
(China).
India and Burma to China.

Cissa ornata. The Ceylon Magpie.
Pica ornata, Wagler, Isis, 1829, p. 749 (Ceylon).
Ceylon.

Dendrocitta vagabunda. The Indian Tree-Pie.
Coracias vagabunda, Lath. Ind. Orn. 7., p. 171 (1790),
(India), ( Calcutta.)
India, Burma ard 8. China.

Dendrocitta leucogastra. The Southern Tree-Pie.
D. leucogastra, Gould, P. Z. 8., 1833, p. 57 (Malabar Coast).
Southern India, North to the Wynaad Hills.

23

2 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XX VII.

28.

20.

30.

B18

32.

33:

34.

35-

36.

37:

38.

(18)

(18)

(25)

Dendrocitta sinensis himalayensis. The Hvma-
layan Tree-Pie. ;
D, himalayensis, Blyth, Cat. p. 92 (1865), (Himalayas).
N. W. Himalayas to Chin Hills and Arrakan.

Dendrocitta sinensis assimilis. The Burmese Tree-
Pre.
D. assimilis, Hume, Str. Feath.v., p. 117 (1877), (Muleyit).
Burma §. of Chin Hills, Shan States and Siam.

Dendrocitta frontalis. The Black-browed Tree-pie.
D. frontalis, Mc.Clell., P. Z. S., 1839, p. 163 (Assam).
Nepal to E. Assam N.& 8. of the Brahmapootra River.

Dendrocitta bayleyi. The Andaman Tree-Pie.
D. bayleyi, Tytler, J. A. S. B. xxxii., p. 88 (1863), (S.
Andamans).
Andamans.

Crypsirhina varians. The Black Racket-tailed
Magpie.
Corvus varians, Lath. Ind. Orn. Supp. xxvi, (1801) (Java).
Lower Burma, Siam, Cochin China, to Java, Sumatra,
Borneo,

Crypsirhina cucullata. The Hooded Racket-tailed
Magpre.
C. cucullata, Jerdon, Ibis, 1862, p. 20 (Thayetmyo).
Central South Burma, Siam and N. Malay Peninsula.

Platysmurus leucopterus. The White-winged Jay.

Glaucopis leucopterus, Temm., Pl. Col. no. 265 (1824),
(Sumatra).

Extreme 8. of Burma, Siam, Malay Peninsula,
Sumatra,

Garrulus lanceolatus. The Black-throated Jay.
Vigors, P. Z. 8., 1830, p. 7 (Himalayas).

Garrulus leucotis leucotis. The Burmese Jay.
G. leucotis, Hume, P. A. S.. Bengal, 1874, p. 443,
(Kaukaryit).
N. W. Burma, Chin and §S. Shan Hills to 8. Burma.

Garrulus leucotis oatesi. Sharpe's Jay.
G. oatesi, Sharpe, Bull., B. O. C. v., p. 44, 1896 (Chin Hills).

N. E. Burma, E. Chin and Kachin Hills, N. Shan
States.

Garrulus bispecularis bispecularis. The Hvma-
layan Jay.

G. bispecularis, Vigors, P. Z. S., 1831, p. 7 (Himalayas).
N. W. Himalayas to Nepal.

39-

40.

41.

qe

46.

47-

48.

49.

(26)

(26)

(31)

(31)

BIRDS OF THE INDIAN EMPIRE. 233

Garrulus bispecularis interstinctus. The Sikkim
Jay.
Hariert, Nov. Zool. xxv, p. 480 (1918), (Darjiling).
Sikkim, Eastern Nepal.

Garrulus bispecularis persaturatus. The Khasia
Hills Jay.
Hartert, ibid (Shillong).
Hills South of Brahmapootra.

Garrulus bispecularis rufescens. The Yunnan Jay.
G. rufescens, Reichenow, Orn. Monatsbr., p. 123 (1897),
(N. Yunnan).
Yunnan.

Garrulus bispecularis haringtoni. The Chin Hills
Jay.
G. haringtoni, Ripnon, Bull. B. O. C. xv., p. 97 (1905), (Mt.
Victoria).
Chin Hills, Kachin Hills and ? N, Shan States.

Nucifraga caryocatactes hemispila- The Himala-
yan Nutcracker. é
N. hemispila, Vigors, P. Z. S., 1830, p. 8 (Himalayas).

Nucifraga multipunctata. The Larger Spotted Nut-
cracker.
Gould, P. Z. S., 1849, p. 23 (N. W. Himalayas).

Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax. The Red-billed Chough.
Upupa pyrrhocorax, Linn., Syst. Nat., p. 118 (1758),
(England).

Pyrrhocorax graculus. The Yellow-billed or Alpine
Chough.
Corvus graculus, Linn., Syst. Nat., p. 158 (1766), (Swiss
Alps.).

Podoces hendersoni. Henderson’s Grownd-Chough.
Hume, Ibis, 1871, p. 408 (Yarkand).

Podoces humilis. Hume's Grownd-Chough.
Hume, Ibis, 1871, p. 408 (Sanju Pass, Yarkand).

Family Parip&.

Parus major cinereus, The Indian Grey Tit.
P. cinereus. Vieill, Nouv. Dict. @His. Nat. xx, p. 316
(1818), (Java).
N. India, Assam, W. Burma, Sunda Is, Java.

Parus maior intermedius. The Afghan Grey-Tt.
P. bocharensis var. intermedius, Sarudny, Bull. Proc. Nat:
Moscow (No. 3.) Vol. 3, p. 789 (1890), (S. W. Transcaspia).
Baluchistan, Afghanistan, N.-E. Persia and S.-W.
Transcaspia.

234 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII.

(31) Parus major kaschmiriensis. he Kashmar Grey- Tu.
Hartert, Vog. Pal. 3, p. 345 (1905), (Gilgit).
Kashmir, Garhwal, Simla and hills of the N.-West.

52. (31) Parus major planorum. The Punjab Grey-Tit.
Hartert, Nov. Zool. «ti, p. 499 (1905), (S. Punjab).
Plains of N.-W. India and South Punjab.

53. (31) Parus major mahrattarum. The Southern Grey-T it.
Hartert, ibid, p. 499 (Ceylon).
South India and Ceylon.

54 (32) Parus major tibetanus. The Tibet Grey-Tu.
Haviert, Vog. Pal. 3, p. 346 (1905), (Chaksam).
S. E. Tibet, Yunnan and P Kauri Kachin Hills.

55. (32) Parus major commixtus. The Burmese Grey-Tu.
P. commixtus, Swinhoe, Ibis, p. 63 (1868), (S. China).
Tennasserim, Hastern Burma, Shan States and South
China.

56. (33) Parus nuchalis. The White-winged Black-Ti.
P. nuchalis, Jerdon, Madr. Jour. L. S. xiii, p. 131 (1844),
(Hastern Ghats).

57- (34) Parus monticolus. The Green-backed Tit.
Vigors, P. Z. 8., 1831, p. 22 (Himalayas), (Simla).

58. Parus cyanus tianschanicus. The Tianschan Biue-
Tit.
Cyanistes cyanus var tianschanicus, Menzbier, Bull. Z. S,
France, ix, p. 276 (1884) (Mt. bordering the deserts of
Central Asia).

50. Parus palustris korejewi. The Turkestan Marsh-
Prt.
P. communis korejewi, Zarud. and Harms., Orn. Monatsb. a,
p. 54 (1902), (Karataw Turkestan).
Turkestan, Afghanistan, Baluchistan and extreme N.
W. India.

60. Parus palustris pecilopsis. The Yunnan Marsh-
Tit.
P. Peecilopsis, Sharpe, Bull. B. O. O. 13, p. 11 (1902),
(Chatung, W. Yunnan).
S. W. China and Yunnan.

*61. (35) pie naliscns concinna iredalei, The Red-headed
at.
Stuart Baker, Bull. B. O. C. xli, p. 2 (1920}. (Simia).

Himalayas from Chitral to the Mishmi Hills over
5,000 ft.

* AB. erythrocephaius is invalidated by Linnes Parus ery throcephalus

x ed, p. 191 (1758). The generic name will therefore be concinna of Gould 1855.
and a new name has to be given to the Indian race.

62.

63.

65.

66.

67.

68.

69.

i)

70.

(36)

(36)

(37)

(38)

(39)

(40)

(40)

BIRDS OF THE INDIAN EMPIRE. 235

Egithaliscus concinna manipurensis. Hume's
Red-headed Tit.
A. manipurensis, Hume, Str. Feath. 2, p. 254 (1888), (Ma-

nupur).
Hills South of the Brahmaputra over 4,000 ft.

Egithaliscus concinna pulchellus. The Shan Red-
headed Tit.
A. pulchellus, Rippon, Bull. B.O. C. p. 2 (1900) (Nanot,

Shan States.)
Southern Shan States.

Aegithaliscus concinna talifuensis. Rippon’s Red-
headed Tit.
A talifuensis, Rippon, Bull. B.O. C. 14, p. 18 (1903) (Gys-

dyin, North Shan States).
Mts. E. of Talifu, Yunnan, 8. W. China, N. Shan

States.

4Egithaliscus pbonvaleti benvaloti. The Chinese
Black-headed Tit.
A. bonvaloti, Oustalet, Ann. Pc. Nat. Zool. (7) wii, p. 286

(1891), (Ta-tsien-lu).
Western China, Yunnan and N. E. Shan States.

Egithaliscus bonvaloti sharpei. Mt. Victoria Black-
headed Tit.
A. sharpei, Rippon, Bull. B. 0. C. xiv, p. 84 (1904), (Me.
Victoria).
Mt. Victoria, Chin Hiils.

Egithaliscus leucogenys. The White-cheeked Tu.
Orites leucogenys, Moore, P.Z. 8S. xxit, p. 189 (1855),
(Afghanistan).

Egithaliscus niveogularis. The White-throated Tu.
Orites niveogularis, Gould, (Mocre), P.Z. S. xxit., p. 140
(1855), (North India).

Egithaliscus ioschistus. The Rufous-fronted Tit.
Parus ioschistos, Hodg., Jour. A. S. B. xiii, p. 943 (1844),
(Nepal).

Sylviparus modestus modestus. The Yellow-browed
Tit.
S. modestus, Burton, P. Z. S., 1835, p. 154 (Nepal).
Nepal, Sikkim and Hills N. of Brahmapootra.

Sylviparus modestus saturatior. The Chinese
Yellow-browed Tit.
S. saturatior, Rippon, Bull. B. O. C. xvi, p. 87 (1900),

(Mt. Victoria).
Burma, China and Assam Hills 8. of Brahmapootra,

236. JOURNAL, BUMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVHI.

(40) Sylviparus modestus simlaensis. The Simla Y ellow-

browed Tit. .
Stuart Baker, Bull. B. O. C. xuxviii, p. 8 (1917), (Simla).
Hills about Simla, Kashmir and probably hills
further N.-W.

73. (41) Maclolophus spilonotus spilonotus. The Indian
Black-spotted Yellow Tit. |
Parus spilunotus, Blyth, Cat. B.M.A.S. avi, p. 445 (1849),

(Himalayas) N. Cachar.
Nepal to Miri Hills and Hills South of Brahmapootra.

74. (41) Maclolophus spilonotus subviridis. The Burmese
Black-spotted Yellow Tit.
Parus subviridis, Tick. (Blyth), J. A. S. B. «xxv, p. 265
(1855), (Tennasserim.)
Burma, Chin Hills, Shan States.

75. (42) Maclolophus xanthogenys xanthogenys. The Yellow-
cheeked Tit.
Parus xanthogenys, Vigors, P. Z. S., 1881, p. 23 (Hima-
layas) (Murree).
Murree to Nepal and Sikkim.

76. (43) Maclolophus xanthogenys aplonotus. The Southern
Yellow-cheeked Tit.
Parus aplonotus, Blyth, J. A. S. B. avi, p. 444 (1847),
(Mt. of Central India).
Mt. of S. India as for N. as Behar and Chota
Nagpore.

S

7

77. (255) Melanochlora sultanea sultanea. The Sultan Tit.
Parus sultaneus, Hodg., Ind. Rev., 1836, p. 31 (Nepal).
Himalayas from Nepal to Burma, Shan States and
N. Siam.

78.* (255) Melanochlora sultanea flavocristata. The Malayan
Sultan Tit.
Parus flavocristatus, Lafresn., Mag. Zool., 1837, pl. 80
(Tennasserim).
South Burma, Siam and Malay States.

79. (44) Lophophanes melanolophus. The Crested Black. Tit.
Parus melanolophus, Vigors, P. Z. 8., 1831, p. 238 (Hima-
layas),

80. (45) Lophophanes ater e2modius. The Himalayan Cole-
Tit.
_ Parus emodius, Hodg. (Blyth), J. A. S. B. wii, ti, p. 948
(1844), (Nepal).

81. (46) Lophophanes rubidiventris. The Rufous-bellied
Crested Tit.

Parus rubidiventris, Blyth, J. A. S. B. avi, p. 445 (1847)
(Nepal).

= A very poor sub-species distinguished by its slightly smaller size.

——

Ee a

82.

83.

84.

85.

86.

87.

88.

89.

90.

gl.

92.

(47)

(48)

(49)

BIRDS OF THE INDIAN EMPIRE. 237

Lophophanes rufonuchalis rufonuchalis. The Simla
Black Tit.
Parus rufonuchalis, Blyth, J. A. 8S. B. xviii, p. 110 (1849),
(Simla).
Turkestan, Himalayas, Chitral to Garhwal.

Lophophanes rufonuchalis beavani. The Sikkim
Black Tit.
Lophophanes beavani, Blyth, Jerd. B. I. ii., p. 275 (1863),
(Sikkim).
Nepal, Sikkim, Tibet and W. China.

Lophophanes dichreus dichrous. The Brown Crested
Tit.
Parus dichrous, Hodg. Blyth, J. A. S. B. xiii, p. 943 (1844),
(Nepal).
Himalayas, 8, Kashmir to Sikkim.

Lephophanes dichrous wellsi. The Yunnan Brown
Crested Tit.
Stuart Baker, Bull. B. O. C. xxxvii, p. 8 (1917), (Yunnan).
Yunnan and ? N. Shan States.

Remiz coronata. The Turkestan Penduline Tit.
Aigithalus coronatus, Severtz., Izr. Obs. Moskov. viii, 2, p.
136 (1873), (Syr Darya).
Transcaspia, West Turkestan, Hast Persia to Sind
and. SeW, BP;

Family PARADOXORNITHIDAE,

Conostoma ezmodium. The Great Parrot-billed

Babbler.
C. emodius, Hodg., J. A. 8S. B. x, p. 857 (1841), (Nepal).

Paradoxornis flavirostris. Gould's Parrot-billed

Babbler.
Gould, P. Z. S., 1836, p. 17 (Nepal).

Paradoxornis guttaticollis. Austen's Parrot-billed
Babbler.
A. Darid, Nouv. Arch. Mus. vii, Bull., p.14 (1871), (Setchuan
Moupin).

Suthora unicolor. The Brown Suthora.
Heteromorpha unicolor, Hodg., J. A. S. B. wii, p, 448
(1843), (Nepal).

Suthora nipalensis. The Ashy-eared Suthora.
Hodg., Ind. Rev. ii, p. 32 (1838), (Nepal).

Suthora poliotis poliotis. The Ashy-breasted Suthora,
S. poliotis, Blyth, J. A. S.B. xx, p. 522 (1851), (Cherrapoonjt)
Hills S. of Brahmapootra to Kachin Hills.

938 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCLETY, Vol. 2OXGaae

93. (54) Suthora poliotis humii The Black-fronted Suthora.
S. humii, Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vii, p. 487 (1888), ( Nepal).
Nepal, Sikkim to Darjiling.

94. (54) Suthora poliotis fez Salvadori’s Suthora.
S. fex, Salvadori, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genoa vit, p. 364 (1889),
(Karennee).
Karennee, 8. Shan States.

95. (56) Suthora poliotis ripponi. Rippon’s Suthora.
S. ripponi, Sharpe, Bull. B. O.-C. «v., p. 96 (1905), (Me.
Victoria)
Chin Hills.

96. Suthora verrauxi craddocki. Bingham’s Suthora.
S. eraddocki, Bingham, Bull. B.O.C. xi., p. 04 (1904),
(Lotpang-Nan).
Hills of the Mekong watershed 8,500 feet.

97. Suthora webbiana brunnea Anderson's Suthora.
S. brunnea, Anderson, P. Z. 8., 1871, p. 211 (Momien
Yunnan).

Yunnan and the Kachin Hills, EH. of Bhamo.

08. (37) Suthora fulvifrons. The Fulvous-Fronted Suthora.
Blyth, J. A. 8. B. wiv, p. 579 (1845), (Nepal).

99. (58) Suthora ruficeps ruficeps. The Red-headed Suthora.
Chleuasicus ruficeps, Blyth, J. A. S. B. atv, p. 578 (1845),

(Sikkim).
Sikkim and Hills N. of Brahmapootra EH. to Dafla Hills.

100. (59) Suthora ruficeps atrisuperciliaris. The Black-
browed Suthora.
Chleuasicus ruficeps var. atrisuperciliaris. Godw.—Aus.,
P. A. S. B., 1877, p. 147 (Sadiya, Assam.)
Hills S. of Brahmapootra and E. of Dibong R. to
Shan States.

101. Neosuthora davidiana thompsoni. Thompson's Su-
thora.
Suthora thompsoni, Bingham, Bull. B. O. C., xiit., p. 63
(1903), (Kyatpin).
Lalang State, Burma.

102, (60) Psittiparus ruficeps ruficeps. The Red-headed
Parrot-billed Babbler.
Paradoxornis ruficeps, Blyth, J. A. 8S. B. xi, p. 177 (1842),

(Sikkim).
Sikkim and Assam EH. to Abor Hills N. of Brahma-
pootra,
103. (60) Psittiparus ruficeps bakeri. Baker's Parrot-billed
Babbler.

Sceorhynchus ruficeps bakeri, Hartert, Nov. Zoo. vit 548
(1900), (1. Cachar). eo
Hills 8. of Brahmapootra to Chin Hills

BIRDS OF THE INDIAN EMPIRE. 239

104. (61) Psittiparus gularis gularis. The Grey-headed Par-
rot-billed Babbler.
Paradoxornis gularis (Horsf.), Gray, Gen. B. ti., p. 389
(1849), (Sikkim).
Sikkim to the extreme E. of Assam N. of Brahma-
pootra,

105, (61) Psittiparus gularis transfluviatilis. Hartert’s Par-
rot-Bulled Babbler.
Sczeorhynchus gularis transfluviatilis, Hartert, Nov. Zool.
eii., p. 548 (1900), (V. Cachar).
Hills 8. of Brahmapootra, Manipur, Chin Hills.

Family 'TURDOIDIDA.
Sub-family Turdoidine.

106. (62) Dryonastes ruficollis. The Rufous-necked Laugh-
ing-Thrush.
Tanthocinela ruficollis, Jard. and Sel.. Ill. Orn 2nd 8., pl.
21 (1838), (Himalayas).

107. (63) Dryonastes nuchalis. Ogle’s Laughing-Thrush.
Garrulax nuchalis, Godw.—Aus., Ann. Mag. Nat. His. (4)
xviti., p. 411 (1876), (Dibrugarh, Assam).

108. (64) Dryonastes chinensis. The Black-throated Laughing-
Thrush.
Lanius chinensis, Scop., Del. Flor. et Faun. Insubr. ti, p. 86
(1786), (China).

109. (65) Dryonastes cerulatus ceerulatus. Zhe Grey-sided
Laughing-Thrush.
Cinclosoma ccerulatus, Hodg., As. Res. xix, p. 147 (1836),
(Nepal).
Nepal, Sikkim, Assam, Naga and Cachar Hills and
Manipur.

110. (66) Dryonastes coerulatus sub-coerulatus. The Shillong
Laughing-Thrush.
Garrulax sub-ccerulatus, Hume, Str. Feath. vit. p. 140
(1878), (Shillong).
Khasia Hills only.

IV. Dryonastes coerulatus kaurensis. Zhe Kachin
Laughing-Thrush.
D. kaurensis, Rippon, Bull. B. O. C. xii, p.18 (1901),
(Bhamo).
North and Central Kachin Hills.

112. (67) Dryonastes sannio. The White-browed Laughing-
Thrush.

Garrulax sannio, Swinh., Ibis, 1867, p. 408 (China).

240 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVI1

(68) Dryonastes gallanus. Austen's Laughing-Thrush.
Garrulax gallanus, Godw-Aus.,P. Z. S., 1874, p. 44
(Manipur).
Manipur and Chin Hills.

113.

114. (69) Garrulax leucolophus leucolophus. The Hime-
layan White-crested Laughing-Thrush.
Corvus leucolophus, Hardw., Trans L.S.x1, p. 208 (1815).

(Mt. above Hardwar). |
Himalayas from Simla to N. Chin Hills, Kachin

Hills and N. Burma.

115. (70) Garrulax leucolophus belangeri. The Burmese
White-crested Laughing-Thrush.
Gt. belangeri, Less., Trait. d Orn., p. 648 (1831).
Pegu, Shan States, 8. Chin and Kachin Hills.

116, (71) Garrulax leucolophus diardi. The Siam White-
headed Laughing-Thrush.
Turdus diardi, ZLess., Trait dOrn. p. 408 (1831), (Siam)
(Bangkok).
S. Yunnan, Siam, Cambodia, Cochin China and 8. H,
Tennasserim. ;

117. (72) Garrulax pectoralis pectoralis. The Black-gorgeted
Laughing-Thrush.
Ianthocincla pectoralis Gould, P. Z.S8., 1835, p. 186
(Nepal).
Nepal to extreme EH. Assam, N. Burma and N. Shan
States.

118.* (72) Garrulax pectoralis semitorquata Grant’s Laugh-
ing-Thrush.
G.semitorquata, O. Grant, Bull. B. O. C. x, (1900)
(Five Finger Mt. Hainan).
South Burma, S. Shan States, Yunnan, Siam, Hainan.

119. (73) Garrulax moniliger moniliger. The Necklaced
Laughing-Thrush.
Cinclosoma moniligera, Hodg., As. Res. xix, p. 147 (1836),
(Nepal).
Nepal to EH, Assam, Arrakan, Chin Hills and N.
Shan States.

120. (73) Garrulax moniliger fuscata, The Burmese WNeck-
laced Laughing-Thrush.
Stuart Biker, Bull. B. O. C. xxxviii, p. 64 (1918), (Tavoy).
Southern Burma and Siam in the Peninsula and S.
Central Burma.

w21. (74) Garrulax gularis. McClelland’s Laughing-Thrush.
Tanthocincla gularis, McClell., P. Z. S., 1839, p. 150
(Cachar).

oS EL ee
* G, leucotis of Blyth is a synonym of G. pectoralis and G. meridionalis of Kloss
(Ibis, 1920, p. 11) does not seem to be distinguishable from senutorquata.

122.

123.

124,

125.

126.

127.

128.

12¢.

130.

131.

(79)

(77)

(78)

(79)

(80)

(80)

(80)

BIRDS OF THE INDIAN EMPIRE, 241

Garrulax delesserti. The Wynaad Laughing-
Thrush.
Crateropus delesserti. Jerd., Madr. Jour. L. S.x, p. 256
(1839), (Wynaad, S. India).

Garrulax albogularis. The White-throated Laughing-
Thrush.

Ianthocinela albogularis, Gould, P. Z. S., 1835, p. 187
(Nepal).

Garrulax strepitans. Tickell’s Laughing-Thrush.
G. strepitans, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xxiv, p. 268 (1858), (Mt.
Muleyit).

lanthocincla ocellata ocellata. The White-spotted
Laughing-Thrush.
Cinclosoma ocellatum, Vigors, P. Z. S.,1831 p. 55 (Hima-
layas).

lanthocincla cineracea cineracea. The Ashy Laugh-
wmg-Thrush.
Trochalopteron cineraceum, Godw.—Aus., P.Z.S., 1874
p.45 (Naga Hills).
Cachar, Manipur, Naga Hills East into Chin Hills.

,

lanthocincla cineracea styani. Styan’s Laughing-
Thrush.
Trochalopteron styani, Oustalet, Bull. Mus. Paris 6, p. 226
(1898), (Z'a-tsien-lu).
Yunnan and Eastern Shan States.

lanthocincla rufogularis rufogularis. The Ru-
Jous-chinned Laughing-Thrush.
Janthocinela rufogularis, Gould, P. Z. S., 1835, p. 48
(Himalayas) (Sikkim).
Nepal, Sikkim, Bhutan and Hills N. of Brahma-
pootra.

Ilanthocincla rufogularis assamensis. JHarteri’s
Laughing-Thrush. .
Hartert, Vog. Pal. i, p. 635, (1910) (Margherita).
Hills 8. of Brahmapootra, E. to Lakhimpur, 8. to Chit-
tagong.

lanthocincla rufogularis occidentalis. The Kash-
mir Laughing-Thrush.
Hartert, Vog. Pal. i, p. 685 (1910) (Dehra Doon).
Kumaon, Kashmir and N.-W. Himalayas,

lanthocincla austeni austeni. The Cachar Laugh-
ing-Thrus).
Trochalopteron austeni, Godw.-Aus., J. A. S. B. xxxix, it.,
p. 105 (1870), (Hengd ng Peak, Cachar Hills).
Khasia, Cachar and Naga Hills.

242 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII.

132. (81) lanthocincla austeni victoriae. The Chin Hills
Laughing-Thrush.
I. victorize, Rippon, Bull., B. O.C. avi, p. 47 (1906),
(Mt. Victoria).
Chin Hills.

133. (82) Trochalopterum erythrocephalum erythrocepha-
jum. The Red-headed Laughing-Thrush.
Cinclosoma erythrocephalum, Vigors, P.Z.S., 1831, p. 171
(Himalayas), (Chamba.)
Himalayas, Chamba to West and Central Nepal.

134. (85) Yrochalopterum erythrocephalum nigrimen-
tum. The Sikkim Red-headed Laughing-Thrush.
Trochalopteron nigrimentum (Hodg,) Oates, Hume's N. and
E. 2nd Ed. 1, p. 57 (1889), (Nepal).
Eastern Nepal, Sikkim and Hast Assam to the
Dibong R.

135. (88) Trochalopterum erythrocephalum erythrolema.
Hume's Red-headed Laughing-Thrush.
T. erythrolema, Hume, Str. Feath. xi, p. 163 (1881),
(Matchi, Manipur.)
Manipur and Chin Hills.

130. Trochalopterum erythrocephalum godwini.
Godwin-Austin’s Red-headed Laughing-Thrush.
Harington, Bull. B.O.C. xxxiti, p. 92 (1914), (VN. Cachar
Hills).
Cachar and Naga Hills and? EH. in the Hills S. of
Brahmapootra.

137. Trochalopterum erythrocephalum woodi, Wood’s
Red-headed Laughing-Thrush.

Stuart Baker, Bull. B.O. C., xuxv, p. 17 (1914), (Lot-Sing,
N. Shan States).

Northern Shan States and Kachin Hills,

138. (84) Trochalopterum erythrocephalum chrysopterum,
The Shillong Yellow-winged Laughing-Thrush.

Ianthocinela chrysoptera, Gould, P. Z.8., 1835, p. 48
(Khasia Hills).
Khasia Hills only.

139. (86) Trochalopterum erythrocephalum melanostigma.
Blyth’s Red-headed Laughing-Thrush.
Garrulax melanostigma, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xxiv, p. 268
(1855), (Mt. Muleyit).
Karennee, Mt. Muleyit, Tennasserim.

140. (87) Trochalopterum phceniceum phceniceum. The
Nepal Crimson-winged Laughing-Thrush.
Janthocinela phcenicea, Gould, Icon. Av., pl. 3 (1837),
(Nepal).
Nepal, Sikkim and Hills North of Brahmapootra.

141. (87)
142. (87)
143.

144. (88)
145 (89)
146.

147. (99)
148. (91)
149. (92)
150. (98)

BIRDS OF THE INDIAN EMPIRE,

Trochalopterum pheenicium bakeri. The Assam

Crimson-winged Laughing-T hrush.
Hartert, Buli., B. O. C. xxiii, p. 10 (1909), (NV. Cachar).
Hills South of Brahmapootra, Manipur and Chin Hills.

Trochalopterum phoenicium ripponi. Zhe Bur-

mese Crimson-winged Laughing-Thrush.
T. ripponi, Oates, Bull. B. O. C. xi, p. 10 (1900), (Kachin
Hills).

Kachin Hills, Shan States North and South.
Trochalopterum milnei sharpei. Zhe Burinese
Red-tailed Laughing-Thrush.

T. sharpei, Rippon, Bull. B.O.C. xii, p. 13 (1901), (Kengtung

State).
Kachin Hills and N. Shan States.

Trochalopterum subunicolor. The Plavn-colowred

Lauching-Thrush.
Trochalopteron subunicolor, (Hodg.) Blyth, J. A. S. B. xii
p. 952 (1843), (Nepal).

Trochalepterum affine affine.
Laughing-Thrush.
Garrulax aftinis, (Hodg.) Biyth, J. A. S. B. xii, p. 950
(1843), (Nepal).
Nepal, Sikkim and Bhutan.
Trochalopterum affine oustaleti.
Black-faced Laughing-Thrush.
Hartert, Vog. Pal. i, p. 633 (1909), (Tsekore).
Yunnan.

The Black-faced

The Yunnan

Trochaiopterum variegatum variegatum. The
Eastern Variegated Laughing-Thrush.
Cinclosoma variegatum, Vigors, P.Z. %., 1831, p. 56
(Himalayas), (EZ. Nepal).
Eastern Himaiayas trom Chamba to Nepal.

Trochalopterum variegatum simile. The Western

Variegated Laughing-Thrush.
Trochalopteron simile, Hume, Ivis, 1871, p. 408 (Far N.
West), (Gilgit).
Western Himalayas, N.W. Kashmir, Gilgit to Chitral.

Trochalopterum squamatum. The Blue-winged

Laughing-Thrush.
Tanthocincla squamata, Gould, P. Z. S., 1835, p. 48 (Hima-

layas), (Sikkim).
Trochalopterum cachinans cachinans. The Nilgirt
Laughing-Thrush.
Crateropus cachinans, Jerd., Madr. Jour, x, p. 255, pl. 7
(1889), (Nilgiris).
Nilgiris.

D)T29A LL; BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII

151.

152.

153.

154.

H5i5e

156.

157.

158.

159.

(94)

(95)

(96)

(97)

(98)

(99)

(99)

Trochalopterum cachinans cinnamomeum. Davi-
son's Laughing-Thrush.
T. cinnamomeum, Davison, Ibis, 1886, p. 204 (unknown).
Davison suggests Palni Hills.

Trochalopterum jerdoni jerdoni. The Banasore
Laughing-Thrush.
Garrulax jerdoni, Blyth, J. A. S. B. ax, p. 522 (1851),

(Banasore Peak).
The Hills of Coorg, Wynaad, Palghat, Palni,

Trochalopterum jerdoni fairbanki. The Travan-
core Laughing-Lhrush.
T. fairbanki, Blanf., J..A. 8. B. avxvii, ti, p. 175 (1868),
(Palni Hills).
Hills of South Travancore.

Trochalopterum jerdoni meridionale. Blanford’s
Laughing-Thrush.
T. meridionale, Blanf., Hume Str. Feath. vii, p. 36 (1878),
(Travancore).
Hills of North Travancore.

Trochalopterum elliotti yunnanense. The Yun-
nan Laughing-Thrush.
T. yunnanense, Rippon, Bull. B. O. C. xix, p. 32 (1906),
(Yangtze, Yunnan).
Hills of Yunnan.

Trochalopterum henrici. Prince Henry’s Laughing-
Thrush.
T. henrici, Oustalet, Ann. Sci. Nat. (7) xiv, p. 274 (1891),
(Tibet).
. Tibet.

Trochalopterum virgatum. The Manipur Streaked
Laughing-Thrush.
Godw.-Aus., P. Z. S., 1874, p. 46 (Razamt).
Hills South of Brahmapootra, Manipur, Looshai and
Chin Hills.

Trochalopterum lineatum lineatum, The Hima-
layun Streaked Laughing-Thrush.
Cinclosoma lineatum, Vigors, P. Z. S., 1831, p. 56 (Nepal).
Nepal and Sikkim.

Trochalopterum lineatum griseicentior. The
Simla Streaked Laughing-Thrush.
Hartert. Vog. Pal. 1, p. 636 (1910), (Simla).
S. Kashmir. Simla to Hazara.

BIRDS OF THE INDIAN EMPIRE. 245

160. (99) Trochalopterum lineatum gilgit. The Gilgit
Streaked Laughing-Thrush.
Hartert , Vog. Pal. i, p. 636 (1910), (Gilgit).
Gilgit, Chitral and N. Kashmir.

161. (100) Trochafopterum lineatum imbricatum. The Bhu-
tan Streaked Laughing-Thrush.
Garrulax imbricatus, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xii, p. 951 (1843),
(Bhutan)
Bhutan.

162. (i01) Grammatoptila striata striata. The Striated
Laughing-Thrush.
Garrulus striatus, Vigors, P. Z. 8., 1830, p. 7 (Himalayas),
(Naini Tal).

Himalayas, from Sutlej Valley to Bhutan.

163. (102), Grammatoptila striata austeni. Austen's Striated
Laughing-Thrush.
G. austeni, Oates, Fauna B.I. 1, p. 104 (1889), (Dofla
Hills).
Hills North and South of the Brahmapootra.

164. (103) Stactecichla merulina. The Spotted-breasted Laugh-
ing-Thrush.
Garrulax merulinus, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xa, p. 521 (1851),
(Manipur).
Hills South of Brahmapootra to Looshai.

165." Babax lanceolatus lfanceolatus. The Chinese
Babac.
Pterorhinus lanceolatus, Verr., Nouv. Arch. Mus. Paris, vt,
Bull., p. 36 (1871), (Chinese, Tibet).
West China, Yunnanand Kachin Hills.

166. Babax lanceolatus bonvaloti. The Small Tibet
Babaz.
B. bonvaloti, Oustt., Ann. Sci. Nat. vit, p. 273 (1892), (So.
Tibet),

So. Tibet. “Tara in Tibet” (Hartert).

167. Babax koslowi koslowi. Bianchi’s Babiv.
Kagnakowia kozlowi, Bianchi, Bull, Ac. Peters (5), «xv,
p. 45 (1905), (Dzetschu, S. H. Tibet).
South Tibet, The Watershed of the Mekong.

168. Babax koslowi victoria. The Mt. Victoria Babax
B. victorise, Rippon, Bull. B. O. C. av, p. 97 (1905), (Mt.
Victoria).
Chin Hills.

*I cannot separate B. I. lanceolatus and B. I. yunnanensis.

246 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVI,

i ant Tibetan Babax.
abax waddelli. The Gian eta
ae oe waddelli, Dresser, P. Z. S. (1905) 4., p. 54 (Tsangpo).
South and Central Tibet.

i bbler.
170. (104) Argyaeari. ilThe Striated Ba -
z ae Maigret earliu, Blyth, J. A. S. B. au, p. 369 (1844),
(Calcutta).

Common Babbler.

17t. (105) Argyacaudata caudata. The }

Zh ne One caudatus, Dumont, Dre. Sct. Nat. «xix,
p. 266 (18238), (no loc.). (Behar).

Practically the whole of India.

172. (105) Argya caudata huttoni. The ae Bae
Malacocercus huttoni, Blyth, J. A. S. B. aut, p.
(1847), (Kandahar).
Afghanistan, Baluchistan, Quetta.

173. (106) Argya gularis. The Burmese Whate-throated Bab-
bler, ;
Chatarrhcea gularis, Blyth, J.A.S.B. xaiv, p. 478 (1855),
(E. side of Bay of Bengal).

‘ bbler.
174. (107) Argya malcolmi. The Large Grey Ba
Toe Timalia malcolmi, Sykes, P. Z. S., 1832, p. 88 (Dukkun).

175. (108) Argya subrufa. The Rufous Babbler.
eee Timalia subrufa, Jerd. Madr. Jour. L. 8., p. 259 (1844),
(Wynaad).

irostri He bbler.
176, (109) Argya longirostris. The Slender-billed Ba
i oe Pyctorhis longirostris, (Hodg.) Moore, P. Z. S., 1854,
p. 104 (Nepal).

177. (110) Turdoides terricolor terricolor, The Bengal
Babbler.
Pastor terricolor, Hodg., J. A.S. B. v, p. 771 (1836)
(Nepal).
N. India from Sind to Bengal.

178. (110) Turdoides terricolor malabaricus. The Sou-
thern Indian Jungle Babbler.
Malacocercus malabaricus, Jerd., B, of I. wt, p, 62
(1877), (Malabar).
South India from Orissa +o Bombay.

179. (110) Turdoides terricolor Sindianus, The Sind
Babbler.
Ticehurst Bull. B. 0. C., Vol. xl, No. eclié, p. 156 (1920)
(Karachi, Sind).
Sind, Mt. Aboo, Punjab.

180,

181,

182,

183.

(111)

(112)

(113)

(114)

BIRDS OF THE INDIAN EMPIRE, 247

Turdoides griseus griseus. The White-headed
Babbler.

Turdus griseus. Gm., Sys. Nat. 7, p. 824 (1788), (Carnatic).

South India E. as far North as Ellore and Belgaum.

Turdoides griseus striatus. The Ceylon Babbler.
Malacocercus striatus, Swains, Zool. Ill., p. 127 (1831),
(Ceylon).
Ceylon only.

Turdoides griseus somervillei. The Bombay
Babbler.
Timalia somervillii, Sykes, P. Z. S., 1832, p. 88 (Bombay).
Travancore to Bombay on the West Coast.

Turdoides rufescens. The Ceylon Rufous Babbler.
Malacocercus rufescens, Blyth, J. A. S. B.xvi., p. 453
(1847), (Ceylon).

(Lo be continued.)

245
SCIENTIFIC RESULTS FROM THE MAMMAL SURVEY.
No. XXIII.
By
OLDFIELD THomas, F.R.S,
(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)

A NEW BAT OF THE GENUS MyYoTIS FROM SIKKIM.

In Mr. Wroughton’s Report No. 26, on Darjiling Mammals, a note
by me is published (Journ. B. N. H.8., xxiv, p. 779, 1916) on two
specimens of Myotis sicarius, with a comment that one of them isa
good deal smaller than the other, with specially smaller teeth.

We have now received from the Bombay Society two further speci-
mens of this group, male and female, and both of them precisely agree
with that smaller,specimen, and as both sexes are represented I can-
not but consider that the series includes two species, of which one needs
description as new.

Although the first discovery was made by Mr. Baptista, it is to the
two recent specimens that the clearing up of the confusion is due,
and as the Society owes them to Mr. C. Primrose, I take the liberty
of forming the specific name as follows :—

MYOTIS PRIMULA, Sp. 0.

General characters of Jf. sicarwus, but smaller and with smaller
teeth.

Colour and external characters apparently quite as in sicarius. Fur
of back about 7 mm. in length. General colour above mummy-
brown, the ends of the hairs glossy and rather paler. Undersurface
greyish white, the bases of the hairs slaty ; medium ventral area
more or less tinged—perhaps stained—with yellowish.

Skull shaped as in sicarius, but smaller; [compare the skull
measurements below with those published by Mr. Wroughton
(J. B. N.H.8., Vol. XXIIT, p. 608)]. Canines shorter and considerably
more slender, their antero-posterior diameter in sicarius 1*-3mm. in
primula 1-Omm. Small premolar even smaller in proportion to the
anterior one, quite internal to the tooth row. Below, this difference
is accentuated, for the middle lower premolar is in sicarius in the
tooth row and of about one-third the area in cross section of the
anterior tooth, while in primula the two are as in the upper jaw,
fe ae one quite internal and only about one-tenth the area of
the rst.

SCIENTIFIC RESULTS FROM THE MAMMAL SURVEY. 249

Dimensions of the type, the starred measurements taken in the flesh.

Forearm :—46mm.

Head and body 47*, tail 39*, ear 15*, lower leg and hind foot
(c. u.), 31.5.

Skull, greatest length 17:2, basi-sinual length 13-1, zygomatic
breadth 11°8, interorbital breadth 4:5, breadth of brain case 8°5,
palato-sinual length 7-8, front of canine to back of m’ 6:9, front of

_p to back of m* 4:6, breadth across outer corners of m* 7°3.

:
|
.

Hab. of type-—Pashok, Darjiling, 3,500’, of Mr. Primrose’s speci-
mens, Teesta Valley Tea Estate, 3,000’.

Type.—Adult male B. M. No. 16.3.25.30. Original number 500.
Collected 30th July 1915 by N. A. Baptista. Presented to the
National Museum by the Bombay Natural History Society.

No. XXIV.

THe MAINLAND REPRESENTATIVE OF RATUFA M. DANDOLENA.

By R. C. WrovuGHTon.

Messrs. Robinson and Kloss in a “‘ Nominal List of the
SCIURIDAE, of the Oriental Region, with a list of specimens
in the Collection of the Zoological Survey of India ” published
in the records of the Indian Museum, xv. p. 171 et seq. 1918,
revive the name albipes, Blyth, for two specimens of Ratufa, the

one from the Nilgiris and the other from the Shevaroy Hills.
The recent receipt of six specimens of a Ratufa, collected by Mr.
Stoney from “the foot of Hills to the West of Srivilliputtur,”

has led me to investigate the proposal to revive Blyth’s name in
this connection.
Blyth bases his original description on a stuffed skin and skeleton

‘in the Calcutta Medical College, the orig of which was

unknown, and which are now, it would seem, no longer available.
The description commences by likening the new form to macroura,
Pennant, 7. e. to macroura dandolena, Thos. and Wrought. (cf. The

Giant Squirrels of Ceylon, J. B. N.H.S., xxiv. p. 34, 1915.) and

_“ Paws whitish with black hairs intermixed upon the toes

goes on to say that it is ‘of an uniform dull brown colour above

and onthe outside of the limbs down to the feet ’’ and further
” and

finally goes on to say “ However the latter (i.e. ‘macroura’ or

dandolena) may vary the forelimbs from the elbow are invariably
white, and a corresponding portion of the find tana ea wk

take that now described to be a particular race, equivalent to

“many others that are named; but the habitat remains to be

ascertained.”’
8

250 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVIT

I have now seen 8 specimens from Madura, collected by Mr.
Stoney, and without exception, exactly as in dandolena, they have
the forearm to the elbow and the lower leg to the knee white, and
therefore, as Blyth points out cannot be albipes.

T have not of course seen the two specimens in the Indian Museum,
but one of them collected by W. Daly is almost certainly conspecific
witha specimen (same collector and locality) presented to the British
Museum by Blanford, which in its turn is absolutely imseparable
from the Madura series.

R. albipes was, it follows from his description, a generally brown
animal, the lower half of whose face was whitish, and whose body
colour extended along the limbs to the wrists and ankles, the feet
being white. This clearly does not apply to either the Ceylon or
the mainland macroura and Blyth’s species can only be one of the
forms of insignis, Miller, with which the description nearly agrees.
But with which form the description is not detailed enough to decide.
Under the circumstances Blyth’s albipes might be shelved as being
wnrecognisable in the absence of type and type-locality.

I have carefully compared the Madura series with the large series
of dandolena obtained by the Survey from Ceylon and I have failed
to find any character in skin or skull to differentiate the members
of one from those of the other, so that the island and mainland forms
must both equally bear the name Ratufa macroura dandolena.

251

DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SNAKE OF THE GENUS
ZAMENIS FROM PERSIA.
BY
G. A. Boutencer, LL.D., D.Sc., F.R.S.

Zamenis hotsoni.

Snout moderately prominent, obtuse. Eye moderately large.
Rostral broader than deep, the portion visible from above measuring
one-fourth or one-third its distance from the frontal ; internasals as
long as or a little shorter than the preefrontals ; frontal broader than
the supraocular, once and a half to once and two-thirds as long as
broad, longer than its distance from the end of the snout, shorter
than the parietals; loreal as long as deep; one preocular, not
reaching the frontal, with a subocular below it; two postoculars ;
temporals 1+ 2; seven upper labials, third and fourth entering the
eye, fourth in contact with the anterior temporal; four lower
labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields; posterior chin-
shields as long as or a little longer than-the anterior, separated from
each other by scales. Scales smooth, with a single apical pit, in 17
rows. Ventrals not angulate laterally, 196; anal divided; sub-
caudals 90. Pale fawn-colour or greyish above, eachscale, except
the outermost, with a black central shaft; head without markings;
upper lip, pree-and postoculars, outer row of scales, and lower parts
yellowish white.

Two specimens, the larger measuring about 500 millim. from
Shiraz, presented by Major J. E. B.Hotson.

Distinguished from Z. gemonensis and Z. dahl by the
smaller eye; from the former by the single scale-pits, from the
latter by the number of rows of scales on the body and the less
slender form.

DESCRIPTION OF A NEW LAND-TORTOISE
FROM NORTHERN PERSIA.

BY
G. A. BoutenGcer, LL.D., D. Sc., F.R.S.

Testudo buxtoni, sp. n.

Shell moderately convex, a little more than twice as long as deep
the posterior border expanded, slightly reverted and feebly serrated.
Nuchal shield 3 times 2s long as broad ; supracaudal completely
divided ; 11 marginals on each side; vertebrals all broader than
long, the third once and a half as long as broad and as broad as the
corresponding costal. Plastron large, the lobes much shorter than the

252 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVIL.

width of the bridge and nearly twice as broad as long; front lobe
truncate and slightly notched in front, hind lobe openly notched
behind. Suture between the gular shields a little longer than that
between the humerals ; pectorals forming a very narrow band in the
middle, their outer border about half the length of that of the
abdominals, the median suture between which is as long as its
distance from the anterior border of the plastron and once and one-
third its distance from the anal notch; suture between the femorals
shorter than that between the anals, which equals that between the
numerals; axillary shield small, inguinal large. Head moderate ;
beak neither hooked nor notched, feebly serrated on the sides;
alveolar ridge of upper jaw short and feeble; a large cordiform
prefrontal shield, with a narrow shield on each side between the
eye and the rhinarium, followed by a large but somewhat smaller
frontal. Fore limb with 5 claws, with 4 longitudinal series of
large imbricate, rounded scutes in front; a large, claw-shaped
tubercle on the back of the thigh. Shell yellowish brown, with
irregular and ill-defined blackish blotches ; soft parts dark brown,
the scutes on the fore limb blackish at the base, the claws pale
horn- colour, blackish at the base.

The single specimen, stuffed, appears to be a female. Its
measurements are as follows :—

Length of shell oe a ee: .. 280 mm.
Wihichiy py oe. ae be he par Isi0)
Depth ,, ,, <a ae fe Ste ea)
Length of plastron.. Be sr va 220)

3 ,», front lobe of plastron 5 Been 0)

is Fy Lv Ua\G MR ee ae 6 1g wt 65
Width of bridge a ae ue Foran 11100)
Length of head aes be a gm ea Ss
Wat thtee eee : : etl

This Tortoise was found at Manjil, between Resht and Kasuin,
South Coast of the Caspian Sea, on a hill-side about 7,000—7,500
feet, by Captain P. A. Buxton, and presented to the Bombay
Natural History Museum by Capt. C. M. Ingoldby.

It is very closely related to 7. ibera, Pall., and T. zarudnyi,
Nikolsky, both of which are inhabitants of Persia, but it is easily
distinguished from them by the divided supracaudal shield and the
extremely narrow pectorals.

Tam not certain whether 7’. zarudnyi deserves specific-recognition;
at any rate the characters pointed out by Siebenrock (1909) are
worthless. A specimen from Zirkuck, H. Persia, received from the
Petrograd Museum in 1899 as 7’. zarudnyi has the first vertebral
shield a little broader in front than behind, the third vertebral
not broader than the third costal, and the posterior margin of the

carapace not more strongly serrated than in some individuals of
TL. ab
. wbera.

}
:
;

253

INDIAN DRAGONFLIES.
BY
Mayor F. C. Fraser, I.M.S
(With 10 Teat-fiqures)
(Continued from page 56 of this Volume.)
Part V Ii.
Genus—THoLymis, Fabr.
Tholymis, Hagen, Stettin, ent. Ztg., 28, p. 221 (1867)—Brauer, Zool.
bot. Wien, 18, pp. 365, 712 (1868)—Kirby, Trans. Zool. Soe.

Lond. 12, pp. 258, 265-1889)—Calvert, Biol. C. A, Neur 199
219 (1905-1906). es

5)! ee ed 8 0 aw a
a Se Soe e ee
So eer 2 0 yee Oe

A mm {Io

\ ee
va antas erect

Fig. 58.— Wings of male Tholymis tillarga (x 22).
© Head relatively large, eyes contiguous for a long distance, rather more
than the antero-posterior diameter of the occiput, forehead rounded and
without prominent foreborder, suture flush, vesicle high and deeply fissured.

Prothorax with a very small posterior lobe, almost hidden by the apposi-
tion of the head with thorax.

Thorax robust, somewhat cubical and shortened. Legs slimand long,
hind femora with a row of fine, gradually lengthening, sparce spines, mid
femora with a similar row but fewer in number, tibial spines numerous,
very fine, claw-hooks robust, situated near the middle of claws.

Abdomen dorso-ventrally swollen and less so from side to side, then
tapering gradually to the end. 4th segment with a transverse ridge.

Wings moderately long and broad, rounded at the apices, reticulation
very close, trigone of forewing slightly distal to the line of the trigone in
the hind, traversed once, long and narrow, trigone of the hindwing at the
arc, entire, its distal side slightly concave, arc between the first and
second antenodal nervures, antenodal nervures 103, the final incomplete,
sectors of the are with a moderately long fusion in the forewing, a longer
fusion in the hind, 1 cubital nervure to all wings, no supplementary
nervures to the bridge, all hypertrigones entire, 4th nervure markedly
undulated, 2 rows of cells between 5 and 5a, 7a well formed, 8th nervure
very flat and the discoidal field therefore much contracted, 3 rows of cells
in the discoidal field, loop very long and very narrow, open at its apex,
the inner border running straight to the termen, anal field very broad, the
narrow cells composing it arranged in transverse rows. Membrane large.
Stigma large, the anterior usually the same size as the posterior, but
occasionally very slightly larger.

254 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XXVIL,

Sexual organs. See under species.

Only one species taken within Indian limits.

70. Tholymis tiliarga.—Hagen, Stett. Ent. Ztg., 28, p. 220 (1867)—

Brauer, Zool. bot. Wien. 18, p. 712 (1868)—
Selys, Mitt. Mus. Dresden, 1878, p. 293..—Id.
Ann. Mus. Civ. Genov. 14, p. 305 (1879)—Kirby,
Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond. 12, p. 265 (4889)—Id.
Cat. p. I (1890)—Selys, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genov. 30,
p. 439 (1891)—Kirby, Linn. Soc. Journ., Zool. 24,
p. 547 (1893)—Martin, Mem. Zool. France,
9, p. 101 (1896)—Kirby, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7)
2, ?p: 20) (1898)—Martin, Mem. Soe. Zool. France,
19, p. 221 (1901)—Laidlaw, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.
1902, if p. 65—Martin, Mission Pavie (p. 4. sep.)
(1904)-—Kirby, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 15, p.
271 (1908).

Libellula bimaculata, Desjardins, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, 4, p. [V (1835).

Libellula pallida, Palisot de Beauvais, Ins. Africa, America, p. 171, tab.
2, fig. 2 (1805).

Tholymis pallida, "Hagen, Stett. ent. Ztg. 28, p. 221 (186 ey
Cat. p. 1 (1890).

Libellulla tillarga, Fabr. Suppl. Ent. Syst., p. 285 (1798) Baemcisees
Hand. Ent. 2, p. 852 (1839)—Rambur, p. 39, Neur,
(1842)—Calvert, Trans. Amer. Soc, Ent. 25, p- 69
(1898).

Pantala tillarga, Brauer, Zool. bot. Wien. 14. p. 162 (1864).

Zyxcomma tillarga, Brauer, Novara, p. 104 (1866)—Id. Zool. bot. Wien.
17, pp. 288, 505 (1867).

Expanse 70mm. Length 43 mm.

Male: head, eyes bright red or reddish brown above, lilaceous at the
sides and beneath, occiput brown or reddish, vesicle reddish, frons and
upper part of epistome reddish or bright ochreous, labrum ochreous, labium
yellow.

Prothorax ochreous, no markings.

Thorax golden yellow or with a bright reddish tinge on the dorsum,

paler at the sides.
Abdomen bright red or bright ochreous with a reddish suffusion along

the dorsum.

Wings hyaline, the bases tinged with light golden yellow. In the
hindwing a large discal spot which is most intense at the node where it
abruptly ends in an almost straight border, running back for rather more
than half the diameter of the wing. Inwardly it gradually fades, until
lost just distal to the trigone. In the adult, external to this spot, a large,
diffuse, opalescent w hitish spot develops, which viewed from above in the
cloaming, has a deceptively, phosphorescent appearance.

Sexual organs. Lamina depressed, slightly arched, its border shallowly
notched and fringed with long yellow hairs, external tentacule obsolete
internal very compact, triangular, the hook short and thick and turning a
little outwards, lobe broad and oval.

Anal appendages long and slim, of about the length of the two final
seoments of abdomen.

Female: eyes brown above, olivaceous at the sides and beneath, occiput —
olivaceous brown, vesicle and face ochreous, paler below, labrum and
labium yellow.

Prothorax and thorax, an olivaceous brown, somewhat greenish at the
sides, legs ochreous.

Abdomen olivaceous brown.

Wings hyaline, the basal marking very obscure. The discal marking
only just visible and without the opalescent outer marking. Stigma, as in
the male, reddish brown.

Sexual organs: border of the 8th segment not dilated, 8th ventral
plate prolonged into a long, depressed, vulvar scale which at the end is

INDIAN DRAGONFLIES, 255

split into two leaf-like, triangular processes ; 9th ventral plate prolonged as
a tongue-like process, extending to the end of the 10th segment. This
process strongly carinated and furnished at its base with two small hooks.
Hab.—Throughout India, Ceylon, Burma, Thibet, Indo-Malaysia and
Indo-China.
_ This insect is one of our few night-flying dragonflies. Occasionally it
may be seen flying in the day-time in shady groves or dark jungles, but
asually it prefers to wait for sundown, at which time it quite suddenly
‘appears in great numbers, flying low over water. Of great interest is the
opalescens patch on the hindwings of the male which serves the purpose of
‘a recognition mark for the females. After it has become too dark to
‘distinguish the insect, the pale, lambent glow of this patch may be seen
flitting like a Will-o-the-Wisp over the surface of the waters, where the
insect is busily engaged hunting mosquitoes, whilst keeping one eye open
for a chance female.
Genus—ZyxommMa, Rambur.
Zyxomma, Rambur, Neur. pp 26, 30 (1842)—Hagen, Stett, Ent. Ztg.,
10, p. 171 (1849)—Brauer, Zool. bot. Wien. 18, pp. 864 712
(1868)— Kirby, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond. 12, pp. 258, 801 5889)
—Foerster, Kahr. Mannheim, 71-72 (p. 3 sep.) (1906).
aE EE
| ee

>
YD

SS
LSS

~, ee $f) Be
ADS Sd IANS
LI a LLY RS
Uhr race eeeteNbue

Fig. 59.— Wings of male Zyzomma petiolatum showing neuration (x3).

Head relatively large and globular, eyes contiguous for a very long
distance and resembling those of an Anaz, occiput very small, vesicle
rounded above and overhanging the central ocellus so that this is invisible
when viewed from above, forehead prominent and deeply notched in
front of the ocellus, as if to give a free field of vision to the latter.
Prothorax slightly arched, very small, its posterior lobe fringed with
short hairs.

Thorax small, cubical, short, coated thickly with short hairs.

_ Legs: hind femora with a row of very small, closely-set spines and one
much larger spine at the distal end, mid femora with similar armature,
tibial spines slim and numerous, claw-hooks robust, situated near the
middle of the claws. Armature of the female very similar.

_ Abdomen very long and slim. The first 8 segments markedly tumid from
‘side to side and ventro-dorsally, the remainder cylindrical, very slim and
parallel-sided to the end. The joints of the segments markedly swollen.
Anal appendages very long and slim, nearly as long as_ the two last
abdominal segments.

Wings long and moderately broad, reticulation close, Trigone of the
torewing slightly distal to the line of that of the hind, its relation to the
hypertrigone about a right angle, traversed once, very narrow, trigone of

256 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCLETY, Vol. XXVIL.

hindwing at the are, entire, its distal side very slightly concave, sectors
of the are fused for a short distance in the forewing and for a long distance
in the hind, a shorter fusion in the female, are between the Ist and 2nd
antenodal nervures, antenodal nervures 103 in the male, 113 in the female,
the final incomplete, 1 cubital nervure to all wings, not usually supple-
mentary nervures to the bridge but in two of my specimens there is one
accessory in each right, hind-wing, 8th nervure in the hmdwing from the
anal angle of the trigone; in the fore, very flatly curved so that the dis-
eoidal field is contracted at the termen, discoidal field with 3 rows of
cells, all hypertrigones entire, 4th nervure not noticeably undulated, 1
row of cells between 5 and 5a, anal loop long and narrow, its apex open,
resembling in this respect 7. tillarga, bifurcated cells at the outer angle
only (occasionally at the trigone also), anal field broad, its cells not
markedly differentiated but arranged in transverse rows. Membrane and
stigma moderately large.
Sexual organs : male, lamina broad, slightly depressed, its free border bifid
and furnished with two triangular processes, its surface coated with long
hairs, external tentacule cupped, small, almost obsolete, internal tentacuize
a short, hooked spine turning strongly out and backwards, its surface fur-
nished with minute spines, lobe quadrate, broad and short. The whole
of these organs very small. Female: border of 8th segment not dilated,
8th ventral plate split for about two-thirds of its length, prolonged in to a
long vulvar scale which reaches nearly to the end of the 9th segment, 9th
ventral plate bent ventralwards and furnished with a tuft of black hairs.

Fig. 60.—Male sexual organs of Zyxzomma petiolatum (x12 ).

71, Zyxomma petiolatum, Rambur, Neur. p. 30, tab. 2, fig. 4d (1842)—
Hagen, Zool. bot. Wien, 8, p. 479. (1858)—
Brauer, ibid., 17, p. 287 (1867)—Id., ibid., 18,
p. 712 (1868)—-Selys, Mitt. Mus. Dresden
(1878) p, 293.—Id., Comptes end. Soc. Ent.
Belg., 7, VII, 88 (sep.)—Kirby, Trans. Zool.
Soc. Lond. 12, p. 308, tab. 57, fig. 10. (1889)—
Id, Cat. p. 3385 (1890)—Selys, Ann. Mus,
Civ. Genov, 30, p. 439 (1891)—Kirby, Linn. Soe.
Journ. Zool. 24, p. 554 (1893)—ld., Ann. Mag.
Nat. Hist. (6) 14, p. 19 (1894)—Tillyard, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond. 1902, p. 64—Martin, Miss.
Pavie (p. 7. sep.) (1904).

INDIAN DRAGONFLIES. 257 ©

Zycomma seychellarum, Martin, Mew. Soc. Zool. France, 9, p. 103 (1896).

Expanse 67mm. Length 48mm.

Male and female similar.

Head: eyes rich olive green, of uniform depth above and beneath, occiput
reddish brown, vesicle dark brown, epistome, frons and labrum a pale brown.

Prothorax pale brown.

Thorax pale brown, rather darker on the dorsum. No markings.

Abdomen light warm brown with moderately broad, blackish annules at
the intersegmental nodes. Legs brown.

Wings hyaline or a little smoky, the apices usually but variably suffused
with brown as far inwards as the middle of stigma, a brownish ray in the
superior costal space not reaching the lst antenodal nervure and a similar
ray in the cubital space extending out as far as the cubital nervure. A
small triangle of the same colour at the anal angle in the hind-wing. Mem-
brane greyish black. Stigma brown.

Hab.—Throughout the plains of India probably as far north as the foot
hills of the Himalayas. Karachi, common at the sewage farm. Bombay
and Madras, Poona. This insect is another one of our night-flying dragon-
flies. It has a very short duration of flight, usually of not longer than
half or three quarters of an hour. In Poona, specimens are seen on the
wing for the first time at about 7 p.m. and go to rest at about 7-45 p.m. In
Bombay they appear rather later and are seen until darkness obscures
them. I have seen them on the wing on several occasions during the day-
time but only in situations, where an artificial twilight reigned, such as
down deep wells or actually in the precincts of buildings where they were
hawking mosquitoes in the darkened corridors. Occasionally they may be
put up from bushes whilst beating dense jungle. Their nocturnal habits
may have some connection with the large size and uniform colouring of the
eyes and also the hood-like vesicle which shades in the central ocellus and
thus cuts off peripheral rays of light. Their food appears to be exclusively
mosquitoes. It is a curious coincidence that the apex of the loop is open
as in Tholymis tillarga, another night-flying species.

Genus—CamaciNIA, Kirby.

Camacinia, Kirby, Trans. Zool. Soc, Lond. 12, pp. 260 266 (1889)—Karsch
Berlin, Ent. Zts. 38, pp. 356,359 (1890)—Kruger, Stett.
Ent. Ztg., 64, p. 253 (1903).

some ew AAA AES
eae y ar) oe

ee Ae

—-

4,
IU A LA
iy A a Sela wl
1, Vit Vin ht
vp) ALD ATE VEL,
hh toa ood

A oN

pala BV AEA
-Fig. 61.—Wings of male Camacinia gigantea, showing neuration (x 2)
Head large and broad, the lower face projecting, bull-dog-like, forehead

rounded, suture moderately deep and splitting the frons into two horse-
shoe shaped, flattened areas, vesicle high and overlapping the central

ocellus as in Zyxomma.
9

BS
ie

258 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII,

Prothorax with a very small posterior lobe, the free border of which is
slightly fissured.

Thorax robust, deep and long. Legs robust, long, hind femora with a row
of widely set, gradually lengthening spines, mid femora with a similar row
of rather longer spines, tibial hairs fine and numerous, claw-hooks robust,
situated about the middle of claws. Armature of the female very similar.

Abdomen short but very robust, flattened from side to side and strongly,
dorso-ventrally dilated at the base tapering gradually to the anal end.

Wingslong and broad, main nervures very massive, reticulation very close,
due largely to a development of secondary neuration, trigone in the fore-
wing about 2 cells breadth distal to the line of the trigone in the hind, its
costal side lengthened ; traversed many times, its relation to the hyper-
trigone about a right angle, trigone in the hindwing traversed several
times, its distal side strongly concave, situated at the arc, hypertrigone in
the forewing traversed several times; in the hind, usually only once, sub-
trigone in the forewing prolonged proximally, traversed many times,
sectors of the arc separated, but running close together for a considerable
distance, arc between the Ist and 2nd antenodal nervures, 8th nervure in
the hindwing at the anal angle of trigone, antenodal nervures very
numerous, from 24 to 30, final antenodal, complete or incomplete, 4th
nervure undulated more or less, the end steeply curved towards the termen,
1 to 4 rows of cells between 5 and 5a, 2 cubital nervures in the hindwing,
1 to 6 in fore, numerous supplementary nervures to the bridge, 8th nervure
in the forewing variable, either flat or moderately curved, discoidal field vari-
able, commencing with 2 or 3 up to many cells, either contracted or dilated
at the termen, anal field very broad, loop long and narrow, the middle
nervure very obtusely angled, nearly straight, filled with a close a reticula-
tion, the anal field filled with a close reticulation of secondary nervures,
the cells rrangedin transverse rows. Stigma large, membrane large.

Sexual organs of male very small, tentaculz with internal and external
tentaculz. For details, see under species. Of the female, border of 8th
segment not dilated, vulvar scale very small.

Key to SPECIES.

i. 3 rows of cells between 5 and 5a, 5 to 8 rows of cells in discoidal
field.
Discoidal field contracted ay at .. C. gigantea,
li. Lrow of cells between 5 and 5a, or a few
doubled cells.
Discoidal field beginning with a row of 4 or 5
cells and then continued as rows of 3 cells.
Discoidal field dilated .. ae An a. Cy hontert:
72. Camacinia gigantea, Kirby, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond. 12, p. 367 (1889)
—Id, Cat, p.2 (1890)—Karsch Ent. Nach 17, p.
42, (1891)—Kirby, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6),
14, p. 112 (1894)—Laidlaw, Proce. Zool. Soc.
Lond. (1902) 1, p. 65 —Kruger, Stett. Ent. Zei.
63, p. 105 (1902)—Martin, Miss Pavie (p. 4. sep).
(1904).
Neurothenus gigantea, Brauer, Zool. bot. Wien, 17, p. 8 (i867)—Id.,
ibid., 18, p.717 (1868)—Hagen, Stett., Ent. Zeit.,
30, p. 94 (1869)—Selys, Mitt. Mus. Dresden
(1878) p. 298-—Id., Ann. Mus. Civ. Genov., 14, [Ds
292, (1879).
Length 58 mm. Expanse 94 to104 mm. Abdomen of female
rather shorter.

INDIAN DRAGONFLIES, 259

Heai: eyes reddish brown above, puce coloured at the sides and
beneath, occiput ochreous, vesicle, frons and face brownish red, labrum
and labium golden yellow.

Prothorax golden yellow.

Thorax reddish brown above, golden yellow at the sides, Legs bright
ochreous. 3

_ Abdomen reddish brown on the dorsum, golden yellow laterally, the
borders dark reddish brown and the distal borders ot segments dark brown.

Wings rich golden yellow from the base to a little more than halfway
between the node and stigma, from which point it slopes steeply back to
reach the termen at the 6th nervure. The outer borders of this basal area
suffused broadly with brown as far as the tornus, but with an interruption

at the apex of the loop in the hindwing and the whole of termen in the
frontwing, from the levelof the inner end of the bridge to the tornus. The
area external to this hyaline, except for the extreme apices of wings which
are tipped with brown and suffused with saffron for a narrow extent.
‘Stigma reddish brown. Reticulation in the coloured area bright yellow.
Discoidal field contracted in the forewing, 5 to 8 rows of cells, 3 rows
of cells between 5 and 5a, 3 rows of cells between 7 and 7a, basal re-
ticulation in the hindwing of male much closer than that in the female.
Sexual organs very small, Jamina depressed, broadly arched, external
tentaculz broad and rounded, internal tentaeule small, outwardiy
directed hooks, lobe very small, strongly arched and tapering.
_ Anal appendages as long as the 9th segment, spined beneath, ochreous.
_ Female very similar to the male but the coloured area in both wings,
rather smaller and brighter in colour. The apices of the wings diffusely
brown as far as the inner end of the stigma. In juvenile specimens,

the bordering of the coloured area is merely a deeper yellow than the
rest instead of brown or there may be some small diffuse spots along the
hinder margin. LReticulation, especially in the basal area, much more
open than in the male.

Sexual organs: border of the 8th segment not dilated, 8th ventral
plate not prolonged greatly but at its end, split-into small, tumid, rounded
_processes,-9th ventral plate tumid, broad, and furnished with two small
pointed processes near its base.

_ Hab. Burma.

| The formation of secondary reticulation as seen in this insect and in
‘species of Neurothemis, etc., is evidently due to sexual] selection, as it is
much more pronounced in the male than in the female. I[ do not think
‘that sufficient stress has been laid on the influence of this factor, the
study of which may throw considerable light on several anomalies in the
‘neuration map of the dragonflies wing. In these species, we find two
influences warring against each other, one tending to simplify the neuration
‘by reduction and the other tending to complicate and _ increase
it. The construction of a colour scheme in which the basis is a network
of fine golden or crimson threads can only be brought about by an increase
in the neuration.

_ 73. Camacinia harterti, Karsch, Berlin Ent. Zthr., 35, p. 359 (1890)—

4 Kirby, Cat., p. 177 (1890)—Kruger, Stett. Ent. Ztg., 63, p. 107 (1902).
} Camacinia harmandi, Martin, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat., 1900, p. 103—
i Id., Miss. Pavie (p. 4 sep.) (1904)—Id., Bull. Soc.
Se, Ent. Ital. 60, p. 196 (1908).

Expanse 90 to 95 mm. Length 44 to 48 mm.

_ Head: eyes reddish brown above, paler at the sides and beneath,
vesicle, frons and upper epistome reddish brown, Jabrum and labium
chreous, somewhat darker over the lateral lobes, occiput brown.

260 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII.

Prothorax ochreous. ;

Thorax reddish or golden brown with a coppery iridescence, paler at the
sides. Legs dark brown, cox and base of femora ochreous.

Abdomen ochreous, the borders dark brown or blackish. i

Wings hyaline, base of forewing golden yellow to a little distal of the
trigone, and black rays in the inferior intercostal and cubital spaces, base
of hindwing golden yellow as far out as 4 or cells distal of the trigone
and black rays in the same spaces 48 in the forewing, extending
respectively as far as the Ist antenodal nervure and the distal end of
trigone, reticulation at the base very close and compact, extending into
loop and proximal end of discoidal field, 173 or 17 antenodal nervures, the
end being either complete or incomplete, 1 cubital nervure in the forewing,
2 in the hind, 1 or 2 accessory nervures to the bridge, only 1 row of cells
between 5 and 5a, or a few doubled cells, the discoidal field considerably
dilated,4 or 5cells at the trigone, followed by 2 or 3 rows of cells for a
long distance.

Sexual organs : lamina depressed, the border curling a little outwards
and slightly notched, external tentaculz directed out and back, broad
and rounded, internal tentacule moderately long and slightly curled
hooks, lobe small and linear.

Anal appendages as long as the 9th segment, ochreous.

Female very similar to the male, but rather paler in colour. Wings at
the base reticulated rather more than in the male, extending into the
outer angle of the loop and for a longish piece of the discoidal field. The
dark rays less extensive, the reticulation at the base, bright yellow.
The outer half of the wings smoky, especially along the borders and at
the apex.

Stigma dark brown. Membrane grey.

Sexual organs: border of 8th segment not dilated, vulvar scale very
small, split distally into two roundish processes.

Hab.—Bengal, Sikhim.

Genus.— A/THRIAMANTHA.

Ethriamantha, Kirby, Trans. Zool. Soc, Lond. 12, pp. 262, 283
(1889)—Karsch, Berlin Ent. Zthr., 33, p. 376 (1890)—
Selys, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., 41, p. 81 (1897)—
Forster, Jahr. Mannheim, 71-72 (p. 1s sep.) (1906).3

Dicranopyga, Karsch, Berlin Ent. Zthr., 33, pp. 282, 356 (1890).

=u

ca AY a a
NS See ees
BORO
WHINE SESS
TA ie

Fig. 62.—Wings of Bthriamantha brevipennis showing neuration (X 3).

INDIAN DRAGONFLIES. 261

Head relatively small, eyes contiguous for a considerable extent,
forehead rounded, with no definite foreborder, vesicle prominent, suture
deep.

Prothorax with a small, rounded, hidden lobe.

Thorax long and narrow. Legs long and narrow, hind femora with
a row of widely-set, short spines and a few slightly longer ones at the
distal end, mid femora with a row of gradually lengthening spines, tibial
spines long and numerous, claw hooks robust, situated just distal of the
middle of claws.

Abdomen relatively broad and rather short, somewhat depressed in the
male, cylindrical in the female, tapering to the end in the male, more
parallel sided in the female.

Wings short and broad, reticulation very open and indistinct, trigone
in the forewing just distal to the line of the trigone in the hind, entire,
very broad, the costal and proximal sides being subequal, its relation to
the hypertrigone rather more than a right angle, trigone in the hindwing
at the arc, entire, arc between the lst and 2nd antenodal nervures, its
sectors separated in the forewing and joined for but a short distance in
the hind, 8th nervure arising from the anal angle of the trigone, or slightly
separated, 6 antenodal nervures, the end one complete, 1 cubital nervure
to all wings, no supplementary nervyures to the bridge, all hypertrigones
entire., 4th nervure in the forewing with a very flat convexity, 1 row of
cells between 5 and 5a, 8th nervure in the forewing short, strongly curved,
2 rows of cells in the discoidal field, the latter dilated at the termen,
loop moderately short and straight, its mid-rib nearly straight, no divided
cells at the trigone but occasionally some at the outer angle, cells in the

-analarea long and narrow, arranged in oblique rows, stigma medium

sized, membrane large.

Sexual organs: male: lamina depressed, tentaculee small, not pro-
jecting as much as the lobe, broadly triangular, the hook turning back
and outwards, lobe small and rounded. Female: 8th abdominal segment
not dilated, vulvar scale projecting, split into two processes.

74. thriamantha brevipennis brevipennis, Ris., Coll. Zool. Baron de Selys,

Fasc. XVI, 1913.

Libellula brevipennis, Ramb. Neur, p. 114 (1842).

Diplacina brevipennis, Brauer, Zool. bot. Wien, 18 p. 733 (1868).

Aithriamantha brevipennis, Kirby, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond. 12, p. 288,
tab. 53, fig. 3 (1889)—Id., Cat., p. 24 (1890)—Selys,
Ann. Ent. Soc. Belg., 41, {82. (1897)—Ris, Jena,
Denkschr., 13, p. 346 (1908).

Urothemis brevipennis, Selys. Ann. Mus. civ. Genov. 30, p. 468 (1891).

Expanse 54mm. Length 30 mm.

Male: eyes reddish above, lilaceous at the sides and beneath: face and

_epistome ochreous: vesicle yellow: occiput olivaceous.

Prothorax pale brown.

Thorax reddish brown, no marking. Legs black, the hind femora having
a bright crimson spot at the base.

Wings hyaline with the extreme base a light golden yellow, this colour
extending out as far as the Ist antenodal nervure, the cubital nervure,
and for a few cellsin the anal field adjacent to the membrane, in the

hindwing, the extent of this colouris rather more, going beyond the lst ante-

nodal nervure but not reaching the are or the trigone. There are also

some dark brown rays in the intercostal and cubital spaces and a spot in

the anal field. Stigma reddish brown.
Abdomen red on the dorsum, ochreous or yellow at the borders.

262 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVIII,

Anal appendages ochreous, ua aed ee narrow and furnished with
spines, the inferior slightly smater. '
Leas similar to the male but the eyes olivaceous brown above
and the body ochreous or dull yellow. No reddish colour on the abdomen.
Hab.—This insect has been reported from Bengal, Upper Burma and
Ceylon. Barkuda Island, Chilka Lake, Ganjam.
It appears to be widely distributed, but uncommon.

Genus— UROTHEMIS.

<> <>
NS

Fic. 63.—Wings of Urothemis signata signata (x 3).

Genus Urothemis, Brauer, Zool. bot. Wien. 18, pp. 175, 368, 757 (1868),
Kirby Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., 12, pp. 262, 282 (1889),
Kasch, Selys and Forster, Ris. Coll. Zool. du Selys

p. 1016, Fasc. XVI (19138),

Head large, eyes broadly contiguous, somewhat longer than the occiput
from before back, forehead without any marked foreborder and split by a
very deep suture into two rounded eminences, vesicle high, but slightly
notched, occiput small.

Prothorax with a small posterior lobe.

Thorax robust, somewhat cubical. Legs moderately long and slim, hind
femora with a row of very small, closely set spines and a single longer one
at the end, mid femora with a row of longer, less numerous, more widely
set and gradually lengthening spines which reach to the‘end of the femur,
tibial spines numerous, long and slim, more numerous in the fore and mid-
femora than in the hind, claw hooks robust, situated near the end of the
claws. Armature of the female very similar.

Wings long and moderately broad, especially the hind, reticulation
close, trigone in the forewing slightly distal to the trigone in the hind,
costal side of trigone in the forewing about half the length of the pro-
ximal, relation of the trigone to hypertrigone slightly less than a right angle,
trigone in the hindwing at the arc, arc between the Ist and 2nd antenodal
nervures, its sectors separated in the forewing but fused fora moderate
distance in the hind, 8th nervure arising from the anal angle of the trigone
in the hindwing, 7 antenodal nervures, the final complete, the distance

INDIAN DRAGONFLIES, 2638

between the Ist and 2nd nervures greater than the following, 1 cubital
nervure to all wings, no supplementary nervures to the bridge, all hy-
pertrigones entire, 4th nervure slightly undulated, 1 row of cells between
5 and 5a, 8th nervure in the forewing very flat, 2 rows of cells in the
discoidal field, sides of latter parallel, the end of field a little contracted
or dilated, loop short and straight, its mid-rib nearly straight, divided cells
at the outer angle and trigone, cells in the anal area split into an outer
area of moderately large cells arranged in oblique rows and an inner area
of narrow, longish cells arranged in transverse rows, stigma and membrane
moderately large.

Abdomen moderately short, broad and depressed, slightly constricted at
the 3rd segment, more or less fusiform in the male, the sides parallel sided
in the female, the 4th segment without ridges.

Sexual organs: male: lamina depressed, small, external tentacule
obsolete, internal tentaculz triangular, with a broad base and an almost
straight hook, which is less projecting than the lobe, lobe small, oval or
pointed. Female: border of the 8th abdominal segment not dilated, 8th
ventral plate longer than broad, projecting markedly and prolonged asa
tubular vulvar scale nearly to the end of the 9th ventral plate, split for the
greater part of its length, 9th ventral plate prolonged into a notched,
tongue-like process, 10th segment very small.

Only one species found within Indian limits.

75, Urothemis signata signata, Ris, Coll. Zool. du. Selys, p. 1016, Fase.

XVI (1913).

Libellula sanguinea, Burm. Handbk. Ent. 2, p. 858 (1859)—Hagen,
Zool. bot. Wien, 8, p. 480 (1858)—Calvert, Trans.
Amer. Ent. Soc., 25, p. 87 (1898).

Urothemis sanguinea, Brauer, Zool. bot. Wien, 18, p. 737 (1868)—Kirby,
Cat. p. 23 (1890)—Id., Linn. Soc. Journ. 24-p.
552 (1893)—Selys. Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. 41, p.
75 (1897)—Martin, Mission Pavie (p. 5 sep.)
(1904)—Forester Jahr. Nassau, 59, p. 316 tab. A,
fig. I. (1906)—Ris, Jena. Denkr., 13, p. 344 (1908).

Libellula signata, Ramb. Neur., p. 117 (1842).

Fig. 64.—Male genital organs of—a. Urothemis signata signata, ¢. Macro-
diplax cora, d. Camacinia gigantea, and Female organs of Urothemis
signata signata.

264 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVIII.

Expanse 75 to 78 mm. Length 40 to 44 mm. Male: eyes bright, blood-
red above, olivaceous at the sides and beneath, labium yellow, ‘with dark
brown borders, labrum reddish yeilow, face, forehead and vesicle red
with a very narrow, black, basal line to the forehead, occiput red.

Thorax reddish, golden brown, marked laterally with 3 interrupted or
broken black lines.

Abdomen red marked with black, small, transversely linear, black spots
on segments 4 to 7, on either side of the dorsal carina at the distal end of
each segment and small, dark dorsal stripes on segments 8 and 9, expand-
ing laterally in the distal half of segment 8 and broadening at the proxi-
mal end of segment 9.

Anal appendages ochreous. Legs black, the femora yellowish at the
proximal ends of the flexor surfaces.

Wings hyaline, the extreme apices faintly smoky, a basal, amber colou-
red spot at the bases of both wings. In the forewing, extending halfway
to lst antenodal nervure and cubital nervure and from thence of even
width to the anal border. In the hindwing this area extends as far out as
the Ist antenodal and the cubital nervures. Im the latter also, there are
some blackish brown rays and a variably sized spot of the same colour as
follows:—rays in both costal spaces extending as far as the lst antenodal
nervure and another in the cubitus extending as far as the arc, a large
spot in the anal area extending from the base outwards as far as the line
of the arc, its outer border curving gently to meet the base at a variable
distance in front of the tornus. There is usually a small, triangular area
lying between this spot and the ray in the cubital space where the wing is
hyaline. The nervures in the dark spot are beautifully depicted as a
golden network.

Sexual organs as for genus.

Female: head ; eyes reddish brown above, olivaceous at the sides and
beneath, occiput golden yellow, labrum pale yellow, labium and lower part
of epistone olivaceous, vesicle and forehead bright yellow, the latter with
a much better defined, black, basal line than that of the male.

Prothorax and thorax pale olivaceous at the sides or even with a greenish
tinge, olivaceous brown above. An undulating, black, post-humeral line
and a black line on the second lateral suture and lastly, an irregular black
spot on the spiracle. Two black lines crossing the tergum between the bases
of the wings.

Abdomen olivaceous or greenish yellow with diffuse, broad, blackish lines
at the distal border of each segment, which coalesce at the last four
segments.

Anal appendages ochreous.

Wings similar to the male but the dark spot in the anal area usually less
extensive. The apices of the wings rather more extensively smoky than
in the male. Stigma reddish brown with heavy, black borders.

Legs black, the anterior femora yellow on the flexor surfaces.

Hab.—I have specimens from Assam, Madras, Bangalore, Poona, Bombay
and Ceylon, It is also reported from Bengal and should be found through-
out Burma. A line drawn from about Dinapur to Bombay would probably
demarcate its northern limits. It is a dragonfly of the plains, usually
occurring in the moister areas and favouring swamps and shallow tanks
in preference to streams and running water. Itis a very active creature
and difficult to capture. The female is very retiring and comparatively
rare, the few specimens taken usually being found in cop.

INDIAN DRAGONFLIES. 265

Genus—MacroprpLax, Brauer (1868).

Macrodiplax, Brauer, Zool. bot. Wien., 18pp. 366, 737, (1868—Kirby
Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., 12,pp. 261, 262 (1889)—Karsch, Berlin, Ent. Zthr.
33, p. 356 (1890)—Selys, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., 41, p. 72 (1897).

&
Ss

Fig. 65.—-Wings of Macrodiplax cora (x about 23).

Head large, eyes contiguous for a long distance, this longer than the
depth of the occiput, forehead prominent and rounded, no marked fore-
border, suture broad and deep, vesicle prominent and slightly notched,
a distinct temporal projection at the side of the eyes. Prothorax with
a very small posterior lobe which is rather hidden beneath the head, flatly
arched and not fringed with hairs.

Thorax robust, somewhat cubical as in Urothemis. Legs long and slim,
hind femora with a row of very small, evenly sized and moderately closely
set spines, with a longer one at the distal end, mid-femora with a row of
more widely spaced and gradually lengthening spines. Tibial spines
numerous, slim and long, claw-hooks robust, situated near the end of the
claws. Armature of the female very similar.

Abdomen moderately short and robust, the base dilated ventro-dorsaily
and laterally, a slight constriction at the 3rd segment, then depressed,
fusiform and tapering towards the end. In the female the sides of the
abdomen are nearly parallel. No transverse ridges to the 4th segment.

Sexual organs, see under species.

Wings long and broad, reticulation fairly wide, trigone in the forewing
slightly distal to the line of the trigone in the hind, broad, its costal side
more than half as long as the proximal and its distal side somewhat
angulated outwards, relation of the trigone to the hypertrigone, a little
more than a right angle, subtrigone in the forewing 2 or3 cells, trigone
in the hindwing at the arc or a little proximal, sectors of the arc in the
forewing separated, in the hind fused for a variable distance, arc between
the lst and 2nd antenodal nervures, 6 to 7 antenodal nervures, the final com-
plete, 8th nervure in the hindwing atthe anal angle of trigone, 4th ner-
vure not undulated, 1 cubital nervure to all wings, no supplementary
nervures to the bridge, all trigones and hypertrigones entire, 1 row of
cells between 5 and 5a, both 5a and 7a very highly developed, 8th
nervure in the forewing short and very strongly convex, the discoidal

10

266 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. AXEL,

field beginning with 2 rows of cells and strongly dilated at the ter-
men, loop with divided cells atthe anal angle of trigone and at the external
angle, the anal area split up into an outer area of 5 or 6 rows of large cells,
not arranged distinctly in transverse r>ws, and an inner area more closely
reticulated, of narrow cells arranged in transverse rows. Stigma small.
Membrane large. ‘

Only one species found within Indian limits.

76, Wacrodiplax cora—Brauer, 18, p. 737 (1868)—Selys, Mitt. Mus.
Dresden (1878), p. 294 (ex Brauer)—Id., Ann. Soe.
Spain., II. (p. 15 sep.) (1882)—Id., Ann. Soc. Ent.
Belg., 41, p. 72—Ris, Tijds. v. Hnt., 55, p. 168
(1912).
Diplax cora, Brauer Zool. bot. Wien. 17, pp. 20, 289 (1867).
Libellula lycoris, Selys, Pollen and Van Dam, Madagas, Inn., p. 22 (1869)
Id.,— Comptes Ent. Belg., 4. v. (sep.) (1878).
Urothemis lycoris, Kirby, Cat. p. 24 (1890).
Macrodiplax lycoris, Selys, Ano. Soc. Ent. Belg., 41, p. 73 (1897)—Tuill-
yard, Proc. Linn. Soc., New South Wales, 31, p. 484
(1906).
Libellula nigrilabris, Selys, Mitt. Mus. Dresden, 1878, pp.94, 304—Kur-
by, Cat. p. 23 (1890).
Urothemis vittata, Kirby, Linn. Soc. Journ., 24, p. 552, tab. 42, fig. 2
1893).
Macrodiplax ace Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. (1902)—Mae Lach-
lan, Nat. Hist. Socotra, p. 399, tab. 24 A, fig. 4, da
(1903) —Kirby, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7), 15, p. 271
(1905).
Expanse 62 to 70 mm. Length 36 to 38 mm.

Head : eyes reddish brown above, slate coloured beneath and at the sides,
vesicle pale yellow, tipped with bright pink in front, occiput reddish,
face pale yellow, the upper part of the epistone suffused with red, labrum
dark brown, labium pale yellow, with black borders.

Prothorax pale brown.

Thorax uniform olive brown in front, pale greenish yellow at the sides,
with two irregular, black stripes laterally, the anterior of which crosses the
spiracle and isincomplete in its upper half.

Legs black, all coxze and bases of the femora yellowish on the flexor
surface. i

Abdomen bright reddish orange very similar to Pantala and with a broad
middorsal, black stripe which broadens in front and behind on each segment
and has amore or less diffuse border.

Anal appendages yellow or ochreous.

Wings hyaline, the base of the hind bearing a large amber, tinted spot,
which extends 1 cell into the loop and to just beyond the cubital nervure.
Stigma yellow, of equal size in fore and hindwings. Membrane white.

The female very similar in colour to the male, its abdomen a duller
ochreous tint and the black markings narrower. The base of the abdomen,
somewhat greenish.

Sexual organs: male : lamina depressed, itsfree border with a double
notch, external tentaculze almost obsolete, the internal a very small hook,
lobe depressed and narrow.

Female : border of 8th abdominal segment not dilated, the end of the
8th ventral plate prolonged into a small, somewhat projecting vulvar
scale, flat and convex, overlapping the 9th segment but slightly, 9th
ventral plate furnished with two small, widely diverging hooks about its
middle, the 10th segment prolonged into a short, blunt projection.

INDIAN DRAGONFLIES, 267

Hab.—Ceylon and Southern India. I have taken this species in Madras,
but it is not common and very difficult to distinguish from Pantala flavescens
when on the wing. Itis somewhat smaller than the latter insect, but
resembles it closely otherwise. It frequents open situations such as grassy
commons or hovers over low scrut. I have neverseen it over water.

In the key to the genera of the Libellulinze on page 618, Vol. XXV,
No. 4 of the Journal, Natural History Society, Bombay, I wrongly des-
cribed Macrodiplax as “ dull coloured,” the descriptions having been made
from faded specimens. Since then also, I have decided to include a
Mesopotamian species, vz., Selysiothemis nigra, and so now make the
following alterations to the key :—In line 4, “ 3 cells” should be altered
to “2 or 3 cells,” and all below that line, in the key, should be deleted
and the following substituted :—

X. Only 6 antenodal nervures.
x' Neuration of wing greyish white and almost
invisible. Stigma bicolourous.
Discoidal field but slightly dilated... .. Selysiothemis,
x* Neuration of wing black and distinct.
Stigma unicolourous,

Discoidal field widely dilated we ., Macrodiplax.
Y. Nearly constantly 7 antenodal nervures.
Discoidal field, but slightly dilated .. .. Urothemis.

Genus— SELYSIOTHEMIS.
Selysiothenis, Ris, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., 41, p. 47 (1897)—Selys, ibid.,
py £0" (1897),

a
ans

Fig. 66.—Wings of Selysiothemis nigra (x 38).

Head large ; eyes broadly contiguous, the optic suture longer than the
occipital triangle ; no distinct temporal projection to the eyes as in
Macrodiplax, only a slightly arched projection ; forehead without a sharp
foreborder, a little flattened in front; suture deep ; vesicle large, broadly
arched and rounded. :

Prothorax with a small posterior lobe, depressed and spherically arched,

Thorax narrow. Legs long and tolerably slim. Male ; hind femora with
a row of very closely set and very small spines ; mid-femora with ca, 10

268 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVIII.

moderately robust spines. Female: hind femora with a row of gradually
lengthening spines in the distal third ; mid femora with a row of spines
which are very short in the proximal half and lengthening gradually in
the distal half. Tibial spines moderately long, very slim. Claw-hooks
long, slightly distal to the middle. ;

Abdomen moderately short, the base very slightly tumid, slightly con-
stricted at the 3rd segment, then slim and cylindrical to the end, 4th
segment without a transverse ridge. _

Wings broad, reticulation wide ; trigone in the forewing about 1 cell
distal to the line of the trigone in the hind ; are between the lst and
2nd antenodal nervures ; sectors of the arc in the forewing separated,

: Ya in the hind fused for a short distance g

x un antenodal nervures 5-6, the last incom-

ilih:! ——— plete, the distance between the lst and

ee ee 2nd considerably greater than between
WP» the others ; 8th nervure in the hindwing
YY % atthe anal angle of the trigone ; 1 cubital

; YY ye Yr nervure to all wings; no supplementary
WY Mey, Yi) nervures to the bridge; trigone in the

y VY, a forewing free, broad, the costal side

/ Yip, KQWSS- rather more aera half of the proximal,

Lb, WME GE the distal side strongly angulated at the
Wife LE. Hy point where the nervure dividing the first
Wt YEE \ discoidal cells joins it ; relation of the
MAE } trigone to the hypertrigone rather more
hi Vy E- than a right angle; trigone in the hind-

wing free, slightly proximal to the are,

ee GIGS GEE, oY ; : ; j
ZB EP Uti F<. its costal side bent back slightly at the
Lp wes distal end ; 1 row of cells between 5 and
WLLL GUL ALIA j . :
YE py)! 5a ; 4th nervure with but a slight con-
7, . . .
repseg vexity ; 8th nervure in the forewing

Hf short and strongly curved; 7a well
: formed ; 2 rows of cells in the discoidal
field, the latter moderately dilated at
the termen; loop extending about 1
cell beyond the outer angle of the trigone, its apex very blunt, only
occasional divided cells at the outer angle and none at the trigone,
its midrib very straight ; a supplementary nervure springing from the
inner border of the loop, but the differentiation of cells in the anal
field by no means distinct. Stigma very small, indistinct. Membrane
relatively large.

Sexual organs of the male without any external tentacule. The female
with a very small, vulvar scale.

77. Selysiothemis nigra, Ris, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., 41, p. 48 (1897)—
Seyles, ibid, p. 71 (1897)—Bartenef Ann. Mus.
Zool. Acad. Imp. St. Petersburg, 16, p. 41] (1912)
—Id., Mid Caucasus, Mus., 7, p. 108 (1912).

Inbellula nigra, Van der Lind, Monog,, p. 16 (1825)—Selys, Monog.,
pp. 29, 55, 209 (1840)— Hagen, Syn. Lib. Eur., p. 37
(1848)—Ramb. neur. p. 118 (1842)—Selys-Hagen
Revue, des Odonates, p. 65 (1850).

Urothemis mgra, Selys, Comptes rendus Soc. Ent. Belg., 4 v. (sep.)
(1878)—ld., Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., 31. p. 77 (1887)
—Kirby, Cat. p. 23 (1890).

Trithemis mgra, Brauer, Zool. bot. Wien, 18, p. 736 (1868).

Fig. 67.—Male sexual organs
of Selysiothemis nigra.

INDIAN DRAGONFLIES, 269

“Ve

UVrothemis advena, Selys, Comptes rendus Soc. Ent. Belg., 4. v. (sep.)
(1878)—Id., Ann. Soe. Ent. Belg., 31,p. 69 (1887)

—Kirby, Cat. p. 24 (1890).
Expanse 52mm. Length 30 mm. Hindwing 25 mm. Abdomen 20 mm.

Male; head: eyes blackish brown above, paler or lilaceous at the sides
and beneath, in tenera) specimens the eyes are dark ochreous and paler
beneath and with a purplish tinge, the females are always of this colour
labrum ochreous, labium, and lower part of face pale olivaceous, upper part
of face and forehead with some blackish. In teneral specimens, the labrum
is pale yellow and the rest of the face and forehead is a waxy white, as
is also the vesicle. In adult specimens a dark band develops on the fore-
head and is prolonged down at the sides of the eyes and the vesicle
becomes dark olivaceous.

Prothorax and thorax black in the adult, the ventral side more cr less
pruinescent, in teneral specimens they are of a waxy white with obscure
brown mid dorsal, humeral and lateral lines. The legs are straw coloured
on the flexor surfaces and blackish brown on the extensor but in the adult
they become wholly black. The bases of the femora yellowish.

Abdomen black in theadult with the ventrum pruinescent. In the
teneral condition awaxy white with blackish brown markings on the
dorsum. These markings diffuse, broadening apically and more extensive
on the anal segments. Inthe last few segments, a prolongation of the
brown goes forward from the distal end of the segments laterally, to
enclose a spot of the ground colour. The last 3 segments are almost
entirely brown on the dorsum.

Anal appendages yellowish or white, the superior strongly curved down-
ward and equal in length to the inferior.

Wings peculiarly invisible owing to the neuration being a pale or dirty
white in colour. The stigma is bordered in front and behind with well-
defined black, the intervening part is almost translucent or slightly
opalescent.

Female: very similar to the teneral male, but the brownish markings on
the thorax almost obsolete and the black markings of the abdomen replaced
by bright ochreous. Legs paler. Wings similar to the male.

Sexual organs: male : lamina depressed, fissured and furnished with short
hairs; tentacule short, triangular and the apex prolonged into a recurved
hood. The external tentacula represented only by a small protuberance.

Lobe square. Female : border of 8th segment not dilated; the vulvar
scale very small, depressed. Appendages small, white or creamy.

Hab.—Lower Mesopotamia and Persian Gulf. Bushire. Very few
specimens appear to have found their way into éollector’s hands before the
war, a surprising fact when one considers how very common an insect it
is in its native country. I have seen it in countless swarms at Basra and
the lower Shat-el-Arab whilst it frequently takes to the sea and may be seen
in great numbers coming aboard steamers traflicking in the Gulf. I saw
one such swarm come on board the Ambulance Transport Varsova on
19th August 1919, quite one hundred miles south of the bar of the Shat-el-
Arab, but at the end of the same month not a single specimen was to be
seen on land at Basra. 1 saw a similar swarm in 1917 on board a ship a
few miles south of the Shat-el-Arab, all of which were teneral specimens.
It is quite possible that this species will eventually establish itself in Sind
and North-West India.

On land it has habits similar to Diplacodes and is always found settling
on the ground or low shrubs. Barren, open desert lands appear to be
preferred.

(To be continued.)

270

THE FLORA OF THE INDIAN DESERT.
(JODHPUR AND JAISALMER.)

BY

E. Buatrer, S.J., AND Pror. F. HALLBERG.
Jedveat «Wier
With 3 plates.
(Continued from page 47 of this Volume.)
PACE y a aMlale
ECOLOGICAL NOTES.

1. MertTroroLoGy.

The Indian Desert forms the east end of the greatest desert district of the
world, extending from the Atlantic coast of Africa and including the Sahara,
part of Arabia, 8. Persia and Baluchistan.

The climate of our region is characterised by excessive drought, the rainfall
being scanty and irregular. The winter rains of Northern India rarely penetrate
into the region, and there is thus only one rainy season: that of the south-west

monsoon.
We give a list of meteorological data, obtained from the Government Obser-

vatory, Colaba.

A few remarks are necessary to show the extreme irregularity of the rainfall.
The year 1917 was a record year, during which about three times as much rain
fell as the statistics of about forty years would lead one to expect. On the other
hand, not a single cent was registered at either Khabha or Ramgarh, Jaisalmer
State, in 1899. During the year in question 26 cents was received at Jaisalmer,
and the whole of this in April. In August 1881 ten inches fell in a single day
at Jodhpur.

The cold season—from about the middle of November to the middle of March
—is characterised by extreme variations of temperature, and the temperature is
frequently below freezing point at night. During April, May and June the
heat is intense and trying, and scorching winds prevail with great violence,
sand-storms with great desiccating action being frequent. The relative humidity
of the atmosphere is always low.

The meteorological conditions during our tour were very unusual, and for this
reason we think it worth while giving our observations in detail, in spite of their
fragmentary nature. We were held up for several days at Bhikamkor on account
of the Jodhpur-Phalodi railway line having been washed away in places by
the rain. ae:

In general, the region possesses a healthy climate, except during the period
after the rains. As was to’ be expected, the year 1917 was particularly bad in
this respect. At the time of our visit, practically the entire population was
suffering from malaria. ef

Journ., Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. Plate XXXII,

A.—At Loharki. To the right : Dune (invading the plain) with Aerua sp.
To the left : Orotalaria burhia. Along edge of dune and in the centre :
Calotropis procera. In the background Loharki village with cultivated
trees,

B.—Two miles west of Jaisalmer town. Crotalaria burhia, Calotropis
procera.—Herd of cattle.

THe Frora or THE INDIAN DzsERT,

271

FLORA OF THE INDIAN DESERT.

tporeqd

‘+ mdypor
vapeqqyord
‘+ JouLIVg,
TOUULBSTB f*

eapeyqyoed
indypor

"SUO1Z2I9

G6-8 60-0 [20-0 00-0 (8L-0 |O1-€ |F0-€ [90-T |IZ-O [80-0 [€1-0 |&Z-0 [sT-0 [oO
FE-E1 |FL-O (OL-0 IL-0 OF-G |[&-¥ IZ-F |&Z-I |8¢-0 |FT-0 {90-0 \6o-0 Jeo) We ~~
96-IL |OL-0 (90-0 \90-0 GO°G jIL-& #9-€ |8Z-L |1¢-0 (80-0 j|OT-0 jst -0 +0
G6-OL |0-0 (80-0 20-0 |6G-I S1-€ |Ig-& Go:L (26-0 |S0-0 |L0-0 \rI-0 ha |= <
00-L |L0-0 ae 10-0 68-0 ies 9 LI-@ bes eee 1-0 ieee bee Bers ie ect
"TIVANIVY, Nvay (F)
T-8h | 6-2P | 1-86 | Z-9F | 9-79 | 1-02 | 8-99 | ¥-29 fey erode | ee ster: oo
oyq eve AB JON sve vie
Be | BORE | SUA Olean. «| SOR 1 Oe Pe slate yea 1 yo bie
‘aIV TG LO ALIGINOAP, GAILV IA NVA (g)
6-79 | €-9F | 1-F9 | 6-79 | B-9L | B-LL 1.6L | 1-18 | 9-LL | 9-69 | €-89 | 6-8F | 1-9 car
8-19 | L-c¢ | 9-89 | G-L9 | 9-9 | 0-8L | G-08 | L-Z8 | Z-08 | 9-GL | 6-29 | 0-9 | 9-67 i od
re) il | ° ° ° bo % ) by So re) ° ro) | ) cs)
ree es a - “OUALVUAAWET, WOWINTAL NVA (Z)
L-#6 | G-18 | L-06 | L-86 | Z-L6 | 8-¥6 | L-L6 L-GOL| 8-LOT| €-901| 9-F5 | S-€8 | F-8L |" ° 4
9-26 | L-6L | L-68 | 6-96 | 6-¥6 | &-86 | L-L6 9-FOT| ¢-901! L-OOT| 1-16 | 0-08 | T-94 |°° ae
° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° | ° ° ° °
‘TUALVUGAING, WOAWIXVIY NVA (1)
giants ogee =
= rs) A fo} ae) > Cy Cy = > i _ Cy
aa ame ae ee | Bt es oe ee Ie
be o) oO oh ad ae = 5 | ® a 1 fe) A S
8/8 |e) 815 ela |
om Le St a bee | <q
das a | ana ee

“pypcy 1020b0}0.10040 Jy ~

eapeyqyord
‘+ mdypor

eipeyq youd
‘+ mdypor

272 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVIII.

A NN ee ee ee

9€ 0 0 T 8 ia I P F F 0 0 0 : Es zs Ipoyeud
LP I 0 € FI OT G j 9 i i ee): : ae ty oe indypor
9% 0 0 I 9 PF F G ) I 0 Di @ : cS re Ee eipeyquyoeg
62 0 0 j Ul Or g € j T lO 0 z nt “* JomIeg
em lo I a GR eel eee de tcee mere Gece (ee eee! ee Se rOUpeste f
LIGI “SAV ANIVY 40 UMaWaAN (1)
: Se ee
89-6 [00-0 (00-0 |0L-2 (09-9 FS -O1 JOS-0 fPL-T 1%-6 '6L-1 (00-0 (00-0 {00.0 |" (es as i * Iporeyd
S€-Gb |86-0 [00-0 |20-9 jFL- 02-FI Be eet Ol Ce 060) \F0s0Ns a ae " Ps ‘+ amdypor
G8-1E (00-0 (00-0 |00-¢ |88-€ 61-¢ 80-8 (0-9 L0-€ 01-0 00-0 00-0 j00-0 |"° gs 22 "7 eapeyqyoeg
0¢-€6 |00-0 |00-0 |0L-2 0c-¥ |1z-9 10-2 jP9-L FZ-T 02-0 0€-0 00-0 (00-0. | aH : _ “* douLIag
#9-ZE |Z0-0 [00-0 |29-0 kanes pes teat ab €L-1 ice ee pee ee : a ue = TOUUpesTe (°
“ “ “ Mu “ “ M“ Mu“ | M“ u “ “ a“
“LIG[ YOK TIVINIVY, TvaALOW (9)
Teil | x0. |] Wa) POR | mannan [a8 Lt | 20 (1-0 ,%0 )9-0 | Lo | Uo tee ie OTe
Hoo | aD Pe | eC | ete | Me Oe Got | ho) Peay toe) Oe Guay oo ss ake + mdypor
UPS Same GrO me ecrOMelay aces nGers lenge ing = Gror e.0 €-0 | $-0 | L-0 ; il ra eipeyqyord
DM GAD | 6D | AO a Bets Oop | Bap Not ee Ife | reo) | ean) Garay ee oe £3 a roULIeg
0-61 ! ¢-0 1:0 |0-0 | F-T1 L-& L-& 6-1 9:0 |&-0 | F.0 L-0 | 9-0 - : = an TOWVSTe C
‘SAV( ANIVY 10 UMAWAN N¥ay (cg)
Jee et Oe ee eee ee ane : e =
fee ec ae sae cece |e eee suo RS
oF (or = o F 8 S< ie!

‘pyw0o—nynq_ 709160) 0.1029a J

273

7
.

FLORA OF THE INDIAN DESERT

aos Ooooo

1d on Oo NI

ine)

rao
OD 10 HH
OO O

.

oo 19 © © oD H
SH 19 10 9 © SH
eopmonoooeo

oow
of OD CO
Orme

Sa. mw O10 Oo
Crm Orme as Hoon SoS
DW OH 19ND 10 OO CO

TPA

“‘purm

“1d

“XR

“qn
“TEN OM

‘omnyerod ua y,

9-0€L |ST-9 66

€-5¢
€-89 0-0€L /S1-8T
9-69 9-0€L |S&-9 83
6-1L 0-6¢L |SP-8T
€-9L 9-86L |SI-PFI
€-09 L-86L | O-L LG
L-G9 L-96L |GE-LT
9-L9 L-G¢éL |S1-FI
1-9 G-PEL |ST-L 9G
0-L9 0-664 |SP-LT
6.19 0-0¢, | 0-8T on “ee Ate ae ae royMeyyg
F-G9 G-66L 08-9 GG
0-€L GT-0G
¢-G8 L-66L |SP-é1
0O-LL §-T§L GF-8 , ee oe ee ** ee URISO
8-L9 G-9EL 0-9 FG
O-TL O-LEL | 0-8 &G oe se Nie ii ie ‘7 emMIeleg
L-G8 G-OVL |SI-FI
8-69 [-chL | O-L 1G
T-TL G-OFL | 0-06
¢-19 0-GPL |ST-9 0G
8-LL L-OPL | 0-06
§-L8 G-OFL |OF-FI
0-69 L-OPL | O-L 6I “400}"* Sot ie — a) "+ andqpor
‘qin
Oar (‘poqoor |
-1ooun) 840 :
oimssorg| 4° rach BAO WO Cael
“reg oul y,

"—* 7 r, lie

11

NVI

7
_

Vol. X

oa
?

JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY

274

cooooeonmnn en CcomMnomMmnnAdtasnooeoeooe

os ay on 6-99 L-89 §-8€L |SL-06
: ee g.8¢ 68h 0-882 |SV-FI IL : i cat pa Pi * — yerolur,
- os ce 8.79 Le Lb 0-6€2 j08-FI OL é 3g oa 30 Ae se OE al
a id - P-OG ¥-89 L-€PL |0€-06
V-&6 6-69 g. 99 6-PPL 0-11 6
. HNN eS 9-67 6-89 v-PVL 08-06
HNN. ro) 0.9G 6-GL 0-yL |SL-St 8
HNN | 0-82 Gg. 6G 6-89 0-97L 06-06
HN oe ‘ P.G¢ ¢.9L 6-GPh 0-FL
cl ; &-V& 6 OF Gg. Lg &-GPL O-L L
HN ea 8-09 g-89 1-PrL 0-16
M 2 oA 6-P9 0-08 9-7VL \SV-cL
¢g-66 &- LV 6-0G 8-PVL |SP-9 9
HONG 2 8-6G 0-€L G:VVL |GL-06
M 1-69 8-62 1-PrL j08-é1 gi 3 a ne pee OOS eis
ag g.G8 0-09 0-12 G.G7L 106-61
: ey : 6-19 gG-18 6-97L |S1-EL = ; = * e0x"Vpos
ae E g-GS 0.79 G.8gG V-Gvh 0-¥ 6
6-98 at 9.89 v-V9 L-Gvh j09- 61
MA oe an 6:99 8-18 G-GVL O06-Gl Z 2 ze . ryavyory
- i L6G 8-h9 6-6€L jS1-V 6
: 6-99 V-¥9 ¢-6¢L 0-06 : peyys
(0) 1 L6G 0-99 v-1VL |Sh-¥ T AON’ > : : deg
¢-6L p-99 6-1L 9-864 |G1-06
a 8-LG 6-6L G-66L a0-eL
6- 9g L1G 6+ Lg 0-072 \S7-G O06
: ; i ¥-19 0-91 L-88L \0&-81 66 “420 ue fe ee : Ipojeyd
non | cag | xem cw | ge |S ae | CReven
; ie ae sito) | - lO f
: oaecena| © ord sq) JO Oav[
“‘purM. -oanyerod wo J, omeay |) eelath

“pyuoo—no7 no burinp sworwasasgQ 109260)0.L00)0 Jy

_——

Journ., Bombay Nat, Hist, Soc. Plate XXXII,

A.—Sandy plain West of Jaisalmer town with scrub vegetation. To the
right : Small pond with Acacia arabica. On the hill in the background :
Jaisalmer Fort.

B.—Low lime-stone hills near Jaisalmer town, rising abruptly from the
above plain. Predominant plant : Crotalaria burhia.

Tue Frora oF THE INDIAN DESERT.

FLORA OF THE INDIAN DESERT, 275

The direction of the wind indicates the point from which it blows. The
direction within brackets after a species of cloud below indicates the point
towards which the cloud moves, the accompanying number its velocity on a deci-
mal scale. The amount of clouds is also indicated on a decimal scale, 0
meaning a nearly clear, 10 an overcast sky. The abbreviations refer to the
international system for cloud names.

Jodivpur.
October 19.
October 20.

October 21.

Balarwa.
October 23.

October 24.
Osian.
October 24.

October 25.

Bhikamkor.
October 25.

October 26.

October 27.

October 28.
Phalodi.
October 29.
October 30.
Bap.

Sky Clear.

6-30 a.m.

Sky: 0; Ci.

All day an increasing quantity of light Ci.

7-0 a.m.
2-15 p.m.

8-0 p.m.

Sky = 3% Ci.
Sky: 2; Ci.

Sky : 10; Str.-Cu., Al.-Cu., Al.-Str.

8-0 p.m.—9-30 p.m. Halo 23° round moon.

6-0 a.m.

Sky: 10; Str.-Cu., Al.-Cu., Al.-Str.

8-45a.m. Sky: 10; Str.-Cu., Al.-Cu., Al.-Sér.

10-15 a.m.
1-0 p.m.

Sky : 10; Str.-Cu., Str.-Cu.-Lent., Al.-Cu., Al.-Str.

5 p.m.—-5-0 p.m. Sky: 10; Nb., Str.-Cu., Al.- Str.

A few drops of rain.
Sky: 10; Al.-Str.
Fine rain.
Amount of rain fallen: 0:03 inch.
Sky: 10; Str. [W 7], Al.-Str. [E 0}.
Fine rain.

Sky: 10; Nb. [W 7].

Sky: 10; Nb.

Upto 5-30 p.m. Fairly strong rain, afterwards
finer. 5-45 p.m. Amount of rain fallen; 1-11
mel. “Sky 7 10>-Nbe [SW <7].

About midnight : Thunder-storm.

7-15 a.m. Amount of rain fallen : 3.62 inch.

5-50 p.m.

7-0 aim.

2-15 p.m.
6-45 p.m.

(rain gauge full).
Sky; 10; Nb. [SSW 6].

Amount of rain fallen ; 0.07 inch.

Sky: 10; Nb. [S 5], Al.-Cu.

Sky: 10;Nb. [S 4], Al.-Cu. [NNE 2]. AL-Str.

The rain has stopped. About 0°5 inch. may be
assumed to be lost.

Fragments of double rainbow in the clouds in SE.
Fine rain. Nb. dispersing. Mamm.-Nb. vi-
sible at sunset.

Sky: 10; Str. [SW 8].

Fog and heavy dew.

Sky : 0.

Sky clear.

All day : Sky clear.

6-30 p.m. Sky: 0; Ci.-Str. (in S$).
All day : Sky clear.

November 1. Early morning: Sky: 1; Ci.
Shihad to Vinjorai.
November 1 to Nov. 11.

Sky clear.

276 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII_

9 CLIMATE AND VEGETATION.

From what has been said above, it is clear that the climate is hostile to all
vegetation, only plants possessing special adaptations being able to establish ;
themselves. These adaptations are in general of two types, having two distinct
objects in view : to enable the plant to obtain water, and to retain it when:
obtained. Those interested in the anatomical peculiarities of the plants of the
region are referred to the paper by T. 8. Sabnis: © The Physiological
Anatomy of the Plants of the Indian Desert,” at present appearing in the
Journal of Indian Botany. .

The struggle for existence between the plants, of the same or of different spe-
sies, is practically non-existent, there being plenty of vacant spaces, and the
formations being generally of the open type. The chief exceptions to this rule
are the following parasites :—Cuscuta hyalina (growing on many _host-plants,
see Vol. XXVI, p. 543), Striga ocobancheoides (on Lepidagathis trinervis), Striga
euphrasioides (on grasses, etc.), Cistanche tubulosa (on Capparis decidua, see plate
XXILB.)—The case of Crotalaria burhia is discussed under the sand formation.
Possibly the abundance of this plant may have something to do with nitro-
bacteria, living in symbiosis with the plant in its root nodules.

Many seeds fail to germinate, and numbers of seedlings are destroyed, thus
never reaching maturity.

The bulk of the vegetation consists of a kind of scrub made up of shrubs and ~
perennial herbs, capable of great drought resistance and of a period of compa-
rative rest, extending throughout the greater part of the year. There are few
trees to be seen, and these are stunted and generally thorny or prickly, thus
protecting themselves against plant-feeding animals. Of the latter, there are
vast herds of camels, cattle, sheep and goats, forming the chief wealth of the
rural population, and appearing to thrive in spite of the arid nature of the
country (Plate XXXII-B.). The presence of these herds is a factor of some
importance in the economy of the region, certain plants being kept down, while
others remain untouched. Thus it is sometimes impossible to find a fairly com-
plete specimen of many plants over large areas, the branches being eaten, and
only the woody base left. Plate XX XIV-A. shows a case, where a specimen of
Heliotropium undulatum (the plant to the left) has escaped total destruction
owing to its being accidentally protected by an ant-hill. On the other hand, ,
the specimen of Sericostoma pauciflora to the right is not touched although
unprotected, in spite of its being a close relative of the former plant. Some-
times a spiny shrub protects a plant, otherwise greedily eaten by animals. A
case of this is shown in Plate XX XIV-B., where a fine specimen of the grass
Andropogon annulatus, reaching the unusual height of eight feet, has taken refuge
among the branches of the very prickly Zizyphus rotundifolia. The luxurious
growth of the grass is due to the local presence of moisture in the gravelly soil.
Of unprotected specimens in the same habitat, practically only the roots were
left. Below we give a list of the plants especially liked by camels: Capparis
decidua, Salvadora oleoides, Haloxylon salicornicum, Fagonia cretica, Orotalaria
burhia, Clerodendron phlomidis, Calligonum polygonoides, Indigofera ovalifolia. -

The proper desert plants may be divided into two main groups : those depend-
ing directly upon rain, and those depending on the presence of subterranean
water. wes

The first group consists again of two types: the ‘“‘ephemerals” and the “ rain
perennials.”—The ephemerals. are delicate annuals, apparently free from any
xerophilous adaptations, having slender stems and root-systems and often large
flowers. They appear almost immediately after rain, develop flowers and fruits
in an incredibly short time, and die as soon as the surface layer of the soil dries
up. We did not come across any plants of this type, which may however have
been due to the fact that our visit took place towards the end of the rainy season.

Journ., Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. Plate XXXIV.

A.—Heliotropium undulatum, partly eaten by animals, and surrounded by
anant hill. To the right: Sericostoma pauciflora. (Gravel plain near
Devikot, in Jaisalmer State).

B.—On moist ground near Devikot village. Andropogon annulatus pro-
tected by Zizyphus rotundifolia.

THe FLORA OF THE INDIAN DESERT.

FLORA OF THE INDIAN DESERT, 2G,

eT

The few annuals observed have generally a comparatively long taproot, the
exceptions from this rule being best regarded as accidental visitors to the region
(such as Spermacoce stricta, Asphodelus tenuifolius)—The rain perennials are
also visible above ground only during the rainy season, but have a perennial
underground stem. Here belong the bulbous Monocotyledons, of which Dip-
cadi erythreum is a representative from our region, also various OCyperacec.

By far the largest number of the indigenous plants are capable of absorbing
water from deep below the surface of the ground by means of a well developed
root system, the main part of which generally consists of a slender, woody tap-root
of extraordinary length. This adaptation in some cases enables a plant to dis-
pense with all xerophilous characteristics. A noteworthy example is Citrullus colo-
cynthis, one of the Cucurbitacee, which remains green throughout the year, in
spite of its long, trailing branches, which often reach 50 ft. in length, and bear
a fair number of large leaves. A fruiting specimen of the plant is shown on
Plate VIT-A.

Generally, however, various other xerophilous adaptations are resorted to
such as reduced leaves, thick tomentum, succulence, coatings of wax, thick
cuticle, protected stomata, etc., all having for their object a reduction of transpi-
ration. The plants belonging here are chiefly more or less woody perennials.
A few annuals occur, however, such as the rare Monsonia heliotropioides.

3. FORMATIONS.

It was originally our intention to adopt the nomenclature used by F. E.
Clements in his work “‘ Plant Succession” (Washington 1916) for our descrip-
tion of the vegetation of the Indian Desert. For many reasons, into the details
of which we cannot enter here, this plan has been abandoned. Accordingly
the term ‘‘consocies”’ used on some of the earlier plates (Pl. VII-B., X-A.)
should be replaced by the term “family.” Similarly the words “in the con-
socies ’’ under Pl. X-B. should go out.

The uniformity of the climate of our region causes a corresponding unifor-
mity of the vegetation. The formations may therefore be taken as exclusively
edaphic, and it is convenient to adopt Schimper’s definition: “ The communi-
ties of plants as determined by the qualities of the soil are termed formations.”

Accordingly, we distinguish the following five formations: Aquatic, Sand,
Gravel, Rock, Ruderal.

For the sub-divisions of the above formations we use the term association,
following Warming’s definition: ‘‘ An association is a community of definite
floristic composition within a formation.”

We shall further use the term family, introduced by Clements, but in the
following generalized sense: A family is a community of individuals belonging
to a single species, and occupying a definite area of whatever shape or size, the
boundaries of which are determined by the numerical distribution of the indivi-
duals, no account being taken of the eventual occurrence of other species within
the area.

Thus Pl. X.-A. shows a single family of Eclipta erecta with abrupt boundaries,
the change in numerical distribution within the occupied area being continuous.
In Pl. X.-B. we have several isolated families of the same plant. In the case
discussed no other plant occupies the same locality, and we may therefore des-
cribe the local vegetation as a pure association of Eclipta erecta consisting of
several families. A pure association may coincide with a family, as in Pl. XXIV -
A., XXV-B. (Cyperus arenarius), or form part of a family, as m Bl XXV-A.
(Calotropis procera) or VII-B. (Indigofera argentea). The area occupied by a
family of Aristida hirtigluma shown in Pl. XIX-B. contains also other species
and hence the plant does not form a pure association ; this is of course the rule.

£78 JOURNAL, BOMBA Y NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol, XXVILE

Aquatic Formation.

Water is naturally scarce within our region and has to be collected during the
monsoon for irrigation purposes. Wherever possible artificial basins are con-
structed, preferably with a rocky bottom, since a sandy or gravelly bottom
retains the water only with difficulty. At the time of our visit the amount of
water in these tanks was unusually great owing to the exceptionally heavy rains.
Just before the rainy season, the smaller ones are generally empty and during
ordinary years, the maximun water level must be far lower than that observed
Dy uss sor

The chief tanks visited by us are :

(1) Kailana Lake near Jodhpur (Pl. V-A.) occupies a comparatively large
rocky valley and supplies Jodhpur city with water. The dam is shown in
Pl. 1 B., and the luxurious vegetation on the outside forms a striking
contrast to that of the surrounding arid hills. The lake itself contains
masses of Algw, among which various species of Chara were noted. The
Naiedacae were represented by Potamogeton crispus and Naias australis.

There were hardly any semi-aquatic associations along the shores of
the lake at the time of our visit, although they probably would be well
developed after the partial drying up of the water. Below the dam,
however, we found Bergia ammannioides and B. odorata associated with
Ammannia baccifera and A. multiflora.

(2) The tank above the Balsamand Garden near Jodhpur is a small rock basin
in which Trapa bispinosa was collected. We have not observed this
plant in any other locality and conclude that it must have been culti-
vated here.

(83) The lake near Mandor (PI. VI-A.) is a large shallow expanse of water
in the plain, and is rather difficult of approach on account of its marshy
shores. Mandor was our best locality for Cyperacee and many of these
plants occurred in the neighbourhood of the lake. The vegetation on the
banks along the muddy irrigation canals leading from the lake is best
described as ruderal. The lake as shown on the photograph is probably
much larger than in ordinary years.

(4) A small pond surrounded by marshy ground about 8m. north of Phalodi
(Pl. XXIV-B.) was filled with muddy water devoid of vegetation, except
for a number of immature specimens of Vallisneria spiralis, a plant not
observed in any other locality. The shores were covered by high Cy-
peracce partly associating with Andropogon annulatus. The surround-
ing damp gravel was a favourite habitat of Bergia odorata.

(5) The small village tank at Bap has a gravel bottom and partly marshy
shores. The submerged association observed by us consisted of Potamo-
geton pectinatus, Navas graminea, Naias Welwitschii, and Chara sp.

(6) Gharsisar Lake outside Jaisalmer town (Pl. XII-A.) is not of much
interest botanically.

(7) The same may be said of Amarsagar and Bada Bag tanks, both artificially
dammed rock basins (Pl. XII-B., XI-B.), although the shores may have
a vich vegetation in the middle of the dry season. Both irrigate exten-
sive gardens. In the Bada Bag (Pl. XI-A.), a large muddy field of almost
pure Ammannia baccifera association was observed.

(8) A-small artificial pond with gravel bottom between Seu and Badka had
a flora different from the ordinary type. There was found an association
of Nymphea lotus and Limnanthemum parvifolium, neither of which was
observed elsewhere. We noted also a zone of Chara sp.

(9) A few drying-up pools near Barmer railway station were bordered by
pure families of Hclipta erecta (Pl. X-A. & B.). Although this plant is
ruderal rather than aquatic, it is mertioned here owing to the fact, that

ee ne, ee

FLORA OF THE INDIAN DESERT. 279

a habitat of this type seems necessary for it to thrive in this region. It
attains its maximum development about 2-3 feet above the surface of
the water nearer which young plants and seedlings only are found, so that
zones and islands result.

(10) Many smaller pools or tanks were met with, but proved very uninterest-
ing. There is generally one or two near every village. Rivers containing
water there were none. We.crossed a river-bed 2 miles East of Sodakoer
(Pl. XXX), the vegetation of which hardly differed from the surrounding
gravel area. A sandy river-bed at Barmer was totally devoid of
vegetation.

From the above may be seen that the submerged flora is, as might have been
expected, rather poor, and very local. The semi-aquatic flora consists mainly
of certain Cyperacee, Lythracee and Elaiinacee, and is often well developed
as regards number of individuals. The almost complete absence of Hydro-
charitacee is noteworthy. The genus Rotala, too, is absent. There are hardly
any aquatic grasses. Desmostachya bipinnata may perhaps be referred here.
It frequents irrigated gardens and margins of tanks.

The occurrence of Naias australis and Naias Welwttschit within our region is
very interesting, both plants being new to India.

(To be continued.)

280

THE BIRDS OF PREY OF THE PUNJAB.
BY
C. H. DONALD, F.Z.S., M.B.0.U.
PART Va.
(Continued from page 140 of this volume.)
Type H.

This chapter of the “ Birds of Prey of the Punjab” deals with 3 genera,
comprising 11 species, of what must be far and away the best known of Raptores
by name at least.

All the species in this Type (H) have three characteristics in common which
separate them from the members of all other Types, at a glance. The first men-
tioned of these characteristics is by far the most important, and in itself suffi-
cient to differentiate them and to place them in this Type. These characteristics
are :—

(a) Upper mandible toothed and sometimes a festoon is also present behind

the tooth ; nostril circular with a central tubercle.

(6) Irides someshade of brown, usually very deep and almost black in some

lights.

(c) Wings long and pointed but not always reaching to tip of tail.

The three genera are:—FALCO, ASSALON and TINNUNCULUS, 2.e.,
the Falcons, Merlins and Kestrels.

Besides the above, there are in India, four other genera comprising in all 8
species which all have toothed mandibles, viz :—Baza (3 species) which are dis-
tinguished by having a sort of double tooth; Hrythropus (1 species); Microhierax |
(3 species) and Poliohierax (1 species) but none of these are found in the Punjab
so far as I am aware.

Now, though all the true Falcons, the Merlins, and the Kestrels can be placed
in their proper Type by a single glance at the beak and nostril, the separation of
the different species from each other, in Falco, is by no means so simple. Varia-
tions in plumage from the young to the adult stage are considerable, and
differences in size of specimens, of the same species, are by no means negligible.

Like most of the Raptores previously dealt with, the Falcons, Merlins and
Kestrels are easily distinguished by their flight, not only as such, but can usually
be correctly placed in their proper species, by anyone who has studied their
flight, but it will not be an easy matter to put the subtle differences in black and
white and still make them intelligible to my readers.

The 3 genera and 11 species of this Type are as under :—

Genus. SPECIES.
Falco FF. peregrinus The Peregrine Falcon
3; FE. peregrinator The Shahin aA
a F. barbarus The Barbary A
a F. jugger The Laggar Bs
ke I. cherrug The Saker or Cherrug Falcon
I F. milvipes The Shanghar Falcon
9 F'. subbuteo The Hobby
re F. severus The Indian Hobby
Aisalon At. regulus The Merlin
s AY. chiquera The Turumti or Red-headed Mer-

lin.
Tinnunculus T. alaudarius The Kestrel

THE BIRDS OF PREY OF THE PUNJAB. 281

Kry TO THE GENERA.

Falco. Size medium to small; toes long, middle toe without
claw as long, if not longer than, the tarsus; tail round-
ed, not graduated ; 2nd quill longest, 1st much longer
than fourth.

Aisalon. Size small; 2nd and 3rd primaries longest and sub-
equal, first primary much shorter and approximately
equal to the fourth ; first two quills always notched
on the inner web. Other characteristics as in Falco.

Tinnunculus. Size small; foot much smaller and weaker than in
the Falcons, mid-toe without claw being from two
thirds to three fourths the length of the tarsus; Tail
graduated, outer rectrices being 1 to 14 inches shorter
than the middle pair. Upper parts tinged with rufous
throughout, with black bands in the females and young.

KEY TO THE SPECIES.

F. p2regrinus. Size medium, wing in male about 12°5 and in female
about 14°5; Ist primary longer than the third ; cheek-
stripe broader than the eye ; no nuchal collar ; crown
dark grey (sometimes, though rarely, black); breast
very slightly rufous.

F. peregrinator. Size medium, wing in male about 11-5 and in female
about 13”; Ist primary longer than the third ; cheek
stripe broader than the eye ; crown black or blackish ;
under parts rufous.

F. barbarus. Size, a little smaller than the above, wing 11 in males
to 12°5 in females ; Ist primary longer than the third ;
cheek-stipe narrow, a buff nuchal collar; head ashy
grey or rufous.

F. jugger. Wing in male about 12°5 and in female about 1 ”
Ist primary subequal to 3rd or shorter ; a distinct nar-
row cheek-stripe ; middle tail feathers entirely brown
in adults.

F. cherrug. Wing in male about 14°5 and in female about 15°5’;
Ist primary subequal to 3rd or shorter ; no cx.eek-stripe ;
middle tail feathers, usually brown with white spots
on each web, adults not banded above.

F. milvipes. Wing in male 14 and in the female about 16” ; adults
banded with rufous on back, wings, and tail.

F. subbuteo. Size small, wing of male 10} and of female about ss
Breast white or buff with brown streaks.

F. severus. Very similar to F. buteo except that this species

has a deep rufous breast, unspotted in adults.

N.B.—Both the Hobbies (F. subbuteo and severus) resemble
the Peregrine group in having the first primary longer
than the third.

The size, as indicated by the length of wing, is some-
what misleading when the Shaheen or Barbary Falcons
are compared with the Hobbies. Half an inch or an
inch would appear to make very little difference, but
the former are altogether heavier and robuster birds
with much longer toes and more powerful claws
generally. Whereas the mid-toe without claw in
the Hobbies would ‘not exceed 1}” in length, in the
remaining six species it will be found to be 1?” or over.

#2

282 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCLETY, Vol. XXXVI

Ad. regulus.

AY. chiquera.

T. alaudarvus.

Size small, wing about 8 to 9”; 2nd and 3rd prima-
ries longest and subequal, first much shorter and appro-

ximately equal to the 4th ; crown grey or brown, dark-

shaited.

Size small, wing in females about 9”; 2nd and 3rd
primaries longest and subequal first much shorter
and approximately equal to the fourth ; crown chest-
nut.

As for genus.

Type H.
Famity FALCONIDA.
Supraminy FALCONIN At.

Genus FALco.

No. 1254. Falco peregrinus. The Peregrine Falcon.

Characieristics.

Colouration.

Size medium, length of male about 15” and of a
female about 18”; 1st primary longer than the 3rd ;
cheek-stripe broader than the eye; no nuchal collar,
crown dark grey, sometimes almost black; breast
very slightly tinged with rufous.

In adults. Slate-grey above, darker on the head
and neck and gradually shading down to a pale grey
on the rump, most of the feathers dark-shafted and
except on the head and nape with dark cross-bands.
Cheek-stripe black; Primaries blackish, with white
bars on the inner webs, except near the end; Secon-
daries ashy grey with darker cross-bands ; tail dark
grey or blackish with numerous ashy-grey cross bars,
closer together and paler towards the base, extreme
tip and borders near tip, whitish ; lower parts white
with a rufous tinge, a few brown or black spots on the
lower breast and middle of the abdomen, and narrow
dark bars on the flanks, lower wing-coverts, thigh
coverts, and under tail-coverts.

Young birds are very dark brown above, the fea-
thers edged with rufous, the buff bases of the feathers.
showing about the nape; the tail feathers with about
six transversely oval rufous spots on each web, form-
ing imperfect cross-bars; primaries as in adults;
cheek-stripe narrower; lower parts white, buff, or
rufescent, spotted, except on the throat, with broad
brown elongate median stripes, becoming broad spots
on the flanks (Blanford).

The transition from the young to the old plumage
is gradual but considerable and, I do not think there
can be much doubt, that variations of a marked degree
exist in individuals of the same age.

The bird with an almost jet black head and dark-.
brown back and under parts of a rich cream colour
with deep brown markings, is an entirely different. .
looking bird to the one with the slaty grey back and

pure white under parts, sparsely speckled with black,,
and transverse bars on the flanks.

THE BIRDS OF PREY OF THE PUNJAB, 283

Measuremenis.

Habits, etc.

A few years ago I caught a tiercel with a head and
nape almost jet black and resembling that of the next
species, much more than that of the Peregrine.

* Bill bluish, dark at tip ; cere yellow ; irides brown;
legs and feet yellow.’ (Blanford).

“Length of a female about 19 ; tail 7-5; wing 14°5;
tarsus 2°1; mid-toe without claw 2°25; bill from
gape 1°3; Males are considerably smaller: length
about 16; wing 12.5.” (Blanford).

Mr. Hume records an Indian female measuring,
20°25 in length ; expanse 39 ; wing 13°25; tail 6°75;
tarsus 2°25; mit-toe 2°06.

The Peregrine Falcon is a winter visitor to the Pun-
jab, though it is possible that some few stragglers
may even breed in the Himalayas, and Hume records
having seen a trained Peregrine which the owner in-
formed him had been taken from a nest on the Indus
River. Personally I have never, to my certain know-
ledge, seen this birdin the Himalayas during the
summer.

The Bhyri, by which name this species is known to
the Indian falconer, is essentially a bird of the river
and jheel. It arrives in Northern India just after the
ducks make their appearance and disappears when
they go. Itis an early hunter and may be seen on the
wing just after dawn, flying low over the extensive
plains bordering any of our Punjab rivers. When
hunting, the Peregrine flies low and fast, the wings
usually slightly bent back from the first joint, and
with fast powerful beats.

On viewing ducks on a pool or a flock of doves in
the fields, the falcon drops to within a few feet of the
ground, the beat of the wings become even faster than
before and the wings bend closer into the body and it
fairly hurls itself through the air and into the middle
of the flock, which will probably rise “en masse”
when the falcon is still a few yards distant. Having
selected one particular bird, the chase begins, unless
by good fortune for the falcon, it ends before it really
begins in an easy capture. Usually the dove succeeds
in evading those dread talons in the first instance and
neatly doubles back. Up rises the falcon almost ver-
tically to her “ pitch’, turns, and shoots down like
an arrow in the wake of its quarry following every
turn and twist of the latter.

Another miss and up she goes again to repeat the
performance, determined to secure its breakfast before
the dove can reach the shelter of the trees surrounding
a village, not far distant. The dove reaches the fringe
of trees closely followed by the falcon and dashes right
into the branches of the nearest tree. The falcon once
more rises high into the air, circles round once or twice
in the hope of its quarry, or another bird leaving the
security of the trees for the open ground beyond, gives
up the chase and flies straight away, rising steadily as
it goes, to make an attack elsewhere.

984 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. X XV

During the day the Peregrine betakes itself to some
big tree overlooking a river or a jheel, and shelters from
the heat of the sun. It usually perches on one of the
thicker branches about half way up and seldom on the
topmost branches, likeso many of the other falcons
do.

Another favourite haunt of the Peregrine is the
sandy bed of the river itself. A mound of sand, a half
buried log, or a stump or stake in the ground, from
which it can view the country for miles round, have
attractions for a hungry falcon.

Whereas duck probably form its staple diet, a crow
colony is almost a certain find for a hungry Peregrine,
late in the evening. One that has failed to secure a
tit-bit in the shape of a duck or a dove, earlier in the
afternoon, will wend its way to a crow colony sooner
or later, whence it need never go hungry, even though
the quality of the meal is not all that can be desired.

I have already stated that the flight of the birds
in this type (H) is by no means easy to describe. The
flight of the falcons generally is not only distinctive
but is capable of a more or less intelligent description
but to give such a description as will enable a novice
to differentiate between the different members of this
type, is quite another matter.

Indeed the trained eye has to depend on factors

other than shape of wings, the way they are held, lensth
of tail, etc., to separate one falcon from another on the
wing, and even where the flight itself is distinctive
the difference is subtle enough to defy description
though noticeable to the trained eye. Size and
colour of certain portions of the body or wings must
be taken into account and even then itis not always
possible to make absolutely certain of your bird.

The sharp pointed (swallow like) wings, the shorter
tail, proclaim the falcons at a glance.

The wings are held level, i.e., on the same plane as
the body and even when soaring will frequently be
found to be slightly bent, though this is by no means
always the case.

Ii seen at close quarters, the white or light coloured
breast (in the adult plumage) will help to differentiate
the Peregrine from the Shaheen, which has a rufous
breast and under parts. The latter’s black head and
very dark upper parts are also a guide to its species.

The Barbary resembles the Shaheen except for
its light coloured head.

The Laggar, in adult plumage, has a very white
breast, often shows a slight white patch on the under-
part of the wing, and the marking of the wing is also
“patchy ”. Moreover they usually hunt in couples.

The Cherrug or Saker Falcon is very much bigger
and is seldom to be found in the haunts of the Peregrine
or the Shaheen. It affects dry sandy tracts.

The Merlins and Hobbies are all very much smaller.

THE BIRDS OF PREY OF THE PUNJAB, 28

or

Genus Fatco.

No. 1255. Falco peregrinator. The Shaheen Falcon.

Characteristics.

Colouration.

Measurements.

Habits, etc.

Length of male about 15”, of a female about 18”;
1st primary longer than the 3rd ; cheek-stripe broader
than the eye (sometimes, in very old birds, the cheek-
stripe is fused into the back of the head and nape and
indistinguishable in itself), no nuchal collar, crown
blackish ; lower parts deep rufous. Wing 11.5 to 13”.

“ This falcon is distinguished from the Peregrine at
all ages by its darker and almost black head and nape,
and by the deeper rufous of the lower surface, especial -
ly on the breast, abdomen and lower wing-coverts.
The colour of the lower parts varies, however, greatly;
in some birds, especially those from Southern India,
it is deep ferruginous or chestnut, whilst in many
Himalayan birds it is scarcely darker than in some
(exceptional) Peregrines. Except in very old birds
there is almost always in the present species some
rufous sprinkled over the nape, owing to there being a
rufous band on the feathers between the black ends
and the white bases. In old birds of F. peregrinator
all markings disappear on the breast and abdomen
very narrow bars remaining on the flanks alone, and
bars almost disappear on the pale ashy feathers of the
back, rump, and scapulars.

In young birds of the year the whole upper surface
is almost black, the feathers at first having rufous edges
which soon disappear by wear; there is some rufous
on the nape ; and the tail is marked with transverse,
oval, rufous spots as in the Peregrine but they are
more numerous ; the chin and throat are pale rufous
and unspotted, the breast and abdomen marked with
longitudinal drops, but the lower abdomen is some-
times unspotted.” (Blanford).

“ Bill slaty blue, dark at the tip; cere, orbits and
legs yellow ; irides intense brown.”

** Length of a female about 18”; tail6°5; wing 13” ;
tarsus 2; mid-toe without claw 2°1; bill from gape
1°25; ofa male, length 15; wing 11°5. (Blanford).

This beautiful falcon is a dweller of the hills and
breeds freely all over the lower hills inthe Punjab, up
to an elevation of about 7,000 ft.

Pigeons, doves, parrots, mynahs and thrushes come
in for the attentions of this falcon and to watch one
hunting, particularly in the hills, isan education. Like
the Peregrine it is a very early hunter and begins
its day if anything earlier than does the latter, and
certainly continues to a later hour in the evening.

I have had the good luck on several occasions to
have my camp near a Shaheen’s pet hunting grounds,
and it is extraordinary how faithful they are to certain
localities, even to the extent of the same branch of a
particular tree in that locality.

In Dharmsala there are cliffs just above my house.
Above and all down one side, these cliffs are surrounded
by a heavy oak forest. Immediately below is fairly

236 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVI,

open ground, below which is a small lake and below
that again the Cantonments. Further away to the left
is a village with a wide extent of cultivation, and down
below there is an unrestricted view of the low-lying
hills of Kangra and the plains.

On a much lopped oak tree, at one corner of the
cliffs, the Shaheen is to be found any afternoon,
between the months of March and the middle of
May.

- Thereafter she vanishes to re-appear again in
, September. Her pet tree commands a magnificent
viewandno pigeon can fly anywhere in the Canton-
ments, nor dove alight in the village fields, which
escapes her all seeing eyes.

Periodically she leaves her perch and makes a cir-
cuit of the hill, as if bored with nothing to do, return-
ing within ten minutes or quarter of an hour, to her
own perch.

From this coign of vantage itis a treat to see her
give chase. If you watch her on her perch for a few
minutes you will see her head bob up and down as
though focussing the eyes on some distant object.

Suddenly, with a spasmodic movement her wings
half open and she gets lower on her perch, as though
preparing foraspring. Thus she sits for a few seconds
with her wings still half open, being blown about in
the breeze, her eyes fixed straight ahead of her and
downwards and the head shoots up and downas though
on springs. As suddenly she changes her mind, draws
up her wings and sits bolt upright, but only for an
instant. Again her wings half open and her mind is
made up and off she goes. With fast beating wings
she rises steadily, but in a different . direction to that
in which she had previously been looking. Up and
up she goes then suddenly turns and shoots down like
an-arrow at incredible speed. The stoop is, how-
ever, not that of the trained falcon, with wings tightly
glued to the body, but a succession of such stoops
intercepted by moments of wildly vibrating wings
hurling and pushing her through the air at ever in-
creasing speed. Down, down she comes missing the
top of arhododendron bush by inches and with a great
swish. a streak passes within a few feet and rises
straight up into the blue sky, for two or three hundred
feet without a check, then the wings open wide and
the falcon circles two or three times and then flies off
to her old perch.

The Merlin is the only other falcon that follows its
quarry in this way, and somewhat resembles the
ordinary flight of a wagtail or sparrow, except that
it is not so undulating but much more direct.

The Shaheen arrives at her hunting grounds at
about four o’clock and if not successful in procurmg
her dinner earlier, will be seen hunting bats, asa last
resort, well after sunset. .

THE BIRDS OF PREY OF THE PUNJAB. 287

It is by no means uncommon even on the plains
and I have seen it as high up as 9,000 ft. in the Hima-
layas.

They build in cliffs, a nest composed of sticks and
lay brownish yellow eggs, speckled and blotched
with reddish brown measuring 2 by 1°63. Mr. Dods-

" worth records a nest he found in the vicinity of Simla
on the 30th March 1913 containing two eggs. He
says :—“ In the present case there was no nest of any
kind, and the eggs were reposing on the bare ground.
The colouration of the two eggs is entirely different.
One—a magnificent specimen is a rich uniform deep
brick-red, the other has a ground colour of brownish
yellow, and is heavily blotched with reddish brown.
In shape they are broad ovals, a good deal pointed
towards the small end. They measure (I) Ak92* os
iin to 1b 88" 1-52".

Type H.

Genus Fatco.
No. 1256. Falco barbarus. The Barbary Falcon.

Characteristics. Length of male about 15 and of a female about 17;
first primary longer than the 3rd; cheek-stripe nar-
row ; a buff nuchal collar; head ashy grey or rufous.

— Colouration. “ Head more or less ashy grey or brown, with a white

or buff frontal band, and varying to rufous or a chest-

: nut brown towards the nape, the feathers being dark

ee, ©

shafted.” Sides of neck buff; broad nuchal collar
rufous, often mixed with brown (occasionally nearly
the whole crown and nape are light chestnut) ; upper
parts ashy grey with dark or blackish cross-bars, the
bars broad and predominating on the upper back and
wing-coverts, less broad on the scapulars, narrow, and
in old birds faint, on the rump and upper tail-coverts ;
primaries dark brown, closely banded with pale rufous
on the inner webs except near the tips; secondaries
ashy grey with dark cross-bands ; tail with alternating
bars of ashy grey and blackish grey, the former broader
near the root, the latter near the end, tip whitish ; chin
and throat white, or rufescent, rest of lower parts pale
rufous, depth of tint varying ; the breast in some with

_afew narrow dark shaft lines and the abdomen
with small spots; the flanks and under-wing coverts
with dark bars, but in old birds all markings on the
breast and abdomen disappear, and only arrow-head
shaped marks remain on the flanks.

Young birds are dark brown above the feathers with
broad rufous edges, which wear off after a time, scapu-
lars with rufous spots ; upper tail-coverts barred with
rufous ; forehead, middle of crown and sometimes
superciliary streaks, with the nuchal collar, buff or
rufous, the collar mixed with brown; quills brown,
barred as in adult ; tail brown with equal rufous bars
at regular intervals ; lower parts more or less rufous

288 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII,

Measurements.

Habits, etc.

No. 1257. Falco jugger.

Characteristics.

Colouration.

pale and whitish on the throat, marked with elongate
spots on the breast and abdomen, and broader spots
on the flanks.” (Blanford).

‘* Bill bluish, black at the tip; cere legs and feet yel-
low ; irides dark brown.”

“Length of a female about 17”; tail 6°5; wing
12°5; tarsus 1°9; midtoe without claw 2; bill from
gape 1°1: length of males 15; tail 5°75; wing 11”
(Blanford), expanse about 34 feet.

Mr. Hume records a nest of this species having been
taken at Murree by Major Delme Radcliffe and the
Gumal Pass,near Dera Ismail Khan.is another locality
where the nest has been taken. I believe the young
of this species are frequently brought in by
Pathans from the Samana Range near Kohat and Ido
not think that there is much doubt that the Barbary
Falcon breeds in the hills bordering the North West
Frontier Province, but I know of no instance of the
nest having been found in the Punjab, apart from the
one above mentioned.

I have seen and caught the bird in Bhadarwa, in
the Kashmir State, in the autumn and have seen it in
various parts of the Punjab Plains, but the only
one I ever tamed and trained, was not nearly so good
as the Shaheen.

Hume says :—“‘I believe, we may say that the Red-
cap Falcon occurs throughout Northern India, during
the cold weather, as far south as Gwalior, being rare
east of the Jumna, less rare between the Sutledge and
Jumna, and decidedly common west of the Sutledge
specially in the Peshawar valley, and the tract west
of the Indus, and thatit breeds in Cabooland Cash-
mere and throughout the southern ranges in the
Himalayas, west at any rate of Dalhousie, at heights
of from four to seven thousand feet ; but further in-
formation with regard to this species is much required.”

The Barbary Falcon is said to breed in cliffs, and
the eggs, three to four in number, resemble those of a

Peregrine but are somewhat smaller.

Type H.
Genus Fatco.
The Laggar Falcon.

Length of male about 16; and of a female about
18 ; First primary sub-equal to 3rd or shorter ; wing
in male 12°5, in female 14; a distinct narrow cheek
stripe ; middle tail feathers entirely brown in adults.

“ Adult. Forehead, lores, and supercilia white,
with dark streaks ; crown and nape brown, with broad
rufous edges to the feathers ; a streak running back
above the ear-coverts, and a moustachial band from
the gape sometimes continued to the eye, with some
feathers round the orbit dark brown; rest of sides

|
|
|
!

Measurements.

Habits, ete.

13

THE BIRDS OF PREY OF THE PUNJAB. 289

of head white, with a few dark shafts beneath the eye;
upper plumage from the nape brown with an ashy
tinge ; quills the same; inner webs of primaries,
except near the end, with broad white bars. tail
brown, middle feathers unbarred and pale tipped,
outer feathers with whitish bars on the inner webs and
white tips ; lower parts white, a few dark streaks,
wanting in very old birds, on the breast, and spots
on the abdomen; flanks and outer thigh-coverts
chiefly brown. (Blanford).

“Young birds are almost brown throughout, the
chin and throat white, and some white on the fore-
head, sides of head, breast and lower tail-coverts,
buff instead of white on quills and inner webs of tail
feathers. There is a gradual disappearance of the
brown on the lower parts with successive moults.”
(Blanford).

* Bill greyish blue, the tip blackish ; cere yellow in
adults, greenish grey in young birds; irides dark
brown ; legs and feet yellow, pale plumbeous to dull
greenish grey in the young (Hume) ” (Blanford).

Length of female about 18 inches ; tail 8 ; wing 14 ;
tarsus 2; mid-toe without claw 1°8; bill from gape
1°25: of a male, length 16; tail 7°5; wing 12°5.
(Blanford).

The Laggar Falcon is widely distributed throughout
India and is generally to be found in open plains, over
scrub and thin jungle and the vicinity of cultivation
and villages. It ascends the lower hills to an altitude
of about 3,000 ft. but is seldom seen near heavy for-
ests. It preys on a variety of small birds, from part-
ridges downwards and may often be seen hunting bats
in the evening. Laggars usually hunt in pairs and
are past masters in following sportsmen near a snipe
jheel, or when after quail. I witnessed a beautiful
chase one day after a snipe, in the Kangra valley, but
the snipe got away in the end.

Mr. Hume describes how a pair of these birds followed
him every time he went out quail shooting near their
haunts and used to stoop at the quails his party put
up. ‘This did not happen once or twice” says Mr.
Hume, ‘or even during one or two seasons, it was
regularly the case for the four or five successive years,
that I remember the birds returning to their favourite
tree.”

I have noticed this trait more than once, in places
which are often shot over.

In the air the Laggar can usually be recognised by
his very white breast and dark and white pattern on
the under surface of the wing, and of course by the fact
that two are generally seen together. The Turumti
or Red-headed Merlin is the only other of the po nted
long-winged birds which hunt in couples, and this
species also has a white breast, but there isa vast dif-
ference in the size and the Laggar looks 1} t mes
bigger.

290 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. AX VIL,

No. 1258. Falco cherrug.

Characteristics.

Colouration.

The Laggar builds, on trees, in cliffs for on ruined
buildings, from January to March and lays usually
four eggs, reddish or brownish, speckled or spotted
all over with a darker and richer shade of the same, and
measure about 2°01 by 1°57.

iV.B.—Whatever the age or the plumage of any
individual, and there is a great difference between the
young and the adult, the central tail feathers in the
Laggar Falcon are always plain brown, unbarred or
unspotted, and this factor is worthy of careful con-
sideration when in doubt.

Genus Fico.
The Saker or Cherrug Falcon.

Size medium, length of a female about 22” and of
a male about 20. Ist primary subequal to 3rd or
shorter, no cheek stripe, middle tail feathers usual-
ly brown with white spots on each web ; adults not
banded above.

“ Adult. Crown and nape white (the crown some-
times pale rufous) with black shaft-stripes, which are
broader on the nape; lores and sides of head white,
with scattered dark streaks ; no cheek stripe from the
eye, but sometimes a broken moustachial stripe from
the gape ; ear-coverts brown, streaked darker ; upper
parts brown throughout, the feathers with rufous or
tawny margins, and frequently a few rufous spots
forming imperfect bars on the scapulars and larger
wing-coverts ; quills brown, paler beneath ; primaries
broadly barred with white on the inner webs, the bars
widening and generally coalescing towards the inner
boarder ; secondaries with smaller white markings
or with white s jots, or uniformly coloured brown ; tail
feathers brown, with a whitish tip, generally with round
or oval white spots on both webs, but occasionally
the middle feathers are unspotted (as in &. jugger)
and sometimes the spots become on the outer rectrices
imperfect bands, interrupted at the shafts ; lower parts
white, with large elongate brown spots on the breast
and abdomen and larger spots on the flanks and thigh
coverts ; with age the spots grow smaller, rounder,
and more scattered, especially on the breast

“ Young birds do not differ greatly from old except
that the brown spots on the lower plumage are much
more developed, and cover the greater part of the
breast and abdomen; the head, too, is sometimes
brown, and a moustachial stripe is usually well marked;
the middle tail feathers are often unspotted at first.

* Bill pearly white, tipped black ; cere, legs and feet
dull yellow in old birds, greyish green in the young ;
irides dark brown, or brownish yellow or yellow.”’
(Blanford).

N.B.—I have examined very many birds but
cannot remember ever having seen one with eyes ap-
proaching yellow.

THE BIRDS OF PREY OF THE PUNJA B, 291

Measurements.

Habits, etc.

“ Length of a female about 22” ; tail9; wing 15°5;
tarsus 2°2; mid-toe without claw 2; billfrom gap,
1°45 ; length of male 19°5; tail 8; wing 14:5” (Blan-
ford). ;

This fine falcon is a winter visitor to the plains of
India and though by no means a common bird even,
in mid winter in most parts of the Punjab a gool
many are caught and brought into the Amritsar mar-
ket for sale from the western Punjab and Bikaneer.
This is a desert species and seldom to be seen near
jungle or cultivation, though I caught one in Wazira-
bad many years ago, right in the very heart of miles
of cultivation. j

The food of this species for the most part is said to
be the Spiny-tailed lizard (Uromastix hardwickii) but
rats and mice do not come amiss and the one above
mentioned had recently caught a frog and came down
to a mynah a few minutes later.

The Saker is much prized for falconry and trained
to gazelle, kite, houbara, grass owl, etc., and it would
be difficult to say which quarry furnishes the least
sport.

More than once [ have lost sight of both falcon and
quarry when the latter was the grass owl, as the pair
ringed and circled almost directly overhead, and on
one occasion the falcon was not found till the following
evening. ‘The first Saker I ever flew at a Kite gave
the most extraordinary exhibition I have ever seen
and the kite, perhaps, was the most surprised object
on earth or in the sky, that day. The falcon flew
straight at the kite as soon as she was slipped. made a
half hearted attack and then turned half right and
went straight away, much to the amusement of a
couple of friends who had come to see the fun. “If
that is a sample of falconry I can’t say much for it ”’
and similar remarks were not lacking, as we watched
the falcon getting smaller in the dim distance.

I told the faleconer to call her back, but the old
fellow was quite indignant at the idea, and merely
remarked ‘“‘ You just wait and see Sahib, she is a
tiger and is not going to disappoint us like that”
or words to that effect.

We watched and the falcon disappeared from view
altogether and even the old falconer began to have

qualms that he had seen the last of the bird.

The kite, in the meantime had risen to a consider-
able height and had not been in the least alarmed by
the falcon’s half-hearted attack, and still circled round
in the company of some half a dozen vultures.

The old falconer was the first to spot the falcon again
and in a very ecstasy of delight shouted out, “ Look

Sahib, look, did’nt I tell you she was a tiger, and
now you will see.” High up, a tiny speck against
the sky, came the falcon from the direction whither
she had gone and having reached well vver the
vultures and kite she simply shut her wings. and

992 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII.

No. 1259. Falco milvipes.

Characteristics.

Colouration.

Measurements.

Habits, etc.

came down like a bullet, striking the kite fair and
square, though the latter turned over to meet the
blow with its upturned claws. The kite staggered
as the falcon passed on her downward swoop, to rise
almost vertically to her pitch, and down she came again
“raking ”’ the kite badly as the latter zigzagged down-
wards to avoid the falcon’s talons, and this time a
handful of feathers floated in the breeze behind. The
kite appeared to be in a bad way and had somehow
injured one wing. It did not attempt to rise but
flew straight ahead and distinctly lop-sided. The
falcon after her stoop, rose again only to about the
level of her quarry, turned and went straight for it,
the two birds flying at each other, and “‘bound”’ with
out the least hesitation and the two came down in
spirals with wings extended. As they came to earth
we found that the falcon had got the kite with one
claw by the neck and the other was firmly imbedded
in the shoulder of the kite, whereas both claws of the
kite. were round the tarsi of the falcon.

Nothing is known of the nidification of this species
in India.

Tyrer H.
Genus Fatco.
The Shanghar Falcon.

Size medium, wing in male about 14” and in female
about 16”; Ist primary subequal to 3rd or shorter.
Adu!ts banded with rufous on back wings and tail.

‘* Crown brown, the feathers with broad rufous mar-
gins, still broader and mixed with buff on the nape;
cheek-stripe black, ill defined ; lores and forehead
whitish. Upper plumage and tail brown, with rufous
cross-bars throughout (somewhat as in a female Kest-
rel) ; inner webs of primaries mostly covered by con-
fluent white bars, except near the tips of the feathers;
lower parts buff or white with spots on the breast
abdomen, and flanks, those on the breast and middle
of the abdomen disappearing in old birds.”

“Tn young birds the rufous bars are irregular and
ill-marked, and those on the tail more or less imperfect.
In this stage F. milvipes is very like F. cherrug, but
may generally be distinguished by some of the bars
going quite across the tail feathers. A nestling from
Tibet in the Hume collection, attributed to this species,
has, however, the tail absolutely unbarred.”’

* Bill bluish, black at the tip; cere, legs and feet
yellow.” (Blanford).

Length of female about 23”; tail 9"; wing 16” ;
tarsus 2°2; mid-toe without claw 2; bill from gape
1°35: length of male about 20; tail 74; wing 14.
(Blanford).

This is a rare winter visitor to the plains of India
and little is known about it.

THE BIRDS OF PREY OF THE PUNJAB. 293

No. 1260. Falco subbuteo.

Characteristics.

Colouration.

Measurements.

Habits, etc.

I cannot remember ever having seen it on the plains
or in captivity, though on two occasions I have seen
a bird which, I think, must have been this species
high up in the Himalayas, once late in the autumn
and on the other occasion early in the spring.

On both occasions the bird I saw appeared to have
a very white and glistening breast and under parts.
though I saw them at fairly close quarters I could
not be sure of their identity.

Of its distribution Blanford says—‘ Tibet and Mon-
golia. A few birds have been obtained in the Pun-
jab at times, and one by Sir O. St. John at Quetta.”

Nothing appears to be known of its nidification.”

Genus Fatco.
The Hobby.

Size small, wing about 11”; tarsus about 1” or
less ; mid-toe without claw about 14” ; ‘“‘ Breast white
or buff with brown streaks ”’.

Head, cheek stripe and the side of the head, beneath
and behind the eye, blackish ; the supercilium and
forehead whitish and a partial collar of buff on the
hind-neck. Rest of upper plumage dark slaty grey, the
tail feathers barred with dull rufous on the inner webs.
Quills blackish with rufous bars.

Under surface white, or whitish tinged with buff
and each feather with a deep brown streak ; the thigh
coverts, abdomen and under tail coverts rufous or
deep ferruginous.

Young birds are usually blackish above with buff
or fulvous edges to the feathers. Cheek and throat
fulvous or pale rufous, as also the under parts generally
the latter with dark brown streaks to the feathers.

* Bill bluish, with a black tip; lower base of bill,
cere, and orbital skin greenish yellow ; irides intense
brown ; legs orange (Cripps) ”—(Blanford).

“Length of female about 13”; tail 6; wing 11;
tarsus 1°4; mid-toe without claw 1°25; bill from
gape 8: of a male wing 10°25 ; tail 5-5’. (Blanford).

This beautiful little falcon is by no means rare in
the Himalayas and its wonderful evolutions in the
air cannot help attracting attention. Its long pointed
wings make it appear bigger than it really is, and one
often has to look twice to make sure that it is not a
Shaheen one sees. If watched for a few seconds it
will be seen to constantly change direction and turn
and twist in the air in a most amazing way in pursuit
of insects, on which it mostly preys. The Hobby does
not usally make its appearance till late in the afternoon
and may be seen circling, stooping, rising vertically,
and playing extraordinary tricks in the air, sometime
after all diurnal birds have gone to rest.

In spite of its extreme rapidity of flight, from a fal-
coner’s point of view the Hobbies are disappointing
as they lack the dash and daring of the Merlin. They

294 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCLETY, Vol. XXVII.

No. 1261. Fajco severus.

Characteristics.

Colouration.

4

are very easily tamed and can be taught to “ wait on ”
at great heights and have been used in the pursuit of
larks, etc., a good deal.

This species breeds in the Himalayas and the finding
of the nest has been recorded (in the Journal of the
B. N. H. Soc.) from various places. Lt.-Col. Rattray
found a nest on Miranjani in the Murree Hills and Mr.
A. E. Jones records nests from Simla (Vol. XXIV,
page 359).

IT have seen the bird in Kulu and in the hills behind
Dharmsala in mid-summer, so presumably it breeds
there though I have not. so far, found the nest.

The nest is built in trees but the Hobby does not
appear to be averse to appropriating an old crow’s
rest as this is what Mr. Jones had to say with regard
to his find—‘‘ The nest was on the outskirts of a
deodar forest placed 65 feet up a deodar (Cedrus deo-
darus) at an elevation of 6,000 ft. The nest was un-
doubtédly built by crows (C. macrohynchus) but the
hobbies had added a ‘fence’ of thorny twings round
the brim. The lining was fine rootlets, hair, grass
and small pieces of twine. A few of the hobbies’ fea-
thers adhered to the nest. The eggs were slightly
incubated. Twoeg¢s are of a dull salmon-pink ground,
evenly and finely speckled with liver red and some
blotches of the same shade sparsely distributed over
the surface. The third egg is a uniform bright brick
red with a few indistinct blotches of a deeper shade
collected at the larger end. The gizzard of the bird
contained portions of a bird.”

Genus Fatco.

The Indian Hobby.

Size small, wing about 11}; tarsus under 14; mid-
toe without claw about 1°35; “breast deep rufous,
unspotted in adults.”

Very similar to the preceding species; the top and
sides of head and the back of the neck black, shading
to a dark slaty grey on the back. The tail dark grey
with a blackish subterminal band, blackish, in the
young with grey cross-bands.

“Chin, throat, and sides of neck white tinged with
rufous ; rest ot lower parts, including the under wing-
coverts, deep ferruginous red.” (Blanford).

“ Young birds are brownish black above, with light
rufous edges, broadest on the secondaries, upper tail-
coverts and tail; a few rufous feathers scat-
tered over the nape; breast, abdomen, and under
wing-coverts, deep rufous with black spots.” (Blan-
ford).

“ Bill plumbeous ; irides deep brown’’, cere, gape
and oribital skin lemon yellow; legs and feet deep
yellow (Cripps). (Blanford).

THE BIRDS OF PREY OF THE PUNJAB. 295

Measurements.

Habits, ete.

-~

“Length of a female about 11.5; tail 4.75; wing
9.8; tarsus 1.35; mid-toe without claw 1.35; bill
from gape *9: length of a male 10°5; wing 9. (Blan-
ford).

Very similar to the preceding species and as Hume
says, F’. severus bears the same relationship to F. sub-
buteo that F. peregrinator bears to F. peregrinus,
being a more subtropical species with a comparatively
limited range of distribution.

This species is common throughout the Himalayas,
but I think they affect somewhat lower altitudes than
does F’. subbuieo at any rate after the young ones have
left the nest. Whereas high up on the Alpine pas-
tures /’. subbuteo is very common in the early autumn,
F. severus is more restricted to the glades and slopes
in the vicinity of deodars and pines, at about 6 to 8,090
ft. elevation.

Anything from a single pair to almost a dozen may
be seen hawking insects in the afternoons and ti!. late
in the evening.

I have tried both the Hobbies with birds for baits
but never succeeded in catching one, except with a
siccada. On more occasions than one, I have had one
start from its perch, for a quail or a sparrow, but never
has one got to within several yards of my net.

I have found the nest of this species in Tehri Gurh-
wal and aga’n in Bhadarwa (Kashmir), but though
this is the Indian Hobby with a much more restricted
range, its nest has not been so often found as that of
the preceding species, which is supposed only to be a
winter visitor.

The chief point of difference between the two birds
is the colouring of the under parts which, in the case
of F. subbuteo is, at most, tinged with rusty brown
while in F. severus, all, exceptthe chin and upper
breast is a deep ferruginous red, easily distinguished
even when the bird flashes past at some distance.

In Vol. XVI, p. 518 of the Journal of the B. N.
Soc. Mr. Macdonald records the finding of a nest in
a cliff in Burmah.

Genus A‘SALON.

No. 1263. Hisalon regulus. The Merlin.

Characteristics.

Colouration.

Size small, wing about 8 to 9”; 2nd and 3rd prim-
aries longest and subequal, first much s.orcer and
approximately equal to fourth ; crown grey or brown
dark-shafted ; First two quills notched.

In the adult male, practically the whole of the upper
parts are bluish grey, varying in individuals from a
pale to a dark tint, with dark brown or black shaft-
stripes to each feather. The sides of the head, the
forehead and the lores are whitish and the cheeks and
supercilia rusty brown, as well as the nuchal collar
but the crown of the hea, like the back is a clear blue

2996 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVIL

Habits, ete.

grey, with dark shafts to the feathers. Primaries are
blackish, the inner webs barred with whitish towards
the base, and outer webs tinged with blue grey. Tail
bluish grey tinged with whitish and sometimes with a
faint rufescent wash, and a broad bandof black
immediately before the terminal white tip.

Throat white and the rest of lower plumage whitish
with a rufous tinge, and dark brown shaft-stripes.

The female differs from the male in having the head
brown or brownish, with dark shafts to the feathers
and the upper parts generally brownish with a grey
tinge and reddish margins to the feathers.

“‘The tail barred throughout, and the quills with
rufous cross-bands ; the nuchal collar and lower parts
less rufous than in the male and the breast and upper
abdomen with much broader brown shaft-stripes
these frequently occupying more space than the white
borders.

“Young birds of both sexes resemble the female,
but are browner with broader rufous edges to the fea-
thers of the upper parts, with the crown rufous (dark-
shafted), and with the tail alternately banded brown
and white; the quills too are barred almost across”’
(Blanford).

“ Bill dark slaty grey, greenish at base of lower
mandible ; cere legs and feet yellow ; irides brown”
(Hume).

“Length of a female about 12”; tail 5°5; wing
8°75; tarsus 1-5; mid-toe 1°3; bill from gape °8;
Length of amale 11; wing 8”. (Blanford).

The Merlin is another of our winter visitants, arriv-
ing in the autumn and leaving again in the spring.
It is much esteemed for falconry and for its size
iS second to none in point of speed and courage, and
few fa'cons can show a more pleasing spectacle than
the little Merlin in pursuit of a hoopoe oralark. They
are very easily tamed and trained but are delicate
and require careful handling.

This species is much given to sitting on the ground,
or on low bushes, whence it can keep a sharp look out
for birds passing overhead. When in full chase the
flight of this bird is not unlike that of the Shaheen but
more undulating, something like that of a flock of
starlings. A “bund” between two dry paddy fields
or the open plains adjoining a stream or river, are
favourite haunts of the Merlin and, if watched, it will
be noticed that its little head is hardly still for a second.
it appears to be on springs, bobbing this way and that,
ever on the look out for some luckless quarry. Havy-
ing sighted something worthy of its attentions, it will
rise hurriedly and go off with fast vibrating wings,
inclining steadily upwards. If you have the good
fortune to see the object of its attentions, possibly a
flock of sparrows or wagtails, you will notice that the
moment they realize their danger, they will begin to
mount higher and higher, but the Merlin is mounting

THE BIRDS OF PREY OF THE PUNJAB. 297

Characteristics.

Colouration.

too and coming up with them fast. Suddenly two
or three of the little birds in front leave the rest and
begin to twist and swerve, as if uncertain what to do
next, and suddenly decide to dive for the bushes far
below. The little Merlin shows no indecision but
fairly cleaves the air in a succession of regular bounds
and is up to the birds it has selected for its own in a
couple of seconds, and then begins as pretty a bout
of rial gyrations as one could wish to behold. Stoop
after stoop, twists and turns, with a rapidity which
the eye can only just follow. A drop of a hundred
feet with closed wings, a sudden flick, and hawk and
quarry are yards apart, and then a rise for the open
sky followed by a zigzag course, as the Merlin again
catches up and follows every turn and twist in the
train of its quarry, only inches dividing the two. A
sudden vertical rise upwards, a double back, as the
Merlin shoots forward, and a headlong drop for the
friendly bushes below, which the fraction of a second’s
start has made possible, but the little falcon turns,
shuts its wings and with a couple of quick beats to
give impetus, hurls herself through space and just as
those friendly bushes, and safety therein, seem so very
near, the little bird finds those relentless claws even
nearer, and once more has to swerve, rise and twist
and just as it makes one final dive for liberty it feels
a sudden sharp prick, as the Merlin bears off its prize
to the seclusion of a tussock of grass away from prying
eyes.

The Merlin builds on the ground but the nest has
never been found in India.

Genus A)sALOoN.

No. 1264. Asalon chiquera. The Turumti or Red-headed Merlin.

Size small, wings in females about 9” ; 2nd and 3rd
primaries longest and subequal, first much shorter and
approximately equal to the fourth ; crown chestnut,

Very similar to the adult male in the preceding
species but can always, and at any age be differenti-
ated, by this species having a chestnut crown and nape.
Generally the plumage of the upper parts 1s a pale
bluish grey with dark shaft-stripes and a few dark bars
on the scapulars and wing coverts which fade with
age.

The under parts are pure, white especially the chin
and breast with very faint thin black lines, which
become wider and more distinct lower down, and bars
on the flanks and abdomen.

The tail is grey with narrow dark bars and a broad
marginal black band the extreme tip being white.
The crown of the head sides and nape are bright
chestnut and the forehead and lores white.

298 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII

Measurements.

Habits, ete.

In the young bird the barring of the feathers of the
upper parts is more distinct and there are more dark
bars generally. There is a slight rufescent tinge on
the lower parts and at the bend of the wing and the
head is more rufous than chestnut with dark shaft-
stripes.

“‘ Bill bluish black greenish yellow at the base ;
cere orbital skin and legs yellow; irides rather light
brown” (Hume).

Length of female about 14; tail 6; wing 9; tarsus
1:6; mid-toe 1°5; bill from gape °9.” (Blanford).
The male is smaller.

The Turumti is well distributed throughout this
country in suitable localities. It affects groves and
gardens or open plains bordered by trees and is not
to be found at high altitudes.

They usually hunt in pairs and for the most part
prey on small birds. The flight of this species is very
different to that of the Merlin when in pursuit of
game being very straight and with regular beats
of the wings and not in jerks and “jumps”. ‘This is
a plucky little falcon and can be trained to take the
Roller and the Hoopoe and occasionally partridges.
Tn its wild state I have seen them frequently pull down
a dove and on one occasion a Blue-rock Pigeon and
have caught them in a net with a mynah as a bait.
I cannot remember ever having seen one soaring.

A pair I had used throughout one winter and which
had afforded me much sport I kept on through the
summer as pets and both became firm friends of a
couple of young mynahs which I had at the same time,
all four birds perching together on a towel horse in a
spare bathroom.

The falcons were placed there earlier in the after-
noon and the mynahs would make their way thither
of their own accord and sit alongside their erstwhile
enemies, in the most friendly and confiding manner.

The Turumti breeds in the early spring laying 4
eggs in a neat little nest h'gh up in the fork of some
tree. ‘The eggs are brownish red mottled and blotched
with darker red.”

ies
“i

Genus TINNUNCULUS.

No. 1265. Tinnunculus alaudarius. The Kestrel.

Characteristics.

Colouration.

Size small length about 14”; foot much smaller
and weaker than in falcons, mid-toe without claw being
from two thirds to three fourths the length of the tar-
sus ; tail comparatively long and graduated the
outer rectrices being 1 to 14 inches shorter than the
middle pair ; upper parts tinged with rufous through-
out with black Lands in the females and young.

The top of the head, the sides and the nape ashy
grey with dark shaft-stripes to the feathers; ear-co-
verts and cheeks greyish or white and the forehead

——eEeEE————=— CU rr Ohh rrr—

THE BIRDS OF PREY OF THE PUNJAB. 299

Measurements.

Habits, etc.

and lores white tinged with yellow; tail, rump and
upper tail coverts, like the head, ashy grey. A black
subterminal band to the tail and narrow white tips.
The remainder of the upper plumage is a deep brick-
red with black triangular spots on back and sca-
pulars which vary in intensity and numbers with diff-
erent individuals. Quills dark brown towards the tips
and nearly white at the base. with whitish bars. The
under parts generally buff or pale rufous with long
lines and streaks on the breast which pass into spots
on the lower breast and flanks, except the lower abdo-
men which is unspotted ; the under side of the tail is
whitish, as also the wing lining, with dark spots.

Females are more dingy above, being some shade
of rufous, throughout ; the head feathers are streaked
with dark brown shaft-stripes and the rest of the upper
parts with black or blackish bars. The under parts
are paler than the back and spotted with black asin
the males.

The young are somewhat similar to the females,
but the tail may assume its grey tinge before the head
in the young male.

* Bill bluish black ; gape, cere and eyelids yellow ;
irides brown : legs orange yellow, claws black.” (Blan-
ford).

N.6.—T. cenchris the Lesser Kestrel, has
whitish or pale horny claws, but specimens of T.
alaudarius also occasionally are met with, with light
coloured claws.

Length about 14”; expanse 2)’: tail 64 to 7”;
wing 91; tarsus 1}; mid-toe 1; bill from gape °85.
Not much difference between the sexes.

The Kestrel, or Windhover, is a familiar feature of
the landscape from the grassy slopes of the Himalayas
to the plains of India, though locally migratory with
the seasons. It is not often found in dense forests,
though one may occasionally be seen hovering over
a glade in the midst of a dense jungle.

This beautiful little hawk is very often most confid-
ing and will permit one to sit down within a few paces
of its perch and watch it searching for its prey. Like
the Merlin, the head is always bobbing up and down,
as it focusses its eyes on to some tiny tuft of grass or
on some movement. Silently and slowly it will leave
its perch and fly down with half bent wings until with-
in a couple of feet of the object of its attack, when it
will suddenly put on a spurt and fairly dash on to the
ground. Its movements depend on the nature of its
quarry. Sometimes a Kestrel will be seen dropping
from the skies at a terrific pace with no attempt to
check its stoop until it apparently actually hits the
ground, whereas a few minutes later the same bird
will be seen to come down very gently, with extended
wings and alight with the utmost caution. A grass
hopper crawling up a blade of grass, or along the

300 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII,

ground, calls for no haste, whereas a mole cricket, or
a lizard, may find a hole to disappear into any mo-
ment, and requires speedy attention.

It is by watching the “hoverers”’ (the Osprey,
The Short-Toed Eagle, the Black-winged Kite and
the Kestrel) that one begins to realise what marvellous
eyesight the birds of prey are gifted with. When one
sees a Kestrel hovering some 500 ft. above the earth
and sees it drop to rise again with nothing visible in
its talons, and as it flies slowly up one notices the head
bend down and the claws come forward to meet the
head and a couple of tiny, semi-transparent wings
flutter to earth, one knows that the object which
attracted the attention of those wonderful eyes, from
such a height, was not much bigger than one’s thumb
nail, it leaves one wondering and marvelling.

The Kestrel makes a delightful little pet, and has
been trained to catch sparrows and other small birds.
It will come readily to a quail behind a net, but its
food consists almost entirely of insects, lizards and
mice, and in its wild state it very seldom attacks
birds. That birds pay little or no attention to one
hovering in their immediate vicinity is proof that
they do not consider it an enemy.

It builds in cliffs, in the Himalayas, very often in
deep holes and lays 4 or 5 eggs “ brick to blood red,
mottled and blotched with a deeper colour, and mea-
suring about 1°57 by 1:21” (Blanford).

(To be concluded in the next number.)

301

SUMMARY OF THE RESULTS FROM THE INDIAN
MAMMAL SURVEY

OF THE
BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

By R. C. Wroveuton, r.z.s.
Parr VII.
(Continued from page 85 of this Volume.)
Family I1.—Cervipa,

Two subfamilies are recognised which may be distinguished as
follows :—

Key to the subfamilies of the CERVIDA.

A.—Anitlers, face, glands, and foot glands

(at least in hind limbs) present; no

caudal gland a wes ... I, CERVINe.
B.— Antlers, face-glands, and foot-glands

absent ; a caudal gland in male ... IJ. Moscuina.

Subfamily 1.—CeErvinz.

Lydekker recognises only two genera, one of which however he
subdivides, into six subgenera. Thomas supports me in holding
that all these subgenera should be treated as full genera. One
of them is not represented in our region, but the remaining six
may be arranged in a key as follows:— |

Key to the genera of the CERVIN.

1.—Upper canines tusk-like in males;
horns short; pedicels as long as
horns, or longer, and continued down-
wards as prominent couverging
frontal ridges; no phalanges to
lateral digits 3 ... 1, MunTiacus.

J1.—Upper canines (when present) not
tusk-like ; long horns on short pedi-
cels, which are not preduced down-
wards on the face; bony phalanges
present in lateral digits.

A.—A specialised gland forming. a mo-
derately deep cleft on front of
hind pasterns ; antlers three-tined ;
tail long.

302 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVIII,

a. Size larger; gland cleft on hind
pasterns without long hairs;
coat spotted at all seasons ... IJ. Axis.
6. Size smaller; gland cleft on
hind pasterns, lined with long
hairs ; coat spotted, at most, in
summer ue ee ... LIT. HYELAPHUS.
B.—No specialised gland, or deep cleft,
on front of hind pasterns; upper
canines usually present.
a. Muffle extending some distance
below the nostrils; antlers
normally three-tined ; tail rela-
tively long and rsh coat
sexieolonons bel «2 ) DV eRe

6. Mufile scarcely Batons below
nostrils ; tail short.
ifs viens typically dichoto-
mously forked, with at least
four tines; no light rump-
patch A ; ... WV. RUCERVUS.
6b. Antlers usually fiv Srisile a
heht rump-patch or area on
back of hams ee =. VL. Cayuse

Gen. [.—MunrTIACUS.

This name was given by Rafinesque in 1815, a year earlier
than Blainville’s CERVULUS.
No. 362, muntjac, Zimm. I re-examined this group recently,
No. 363, few, Thos.& Dor.(J. B. N. H. S. xxiv, p. 42, 1915),
and decided to recognize four
species excluding few. These five species may be arranged in a
key as follows :—

Key to the species of Muntiacus.

A.—Upper surface of tail rufous or fulvous.
a. Grizzling not extending backwards
beyond the shoulders.
a. General colour tawny ochraceous.1. grandicornis, Lyd.
6’. General colour bright chestnut. 2. vaginalis, Bodd.
6. Grizzling extending backwards
over back.
at. General colour ochraceous buff. 3. aureus, H. Sm.
bt. General colour hazel ... ... 4, malabaricus, Wr.
B.—Upper surface of tail black ... ... On fe@; hose ca Doms

SUMMARY OF THE INDIAN MAMMAL SURVEY. 303

DISTRIBUTION :-—

1. M. grandicornis, Lydek- Type locality :—Amherst District
ker. Burma. (Allen).
Other localities :—Lower Chindwin -
Shan States (B.M.); Chin Hills.
Chindwin; Mt. Popa; Shan States -
Tenasserim (M. 8. I.).
Type :-—B. M. No. 4.9.23.1.
2. M. vaginalis, Boddéert. Type locality :—Bengal.
Other localities :—Kumaon ; Nepal ;
Sikkim; Garo Hills (B. M.); Sikkim ;
Bhutan Duars; Chindwin CMS? T3):
Type :—Unknown. (Co-types of
ratwa, Hodgson, B. M. No. 43.1.12.
123 and 43.1.26.13.; Lectotype B. M.
No. 43.1.12.123.)
3. M. aureus, Hamilton Type locality :—Unknown.
Smith. Other localities :—Dekhan (Sykes) ;
(B. M.); Central Provinces; Berars ;
Kumaon (M.S. I.).
Type :—Unknown. (Type of tamu-
licus, Gray, B. M. No. 701. b., skull

only).
4. M. malabaricus, Wrough- Type locality :—Nagarhol, Coorg.
ton. (B. N. H. 8S.—Shortridge).

Other localities :—Kanara; Coorg ;
Ceylon (M. S. I.).

Type :—B. M. No. 13.8.22.108.

5. M. few, Thomas & Doria. Type locality :-—Mt.:Muleyit, Bur-

ma. (Fea).

Other locabities :—S. W. Siam (B.
M.).

Type :—Genoa Museum.

Gen. IJ.— Axis.

No. 368. avis, Erxl. Lydekker admits a subspecies for
Ceylon, which may be distinguished
from the peninsular form as follows:—

Key to the subspecies of AXIS AXIS.

A.—-Antlers stouter; spots larger; fore-
head usually with a dark chevron and

afew white spots... oF en L@aues, Hrs,
B.—Antlers lighter; spots smaller; fore- Rak
head uniformly brown Ses ... 2. a. ceylonensis, Pitz.

304 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SUCIETY, Vol. XXVII,

DISTRIBUTION :—

1. A. axis awis, Hrxleben. Type locality :—Peninsular India,
Other localities :—Berars; Central
Provinces; Kanara; Oudh; Rohil-
kund; Kumaon; Bengal; Nepal ;
Sikkim (B. M.); Central Provinces ;

Kanara; Coorg (M.S. L.).
Type :—Unknown. (Type of nudi-
palpibra, Ogilby, B. M. No. 693. 7.)

2. A. axis ceylonensis, Fit- Type locality :—Ceylon.
zinger. Other localities :—Ceylon (B. M.);

Ceylon (M. 8. I.).

Type :—Unknown (Type of zeyla-
nicus, Lydekker, B. M. No. 5.5.18. i)

Gen. IJ J.—HYELAPHUS.

No. 369. porcinus, Zimm. ‘The only form in our area.
DISTRIBUTION :—
H. porcinus, Zimmermann. Type locality :— Indo-Gangetic
Plain.

Other localities :—Kumaon; Rohil-
kund ; Nepal; Sikkim ; Bengal; Garo
Hills ; Burma (B. M.).

Type :—Unknown.

Gen. 1V.—Rusa.

No. 367. unicolor, Kerr. Lydekker accepts a number of sub-

species, of which however oniy one

actually belongs to our area. A second is recorded from Sze

Chuen, and may later be found in N. EH. Burma so I have included
it here. Lydekker distinguishes the two as follows :—

Key to the forms of Rusa.
A.—Size rather larger; face longer;

shanks dark . ... 1. u. unicolor, Kerr.
B.-—Size slightly oneller: hoe shower:
shanks light... as ae ... 2. u. deeam, Pous.
DISTRIBUTION :—

1. Rk. unicslor unicolor, Type locality :—Ceylon.
Kerr. Other localities :—Mhow ; Godavery
Valley; Kumaon; Oudh; Nepal;
Sikkim (B. M.); Western Ghats
Dharwar ; Coorg; Ceylon; Kumagn
Bhutan Duars (M.S. L.).
Type :—Unknown.

SUMMARY OF THE INDIAN MAMMAL SURVEY.

co
(—)
pt) |

2. Rh. unicolor dejeani, Type locality :—Sze Chuen.
Pousargues. Other localities :—No sp2cimen in
B. M.

Type :—Paris Museum.
Gen. V. Rucervus.

No. 365. duvaucelli, Cuv.
No. 366. eldi, McCl.

Lydekker accepts two subspecies of
eldi tor our region, vwiz., eldi, and
fronialis, from S. Burma and Manipur
respectively. ‘lhomas has more recently studied this group (al 3
N. H. 8. xxv, p. 364, 1918). | He shows that the original of eldi
came from Manipur and not from Pegu, and that consequently
that name must be used for the form now called frontalis. The
true Thamin of Pegu being thus without a name, he proposes for it
that of thamin, at the same time raising it to specific rank alongside
of eldi ; finally he establishes a subspecies of thamin, viz., brucei,
for the animal from the Ruby Mines, Burma. The four forms of
RuceERvwUs (including duvaucelli) may be arranged in a key as
follows :—

Key to the species of RuCERVUS.

A.—Brow tine differentiated from the

beam, leaving it at an appreciable

distance above the burr ted ..- 1. duvaucelli, Cuv.
B.—Brow tine continuous with the beam,

i.e., leaving it immediately above the

burr.
a. Under surface of hind pasterns
horny AM: te ... 2. eldi, McClelland.
b. Under surface of hind pasterns
hairy.
a. Antlers spreading widely outwards
almost from the burr ... ... 3. €. thamin, Thos.

bt. Antlers rising parallel for an ap-
preciable distance, and then only
spreading feebly outwards ..._ 4. £. brucei, Thos.

DISTRIBUTION :—

1. R. duvaucelli, Cuvier. Type locality :—Plains of India.
Other localities :—-Central Provinces;
Kheri, Oudh; Kumaon; Nepal;
Brahmaputra Valley ; Gauhati, Assam
(B. M.).
Type ;—Unknown. (Type of ela-
photdes, Hodgson, B. M. Nos. 45.1.8,
128-131.; Type of dimorphe, Hodgson,
15

306 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII.

Bo M. (No. .45.1-8.271)3 " Dypemnon
lyratus, Schinz, Ind. Mus. Cale.
NG)
2. R. eldi, McClelland. Type locality :—Manipur. (Eld).
Other localities :—Manipur (B.M.).
Type :—Not traced. (Co-types of
frontalis, McClelland, B. M. No. 79.
11.21.36. and Ind. Mus. Cale. Nos. b.
and c.; Type of cornipes, Lydekker,
BeeMNio e713):
3. K. thamin thamin, Type locality :—Pegu. (Evans).
Thomas. Other localities :—Lower Chindwin ;
Pegu; Thatone, Tenasserim (B. M.).
Type :—B. M. No. 0.7.238.1.
4. R. thamin brucei, Tho- Type locality :—Ruby Mines,
mas. Burma. (Bruce).
Other localities :—Ruby Mines.
Type :—B. M. No. 17.7.8.17.

Gen. V1I.—CERvVUS.

No. 364. cashmirianus, Liydekker adds two more forms
Fale. which occur either within our region;
or on its immediate border. These

three may,be arranged in a key as follows ;—

Key to the species of CERVUS.
A.—Muzzle mainly dark, lower lips and
chin fawn or brown; ears long and
pointed, with sinuous upper margins.
a. A white rump patch; antlers five-
tined, sharply angulated and bent
forward at the third tine, so that
the tips of the fifth are bent inwards. 1. affinis, Hodgs.
6. White area restricted to back of
hams; a brownish patch on croup,
in front of tail; antlers wapiti like. 2. macneilli, Lyd.
B.—Muzzle pale fawn, lower lip and chin
white; ears bluntly pointed, with
straight upper margins... ... 3. hanglu, Wagn.

DISTRIBUTION :—

1. C. affinis, Hodgson. — Type locality:—Chambi Valley;
Sikkim (Hodgson),
Other localities:—Chambi Valley;
Bhutan (B. M.).
Type :—B.M. No. 45, 1.8, 94.

SUMMARY OF THE INDIAN MAMMAL SUR VEY, 807

2. C. macneilli, Lydekker. Type locality :—Sze Chuen, (Mac-
neill),
Other localities :—None.
Lype :-—B. M. No, 9.5, 31.1.
3. C. hanglu, Wagner. Type locality :—Kashmir.
Other localities :—Kashmir (B. M.).
Type :—Unknown. (Type of cash-
meerranus, Falconer, B. M. No. 46,8.
24..2.).

Subfamily I1.—Moscuva.
Gen.—Moscuus,

No. 370. moschiferus, L. The only Indian genus,
The only species.

DISTRIBUTION :—

M. moschiferus, Linnzeus. Type locality :—<Tataria — versu ;
Chinam.”’

Other localities :—Kashmir; Garwhal,
Nepal; Sikkim ; Cachar (B. M.) ; Sik-
kim, (M. 8. 1.).

Type :—Unknown. (Type of chry-
sogaster, Hodgson, B, M. No. 43,1.12.
93.; Type of leucogaster, Hodgson,
B. M. No. 48.1.12.95; Type of
cachariensis, Hodgson, B. M. No, 45.
1.12.97; Type of saturatus, Hodgson
B. M. No. 43.1.12.98).

Section I[.—TRaAGuULINA.
There is only one Family.
Family.—TRAGULIDA.

Thomas has recently (A. M. N. H. (8) xviii, p. 72, 1916) restrict-
ed the name TRAGULUS to the unspotted forms of Malaya, and
revived Hodgson’s Moscuioua for the spotted peninsular form.
These two genera may be distinguished as follows :—

Key to the genera of the 'TRAGULID2.

A.—Body spotted ; chin and throat hairy.. 1. Moscuro.a.
B.—Body not spotted; skin between rami
of mandibles naked Jo: ... LI. TRAGULUS.

Gen. I.—MoscHIOLA.

No. 371. meminna, Erxl. The only species.

308 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Voi. XXVI11,

DISTRIBUTION :—

M. meminna, Erxleben. Type locality :—India.
Other localities :—Dekhan ; Kanara;
Mysore ; Coorg; Travancore; Ceylon
(B. M.); Kanara; Coorg; Ceylon (M.
Seley
Type :—Unknown. (Type of malac-
censis, Gray, B. M. No. 42.5.26.19).

Gen. I1.—TRAGULUS.

No. 372. javanicus, Gmel. ‘Two forms are found in Burma, a

No. 373. napu, Taff. large and a small, for which Blanford

borrows names from Java and Suma-

tra, but more recently Miller has provided the names ravus and

canescens, (Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. xiii, p. 185, 1900, and xv, p. 173,
1902). They may be distinguished as follows :—

Key to the species of TRAGULUS.
A.—Size smaller, head and body about
18-19 inches, hind foot 4°5-5 inches ... 1. ravus, Mill.
B.—Size larger, head and body about 25-

30 inches; hind foot 5:5-6 inches ... 2. canescens, Mill.

DISTRIBUTION :-— :

1. T. ravus, Miller. Type locality :—Trong, 8S. W.
Siam (Abbott).
Other localities :—Tenasserim (B.
M.); Tenasserim (M. S. I.);
Type :—U.5S. Nat. Mus. No. 83506.
2. T’. canescens, Miller. Type locality :—Trong, 8. W. Siam
(Abbott). ;
Other localities :—Tenasserim (B.
M.); Tenasserim (M. 8. I.).

Type :—U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 83509.
Section II1I.—Surna.

Only one Family is represented.

Family—Svuipa.

Two ,genera are represented which may be distinguished as
follows :—

Key to the genera of the Supa.
A.—Size large, height 20-40 inches at the
shoulder ; tail fairly long; mamme 12. _ I. Sus.
B.—Size small, height 10 inches at

shoulder ; tail short; mamme 6. won La Rocuus

SUMMARY OF THE INDIAN MAMMAL SURVEY. 309

Gen. I.—Sus.

No. 374. cristatus, Wagn. Miller has founded the name
No. 375. andamanensis, Bl. jubatus for the Tenasserim pig, and

nicobaricus for the form from the
Nicobars. These may be arranged in a key as follows :—

Key to the forms of Sus.

A.—Size larger ; 30-40 inches at shoulder;
face not banded; last molar complex.

a. larger; ears long and haired’... 1. ©. eristatus, Wagn.
-
b. Size smaller, ears shorter; nearly
naked 2. ¢. gubatus, Mill.

B.—Size smaller, about 20 inches at
shoulder; face banded; last molar

~ simple.
a. Upper tooth row 83mm. ... ... 3. andamanensis, Bl.
b.. Upper tooth row 95mm. ... ... 4. nicobaricus, Mill.
DISTRIBUTION :—
1. S. cristatus cristatus, Type locality :—Malabar.
Wagner. Other localities :—-Central Provinces;

Nilgiri Hills; Malabar; Nepal; Sik-
kim (B. M); Kathiawar; Western
Ghats; Dharwar; Bellary; Coorg ;
Ceylon; Bhutan Duars; Chindwin
GM ec Es).

Type :—Unknown. (Type of affinas,
Gray, B. M. No. 38.3.13.48; Type
of zeylonensis, Blyth, Ind. Mus. Calc.,

IN Gal § 0: )
2. S. cristatus jubatus, Type locality :—Trong, 8. W. Siam
Miller. (Abbott).

Other localities :—None.
isc) =. Type :—U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 83518.

3. S. andamanensis, || \5 , Type locality :—Port Blair, Anda-
Blyth. fers. uae.
bs ie Other localities :—Andaman (B.M.).
am Type :—Not traced.
4. S. nicobaricus, Miller. Type locality :—Great Nicobar

Island. (Abbott)
Other localities :—No specimens in
i. Me q
Type :—U.S.N. Mus. No. 111, 794.
Gen. [J.—PokcuLA.
No. 376. salvanius, Hodgs. The only species.

310 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVIII.

DISTRIBUTION :--—

P. salvania, Hodgson. Type locality :—Sikkim (Hodgson).
Other localitwes :—Sikkim (B. M.)
Type :—B. M. No. 58. 6. 24. 72.

Suborder 1].—PREISSODACTYLA.
Blanford recognises three Families which he distinguishes as
follows :—
Key to the families of the PHRISSODACTYLA.

A.—Only one digit developed on each foot. I. Equipa.
B.—More than one digit on each foot.
a. Three digits on each foot ... ... IIL. RHINOCEROTIDA.
6. Four digits on each foot... ... LID. Tapiripa.

Family 1.—EHqQuipa.
Gen.— HqQuus.

The only genus represented in India.
There are two forms in our area
No. 333. hemionus, Pall. or on its borders which may be
distinguished as follows ;—

Key to the species of HKquus.
A.—Larger height about 4ft. 3 ins. ; hoofs

wide, over 7omm. a ... 1. kiang, Moore.
B.—Smaller height about 38ft. 10 ins.;
hoofs narrow, under 62mm. ... 2. 0. wndicus, Matsc.

DISTRIBUTION :—

1. E. kiang, Moorcroft. Type locality :—Ladak.
Other localities :—Ladak ; Nepal (B.
)

Type :—Unknown. (Type of polyo-
don, Hodgson, B. M. No. 48.6.11.16).
2. H. onager indicus, Mat- Type locality :—Kach.
schie. Other localities :—Kach ; Sind ; Ba-
luchistan (B. M.).
Type :—Unknown.
Family I1.—RuInocERoTipa.
Gen.— RHINOCEROS.
This, the only genus represented in our area, is divided into two
subgenera as follows :—

Key to the subgenera of RHINOCEROS.

A.—A single horn on nose ro .. I. RHINOCEROS.
B.—Two horns on nose ... Mh ... JI. DIcERORHINUS.

——

SUMMARY OF THE INDIAN MAMMAL SURVEY. dl}

Subgen. I.— Rumoceros.

No. 334. unicornis, L. These two species may be dis-
No. 335. sondaicus, Desm. tinguished as follows :—

Key to the species of RuiNOCEROS (RHINOCEROS).

A.—Fold in front of the shoulder not con-

tinued over the back of neck; skin

of sides bearing tubercles... ... 1. unicornis, L.
B.—Fold in front of shoulder continued

over back of neck; skin of sides

divided into small polygonal scaies. 2. sondaicus, Desm.

DISTRIBUTION :—
1. R. (R). unicornis, Lin- Type locality :—Assam.
neeus. Other localities :—Assam; Nepal

(B. M.).

Type :—Unknown. (Type of steno
cephalus, Gray, B. M. No. 722. ¢.).

2. R. (R) sondaicus, Des- Type locality :—Sumatra. (Diard.and
marest. Duvaucal).

Other localities :—Cochin China ;
Malay Peninsula; Sumatra; Java;
Borneo (B. M.).

Type :—Unknown. (Type of nasalis,
Gray, B. M. No. 59. 8. 16. 1.).

Subgen. I].—DICERORHINUS.
In 1901 Thomas grudgingly ac-
No. 336. swmatrensis, Cuv. cepted lasrotis, Sclater, as a sub-
species of sumatrensis (Pac. Sim,
p- 154), solely on its larger size. Lydekker also keeps the two
forms separate, and Sclater in his Catalogue of the Indian
Museum, Calcutta, distinguishes them as follows :—

Key to the forms of RHINOCEROS (DICERORHINUS).
A.—Skull narrow ; tooth-row short ... 1. s. swmatrensis,Cuv.
B.—Skull broader ; tooth-row longer... 2. & lasiotis, Scl.

DISTRIBUTION :-—
1. R. (D). sumatrensis sum- Type locality «
atrensis, Cuvier. Other localities :—Pegu ;
v D ]

Peninsula; Borneo (B. M.). ‘i
Type :—Unknown. (Type of niger,

Gray, B. M. No. 7O 1 2.d042).

2. R. (D). sumatrensis las- Type locality -_Chittagong.

Bs :
iotis, Sclater. Other localitres :-—None.
Type :—B. M. No. 1.1. 22. 1.

—Sumatra.
Malay

312 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII.

Family IJJ.—Tapiripé.

There is only one genus recognised but lydekker, accepts
Acrocopr4 (Goldman), as a subgenus to contain the Indian forms,

Gen.—TaPiRus.
Sub-genus.— ACROCODIA.

No. 337. indicus, Cuv. The only species.
DISTRIBUTION :—
T. (A). indicus, Cuvier. Type locality :—Malay Peninsula.

Other localivies :—Malay Peninsula ;
Sumatra (B. M.).
Type -—Unknown.

Suborder [1].— PROBOSCIDDEA.
Gen.— EKLEPHAS.
The only genus.

Thomas (2. ZS. p: Oia

points out that Linnzus him-

No. 332. maximus, L. self gives the type locality of
maximus as Ceylon. lLydekker

however asserts that there are two

races of elephants in Ceylon, an indigenous and an imported, and
holds that it was on one of the latter that the name was based.
He thus recognises two forms which he distinguishes as follows:—

Key to the forms of HLEPHAS.

A.—Tusks large ... ais as .. lim. maximus, I.
B.—Tusks insignificant ... ae ... 2.m. zeylanicus,
Blainv
DISTRIBUTION :—

1. maximus maximus, Lin- Type locality :—Doubtful, pro-
nveus. bably 8. India. .
Other localities :—No specimens.
Type :-—Unknown.
2. H. maximus zeylanicus, Type locality :—Ceylon.
Blainville. Other localities :—No specimens.
Type :—Unknown.
Order VIII.—EpeEnrata.

The only Suborder (of several recognised) represented in India
is the SQUAMATA. :

Suborder.-—SQUAMATA.
Only one of several Families is found in our area.
Family.—Manip&.
There is only one genus.

SUMMARY OF THE INDIAN MAMMAL SURVEY. 313

Gen.— MANnIs.

Blanford was mistaken in plac-

ing the name pentadactyla, as

No. 399. pentadactyla, L. representing the common Pango-

No. 400. aurita, Hodgs. lin, for that name is an older

No. 401. javanica, Desm. Synonym of qurita, consequently

crassicaudata, Geoff., must be sub-

stituted for it, while it takes the

place assigned by him to qauriia. With these changes of names
Blanford’s key stands as follows :—

Key to the species of Manis.

A.—Fore-claws about twice the length of
hind-claws.
a. 11 to 13 rows of scales round the
body a ae ay ... 1. crassicaudata,G eof.
b.. 15 to 19 rows of scales round body... 2. pentadactyla, L.
B.—Fore-claws but little longer than
hind-claws .

=

ies)

. gavanica, Desm.
DisTRIBUTION —

1. M. crassicaudata, Geof- Type locality :—India.
froy. Other localities :—Shevaroy Hills;
Madras ; Kandy; Ceylon; Bengal
(B. M.); Cutch ; Kanara; Bellary ;
Mysore ; Coorg; Ceylon; Bengal
(M.S; Js).
Type :—Unknown.
2. M. pentadactyla, Lin- Type locality:—Formosa,
neeus. Other localities :—Nepal; Sikkim
(B. M.); Mt. Popa; Pegu (M. 5. I.).
Type :—Unknown. (‘Type of aurita,
Hodgs. B. M. No. 43.1.12.85).
3. M. javanica, Desmarest. Type locality :—Java.
Other localities :—Bankasun ; Tenas-
serim (B. M.).
Type :—Perhaps in Paris Museum.

Order I[X.—CETACEA.
Order X.—SIRENIA.

I have found no record of recent work, on Indian material, in
hese two groups, and have omitted them entirely from this
Summary.

fiat

(Lo be continued.)

314

BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY'S
MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA, BURMA, AND CEYLON,

Report No. 32, BALUCHISTAN.

By R. C. Wroucuton, F.Z.8.

COLLECTION be soe ENG DH?

LOCALITY eh ... Baluchistan.

DaTE fie ... January 1916 to July 1918.

COLUECTED Span uce | 6<Colid. K, Be eltorcomr

EARLIER REPORTS :— .. For previous reports, see, Vol. XXVI.,
p. 1025, 1920.

This fine Collection was made by Col. J. HE. B. Hotson (assisted
to some extent by the Society’s Taxidermist, N. A. Baptista) in
British Baluchistan.

This area is not strictly part of “‘ India” proper either geographi-
eally or zoologically but as the collection completes the linking up
of the Indian with the West Asian (Persian, Arabian, &c.) fauna,
already foreshadowed in the Sind Collection (No. 24) it deserves a
place in the Survey.

Broadly the eastern half of British Baluchistan, made up to a
great extent, of part of the Khalat State and the Las Beyla State.
Its principal feature is the Central Brahui and Pab Ranges, running
North and South, and forming a central ridge. The western half
may be again subdivided an a northern and ‘southern half, the -
latter the Mekran, from the sea to the Siahan Mountain Range,
with several lesser parallel ranges between. The country north of
the Siahan Range is understood to be for the most part uninhabit-
ed desert and is not represented in this Collection.

Four of the eight forms of bat obtained are Sind species but
have not so far been taken further south in India. Among the
Insectivora, both species of Hedgehog and the Crocidura belong”
to the frontier. The panther is of course found throughout India,
and so is the Wolf (C. pallipes). The Mongoose is identical with
the Sind form, as also probably is the di ackal. The Mottled
Polecat (V. peregusna) is a local form of the frontier, and so is the
_ Hoary Fox (V. cana); while the common fox of the country (V-
persica) though distinct from leucopus is very closely allied to it.

Among the Rodents the Banyan Squirrels Funambulus and’
Gerbils Tatera sherrini ave identical with north Indian forms. But.
the rest for the most part are specifically and in many cases
generically distinct from any forms found in India proper. The
House-mouse Mus bactrianus appears to be distributed all over
Baluchistan, and to differ specifically from the Punjab or Sind |

2

d
é

MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON. 315

form, but, so far as can be gathered from this very full collection,
the House-rat is entirely absent from the country, being only tound,
evidently introduced by shipping, at or close to marine ports.

In the Collection are represented 44 forms included in 34 genera
and as might be expected on the border-land of transition from
one Fauna to another it has been found necessary to give quite a
number of new names to intermediate forms, but from the point
of view of novelty by far the most interesting, are the two fornis
of the Vesper Mouse Calomyscus (hotsoni and baluchi), a genus
intimately related to the New World Peromyscus by the form of its
teeth. A single specimen of another species (bailwardi) of the genus
was taken at Mali-i-Mir, 70 miles N. E. of Ahwas, Persia, by Col.
Bailward and Mr. R. B. Woosnam, and these three species form a
small group without any intermediate forms either structurally
or geographically between them and the American Peromyscus.

The following list shows the new species and subspecies found
in this collection :—

(1) Myotis lanaceus.

(2) Paraechinus amir.

(3) Crocidura portali.

(4) Allactaga hotsone.

(5) Cheliones hurriane collinus.
(6) Meriones persicus.

(7) Calomyscus baluchi.

(8) Calomyscus hotsoni.

(9) Ochotona rufescens vulturna.

(1) Rovuszerrus arapicus, And. & deWint.

The Arabian Rouset.

1871. Cynonycteris amplexicaudate (nec Grorr) Dobson. Cat. Chir
Ind. Mus. p. 2. f

1891. Xantharpyia amplexicaudata, Blanford. Mamm. No, 137.

1892. Rousettus arabicus, And. & deWint. Zool. Egypt p. 86 & seq.

Panjgur, ¢ 12, 2 Il.
(2) AsELLIA TRIDENS MURRAIANA, K, And.

The Sind Trident Leaf-nose.

1813. Rhinolophus tridens, Geoffroy. Deser.d’ Egypte, II, P- 30.
P Phyllorhina tridens murraiana, Anderson. Car. p, Lis:
1891. Hipposiderus tridens, Blanford. Mamm. No. 158.

Panjour,) 2 21,: 3) 1,
(3) HrpposipEROS FULVUS PALLIDUS, K, And.
The Sind Leaf-nose.

ipposi I: 66.
1891. Hipposiderus bicolor, Blanford. Mamm. No. l :
1918. Hipposideros fulvus pallidus,K. Anderson. A.M. N.H.9, II, p. 831.

Panjgur, do l.

316 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVIII.

(4) Eprrsicus nasutus, Dobs.

The Sind Serotine.

1877. Vesperugo nasutus, Dobson. J. A. S. B. XLVL, pt. 2, p. 311.
1891. Veserugo nasutus, Blanford. Mamm. No. 175.
Rajbar, @ 1.

This species was described from Sind, but is as yet unrepresented in
the British Museum.

The present specimen has had its skull broken, so that its relationship is
not certain, but it is probably &. nasutus, and would also seem to be
nearly allied to the Western Persian bat, Hptesicus pellucens. Thos. originally
described as a subspecies of H. matschiet of Aden, from its Persian ally
however it may be distinguished by its more uniformly coloured membranes
without the prominent white edging and peculiar transparency found in
pellucens. These details were kindly furnished by Mr. Thomas.

(5) PrpistRELLUS KUHLI LEPIDUS, Blyth.

The Kandahar Pipistrel.
(Synonymy in No. 24).
Panjgur, gd 5; Nag. gd 2, 29 1; Kalgal Jaur, ¢ 1.
(6) Myoris tanaceus, Thos.

The Woolly Mouse-ear.

1919. Myotis lanaceus, Thomas. J.B. N.H.S. XXYVI, p. 938.
Shastun nr. Dizak, Persian Baluchistan, @ 1.
The publishing of the name as Janceus was obviously a misprint.

(7) Rurnopoma MIcropHyLiuM, Geoff.
The Egyptian Mouse-tail.
1812. Rhinopoma microphyllum, Geoffroy. Deesr. d’ Egypte, IL., p. 128.
Las Beyla, 2 2.
(8) -RHINopoMA PUsILLUM, Thos.
The Slender Mouse-tail.
1920. Rhinopoma pusillum, Thomas. J. B. N. H. S. XXVII,, p. 25.
Sib., 2 1 (in al).
(9) Ruinopoma, sp.
Ispid Lamin, Persian Baluchistan, 3 1. (juv).
The specimen is too young for certain identification, all the more so that
there are at least three species which may be represented in this locality.
(10) HemrecuiInus mEcanoris, Blyth,

The Large-eared Hedge-hog.
1845. Hrinaceus megalotis, Blyth. J. A. S. B. XIV., p. 358.
1891. Hrinaceus megalotis, Blanford. Mamm. No. 105.
Mastung, 3 2, 2? 3;Sorab, ¢ 1, 9 1; Shahdadgi, ¢ 1;
Khojdar, ¢ i; Mazaryib, ? 2.

An interesting series of a species hitherto very insufiiciently represented.
Type locality, Kandahar.

MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON. 317

(11) Paraxzcuinus amir, Thos,
The Afghan Hedge-hog.

19. Paraechinus amir, Thomas. A. M. N. H. (8) I., 1918, p. 230.

Sib, d 1, 2 1; Chahabar, 9 1;Chib, ¢ 1; Panjgur, 2 2.

This species is no doubt very closely allied to P. macracanthus. Bl

: : . f,
but besides the skull differences mentioned in Thomas’s Aecuption =cerie
of which prove to be rather variable—this series shows that amir may be
distinguished from macracanthus by its blackish belly and chest.

(12) Crocrpura PortaLt, Thos.
Portal’s Shrew.
19. Crocidura portali, Thomas. A. M. N.H. (9) V.,1920. p. 119.
Kelat, 91; Turbat Kech, ¢ 1, 9 1; Panjgur, ¢ 1.

These shrews vary very considerably in colour, though they agree in
being much lighter than most other members of the genus.

On the whole they seem best referable to the little C. portali recently
described from Palestine, but as this involves their occurrence right across
Persia and Syria, the reference should for the present be looked upon as
provisional.

They are also related to, but paler than, the central Asian C. ilnsis,
Miller.

(13) Feruis parpus, L.
The Panther.
(Synonymy in No. 5.)
Perso-Baluch Border? 1.
(14) Herrestes EPWARDSI FERRUGINEUS, Blanf.
Blanford’s Indian Mongoose.
(Synonymy in No. 24.)
Mand, ¢ 1; Jumajgi, 9 1; Panjgur, 5 1, 2 2; Gebri, g 1;
Quarquarsdan, 2 1; Geh, ¢ l.

Some of the specimens look rather grey but one at least from Quarquars-
dan is as highly coloured as any from Sind.

(15) VormeELA PEREGUSNA, Gueld.
The Mottled Polecat.

1770. Mustela peregusna, Gueldenstaedt. Nov. Comm. Acad, Sci. Imp.
Petrop., XIV., p. 441.
1891. Putorius sarmaticus, Blanford. Mamm. No. 80.

Kanak, 1 cured flat skin, no skull,
(16) Canis aureus, Linn.

The Jackal.
(Synonymy in No. 1.)
Mastung, 92 1;Khojdar, d 1; Panjgur, d 4,2. 1.

When working out the Indian Jackals 1 purposely left out the northern
form until we knew more of true aureus from the Persian Gulf. These
must similarly wait, and for the present go under the name aureus.

318 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII.

(17) Canis patuipEs, Sykes.
The Indian Wolf.
(Synonymy in No. 3.)
Khojdar, d 1. (juv).

(18) Vuteus persica, Blanf.
The Persian Fox.
1875. Vulpes persicus, Blanford. A. M.N.H.ser. XIV.,p. 3_0.
Vulpes persicus, Blanford. Hastern Persia., II., p. 39.
Mand, ¢ 1, 9 1; Shirwan, 9 1; Bamgour, 9 IJ, ? 1.
Chaharbar, ¢ 1; Gwarpuski, 9 1; Panjgur, d 1, 2 3;
Sor Kilkaju, 2 1; Kojdar, 9 1; Wakir, 9 1; Wadh, dg 1;
Nasirabad, 2 ifs
(19) Vuupres cana, Blanf.
The Hoary Fox.
1877. Vulpes canus, Blanford. J. A.S. B. XLV., pt. 2., p. 321.
1888. Vulpes cana, Blanford. Mamm. No. 73.
Turbat Kech, ¢ 1.
(20) FUNAMBULUS PENNANTI ARGENTESCENS, Wrought.

The Sind Banyan Squirrel.
(Synonymy in No. 24.)
Gajar, d 1, 9 1; Kelat, 9 1; Geh, ¢ 1; Turbat Kech,d 8, Q 3;
Panjgur, @ 2; Turbat, g 3, 9 1; Mand, g 4; Noding GF

We have recently seen so much of seasonal variation in this genus that

I hesitate to add a new name, but as almost might have been expected

these specimens are much more coldly coloured than any from further
south.

(21) ALLactaga INDICA, Gray.
The Afghan Jerboa.

1842. Allactaga indica, Gray. A. M. N. H. X., p. 262.
1868. Alactaga bactriana, Blyth. Cat. Mamm., p. 110.
1891. Alactaga indica, Blanford. Mamm. No. 262.
Sourab, 2 2.
Cuvier in 1836 spelt the generic name as above, following Pallas who
had already used it specifically. He dropped an “1” in 1838 and was
followed by all later authors up to about the end of the century.

(22) ALLAcTAGA HOTSONI, Thomas.
Hotson’s Jerboa.
1919. Allactaga hotsoni, Thomas, J. B. N. H. 8. XXVL., p. 9386.
Kantt, 20 ms., S. W. of Sib, Persian Baluchistan, 3,950 2 1.

(23) TaTERA SHERRINI, Wrought.
The Sind Gerbil.
1917. Tatera sherrini, Wroughton. J. B. N. H. 8. XXV., p. 43.
Las Beyla g 1, 2 1.
In the Sind Report No. 24, the Gerbil was listed as indica later in

Results (XXV., p. 43). I distinguished it as sherrint. The present spe-
eimens appear to be the same species.

MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON, 319

(24) Tarera persica, Wrought.
The Seistan Gerbil.

1906. Tatera persica, Wroughton. A. M. N. H.7, XVIL., p. 496.

Panjgur, d 44, 2 39; Hoshab, 3 1; Turbat, ¢ 3, 9 1; Mand,
gd 2, 9 2; Isiphan, 9 1;Daga, g 1; Tuphon Gishai, ¢ 1;
Bazdat, g 1; Rekin, ¢ 3,9 4; Manguli,?1; Seahendamb 91;
Nag, d l, 9 6; Shirejan Palk, 9 2; Sitana, g 1; Turbat Kock,
6 5, 2 7; Nasirabad, 9 1;Sami, ¢ 5, 9 1; Tejeban, 3 1
Harboi, 3 1; Gazar, 2 1; Khojdar, ¢ 2, 92; Chahabar, ¢ 5,
SyS)

(25) CHELIONES HURRIANE COLLINUS, Thos.

The Western Desert Gerbil.
19. Cheliones hurriane collinus, Thomas, J. B. N. H. 8. XXV1., p. 726.

Kelat, g 2; Hazarganji, 91; Nal, 5 1, 9 2; Wadh, 35, 24;
Chahabar, 9 4; Chambar, ¢ 2, 9 1.
These specimens by their size and the marked slaty bases of the hairs
of the belly fall into Thomas’s subsp. collinus. It is possible that later it
may be found that the more western(Chahabar, &c.,)individuals (at present
the most westerly representatives of the genus) may prove, with Persian
specimens, to require a separate name.

(26) MERIONES PERSICUS BAPTIST, Thos.

The Persian Jird.
19. Meriones persicus baptiste, Thomas. J. B. N. H. 8. XXVL., p. 934.
Charboi, 9 1; Kelat, ¢ 4, 9 4;Gwambauk, ¢ 1;Koldars, ¢ 1;
Pasht Kuh, ¢ 1; Panjgur, ¢ 2; Kulochak, ¢ 1.
I have adopted the English name, based on the local vernacular, given

to this genus when its first individual was found in the very early 18th
century.

(27) Merionres ERYTHROURUS, Gray.

The Afghan Gerbil.

1842. Gerbillus erythroura, Gray. A. M. N. H. X., p. 266.
1891. Gerbillus erythroura, Blanford. Mamm. No. 267.

Kelat, Baluchistan, ¢ 2; Sourab, d 2.
(28) Diropitius nanus, Blanf.

The Baluch Dipodii.

1875. Gerbillus nanus, Blanford. A. M. N. H. 4, XVL, p. 312.
1891. Gerbiiius nanus, Blanford. Mamm. No. 267.
Pasni, 5 4, 9 2;Gwambauk, ¢ 1, 9 1; Har (Kalva), 3 1;
Rekchak, 9 1;Harboi, 2 1; Chahabar, ¢ 1; Hoshab, ¢ 2;
Shaharak, ¢ l.
. Specimens under this name are recorded in the reports from Kathiawar,
Palanpur and Sind. Thomas however after examining the present speci-
mens has arrived at the conclusion that these represent true D. nanus, and
that the form found in Sind, &c., is distinct, and has published his conclu-
gions elsewhere in this Journal. I have abandoned Blanford’s English
name which ceases to be descriptive.

320 JOURNAL, BUMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII.

(29) Mus muscutus, Linn.
The House Mouse.
(Synonymy in No. 1.)
Chahabar, ¢ 1, 9 1; Pasni, @ 1.

Both localities are on the coast and these specimens no doubt represent
imported stock. They are not quite the same as European House-mice but
until the many shades of change from the Indian frontier westward have
been studied as a whole it is most undesirable to multiply named
subspecies.

(80) Mus pactrianus, Blyth.

The Kandahar House Mouse.

(Synenymy in No, 24.)
Panjgur, ¢ 79, 2 56; Ispihan, g 2, 29 1; Sib, 9 2;Mand, ¢ 2;
© 1; Chib, ¢ 3, 9 1; Turbat, g 3, 9 1; Chahabary ois
@ 7;Johran Kahur, ¢ 1; Khojdar, g 1, 91; Manguli, g 1,
@ 4;Sourab, g 4,9 4; Mastung, ¢ 6, 9 5; Kalatak, ¢ 1,
© 1; Shakarak, @ lI.

The most northerly specimens (from Mastung) have been compared with
the type of bactrianus, Blyth, the type locality of which is Kandahar and
I can discover nothing to consistently differentiate these Mastung speci-
mens from the rest. The name has already been used in these reports
for specimens from Sind butthese are clearly separable on size. Blyth has
described a species gerbillinus from Pind Dadan Khan which might very
well be the Sind species. Unfortunately the Museum has no representa-
tive specimens from the Jhelum Valley, or indeed from the Punjab. I
propose therefore to use the name gerbillinus for the Sind specimens (in
substitution for bactrianus) until something is known of the Punjab forms.

(31) AcomMys DimIp1atTus, Rupp.
The Sinai Spiny Mouse.
1826. Mus dimidiatus, Ruppell. Atlas. p. 37. :

Chahabar, ¢ 4, 9 i; Karochi Durk, 9 1.

These specimens differ from the solitary specimen taken by Waston at
Laki near Sohwah. They seem to resemble the Sinai form but it is a
difficult group and more material especially of our Sind form is required
to make a reliable identification possible. I have temporarily ranked it
as dimidiatus.

(32) CALOMYScUS BALUCHI, Thos.

The Baluch Vesper Mouse.
19. Calomyscus baluchit, Thomas. J. B. N. H. 8. XXVL, p. 939.

Harboi, ¢ 2, 2 5; Kelat, ¢ 5, 9 2.
(83) CaLomyscus HoTsont, Thos.
Hotson’s Vesper Mouse.

19. Calomyscus hotsoni, Thomas. J. B. N. H. S. XXVI., p. 939.
Gwambauk, ¢ 4, 9 38.

The isolated appearance of this genus so closely related to the American
genus Peromyscus, is most startlmg, At Mr. 'Thomas’s suggestion I have
adopted for it the name Vesper-Mouse which is that used for its representa-
tive in the U.S. A.

MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON. 321

(34) CricETULUS MIcRAToRIts, Pall.
The Little Grey Hamster.

1794. Mus migratorius, Pallas. Reis, II., p. 703.
1891. Cricetus pheus, Blanford. Mamm., No. 309.
Kelat, d 1.

Thomas has in his paper on this Genus (A. M. N. H. 8, XIX p. 452, 1917)
adopted the name migratorius as the oldest applying to this species,

(35) Exnozius Fuscocapinius, Blyth.

The Quetta Vole.

1841. Georychus fuscocapillus, Blyth. J, A.S. B. X., p. 262.
1891. Lllobius fuscicapillus, Blanford. Mamm. No. 308.

Much Baluch, ¢ 2 (juv. I).
(386) Ratrus RATTUS ALEXANDRINUS, Geoff.

The Egyptian Rat.
(Synonymy in No, 24.)
Chahabar, d 3, 2 5; Pasni, d 4, 9 6; Talas Sunt, 9? 1.

These undoubtedly are either imported or fromimported stock, elsewhere
in Baluchistan, Rattus seems to be unrepresented. Four of the above speci-
mens have pure white undersides and possibly represent the frugivorus of
Rafinesque.

(37) NEsOKIA GRIFFITHI, Hardw.
The Hazara Nesokia.
(Synonymy in No. 15.)
Khojdar, g 1, 2 1.
The English name earlier in these Reports does not differentiate the
present Genus from Gunomys, with the result that some of the other

species would require too long a name. I propose to adopt the Latin name
Nesokia for the Genus.

(38) Nesoxia inpica, Hardw.
The Rajputana Nesokia.
(Synonymy in No, 24.)
Panjgur, ¢ 19, 2 27.
(39) AcantTHION LEUCURUS, Sykes.
The Indian Porcupine.
(Synonymy in No. 1.)
Bajukan, g 1; Khojdar, Jd 1, @ 1.
(40) Lupus craspeporis, Blanf.
The Afghan Hare.

1375. Lepus craspedotis, Blanford. Eastern Persia, II., p. 80, pl. VII.
Pishmant, g 1; Sorab, Q 1; Panjgur, ¢ 1, Q1;Sor, d 1;
Harboi, ¢ 1, 9 1;Shah-i-arab, Q 1; Hazar Gange,? 1.

17

322 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVIII.

(41) OcHoTONA RUFESCENS VULTURNA, Thos.

The Baluch Pika.

19. Ochotona rufescens vulturna, Thomas. J. B.N. H.S. XXVL., p. 937.

Harboi, 3 2.

As Thomas pointed out in describing this form elsewhere in this Journal
the present, for which I propose the name Baluch Pika, is a southern form
of O.7r. rufescens, the Afghan Pika; there are two corresponding western
forms, viz., O. r. regina and O. r. oizier, completing so far as we know the
distribution of the species rufescens.

1840.
1842.
1913.

1874.

1898.

(42) Ovis viGNEI cycLocERos, Hutton.

The Afghan Urial.

Ovis vigneit, Blyth. P. Z. S., p. 70.
Ovis cycloceros, Hutton. Calc. Journ, Nat. Hist., p. 88.
Ovis vignei cycloceros, Lydekker. Cat. U. M. 1, p. 88.

Lashkarankan, 2 1; Saplah, ¢ 1; Nali-jingian, ¢ 1; Gwatbuk,
6 1; Hoshab, 9 1; Gwambuk Kane, g¢ 1; Hodal Pass,
¢ 1; Dab-Koh, g 1; Porigent, ¢ 1.

(43) Capra mGacRus BLYTaI, Lyd.

The Sind Wild Goat.

Capra egagrus blythi, Hume. Hume P.A.S. B., p. 240. (momen
nudum).

Capra egagrus blythé, Lydekkar. Wild Oxen Sheep and Goats, p.
264 Pasni, 6 J; Lob, ¢ I) 9 1; Kilikaur, @ W-)Gajacescme
Khojdar, ¢ 1 (juv.).

(44) GazELLA BENNETTII, Sykes.
The Indian Gazelle.
(Synonymy in No.1.)

Pasni, 2 1; Mand, d 1, 2 1; Gumasgi, g 1; Hoshab, ¢ 2;
Gajar, 2 1; Nasirabad, ¢ 1; Meherab, 2 2. 7

Au

ee ma

‘20S ‘LSIH “LVN AV@WOS ‘NYnor

$
-
As
6

\
!
|
{

HOuOd AUVNOILIGHAXT NVINVLOdGOSHM WH jo Steqmey, Aq epem SMOTIDSTIOD
_ Teotgojoozy uo syzodez eyeqysnyTI 03 Arjunog Sutpunoszmsg pue VINVLOdOSHK wo dv

ISTNID NvVISHZd

PIAOWIS MOU YYYWY-VYSNG 7099x9
et O76) ABW Ul 9221102 shempey

098 - 70a4 wt sapnzizy

y ‘s —="=-—="=— Ayepunog ULISIAg
aes k Sones eee
Sadvuv ra WYSNE HRAIsiIrUVE 4 Se
<ZAWSIOH WEY OL ‘aa NW eae

oH TWAIN
CHVGSYNNHO

=~

4. iy 5 a
(en falhtel SAL
)

=

ONVUWHS id”
2 UN 40 SNiny

r
t

psx

/

~~"

4 WwW

‘90S “LSIH “LvN AvVaWwOS “nanor

323
REPORT ON THE MAMMALS OF MESOPOTAMIA

COLLECTED BY MEMBERS OF THE MESOPOTAMIAN
EXPEDITIONARY FORCE, 1915 To 1919,

BY

Mayor R. E. CHEESMAN, M.B.0.U., F.R.G.S.

Mr. Oldfield Thomas conferred a privilege when he invited me to write
this paper. Both he and Mr. R. C. Wroughton have combined in making
the task a light and pleasant one, It has been necessary for me to ply
them with a continual hail of questions throughout and to their patient
guidance must be attributed any merit the paper may possess. To the
rest of the staff in the mammal room of the British Museum Natural
History I also acknowledge a debt of gratitude for valuable assistance.

The collection comprises 259 specimens of 36 different species and sub-
species. Nine have already proved new to science. Several more are
awaiting further material, and are only provisionally placed under the
name of their nearest ally.

It may be said, that ‘ awaiting further material’ often recurs in the notes.
A lot of confusion is caused by the hasty naming of species and sub-species,
on slight differences of colour or proportions, which afterwards prove to
be mere individual variation and are not constant. It secms preferable
to err on the side of caution.

The collection consists entirely of mammals contributed by members of
the Mesopotamian Expeditionary Force. It has therefore an historic
interest as well as a scientific value.

Many of the specimens were collected very close to the enemy’s lines
and some must have been skinned within range of his guns. The acqui-
sition of such a good series under the difficulties attending service
conditions is largely due to the encouragement given to all Officers inter-
ested in birds, beasts and fishes, by the officials of the Bombay Natural
History Society, who in spite of the many calls on their time during the
War, always managed to acknowledge and identify the specimens sent.

Again a factor that played no small part, is the able pamphlet, “‘ Notes
on the Animals of Mesopotamia’’, written by Capt. N. B. Kinnear in
1916 and circulated at an opportune m:ment.

To all interested in Natural History, that is the large majority of Officers
and men in Mesopotamia, this las been a treasured book of reference.
To those who were collecting it has proved invaluable. I have taken it
throughout the writing of this paper as the framework to which the
present notes on the s:ecimens obtained must be considered as a sup-
plement.

To Major-Gen. fir P. Z. Cox, and Lieut.-Col. A. ‘T. Wilson, I was
personally indebted while on service for much timely assistance, for the
loan of a gun and for facilities of transport of specimens down river and
en to India. Without this many of my skins would either never have
been collected or have been spoilt or even lost en route.

All my specimens have been united under the name of the Cox-Cheesman
collection. For the help given me by all my senior officers in Mesopotamia
I would like to express my appreciation. They have always been ready to
smooth the way for collecting when possible and to read “ King’s Regu-
lations”’ in their widest interpretation to that end.

324 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVIII.

Capt. P. A. Buxton has kindly allowed me to make use of his collection
which was sent direct to the British Museum for inclusion in this paper.

The Indian Museum sent afew specimens to the British Museum for
identification. ‘These have also been added. 5
A list of the officers who collected and sent specimens to the Bombay
Natural History Society is given below.

Care has been taken to avoid errors, but in the event of omissions or
mistakes in the spelling of names it is hoped that.they will be excused, as
the writing on labels is often dificult to read and is sometimes obliterated.

Major HE. Arthur. Capt. F. Ludlow.

Major R. Bagnall. Capt. H. L. Mackenzie, 1.m.s.
Lieut.-Col. F. M. Bailey, ¢.1.5. Brig.-Gen. H. J. A. Mackey, c.m.a.,
Major R. EH. Cheesman. M.V.O., D.S.0.

Major C. Christy. Lieut.-Col. H. A. F. Magrath.

F. Collins, Esq. H. J. May, Esq.

Lt.-Col. F. P. Connor, D.s.0.,1.M.S. Capt. Napier, I.M.s.

Maj-Gen. SirP.Z. Cox, G.c.1.H.,K.c.8.1. Patiala Lancers. A squadron.

J. M. 8. Culbertson, Esq. Capt. C. R. 8. Pitman, D.s.0., M.c.
Deputy Civil Commissioner. The late Major G. A. Perreau.
Lt.-Col. Evans. Major G. B. Scott.

Major F. C. Fraser, 1.m.s. Capt. G. C. Shortridge.
Capt. Graham, R.A.M.c. The late Capt. W. H. Shakespeare.
Capt. R. W. G. Hingston, 1.M.s. Capt. W. H. O. Short.

Capt. C. M. Ingoldby, r.a.m.c. Lt.-Col. F. Wall, c.m.e¢., 1.M.s.

J. Jenkins, Esq. Lt. D. Webster, R.N.

Kilminster, Esq. H. Whitehead, Esq.

Capt. T. R. Livesey. Lt.-Col. Sir A. T. Wilson, .s.1.,

G.M.G., C.1.E., DsS:O-

Although many men are now conversant with the topography of the area
covered by this paper, a short sketch will not be out of place, for those who
are not. Mesopotamia, for which the Turkish name of Iraq is preferable ,
is a large flat alluvial plain of comparatively recent origin. It is 450 miles
in length and about 150 miles in breadth. The foothills of the Kurdistan
and Persian Mountains form a Northern and North-RNastern boundary, while
to the South and West lies the margin of the Arabian and Syrian desert.

The land of the lower reaches of the Karun River, although in Persia
has been included in this paper, as fantistica!!y it is in the great Mesopota-
mian plain.

Through the plain the three main rivers—Tigris, Euphrates and Karun—
wind a serpentine course towards the sea at Fao on the Persian Gulf. The
Tigris and Huphrates unite at Kurna and also at Gurmat Alito form the
Shatt-al-Arab, a river of considerable width. This is in turn joined by the
Karun at Mohommerah. All three rivers bring down a large amount of
silt, and itis of this the Mesopotamian soil is composed, without any
admixture of stones or gravel, The Karun enters the Iraq plain at Ahwaz
where it crosses a low spur of the Jebel Hamrin range of hills, in a series
of rock-strewn rapids. The Tigris crosses the same range several hundred
miles to the North-West through the beautiful Fatah Gorge. It however
does not finally leave the land of rocks behind until Samarra is passed,
where there are cliffs of conglomerate. This region of undulating hills and
rocky ranges extends from Samarra north+west to Mosul as well as along
the North and North-Hast boundary previously mentioned. So far very
little collecting has been undertaken there. It is the home of the porcupine
and the gazelle grazes on the higher plateau. The latter is also well

_

i MAMMALS OF MESOPOTAMLA. 325

distributed along the Mesopotamian plains to the sea. In the immediate
neighbourhood of Mosul I have seen the mounds and tunnels of a species
of mole or rodent mole which does not occur lower down.

The capture of a ‘badger’ with young was reported at the Ali Gherbi
Military Grass Farm durmg a flood. From the description there seems little
doubt it was the new species of ratel, which has been obtained by Col.
A. T. Wilson in the foothills near the Tyb river less than 30 miles distant
and is mentioned by Kinnear.

Of real forest land there is none, although the broad belt of date palms
that fringe the banks of the Shatt-al-Arab gives that impression from the
river, until glimpses of the desert appear a mile or so in the background.
These plantations are the haunt of the jackal and the Persian mungoose.

I am inclined to treat the stories of ancient Mesopotamian forests as a
myth. If the Kingsof Egypt came there to hunt elephants it is probable
they also hunted their owners who had imported them. The building of
the huge canals at least four thousand years ago points to the land being
desert then and not a region capable of sustaining natural forest. Two
vast permanent reed covered marshes have been formed above Karna by
the overflow of the Tigris, Euphrates and Kerkha, a Persian river.
These are the Hammar Lake and MHawaiza marsh. These and
smaller marsh districts have so far produced no mammal peculiar to
those areas unless we may include the otter. Judging by the number of
these skins exposed for sale in the bazaars, they must be plentiful.

Patches of thick jungle occur locally in the large U bends of the rivers
and grow a tangle of dwarf tamarisk and Euphrates popular. They seldom
exceed a mile or two in width, but harbour small herds of wild pig. It is
unfortunate that no skins or skulls have been sent so we do not yet
know the species. We can be sure however that the boars seen are too
large to be the Indian pig and I am of opinion that the hair is too brown
for the typical European wild boar and lack the hoary grey tinge of the
bristles of this species several of which I have examined recently in the
London Zoological Gardens. It is also certain from the many mascots seen
about the Mesopotamian camps that the young are striped.

Low cover is afforded by scrub growing in the vicinity of banks of rivers
and canals. This chiefly consists of a dwarf acacia, Prosopis stephania,
the ‘Shok” of the Arabs and the wild liquorice plant, Glycyrrhiza glabra ;
also Lycium europaewm, a thorny plant with bright red berries, and
Sueda monoica, of which the lower leaves are succulent and which appears
to thrive also on the salt lands, where no other plants can live.

Here are the wild cat, hares, jackal, mole rats, several of the gerbils
(Tatera, Dipodillus and Meriones) and the hedge hogs. The foxes are found
in the bare desert country behind, seeming to prefer it to the cover.

The country on the right bank of the Euphrates has distinct features.
It is the only real desert region and is in fact the edge of the Syrian desert.
Gravel is found as far down as Shaiba within a few miles of the sea. The
hyzena, and Loftus’ jerboa were obtained in this and no other locality,
add to thisa very pale fox, jackal and hare and a new hedge-hog and
gerbil and we have evidence that this portion of the country contains a
fauna of exceptional interest :—

Although the contributors to this collection are to be congratulated on
the results, it must not be considered that the work is finished. It has
just begun. The satisfaction of the thirst of science can be but temporary.
A few notes of the particulars required are given for the assistance of those
who find themselves in a position to continue the collection.

326 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XXVII.

The following measurements, if possible in millimeters, should be taken
before skinning and recorded on the label :—

1. H.& B. Head and body, that is from the tip of nose to the joint of

tail and spine.
2. TL, Tail without end hairs.

3. HF. Hind foot without claws, i.e., from the tip of the longest toe to

the hinder side of the heel.

4, Ear. Ear from notch at base totip. This would be the longest

inside measurement of the ear.

In addition it is important to record on the label the date, sex, locality,
altitude above sea and your name.

The locality of small villages should be identified with towns or districts
well known or marked on maps.

Other field notes such as nature of the soil, food, immature, etc., are also
of great assistance when working out a collection.

Have the skin removed as carefully as possible. Correctly made up skins
are stuffed and dried, leaving the animal in a squatting position—the front
legs pointing forwards, and the hind legs backwards—the bone is pulled
out of the tail and a straight wire with wool wound round it takes its place
but a roughly made skin is better than no skin at all.

The skull of small mammals at least shonld be dried with the meat on and
sent separately. The bones and teeth travel better when treated thus.
Both skin and skull should be labelled with the same number to ensure
subsequent identification. The value of a series of skins and skulls of the
same species cannot be over-estimated. Accurate identification or separa-
tion of closely allied forms, is only made possible by the comparison of a
large number of specimens.

Do not hesitate to send everything you can get. It is often the apparent-
ly common place which proves to be an important link in the chain.

1. RHINOLOPHUS HIPPOSIDEROS mIDAs, K, And.

1905. Rhinolophus midas, K. Andersen, P. Z. S. ii, p. 138.

1918. Rhinolophus hipposideros midas, K. Andersen, A. M.N. H. 9, ii.
p. 378.

Midas Horse Shoe Bat. Arabic “ Kushaf-el-ley]l” or “Sanat”.

N.B.—These names apply to all bats in Arabic.

2S le? Baghdad. Buxton 23-9-17 to 11-10-17.
This tal i Ingoldby, Nov. 1917.

A small bat with long pale grey fur, with purplish tinge towards the end
ot the hairs. The ears are large with curved and pointed tips.

Buxton remarks from Baghdad—Apparently common.

The distribution given is Gilgit to Cyprus. Andersen.

The type locality is Jask, Persian Gulf.

2. ASELLIA TRIDENS, HK. Geoff,

1812. Rhinolophus tridens, E. Geoffroy, Desc. Egypt. ii., p. 130.
Trident Leaf-nosed Bat.
1. Feluja, Euphrates. Mackenzie. No. date. inal.
2, Lake Akkar Kuf. Baghdad. Pitman, 24-3-17 and 16-8-17 _,,
This bat is slightly larger than the last, though the description of the
fur would be much the same. The very large ears are its chief distinction
in the field.
_ This was compared with the series of A. tridens from Egypt and appears
inseparable.

MAMMALS OF MESOPOTAMLA. 327

Andersen and De Winton give the distribution as Senegal, Algeria,
Tunisia, 8. Syria and Zanzibar, with a sub-species A. tridens murraiana
from Karachi and Bushire.

3. PIPISTRELLUS KUHLI, Kuhl,

1819. Vespertilio kuhliit, Kuhl, Ann. Wett. Ges. Nat. IV., p. 199.
White bordered Pipistrel Bat,

1g 162 1 Amara Buxton 29-1-18—7-6-18,
26 Baghdad - 8-10-17.

1 Shushter, S. Persia Bailey, 21-1-18, alt. 500 ft.
2 Busra Cox-Cheesman June, 1916.

2 Sheikh Saad Ingoldby 20-7-16 & 21-7-16
2 Busra Christy June, 1918, in al,

The commonest bat of the lower Tigris.

Although several almost black forms appear in the series, this is usually
a small dark brown bat, with short hair and ears and a pale border to the
wing filament. Buxton remarks, plentiful in Amara and the only bat that
appears in winter on warm nights, and all females were pregnant in
March.

Ingoldby saw them chasing insects round the lights of river steamers
near Sheikhs Saad, and I found it in numbers in the Busra houses.

Miller gives the distribution as Mediterranean region eastward into
Asia. It has been recorded by the B. N. H. S. Mammal Survey from Sind.

4, PIPISTRELLUS Cox, Thos.

1919. Pipistrellus coxi, Thomas, J. B. N. H. S., Vol. XXVI, No. 38,
p. 747.

Cox’s Pipistrel Bat.

1. Type. Beit Mahommad. Amara, Cox-Cheesman, 20-35-18.
1. Makina, Busra. Christy 20-38-18.

A small bat with light grey back, white belly and black ears and muzzle.
The type was caught in the house of Sheikh Mahommad, in the vicinity
of marshes on the Chahala canal. The Makina specimen in the Mess of
No. 33 B. G. Hospital.

It has been named by Mr. Oldfield Thomas after Major-Gen. Sir
Pom. Cox.

5. Eprxsicus, Species.

Serotine Bat, spec.

1. Amara. Cox-Cheesman, 16-3-18.

A single specimen of a bat was collected in Amara, much resembling
P. kuhlii in size, but the forearm is longer, colour paler and white border
is missing. Inthe absence of the skull definite determination is not
possible until more specimens are forthcoming. It is probably nearly
allied to Eptesicus matschiei pellucens—several of which were obtained by
Woosnam in Ahwaz.

6. Epresicus HINGstToNI, Thos.
1919. Eptesicus hingstoni, Thomas. J. B. N. H.S., Vol. XXVI, No. 3,

p. 745.
Hingston’s Serotine Bat.

1. Type. Baghdad. Hingston, 1-5-17.
I. 4 Biganh: Cox-Cheesman, 6-8-18.
1. Khazimain, Baghdad. 8-11-18.

99 7
3d. Busra. Wall., 15-1-17. M. 16 in al.
Of the two Busra specimens only the skulls have been examined

328 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII.

A bat about twice the size of P. kuhlii, fur on the back, mouse coloured,
underparts paler, ears brown. It has been named by Mr. Oldfield Thomas
after Capt. R. W. G. Hingston.

lod

7. Epresicus watul, Thos.

1919. Eptesicus walli., Thomas, J. B.N.H.8., Vol. XXVI, No. 3, p. 746.
Wall’s Serotine Bat.
ROR ype: Busra. Wall, 27-5-16.
The type of this species has a smaller forearm than that of H. hingstont.
This bat has been named by Mr. Oldfield Thomas after Lt.-Col.
F. Wall.

8. TapHozous KACHHENSIS MAGNUS, Wettst.

1914. Taphozous magnus, Wettstein, Ann. Vienna, Nat. History Museum,
Vol. 27, page 465.

Babylonian Sheath-tailed Bat.

1g Amara. Ingoldby, 29-7-16.

26 Amara. Buxton, 27-10-17.

1 Shaiba Cox-Cheesman, 1-10-16.
ig. Lhe Ctesiphon Arch a » 4-10-18.

IL Busra Connor, 29-6-18, M. 13.

A sub-species of the Kutch Sheath-tailed Bat.

This is a large bat with tail protruding through the centre of the inter-
femoral membrane. The fur is confined tothe head and central portion

_of the body, giving a very naked appearance to the limbs and inter-femoral
membrane. ‘The ears are large.

They are plentiful in Shaiba and Amara, and after sunset large numbers
can be seen emerging from the houses, winging their way with steady
flight to the desert. They are also very quarrelsome and noisy in the
houses.

The same bat was described under the name of TYaphozous kuchhensis
babylonicus in 1916 by Thomas, who, owing to the war, had no means of
knowing that it had been previously described by Wettstein.

9. Pacnuyura, Species.

Musk rat.

12 Busra Cox-Cheesman, 6-8-18.

192 Busra Whitehead, 1-6-18.

1g Kurna Buxton, 26-3-18.

i No locality Connor, Nov. 1918 M. 6 in al.

1 he - Wall Fs yo Miso einadiale

il i a Wall, no date M. 4 in al. ) 1

1 Busra Wall, no date M: 8. in ali) i aageme
i ts Christy, June 1918 inal.

There are seven specimens in all of the larger Pachyura or musk rats,
which seem to represent two forms.

Ifeel inclined to place togetherthe three made skins and one from
Connor in alcohol. This is a gray form and might be indigenous. The
other three in aleohol—one from Busra and two without locality are in bad
condition—and evidently belong to a larger form. One of these marked
M. 3 has the small premolar characteristic of Pachyura missing, but whe-

ae has never developed or has fallen out, cannot be positively postu-
ated. ue Y!

MAMMALS OF MESOPOTAMIA. 329

This larger form may well have been imported hy shipping, as suggested
by Kinnear. Thefact that so far all specimens have been obtained on
the Shatt-al-Arab, in the area of ports of call of the Indian cargo boats
should not be lest sight of.

It has not been possible to carry the identification further the whole
group of these shrews or musk rats, being at present in a state of
profound confusion.

Pachyura is an oriental genus—but there is one species—a dwarf found in
Europe and a few species in Hast Africa. They have four premolars—one
of which is minute. This small tooth is missing entirely in Crocidura.

Crocidura is an African genus with one or two species in Europe ard a
few in Asia.

?

10. Pacuyura ETRUSCA, Savi.

1822. Sorex etrusca, Savi Nuovo Giorm de Lett Pisa i, p. 60.

Pigmy Shrew.
19. Trenches near Kut. Magrath, 30-8-16.

ili Busra Cox-Cheesman.
1 Busra_ Fraser, no date.
13 Amara Buxton, 5-8-18.

In the present state of our knowledge of these little known animals there
seems to be no alternative but to accept provisionally Savi’s name etrusca.

Kinnear suggests it may prove to be Sorex pusillus, whose length he gives
as 2.4 inches. Gmelin’s original description gives the length as 3.6
inches (German) which is double the size of our largest specimen.

It may be as well to note that our pigmy shrew bears a strong resem-
blance to some specimens that have recently been seut in from Palestine
by Shortridge.

The known range of P. eirusca is Spain eastwards to Aden and is now
extended to the present locality.

11. QAeEMIECHINUS AURITUs, Pall.

5

1778. Erinaceus auritus, Pallas. Nov. Comm. Acad. Petrop XIV, p. 595.
Long-eared Hedge-hog. Arabic ‘ gunfudh.”

4g 29 Amara. Buxton, 19-10-17, etc.

23 Busra. Shortridge, 25-3-16 and 27-83-16.
URS. Busra. Wall, 17-8-16.
Lo Busra. Wall, 23-1-17 M. 8in al.
1 Busra. Cox-Cheesman, 19-6-16.
a foot. Culbertson, 22-1-17.
19 Amara. Connor, 9-10-16.
13g Busra. Short, 6-5-18.
19 Busra. Christy, June 1918—Pregnant. in al.

This: is the common hedge-hog of the lower Tigris ; specimens are still
required from Baghdad and above, also from the Euphrates. he

Buston says, “very common in Amara, hybernates 3 months. He
obtained 1 young in July. The writer found it plentiful in Sheikh Saad.
This hedge-hog might be described as having hair of whitish brown, mes
white in places, with light coloured quills and long ears, the feet anc
forehead are sandy brown. had

The genus Erinaceus has now been restricted to the European hedge-
hog. The genera Hemiechinus and Paracchinus being accepted for the more
Eastern forms. The difference in the two lines in the front line of quills.
In Hemiechinus the quills and hair meet in a clear cut line across the

18

330 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII.

forehead, in Paraechinus a groove without quills runs from the centre
of the forehead towards the crown. A key and description can be found
in Summary of the Indian Mammal Survey. Wroughton, pt. ii.,J. B. N.
H. S., 1918, Vol. XXVAy po ol:

Tecwenerss gives the distribution of H. auritus as S. H. Europe, Caspian
and S. Siberia.

12. PaRrakECHINUS LUDLOwI, Thos.

1919. Paraechinus ludlowi, Thomas, J. B. N. H.S., Vol. XXVI., No. 3.
p. 748. -
Ludlow’s Hedge-hog.
1g Type Hit. Euphrates. Ludlow, 8-8-18.

The type is the only specimen seen. Ludlow remarks that it was on
stony desert soil at 400 ft. altitude. He also says that he found this
within 20 yards of the Euphrates and that the preceding genus H. aurttus
was plentiful at Hit.

@Besides the generic difference, this hedge-hog can be distinguished from
H. auritus by the colour of the quills which are almost white on the sides
of the animal, with a broad row of brown quills running down the centre
of the back. Most of the hair is white—the tail, feet and nose being brown—
with brown streaks running up the forehead. It also appears to attain
a larger size.

Mr. Oldfield Thomas has named this after Capt. F. Ludlow.

18. Friis cHaus, GULD.

1776. Felis chaus, Guldenstidt, Nov. Com. Ac. Petrop XX, p. 483.
Jungle Cat. Arabic “ Bizoon.”

12 Amara Buxton, 2-12-17.

12 Qualet Saleh Webster, Jan. 1911.

ig Pe " Buxton, 25-2-18.

1 Mesopotamia Perrian, Jan. 1917.

1g Madij Ludlow, 15-2-18.

1 Shahroban Mackie, July 1917.

12 Shahroban Indian Museum (Connor), Dec, 1918.

This is the cat frequently met with on the Tigris among the scrub-
jungles by the river. 1t grows to such a size that it is easy to mistake it
for the jackal at a short distance. Its black ear tufts, yellow tinge of
colouring and short tail have led in many instances to the reports of
caracals and even lynxes being seen or shot on the Tigris and Euphrates
during the war.

So far the only authentic record of the caracal in this neighbourhood, is
the specimen obtained by Loftus at Dizful, which I have examined.

The uniform brick-red colour and absence of black or brown markings
would distinguish this caracal at a long distance from F. chaus.

These specimens vary considerably. Buxton’s from Amara has the
under-parts white and is a brightly coloured cat, while his and Webster’s
from Qualet Saleh, although from much the same locality, are less highly
coloured, with buff belly. De Winton dealt with the sub-species of this
cat in 1898 (A. M. N. H. 7 ii, p. 291) but I have been unable to determine
to which sub-species these belong. Buxton’s Amara specimen, skin and
skull, can be duplicated from the series of Felis c. affinis from India, col-
lected by the Indian Mammal Survey, while the Qualet Saleh skins appro-
ximate to the British Museum series of I’. chaus nilotica from Egypt and are
also very similar to some among the Ff. c. affinis series. Major St. John

a
o's

MAMMALS OF MESOPOTAMIA, — 331

compared a specimen obtained near Bushire with a living member of Felis
chaus in the London Zoological Gardens. He came to the conclusion that
they were identical (Blanf, Eastern Persia, ii, p. 36.)

I do not consider the separation of the present series of the Mesopota-
mian cat from F’, chaus would be justified as yet.

F. chaus is found throughout India, W. Asia and N, Africa. The type
locality is the Caspian.

14, FELIs oCREATA IRAKI, Subsp. nov.

Pale Eastern Wild Cat.
Type 1, Koweit, Arabia, Shakespeare, May 1913.
1 g, Sheik Saad, Tigris, Cox-Cheesman, 8-12-16.

Felis ocreata is, according to 'Temminck, the origin of the domestic cat
and is the Abyssinian representative of a group to which these two speci-
mens belong.

lt has been known in literature as Felis caligata, Felis maniculata, and
Felis lybica. Schwann in 1904 pointed out that the first description of this
cat was given by Gmelin, as Felis ocreata in 1791.

Besides being widely distributed in Africa, specimens have been obtain-
ed near Aden by Col. Yerbury in 1895, at Lahej, 8. W. Arabia, by Messrs.
Percival and Dodson in 1900, and at Moab, Palestine, by Tristram in 1893.
All these Asiatic skins are very similar to the African in shade of colour
and markings. The two from Koweit and Sheikh Saad although very
similar to each other in these respects, are unlike any of the other speci-
mens in the British Museum and obviously represent a paler race. It has
been considered advisable to give them subspecific rank.

FELIS OCREATA IRAKI, Subsp. nov.

Size similar to Aden and Palestine specimens, with slightly heavier
dentition.

General colour dove grey, with tendency to salmon buff shading. Fore-_
head silvery, caused by a subterminal brownring on the hairs showing past
the silvery tip, base of hairs salmon buff. White patch in front of eye. A
few buff stripes on the face. Ears uniform reddish buff, a few long reddish
hairs at the tips, but no tufts. Back without distinct pattern, colour as on
the forehead, darker towards the centre, paler towards the flanks. The
buff bases to the hairs showing through on the flanks, form almost invisible
spots which lower down become more distinct. Tail long, extending some
inches beyond the outstretched hind legs, tip brown black, with two or
three brown black rings above separated by greyish white intervals. Belly
white, grading to pale buff at the sides and with obscure reddish spots.
Legs on the upperside pale creamy white to the toes, thighs and upper
fore legs slightly darker with cross bars of pale brown. Underside of the
feet brown black. cea Ae :

Dimensions of the type —Head and body, 630 mm; tail, 372; hindfoot,
134; ear, 47. Skull:—Greatest length, 94; condylo basal length, 83;
zygomatic breadth, 64.5; palatal length, 34.5: least interorbital breadth,
17 ; breadth of braincase (broken), 45: upper tooth row behind canine
22.5; length of carnassial, 11.5; greatest length of bulle, 22. :

Hab.—N. E. Arabia and Mesopotamia. The type from Koweit, Arabia.
Another specimen from Sheikh Saad, R. Tigris.

BP eereriily amale. B.M. No. 20,1.19.2. Collected May 1913, a
the late Capt. W. H. Shakespeare. Presented to the British Museum by

the Bombay Natural History Society.

332 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVIII.

The Sheikh Saad specimen is shorter in the tail than that from Koweit.
It was shot in low scrub on the River bank below Sheikh Saad. As this cat
appears asa rare straggler within the range of the preceding species,
F. chaus, with which it might in the field be confused, the chief differences
may be emphasized as follows. The tail in typical F’. chaus reaches little
more than half the length of the outstretched hindlegs, in all the F. ocreata
group the tail extends two to five inches beyond them. The ear of F. chaus
is deep reddish with a darker patch in the centre and a tuft of long hairs
at the tip, in F. ocreata the ear is paler, self-coloured, and without the tuft.
The hair on the body of F. ocreata is distinctly softer. The most marked
difference however lies in the skull, which in F. chaus is almost twice the
size of that of the F. ocreata group, with far larger carnassial teeth.

The European wild-cat, Felis sylvestris, extends to Asia Minor and will
probably be represented in N. Persia, but is not likely to be found on the
Mesopotamian plains.

15. HerprstEs PERSICUS, Gray.

1864. Herpestes persicus, Gray, P. Z.S., p. 554.
Persian Mungoose. Arabic Jeraydee ma’l Nakhala, or ‘ Abu

al arrais’
OQ Amara Connor, 25-8-16.
2 =e Buxton, 21-12-17 & 1-12-17.
1 ss ss 25-2-18 1918.
12 Busra Shortridge, 12-1-17.
1 Baghdad Ingoldby Dee. 17.
1 Busra Connor, no date M 22 in al.
i Busra Walle a esse E28
1 - Christy June 1918 in al.

This is the common mongoose of the Tigris, at least from Fao to Baghdad.
The Arab children tame them easily and sell them as pets for a few annas.
Connor remarks that his female from Amara had full grown young follow-
ing her in August. The first Arabic name, literally, rat of the palm-tree,
is misleading, and some men have seriously informed me that they live on
dates. But the Arab is not accurate in his observations and seeing a mon-
goose in @ palm tree probably led to this belief.

The type locality is Mohammerah and its range is given from there to
Kuzistan. No specimen of a larger mongoose has been so far obtained, but
in May 28, 1917, I chased but failed to secure, a large mongoose beyond
the oil fields at Maidan-i-Naptun. This might have been an Indian species
or even the Egyptian, M. ichnewmon, which Kinnear points out may reach
the country west of the Tigris.

16. Hya#na nrmna, L,

1766. Canis hyena, Linneus, Syst. Nat. has fe HS).
The Striped Hyena. Arabic Dhab’a.
1 Ur of the Chaldees. Patiala Lancers.

Lt.-Col. Cox, 1/4 Som. L.I., told me he had seen a hyzena in the desert
outside Makina near Busra in 1916, and chased it forsome distance on a
horse. Ludlow tells me that 4miles N. of Feluja on the left bank of
the Kuphrates he rode and chased a hyena to ground. The earth was
in the side of a mound, self dug, with more than one entrance. Outside
there was a large larder of Camel and donkey bones.

These, the only records I have of the hyzena are from the Euphrates.

MAMMALS OF MESOPOTAMLA. 333

Tt is probably met with on the Tigris as well, but will nowhere ‘be
plentiful. The desert tribes north-west of Baghdad seemed very vague
as to its whereabouts or existence there. Sheikh Feisulibn Saoud from
Central Arabia was well acquainted with them and recognised them
at once in the London Zoological Gardens.

The specimen from Ur has been compared with a recent series of Hyena
hyena from India, wr ajpresrs identical with the exception of being
slightly paler. The type sc_.ity of the species is Bunder Abbas.
eae range is Palestine, Persia, Trans-Caspia and India. Also North

rica.

17. CANIS PALLIPES, Sykes.

183:. Canis pallipes, Sykes, P. Z.8., p. 101.
Indian Wolf. Arabic ‘ Dhib.’

1 Shaiba Livesey, June 1917.
1g ‘Tanooma, Busra. Christy, May 1918.

In addition to the skins sent, wolves have occasionally been seen and
killed on the Tigris, their appearance is hcwever rare and I have not heard
of their being seen otherwise than singly orin pairs. The wolf sent by
Christy was collected by Major R. W. Cooper, who shot it. He states
it measured 26 inches and a bit to the shoulder. It had killed sheep from
a wire pen several nights in succession at Tanooma.

On comparison with the series of Canis lupus and Canis pallipes, there
is no doubt that the Mesopotamian wolf belongs to the latter species.

A skin and skull of C. pallipes was collected near Aden by Percival
and Dodson in 1899 and in 1894 Col. Jayakar obtained a skin of C. pallipes
from near Bunder Abbas, both are now in the British Museum.

Distribution.—Sind and throughout India. The type locality is Dekkan.
The occurrence of this wolf in Mesopotamia is a link with those found in
Arabia mentioned by Kinnear.

18, Canis auREvs, L.

1758. Canis aureus, Linneus, Syst. Nat. 1, 10thed., p. 40.
Jackal. Arabic Wow-wi.

1¢é Kut Pitman, 15-1-17.

1g. Shaiba Livesey, Feb 1917.

1g Legait as 5-4-17.

1 Mesopotamia 16-10-16.

4 Baghdad Ingoldby, 18-1-18.

1g Shahroban Connor, Jan. 1919.

1 . Indian Museum (Connor), 5-5-19.
22 Amara Buxton, 4-11-17 and 17-1-18.

1 Persian Gulf Evans, 14-2-18.

The skins of Mesopotamian jackals are separable into two groups. Some
agree with a series selected from the National collection from the di-
rection of Bunder Abbas, the type locality from which Linnzeus described
C. aureus. Unfortunately the type itself is unknown. The skins in this
series were from Bunder Abbas. Rae. 191]. Shush, near Dizful,
Woosnam 1905—S. Arabia, Bury, 1902. Fao, Cumming, 1893, and Seis-
tan, Kennion, 1910. These with the present collection from the lower
Tigris and Euvhrates may be described as bearing a ground colour of pale
sandy to pale buff. The larger hairs are brown tipped with a few black
tipped. The skin sent from Shaiba by Livesey is an exceptionally pale
example, but the coat is old and the variation would be caused by the

334 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII,

fading effect of the Shaiba desert sun on an already pale specimen of
CG. aureus. These would therefore all be referable to C. aureus aureus. One
of Ingoldby’s specimens from Baghdad has no duplicates among any of
these. The ground colour here is bright fox-red with black tips to the
longer hairs in sufficient numbers over the loins to create the appearance
of a black patch. This bright colouring is identical with several specimens
from Khotz near Trebizond, and one from Greece. Here we have strong
evidence of a dark raco coming to Mesopotamia from Armenia and meeting
the paler C. aureus from the Persian Gulf. At Sheikh Saad Garden in
1917 considerale raids were being made by jackals on the fields of melon
and vegetable marrow grown for the troops. When the order was given for
their destruction the men killed over sixty jackals in a few weeks.

Buxton remarks “abundunt everywhere. Destroys broad beans by
rolling in them in spring, trampling patches quite flat. Hats cucumbers.
Litters of cubs, seen under bushes as soon as they can walk.”

19. Vusres persica, Blanf.

1875. Vulpes persica, Blanford, A. M. N. H., XVI, p. 310.
Persian Desert Fox. Arabic Huseinee.

1. Legait Livesey, 20-4-17.
4. Purchased at Busra Shortridge, 26-2-16.
1. Ahwaz Ludlow, 4-7-17.

1. Shatt-al-Adhaim Pitman, Nov. 1917.

These small foxes are grey on the sides merging into fox-red towards
the centre of the back and on the legs and forehead. The throat and un-
derparts contain portions of mauve grey.

Livesey’s specimen from Legait is a very pale example with the fore-
head, flanks and brush almost silvery white, touched here and there with
chestnut. The tips of the ears and centre of the neck and back are
chestnut brown. This would seem to bea case of partial albinism, as
there are cases of similar colouring among a series of V. leucopus from
Sind.

The long brush becomes white tipped with age.

They are plentiful in the desert mounds formed by the ruins of the
irrigation canals of the ancients. Jn these their earths are found, but
they more often lie in the open. Their footmarks can be seen round the
holes of Jerboas and Gerbills on which they largely prey. I once approached
to within a few feet of one—intent on digging out these small rodents. The
Arabs course them with greyhounds and sell the skins in the markets.
These skins are often called ‘ bizoon el chowl’ which might be misleading as
literally it means ‘ cat of the desert.’

This fox would appear from the specimens to hand to belong to the
leucopus group, and there is little doubt it is Blanford’s V, persica.

V. leucopus is found along the Sind, Punjaub frontier, while Blanford
gives the habitat of V. persica as Persia around Isfahan.

20. Marress Forna, Erxl,

1777. Martes (Mustela) foina, Erxleben, Syst. Regn. Anim. I, p. 458,

Beech Marten.
1. Push-ti-koh. Napier, July 1917.
The Beech Marten keeps to considerable elevations in the mountains

and is not likely to be met within the plains of Mesopotamia, but it
contributes to the interest of the paper to include specimens obtained just
over the Persian border. Unfortunately there is no skull and the skin has
the appearance of a bazaar purchase which would account for the exact

locality not being given.

MAMMALS OF MESOPOTAMIA.

ao
00D

There seems to be little known regardin i i i
ing the Martens in th
although they occur in the highlands of Asia Minor. Major de. 5 Bee
marks “I am told that Marten skins are commonly sold at Ispahan, said tc
come from the Westward. But whether this means Asia or the fran of
the Zagros | cannot say” (Blanford’s Eastern Persia, II, p. 44). The Zagros
is an old name for the Push-ti-koh. He assumes that these skins were
pala @ synonym Ae Martes martes, the Pine Marten. a species
which has a larger amount of white on the throat patch. b Pie i
fication rests on skull differences. BEN Snore cen
Martes foina has a range from central and southern continental E

Western Asia, also Afghanistan and the Himalayas. ite

21. MELLIVORA WILSONI, sp. nov.
Wilson’s Ratel.

IQ Baksai, Tyb River, Iraq—Persian Frontier. Wilson, May 1914

The material representing Mellivora indica in the British Museum is most
meagre. On comparing the present specimen with what is available and
with the series from Africa, I find that it shows a number of differences
from both, which, though not great in themselves, are so constant that th.
erection for it of a new species seems justified.

For comparison below I have used a specimen obtained by the Mammal
Survey of India from Bengal. The dimensions given in brackets are those
of this specimen which unfortunately is a 9.

MELLIVORA WILSONI, sp. Nov.

A Mellivora having the mantle extending almost to the tip of the tail, as
in indica, but the mantle showing a marked white border along the shoul-
ders and flanks as in so many of the African forms.

Size rather smaller than indica (even allowing for the difference in sex
of the two specimens compared) with a rather longer tail proportionately.

General colour black with a greyish-white mantle commencing from _be-
tween the eyes (commencing rather behind the line of the eyes in indica) anc
extending over the entire back and upper side of the tail almost to its tip ;
bordered by a white band, about 20mm. wide, from the ears along the flanks.
The individual hairs of the mantle are pure white to their bases, rather sparse
and about 30—35mm. long. Everywhere these overlie a finer, shorter coat
of brown hairs (except in the marginal border where they are absent) and
these seen through the white hairs give the efect of grey colour to the
mantle. On the marginal border the white hairs are closer set, and longer
(40—45mm. on flanks), which with the absence of the underfur accounts
for the contrast between the margin and the rest of the mantle. The claws
are black.

Dimensions of the type—Head and body, 595 mm. (705); tail, 175, (175) ;
hindfoot, 100, (120) ; ear 19, (19 from dry skin). Skull.Condylobasal length,
122, (133); palatilar length, 56, (55) ; interorbital breadth, 32, (28); breadth of
brain case 58, (62) ; upper tooth row behind the canine, 27, (28) ; length of
carnassial, 11. 5, (13).

Hab.—S. W. Persia, the type from Ram Hormuz, alt. 500.

Type.—Adult 2 B. M. No. 5,10-4-21. Original number 24. Collected 4th
April 1905, by Mr. R. B. Woosnam and presented to the National Museum
by Col. Bailward. :

The specimen taken by Col. A. T. Wilson near Baksai, some distance
further N. W. and sent for identification to the British Museum by the
Bombay Natural History Society corresponds closely, in all essential char-
acters with the description of M. wilsoni so far as the absence of the skull

336 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVIII.

allows me to judge. The pattern is quite thesame. The general black
body colour has rusted to a deep brown, except in the centre of the belly,
while the pure white hairs on the mantle of the type are altered in this
specimen to a creamy white. The claws are cream coloured. Dimensions of
the Baksai specimen :—Head and body, 741mm ; tail, 191; hindfoot, 102.
Mellivora from Aden have the mantle darker grey than M. wilsoni and the
grey of the mantle extending only a short way down the upper surface of
the tail, this is more characteristic of the African forms.

The Baksia specimen was caught in open desert, while that from Ram
Hormuz was trapped at a hole in a bank among corn lands.

Ihave named this species in honour of Lieut.-Col. Sir A. T. Wilson.
Owing to the absence of the skull it was found necessary to take Col.
Bailward’s specimen as type of the species.

iw)

2. Lutra turra, Ll.

The Common Otter.

1. Amara. Christy, June 1918. Obtained from an Arab.

Arabic “‘ Keleb-al-mi”

This proves to be the common otter, Lutra lutra, as predicted by Kin-
near.

Buxton says:—The marsh Arabs spear them by moonlight with a trident.
So far otters have been most in evidence in the marshes in the lower
reaches, but there is little doubt that they are found throughout the length
of the larger rivers.

Distribution :—Miller gives the range of Lutra lutraas N. Africa, east-
ward into Asia, and westward in Europe to Ireland and north to the Arctic
Coast.

23. JacuLus Lorrusi, Blanf.

1875. Dzupus loftusi, Blanford, A.M.N.H., XVL., p. 312.
Loftus Jerboa. Arabic Jerboor.
13S Busra, Cox-Cheesman, 12-10-18.
Ar i 21-10-18 skeleton and skull in al. M. 19.
il # 28-10-18 inal. M. 1.

These are the size of a half grown rat.

The kangaroo like legs and thick fur below the feet, of three toes, are
the chief characteristics noticed here. Colour of back isabelline, darker
towards the tail and white below. The tail is isabelline with a tuft of dark
hair ending in a white tip.

These two specimens were kindly given to me alive by Capt. Turner in
June 1917 and lived sometime in the collection at Bombay. He obtained
them from the line of the Busra-Nasariyeh Railway. During the heat of
the day these animals would frequently fight in their cage, make an angry
spitting noise like a rabbit when fighting and suddenly fall into a trance
like sleep, from which they required a considerable shaking to awaken.
They drank frequently, taking small sips in their forepaws. This is remark-
able as their earths are often placed where both dew and water would be
to all appearances unobtainable.

They usually remove the sand in front of their burrows by pushing it in
front of them with their fore feet. For the excavation they adopt the
more usual method, 7.e., backwards. ‘

The Jerboas are considered eatable by Mahommedan law, the other small
rodents are ‘haraam’ or forbidden.

MAMMALS OF MESOPOTAMLA., 337

Blanford gives a plate of this animal in his ‘ Eastern Persia, ’ ii., p. 75.
In his description in 1875 he mentions that itis distinguished iam tts
allies by its colour and proportion.

Distribution.—Persia and Mesopotamia.

According to Trouessart Loftus
obtained the type at Mohommerah.

24. TATERA BAILWARDI, Wroughton.

1906. Tatera bailwardi, Wroughton, A. M. N. H., Ser. 7, XVII, p. 498.
Bailward’s Gerbil. (Bundi Kir, Karun River)

6d Amara Buxton, 22-11-17 to 12-10-18.
¢ Sinn Abtar Kut Shortridge, 6-7-16.

1 Mesopotamia Bagnall, 12-2-17,

ii Baghdad Ingoldby, 18-12-17.

Sik Akka Kuf
Baghdad _ Pitman, 27-7-17.
imm. py 4a SSaliie

9?
3d 1Q Sheikh Saad “~ Cox-Cheesman, 24-2-17 to 5-3-17.
1 imm. 3 5 % 14-83-17.
1 Shahroban. “ Indian Museum (Connor), Jan. 1919.

In the Gerbil family the hind foot is long, but the hind legs are
considerably shorter than in the Jerboas. This is the most numerous of
the Gerbils so far met with on the Tigris at Baghdad and below. It is the
size of a rat with large black eyes, soft sandy brown hair, with rufous tinge
and speckled with black-brown. Underparts white. The long tail is dark
brown above and below and pale at the sides and well covered with hair.
This tail marking distinguishes Tatera from all other Gerbils.

Buxton remarks that his specimens were taken with cheese and were
common among lucerne patches.

Mine were flooded out of burrows made below freshly sown garden peas,
on which they were probably feeding.

Distribution.—Lower Tigris, Euphrates and Karun rivers.

25. TATERA PITMANI, sp. nov.
Pitman’s Gerbil. \
12 Type. Baiji near Fatah Gorge, Tigris, Cox-Cheesman, 18-4-19.
lg 9 ” ” ” ” ” ”
A larger species than J. bailwardi with less rufous on the back and
flanks.
The chief distinction is the difference in proportions. The skull of 7’. pit-
mani being considerably the larger, while the feet of both are about the
same size.
_ Upper surface of back sandy brown, well speckled towards the centre

with black brown caused by the brown tips of the hairs. Base of hairs
dark grey. A light area around the eye clearly defined, some of the hairs
being white to their bases. Under surface white, the lateral line of demar-
cation not specially sharply defined.

Ears similar to back but darker. Hands and feet white, tail dark brown
_ above and below, pale buff at the sides of the basal half of the tail, termina-
_ ting in a dark brown tip with elongated hair. :

Dimensions of the type.—Head and body 194 mm.; tail 184 mm.; hind
foot 41 mm. ; ear 29 mm. :

Skull.—Greatest length 49:0 mm.; condylo incisive 45:0; zygomatic
breadth 26 ; nusals 22; interorbital breadth 8; palatine foramina 9°38; upper
molar series 7:2. :

Hab.—The rocky soils and foothills of the Jebel Hamrin range on the
N. Eastern boundary of the Iraq plain.
19

—_—<—_- — ~~~

308 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XX VIL

Pype.—Adult female B. M. No, 19-12-24. 1. Original number 890. Collected
by R. E. Cheesman at Baiji, Tigris, April 18, 1919. Another specimen from
the same place.

The measurements of the male are:—head and body 203 mm, tail 194;
hind foot 41; ear 26. The skullis also larger than that of the type, but
was unfortunately incomplete.

The skull measurements are larger than those of the type of Tatera persica
which is in turn as large or even larger than either 7’. toeniura or T. indica,
according to Wroughton.

This Gerbil will be found to be akin to Meriones toeniurus described by
Wagner in 1843. The measurements were those of a stuffed specimen,
without skull, the type locality being given as Syria.

Wroughton when writing on the genus Tatera in 1906 (A. and N. M, H.
ser. 7 XVII, p. 495) deduced that Wagner’s description was too vague to
indicate more than a large Taiera. Unfortunately there are no specimens
from Syria in the National collection.

Of the specimens of Tatera obtained by Col. Bailward at Bundi Kir,
Karun River, Wroughton identified two of the larger with 7’. toeniura.
The average measurement in mm. was head and body 187; tail 197; hind
foot 42; ear 29. Skull greatest length 47; length of upper molar series 7.

Three smaller specimens from the same collection and one from Loftus ;
from the same locality and one presented by the Euphrates Expedition,
he describes under the name of 7’. bailwardi. The type, a male, measured
head and back, 166 m.m.; tail 182; hind foot 41 ; ear 28; skull greatest
length 44 ; upper molar series 6°5. Since the arrival of the present series
of Jatera in the Mesopotamian collection we are able to form the opinion
that Tatera toeniura doesnot extend across the desert from Syria to the
North-Eastern boundary of Mesopotamia as we now have evidence that in
the intervening country on the Lower Tigris and Euphrates the resident
species is 7. bailwardi, to which all Tatera obtained at Baghdad and below
on the Tigris are referable. It appears safe to assume that the two speci-
mens from Baiji belong to a hitherto undescribed species with a range on
the rocky soils above the alluvial Iraq plain.

They inhabit burrows in patches of sandy soil in the vicinity of river
banks. I have named this species in honour of Capt. C. R.S. Pitman.

26, GERBILLUS CHEESMANI, Thos,

1919. Gerbillus cheesmani, Thomas, J. B.N. H. S., Vol. XXVI, No. 3,
. 748,
: Cheesman’s Gerbil.

1¢. Type Lower Euphrates. Cox-Cheesman, 21-8-17.

This Gerbil was captured on the Busra-Nasariyeh Railway by Capt,
Turner, who generously presented it to me. It was taken alive to
Bombay. In general colour and size it resembles a brightly coloured
dormouse. The edge of the pale chestnut of the back and the white of
the underparts meeting in a clearly marked line along the side. The
chestnut continues between the ears to a point towards the nose. The
hair round the eyes being much lighter.

Mr. Oldfield Thomas has kindly named this after the writer.

27. DiPoDILLUs DasyuRUs, Wagn,

1842. Dzpodillus dasyurus, Wagner, Arch, Naturg. i., p. 20.
Dasyurus Naked-soled Gerbil.

1g 12 Baghdad Buxton, 11 & 12-9-17.

33 12 Amara » 15-9-18 and 7-11-18.

MAMMALS OF MESOPOTAMLA., 339

These are small Gerbils about the size of dormice. The two from Bagh-
dad are pale chestnut on the flanks, shaded to brown towards the
centre of the back with underparts white. The tail is darker above than
on the side or below. In the four from Amara the general colour of the
back is browner than in those from Baghdad. ‘

Buxton remarks from Baghdad “trapped on bare mud banks of the
Tigris with bait of flour paste’ and from Amara he says “apparently
common in bare salt desert with afew bushes of Sueda.” Sueda
monoica is the common salt loving shrub. He also says “I kept a lot in cap-
tivity and they fed almost exclusively on the succulent leaves of this plant.

The burrows are not complicated having 3 or 4 entrances, all within 3
or 4 feet of each other.

The holes descend very steeply to about 12 to 18 inches below ground
evel. ) on

When you attempt to dig out these animals they scratch their way out
of the burrows, into the surrounding earth and definitely block the track
they have excavated. If you follow the main burrow you dig past the
occupants, which are lying up a few inches away in the soil.”

In the present state of our knowledge of this genus it is not safe to go
further than provisionally to place these under D. dasyurus. ’

Trouessart gives the distribution of D. dasyurus as Arabia, Red Sea
and Oman.

28, MERIONES CHARON, Thos.

1919. Merionescharon, Thomas, A.M. N.H. Ser. 9, Vol. III, p. 269.
Karun Desert Gerbil.
1g 2Q Kazimain, Baghdad. Cox-Cheesman, 18-1-19.
1 imm. Beled, Tigris. 3 B 21-10-18. '

Another of the Gerbil family: slightly larger than the last.

These were living in earths on the dry banks of irrigation channels among
eornland and were trapped with a bait of cocoanut. I have extracted a
few sentences from Thomas’ description of M. charon. ‘Small, with termi-
nally crested tail, general colour above finely speckled sandy buff, under
surface white, tail dull buffy with an upper crest of black hairs.”

These have been compared with a series of Meriones erythrourus from
Shiraz and Kandahar, the reddish colour at the base of the tail is a
character of M. erythrourus and missing in the Mesopotamian specimens,
which also appear to belong to a smaller species.

To Meriones charon the resemblance is much closer. This species was
found by Loftus on the mounds of Susa, and Woosman obtained the type
at Ahwaz, Karun river. As none of the skulls of the Tigris specimens
show adult formation, it has been considered advisable for the present to
place them provisionally under MV. charon.

29, Rarrus Rattus, L,

1758. Mus rattus, Linneus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., p. 61.
Black Rat. Arabic ‘ jeraydee.’
N.B.—This name applies to all rats and most small rodents.

22 Kazimain, Baghdad. Cox-Cheesman, 30-38-19.

2 Busra Kilminster, 17-5-18.

1g s Whitehead, 12-5-18.

1g 19 Amara Buxton, 6-11-17 & 27-11-17.

Ve, Busra May, 22-5-18. :

13 Amara Indian Museum (Connor), Sep.

1916.

340 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII,

‘The long tail and small size should distinguish this species from the
next. This rat is a tree loving species and is frequently seen passing from
date tree to date tree by the fronds.

Buxton found it common in houses at Amara.

Hinton has dealt with the Rattus group recently in the Journal of the
B. N. H.S. of Dec. 20, 1918, No. XVIII. Although many species and
sub-species of the house rats have been separated under different names
from time to time, in many cases he has been unable to distinguish them
specifically.

As instances occur of the black rat being brown and the brown rat being
black, I have asked Hinton to identify the rattus specimens from Mesopo-
tamia and he has placed them in the two species given—that is Rattus ratius
and Rattus norvegicus.

This rat originally came from India and spread westwards. In Mesopo-
tamia it should be more or less in its original form. It was first taken to
England by the Crusaders and also scattered about the world by shipping.
Considerable changes of colour and habits have since taken place.

30. Rarrus NorvEcicus, Berkenhout.
1769. Mus norvegicus, J. Berkenhout, Outlines Nat. Hist. Gt. Bri-

tain and Ireland. 1, p. 5.
Brown Rat.

2g 2 Busra May, 8-5-18 to 26-5-18,
1S “A Whitehead, 4-5-18.
lg 3 Jenkins, 26-5-18,
19 3 No name, 5-5-18.
ge a Jollins, 13-5-18.

The large rat with tail shorter than length of head and body.

This rat originated from $8. Russia in the region between the Caspian
and Lake Baikal. It has spread like Rattus rattus by means of shipping,
to all parts of the world and likewise dark and light forms have been
evolved by change of environment.

lt is interesting to note that no specimens were obtained higher than
Busra,

ol. Nusoxia BuxtToNI, Thos.
1919. Nesokia buxtoni, Thomas, J. B. N.H.S., Vol. XXVI, No. 2, p, 422.
Buxton’s Mole Rat.
1g Amara Buxton, 24-4-18.
s 51-3-18 to 30-9-18.
17-5-1

aniGs ”
36 Kurna a 7-5-18 to 17-7-18
36 Lake Akkar,
Kuf, Baghdad Pitman, 27-7-17 to 18-8-17.
1 Sheikh Saad, Ingoldby, 18-3-17.
De 1h Siig Cox-Cheesman, 26-2-17 to 19-3-17.
1@ Nasariyeh Indian Museum (Hodgart) Janu-
ary 1918.

The four skins from Sheikh Saad differ from the rest in the quality of
the fur which lacks the inser-mixture of black stiff hairs and the coats are
therefore softer in textute. :

These mole rats somewhat resemble the English water vole in general
appearance. rs

They may be recognised by the rather short tail, almost hairless, and
the enormous length of the rodent teeth. Their hair is soft, golden brown
on the back with long black hairs of coarser texture inter-mingled. The
under parts are grey white. ;

MAMMALS OF MESOPOTAMIA, 341

Buxton remarks from Amara, they are common but very difticult to
trap. He trapped one with cheese, but the rest of his specimens were
shot at the mouth of the burrow. He adds: “during the spring floods
they excavate hard even by day light and come to the surface to throw out
earth”. I also found them difficult to trap and my specimens from Sheikh
Saad garden were dug out of their holes by a gang from a Santali Labour
Corps, who proved experts at catching them alive in their hands and were
sorely disappointed that they were not allowed to eat them.

They live in colonies in holes in dry banks of canals. Their holes are
always stopped at the entrance with loose earth. So anxious are they
that the holes shall be closed, that I used toremove the loose earth.
Very shortly a head would appear and the damage be immediatel
repaired.

The nearest ally in colour to NV. buatoni is N. huttont from Kandahar, an
illustration of which appearsin Blanf. Eastern Persia ii, p. 61, a neigh-
bouring species.

Nesokia baitlwardi from 8. Caspian is a dark wood brown.

Mr. Oldfield Thomas has named the Mesopotamian species after Capt.
P. A. Buxton.

32. Mus muscuLus GENTILIs, Brants,

1827. Mus gentilis, Brants, Muizen, p. 126,
House Mouse. Arabic ‘ Fars.’

8g 52 Amara Buxton, 27-11-17 to 8-9-18.

13 _ Sinn Abtar, Kut Shortridge, 5-7-16.

1 Busra Cox-Cheesman, May 1916.

1d Twin Canals Bs 15-11-16.

1g 12 Sheikh Saad Cox-Cheesman, 26-2-17 & 4-3-17,
12 Busra Kilminster, 22-5-18. :

Re ot 2 Hn Whitehead, 15-5-18 & 20-5-18.

2 19 AS May, 27-5-18 & 28-5-18.

} Amara Wall, M. 10 in al.

it . Connor, M. 11 in al.

3 Busra Christy, June 1918 in al.

These mice are found in the fields as well as in houses, and often
turned up in tents in the most distant desert camps. Among the speci-
mens received were several tending to a chestnut brown coloration on the
back. The majority were brown.

Blanford obtained a specimen of Mus bactrianys, the Kandahar house
mouse, from Shiraz and mentions that he expects that this will be the
house mouse of 8. Persia.

Mus musculus musculus of Linnzus, the common house mouse of
Europe, although originating from Central Asia, has now been carried all
over the world. Typical forms of this have recently been taken at Menjil,
N. W. Persia, by Buxton. ,

Mus musculus gentilis,an Eastern form of the common house mouse is
found in Egypt. A rough guide to these three forms is belly dark, with
slate coloured bases, to hairs, Mus. m. musculus. Belly whitish, but
with slate bases to hairs, Mus. m. gentilis. Belly white, with white bases
to hairs, Mus. bactrianus. The tails of the Mesopotamian specimens from
measurements in the flesh, average 76°5 m.m. which is eleven m.m shorter
than a series recently collected by Hotsonin Shiraz. Several Mesopotamian
specimens have the pure white underparts of JJ. bactrianus.

342 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII,

38. ACANTHION, Species,

Porcupine. Arabic Necce or Da’alej.

1g 19. Bait-al, Khalifa, Samarra, Pitman, 1-2-18.

Pitman’s two specimens are browner than either Hystria cristata from
Europe or Acanthion leucura, the common Indian porcupine. One of the
Samarra skins had both hind feet white.

The porcupine is sparingly distributed among the rocky undulations and
hills, but there is no record of its appearance on the plains. I have seen
porcupine quills in the caves of the hills between Samarra and Tekrit on
the right bank of the Tigris. On the mounds of Susa near the Kerkha river
there was a well used earth of this animal with beaten tracks leading to
it.

Blanford originally placed the Persian porcupine with H. cristata, but
subsequently identified it with H. leucura.

The porcupines formerly called Hystrix are now divided into two genera.
Acanthion which includes those from India, and Hystriz, comprising the
African, as well as the porcupine found locally in the Mediterranean region
of Europe.

Muller has lately published a paper S. B. Ges. Nat. Fr., Berlin, 1911, p.
110, describing six new suv-species of the Asiatic porcupines. It is not at
present known how many of these will prove valid. As his paper covers the
present area I have perforce to leave the species open.

34, LxEpus conNorRI, Robinson.

1918. Lepus dayanus connori, Robinson, Rec. Ind. Mus. XV, pt. 11, No. 6.
Connor’s Hare. Arabic ‘“arneb”’.

le Hindiyeh Barrage, Euphrates Pitman, 2-7-17 to 13-7-17
We LG Use * 13-1-17
1 Shat-al-Adhaim - 30-9-17

192 Jilam plain, N. Samarra 5 4-2-18

Frontier of Arabistan Wilsoul i eeee

is Feluja, Euphrates Ludlow, 7-1-18
1d Hit m 7s 14-4-18
1 No locality Arthur, 1919.
1g 292 Amara Buxton, 27-1-18 & 11-2-18.
26 Kumait, Tigris a 28-2-18.

192 Shabroban Connor, Jan. 1919.
1 Twin canals Graham, 28-11-16.

The Iraq hare is inseparable from specimens obtained by Woosnam on
the Karun river at Bundi Kir.

Robinson in 1918, described a hare obtained between Ahwaz and Ma-
hommerah by Connor. To this it would seem the present species should be
referred.

There are two distinct phases of colour in the present series ranging
from a ground colour of grey to that of rufus. Even the grey individuals
show a tinge of rufus on the flanks, throat and nape of the neck.

I have not been able to discover any constant difference in the skulls,
nor do the dates give an explanation that the two phases are due to season-
al change of coat. It must therefore be assumed that these are merely
colour variations.

Ludlow’s specimen from Hit has features distinct from the rest. It is
small with a golden buff ground colour. The tips of the hairs are silvery
buff. Black tibs and centres to the hairs do not enter into the colour
composition of the back as it does in all the rest.

MAMMALS OF MESOPOTAMIA, 343

The size may be due to its being a leveret, but there is no skull to de-
cide this.

The arrival of more specimens of this little golden hare from Hit will be
awaited with interest.

The examples obtained on the Tigris have been compared with Palestine
and Arabian species. All and the Samarra specimen in particular, bear a
strong resemblance to a series from the Dead Sea. A series of six Di
craspedotis, the Beluch hare lately arrived from Hotson in Persian Beluchi-
stan was compared with five Tigris hares from Buxton.

The average head and back measurements taken in m.m. in the flesh
were L. connori 472 mm. against JL. craspedotis 411mm. Ear measure-
ment L. connort 105 m.m. agaivst L. craspedotis 123-3 mm. The Tigris hare
is therefore a large bodied, slightly rufus hare with small ears; while L.
craspedotis is a small bodied grey hare with very long ears.

Lepus connori differs from L. dayanus, a Sind species in three distinct
features. The hair of LD. connori is long and soft, the upper part of the tail
is black and the nape of the neck fox red. JZ. dayanus has short hair of
coarser texture. The upper part of the tail is sandy brown and the nape of
the neck grey. The comparison of a series of both brings conviction that
the Iraq hare is worthy of specific rank and should not be associated with
L. dayanus. From this it is also geographically separated by a very distinct
hare L. craspedotis as we have seen.

The range of ZL. connori is at present the lands of the Lower Karun,
Tigris and Euphrates rivers.

35. GazeLLa MARIcA, Thos.

1897. Gazella marica, Thomas, A.M.N.H. Ser. 6, Vol. XIX, p. 162.
The Marica Gazelle, Arabic ‘ gazaal’ and ‘ Dhabi.’

1g 292 4Busra Dep. Civil Commissioner, 28-3-18 to 16-12-18,
Died in Victoria Garden, Bombay.

1 Nasariyeh Livesey, 4-7-17 skin without mask or skull.

1g 12 Shushtar Bailey, skulls.

1d Ahwaz Ludlow, 3-7-17, skull.

1 imm., Amara Buxton, spring, 1918. Skin.

The gazelles have taken more time than any other group of animalsin the
collection. Partly because the whole position of the Gazelle family, espe-
cially in this area, is in need of expert revision. Little reliance can be
placed on previous works on the subject as the series on which they are
based are small. .

Perhaps it will be more helpful in this paper to note briefly the chief
features of the geographically neighbouring species with which the Meso-
potamian skins have been compared, and the conclusions arrived at.

Any of the species mentioned may occur in Mesopotamia. ,

The species compared were :—G. arabica. G. subgutturosa and G, marica.

The Arabian gazelle, G. arabica. ‘This is a small race, the forehead and
nose are bright chestnut. Females horned. Inhabits the deserts of Oman
N. of Aden and Western Arabia.

The lower Mesopotamian gazelle lacks the chestnut on the head and has
indistinct brown face streaks with a tendency to whiteness increasing with
age. It is also larger. :

The Persian gazelle, G. subgutturosa. These were long coated, with
distinctly brown coloration. The forehead was brown, in some specimens
white hairs were intermixed.

344 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HAST, SOCIETY, Vol. XX VII,

An extract from a description of G. subgutturosa by Lyddeker and Blaine
is, males with a goitre like swelling in the throat during the rutting sea-
son, color dark sandy faun in summer. In winter much paler. An in-
distinct dark flank band. Face markings indistinct, the median dark
stripe fading into white with age. Females without horns.

It has a range in Persia and Afghanistan, at elevations of 3,000 to
7,000 ft.

The specimens under review differ from these, being shorter in the
coat. The color of the Busra skins is sandy with a tendency to pinkish,
the legs are almost white, while those of the Persian gazelle are reddish
brown and we have a horned female from Major Bailey at Shushter and
also from the Deputy Civil Commissioner, Busra.

The description of G. marica by the same authors is a pale coloured desert
form with white forehead, fawn face streaks nearly obsolete, ears, long-
whitish fawn on backs, pale flank bands nearly obsolete. Females with
horns.

Range—desert tract from Nejd to W. Oman.

The specimens from lower Mesopotamia include a complete skin, skull
and mask of a beautiful adult male from the Deputy Civil Commissioner at
Busra. The skin in all particulars, especially in the white nose and fore-
head, closely resembles the type of G. marica in the National collection.
The horns of this type are those of a younger animal and are in consequence ~
much smaller. The male skull and horns from Shushter resemble the
Busra head. The female from the same locality is that of an adult and
is horned. The young male from Ahwaz has horns identical with those
of the type of G. marica.

The skin from Nasariyeh is much paler than the Busra colouring, but
may be young. i

These particulars in addition to the resemblance of the Busra skin to
this type, have led.me to.place the lower Mesopotamian gazelle with
G. marica for the present.

36. GazELia, Spec.

4g 22 Samarra Pitman, skulis
2g° 22 oa a 13-1-18 masks.
6 Mesopotamia is 15-3-.8 masks.

The heads obtained in Samarra are those of a smaller gazelle than those
from lower Mesopotamia. The horns are lyrate in form and of a lighter
build. Unfortunately no skins accompanied them. ‘There are two skulls
with perfect horns of old males. Two are those of adult females and are
without even rudiments of horns. The four masks from Samarra have
brown face streaks with a tendency to grizzled white. The six masks mar-
ked Mesopotamia, are nearly all white. The whiteness of the heads of
gazelles seem on the plains around Tekrit and Samarra and of masks
obtained in this neighbourhood and examined by the writer in Mesopotamia
has always appeared remarkable. In addition to the neighbouring species
previously mentioned under G. marica I have compared these with G. dorcas,
G. muscatensis, G. benneitit and G. gazella.

The Dorcas gazelle, G. dorcas, has bright chestnut on forehead and nose,
general colour dark-red fawn extending down the legs with a pronounced
dark flank band. Female horned. Habitat givenin “The Book of the
Se Sclater and Thomas as Tripoli, Morrocco through Egypt and

yria. Fa
_ The Muscat gazelle, G. muscatensis, is much the same in size and
colouring. Female horned, A resident of Oman Eastern Arabia... 3

MAMMALS OF MESOPOTAMIA, 345

The Indian gazelle, G. bewnettvi—the Chinkara—the horns are short and
not lyrate. Female horned. Havitat.—-From India through Baluchistan
and to the shores of the Persian Gulf.

Palestine gazelle. G. gazella—bright chestnut on forehead and nose.
Halitat Syria,

In all these the bright chestnut on the nose and forehead 1s quite dis-
tinct from the facial colouring of the Samarra masks.

The horns of the Samarra gazelle are more delicate than any now in the
National collection and I am of opinion that it will prove a new species of
which the Females are hornless. In this Mr. Oldfield Thomas agrees. As
it will probably be allied to G. subgutturosa, the goitre like swelling on the
throat of the males during the rutting season,should be looked for and
noted. It would also be of value to know if the hornless females from
Samarra and the horned females from lower Mesopotamia are constant
features.

87. Ovis LARISTANICA, Nas.

1909. Ovis laristanica, Nasanov, Bull. Ac. Sci. St. Petersb. p. 1179,

Laristan Red Sheep.
1g imm. Baktyari, W. Persia. Scott, June 29,1911.
1g imm. no locality. . Arthur. Recd . Bombay, 51-3-19

This material is insufficient for any but provisional conclusions.

The nearest described species of wild sheep are Ovis orientalis ispaha-
nica, Nasanov, type locality Ispahan, and Ovis laristanica, Nasanov, type
locality Laristan, S. Persia.

There are no Specimens of either in the National collection. Lydekker
in his ‘Catalogue of Ungulate Mammals,” Vol. 1, p. 88, 1913, provisionally
allows the Laristan sheep specific rank.

I have had the advantage of seeing an excellent series recently col-
lected by Hotson in Baluchistan and Shiraz, which has been sent to the
British Museum for identification, by the Bombay Natural History Society.
This, in my opinion, links the Red Sheep of the Push-ti-koh with that of
Afghanistan, the type locality of the Afghan Urial, Ovis vignet cycloceros,
with which the specimens from Baluchistan and Shirazagree.

The difference between the two groups, Ovis orientalis and Ovis vignet, are
well marked in typical adult specimens. O. orientalis, Red Sheep, has hornless
females and the curve of the horn of the male if continued from the end
points over the shoulder. In OQ. vignei, the Urial, the f emales have small
horns and the horn of the male curves forward, the point being in front of
the eye. The subspecies of both are separated chiefly on size, and

eographically. :
a The Ovis ental group, type locality Cyprus, extends through Asia
Minor and Transcaucasia to Persia. A subspecies on the Elburz Mountains
has been named O. o. erskinet. ae i aa dee hr

The Ovis vignei group, type locality Astor near Gilgit, extends ‘ 1r0Ug :
the Salt Range, Punjab, to Afghanistan, where we have the Pe sage
O. v. cycloceros to which the specimen from Baluchistan and Shiraz are =“
present referred, as they have the typical horn of the vignei group anc
the females are horned. ' :

It seems unlikely that in face of the facts revealed by Hotson’s gicgae oe
that a subspecies of the group with hornless females should crop up

. . . . 1
i j ntalis ispahanica should be acceptec
Ispahan, therefore Nasanov’s Ovis ore p pasaienae

with caution until a confirmatory series of specimens is
that locality.

20

346 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII.

Blanford, in “ Eastern Persia”, quotes Major St. John:—‘TI believe,
myself, that it will be found that O. gmelini is confined to the Elburz and
that O. cycloceros extends from Baluchistan to Mesopotamia”. As O.
gmelini belongs to the orientalis group and O. cycioceros to the vignet group
this quotation seems about to be proved prophetic.

Specimens from Budjnurd near the Persian-Turkestan Frontier are of
the larger forms of the wignez group, and are referred to O.». arkar, a
subspecies from the Ust-Urt plateau, Transcaspia.

38. CapPRA AEGAGRUS BLYTHI, Lyd.

1898. Capraaegagrus blythi, Lydekker. Wild Oxen, Sheep, and Goats,

p. 264. Sind Wild Goat.
Ql. Shushtar..W. Persia..Bailey, Recd, Bombay, 23-2-18 (skin with-
out skull),

As the only specimen is a female without skull, 1 have been obliged to
assume the probability of the Push-ti-koh wild goats being the same as
those recently sent by Hotson from Shiraz, in order to give even an
approximate classification.

Capra aegagrus blythi is a smaller subspecies than that found in the Cauca-
sus and Asia Minor, viz., Capra egagrus egagrus, and has a slighter deve-
lopment or even absence of the knobs.on the front edge of the horns and
this latter is also sharper in C. @. blythi.

The type lecality of Capra egagrus blythi is Sind and since the arrival
ens specimens its known range can be extended to Baluchistan and

iraZ.

®

347

A LIST OF SNAKES FROM MESOPOTAMIA.

COLLECTED BY MEMBERS OF THE MESOPOTAMIAN EXPEDITIONARY
FORCE, 1915 To 1919.

BY
G. A. BouLtencer, LL.D., D.Sc., F.R.S.
WITH FIELD NOTES BY CAPT. C. M. INGOLDBY.

TYPHLOPIDA,

1. Typhlops braminus, Daud.

Basra (Lieut.-Col. F, Wall).

Habitat: Southern Asia; Islands of the Indian Ocean ; South Africa ;
Mexico (probably transported by human agency).

GLAUCONIIDA.

2. Glauconia macrorhynchus, Jan.
Faleya, Euphrates (Capt. H. T. Mackenzie).
Habitat: Algerian Sahara, Nubia, Mesopotamia, Persia,

BOID i.

3. Hryx jaculus, L.

Basra and Sheik Saad (Lt.-Col. F, Wall); Amara (Capt. P. A. Buxton) ;
Shaiba (Lt. T. Livesey) ; Basra (Capt. C. R. Pitman); Bagdad (Capt. C.M.
Ingoldby) ; Mesopetamia (Maj. Fitzgerald).

Habitat : North Africa, S. W. Asia, 8. E. Europe.

Very common along the Tigris within a mile or so of the river especially
near villages. Excepting Top. tessellatus, the most commonly killed snake
owing to his frequent appearance above ground in daylight and his
sluggish movements. The largest 1 have measured was 2 feet 5jins. in
length.—C.M.1.

COLUBRID 2.

4, Tropidonotus tessellaius, Laur.

Basra (Lt.-Col. F. Wall, Lt.-Col, F. P. Connor); Quelat Saleh below
Amara, Sheik Saad, Haquicole on Euphrates near Hamar Lake (Capt.
C. M. Ingoldby) ; Faleya (Capt. Mackenzie) ; Zobeya (Capt. Pitman) ; Basra
(Maj. C. Christy).

Numerous specimens, nearly all with a single upper labial shield (the
fourth) entering the eye. ;

Habitat : Europe and Asia as far East as the extreme West of China and
the extreme North-West of India, Asia Minor, Transcaucasia, Persia,
Mesopotamia, Syria and neighbouring parts of Sinai and Egypt. _

Abundant wherever there is water. Major F. E, W. Venning who
the Hamar Lake, on the Euphrates, has

collected the specimens from
ing the lake appears to be

told me that on warm days the shallow water edg
writhing with them.—C.M.I.

5. Zamenis gemonensis, Laur, var. asianus, Boettg.

Basra, Amara, Bagdad, Haquicole (Lt.-Col. F. Wall) ; Fale

Mackenzie) ; Basra (Maj. C. Christy). : ,
Habitat: 'This form is known from Asia Minor, Rhodes, Cyprus, Syria

andPersia.

ya (Capt.

348 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII.

This exceedingly handsome snake is found almost exclusively in the palm
groves edging the rivers. It does not appear to acquire its pure black co-
loration until over 4 feet in length.

It is a swiftly moving creature, climbing palm trees with ease and biting
with accuracy and animus when handled.

i have found lizard remains in the stomach of one; the usual diet however
is certainly snakes. Near Bagdad, the only place where I had the oppor-
tunity of observing them in any numbers, the victim in the great majority
of cases was Tarbophis iberus. One specimen kept in captivity for several
weeks ate voraciously any small snake offered (usually Zam. dahlii or
Zam. ventrimaculatus) eventually dying as a result of attempting to
swallow too large a specimen of the latter. They are thirsty creatures
drinking often and copiously from a saucer, occasionally immersing the
whole mouth in the process—C. M. I.

6. Zamenis dahlir, Fitz.

Bagdad (Capt. Ingoldby).

Habitat: S. EH. Europe, Asia Minor, Transcaucasia, N.-W. Persia
Cyprus, Syria.

This most slender and beautiful snake is common in the palm groves,
frequenting the young thorny palm bushes where it can feed in reasonable
safety. Its food seems to be chiefly insects, occasionally small lizards.

Active in day-time only. Al] specimens refused food in captivity—C.M.]I.

7. Zamenis ventrimaculatus, Gray.

Basra, Twin Canals at Sheik Saada, Esra’s Tomb between Quarah and
Amara (Lt.-Col. Wall); Shaiba (Lt. Livesey); Faleya (Capt. Mac-
kenzie) ; Zobeya (Capt. Pitman); Bagdad (Capt. Ingoldby); Samash (Maj.
Lane); Baquba, N.-E. of Bagdad (EK. W. E. Wouterz); Sheik Saad
(Sir P. Z. Cox), Basra (Maj. C. Christy).

Habitat: From the Euphrates to Kashmir and N.-W. India.

An active snake, most frequently met with on the desert at considerable
distances from water. The colour harmonises perfectly with the baked
earth of its surroundings—C.M_.I.

8. Zamenis diadema, Schlg.

Basra, Bagdad, Twit Canals at Sheik Saad (Lt.-Col. Wall) ; Shaiba
(Lt. Livesey) ; Faleya (Capt. Mackenzie); Zobeya (Capt. Pitman) ;
Nasiryah (Lt. Livesey); Baquba ie W. EK. Wouterz); Daur (Capt. W.
M. Logan Home).

Haiitat: From the Sahara and Arabia to Kashmir and N. W. India.

Very common throughout at any rate lower Mesopotamia. The markings
of the young persist in adult life—C.M.I.

9. Lytorhynchus diadema, D. and B.
Shaiba (Lt. Livesey); Faleya (Capt. Mackenzie); Awaz (Capt. E. S. Hearn).
Habitat : From the Algerian Sahara to Arabia, Syria and Persia.

10. Contia collaris, Mén.

Bagdad (Lt.-Col. Wall). 3

Habitat : Caucasus, Mesopotamia, Persia. A specimen from Muscat is
preserved in the Collection of the Bombay Natural History Society. I
now regard C. modesta, Mart. with the scalesin 17 rows, as a distinct species.

11. Contia coronella, Senles
Shaiba, Zobeya (Lt. Livesey );.Faleya (Capt. Mackenmiays
Hatitat: Was known from Syria and S. W. Persia.

SNAKES FROM MESOPOTAMIA, 349

12. Tarbophis iberus, Hichw.

Bagdad (Capt. Ingoldby); Mesopotamia (Capt. Mackenzie).

The 6 specimens in the collection have the scales in 21 rows, asin Wall’s
T. tessellatus (J. Bomb. N. H. Soc. XVIII, 190%, p. 802) from 8. W. Persia
which I have examined the type and which 1 cannot separate ‘from T’.
iberus

Habitat: Caucasus, Mesopotamia, S. W. Persia.

Moves chiefly by night. Usually extremely sluggish and placi ying
itself to be picked up and handled without ppotees One hon eerie:
in a small box for two days before transfer to a cage was on removal
exceedingly aggressive, hissing and biting vigorously. The largest I found
= ee in a bunch of dates, at midday, on the top of a tall palm.—
C.M.I. ;

13. Celopeltis monspessulana, Herm.

Bagdad (Lt.-Col. Wall, Capt. Ingoldby).

Hatitat: Borders of the Mediterranean, eastwards to the Caucasus and
Persia.

Fairly common near Bagdad whenever vegetation is fairly dense.

Lives in holes, usually at the roots of bushes or palms. Most active at
night, but not infrequently seen moving in the shade by day, during the
great heat. Markings pretty constant, ground colour varying from bluish
gray to dark olive brown in specimens of equal size—C.M.I, 3

14.Ce@lope ltis moilensis, Reuss.

Sodom, Sheik Saad (Capt. Ingoldby) ; Shaiba (Lt. Livesey).

Habitat: Northern Sahara, from Algeria to Egypt and Nubia, Arabia,
Western Persia.

One specimen sent me by Capt. Cheesman from Sodom near Sheikh Saad.
The skin betweenthe dorsal scales is orange or bright brick-red colour,
On being disturbed the creature dilates its neck somewhat, producing a
striking appearance of a vivid flush as if the neck were aglow—C.M.I.

15. Psammophis schokari, Forsk.

Basra (Lt.-Col. Wall) ; Shaiba (Lt. Livesey).

Habitat: Borders of the Sahara, Arabia, Syria, Persia, Baluchistan,
Afghanistan, Sind.

16. Naia morgani, Mocquard.

Shaiba (Lt. Livesey) ; Mesopotamia (Capt. Mackenzie).

Habitat: Previously known from Persia.

When Wall’s description of Atractaspis wilsoni appeared in this J ournal
(XVIII, 1908, p. 804, fig.), 1 concluded that his snake was identical with
Mocqard’s Naia meorgani (Bull. Mus. Paris, 1905, p. 78), and I entered
it in my notes as a synonym of that species, a conclusion fully confirmed
by a comparison with Wall’s type specimen kindly entrusted to me by
Mr. Kinnear. Naia morgani is well characterized by its larger rostral, the
internasals separated from the prefrontals, the parietals bordered on the
outer side by 3 or 4 temporals, and the entire anal. The Mesopotamian
specimens have 23 scales across the neck and 21 across the body. Uniform
blackish brown, a little paler beneath. ae

Wall’s Melanoseps macphersoni (Journ. Bomb. N. H. Soc, XVII, 1906,
p. 27, fig.), from the Aden Hinterland, is a synonym of my Atractaspis
andersonii (Ann. and Mag. N. H. XVI, 1905, p. 180).

* Typhlops wilsoni. described as new in the same paper, is, in, MY OPUPCRg
synonym of 7’. vermicularis, Merr.

350 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII.

VIPERID AN,

17. Vupera lebetina, L.

Bagdad (Lt.-Col. Wall) ; Aushuru (Lt.-Col. H. D. Piele).

Habitat: Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Cyclades, Cyprus, and South
Western Asia from Syria and Asia Minor to Baluchistan, Afghanistan and
Kashmir.

18. Cerastes cornuius, L.

Basra (Lt.-Col. Wall) ; Shaiba (Lt. Livesey).

All the specimens, six in number, lack the horn-like scale above the eye
whence the species derives its name and which is more frequently present
than absent in North African individuals.

Habitat: Borders of the Sahara, Arabia and Palestine. Had not been
previously recorded from Mesopotamia.

351

A LIST OF LIZARDS FROM MESOPOTAMIA.

COLLECTED BY MEMBERS OF THE MFSOPOTASMIAN EXPEDITIONARY
FORCE, 1915 To 1919.
BY

G. A. BOULENGER, LL.D., D.Sc., F.R.S.

The following is an enumeration of the Lizards sent to the Bombay
Natural History Society’s Museum during the Mesopotamia Expedition
which Mr. Kinnear has entrusted to me for identification. I have also
referred to the specimens presented to the British Museum by Capt. P. A.
Buxton, Major C. Christy, and Capt. C. L. Boulenger :—

GECKONIDA,

1. Ceramodactylus dorie, Blanf.
Zobeya, Lower Mesopotamia (Capt. F, C. Fraser).
Habitat: Arabia, Mesopotamia, Persia.

2. Gymnodactylus scaber, Riipp.

Amara (Capt. P. A. Buxton), Basra (Lt.-Col. F. Wall).

Habitat: Egypt, Arabia, Mesopotamia, Persia, Afghanistan, Sind.

3. Hemidactylus flaviridis, Riipp. (coctei, D. and B.)

Basra (Lt.-Col. F. Wall, Lt.-Col. F. P. Connor).

Habitat : Coasts of the Red Sea and of the Persian Gulf, Socotra, Mekran
Coast, India, Burma.

EUBLEPHA RIDA.

4, Hublepharis macularius, Blyth.
Mesopotamia (Capt. H. T. Mackenzie).
Aabitat : Mesopotamia, Persia, Transcaucasia, Baluchistan, Punjab, Sind.

AGAMID AL.

5. Agama persica, Blanf.

Euphrates Barrage (Capt. C. R. Pitman), Faleya, Euphrates (Capt. F. W.
Mackenzie), Bagdad (Capt. R. W. Hingston), Amara (Lt.-Col. F. P.
Connor), Zobeya (Capt. F. C. Fraser).

Habitat : Mesopotamia, Persia.

6. Agama ruderata, Oliv.

Faleya (Capt. H. L. Mackenzie), Amara (Lt.-Col. F. P. Connor), Zobeya
(Capt. F. C. Fraser, Lt. T. R. Livesey), Basra (Lt.-Col. F. P. Dickinson,
Maj. E. H. Martin).

Habitat: Asia Minor, Syria, Arabia, Mesopotamia, Persia, Sind. Also
Egypt and Nubia. A. pallida, Reuss, should be regarded as a variety of
this species, as some of the specimens from Mesopotamia tend to show,

7. Agama nupta, De Fil.
Mesopotamia (Capt. H, T. Mackenzie).
Habitat: Mesopotamia, Persia, Baluchistan.

8. Phrynccephalus maculatus, Anders.
Zobeya (Capt. F. C. Fraser).
Habitat : Mesopotamia, Persia, Baluchistan, Afghanistan.

9. Uromastix microlepis, Blanf.
Zobeya (Lt. T. R. Livesey), Mesopotamia (Lt.-Col. F, P. Connor).
Habitat: Head of the Persian Gulf.

352 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII.

VARANIDA.

10. Varanus griseus, Daud.

Nasariyeh (Capt. C. R. Pitman) Mesopotamia (Lt.-Col. F. P. Connor).

Habitat - North Africa, South-Western Asia from Arabia and the Caspian
Sea to North-Western India.

AMPHISBAINIDA,

21. Pachycalamus zarudnyi, Nik.

Shaiba Lezait (Lt. T. Rk. Livesey).

Originally described from Western Persia, under the name of Dzplometopon
zarudnyi, Nikolsky, Ann. Mus. Zool, St. Petersb. X. 1906, p. 68. A speci-
men from the Island of Manama, Persian Gulf, was presented to the British
Museum by Dr. G. K. Monami in 1910.

LACERTIDA.

12. Acanthodactylus boskianus, Daud.

Var. asper, Aud.

Basra (Maj. C. Christy).

Var. ewphraticus, Blgr.

Ramadieh, Huphrates (Capt. C. L. Boulenger).

An interesting new form, described by mein the Annals and Magazine,
Nat. Hist. (9) 11. 1919, p. 549.

Habitat : North Africa, Arabia, Syria. Had not been recorded from
Mesopotamia before.

13. Acanthodactylus scutellatus, Aud.

Basra (Maj. C. Christy).

Habitat: North Africa, Senegambia, Arabia, Syria. First record for
Mesopotamia.

14. Acanthodactylus fraseri, Blgr.
A new species, discovered by Capt. F. C. Fraser at Zobeya and described
in this Journal, XXV, 1918, p. 373.

15. Hremias brevirostris, Bland.

Faleya (Capt. F. W. Mackenzie), Zobeya (Lt. T. R. Livesey), Ramadieh
and Desert of Tel Jebarrah (Capt. C. L. Boulenger).

The types of this species are from Karabagh in the Punjab and Tum
Island in the Persian Gulf. The lizard has since been found in Persia
near Bushire and in Syria (#. bernoullii, Schenkel), and I refer to the same
species one of the specimens from Dasht in Baluchistan included by Blan-
ford under his Mesalina pardalis.

16. Ophiops elegans, Men.
Var. ehrenbergii, Wiegm.
tamadieh, Kuphrates, (Capt. C. lL. Boulenger),

Var. persicus, Blgr.

Sharoban, N.-E. of Bagdad (Capt. C. L. Boulenger).

Var. mizolepis, Stol.

Huphrates at Suk esh Shuyak and on road from Felujah to Ramadieh
(Capt. C. L. Boulenger).

Amara (Capt. P. A. Buxton), Basra (Lt.-Col. F. Wall).

The range of this lizard extends from Constantinople and Tripoli to
N.-W. India. The var. mzolepis was originally described from the low coun-
try S.-W. of Karabagh, on the Indus, and was found at Basra by Blan-
ford; specimens from Haifa in Palestine also appear to be referable to it.

LIZARDS FROM MESOPOTAMIA, 353

SCINCID,

17. Mabuia vittata, Oliv.

Amara (Capt. P. A. Buxton), Mesopotamia (Capt. C. R. Pitman).

Haiitat: Algeria, Tunisia, Lower Egypt, Syria, Cyprus, Asia Minor,
Mesopotamia,

18. Mubuia septemteniata, Reuss.

Amara (Lt.-Col. Connor, Capt. P. A. Buxton), Basra (Lt.-Col. F. Wall,
Lt.-Col. F. P. Connor), Ramadieh, Euphrates (Capt. C. L. Boulengere).

Habitat: Erytrea, Arabia, Syria, Asia Minor, Transcaspia, Mesopotamia,
Persia, Sind.

19. Ablepharus brandti, Strauch.
Amara (Capt. P. A. Buxton), Basra and Suks-esh-Shuyek, Euphrates
(Capt. Boulenger),.

Habitat: Bokhara, Samarkand, Mesopotamia, Persia, Baluchistan,
Punjab, Sind.

20. Humeces schneideri, Daud.
Mesopotamia (Capt. H. T. Mackenzie).

Habitat: Tunisia, Egypt, Syria, Cyprus, Asia Minor, Transcaspia, Meso-
potamia, Persia, Baluchistan.

304

A NOTE ON THE SPECIES OF THE GENUS MYCALESIS
(LEPIDOPTERA), OCCURRING WITHIN INDIAN LIMITS.

(With four Plates.)
BY
Lr.-Cotonet W. H. Evans, R.E.

1. Having found it impossible to classify satisfactorily the species of the Caly-
sisme and Samanta groups of the genus Mycalesis, I asked my friends to try and
assemble some material forme. Led by the late Messrs. Hannyngton from Coorg
and Ellis from Burma, by General Tytler from Manipur, Mr. Mackwood from
Ceylon and followed by several others, my appeal met with a generous response
and before the war I had accumulated a very considerable amount of material
for investigation. I dissected the genitalia of about 400 males and had prepared
the accompanying plates showing venation, primary and secondary sexual
characters. Unfortunately the war broke off my investigations and it has been
a little difficult to pick up the threads again after an interval of 54 years.

2. Up to the present the so-called genus Mycalesis contains the following
“* genera ’’ or ‘‘sub-genera ” and species described from Indian limits ; the first
named species is the “‘type” in each case.

(1) Virapa ; anaxias ; adamsoni.

(2) Samundra ; anaxioides.

(3) Gareris ; sanatana.

(4) Sadarga ; gotama.

(5) Swuralaya ; orseis.

(6) Mydosama ; fuscum.

(7) Calysisme ; mineus ; perseus ; perseoides ; subdita ; visala ; rama; evansir.
(8) Myrtilus ; mystes.

(9) Telinga ; adolphei ; oculus.

(10) Culapa ; mnasicles.

(11) Pachama ; mestra ; suavolens.

(12) Samanta ; malsara ; watsom ; nicotia ; misenus ; heri.

(13) Kabanda ; malsarida.

(14) Nissanga ; patnia.

(15) Loesa ; oroatis.

Except that the 3 last named species under Samanta appertain rather to Pa-
chama, the above groups, which are based on the venation and the secondary
sexual characters, form a very natural arrangement. I think, however, that the
employment of subgenera is now generally considered undesirable. For the
purpose of classifying the species in the genus, the first step needed is a careful
analysis of all the features at all stages ; the next step is the arrangement of the
species in as natural an order as is possible ; the final step is the production of a
key, whereby the species fall into certain groups, which can be designated by
letters, numbers or Latin or English names. We all realise that any linear arrange-
ment is bound to be unsatisfactory, as it is opposed to the whole system of evolu-
tion, but it is the only thing to be done. I consider that all the species mentioned
above should be included under one genus, which may be called Mycalesis for
the present, though eventually this name will have to be restricted to the African
species with naked eyes and culapa used for the hairy-eyed Asiatic species.
The genus Orsotriena has sometimes been included under Mycalesis, but its
smooth eyes, venation, primary and secondary sexual characters, as well as its
facies, entitled it to full generic rank, which Bingham very rightly accorded it.

3. The results of my investigations are embodied in the key at the end, where
the outstanding features of each species and race are summarised. Most of these

Journ., Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.

Plate I,

(Yereps) eC ES nt ea Samund ‘
: ¢ nae ra) anaxordes, 7, (Sadarge) chia kanet (Gorevis) Spel eee |

Qi

Araxias

Gi

Yy

A (Semon) que Sernust

(Pachama) Sees trae We , i) Buca lens o (Samanta) ntcatia «
a)
Hi
}
}
/
/

’

A

7
j
J
/ /
/

Wing Characters of Indian Myca lesis.

SFECIES OF THE GENUS MYCALESIS 1N INDIA, 355

features have been dealt with by other authors and the only point that I wish
to draw attention to is the correlation between certain of the secondary sexual
characters.

A—Forewing below a nacreous patch of variable size above the dorsum
usually containing an oval cavity lying along vein 1 filled with androconia ; this
feature is correlated with an almost exactly similar one on the upperside of the
hindwing, situated above vein 7 at its origin ; over the androconial patch on the
hindwing there is an erectile tuft of fine, long, hairs springing from within the
cell. The actual androconial patches or brands may be missing in certain
species, but the nacreous areas on both wings and the hair pencil on the hind-
wing are present in all species of the genus.

B—Forewing above an elongated cavity along the middle of vein 1 filled with
androconia and covered by a hair pencil springing from nearer the base; this
pencil is moveable in the plane of the wing, but isnot erectile ; itis usually
tucked into a narrow slit along the centre of the androconial patch ; on the
underside of the forewing the patch appears asa raised lump. Correlated with
this feature are certain distortions and swellings of the veins of the hindwing.
This character is present in a greater or less extent in Moore’s genera Virapa,
Samundra, Gareris, Sadarga and Suralaya.

C—A few species have developed additional features, which are referred to in
the key.

4. The Calysisme group is dealt with in the next paragraph ; the following
notes deal with the remaining groups :—

(a) anaxias was described by Hewitson from South India. Fruhstorfer
gives mate as the race from Burma, stating that it differs from the Sikkim
form in being larger, having the outer margins broadly paler and in that the pre-
apical band is yellow rather than white ; I have only one male of anaxias from
Burma (Tavoy), which has the band slighly yellower and wider, but a more exten-
sive material might perhaps justify the name e@mate. South Indian specimens
differ, however, constantly from specimens from N. E. India in that the brand
on the upperside of the hindwing is black instead of white; above the white
band is broader in the male, while below this band is sharply defined outwardly
by an apical brown area and not diffused into a pale yellow apical area, as is the
case with the Northern dry season form. I therefore propose the name miranda
for the anaxias race flying from Sikkim to Manipur. I have no specimens of an
anaxias form from the Nicobars, but I would like to point out that the descrip-
tions given by Doherty and Bingham of manii differ so greatly that they hardly
seem to refer to the same insect. ;

(b) sanatana is considered by Fruhstorfer ta be a race of the Chinese francis-
ca. Specimens from 8. Burma have the hindwing prolonged and are paler ;
they are probably what Fruhstorfer calls gomia, but his description and locality
for this race are very obscure. I consider Tytler’s albofasciata to be a high
elevation race of sanatana ; it is closely allied to Leech’s magna from S. China.

(c) nudgarais given by Fruhstorfer as the Tenasserim race of nicotia ; Ihave
no specimens to enable me to confirm the differences he mentions.

(d) The malsara group has been cleared up by General Tytler in B. iN: ES.
XXIIT, 226, but I think that my watsoni should be sunk to Cramer's mameria,
if Fruhstorfer’s figure in the Macro-Lepidoptera is correct. In Tenasserim, as
seems to occur with other species of this genus, the forewing is prolonged at the
apex and the hindwing at the tornus, while the outer margin 1s scalloped ; the
shape agrees with what Fruhstorfer calls annamitica but the secondary sexual
characters are notso highly developed; it mightstand as annamuitica for the
present. e :

(e) perna, surkha and nautilus are considered to be the Indian races of the
Malayan mnasicles, oroatis and orseis ; charaka is a race of the Chinese gotama.

356 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII,

5. In the Calysisme group rama and evansii are easily separated, but the re-
mainder afford one of the most difficult problems in the study of butterflies ;
males may be dealt with more or less satisfactorily, but the females in some cases
are almost impossible to separate. An additional complication is that in S.
India several species fly in 3 forms—normal dry season, normal wet season,
and an intermediate form, with complete, but reduced oceli. I started off by
dissecting the genitalia of nearly 300 males and then, taking into account the
various features and localities, arranged them over labels bearing the names
given in the key.

(a) perseus occurs throughout the area and I have no difficulty in separating
this species in either sex. The Southern form differs as detailed in the key.

(b) méineus also occurs throughout the area and the Southern race always
runs smaller ; the intermediate form occurs in this species in North India as well
as in South India. The diffused ring of the ocellus seems to separate this
species fairly satisfactorily from everything except igilia, but here the angu-
lation of the discal band on the forewing below serves to distinguish the latter
species.

16) igiha is what Bingham described as a variety of perseoides from Kathle-
kan, Mysore, and on the strength of this description Fruhstorfer gave it the name
igilia, placing it as a race of perseoides. I have a long series from Coorg and a
specimen from Travancore. It has nothing to do with the Burmese erseoides
and is a very well defined species with a very restricted locality. It flies with
orcha but not apparently with subdita.

(d) mercea is anisolated species flying in Pachmarhi with visala, from which
it is easily separated by its smaller size and the tessellated border of the hind-
wing. I found it common in October 1910, just when the dry season brood was
out in full swing and a few individuals of the wet season form were still about ;
curiously enough all the fresh males were of the intermediate form and all the
females normal dry season.

(e) erseoides is an isolated species from Burma and is common in the neigh-
bourhood of Rangoon. It is easily recognised in the male, while the peculiar,
dull ochreous tint on the underside of the dry season form is very characteristic,
being found also in mystes.

(f) visala—I have from Pachmarhi, Sikkim to Burma and the Andamans. It
is a well defined species as regards the secondary sexual characters of the male
and the pointed forewing of the dry season female; wet season females are very
difficult to separate from khasia. I do not think that it occurs south of Pachma-
rhi, specimens recorded from South India being either subdita or orcha. Fruh-
storfer makes a point of the venation of visala differing from that of its allies, but
I cannot find any appreciable constant difference, though individuals differ to
a certain extent. The Pachmarhi dry season form differs from N. Indian forms
in having the band en the underside of the forewing a good deal shorter, while
the discal line on the forewing above is very prominent. It is rare east of Sik-
kim, where its place appears to be taken by khasia. From Burma I have very
few specimens, but Fruhstorfer’s name neovisala seems justifiable.

(g) subdita—I have from Ceylon, where it is the only form of this group and
from a few localities in South India, where it seems very rare. The differences
between it and orcha are given in the key ; they are not very considerable and,
but for the differences in the male genitalia, I should not have separated them ;
had subdita been confined to Ceylon, I would have treated it as a race of orcha.

(h) khasia and orcha are very alike and, but for the fact that orcha occurs in
an intermediate form, I would not have separated them as races.

6. Several authors have hinted that the various species of Mycalesis inter-
breed. I do not agree ; races no doubt do, where they meet,butto me the essen-
tial definition of a species is that it does not interbreed with another species. It

Plate Il,

Journ., Bombay Nat. Hist, Soc.

ee ee ee E ;
s Boe aS
(40esa)
Surkhw

decla

-Ss.

Wine Characters of Indian Mycalesis.

heat Pie

SPECIES OF THE GENUS MYCALESIS IN INDIA, 357

is probably impossible to evolve any theory to account for the development of
the very closely allied species of the Calysisme group, but something on the fol-
lowing lines may have taken place. perseus and mineus I take to be the oldest

the former having remained pretty constant and not developed into other
species. mineusis an insect of the plains and in the dim distant past it developed
into 2 races (a) and (b) whose areas became cut off but again became re-united after
sufficient time had elapsed to establish the races as species. mineus (a) preferred
the plains, while mineus (b) preferred the hills, where, as these elevations became
elevated and separated from one another, it developed into a number of local
races, say b' to b’. Eventually changes in the earth’s crust, temperature, etc.,

permitted these races to extend into one another’s area; some no doubt re-united,
while others led a separate existence, entitling them to be ranked as species
mineus bl==subdita developed in Ceylon, whence it has spread to the continent,
where it refuses to interbreed with its cousins, but finds it difficult to maintain
its existence in face of the competition prevailing. mineus b’=igilia, b°—=mercea
and b'=perseoides have not spread into other areas, but refuse to interbreed
with their invading relations. minews b’=visala developed in Sikkim and has
successively invaded the Central Provinces, but its penetration eastwards has
not met with the same success. mineus b°=khasia developed perhaps in Assam,
whence it has very successfully invaded S. India and Burma. It is the most
abundant species as far as my experience goes.

7. Regarding the plates : they have been drawn by myself and are, I am
afraid, very crude. The intention of the plates showing venation is only to illus-
trate the features mentioned in the key ; no other conclusions should be drawn
from them. A study of the plates depicting the genitalia will, I think, be worth-
while ; they bear out to a certain extent Moore’s subgenera and the arrangement
adopted in my key. Where more than one example for a species has been taken,
it must not always be assumed that the genitalia differ with the locality, as may
seem to be indicated by the drawings ; I have tried to represent, as far as pos-
sible, the variations that occur in the species ; in some instances, however, there
is no doubt that the locality does affect the genitalia very considerably. In some
species, ¢.g., nicotia, the clasps vary very considerably with individuals, but the
tegumen and the hooks are pretty constant. The difference in the hooks between
the closely allied malsara and lepcha is very noticeable. bethami and davisonii have
clasps more related to memerta than to lepcha, whose genitalia differ greatly with
the locality, but their facies lead me to regard them as races of lepcha. The
teeth at the upper edge of the clasp are much finer in malsara than in lepcha. The
clasp of mnasicles and the hooks of patnia are very extraordinary. It will be
seen that the Calysisme group is a very definite one and, as one might imagine
from their facies, the clasps resemble one another very closely, except that evansit
is very distinct. igilia and mineus are allied to one another and well distinguish-
ed from the rest. subdita from its clasp is easily distinguished from the otherwise
almost inseparable orcha. The clasp of perseoides is variable and approaches
that of visala, it is curious how very different the clasp of mystes 1s to any member
of the Calysisme group though females are quite difficult to separate.

8. The following abbreviations have been used in the key :—

A, B, C refer to the secondary sexual characters, see para 3.

V refers to the venation. v'=vein No. l.

f—forewing and h—hindwing.

upf, unf, uph, unh,—upper and underside of the f
pectively.

DSF & WSF=dry and wet season forms.

dcv—discocellular vein. a

The figures given after the localities represent the average expanse in inches
and decimals of an inch of males and females respectively.

orewing and hindwing res-

358 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII.

Key to the Indian Mycalesis.

1. (10). B—present. V—origin 10 f at or near end cell.

2. (3.6.9). F—above unmarked, dark brown; below outer area paler,
lilacine in WSF, lilacine and yellow in DSF. A—f no brand; h brand white,
tuft pale yellow. B—f brand black, prominent both sides; tuft black, bases
dark brown, from either side of v'; h origin v’ pushed back to before middle
of cell, rendering upper dev very long and concave. C—absent. V—h 3 & 4
from end cell; 6 & 7 well separated in 2.

adamsoni, Wat. Manipur—N. Burma. 1.8—2.0.

3. (2.6.9). F—above pre-apical white band.

4. (5). C—absent. V—as 2.

a. F—inner edge apical band midway between apex and end cell.

a, F—above no prominent ocelli ; below as 2. A—f brand small, black ;
h tuft pale yellow. B—as 2.

a’. A—h brand black.
anaxias anaxias, Hew., S. India. 1.9—2.1.
6°. A—h brand pale yellow.
a*. see 6°.
anaxias miranda, nov. Sikkim—Assam. 1.8—2.0.
6°. EK—above paler outwardly, apical band yellowish.

anaxias emate, Kr. Burma. 1.8—2.0.

6. F—upf prominent ocellus in 2, sometimes also in 5 and in 2 uph. Be-
low uniform brown ; h discal band obscure in <¢, irregular and white
in 9. A—as2. B—f brand and tuft very obscure ; h venation as 2.

anaxias radza, M. Andamans, 1.8—2.0.

61. K—apical band broader, inner edge extends nearly to cell.

anazias manil, Doh. Nicobars.

5. (4). C—f obscure pale patch between bases 3 & 4; h prominent black
atch between bases 5 & 7; costa h very arched. A—as4a'. B—f brand and
sft brown and only above v'; h v° pushed back as well as 7 and basal half of 6

swollen. V—h'* & 4 from end cell; 6&7 from a point in the 9. F—upf
ocellus in 2 more or less apparent ; below as 2.

anaxioides, Mar. S. Burma. 2.2—2.5.

6. (2.3.9). F—above brown, pupilled ocellus in 2 f at least; unf never an
ocellus in 3. A—f brand small, brown; h brand and tuft brown. C—absent.

7. (8). V—h v’ from end cell. B—as 2.

a. F—below discal band lilac ; upf usually ocellus in 5, none uph.

a’. See b'.

Francisca sanatana, M. Kilu—N. Burma (below 6,000 ft.). 2.0—2.2.

b'. F—paler, h prolonged.

francisca gomia, Fr. 8. Burma. 2.0—2. 2.

b. E—helow discal band white ; upf prominent ocellus in 5, and sometimes

in 2 & 3 uph.
francisca albofasciata, Tyt. Manipur (above 6,000 ft.). 2.1—2.2.

8. (7). V—h 3 from before end cell. B—fno brand, tuft very obscure ;
h upper dev as in 2, but swollen. F—pale brown ; upf ocellus in 2 large and pro-
minent, also one in 5; uph no ocelli; below pale brown, inwardly darker in
DSF, discal band white.

gotama charaka, M. Assam—Burma. 1.8—2.0.

9. (2.3.6). F—d above purple glossed, no pupilled ocelli; 92 pale brown,
all ocelli show through and are pupilled obscurely ; below pale ochreous, discal
lines dark brown. A—f brand brown, medium size; h brand long, brown ;
tuft dark brown. B—f tuft brown, obscure and no brand ; h origin v’ pushed
back, but dev is straighter. C—f dorsum very convex; h large black patch
between bases 2—4.

orseis nauitlus, But., Naga Hills—Burma. 1.9—2.1.

Journ., Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.

ig

Beis « "Sckkimy" om \ enisuy) |

(Mike) (Andaman) (Manigur) Ta ve if

—X*vrad2za x Adarrsonck —- amnaxorinrvs

s

eas (May ue ALS view) (Manipur) (ct sive view)

te~- ee ~ =
< =< oS Se (tes Byes Sees SS — mie «lL6oF, ota - ~

oe ry] BI

( Pali) (Aileewey (Marcfpur) pages
oieecey Save . x adotbher x Se el cevin Cee

- Sriaxias —

(BAvtan) (Assam) CEAKK Cm)
= = mes e = Ge axtontsenias

Manipur) (Bhwbar) prea) ee aes (Sekke my Se ee rar aes a

MmiStnus >< here Se ie eeee Cte or as ee ee = - ™* malsarva

»
:
\ \ ©
aa auceae mm) TS a aid Gea ur) (Manipur) iC ice) oe ss Yorna) sete (amen
: mals aren _ = x Bepcha
| E
) (Side)
i “ssoorce) (Mussoorie) (Muasssoorie) (Manipur) (Monihur) (Meymye) (May mys (Kaw syca) € Palne) ae exe)
N\. ous —- x Bethamc-cdavisowect - - >

—

or
Q| / ew!

s May nw. (Tap 055 40+)
(Cechay)” (Manipur) (Manipur) (Manipur) (Monit (Moymys) (Meyrryd (rey my?

> ere = ane ee
7
Al | i A
8) \) is © || ] Y]
thy )
>) ;
(Manipur) » (sede)

(Assam) (side) (seers oy CTenasservim™m ~ phen See ‘eC . frewarl
-~ meda- =% mandala

Pietra veclc = - - Surkha - - -x ‘ymmesieles - -%- F ; 19
i > g2°
= g 43

i ZL a Ts a ah $

Genitalia of Indian Mycalesis.

SPECIES OF THE GENUS MYCALESIS IN INDIA,

359
10. (1). B—absent.
11. (52). WV—origin 10 at or near end cell, f.
12. (33.51). WV—origin 3 h at or just beyond end cell.
13. (14). WV—f dev between 4 & 5 nearly straight. F dabove dark

brown, ocelli show through unpupilled ; 9 pale brown, all ocelli show through
complete with pupils and rings. Below ochreous, with 2 prominent fulvous
bands. A—f no brand ; h no brand, only a cavity ; tuft white. C—h v’ swol-
len at the base. i

fuscum, Fd., 8. Burma. 1.7—2.0.

14, (13). V—t dev between 4 and 5 concave and angled.

15. (30). F—above normally only an ocellus in 2f (except 18.a) very rarely
an ocellus in 5 f or 2 h (usually so in 28), but never more than one ocellus h.

16. (29). V—h 6 and 7 well separated at the base ; lower dev at an angle
tov’. C—absent. A—tuft pale yellow.

17. (20.27.28). A—f small brand placed centrally under the origin of v’.

1S (LO): eae brand black ; f black; very small. F—ocellus upf never
ringed ; unh ocellus in 3 shifted prominently out of line towards termen; unf
WSF curved series of ocelli in 2, 3, 4 and 5; DSF termen f straight or slightly
concave.

a. F—above usually unmarked in WSF. Smaller.

perseus typhlus, Fr., Ceylon—Himalayas and Bengal. 1.6—1.9.

b. F—above always with a pupilled ocellus in 2 f. Larger.

perseus perseus, F., Kangra—Burma. 1.7—2.0.

19. (18). A—h brand salmon pink or brown ; f small, dark (or rarely pale)
brown. F—ocellus upf situated in a more or less pale area, outwardly and in-
wardly defined by a narrow dark line ; the ocellus ring diffuses into this area
and is never narrow, of uniform width or sharply defined.

a. E—WSF often very dark below and with small ocelli. DSF pale area
often very extensive.

mineus polydecta, Cr., Ceylon—Bengal. 1.7—2.0.
b. F—lIarger.

mineus mineus, L., Kulu—Burma. 1.8—2.1.
c. K—darker ; ocelli below larger.

mineus nicobarica, M., Nicobars. 1.8—2.1.

20. (17.27.28). A—f brand extends from under origin v* to at least under
origin v* and often much further.

21. (24). Af brand in WSF extends to beyond outer edge of the discal
band ; in DSF to under origin of v° or v‘ , but if not through the discal band,
the latter is bent outwards between v' and v’ and sharply angled at v’.

22. (23). A—h brand brown or pale yellow ; f brand pale yellow or brown
in DSF; in WSF inner half brown and outer half pale yellow. F—resembles
19. aas regards the pale area upfin the DSF but unf discal band always
angled at v' in DSF and always up to v' in WSF, being outwardly curved
before reaching it.

igilia, Fr., Travancore, Coorg, Mysore. 1.6—1.9. jf

23. (22). A—h brand pale brown ; f usually pale brown, sometimes brown
especially in DSF from the C. P. and Burma.

a. F—DSF apex sharp pointed and termen straight ; WSF more rounded ;

WSF ocellus above large and well defined.
visala visala, M., Central Prov., Kumaon—Assam. 1.9—2.3.
b. F—apex more rounded; 2 not distinguishable from 26c.
visala neovisala, Fr., Burma. 1.9—2.2.
c. F—apex rounded ; much darker.
visala andamana, M., Andamans. 1.8—2.2. A

24, (21). A—f brand never to beyond discal band, though often up to it ;

discal band never angled at v’.

360. JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII,

25. (26). A—h brand black. F—WSF ocellus above with rather broad
and prominent yellow ring ; unf discal band reaches costa ; apex f very rounded.
DSF always more or less ocellated and with a wavy post-discal line beyond the
ocelli more or less apparent.

perseoides, M.,S. Burma. 1.8—2.0.

26. (25). A—h brand pale yellow.

a. F—above sub-terminal pale line is followed by 2 dark lines separated by
a pale line and followed by the cilia, the inner half of whichare pale and
the outer half dark. In 19 this feature occurs more or less, but at any
rate on the forewing of the 2 the pale line is preceded by a prominent
dark line bordering the ground colour. Above the ocellus has a narrow
well defined ring, though often obscure ; unf nearly always an ocellus
in 1. WSF black below.

subdita, M., Ceylon, Nilgiris, Madras, Orissa. 1.8—2.0.

b. E—f apex very rounded; h termen very scalloped and almost caudate
atv*. Q termenf chequered. ¢ DSF always ocellated ; 2 very varie-
gated.

mercea, nov. Pachmarhi (C. P.). 1.7—1.9.

c. Occurs in 3 forms, wet, intermediate and dry.

khasia orcha, Evans. Palnis, Coorg, Nilgiris. 1.8—2.0.

d. Occurs in 2 forms only, wet and dry.

khasia khasia, Evans. Assam—Burma. 1.9—2.1.

27. (17.20.28). A—fandh brand silvery white, hard to see on the nacreous
ground. H—above dark ferruginous ; ocelli ringed fulvous ; usually ocelli in 5
f and 2 h above; below ochraceous with broad yellow discal band.

rama, M., Ceylon. 1.9—2.2.

28. (17.20.27). A—fno brand; h brand dark brown, tuft reduced. F—
below pale brown, discal band broad, pale yellow. Wings very rounded.
evansit, Tyt., Manipur. Assam. 1.8—2.0.

29. (16). V—h bases of 6 and 7 approximate, lower dev in line with v’
F—DSF dull ochreous below, always more or less ocellated. A—fno brand and
h no brand, tuft white. C—h white brand below origin v*, covered by recum-
bent tuft black hairs rising beyond middle of cell; v' swollen and covered by
recumbent tuft of black hairs.

mystes, DéN., Manipur—N. Burma. 1.8—2.0.

30. (15). F—normally 3 ocelli uph (may be 2 or 4). Above very dark
ferruginous brown. A—h brand black, tuft brown. V—5 and 6 well separated
at base.

31. (32). F—above large ocellus in 2f and ocellih ringed fulvous ; unringed
ocellus in 2 f. A—no brand f, tuft h very inconspicuous.
adolphei, Guer., Nilgiris, Coorg. 1.9—2.2.

32. (31). F—large ocellus in 2 f on a wide fulvous area; ocellusin 5f
minute or absent ; h ocelli ringed fulvous or ona fulvous area. Termen h caudate
at v'. A—f brand small, black.

oculus, Mar., Palnis, Travancore. 2.0—2.4.

33. (12.51). V—origin v’ before end of cell.

34. (45.50). F—above pupilled ocelli present in 2 and 5f and 2h (5 f some-
times absent in 39).

35. (36). F—below dark discal line. Apex f produced. Above ochreous
brown ; ocellus in 2 f very large, with broad yellow ring ; minute ocelli 5 f and
2h. Below pale. A—fno brand but prominent square white patch in the
usual nacreous area ; h brand golden brown, tuft bright yellow. C—absent.

mnasicles perna, Kr., S. Burma. 2.3—2.7.

36. (35). F—below pale yellowish discal band.

4 ourn., Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc
Plate IV.

SN

1c
u

4 |, sea ee re ne (Ce ove) (Painis

= Nt ee — — RViecretcs = = Pa

ay : pin =) f

| ? = (SS) ak oe a ae AES iases (Moyrmye) Peg Yorn) EVicaGay bs

= rem pace a ee GES Se eS ets ae ee — ——
ey
j =~ = Pa ( ce Ce my Cre Gwe) ideal crn bay, /
or Coow s) Gre orecore) < Amar! > ) 4 |
& 2) »: mS igittia = SS Se ee a= he = eaten JSF Sa ote = ee
Mecky fy (Cou, (Coorg ee Polmi) (Palmc) iletarcy, (ale Cg tae) Palere x: io;
a. | iN a, Se ROA | el eee ee er ee ee ee - KAasia’~ sae

E

weae OOK

Arokaw (Peg Yorma)
Sige ae (Mayr) CMeymye) CRangeors) ( Yorn )

ee Kiet sci: = =

VMIIC

os) (rete eee ae Cems) (Rexgoe ») (Remgoor) Ree CA y. ae
ayseoides —

pe: ir Pa Lares SLE (Rarrgee? be)

- —S< berseciaes roc aleS

k Seepage!
i

Cees \}

ee ae ae Csikkion) CSekkKUa) (Assa x) Perris Gres se pscedh (marsiperr) a AS
= sae ee Sire

OR
hy |

Xx a ie
a (reps Verma) (af side view)

Lamans) Pacers’) ¢ Ley fom) eee ee) pas needs i Bie

-“weo- = omy sas = =— oe

Le soe ee See :
i
& 3

By Zen 3 + ES 6 7

Genitalia of Indian Mycalesis.

SPECIES OF THE GENUS MYCALESIS IN INDIA, 361

37. (38). F—below uniform, unmottled. Cilia white. Above prominent
ocellusin2and5 fand 2h; 5fslightly larger than 2 h and slightly smaller than
2f. A—f brand small, pale yellow ; h brand pale yellow, tuft pale brown. C—
long erect dense brown hairs along basal portion v' h.

suavolens, Wm., Sikkim—N. Burma. 2.3—2.7.

38. (37). F—below basal portion mottled. (C—absent.

39. (40). F—cilia white. Above ocelli small; 2 f and 2h equal, 5f minute
or absent. Below fin addition to ocellus in 2 only 2 obliquely placed apical ocel-
li; h ocellus in 3 absent. A—f brand minute, black; h brand small, black;
tuft brown.

a. E—upf white discal band obscure.

mestra vetus, Fr., Sikkim, Bhutan. 2.5—2.7.

b. F—upf white discal band prominent.

mestra mestra, Hew., Assam. 2.5—2.7.

40. (39). —cilia pale brown. Above ocelli larger; 5 f and 2h equal, 2
f much larger. Below ocelli complete and f all in line.

41. (42). F—uph in addition to ocellus in 2, always one in 3 and usually
in 4, rarely also in 1. upf ocellus in 2 very large. A—fno brand; h brand black,
tuft brown.

heri, M., Kumaon—Bhutan. 2.5—2.8.

42. (41). F—uph rarely more than the ocellus in 2, if more very small.

43. (44). EF—below outer basal area before discal band nearly black, mot-
tling confined to the base. A-—f brand small salmon; h salmon tuft yellow
brown.

misenus, D2N., Sikkim—Assam. 2.3—2.5.

44, (43). F—hbelow brown all over and mottled up to discal band ; ocellus
in 2 upf much larger than the rest. A—brandsfandh and tuft black.

a. See b.

nicotia nicotia, Hew., Mussoorie—Burma. 2.1—2.3.
b. Above ocelli larger ; below band wider.
nicotia nudgara, Fr., Tenasserim. 2.2—2.4.

45. (34.50). F—above ocelli blind. Below mottled ; pale yellow or white
discal band. A—fandh brands black, tuft brown. C—absent.

46. (47). F—above white discal band clearly defined.

malsara, M., Sikkim—Burma. 1.9—2.1.

47. (46). F—above white band not visible.

48. (49). F—upf nearly always sub-equal ocelli in 3 and 5 as well as the
normal one in 2; rarely an ocellus in 1. uph always an ocellus in 2 and 3 even
when the ocelli upf are reduced toa single one in 2. Cila brown.

a. see b.

mamerta mamerta, Cr., Assam—Burma. 1.8—2.0.

b. wings more elongated ; termen h very scalloped.

mamerta annamitica, Fr.. Tenasserim. 1.9—2.1.

49. (48). F—uupf normally no ocellus in 3, if present smaller than the
ocellus in 5; uph there may be ocelli in 2 and 3 but always absent if the
ocellus in 5 f is absent.

a. Cilia white, prominently chequered at ends of veins.

lepcha davisonii, M., Palnis, Animalai hills. 1.8—2.0.

b. Cilia brown. Band below wide, outwardly ill-defined.

lepcha bethami, M., Central Prov. Orissa. 1.8—2.0.

c. Ciliabrown. Band below narrow, thread like or obsolete t

lepcha lepcha. M., Kulu—Kumaon. 1.8—2.0.

d. Cilia white, not chequered. Very dark above and below.

lepcha kohimensis, Tyt., Assam—Burma. 1.8—2.0. : ae

50. (34.45). EF—above unmarked, prominent double ante-terminal line ;

below uniform, discal band lilacine ; ocelli in 2 and 3h larger than the rest.

owards costa f.

362 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVIII,

Wings very rounded. A—f brand absent or minute, dark ; h brand black ; tuft
brown, inconspicuous. C—h bases 2, 3 and 4 slightly swollen and covered with
scattered erect hairs.

malsarida, But., Assam. 1°8—2°0.

51. (12.33). V—origin v’ far beyond end cell h. A—fno brand; h brand
black ; tuft pale brown. C—absent. F—above dark brown, ocellus in 2f set
obliquely at lower, outer, edge of a pale area; minute ocellusin5 f (often absent);
these ocelli pupilled ; no ocellus h. Below not mottled.

a. E—pale area above fulvous and a broad fulvous patch in cellf. Below

fulvous.
patnia patnia, M., Ceylon. 1°5—1°7.

b. F—pale area above white and not in cell. Below rather pale brown.

patna junonia, But., South India. 1.6—1.9.

52. (11). V—t origin v’’ well beyond end cell. A—f small dark brand
h brand pale yellow; tuft pale yellow. C—h small dark brand above origin
v’; v' distorted towards v’ resulting ina fold of the wing, over which there is
arecumbent tuft of brown hairs. H—above brick red, blind ocellus in 2;
below very dark, not mottled.

oroatis surkha, Mar., Tenasserim. 2°0—2°2.

SOME NOTES ON THE GENUS CAPRIMULGUS
(NIGHTJARS) IN THE PUNJAB.

BY

HucaH WuIstTLer, F.Z.S., M.B.0.U.
WITH A NOTE ON THE NIGHTJARS OF SIND By Dr. C. B. Ticenvrst.

It has for some time past been apparent to me that our knowledge of the
Nightjars or Goatsuckers which appear in the Punjab is most incomplete.
The reasons for this are not far to seek. In the first place the genus
is a very difficult one to study from the nocturnal habits of its members,
and the fact that so far as my experience goes it is almost impossible to
distinguish the various species in the field unless the call notes are heard
and recognised. Secondly, even after an individual has been shot, specific
identification is not by any means easy unless the observer has previous
acquaintance with the different kinds, or has specimens available for com-
parison; as the various characteristics do not readily lend themselves to
written description.

Thirdly in addition to the above special reasons there isthe general fact
that, until late years, the Punjab has been neglected Ornithologically
as much as any provincial area of India.

Accordingly I recently collected all the records that were within my
reach so far as they concerned the Punjab (in the political sense including
certain mountain areas), or other contiguous areas, which might be expected
to throw light on the status of the birds in the Punjab. The result was to
show very clearly that in none of the six species concerned was our know-
ledge in any way complete; indeed as regards several it is most incom-
plete. It then occurred to me that it might be of interestto publish the
result of my survey in the hope and belief that a clear view of these woeful
gaps might encourage the placing on record of individual records or other
particulars of interest, which must be within the knowledge of many of our
members. The size of the country, the sparseness of the European popu-
lation, the fact that such population is mainly official and very busy, and
the entire absence of scientific proclivities amongst the Indian population,
are such that there is no possibility of the general and exhaustive know-
ledge of the avifauna which exists in the British Isles. It is therefore all
the more incumbent on those of us who are interested in the subject to
place in print such facts that come to our notice in order that they may be
available forthe next observer inthe area. In England the Ornithologist
everywhere is the heir to an exhaustive literature and an oral tradition,
and generally a personal introduction to the study of his science. In In-
dia each observer in each district starts afresh, or after a considerable gap
of some twenty to forty years, and has to assist him but a scanty literature.
Under these circumstances there cannot be too strongly impressed on every
one the value and importance of recording observations however discon-
nected or fragmentary. ; ae

In these notes I have not touched at all on questions of plumage or ology,
but on these points too, more information is badly required, Writing, 5 aw we
from Museums and Libraries, with only a portion of my own boo rice
specimens available I have doubtless overlooked some records, ane A a
be grateful to any one who would bring them to my notice. As i ay hee
to emphasise above, this article is intended to emphasise not our} Ran tee
but our lack of it, in the hope that some of the gaps may be quickly :

364 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol, XAVII.

The Key given below may perhaps be a useful supplement to that given
in the “ Fauna of India Birds”, (Blanford and Oates) on which individual
specimens do not always work out correctly.

Finally I would urge all members interested to endeavour to obtain and
submit for competent identification any Nightjars about which they are
doubtful, especially all Nightjars which are caught at sea on board ship on
the voyage between India and England. Nightjars frequently come aboard
and often can be caught.

KEY TO PUNJAB MEMBERS OF THE GENUS CAPRIMULGUS.
(Note: White includes buff.)

(2 outer pairs of tail feathers with large white
terminal spots. . at Ae i Bae Pa
4 outer pairs of tail feathers with white sub-

1 < terminal spots ae bs aE «. @madcus
Outer tail feather without white spots peri c)
2 outer pairs of tail feathers entirely white
| except at the tip As we Ar .. monticola g
9 ; Wing under 160mm. .. ae Ae .. asiaticus 5 2
Wing over 160 mm. 3
3 Large white spots on Ist four primaries ae:
Large white spots on lst three primaries .. macrurus 3
General tint above sandy grey. Black spots
‘ on crown transverse . a shes .. mahrattensis 3 Q
General tint above silvery grey. Black spots
on crown lanceolate . ts we . unwini 3
Large white spots on lst three primaries .. wnwini Q
Large white spots on Ist four primaries .. 6
( General colour above dark brown with black
markings indicus °

8 + General colour above dark brownish grey
L with rufous markings oF 4 monticola 2

THE JUNGLE NIGHTJAR, CAPRIMULGUS INDICUS INDICUS. Wath.

The Jungle Nightjar has been divided into three races, the typical form
C. indicus indicus (wing in 3 197-203 mm.) found in India, replaced in
Ceylon by the smallest race, C. indicus kelaarti, with a wing in the male of
173-183mm. The third form is C. indicus jotaka of S. E. Siberia, China,
Japan and other eastern localities which is larger, with a wing in the male
of 212-224mm.

There has been a certain amount of confusion regarding these Nightjars
as the various races intergrade with one another both in size and colour
and it is impossible to be sure of the correct identification of individuals.
Under the circumstances therefore so far as the Punjab is concerned (lying
in the extreme N. W. corner of the entire range of the species) I propose
to treat all records of the Jungle Nightjar as referring to C. indicus indicus,
irrespective of the name under which the record was made. Since, from
the geographical position of our area, itis extremely unlikely, whatever
may be the case in other parts, that the status of the sub-species may be
confused by migration from the areas of the other two races.

I find the following records :—

Ratray took a clutch of eggs at Fort Munro, Baluchistan border, on
28th July 1904, which is figured in the Journal B. N. H. S. Vol. xvi, p. 660.
The bird is apparently not uncommon about Hazara and the Galis, Hume

NOTES ON THE GENUS CAPRIMULGUS IN THE PUNJAB. 365

mentioned it at Abbottabad (S. F. vi 56-57): it is j :

remark “breeds in Galis” a Buchanan’s ne epg Oe a
gazetteer of that district. Rattray took 2 very hard set eggs near Dun ;
Gali on 7th June 1904 (Jour. B. N. H.S. xvi, 660) but Magrath re rn
it as rare at Thandiani (Jour. B.N. H. S. xviii, 284) ; seceedine it a

marginal note by Andrew Anderson in my copy ot Jerdonit “lays in
Murree.”

About Simla it is common according to G. F. L. Marshall (Journ i
& ee ily. al Siml

N.H.5S. 1886, p.7) and A. E. Jones (Jour. B. N. H, a 614) he
latter adds the information that it prefers the barer hill side con )
jungle and ascends to 6,000 ft.

The information regarding the Punjab plains is ver
_ tn : \ y meagre. H
implies that it occurs (S. F. vi, 56-57) and a female trom the eae ellen:
tion obtained at Sirsa (no date) is catalogued by the British Museum.

Mr. A. H. Marshall, Indian Police, informs me that he shot a specimen
at Kasinda, Rohtak district, in December 1910.
I have never obtained the Jungle Nightjar personally. The call is var-
iously described as “‘tew-yo-yo frequently repeated” (Jerdon), a plaintive
“ choo-yo-yo” (G. F. L. Marshall), a rapidly repeated “ Chuck-Chug-Chuck”
(Magrath), and a continuously uttered “ tchouk, tchauk, tchouk’’ (Dresser.).

tiguous to

UNWIN’S NIGHTJAR, CAPRIMULGUS EUROPZUS UNWINI, Hume,

This Nightjar is the Eastern race of the Common European Nightjar (C,
europeus europeus, Linn ; and was first described by Hume from Hazara, in
the Ibis. 1871, p. 406. The original description will be found reproduced in
Stray Feathers Vol. 111,407. 1t differs from C. ewropeus in that the general
tint is slightly greyer and paler. The white spot on the inner web of the
first primary in the male always extends to the shaft and touches it asa
rule for a space of 10 tol5 mm, The white spot on the second primary is
not confined to the inner web but is always continued to the outer web in
the form ofa white band. The under tail coverts are usually but very
faintly barred and frequently are quite unmarked.

In size this race is smaller with a shorter wing on the average. Wing of
adult as a rule 180-186 mm. (as against 190-202 mm. in C. europeus
europeus) but extremes of 174 and 194 mm. have been recorded.

The restricted distribution of this Eastern form is thus given by Hartert
(Vog. Pal. Fauna ii, 849) :—

“The breeding bird in parts of Turkistan (Ferghana) Transcaspia, Persia
(at all events in E. and 8. W. Persia), Afghanistan, Baluchistan, the Pa-
mirs, Kashmir and Gilgit: a winter visitor to Sindh, the Punjab, and occa-
sionally to the N.-W. Provinces (Etawah). A specimen was caught on a
ship off Cape Gardafin on 6th November ; occasionally also in South Africa

Natal.)”
In endeavouring to amplify the above distribution I have discovered the
followirg records with regard to Unwin’s Nightjar.

At Quetta, Delme-Redcliffe, Marshall, and Meinertzhagen have found it
to be a fairly common summer visitor and breeding (Jour. B. N.H. S. xv.,
351; xxiii, 363; xxiv, 158). At Chaman just over the border in Southern
Afghanistan, Barnes recorded it long ago as not uncommon and breeding in
May, before which month he apparently did not observe it (S. F, ix. 215
et 453).

te at Thall, Rattray and Whitehead both found it to be common in
summer, and the former took 10 nests (Jour. B. N. H. 8, xii, 343; Ibis
1909, 253).

366 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII.

IncGilgit, Biddulph and Scully reported it to be a common summer
visitor arriving early in May and breeding about 5,000 ft. in the valleys
(S. F. ix., 313; x, 101, et 261).

Hume obtained specimens from the Hazara and Agrore Valley including
a female from Murree (10th May). (S. F. iv, 501, Cat. Brit. Mus). Cocks
and Marshall took three nests about 5,000 feet near Murree in May (8. IF.
i., 350). Inthe same region Rattray considered the species not common and
only recorded it near Dunga Gali where he took two nests (Jour. B. N. H.
S. Vol. xvi, 660.). Ihave no breeding record east of Murree.

To sum the above up, it is clear that Unwin’s Nightjar is asummer visitor
and breeding species from May onwards in the lower hills and valleys of the
chains of mountains which run up and down the north westerly and north-
easterly frontiers of the Punjab. Itis also extremely probable that a
small number breed in the Salt Range as I obtained a male with the testes
greatly enlarged near Choa Saidan Shah on 26th May 1918 (Ibis. 1916, 84)
and similar stragglers may be expected in the contiguous low ranges such
as the Kala-Chittar, and the broken country about Rawalpindi.

The question next arises as to what becomes of these Nightjars in the
winter ; Hartert says that the birdisa winter visitor to Sindh, the Punjab,
and N. W. Provinces, 7.e., the United Provinces, but I cannot find the
evidence on which this is based.

Whitehead says that it passes through Kohat in spring and autumn
(Ibis. 1909, 253) and Doig has recorded that it is a passage migrant for a
short time in September to the Hastern Narra, Sind (8. F. vii, 372.) The
only other record that I have traced for the Punjab and Sindh is a
female in the Hume Collection, obtained near Sirsa, but the date is not
given in the B. M. Catalogue, (see also 8. F. iv, 501).

My own records are scanty; an adult female was shot onthe Canal
bank at Gujranwala on Ist August 1915 and two other Nightjars seen about
the same time (6th July and 5th August) were probably of the same
species ; these woald all be on the autumn migration.

In Jhang district Ihave obtained three specimens only, one at Kot
Lakhlana (on the Lyallpur border) on 27th September 1918, afemale at
Jhang on 3rd May 1919, and one at Chund on 20th August 1919. These
birds were all doubtless on passage. I have a few records of Nightjars seen
but not identified in various districts and some of these may refer to this
species, but the number of such records is not great and there isno use in
quoting them in the absence of identification.

The above data would point tothe fact that Unwin’s Nightjar is only a
spring and autumn passage migrant in the Punjab and it would be in-
teresting to know what are its true winter quarters. It does not appear to
me that they are fully known as yet and any authentic records bearing on
its distribution in time and place are therefore to be welcomed.

The call note of this sub-species does not appear to have been described.

SYKE’S NIGHTJAR, CAPRIMULGUS MAHRATTENSIS, Sykes.

This Nightjar inhabits Baluchistan, Afghanistan and the plains of
North-Western India extending South to Belgaum and eastwards to
Upper Bengal. It appears to be closely related to Caprimulgus nubicus.

To examine its distribution more closely, I find the following records.
In Seistan,’ according to Cumming (Jour. B. H.S. xvi, 690), it is very
numerous in summer from April to September, breeding all over the
gravel-strewn ‘‘dasht” in May and June; he does not specifically note
that it migrates in winter but his words appear to point to that conclusion,
which is probably correct, as Rattray records that at Thall the species is

NOTES ON THE GENUS CAPRIMULGUS IN THE PUNJAB. 367

a fairly numerous summer visitor arriving about the middle of
breeding in June and July. Here it frequents the more open an
and nullahs and is not found in jungle. (Jour B. N. H.S. xin, 343)

A pencil note by Andrew Anderson, the well known naturalist of the
seventies, in my copy, of ‘Jerdon’s Birds of India’ is my authority for
stating that Sykes’ Nightjar breeds in the Murree hills. At Bannu
Magrath procured several in September probably on migration (Ibis 1909,
253). In the Eastern Narra, Sindh, Doig recorded the bird as a permanent
resident and it is said to breed there from February to July (S. F. viii
372). Hume procured a single male on the extreme northern border of
Sindh, where the Indus river leaves the Punjab, on the 13th December.

The above records suggest that Sykes’ Nigtjar is a resident in the plains
and a summer visitor to the hill areas of its range, the latter presumably
wintering in the plains with the resident birds. If this deduction is correct
I presume that itis a permanent resident in the Punjab; itis in any case
not common. The only records which I can trace are those of the British
Museum Catalogue and a single bird obtained at the end of October near
Lahore by Currie (Jour. B.N. H. 8. xxiv, 570). The Catalogue includes
2 5 Delhi (no date), Q Bhahawalpur (Feb. 14), 2 ¢ Ambala (Feb.), four
males and a female from Sirsa (February, July), all from the Hume Collec-
tion.

I have only met with this species on three occasions, all in the bed of the
River Sutlej, one at Phillour on 10th May 1910, and a pair shot near Jella-
labad (Ferozepur) on 25th February 1912.

These various dates for the Punjab support the assumption that the bird
is a permanent resident. The call is described by Cumming as like that of
a frog.

THE COMMON INDIAN NIGHTJAR, CAPRIMULGUS
ASIATICUS ASIATICUS, Lati.

The distribution of the Common Indian Nightjar is given in the Fauna
of British India series, “‘ Birds”’, Vol. iii., 187; as from Sind and the Pun-
jab through India and Ceylon, and in Burma as far south as Moulmein. But
since that account was written the birds inhabiting Ceylon have been sepa-
rated under the name of C. asiaticus minor, Parrot (Orn. Monatsbr. 1907,
p. 170) and it is probable that when sufticient material is available the birds
of the remaining areas may require some division into sub-species. In the
meantime our Punjab birds must remain as C. asiaticus asiaticus.

The species has lately been recorded from Southern Tibet, Mipi, Dibang
Valley, 4,800 ft. 13th May 1913, by Capt. Bailey (Jour. B. N. H.S., xxiv. 76).

As regards the Punjab there is but little on record. In Hume’s ‘Nests
and Eggs’ (2nd edition, Vol. iii, 48) Cock records a nest found at
Dharmsala and says ‘The bird does not remain with us during the winter,
but comes up about April and departs about August,” and implies that it is
common.

In the Catalogue of the British Museum I find the following specimens
from the Hume collection, namely two males and a female from Gurgaon
(December and February) and a female from Sirsa (Dec. 14) which is re-
ferred to also in Stray Feathers. (vii. 169). :

Mr. A. H. Marshall, Indian Police, informs me that he shot a specimen
at Silanah jheel, Rohtak District, in September 1910.

Ihave personally met with the species on two occasions. The first of
these was on the 20th November 1914 when 1 shot one from a party of 2 or
3 which were resting in short grass amongst Uck plants in a small grove of
Kikur trees near the Otu jheel, Sirsa. I heard the characteristic call near
Chandighar in Ambala District on the nights of the 25th and 26th March
1916.

368 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XXVII,

Itis not clear from the above whether this Nightjaris a permanent
resident or merely a winter visitor to the plains and its range in the Hima-
layan foot hills should surely be extended.

The call is well described as the sound made by a stone skidding over
ice and is syllabised by Colonel G. F. L. Marshall as ‘“‘Chak-Chak Char-r-rk
and by Jerdon as tyook-tyook-tyook. The latter adds that the bird when
flushed rises with a low chuckle.

FRANKLIN’S NIGHTJAR, CAPRIMULGUS MONTICOLA, Franklin.

Franklin’s Nightjar is found throughout a large portion of the plains of
India, throughout the Lower Himalayas, in portions of Burma and in the
south of China.

As regards our area the information is very deficient. At Thall, Rattray
states that it is common and a permanent resident, and that he found it
breeding plentifully (Jour. B. N. H. 8. xii, 343).

A note by A. E. Jones (Jour. B. N. H.S. Vol. xxvi, 614) warrants the
assumption that it breeds near Simla,

The British Museum Catalogue includes the following specimens from
the Hume collection ; two females and one immature bird from Delhi, male
and female from Gurgaon district, three females and one male from Sirsa.
(all the above without dates), a female from Simla (March) and a male
from Simla (April 15). Certain records by Currie (Jour. B. N. H. 8. Vol.
xxiv, 604) I omit as the birds were not fully identified.

Franklin’s Nightjar, as it so happens, is the member of the genus with
which I am best acquainted in the Punjab.

So far as I have observed the bird, and confirmed my identifications with:
specimens, the bird isa regular autumn passage migrant in some numbers,
arriving and leaving suddenly, and being very local in its appearance. On
these cccasions it is confined to patches of ground where grow large clumps
of the familiar ‘Sirkana’ or Pampas grass, whether such patches are growing
on open sandy plain, around the edge of some jheel or tank or amongst the
embankments of one of the larger railway bridges over our larger rivers.
One such locality may be found full of the birds while similar ones around
are empty. The only one of these patches of which I have been able to
ascertain particulars for more than one year is visited annually, so it is
possible that the birds follow definite lines of flight.

It is perhaps worth while giving details of my observations in case other
observers in the same localities can supplement them,

I have omitted a number of records of single birds, which although they
were probably of this species, were not definitely identified as such.

Ferozepore District, 1912.

Aug. 6th.—R. Sutlej bridge. 4 flushed and Q shot in a patch of thick
grass jungle by pools of water at one portion of the
embankments.

10th—Another female shot from the same patch,
25th—Some still about in the same place.

Hissar District, 1914,

July 24th.—Many reported to me at Hissar.
26th.—Great numbers found in a patch of bush jungle in the Govern-
ment Bir near some flood water from the canal; there
were none in other patches of similar ground. None were
found in this place when I went again on 1st August.
Aug. —An unusual number of Nightjars noted singly during the
month, but none definitely identified.

NOTES ON THE GENUS CAPRIMULGUS IN THE PUNJAB. 369

Sept. 1st.—Many in the grass and bush jungle partly flooded in an old
famine relief work called Rajpura. Three birds were shot
for identification.
13th.—Still common in the same patch of ground and two shot. 1 may
note that this tank is surrounded by much similar ground
yet the Nightjar appeared confined to the tank.
Note—Mr. R. Branford, I.C.S., V.D., Supdt. of Government
Cattle Farm, informed me that Nightjars had become
similarly abundant in July and August 1915 and in
August 1916,

Ludhiana District, 1917,

July 3lst.—A flight of 9 or 10 observed in one portion of a sandy plain
behind Civil Lines, covered with straggling patches of Sirkana
grass, Specimens were shot and found to be heavy in
moult.

Aug. 9th.—Two, apparently of this species, flushed in grass jungle near
the Budhan nala.

10th.—Some on the embankment of the railway bridge at Ladhowal,
one shot.

Sept. 15th.—Two flushed in the same place.

Jhang District, 1919.

Aug. 20th—A solitary female shot from a borrow-pit at the side of the
railway line near Chund bridge.
The call of this Nightjar is said to be very similar to that of C. asiaticus
siaticus, but I have never heard it. When flushed in the day time
individua's utter a low sort of chuckle not easily described.

HORSFIELD’S NIGHTJAR, CAPRIMULGUS MACRURUS
NIPALENSIS, Hartert.

My only definite record of Horsfield’s Nightjar for our area is that in
the British Museum Catalogue of a male from Simla (March 5) in the
Tweeddale Collection. It is there attributed to C. macrurus albonotatus but
since that date the Nepalese and West Himalayan form has been separated
under the name of C. nipalensis. Hume however describes a clutch of eggs
taken at Dharmsala by Captain Cock (N. and E. 2nd Ed. ILI, 44).

G. F. L. Marshall (Jour., Simla N. H. S., 1886, 70) remarks in his descrip-
tion of Simla birds that it “ought to be heard in the valleys near’ but
does not say anything more definite. .

The call is described by Jerdon (in addition to a low chirp, sometimes
emitted on the wing) as the sound of striking a hammer on a plank, but
Marshall (loc. Cit.) says that that gives little idea of the richness and
volume of the sound “ Chounk Chounk,” repeated at intervals.

With reference to the above article on the Nightjars of the Punjab,
appended is a brief summary by Dr. C. B. Ticehurst on the Nightjars of
Sind and Baluchistan so far as there is any information.

SIND.
Caprimulgus mahrattensis—Hume (S. Bo Vols V2)

very rare in Sind and he met with this species on the U
but that he was told Nightjars of sorts were common

23

says Nightjars are
pper Sind Frontier,
round Larkhana,

370 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII.

Mehur and the Munchar. Barnes says this species 18 very common round
Hyderabad breeding in April and May and nests have been found as early
as February. Doig considered it resident on the Narra, nesting on
“ Kuller”’ ground (bare, salt impregnated ground) and he found nests in
May and July. I personally have met with species on several occasions
in Lower Sind and [ consider it to be resident and the Nightjar of Sind.
I found it extremely common on the Narra and Jamrao canals in Decem-
ber, inhabiting jungle. In other places I have met with it in quite open
desert.

Caprimulgus europeus unwint.—-Butler recorded this species as an autumn
passage migrant at Hyderabad during September and October arriving in
August. This species appears to be a regular passage migrant in Lower
Sind, and doubtless in Upper Sind also, on both spring and autumn
passages. It does not so far as I know breed in Sind.

Caprimulgus asiaticus.—Murray records this species at Schwan on Noy-
ember 27th and Butler says it is not uncommon round Schwan in January.
Beyond this I have no knowledge of this species in Sind and I have not
met with it myself, even round Schwan. Why it should be so local and
what its true status is I have no idea.

BALUCHISTAN.

Caprimulyus mahrattensts.—This species appears to be resident in Balu-
chistan in suitable places, but does not appear to occur in the higher
mountainous regions, vz., Kelat-Quetta-Ziarat ranges. Cumming found
it common in Seistan from Aprilto September breeding April-June. It
certainly breeds in the Paff Hills and probably in all the Jower hills of
Baluchistan. It extends westward as far at all events as Bahu Kelat
on the border of Persian Baluchistan.

Caprimulgus europeus unwint.—This is the Nightjar of the higher moun-
tains of Baluchistan to which itis a summer visitor. It breeds round
Chaman in May (Barnes) and certainly must breed in the hills r und
Quetta, Ziart, Mastung, etc., as also in the higher hills round Panjgur in
Central Baluchistan. To the lower hills and coast line as at Ormarsa it
is a spring and autumn passage migrant as in Sind.

Caprimulgus egyptius.—Does not come further east than Bampur in
Persian Baluchistan.

——— =

371

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE OF THE BOMBAY
NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

The Committee of the Bombay Natural History Society have the honour
to submit ies fea te on the operations and progress of the Society
covering a period from the signing of the Armistice i
ae TS, gning mistice in November 1918 to the

The Society was founded on the 15th November 1883 by certain Residents Foundation
of Bombay “ for the purpose of exchanging notes and observations on Zoolog.
and Botany and exhibiting interesting specimens of animal life.” In the
month of May 1885, the Society divided its activities into separate sections to
insure the more scientific treatment of zoological phenomena, and in January
1886 issued, under the editorship of Messrs. R. A. Sterndale and E. H. Aitken
the first number of its now well-known and popular Journal. This publication
has now completed its 26th Volume.

The administration of the institution is directed by a Committee consisting Adminis-
of a President, three Vice-Presidents, an Honorary Secretary, Honorary tration
Treasurer, and twelve members. The Museum and Library are in the charge
of a Curator. The Editorship of the Journal is in the hands of the Honorary
Secretary who is assisted by joint Editors.

The following is the Personnel of the management for the current year :—

President.—
H. E. The Right Hon’ble Sir George Lloyd, G.C.I.E., D.S.O.

Vice-Presidents.—
Mr. J. D. Inverarity, B.A., LL.B.
The Hon’ble Sir Norman MacLeod, Kt., Chief Justice of Bombay.
H. H. The Maharao of Cutch, G.C.S.1., G.C.LE.

Honorary Secretary.—
Mr. R. A. Spence.

Honorary Treasurer.—
Mr. H. F. Lodge, M.C.

Honorary Editors.—
Mr. W. S. Millard, Mr. R. A. Spence, and Mr. S. H. Prater.

Curator—
Mr. B. C. Ellison; Mr. 8. H. Prater (Acting).

Managing Committee.—
Mr. T. Bainbrigge Fletcher, F.E.S. ; Mr. T. R. Bell, C.LE., LF.S. (retd.) ;
Rev. E. Blatter, S.J., F.L.S., Mr. E. Comber, F.Z.S. ; Col. G. H. Evans,
C.L.E., F.L.S.; Lt.-Col. W. H. Evans, R.E.; Lt.-Col. J. EH. B. Hotson,
7/A-B..0., C.B.E. (1.C.8.); Mr. C. M. Inglis, M.B.O.U.; Prof. V. N. Hate ;
Major F. C. Fraser, M.D., I.MLS. ; Lt.-Col. W. Glen Liston, C.I-E., I-M.S.;
Mr. F. Ludlow, I.E.S.; Mr. F. M. Macwood; The Hon’ble Mr. P. J. Mead,
C.LE., I.C.S.; Mr. H. P. Macnaghten, B.A.; Mr W. S. Millard, F.Z.S.; Mr. P.
M. D. Sanderson ;; Lt.-Col. F. Wall, I.M.S., C.M.G., C.M.Z.S.; Lt.-Col. H. J.
Walton, I.M.S., C.M.Z.S. and Mr. John Wallace, C.E.

At the outbreak of War the number of members on the roll was 1,600. At Members.
the date of the Armistice the number was 1,775. On the Ist July 1920 the
nominal roll stood at 1,841 but of these 499 had not paid their annual subscrip-
tion for 1920. Included in the list of members are 102 life members who
have compounded in one lump sum.

The Society takes its title from its origin and es
of Bombay, but its membership is spread throughout India,
The roll of members includes also a number of learned Societies
resident in Europe, America, Africa and Australia.

tablishment in the City Title.
Burma and Ceylon.
and individuals

Subscription
and Entr-
ance Fee.

Collections.

Grant from
Govern-

ment.

Treasurer's
Report for
year 1919.

Mammal
Survey.

372 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIS1, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII,

The entrance feeis Rs. 10 and the annual subscription is Rs. 15 for which
members receive the Society’s Journals, post free, and the assistance of the
Society on questions dealing with Natural History, and the identification of
specimens and advice in the making of private collections. Suggestions of
vemedial measures in connection with House and Garden pests and supervision
and advice in connection with the setting up and mounting of game trophies
are among the advantages enjoyed by its members.

MUSEUM AND LIBRARY.

The Society’s Museum contains 4,330 specimens of Mammals, 6,000 Birds,
3,200 Birds’ Eggs, 3,700 Reptiles and Fishes, and 27,000 other Invertebrates in
addition to Botanical specimens. The average monthly additions total
about 80. The majority of the specimens are classified and arranged. The
Society possesses a valuable reference Library containing over 1,000 Volumes
mainly devoted however to the Natural History of the Oriental Region. The
Museum is open to members and their friends from 10 A.M. to 6 P.M. on week
days and 10 a.m. to 3 p.m. on Sundays and holidays.

FINANCE.

The Society is almost entirely supported by the annual subscriptions of
its members. It receives in addition an annual grant of Rs. 5,000, from the
Government of Bombay. The Museum unfortunately suffers greatly from the
Society’s limited income.

The Honorary Treasurer’s report for the year ending December 1919 is
appended :—

“Mr. H. F. Lodge, the Honorary Treasurer, in presenting the accounts for
the year ended 31st December 1919, said that a copy of the audited balance
sheet was on the table for inspection of members and this would as usual be
published in the Society’s Journal. The following however were the main
features of the accounts for the past year. On the Ist January 1919 the Society
opened with a credit balance of Rs. 14,727-5-8 and during the year this figure
decreased to Rs. 14,297-11-8, the cash balance shown on the 3lst December
1919. The receipts during the year under review amounted to Rs. 33,767-4-8
which shows a decrease of Rs. 2,203, when compared with the corresponding
figures of the previous year. The expenditure during the year 1919 amounted
to Rs. 34,196-14-8 and this figure shows an increase of Rs. 9,719-10-11 over
the corresponding figures for 1918.

The increase in expenditure was easily understood as the Society in common
with every other institution had lately had to pay considerably more for every
thing required to carry on its work. In spite of this the Society had not in-
creased the annual subscription which remains at Rs. 15 and it was hoped
to avoid having todo so. Indications for 1920 pointed to the fact that ex-
penditure generally would be still further increased and to counteract the
rise in prices every effort ought to be made to increase the revenue of the
Society and this can best be done by the enrolment of new members. It is
therefore hoped that members would do their best to interest their friends who
were not already membersin the work of the Society with a view to their
being enrolled as members.

As regards the Mammal Fund the balance at the commencement of the year
was Rs. 8,684-7-2 and the closing balance Rs. 12,389-2-5.”

EXPLORATION AND RESEARCH.

The most important work taken up in this connection has been the Mammal
Survey of India, Burma and Ceylon. The Survey was instituted in the year

: ‘peyIOM SUteg MOU SzPOTIQSI(] BALOYS ON[G] Pornoloo uoIWOg
‘oaang [emmy oy Aq poxloA uoeq Apvodale oaAvY YOIYA SzOIy4si(] SMOYS poy PeINO[oo UCIBIOd

oquiojon 94

|

ulydo>)

Q
a) OpSaniper2e4
o

| 7 V,\?

wisassoug 4

: eee
Pe
a { Y eV

peqeqoser

oor oof O02 OO!
“S3TIW HSITINA

BTA, MOWECINE,

2s

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE. 373

1912 with the object of making as complete a study as possible of the occur-
rence and distribution of mammals found in India, Burma and Ceylon and
with the further object of supplementing the collection of Indian Mammals at
the Society's Museum and the British Museum as well as the collections of
other Museums and scientific establishments in India.

The funds necessary for the promotion of this work were obtained principally
through individual subscription and through grants provided by various
Governments. The European War put an end to this Mammal Survey so far
as work done by collectors in the employment of the Society was concerned,
as the four collectors employed—Messrs. Shortridge, Mayor, Crump and
Macmillan—joined the Military forces of the Empire at the earliest oppor-
tunity, Capt. Macmillan laying down his life at Ypres and Mr. Crump, who
obtained the M. C., being severely wounded.

The interest of the Society in a systematic collection of the smaller mammals
was not however overlooked by the members of the Society. From the nature
of the War many members who were active contributors were collecting
outside or on the very borders of the territory selected for the scope of the
Mammal Survey, and good collections were received from Lt.-Col. J. E. B.
Hotson, I.C.8., [.A.R.O., in Mekran and Persia, Capt. Ingoldby, R.A.M.C., in
Waziristan, Mr. J. P. Mills, I.C.8., in Assam, and from many members in Meso-
potamia—especially Sir Percy Cox, K.C.S.I., Major R. E. Cheesman and Lt.-Col.
F. P. Connor.

The demobilisation of men after the signing of peace enabled the Society
to resume the work of the Mammal Survey so far as that was done by collectors
definitely engaged for the purpose. None of the old collectors still alive has
so far been able to return but in the autumn of 1919, Mr. H. W. Wells com-
menced work in Assam on the borders between India and China.

Though the difficulties of collecting are greater in Assam perhaps than any-
where else in India, and are particularly difficult to a newcomer, this part
of the country was selected as the scientific results to be obtained from a
systematic survey are likely to be greater here than anywhere else in India.
Difficulties would moreover be lessened through the help to be obtained from
members of the Society resident in Assam and particular thanks are due in
this respect to the Hon’ble Sir Nicholas Beatson Bell, K.C.I.E., C.S.L,
Mr. J. P. Mills, 1.C.S., Mrs. Jackson, Mr. L. Bishop, Capt. Wesede: cl
Ballantine, Mr. H. O. Allen, Mr. A. Locket, Mr. A. M. Primrose and Mr. A. J,
W. Milroy.

The Government of Assam kindly made a grant of Rs. 1,000 towards the
expenses of the Survey, and Government officials have at all times given all
the help and assistance possible to our collector.

The results of the Mammal Survey so far as the discovery of new Genera
and Species, and sub-species are concerned are referred to under the heading
“Publications ” at the end of this report. :

The work of the Mammal Survey has now been carried on in Upper Sind
Frontier (Mr. 8. H. Prater), Cutch and Kathiawar and Gujarat (Mr. C. A.
Crump), Satara and Ratnagiri Districts (Mr. S. H. Prater), S. Kanara and
Mysore (Mr. G. C. Shortridge), Madura (Mr. S. H. Prater), Almora (Mr. C. A.

_ Crump), Gwalior (Major E. W. Mayor), East Khandesh, Berars and part of the
Central Provinces (Mr. C. A. Crump), Bihar and Orissa and the Midnapore
District of Bengal (Mr. C. A. Crump), Sikkim and Darjeeling and the Bengal
Terai (Mr. C. A. Crump), the Chindwin River, South Shan States, Dry Zone,
Burma, Mergui and Tenasserim (Mr. G. C. Shortridge and Capt. Macmillan)
the Pegu District, Burma (Mr. J. M. D. Mackenzie), Ceylon (Major E. W.

_ Mayor). By a" d

__ For easy reference a map showing the districts already collected in is rade :

ed hereto. The area worked up to the Armistice 1s coloured in red. e

The Indian
Desert.

Persia and
Baluchistan.

Mesopota-
mia.

Indian Avi-
fauna.

374 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. X XVII,

parts now being worked are coloured in blue. Assistants are being trained
for the work and it is hoped that this year the Society will be in a position
to take advantage of the offer of H. H. The Maharaja Scindia of Gwalior to
give facilities to our Collector to work in and round Sipri where the red and
black soils meet, and also of the very valuable offer by Dr. Anandale, the
Director of the Zoological Survey of India, to give assistance toa collector
working round the shores of the Chilka Lake in Orissa where Dr. Anandale
has a bungalow and has himself already obtained very valuable scientific
results from collections of fresh water fauna.

For purposes of scientific classification, all material collected by the Society’s
Mammal collectors is sent to England to the British Museum where it is arranged
and classified by those who have made a life-long study of Mammals from
all parts of the world. After satisfying the requirements of the National Museum
the collections will be returned to the Society who will distribute the surplus
named specimens amongst various Museums in India and elsewhere.

The Results of the Survey in the shape of “‘ Scientific Results” and “Reports”
are written at the British Museum by Mr. Oldfield Thomas, F.R.S., and Mr. R.
C. Wroughton, formerly Inspector General of Forests in India, and are pub-
lished in the Society’s Journal. Mr. Wroughton has also published a ° Sum-
mary of the Results of the Mammal Survey’ which brings the work on
‘Mammalia’ in the “Fauna of British India Series” more or less up to
date so far as small mammals are concerned. The Volume published in the
above series having been issued so long ago as 1891 had for many years
become obsolete. In this respect the Survey has already proved its great
usefulness.

Besides our work on Mammals, the Society was able to publish most ex-
haustive reports on the Flora of the Indian Desert, including observations
on the Geology and Meteorology of what is described as the least known of the
Indian Plains. The thanks of the Society are due to Rev. H. Blatter, 8.J.,
and Prof. F. Hallberg for their exertions in this connection. Father Blatter
and Prof. Hallberg, accompanied by Mr. 8. H. Prater of this Society, had
moreover in 1915 made a trip through the High Wavy Mountains in the Madura
District, Southern India, from which good Botanical and Zoological results
were obtained.

Through the Agency of Col. J. E. B. Hotson, C.B.E., I.C.S., I.A.R.O., very
valuable and interesting collections of mammals, birds, reptiles and plants have
been made in the above countries. The advancement in our knowledge of the
fauna and flora of these regions, due to the systematic collecting of Col. Hotson,
is shewn to some extent in the number of new genera and species discovered
by him, and the information gained as to the geographical distribution and
range of species in these little known tracts.

During the War a large number of contributions were received from members
serving with the forces in Mesopotamia. The contributions include valuable
collections of Mammals, Birds, Reptiles and Insects. These collections are
now being worked out by experts in England, and the results of their researches
will be published in the forthcoming issues of the Journal. At the request
of the Civil Commissioner, Bagdad, it has been decided to collect the various
papers at the close of the series and issue them as a separate publication.
As such it will constitute a valuable work on the Fauna of the country.

We have to record the exceedingly valuable work done by Mr. E. C. Stuart
Baker in the preparation of a “Hand List of the Birds of British India ” to be
issued by the Society in a similar form to the “Hand List of British Birds”
published by the British Ornithologists’ Union. Oates and Blanford published
their books on Birds in the Fauna of British India series between 1888 and
1898. The considerable amount of research work done since that period,
together with the introduction of the trinomial system, has altered a number

a

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE. 375

of the names and rendered Oates and Blanford, until amended in this respect,
of little value to the Ornithologist. Mr. Stuart Baker’s work goes far towards
making good this defect.
Further, with a view to showing the distribution of birds in India, the follow-
ing lists have been published during the period under review :—
The Birds of Prey of the Punjab. By C. H. Donald, F.Z.S.
Sia a a Ludhiana District, Punjab. By H. Whistler, M.B.0.U.,
A List of Birds found in the Simla Hills. By A. E. Jones.
A Tentative List of the Vertebrates of the Jalpaiguri District, Bengal
(With Plates) By C. M. Inglis and others.

PUBLICATIONS.

The Society’s Journal published during the period under review contained
the following contributions to Scientific Biology :—

THE SCIENTIFIC RESULTS OF THE MAMMAL SurvEY No. 18, By Martin C.
‘Hinton AnD Nos. 19, 20 anp 21, By OLpFieLD Tuomas, F.B.S., R.C.
WROUGHTON AND WINIFRED M. Davipson.

Martin Hinton’s paper comprises a report on House Rats of India. It is
based on the enormous amount of material collected by the Survey and is a
valuable monograph on the distribution and races of the genus Rattus in India.

Mr. Oldfield Thomas’ papers form a synopsis of the groups of True Mice
found within the Indian Empire and deal with new species of Mammals found
in Baluchistan and N. W. India.

The 21 papers on the Mammal Survey hitherto published comprise
descriptions of 6 New Genera, 68 New Species and 83 New Sub-species.

SUMMARY OF THE RESULTS FROM THE INDIAN Mammal SURVEY OF THE
BompBay Naturat History Society, Parts, 2, 3, 4 anp5. By R. C.
WrovcutTon, F.Z.S., M.B.0.U.

Mr. Wroughton’s papers are a revision of the present day genera, species
and geographical distribution of Indian Mammalia in special reference to
Blanford’s Volume on Mammalia in the Fauna of British India series,

A New Spectzs or Nesoxta FRoM Musoporamia, BY OLDFIELD THOMAS,

F.RB.S.
Some New Mammats rrom MesoporaMia, BY OLDFIELD THomas, F.R.S.
These papers deal with descriptions of new mammals obtained by the
Society’s members in Mesopotamia and are published by permission of the
Trustees of the British Museum.

Asratic Sraruines By Capt. C. B. Trcenurst, R.A.M.C.
The paper deals with the classification and geographical races of the Genus
Sturnus found in Asia.
A MESOPOTAMIAN BULBUL, BY CaPT., C. B. TICEHURST. R.A.M.C.
On a new sub-species of Bulbul obtained by the author at Basra.
SuprpLEMENTARY Nores oN InpIAN Birps By B. B. OsmasToNn C.1.E., I B.S.
The article is written on special reference to certain errors and omissions
in the Volumes on Birds in the Fauna of British India series.

Description or A New SNAKE OF THE GENUS ConmTIA (B. AND G.) FROM
Persia By G. A. BouLencer, F.R.S.
ON A COLLECTION OF SNAKES MADE IN THE NILGIRI HILiLs AND THE Ap-
JACENT WyNAAD. Part l anp 2. By Cot. F. Watt, LMS., CAMLG. i
Col. Wall’s paper is based on a collection of 1699 snakes comprising
different species, one of which is new to science. f
Nores on Inpran Burrerrtiss, By Lr.-Cou. W. H. Evans, R.E., B.ES.
These articles are written with a view to bringing up to date our information
on Indian Butterflies and are continued from the previous Volume.

General Bio-
logy.

Economic
Biology.

Popular Art-
icles.

Chart for
identifica-
tion of poi-

sonous

Indian

Snakes. ~

376 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII.

Inp1an DrAconFiies—-Parts IIT, IV, V anp VI. By Magor F.C. Fraszr,
I.M.S.

The papers are intended primarily to give a brief outline of the Anatomy
and Biology of Indian Dragonflies and subsequently a description of the various
families, genera and forms found within Indian limits.

THE CYPERACEE OF THE BomBay PresipeNcy—Part IJ. By L. J.
SEep@wick, I.C.S.

The papers provide a more up to date flora of this family (Rushes) adding
20 new species to the number given by T. Cooke in his work on the Flora of the
Bombay Presidency.

A REVISION OF THE INDIAN SPECIES OF RoTALA AND AmMANNIA. By HE.
BLATTER AND PRor. HaLtBERG—ParrT II.

The articles are published with a view to correcting the many mistakes as to
identification, description and synonymy which have crept into the more recent
works on Indian Botany and amplify the number and description of species.
as contained in the papers by Clarke on Indian Lytharacea in Hooker’s Flora of
British India (Vol. II, 1879).

Some SoutH Inpran Coccrps or Economic ImporTANCE, BY T. V. RAMA-
KRISHNA Ayar, B.A., F.E.S., F.Z.S. GOVERNMENT ENTOMOLOGIST, MADRAS.

Describes 33 species of Coccids inhabiting 8. India, with special reference
to these as Garden and Orchard pests.

EXPECTED PLAGUE OF FIELD Rats IN 1920 By L. J. Sepewicr, I.C.S.,
with A Norst sy Mr. N. B. Kinnear.

Written in special reference to the recrudescence of plague of Field Rats
in years immediately followimg periods of famine withanote by Mr. N. B.
Kinnear containing suggestions and recommendations in regard to the above.

Articles of popular interest have been contributed by Mr. E.C. Stuart Baker,
in his serial on the Game Birds of India. Mr. 'T. R. Bell in his articles on the
Common Butterflies of India, and Lt.-Col. F. Wall, whose work on Common
Indian Snakes is concluded in the present Volume. In addition to the above
a number of interesting articles and notes on the Indian Fauna and Flora are
published. These articles are a contribution to the Society’s principal object,
which is the spread of knowledge and the awakening of popular interest in
Nature study in this country.

EDUCATIONAL.

The past eighteen months have been of considerable importance as marking
a definite stage in the career of the Society. Hitherto the Society had existed
for the benefit of members and the spread of knowledge in regard to the Na-
tural History of India amongst those interested. During the period reported
on, the Society has extended its scope of work so as to include that of interesting
the unlearned in the Natural History of India and indicating means by which
a knowledge of Natural History can be of practical value to every one in the
vast Empire of India.

Medical research has secured to us a sure remedy against death from the bite
of a Cobra or a Russell’s Viper. Statistics however tell us how often people
in this country die from the bite of a non-poisonous snake through fright alone.
The provision of easy, yet accurate, methods of identification between the
poisonous and non-poisonous snakes of India has therefore for a long
time been a great desideratum. The Society provided this so far as the
medical profession and scientifically trained people were concerned when they
published in 1907 Lt.-Col. Wall’s “Treatise on Poisonous Terrestrial Snakes
of the Indian Empire.” New editions of this work were published in 1913
and 1917. In 1919 Lt. Hayes suggested that Col. Wall’s book might be
simplified so as to enable a key distinguishing between the poisonous and non-
poisonous snakes of India to be published in Chart form. His idea was elabor-
ated by Mr. 8. H. Prater of the Society’s Museum and approved by Col. Wall.

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE. 377

The chart is being printed in England and, by the means of simple diagrams
ana letterpress, enables individuals with no previous experience of the subject
to recognise the | poisonous snakes found in India. It has been adopted for
the use of Hospitals, Dispensaries and Schools by the Bombay Government
and most of the Provincial Governments in India. It is proposed to print the
charts in the various vernaculars to meet the needs of the primary schools in the
different provinces.

The introduction of charts descriptive of the indigenous Fauna and Flora
which will help Indian students to obtain a more intimate knowledge of wild
life in India would be a decided advantage. Nature study as hitherto taught
in Schools in India deals for the most part with animals and plants not found in
this country. This is partly due to the want of suitable literature on the subject,
andto remedy this defect the Committee is considering the publication of
a series of illustrated charts with short descriptions on :—

Common Indian Birds.

Common Indian Animals.
Common Indian Butterflies.
Common and Useful Indian Plants.

Further steps in this connection are the giving of lectures on Natural History
subjects to various schools, these lectures to be illustrated where possible with
lantern slides. The Committee of the Society is prepared to render all possible
assistance in this connection and they are glad to report that one of their number,
Col. Glen Liston, C.I.E., I.M.S., has already been giving lectures on popular
and useful Natural History subjects to Teachers in High Schools in Bombay
with a view to helping them when teaching nature study to their pupils.

With a view to still further co-operating with the Educational Departments
connected with the Local and Provincial Governments in India the Society
proposes to prepare educational charts for the use of schools, the Health Depart-
ment of Municipalities and other Institutions as well as the general public.
These charts will convey information on subjects which intimately concern
the health and well-being of residents in India. With this object the Society
is arranging descriptive charts on the following subjects :—

The House Fly as a danger to health.

Mosquitoes—in connection with Malaria.

The Louse—and its relation to Disease.

The Bed-bug and how to deal with it.

House Rats as enemies of mankind. ;

These charts will contain diagrams and simple descriptions together with
recommendations for the preventive measures to be adopted against these pests.

FORTHCOMING PUBLICATIONS BY THE SOCIETY.

Inpran Ducks anp Tuer Atuies, By E. C. Sruart Baker, F.Z.5., M.B.
O.U. 2np EDITION, REVISED AND ENLARGED, WITH 31 COLOURED PLATES, BEING
Vou. 1 oF THE GAME Brrps oF INDIA. '

The first edition reprinted from the Journal of the Bombay Natural History
Society and published in 1908 was sold out within a short period. To meet
the widespread demand for a work which appeals both to the Sportsman and
Naturalist, the Society have decided to bring out a second edition. The asl
press has been revised and brought up to date and an additional plate illus-
trating the various species of swans occurring in India is included in the present
issue.

Tse Game BirpsorInpta (SNIPE, BUSTARD, Sanperovse). Vou. II., BY
E. C. Stuart Baxer, F.Z.S., M.B.O.U. or é

Reprinted from the Bombay Natural History Society's Journal with r
coloured Plates by H. Gronvold and other illustrations. The Series
be completed in four volumes. Vol. [II containing the Pheasants and Vol.
the Partridges.

24

Nature
study in
schools.

Lectures.

Educational
charts.

378 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol, XXVII.

Patms oF British INDIA AND Ceyton. By Revp. E. BLAtTrer, 8.J., F.L.S.

Reprinted from the Bombay Natural History Society’s Journal and profusely
illustrated with over a hundred photographs and a large number of text blocks.
The Volume deals with the Palms of India, Burma and Ceylon, both indigenous
and introduced and contains interesting accounts of History, Uses, and legends
attached to this interesting order in a manner that would appeal both to the
botanist and the general reader.

Hanp List or BirpDs OF THE INDIAN Empire. By H. C. Stuart Baker, F.Z.S.

Hanp List or SNAKES OF THE INDIAN Emprre. By Col. F. Wall, C.M.G., I.M.S.

Fauna or Musoporamts. A series of articles on Mammals, Birds, Reptiles and

dishes of Mesopotamia by various authors.
PAST PUBLICATIONS BY THE SOCIETY.

The following are still available :—

THE Poisonous TERRESTRIAL SNAKES OF THE BrivisH InpriA. Price Rs. 2

to Members and Rs. 3 to non-members.

List of INDIAN ButTerRFiies. Price Rs. 2.

Woop DESTROYING WuiItTE ANTS OF THE BomBAY PRESIDENCY. Price Re. 1.

CATALOGUE OF THE Society's Liprary. Price Rs. 2.

THE Fiora AND FauNnA OF MATHERAN AND MAHABLESHWAR. Pric2 Re. 1.

THE Soctety’s JourNAL from No.1 published in 1886 to date. Back-
numbers and occasionally complete sets are obtainable from the Secretary to
whom application should be made.

THE SOCIETY’S JOURNAL.
Future numbers will contain the following :—
Papers on Game Birds of India, Burma & Ceylon. By E. C. Stuart Baker—
(continued).
55 Common Butterflies of the Plains of India. By T. R. Bell.—
(continued).
es Flora of the India Desert. By Rev. E. Blatter, S. J., & Prof.
Hallberg—(continued).
55 Indian Dragon Flies. By Major F. M. Fraser, M.D., J.M.S—
(continued).
WANT OF MUSEUM ACCOMMODATION.

The want of space in the Society’s Rooms renders it difficult for the Society’s
Museum to take even to a limited extent the part so splendidly played in the
cause of education by the National Museum at Home. The Committee would
draw attention here to the proposals agreed to by the members of the Society
and placed before the Trustees of the Prince of Wales’ Museum of Western
India whereby, without in any way sacrificing the individuality of the Society
and its work in Scientific research, the collections of the Society would be housed
in a public museum and arranged so that the full educational value of the col-
lections would be available to the general public and to students in particular.

It is greatly to be regretted that such slow progress is being made with the
carrying out of the scheme.

CONCLUSION.

The Committee cannot close this report without expressing their deep sense
of the obligation the Society owes to Mr. W. S. Millard who resigned this year
his positions as Honorary Secretary and Editor. Mr. Millard had been connected
with the Society since 1888 and to him and Mr. Phipson the enlargement of the
scope of the Society’s work is largely due. The Committee have also to report
with great regret the resignation of Mr, N. B. Kinnear who had been in
charge of the Society’s collections since 1907 and one of the Editors of the
Society’s Journal and who also acted as Joint Honorary Secretary during Mt.
Millard’s absence.

R. A. SPENCE,
Honorary Secretary.

379

EDITORIAL.

In the preceding pages of thisnumber there appears a report of the work of this
Society since the Armistice. The report was originally written with the
idea that Government and other Natural History Societies and Institu-
tions should know what this Society had been doing, was doing, and intended
to do, but subsequently recognising that it was first and foremost necessary
that the members of the Society should be kept thoroughly acquainted with
the work of the Society, whichthey maintain through their subscriptions, the
Committee decided to publish the reportin the Journal. It will, we hope, prove
of interest.

Before this Journal is issued members will all have been made aware of the
proposals to transfer part of the Museum of this Society from its old quarters
in Apollo Street to the premises of the Prince of Wales’ Museum in Bombay.
Until the original idea of building a Natural History wing to the existing Prince
of Wales Museum building is carried into effect—and for want of money it is
unlikely that this will be effected for several years—the offices and work of the
Society will be carried on in the old premises. The change will not affect the
interests of members in any way, nor the personal relation which has for so long
existed between the upcountry members and the Committee in Bombay. What
the change will bring about, itis hoped, is that the collections to which mem-
bers have contributed in the past, and which we believe members will contri-
bute to in the future, will be better looked after than it is now possible to
look after them in our crowded quarters. With better Museum accommodation
we should be able to be of more assistance to members who wish to work out
their own collections, or have them worked out for them, and we shall be
able to let others have some benefit from the interesting exhibits which have
been received from our members during the course of nearly forty years.
Naturalists are the least selfish of men and it must have been a source of regret
to many that the valuable collections this Society possesses have, for reasons
outside its own control, been inaccessible to the general public, and for the
matter of that to the general run of members.

Before touching on the work of the Society’s Mammal Survey during the
past few months, the Editors have been asked by the Committee to express
their thanks, and the thanks of all the members of the Society, to General His
Excellency Maharaja Sir Chandra Shumshere Jung Bahadur Rana, G.C.B.,
G.C.S.1., G.C.M.G., ete., Prime Minister of Nepal, for his kindness in allowing
one of our trained Indian collectors to work in Nepal. Owing to this permission
we have been able to send a qualified skinner, who was trained in Natural
History work by Mr. Kinnear, to work under Col. R. L. Kennion in Nepal.
It is a piece of good fortune which we had long hoped for but had not dared to
ask for until we were able to do so through the instrumentality of Col. Kennion,
whose interest in Natural History is so well known. Since Brian Hodgson
collected in Nepal from 1830 to 1845 the country has been practically unworked,
para-types of his original type specimens are badly wanted by the British
Museum and other Museums, and the results of His Highness’ permission
should be most valuable.

Mr. Wells is still carrying on the work of the Survey in Assam and we are
very grateful to Mr. A. J. W. Milroy, one of our members, who has afforded
Mr. Wells the opportunity of accompanying him on a journey into the Cachar
Hills, where, with Mr. Milroy’s assistance, it is hoped he will be able to do some
very useful collecting in country which without the personal assistance of
officials it would be practically impossible for him to travel in. Reha -

The statement has, we believe, been made that the work of the Society's
Mammal Survey supplants and undertakes work which has so far been done

880 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XX VII,

and would be done by amateurs as a relaxation from their ordinary duties.
Far from doing this however the Society's Mammal Survey assists, and will
assist, the amateur naturalist, and we think those who had the pleasure of
meeting Capt. G.C. Shortridge in the course of his work for the Society will
bear this out. At present Mr. Wells is learning and depends for help on our
members, and our collectors must always depend for help on these, but the
results ofthe Survey give members information of great value as to the
animals found in various districts, and help by pointing out problems
on which more information is wanted. The survey is intended to guide the
amateur worker into channels where his co-operation will have the best effect.

The Society invites the assistance of its members, especially of those who
have the opportunities at their disposal for studying and making collections
of animal life in localities which are not readily accessible, to co-operate in
making the Mammal Survey an outstanding success. In his introduction
to the ‘“‘Summary of the Results of the Mammal Survey,” Mr. Wroughton
points out the direction in which help can best be given, and he suggests that
what are required are a series of skins from the fauna which surrounds the
collector and that a series of skins of a single species of mammals, from a given
locality, is very much more valuable than single specimens. The Society will
always be ready to help members who are willing to assist in the work with advice
on methods of collecting, etc. It would further be prepared to loan the services
of a trained skinner in cases where members are in a position to make full use
of his services. It is not only in the department of mammals that the assistance
of members is sought, the same may be said of birds, fishes, reptiles and
mollusca.

Science is greatly indebted to the work of amateurs, and their services in its
cause are commented upon by Prof. T. A. D. Cockerell in his article on English
Naturalists in ‘ Natural History’ the Journal of the American Museum of
Natural History. ‘“‘Men who spent their leisure moments in the study of
plants, insects, birds, or fossils, forming Societies and organizing excursions,
everywhere worshipping at the shrine of Nature and gathering data for the
advancement of knowledge.” He avers that love for Nature was inculcated
in these men by the excellent sources for information available to the youthful
naturalist in England. “‘ There were elementary ‘ Natural Histories’ suited
even for children, with good coloured illustrations. For those a little older,
shilling books furnished guides to the butterflies, beetles, common objects
of the country side, common objects of the sea shore. In addition to which
the facilities afforded by local museums with the collections of the local fossils,
insects and other objects made the would-be naturalist independent of formal
instruction and enabled him to puzzle out things for himself.”

A comparison of these conditions with the deplorable state of affairs pre-
vailing in this country will in some measure account for the prevailing apathy
among Indians in general for work of this nature. There are a few brilliant
exceptions, but, alas, remarkably few.

The course of Nature Study prescribed in Indian Schools is retarded by the
want of suitable literature describing the fauna and flora of the country in which
the pupils live. As a general rule the books and explanatory charts at the
service of the teacher deal with animal and plant life not met with in this country.

The report of the working of the Society for the past period makes reference
to the future policy of the Society as regards its co-operation with the teaching
body in this country by the publication of charts dealing with animals and
plants commonly met with in India. Their introduction into Indian schools
would tend to rouse the interest of the Indian pupil in the natural life which
surrounds him and should develop in him a desire for further study and research.

EDITORIAL, 2g]

There is a great dearth of readable books on Indian Natural History subjects,
the standard works so far published are admirable in themselves but pre-
suppose a knowledge of the subject on the part of the reader and as such are
unsuited to the majority of the public.

In making a plea for Scientific Literature such as could be read and assimilated
by the ordinary layman we would quote the words of the late President Roosevelt
who was, among many other things, an ardent naturalist : ‘‘ Very few scien-
tists have written interestingly and these few have usually felt apologetic
about it. Yet sooner or later the time will come when the mighty
sweep of modern scientific discovery will be placed by scientific men with
the gift of expression at the service of intelligent and cultivated laymen. In-
deed I believe that already science has owed more than it suspects to the
unconscious literary power of some of its representatives, for instance in regard
TAMEAPUMMEEELMIN, aicta/ol jelous lode visio es eas where their predecessors have created
hardly a riple Darwin and Huxley succeeded in effecting a complete revolution
in the thought of the age. I believe that the chief explanation of the difference
was very simple in that Darwin wrote what was interesting to read.”

It is not too much to hope that Roosevelt’s prophecy will bz fulfilled and
that the time will come when the scientist will write not alone for his brother
scientist but also for the wider brotherhood of his fellowmen. This hope has
already been fulfilled not only in this Journal but in others and in this con-
nection we would invite attention to the very interesting article on Some
Parasitic Flies written by Harold Russell in the July number of the Quarterly
Review. We hope to induce Mr. Harold Russell to write on the subject of
Indian Parasitic Flies in this Journal.

The Society receives from time to time not only the Journals of learned Socie-
ties, but also Government publications of various kinds and from various coun-
tries. From the supplement to Tur FreprratED Matay STATE GOVERNMENT
WAZETTE we extract the following :—

Zoological Expeditions. The expenditure on Museums during the year
amounted to $35,483. Expeditions for zoological purposes were made to Pen-
insular Siam, to the Endau and Kumpin Rivers in Pahang, to the “One
Fathom Bank ” off the Selangor coast, to Pulau Jarak in the Straits of Malacca,
and to Sarawak. The expedition to Peninsular Siam was one of considerable
importance, and produced large results, several new species being comprised
in the collections, while the expedition to Sarawak resulted in the addition ot
some 1,600 specimens of vertebrates, many of which are of great rarity. v4

Botanical Work. A very extensive Botanical collection from lower Siam
was forwarded during the year to the Royal Botanical Gardens at Kew, but
little other work was done in this branch, partly owing to the pre-occupation
of the staff with zoological work, and partly to the enormously increased cost
of paper, of which large quantities are required for botanical work. i

Public Health. The work done by the Malaria Bureau was severely handi-
capped by the sickness which is the unavoidable concomitant of such work,
but much valuable information was collected. The great amount of field work
done, in spite of sickness and shortage of staff, is indicated by the following
figures :—.

Breeding places found and examined nae
Larvee identified microscopically wae

Adults bred out and identified .. re oe SA

Much increased interest in the work of the Bureau has been shown by outside
workers and others.

An interesting and somewhat disturbing question raised in the course 3 be
field work during the last two years is as to whether there is not - sone
of domesticating the Anopholine as a result of anti-malarial ee a cess
age work as at present carried on. During the whole of 1913 Anopholines were

382 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII,

only found eight times in artificial breeding places such as disused tins, broken
jars, etc., and the surroundings in which the eight cases occurred suggested the
idea that it was the destruction of neighbouring natural breeding grounds which
had driven the insects to artificial breeding places commonly found close to
human dwellings. Much more information must be collected before it can be
decided whether this idea represents a real danger or is a mere chimera.

Turning from the publication of others to those of our own Society we are
glad to record the completion of arrangements for the publication of the first
volume of Game Birds, which is the second edition of Indian Ducks, and
of the second volume of Game Birds which comprises the Snipe, Bustard
and Sand Grouse, and also of the Snake Chart. Full particulars of these have
been issued to all members and the subscription list opened to members has
been well filled. Unfortunately owing to increased prices at home and the
fall in exchange the estimated cost of production will be considerably
exceeded. Difficulties at home have delayed publication but owing to
Mr. Millard’s energy these will be overcome. His labours have not been light-
ened by a continual stream of instructions from Bombay. One of the last of
these was considered a very valuable one—so much so that it was sent: by
cable. It consisted of advice received from a medical member of the Society
who had experienced much trouble from the destructive agency of rats and
white ants and his advice was that the linen, varnish and roller of the
Snake Chart should be preserved by poison against the voracious appetite of
these pests. Despite Mr. lLefroy’s help this has proved too much for the
English publisher and the idea has had to be abandoned.

A good many enquiries have been received for vernicular editions of the
Snake Chart and arrangements are being made for these to be printed and
issued on the Society’s behalf by the Oxford University Press. It is hoped that
this Press will be able to collaborate with the Society in the issue of Nature
Science Charts for schools in India.

The Committee have to record with great regret the death, the result of an
accident, of Mr. E. L. Sale, I.C.8., who was Honorary Treasurer of the Society
in 1912 and was always keenly interested in its welfare. He will be greatly
missed by a wide circle of friends.

It is also with great regret that they have to report the death of Mr. F. M.
Howlett of the Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa. Mr. Howlett had been
a member of this Society since 1908.

Mr. F. Ludlow of the Indian Educational Service has been elected to the
Committee to fill a previously existing vacancy.

383

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES.

No. I.—TIGERS IN TREES,

There is a considerable literature on the subject of tigers climbing trees to
be found in old Sporting Magazines, although I can discover in our Journal
only one reference to such an occurrence, recorded by Mr. Monteath in Vo-
lume XXVI, No. 3. Such being the case and the magazines in question being
very difficult to obtain, it is perhaps worth collecting all that can be found on
the subject. ;

In the Bengal Sporting Magazine for 1834 it is recorded that a tiger, struck
on the back of the head by a bullet on the previous evening, was found quite
dead on the lower branch of a pipal tree at least fifteen feet from the ground.
The marks of his claws on the bark were so clear that there could be no difficulty
in deciding that he had scrambled up cat-fashion. He then ran along the
branch, at the extremity of which he lay down across it, his legs on either side
being kept in balance by small twigs, there he died. This animal had not
attained his full growth. An instance is given in the Bengal Quarterly Sporting
Review for 1843 of a hunted tigress mounting to a bough twenty and a half feet
from the ground to seize a man, the man was wounded and the tigress then
lost her balance and fell.

In 1856 “ Teutonius ” recorded two such instances in the India Sporting
Review. In the first case he had news of a tiger sitting in a tree where it was
said to be blockaded by villagers. He rode to the place, which was within five
hundred yards of a village, and there saw a large pipal tree round which
people were picketed. A spearman was standing almost underneath it. When he
approached within a hundred yards of the tree “‘ there appeared, standing on
a sturdy branch high aloft in the tree, the tiger, erect and calm and fearless
with black, yellow and white colours in stripes, looking beautifulin high relief”.
The height of the animal above the ground was found to be twenty-five feet
when subsequently measured. On receiving ashot he caught a lower branch
with his two arms in falling, hung for a minute and then dropped dead. The
villagers had found the animal in the morning asleep under a mango tree.
On being roused he at first tried to hide himself in the drain of a tank,
and eventually mounted the tree, which fromits size and low stout branches
was easy of ascent. They said that once during the day he tried to descend :
but that he was driven higher up by their shouts. This was a young tiger
about eight feet in length. :

The second case, which was very similar, occurred on the 17th May 1856
near the village of Tuchezra. A tiger attacked a buffalo near the village at
about daybreak, but was driven off by the herdboy. The villagers then turned
out and the tiger got up a pipal tree, where a dozen villagers remained to prevent
it getting down. The sportsman approached to within forty yards, mounted
on an elephant, and related that as he stood up in the howdah with his rifle
levelled at the tiger’s chest, it appeared to be a few feet higher than the rifle.
and he calculated it to be about nineteen feet. The tiger, which was killed
with three shots, proved to be a male measuring nine feet eleven inches. ap
he got up the tree I could not well make out, as with the exception of an
intervening branch, and many large notches, the trunk, measurmg In ae
ference at least 38 feet, was at least fourteen feet high, and then pap
out like a banyan tree, and there was plenty of room where he could stand anc
lie.”’. Je,

In Volume I, No. 5, of the Oriental Sporting Magazine for 1866, it is related
that a herd of buffaloes drove a wounded tiger into a rhododendron tree, but
no other particulars are given. In Volume IV, No. 41, of the same magazme

384 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII.

for 1871, an instance is given of a tigress charging a man in a tree, and spring-
ing up eleven feet six inches from the ground, as proved by the claw marks.
It is also said that she began tearing the bark off the tree with her teeth
at ten feet four inches from the ground.

Mrs. Colin Mackenzie in her book “‘ Life in the Mission Camp and Zenana, ”
says :—‘‘ Captain J. told me he never knew a tiger up a tree but once; that
was at Hingoli, An unfortunate man who thought himself quite safe cried
out ‘here she comes’! The tigress heard him, went up the tree, pulled the
man down, and bit him on the knee so severely that he died in hospital soon
after. It was so remarkable an occurrence that the tree was cut down and
brought into Hingoli as a curiosity.”

But the most remarkable instance of tigers climbing trees was recorded in
the South of India Observer in December 1870, as follows :—

‘* More tigers! Now that our monsoon is over, or greatly moderated, our
sportsmen have been able to resume operations against the feline race. We
learn that two gentlemen killed two tigresses last week, one on the 2nd ins-
tant, the other on the 5th. They may be called the Peermund and Aniculmund
tigers. Both afforded considerable sport, and one carried on such games as
possibly never were heard of before in tiger shikar. It appears that the one
alluded to was found in a small sholah, about 200 yards long and 50 or 60 broad.
The coolies and dogs had scarcely been puit in at the top of the beat when a
sudden screaming and skedaddling among ourcanine friends was heard, which
showed that there was some animal of dangerous proclivities inside. This had
hardly passed when a huge tigress bounced out at the foot of the sholah, imme-
diately going heels over head in a hidden nullah which she had not seen. This
was all so instantaneous that there was barely time for one of our sportsmen,
who was seated calmly on the grass within 25 yards of where this happened,
to blaze a shot at the tigress as she flashed back into the sholah. The men
continued beating down and presently stripes again showed for a moment at
almost the same place, and another hasty shot was fired. She then disappeared
for some time, and next showed herself near the top of the sholah and tried to
escape in another direction, but the coolies made such a din that they drove
her down again. Now comes the curious part of the story. One of the shika-
ries, watching at the top, spied Mrs. Stripes suddenly appear on the top
branches of one of the highest trees in the’ sholah. He immediately called
out, “‘ the tiger has gone up a tree.”

This was good news, and one of the sportsmen ran up the side of the sholah
and sure enough saw Mrs. Stripes laid out on a branch at least thirty feet from
the ground. To knock her off this perch with a brace of bullets took but a
moment of time, and down she came with a thundering crash, apparently
lifeless. The beaters began to cheer, thinking their work was over ; but they say
a cat has nine lives and so it proved on this occasion. She presently began
growling and snarling at the dogs that had got round her. The gentleman who
had been busy with her, as she was nearest his side then crawled into the sho-
lah and presently saw Mrs. Stripes get on her legs and move off; but the
brushwood was so thick that it was impossible to see in what direction she was
coming, so he skedaddled. He had hardly got out, when to his amazement he
saw stripes shining up the same tree, just as any ordinary house-cat would.
The tigress got back to almost the same part of the tree as before and stood
on the fork of two branches upright, looking down and exposing her great
chest. To tumble her off again was a momentary affair, and down she came
with a tremendous crash. She required a ball through her brain to finish her
off, even after this, as she lay on the ground pawing at the dogs. The
sportsmen examined the tree after the battle was over, and it proved to be
perpendicular for about 25 feet. There were the claw-marks, showing that she
had gone up the same tree twice, once wounded, as seen by the blood. The

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, 385

claw-marks were mere scratches, and how this great animal could climb a
perpendicular tree is a perfect marvel. Everyone has seen a house-cat run ip
a post or tree, and this huge tigress did this with just as much ease. mass
this experience we might suppose that tigers drop on their prey from bran-
ches, and also reconnoitre their game from high trees. To show what a
difficult tree this was to climb two young active coolies were offered a rupee
each, if they would climb the tree, and they failed to do go.” ;

In a letter to the South of India Observer, Lieutenant-Colonel Christie confirm.”
ed the story, and wrote that he shot the tiger in the way described. He added
that the tree was perpendicular, about afoot in diameter, with no branches
for about 25 feet. He wrote that “ the tree in question will doubtless retain
the double set of claw-marks for years to come, so any curious or dubious
gentleman may go and look at it near Peermund. The length of the tigress
was about 9 feet 6 inches.” rs

The other sportsman present was Mr. J. W. Hadow of Southwich House,
Ootacamund.

Cuariton Kines, Eneianp,
June 1920. R. G. BURTON, Bria.-GEnt.

No. I.—MAN-EATING TIGERS ON SAUGUR ISLAND IN
THE 18raH CENTURY.

It is not often that Europeans have fallen victims to man-eating tigers but
I find recorded in the Annual Register two instances of such occurrences on
SaugurIsland. The following extract of a letter from a gentleman to his friend
at Calcutta is printed in the Register for 1793 and dated the 23rd December
1792 on board the ship “‘ Ardasier Shaw,” off Saugur Island :—

“ To describe the awful and lamentable accidents I have been an eyewitness
of is impossible. Yesterday morning Mr. Downey, of the Company’s troops,
Lieut. Pyefinch, Mr. Monro (son of Sir Hector), and myself went on shore on
Saugur Island to shoot deer. We saw innumerable tracks of tigers and deer
but still we were induced to pursue cur sport, and did the whole day. About
half past three we sat down on the edge of a jungle to eat some cold meat sent
us from the ship, and had just commenced our meal when Mr. Pyefinch and a
black servant told us there was a fine deer within six yards of us. Mr. Downey
and myself immediately jumped upto take our guns ; mine was the nearest,
and I had just laid hold of it when I heard a roar like thunder, and saw an
immense royal tiger spring on the unfortunate Monro, who was sitting down.
In a moment his head was in the beast’s mouth, and he rushed into the jungle
with him with as much ease as I could lift a kitten, tearing him through the
thickest hedges and trees, everything yielding to his monstrous force. The
agonies of horror, regret and fear rushed on me at once. The only effort I
could make was to fire at him, though the poor youth was still in his mouth.
I fired a musket, saw the tiger stagger and agitated, and cried out so immediately,
Mr. Downey then fired two shots, and I one more; we retired from the jungle,
and a few minutes after Mr. Monro came up to us all over blood, and fell. W e
took him on our backs to the boat, and got every medical assistance for him
from the “ Valentine ’ East Indiaman, which lay at anchor near the island but
in vain. He lived twenty-four hours after, but in the extreme of torture ; his
head and skull were torn and broken to pieces, and he was wounded by the claws
all over the neck and shoulders ; but it was better to take him away, though
irrecoverable, than to leave him to be devoured limb by limb. We have read
the funeral service over him and committed him to the deep. He was an

25

386 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII.

amiable and promising youth. I must observe there was a large fire blazing
‘close to us, composed of ten or a dozen whole trees; I made it myself on pur-
pose to keep tigers off, as 1 had always heard it would. There were eight or
ten of the natives about us, and many shots had been fired at the place and much
noise and laughing at the time, but this ferocious animal disregarded all. The
human mind cannot form an idea of the scene; it turned my very soul within me.
The beast was about four and a half feet high and nine long. His head appear-
ed as large as an ox’s, his eyes darting fire, and his roar, when he first seized
his prey, will never be out of my recollection. We had scarcely pushed our
boats from the shore, when a tigress made her appearance, almost raging mad,
and remained on the sand as long as the distance would allow me to see her.”

The following is an extract from the Annual Register for 1787, Calcutta,
‘October 12th :—The following melancholy accident shows that a tiger is
not always deterred from approaching fire. A small vessel from Ganjam
to this port, being longer on her passage than was expected, ran out of
provisions and water. Being near the Saugur Island, the Kuropeans, six
in number, went on shore in search of refreshments, there being some cocoa-
nuts on the island, in search of which they strayed a considerable way inland.
Night coming on and the vessel being at a distance, it was thought more safe
to take up their night’s lodging in the ruins of an old pagoda, than to return to
the vessel. A large fire was lighted, and an agreement made that two of the
number should keep watch by turns, to alarm the rest in case of danger, which
‘they had reason to apprehend from the wild appearance of the place. It
happened to fall to the lot of one Dawson, late a silversmith and engraver
in this town, to be one of the watch. In the night a tiger darted over the fire
upon this unfortunate young man, and in springing off with him, struck its
head against the side of the pagoda, which made it and its prey rebound up-
-on the fire, on which they rolled over one another once or twice before he was
carried off. In the morning the thigh bones and legs of the unfortunate victim
were found at some distance; the former stripped of its flesh and the latter
‘shockingly mangled.

CHARLTON Kines, ENGLAND,
June 1920. R. G. BURTON, Bric.-GEnt.

No. IJI.—A SPORTING DIARY.

The Society is indebted to His Highness the Maharaja of Bikanir for permis-
‘sion to publish the following extracts from His Highness’s Sporting Diary.
‘The extracts deal with a sporting trip His Highness made in Nepaul between
March and April 1920. On the 17th March the first camp was made at a village
called Babia and on the 20th His Highness shot his first Wild Buffalo. Writing
from Babia on the 17th he says :—

“Saw at Hathi Manda village, half an hour’s journey from Babia, a
tame male buffalo, which, while tied to a tree in the village, was set on and
badly gored by a Wild Buffalo (Arna) who lives in the jungle close by and
spends most of the night till fairly late in the mornings with the tame she-
buffaloes of the village in the open patch close by the village.”

On the following day an unsuccessful attempt was made to bring the beast
to bay, in regard to which His Highness writes :—

“Unfortunately a mess was made owing to overkeenness. Bearing in
mind the late Maharaja of Cooch Behar telling me how Wild Buffalo, living
with village buffaloes, were sometimes easily shot off elephant, I thought
same would result to-day. But the buff was on the other side of-the plain
from where we entered it—two howdah elephants only, self and Hiru. As

v

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, 387

soon as he saw us he began to move away and entered june
letting us get nearer than some three ieeiced yards and Tad ncaa ne
disturb him further with a long shot of which I could not make certain.”
The buffalo returned to his nocturnal haunts the next evening but was left
undisturbed. The following day, the 20th, His Highness describes as a red-
‘letter day, his diary for the period runs as follows :—

' At last I have shot my first buffalo. Khuber came of Buffalo at 7 a.m.

Left camp about 7-30. Got to place about 8-45 a.m. A machan was tied

up just a little inside the plain beyond the jungle on a small tree on which

Hiru and J, with Asu Singh loading for me, got up. Staff put up on two
machans to our right front and right rear in case of buffalo escaping wound-

ed, Saw Arna buffalo a little to the north of where we saw him on the 18th.

‘The only way to get a decent shot, as he wouldn’t allow elephants near

him, was to try some subterfuge. Hence machans and our attempting

to get him to follow the tame buffalo herd past our tree. The plan succeed

ed and he followed some twenty yards behind the village buffaloes passing

my machan about 70 yards off. Although the shooting itself was com-
paratively tame work, I confess I felt quite excited when the wild bull-

| buffalo began moving towards us! Would he come on, or, seeing us, move
| away without giving us a shot? But all went well and my rifle spoke
out three times, the first bullet from my °465 Cordite going home well and

true, crashing into his right shoulder, and the mighty beast came down

on his knees and head. The second bullet again got him in the shoulder
while he was plunging about on the same spot (though mortally wounded)

and down he went. But as he was still moving about a little I finished

him off with a third bullet in the top of the neck with the *450 Cordite.

On cutting up his head we found that the old buff had a 12 bore bullet

\ buried just below the skin in the neck, and we ascertained that a Nepalese
officer had tried to shoot it last year as it was giving much trouble to the
villagers. This accounts for his not letting the elephants approach him.

388. JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII..

He also had marks in neck and hindquarters of encounters with tigers,
evidently before he was full grown. A great trophy though not with:
as long horns as I hoped for. Measurement of Buffalo as below :—

Total length from nose to oP of tail 35 .- 13 ft. 00 in.

Body .. Bo : se .. 9 ft. 103 in.
Tail tee bs ae As by 45 56 poh 14 in.
Height .. 35 oe ae : eOetts 21. in.
Length of horn on outside curves -- 36 ab 45 in.
Circumference . 50 SA Ba dis 30 193 in.

Tip to Tip 56 ee ae so ee ere 47 in.
Widest inside .. ye ee A be Si 46 in.
Widest outside j ‘ we 30 ue 504 in.
Across skull excluding horns. : ae 194 in.
Both horns across skull round ‘outside curve Bi) ke iit eee al.

The record horn taking the length of horn on the outside curve is according:
to Rowland Ward (latest edition) 773’.

The largest head in the Society’s collection has horns measuring 54%” and 54”
and is 125” on the outside sweep.

The association of Wild Bull Buffaloes with domestic herds has often been:
commented on by sportsmen.

On the same day the party moved off to Bankulwa where the following
morning khuber of tiger was received from no less than 5 places. His-
Highness writes :-—

“Two tigers ringed in but one got out before I got there. First sight
I had was of a big tiger in mid air above grass jumping, I should say a good.
9 feet from the ground, at the head of a huge tusker, Shamsher Prasad,
which he scratched in forehead. Shortly on my moving our elephant round,.
he charged out straight at Hiru and me but my elephant moved backward
some three yards and I had very unsteady and unsatisfactory first two.
shots. Hiru fired after I had wounded him and knocked him over tem-
porarily, and the tiger went a little further riddled with my bullets and
Hiru’s shot, and died. Fine 10 ft. 1 in. tiger—the longest body tiger
(7 {t.)—that I have shot or seen shot. Searched and made two rings:
for the second tiger but in vain. My elephant when making second ring
nearly threw me out of howdah by kneeling and attempting to tusk a.
hogdeer breaking past him.”

The 22nd brought no further addition to the Game record beyond 2 Mug-
gers shot in a stream running by the Camp.

“The first one on being cut open had thirty-six eggs and a small tortoise:
inside it and the second one forty-five eggs and sixteen small round stones!”

On the 23rd His Highness had the good fortune to bag another 10 ft. 1 in.
tiger. The animal had a huge head 3 ft. 1 in. and stood 3 ft. 54 inches in height.
“The second biggest measurement in my Game log, my last tiger in Nepal
shot on the 20th May 1918, standing 3 ft. 8 inches in height.”

In describing the shooting of this tiger His Highness writes :-—

“He looked an awfully fine sight galloping, head and tail raised, through
the grass in the dusk.”

On the 24th the shooting camp was shifted to a place called Hindalwa,.
where on Wednesday, the 31st March, the Maharaja shot what is described:
as the record tigress. His Highness describes the incident as follows :—

“ Another red-letter day. Four tigers reported for some days right
beyond the Kosi. They however before daylight went up a long low hill’
just above. So sent elephants out at night and put a line between the
grass and the hill early this morning. Khuber brought here at 8 a.m. of
one big tiger and two others seen, though a fourth was also expected to:

‘sS0I5LT, “UL 2 “93 6 Stiuvylg jo vleruqeyy oy} ssouqsuy sty

‘908 '38!1H FUN Avequiog “usnor

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 389

‘be there. Left camp at 9-15 a.m. Motored in half an hour to Kosi bank
-on this side, crossed in a boat comfortably, went across a strip of jungle
about half a mile wide, and again crossed in boat the other branch of Kosi
-on other side and got into howdahs at 11-15 a.m. We stood on bank of
dry nullah bed some 100 yards wide, and sent two elephants across to first
patch of grass, where big tiger was reported. It was lying there in rather
low grass. A magnificent sight followed. A huge tiger, looking bigger
-even than it was owing to its standing out well above the low grass, imme-
diately showed up and after going on the far side ahead of the farther ele-
phant suddenly turned round and with tail up, charged out at elephant,
then turned round and came through the grass straight at us. I attempted
to down it with Mannlicher as it was leaving grass to cross nullah but ele-
phant moved and my bullet failed to stop or drop it, the same happened
with the second shot from the Mannlicher, and then I took up the 240
double barrel and my first shot hit it in the shoulder rather low. But
-except for a quiver she came on charging right across the nullah and, just
when things looked exciting, suddenly fell dead at our feet, when almost up
the bank. We all voted it to be a fine male tiger—the father of the family.
Imagine our surprise on going up to it to find it was a huge tigress, of which
the smallness of the head as it lay dead gave me my first doubts. On eyeing
it closely it turned out to be the Record Tigress ever shot and the biggest
recorded in India—9 ft. 7 inches long, with a body 6 ft.5 inches, and a
really superb prize to have secured. The record from Rowland Ward's
book till now was 9 ft. 54 inches, by Lord Villiers, though my 9 ft. 5 in.
Lachhamania Tapu tigress shot in 1918 in Nepal hada 6 ft. 3 inches,
-against the body of Lord Villiers’ tigress of only 6 ft. 24 in.”

‘“‘ The following are the detailed measurements of the Record Tigress :—

Length of body .. = ms He Ja Ockte oy ins
Length of tail ah ae Eye ote Sn outee ah Uae
Total length Be - a a a tke bs eeettas
Girth fa oy die ba oe .. 3 ft. 64 in.
Head as =e ne Ria he .. 2 ft. 32 in.
Forearm .. a 5 a he 2). Jeftebs-in.
Height if 0 ae ae ; Jpn the ibe

We then went on a bit and sent elephants round to beat up a long patch
-of low grass towards us where the two other tigers had been seen. Here
again it was a very fine and jolly sight. Shortly after the elephants had
begun beating up to us we saw a tiger coming towards us some 500 yards
-off. He was still going through the low grass slowly, some 100 yards from
us towards our left, when I fired a Mannlicher bullet but, owing to the
elephant moving slightly, missed. My second shot, however, hit it in the
neck and dropped it in its tracks. Soon afterwards another tiger showed
itself coming to our right front from the same direction and yet another
to our left! The tiger on the right after a while crossed in front of us at a
walk some 150 to 175 yards off and I dropped it with a bullet through the
‘shoulder but it picked itself up again and charged the elephants to our
left, scratching one and then lying up opposite them inside the line. The
third then galloped across towards our right front and I downed it with
a °240 bullet a little far back. I took my elephant up to it and finished
it off and then we went up to the other wounded animal, Ranjit Singh
said he could see it in the grass lying down opposite him, so I told him to
fire. But in accordance with his usual practice he fired at his hind quarters
and then a funny sight ensued: Jabbers missed the charging tiger with
his second barrel and the next moment he and Bharat Singh were clinging
on to the howdah for dear life while the elephant was down on his knees

390 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL BIST, SOCLETY, Vol. XXVII-

with the tiger under it, trying to kill it with its tusks. It was for this reason»
that some days ago I changed from Ram Prasad to Vikram Prasad. Ram:
Prasad had however with his knees and weight practically done for the-
tiger but on getting a scratch on the trunk under the right eye he bolted
a bit and after it stopped, Ranjit put a bullet into the tiger who, though
alive, was really done for and could not get up. Thus ended another
red-letter and ever memorable day. All four happened to be tigresses but
the three daughters were all grown up ones measuring 8 ft. 3$ in., 8 ft.
3 in., 8 ft. 0} in. We got back to camp about 3-30 p.m.”

The following day, the Ist of April, His Highness obtained his 97th tiger. The:
2nd and 3rd and 4th were blank days. The entry for the 5th reads as fol-
lows :—

** At last Nishan Tapu has yielded us a tiger but, compared with its:
reputation, and also the actual hunt, it was disappointing and the tigress-
led us a rare old dance to-day. Seen early in the morning by our scouts,
line of elephants left early after breakfast and we at 1-15. On way
heard tiger was ringed in after its having broken through first ring
in quicksand patch on bank of Kosi. On our getting there tigress broke-
through the ring and back through the line in the next attempt before-
ring was completely made. We then beat it out past me in a small patch
by force but the cunning old brute went through the only patch of grass:
instead of the open and I had a guess shot at her after she had galloped
into the tall grass. In the next attempt of the same nature, she charged
straight out at my elephant, my two shots getting her in the back just.
missing the spine and in the nose too far forward. Pools of blood. In
the attempt following she got home and slightly wounded my elephant,
Gorakh Prasad, in the trunk with claw scratches, who, considering every-
thing, stood wonderfully staunch, though he was rather forced to do so
as we were in somewhat quicksandy ground. Hiru’s elephant, Sital Prasad,-
who was on my immediate right, seeing the tiger get home on my elephant
knelt down anticipating a charge; and the unsteadiness and moving about
of the elephants generally, contributed to bad shooting. Several other
elephants were mauled—scratches mostly—during the long and tedious.
hunt. The last time we forced the tigress out of thick grass I managed
to break her left leg, though rather low, and Jeoraj Singh and Nawal Singh
opposite whom she was lying down close by, finished her off—a fine tigress-
9 ft. 2 in. with two perfectly marked cubs—male and female—which
would probably have been born within a week.

Had a somewhat perilous and uncomfortable journey back, as anticipat-
ing a pleasant river ride drifting down stream, as in 1908 on the Gandak,
I foolishly agreed to Jabber’s proposal and came back by boat. Whilst
the elephants got back in one and quarter hours it took us two and half
hours and we had considerable excitement also through boat striking sub--
merged trees and stumps and bumping on shallow shoals in the dark.”

On the 7th April His Highness’ shoot was brought to a close.
The following is a Summary of the Nepal shoot :—
17th March to 7th April, 1920.

Tigers ee oe .- (Self 15 and Hiru 2) ssp cae
Arna Buffalo ie .. (Self) 1
Mugger e's a event cleat) ak Sis Ml be ee

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, 391

MEASUREMENTS OF TiGERSs.

Tigers
1. 10 ft. 1 in. (7 ft. body) ci oe .- Hindalwa, 2ist March.
2. 10 ft. 1 in. (3 ft. 1 in. head) .. ie ote - 23rd March.
eee Otb.b in. sis - So Pes ee . 26th March.
4, 9ft. 5 in. (shot by Hiru) .. a0 .. Bankulwa, 18th March.
5. 9ft.3in. . Bu rayne he - .. Hindalwa, Ist April.
6. 8 ft. 5 in. (Old tiger).. as . Bankulwa, 23rd March.

7. 6 ft. 10} in. (Three-quarter grown cub) o Sundar Gonar, 29th March..
Tigresses.

9ft.7in. Record Tigress (6 ft. 5 in.

body) 2 : .. Hindalwa, 3lst March.
2. 9 ft. 2 in. (6 ft. 5 in. in body) of af f 5th April.
3. 9 ft. 2 in. (2 ft. 44 in. head) ue .- Bankulwa, 20th March. °
4. 8ft.8 in: se ae dic aes ce i 24th March.
Beet. Oein, - .. oe 0 46 .. Hindalwa, 27th March.
6. 8ft.5in. (shot by Hira) .. a .. Sunder Gonar, 29th March.
7. 8 ft. 34 in. Be ae we .. Hindalwa, 31st March.
Ss Ortt.o In. ie 3h as ai i% ¥ 31st March.
oo. Sit. 0iin. .. ts ae ve 45 ‘ 31st March.
10. 6 ft. 74 in. (Three-quarter grown cub) .. Sundar Gonar, 29th March.
Locatiry oF Bac.
Hindalwa .. as “A a Be .- 10. Tigers.
Bankulwa .. 36 = an ae ee

3°

Sundar Gonar

39

Total oc? AT Digers:

No. 1V.—ON THE METHODS OF MEASURING TIGERS.

In No. 3, Volume XXVI of this Journal, H. H. the Maharaja of Dhar gave
some notes on the length of tigers and panthers shot in his State. Recently
in the Field—there appeared a photo of what was stated to be the record tigress
which had been shot by H. H. the Maharaja of Bikaner—Reference to this
tigress is made in the notes from His Highness’ diary which by his courtesy
are reproduced in this number together with a photo of the tigress.

In No. 1 of this Volume Brig.-Genl. R. G. Burton asked how the measure-
ments of the Maharaja of Dhar’s tigers and panthers were taken and stated
that measurements round curves must always be unreliable as no two people
are likely to take them alike. He considered that no measurements could be
judged satisfactory unless taken in a straight line between pegs, the tail being
measured separately. or

The Editors wrote for information on this subject to both the Maharaja of
Dhar and the Maharaja of Bikanir and were advised that the measurements
had been taken round curves “this being the ordinary accepted way. it

The controversy as to the correct way of measuring tigers 18 very nay
as will be seen from the following extracts from the Asian of December 2 7
1879. The extracts are from a letter to the Asian dated Purneah, Ist November
1879, and signed “Joe” ( J. L. Shillingford ). Joe writes :—

‘*LencrH OF TIGERS.

“In the columns of this Journal a good deal has been ice oe
“subject, resulting evidently in no definite solution of the vexe te se
‘‘Naturalists, and even sportsmen, are still sceptical regarding the utmost

392 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol, XXV1I.

“length and size it is possible for a tiger to attain. I have ventured to
‘record the result of my experience to assist towards settling this much
“‘controverted matter. During a career of over thirteen years, as a sports-
““man, chiefly in Northern Bengal, I have had the satisfaction of regis-
‘tering the death of about 170 tigers. The measurements of some of the
‘largest, both male and female, are appended below, in a tabular form.
“The dates on which they were shot, and the initials of the party present
** are also mentioned. Invariably all were measured prior to being skin-
““ned, and in presence of the assembled group of sportsmen, generally
“‘on the very spot where they had been killed, before being ‘padded’ ~
‘for removal to camp.

‘“The method of measuring is as follows :—

‘* Applying the tape to the tip of the nose, it is carried along the middle
° ‘‘ of it, to between the ears, then along the vertebrae to the root
‘‘of the tail, which appendage being straightened out, the measure-

““ment is completed to the end of it.”

tt will be seen that “ Joe’? measured in the same way as the Maharaja of
Bikaniv’s tigress was measured.

The length of the largest tiger, shot on the 3rd November 1868, is given as
11’.5’”. Four tigers 11’ in length are recorded and detailed measurements of
one of these shot at Purneah are given, namely :—

Tiger.— Feet. Inches.
Length .. 30 ae 30 30 eae 0
Girth round chest - Pie ig ae 6
Circumference round head se Wena 2 10
Tail ds es rs ae ao Besiie tes 4.
Round fore-arm .. ee 2 oy;
Height .. oi se 3 7

“Joe” mentions 6 tigresses whose dimensions are larger than the one shot
by H. H. the Maharaja of Bikanir. These six measured 10-2” (shot 15th Sep-
tember 1867), 9’-8” (6th November 1868), 9’-11” (shot on 8th April 1870).
Amongst the shikar party was Lord Mayo (the Governor General), 9/-8” (22nd
August 1870), 9’-11” (28th August), 9’-7” (22nd April 1872).

“ Joe” was firmly convinced that tigers in Central and Southern India never
grew to the same length as those in Bengal, he compares the dimensions of
the 11’ tiger shot in Purneah, and which are given above, with another shot in
Southern India which measured :—

Feet. Inches.
Length we 10 2
Girth round chest
Circumference round head
Tail a's
Round fore-arm ..
Height

He writes :—

“ The tiger of Bengal is simply built, with a small head, long tail, small
“pug, and a smooth glossy skin, the black stripes are narrow and
“« very dark, with perfectly white coloured hair under the stomach. The
“habits are much more retiring and sequestered, and its depredations
“confined chiefly to cattle and wild animals, very seldom attacking
“human beings, even though chance offers an easy victim. I lived for
“seven years in one of the most tiger infested portions of this district
‘* during which period I shot 63 tigers, and only heard of some ten or
“twelve natives being killed, most of whom were shikarees out on

Go bo wo CO OD
Cor OF

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 393

** shooting excursions. There were very few villages, and these far
“apart, with narrow footpaths, through heavy grass and underwood
«‘ jungles, leading from one to the other and if the tigers were so inclin-
“ed they could kill bipeds daily without exposing themselves to view
“ still very few villagers were ever carried away.

“The tigers found in Southern India, judging from measurements
“and descriptions recorded, are more solidly built, have larger heads in
“* proportion to the body, and very expanded pugs. ‘They have short
“ tails, and as far as I have been able to ascertain, the skin has more of a
*“ yellowish hue, than those of Bengal. They are more addicted to man
** killing, and fearlessly approach human. habitations when pressed by hun-
* ger. I dare say the hilly nature of the country they have to live in, has
** good deal to do in their being more muscularly than those infesting
“the plains of Bengal.”

Commenting on the above in the Asian of 20th January 1880 “ Young
‘Nimrod ” writes :—

“T think it should be conceded that the tigers inhabiting Northern Benga

“and the Terai must be pronounced to be longer but not so well developed
“as those of Southern and Central India, and this I never doubted. The
“same may, I think, be said of the tigers of the Sundarbans, and I so
*“ described them in my article on the Royal Bengal tiger, which appeared
“in the Oriental Sporting Magazine for November 1872, p. 520. Your corres-
** pondent ‘Joe’ has furnished in a tabulated form much valuable information
“regarding the length of numerous tigers, four of which are stated to have
“‘ reached exactly 11 feet, and only one to have attained beyond that length
“ being five inches above it. Now I havealways contended that a tiger over
“* and not up to 11 feet is a desideratum, and I have therefore only to deal
“* with the animal represented to be 11 feet 5 inches. Of course if the
“* measurement had been accurately taken, there would be nothing further
*‘to say on the subject and I should be glad to admit that 1 had at last
“* found a tiger exceeding 11 feet in length. But ‘ Joe’ has favoured us with
‘the method of measurement adopted by him, and this shows a radical
“‘ defect, which proves that the measurements were not perfectly accurate.
“<The mode of measurement practised appears to have been to pass the
“‘tape—was the measuring tape invariably used or a piece of string
‘‘ afterwards measured, and did the sportsman or the servants take the tape
‘* along the length of the tiger—from tip of the nose to the extremity of
‘the tail following th: undulations of the body in a line therewith? The
“* part of the above sentence I have italicised shows that the measurement
“* was inaccurate—inasmuch as it does not represent the exact length of the
“animal. I am quite sure that ‘Joe’ would never think of taking the
“height of a horse by measuring from the heel to the shoulder by following
‘the curves of the body from one point to the other? Then why should
“‘ the length of a tiger be measured in a different manner ? In the former
“case any Steward of a Race Meeting would reject the measurement
““ taken, and in the latter Naturalists have no option but to act in the same
“‘way. lLobserve that the length of the tiger shot on the 18th April
*< 1870, when the G. G., the late lamented Lord Mayo, was out with the
“party, is stated by ‘Joe’ to have been 11 feet, while another of the
“same party, A. P., of Calcutta, T think the late J. H. G. told me,
“‘ who furnished an account of that shooting excursion to the 0. S. AM A
“(see No. for July 1878, p. 1220), says it was ‘11 feet 1 inch, Who is
“right ? I presume ‘Joe’is; yet it shows how apt mistakes as to
““ measurements are liable to occur, and how very careful it is neces-
“sary to be in such matters.”

26

394. JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII,

** Joe” replies to Nimrod’s comment :—

‘‘The manner of measuring tigers, scientifically speaking, is certainly
“open to objection; but it must be recollected universal custom
“warrants the style adopted by me. If from time immemorial the
‘“‘height of a horse had been mesasured by a tape instead of a rod, it
‘“* would be the accepted method now; therefore, if I were to place a stake:
‘at the nose, and another at the tip of the tail, and then register the
‘length of a tiger, instead of carrying the tape along the back, my way
‘‘of measuring would decidedly be the exception and not the rule.”

“To further satisfy sceptics, I will now state that all the measurements:
“‘ recorded were taken by me personally or else by some member of the:
‘“‘ party there present; a tape carried out for the purpose was always.
“used, and I may here add, the one I use is made of steel and has
“ assisted in taking the dimensions of several scores of tigers.”

He adds that the skeleton of a tiger 11’ long was handed over by him to the:
Indian Museum in 1871. A lengthened description of this tiger by “Bruiser ””
is given in the Oriental Sporting Magazine for July 1871.

The Society possesses the skull of a very large tiger shot by Mr. J. L. Shilling-
ford in Purneah. Records of this tiger’s body measurements are not available
but the skull is 143” in length. The record skull according to Rowland Ward.
is 152” and was shot by the Maharaja of Cooch Behar.

We shall be glad to hear from members of the Society on the above subject—
‘ EDITORS..

No. V.—NOTES ON PANTHERS.

In the Journal of our Society, Vol. XX VI, No. 3, page 841, is an interesting |
article by H. H. The Maharaja of Dhar on the big game of the Dhar State. I
note that out of 106 panthers shot no less than 8 have taped eight feet in length.

The Indian Field Shikar book, third Edition, 1906, mentions only four panthers.
of 8 feet and over, wiz., one shot by Capt. A. G. Arbuthnot (the longest
on record) 8 feet 54 inches. One shot by the Maharaja of Cooch Behar mea-
suring 8 feet 4 inches. One of 8 feet 3 inches shot in Gurhwal ; and one of 8:
feet shot in Pauna.

I fear I am a sceptic in the matter of measurements. I speak from experience
as I have been in at the death of well over a hundred panthers and not one of
them approached 8 feet when measured between upright stakes. This experi-
ence covers India from Assam to Kathiawar.

Of this large number, the longest taped 7 feet 54 inches immediately after
death, he was a long lithe beast, built like a grey hound, old, and very light.
coloured. The story of his end is rather interesting :—I was walking through
the Gir forest in the month of April 1913 examining the watershed of the hills-
with a view to finding a suitable passage for a Railway. After mid-day I sat
down in a patch of long grass under a huge banian tree for a rest and a frugal
lunch, the latter was just finished when my attendent tapped me on the shoulder
and pointed to a large panther walking through the grass about 30 yards away.
I had a smack at him with my 300 H. V. but the bullet was deflected by the
grass and struck him high up in the loins. Curiously, he did not answer to the-
shot, and as there was no blood on the trail it looked like a miss. Half a dozen
armed forest guards joined us, and we followed up the track; after going
about 70 yards there was a huge splash of blood on a dry teak leaf, and of
course every one rushed to examine it. Whilst we were bending down, there
was a hoarse grunt and we looked up to see the panther almost on us. We

all had a bang at him, and he rolled over at our feet simply riddled with buck-
shot and bullets.

hae

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 395

My companions were the famous Mekranis of the Gir, the staunchest shikaries
I have met, but sad rogues and poachers in ordinary times.

The next longest panther was 7 feet 4 inches in length, a very heavy massive
beast, also a Kathiawari; he was killed in May 1919 in the gardens to the North
of Junagad town. It was in the height of the recent famine, the heat was very
great, there was no water on the Girvad hills, the whole place was burnt, and
all the trees had shed their leaves, under such circumstances lifeon the bare hill
sides must have been very distressing, so this panther left the jungles and took
up his abode under the dense shade of the mango trees in the State gardens.
The men guarding the mangoes on going their rounds disturbed him, and one man
was severely mauled ; the panther moved to another part of the garden, was
again disturbed, and mauled a second man; this continued until no less than
six unfortunate men had been cruelly mangled. Curiously, all the victims
were bitten and clawed in exactly the same part—the right shoulder and
upper arm. A/wbber was telephoned up to me in the late afternoon and about
5 o’clock I started out. On my way to the gardens I met several of the victims:
being carried to the hospital, and must confess I felt a certain amount of diffi-
dence in meeting this ferocious brute.

It had been a dreadfully hot day—116° in the shade—with hot winds blowing
which may have accounted for the panther’s bad temper. We found him:
stretched at full length under a small Karunda bush beneath a large mango
tree, he lay with his jaws agape, panting heavily, evidently much distressed
with the abnormal heat. We crept up—under cover of a low aqueduct—to
within 20 yards of him, and one shot in the chest from my ‘350 H. V. settled
him. He was a massive beast, quite the heaviest I have seen.

The remaining males of the hundred odd mentioned above gave two or three
measuring 7 feet 2 inches, the usual length was 7 feet or slightly under. All
measurements were strictly honest, taken between stakes, and not along the
curves, (this latter generally adds 2 or 3 inches to the length) and before the
animal had stiffened.

The Kathiawar panther differs considerably in colour from the Bengal ; the
skin of the latter is more black and white, with large open rosettes, glossy and
bright in appearance, eminently suitable tothe heavy dark forests with bright
chequers of sunlight shining through the trees. The Kathiawar skins are dull
and rusty, with spots more crowded, the lighter colouring suits the open dust
coloured Gir forests admirably. It is astonishing to see how perfectly the
panther’s colouring blends with the back ground, a moving panther 18 —
well seen but directly he stops he seems to vanish, and his outline is Sg
out with difficulty. It is this fact that makes the following up of ee :
panthers so exceedingly dangerous. I once followed up a small female, ati :
before dusk in scrub jungle, I actually trod on her tail without seeing cp . fe
fortunately for me she was stone dead, having made a dying rush of 5 aria
or so with a ball well placed behind her shoulder. ut will give another aaa z
the extraordinary invisibility of panthers and incidentally of the damage re ‘f
can do when one would imagine they were “ hors de combat. It was iS me
a small female trotted past me. I fired witha °300 H. V. shattering : per’
forelegs above the elbow. She rushed into an isolated thicket of low weer ee
nothing would move her. Whilst we sat debating how best to ae
a vainglorious villager seized a sword and dashed into Ae at
after the wounded beast, shouting that we were all afraid and rt a a ae
show us how wounded panthers should be finished off. The oe tie ee
nearly stepped on the panther which sprang up on its hind ne ; Il caution
in both shoulders and gave him a bad mauling generally ; we t ss ie a aiid
to the winds, dashed in to the rescue and my sporting cook braimec :
panther with an axe.

396 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII.

The village hero spent a month in hospital, and was lucky to escape with his
life.

Caged panthers have been known to escape in Kathiawar, and at least one
Chief has ‘“‘ put down” tame panthers to stock his jungles, this probably
accounts for the variation in colouring, etc., occasionally met with as the
purchased animals may be African, Malay or Bengal.

Two years ago one of these “bag” panthers came over our frontier and started
man eating. After wandering about 100 miles across country, he finally settled
down in open grass country, attacking the women working in the neighbouring
fields and the children tending cattle in the grass. His attacks were always
made in broad day-light and after a few deaths the country became panic-
stricken. All field-work ceased, and moving outside the villages at any time
became a night-mare.

I went out after him in mid-April and put Wali Mahomed (the finest tracker
in the Gir) on to his trail. The first day he eluded the travkers, but the second
day they found him asleep under a small bush. Khubber was brought to me
about half past five in the evening, no time was to be lost as our quarry was
8 miles away over stony hills and we had to cross several big rivers with rocky
beds full of boulders. Wali Mahomed carried a goat across his saddle and I car-
ried a heavyrifle ; a sharp gallop brought us to the spotjust as the sun was dip-
ping on the horizon. We tiedup the unfortunate goat and sank behind a small
bush. Within two minutes the panther appeared on a small hillock, and after
satisfying himself that the coast was clear, rushed in and killed the goat. I
killed the panther, and found him a full grown male of the Bengal type, 2 to 4
“years old, 6 feet 10 inches in length, not heavily built, skull 9” by 6}. The hair
on his face and sides was rubbed off by the bars of his cage though he had been
tree for nearly a year. In this short time he had killed 14 poor villagers.

There is one man-eating panther in the Gir forest, I believe 1t is a female—pro-
bably with cubs. She kills spasmodically ; for four successive years she has
‘killed and eaten one child in each monsoon. The place is very difficult to reach
in the rains and with the fever, mosquitoes and other biting flies the discomforts
-are too great to permit of camping in the forest at this season. I ventured out
once, was eaten alive by mosquitoes, and had no luck, chiefly owing to too much

-hundobast made by an over-zealous police inspector.

The Rabaris or buffalo herdsmen of the Gir live in the most primitive shel-
ters at all times, a ring of thorns with a few upright sticks covered with coarse
grass form their only habitation, this structure is abandoned when the grazing
near by is consumed, the graziers then seek pastures new and form a new
hamlet.

The lions and panthers of the Gir move from their lairs shortly before sunset
and make straight for the nearest Rabaris’ hamlet, if they find no victim, they
move on to the next settlement, if they fail to find a straggier from the byres
they will sit patiently outside. As the cattle are driven out to pasture long before
daybreak killmg is then an easy matter. The four little girls mentioned
above were carried off about dusk or dawn when visiting the edge of their camp,
in each case the only trace left was a bare skull.

I have seen tiger, panther, and Indian lion approaching their kills dozens
of times, and have watched many panthers kill goats tied up as bait. Some
famous artists have painted pictures of these big cats on the prowl, with ears
well laid back, head a few inches from the ground, body stretched to its greatest
length and every muscle tense and strained. As far as my experience goes this
‘is entirely wrong. They walk along quite naturally to within a few yards of
their victim—stopping occasionally to look all round for the goat-herd—then
settle themselves down ventre-a-terre with the hind legs well doubled up under-
neath, and then come with a terrific rush on the poor goat who has probably
watched the whole performance. The attack is always made in silence, and is

-

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, 397
so quick that details cannot be observed, but the goat is
by the throat. Most panthers straddle the goat, some lie down at full length.
In all cases the goat is held until life is extinct. On steep hill sides, or in
places where there is little or no cover, the attacking rush may be from a con-
siderable distance (100 yards or more).

In several instances I have seen a panther come trottin
and go straight at the goat without increasing his pace.

Panthers are very cautious on approaching a kill, they walk along slowly
and silently but neither stooping nor crawling, they stop at frequent intervals
and look carefully around, when quite satisfied that there are no intruders.
they sit or lie down close to the kill ; females appear to be much more cautious
than males (I have noticed the same with tiger) and frequently stare long at
the machan, if not quite satisfied they walk away and lie down at some dis-
tance until it is quite dark when they again approach the kill for a feed.

When a panther receives a wound, mortal or otherwise, he invariably makes.
a mad rush for the nearest heavy cover. It is astonishing how their instinct
leads them to the most difficult and inaccessible cover in the vicinity.

In my experience panthers do not appear to possess a keen sense of smell,
either this or they do not worry about the near presence of man, provided tly
latter keeps absolutely still. On many occasions I have sat in a thick thorn
shelter, or a hole in the ground covered with a charpoy or a cart-wheel, with
heap of thorns and green stuff piled on the top ; the panthers have passed this
without noticing the deceit. On one occasion in difficult ground I hollowed
out a cactus bush and sat in this, closing the entrance with thorns and green
branches, leaving a loop-hole facing the kill ; the panther walked all round my
shelter sniffing, and quite satisfied there was nothing wrong ; when he came
in front of the loop-hole I shot him through the head.

Their sense of sight and hearing is very acute, any movement however
slight is instantly detected ; the jungle may be disturbed by the noise of falling
leaves or branches, squirrels or birds racing over dry leaves, etc., of these the
panther will not take the slightest notice, but if the shikari touches a dry
leaf or the machan creaks ever so slightly the beast is instantly on the alert and
either stares straight at the source of the sound or bounds off at once. As with
the hunting of all wild animals it is wise to have the setting sun at one’s back
if this is possible ; this places the quarry at a disadvantage.

In tracking up spotted deer in the early morning I have frequently come
across panther. Chital always bell when they see the great cats, it isa short
sharp note, quite different from their usual musical call. When the panther’s
stalk is disturbed by man, the beast gives a few grunts and makes off. The
Gir shikaries profess to be able to pick out the male panther by his deeper note.

Panthers possess one peculiar habit which is not found among lions and
tigers. All three are much given to walking along roads and fookpatiia,
(The Indian lion particularly, I have followed their tracks for many aes )
the panther stops occasionally and leaves a long scratch on the side of the ian :
never in the middle ; this mark is about two feet long and generally paralle
to the track, but sometimes at right angles. I have never seen the fact
quoted in shikar books, but it is well known to the jungle oe slap
frequently pointed it out to me in several parts of India. I shall be glad 1
some of the Members of the Society will confirm my statement.

Toxarvapt, Poona DisTRICT. E. BROOK FOX, M. Inst. C.E.
Tth May 1920.

No. VI.—_THE HUNTING LEOPARD (CYNAL URUS JUBATUS).
I have never had the fortune to see the Hunting Leopard in the feral state.

I heard of one in the Buldana District of Berar in 1912. I beat uP — “ac
mal’s quarters, but found only tracks. It was said that its mate

nearly always seized’

g along a jungle path:

398 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVIII,

captured by pardis. These animals appeared to be less uncommon in Berar
than in many localities. I saw in 1890 the skins of three which had been
shot in the Melghat Forest in the Satpura Hills North of Ellichpur by Mr.
Ballantyne of the Forest Department. He told me that they all came out
‘in one beat. Captain Winter of the Hyderabad Contingent Artillery shot
one at Damangaon near Ellichpur in or about 1894. He saw two or three
and shot one when sitting over a kill or a tethered goat. Another was shot in
1895in the Wun District of North Berar by Captain Barnard, 4th Lancers,
Hyderabad Contingent, the animal came down to drink at a pool of water
close to him.

In an article in the [ndia Sporting Review for February 1857, there is a refer-
ence to Chesney’s “ Journal of the Euphrates Expedition,” in which this species
iis said to be more numerous in Asia Minor than in Persia and Mesopotamia -:
its occurrence is also noted in Arabia and in the vicinity of Aleppo. The writer
.of the article says that the chief supply of these animals in Upper India is from
the Jeypur District. According to ‘‘Buchanan Hamilton,” itis found in most
.of the hilly parts of India, but is nowhere very numerous except near Hydera-
bad, Deccan. It is stated by Mr. Ure, Surgeon at Hyderabad, that Hunting
Leopards were numerous near that place, and livein holes among the rocks
on the hills, or rocks that are near the plains which the antelope frequent.

Sir Samuel Baker, in his Hight Years’ Wanderings in Ceylon, published in
1855, says this animal is common there and “ frequently caught at Newera
Ellia.”

The late Sir Montagu Gerard told me he had ridden down and speared this
‘Species in Central India.

CHariton Kines, ENGLAND,
June 1920. R. G. BURTON, Bric.-GEnu.

No. VII..—THE HUNTING LEOPARD (CYNALURUS JUBATUS)
IN KATHIAWAR.

I notice in the last number of our Journal under an interesting note on the
‘Hunting Leopard by G.O. Allen, I.C.S., that the Society is anxious to obtain
all the information it can regarding this now somewhat rare animal, so am
sending the following note onits occurrence in the Province of Kathiawar
in the hope that it may be of some value.

According to Blanford’s ‘‘ Mammalia”, the Hunting Leopard, does not
occur in India, North of the Ganges or anywhere in the Eastern part of the
Peninsular, or on the Malabar Coast. How far South it occurs, he is unable
to state, but adds that its range is probably nearly the same as that of the
Indian antelope.

As far as the Bombay Presidency is concerned I think I can safely say that
the only district in which it occurs is in a limited area, situated about the centre
-of the Province of Kathiawar, and there only in very small numbers.

The antelope is met with in suitable localities, in most of the districts, ranging
from. Gujerat in the North down to the Southern ‘a!ukas of the Dharwar districts
bordering on the Mysore State, but during the many years I was engaged on
‘Survey work, in the Bijapur, Belgaum and Dharwar districts, 1 have never once
heard of a wild Hunting Leopard having been seen in those parts, although I
made exhaustive enquiries amongst the natives, some of whom were acquaint-
ed with the animal from having seen tame ones, kept by Indian Princes for
hunting purposes.

I am not so well acquainted with the more Northern districts of the Presi-
dency but I think if a Hunting Leopard had either been seen or shot in any
of them during my longservicein Kathiawar I should most certainly have heard
of it. As } have already stated they are exceedingly scarce in the latter Pro-
vinee. In the Kathiawar Volume of the Bombay Gazetteer, it is stated, on the

Pace

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 399

authority of the late Colonel J. W. Watson. who was z very
and shikari, that in 1884, there were not more than twenty Cheetahs (the
local name, the panther being known as the dipdo or Spotted one). If any
thing the number was overestimated by Colonel Watson, for during the succeed -
ing 17 years, when I was serving in the Province and became intimatel ac-
quainted with a greater part of it, I only heard of nine, two of which tna
‘shot by natives, in the neighbourhood of Chotila, midway between Wadhwan
and Rajkot : two by Mr. 8. A. Strip of the Wadhwan Garassia School, within
a few miles of the Civil Station, and the remaining five, including ie which
were speared respectively by Mr. Waddington of the Rajkumar College and
myself, by two young officers. These five which consisted of a mother and
four well grown cubs were obtained within a short distance of the Rajkot
Civil Station during the rains of 1894. Khabar had been brought to the two
officers by some Koli shikaris, that three panthers had been marked down by
‘them. On reaching the spot with the men, they found the animals lying up
‘under a small bush, in the open, and had no difficulty in shooting the lot
as they showed no fight. It was only after the bodies had been brought into
Rajkot and seen by others, that they discovered what the animals they had
‘shot really were! The Kolis said they had seen two other larger animals,
which it was presumed were the parents as the ones which had been shot
‘were only three-quarters grown cubs, and it was arranged that the men should
try and find them, and, that should they succeed in doing so, we should ride
them down and spear them.

On the following morning, the news was brought into camp, that they had
been found and surrounded, and not an hour later we found them in a patch of
long grass between some low hills, and very restless as they were moving about
with their tails cocked up and visible above the grass. They broke cover in
two different directions at a great pace but we had no difficulty in eventually
catching them up rough as the ground was, and spearing them. Like the others
they did not show any fight and it seemed a pity that they should have been
destroyed but we had no means of catching them alive, there being no_ profes-
sional snarers in the country and sooner or later they were bound to be shot by
village shikaris. One of them turned out to be the mother and the other,
snother cub, showing that there had been four in the litter. The coats of all
of them were in good condition, but otherwise they were very thin and the
mother especially looked half starved. This was as far as I could ascertain the
first time that hunting leopards had been seen anywhere near Rajkot and
this family of them must have wandered there in search of food from the
country round Vichia and Tardan where I was told they are occasionally met with.
Their favourite haunt however is the large rugged tract of country, known as
the Tanga, which includes the greater part of the districts of Chotila, Chobari,
Anandpur, Than, etc. This appears to be their stronghold from which
they occasionally wander away into the surrounding plains but never to any
great distance. There are other localities further North especially in the direc-
tions of Dhrangdhra, Malia and Tankara under Morvi, where antelope
are plentiful and other conditions apparently favourable for them but for some
good reason or other they are never found very far away from the Tanga limits.
The same remark applies to the Southern districts of Kathiawar, including the
Gir Forest, the Girnar, the Barda, and Alache Hills, Sihor and the surrounding
country. All these districts hold panther, but I have never heard of a hunting
leopard having ever been met with in any of them.

It is many years since I left Kathiawar (nearly 20) and although there
certainly were a few hunting leopards left in the Tanga country when I did

keen observer

stay there I am unable to state if there are any left there now.

MarsH Hatt, SoutH Morton, L. L. FENTON, Lrt.-CoLonEt.
N. Devon., 15th May 1920.

400 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII,.

No. VIII.|THE DESERT LARK (ALZMON DESERTORUM).

During the past two months, I have had the opportunity afforded me of
watching this bird. As-nothing much appears to have been recorded about
its habits, I venture to commit my observations to paper as it may interest
others who are ornithologists.

This is an altogether peculiar bird and although classed among the larks,
his habits are totally dissimilar. His habitat is the desert. He loves sand
and is to be found in desolate places, where he runs about, at a considerable
pace, over dunes and hummocks. He seldom takes to flight, preferring
to footslog. In the non-breeding season, I believe he is silent. When the
mating season comes round, he starts displaying. Before doing this, he runs
up to the top of ahummock. On arriving, he utters two notes, very like
a warning ; he then utters three more, not quiteso loudly; after this he
runs forward three or four feet and then springs up into the air, sort of
slantwise, and utters four or five more notes, which brings him to the
top of his flight, when he descends to earth again, as though “ side”
slipping. He shows off his wings and opens his tail out, in fact makes as
much display as he can of his beauty. The song is very pretty and the whole
show delightful to watch. He does not rise more than 15 or 20 feet. On des-
cending, he again mounts a hummock and continues the display at short

intervals.

Tn order to find his nest, the best method to pursue is to get on to his haunts.
On arrival one just stands and listens. If he is displaying, his voice will soon
be heard. This must be followed till he is seen. Ifthereis a nest about
itis perfectly easy to find, for after each display, he returns to the same
hummock, all that then remains to be done is to search round all the
hummocks in the vicinity, where it is sure to be discovered. If there is no nest,
he does not return to the same hummock to display, but runs along to another
and so on.

In this manner I have discovered 5 nests this season and will endeavour to.
describe them.

On the 26th April, I came on a cock displaying. Istood and watched him.
Almost at the same moment, to my delight, I saw the hen running along quite
close by with building material. I hardly had time to realize it, when she
flew a little distance to the foot of a hammock, on which was a low tamarisk
bush and hopped on to it. I had found the nest. The nest was placed on
the bush about afootorso offthe ground. First ofall there wasa regular
platform on which the nest proper was built. This was a good solid affair,
well finished off with a deep cup, bound with soft material. The whole must have:
been nearly 12 inches deep and a good 9 inches across. There was no effort to
conceal the nest. It simply hit youin the face. Nothing could he less lark-
like ! On visiting the nest a week after I found it deserted, much to my disgust.

On the 9th May, pursuing the same method I found another. This was
exactly similar to the other in structure but it was placed on the ground among
some coarse grass on a hummock. There was no difficulty in finding it as it.
was soconspicuous. On the llth I got three fresh eggs from it.

On the 25th May, I found two more nests being built. These were identi-
cal with that found on the 11th, viz., placed on a hummock, on coarse grass
and absolutely visible. On the 3lst May, I got two eggs from one. I was
afraid to leave them in case they might disappear. On visiting the other it
was found to have been buried in the sand and was invisible. After the
25th May, heavy rain had fallen and apparently water had come down and.
gone over it, burying it. However, I was lucky enough to find that the birds:

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 401

had only shifted a short distance away and had started another nest. This
was situated in the fork of a small tamarisk about 12 inches off the ground and
was solid and very well built. To-day I obtained 3 fresh eggs from it.

Although a larkit is very abnormal. To begin with, it likes the desert
then it prefers its legs to the air, it does not make a lark’s nest, in that it does
not use a hollow, but builds a massive affair, most conspicuously placed, and
even takes to the fork of asmall bush. Finally, its eggs are a china white
covered with brown, grey and black specks. There is a small zone formed
at the larger end, but not very conspicuous. The specks and spots do not
obliterate the ground color. In fact, no egg could be less lark-like.

KARACHI, R. M. BETHAM, Brig.-GENL., M.B.0.U.
8th June 1920.

ot

No. [IX.—ON THE OCCURRENCE OF THE LARGE BROWN
THRUSH (ZOOTHERA MONTICOLA) IN SIMLA.

In the list of birds found in the Simla Hills (J.B.N.H.S., Vol. XXVI, No. 2,
p. 609) it is stated that only a single specimen of the Large Brown Thrusn
(Zoothera monticola) has been seen and procured—on 21st April 1916—in teh
years. It may perhaps be of some little interest to observe that I met with
this bird on two occasions last year. I find from my notes that I first saw a
specimen on 25th October. It was frequenting a small, narrow, damp ravine
(elevation about 6,500 ft.) which broadened out at either end. I came across
the bird suddenly round a bend and it flew off at once at a great pace some
distance up the ravine. I endeavoured to follow it up and succeeded in
approaching to within about 50 yards, but it was very suspicious and flew off
again through the bushes and trees up the hillside. The steep nature of the
sides of the nullah prevented me from following the bird and I left the spot for
a time, returning again after an hourorso. I was pleased to find that the
thrush had also come back, but, if anything, it was as shy as before, and darted
up the hill through a clump of deodars and vanished. From the little that I
saw of the bird I noticed that it was hunting for food in the bed of the nullah
and on fairly large boulders, especially if these had any mud on them. I came
across the bird (the same specimen presumably) again on 2nd November,
but it gave me no more than a hasty glimpse as it disappeared over the side of
the nullah. On the first occasion that Isaw it I had no gun, and on the
second occasion it was a difficult matter to shoot it! I have not seen the
bird since although [ have often visited the spot where I first saw it.

There is an exceedingly interesting note (Vol. XXVI, No. 2, pp. 668-669 of
our journal) on this thrush by Mr. 8. J. Martin who says that the bird is fairly
common in his district (Kumaon).

Unfortunately, Mr. Martin has not found a nest and cannot, therefore, give
us first hand information as to nidification. Is it possible that the bird remains
in these parts (Simla) for the major portion of the year and breeds in about
May or June ? ;

Not longago I secured a copy of asomewhat little-known book entitled “* Birds
of Darjeeling and India ” by L. J. Mackintosh, and, on a perusal of this work

I found a note on the habits and nidification of Zoothera monticola. I quote

the following for what it may be worth:—‘* Zoothera prefers high altitudes. A
few may be met with, at times, in Darjeeling, chiefly in the cold weather. Itis
evidently more at home on the Singalillas, in dense bamboo and rhododendron
jungle and where more or less luxuriant forests exist, where the ground beneath
is damp and moist. Zoothera has given not a little trouble to get it to betray
its nest so as to learn a little of its nidification. This thrush seldom perches
on trees. Itis generally found on the ground, scraping away dead leaves
which lie in thick layers in some dense shady retreat damp and forbidding,
27

402 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL AIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV1LI.

tossing the leaves about with its ample-sized bill, as though it were in the
General Post Office sorting letters. It is not the leaves, however, that
it directs its attention to, but the tit-bits in the way of grubs that it is intent
on. The nest of Zoothera, which I found by some lucky chance, is a biggish
mound of damp green moss outside, neatly rounded of sides, broad at the base,
and tapering a bit towards the top. Inside, the nest is a neat, cup-shaped
hollow, with soft fibres, black hair-like moss roots, and fibrous shreds off a
creeping plant. Eggs are Temminckin ”’ (whatever this means!) Presumably
the eggs resembled those of Myiophoneus temminckizin which case they must
have been of some shade of grey-green with brown (or pink) markings.
There is some resemblance between this description of the nest and eggs and
that of the nest and eggs shown to Mr. Martin by Mrs. Goban.
SILA, §. BASIL-EDWARDES.

7th May 1920.

X.—RE-OCCURRENCE OF THE INDIAN PITTA (PITTA
BRACHYURA) IN THE DARBHANGA DISTRICT, BEHAR.

On the 5th of this month I got a female of this species in some bamboos.
The only other occasions on which this species was got here were on the 13th
and 21st May 1904 as recorded in Vol. XVI, p. 72 of this Journal; so tha‘
this bird has put in an appearance after an absence of nearly 16 years.

CHAS. M. INGLIS, F.z.s., o.B.0.0.
BaGHowntiE Fry., LAWERIA SARAL.,
16th May 1920.

No. XI—SOME BIRDS OBSERVED IN SOUTH WAZIRISTAN,

On the 24th May I was delayed by the effects of a severe hail storm at Piaza
Raghza, a camp situated on a plateau 5,000 feet above sea levelin the Tank
Zam valley of South Waziristan. I noted the following birds there during
the day and evening :—

j Paradise Fly-Catcher. Terpsiphone paradisit.
Sooty Fly-Catcher. Hemichelidon sibirica.
Spotted Fly-Catcher. Muscicapa griseola.
Indian Golden Oriole. Oriolus kundoo.

| Black-headed Jay. Garrulus sp.

| Magpie. Pica rustica.
Bay-backed Shrike. Lanius vittatus.
Rufous-backed Shrike. LL. erythronotus.
White-cheeked Bulbul. Molpastes leucogenys.
Jungle Crow. Corvus macrorhynchus.

<= | White-breasted Kingfisher Holcyon smyrnensis.
g Spotted Kingfisher. Alcedo sp.
S { Myna. Acridotheres tristis.
S | Blue Rock Pigeon. Columba intermedia.
= | Drongo. Dicrurus ater.
Grey Wagtail. Motacilla melanope.
Sparrow. Passer domesticus.
Little brown Dove. Turtur cambayensis.
Scavenger Vulture. Neophron ginginianus.
| Indian Vulture. Gyps sp.
Lammergeyer Gypaétus barbatus.

| Bonelli’s Eagle. HMieraétus fasciatus.

Wire tailed Swallow. Hirundo smithii.

L Sand Martin Cotile sinensis.

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES... 408

One § Common Indian Nightjar. Caprimulgus asiaticus,

only. { Cuckoo Cuculus canorus,
aH Crested Lark. Galerita cristata.
z j Sky Lark. Alauda gulgula.
x \ Dark-grey Bush-Chat. Oreicola ferrea.
. Corn Bunting. Emberiza sp.

The commenest or most noticeable were the Paradise and Sooty Fly-catchers
Golden Orioles and Magpies ; and Himalayan Black-headed Jays. :

The above list of birds extended up to Ladha (near Kaniguram) in the Baddar
Toi, branch of the Tank Zam. The foliage was Holy-oak, Willow, Poplars,
Mulberries, a certain number of fruit trees in small plateau orchards, and the
elevation extended to 5,500 feet.

The numbers of birds of course would be very much greater than this list.
This list merely indicates the birds which were immediately noticeable whilst
moving up the valley.

CORRIE HUDSON, Cot., 1.m.s,
Dera Ismart Kuan,

3lst May 1920.

No. XII.—ABNORMAL COLOURED EGG OF THE PHEASANT—
TAILED JACANA (Hf YDROPHASIANUS CHIRURGUS.)

As is well known this bird usually lays olive-brown coloured eggs varying in
depth of tint. On the 28th of May this year I got a clutch of four; three were of
the usual olive-brown colour, but one of those was spotted with brown;
the fourth was of a beautiful pure pale greenish blue or sea green in colour. They
were all of the usual peg top shape and quite fresh. Colonel Butler writing in
‘- Hume’s Nests and Eggs’’ says :—“‘ One egg I possess, which I took out of a
nest containing three other fresh eggs of the olive-brown type, is pale sea
green all over. I have never seen another Jacana egg like it.”

This is the first time I have ever seen a pale sea green egg of this species and
I must have seen hundreds of eggs nor have I heard of one being got since
Colonel Butler wrote the above. The 6th May is the earliest date on which
I have found eggs of this species.

Bacuownle Fry., CHAS. M. INGLIS, F.z.s., M.B.0.U.
DARBHANGA DISTRICT,
Tth June 1920.

No. X1II.—EVERSMAN’S REDSTART. (PH@NICU RUS
ERYTHRONOTA, EVELSM.)

The spell of cold weather in January 1903 having brought this beautiful
Redstart prominently before my notice, I had occasion recently to book up
various points connected with it, and finding the information in the Fauna of
British India to be somewhat meagre and out of date, consider it may be
of interest to set forth the results of my investigation. it

In the Fauna it is stated that Eversman’s Redstart is “a winter visitor to
every portion of Cashmere, extending on the west to Hazara and Afghanistan,
and on to Asia Minor. The most easterly locality from which I have seen a speci-
men of this bird is Kotokhai in the Himalayas. In summer this Redstart is
found in. Turkestan, and even in Mongolia and Siberia, if 2. alaschanica, Prijev.,
should prove to be the same species as is probable.” I may remark fina of all
that Hartert (Vog. Pal. Fauna. I. 728) has kept the latter bird a : gota
species although the two forms are certainly very closely allied. artert gives

404. JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII.

the range of one bird in greater detail, as in the breeding season from Turkestan
to the Altai Mountains and Lake Baikal; on passage throughout Turkestan,
Transcaspia, and East Persia ; in winter the basin of R. Tarim (Turkestan),
Southern Turkestan, Chgimass eastwards to Kotokhai, Afghanistan, and
Bushire on the Persian Gulf. Recorded also in Asia Minor and the Ural
Mountains.

I find however that Eversman’s Redstart must come more regularly into
British territory and the plains than may be understood from the above account.

From (Juetta, Meinertzhagen writes (Ibis, 1920, p. 166.):—‘* A common winter
visitor to the Quetta district from early November to the middle of March,
a few old cocks assuming full breeding plumage before departure. It was
noted that some females remained a few days after all the cocks had left, the
last cock being seen on 13. iii and the last hen on 187iii”. Marshall had previously
recorded it as common in winter at Quetta (Jour. B. N .H.S., xii, 603).

It must occur commonly al! up the N. W. Frontier in winter judging from the
following records. Whitehead writes, in the (Birds of Kohat and Kurram) (Ibis,
1909, p. 219), ‘‘ Fairly common, especially in the Miranzai Valley, from
December till March, and on the Samana from October till the end of March,
chiefly frequenting scrub-jungle, olive groves, and avenues. The call is a
peculiar croaking note sounding like gre-er. The male assumes nearly full
breeding plumage before leaving. Not observed in the Kurram Valley.”
Hume long ago (Ibis., 1871, p. 403) recorded it as common at Murdan.
Mr. A. E. Jones informs me that he has seen it at Risalpur, Nowshera, and
Dera Ismail Khan.

Proceeding further north but more into the plains we find that Hume says
this Redstart is a regular winter visitor to the Peshawar Valley, reaching at
least as far as Attock (where it was very numerous during the cold weather of
1869-1870), and leaving early in April (Tbis., 1870, 530., Stray Feathers., iii 219).
He also says elsewhere (S.F. ix, 327.) ““verycommon throughout the winter
months about Attock, in the Khyber, and generally about the bases of the hills
N. W., W., and S. W. of the Peshawar Valley.”

Mr. A. E. Jones found this bird duri ing the winter of 1918-1919 about Cam-
bellpore ; he first saw a male on the 15th December, and in January it became
fairly plentiful. He goes on to say in epistola: ‘‘ The country round Cam-
bellpore is anything but suitable to a bird of arboreal habits and it was surprising
to see how the bird accommodated itself to its surroundings, 7.e., small hamlets
round which are a few ““sheeshum ” and “‘ neem ”’ trees, leafless at this season,
on what is otherwise a barren plain. In February when it started warming up,
the birds’ numbers rapidly decreased and during the past fortnight not one
was observed.”

In the neighbouring station of Rawalpindi, Eversman’s Redstart was also
avparently common the same winter ; for a valued correspondent Mr. B. H.
Bird, I.C.8., kindly informed methat he had seen some on various dates
between 3lst January and 24th March, and sent me specimens in verification
of their identity.

On the Himalayan side of the Punjab I have not found many records. At
Gilgit, Biddulph obtained two males in December and January (S. F. ix. 327),
while Scully writes (S.F. x. 115) “ This Redstart is a winter visitor to Gilgit
and is common at an elevation of 5,000 feet from the middle of October to the
first week in March.’’

Of the Chitral Valley, Biddulph writes: “It appeared to be common in the
upper part of the Chitral Valley in November when I procured several speci-
mens of both sexes” (S.F. ix., 327). This was amplified later by Perreau
(Jour., B.N.H.S., xix) who says ““very common down to 4,000 feet on the
waste stretches in bushy parts in winter from November to February. Not seen
atfer middle of March.”

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 405

6

Kashgar “in winter” (S.F. iii., 219) and Cashmere “in spring” (.
B.N.H.S.) are further notes that I find. Mr. A. E. aie regret eae
3rd February 1920, informed me that he had just received a female in the
flesh from Simla. ;

I am now able to record a considerable extension of the range of this
species into the plains, in that I have met it in the district of J hang(S.W. Punjab)
A male was first obtained on 18th February 1918 near the town of Shah J iwana,
and a female was shot about 10 miles from the same place (at the Rivaz bridge
over the Chenab river) on 12th January 1919. No other individuals were seen
in those two winters, but the following winter a great number arrived in the
district. The first two birds were seen on January Ist but no more were
noticed until January 12th after which they were observed in abundance until
the end of the month. Two only were seenin February, both on the 13th. From
my notes it appears that I personally saw 50 individuals in all. All these birds
were in the area which lies between Jhang and the Sharpur district boundary
on both sides of the Chenab river. They were found for the most part either
in the avenues of kikur trees which line the canal banks, or in groves of
small kikurs often in most arid spots. The alarm note, which was excellently
described by Whitehead as a croaking “‘gre-er,”’ also be compared to the sound
of a minature watchman’s rattle ; the ordinary call isa softer slurred version
of the same. The species is easily distinguished in the field from the common
Indian Black Redstart. The colouring of the male of course prevents
confusion, and the white shoulder patches are conspicuous in flight. The
female may be distinguished by the larger size, the whitish markings on the
wings, and above all by the habit (common to both sexes) of flirting the
tail up and down above the level of the back, whereas in the common bird
itis “‘ shivered.’’ The difference of the call notes is also distinctive.

A series of 12 males and seven females was observed allin the months of
January and February ; all were in typical winter plumage), and showed no
traces of moult, except in the case of a single female (26th January)which was
moulting a few feathers on the back.

This series yielded the following measurements in millimetres :—

Bill from skull. Wing. Tail. Tarsus.
Males oo Se 56 14—16.5 84-89 64-69.5 23-26
Females .. Ss sc 15—16 81.5-86 (one 75.1) 22.5—27
63 .5-69.5

The soft parts were as follows for both sexes ; Iris dark brown: orbicular
black : mouth yellowish (flesh colour in one bird) : bill black : legs black.
HUGH WHISTLER, F.z.S., M.B.0.U.,
InprIAN PoLice,
JHANG, PUNJAB.

No. XIV.—ON THE OOLOGY OF THE NILTAVAS.

A peculiarity noticed in several clutches of the eggs of these birds is that be
single clutch frequently displays three distinct types of eggs. In most
cases one egg is very heavily freckled, another faintly so, and the remaining
one or two eggs are almost without traces of freckles. Exceptions sometim¢ g
occur and I have a clutch of N. sundara in which all three eggs are been
marked. This peculiarity is, no doubt, favourable to cuckoos who apie > y
make use of these nests. I have taken the eggs of both H ierococcys nisicolor
and Cuculus saturatus from nests of N. sundara and if I mistake not that of
C. canorus from the nest of N. grandis.

'406 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. AA VIL,

Oates in the Fauna of British India gives the dimensions of the eggs of NV.
grandis as °9X*7 and those of the eggs of N. sundara as °93x°71. The latter
is certainly incorrect for it is not likely that the smaller bird would lay eggs
larger than those of the larger bird. The average of eleven eggs of NV. sundara
measure ‘82°61 and I have never taken more than three eggsin a clutch
though four may be the complete number laid.

E. A. D’ABREU, F.z.s.
CentraL Musrum, NAGPur,

21st July 1920.

No. XV.—THE OCCURRENCE OF TEINOPALPUS IMPERIALIS
IN THE TOUNGOO HILLS, BURMA,

I write to enquire whether any specimens of 7’. imperialis have been recorded
from the Toungoo Hills of Burma.

Bingham in Vol. 2 of his book only records 7’. imperatrix as having been
obtained from there, but I have been given to understand that some specimens
of Teinopalpus caught at Thandaung near Toungoo some years ago and sent
for identification were all classed as imperialis.

Bingham’s description of 7’. imperatrix shows that the chrome yellow discal
fascia does not encroach on the discoidal cell. I have obtained about a dozen
specimens of T'einopalpus from Thandaung in the Toungoo hills and seen a large
number of other specimens obtained from the same place and about half the
specimens had the discal fascia encroaching on the cell although the specimens
appeared to be identical in all other respects. The encroachment on the cell
being the same as shewn in the illustration of 7. imperialis at the end of the
volume. The fascia starting from interspace 2 and not from interspace 3
as described for 7. imperialis.

These butterflies are most common in April but are also to be had in Than-
daung in October and I saw one specimen up in Thandaung in October last year,
but could not get close enough to catch it as it settled on a large rock a few
feet beyond the reach of my net. Bingham also only describes one specimen
of female for each variety.

Last April I caught 7 specimens in one morning, one of which turned out
to be a female and was identical in all respects with the males, except that it
was very slightly larger. There was no doubt whatever about the sex as apart
from the entire _ absence of anything resembling the anal valves of the male,
she started laying eggs shortly after being caught and was so full of them that
I had to clean the body out to preserve it.

The ordinary females do not appear to be at all common up at Thandaung
as in 1918 none appeared to have been seen and last year only three were seen
although there was generally someone out after these butterflies nearly every
morning and quite a large number of males were caught.

Ragadia.

Bingham only records this from Tenasserim in Burma.

I caught two specimens in Thandaung in October 1919 and which appear
to resemble R. critolans, but there are only 6 occeli on the hind wing, there being
only two of the median occeli on the hind wing encircled by the same fulvous
ring instead of three.

W. SPARKE.
c/o Messrs. THos. Cook & Son, RanGoon. . ;
3rd April 1920.

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 407

No. XVI.—THE NAME OF A MESOPOTAMIAN EARWIG.

Ina recent number Lt.-Col. F. P. Connor contributed a most interesting
note in which he said that he had seen the ordinary large Earwig of Mesopota-
mia carry off a moth in its forceps. Iam able to supply the name of the
Earwig, Labidura riparia, a widely distributed species, which has occurred
n Britain.

P. A. BUXTON.
TRINITY COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE,

7th June 1920.

No. XVII.—“* HOPPING” PUPA OF A CURCULIONID BEETLE.

A weevil back (a) and side, (b) view, (c) seed-like body from which it
emerges. .
The small figure alongside (a) and (c) shows the insect natural size.

ee

Major Fleming, I.M.D., wrote to us from Lahore on a oe # ae
follows :—‘‘ 1 am sending by parcel post a specimen of eee : pes 8,
examination and kind favour of report. The history is ay ag pa ie

Along the front of one of our barracks at the point ’ ng re
meets with the ground, from small holes 1 inch to 13 ae ae
these little grains come literally hopping out into the open, Se te eae
2 inches high, or they would, so to say, hop along the oe: ee te
their holes about six in the morning and generally hop g

408 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XXVI1,

gets hot about 11 o'clock. Their first appearance was noticed about a fort-
night ago, they have been growing less in number of late and less vigorous
in action. To all intents and purposes when looked at on the ground they
have the appearance of bird-seed moving and jumping about under some
mystic influence! On keeping they generally die in 48 to 60 hours and if kept
in a closed bottle, a small moth or some worm-like object leaves the shell.
Th» specimen sent has been gathered at 8 o’clock this morning the 29th.”

We sent the specimens to Mr. T. Bainbrigge Fletcher, F.E.S., the Imperial
Entomologist, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Pusa, who kindly
supplied us with the following information and drawings of the beetles :—

* T beg to say that I have carefully examined the seed-like bodies, which
appear to be some grass-seeds. Lach seed is inhabited by the pupa of a
Curculionid beetle (weevil) in an early or an advanced stage of growth. From
some of the seeds adult weevils are alsoemerging now in my Laboratory, and
they are so unlike anything that we have in our named collection, that we shall
have to forward specimens of this to a Specialist in England for exact determi-
nation.”

Your observation regarding the “‘ hopping ” of these “seed-like bodies ”
is very interesting but I cannot understand how these come “ literally hopping
outin the open ” from their “ holes ’’, and how they get back by hopping again.
It seems probable that you have nests of a species of ant in the “ holes” at the
junction of “ brick-work ”’ with the ground ? The ant may have stored these
seeds in her nest little suspecting that these were infested with insect grubs.
Asis usual with the ants at this time of the year, this ant may also have brought
out during the cool hours of the morning, all her stores, etc., for eration and
spread them out just outside the nest and took them in again at noon. With
the advance of the day and consequent rise in the atmospheric temperature
the grubs inside the seeds felt uncomfortable and in their efforts to escape
from their captivity jumped about. This “ hopping ’? phenomenon has been
observed in the case of Bruchid grubs also which infest Peas, Grams, and other
pulse-grains and also in the case of some moth larve living inside seeds.

The fact that they have been growing less in number of late and less vigo-
rous in action can be easily explained. The larve must have changed to
pupz and in due course there is less of activity ; and from pupe adult beetles
must have emerged and the empty shells that are left behind are not brought
out of the nest.

EDITORS.

No. XVIII.—TROUT FISHING IN CEYLON.

The following extract from the Ceylon Manual for 190) gives an authentic
account of the introduction of trout into the Ceylon streams :—

“The first experiments in trout breeding were made in 1880 by the late Mr.
Hugh L. Hubbard of St. Johns, Nda, Pusselawa, who was greatly interested
in the subject; and to his efforts is due the knowledge that trout can be
easily reared in Ceylon waters. He was assisted by Mr. C. J. R. Le Mesurier
and Mr. Hearn, but no record apparently was kept of the number of Ova
imported. In 1882 about twenty fish were turned into the Nuwara Eliya
stream by Mr. Hubbard. In 1886 and 1888 the public subscribed liberally
and an equal amount was contributed by the Local Board making a total of
considerably over Rs. 3,000.

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 409

Ova were imported in 1886, 87, 88, 89 and 1890, but no record was kept of the
results or of the localities where fry were turned out. From 1892 Ova have
been regularly imported in considerable numbers and at present two or three
importations of about 20,000 Ova on each occasion are made during the first
four months of the year. Originally the Ova imported were those of the
Brown Trout (Salmo fario), but in 1899 Ova of the Rainbow Trout (S. irridens)
were imported for the first time and, as they stand heat better than the
Brown Trout, they have proved very successful.”

Subsequently, Mr. George Fowler, of the Ceylon Civil Service, while in office
at Nuwara Eliya devoted much attention and care to the Hatchery importing
22,000 Ova at his own expense and it was owing to his zeal in the matter that
the “ Industry ” was put on a sound working basis.

After that the supply was kept up by public subscription to the Trout Fund
Committee, which gave place to the Ceylon Fishing Club, founded in 1896.
The Club has a lease from Government of all streams above an altitude of 4,000’
at a rent of Rs. 100 per annum and all sums collected by stamp duty on
licenses, issued under Ordnance No.8 of 1893, are refunded to the Club.
Brown Trout were caught in the Horton Plains water in 1891 of 5 to 6 Ibs.,
and in the Nuwara Eliya lake one of 14 lbs. and another 134 lbs. were taken
in 1904. Butit soon became apparent that the Brown Trout did not breed
although fish of both sexes had been taken which were in a condition to do so ;
and this failure is attributed to the fact that the temperature of the water in
Ceylon rarely, if ever, falls below 50° Fahr.

With the Rainbow Trout, however, the reverse is the case, and the streams
are well stocked with young fish.

Licenses to fish for trout can be obtained from the Secretary of the Club
at the following rates for members and non-members :—

Rs Rs.
Whole season .. Be Ae 50 120
One month .. a Ns 30 75
One week - oe te 15 25
One day me .- = 5 12°50

A. H. DUNSMURE.
CEYLON,
10th May 1918.

No. XIX-—VEGETABLE DIET OF COMMON HOUSE LIZARD,

I did not know that the common house lizard was not averse to a vegetarian
diet.

Our dog’s food is generally put on the top of a book case to cool. Directly
the dishes touch the wood, up starts a small lizard’s head from behind the
book-case, he crawls cautiously forward, and taking short darts as he would
for a fly, eats about five grains of rice with much swallowing. .

When the dishes are removed he remains near and stares into space ; if they
were left there perhaps he would make a larger meal, but the dogs are hungry,
and he gets slower with every mouthful.

D. SWITHINBANK.
PROME,
llth April 1920.
The Fat-tailed Lizards (Z. macularius) living in captivity in the Society i
Museum sometimes feed on Biscuit crumbs. (Editors).
28

410

PROCEEDINGS
OF THE MEETING HELD ON 24TH JUNE. 1920.

A meeting of members and their friends took place on Thursday, the 24th
June 1920, Mr. John Wallace presided.

The election of the following 41 new members since the last meeting was
announced :—Mr. M. Vinayak Rao, Calcutta ; Mr. H. B. Moore, Bombay ; Mr.
EK. C. Reid, Bombay ; Mr. K. J. Nicholson, Bombay ; Mr. W. H. K. Howard,
O.B.E.,Bombay ; Major W. B. Trevenen, Poona; Lt.-Col. H. G. F. Stallard,
R.A.M.C., Bombay; Mr. H. R. Morrison, Assam; Major L. Mason, M.C.,
LF.S., Hoshangabad ; Major L. T. Raikes, D.S.O., R.F.A., Belgaum ; Capt.
W. L. C. Brodrick, Bangalore ; Major W. S. Stafferd, Nasik; Mr. J. Riley
O’Brien, Bombay ; Mr. E. H. N. Gill, Allahabad, U.P. ; Mr. G. S. Anderson,
Ceylon ; Mrs. W. J. Segar, Dharwar; Mr. T. Farley, Balipara; Mr. C. R.
Pawsey, I.C.S., Assam ; Mr. H. L. Birley, Assam ; Mr. F. A. C. Munns, Bihar ;
Lt.-Col. D. Ogilvy, R.E., Bareilly ;. The Mess President, Officers’ Mess, Royal
Artillery, Lucknow ; Capt. H. R. Irwin, Poona ; Major E. J. Ross, Bombay ;
Lt. A. B. MacDonald, R.F.A., Belgaum; Mr. C. H. Williams, Bangalore ;
Wing Commander Charles Bruse, R.A.F., Simla; Lt.-Col. J. C. Simpson,
Lucknow ; H. R. H. Prince Carol, Crown Prince of Roumania, Bucharest;
Lt. A. M. Griffin, I.A.R.O., Bangalore ; Mr. J. B. Knight, Poona ; The Mess
Secretary, 1st Kings Shropshire Light Infantry, Crater, Aden ; Mr. H. M. James,
Assam ; Mr. Edwin Dean, Peshawar; Mr. J. L. Henderson,Travancore ; Dr.
D. L. Bare, D.D.S., Shillong; Mr. J. K. Stanford, M.C., M.A., M.B.O.U.,
LC.S., Sagaing, Upper Burma; Mr. E. J. Dunkley, Rangoon; Mr. R. M.
Simmons, Ajmer ; Mrs. G. T. Mawson, Malad ; and Capt. D. G. Brown.

ADDITIONS TO THE SOCIETY’S MUSEUM.

2 1

Contribution. Locality. Donor.
MAMMALS. S. Waziristan ..,;Capt. C. M. Ingold-

1 Rufous Mungoose (UM. m. ferru- | by.
gineus),1 Desert Pipistrelle Bat |
(P. mimus glaucillus), 1 Shrew
(Crocidura sp.), 16 Desert Ger-
billes (1. hurriane), 8 Sind
Gerbilles (7. sherrini), 5 Hairy-
footed Gerbilles (D. gleadovi),
I Small Indian Gerbille (D.
indus), 1 Pale 5 striped Squirrel
(F. pennanti argentescens),
2 Persian House Mice (JM.
bactrianus), 1 Hedge Hog (Parae-
chinus blanfordi).

2 Mottled Pole Cats (Putorius sp.), | Kurdistan ..|Major E, J. Ross.
1 Leopard (F. pardus), 1 Wolf
(C. lupus), 1 Oorial skull (0.
vignet), 2 Persian Wild-Goat
Skulls (C. egagrus blythi).

PROCEEDINGS.

4]

1

a ee

Contribution.

1 Ruddy Mungoose (MM. smithii),
2 Robertson’s squirrel (Ff.
robertsoni).

Skulls of the following :—3 Pan-
thers (F. pardus), 6 Pine Mar-
tens (WM. flavigula), 1 Otter (L.
elliott), 2 Mountain Foxes (Vul-
pes montana), 2 Foxes (Vulpes
bengalensis), 6 Himalayan Tahr.
(H. jemlaicus), 1 Musk Deer
(M. moschiferus).

1 Large Indian Civet (V. zibetha),
1 Black-backed Squirrel (8S.
atrodorsalis), 1 Grey-headed
Squirrel (S. caneiceps), 1 Tree
Shrew (Jupaia sp.), 1 Berd-
more’s Squirrel (M. bendmorei).

1 Pigmy Hog (Sus. sylvanus), 1
Skull of Pigmy Hog.

1 Tenasserim Giant Squirrel (Ratu-
fa pheopepla).

1 Flying Lemur (G. volans ) :

1 Flying Squirrel (Pet. taylori), 1
Pigmy Flying Squirrel (Pt. (H.)
belone).

1 Skull of Persian Gazelle (G. sub-
gutturosa).

1 Lion-tailed Monkey (JM. silenus).

6 Black Buck (A. cervicapra)

1 Painted-Bat (K. picta)

1 Female Black Buck with horns
(A. cervicapra).

1 Assam Giant Squirrel (Ratufa
gigantea), 1 Pallas’ Squirrel (C.
erythroeus).

2 Common Jungle Cats (F. chaus).

6 Grizzled Indian Squirrels (R.
dandolena).
1 Common Jungle Cat (F. chaus)

Birps.

2 White-winged Wood Ducks (8.
melanotus), 1 Great White-bel-
lied Heron (A. insignis).

2 Grey-headed Imperial Pigeon
(Ducula i. griseicapilla), 1 Malay
Bittern (B. javanica), 1 Green
Shank (7’. glottis).

2 Indian Coursers (C. coromande-
licus).

| Locality. | Donor.
ee

Pachmari, C. P..| )
Garhwall |
{
8 E. Csmaston.
J
Siam ..|Major C. H. Stock-
ley.
Kamrup.. ..(Mr. C. S. Chaston.
Tavoy ..|Mr. O. C.Ollenbach.
Tavoy ..|W. 8. Wood.
Sandoway «(Ea Purkis;
Banks of the|Lieut.-Col. F. M.
Oxus. Bailey.

Palaga pandy,|A. M. Kinloch.
India.

Dhar .|H. H. The Maharaja
of Dhar.
Shillong ..|W. J. Ballantine.
Amraoti .|C. J. Griparis.
Garo Hills .|R. T. Sangma.
Bagobah ..|Major W. D. Ritchie
S. India .|Mr. R. F. Stoney.
Mesopotamia ..| Major E. J. Arthur.
Naga Hills .|Mr. J. P. Mills.
Siam .(Major C. H. Stock-
ley.
Dharwar ..(Mr. L. J.Mountford. |

EE

412 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII.

Contribution.

1 Sheldrake (7. cornuta)

| 1 Stiff-tailed Duck (H. leucocepha-
la). :
| 12 Magpies (Pica holstiea) SO

1 | Great Slaty Woodpecker (A. pul-
verulentus).

Brirps’ Eaes.

1 Sharp’s Spotted Babbler (P. m-
nus), 3 Black-breasted Ouzel
(M. protomomelena), 3° Silver-
eared Mesia (Mesia argentau-
ris), 2 Burmese Button Quail
(7. blanfordi).

REPTILES,
Lizards.

2 Desert Monitors (V. griseus)
(alive), 1 Common Monitor (V.
bengalensis) (alive), 5 Spiny-
tailed Lizards (U. hardwickir)
(alive), 1Gymnodactylus scaber,
1 Persian Gecko (H. persicus),
1 Agama rubrigularis, 1 Agama
isolepis, 1 Acanthodactylus
cantoris, 1 Hremias guttata, 5
Humeces scutatus,

1. Calotes nigrilabris, 1C. leolepis.. .

Snakes.

3 Jerdon’s Blind Snake (7. jerdonz),
3 Aspidura brachyorrhos, 1 Hap-
locercus ceylonensis, 10 Drum-
mond Haye’s Shield-tails (R.
drumundhayet),1 Singalese Krait
(B. ceylonensis), 3 Aspidura tra-
chyprocta and 1 Shield-tail Rhi-
nophis sp.-_ -

1 Schneider’s Water Snake(H. enyhy-
dfs). -

1 Cobra (NV. Pipi
cuneate scale.

without

INSECTS.

Lepidoptera.
4 ‘Snow Butterflies (D. apollinus) .

157 Butterflies

| 70 Butterflies

Locality. Donor.

Fallujah,
rates.

Euph- Bhi A. Smith.
Abu Jisra, Mespot Major J. Chrystal.

Shiraz, Persia ..|Lt.-Col. J. E. B.
Hotson.

Burma. . fe i Atlay.

Naga Hills : |g. P. Mills.

S. Waziristan

Ceylon .{Lt.-Col. F. Wali.
Ceylon .|J. Erskine.
Gonda .|F. Field.

Sehore, C. 1. ..!Col. C. E. Luard.

.|Lt.-Col. C.
Watney.
Kuban Valley, N.|Major EK. J. Ross.
Chindwin.

Coonor

Mosul W.

.|Mr. J. Florence.

ip

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

:
|
|
|

‘OG6T OUNL Y4FZ 944 UO ploy SUTyooM B 4v paqIqryxo se unoesn] 944 04 suornqiaqu0g

tum SS: IQ
mat ity hq ay neite
Axaing
fot tiny ;

a, oe
:

"90S "3SIH 32N Avequwog “usnor

’ PROCEEDINGS. 413

The following contributions have been sent to the Briti
identification and return :-— i aie Las

Contribution. Locality. Donor.

>

17 Mammal Skins and Skulls... | Mokok chun ab P. Mills,
Naga Hills.

37 Birds Sy > - .. | Kurdistan ..|Major E. J. Ross.
12 Magpies .. 3? a4 .. | Shiraz, Persia ..|Col.J. E. B. Hoteod|
I js |
EXHIBITS.

Mr. 8. H. Prater, acting Curator, exhibited an interesting number of contribu-
tions received since the last meeting. These included specimens received from
a range of country extending from the banks of the Oxus to the deserts of
Central Arabia.

Special attention was drawn to a number of animals obtained by Major E. J.
Ross from Central and South Kurdistan ; these include a leopard, a wolf, twe
mottled pole-cats and the heads of the Persian wild goat and Oorial. The
two mottled pole-cats are a welcome addition to the Society’s collection. They
are nocturnal animals living in burrows and feeding on small animals, birds,
insects and reptiles. Hutton gives an interesting account of one which he kept
in captivity ; he says that it killed in succession four wagtails and four rats.
It had a special way of dealing with rats, these were always seized behind the
ear and held until they stopped struggling and were then despatched with a
couple of bites through the skull. The animal would never eat during the
day but stored its victims away in the corner of the cage and finished them
after night fall. The skin of an ostrich presented by Lt.-Col. A. T. Wilson
attracted great attention. It was given to Col. Wilson by the Chief of the
Anaizah tribe in Central Arabia. Outside African limits the ostrich is to-day
confined to the deserts of Central Arabia and possibly the borders of Palestine.
In former times this bird had a very much wider distribution. Evidence of its
occurrence in Europe has been found through discovery of a petrified egg in
the Cherson district of South Russia. And we read that a “Camel Bird” or
ostrich was amongst the presents received by an Emperor of China from a
Cham in Turkestan. That it once occurred in India is proved by the finding
of a fossil specimen in the pliocene beds of the Siwalik range. This fossil
specimen is named “ Struthio asiaticus”, it differs from the modern bird in
having a stouter neck, but in other respects closely resembles it. Within
recent times ostriches occurred in Mesopotamia and Persia and perhaps
in Baluchistan and Sind though evidence as regards the last two countries Is
rather slender. Not long ago the common way of hunting ostriches in Arabia
was to ride them down—an interesting account of this is given by Canon
Tristram. At the present day, however, the more prevalent method is that
briefly described by Col. G. Leachman, who in a letter just received writes :—

The ostriches are hunted by Sulaib (Sing. Solubbi) a type of nomad, thought
to be of non-Arabian origin. They live alone in small camps far out in the

414. JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVIII,

desert throughout the year and have far greater knowledge of water holes than
the Bedouins themselves. Their hunters dress in Gazelle skins and can approach
within touch of Gazelle and Ostriches before firing their rifles. Their rifles are
for the most part of a very old type, the reason being that if they carried modern
rifles, the Bedouin would certainly take them away from them. Otherwise the
Bedouin do not molest them. - Burton in his “ Pilgrimage from El Medianah to
Meccah ” says that there is a belief prevalent throughout Arabia that Ostriches
fling stones at their pursuers, he writes that this superstition may have arisen from
the “ pebbles being flung up by the birds’ large feet or it may have been a
foolery of fancy.” A full account of the Arabian sce will appear in the
next number of the Journal.

A number of skins were collected-for the Society by Mr. J. P. Mills, I.C.S., from
Mokokchung in the Naga Hills. The collection contained examples of the Red
Serow, Gibbon, Himalayan Monkey, Chinese Scaly Ant-Hater, Porcupine
and Bamboo Rats. Specimens of the three kinds of bamboo rats which occur
w_.thin Indian limits were shown. These were a giant species, a medium sized
one and asmaller animal. The bamboo rats are an interesting genus of rodents.
They are found in India along the base of the Himalayas in Assam, Burma,
Siam and China. They burrow under the roots of large trees using their large
teeth and claws for the purpose, or live in the tall rank jungle grass. They are
molelike in appearance with thickset bodies, very small eyes and ears and
short limbs. Their principal food consists of roots. They are eaten by many
of the Burmese and Assamese Hill tribes. The greater part of Mr. Mill’s
collection is in England. where it is. being worked out at the British Museum by
Mr. Wroughton who has promised to write a report on it for the Journal.

A specimen of a Pigmy Hog was shown. The specimen was obtained by
Mr. Chaston on the Bhutan Border. This animal is found at the foot of the
Himalayas in Nepal, Bhutan and Sikkim, it measures about 26in. in length and
stands 1lin. in height. It lives chiefly in the high jungle grass in small herds
of from five to twenty. Another remarkable animal shown was the Flying
Lemur which was sent in by Mr. A. 8. Wood from Tavoy. The Flying Lemur
bears the same relation to the Tree Shrews as does the Flying Squirrel
to the true squirrel. It has a curious expansion of skin along each side of its
body which extends from the throat to the tip of the tail and is used as a_ kind
of parachute in gliding from tree to tree. The animal is purely nocturnal and
passes the day by hanging by its legs against the branch or trunk of a tree from
which its mottled marking renders it scarcely distinguishable.

A collection of small Mammals and reptiles was obtained for the Society by
Capt. C. M. Ingoldby, who had found time to interesting himself on the Societys
behalf under the most disadvantageous conditions. Live specimens of the desert
moniter and the spiny tailed lizard were presented by him and are shown in the

Society's rooms.

A specimen of the beautiful Painted Bat (K. picta) was exhibited. Un-
fortunately these animals lose their wonderful colouring soon after death. But
an illustration in the Society’s Journal (Vol. XXI, page 1181) shows up re-
markably the vivid colouring of this species. The wings are a bright orange
and black and the body is buff coloured. This bat occurs all over India and when
disturbed by day is often mistaken for a beautiful butterfly. Favourite roost-
ing spots of this creature are the leaves of the plantain tree.

The head of a female black bluck with horns was shown. The Society already
possessed examples of a horned doe, and there were several records of similar
heads in the Journal. The present example was presented by Mr. Griparis
from Amraoti, Berar.

tnasnyy sAzaloog ey} ur paivdeid sayvug uvipu] uowmog jo syseQ seyse[q paquieg

‘90S "3SIH "32N Avquwog *uanor

ie 2 «
me

PROCEEDINGS, 415

POISONOUS AND NON-POISONOUS SNAKES.

Considerable interest was evinced in the rough chart showing in a perfectly
simple way how to distinguish between Indian poisonous and non-poisonous
snakes. Beside the chart the Curator had arranged specimens of various
snakes preserved in spirit which showed clearly how easily identifiablea snake
was by means of this chart, which it is hoped to publish by the close of the
year and which has already been adopted by the Educational Departments of
most ofthe Provincial Governments and by the Military Medical authorities
throughout India.

The disadvantage of preserving snakes in spirits for exhibition purposes was
well shown in comparison with some beautiful plaster casts of snakes made in the
School of Art and painted in their true colours by Mr. 8. H. Prater, the
Society’s Curator. This method of exhibiting specimens will, as time and space
permits, be extended to fish, the vivid colours of which are quite lost if any of
the practical preservatives now known are used.

The meeting ended with a vote of thanks to the various contributors.

. fs vi WET LEE?

ROT sah wales
f geet bis
Ms rete

CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER—~(conta.)

PaGeE

_A NOTE ON THE SPECIES OF THE GENUS MycaLEsig oF Lepi-
doptera, OCCURRING WITHIN INDIAN Limits. (With four

g Plates). By Lt.-Col. W. H, Evans,r.z. ........... 354.
Some NotTEs ON THE GENUS Caprimulgus IN THE PUNJAB.
, Pepe NV MISGIOL, (F2:8.,M.B.O:U,, oe. ees boe ced eet oa 363
_ REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE OF THE Bompay Natura His-
EMME Se So 02 SAG aU ek os welne oooeld ice ee ce van 371
MPMI C2 ed Soe Non eek e's oe deste sas cgicve dnalocd nek ag deckles 379

MISCELLANEOUS , NOTES :—

I.—Tigersin Trees, By Brig.-General R.G. Burton... 383

, _I1.—Man-eating Tigers on Saugor Island in the 18th
\ Century. By Brig-General R. G. Burton ........ 385

TL.—A Jad) OAR D8 a ARN Pa a a Gan a 386
1V.—On the Methods of Measuring Tigers. By Editors.. 39]
V.—Notes on Panthers. By E, Brook-Fox, m.t.c.z..... 394

7I,—The Hunting Leopard (Cynelurus jubatus) .......... 398
ViIl.—The Hunting Leopard (Cynelurus jubatus) in Kathi-
ewar. 2By Li-Col, Ly b.Bonton’ oi sc0 bs cia 5 eee 398
VIlI.—The Desert Lark (Alemon desertorum). By Brig.-
General KR. M.: Botham, M.B.0.0. 9 os). nce cuss 400

IX.—On the occurrence of the Large Brown Thrush (Zoo-
thera monticola) in Simla. By 8. Basil Edwardes.. 40]
X.—Re-occurrence of the Indian Pitta (Pitta brachyura)
in the Darbhanga District, Behar. By C. M. Inglis,
B.ZeS., M.B.O.U.: 2c ccc et eee ec awe ne eee ceee 402
XI,.—Some Birds observed in South Waziristan. By Col.

C, Hudson, I.M.s. 7s rs se 402
XII.—Abnormal coloured egg of the Pheasant-tailed Jacana
(Hydrophasianus chirurgus.) By C. M. Inglis,
WeAcSey MeB.O,U... oes es eesje sie tee tie ee eee een weeues 403
XIII.—Eversman’s Redstart. (Phenicurus erythronota,
Eversm.) By H. Whistler, ¥F.z.s., M.B.0.U. ...... 405
XIV.—On the Oology of the Niltavas. By HE. A. D’Abreu,
AAAS NER so thal cine) ai euelie: «de Tete’ sass e ee ersig’e, sie eles 016 80/0 4.05
XV.—The occurrence of Tetnopalpus imperialis in the
Toungoo Hills, Burma. By W. Sparke .......... 406
XVI.—The Name of a Mesopotamian Earwig. By P. A,
ERTIRCOEN Caer e rec aie eeieke) Coca loneveaes oie vel b)eveheis focal are)ivfelvere 4.07
XVII.—“ Hopping” Pupa of a Curculionid Beetle. By
EAE OT Ne Seals elie eco a laielave lors lelidh e\cderedovs oliclleivwesece ota/aiete 4.07

XVIII,—Trout Fishing in Ceylon. By A. H.Dunsmure .... 408
XIX.—Vegetable diet of Common House Lizard. By D.
On Sovatiin DANK yo. lic ids ec cyele cide ewes ep alee oeees 4.09

BPEGCOCCINGS oc wee e seta y cette eee see ren cesteroeererareneees

Printed by E. G. Pearson for the Proprietors at the Times Press, Bombay, aud
published by W. S. Millard for the Bombay Natural History Society—4291,20

THE

JOURNAL

OF THE

Bompay Naturat History Socrgry.

EDITED BY

R. A. SPENCE, F.Z.S., B. C. ELLISON and S. H. FPRATER.

- VOL, XXVIII, No. 3. pee
- {yaya 1aS1/7); x
aS lay”

f
Rea a SS (% SEP 7 1927

wy

. ° : ~ Y oe
Date of Publication, 31st March T2dyar Mus

Price to Non-Members ye be «. Rs, 12-0-0
ur £ O0-16-0

nRaAnnnnnnnnnncosns

LONDON AGENTS:
DULAU & Co., Ltd.,
34-36, Margaret Street, Cavendish Square, W.

——_—

PRINTED AT THE TIMES PRESS, BOMBAY.

CONTENTS Obo THIS: NUMBER.

Tae Game Birps or Inpia, BurgMA AND CEYLON. Part
XXXI. By EH. C. Stuart Baker, F.LS., F.Z.S.,
M.B.0.U. (Hrancolinus continued) ......-..++- esses eee ees

Tue ComMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA. Part
XXV 7 By UR Belli icky 1.8. (retired) iyeees.

Tue Brraps oF THE Inp1IAN Empire. By H. C. Stuart Baker,

HitS.F 2:5. M.B.0.Un CsA 0.0. (Part Tl) -- cn eee.

* Inpian Draconrires. Part IX. (With text figures.)
By Major fC. Braser, (M.S. 0.2.6.0... 00. beeen ements

On SMALL MAMMALS FROM THE KaCHIN PROVINCE, NORTHERN
Burma. By Oldneld Vhomas, P-R.S. o).s-ceeetecreees ere

THE FLora oF THE InpIaAN Desert. (Jodhpur and
Jaisalmer.) Part VII. (With three Plates.) By Rev.
i. Blatter, S.J:. and Prot... “Hallberg. sae ereatee

SUMMARY OF THE RESULTS FROM THE INDIAN MAmMaL
SuRVEY OF THE Bompay Natura History Society.
By at. ©. Wromehtone P28. ..0.8.5.0 1... ees

ANGLING AROUND Bompay. By G. D. Traylen..............,

A List or DRAGONFLIES FROM MaHABLESHWAR. By Major
TE OiBal ths gc tstev ce boi (Sie be eA Ree Gets a cho aS le

Bompay Natura History Society’s MAMMAL SURVEY OF
Inpia4, BurRMA AND CEYLON. (Report No. 33, High
Wavy Mountains, Madura District ; No. 34, Travancore ;
and No. 35, Prome). By R. C. Wroughton, F.z.s. ..

A List oF THE Birps or DHarmsata. By Capt. R. W. G.
Hingston, M.C., M.B., I.M.Ss. (With three plates and
ONS GEXt MOUMO see nN is co. vs dees oa adele» Ae

REPORT ON A COLLECTION OF MAMMALS MADE BY Cot. J. E.
B. Hotson in Shiraz, Persia. By Major R. E. Chees-
TEL, MIB LONUs ER GS, hoe. eyo ae he weg occ oe hae eee

THE GEOLOGY OF WorLI Hitt. By Jayme Ribeiro, L.C.E£.

(With a plate and.3 text figures) © .........06.cseeceoeeone ;

| ScIENTIFIC RESULTS FROM THE Mamma. Survey, No.
XXV. By Oldfield Thomas, F.z.s.—
(A) On Jungle-Mice from Assam ...1...........00.
(B) The Brush-Tailed Porcupine of Assam ......
SCIENTIFIC RESULTS FROM THE MamMat Survey, No. XXVI.
By R. C. Wroughton—
(A) VANew since bray. ose. sopra nes ce seeeeeeeeeee
(B) A New Palm-Civet from Assam ...............

(C) An Assam Representative of the C. castaneo-—

veniris croup of Squirrels. .........c.e0sssnbee ace

‘THE ARABIAN OSTRICH. « By S. Hi. Prater)... 0.0.0. .00.00 2202
THE BirDS OF PREY OF THE PunJaB. Part VII. By C. H.
Donalds wizis SIMRO skeen fae fos do eios ees cee een eneenn
Review—‘SHIKAR NOTES FOR NOVICKHS.’ By
The Hon*bled SAW Best atars oe ss ek lke Gi

PaGE

417
431
44.8:
492

499
506
520

935
540

545
590

573
582

596
598

599
600

601
602

606
616

way iT AW Ip

SV WDUMIAR fj ree

wee BALL TP
“yy \

We SEPT $997" fe}

+,
STON AL mused

JOURNAL
Oey Ae

Bombay Natural History Society. |

Mar. 1921. VoL. XXVII. No. 3.

THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON,
BY

H. C. Stuarr Baxer, F.L.S., F.Z.S., M.B.0.U.

Part XXXII.
(Continued from page 210 of this Volume.)
Genus—FRANCOLINUS (continued.)
FRANCOLINUS PICTUS PALLIDUS,

The Northern Painted Partridge.

Perdix hepburni var. pallida.—-Gray, lll. Ind. Zool. L., pl. 55, Fig. 2 (Ody-
_ pore) (1830-32).

5 Francolinus pictus—Blyth, Cat. B. M. A. S., p. 251 (1849) (Pen, India)

_ (part) ; Jerdon, B. of I. II., p. 561 (1863) (part); Blanf., J. A.S. B., XXXVL,
p- 200 (1867) (Guzerat and Kutch) ; Blyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 157 (part) ; Beavan,
Ibis, 1868, p. 383 (Gwalior); Hume, N. & E. of In. Birds, p. 538 (1873)
(part) ; Lloyd; Ibis, 1873, p. 415 (Kathiawar) ; Butler, Str. Feath, IV., p. 6
_ (1876) (Mt. Abu); Butler, ibid, V., p. 211 (1877) (Abu, N. Guzerat) ; Ball,
ibid, p. 419 (1877) (Mahanadi and Godavery) ; id., ibid, VII., p. 225 (1878)
_ (Raipur) ; Hume and Marsh., Game-B. II., p. 19 (1879) (part) ; Butler, Cat.
_B. of Sind, p. 54 (1879); Ward-Ram., Ibis, 1880, p. 70 (Afghanistan) ;
_ Swin. & Barnes, Ibis, 1885, p. 131 (C. India); Oates ed., Hume’s N. & Eggs,
III., p. 420 (1890) ; O-Grant, Ibis, 1892, p. 40 (part) ; id., Cat. B. M., XXII,
_p. 138 (1893) (part); id., Man. Game B.I., p. 160 (1898) (part); Blanf.
Fauna. B. I. Aves. IV., p. 137 (1898) ; Oates, Cat. Eggs B. M. L., p. 37 (1901)
' (part) ; King, Jour. B. N. H. 8. XXI., p. 100 (1911) (Saugur) ; Whitehead,
ibid, XXT., p. 168 (1911) (Sehore).

VERNACULAR NAMES.—Titur (Bombay) ; Kala Titur (Mahratti).
Description.—Exactly like F. p. pictus, but much paler.
If series of F. p. pictus and F. p. pallidus are placed in two rows
on their backs side by side pallidus gives an impression of compa-
‘atively bright pale, rufous lower parts; whilst pictus appears to

418 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XXVIII.

be a dull pale rather earthy rufous on these parts. This is most
especially noticeable on the lower breasts, abdomens, vents and
thigh-coverts.

Colours of the Soft Parts.—The same as in F. p. pictus.

Measurements.—The Northern form does not appear to be any
larger than the Southern, and birds from the extreme North of the
range of pallida are no larger than those from Ceylon.

24 birds examined by me vary from 131 to 146 mm., an average
140-1 mm., but probably two large series of both forms would
show even less difference.

Distribution.—Practically the southern boundary of the Black
Partridge is the Northern boundary of this bird. It is found as
far South as Udaipur, Jawar, Saugur, Jhansi and Bundelkhand,
but to the East in Behar is replaced by typical pictus. The British
Museum series contains birds from Gondal, Deesa, Jhansi,
Saugur, Ahmedabad, Abu, Neemuch and Bundelkhand.

Type Locality.—Odypore (Udaipur).

Nidification.—Quite indistinguishable in any way from that of
true F. pictus pictus. The breeding time and the nature of ground
selected is the same, and the eggs cannot be distinguished from one
another.

It must, however, be noted that Whitehead found them breeding
in Sehore in the months of April, May and June ; the birds were com-
mon, and he found numerous nests, all in these three months.

Aitken found them breeding in Berar in the monsoons, principally
in August and September, and it is interesting to note that he re-
cords that five is the largest number of eggs he has found in a clutch.
Blewitt, however, says that in Jhansi 7 or 8 is the regular number of
eggs laid. At the same time, amongst the few eggs I have examined
were two hard-set clutches of 3 only from this very place. Over
most of its range 4 or 5 eggs is probably the normal full number in
a clutch.

Hume gives the following measurements for 20 eggs, and 9 of my
own agree withthem. “In length they vary from 1°3” to 1°48”
(33:0 to 37-2 mm.), and in breadth from 1:1” to 1°25” (27-9 to
31:7 mm.). But the average of a score is 1°4” x 1°18" (35°5 X
29°6 mm.)

General Habits—The habits of the Northern Painted Partridge
do not differ in any way from those of the Southern bird.

They frequent much the same kind of cover and country, though
in one instance Davidson found them in the Babul Jungle fringing
a nullah running through village land in Sholapur,and several other
writers have recorded them as regularly haunting sugarcane from
beating which crop Vidal states that he obtained good bags.

THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON. 419

Like the Southern bird, it does not appear to be much of a fighter.
Hume says that “it is one of the least pugilistic of Game-birds, is
easily caught in Quail nets, and very soon becomes extremely iesind.
Tt makes a very gentle and affectionate pet, and even though 5 or
6 of different sexes may be confined’ together, they always seem
to live in perfect harmony.”

Like the Black Partridge, they are noisy birds, and call frequently
mornings and evenings through the breeding season as well as at odd
times during the hotter hours of the day,

Hybrids between the Black and the Painted Partridges are very
common, as one might expect between two game-birds so closely con-
nected whose habitats overlap. After a very careful examination
of the material available, I think these specimens must be considered
true hybrids, and not intermediate specimens linking two geogra-
phical races of the same species. Over a considerable area both
birds are to be obtained on the same ground running perfectly true
to type, and it is only here and there in such areas that we come a-
cross these hybrids. Nowhere can it be said that this hybrid bird
is the common form found in the locality. They are, however, very
interesting specimens, for they seldom, if ever, show differences in
plumage on the two sides of the body or broken and unequal mark-
ings. They just appear to be birds half-way between their two
parents and undoubtedly prove that they have been evolved but
recently from the same stock.

FRANCOLINUS CHINENSIS.

The Eastern or Chinese Francolin.

Le Perdrix de la Chine-—Brisson, Orn. I., p. 234 (1760) (China). _

-Tetrao chinensis —Osbeck., Voy. en Chine IL., p. 326 (177 1) (China).

Tetrao pintadeanus.—Scop., del Flor. et Faun, p. 93 (1786).

Tetrao perlatus— Gmel., Syst. Nat. I. p. 758 (1788) (China).

Perdix perlata —Lath., Ind. Orn. I1., p. 648 (1790) (China) ; Temm., Pig. et
God. 1I]., pp. 326-721 (1815).

Be eaishese perlatus.—Stephen in Shaw’s Gen. Zool. XI., p. 325 (1819) (China);
Strickl., P. Z. S., 1842, p. 167 (China) ; Swinh., Ibis, 1860, p. 62 (Amoy) ; id.,
ibid, 1862, p. 50 (Hongkong) ; id, ibid, 1862, p. 259 (Foochow) ; Blyth, ibid,
1862, p. 387 (China) ; Swinh., ibid, 1867 p. 466, (Amoy); Anderson, Zool. Ex.
Yunnan Aves, p. 672 (1878) (Bhamo). ;

Perdia (Francolinus) maculatus,—Gray, Zool. Misc., p. 2 (1831) ; id., Fase.
China, pl. 7 (1871).

Perdix phayrei —Blyth, J. A. 8. B., XIL, p. 1011 (1843).

Francolinus sinensis.—Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. ‘As. Soc., p. 251 (1849) (Begu.)}
Gould., P. Z. S., 1859, p. 151 (Siam) ; Swinh., P. Z.S., 1863, p. 307 (S. China)
- id., Ibis, 1870, p. 359 (Hainan) ; id., P. Z.8., 1871, p. 400 (Canton) ; Ward.
Ram., Ibis., 1875, p. 350 (Karen—nee) ; id, ibid., 1877, p. 468. i

Francolinus pintadeus,—Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc., XXIV., p. ms ( fagh
" (Pegu); Blanf, Ibis, 1870, p. 463¢ (Irawaddy Valley) 5 Blyth & Wald., Mam. & +
~ Burma, p. 149 (1875).

420 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII.

Francolinus madagascariensis-—Hartl, Orn. Beitr. F. Madag., p. 280 (1861)
(Madagascar) ; Newton, Ibis, 1861, p. 274 (Mauritius).

Francolinus pictus.—Schom. (nec. Jard, & Sel.), Ibis, 1864, p. 263 (Siam).

Francolinus chinensis—Gray, Hand-L. B. II., p. 266 (1870) (China) ; Hume,
N. & E. Ind. B., p. 539 (1873) ; id., Str. Feath. III., p. 171 (1875) (Upper Pegu) ;
David and Ous., Ois. Chine, p. 400 (1877) (Cochin, China, 8. China, Hainan) ;
Hume, Str. Feath., VI., p. 443 (1878) (Karen-nee) ; Hume and Marsh, Game-
B. IL., p. 27 (1879) ; Oates, B. of B. B. II., p. 323 (1883) ; Ogilvie-Grant, Ibis,
1892, p. 39; id., Cat. B.M., XXII, p. 187 (1893); id., Man. Game—B. L., p. 107,
1893) ; Oates, J. B. N. H. S., X., p. 112 (1895) (Ruby Mines) ; Rippon, Ibis,
1896, * p. 361 (Shan States); Oates, Man. Game-B. I. p. 164 (1898) ; Blyth,
Fauna B. I. Aves, IV., p. 1389 (1898) ; La Touche, Ibis, 1900, p. 50 (Fokien) ,
Ogilvie-Grant, P. Z. S., 1900, p. 503 (Hainan); id., Ibis, 1900, p. 605 (Yunnan) ,
Davies, ibid, 1901, p. 410 (Yunnan) ; Rip., Ibis, 1901, p. 537 (8. Shan States) ;
Oates, Cat. Eggs B. M. 1., p. 37 (1901) ; Kershaw, Ibis, 1904, p. 244 (Quantung,
China) ; La Touche & Rick., ibid, 1905, p. 59 (Fokien) ; Macdonald, J. B. N. H.S.
XVII, p. 496 (1906) (Mying Yan); Mears, ibid, XVIII., p. 87 (1907) (Chindwin);
Harington, ibid, XIX, p. 310 (1909) (Bhamo) ; id, B. of Burma, p. 121 (1909);
id, ibid, XX., p. 1011 (1911) (Maymyio) ; Venning, ibid, XX1., p. 632 (1912)
(Chin Hills) ; Meinhert, Ibis, 1912, p. 97 (Mauritius) ; Cook, J. B. N. H. S., XXT.,
p. 675 (1912) (Karen Hills) ; Ingram, Nov. Zool. XIX., p. 270 (1912) (Yunnan) ;
Cook, J. B. N. H. 8. XXII., p. 270 (1913) (Kalaw) ; Higgins, ibid, XXIII., p
368 (1914) (Manipur) ; Williamson, Jour. N. H.8., Siam, I., p. 47 (1914) (Bangkok);
Trwin, ibid, p. 120 (1914); Gairdner, ibid, I., p. 151 (1915) ; Gyldenstolpe,
ibid, p. 235 (1916) (N. Siam).

VERNACULAR NAMES.—Kha (Burmese); Kabaw wrenghi (Manipur)
Chay-koo (Chinese) ; Nok-kahtah (Siamese).

Description—Adult Male.—¥orehead, lores, feathers round the eye
and supercilium black ; ear-coverts, cheeks and below the lores
white; crown and nape fulvous buff, the central portion marked
with black in varying degree; neck and back with longitudinal
white streaks gradually changing to oval white spots on upper back;
lower back, rump, upper tail-coverts and central tail feathers black
with narrow wavy white bars; outermost tail-feathers blackish
brown with white bars on basal half of outer webs; scapulars and
shoulder-coverts chestnut with a varying amount of black,
and with bold white ocelli ; remaining coverts brown with white
ocelli; quills brown with white bars and innermost secondaries like
the scapulars.

Below, moustachial streak black; chin, throat and foreneck white,
sometimes creamy white; neck and breast black, the feathers with
white ocelli on either web near the tips ; lower breast the same but
with the two spots merging into one,or merely divided by the black
shaft ; posterior flanks barred brownish black and white, the latter
sometimes being a pale fulvous ; centre of abdomen and vent fulvous
white or pale fulvous; under tail-coverts rufous-buff.

The range of variation in colour is great, but it seems to be in-
dividual and not geographical. -Some birds have the whole plumage
much blacker and richer in tone than others from the same locality.
The amount of chestnut varies greatly in extent, but is always

THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON, 421

present. The black coronal streak varies from a narrow central
line to one so broad that it takes up practically the whole crown
The amount of black on the upper breast is much more extensive
in some specimens than in others, and some individuals are again
much more rufous below on the flanks and abdomen.

Colours of Soft Parts.—Bill black, the lower mandible horny at
the base ; irides reddish brown, hazel brown or dark brown ; eyelids
dull greenish or livid green ; legs dull orange-yellow to yellowish
or reddish brown, varying a good deal in the brightness of tints,
and assuredly brighter in the breeding season than at other times ;
claws dark horny or purplish brown.

Oates describes the legs of one specimen as “clear orange-
yellow.”’

Measurements.—Chinese birds average a good deal bigger than
Burmese, Yunnan and Hainan birds, but I cansee no other differen-
ces but this of size which hardly suffices to create a new race.

Length about 12 to 14 inches ; wing 132 to 161 mm.; bill from
front 23 to27 mm. and from gape 25 to 28 mm.; tarsus 44-45 mm.

Chinese (and Mauritius) birds vary in wing measurement from
147 to 161 mm., only one bird having a wing under 150, whilst the
average of 20 birds is 153 mm,

30 specimens from Burma, Siam, Yunnan, Annam and Hainan
vary in their wings between 132 and 151 mm. ; only one bird exceed-
ing 150, and the average is 144°6 mm.

Siam birds are the smallest, running from 132 to 147, and averag-
ing only 140°2 mm.

Adult Female.—Head like that of the male but duller, and the
white replaced with dull rufous white ; upper back blackish with
small white ocelli and pale brown edges to all the feathers ; lower
back, rump and upper tail-coverts blackish with narrow rufous-
white or rufous bars, and profuse brown freckling ; on the upper tail-
coverts this freckling covers the whole feather except for the pale
bases and a dark edging to the same. Below white, changing to
pale rufous fulvous on flanks, vent and abdomen with bars of
blackish-brown, numerous on foreneck and upper breast and decreas-
ing towards the abdomen and thigh-coverts ; the chin and throat
are occasionally sparsely speckled with black.

There is considerable individual variation in colour. Above the
amount of rufous varies from practically nil to a considerable
amount on scapulars and inner secondaries. Below the colour
varies in depth from almost white to a clear bright rufous.

Colours. of Soft Parts —Similar to the same in the male, but
duller ; the legs are generally paler and more yellow. ae

Measurements.—Wing from 137 to 151 mm., average a
The Chinese birds average about 9 mm. more than the Burmese, etc.

422 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII,

Bill from front 22 to 26 mm., and from gape 23 to 27 mm. ; tarsus
about 43 mm.

Hume gives the weight as 10 ozs. to 14 ozs., this apparently
including both males and females.

The Young Maleis like the adult female, but soon acquires a blacker
more boldly marked breast with more chestnut on the back and
scapulars.

The Young of both Sexes in First Plumage are like the adult female,
but are much duller, and there are central pale shaft streaks to the
feathers of the neck, upper back, scapulars and inner secondaries.
The dark eye-streak and moustachial streak are absent or obsolete,
and the under tail-coverts are paler and some times faintly barred.

Distribution South China, Hainan, Yunnan, Cochin China,
Siam and the greater part of Burma and the Shan States in suitable
localities. It does not appear to be found in Arrakan though it is
not rare in parts of Pegu, and is common in the Chin Hills, and is
found throughout in the Hast between these two points. Higgins
has recorded in this Journal that he heard this bird calling “all over”
the South-East of Manipur, and it certainly does occur in that State.

It has been imported into Mauritius and Madagascar.

Oates in his Manual of Game-Birds gives the habitat of this bird
in Burma at great length, but since he wrote, it has been recorded
from so many more places that it is hardly worth while quoting his
remarks.

Harington merely remarks that in Burma it is << anivontley

Nidification—The breeding season of the Chinese Francolin
seems to be very,extended. Oates records “‘ this Francolin breeds
in May or June, but Mr. D. D. Macdonald took a large number of
eggs for me at Meiktilla in September, some of which are now in the
British Museum. It probably breedsin many months of the year

according to locality. The nest is merely a depression in the ground,
in which from 4 to 6, or probably more, eggs are laid. They are
sharp-pointed ovals in shape, with little gloss, and are a pale buff,
sometimes with a greenish tinge. They measure about 1:5” 1:2”.

Mr. Hopwood and Mr. Mackenzie obtained it breeding in Lower
Burma in March and April, and on the other hand Harington, like
Macdonald, found it breeding in the Chin and Kachin Hills in August,
September and even October. It seems very probable that like the
_ other Francolins it has two broods, one before the rains break and
the second at the end of the rains. Kershaw says that in China
also it has two broods in the year. It makes its nest, such as it is,
either in grass-land, scrub jungle, or in bamboo jungle, and in the
latter far more often than does either the Black or the Painted
Francolin, The nest is the usual natural hollow or scrape in the

THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON, 423.
ground with a few chance leaves or bits of grass to line it. The eggs
vary in number, normally, from 3 to 6, very rarely more, whilst 8
appears to be the maximum. In shape they are oval, inclined to be
pytiform in a few cases, and nearly always very pointed at the
small end; they are not, however, genuine peg-topped shaped
eggs at all, and I have seen no example which could be so called.
The colour varies from pale stone colour to pale olive-buff or pale
olive-brown. One clutch in my collection is probably a very
unusual one, being a light olive-slate of a tint I have seen in no.
other Francolin’s egg. .

Including the eggs in the British Museum, the average of 35 eggs
is 35°6 x 29°6 mm.

Oates gives the range of variation in length as between 31°8 and
40°6 mm., and in breadth as between 26°7 and 305 mm. All my
eggs come within these limits.

The texture is similar to that of F. francolinus, but rather smoother
and finer, and the shell is not nearly so stout; in fact, fora
game-bird’s egg it is rather fragile and brittle.

General Habits—The Chinese Francolin is very much like
the Painted Francolin in its habits, etc., and like that-Partridge
prefers dry to damp localities, indeed in Burma its distribution
seems to be entirely governed by that factor. Oates in his Hand-
Book writes :

“The Chinese Francolin is found in dry open forest and scrub
“jungle, and it generally keeps to hilly undulating country in
‘* preference to the low flat plains. It is found in nearly
“every part where the rainfall is moderate, and it avoids
‘thick, humid forests. It frequents the smaller tracts of cul-
‘¢ tivation when these are surrounded by high grass and brush-
*‘ wood intermingled with low trees.

Although this bird is found singly or in pairs, and never
“in coveys, very many birds congregate together in favourite
“localities. The coeks perch freely on the larger boughs of
“ trees as well as on posts, stumps, ant-hills and other objects
“© which raise them a few feet above the ground. Their loud and
“pleasant call is heard pretty well all the year round, but
‘more especially on fresh, cold-weather mornings. When
‘crowing they are not very shy; but they are difficult to
“detect and on being closely approached they drop very
“ quietly to the ground and disappear quickly.”

They are favourite cage birds with the Chinese and Burmese, and
are often allowed considerable liberty, as they soon become tame and
confiding. It is probably due to the escape of tamed birds that the
Chinese Francolin has been recorded as one of the birds to be found
round about Bangkok.

”
n

494 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVIII,

Irwin has shown (in loc. cit.) that the surroundings of Bangkok
are not at all the kind of country which this Partridge would choose
for itself, all the higher ground having been artificially raised, and
the remainder subject to flooding. At the same time Schomburgh,
Swinhe , Ricketts and others have all written about its frequenting,
and being shot in rice fields. Possibly they only refer to these fields
after the water has dried up, and when the paddy is more or less
ripe, but they do not say so, and one always thinks of a rice field as
a very wet place indeed.

The cry is a loud musical succession of notes of rather the same
character as that of the Black Partridge, but easily distinguished |
from it. It has been syllabised as ‘“‘ ke-kai ke-kai ”’ ‘‘ ke-karr” by
Swinhee, and as “ Hing puh tiy yay, koko” (it is no use my brother)
by the Chinese.

Oates refers to this bird’s affection for bamboo jungle: he says—
“This Francolin is rarely to be found in stubble, and I do not
““remember finding more than two birds in such ground in the
“ course of three or four years’ experience. On the other hand,
“almost every bamboo-clad hill side, if well beaten, will yield
“5 or6 birds. The bird is very loth to fly, and runs before the
“ beaters till want of cover compels it to take to the air, and
“even when thus flushed, it will descend to the ground as soon
“as possible. The flight is very strong, and a bird on the
““ wing affords a very pretty shot.”’

Although common almost everywhere in suitable country, it is
nowhere numerous enough to make its sole pursuit an object of a
day’s shooting, and though Mackenzie, Hopwood, Wickham, Haring-
ton and others have shot many, they have generally formed part of
a miscellaneous bag or odd birds shot on the march from one camp
to another.

I have seen no hybrids between this bird, and the Black Francolin,
but one would expect such to occur in South Manipur or the North
Chin Hills, where the two species meet.

FRANCOLINUS GULARIS.

The Kyah or Marsh Partridge.

Wood Partridge —Lath, Gen. Hist. VIII, p. 299 (1823).

Perdix gularis—Temm, Pig. et Gal., III, p. 401, 731 (1815); Gray, III,
Ind. Zool., I., pl. 56, fig. 1. (1830-32) ; Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc., p. 251
(1849).

Perdix monogrammica.—Less., Trait d’Orn., p. 504 (1831).

Francolinus gularis—Gray, List Gall. B., III., p. 34 (1831) ; Hodg., in Gray’s
Zool., Misc, p. 85 (1844) (Nepal); Ogilvie—Grant, Ibis., 1892, p. 46; id., Cat. B. M,
XXIT., p. 158 (1893); id. Man. Game-B. I., p. 122 (1895) ; Oates, Man. Game-B.
1, p. 174 (1898) ; Blanf., Fauna, B. I. Aves., [V. p. 141, (1898); id., Cat. Eggs,

THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON. 425

B. M., L, p. 38 (1901); Stuart Baker, Jour. B. N.H.S. XII, p. 492 (1899) (Cachar);

Inglis, ibid, XII., p. 677 (1899) (Cachar); id., ibid, XVI., p. 73 (1904) (Behar) ;

Stuart, Baker, ibid, XVII., p. 972 (1907), (Khasia Hills) ; Osmaston, ibid,

en p. 544 (1910) (Gorakpur) ; Stevens, ibid, XXIIL., p. 724 (1915) (Upper
sam).

Otygornis gularis.—Jerd., B. of I. II.,p. 573 (1863); Hume’s N. and E. In.
Birds, p. 544 (1873); Ball, Str. Feath., VU. p. 234 (1878) (N. Valley of Ganges);
Hume and Marsh., Game-B. II. p. 59 (1879) ; Hume, Str. Feath., IX., p. 258
(1880) (Cachar) ; id, ibid, XI., p. 305 (1888) ; Oates, ed. Hume’s N. and E.,
IIL, p. 437 (1890).

VERNACULAR NAMES.—Kyah, Khyr, Kaijah, (Bengali) ; Koi, Koera,
Koi-sorai (Assamese) ; Bhil-titur, Jal-tetri (Cachar and Sylhet) ;. Hoi Koli
(Plains Miri).

Desecription—Adult Male and Female Head {trom forehead to nape
brown ; lores and a narrow supercilium, widening to a broad patch
behind the eye buffy-white ; whole of the rest of the upper parts
brown with bars of buffy-white edged with darker brown ; on the
longer upper tail-coverts and central tail feathers the bars become
vermiculatious ; on the whole of these parts the feathers are con-
spicuously white-shafted ; outer tail-feathers deep chestnut with buff
tips and sub-tipped brownish ; wing-coverts, scapulars and inner
secondariesl ike the back ; primaries brown with chestnut on the inner
webs, increasing in extent on the inner and extending to the outer
webs on the innermost primaries ; the secondaries change gradually
from the colour of the primaries to that of the back.

A dark streak behind the eye below the white superciliary patch,
cheeks whitish, changing to rusty chestnut on chin, throat and fore-
neck ; lower parts white to pale buff, each feather with black and
then brown margins, the black and brown lessening in extent from
breast to vent, and the white increasing in proportion ; vent and
centre of abdomen pale rufous and under tail-coverts a slightly
darker tint of the same. Axillaries white and brown, under wing-
coverts chestnut, except the smallest, which are brown and white.

The individual variation is not great, and consists almost entirely
in the extent to which the lower parts and head are suffused with
rufous. In a few birds this suffusion of rufous makes the whole bird
appear much more red below, but in many specimens there is no rufous
tinge at all except on the vent and under tail-coverts. ;

Colours of the Soft Parts. —Irides brown, crimson-brown ees
eyelids dull livid green or plumbeous green ; bill black, the OP aa
white ; legs and feet orange-yellow to dull red and redder in the male
as a rule than in the female, and, as usual, redder and brighter "
both in the breeding season than in the rest of the year ; een :
spurs horny-brown. The female sometimes has a trace 0 spurs a
well as the male.

Measurements—Length about 15 inche
average of 30 specimens 172°4 mm. ; tarsus

2

s, wing 162 to 186 mm.,
60 to 65 mm., bill at front

426 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII.

about 21 to 23 mm., and from gape 23 to26mm. The tail measures
from 101 to 127 mm.

Hume says that the female is smaller than the male, but that he
has had but few specimens to judge from. The British Museum
series consists principally of unsexed birds, but from the few sexed
specimens there appears to belittle, if any, difference between them.

Distribution.—The Alluvial Plains watered by the Ganges and
Brahmapootra from the North-West Provinces to the extreme Kast
of Assam. South of the Brahmapootra it is common in Cachar,
Sylhet, and Tippera, but does not extend into Arrakan. It is not
uncommon in many parts of the Sunderlands of Jessore, Khulna,
Barisal and Mymensingh, and is also found in the 24th Parganas. I
have never seen it myself in the Khasia Hills, nor do I know of any
country there at all suitable for it, but a wanderer might well range
up from the foothills of Sylhet where it is very common.

Osmaston says it is rare in Gorukpore.

Type Locality.—Cachar.

Nidification.—There is but little on record about the breeding of
the Swamp Partridge beyond the description of the nest and eggs
taken by Mr. H. J. Rainey in Jessore, but nests have been taken by
Messrs. H. A. Hole, C. M. Inglis, Chas. Primrose and myself on many
occasions in various parts of 8. Assam and the district of Goalpara.
They are early breeders, and most eggs are laid in the end of March
and early April, and some must be laid as early as February, as I have
had eggs brought to me in early March which were on the point of
hatching. Dr. H. N. Coltart and others have taken eggs in Behar in
the same two months, April and March, and Rainey’s eggs were taken
in the former. In Mymensing, Tippera and Barisal they lay princi-
pally in the end of March, so that it would seem that throughout the
rather restricted range of this bird its breeding habits are the same.

T have never found its nest anywhere but in reeds and heavy “ nal ””
in swamps, except in a few instances when it had been placed on
little half-submerged islands covered with cane brakes and a dense
undergrowth of weeds and rank grass.

Generally it is placed in amongst growing and broken-down reeds
and nal actually standing in water, sometimes mere mud or water a
few inches deep, but sometimes in water of 18 inches or even greater
depth. The nest itself is quite well-built, a matter of necessity im so
precarious a position, and consists of a thick pad of rushes, grass and
weeds, some 8 inches to a foot across, the sides well raised and the
whole pad anything from 2 inches to 4 inches deep with a well-made
hollow for the eggs to rest in. Occasionally the nest may be taken
from amongst reeds on the dry banks or margins of swamps and
ponds, and then it is not quite so compact and well-made. |

‘

THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON, 427

| In Behar this Partridge apparently sometimes nests in the thatch-
ing grass growing by tanks, similar to that described by Rainey, but
I have myself seen no nest in such a position.

In Cachar and Sylhet we found the nests most difficult to locate
even after we had heard the males calling continually from one spot.
They were always placed in the thickest patches of reeds or nal, and
nearly always practically entirely hidden by the fallen stems of the
dead stuff. Fortunately the hens are very close sitters, and by making
a line through the reeds with half a dozen beaters one could get very
close to the nest before she made off, usually with a tremendous
fluster and loud cackles. Even then a very careful search is
often required before the nest is actually discovered.

Five seems to be the maximum number of eggs laid, though 6 may
possibly be found now and then. Often only three eggs are incubated,
and I should consider 3 or 4 the normal clutch. At the same time
I have been most unlucky in taking this bird’s nest, finding but few
even in Cachar and Sylhet, where the bird was very common forty
years ago, and probably still is.

The eggs are not in the least like any of the other Francolins, and
its nesting habits alone would lead one to infer that it must belong to
a different genus to these birds. In shape they, the eggs, are rather
long ovals, generally decidedly pointed at the smaller end. They
are never peg-top or pyriform in shape, and the texture is very close
and hard, often with tiny pits scattered here and there over the whole
surface. In colour they are a pale stone, generally with a faint,
reddish or rufescent tinge, and in most cases there are numerous
small reddish freckles and blotches, sometimes confined to the larger
end, sometimes scattered thinly over the whole egg.

24 eges average 39°6 x 29°8 mm. ; the longest and shortest measure
respectively 42°0x29°9 mm., and 38:1 x 29°3 mm.; the broadest
and most narrow 39°5 x 30°9 and 38:2 x 29°0 mm.

General Habits.—Whilst all the other species of Indian Francolins
are found both in the plains and on the hills, this bird is essentially
not only a bird of the plains, but is one which is found only in the
lowest-lying swampy tracts, subject to flooding in the rains, and
never wholly dry. It haunts principally the dense Ekra and elephant
grass bordering rivers, big and little, and the miscellaneous jungle
found over the never-ending swamps of Hastern Bengal and Assam.
It certainly prefers reeds or grass to other kinds of cover, but 1s
often also found in cane brakes, scrub and thorn bushes in, or on the
borders of, marshy ground. In the height of the rains when the
water everywhere rises so high as to make the swamps uninhabitable
for anything but buffalo and water-fowl, the Kyah takes to the
grass fields on the higher ground, but even then never seems to
wander far from water.

4298 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII,

“It is a very active bird in amongst the reeds and elephant grass,
clambering about them even more quickly and noiselessly than the
Purple Coot, and I have several times watched them for some
minutes thus clambering about without any apparent object in
view before they again dropped down below and pursued their
way on the ground. Where the water is iairly deep, 7.e., over the
tarsus, or the mud is too thick they always work to and from their
feeding grounds in this manner, but when actually feeding, they
seem to keep more or less on the ground itself. In the mornings
and evenings they come out into the more open grass along-
side their jungles and also haunt the rice fields, especially when
the paddy is long and the ears ripening. In Cachar we sometimes
caught them out in the freshly-ploughed fields, but they seldom
gave a shot, as before we were within distance down went heads
and tails and they slunk off at a great pace into cover. I have
also shot one or two birds out of mustard fields, and sugarcane
patches are a favourite haunt.

On the wing it is rather a clumsy bird, though it attains quite a
good pace once it gets away and fairly started. It rises with con-
siderable fluster and whirring of wings, and nearly always with loud
chuckles and cacklings such as I have heard no other Francolin give
vent to. It is very difficult to flush, more perhaps from the nature
of the country it frequents than because it is so confirmed a runner.
Caught in the open it invariably first runs into cover, unless oneis
very close indeed to it, but it is so wary a bird that this seldom occurs.
On the rare occasions on which I have come across it in grass it did
not seem so hard to flush, and as it generally rose within a dozen or
twenty yards it was an easy bird to hit. It is easy to kill also, for so
big a bird, for its plumage is looser than that of the other Francolins
and seems less able to resist shot.

Probably nowhere is the Swamp Partridge found in sufficient
numbers to make a big bag possible, but there are certainly some of
its hauntsin Sylhet and Maimensingh where one could get anything
from 10 to 30 brace with a line of elephants. Again at the height of
the rains, about August and September, good bags may be made
either by working the edges of the swamps on foot or by having beats
on the numerous small islands left more or less dry in a vast sea of
stagnant water.

One visits the islands in canoes or dug-outs, lands a few men on
them to beat them out, and then gets capital snap shots as they
dodge round the corner and make for the next islands. An addition —
to the excitement is the possibility of practically any kind of game
turning up from a jungle-fowl toa buffalo or tiger, whilst the beaters
have to exercise the greatest care not to get bitten by snakes which
swarm on these islands during the floods.

up in the reeds. I have never noticed this myself

THE GAME BIRDS UF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON. 499

Cripps, who worked the same swamps in Sy
over some years later, says that ne: ee es bey a an
parts one bird of the flock always mounts sentry on a bush or lok
the birds are very fond of climbing high up into Paes: Sa
and even intoa kind of low thorny tree which grows ae 8,
swampy places, and thrives when the water comes ten feet u 3 ast
trunks in the late summer. They roost regularly in such eo
and never actually on the ground, but the place most often ee
is some dense patch of elephant grass or nal, much broken tes
a ae SO as to make plenty of horizontal perching accom-

Their crow or call has been syllabised well by Col. Tickell a
“chuckeroo chukeroo chuckeroo”’, but this is nearly always preceded
by several single chucks or croaks before the bird gets into the swine
of itsfullery. It isa rather harsh call, and not nearly so musical or
joyous as that of the Black Partridge, and is said to be much more
like that of the Grey Partridge, a bird with which it is much nearer
akin in every way.

The Kyab is practically omnivorous, every kind of seed and grain
is eaten as well as young shoots of mustard, paddy and other
crops. It also eats insects of all kinds, and a bird shot in Sylhet had
been feeding on tiny little shell fish. Young birds are very good for
the table, and even the old ones are quite nice eating, especially if
they can be kept for a short time.

In disposition the Swamp Partridge is much more pugnacious than

- any of the other Francolins, and the Sylhet Mahomedans keep

both this bird and the Watercock (Gallicrex cinereus) for fighting -
purposes and often much money is lost and won over a main
between two champion Kyahs. They fight very much like Game-
cock, but use their billsfar more and their spurs far less. Each
bird seems to aim at getting his adversary by the skin and
feathers of the throat and neck, and once the coveted hold is
obtained the lucky bird hauls the other round and round until the
hold gives or the other bird falls exhausted. The fight never, as
far as I know, proceeds a l’outrance as before such a point is
reached the owner of the beaten bird pays up and rescues his
warrior from further mauling.

Some of the captive birds are trapped in nooses to which they are
called up by a decoy bird, but others are hatched from the eggs by
the natives themselves, who tie them in a cloth round their bodies,
the heat of which suffices for the purpose. At one time practically
every Watercock kept in captivity was hatched in this manner as
well as many of the Kyahs, but the habit was dying out even thirty

_ years ago, and perhaps has now quite disappeared.

430 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVI1I,

This Partridge becomes quite as tame as any of the other Franco-
lins in captivity, and even though it is usually kept-in a small cage
it is allowed to run loose at least once every day for an hour or two,
and favourite birds are made a great fuss over by their owners. The
birds are extraordinarily obedient, and will run at once to their mas-
ters when called. I have been amused to watch the birds when
they are taken out for their constitutionals. They follow their
masters well, though often at a considerable distance, and whilst
the latter stroll along in the open, the bird makes its way along

‘through any cover which may be available, skulking from one
piece to another, and taking advantage of every weed and tuft of
grass on the way. If its master goes too far or too quickly to
allow it to feed and follow at leisure, it will call loudly, standing
very erect, and with outstretched neck, watching to see if its
call is heard and attended to.

Jerdon refers to a writer in the Bengal Sporting Magazine who says
that nearly every bird he shot was more or less scarred on the breast
with marks received in fights with other birds. I have come across
several specimens very badly scarred, but generally more about the
neck than the breast.

Mr. Inglis has had these birds breed in captivity, but he has not
recorded any success in rearing the young.

(To be continued.)

a
.

JOURNAL, BOMBAY NAT. HIST. SOC. PLATEW,

_ THE COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS
; OF INDIA. -

be

EXPLANATION OF PLATE N,

igs. 81, 8la, Hasora alexis ...
82, 82a, Badamia exclamationis f3-a Sea
oe 83a, Sarangesa purendra... ck. ee

84, 84a, Gangara thyrsis ne, BEE ag ts ie

‘eh, 85a, Celzenorrhinus ambareesa Sets pee)

—

B.—Wings : held either erect or slanting in repose.

431

THE COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS
OF INDIA.

(INCLUDING ''HOSE MET WITH IN THE HILL STATIONS
OF THE BOMBAY PRESIDENCY,

BY
T. R. Bett, ¢.1.2., 1.7.8, (retd.)
(Continued from page 227 of Vol. XXVII .)
Part XXVIII.
With plate N,

Family —Huspreri1px—(continued),

This key will probably be found to be applicable to all insect
“wisn 1, 2, 3, 5, 6 and 9 enumerated on page 6. For a biabior Pe ie

owever, it will only serve for the limited number of ski y he Seta rae
detail in these papers. *Ppers. dealt’ with in

7

Below will be found another key, for subfamilies, based chi
tural characters :— ‘ chiefly upon strue-

A.—Wings : held horizontal in repose. Fore wing :

vein 5 nearer to 6 than to 4 .. Celenorrhine (1)

Fore wing : vein 5 various.

a. Wings ; held either erect or slanting. Fore wing
vein 5 always nearer to 6 than to 4 ‘
b. Wings : always held erect in repose. Fore wing:

vein 5 various.
al. Fore wings vein 5 various. Palpi: robust,
the second joint held pressed against face, erect ;
the third joint long, naked, directed out hori-
zontally, or nearly so, in front of head .. .- Ismeneine (3).
61. Fore wing : vein 5 always nearer to 6 than to 4;
rarely from or nearly from the middle. Palpi :
never as in the Ismeneine.
a2. Antenne: with the tip of club blunt,
never with a point, be that point ever so small.. Pamphiline (6).
62. Antenne: with the tip of club with a point
(apiculus), well marked in the majority of
cases, sometimes small, but invariably present.
a3. Eyes: bloodred .. ae a .. Erionotine (5).
63. Eyes : never red of any hue.
a4. Head: breadth divided into antenna—
length always over 2.3 mm., or,in one
case, equaltoit .. ra .. Notocryptine (9).
64. Head : breadth divided into antenna—
length always under 2°3 or, in one case,
just over it (in the case of Cupitha purreea),
an insect otherwise abnormal and diffi-
cult to place ae ae Br .. Plastingiine (4)
Erynnine (7).
Baorine (8).

“~

Hesperiine (2),

432 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XAVII.

_

These last subfamilies 4,7 and 8 are very difficult to define by any simple
characters of the perfect insect and Watson’s old artificial divisions have been
of necessity utilized to render the determination of genera possible. These,
it will be remembered, are based upon the position of vein 5 of the forewing,
whether it is straight throughout its length, and therefore not notably nearer
to 4 than 6 or bent down at the origin towards vein 4, making that origin
much nearer to vein 4 than it is to vein6. The key tothe genera would then,
for these subfamilies, coincide with that for the subfamilies themselves, as
under (for clearness’ sake the Notocryptine have been included again as,
perhaps, the head divided into antenna character may not be perfectly satis-
factory) :—
a5. Fore wing s vein 5 straight through-

out its length, not arising markedly

nearer to 4 than to 6.

a6. Fore wing # vein 11 running close to

or actually touching vein 12.
al. Palpis terminal joint plainly
visible $0 ae 50 .. HLrynninae (7).
(Genus 28 Baracus).

67. Palpi s terminal joint concealed
in the thick clothing of the second Notocryptine (9).
b6. Fore wing : vein 11 quite separate (Genus 33 Sancus)
from vein 12.
al. Palpis terminal joint conspi-
cuous, erect, long, slender, curving
over vertex of head.
a8. Fore wing: vein 3from well
before end of cell ; vein 3 of hind
wing before end of cell .. .. LHrynnine (7).
(Genus 17 Suastus).

b8. Fore wing : vein 3 immediately
before end of cell; vein 3 of
hind wing from end of cell .. Notocryptine (9).
(Genus 36 Iambriz).
67. Palpi: terminal joint inconspi-
cuous, entirely or almost entirely
concealed in clothing of second joint.
a8. Palpi s terminal joint erect .. Notocryptine (9).
(Genus 35 Hyarotis),

68. Palpi : terminal joint horizontal.
a9. Palpi ? small terminal joint
comparatively conspicuous .. Plastingiine (4).
(Genus 18 Arnetta).
69. Palpi s small terminal joint
concealed in clothing of second Plastingune (4).
(Genus 19 Zographetus).

65. Fore wing : vein 5 deflected at origin, .
thus rising much nearer vein 4 than
to vein 6: the middle discocellular
thus much longer than the lower. -
a6. Antenne : short, the terminal hook
minute, never as long as breadth of
club ; antenna about 5mm., in length Baorine (8).

(Genus 31 Gegenes).

THE COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA, 433

b6. Antenne of moderate length or long
(from 6.5mm.,) t: 10mm., terminal
hook short, practically never over
lmm., as long as or somewhat longer
than breadth of club.
a7. Fore wing : vein 2 much nearer
base of the wing than to end of ©
cell.
a8. Wings: underside pure sul-
phur yellow, immaculate except
for the black area along
- abdominal margin of hind wing. Erynnine (7).
(G nus 29 Cupitha).
b8. Wings : never pure immaculate,
sulphur- yellow,
a9. Hind wing ? produced medi-
ally and with a large, white,
discal patch, much blurred
round the edges, showing
through on upperside .. Notocryptine (9).
(Genus 34 Udaspus).

b9. Hind wings not produced
medially, nor with such a patch,
al0. Hind wing + -underside
clouded with grey but other-
wise unmarked .. .. Notocryptine (9). -
(Genus 32 Notocrypta).
b10. Hind wing « underside
marked with streaks (gene-
rally ochraceous) or -dark
‘ spots.. ss ee .. Plastingiine (4).
. (Genus 16 Plastingia).
b7. Fore wing : vein 2 nearer end of
cell than to base of wing.
a8. Palpi + terminal joint distinct,
sub-erect.
a9. Fore wing: vein 3 equidistant

between veins 2 and 4 (in male
only) : .. Erynnine (7).
(Genus 25 Telicota=
Corone).

b9. Fore wings vein 3 much
nearer vein 4 than to vein 2,

indeed from close to end of cell Erynnine (7).
(Genus 26 Padraona).

b8. Palpi : terminal joint conceal-
ed, porrect.
a9. Fore wings vein 3 equi-

i + between veins 2 and 4 Erynnine (7).
acne (Genus 27 Halpe).

b9. Fore wing: vein 3 much

nearer 4thanto2 +> _. Baorine (8).

(Genus 30 Baoris).

| ‘ota and Padraona are very like each
In the above the genera Telicota inks er

other in general appearance and also very similar to

BY

434. JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII,

subfamily Pamphiline ; the insects are all more or less orange with
black band-like markings.

The following is a key to the genera of the subfamilies 1, 2, 3,5
and 6 (Celenorrhine, Hesperiine, Ismeneine, EHrionotine and
Pamphiline) :—

(1) Subfamily Celenorrhine.
A.—Fore wing ¢ cell less than two-thirds the length of

the costa.
a. Antenne ; the tip acuminate.
al. Palpi ; terminal joint suberect Se .. lL. Celenorrhinus.
(Pl. N. figs.-85, 85a).
61. Palpis terminal joint horizontally porrected
in front of face.
a2. Fore wing s not truncated at apex.
a3. Hind wings lower margin of cell not

strongly arched between veins 2 and 3.
a4, Hind wing ¢ hardly, or not at all elon-
gate ; hind tibiz of male with a tuft of

hair attached to proximal end.
a5. Hind wings lower margin of cell
arched slightly between veins 2 and 3.. 7. Sarangesa
: (PL. N. figs. 83, 83a.)
b5. Hind wings lower margin of cell
straight between veins 2 and 3.. .. 6. Coladenia.

64. Hind wings elongate; hind tibie of
male densely fringed but without tuft of

hair attached to proximalend .. .. 2. Satarupa.
(Daimio).
63. Fore wing : with lower margin of cell
arched strongly between veins2 and3_ .. 3. Tagiades.
62. Fore wing : apex broadly truncate .. .. 8. Tapena.

b. Antenne # tip blunt.
al. Fore coxe # with a recumbent tuft of hair in

the male .. - 50 a Si .. 4. Odontoptilum.
bl. Fore coxe : with a radiating tuft of hair in the
_male., = 55 .. 5, Abaratha.

in both these genera, Abaratha and Odontoptilum, the outline of
the fore wing or the hind wing, sometimes of both wings, irregular,
rather highly so in the hind wing of the former in the species ranson-
nettii ; all the species of the former genus are spotted with small
spots while those of the latter are lined or marked with large, white
spots.
2. Hesperiine.

A.—Antenne : with the club curved .. 9. Hesperia. (PI. M., figs. 80
80a).

B.—Antenne + with the club straight ..°10. Gomalia.
3. Ismeneine.

A.—Hind wing : vein 5 well developed.
a. Hind wing 1 vein 8 close to end of cell.
al. Antenne # club longer than the shaft. 11. Ismene.

(Gecana, Burara),

7——" en

a F

i ee

.
]

THE COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA. 435

b1. Antenne ¢ club shorter than shaft.
a2. Fore wing : vein 1 distorted down-
wards near base oo Se sels

62, Fore wing s vein 2 not distorted 13.
6. Hind wing ¢ vein 3 from well before end
of cell he we ad Bs cored.

B.—Hind wing 1: vein 5 wanting Ks ae Ls

4, Plastingiine.

16.
Li,
18,
19.
5. Erionotine.
A.—Fore wing # vein 2 equidistant between
base of wing and end of cell af =» 20.

B.—Fore wing # vein 2 nearer base of wing,

equidistant between base of wing and vein 3. 21.

6. Pamphiline.
A,—Antenne 7 club forming a hollow disc :

spoon-shaped .. oe Be “ aan

B.—Antenne 1 club rounded.

a. Colour : orange and black cs <eeaos
6. Colour ¢ brown, never orange .. waned

7. Erynnine.

25.

26.
27.

28.

29.

8. Baorine.
30.

Sl.
9. Notocryptine,

Hasora, (Pl. N. figs. 81,
81a).

Bibasis,

Badamia. (PI. N. figs. 82,
82a).

Rhopalocampta.

Plastingia.

Suastus, (Pl. M. figs. 79,
(79a).

Arnetta.

Zographetus.

Matapa.

Gangara.
(Pl. N., figs. 84, 84a).

Taractrocera.
(PL. M., figs. 74, 74a, 76
76a).

Ampittia.
Aéromachus.
(Machachus).

Telicota.
(Corone). (Pl. M., figs.
Padraona.

Halpe.

(Thoressa).

Baracus.

Cupitha.

Baoris.(Pl. N., figs. 77, 77a
(Caltoris, Chapra, Par-
nara).
Gegenes.

32. Notocrypta.

33.
34.

30.
36.

Sancus.

Udaspes. (Pl. M., figs. 73,
78a).

Hyarotis.

Lambrix.

T he above key will prokably be unsatisfactory for most collectors,

_ being based to a iarge extent upon venation which often cannot be

436 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII,

examined without the aid of a lens and benzine (which makes the il
veins stand out) ; the upper veins, along the costa of the fore wing, a:
are often difficult to decipher although, in all skippers, they are easier
than in most lepidopterous families as none of them are branched
and all are invariably present. It is well to remember that vems 8
to 12 all end on the costa or upper margin of the wing, vein 7 always
on the outer margin below the apex.

It would be, therefore, of considerable utility to have a key based |
on clearly evident characters, such as colours, markings, antennal |
lengths and so on, While it would not be possible to make such a
key for all Indian genera with all their constituent species, it is quite +
feasible to compose one which will include all the genera as represent-
ed by the limited number of species existing in them for the purpose 1
of these papers. Such a key is given below :—

A.—Palpi + with the second joint upturned,

pressed closely against the face, the third
joint long, slender, naked, porrect horizon-
tally in front of the face (ude marginal
figure).

a. Fore wings exceptionally long; dark-
brown with purplish gloss and with three

: : howilg pal £ Ismenein ith naked | |
yellowish, diaphanous, slender spots on : Seco third joint GO

disc which are much larger in the female ;
than in the male .. A 50 .. 14. Badamia. (Pl. N., figs. 82;
82a. )

b. Fore wing ¢ of ordinary shape, broad, of ;
normal length. tr
al. Hind wing : underside s with a well- oa

defined, diagonal, white fascia or band
across it, or a yellow-white, large spot

in the cell.
a2. Hind wing s with the cilia orange
red, very striking . . 13. Babasis.

62. Hind wing # with cilia or fringe not
orange-red... oe aS .. 12. Hasora. (Pl. N., figs. 81,
81a).
(Parata).

bl. Hind wings undersides without a
diagonal fascia.
a2. Hind wing: underside s the whole ai

anal area bright golden-yellow .. 15. Rhopalocampta. q
62. Hind wing: underside : the anal area
like rest of wing.
a3. Hind wing : underside # streaked t
with white and greenish-black or “|
brown a a a . 11. Ismene.
(Burara, Swinh.)
b3. Hind wing: underside # streaked
with orange-red and brown .. ll. Ismene.
(Gecana, Swinh.)

THE COMMON B UTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA. 437

8.—Palpi : never as in A,

a. Antenne + club without point (apiculus) 7 (ee eS
AY:

at extremity, blunt.

Is
al. Antenne club flattened and hollowed terminal portion of Antenna of
out like a spoon on one side (vide Taractrocera.
marginal figure) te as -. 22, Taractrocera. (Pl. M., figs
74, 74a, 76, 76a).

1. Antenne : club rounded, stout, not
hollowed out on one side.

a2. Hind wing? with a whitish band
across the disc on upperside. . -. 10. Gomalia.

62. Hind wing # spotted with a no
band across disc + . 9. Hesperia.
(Spialia, Swinh.)
(Pl. M,, fig. 80, 802).

6. Anienne ¢ club with the tip not quite 4
blunt, slightly acuminate-looking, some- J os ree saeATi,
times with an extremely minute tip (vide %G, Oe
the marginal figure). Woe

Antenna of Gegenes.

al. Wings: upperside ; black and orange. 23. Ampittia.

61. Wings : upperside : silky-brown with
indistinct row of spots ; expanse 25mm. 24. Aéromachus.
(Machachus, Swinh.)

cl. Wings wpperside + ochreous-brown,
immaculate ; expanse over 25 mm. .. 31. Gegenes.

¢. Antenne : club narrowed into a distinct Jug
point, often hooked (PI. M., figs. 75, 77-79; =
Pl. N., figs 81—85), also marginal figure.) (Ss e +
( SS

al. Eyes ¢ blood-red.
Antenna of Baoris.

a2, Size ¢ large, expanse over 65mm... 20. Gangara. (PI. N., figs fe
a),

62. Size medium, expanse under 50mm.21. Matapa.
61. Eyes 7 never red. _ 7 “

a2. Hind wings obliquely truncate at
apex.

a3. Hind wing: prominently angled
at middle of outer margin but not
produced into points or teeth; . Aas at ite taowing
colour dark-brown all over with or 3 Lene ehavaitest and shape
without a few hyaline ppote (vide of hind wing.
marginal figure) f .. 8. Tapena.

438

JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII.

63. Hind wing 4 produced to sharp wt Nn
teeth at the ends of the veins, more y
prominently at veins 3, 4; upper-

side brown or golden-brown and

many hyaline spots ; beneath sutf-

7 i ;, 1 Abaratha
fused with white (vide aga Showing fore wing upperside of Abaratha

and shape of hind wing.

figure ) Je at cts . eo. Abana.

c3. Hind wing # outer margin irregu-
lar after truncation at apex but
never toothed ; upperside ochreous

brown suffused with white and with

fine white lines ; beneath: whitish Hind wing, upperside Of Odontopti-
lum undulatum.

(vide marginal figure) 2 .. 4. Odontoptilum.

62. Hind wing+ not truncate at apex,
instead, evenly rounded.
a3. Hind wing # underside immacu-
late, pure sulphur-yellow except
anal margin which is ie dark-
brown on 40 - 29. Oupitha.

63. Hind wing: undiefside orange-
yellow or ochreous-brownish (Corone
palmarum) with, at least, a few fus-
cous markings.
a4. Hind wing s underside with a
well defined, transverse, orange
or ochreous band distinguished
from the duller ground-colour
and the base unmarked ; no dis-
tinct black cell-spot.
a5. Hind wing: underside; ground
colour orange-yellow; male
with discal stigma on upper- Be a
side of fore wing ne .. 25. Telicota. (Pl. M., figs. 75,
75a).
65. Hind wing 4 underside brown-
ish ochreous; male without
stigma as a .. 25. Telicota.
(Corone).
64. Hind wings underside as in
Telicota ; with black cell-spot in
P. gola ; the base marked some-
what indistinctly i in P. mesoides. 26. Padraona.

THE COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA, 439

c4, Hind wing : underside without
any band distinguishable from
‘the dark ground-colour ; upper-
side immaculate dark-brown .. 28. Baracus,

In this key Padraona contains both gola and mesoides although
their transformations are very different and point to gola being more
nearly related to Ampitiia then to Padraona notwithstanding the
neuration of the wings. Baracus is somewhat similar to Taractrocera
ceramas (or neccvillet), (Pl. M. figs. 74, 74a) in general aspect in both
sexes ; Ampitttia droscorides female is also like that species although
the upperside of the male, with far more yellow markings, recalls
Telicota bambuse (Pl. M., figs. 75, 75a) or Padraona mesotdes or gola.

c3. Hind wing : underside: not orange-

yellow (in Halpe honorei it is

ochreous-yellow with black spots).

aA. Hind wing : upperside : with a

large, whit2 discal patch only ;

fore wing with white spots, the
ground-colour dark-brown .. 34. Udaspes. (Pl. M, figs. 78,

78a).

b4. Hind wing : upperside: without
such white, discal patch.

ad. Hind wing : underside s with
the outside half white or the
\ whole suffused with white ; in
the former case, the upperside
also pure white with black
spots; in the other case the
ashy-white suffusion invading
the upperside slightly ( vide

Hind wing, under-

Hind wing, ‘underside : ... 3: Dagrades.
of Tagiades obscurus. marginal figures). . 3. Lag ele! Tagiade:

bd. Hind wing: underside 3 with
a broad, dirty-white, sub-basal,
transverse band bordered by a
semi-circular series of black

spots; a whitish-looking-insect. 2. Satarupa.
(Daimio).

cb. Hind wing : undersides with a
very irregular, yellow-white

band, transversely across and

the ground-colour dark vinous-

5 Hind wing, underside, of Hyarotis
black, the base very dark (vide ~qara fmf

marginal figure) : .. 35. Hyarotis.

440. JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVH.

d5. Hind wing : underside # pow-

dered grey allover with black

2

spots or uniform blackish- cee
Hind wing, underside, of Suastus
Tremius.
brown (vide marginal figure).. 17. Suastus. (Pl. M., figs. 79.
e5. Hind wing: underside : pow- ‘79a)

dered grey with black spots,

and besides a violet gloss;

antenne exceptionally long .. 16. Plastingia.
f5. Hind wing : underside : difter-

ent from a5 to ed.

a6. Fore wing upperside : with

a broad, pure white, trans-

verse, discal band consisting

of three large, contiguous

Fore wing of Notcrypta showing
spots( x ); colour dark-brown markings. a te

(vide marginal figure) .. 32. Notocrypta.
66. Fore wing : wpperside : im-
maculate; colour dark sepia-
brown ; an oval, elongated
brand in male on underside. 33. Sancus.
c6. Fore wing: upperside : an
oblique, discal series of more
or less indistinct, yellow
(male), or distinct white
(female) spots curving from
beyond middle of inner
margin to near costa; or,
rarely, nearly immaculate ;
colour dark-brown with olive
gloss .. . 36. Lambrix.
d6. Fore wing: Teterie: orey-
ish fuscous with many, white
spots all over it and a cloud-
ed, mottled appearance due
to darker marbling. . .. 7. Sarangesa.
(Pl. N. 83, 83a).
e6. Fore wing: upperside: dark
brown or brown and rufous ©
’ mixed, or rufous ; with two
or three large, diaphanous
white, discal spots; hind wing
with no yellow patch on up-

Wings of Coladenia showin g

perside (vide marginal figure). large, diaphanous, white
al. Wings: wppersides discal spots (X).

ground colour rufous .. 6. Coladenia.
67. Wings: Ee edark-
brown . -« 1. Celenorrhinus.

THE COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA, 441

- 6. Fore wing: upperside: dark-
brown of different shades
with comparatively small,
white or yellow, discal (and
generally, smaller, subapical)
diaphanous white spots as in
Heures 77, Tia, Pl. M. ; or
( Halpe honorer) with yellow
markings and large, yellowish,

diaphanous, discal spots but, Fore wing of Baoris showing

in this last case only, with palate coe the
5 be sma 1sca ala anous,

large, discal, yellow patch on . white spots (x). .

the upperside of hind wing
(vide marginal figure of
Baoris wing).
a7. Fore wing: wpperside
dark-brown with small,
white, discal spots ; never
a yellow patch on hind
wing.
a8. Hind wing: underside:
mottled dark ochreous-
brown with few pure-
white or dusky spots on
it ae ze .. 18, Arnetia.
68. Hind wing : underside:
disc mottled more or
less bright ochreous with
dark spots on it .. 19. Zographetus.
c8. Hind wing : underside:
never mottled, at most
suffused ; and never
with dark or dusky
spots on it .... 30. Baoris. (Pl. N., figs. 77;
77a).
67. Fore wing : upperside !
dark-brown with small,
white, discal spots: in
one species (honorei) with
much yellow marking and
large, discal spots but
this has a big, yellow,
discal patch on upperside
of hind wing ; none have
the underside of hind wing
mottled though one (hyr-
tacus), has a large, white
patch on the underside ;
another (moorei) has a
more or less_ irregular,
yellowish-white, trans-
verse band on the under-
side ; while astigmata has
some pure-white, small,
silvery spots on a rufous
ground (like a Baoris).. 27. Halpe.

442 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XXVI1I,

There is likely to be difficulty with this genus Halpe because of the
diverse forms contained init. In that case, recourse must be had to
the venation and the other key. Of course any species of the genus
can at once be distinguished from the genus Coladenia by the fact that
(only honorer can be confused with that genus in this key) all mem-
bers of Coladema rest with the wings horizontal while Halpe keeps
them closed over the back ; also from all the orange marked (again it
it is only honorez that comes into question) butterflies: Telicota, Pa-
draona, Ampittia, by the fact that none of these have a yellow patch
on the upperside of the hind wing and none have black spots on the
underside (honoret has). Finally astigmata can be differentiated from
any Baoris by the pure-white, silvery spots on the rufous ground of

the underside of the hind wing and hyrtacus by the white patch in the
same place.

No notice has been taken, in this last key, of the horizontal and
erect positions of the wings because, after a butterfly has been
captured, the fact whether it rests with the wings open and spread -or
closed is not ascertainable. The same is the case with papered speci-
mens generally. Marginal figures have been added showing the
different Shapes of wings, the style of marking of the under sides of
the hind wings and the size and arrangements of the diaphanous spots
on the fore wings upon which differences are based.

The key to the 62 species, finally, will be as given below. All detail
has been avoided as full descriptions are given under the life-histories
o: the different insects which will form the bulk of the letter-press:
dealing with the Hesperude.

Genus 1. Celenorrhinus.
A.—Fore wing: upperside : with a row of indis-
tinct, ochreous spots just inside outer mar-
gin. Expanse: 50-56mm. .. Hs .. ambareesa (1).
(Pl. N., figs. 85, 85a).
B.—Fore wing: upperside : no such spots.
a. Hind wing: upperside : with medial, and
discal series of orange spots, sometimes
some of them obscure. Lea.
50mm. A . leucocera (2).
b. Hind eee upperside no such orange .
spots ee an .. area (3).

Gas 2. Satarwpa (Daimio).
One species. Expanse 24mm... 46 .. milliana (4).
Genus 3. Tagiades.

A.—Hind wing: wpperside + whole outer half

white (black spots). Expanse 40-45mm._ .. litigiosa (6).
B.—Hind wing: upperside # outer half at most

suffused with white in varying degree, the

white greyish or bluish, never quite pure.

Expanse: 50mm. .. “ Gr .. obscurus (5).

THE COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA, 443

Genus 4. Odontoptilum.
One species. Expanse: 45-50mm. .. -» angulata (7).

Genus 5. Abaratha.

One species. Expanse: 40-45mm. .. -. Tansonneltit (8),
Genus 6. Coladenia.
One species. Expanse: 37-45mm. .. .. indrani (9).

Genus 7. Sarangesa.

A.—Wing : upperside : rufous. Expanse :

32-37mm. oh a a Et .. dan (10),
B.— Wing : upperside : blackish-brown.

a. Hind wing : underside : with small, pale

spots. Expanse: 32-35mm. .. .. purendra (11).
Pl. N., figs. 83, ;
b. Hind wing : underside : no such spots .. de ohies (13). apes

Genus 8. Tapena.

One species. Expanse : 40-45mm. .. .. thwaitesi (13),
Genus 9. Hesperia (Spialia).
One species. Expanse: 25-30mm. .. .. galba (14).

(Pl. M., figs. 80, 80a).
Genus 10. Gomalia.
One species. Expanse: 20-30mm. .. .. albofasciata (15).
Genus 11. IJsmene.
Divided into two by Swinhoe :—
A.—Fore wing : upperside : with a patch of
andraconia (differently shaped scales) in

male te Gecana.
B.—Fore wing : upperside ; no sex-scales in the
male Burara.

A.— Hind wing : underside : brown with veins
streaked orange red. Expanse: 55-62mm. fergussoni (16).

(Gecana).
B.—Hind wing : underside : white with veins
greenish-brown or brown. Expanse :
52-57mm. ad ve Si, a .. gomata (17).
(Burara).

Genus 12. Hasora.
Generally divided into two, according as to whether the male has a sex-mark
or not.
A.—Male ; without sex-marks on wings : Hasora.
B.—Male 1 with sex-marks .. ais ..Parata.
A.—Hind wing: underside : with a largish,
yellowish spot in the cell. Expanse:
50-60mm. ts os .. badra( 8).
(Hasora).
B.—Hind wing : underside : with a transverse,
white band and no cell spot.
a. Hind wing : underside 1 with the edges of
the pure-white band clearly cut, well-
defined towards the inside, the basal area
inside it strongly greenish violaceous.

Expanse: 37-44mm. ‘ ,. butlert (21).
(Parata).

“444 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII.

b. Hind wing : underside : the band not pure
white, the edges somewhat blurred, the
inner edge never clearly defined.
al. Fore wing : underside # with a subapi-

cal, small, whitish or yellow’sh dot.

Expanse : 50mm. 36 seo .. chabrona (15).
(Hasora).
bl. Fore wing: underside no such sub-
apical spot. Expanse: 50mm. .. alexis (20).
(Parata)

(Pl. N, figs. 81, 81a).
Genus 13. Bibasis.
Only one species. Expanse : 50mm. .. send (22).
Genus 14. Badamia.
Only one species. Expanse: 45-60mm. .. exclamationis (23).
(Pl. N., figs. 82, 82a).
Genus 15. Rhopalocampta.
Only one species. Expanse : 50-60mm. .. benjamini (24).
Genus 16. Plastingia. |
‘Only one species. Expanse: 37mm... .. submaculata (25).
Genus 17. Suastus.
A.—Hind wing : underside ; grey, with some
black dots or small spots. Expanse:
35-45mm. Se .. gremius (26).
(Pl. M, figs. 79, 79a).

B.—Hind wing: underside: pale blackish
brown with no spots. Expanse ; 30-40mm. bipunctus (27).
Genus 18. Arnetta.
‘One species. Expanse: 30mm. aA .. vindhiana (28).
Genus 19. Zographetus.
One species. Expanse: 35mm. ore .- ogygia (29).
Genus 20. Gangara.
‘One species. Expanse: 65-85mm. .. .. thyrsis (30).
(Pl. N. figs. 84, 84a).
Genus21. Matapa.
‘One species. Expanse: 40-50mm. .. -» arva (31),

Genus 22. Taractrocera.
A.—Upperside # both wings dark rufous brown
with orange or yellow spots or marks few in
number. Expanse: 22-25mm. .. .. ceramas (33).
(nicéviller).
(Pl. M, figs- 74, 74a).
B.—Upperside ¢ both wings olive-brown with —
few, small, grey spots or marks. Expanse :
25-30mm. are is ee is .. mevius (32).
(Pl. M., figs. 76, 76a).
Genus 23. Ampittia.
‘Only one species. Expanse: 25mm. .. dioscorides (34),
Genus 24. Aéromachus (Machachus).
‘Only one species. Expanse : 22-25mm. .. jhora (34).

_THE COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA, 446.

Genus 25. Telicota,
A.—Hind wing : underside : the base unmarked.
Expanse : 40-50mm. ., ns +» palmarum (38),
2 : : (Corone).
B.—Hind wing : underside : with the basal area
always with one or two yellow spots. ,
a. Expanse ; never over 25mm. .. -» mesoides (39)
b, Expanse never under 30mm.
al Fore wing + wpperside ; golden-ochre- .
ous, costal and outer, marginal line
black ; a narrow, pale-blackish streak
below upper and lower margins of cell ;
a broad black, sub-oval shaped band
from lower end of cell to submedian
vein ; a black macular, marginal band
consisting of elongated square spots
decreasing in size upwards, one in each
interspace. Expanse: 30-37mm. .. augias (37).
b1. Fore wing, like augias, except that the
black, marginal band is not macular.
Expanse : 32-38mm. .. “= .. bambuse (36).
(Pl. M., figs. 75, 75a).
Genus 26. Padraona.
Only one species. Expanse 26mm. .. .- gola (40).
Genus 27. Halpe.
A.—Hind wing: underside: a broad, grey-
white transverse, medial band occupying
one-third of area of wing. Expanse 35mm. hyrtacus (42).
B.— Hind wing : underside ; with a much nar-
rower, often irregular, white or yellowish
band transversely across. Expanse:
32-35mm. ae x aA a . mooret (41).
O.—Hind wing : underside 1 with no band of
white colour.
a. Colour : orange and brown, the orange
often predominating, particularly on the
underside. Expanse: 35-38mm, ., .. honorei (44).
(Thoressa).
b. Colour: brown with white or yellowish
white, discal dots or spots. Expanse :
45mm, a ee ay ar .. astigmata (43).

(Thoressa).
Genus 28. SBaracus.
: One species. Expanse: 27-30mm. .. ~~ hampsont (45).
: Genus 29. Cupitha.
One species, Expanse : 27-38mm. -- ++ purreea (46).
: Genus 30. Baoris.
A.—Antenne : short, never over 7.5mm.
a. Fore wing 4s upperside : small whitish dot

_ or spot in the middle over the inner (ab-
dominal) margin.
al. Hind wing 1 underside : green-washed,
fading with age to a more ochreous
colour but always with the green shade.

: 30- a, fe .. colaca (51).
Expanse : 30-35mm. (Caltoris)

446 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII,

b1. Hind wings underside : not washed
with green,
a2. Hind wing: underside: rufous or subochracea (58)
rufous-brown. Expanse: 37-42mm. (Chapra)
(Pl. M., figs. 77, 77a),
62. Hind wing : underside # grey or grey-
ish, Expanse: 35-40mm. .. .. mathias (52).

(Chapra).
b. Fore wings upperside s no spot in the
middle over inner margin. Expanse :
30-32mm. .. ie a a .. bada (54).
(Parnara).
B.— Antenne : longer, never under 9mm,
a. Fore wings upperside s two spots in the
cell.
al. Hind wing: underside : unmarked. ;
Expanse: 37-48mm. .. ae .- farri (47).
(Baoris).
bl. Hind wing : underside : always with
some whitish dots. Expanse: 40-50
mm. 53 A ae 40 .. conjuncta (50).
(Caltoris).
cl. Hind wing: underside : with a broad,
transverse fascia, medially across the
disc, of a lighter grey than the rest(which
may be as oa Expanse :
35-42mm.. 56 .. canaraica (55).
(Parnara).
b. Fore wing : upperside » without spots in
the cell. U
al. Hind wing: underside: distinctly
rufous. Expanse: 40-45mm... .. seriata (49),
(Caltoris).
61. Hind wing: underside : dull ochreous
umber brown, never rufous. Expanse :
40-45mm, se dn ie -. kumara (48).
(Caltoris).

Genus 31. Gegenes.
One species. Expanse: 25-28mm. .. .. nostradamus (56).
Genus 32. Notocrypta.
A.—Fore wing: wpperside ¢ with one or, at the
most, two small white dots outside the
broad, white, discal band. eo
45-50mm. 5 . feisthamelii (58).
B.—Fore wing: upperside f eA) more chan two
small white dots or spots outside the broad,
white, discal band. Expanse: 35-50mm. restricta (57).
Genus 33. Sancus.
Only one species. Expanse: 40-45mm. .. subfasciatus (59).
Genus 34. Udaspes.
One species. Expanse: 40-45mm. .. .. folus (60).
(Pl. M., 78, 78a).
Genus 35. Hyarotis.
One species. Expanse: 40-52mm. .. -. adrastus (61).
Genus 36. Lambriz.
One species. Expanse: 28-30mm. .. . salsala (62).

. ;
} THE COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA, 447
Of these Lambrix salsala, Suastus gremius (and bipunctus) may be
at once known by the very conspicous, long, slender third joint to

Nl

the palpus ; Udaspes folus and Tagiades litigiosa by the large
amount.of white ground-colour on the upperside of the hind wing ;
the two Notocrypta by the broad, pure-white, discal band on the
fore wing ; Gegenes nostradamas by the antenne of only 5mm.,
the shortest of all skipper—antenne, and the tiny point at the
end of the club (it is, besides, only found in desert country) ;
Baoris farri male by the large tuft of hair, or, rather, patch of hair,
‘on the. upperside of hindwing near the base; Caltoris kumara and
servata by their size and the absence of the spots in the cell of the
forewing, the latter having a rufous underside to the hind wing
which the former has not got; Parnara canaraica by the underside
of the hindwing with the lighter, broad fascia; Caltoris colaca is
distinguished from Parnara bada by having a white spot above the
‘middle of the inner margin of upperside of fore wing; Caltoris
conjuncta by its large size—it is the largest of all the Baoris group—
and Chapra mathias and subochracea in the male by having a_pro-
minent, diagonal sex line or streak on the lower disc of the fore-
wing. Cupitha purreea is at once recognizable by its yellow colour
with the underside quite pure, unmarked except along the anal
‘margin of the underside of hind wing where it is black; the male
also has a convex, round *‘ maie-mark’’ on the underside of hind
wing near the costa. The Telicota and Padraona lot as well as
Ampitttia dioscorides (male) are all orange with black, band-like
markings on the upperside; the female Ampittia is rather like
Baracus or Taractrocera ceramas on the upperside. Gangara thyrsis
is unmistakeable, being the largest of all these skippers, with
enormous, yellowish, hyaline spots on the upperside of fore wing.
Matapa aria and Sancus subfasciatus are quite unmarked on the
upperside except that the male of the former has a distinct, diago-
nal, linear “ male-brand’’; Sancus male has an oval, dark male-

ark on the underside of fore wing near the inner margin. Plastingia
submaculata is very like Suastus gremius on the underside of
hind wing.

(To be continued,)

pair Ta ee PSs aes

448

HAND-LIST OF THE “ BIRDS OF INDIA.”

: BY of
Be: Seine BAKER, F.L.S., F.Z.S., M.B.OU., anon

Part II. | aq

(Continued from page 247 of this volume.) ; | |

184. (116) Pomatorhinus schisticeps schisticeps. The Slaty-
headed Scimitar-Babbler.
P. schisticeps, Hodg., As. Res. xix, p. 181 (1836), (Nepal).
Nepal, Sikkim and Assam North of Brahmapega i

185. (116) Pomatorhinus schisticeps cryptanthus. Coltart’ i
Scumitar-Babbler. i
Hartert, Bull B.O. C. xxavi, p. 35 (1915), (Morghertaly
Hills South of Brahmapootra.

186. (116) Pomatorhinus schisticeps mearsi. Grant's slau
headed Scimitar-Babbler.
P. mearsi, Ogilvie-Grant, Bull. B. O. C. xv, p. 39 (1805),
( Taungdw MN).
Western Burma, Chin Hills and Arrakan.

187. (116) Pomatorhinus schisticeps pinwilli. Sharpes
Slity-headed Scimitar-Babbler.
P., pinwilli, Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vit., p. 413 (1888),
N. W. Himalayas to Garhwal.

ge ch ps it ia ae

188. (117) Pomatorhinus nuchalis. Tweeddale’s Scimitar-Bab-
bler.

P. nuchalis, T’weeddale, A. M. N. H. (4) xa., p. 535 (1877)

(Thayeimyo.) ;

189. (118) Pomatorhinus olivaceus olivaceus. The Tennas-

serum Scumitar-Babbler. z

P. olivaceus, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xvi., p. 451, (8am

(Tennasserim). ;

Tennasserim.

I90. (118) Pomatorhinus' olivaceus ripponi. Haring
Shan Scimitar-Babbler.

Harington, Bull, B. O. C. xxvii, p. 9 (Shan States).
Shan States, Burma.

191 (120) Pomaterhinus horsfieldi horsfieldi. The Decean
Scimitar-Babbler.
P. horsfieldi, Sykes, P. Z. S., 1832, p. 89 (Dukkun).
Bombay, Madras, Mysore, Deccan.

Sa Att oe eee wa Seon is

192.

193.

194.

195.

196.

197.

198.

109.

200.

201.

BIRDS OF THE INDIAN EMPIRE. 449

(119) Pomatorhinus horsfieldi melan ‘
ito: urus. The Ceylon
Scimitar-Babbler. :
P. melanurus, Blyth, J. A. 8. B. xvi, p. 451 (1847)
(Ceylon).
Ceylon only.

(121) Pomatorhinus horsfieldi obscurus. Hwme’s Sci-
mitar-Babbler.
P. obscurus, Hume, Str. Feath. t, p. 7 (1878), (Mt.
Abu). ;
Mt. Abu and Seoni.

(121) Pomatorhinus horsfieldi travancoriensis. South-
ern Indian Scimitar-Babbler.
Harington, Jour. B. N. H. Soc. awiii, ‘p. 3383 (1914)
(Peermall, Travancore).
Travancore, Nilghiri and Palni Hills.

(122) Pomatorhinus ferruginosus ferruginosus. The
Nepal Coral-billed Scimitar-Babbler.
P. ferruginosus, Blyth, J. A. 8. B. xiv, p. 597 (1845),
(Darjiling).
Nepal and Hills N. of Brahmapootra.

(114) Pomatorhinus ferruginosus phayrei. Phayre’s
Scimitar-Babbler.
P. phayrei, Blyth, J. A. 8: B. xvi, p. 462 (1847)
(Arrakan).
Hills South of Brahmapootra and Chin Hills.

(123) Pomatorhinus albigularis albigularis. Blyth’s
Scimitar-Babbler.
P. albigularis, Blyth, J. A. 8S. B. xxiv, p. 274 (1855),
(Muleyit Mt.).
Mt. of Tennasserim South to Tavoy.

(128) Pomatorhinus albigularis mariz. Walden’s Sci-
mitar-Babbler,.
P. mariz, Walden, A. M. N. H. (4) xv, p. 403 (1875),

(Tounghoo Hills).
Yemathen, Upper Burma and Karen Hills.

(125) Pomatorhinus ruficollis ruficollis. The Nepal
Rufous-necked Scimitar-Babbler.
P. ruficollis, Hodg., ds. Res. xix, p. 182 (1836), (Nepal).
Nepal, Sikkim and Hills North of Brahmapootra,

(125) Pomatorhinus ruficollis bakeri. Baker's Rufous-

necked Scimitar-Babbler.
Harington, J. B. N. H. 8S. xxiii, p. 336 (1914), (Shillong).
Hills S. of Brahmapootra, N.-E. Burma and Yunnan.

(126) Pomatorhinus ochraceiceps ochraceiceps, Lloyd's

Scrmitar-Babbler.
P. ochraceiceps, Walden, A. M.N.H. (4) xii, p. 487 (1873). «
Shan States, South to Tennasserim.

450 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII,

202. (127) Pomatorhinus ochraceiceps austeni. Hume's
Scvmatar-Babbler.
P. austeni, Hume, Sir. Feath x, p. 152 (1881), (E.
Manipur).
Cachar, Manipur and Hills 8S. of Brahmapootra to
Naga Hills.

203. (128) Pomatorhinus ochraceiceps stenorhynchus,
Austen’s Scimitar-Babbler.
P. ochraceiceps, Walden, J. A. S. B. alvi, p. 43 (1877),
(Sadtya).
Sadiya and Hills East of Dibong, Lakhimpur.

204. (129) Pomatorhinus erythrogenys erythrogenys.
Vigor’s Rusty-cheeked Scumitar-Babbler.
P. erythrogenys, Vigors, P. Z. S., 1831, p. 173 (W.
Nepal).
N. W. Himalayas to Simla.

205. (129) Pomatorhinus erythrogenys haringtoni. Baker's
Rusty-cheeked Scimitar-Babbler.
Stuart Baker, Bull. B.O.C. xuxiit,p. 183 (1914), (Darji-
ling).
Himalayas, Garhwal to Sikkim.

206, (130) Pomatorhinus erythrogenys maclellandi. Mc-
Clelland’s Scimitar-Babbler.
P. maclellandi, Jerd., B. of I. tt, p. 32 (1863), (Khasia
Hills.)
Hills 8. of Brahmapootra, Manipur to Chin Hills.

207. (130) Pomatorhinus erythrogenys imberbis. Salva-.
dori’s Scimitar-Babbler.
P. imberbis, Salvadorz, Mus. Civ. Geneva (2) vit, p. 410
(1889), (Yado N. E. Leito).
E. Burma from Ruby Mines 8. to Tennasserim.

208. (130) Pomatorhinus erythrogenys gravivox. David's
Scimitar-Babbler.
P. gravivox, David, Ann. Sci. Nat. xviii p. 2. (1873),
(South Shenst.)
Bhamo Hills, Yunnan into China.

209. (131) Pomatorhinus hypoleucus hypoleucus. The
Arrakan Scimatar-Babbler.
Othorhinus hypoleucus, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xiii, p. 71.
(1844), (Arrakan).
Hills South of Brahamapootra, Chindwin and
Arrakan.

210.. (182) Pomatorhinus hypoleucus tickelli. TZ ickell’s
oo " Scimitar-Babbler.
P. tickelli, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xxiv, p. 273 (1875),
( Tennasserim).
~ Tennasserin.

211.

ar3.

214.

215.

216.

217.

218,

219.

220,

(133)

(134)

(184)

(135)

(136)

(136)

(137)

(188)

(139)

(140)

BIRDS UF THE INDIAN EMPIRE, 45]

Xiphoramphus superciliaris. The Slender-billed
Scimitar-Babbler.
X. superciliaris, Blyth, J. A. 8. B. xi fe
es xi, p. 175 (1842)
Hills N. and §S. of Brahmapootra, Sikkim.

Timalia pileata jerdoni. The Burmese Red-capped
Babbler.

T. jerdoni, Wald., A. M. N. H. (4) x, p. 61 (1872), (Pegu).
Burma.

Timalia pileata bengalensis. The Bengal Red-
capped Babbler. -
T. bengalensis, Godw—Aus., J.A. 8. B. ali, part 2, p. 148
(1872), (Khasia Hills),
Nepal to East Assam, Bengal.

Dumetia hyperythra. The Rufous-bellied Babbler
Timalia hyperythra, Franklin, P. Z. S., 1831, p. 118
(Ganges near Benares).

Dumetia albigularis albigularis. The Small
White-throated Babbler.
Malacocercus albigularis, Blyth, J. A. 8. B. xvi, p, 453
(1847). (S. India) (Mysore).
Southern India, Mysore to Ceylon,

Dumetia albigularis abuensis. The Mt. Abu
White-throated Babbler.
Haringtin, J.B. N. H. 8. xxiii, p. 429 (1915), (Mt, Abu)
Mt. Abu, Deesa to Mahableswar.

Gamsorhynchus rufulus rufulus. White-headed.
Shrike-Babbler.
G. rufulus, Blyth, J. A. 8S. B. xiii, p. 371 (1844), (Darjil-
iny.)
Sikkim to Assam and Chin Hills.
Gamsorhynchus rufulus torquatus. The Ring-
necked Shrike-Babbler.
G. torquatus, Hume, P. A. 8. B., 1874, p. 107 (Young-

zaleen River)
South Burma and Karen-nee.

Pyctorhis sinensis sinensis. The Indian Yellow-
eyed Babbler.
Parus sinensis, Gm., Syst. Nat. i, p. 1012 (1788), (Sine

[China] )
Whole of India and Burma.

Pyctorhis sinensis nasalis. The Ceylon Yellow
eyed Babbler.
P. nasalis, Legge, A. M.N dH. (5) wii, p. 169 (1879)
(Ceylon).
Ceylon only.

452 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol, XXVII,

221.

222.

223.

224.

225.

226.

Obi fs

228.

229.

230.

(141) Pyctorhis altirostris altirostris. Jerdon’s Babbler,
Chrysomma altirostris, Jerdon, Iéis (1862), p. 22 (Thay-
etmyo, Burma).
Plains of Lower Burma.

(14ia) Pyctorhis altirostris griseigularis. Hume’s
Babbler.
“ P. griseigularis, Hume, Str. Feath. v, p. 116 (1877),
(Assam).
Assam and Bhutan Dooars.

(1410) Pyctorhis altirustris scindicus. The Sind
Babbler.
Harington, J. B. N. H. xxii, p. 424 (1915), (Sukkur
Sind).
Sind.

(144) Pellorneumruficeps ruficeps. The Indian Spotted
Babbler.
P. ruficeps, Swainson, F. Bor-am. Birds, p. 487 (1881),
(India) (Nilgiris).
South India, N. to Khandesh and Chota Nagpore
not Travancore.

(144a) Pellorneum ruficeps granti. The Travancore
Spotted Babbler.
Harington, Bull. B. O. C. xxxiii, p. 81 (1918), (Travancore).
Travancore.

(142) Pellorneum ruficeps mandellii. Mandelli’s Spotted
Babbler.
P. mandellii, Blanf., J. A. S. B. ali, p. ti, p. 165 (1844)
(Sikkim).
Nepal, Assam and N.-W. Burma.

(143) Pellorneum ruficeps minus. Sharpe's Spotted
Babbler.
P. minus, Hume, Str. Feath. 1, p. 298 (1873), (Thayetmyo).
N. Lower Burma and Central Burma,

(145) Pellorneum ruficeps subochraceum. The Malayan
Spotted Babbler.
P. subochraceum, Swinhe, A. M. N. H. (4) vii, p. 249
(1871), (Rangoon).
S. Lower Burma and Malay States.

(146) Pellorneum palustre. The Marsh Spotted Babbler.
P. palustre, Jerd., Ibis, 1872, p. 300 (Cherrapoonji, Assam).
Assam, S, and E. of the Brahmapootra.

(147) Pellorneumignotumignotum. The Assamese Bab-
bler.
P. ignotum, Hume, Str. Feath. v., p. 334 (1877), (Sadiya,

Assam).
Assam, South of Brahmapootra.

BIRDS OF THE INDIAN EMPIRE. 453

231, (148) Pellorneum ignotum cinnamom ppon’
eum, Rippon’s
Babbler. a
Drymocataphus cinnamomeus, Ri ', wt
» Lippon, Bull. B.O. C.
p. 12 (1900), (Loi Mai 8. Shan. 8.). i
N. Burma and Shan States.

>

232. (147) Scotocichla fuscicapilla fuscicapilla. The Brown-
capped Babbler.
Drymocataphus fuscicapillus, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xziii,
p. 815 (1849), (8S. W. Ceylon).
Southern Ceylon.

233. (147) Scotocichla fuscicapilla babaulti. Well’s Brown-
capped Babbler.
Wells, Bull. B. O. C., xaxix, p. 69 (1919), (Trincomalee).
Northern Ceylon.

234. (149) Drymocataphus nigricapitatus. The Black-cappe/
Babbler.
Brachypteryx nigricapitata, Eyton, P. Z. S., 1889, p.
103 (Malaya).

235. (151) Drymocataphus tickelli tickelli, Tickell’s Babbler.
Pellorneum tickelli, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xaviii, p. 414
(1859), (Tennasserim).
S. W. Assam, Cachar, Manipur to Pegu.

236. (152) Drymocataphus tickelli assamensis. Austen’s
Babbler.
D. assamensis, Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vii.., p. 557 (1883),
(Dikrang).
Eastern Assam.

237*. (153) Turdinulus brevicaudatus previcaudatus. The
Short-tailed Babbler.
Turdinus brevicaudatus, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xxiv., p. 272
(1855), (Muleyit Mi.).
Mt. Muleyit in Tennasserim.

238. (154) Turdinulus brevicaudatus striatus. The Streaked-

Babhler. ; 4
Turdinus striatus, Blyth, J..A. S. B. xaxix, pt. +, P- 269

(1870), (Khasia Hills).

Assam and Manipur.

* . 7 My b
239. (154) Turdinulus brevicaudatus venning!. Venning s
Streaked Babbler. Af

Harington, Bull. B. O. C. wxxirr,
Shan States and Yunnan.
belong very doubtfully to the
family by themselves near the

p. 44 (19138) (Shan States).

* Birds of the genera Turdinulus and Rimator
Timeliide and may possibly have to be placed in a
Wrens.

454 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVIII.

240, (186)
241. (186)
242. (186)
243. (186)
244. (185)
245. (155)
246. (156)
247. (157)
248. (158)
249. (159)
250. (160)

Turdinulus roberti roberti. Austen’s Wren-Babbler-
Pneepyga roberti, Godw-Aus. and Wald, Ibis, 1875, P- 252.
(Chaka, Manipur).
Khasia, Cachar, Naga Hills and Manipur.

Turdinulus roberti guttaticollis. Grant's Wren-
Babbler.
T. guttaticollis, O-Grant, Ibis, 1895, p. 432. (Miri Hills,
Assam).
Hills Ranges Eastern Assam, North and South.

Turdinulus epilepidotus davisoni. Davison’s Wren-
Babbler.
T. davisoni, O-Grant, Bull. B. O. C. xav., p. 97 (1909).
(Thoungyah, Burma).
Tennasserim.

Turdinulus epilepidotus bakeri. Baker's Wren-
Babbler.

Harington, Bull. B. O. C. xuxin, p. 44 (1913), (8S. Shan
States, Na Noi).

S. Shan States to Karonnee, Burma.

Rimator malacoptilus, The Long-billed Wren-
Babbler.
Blyth, J. A. S. B. xvi, p. 155 (1847), (Darjiling).

*Cursonia crispifrons. The Lime-rock Babbler.
Turdinus crispifrons, Blyth, J. A. 8S. B. xxiv, p. 269,
(1855), (Tennasserim).

*Horizillas magna magna. The Red-headed Tree-
Babbler.

Malacopterum magnum, Hyton, P. Z. S., 1839, p. 1038.
(Malaya).

Horizillas magnirostre. The Brown-headed Tree-
Babbler.

Alcippe magnirostris, Moore, P. Z. 8., 1854, p. 277.
(Malacca).

Erythrocichla bicolor. The Ferruginous Babbler.

Brachypteryx bicolor, Less., Rev. Zool. (1839), p. 138.
(Sumatra).

*Ethostoma rostratum. SBlyih’s Babbler.
Trichastoma rostrata, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xi, p. 795,
(1842), (Malaya).

* Malacocincla abbotti. Abbott’s Babbler.

Blyth, J. A. S. B. xiv, p. 601. (1845), (Ramree,
Arrakan).

ne The names Gypsophila, Malacopterum, Turdinus and Trichastoma are all

preoccupied.

251.

252.

253.

254.

255.

256.

257;

258.

259.

260.

(161)

(163)

(164)

(165)

(164)

(165)

BIRDS OF THE INDIAN EMPIRE. 455

*Thringorhina guttata, Tichell’s Spotted-Babbler.

Turdinus guttatus, Blyth, J. A. 8. B. hit 4
(1859), (Muleyit’ Mt.). Bas

Thringorhina oglei. Austen’s Spotted-Babbler.
Actinura oglei, Godw.-Aus., J. A. S. B. wlvi, pt. 2, p. 42
(1877), (Sadiya).

Alcippe nepalensis nepalensis. The N epal-Babbler,
Siva nepalensis, Hodg., Ind. Rev., 1838, p. 89 (Nepal).
Nepal to Assam and Chin Hills.

Alcippe nepalensis fratercula. The Shan State’s
Babbler.
A. fratercula, Rippon, Bull. B. O. C. xi, p. 11 (1900),
(Shan States).
Eastern Burma.

Alcippe mepalensis yunnanensis. Harington’s:
Babbler.
Harington, Bull. B. 0. C., xxxiti, p. 63 (1918), (Talifu).
Yunnan.

Alcippe phzccephala phzocephala. The Nilgiri
Quaker-Thrush.
Timalia poioicephala, Jerd., Madr. Jour. L. 8. xiii,
p. 169 (1844), (Nilgiri).
S. E. India and 8. Travancore.

Alcippe phzocephala phayrei. The Arrakan
Quaker-Thrush.
A. phayrei, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xiv, p. 601 (1845),
(Arracan).
Assam and N., E. India.

Alcippe phzocephala brucei. The Bombay Quaker-
Thrush. Ee
A. brucei, Hume, J. A. S. B. xxxix, pt. 2, p. 122 (1870),
(Mahableswar).
West and Central India to Lower Bengal.

Alcippe phzocephala haringtoniz-. The Upper
Burma Quaker-Thrush.

Hartert, Bull. B. O. C. xav, p. 10 (1909), (Bhamo).
N. E. Upper Burma and N. Shan States.

Alcippe phzocephala magnirostris. The Lower
Burma Quaker-Thrush. :
A magnirostris, Walden, Blyth’s B. of Burma, p. 115

(1875), (Karennee).
S. E. Burma and West Siam.
1 es SS ee

*The genus Thringorhina should come next Stachyris.

456 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII,

261.

262.

263.

264.

265.

266.

267.

268.

269.

(165)

(166)

(167)

(169)

(169)

(169)

(170)

(171)

Alcippe phzccephala davisoni. The Tennasserim
Quaker-Thrush..

Harington, Jour., B. N. H. 8., xxiti, p. 453 (1915),(Tavoy).
Tennasserim Southwards.

Rhopocichla atriceps atriceps. The Black-headed
Babbler.
Brachypteryx atriceps, Jerd., M. J. L. S. x., p. 250,
(1839), (Lrichoor Jungle).
Nilgiris and 8. W. India.

Rhopocichla atriceps nigrifrons. The Black-
fronted Babbler.

Alcippe nigrifrons, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xviii, p. 815 (1849),
(Ceylon.)
Ceylon.

Rhopocichla atriceps bourdilloni. Bourdillon’s
Babbler.
Aleippe bourdilloni, Hume, Str. Feath. ww, p. 399 (1876),
(Mynall).
Tranvancore from N. to 8.

Stachyrhis nigriceps nigriceps. The Black-
throated-Babbler.
Hodg., Blyth., J. A. S. B. wiii, p. 378 (1844), (Nepal).
Nepal, Sikkim.

Stachyrhis nigriceps coltarti. The Assam Black-
throated Babbler,
Harington, Bull B. O. C. xuxiti, p. 61 (1918), (Mar-
gherita).
Assam §8. of Brahmapootra, Chin Hills.

Stachyrhis nigriceps davisoni. The Tennasserim
Black-throated Babbler.
S. davisoni, Sharpe, Bull. B. O. C. i, p. 7 (1892),
(Pahang).
South Burma, Siam and Malay Peninsula.

Stachyrhis chryswa chrysza. The Nepal Gol-
den-headed Babbler.
S. chrysea, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xiti., p. 379 (1844),
(Nepal).
Nepal, Sikkim and Assam to Kachin Hills.

Stachyrhis chrysza assimilis. The Burmese
Golden-headed Babbler.
S. assimilis, Walden, Blyth’s B. of Burma, p. 116 (1895),
(Karennee.)
Karennee, 8. Shan States and N. Siam.

270.

271.

272.

273.

274.

275.

276.

277.

(171)

(172)

(172)

(173)

(174)

(175)

(176)

BIRDS OF THE INDIAN EMPIRE. 457

Stachyrhis chrysea binghami. The Chin Hills
Golden-headed Babbler.
S. binghaini, Rippon, Bull. B. O. C. xiv, p. 84 (1904), (Mt.
Victoria).
Chin Hills and N, Arrakan.

Stachyrhidopsis ruficeps ruficeps. The Red-
headed Babbler.
S. ruficeps, Blyth, J. A. S. B. avi, p. 452 (1847),
(Darjeeling).
Nepal, Sikkim and Assam.

Stachyrhidopsis ruficeps bhamoensis. The
Bhamo Red-headed Babbler.
Harington, A. M. N. H. 8, Vol. ii, p. 245 (1908), (Bhamo
Hills).
Bhamo Hill Tracts and S. Shan States.

Stachyrhidopsis rufifrons rufifrons. Hwume’s
Babbler.
Stachyrhis rufifrons, Hume, Str. Feath. i, p. 479 (1873),
(Pegu).
Burma N, to Chin Hills.

Stachyrhidopsis rufifrons ambigua. Harington’s
Red-fronted Babbler.
Harington, Jour. B. N. H. 8. xxiii, p. 631 (1915), (@unjong,
N. Cachar).
Sikkim, Assam N. and S. of Brahmapootra, Manipur.

Stachyrhidopsis pyrrhops. The Red-billed Babbler.
Stachyrhis pyrrhops, Blyth, J. A. 8. B. xiii, p. 879 (1844),
(Nepal).
Himalayas, Murree to Nepal.

Cyanoderma erythropterum erythropterum. The
Red-winged Babbler. :
Timalia erythroptera, Blyth, J. A. S. B. wi, p. 794 (1842),
(Malay).
Extreme South of Tennasserim.

Mixornis rubricapilla rubricapilla. The Yellow-
breasted Babbler. - er
M. rubricapilla Tickell, J. A. S. B. wi, p. 576 (1833),
(Manbhum, Bengal).

Sikkim to Assam and Burma.

Mixornis rubricapilla connectens, Kloss’ Yellow-

breasted Babbier.

Kloss, Ibis, 1918, p. 207 (Lat. 10° N. Malay Peninsula).

Southern Tennasserim and Malay States.

458 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII.

279.

280.

281.

282.

283.

284.

285.

286.

287.

(176)

(178)

(179)

(179)

(179)

(180)

(181)

(182)

(182)

*Mixornis rubricapilla minor. Gyldenstolpe’s
Babbler.
Mixornis gularis minor, Gyldenstolpe, Kungl. Sv. Vet.
Akad. Handl. lui, 1916, p. 60 (Lat Bua Kas).
Northern, Central and Eastern Siam.

Scheniparus dubius dubius. The Tennasserim
Tit-Babbler.

Proparus dubius, Hume, P. A. S. B., 1874, p. 109.
(Muleyrt).

Tennasserim.

Scheeniparus dubius mandellii. The Assam Tit-
Babbler.
S. mandellii, Godw.-Aus., A. M. N. H. (4) xvii, p. 38, 1876,
(Naga Hills).
Assam, Chin Hills, W. Burma.

Scheniparus dubius intermedius. Rippon’s Tit-
Babbler.

S. intermedius, Rippon, Bull. B. O. C. xi, p. 11 (1900).
(Nanoi S. Shan States).
Bhamo Hills to Shan States.

Scheeniparus dubius genestieri. Oustalets Tit-
Babbler.
S. genestieri, Oustalet, Bull. M. P., 1897, p. 210.
(Yunnan).
Yunnan.

Scheeniparus rufigularis. The Red-throated Tit-
Babbler.
Minla rufigularis, Mandelli, 8S. Feath.i., p. 416, (1878),
(Bhutan Dooars).

Pseudominla cinerea. The Dusky-green Babbler.
Minla cinerea, Blyth, J. A. S. B. avi, p. 449 (1849),
(Darjiling).

Pseudominla castaneiceps castaneiceps. The
Chestnut-headed Babbler.
Minla castaneiceps, Hodg., Ind. Rev., 1838, p. 38 (Nepal).
Nepal to Chin Hills, Manipur and Tenrasserim.

Pseudominla castaneiceps brunneicaudata. The
Shillong Chestnut-headed Babbler.
Minla brunneicaudata, Sharpe, Cat. B. M., vii, p. 609.
(1883), (Shillong).
Khasia Hills.

* The birds from the Shan States, Rippon’s sulphurea=rubricapillus. Specimens
from Siam are very doubtfully distinct but if kept separate must retain Gyldens-
_ tolpe’s name.

“ —

BIRDS OF THE INDIAN EMPIRE. 459

288. (183) *Lioparus vinipectus vinipectus- Hodgson’s Ful-
vetia.

Siva vinipectus, Hodg., Ind. Rev., 1838, p. 89. (Nepal).
Himalayas, Simla to Sikkim.

289. (183) Lioparus vinipectus austeni. Grant's Fulvetia.
P. austeni, 0.-Grant, Bull. B. O. C. v, p. 3 (1895),
(Manipur).
Assam, South of Brahmapootra,

290. (183) Lioparus vinipectus ripponi. Tie Chin Hills
Fulvetta. — .
P. ripponi, Harington, Bull. B. O. C. xxxiti, p. 59 (1913).
(Mt. Victoria.)
Chin Hills.

291. Lioparus vinipectus sordidior. Rippon’s
Fulvetta.

P, sordidior, Rippon, Bull. B. O. C. xiii, p. 60, (1903)
(Talifu).

Yunnan, W. China.

292. (183) \i.ioparus vinipectus manipurensis. The Mani-
pur Fulvetia.
P. manipurensis, O.-Grant, Bull. B. 0. C., xvi, p. 123
(1906), (Manipur).
Manipur.

293. (184) Lioparus chryszus. The Golden-breasted Tu-
Babbler.
Proparus ? chryszeus. Hodg., Gray's Zool. Mise. p. 84,
(1844), (Nepal).

Sub-family BRACHYPTERYGINA.

Tesia and Oligura are probably Wrens, Elaphrornis is I think, a Warbler
somewhere near Tribura and Locustella.-

The other species are all Turdide, Myiophoneus and Arrenga are true
Thrushes and the other genera near the Sascicoline but worthy of being
retained in a separate Sub-family.

Sub-family Sipune.

204. (203) Sibia picaoides picaoides. The Long-tailed Sibia.
a S. asics Hodg., J. A. S.B. viii, p. 38 (1839), (A epal).

295. (204) Leioptila capistrata capistrata. The Black-headed
Sibia. :
Cinclosoma capistratum, Vigors., P. Z. 8. (1881), p. 56.
(Himalayas).
Himalayas, Naini Tal to Dafla Hills.

; esent I unite
* Proparus is a synonym of Minia and cannot be used. For the pre ni :
Peiirionaras of Blanford, the sole specie» of which, Lioparus Cuue
generically very close to those birds placed in the genus Proparus m a pa hear
ef British India.

460 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVI.

296.

297.

208.

299.

300.

301.

302.

303.

304.

305.

300.

397.

(204)

(205)

(206)

(207)

(210)

(211)

(211)

(212)

Leioptila capistrata pallida. The Pale Sibia.
Hartert, Kat. Vog. Senekenb Mus., p. 21 (1891), (Simla).
Himalayas, Hazara to Simla.

Leioptila gracilis. The Grey Sibia.
Hypsipetes gracilis, McClell., P. Z.S., 1839, p. 159
(Assam).

Leioptila melanoleuca melanoleuca. Tickell’s Sibia.
Sibia melanoleuca, Tickell, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xxviii, p.
413, (1859), (Muleyit).
Tennasserim, Bhamo Hills and E. Shan States.

Leioptila melanoleuca castanoptera. Fea’s Sibia.

Malacias castanoptera, Salvadori, Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen.
(iz), vit, p. 363, (1889), (Monte Carin).
Karennee and Western Shan States.

Leioptila annectens annectens. Blyth’s Sibia.
Leioptila annectens, Blyth, J. A. S. B. avi, p. 450
(1847), (Darjiling).
Sikkim and Hills 8. of Brahmapootra, Manipur.

Leioptila annectens saturata. Walden’s Sibia.
L. saturata, Walden, Ibis, 1875, p. 352 (Karennee).
Eastern Hills of Burma to Karennee.

Leioptila annectens davisoni- Davison’s Sibia.
L. davisoni, Hume, Str. Feath. v, p. 110 (1877),
(Muleyit Mt.).
South Tennasserim.

Leioptila pulchella. The Beautiful Sibia.
Sibia pulchella, Godw.-Aus., A. M. N. H. (4), xiti, p. 160,
(1874), (Khunho, Naga Hills).
Cachar, Naga and Daphla Hills.

Actinodura egertoni egertoni. The Nepal Bar-
wing.
A. egertoni, Gould, P. Z. S., 1836, p. 18 (Sikkim).
Nepal, Sikkim and Daphla Hills.

Actinodura egertoni khasiana. The Shillong Bar-
wing. ’
A. khasiana, Godw.-Aus. J. A. 8S. B. xv., pt. ti, p. 76,
(1876), (Shillong).
Khasia, Cachar and Naga Hills to Manipur.

Actinodura egertoni ripponi. Rippon’s Bar-wing.
A. ripponi, O. Grant, Ibis, 1907, p. 185. (Mt. Victoria).
Mt. Victoria, Chin Hills and Kachin Hills.

Actinodura ramsayi ramsayi. Ramsay’s Bar-wing.
Actinodura ramsayi, Wald. A. M. N. H. (4) xv, p. 402.
(1875), (Karennee).
Southern Shan States to Karennee.

BIRDS OF THE INDIAN EMPIRE. 461

308. (212) Actinodura ramsayi radcliffei. The Ruby-Mines
Bar-wing.
Harington, Bull. B. O. C. xiii
pico wt, p. 9, (1910), (Ruby
Ruby Mines District, Upper Burma.

309. (213) Pops nipalensis nipalensis. The Hoary Bar-wing
inclosoma nipalensis, Hodg., As. Res. xix, p. 14! 46)
(Nepal). ix, p. 145, (1836)

Nepal, Sikkim and Bhutan.

gio. (214) Ixops nipalensis daflensis. Avsten’s Bar-win
Actinodura daflensis, Godw—Aus., A. M.N.H (evi
p. 340, (1875), (Daphla Hills), : a eee ee
Daphla and Miri Hills.

git. (215) *Ixops nipalensis waldeni. Walden’s Bar-wing.
. Actinodura waldeni, Godw.-Aus., P. Z. S., 1874 p. 46
(Japoo Peak, Naga Hills). ; a,
Naga Hills and Manipur.

312. 215) Ixops nipalensis poliotis. The Chin Hills Bar-wing.
I. poliotis, Rippon, Bull. B. O. C. xv, p. 97, (1905), (Mt
Victoria).

Chin Hills.

313. (216) Staphidia castaneiceps. The Chestnut-headed
Staphidia.
Ixulus castaneiceps, Moore, P. Z. 8., 1854, p. 141
(Afghanistan) (Cachar).
Hills 8. of Brahmapootra.

,

314. (218) Staphidia striata striata. Tickell’s Staphidia.
Ixulus striatus, Blyth, J. A.S. B. xxviii, p. 413, (1859),
(Tennasserim).
Southern and Central Burmese Hills.

315. (217) Staphidia striata rufigenis Hume's Staphidia.
Ixulus rufigenis, Hume, Str. Feath. v, p. 108, (1877),
(Himalayas) (Darjiling).
Sikkim and Hills N. of Brahmapootra and E. to
Sadiya and Margherita.

316. (219) Siva strigula strigula. The Stripe-throated Siva.
S. strigula, Hodg., Ind. Rev., 1838, p. 89. (Nepal).
Himalayas, Simla to W. Bhutan.

317. (220). Siva strigula castaneicauda. Hume’s Sia.
S. castaneicauda, Hume, Str. Feath. v, p. 100 (1877)
(Muleyit Mt.).
’ BE, Bhutan, Assam, Chin Hills to Tennasserim.
*® More material is required before the races of Ixops can be satisfactorily
settled.

462 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVIII,

318. (221) Siva cyanuroptera cyanuroptera. Hodgson’s
Blue-winged Siva.
S. cyanuroptera, Hodg., Ind. Rev., 1838, p. 88, (Nepal).
Himalayas, Nainital to E. Assam and Chin Hills.

319. Siva cyanuroptera wingatei. The Yunnan Blue-
winged Sia.
S. wingatei, 0.-Grant, Bull. B. O. C. x, p. 38, (1900), (£.

Yunnan).
Bhamo Hills to Yunnan and Shan States.

320. (222) Siva cyanuroptera sordida. The Dull Siva.
S. sordida, Hume, Str. Feath. v, p. 104, (1877),
(Muleyit Mt.)

Tennasserim and ? Malay Peninsula.

321. (222) Siva cyanuroptera oatesi. Oates’ Siva.
Harington, Bull. B. O. C. xxxiti, p. 62, (1913), (Mi.
Byingyi.)
Byingyi Mountain.

322. (223) Yuhina gularis gularis. The Stripe-throated Yu-
hina.
Y. gularis, Hodg., As. Res. xix, p. 166, (1836), (Nepal).
Nepal, Sikkim and Hills N. of Brahmapootra.

323. (223) Yuhina gularis yangpiensis. Sharpe's Yuhina.
Y. yangpiensis, Sharpe, Bull. B. O. ‘7. xiti, p. 11, (1901)
(Yangpi, Yunnan).
Hills 8. of Brahmapootra, Chin Hills to Yunnan.

324. Yuhina diademata ampelina. Rippon’s Yuhina.
Y.ampelina, Rippon, Bull. B.O.C. xi, p. 12, (1900),
(Warabum, Bhamo fills).
Yunnan and Bhamo Hills.

325. (224) Yuhina occipitalis. The Slaty-headed Yuhina.
Hodg., As. Res. xix, p. 166 (1836), (Nepal).
Nepal, Sikkim and Bhutan.

326. (225) Yuhina nigrimentum nigrimentum. The Black-
chinned Yuhina.

Polyodox nigrimentum, Hodg., Gray’s Zocl. Misc., p. 82,
(1844), (Nepal).

Himalayas, Garhwal to Assam, N. and S. Burma
and China.

3274 (231) Ixulus occipitalis. The Chestnut-headed Ixulus.
Siva occipitalis, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xiti, p. 937, (1844).
(Nepal).
*The venus Zosterops is removed to a sub-family Zosteropide which will be
found near the Dicaeidae.

328.

320.

330.

331.

332.

333.

334-
335.

336.

337-

(232)

(233)

(234)

(238)

BIRDS OF THE INDIAN EMPIRE, 463

Ixulus flavicollis flavicollis. The Yellow-naped
Ixulus.

Yuhina flavicollis, Hodg., As. Res. xi
(Nepal. j ] xix, p. 167, (1836),
Himalayas, Sutlej to Bhutan? Chin Hills.

Ixulus flavicollis baileyi. The Mishmi Ixulys.
Stuart Baker, Bull. B. O. C. xxxv, p. 17, (1914), (Mishmi
Hills),
Hills North of Assam.

Ixulus flavicollis harterti. The Chestnut-naped
Izulus.
Harington, Bull., B. 0. C. xxiii, p. 62, (1913), (Sinl
Bhamo Hills.) e nee:

Hills 8. of Brahmapootra, Chin Hills, Bhamo Hills
and Shan States.

Ixulus humilis humilis. Davison’s Izulus.
[. humilis, Hume, Str. Feath. v, p. 106, (1877),
(Muleyt Mt.)
Tennasserim.

Ixulus humilis clarkii. Oates’ Ixulus.
Ixulus clarkii, Oates, Bull. B. O. C. iii, p. 41, (1894)
(Byingy:).
Byingyi, Shan States,

Erpornis xantholeuca. The White-bellied Her-
pornis.
Erpornis xantholeuca, Hodg., J. A. S. B. xiii, p. 380,
(1844), (Nepal).
Nepal to Assam, N, & S., Manipur and Burma.

Sub-Family LioruricHiné.

Liothrix lutea callipyga. The Indian Liothriz.
Bahila callipyga, Hodg., Ind. Rev., 1838, p. 88, (Nepal).

Cutia nepalensis. The Nepal Cutia.
Hodg., J. A. S. B. v, p. 774, (1836), (Nepal).

Pteruthius erythropterus. The Red-winged Shrike-
Fit.
Lanius erythropterus, Vig., P. Z. 8. (1881), p. 22,
(Himalaya Mis.)

Pteruthius zralatus zralatus. Tickell’s Shrike-
Tit. | ss
P. eralatus, Tickell, J. A. S. B. xxiv, p. 267, (1855),
(Tennasserim 3,500—4,500 ft.).
Hills of Eastern Burma and Tennasserim,

464 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVIII, —

338.

339.

340.

34!I.

342.

343:

344.

345:

346.

347-

(229)

(240)

(241)

(241)

(243)

(244)

(245)

Pteruthius melanotis melanotis. The Chestnut-
throated Shrike-Tit.
P. melanotis, Hodg., J. A. 8. B. xxiv, p. 267, (1855),
(Terai, H. Himalayas).
Himalayas, Nepal to Assam N. & S.

Pteruthius melanotis intermedius. Hume's Shrike-
Tit.
Allotrius intermedius, Hume, Str. Feath. v, p. 112

(1877), (Lennasserim.)
The Eastern Hills of Burma, Bhamo to Tennas-

serim.

Pteruthius xanthochloris xanthochloris. The
Green Shrike-Tit.
P. xanthochloris, Hodg., J. A. S. B. xv, i, p. 448
(1847), (Nepal).
Nepal and Sikkim.

Pteruthius xanthochloris occidentalis. The Simla
Shrike-T it.
Harington, Bull. B. O.C. xaxii, p. 82 (19138), (Dehra
Dun).
North-West Himalayas.

Pteruthius xanthochloris hybrida. The Chin
Hills Shrike-T 1.
Harington, Bull. B. O. C. auxin, p. 82 (1915), (ME.
Victoria).
Chin Hills.

4Ethorhynchus lafresnayei. The Great Iora.
Tora lafresnayei, Hartl., Rev. Zool., 1844, p. 401 (Ma-

lacca). -

Zxgithina tiphia tiphia. The Common LIora.
Motacilla tiphia, Lenn. Sys. Nat. Ed, p. 186 (1758),

(Bengal).
India, Burma and Siam.

zithina tiphia zeylonica. The Ceylon Tora,
Motacilla zeylonica, Gm., Syst. Nat. i, p. 964 (1788),
(Ceylon).
Ceylon, Travancore and the S. of Madras.

Egithina viridissima. The Green Lora.
lora viridissima, Bonap., Consp. Av. i, p. 397 (1850),
(Sumatra).

Zgithina nigrolutea. Marshall’s Tora.
Tora nigrolutea, Marshall, Str. Feath. iv, p. 410 (1876),

(Meerut).
The dry portions of Central India.

BIRDS OF THE INDIAN EMPIRE,

465

348.” (246) Myzornis pyrrhoura. The Fire-tailed Myzornis.
Hodg., J. A. 8. B. aii, p. 984 (1843), (Nepal).

349. (248) Chloropsis aurifrons aurifrons. The Gold-fronted
Chloropsis.
Phyllornis aurifrons Temm., Pl. © l 329
(Cachan), oa? ’ ot, 484 (1829),
Himalayas, Garhwal to Assam and Burma.

350.f (248) Chloropsis aurifrons davidsoni. The Malabar
Chloropsis.
Stuart Baker, Bull. B. O. C. xii. p. 2 (1920), (Malabar).
W. Coast of India, Khandalla to Ceylon.

351. (248) Chloropsis aurifrons inornata. The Siam Chlo-
ropsis.
Kloss, Ibis, 1918. p. 198 (Lat Bua Kao, Siam).
S. W. Siam and Tennasserim on the extreme EK,

352. (249) Chloropsis hardwickii hardwickii. The Orange
bellied Chloropsis.
C. hardwickii, J. & 8. Ill. Orn., Add., p. 1 (1829), (Nepal).

353- (250) Chloropsis icterocephala chlorocephala. The
Burmese Chloropsis.
Phyllornis chlorocephalus, Wald., A. M. N. H. (4) vit,
p. 241 (1871), (Tonghoo).

354- (251) Chloropsis zosterops. The Malachite Shouldered
Chloropsis
Vigors, App. Mem. Life Raff. p. 674 (1830), (Tennas-
serim).
355- (252). Chloropsis jerdoni. Jerdon’s Chloropsis.
Phyllornis . jerdoni, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xiii, p. 392
(1844), (Madras).

356. (253) Chloropsis cyanopogen. The Blue-whiskered

Chloropsis. ;
Phyllornis cyanopogon, Temm., Pl. Col. 512, fig. t. (1829),
(Sumatra).

357-{ (256) Hilarocichla’ rufiventer. The Rufous-bellied
Shrike-Tit.
Pteruthius rufiventer, Blyth, J. A. 8. B. xi, p. 18
(1848), (Darjiling).

*Very doubtfully Timeliine.

Chalcoparia is certainly not Timeliine and possibly was rightly placed
with the Diceide.

+ Turdus malabaricus of Gmelin p. 837, is preoccupied by the Same author,

p- 816, and cannot be used.

t The Genus Tvena should probably be placed in the Tardide near Cochoa.
Melanochlora is a true Titmouse.

if

466 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII,

358. (257)
359. (258)

360." (262)

361. (265)
362. (263)
363. (264)
364. (266)
365.

366. (267)

367. (268)

Mesia argentauris. The Silver-eared Mesia.
Hodgson, Ind. Rev., 1838, p. 88 (Nepal).

Minla ignitincta. The Red-tailed Minla.
Hodg., Ind. Rev., 1838, p. 33 (Nepal).

Hypocolius ampelinus. The Grey Hypocolius.
Bonap., Consp. Av. i, p. 836 (1850), (N. #. Africa).

Sub-family BRACHYPODINA.

Criniger tephrogenys tephrogenys. The Malayan
White-th oated Bulbul.
Trichophorus tephrogenys, Jard. and Sel., Ill. Ind. Orn. P.
xxvii (1833), (No locality), (S. Tennasserim).
Extreme S. of Tennasserim and Malay Peninsula.

Criniger tephrogenys flaveolus. The White-
throated Bulbul.
Trichophorus flaveolus, Gould, P. Z. 8., 1836, p. 6
(India), (Cachar).
Sub-Himalayas, Nepal to Chittagong Hill Tracts.

Criniger tephrogenys burmanicus. The Burmese
White-throated Bulbul.
C. burmanicus, Oates, Fauna, B. I., Aves i, p. 256 (1889),

(Tounghoo).
Hills EH. of Salwin, Yamethin to Moulmein.,

Criniger tephrogenys griseiceps. Hume's White-
throated Bulbul.
C. griseiceps, Hume, S. F. 1, p. 478 (1873), (Upper Pegu).
S. Arrakan, Irrawaddy—Sittang from Thayetmyo
to Rangoon.

Criniger pallidus grandis. The Yunnan White-
throated Bulbul.
Stuart Baker, Bull. B. O. ©. axxvii, p. 15 (1917)

(Yunnan).
Yunnan and S. Shan States.

Tricholestes criniger criniger, The Hairy-backed
Bulbul.
Brachypodius (*) criniger, Blyth, J. A. 8. B. xiv, p. 577

(1845), (Malacca).
South of Tennasserim and whole Malay Peninsula,

Alophoiscus phaeocephalus, The Crestless White-
throated Bulbul.
Ixos pheocephalus, (Hartl.), Rev. Zool. (1844), p. 401
(Malacca).

* Teptopecile and Cephalopyrus are Regulid@ and Psaraglossa a true Starling.

:

ee
-

eS

To

368. (269)
369. (269)
370. (270)
371. (271)

373- (273)
374. (274)
375: (275)

376. (276)

BIRDS OF THE INDIAN EMPIRE, ; 467

Hypsipetes psaroides psaroides.

Black Bulbul.

Ht psaroides, Vigors., P. Z. S., 1831, p. 43 (Himalayas)
(Simla.)

Western Himalayas to Bhutan.

The Himalayan

Hypsipetes psaroides nigrescens.
Black Bulbul.
Stuart Baker, Bull. B. O. C., xxxvii, p. 15 (1917), (Chin
Hills).
Assam N. and 8. of Brahmapootra, Manipur, Chin
Hills, Arrakan.

The Assam

Hypsipetes psaroides concolor. The Burmese
Black Bulbul.
H. concolor, Elyth, J. A. 8. B. xviii, p. 816 (1849),
(Tennasserim).
E. Burma, Shan States, 8S. Burma to Muleyit,
Yunnan and N. Siam.

Hypsipetes psaroides ganeesa. The Southern Indian
Black Bulbul.
H. ganeesa, Sykes, P. Z. S,, 1832, p. 80 (Deccan).
Hill ranges of 8. India and Ceylon.

Hemixus flavala flavala.
eared Bulbul.
H. flavala, Hodg., J. A. 8S. B. xiv, p. 572 (1845), (Nepal).
Himalayas to Kachin Hills and Yunnan.

The Himalayan Brown-

Hemixus flavala davisoni. Davison’s Brown-cared
Bulbul.
H. davisoni, Hume, S. F. v., p. 111 (1877), (Lennasserim).

Tennasserim, Meetan and Toungyah.

Hemixus flavala hildebrandi. Hildebrand’s Brown-
eared Bulbul. .
H. hildebrandi, Hume, S. F. ti, p. 508 (1874), (Salween
District).
Salween and Karen Hills.
Hemixus maclellandi maclellandi The Rufous-
bellied Bulbul. ; i
Hypsipetes maclellandi, Horsf., P.Z.S., 1839, p. 5

(Assam). bere
Himalayas to Chin Hills and Arrakan.

Hemixus maclellandi tickelli. Tickell's Bulbul.
Hypsipetes tickelli, Blyth, J.A.S. B. xxiv, p. 275 (1855),
(Interior of Tennasserim). _
Southern Shan States, Karennee and Tennasserim.

468 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII,

377. (276) Hemixus maclellandi holtii. Swinhoe’s Bulbul.
Hypsipetes holtii, Swinhe, Ibis, 1861, p. 266 (Foochow
Pehling Hills).
Kauri Kachin Hills, N. Shan States, Yunnan and
China.

378. (277) Alucurus striatus. The Striated Green Bulbul.
Trichophorus striatus, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xvi, p. 184
(1842), (Nepal).

379. (278) Molpastes hemorrhous hemorrhous. The Mad-
ras Red-vented Bulbul.

Muscicapa hemorrhousa, Gmelin, 8S. N. i, p. 941

(1789), (Ceylon.)

Ceylon and S. India, Travancore, Mysore to 18°

on the E. and 20° on W.

380. (278) Molpastes hemorrhous pallidus. The Central
Indian Red-vented Bulbul.
Stuart Baker, Bull. B. O. C. xxxvii, p. 15 (1917), (Deesa).
India N. of last race to Behar and W. Bengal,
Rewah, Cutch, etc.

381. (275) Molpastes hemorrhous burmanicus. The Bur-
mese Red-vented Bulbul.
M. burmanicus, Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vt, p. 125 (1881),
(Pegu).
Manipur, Burma 8. to Rangoon, E. to Sittoung R,

382. (280) Molpastes hemorrhous nigripileus. The Tennas-
serum Red-vented Bulbul.
Pycnonotus nigripileus, Blyth, J. A. S. B. avi, p. 472,
(1847), (Lennasserim).
E. of the Sittoung R, in S. Burma to Malay Pen.

* 383. (281) Molpastes hzemorrhous chrysorrhoides. The
Chinese Red-vented Bulbul.
Haematornis chrysorrhoides, LafrRev. Lod. p. 367 (1845),
(China).
Kachin Hills, Shan States and N.-E, Tennasserim
into China, ;

384. (282) Molpastes hzeemorrhous bengalensis. The Bengal
Red-vented Bulbul.
M. bengalensis, Blyth, J. A. 8S. B. wiv, p. 566 (1845),
(Bengal).
Himalayas, Kumaon to E. Assam, N. Behar, .E.
Bengal.

* Muscicapa atricapilla of Vieill is preoccupied G Linne and ane next oldest
name is that never used.

Se ee a eee ee a Le

BIRDS OF THE INDIAN EMPIRE. 469

385. (283) Molpastes hemorrhous intermedius. The Punjab

386.

387.

388.

390.

3901.

392.

393-

(284)

(285)

(287)

(287)

(288)

(289)

(290)

(291)

Red-vented Bulbul.
Pycnonotus intermedius, Jerdon, B. of I. ii 95
(1867), (Murree). pees ithe
Punjab, N. W. Provinces, N. Oudh and N. W
Himalayas,

Molpastes leucogenys, The White-checked Bullul.
Brachypus leucogenys, Gray, Hardw. Ill. Ind. Orn, ti
pl. 35 (1830), (Darjiling). ,
Molpastes leucotis. The White-eared Bulbul.
Ixos leucotis, Gould, P.Z.S. 1836, p. 6 (India Orientali),
Sind, Punjab, North N.-W. Provinces and Central
Provinces E. to Saugur.

Xanthixus flavescens flavescens. Blyth’s Bulbul
Pyenonotus flavescens, Blyth, J. A. 8. B. xiv, p. 568
(1845), (Arrakan).
Hills 8. of Brahmapootra. Manipur, Looshai and
Arrakan.

Xanthixus flavescens vivida, The Muleyit Bulbul.
Stuart Baker, Bull. B. O. C. xxxvii, p. 16 (1917), (Muleyit
Mt.).
Kauri Kachin Hills, Shan States, Karennee, S,
Burma and Malay P.

Otocompsa emeria emeria. The Bengal Red-
whiskered Bulbul.
Lanius emeria, Lin., S. N. i, p. 187 (1766), (Bengal).
Himalayas, Simla to KE. Assam, Bengal, Orissa,
Burma, Andamans.

Otocompsa emeria fuscicaudata. The Southern
Red-whiskered Bulbul.
O. fuscicaudata, Gould, P. Z. S., 1865, p. 664 (Madras).
Southern India 8. of range of emeria.

Otocompsa flaviventris flaviventris. The Black-
crested Yellow Bulbul
Vanga faviventris, Tickell, J. A. 8S. Be. p.. 678
(1833), (Dholbhum).
India, Burma and N, Siam.

(290) Otocompsa flaviventris minor. Kloss’ Black-

crested Yellow Bulbul.
Kloss, Ibis, 1918, p. 200 (Koh Lak). ba
Tennasserim, S.-W. Siam and Malay Peninsula,

Pinarocichla euptilosa. The Crested Brown Bulbul.
Bachypus euptilosus, J. and S., Ill, Orn. iv., pl. i
(1836), (Singapore).

470 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII.

395. (292) Spizixus canifrons canifrons. The Finch-billed
Bulbul.
Spizixos canifrons, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xiv, p. 571
(1845) (Khasia Hills).
Hills 8. of Brahmapootra, Arrakan and Chin Hills.

396. (292) Spizixus canifrons ingrami. The Yunnan Finch-
billed Bulbul.
Bangs, Bull. Mus. Com. Zool. Wwiii, No. 6, p. 285 (1914),
(Mengtze.)
Yunnan and S. Shan States.

397. (293) Trachycomus ochracephalus. The Yellow-crowned
Bulbul.
Turdus ochracephalus, Gmel. S. N. i, p. 821 (1788),
(Ceylon and Java.)
Siam, Tennasserim, Sumatra, Java and Borneo,

398. (294) ole malaccensis. The Streaked Bulbul.

Hypsipetes malaccensis, Blyth, J. A. S. B. wiv, Pp. 574
(1845), (Malacca).

399. (295) loleicterica. The Yellow-browed Bulbul.
Criniger ictericus, Sirick, A.M. N. H. xii, p. All
(1844), (Mahableswar).

400. (296) lole virescens virescens. The Olive Bulbul.

I. virescens, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xiv, p. 573 (1845)
(Arrakan.)

Cachar, Sylhet, Tippera, W. burma to Pegu.

401. (296) lole virescens cinnammomeoventris. The Malay
Olive Bulbul.
Stuart Baker, Bull. B. O. C. aaxvii, p. 16 (1917)
(Tennasserim).
Malay Pen. from Tennasserim to extreme 8.

402. (296) lole virescens lonnbergi. The Scam Olive Bulbul.
Criniger lonnbergi, Gyldenstolpe, Kung. Sven. Veten
Handl. 50, No. 8, p. 24 (1913), (Bang-hue-hom N. Siam).
South Shan States and Siam.

403. (297) Tole nicobariensis. The Nicobar Bulbul.
Hypsipetes nicobariensis, Horsf. v, Moore, Cat. i, p. 257
(1854), (Nicobars).

404. Rubigula webberi. Webber's Bulbul.
Hume, S. F. viii, p. 40, 63 (1879), (Tonka).
Malay Pen, Siam, Tennasserim, Borne.

405 (298) Pycnonotus analis. The Yellow-vented Bulbul.
Turdus analis, Horsf., Trans. L. S. xiii, p. 147 (1820)
(Java). -

ee ee aes ee,

406.

407.

408.

409.

410.

4il.

412.

413.

ALA:

415,

(300)

(301)

(504)

BIRDS OF THE INDIAN EMPIRE, 471

Pycnonotus finlaysoni finlaysoni. Finlayson’ s
Stripe-throated Bulbul.
P. finlaysoni, Strick, A. M. N. H. (1) atti, p. 411 (1844)
(Malayan Is.). ;
Tennasserim E. of Sittoung R., Malay Pen., ete,

Pycnonotus finlaysoni davisoni. Davison’s Stripe-
throated Bulbul.

Ixus davisoni, Hume, 8. F. iii, p. 301 (1875), (Arrakan).

ine Chin Hills to 'Tennasserim W. of Sittoung

Pycnonotus melanicterus. The Black-capped
Bulbul.

Muscicapa melanictera, Gmel., 8. N. I, p. 941 (1789),
(Ceylon).

Pycnonotus xantholemus. The Yellow-throuted
Bulbul.
Brachypus xantholemus, Jerd., Madr. J. L. 8. wiii,
pt. 2, p. 122 (1844) (Eastern Ghats W. of Nellore).
Travancore, Myore and E, Ghats.

Pycnonotus gularis. The Ruby-throated Bulbul.
Brachypus gularis, Gould, P. Z. S. 1835,-p, 186 (Bel-
gaum.)

Pycnonotus cyaniventris. The Blue-bellied Bul-

bul. .
Blyth, J. A. S. B. xi, p. 792 (1841), (Malay Peninsula).

Pycnonotus luteclus. The White-browed Bulbul.
Hematornis luteolus, Less., Rev. Zool. 1840, p. 35t
(India), (Bombay.)

Pycnonotus blanfordi. Blanford’s Bulbul.
Jerdon, Ibis, 1862, p. 20 (Pegu).

Pycnonotus plumosus, The Large Olive Bulbul.
Blyth, J. A. S. B. xiv., p. 567 (1845), (Singapore).

Pycnonotus simplex. Moore's Olive Bulbul.
Less., Rev. Zool., 1839, p. 167 (Sumatra).

Pycnonotus pusillus. Zhe Small Olive Bulbul.
Salvadori, Ucc. Bern., p. 200 (1874), (Sumatra).

> y >
Pycnonotus xanthorrhous. Anderson's Yellow-

vented Bulbul. ae
Anders., P. A. S. B. 1869, p. 265 (Kaklyen Hills). :
Mt. of China. Yunnan, Kachin Hills, N. Shan States.

472 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVIII,

418. (310) Microtarsus melanocephalus melanocephalus.
The Black-headed Bulbul.
Lanius melanocephalus, Gmel., S. N. i, p. 309 (1788)
(Sandwich in maris Australis).
E. Bengal, Assam, Burma, Siam to Borneo and
Palauan.

41g. (312) Microtarsus melanocephalus fusciflavescens.
The Andaman Black-headed Bulbul.
Brachypodius fusciflavescens, Hume, S. F.i., p. 297
(1873), (Andamans).
S. Andaman Island.

420. (313) Microtarsus poieccephalus. The Grey-headed
Bulbul.
Brachypus poiocephalus, Jerd., Madr. J. L. 8. x., p. 246
(1830) (Lravancore). :
Malabar Coast, Belgaum to S. of Travancore.

421. (311) Microtarsus cinereiventris. The Grey-bellied
Bulbul.
Brachypodius cinereiventris, Blyth, J. A. S. Bb. wiv.
p. 576 (1845), (Lippera).
Same range as MW. m. melanocephalus.

422. (314) Kelaartia penicillata. The Yellow-eared Bulbul.
Pycnonotus penicillatus, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xu., p. 178
(1851) (Ceylon).
Ceylon only.

Family SITTIpz.

423. (315) Sittahimalayensis. The White-tailed Nuthatch.
Jard. & Selby, Ill. Ind. Orn. iii, pl. 144 (1835), (Hima-
layas) (Kashmir).

424. (321) Sitta castaneiventris castaneiventris. The
Chestnut-bellied Nuthatch.
Frank., P. Z. 8.1831, p. 121 (Vindhyan Hills).
Plains of India South to the Wynaad.

425. (816) Sitta castaneiventris cinnamomeoventris. The
Cinnamon-bellied Nuthatch.
S. cinnamomeoventris, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xi, p. 439
(1842). (Darjiling).
Himalayas from Muree to the Shan States.

426. (317) Sitta castaneiventris neglecta. The Burmese
Nuthatch.
S. neglecta, Wald., A. M. N. H. (4) v, p. 218 (1870),
( Youngheo, Karen Hills).
Southern Burma.

BIRDS OF THE INDIAN EMPIRE. 473

427. (3818) Sitta europaea nagaensis. Austen's Nuthatch.
S. nagacsis, Godw-Aus., P. Z. 8., 1874, p. 44 (Sopvomah,
Naga Hills).
: Naga and Cachar Hills,

428, Sitta europea griseventris. Kinnear’s Nuthatch
: Kinnear, Bull. B. O. C. al, p. 142 (1920). (Mt. Victoria)
: Chin Hills.

429. (818) Sitta victorize. The Chin Hiils Nuthatch.
S. victoris, Rippon, Bull. B. O. C. xiv, p. 83 (1904),
(Mt. Victoria).
Chin Hills.

430. (319) Sitta magna. The Giant Nuthatch.
Ward-Ramsay, P. Z. S., 1876, p. 677 (Karennee).

431. (320) Sitta kashmiriensis. Brook’s Nuthatch.
Brooks, P. A. 8. B., 1871, p. 279 (Kashmir).

432. (322) Sitta nmeumayer obscura. The Eastern Rock
Nuthatch.

S. syriaca obscura. -Zar. & Loud., Orn. Monats. 1905,
p. 76.

433. (323) Sitta leucopsis leucopsis. The White-cheeked
Nuthatch.
S. leucopsis, Gould, P. Z. S., 1840, p. 115 (Himalayas).

434. (324) Sittaformosa. The Beautiful Nuthatch.
Blyth, J. A. 8. B. xii, p. 938 (1843) (Darjiling).
Sikkim and Hills South of Brahmapootra.

435. (325) Sitta frontalis frcntalis. The Velvet-fronted Blue

Nuthatch. ee
S. frontalis, Horsf., Trans. L. S. xiii, p. 162 (1821) (Java).

Family Dicruripa.

436. (326) Dicrurus annectens annectens. The Crow-billed
Drongo. ; zi
Buchanga annectens, Hodg., Ind. Rev. i, p. 326 (1837)
(Nepal).
India, Burma and Malay Pen.

; 437. (326) Dicrurus annectens siamensis. The Siamese Crow-
‘ billed Irongo. ay
] Kloss, Ibis, 1918, p. 226 (Koh Lak, S.-W. Siam).

S.-W. Siam and ? 8S. Tennasserim.

(827) Dicrurus macrocercus macrocercus. The Black

Drongo. rte Ce oan 2
D. macrocercus, Vieili., Nouv. Dic. d His Nat. ix, p. 08
(1017), (India) (Orissa).
India to the foothills of the Himalayas.

474. JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVIL,

439-

440.

441.

442.

443:

444.

445.

446.

447.

448

449.

(327)

(329)

(833)

Dicrurus macrocercus albirictus. The Hima-
layan Black Drongo.
D. albirictus, Hogd., Ind Rev. i, p. 826 (1837) (Nepal).
Himalayas to Northern Chin Hills.

Dicrurus macrocercus minor. The Ceylon Black
Drongo.
D. minor, Layard, A. M. N. H. (2) xiit, p. 129 (1854)
(Ceylon).
Ceylon and ? Travancore.

Dicrurus macrocercus cathoecus. The Chinese
Black Drongo.
D. cathoecus, Swinh.; P. Z. S., 1871, p. 377 (China).
Burma, Siam, Shan States and S. China.

Dicrurus leucopheus longicaudatus. The In-
dian Grey Drongo.
D. longicaudatus, Hay, Jerd. Madr. L. 8, xiti, 2, p. 121
(1845) (Nilghiris).
Continental and extreme N. W. India.

Dicrurus leucopheus stevensi. The Himalayan
Grey Drongo.
Stuart Baker, Nov. Zool. xuv., p. 295 (1918) (Darjiling).
Himalayas to Northern Chin Hills.

Dicrurus leucophzeus hopwoodi. The Assam Grey
Drongo.
Stuart Baker, Nov. Zool. xxv, p. 295, (1918) (Dacca).
EK. Bengal, 8. Assam, N. Chin, Kachin Hills to
Yunnan.

Dicrurus leucophzeus nigrescens. The Burmese
Grey Drongo.
D. nigrescens, Oates, Hume's N. and E. 2nd ed., i, p. 208
(1889), (Rangoon).
Burma and 8. Chin, Kachin and Shan States.

Dicrurus leucophzus disturbans. The South
Burmese Grey Drongo.
Stuart Baker, Nov. Zool. xav., p. 293 (1918) (Amherst).
Peninsula Burma and Siam.

Dicrurus ccerulescens. The White-bellied Drongo.
Lanius ccerulescens, Linn., S. N. i, p. 184 (1766)
(Bangala).

Dicrurus leucopygialis. The White-vented Drongo.
Blyth, J. A. 8. B. xv, p. 198 (1846), (Ceylon).

Dicrurus leucogenys. The White-cheeked Drongo.
Buchanga leucogenys, Wald., A. M. N. H. (4) v, p. 219
(1870), (Cambodia, Malacca, China, Japan).

BIRDS OF THE INDIAN EMPIRE. 475

450. (334) Chaptia enea anea. The Northern Bronzed Drongo,
Dicrurus xneus, Vieill., Now. Dict. d’Hist. Nat. ix.
p. 586, (1817), (Bengal), (Dacca).
N. India, N. Burma, Chin and Kachin Hills,
Yunnan, Hainan.

451. (334) Chaptia znea malayensis. The Southern Bronz-
ed Drongo.
C. malayensis, A. Hay, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xv., p. 294
(1846), (Malacca),

India S. of Himalayas, S. Bengal, Sunderbunds
Central and S. Burma, Siam, etc.

452. (335) Chibia hottentotta hottentotta. The Indian
Hawr-crested Drongo.
Corvus hottentottus, Linn, S.-N. 2, p. 155 (1766), (Sikkim).

453. (336) Dissemuroides andamanensis. The Small «\y
damanese Drongo.

Dicrurus andamanensis, Tytler, Beavan, Ibis, 1867, p.
323 (Andamans), (Port Blair).

454. (337) Dissemuroides dicruriformis. The Large Anda-
manese Drongo.
Hume, Str. Feath. i, p. 408 (1873), (Cocos Is., Andamans).

455. (338) Dissemurulus lophorhinus. The Ceylon Black
Drongo.
Dicrurus lophorhinus, Viedll., Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat. ix,
p. 587 (1817), (Ceylon).
Ceylon and Travancore.

456. (339) Bhringa remifer tectirostris The Indian Lesser
Racket-tailed Drongo.
B. tectirostris, Hodg., Ind. Rev. i, p. 325 (1837), (Eastern
Nepal). ,
Northern India from E, Nepal, Burma, Yunnan
and N, Siam.

457- (340) Dissemurus paradiseus paradiseus. The Larger
Racket-tailed Drongo. eile.
Cuculus paradiseus, Linn, S.-N. ed. zit, p. 172 (1766),

(Siam).-

Siam and South Tennasserim.

458 (340) Dissemurus paradiseus rangoonensis. The Ran-
goon Racket-tatled Drongo. ty .
Edolius rangoonensis, Gould, P. Z. 8., 1836, Pp. 5.
(Rangoon). Central Burma, S, Chin Hills, 8. Shan
States and N. Siam.

476 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII,

459-

460.

461,

462.

463.

464.

465.

466.

467.

(340)

(340)

(340)

(340)

(341)

Dissemurus paradiseus grandis. The Assam
Racket-tailed Drongo.
Edolius grandis, Gould, P. Z. 8., 1836, p. 5 (Assam).
India N.of Sambalpur and Godaveri, Assam to
Yunnan.

Dissemurus paradiseus otiosus. The Andaman
Racket-tailed Drongo.
Richmond, Pro. U.S. Nat. Mus. wav, p. 291 (1902)
(Andamans).
Andamans.

Dissemurus paradiseus nicobariensis. The Ni-
cobar Racket-tailed Drongo.
Stuart Baker, Nov. Zool. xxv, p. 302 (1918), (Nicobars).
Nicobars,

Dissemurus paradiseus malabaricus. The Mala-
bar Racket-tailed Drongo.
Lanius malabaricus, Lath., Ind. Orn. i, p. 66 (1790),
(Malabariz).
India 8. of the range of D. p. grandis.

Dissemurus paradiseus ceylonensis. The Ceylon
Racket-tailed Drongo.
D. ceylonensis, Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. iii, p. 264
(1877), (Ceylon).
Ceylon.

Family TROGLODYTIDA.

Certhia himalayana himalayana. The Hima-

layan Tree-Creeper. ‘
C. himalayana, Vig., P. Z. S., 1831, p. 174 (Himalayz).
Himalayas, Kashmir to Assam N. of Brahmapootra.

Certhia himalayana yunnanensis. The Yunnan
Tree-Creeper.
C. yunnanensis, Sharpe, Bull. B. O. CU. «iit (1902),
(Yunnan).
Yunnan.

Certhia familiaris hodgsoni. Hodgson’s Tree-
Creeper. :
C. hodgsoni, Brooks, J. A. S. B. ali, p. 74 (1872),
(Kashmir)
Kashmir, Murree Hills.

Certhia familiaris nipalensis. The Nepal Tree-
Creeper.
C. nipalensis, Blyth, J. A. S. B. wiv, 2, p. 581 (1845),
(Nepal).
Nepal, Sikkim, Bhutan, E. Assam.

BIRDS OF THE INDIAN EMPIRE, 477

468. (343) Certhia familiaris khamensis. The Tibet Tree
Creeper.
C. khamensis, Bianchi,
(Kham U. Mekeng).
S. E. Tibet.

Shapes H. L. iv, p. 355 (19038)

469. (544) Certhia discolor discolor. The Sikkim

Tree-
Creeper.
C. discolor, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xiv, p. 580 (1845),
(Darjiling).
Nepal to E. Assam and E. Burmese Hills to
Karennee.

470. (344) Certhia discolor victoria. The Chin Hills Tree-
Creeper.
. C. victoriz, Rippon, Bull. B. O. C. xvi, p. 87 (1906),
(Mt. Victoria).
- Chin Hills.

471. (845) Certhia discolor manipurensis. Hume’s Tree-
Creeper. :
C. manipurensis, Hume, Str. Feath. x, p. 151 (1881),
(Manipur).
. Hills South of the Brahmapootra.

472. (346) Certhia stoliczke Stoliczka’s Tree-Creeper.
Brooks, J. A, 8. B. alti, 2, p. 256 (1873), (Sikkim),

473, (347) Salpornis spilonotus. The Spotted Grey Creeper.
Certhia spilonota, Frank, P. Z. 8.1831, p. 21 (Ganges
between Calcutta and Benares),

474. (348) Tichodroma muraria. The Wall-Creeper.
Certhia muraria, Linn., S. N. xii ed., p. 184 (1766), (S.
Europe).

475. (349) Sphenocichla humei. Hume’s Wedge-billed Wren.
Heterorhynchus humei, Mandelli, Str. Feath. i, p, 415
(1873), (Native Sikkim).

476. (350) Sphenocichla roberti. Robert’s Wedge-billed Wren.
Godw.-Aus, Ibis, 1875 p. 251 (Hemeo, N. Cachar).

| 477. (351) Troglodytes troglodytes nipalensis. Zhe Nepal
Wren. :
| T. nipalensis, Hodg., Blyth J. A. S. B. xiv, p, 589 (1845),

(Nepal).
Garhwal, Nepal, Sikkim and Bhutan.

478. (352) Troglodytes troglodytes neglecta. The Kashmir

Wren. ae ean:
T. neglectus, Brooks, J. A. S. B. ali, 2,p. 3828 (1872),
(Kashmir).

Kashmir and Simla Hills.

478 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVIII,

479. (352)

480. (352)
481. (392)
482, (8958)
483. (353)
484. (354)
485. (354)
480. (354)

487.* (354)

Troglodytes troglodytes magrathi. Whitehead’s
Wren.
Whit head, Bull. B. O. C. xxi, p. 19 (1907), (Safed Koh).
Baluchistan, Chitral and N.-W. Frontier.

Troglodytes troglodytes tibetana. The Tibetan

Wren.
Walton, Bull. B. O. C. xv., p. 95 (1905), (Tibet).

Troglodytes troglodytes talifuensis. Sharpe’s
Wren.
T. talifuensis, Sharpe, Bull. B. O. C. xiii, p. 77 (1902),
(Talifu).
Yunnan.

Elachura punctata. Th: Spotted Wren.
Troglodytes punctatus, Blyth, J. A. 8. B. xiv, p. 589
(1845).

Elachura haplonota Baker's Wren.
Stuart Baker, [bis, 1892, p. 62 (Hungrum, N. Cachar).
N. Cachar Hills.

The

Urocichla longicaudata longicaudata.
Long-tailed Wren.
Pnoeepyga longicaudata, Moore, P. Z. S8., 1854, p. 7
(N. India) (Khasia Hills)
Assam Hills, 8. of Brahmapootra.
Bingham’s

Urocichla longicaudata_ reptata.

Long-tailed Wren.
U. reptata, Bingham, Bull. B. O. C. xiii, p. 54 (1908),
(Loi-pang-Nan).
Mekong Valley.
Urocichla longicaudata oatesi. Rippon’s Long-
tailed Wren.
U. oatesi, Rippon, Bull. B. O.C. xiv, p. 83 (1904), (ME.
Victoria).
Chin Hills, Burma.

Urocichla longicaudata kauriensis. Haringion’s

Long-tailed Wren.
U. kauriensis, Harington, A. M. N. H., 8, Vol. vi, p. 246,
(1908), (Watan, Bhamo Hulls),
Kauri Kachin Hills.

The Sin-

Urocichla longicaudata sinlumensis.
lum Wren.
U. sinlumensis, Haringion, A. M. N. H., 8, Vol. iz, p.
246 (1908), (Sinlum, Upper Burma).
Bhamo District, Upper Burma.

* The relationship of 486 7 to one another is doubtful and more specimens are

required.

489.
490.

491.

492.

493.

494.

495-

496.

497.

498.

(355)

(358)

(358)

(259)

(259)

(260)

(359)

(360)

BIRDS OF THE INDIAN EMPIRE. 479

procietla ee The Tailed Wren.
esia caudata, Blyth, J.A.S. B. xiv, p. 589 845
(Darjiling). ve eg ea ee

Pnoepyga squamata. The Scaly-breasted Wren.
Microura Squamata, Gould, Icon. Av., pl. v (1837).
(Himalayas), (Cachar).

Pncepyga pusilla. The Brown Wren.
Hodg., P. Z. S., 1845, p. 25 (Nepal).

Fanuly ReGutipa.

Regulus regulus himalayensis. The Himalayan
Gold-Crest.
R. himalayensis, Jerd., B. I. ii, p. 206 (1863), (N. W.
Himalayas).
Himalayas, Kashmir to Sikkim.

Regulus regulus yunnanensis. The Yunnan
Gold Crest.
KR. yunnanensis, Rippon, Bull. B. O. C. xix, p. 19
(1906), (W. Yunnan).
Yunnan.

Leptopecile sophie sophie. The Turkestan
Tit-Warbler.
L. sophie, Severiz., Turk. Jevot. in I. C. Moskov. viii, 2
p. 135 (1873), (Issuk-Kul).
Turkestan to Kansu and Gil.

Leptopeecile sophiz obscura. The Tibetan Tit-
- Warbler.
L. obscura, Przew., Zap Im. A. N. and St. P. lv., p. 80
(1887), (N.-E. Tibet).
S.-E., and N. E. Tibet.

Cephalopyrus flammiceps. The Fire-capped Tit-

Warbler.
Aigithalus flammiceps, Burton, P. Z. S., 1635, p, 153
(Himalayas).

Family SYLIVIDA.

Agrobates galactodes familiaris. Zhe Brown-
backed Warbler.
Sylvia familiaris, Menet., Cat. Reis. Cauc., p. 32 (1832),

(S. Caucasus). Es
Trans-Caucasia +o Baluchistan and N. W. India.

Locustella certhicla. Pallas’ Grass-hopper War-

' bler. rik 2

Motacilla certhiola, Pall., Zoo. Rosso-Asiat. i, p. 509
(1811), (wltra-Baicalem).

480 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVIII.

499.

500.

501.

502.

503.

504.

595-

500.

507:

508.

509.

(361) Locustella lanceolata. The Streaked Grass-hopper.
Warbler.
Sylvia lanceolata, Temm-Man., d’Orn. 2nd ed., iw, p. 614
(1840), Urrtum).

(362) Locustella nzvia straminea. The Turkestan
Grass-hopper Warbler.
L. straminea, Severtz., Turkest. Jevot., p. 66 (1873),
(Turkestan).

(363) Acrocephalus stentoreus brunnescens. The In-
dian Great Reed-Warbler.
Agrobates brunnescens, Jerd., Madr. J. x, p. 269
(1839), (L'richinopoly).

(364) Acrocephalus arundinaceus orientalis. The
Eastern Great Reed-Warbler.
Salicaria turdina orientalis, Temm, and S. Faun. Jap. p.
50 (1850), (Japan).

(365) Acrocephalus bistrigiceps. Schrenck’s Reed-War-

bler.
Swinh., Ibis., 1860, p. 51 (Amoy).

(366) Acrocephalus dumetorum. Blyth’s Reed-Warbler
Blyth, J. A. S. B. wviti. p. 815 (1849), (Kargopol, N.
Russia).

(367) Acrocephalus agricola agricola. The Paddy-field

Warbler.
Sylvia (Acrocephalus) agricola, Jerd., Madr. J. xitt, pt.
ii, p. 181 (1844), (Nellore).
Breeding swamps, Kashmir.

Acrocephalus concinens. The Chinese Paddy-field

Warbler.
Calamoherpe concinens, Swinh, P. Z. 8., 1870, p. 432
(Peking).
N.W Frontier 8,00) feet. Breeding hill-sides in
bushes.

(368) Acrocephalus macrorhynchus. The Large-billed
Reed-Warbler.
Phyllopneuste macrorhynchus, Hume, Ibis, 1869, p. 357
(Rampur).

(369) Tribura major. The Large-billed Bush-Warbler.
Dumeticola major, Brooks, J. A. S. B. xli, p. 77 (1872),
(Kashmir).

(370) Tribura Intermedia. The Burmese Bush-Warbler.
Dumeticola intermedia, Oates, Str. Feath. ix, p. 220
(1883), (Canal Lock, Pegu).

Se tel) ee I ee

BIRDS OF THE INDIAN EMPIRE.

481
510. Tribura tacsanowskia. Swinhoe’s Bush-Warbler.
Locustella tacsanowskia, Swinh., P. Z. 8., 1871, p. 855

(Trans Baikal).
- Baikal to Ussuri land, China and Burma.

511. (371) Tribura thoracica. The Spotted Bush-Warbler.

Dumeticola thoracica, Blyth, J.A.S. B. civ, p. 584
(1845), (Nepal). pire
Nepal, Sikkim and Assam.

512." (372) Tribura luteoventris. The Brown Bush-Warbler.
Hodg., P. Z. 8., 1845, p. 30 (Nepal).

513. (200) Elaphrornis palliseri. The Ceylonese Warbler.

Brachypteryx palliseri, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xx, p. 178
(1837), (Ceylon). :

514. (374) eae sutorius sutorius. The Indian Tailor-
ord.

Motacilla sutoria, Forst., Ind. Zool, I, p. 7 (1769) (2)
(Calcutta).

EEE
india, N, and C, Burma,

515. (374) Orthotomus sutorius maculicollis. The Malay
Tailor bird.

O. maculicollis, Moore, P. Z. S., 1854, p. 309 (Malacca).
Siam, Peninsula Siam and Burma.

516. (375) Orthotomus atrigularis. The Black-necked Tailor-
bird.
(Temm., Pl. Col. livr. 101 (1836), (Malacca and Borneo).

517. (376) Orthotomus ruficeps. The Red-headed Tailor-bird.
Edela ruficeps, Less, Tr. d’Orn, p, 309 (1830), (Java).

518. (377) Lusciniola melanopogon mimica. The Moustached
Sedge-Warbler.
L. mimica, Madaraz, Vorlauf. ub, einen neuen Roles,
(1903). (Transcaspia).

519.+ (378) Cisticola erythrocephala. The Red-headed Fan-
tail Warbler.
Blyth, J. A. S. B. xx, p. 523 (1851), (Nilgharis).

520. (379) Cisticola tytleri tytleri. The Yellow-headed
Fan-tail Warbler.
Jerd., B. I. ti, p. 176 (1863), (Dacca). ee
Base of Himalayas, Bbutan to E, Assam and Kachin
Hills.

—i‘(a“‘;illé#)#ndWd |

* There can I think be no doubt that Hartert isright in uniting /wteoventris

and mandelliit, The individual variation is great.

T The genus Cisticola still wants careful working out.
9

482 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Voi. XXVII,

521.

522.

523.

§24.

525.

520.

527.

528.

529.

§30.

531.

(380)

(383)

(584)

(389)

Cisticola tytleri volitans. The (Golden-headed
Fan-tail Warbler.
Calamanthella volitans, Swinh., Joun. N. China, As. Soe.
(1859), (NV. Chine).
South Burma, Siam, Malay Peninsula.

Cisticola cisticola cursitans, The Rufous Fan-
tail Warbler.

Prinia cursitans, Frank, P. Z. 8., 1831, p. 118 (?)
(Shillong).

Franklinia gracilis. Franklin's Wren-Warbler.
Prinia gracilis, Frank., P. Z. S., 1831, p. 119 (Vindhyant
Hills).

Franklinia rufescens. Beavan’s Wren-Warbler.
Prinia rufescens, Blyth, J. A. 8. B., xvi, p. 456 (1847),
(Arracan).

Franklinia buchanani. The Rufous-fronted Wren-
Warbler.

Prinia buchanani, Blyth, J. A. 8. B. xiii, p. 376 (1844),
(Bengal).

Franklinia cinereocapilla. Hodgson’s Wren War-
bler.
Prinia cinereocapilla, Moore, P. Z. S., 1854, p. 77 (Nepal).

Laticilla burnesi. The Long-tailed Grass War-
bler.

Kurycercus burnesi, Blyth, J. A. S. B. aii, p. 374
(1844) (Upper Sind).

Laticilla cinerascens. Day's Long-tailed Grass-
Warbler.

Eurycercus cinerascens, Wald., A. M. N. H. (4) av, p.
156 (1874), (Dhubr7).

Graminicola bengaiensis bengalensis. The Large
Grass Warbler.
G. bengalensis, Jerd., B.of I. ti, p. 177 (1868), (Ganges).
Below Himalayas, Bhutan, Assam and N. Burma.

Graminicola bengalensis striatus. The Siam
Grass Warbler.
G.. striatus, Styan, Bull, B..O. C. 4% po 6 (1892);
(Hainan).
Hainan, Siam, 8. E. Tennasserim. .

Megalurus palustris. The Striated Marsh-War-

bler.
Horsf., Trans. Lin. Soc. xiii, p. 159 (1820), (Java).

ie tte ee ieee, a eee

532.

533:

534.

535:

536.

537:

538.

539:

540.

541.

542.

543.

544.

(390)

(399)

(400)

(491)

BIRDS OF THE INDIAN EMPIRE, 483

Scheenicola platyura. Zhe Broad-tailed Grass-
Warbler.

Timalia platyura, Jerd., Madr. Jour, L rat 7
(1844) (Nilghiris), isp og 2 i

Acanthoptila nipalensis. The Spiny Warbler.
Timalia nipalensis, Hodg., As. Res. xix, p, 182 (1836)
(Nepal).

Chetornis locustelloides. The Bristled Grass-
Warbler. ;
Dasyornis locustelloides, Blyth, J. A. 8S. B. ai, p, 602
(1842), (none), (Faridpore).

Phragomaticola adon. The Thick-billed Warbler
Musicapa sedon, Pall., Reise. tit, p, 695 (1776), (Dauria),

Hippolais rama. Sykes’ Tree-Warbler.
Sylvia rama, Ayres, P. Z,S., 1832, p. 89 (Dekkan, India).

Hippolais pallida pallida. The Olivaceous Tree-
Warbler.
Curruca pallida, Hemp., and Ehr., Symb. Phys. Aves, pl.
bb (1833), (Nile).

Hippolais caligata. The Booted Tree-Wavrbler.
Sylvia caligata, Licht. Eversm., Reise Buchara, p. 128
(1823), (Am. Ilzk).

Hippolais languida.
Curruca languida, Hemp. and Ehr., Symb. Phys. cc. (1833),
(Syria).

Hippolais obsoleta. The Desert Tree-Warbler.
Salicaria obsoleta, Severtz., Turkest. Jevotn. p. 63 (1878),
(Moscow).

Sylvia communis icterops. The Indian White-
throat. 3
S. icterops, Menétr., Cat. rais. Cauc. 1 p. 34 (1832), ( Ta-
bysch),
Caucasus to Baluchistan and India.

Sylvia hortensis crassirostris. The Eastern
Orphean Warbler.
Sylvia crassirostris, Cretz., Atlas Reise Rupp. p. 4
(1826), (Nubia).

9

Sylvia nana nana. The Desert Warbler.
Curruca nana, Hemp. and Ehr. Symb. Phys. ec. (1888),
(Sinat).
Sylvia althea. Hume’s Lesser White-throat. .
Hume, Str. Feath. vit, pp. 60,62 (1878), (India) (Kashmir)

484 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII,

545. (402)

546. (403)

547. (404)
548. (405)
549. (406)
559. (407)

551. (412)

552. (408)

553- (409)

555;

Sylvia curruca affinis. The Indian Lesser White-
throat.

S. affinis, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xiv, p. 564 ee (India).
Breeding Siberia, winter devia.

Sylvia curruca minula. The Small White-throat.
S. minula, Hume, Str. Keath. 1, p. 198 (1873), (Bhawal-
pur).
Breeding Transcaspia to Afghanistan.

Herbivocula schwarzi. Radde’s Bush-Warbler.
Sylvia schwarzi, Radde, Reis. Sibir. Vog., p. 260 (1863),
(Tarei Nor).

Phylloscopus affinis. Tickell’s Willow-Warbler.
Motacilla affinis, Tick., J. A. S. Bw, p. 576 (1883),
(Borabhum).

Phylloscopus tytleri. Tytler’s Willow Warbler.
Brooks, Ibis, 1872, p. 23 (Kashmir).

Phylloscopus collybita tristis. The Brown Willow-
Warbler.

P. tristis, Blyth, J. A. S. B., p. 966, (1843), (Caleutta).
Petchora to 8. Urals, winter in India.

Phylloscopus collybita sindianus. The Sind
Wellow-Warbler.
P. sindianus, Brooks, Str. Feath. viit, p. 476 (1880), (Send).
Russian Steppes to Kharakorum, winter in India P
Ladak.

Phylloscopus indicus. The Olivaceus Willow-
Warbler.

Sylvia indica, Jerd., Madr. Jour. L.S. xt., p. 6 (1840),
(India).

Phylloscopus fuliginiventer. The Smoky Wullow-
Warbler.

Horornis fuliginiventer, Hodg., P. % S., 1845, p. 31
(Nepal).

Phylloscopus fuscatus fuscatus. The Dusky
Willow-W arbler.

Phyllopneuste fuscata, Blyth, J. A. S. B. th., p. 118
(1842), (Calcutta).

Phylloscopus fuscatus homeyeri, Dybowskv’s
Willow Warbler.

Phyllopneuste homeyeri, Dybowski, Bull. Soc. Zool. France
1883, p. 358 (Kamschatka),

550.

557-

559.

560.

561.

562.

563.

564.

565.

(411)

(413)

(414)

(415)

(416)

(418)

(417)

(419)

(420)

BIRDS OF THE INDIAN EMPIRE. 485

Phylloscopus neglectus neglectus, The Plain
Willow Warbler.
P. neglectus, Hume, Ibis, 1870, p. 143 (Punjab).
Breeding Transcaspia to Persia.

Phylloscopus aeglectus lorenzii. The Caucasian
Willow-W arbler.
Phyllopneuste lorenzii, Loung, Beit Henn. Fauna Kau-
kars p. 28 (1887), (North Caucasus).
Breeding Caucasus.

Phylloscopus maculipennis. The Grey-faced
Willow-W arbler.
Abrornis maculipennis, Blyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 27 (Nepal).

Phylloscopus pulcher. The Orange-barred Willow-
Warbler.
Blyth, J. A. 8. B. xiv, p. 592 (1845), (Nepal).

Phylloscopus proregulus newtoni. Pallas’ Hima-
layan Willow-W arbler.
P. newtoni, Gatke, Ibis, 1889, p. 579 (India).
Himalayas, Hazara to Bhutan.

Phylloscopus subviridis. Brooks’ Willow-Warbler.
Reguloides subviridis, Brooks, P. A. S. B., 1872, p. 148
(NV.-W. Provinces).

Phylloscopus humii humii. Hume's Willow-War-
bler.
Reguloides humii, Brooks, Str. Feath, vit, p. 131 (1878),
(N.-W. India).
Breeding Tianschan and N.-W. Himalayas.

Phylloscopus humii premium. The Crowned
Willow-W arbler.
Mathews and Iredale, Aus. Avian Record, iii, p. 44 (1915),
(Russia).
Breeding Siberia to Kamschatka, f N. Tibet and
Ladak.

Phylloscopus humii mandellii. Mandelli’s Willow-
Warbler. =
Reguloides mandellii, Brooks, Str. Feath. viii, p. 389
(1880), (Sikkim).
Sikkim E. to Tibet.

Acanthopneuste borealis borealis: The Artic
Willow-W arbler. ; tee
Phyllopneuste borealis, Blas. Naum., 1858, p. 318 (Lake

Ochotska). i
Breeding from Norway to Kamschatka.

486 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVILI.

566.

567.

568.

569.

570.

57!.

572.

573-

574-

575:

(420) Acanthopneuste borealis xanthodryas. The Jap-

(421)

(422)

(427)

(429)

anese Artic Willow-Warbler.
Phylloscopus xanthodryas, Swinh. P. Z. S., 1863, p. 296
(Amoy).
Breeding Japan and Kuriles.

Acanthopneuste nitidus nitidus. The Green
Willow-W arbler.
Phylloscopus nitidus, Blyth, J. A.S. B., xii, p. 965 (1848)
(Calcutta).
Breeding Caucasus to Afghanistan and Chitral.

Acanthopneuste nitidus viridanus. The Green-
ish Willow-W arbler.
Phylloscopus viridanus, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xu, p. 967,
(1843), (Calcutta and Nepal).
Russia to Turkestan, N. Kashmir and Tibet.

Acanthopneuste nitidus plumbeitarsus. Mid-
dendorff’s Willow-Warbler.
Phylloscopus plumbeitarsus, Swinh., Ibis, 1861, p. 350
(Taku and Peking).
Transbaikalia to N. China.

Acanthopneuste magnirestris. The Large-billed
Willow-W arbler.

Phylloscopus magnirostris, Blyth, J. A. 8. B. xu, p. 966
(1848), (Calcutta).

Acanthopneuste tenellipes. The Pale-legged Wul-
low-W arbler.
Phylloscopus tenellipes, Swinh., bis, 1860, p. 53 (Amoy).

Acanthopneuste lugubris. The Dull Green Wul-
low-Warbler.

Phyllopneuste lugubris, Blyth, A. M. N.H. xii, p. 98
(1843), (Calcutta).

Acanthopneuste occipitalis occipitalis. The Large
Crowned Willow-W arbler.

Phyllopneuste occipitalis, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xiv, p. 593
(1845), (S. India).
Himalayas.

Acanthopneuste cccipitalis coronata. Tem-
minck’s Crowned Willow-W arbler.
Ficedula coronata, Temm. and Schl., Faun. Jap. Aves.,
p. 48 (1847), (Japan).
East Siberia to Japan.

Acanthopneuste trochiloides trochilcides. Blyth’s
Crowned Willow-W arbler.
Acanthiza trochiloides, Sundev., Physio. Saltsakapets
Tidsk. 4 (1538), (Calcutta).
W. Himalayas to Sikkim.

576.

577:
EJS,

579.

580.

581.

582.

583.

584.

585.

(429)

(438)

(432)

(435)

(436)

(438)

BIRDS OF THE INDIAN EMPIRE, 487

Acanthopneuste trochiloides h i é
arterti. Baker's
Willow-W arbler.
St P “9%, 7” .
ee Bull. B. O. C. xxzi, p. 386 (1912), (Khasia
Mts. South of Brahmapootra.

Acanthopneuste davisoni The Tennasseri
; usserim
White-tailed Willow-W arbler.
Oates, Hume's N. and E., 2nd. Ed., p. 209 (Tennasserim).

peaks affinis. The Allied Flycatcher War-
er.
Abrornis affinis (Hodg.) Horsf. and Moore, Cat. i 3
(1854), (Nepal). e, Cat.i, p. 341

Cryptolopha burkii burkii. The Black-browed
Flycatcher Warbler.

Sylvia burkii, Burlon, P. Z. 8., 1835, p. 153 (Himalaya).
Himalayas to E, Assam, N. and 8. of Brahmapootra.

Cryptolopha burkii tephrocephala. Anderson’s
Flycatcher Warbler.
Culcipeta tephrocephalus, Anderson, P. Z. S., 1871, p. 218

(Bhamo).
Hills of N.-E. Burma.

Cryptolopha xanthoschista xanthoschista.
Hodgson’s Grey-headed Flycatcher Warbler.
Phyllopneuste xanthoschistos, Hodg., Gray. Cat. B. and
M. Nepal and Tibet, p. 151 (1846) (Nepal).
W. Himalayas to Sikkim.

Cryptolopha xanthoschista jerdoni. Brook's Grey-
headed Flycatcher Warbler.
Abrornis jerdoni, Brooks, P. A. S. B., 1871, p. 248
(Eastern H imalayas), ‘Cachar).
Bhutan to Chin Hills.

Cryptolopha poliogenys. The (Girey-cheeked Fly-
catcher Warbler.

Culcipeta poliogenys, Blyth, J. A. 8. B. avi, p. 441
(1847), (Darjiling).

Cryptolopha castaneicepSs- The Chestnut-headed
Flycatcher Warbler.

Abrornis castaneiceps,
(Nepal).

Gray, Cat. B. and M., p 66 (1846)

Cryptolopha cantator. Tickell’s Fl ycatcher Warb-
ler.
Motacilla cantator, Tick.
(Borabhum, Bengal).

J. A. 8S. B. uw, P- 576 (1833),

488 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII,

586. (439) Cryptolopha fulviventer. Austen's Flycatcher
Warbler.
Reguloides fulviventer, Godw.-Aus., J. A. S. B. aliti, pt.
it, p. 167 (Dansiri, Assam).

587. (440) Abrornis superciliaris superciliaris. The Yellow-
bellied Flycatcher Warbler.
A. superciliaris, Tick., J. A. S. B. xxviii, p. 414 (1859),
(Himalayas). ;
Western Himalayas to Mishmi Hills. ? N. Burma.

588. (440) Abrornis superciliaris schwaneri. The Bur-
mese Yellow-bellied Flycatcher Warbler.
A. schwaneri, Blyth, «x. Temm. M. S. p. 169 (1870),
(Bangermassing, Borneo).
S. Assam, Burma, Siam, Malay Peninsula to Borneo.

589. (441) Abrornis schisticeps schisticeps, The Black-
faced Flycatcher Warbler.
Culicipeta schisticeps, Hodg., Gray. Cat. M. and B.,
Nepal, p. 67 (1846), (Nepal.)
Himalayas, Garhwal to Assam.

590. (441) Abrornis schisticeps ripponi. Sharpe's Flycat-
cher Warbler.
Cryptolopha ripponi, Sharpe, Bull. B. O. C. xiii, p. 10
(1902), (Gyi.-dzin-Sehan).
West Yunnan (? Shan States and Bhamo Hills).

591. (442) Abrornis albogularis albogularis. The White-
throated Flycatcher Warbler.
A, albogularis, Moore, P. Z. S., 1854, p. 106 (Nepal.)

592. (443) \Abrornis flavigularis. The Yellow-throated Fly-
catcher Warbler.
Godw.-Aus., J. A. S. B. alvi, pt. i, p. 44 (1877), (Sadiya,
Assam.)

503. (444) Tickellia hodgsoni. The Broad-billed Flycatcher
Warbler.

Abrornis hodgsoni, Moore in Horsf. and M. Cat. i, p. 412
(1854), (Sikkim.)

504. (445) Scotocerca inquieta striata. The Streaked Scrub-
W arbler.
Melizophilus striatus, Brooks, Ibis, 1872, p. 180 (Punjab,
India.)

595. (446) Neornis flavolivaceus flavolivaceus. The Aber-
rant Warbler.
N. flavolivacea, Blyth, J.A.8.B. xiv, p. 590 (1845), (Nepal).
Himalayas, Sutlej to Assam and Manipur.

596.

597-

598.

599.

690.

6o1.

602.

603.

604,

605.

606.

10

(446)

(447)

(447)

(448)

(449)

(450)

(450)

(451)

(452)

(453)

(454)

BIRDS OF THE INDIAN EMPIRE. 489

Neornis flavolivaceus intricatus. The Shan
Aberrant Warbler.

Hartert, Vog. Pal. p. i, 533 (1909), (Tai-pai-schan).
Chin Hills to Shan States.

Horornis acanthizoides acanthizoides. Verreauz

Bush-W arbler.

Abrornis acanthizoides, Verr., Now. Arch. Mus. Par. vi,
Bull. p. 37 (1871), (Szetchuan).
Shan States, China,

Horornis acanthizoides brunnescens. Hwme’s
Bush-W arbler. ;
Horeites brunnescens, Hume, Ibis,1872, p. 109 (Darjiling).
Nepal to E, Assam, Manipur and Looshai Hills,

Horornis fortipes fortipes. The Strong-footed
Bush-W arbler.
H. fortipes, Hodg., P. Z. S., 1845, p. 31 (Darjiling).

Horornis albiventris. The White-bellied Bush-
Warbler.

Neornis albiventris, Godw.-Aus., J. A. 8. B. xiv, pt. 2,
p. 199 (1876), (Manipur).

Horornis pallidus pallidus. The Pale Bush-Warb-
ler.
Horeites pallidus, Brooks, J. A. S. B. ali, pt. 2, p. 78
(1872) (Kashmir).
Himalayas to W. Assam, N. of Brahmapootra.

Horornis pallidus osmastoni. Osmaston’s Bush-
Warbler. .
Hartert, Bull. B. O.C. xxi, p. 107 (1908), (Andamans).
Andamans only.

Horornis pallidipes. Blandford’s Bush-Warbler.
Phylloscopus pallidipes, Blanf., J. A. S. B. ali, 2, p. 162
(1872), (Sikkim).

Horornis major. The Large Bush Warbler.
Horeites major, Moore, P.Z.S., 1854, p. 105 (Nepal).

° Via a
Horornis cantans canturians. The Chinese Bush

Warbler.

: : ; . : 52, (Amoy).
Arundinax canturians, Swinh., Ibis, 1860, p. 0, (Amoy

Phyllergates coronatus. The Golden-headed War-
bler. 6
Orthotomus coronatus, Jer. and Blyth, P. Z. 8.; 1861,

p. 200, (Sikkim).

490 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII.

607.

008.

Olt.

612.

613.

614.

615.

610.

617.

618.

61g.

(455)

(464)

Horeites brunnifrons. The Rufous-capped Bush-
Warbler.

Orthotormus brunnifrons, Hodg., P.Z. S., 1845, p. 29
(Nepal).

I

Cettia cetti cettoides. The Eastern Bush-War-
bler.
C. cettoides, Hume, Stir. Feath. i, p. 194 (1878), (Sind).

Urophiexis squameiceps, Swinhe’s Reed-Warbler.
Tribura squameiceps, Swinh., P. Z. S., 1863, p, 292
(Canton).

Suya crinigera crinigera. The Brown Hill-

Warbler.
S. crinigera, Hodg., As. Res. xix, p. 183 (1836), (Nepal).

Suya crinigera cooki. Harington’s Brown Hill-
Warbler.
Harington, Bull. B. O. C. xxi, p. 109 (1913), (Thayetmyo).
Northern Burma.

Suya Crinigera yunnanensis. The Yunnan
Brown Hul-W arbler.
Harington, Bull. B. O. C. xxxi, p. 110 (1913), (Yunnan).
Yunnan and ? Shan States.

Suya atrigularis. The Black-throated Hill-Warbler.
Moore, P. Z. 8.,1854, p. 77 (Darjiling).

Suya khasiana. Austen's Hill-Warbler.
Godw.-Aus., A.M.N.H. (4) aviii, p. 412 (1876), (Shillong).

Suya superciliaris. Anderson’s Hill-Warbler.
Anderson, P.Z.S., 1871, p. 212 (Momein, Chinese Frontier).

Prinia gracilis lepida. The Streaked Wren-Warbler.
P. lepida, Blyth, J.A.S. B. citi, p. 3876 (1844), Indus
Valley).

Prinia flaviventris flaviventris. The Yellow-
bellied Wren-Warbler.

Orthotomus flaviventris, Deless., Rev. Zool., 1840 p. 101
(Bhutan).

Prinia flaviventris sindianus, Ticehurst’s
Wren Warbler.

Ticehurst, Bull. B. O. C. Vol. al. No. cclii. p. 157 (1920),
(Sukkur, Sind and N. W. F. Provinces.)

Prinia socialis socialis. The Ashy Wren-Warbler.
P. socialis, Sykes, P. Z. S., 1832, p, 89 (Deccan)
South India.

620.

621.

622.

623
624.

625.

626.

627.

(464)

(465)

(466)

(467)

(467)

(468)

BIRDS OF THE INDIAN EMPIRE, 49]

Prinia socialis stewarti. Stewart’s Ashy Wren-
Warbler.
P. stewarti, Blyth, J.A.S.B., xvi, p. 455 (1847) (Agra).
North and North-East India to Assam.

Prinia sylvatica sylvatica. The Jungle Wren-
W arbler.

_Jderd., Madr. Jour. L. 8. xi, p. 4 (1840) (Seegor, Nilghiris)

Practically all plains India with exception noted below,

Prinia sylvatica valida. The Ceylon Jungle
Wren-Warbler.
Drymoica valida, Blyth, J..A. 8S. B. xz., p. 180 (1851),
( Ceylon.)
Ceylon only.

Prinia sylvatica rufescens. The Aboo Jungle
Wren-Warbler.

Drymecepus rufescens Hume, Ibis, 1872, p. 110 (Mt. Aboo.)
Mt. Aboo,

Prinia inornata inornata. The Indian Wren-
Warbler.
P, inornata, Sykes, P.Z. S., 1832, p. 89 (Deccan).
Practically the whole of India.

Prinia inornata jerdoni. The Ceylon Wren-War-
bler.
Drymoica jerdoni, Blyth, J. A. 8. B. xvi, p. 459 (1847)
(C ylon).
Ceylon only.

Prinia inornata burmanica The Chin Hills
Wren-W arbler.
Harington, Bull. B. O. C. arxi, p. iti (14918), (Mandalay).
Northern Burma.

Prinia inornata blanfordi. The Tennasserim
Wren-W arbler.
Drymeeca blanfordi, Wald, Blyth’s B. of Burma, p. 118
(1875), (Thayetmyo).
Tennasserim.

(Zo be continued.)

INDIAN DRAGONFLIES.
BY

Masor F. C. Fraser, I.M.S.
(With 4 Text-figures.)
(Continued from page 269 of Volume XX VII.)
Part IX.

In this part the large subfamily Libelluline is completed. The genus Nanno-
phya, which was omitted in error, is now given, together with the descriptions
of two new species of Lyriothemis which have been published since this work
was begun.

I take the opportunity also of correcting a number of errors which have crept
into the text, and amongst these must especially be mentioned that of the mal-
position of the figures of Lyriothemis cleis, Potomarcha obscura and Lathrecista
asiatica.

Genus—LYRIOTHEMIS.

78. Lyriothemis tricolor, Ris, Cat. Coll. Selys, pp. 1063-1065. (1916).

Lyriothemis cleis, Ris, Cat. Coll. Selys, pp. 108, 111 (1909).
Lyriothemis cleis, Brauer.

eee eae alee ae®

CEE PRA STAT KRM
SSE SEER BROS
LEIGH RE Fs

Fig. 68. Wings of Lyriothemis tricolor, Ris.

3 (adult).

Head : labium bright yellow, middle lobe blackish ; labrum, face and forehead
bright yellow ; a metallic, bluish green, nearly quadrate spot on the centre of
upper surface of forehead ; vesicle metallic, bluish green ; occiput bright yellow.

Prothorax black.

Thorax deep mahogany blackish brown with bright yellow markings as
follows :—two rather narrow, long, oval, antehumeral spots on the front about
midway between the median dorsal carina and humeral suture, the space between
them much darker brown than the rest of the thorax, spots on the tergum and
two very broad, lateral bands, the posterior of which covers the whole of the
metepimeron save for a narrow border behind and below: the legs ringed with
yellow at their bases, the legs themselves entirely black.

/

| INDIAN DRAGONFLIES.
|

Abdomen very robust : segments 2 and 3 moderately,
tapering thence to the anal end, triquetral in cross gs

_ lighter olive green tint, their bases finely darkened, the
dorsum of the 9th segment and the whole of the 10th black.

shorter than the superior.

Superior anal appendages small and black, the inferior shor

493

dorso-ventrally dilated

ection: dorsum dark
reddish yellow, segment 1 with a transverse yellow Stripe, segments 2 and 3 a

greater part of the

ter, only a little

| Genitalia deep black, closely resembling those of cleis, hamules very large
cupped on the ventral surface. Lobe not quite half as high, narrow and pointed.
Wings hyaline, slightly tinted, the apices diffusely brown: in the forewing

a brown ray in the costal space not extending quite as far as the first antenodal
nervure, a similar ray in the hindwing and a narrow ray in the cubital space :
stigma black, about 5 mm. in length: 15 to 16 antenodals in the forewing: an
accessory, cubital nervure in the hind: trigones in both wings traversed, the
hypertrigone of the forewing only traversed : occasional supplementary nervures

to the bridge.

© Head: labium black with two small yellow spots at its base: face and forehead

pale olivaceous, greyish shades at the anteclypeus and middle of postclypeus :

* basal mark of forehead nearly black, broader at the sides than in the male.
Thorax as for male except that the dark area on the dorsum is more marked

and the antehumeral spots are smaller.

Abdomen very robust, nearly parallel-sided to the anal end, a reddish yellow
in colour, the lateral border of segment 3 narrowly black ; a moderately broad,
dark line on the dorsal carina from the 3rd to the 8th segment; 9th segment
black except for a narrow, lateral margin; 10th bright brown, very small.

Anal appendages black.

Wings broader than in the male and reticulation closer, suffused with a dirty
yellow, the apices being diffusely brown as far as stigma; the basal marking
broader than in the male; the ray in the forewing extends half-way to the Ist
antenodal and in the hind as far as that structure ; antenodal nervures in forewing
16 to 17; all trigones traversed, the hypertrigone only so in the forewing, supple-
mentary nervures to the bridge and in the hindwing, in the cubital space also.

Hab.—Burma.

78. Lyriothemis mortoni, Ris, Cat. Coll. Selys, p. 1065 (1916).
Lyriothemis acigastra, Selys, Odon. des Birmanie (1891).

Calothemis acigastra, Selys, Ann. de Dresden (1878).

Ses
aaa

Ba
A
19528

Saw PVE] . WO SD =e
SSR ER

Qe
Spy,
A.)

Fig. 69. Wings of Lyriothemis mortont.

s

<

KS>

>

This species is described from a single male from Lower Burma. It differs
from acigastra considerably, by the thoracic pattern being different, the yellow
antehumeral spots are not convergent, the humeral stripe is absent so that the

characteristic, curved marking of acigastra is not present.

494 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVI,

The abdomen differs widely in shape, segments 2 and 3 are moderately dorso-
ventrally dilated, segment 4 viewed from above is very broad, in profile moder-
ately depressed.

The colour is the same as seen in acigasira.

Anal appendages are nearly as long as the combined length of segments 9 and
10, narrow as seen from above, slightly divergent at the base, the ends acumi-
nate, in profile they are curved in a blunt convexity at about their distal third.
There is a single small spine before this convexity. Inferior appendages are not
quite as long as the superior.

Genitalia : 2nd segment very similar to acigastra but the hamules are fissured
for rather more than their distal half and the outer border is filled with a bright
yellow membrane, the lobe is depressed and narrow.

Hab.—Lower Burma.

Genus—BRACHYTHEMIS.

80. Brachythemis gestroi, Selys.

Two females taken at Gauhati, Assam, by Mr. T. Bainbrigge Fletcher, April
1920.

Abdomen 24 mm. Hindwing 31 mm. Expanse 64 mm.

Head: eyes broadly contiguous: vesicle large, rounded: occiput small:
suture broad and deep and separating two rounded, finely pitted, horse-shoe
shaped areas on the front.

Eyes olivaceous and yellow at the sides and below, a reddish brown cap above :
vesicle reddish with a metallic lustre: occiput reddish brown, the area behind
bright yellow: upper part of frons metallic blue: labium, labrum and face
yellowish with a reddish flush above.

Prothorax with a moderately sized posterior lobe, rather smaller than that
of Sympetrum, bilobed, but slightly notched. Fringed with a ruff of longish
hairs. Ochreous. Thorax bulky, dark olivaceous or brownish yellow with a
greenish tinge. Legs blackish brown, the femora ochreous at the base and
this turning to brown distally. Hind femora with a row of 7 spines, the distal
ones (4) very large, the proximal ones small.

Abdomen tapering from the base to the apex, triquetral, especially in the
distal segments. A transverse ridge on the 2nd and 3rd segments, poorly marked
ones on the 4th and 5th. Anal appendages robust, conical.

i

re
is

IZ
a

eh
the

Nmeacnenatana =
Fig. 70. Wings of Brachgdiplax gestroi.

Abdomen a golden yellow in colour, the transverse ridges, intersegmental
sutures and lateral borders finely mapped out in black. An obscure, diffuse,
black, subdorsal fascia which runs from the 4th segment, gradually broadening
untilit covers most of the 8th and all the 9th and 10th segments. —

a
Ss

(/
OO

INDIAN DRAGONFLIES. 495

Wings hyaline, the bases slightly saffronated as far out as the trigones :

reticulation close: node slightly proximal to the middle of the wing : trigones

in line with one another, that of the hindwing slightly distal to the arc, both
entire, that of forewing broad, its costal side about equal to half of its proximal

and its distal side angulated outwards: subtrigone of forewing with 3 cells,

(in one of the two specimens the basal cell of the subtrigones is traversed by a
curved nervure): no supplementary nervures to the bridge: only 1 cubital
nervure to all the wings: discoidal field dilated strongly at the termen, begins
with two rows of cells for 4 cells outward only, 7 antenodal nervures, the last
complete: stigma long (4mm.), that of the hindwing distinctly larger than
that of forewing, yellowish: 8th nervure arising from the anal angle of the
trigone in the hindwing: only 1 row of cells between Rs and Rspl (5 and 5a):
Ms (Mspl.) well formed in the forewing only : sectors of arc long in the forewing,
lying between the Ist and 2nd antenodals, of greater length in the hindwing.
The large size of this insect at once distinguishes it from all other Indian
species of the genus as does also the unicolourous thorax. The general facies
resembles an Orthetrum or a Crocothemis but the 2 rows of cells in the discoidal
field will readily distinguish it from both of these, whilst the dilated field will
also distinguish it from a Sympetrum for which it might be mistaken.
Genus—NANNOPHYA.

SES

Fig. 71. Wings of Nannophya pygmea, Ramb.

Nannophyez, Ramb., Neur. pp. 26,27. (1842)—Hagen., Stett ent. Ztg.
10, p. 171 (1849)—Brauer., Zool. bot. Wien. 18, pp. 369-726

(1868)—Karsch. Ent. Nach. 15, p. 256 (1889). 2
Nannodythemis, Brauer., Zool. bot. Wien. 18, pp. 369-726 (1868).—
Kirby., Tzaus. Zoo. Soc. Lond. 12 (1889)—Karsch. Ent.
Nach. 15, p. 260 (1880)—Kirby., Cat. p. 44 (1890)—Tillyard.,

Proc. Linn. Soc. N. 8. Wales. 33, p. 444.
Fylla, Kirby., T. Z. S. Lond. 12, pp. 259, 313 (1889).

Nannophya, Ris., Cat. Coll. Selys (1911). “2 eae
Head relatively large; eyes fused shortly ; forehead projecting but oe y
and without any marked foreborder; suture deep ; vesicle high, roundect ot

as a small ridge. aoe
Prothorax with a moderately large posterior lobe. depressed or projecting
but slightly and fringed with long hairs.
Thorax rather narrow. Legs small and s! aden peer e
with small, widely—spaced, evenly-sized spines and with a single ye u oa
the end; middle femora with fewer but more widely spaced spines. ! foe fare :
the female similar in the middle femora, the hind with a row of ver hie scare 8.
Tibial spines numerous, very long and slim; claw hooks moderate y a poe
Abdomen short, dilated at the base, then somewhat fusiform oy ea
the end segments being somewhat flattened, 9th and 10th segments very smab.

lim. In the male the hinder femora

496 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII,

Genitalia, Secondary ; lamina flat and depressed: hamules very tiny, the
external a slim, black pointed hook, the inner separated from it by a curved
fissure, depressed and nearly quadrate; lobe higher than the hamules, projecting
and somewhat rightangled, coated with long black hairs.

The female with a robust projecting scale; border of segment not dilated ;
end of ventral plate broadly rounded, projecting and reaching nearly to the
end of the 9th ventral plate.

Wings short, the hind with a broad anal field ; reticulation very open, so
much so that the trigone is apt to be lostinthe general reticulation; trigones
of the forewing in line with that ofthe hind ; sectors of are fused for a long dis-
tance in the forewing, the separation abrupt and widely divergent ; are between
the Ist and 2nd antenodals ; 5 to 6 antenodals in the forewing, the final com-
plete ; trigone in the hindwing at the arc or a little distal; 8th nervure (Cul)
in the hindwing and forewing widely separated from the anal angle of the trigone;
1 cubital nervure in the forewing, 1 or 2 in the hind; the costal side of the
trigone in the forewing broken, the parts on either side of the fracture appro-
ximately equal or the proximal part the longer (the bend is usually about the
centre or a little distal to it); costal side of trigone in the hind straight or
bent, the bend then being further distal ; all trigones, hypertrigones and sub-
trigones in the forewing free ; no accessory nervures to the bridge; 1 row of
cells between 5 and 5a (Rs and Rspl), the latter, imperfectly developed ;
8th (Cul) nervure in the forewing moderately curved ; the discoidal field with
I row of cells at the beginning, dilated at the termen; no distinctly formed
loop in the hindwing; stigma small and the membrane very small.

This genus should have been included in the fourth group, following imme-
diately after Palpopleura and before Brachydiplax and is easily distinguished
by the broken costal side of the trigone in the forewing and by the separation of
the 8th nervure from the anal angle of the trigone, only 5 to 6 antenodals and
the discoidal field with but a single row of cells at its commencement. The
small size and the very open reticulation of the wings is another guide.

81. Nannophya pygmea, Ramb., Neur. p. 27 (1842)—Brauer, Zool. bot
Wien. 18, p. 726 (1868)—Selys., Pollen
und Van Dam Madago. 8ns., p. 18 (1868)
—Id. Mitth. Mus. Dres., p. 295 (1878)—
Id. Ann. Mus. civ. Genov. 27, p. 460
(1889).—Karsch, Ent. Nach. 15, p. 256
(1889).—Kirby, Cat., p. 45 (1890).—Laid-
law, P. Z. 8. Lond. L., p. 72 (1902)—
Martin, Mission Pavie. (p. 7. sep) (1914).
Nannophya exigua, Hagen, Stett ent. Ztg. 28, p. 91. (1867)—
Brauer, Zool. bot. Wien. 18,p. 726 (1868)—
Selys, Ann. Mus. civ. Genov. 14, p. 305
: (1879).
Fylla exigua, Kirby., T. Z. 8. Lond. 12, p. 345, tab. 52, fig. 6 (1889).

S$ Bright carmine red ; the labium, labrum (which has yellow spots at its mid-
dle), a narrow basal line to the forehead, the prothorax, the dorsum of the
thorax, the underside of the thorax in its fore half and a moderately broad band
on the sides black.

Specimens in the British Museum have the face yellow, the eyes with a red
cap to their summit, the vesicle and occiput olivaceous and the sides of the
thorax yellow. .

Abdomen bright red in the adult or ochreous in teneral specimens, with a
small comma-like mark on each segment. The 8th segment black on the dorsum.
Anal appendages red or yellow, the superior short and slim, the inferior mode-
rately broad and of the same length as the superior. Legs entirely black,

.

INDIAN DRAGONFLIES, 497

Wings delicate, the base saffronated, in the forewing as far as the trig
in the hind as far as the distal side of trigone or a cell beyond. Th ee
of the saffronation somewhat variable in extent and intensity ; Sti ; a
small, yellow with black borders. siti ah rd
© Face and forehead bright yellow, as i , i
Be etter datined ore eis fo as is also the thorax, the black markings
Abdomen reddish brown or ochreous, the i
2 and 3 having bright yellow, narrow, Seal Geer piggies assy) + 2
_ In the British Museum specimens, the abdomen is yellow and the first 3 seg
ments are without markings, the 4th segment is brown in the middle and with a
yellow basalannuleand a black, diffuse apicalannule, 5 and 6 are ieee
but the basal annule extends posteriorly on to the sides so that in segment 6, the
dorsum appears to have a broad, brown triangle on its dorsum with its apex
directed basally. Segments 8 to 10 black. rae
Genitalia: border of segment 8 undilated: end of ventral plate broadly
rounded and projecting, extending nearly to the end of the 9th ventral iain
the two terminal segments very small.
Hab.—N. W. India, Assam and Upper Burma. Dr. Laidlaw has reported it

from N. Lakhimpur, Assam (R. Ind. Mus., 1914).

ERRATA AND ADDENDA.

Vol. XXV.
1. Plate I, the cubital space has not been shown in the forewing, compare

with the diagram of wing on Plate III.

2. Page 454, line 4 of first para., “160” should read ‘300°’.

3. Page 463, line 32, 464, line 10, 465, lines 48 and 54 and page 471, line
4, “ovae” should read SELON

4. Plate “ XI” should read “‘ XII”’, and on Plate XI, fig. 3 and Plate X, figs.
2 and 4, the antenne which have been drawn filiform, should be clubbed.
These antennz will be dealt with separately when dealing with the Gomphines.

5. In the Explanation of Plate XII, “ Cordulia ’? should be ‘ Corduline ”’.

6. In the Explanation of Plate VII, “ Argia gomphoides”’ should be “ In-
doneura gomphoides ”’.

7. In the Explanation of Plate VI, “ E. dispar” should read “ P. dispar.”

8. In the Explanation of Plate IX, line 3, “E. dispar” should read “ P.
dispar”, and on line 12 * Argia. gomphoides ” should read ‘‘ Indoneura gom-
phoides ”’.

9. On Plate III, the cubital nervure, denoted as “cu” in the explanation,
has not been shown in the diagram. It is a short, transverse nervure, crossing
the cubital space.

10. On page 610, line 16, for ‘‘ small” read ‘anal’, and on line 19, for
“¢ Corduline ” read “‘ Corduliine ”’.

11. On page 615, line 11, delete “ Brachydiplax ” and add after that line :—

“1, Trigone of forewing with the costal side bent as in Tribe I., only a
single row of discoidal cells. .. ste .. Nannophya.
2. Trigone of forewing with the costal side not bent., at least 2 rows
of discoidal cells. -. = a Brachydiplax.
12. On page 618, for line 3 and the remainder of the key, substitute :—
*¢ii” Wings long and broad.

Subtrigone formed of 2 or 3 cells.

a. Only 6 antenodal nervures.
x. Neuration greyish white, almost invisible. —
Stigma bicolorous as as v* on Selsiothemis.
y. Neuration black and distinct. Stigma unl-
colorous ae oe vie ds .. Macrodiplaz. x

b. Nearly constantly 7 antenodal nervures .. Urothemis.

il

498 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVIL.

13. On page 622, line 29, after “hyaline”, add “ Apices of wings of male,

often diffusely dark brown.”
Vol. XXVI.

14. Page 142, lines 27 and 35, for “distal” read “ proximal”’.

15. Page 1438, the wings shown are those of Lathrecista asiatica and not
those of Lyriothemis cleis.

16. Page 144, the wings shown are those of Lyriothemis cleis and not those
ot Potomarcha obscura.

17. Page 145, line 15, for “no” read “only very occasionally”.

18. Page 146, the wings shown are of Potomarcha obscura and not those
-of Lathrecista asiatica.

19. On page 147, line 15, for “femore’’, read “‘femora’”’, and on lines
48 and 49, for “simularis’”, read “simulans ”’.

20. On page 156, line 32, for “1st and 2nd”’, read “2nd and 3rd”.

21. On page 491, after line 4, put:—

** Brachydiplax indica, Kirby.
Brachydiplax gestroi, Selys, Odonates des Birmanie.”

22. In the fig: on page 494, the final antenodal nervurein the forewing,
should be shown incomplete.

23. On page 497, line 49, for “‘interior” read “anterior”.

24. On page 505, line 50, delete ‘“‘ Western”, and for “ Bombay ”’, read
<* Assam ”’, ;

25. Pages 516 and 517, for “erythoea” read “ erythrea ”.

26. On page 929, delete line 23.

Finally I must correct a statement made in the introduction to the sub-
family Libellulinz on page 613 of Vol. XXV. Here I mentioned that the order
adopted by Dr. Ris in his exhaustive work on the subfamily, was more for
the sake of convenience in classification than for any natural philogenetic
Sequence.

This is not soand itis extremely probable that Dr. Ris has followed very
closely the actual line of evolution pursued by these insects.

(To be continued.)

499

ON SMALL MAMMALS FROM THE KACHIN PROVINGE,
NORTHERN BURMA.

BY
OLDFIELD Tuomas.
(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)

u owe to the kindness of the authorities of the Bombay Natural
History Society the opportunity of working out two small collections
of mammals from the north of Burma, which have been received
by them. One was made by Mr. P. M. Leonard in the extreme
north and the other by Mr. F. Kingdon Ward a little further south
and east, but both in the Kachin Province, the northernmost section
of Burma, which runs up between North-Eastern Assam and the Chi-
nese boundary, and is drained by the upper affluents of the Irrawady.
All this country is at a very high level—6,000’ and upwards.

This region is so little surveyed that the Collectors have found
it advisable to record the latitude and longitude of the localities
where they obtained the specimens—a most useful proceeding in
little known countries.

As might be expected, there are several new forms to be described,
notably the pretty flying squirrel I have named after Mr. Leonard,
the fine stoat, Mustela hamptoni, which represents M. subhemachalana
in this region, and the large Bamboo-rat, Rhizomys wardi, of Imaw
Bum.

The two collections coming from one faunal areal have not
thought it necessary to make two separate lists, but the specimens
are all credited to their respective collectors.

The majority of Mr. Ward’s specimens were obtained high up on
the great mountain Imaw Bum.

With their usual generosity a first set of the species, and all the
types, have been presented to the National Museum by the Bombay
Natural History Society.

(1) RHINOLOPHUS LUCTUS, Temm.
g16. Kangfang, Ngawchang Valley, 5,000'.—F. K. Ward.
(2) Sorex BEDFoRDI#, Thos.
ol. Imaw Bum, 9,000’.—F. K. Ward.
(3) Sorrcutus caupatus, Hodgs.
$3, 14. Imaw Bum, 9—11,000' F. K. Ward.

The anterior teeth of these specimens quite agree with those of
S. caudatus, and equally differ in their small size from those of the
Mishmi S. baileyi, Thomas.

(4) SorIcULUS MACRURUS, Blanf.
oll, 12; 213. Imaw Bun, 11,000’—F. K. Ward.

500 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII,

The variation in the degree of vaulting of the skull makes me now
rather doubtful whether S. arene of Szechwan should have been
separated from S. macrurus.

(5) NECTOGALE SIKHIMENSIS, deWint.
(a) Nani Tamai. Lat. 27-50’. Long. 97-43’—P. M. Leonard.
(b) No. 7 Lat. 27-57’. Long. 97-40’. 4,000’—P. M. Leonard.

(6) PRIONODON PARDICOLOR, Hodgs.

Two native skins. 28 10’ N. 97 30’E. and 28 5’N. 97 25’H.—P. M.
Leonard.
(7) MuUsTELA HAMPTONI, sp. 0.
og 27. W. Flank of Imaw Bum, 9,000’—F. K. Ward.
(¢ Mogok, Upper Burma, 4,400’. 12 June 1906. Collected
and presented by H. Hampton, Esq. B. M. No. 6. 8.
19.) 45)

Nearly related to M. subhemachalana, but larger.

General characters very much as in subhemachalana, the dull
fulvous upper colour (between “cimnamon brown” and “sayal
brown” of Ridgway), the scarcely lighter lower colour, the whitish
chin, and the cylindrical, black-tufted tail allas in that animal. But
the size, as may be seen by the skull measurements below, 1s so mate-
rially larger that the two forms can certainly not be considered the
same, while the tail is also longer and its black tuft better developed.

Skull as in subhemachalana, but much larger.

Dimensions of the type, succeeded, in parentheses, in the case of
the skull by those of a rather younger, but fully grown, male of sub-
hemachalana :—

Head and body 304mm ; tail 172, hindfoot 55, ear 29.

Skull, greatest length 61.5 (54.3), condylo-basal length 61.5 (53.5),
zygomatic breadth 30 (26.3), interorbital breadth 12.7 (11), mastoid
breadth 28.3 (23), palatal length 28.5 (24), length of bulla 17 (15),
front of canine to back of M’ 18.2 (15.4), carnassial, length on outer
side 6.8 (6), M’ 5 (4.7)*3.5 (8).

Hab. of type Imaw Bum, Lat. 26—10’. Long 98—30’. Alt. 9,000’.
Another specimen from Mogok, Upper Burma.

Type:—Adult male. B. M. No. 20. 8. 7. 5. Original number 27.
Collected 29th October 1919 by F. Kingdon Ward. Presented by the
Bombay Natural History Society.

This fine stoat is clearly distinguished from M. subhemachalana
by its greater size, and from all the forms of the WM. siéirica group
by its black-tipped tail.

An old male of it in summer pelage was presented to us in 1906
by Mr. H. Hampton from Mogok, but was not distinguished from
M. subhemachalana until now. As a specimen it is not so suitable
to be made the type as that sent by Mr. Ward, but Mr. Hampton
should be recognised as the first discoverer of the species.

SMALL MAMMALS FROM THE KACHIN PROVINCE. 501

(8) MusTEza srriciporsa, Gray.
2,.3)27°50' N. 97 50’ & 97.43’E—P. M, Leonard.
(9) Musrena Karuran, Hodgs.
plo. 27 e be N, \) 98° 36'E, . 7000.” Meo Tiegnard.
(10) Prraurista sypitua, Thos. & Wrought.

g 4. 27 55'N. 97 40’E. 7,000’—P. M. Leonard.
$ Burmo-Chinese Frontier Mr. Lowis.

Both essentially similar to Mr. Mackenzie’s original specimens
from the Chin Hills.

(11) Preromys aLBonicer, Hodgs.

$5, 139.6. 28 N. 97 30H, and near by 6,000’'—P. M.
Leonard.

F (12) Preromys (HYLOPETES) LEONARDI, sp. 2.

3 18. 28 5’N. 97 25’K. Alt. 8,000’—P. M. Leonard.
A small species allied to alboniger, but with a striking general re-
semblance to Belomys pearson.

Size rather smaller than in alboniger. Fur long and fine, hairs
of back about 15—l6mm. in length. General colour above blackish
buffy, the hairs with long blackish slaty bases and buffy tips. Under
surface pinkish buffy, the chest and axillary regions white. Edges
of parachute broadly black. Face and streaks running up sides
of neck clearer buffy. LHars large, about as in aiboniger, much larger
than in the other small species of this region; their bases outside
prominently black, and their nearly naked surfaces with minute
black lines. Hands and feet blackish, lighter along their inner edges
terminally. Tail very thick and bushy; its wool-hairs buffy, its
long hairs glossy blackish.

Skull considerably smaller than that of alboniger ; postorbital
processes less developed. Palate unusually arched between molars,
its posterior median projection strongly developed.

Teeth far smaller than those of P. alboniger, p’ of normal pro-
portions. ;

Dimensions of the type, measured on the skin :—

Head and body 180mm. ; tail 125, hindfoot 39.

Skull, greatest length (approximate) 43.5; zygomatic breadth 27 ;
nasals 13.5; interorbital breadth 9.5; breadth across postorbital
processes 16; intertemporal breadth 10.6; breadth of braincase
21; palatilar length 19.5 ; tooth series exclusive of p’ 8.4; molars

only 6.3. ve
Hab.—Kachin Province, N. Burma; exact position as recorded

above. ‘a,
Type—Adult but not old male. B. M. No. 20. 8. 8. 2. Original

number 18. Collected 11th January 1917, by P. M. Leonard.

502 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII.

This beautiful little Flyimg Squirrel is readily distinguished from
the majority of the oriental species of Hylopetes by its comparatively
large ears, in which respect it agrees with P. alboniger, a larger species
with much larger teeth. It has a strong superficial resemblance
to Belomys pearsom, but is undoubtedly a Pteromys.

It is named after its collector, Mr. P. M. Leonard, to whom the
Bombay Natural History Society is indebted for the interesting
series of mammals of which it forms a part.

(13) CALLOSCIURUS CASTANEOVENTRIS AQUILC, Wrought.
2¢. 27 55’N. 97 40’E. 6,000’.—P. M. Leonard.

The undersurface of this squirrel is of a paler and brighter rufous
than that of the nearly allied C. c. bonhotei of Sze-chwan.

While making this comparison I have noticed that the squirrel
of this group from Sze-chwan referred by Mr. Glover Allen (Mem.
Mus. Harvard. XL. No. 4, p. 233, 1912.) to C. c. bonhote: is certainly
not that form, and needs description. It may be called :—

CALLOSCIURUS CASTANEOVENTRIS GLOVERI, Sp. 0.

Much smaller than C. ¢. bonhoter. Back paler and more sufiused
with buffy. Under surface brighter rufous, about as in agquilo,
this colour running down the legs to the heels. Hars prominently
ochraceous, those of bonhoter uniformly like head. Tail grizzled
greyish, much paler than in bonhotei.

Dimensions of the type :—

Head and body 212mm. ; tail 195; hindfoot 53.

Skull, greatest length 50.5; condylo-incisive length 45; upper
tooth series, exclusive of p 9.6.

Hab.—Nagchuka, Western Sze-chwan. Alt. 10,000’.

Type.—Adult female. B. M. No. 13. 9. 13. 3. Collector’s number
230, Harvard number 7829. Received in exchange from the Museum
of Comparative Zoology, Harvard. Collected 14 August 1908,
by W. R. Zappey.

Named in honour of Mr. Glover Allen, in whose excellent paper
on Sze-chwan mammals this not unnatural error of determination
occurs. With the type and several other specimens before me I have
been enabled to correct the naming with confidence.

(14) CALLOSCIURUS QUINQUESTRIATUS, And.
g16, 18 9.13, 1517, 19. Sima, Myitkyima. 4,500’—
P.M. Leonard.
34. Naru. 24 58’N. 97 42’K.—P. M. Leonard.
¢ 20. W. Flank of Imaw Bum 26 10/’N. 98 30’'E.—
F. Kingdon Ward.
The striped undersurface is very variable both in the intensity
and in the relative proportions of the black and white lines, the Sima
series alone showing all the extremes. Some specimens have very

SMALL MAMMALS FROM THE KACHIN PROVINCE. 503
broad white bands, the white extending along the inner sides of both
fore and hind limbs, while in others these bands are narrow and are

restricted to the trunk. And the median bl k |i ! i
deep black or grizzled grey. ack line may be either

(15) Dremomys pernyt, M. Edw.
¢ 18, 19. Imaw Bum. 6—7000’—F. K. Ward.
(16) Tamiors sPENCEI, sp. n.

2 22, 23. 28 22’N. 97 40’E. Alt. 10,000’—P. M. Leonard.

A reddish suffused species with inconspicuous striping and very
long fur.

Size about as in macclellandi. Fur very long and soft, more so
than in any others of the Museum series; hairs of back about 12—
13mm. in length, apart from the longer bristle hairs. General colour
strongly suffused with dull rufous, not so olivaceous as usual. Strip:
ing very little developed, the median black stripe alone definitely
developed, and even that rather short. The other stripes only faintly
distinguishable as stripes at all, subequal in breadth, the inner one
greyish buffy, the next brownish rufous, followed by the broad dull
buffy band which represents the usual outer light stripe; this ends
behind the shoulders and does not connect with the subocular.
Hairs of undersurface dark slaty with dull creamy tips. Crown dull
olivaceous. Hairs of ear-tufts black with white tips. Tail hairs
ringed with black and dark ochraceous.

Hind-foot of type 33mm.

Hab.—N. Kachin Province, N. Burma, at 28 22’N. 97 40’E. This
position would appear to be in the Nam Kiu Mountains.

Type :—Adult female ; skin without skull. B. M. No. 20. 8. 8. 6.
Original number 22. Collected 30 December 1916.

This seems to be a very distinct species, not nearly allied to other
members of Tamiops. It is readily distinguished by the extreme
inconspicuousness of the striping, the dull rufous suffusion in the
general colour and the very long fur. Unfortunately the heads of
both specimens have been damaged by shot, so that the face markings
are not very visible, and the skulls have been destroyed.

“Shot in snow ”.

I have named this pretty species in honour of Mr. R. A. Spence,
of Bombay, who is now continuing the onerous but most valuable
work of managing the collecting part of the Mammal Survey of India,
a duty so long and ably carried on by Mr. W. S. Millard.

(17) Rarrus NIVIVENTER, Hodgs.
317. E. Flank of Imaw Bum range, 8,000’—F. K. Ward.
(18) Rarrvs BOWERSI, And.
Ealiolg. 14 15, 16. “Kachin Province, 6—8,000’—
P. M. Leonard.

504 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. X XVII.

(19) Rarrus Epwarps!, Thos.

3 17. 28 5’N. 97 25’K., 8,000’— P. M. Leonard.
A great extension of the known range of this species.
(20) Rattus a4, Wrought.
35, 21. 94. Imaw Bum. 26 10’ 98 30’—F. K. Ward.
(21) APODEMUS ‘PECIOSUS ORESTES, Thos.
3 15. 2 7, 8,9, 22,24, Imaw Bum 8—9,000’—F. K. Ward.
(22) Microrus (HOTHENOMYS) CACHINUS, sp.n.
36. 92. Imaw Bum, 9,000’—F. K. Ward.

Near M (£) melanogasier eleusis of Yunnan, but larger and with
smaller bullee.

Colour of type as in eleusis, or slightly paler. Ears and feet as
in that animal. Tail rather longer.

Skull larger and heavier than in eleusis ; interorbital region longer
and more parallel-sided. Palatal foramina narrowed in their pos-
terior third. Bullee decidedly smaller than in eleusis, an antero-pos-
terior diameter parallel with the middle line of the skull 6 instead
of 6.7mm.

Teeth essentially similar to those of eleusis, and equally differing
from those of other forms by the more complicated m’, which has
four well developed salient angles on each side. But they are mar-
kedly larger.

Dimensions of the type :—

Head and body 108; tail 56; kines 19 Veanel ay

Skull, greatest length 26.5 ; budgie length 26; zygo-
matic breadth 16; nasals’8.1; interorbital breadth 4.7; palatal
foramina 5; upper molar series (crowns) 6.5.

Hab. :—as above.

Type :—Adult. female. B. M. No. 20. 8. 7. 14. Original number
2. Bombay number 1919—221. Collected 29 June 1919, by F.
Kingdon Ward.

Distinguishable by its larger size and smaller bulle from M. m.
eleusis, the only form of the group which has the same complicated m’.

(23) Reizomys WARDT, sp. n.

$23, 25. 2.26 (skull only) Imaw Bum, 9,000’—F. K.Ward.
Closely related to R. vestitus of Sze-chwan, but rather larger and
colour darker.

Size distinctly greater than in vestitus, as indicated by the skull.
General colour as in that animal and similarly without the isolated
white hairs characteristic of R. senex and pruiosus ; but the tone
is darker owing to the tips of the hairs being sepia instead of “ snuff

SMALL MAMMALS FROM THE KACHIN PROVINCE, 505

brown’. Colours in other respects quite the same. Tail appa-
rently longer, but the material of R. vestitus is deficient in this
respect.

Skull in general shape as in vestitus but larger throughout, and
more heavily ridged. Height decidedly greater. On the occipital
plane the lateral masto‘d insets are in all cases very much larger.

Dimensions of the type, measured in the flesh :—

Head and body 380mm; tail 95; hindfoot 51; ear 19.

Skull, male type and female paratype, condylo-basal length 84.5,
81.5 condylo-incisive length 84, 80; zygomatic breadth 62,
57.5; mesial height of zygoma 8.5, 8.5; nasals 31x 12.2, 29x11;
anteorbital, foramen 7x7, 7x6.5; greatest breadth on frontals
25; intertemporal breadth 10, 9.6; height of crown from alveolus

f m’ 38, 37 ; occipital plane, height from basion 30, 29.5; breadth
40.5, 38 ; mastoid inset on occipital plane 13 x 8.5, 12.8 x 7.8; palatal
foramina 6. 5, 6.5; upper molar series (crowns) 15. 5, 16. 5.

Hab. :—West flank of Imaw Bum at 9,000’.

Type :—Adult, but not old male, the basilar suture still open. B.
M. No. 20. 8. 7. 15. Original number 23. Collected 25th October 1919,
by F. Kingdon Ward. The female skull old, with closed basilar
suture.

This fine animal, which I have great pleasure in naming after its
discoverer Mr. Kingdon Ward, is the largest member of the genus.
_ It is most closely allied to the Sze-chwan R. vestitus, but may be
distinguished by its greater size and different colour and the de-
tailed characters of its skull. The specimens in our series of
vestitus, are all precisely similar to one another in colour, while
among their skulls there are several with closed basilar sutures.

(24) OcHorona ROYLEI, Ogily.
¢ 10. Imaw Bum, 9,000’—F. Kk. Ward.

12

506

THE FLORA OF THE INDIAN DESERT.
(JODHPUR AND JAISALMER.)

BY

EK. Buatter, 8S. J. anp Pror. F. HALLBERG.

Parse Vill:
With 3 plates.
(Continued from page 279 of Vol, XX VII.)
PART II1—(concluded).
EcoLtoeicaL NoTEs.

Sand Formation.

A considerable portion of Western Rajputana is covered by blown sand
chiefly consisting of well ground quartz grains, but also of flakes of hornblende
and felspar, as well as fragments of the local rocks. In addition, grains of carbo-
nate of lime have been found, some of which are casts of minute foraminifera,
proving that some of the sand, at least, has been carried by the wind from the
distant limestone hills of Cutch. In fact, the whole sand mass is slowly moving
in the direction SW-NE, the prevailing winds of the district being the south-
west and north-east monsoons, of which the former is the strongest.

The action of the wind on the sand results in the formation of dunes of various
shapes, depending on the local configuration of the country, on the variation of
strength and direction of the wind, and on the supply of material. Sometimes
they form with extreme rapidity, a railway track being covered in a few hours,
as often happens south of Phalodi. Sometimes they may be nearly stationary,
as in a hollow between two hills, or when protected from the wind by a ridge.
Pl. XXXVI-A. shows such a stationary dune at Barmer on which traces of
water erosion may be distinguished, and which supports a shrubby vegetation.
The lighter patches visible all round the large dune are secondary recent dunes,
devoid of vegetation, as is the small sandy river-bed visible to the left. When
the leeward slopes of the protecting hill are steep, there is generally a deep
trench between the hill and the dune, due to eddy currents, and without vege-
tation on the sandy side on account of constant shifting. Where the hill-slope
‘is gentle, the protected dune may form close to the slope, as is shown on PI.
XXIV-A. The view is taken towards SW. The dune crest shows clearly a
case of reversible action of the wind, and the plant family of Cyperus arenarius
on the right, previously partly swamped by the reversed crest, is seen recover-
ing the lost ground.

Where a dune is advancing its leeward slopes are invariably steep, and without
vegetation, if the motion is rapid enough. If the sand is wet, the grains carried
by the wind erode the surface in a curious manner, an instance of which is shown
on Pl. I-A. Note the small cubical block of wet sand on the right. That the
blown sand is capable of eroding a far harder material as well, may be gathered
from Pl. I-B. The photo shows one of several small exposed limestone crags
on a wind-swept ridge near Phalodi. The rock is whitish, hard, and fine-grained.
The SW surface is sloping, polished, and very finely furrowed longitudinally.

Journ., Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.
Plate XXXV.

A,—Edge of lime-stone plateau, 2 miies Nor isai
1 ; th-East ot Jaisaimer. rleri
acanthoides, Pappophorum Aucheri, Grewia Ss yee Carag

B.—On rocky hi!] side at Barmer (Jodhpur State). Euphorbia neriifolia
associated with Barleria prionitis var. diacantha, surrounded by low

grass.

Tur Frora oF THE INDIAN DESERT.

THE FLORA OF THE INDIAN DESERT. 507

The opposite side is steep and rough. The most interesting phenomenon, how-
ever, is caused by two very hard, flint-like yellowish nodules enclosed
in the rock. These show hardly a trace of erosion, and remain sticking out from
the polished surface of the rock, causing an eddy to be formed in the sand-laden
stream of air. The result is the formation of a smooth cup in the rock in front
and on the sides of each nodule, and a sloping central longitudinal ridge behind.
This is precisely the same phenomenon as may be observed when an obstacle
is placed in a hard snowdrift, which is being acted upon by dry, wind-driven
snow.

Another characteristic action of the wind on the surface of the sand is the
sorting of the sand particles, resulting in the formation of wind-ripples. PI. II
B. shows a rippled surface of a dune-crest near Loharki. Where these ripples
are formed they are in a constant forward motion as long as the wind is strong
enough. Under these circumstances, germination of seeds is of course impossi-
ble, and the area shown in the photo is totally devoid of vegetation.

The sand formation includes some of the most characteristic associations of
the region. It is evident that on a rapidly shifting dune, hardly any plants
can obtain a footing (Plates I-A., II-B.). Occasionally, however, even in such
places, some of the seeds carried along with the sand are able to germinate
during the rainy period, when the sand is less mobile. The character of the
seedling will then determine whether the plant is able to develop further, after
the sand has become drier. Plate II-A. shows part of an almost bare dune-area,
facing NE near Loharki village, on which scattered specimens of the following
_ plants were noted : Calotropis procera, Leptadenia spartium, Crotalaria burhia, In-
digofera argentea, Aerua pseudo-tomentosa, Citrullus colocynthis, Farsetia jacque-
montiana, Eleusine sp., Panicum turgidum. This list gives a fair idea of an early
stage in the colonisation of a shifting dune. Of the plants mentioned, Calotropis
procera is perhaps best fitted to survive, being a rapidly growing, coarse shrub
very indifferent as to habitat. Plate XXV-A. shows the western slope of a dune
near Phalodi, with a pure association of this shrub. Indigofera argentea is also
a typical dune pioneer (see Plate VII-B., showing the eastern slope of the north-
end of the above mentioned dune, colonised exclusively by this plant). It owes
its peculiar fitness as a sand-plant to its mode of growth. The thick, woody
stem protrudes from the sand a few inches, and supports on its top a crown of
twiggy branches, spreading out horizontally. Where, as in the above habitat,
the individual plants grow tolerably close, the flat crowns form a layer, preventing
the wind from reaching the surface and stirring up the sand to any marked
degree. Even if the sand should be disturbed, the naked part of the stem will
generally prove tall enough to protect the green crown from being swamped.
In addition, the root is a strong, very long tap-root, woody like the stem, and
capable of descending to a great depth in search for water.

Where the sand has spread out over a larger, horizontal area, it is soon coloni zed
by the two species of Aerua: Ae. tomentosa and Ae. pseudo-tomentosa. Such
an association close to Sodakoer village is shown in Plate XXII-A., and is gener-
ally a very noticeable feature in the landscape, on account of the greyish white
appearance of the shrubs, as contrasted with the brownish tints of the surround-
ing gravel area. In the instance in question, the association contains islands
of slightly elevated sand-mounds, bearing families of Capparis decidua, per
elevated position being due to the capacity of the lower, rambling branches 0
the shrubs to retain blown sand. These families were attacked by the root-
parasite Cistanche tubulosa, now in flower, which in Plate XXII-B. may be seen
breaking through the compact top-layer of damp sand.

On Plate XXXII-A. is shown the edge of the dune area close to Loharki village»
which is figured on Plate II. Here a family of Calotropis procera has pate
in colonising not only the thin layer of sand on the plain below, but also the

508 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVIII,

steep lee-side of the dune, while Aerua tomentosa has obtained a footing on the
dune-edge itself. A detail of the edge is shown on Plate XV-A., where the two
pioneers are joined by Leptadenia spartium and Panicum turgidum. The former
of these plants may also succeed in colonising a bare dune-area, as may be seen on
the low dunes along the road from Jodhpur to Kailana. Generally, however, it
is a secondary arrival, and is rarely a cominant plant of an association, although
it is common. It is apparently absent from the neighbourhood of Barmer.
It appears that in the above locality the advance of the dune is actually being
checked by vegetation. Inthe elevated dune-area south of the spot, the sand is
already practically subdued (see Plate XV-B.), so that the amount of sand which
reaches the edge is insufficient to permit the dune to advance. Thus the only
bare or nearly bare area of the dune is a narrow, windswept belt close to the edge
(see Plate II), from which the sand is carried out over the plain.

Close on the abovementioned pioneers follows the perhaps most abundant
plant of the region, Crotalaria burhia, which quickly overruns any sufficiently
established sandy area, unless the area in question is too densely covered by
pioneer vegetation to resist invasion effiectively. A characteristic association
of Crotalaria burhia, Leptadenia spartium, Aerua pseudo-tomentosa, and Panicum
turgidum, covering several square miles of the elevated dune area above Loharki,
is shown in Plate XV-B. The grass mentioned is too weak and rambling to be
able to resist the wind alone, but appears as soon as the shrubby plants have
developed sufficiently to afford it a support. From our observations it appears
that the Crotalaria is able ultimately to prevail, whenever it has obtained a
footing, against the other characteristic sand plants (see Plates VII-A., XVII-
A&B. XX-A & B., XXXILB., XXXIII-B.). This is perhaps the only instance
noticed within the region of a plant being able to crowd out others already
cstablished.

The above mentioned plants generally grow in large tufts (see Plates XVI,
XVII, etc.), separated by bare spaces which now are invaded by other plants.
Conspicuous among these are several low-growing species of Convolvulus, species
cf Polygala, etc. Breweria latifolia, a plant of a habit not unlike that of
Crotalaria burhia, is often found associated with the latter, especially in the
Jaisalmer region, and is a typical sand plant.

Calligonum polygonoides is another plant, chiefly growing on sand, and deserves
special notice, because of its remarkable ability of adaptation to diverse circum-
stances. When growing on dunesit prefers the very crest which it may entirely
monopolise. Such a case is shown in Plate XIII, which gives two pictures of
the first outlier of the Loharki dune area met with along our route. Parts of
the crest of this dune were rapidly changing as may be gathered from Plate I-A.
The roots of the stunted Calligonum shrubs were sometimes considerably exposed,
the finest ramifications, moved by the wind, tracing fine circles in the sand. At
the foot of this dune, the usual Crotalaria—Aerua association was observed
(Plate XIV-A., foreground), the Aerua extending further up the slope than the
Crotalaria. Nearer the crest grew a number of grasses, among which we
noted Panicum turgidum and Pennisetum cenchroides, a large Cyperaceee and some
specimens of Indigofera argentea, together with the rare Rhynchosia arenaria
(sp. nov.), here observed for the first time.—On Plate XXXI-A. (left), another
low dune near Marwar-Lohawat is shown, the crest of which is also clothed with
Calligonum shrubs. The plant was best developed round Bhikamkor. Plate
XXVIII-B. shows a spot near the railway station, where the vegetation consists
of a mixture of gravel and sand plants. Here, and especially a little further
south along the railway line, where the sand layer on the gravel plain was thicker,
the Calligonum was abundant, growing in the form of a rounded bush, often
reaching 5-6 feet in diameter, having a number of branches, 1-2 inches thick from
the base and sometimes being in flower. For the behaviour of Calligonum as a
climber see under the gravel-formation.

THE FLORA OF THE 1] NDIAN DESERT. 509

An order of some importance for the proce
some of the stoloniferous members of which
dune more effectively than any other group
i a a ee part of the eastern slope

0 alodi mentioned above. The slope i
Cyperus arenarius. A similar case is ksedine Ae venee ees :
struggle between the same plant and the dune, on the lecside (NE-slo e) of which
it grows, can be plainly distinguished. The dune has, probably yi in the
rainy season, made an attempt to destroy the plant family, bit tailat’ we that
now the plant has again mounted to the dune crest by means of long stolons
We never observed this species to the windward of a dune ; but Griese, family
had established itself on the E—NE-slopes, no other plant seemed to have :
chance of invading the same locality. e

Among the commonest sand grasses we note several species of Eragrostis
Most conspicuous among these is E. tremula, a very beautiful grass, which was
observed at its best at Osian. JZ. ciliaris ig also common, preferably on mojst
sand. Cenchrus catharticus is another common grass, which does not esca Me
notice, owing to its method of seed dispersion. The small spikelets have ant
awns, thus readily sticking to the clothes of man or the coat of animals, and
being very difficult to remove. We have seen sheep so covered with these
spikelets that the animals had to be shorn. Pennisetum prieurii has a very
similar habit to that of the last plant, but the spikelets lack the curved awns.
P. cenchroides also grows on sand, end is common all over the region.

Having now described the general aspect of the sand formation, we add a
few details from our notes.

ss of sand-binding is the Cyperacee,
are able to arrest the advance of a
of plants observed by us. On Plate
of the north end of the dune 3 miles

The sandy plains round Jodhpur( (Plate XVII) have already been mentioned.
They extend towards Mandor (Plate VI-A.) and have throughout a very uniform
vegetation with Crotalaria burhia as predominant plant. On the plain north
of Balarwa Calotropis procera, Crotalaria burhia and Indigofera ovaliflia are
uniformly distributed, while here and there occur clumps of Capparisdecidua.
Between Balarwa and Osian we have first a plain with Capparis, etc., later dune
sand. The most conspicuous feature of the vegetation at the time of our visit
was here the abundance of a large Compositous plant, with yellow flowers,
Pulicaria wightiana, which associates with Crotalaria, Aerua, etc. Round
Osian there are a number of low dunes, from which two views taken close to the
railway station are shown on Plate XX. The following plants are the commonest:
Leptadenia spartium, Zizyphus rotundifolia, Capparis decidua, Panicum tur-
gidum, Cenchrus catharticus, Arnebia hispidissima. The presence of a number of
tolerably large shrubs indicates a greater age of these dunes. We noted that
Leptadenia spartium here had a distinct stem, supporting a fairly large crown, a
habit quite different from that of the shrubby plants, branched from the base,
invariably observed nearer to Jodhpur (Plate XVI). The abundance of
Calligonum on the Bhikamkor dunes has already been referred to. In this place,
Cenchrus catharticus and Citrullus colocynthis were also common, while Crotalaria
burhia and Indigofera ovalifolia, as well as Leptadenia were far less common
than usual. These dunes made the impression of being of a comparatively recent
date. We noticed here that the dune sand becomes quite firm when wet and may
even support the weight of aman. A short distance W of Bhikamkor there are
other dunes without Calligonum, but with numerous Lyciwm barbarum. Here
Sericostoma pauciflora is also common and reaches an unusual size, up to two
feet in height and three or four feet across. Blepharis sindica also occurred in
unusually large specimens. In addition, the following plants were particularly
noticeable : Farsetia jacquemontiana, Boerhavia diffusa, and the grasses A ristida
funiculata, A. adscencionis, Cenchrus catharticus, Panicum turgidum.

Having lost much time at Bhikamkor, we determined not to halt at any other

510 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVI,

station before Phalodi, the terminus of the railway. The following notes are
thus taken from the train :—

At Sameran station: Crotalaria burhia, Cenchrus catharticus, Aerua tomentosa
and Ae. pseudo-tomentosa, Zizyphus sp., Capparis decidua. The previously very
conspicuous Pulicaria wighttana is now rare. At mile 55: Mimosa hamata.
Near Marwar Lohawat tufted grasses occur on the sandy soil, particularly
Andropogon iwarancusa and Elionurus hirsutus (see Plate XX XI-A., foreground).
In places the sand threatens to cover up the railway track. Here Aerua pseudo-
tomentosa is by far the commonest species of its genus. It may be distinguished
from Ae. tomentosa from a distance by means of the colour of the sepals, which
give the inflorescences a pinkish hue. Trees are rare in this neighbourhood.
At mile 68: Aerua tomentosa again common. At mile 69: Crotalaria burhia
and Hleusine sp. At mile 70: Mimosa hamata abundant, and also a very large
grass, Panicum antidotale, previously noticed at Osian. [At mile 71 on more
gravelly soil: Hlionurus hirsutws and Hleusine sp. abundant.] At mile 72:
Calligonum, Elionurus hirsutus, Pennisetum cenchroides. At mile 76: Hleusine
sp., Aristida hirtigluma (chiefly a rock grass), tufts of Panicum antidotale and
Pennisetum cenchroides, both species of Aerua. Calotropis procera is the com-
monest shrub up to about mile 77. [Beyond this point the soil again is more
gravelly, and Zizyphus sp. is predominant up to Phalodi. The grass is here very
short.

aa dune vegetation round Phalodi, which shows several beautifully distinct
associations, has been described above. North of Phalodi there are large fields
of both species of Aerua, sometimes mixed, sometimes growing separately.
The low dunes met with were overgrown with grasses, Calligonum, and Blepharis
sindica. The road from Bap to Shihad first passes over gravelly ground for
about 7 miles. Then follow sandy plains, where Clerodendron phlomidis occurs
locally, together with Mimosa hamata and Lyciwm barbarum ; on the roots of
some of these shrubs Cistanche tubulosa is parasitic. Calligonum and
Leptadenia have entirely disappeared. Large tufts of Panicum antidotale
mingle with the shrubs. Patches of Hlewsine families show green among
the surrounding stretches of Aristida mutabilis and other withered grasses,
the resulting association being observed at intervals upto Shihad. In other
places, particularly on the drier ridges, where the sand is looser, tufted
grasses grow such as Andropogon iwarancusa and Hlionurus hirsutus. Acacia
senegal occurs here and there on the grasslands, as also does Grewia populifolia
A small lily, Dipcadi erythreum, now in fruit, is sparsely distributed
among the grass. (A bulb flowered in Bombay.) At Shihad the
most notable tree is Zizyphus rotundifolia. Between Shihad and Loharki,
Leptadenia again appears, but is not common until nearer to the
latter place. Grewia populifoka associates with Clerodendron phlomidis.
About half way, there is a rise in the ground, the soil being firmer and
more gravelly. Later sandy soil again predominates, with a vegetation
of Elionurus hirsutus, mixed with tufts of Pennisetum cenchroides and Andro-
pogon iwarancusa. Capparis decidua is now the predominant shrub. The
order Cucurbitacee is well represented. The sand gets finer as the road descends.
Calotropis procera becomes abundant, while Crotalaria burhia and Aerua tomen-
tosa attain an unusual size, associating with Panicum antidotale. Zizyphus
rotundifolia abounds north of theroad. The soil then again changes into gravel,
often barren, and finally the dune area described above is entered, Plate X III-B.
showing its most eastern promontary. The road winds in and out among the
dunes for about two miles, the vegetation consisting chiefly of Capparis, Lepta-
denia,Aerua pseudo-tomentosa, Citrullus vulgaris, Panicum turgidum and Panicum
antidotale. After having passed a few low ridges of reddish clay, the traveller
reaches Loharki. The dunes at this place have been described above. About
6 miles west of Loharki, the sand grass flora was well developed. We noted

Journ., Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc

Plate XXXVI.

A.—A iarge old dune surrounded b
ieee talliiene Battier y smaller ones of younger date East of

ge in the neighbourhood of Barmer.

B.—-Partial view of hill ran

Toe Fiona OF THE InpIAN DESERT.

THE FLORA OF THE INDIAN DESERT, 511

Panicum turgidum, Elionurus hirsutus,

twarancusa, all large and tufted, associated with Aerua i

Clerodendron phlomidis. On the low dunes met with SHEE oe BRR
arenaria was common. Zizyphus rotundifolia abounds, but nraters aye seit soil
(Plate XXIII-A.). The dunes then become almost covered with Haloxylon
salicornicun, a plant observed only in this neighbourhood. Although abana: t
on sand, it reaches its best development on gravel, a e It

nd it willbe referred t
later under the corresponding formation. It associates with Crotalaria burhia

and Aerua tomentosa. Capparis decidua now becomes mor iz

less so. The Aerwa-association met with near Sednnaee iltage: Bios ney
described above. It is surrounded by abelt of Haloxylon, showing dark in
the distance to the right on Plate XXII-A. Hardly any notes were taken of
the vegetation along the road from Sodakoer to Jaisalmer. The most notice-

able feature was perhaps the local abundance of Cassia obovata on a few dunes
about half way.

Pennisetum cenchroides, Andropogon

Some characteristic dune associations near Jaisalmer have been described
above. The sandy plains were here very similar to those round Jodphur
Crotalaria burhia predominating (see Plate XXXII-B., XXXIII).

Between Jaisalmer and Devikot Cenchrus catharticus is common everywhere
on sandy soil, but has here a more prostrate habit than in the east. On the
Devikot sands, Lyciwm barbarum is conspicuous and often associated with
Capparis decidua and Panicum antidotale (Plate XVIII-A.). About three miles
south of Devikot a range of dunes is passed which show many bare, wind-
swept slopes with shifting sand, but which are generally covered by Crotalaria,
etc. Clerodendron is common among these dunes, and there are large tufts of
Panicum antidotale. Daemia extensa is often found climbing on the larger shrubby
plants. Nearer to Vinjorai village, Callingonum and Leptadenia grow on dunes.
On the sandy plain SE of the village the vegetation consists of Zizyphus and
Prosopis, Hleusine sp., Elionurus hirsutus and other grasses, several species
of Heliotropium, Mimosa hamata and Indigofera ovalifolia. The two species
of Aerua are not common here. Below Kotda hill Calligonwm occurs on sandy
ground together with a few Aerua families and the grasses Panicum turgidum,
Elionurus hirsutus, Pennisetum cenchroides. On the hill itself a small dune
has accumulated on which, curiously enough, Euphorbia neriifolia has been
able to establish itself. To show how a small dune in a fairly sheltered spot
may be invaded by a variety of plants, we give the following list of species
observed here: Calligonum, Lycium, Capparis, Sericostoma, Crotalaria burhia
Aerua pseudo-tomentosa, Tephrosia sp., Calotropis, Indigofera argentea, Citrullus
colocynthis, Cyperus arenarius, Cenchrus catharticus, Panicum turgidum.

Along a sandy dried up river bed at Barmer, Cadaba indica and Salvadora
oleoides abound. They are associated with Huphorbia neriifolia, Commiphora,
Panicum antidotale, etc.

Throughout the region, on sufficiently firm, sandy soil, a few peculiar species
of fungi were common. The specimens collected have not yet been determined.

Gravel Formation.

We group under the above heading the associations peculiar to the coarser
type of sand, or gravel, covering large areas in our region. The fairly sharp
distinction between sand and gravel is probably due to the sorting action of the
wind, which picks up and transports the grains of the former, depositing them
finally in dunes, but which cannot move the pebbles of the latter to any large
extent.

Plate XIV-A., taken from an elevated point east of Loharki, gives a good idea
of the dreary monotony of a gravel plain. The intervals between the gravel
pebbles are large enough to allow the scanty rain water to escape, and with it
any chance particles of humus carried to the spot by the wind. The difference

512 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVILI,

between the sand and gravel, from an ecological point of view, is then, that
the capillary cavities between the grains of the former are capable of retain-
ing water, but that the surface layer, as it dries up, is liable tobe shifted by
the wind ; while the surface layer of the latter remains firm, in spite of which
it is unsuitable to support vegetation on account of deficiency in water.

From what has been said it is not surprising, that the colonisation of a gravel
area is a slow process, and that bare patches, such as are shown on Plate XIV-
A., are of frequent occurrence. In this particular case it is possible that another
factor has been active, the locality being crossed by several foot-paths, and by
the ‘‘ high-road ”’ from Bap to Jaisalmer visible at the farther edge of the bare
area. Plate XIV-B. shows a detail of the habitat mentioned. The surrounding
association consists of high, tufted grasses and Leptadenia spartiwm, while on
the bare patch itself grow isolated specimens of Hleusine aristata and H.aegyptiaca ,
Aristida mutabilis, Fagonia cretica, Cleome papillosa, Boerhaavia diffusa. All are
common gravel plants, and at least the two last, typical of the formation. Boerha-
avia is perhaps best adapted, having a strong woody tap-root penetrating to
a considerable depth. Its branches are weak and very long, and wither at the
end of the rains. Instead of spreading outin all directions, which they of
course would do, were there no wind, the branches are kept parallel by the
action of the wind, those to windward being thrown right over.

Other typical gravel plants have stiff, more or less woody branches, which
lie flat on the ground. An example of this habit is furnished by Corchorus
antichorus (Plate IV-B.), the branches of which form dense mats, and should
be able to resist the long period of drought, producing new leaves during
the rainy season. This plant has atap-root of enormous length. Seetzenia
orientalis (Plate IV-A.), on the other hand, has weak, almost succulent, short
branches radiating from a very short central stem, forming a star-like plate on
top of the tap-root.

Of other typical gravel plants of the flat-growing habit we note first
Tribulus terrestris and J’. alatus, the former being universally distributed
throughout the region, the latter rare, and only observed by us in the neigh-
bourhood of Jaisalmer. Further, the following: species of Indigofera: I. lini-
folia, abundant in.the east along the railway line, absent in the north along
our route, J. trigonelloides, fairly common in the eastern and northern part
our region, absent in the west, J. enneaphylla, a rare plant, only found at
Mandor and Balarwa, J. anabaptista, common all over the region, formerly
supposed to be confined in India to Sind and the Punjab, and to be ‘very
rare. At Balarwa all these species of Indigofera were associating with
Corchorus antichorus, the plants giving the ground a peculiar, spotted appear-
ance (Plate XX VIII-A., foreground).

There is also a group of gravel plants with a bushy habit. Here belong the
already mentioned Lepiadenia spartium (also on sand), Fagonia. cretica (also on
rocks), Cleome papillosa ; further Breweria latifolia (also on sand and rocks),
Scricostoma pauciflora, and most species of Heliotropium (Plate XXXIV-A.).
Salvia egyptiaca, a shrubby Labiate is typical of the formation, but is absent
from the western halfofour region. Blepharis sindica prefers gravel to other
habitats, and is abundant everywhere. The same may besaid of Anticharis
linearis, while A. glandulosa var. cerulea is rather rare, and only found south of
Jaisalmer.

The parasite Striga euphrasioides mostly attacks grasses on gravelly soil. The
plant was not found between Phalodi and Jaisalmer.

Mollugo nudicaulis and M. cerviana are two small annuals growing on fine
gravel. They both have rosulate leaves.

A plant with an interesting distribution along our route is Haloxylon salicor-
nicum, which we only found in the neighbourhood of Sodakoer. It suddenly
appeared a few miles east of this village, often growing on a small mound (Plate

THE FLORA OF THE INDIAN DESER zr, 513

XVIII-B.), probably formed by accumulation of blown sand, which the dense
intertwined branches of the shrub prevent from being carried away by rain.
The plant, which also grew profusely on the slopes of the low dunes along the
road, attained its best development in a dry gravelly river-bed two miles east
of Sodakoer (Plate XXX), and was not observed west of this village. In the
river-bed referred to we came across a small grove of good-sized Cordia rothii
(Plate XXX), surrounded by a belt of Calotropis procera (Plate XXX-A.). The
last mentioned shrub is as common on gravel as on sand (Plate XX XII-A.).

Most trees and shrubs of the region belong to the gravel formation. We note
as particularly gregarious Zizyphus rotundifolia, which formed quite a forest
inaspot between Loharki and Sodakoer shown in the background of Plate
XXIII-A. ; on the margin of the bare gravel area in foreground of this view
stands an isolated specimen of Prosopis spicigera, another common tree, of a
poor looking habit. It sometimes forms small forests together with Salvadora
oleoides and Gymnosporia montana (Plate VIII-A.), or occurs in shrubberies of
Capparis decidua (Plate XXVIII-A.). Plate XXVIII-B. shows the scrub
vegetation at Bhikamkor, where the soil, originally gravelly, is being slowly
covered by dune sand. In this locality, some trees seem to thrive particularly
well. An unusually large specimen of Capparis decidua, which species generally
has a shrubby habit, is shown on Plate IX-A. Calligonum polygonoides, in
localities such as the above, sometimes becomes a large climber, with a thick
stem, and pendulous branches, a habit quite different from the usual appear-
ance of the plant when growing on dune sand. Such specimens are rare,
however. Except two at Bhikamkor, only one more was noted, climbing on a
Zizyphus tree, between Loharki and Sodakoer. One of the former is shown
on Plate IX-B. entirely covering the crown of a Prosopis tree, and associated
with Cocculus cebatha, another rambling plant. The smaller trees on the plate
are specimens of Gymnosporia montana, a good deal larger than usual,

A view of the gravel plain near Jodhpur (towards Kailana) with drifts of
sand here and there is shown on Plate VI-B. Perhaps Leptadenia spartium is
the commonest plant here. The curious habit of this shrub may be made out
from Plate XVI; in A. it associates with Aerwa tomentosa, while in B. it
supports a generally prostrate, straggling Compositous plant, Launea chondril-
loides. The plant is not eaten by animals, and consequently may often be ae
protecting other, more palatable species, while close by free growing individuals
may be practically eaten up. Fora different habit of Leptadenia, see under
the sand formation. .

Eleusine aristata and E. egyptiaca are two grasses, preferring gravelly soil,
often, as at Bhikamkor, covering the ground with their scapes, bearing on top
the four short spikes in the form of a horizontal cross. H.. flagellifera is elke os
on gravel, but more often on sand. Perotis latifolia is arare gravel grass, com-

t Bhikamkor.
ee aPhalodi and Bap, the gravel flora consisted first chiefly of Cone
anticharis, Eleusine sp., Crotalaria burhia, Indigofera ovalifolia, mies is
Convolvulus sp. ; later on, chiefly in the neighbourhood of water aoee a wt ae
odorata. The LElewsine specimens grow unusually tall. Almost palptia,
patches are frequent, on which occur Cleome papillosa and Ar ct 0 aes
the latter a pretty grass, growing in small, isolated, shining tu ~ a i
conspicuous gravel plant between Bap and Shihad is Blepharis depcirs ze pir
turgidum was observed growing prostrate on gravel at Loharki, its ts me ae
quite different from that of the straggling nent nase haere on dune sand.

about two feet in length, and very small spikes. . eae,
: ae gives some idea of cae gravel plain round jf pagan brgpa ; Sy
Zizyphus and Capparis shrubs. Seetzenia orientalis was pei rar ms Conall
bulus alatus occurred, as well as the much Sepuangarge ae par Tear Ar2
pretty tufted gravel grass, Pappophorum elegans, in hadi

it}

514 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCLETY, Vol. XXVI1,

hystricula but with light green spikes, frequents like the latter, bare grave ©
patches round Jaisalmer and elsewhere. Further away from the town, th
plain becomes more sandy (Plate XX XIII-A., on which the Fort may still b®
distinguished in the distance, and XX XITI-B.).

The flat, gravelly plain near Devikot had in many places been inundated, and
here grasses, sedges and species of Ammannia grew luxuriantly. Especially was
this the case about three miles north of the village, where a shallow, artificial lake
had been constructed, now almost dry. Mimosa hamatais very common round
such places. The gravel vegetation close to the village was well developed. We
noted Heliotropium undulatum and Sericostoma pauciflora (Plate XX XIV-A.),
Boerhaavia diffusa, Tribulus terrestris and T. alatus, Seetzenia orientalis (Plate
IV-A.) The order Ficoidee was unusually well represented. Round Vinjorai,
Blepharis sindica and Capparis decidua are common on gravel. S W of Seu
village the gravel grass flora is particularly well developed. Hleusine sp.,
Aristida sp. and Chloris pallida, all low grasses, grow here in large patches, the
Jast mentioned conspicuous because of its whitish, withered spikes. Striga
euphrasioides abounds here, especially, on moist ground. Along the path
towards Kotda, the gravel vegetation becomes more shrubby, and consists
chiefly of Salvadora, Capparis, Acacia senegal, Lycium, Zizyphus and Calotropis.
Nearer Kotda hill sandy soil predominates.

Rock Formation.

Apart from isolated hills and rocky ridges of no great extent, the following
three larger rocky areas were visited by us :—

A. The Kailana-Jodhpur-Mandor plateau.

Resting unconformably on the older Malani lavas, there is here an extensive
sandstone plateau, rising abruptly from the plain and reaching perhaps 200 feet
in height. Jodhpur city is situated close to the southern edge of this plateau
(see Plate III-A.), and the Jodhpur-Phalodi railway line follows its eastern
margin. Near Kailana, there are some detached outliers. No indubitable
organic remains are known from this plateau, but other evidence points to its
Vindhyan origin. In all probability the thickness of the deposits must previ-
ously have been considerable, and what is left is subject to severe denudation.
The rock generally consists of a rather fine, gritty, reddish material, and is an .
excellent building stone ; at the same time it is well suitable for carving, as parts
of the imposing Jodhpur Fort testify. Round Mandor the surface of the plateau
is often cracked into large rectangular slabs, particularly noticeable i in the rocky
cepressions (Plate XXVII- A.).

B. Jaisalmer plateau and outliers.

The town of Jaisalmer is built on an outlier of this plateau, the fort occupying
its highest part (see Plate III-B.). The strata, which are highly fossiliferous,
are well exposed in many places close to the town. We give the following sections
(thickness of strata approximate) :—

(a) Section of the hill with corner-tower of town-wall, east of guest-house.

1. About 60 feet of yellowish brown sandstone, rather brittle, with
large marine shells and (near top) small sea-urchins ;

2. About 35 feet of greyish, harder sandstone, apparently without fossils.

(6) Section of scarp north-east of guest-house :

i. About 5 feet of very hard, fine-grained dark brown limestone without
fossils, subdivided into several layers by means of thin, interstrati-
fied, gritty sheets.

2. About 4 feet of very hard, dark purplish limestone containing masses
of shell. fragments.

3. About 15 feet of soft, gritty, yellowish brown sandstone, with num-
bers of marine shells, excellently preserved.

4, Limestone.

Journ., Bombay Nat. Hist, Soc. Plate XXXV
ate XXXVII,

B.—Barleria prionitis var. diacantha on rock debris near Barmer (Jodhpur
State).

Tur Fiona oF THE INDIAN DxsERT.

} ra A

cA

tr 2
= K
5 at a Ol oastE Seite ey ep aes
i
*

THE FLORA OF THE INDIAN DESERT’, 515

The considerable fossil material collected by us (Mollusca, Brachiopoda,
Echinodermata) has not yet been worked out, but previous determinations
admit of no doubt about the Jurassic age of the strata,

a wea day PAL limestone from these deposits, and there
utitully carved doors, or window frames or lattices
of some sort. The harder varieties of the stone take a fine polish.

The height of the plateau above the surrounding plain hardly exceeds 100 feet
and denudation is very rapid on its margins (see Plate XXXYV-A.). Plate VIII-
A. gives some idea of the desolate appearance of its surface. Outliers of the
plateau are visible in the background of Plate XXXIIL-B.

C. Barmer hills. °

These are chiefly of volcanic origin, consisting of Malani rhyolites, and reach
a considerable height. Near Barmer town (Plate XXVI-B.) the lavas are rather
porphyritic, and of a brownish colour. Plate XXXVI-B. gives another view of
these hills.

Near the town, at the base of the hills, there is a narrow fringe of sandstones,
overlying the lavas, and containing obscure plant fossils and shells. These
deposits are of an uncertain age (').

The three areas mentioned show distinct differences as regards the floristic
composition of their associations. Many species occur only in one or two areas,
while some are common to all three, but show striking variations in their numeri-
cal relations.

One of the most characteristic rock plants is Huphorbia neriifolia. This shrub
is common in the Jodhpur area, particularly round Kailana lake (Plate V-A.)
and on the plateau above Mandor (Plate XXIX-A.). The terraces on the slopes
of the above mentioned rocky depression close to the latter place (Plate XX VII-
A.) were almost bare except for numerous well developed EHuphorbia shrubs.
Round Jaisalmer the plant is rare, being only observed near Amarsagar (Plate
XIX-A.). It becomes extraordinarily abundant in the Barmer region, where it
covers whole hillsides (Plate XXXVII-A, XXXVI-B.) The shrub forms a
favourite support for a number of climbing and twining plants, such as Sarco-
stemma brevistigma (Plate XXI-A.) and various species of Convolvulus (Plate
XXI-B.; the shrub in the centre of the Euphorbia family is Capparis decidua).

’On Plate XIX-A. the Euphorbia specimens support Rhynchosia minima, var.

laxiflora ; other plants on this view are Grewia populifolia, Crotalaria burhia,
Sida sp., Barleria acanthoides, Aerua tomentosa, Tephrosia sp., J usticia sim plex,
Eleusine sp., Aristi.a sp. On Kotda hill the plant is ; ssociated with the following
species: (1) Solanum albicaule (rambling); (2) Capparis decidua ; (3) Rh ynchosia
minima var. laxiflora (twining); (4) Grewia populifolia, Vernonia cinerascens,
Commiphora, Cardiospermum (twining). Asparagus racemosus (climbing);
(5) Salvadora oleoides ; (6) Vernonia cinerascens ; (7) Mimosa hamata. On
plate XXXV-B., Euphorbia is shown associating with Barleri« prionitis
var. diacantha, Pupalia sp. (rambling), Boerhaavia verticillata (ram bling),
Commiphora. A large shrubbery near Barmer, close to the foot of the
hills, consisted of : Euphorbia neriifolia, Solanum albecaule (rambling), Mimosa
hamata, Boerhaavia verticillaia (rambling), Capparis decidua, Panicum antidotale,
Pupalia sp. (rambling), Vernonia cinerascens, Barleria acannthoides, Coe
poria montana, Calligonum polygonoides, Achyranthes aspera (rambling), an
one of the Cucurbitacez (climbing).

Barieria prionitis var. diacantha (var.nov.)
Barmer was observed in no other locality. Here, ho eee
fusion on the rocky debris of some of he lower hill-slopes, reraoeryen oe
pure associations (Plate XX XVII-B.). Barleria hochstetteri, also found at armer
(on rocks), was observed nowhere else. In the other rocky areas, the genus was

(1) SeeT. Ds LaTouche : Geology of Western Rajputana:—Mem. Geol. Surv.
of India, Vol. XXXV, Part I.

just mentioned as occurring at
however, the plant grew in pro-

516 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVIII,

represented by Barleria acanthoides, a typical rock plant particularly abundant
round the e ges of the Jaisalmer plateau. Here it generally associated with
a grass, Pappophorum aucheri1 and a small shrub, Grewia populifolia (Plate
XXXV-A.). The last mentioned plant, although preferring rocks, also frequents
other habitats. Another member of the Acanthaceew, Ruellia patula var. alba,
grows exclusively on rocks. It is absent from the Jaisalmer area.

Crucifere is a rare order in our region, and represented only by the genus
Farsetia. Of the two species collected, #. macrantha sp. nov. was abundant on
the Barmer hills, the only habitat. The order Violacee is represented by a
single species, the rock plant Viola stocksiz, and this is rather rare, occurring
only at Jaisalmer, Kotda and Barmer on our route. It isa poor looking plant
not much suggestive of the better favoured members of its genus. Polygala
erioptera, a plant abundant throughout the region, often occurs on rocks, and
so do various Malvacee. Of the order Zygophyllacee, the commonest rock
plant is Fagonia cretica (Plate XXIV-A., XXVII-A.), but it is perhaps as
common on gravel.

The order Geraniacee is represented by Monsonia senegalensis ; it is,
hewever, a vather rare piant, the best locality observed being the flat top of a
small detached outlier of the Jodhpur plateau, along the road to Kailana. On
this hill-top (from which the general view shown in Plate VI-B. was taken), the
parasite Striga orobancheoides was abundant, and had a luxurious, much branched,
habit ; it grew on Lepidagathis trinervis, another typical rock plant (Plate
XXVII-A.) only observed in the Jodhpur area and at Bhikamkor. The hill
top was covered with grasses (Hleusine aristata and EL. aegyptiaca, species of
Aristida), and Aerua tomentosa had been able to establish itself.

Commiphora mukul (Plate VIII-B.)is common enough on the rocky slopes
N-E of Jaisalmer, but otherwise rare. It has, like Huphorbia neriifolia, beer.
observed supporting Sarcostemma brevistigma (Plate VIII-A.),

Of the order Leywminose, the commonest rock plant is no doubt Indigojsera
cordifolia, which in some places, particularly round Kailana lake, literally col-
oured the hills gray. It associates with the two above mentioned species of Hleu-
sine, and Aristida funiculata. The plant is by no means bound to rocky habitats,
being equally abundant on gravelly soil. A typical inhabitant of rocky places.
however, is Tephrosia petrosa (sp. nov.), which is tolerably common in all the
three principal areas.

The order Ficoidew, most members of which are gravel or sand plants, is
represented, on rocks exclusively, by Orygia decumbens. This plant is common-
est in the Jodhpur and Barmer areas, being comparatively rare round Jaisal-
mer, and not observed at all on isolated hills.

Of the Composite, the most typical rock plant is perhaps Pegolettia senega-
lensis, which occurs throughout the region, but not very commonly. Many
species of Heliotropium are to be found on rocks, although none exclusively. The
same may be said about various species of Convolvulus ; one new species of this
genus, C. gracilis, was however only observed on the Barmer hills, where it was
quite common.

Salsola foetida was locally common near the top of the highest hill close to
Barmer. This plant was otherwise rare, being only observed in two places along
the northern part of our route growing on gravel. Another member of the
Chenopodiacee, Haloxylon recurvum, is a typical, though rare, rock plant, being
only observed on some isolated hills near Vinjorai and Kotda. In the former
locality the species associated with the usual rock plants, chiefly with Orygia
decumbens.

Another rare rock plant is Schweinfurthia spherocarpa (Plate
XXIILB., (left) ; Anticharis linearis, shown on the same plate, attains its best
development on gavel). The very common Bouchea marrubifolia, one of the
Verbenacee is a typical rock plant, although rarely observed in other localities.

THE FLORA OF THE INDIAN DESERT, 517

As migh
the ey ae Lie ahi ie ate almost totally absent from
species of Aristida (P| more abundant are certain grasses, particularly
p ‘ida (Plate XXII-B.), which at once make thei I
the en by ee of the troublesome awns attached i Shen eel "These
oiten collect in round balls, a couple of inches in diameter, whi ‘
across the plains by the wind : Se
account for the sete mbunidates ae avin a ir hatte Satine
not apply to the very pretty Aristida hirtigluma, which is te leis pers eet ie
the other species, and not at all troublesome. Where it occurs in eharae ioe
tity, it is very conspicuous, its families shining silvery white i “thy eee
light. Plate XIX-B. sh ie Leal GL ee
g shows a small black rhyolite knoll west of Loharki, col
nised by a family of this species. It appears, that no other plant can sine te
with the grass in such a habitat, or rather that the grass is the only nos
for it. We observed, however, some scattered, often dwarfed sponte Of Fa
nia cretica, Cleome papillosa, Gracilea royleana, Aristida hystricula, Pa he ok
elegans, Boerhaavia diffusa, Aerua tomentosa, Euphorbia sp Bloke | sind a
atta Anos 5 =a Goines ? £ he Ss: wa.
A similar association with Aristida hirtigluma as dominant species was observed
from the train 73°5 miles from Jodhpur, west of the railway line, in a similar
habitat. On the hills round Bada Bag in the Jaisalmer area the spec ies is com-
mon, and also on 2. low range of hills between Jaisalmer and Devikot. A smal!
isolated lava hill just north of this range was covered with Fagonia cretica ; Bu.
phorbia neriifolia, which is absent on the range mentioned, becomes common
south of Devikot. ;

Of other grasses, Gracilea r i i , i ‘
habitat. Bnei euiennis yntines eal Te ee in

- y areas. Oropeliwm
thomeum is less common. T'ragus racemosus is rare, chiefly observed round Jai-
salmer and at Kailana. Latipes senegalensis is another rather rare rock grass,
of an unusual habit.

We give a list of the commonest plants observed on rocky ground on Kotda
hill : (1) At the foot of the hill, among pebbles, Eleusine aristata and EL. cegyptiaca,
Aristida funiculata and A. hirtigluma, Gracilea royleana, Crotalaria ovalifolia.
(2) In a rocky depression, Salvadora, Acacia senegal, Capparis, Grewia populifolia
and G. villosa, Blepharis sindica. (3) Higher up Fagonia cretica, Farsetia jacque-
montiana, Anticharis linearis, Cleome sp., Tribulus terrestris, Polygala erioptera,
Aristida hystricula. (4) Nearer to top Commiphora, Barleria acanthoides, Lin-
denbergia urticefolia, Orygia decumbens, Ruellia patula, Bleusine flagellifera.
Round the village and fort, Euphorbia neriifolia (on rock and sand).

A single specimen of the fern Actinopteris dichotoma was collected on a hill
slope at Barmer.

At Bhikamkor, after heavy rain, evidence of Cryptogamic life was apparent
on the rocks close to the station. Minute, black lichens were observed on the
stones, and alge in the form of small gelatinous brown lumps among the grass,

liver-wort was also noted.

Ruderal Formation.

Under this heading we bring together various classes of plants, which in one
way or another, owe their presence in the region to certain changes brought about
by man, excluding cultivated plants in the strict sense.

A, Ruderals Proper.

This group includes plants to be found only

dwellings of man. a,
The hard ground within the villages and towns often abounds in species 0

Trianthema. Thus four species, one of two varieties, were found about Jaisalmer
town. 7’. pentandra is the commonest species. On the hard sandy and gravelly

in the immediate vicinity of the

518 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII.

soil just west of Loharki, this plant abounded, associated with scattered speci-
mens of Tribulus terrestris. Similarly Trianthema monogyna and T. hydaspica
covered large stretches of ground in and near the village of Seu. The latter
plant is absent in the east.

We give a list of some other plants frequenting similar localities: various
species of Amarantus, the commonest being A. polygamus ; several species of
Corchorus, Sida and Abutilon, particularly A. indicum ; Solanum nigrum and
S. xanthocarpum, the former absent in the west, the latter inthe north: Datura
fastuosa, not very common ; Tephrosia purpurea, chiefly in the east ; Huphorbia
granulata and EH. microphylla ; Vernonia cinerea and Tridax procumbens, the
former near Jodhpur, Jaisalmer and Barmer, the latter only at Jodhpur ; Aris-
tolochia bracteata in the south-west ; Zygophyllum simplex, preferring rocks in or
about villages ; Boerhaavia diffusa, abundant everywhere (indigenous, chiefly a
gravel plant); Hragrostis viscosa about Jodhpur (several other species of this
genus may be counted as ruderals, preferring sandy soil in or about the villages).

The vegetation on the inner slopes of the pond-dam at Bap was characteris-
tic. It consisted of Trianthema triquetra and T. hydaspica, Limeum indicum,
Zygophyllum simplez and Salsola foetida (the last mentioned being a rather
rare plant, only observed at Sodakoer, and on the Barmer hills, where it was
common locally). At high-water level, there was a line of seedlings of Helipta
erecta ; this plant, although ruderal, appears to be in great need of water, which
is the reason for our describing its behaviour at Barmer under the aquatic for-
mation.

We noted the total absence of several ruderals, abundant in the Deccan,
such as Argemone mexicana, Opuntia, Saponaria vaccaria and Scoparia dulcis.

L. Weeds of cultivation.

This section consists of plants, unintentionally introduced together with
seeds and seedlings of cultivated plants, as well as of indigenous plants, preferring
cultivated ground.

(1) Weeds on sandy fields.

These are not many. The commonest is Diger arvensis whichis, however,
absent from the vicinity of Jodhpur. Itis probably introduced. Mollugo hirta
may be referred here. It occurs only in the western half of our region, and is
probably also introduced. Gisekia pharnaceoides, an indigenous sand plant,
prefers cultivated ground.

(2) Weeds on the fields with richer soil within the villages.

Unfortunately there are not many fields with a rich soil to be found. Plate
XXVII-B. shows a field at Ba'arwa, entirely covered with Leucas aspera, other-
wise a rare plant, probably introduced. In the village mentioned, two other
species of the genus, L. nutans and L. stricta were collected, not observed any-
where else. JL. urticcefolia is a proper ruderal, fairly well distributed, while L.
cephalotes was only found at Jodhpur and Mandor. Several species of
Alysicarpus, all introduced, and rare within our region, are found in similar loca-
lities.

(3) Weeds of irrigated gardens and fields.

Of these, the introduced Sesbania aculeata should be mentioned. Peris-
trophe bicalyculata, probably also introduced, frequents margins of irrigated
fields and irrigation channels. Of other plants, belonging here, we note parti-
cularly species of Ammannia and Bergia, also the semi-aquatic ruderal Helipta
erecia.

C. Escapes.

One of the most remarkable plants of the region is Citrullus vulgaris, the
water melon. It grows in almost every field of “Jowari” and “ Bajri”

[HE FLORA OF THE INDIAN DESERT. 519

and among other crops. Originally cultivated, it has now completely established
itself, and requires no care whatever, preferring however a sandy soil. It is
public property, every traveller being allowed to partake of the cooling fruit
to his heart’s content, and it is indeed very refreshing after a hot camel ride
Several other cultivated members of the Cucurbitacez seem to establish
selves in the fields, and thrive without being further cared for.
Sesamum indicum. a plant much cultivated in the region (for oil), seems to
persist in and spread from a field on which it has been grown. The plant was
not observed in the vicinity of the larger towns. We noted it often attacked by a
kind of spike-disease. ; '
In the village of Phalodi, we observed two huge specimens of Tamarix orien
talis, evidently planted, with stems perhaps a yard in diameter. Other tree:
were seen outside the village. A number of small shrubs and seedlings of this
species occurred in the neighbourhood of the parent plants, and appeared to
thrive well on sandy ground.
*

them-

* *

Those interested in the agriculture of our region and matters connected
therewith are referred to: K. D. Erskine, The Western Rajputana States Resi-
dency and The Bikaner Agency (Rajputana Gazetteers, Vol. III-A.). The com-
monest crops observed by us on our route were: the grasses Pennisetum typhoi-
deum (bajra) and Andropogon sorghum (jowar); the pulses Phaseolus aconiti-
folius, Phascolus mungo var. roxburghit, Cyamopsis psoralioides. Sesamum
indicum and Citrullus vulgaris have already been mentioned as common escapes.

Among the trees cultivated in and round villages we note Prosopis spicigera
(which when growing near water sometimes looses its spines and becomes quite
a fine tree), Ficus bengalensis and Ficus religiosa, Zizyphus jujuba, Azadirachta
indica, Poinciana elata, Mangifera indica.

In the irrigated gardens near the principal towns, such as_Balsamand (close
to the edge of the rocky plateau near Jodhpur), Bada Bag (in a rocky depression
in the Jaisalmer plateau, Plate XI), and Amarsagar (near Jaisalmer, Plate
XII-B.) are to be found most of the trees, shrubs and herbs commonly cultivated
in Western India.

520

SUMMARY OF THE RESULTS FROM THE INDIAN
MAMMAL SURVEY

OF THE

BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.
(By R. C. WrouGuHtTon.)

(Continued from page 313 of Volume XXVIII.)
APPENDIX.

I think a complete list of the forms (species, sub-species, &c.),
obtained by the Mammal Survey to date will be of value to Mem-
bers in more ways than one. Since the record by me of the result
of each collection many alterations have been shown to be required,
the present list shows the names as revised to date. A reference
to the body of the Summary will show why names have had to be
changed, together with references to papers where still further de-
tails on the subject are available. From the present list Members
can correct their copies of the original Reports if they so wish and
can deduce for themselves in what direction help .in obtaining
specimens is most urgently needed (vide para. on DESIDERATA of
the introduction to the Summary, Vol XXV. p. 550).

To facilitate reference I give first a numbered list of the collec-
tions made and second a complete list of the forms obtained,
adding against each the numbers of the collections in which it
occurred.

List of the Collections.

1. East Khandesh. 16. Dry Zone, Central Burma
2. Berars. and Mount Popa.
3. Cutch. 17. Tenasserim.

4, Nimar. 18. Ceylon.

5. Dharwar. 19: Benealt

6. Kanara. 20. Chindwin.

7. Central Provinces. 21. Gwalior.

8. Bellary. 22. Koyna Valley.

9. Mysore. . 23, Sikkim..

10. Kathiawar. 24. Sind.

11. Coorg. 25. Chin Hills,

12. Palanpur. 26. Darjiling.

13. S. Ceylon. 27. Bhutan Duars.

14. Shan, States. 28. Kalimpong.

15. Kumaon. 29. Pegu.

List of the forms obtained.

ho a Eo bh dP gd

Z

oats

bd bd

14

. pelops. 23.
. rhesus. 7.1 ;
. assamensis. 14.16.20.
. leonina. 20.

. adusta. 17.

. sinica. 5.6.8.9.11.22.
. pileata. 13.18.

. fascicularis. 17.

. giganteus giganteus.

SUMMARY OF THE INDIAN MAMMAL SURVEY. 52)

PRIMATES,
(Gen.— HYLoBaTEs.
hoolock. 14. 20. 25.
lar. 7

Gen—Macaca.

Gen.— PITHECUS.

- hypoleucus. 11.

priam. 193.18.

schistaceus. 15.23.
melamerus. 14.

entellus. 1.2.4.7.10.12.19.
ent. anchises. 5.6.8.11.22.

. femoralis keatii. 17.

johni. 11.
kephalopterus. 13.

- ursinus. 18.

. shortridgei. 20.

. pileatus. 20.

. obscurus. 17.

. phayrei. 16.20.25.29.

Gen.—N YCTICEBUS.

. coucang. -17.25.29.

Gen.— LoRIs.

. lydekkerianus. 9.
. tardigradus. 18.
. malabaricus. 11.

CHIROPTERA.
Gen.— ROUSETTUS.

_leschenaulti. 11.15.16.17.22.27.28.
.seminudus. 13.18.

Gen.—PTEROPUS.

22

=

eA

FA oS

JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII.

Gen.—CYNOPTERUS.

. sphinx sphinx. 6.9.11.13,14.15.16.18.19.20.23.25.26.27.
. sphinx gangeticus. 4.7.12.
. brachyotis angulatus. 17.

Gen.— HonyCcTERIS.

- speleca. 17.

Gen.—MacroGLossus.
minimus sobrinus. 17.

Gen.— RHINOLOPHUS.
aimise 20.2 ge
TOUK1. |) 0,0,9 too llien2o:
ferrum-equinum. 23.
lepidus. 6.7.15.16.19.22.
monticola. 15.20.28.
perniger. 14.23.25. |
luctus. 17.
beddomei. 6.11.18.
trifoliatus. 17.26.
pearsoni. 15.26.
Gen.— HIPPosIDEROS.
armiger. 14.15.16.20.25.26.28.
lylei. 14.
lankadiva. 6.7.8.9.
speoris. 65.6.8.9.11.13.18.
larvatus. 14.16.20.
brachyotus. 6.12.18.19.
fulvus. 3.5.6.7.8.9.10.12.13.14.16.17.18.19.20.22.23.24.26.
PAT SPA
Gen.—MEGADERMA.
spasma trifohum. 5.6.11.13.16.17.18.20.29.

Gen.— JLYRODERMA.

_lyra. 1.4.5.6.7.8.9.12.14.15.19.22.23.27.

Gen.— NYCcTERIS.

. tragata. 17.

Gen.—BARBASTELLA.

. darjelingensis. 26.27.28.

Gen.—PLECOTUS.

. homochrous. 15.

Gen.—TYLONYCTERIS.
fulvida. 14.17.20.23.25.26.28.29.

. aurex. 9.6.11.

OD MONO

sa

DRN MM

TR

|

SS S55

SUMMARY OF THE INDIAN MAMMAL SURVEY.

Gen.—NYCcTALUS.
labiatus, 25.26.28.

.joffrei. 25.

Gen.— PIPISTRELLUS.

. mordax. 26.
.Shanorum. 14.
. ceylonicus chrysothrix. 1.8.8.9.19.22.

ceylonicus indicus. 6.11.
ceylonicus subcanus. 3.10.12.24.
lophurus. 17.

kuhli kuhli. 24,

kuhli lepidus.

babu. 7.26.27.

cadorne. 26.

austenianus. 14.

paterculus. 14.16.20.
coromandra. 2.5

mimus mimus.
a ae fa

. mimus glaucillus, 24.

Gen.—HESPEROPTENUS.

tickelli. 5.6.18.19.27.
Gen.—SCcOTOZzOUS.

. dormeri dormeri. 1,5.7.8.19.27.
. dormeri caurinus, 93,10,12.

Gen,—SCOTOPHILUS,

_kubli, 1,3.5.6.7.9.12.14.15.16.18.19.23.27.29.
.castaneus. 17. :
. wroughtoni. 1.5.6.7.9.10.11.12.15.16.18.19.23.27.29.

Gen.—SCOTEINUS.

. pallidus. 24.

Gen.—SCOTOMANES.

. ornatus. 23.26.

Gen.—MYOortTIS.

sicarius. 26.
peytoni. 6.
muricola. 17.23.27.
caliginosus. 23.
siligorensis. 10.
Gen,— LEUCONOE.

. hasselti. 18.

5238

524 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVILI.

Gen.— MvRINA.

M. aurata. 23.

M. tubinaris. 25.26.28.
M. cyclotis. 23.25.26.28.
M. huttoni. 15.

M. rubex. 26.

Gen.— HARPIOCEPHALUS.
H. lasyurus. 26.27.
Gen.—KERIVOULA.

. picta. 95.22.
. hardwickei. 26.
Cry pba Or

AAA

Gen.— MINIOPTERUS.
M. fuliginosus. 13. 15.16.22.
Gen.— RHINOPOMA.

R. kinneari. 3.4:.10.19.
R. hardwickei. 3.5.7.8.10.12.19.21.24.

Gen.— EMBALLONURA.
E. monticola. 17.
Gen.—TAPHOZOUS.

T. melanopogon. 1.2.4.6.7.8.16.17.

T. perforatus. 3.10.

T. theobaldi secatus. 4. .

T. kachhensis kachhensis. 1.3.8.9.10.12.19.23.24.
T. kachhensis nudaster. 16.

T. longimanus. 6.7.8.9.12.16.17.19.20.22.29.

(Gen.—SACCOLAIMUS.
. saccolaimus. 6.18.19.
Gen.—TADARIDA.
T. tragata. 3.5.9.10.12.24.
Gen.—CHOEREPHON.

RR

C. plicatus. 17. a
INSECTIVORA.
Gen.—Tupala.

T. belangeri belangeri. 29.
T. belangeri chinensis. 23.27.28.
T. belangeri siccata. 14.16.20.25.

T. belangeri tenaster. 17.
T. elarissa. 17.

kg

TM! MN

<<<

-nigrescens. 10.
. caudatus, 15.2
.leucops. 23.

Fay al et Pej Fa) bag aff a Fy

SUMMARY OF THE INDIAN MAMMAL SURVEY.

Gen,— HEMIECHINUS.

. collaris. 3.12.24.

Gen.— PARAECHINUS.

. blanfordi. 24.
.micropus. 3.10.12.24.

Gen.—GYMNURA.

. gymnura minor. 17.

Gen.—TALPA,

_micrura. 23.26.

Gen,—SorICULUS.

Gen.— PACHYURA,

(en.—CROCIDURA, } Not worked out.

Gen,— ANOUROSOREX,.

. Squamipes, 20,

Gen,—CHIMARROGALE,

. himalayica, 23,26,

Gen.— NECTOGALE.

.sikkimensis. 25

Gen.—GALEOPTERUS.

. peninsule. 17.

CARNIVORA.

Gen.— FELIS.

moieris. 6.11.17.
_pardus. 5.6.9.11.13.14.16.18.19.27.
. viverrina. 18.

ornata. 2.3.10.24.

.Tubiginosa. 5.13.15.

.bengaensis. 11.14.15.16.17.20.23.20.

.temmincki. 14.16.

vaffmis. 1.3.4.5.6.7.10.11.12.15.16.18.19.20.22.24.27.28,
. torquata. 10.

. caracal. 3.

Gen.— VIVERRA.

_gibetha zibetha. 20.23.25.26.27.28.

zibetha pruinosa. 14.17.

. megaspila. 16.17.20.

or

oO

526 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVIII,

Gen.— VIVERRICULA.

V. malaccensis. 3.5.7.10.11.12.138.15.16.17.18.19. 20. 22. QA ae
28.

Gen.—PRIONODON. —
P. pardicolor. 23.25.
Gen.—PARADOXURUS.

P. crossi. 7.10.

iP; niger. STS 18 .19:22:
P. strictus. 23.27.

P. birmanicus. 16,20.

P. ravus. 17.29.

P. aureus. 18.

P. jerdoni. 11.

Gen.—PAGUMA.
P. leucomystax robusta. 17.
P. grayi. 15.23.25.
P. larvata intrudens. 14.

Gen.—ARCTOGALLIDIA.

A. leucotis. 17.29.
Gen.—HEMIGALUS.
H. derbianus incursor. 17.

Gen.— ARCTICTIS.

A. binturong. a7
Gen.— MuNGOS.

{. auropunctatus. 27.

M. auropunctatus helvus. 12.19.21.
M. auropunctatus pallipes. 24.
M. nepalensis. 19.

M. birmanicus. 29.

M. mungo ferrugineus. 24.

M. mungo mungo. 19.21.23.27.
M. mungo pallens. 12.15.
M
M
M
M
M

. mungo meerens. 1.2.3.4.7.10.
. mungo ellioti. 5.8.9.11.22.
. lanka. 18.
. fUscuse ole
. flavidens. 193.18.
M. smithi. 7.12.13.18.19.22.
M. vitticollis. 11.
M. urva. 17.23.25.27.

Cer Gi

SUMMARY OF THE INDIAN M AMMAL SURVEY.

Gen.—Hyana.

- hyena. 1.3.4.7.15.19.24.

Gen.—Canis.

. pallipes. 3.10.19.

. indicus indicus. 14.15.16.19.20.23.25.27.28
» indicus kola. 1.3.4.7.10.12.21.24.

wulanka.’ 18.

mepetria: . 5.6:9.71.29.

Gen.—Cuon.

. Gukhunensis. 2.4.4.7.11.15
. rutilans. 16.

Gen. VULPES.

. bengalensis. 1.3.5.7.10.12.15.19.23.24.
. leucopus. 3.24.
memontana. 10.29.

Gen.— MARTES.

. favigula flavigula. 15.20.23.25.27.28.
. flavigula peninsularis. 17.
. gwatkinsi. 11.

Gen.—MUSTELA.

. subhemachalana. 23.
. strigidorsa. 25.

kathiah. 15.26.
Gen.— HELICTIS.

H. personata. 16.29.

P

rea,

Gen.— MELLIVORA.

o

indica. 3.19.

Gen.— ARCTONYX.
collawis. 25.

Gen.— LUTRA.

- Intra. 11.15.18.23.28.
.tarayensis. 7.16.20.24.25.

Gen.— AONYX.

. cinerea. 11.15.16.20.

Gen.—AILURUS.:

. fulgens. a3;

Gen.— URSUS.

. torquatus. 14.20.

Gen.—HELARCTOS.

. malayanus. 14.20.

o

~]

528 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII.

Gen.— MELURSUS.
M. ursinus. 11.13.19.
RODENTIA.
Gen.—PETAURISTa.

Pavorale ences
Pi lylenwenmimgin iO:
P. philippensis. 6.11.
2 ilamikes cyanea
P. candidulus. 20.25.
P. nobilis. 23.
P. albiventer. 15.
Piisybullal: lize
Gen.— BELomys.

B. trichotis. 20.

Gen.—PTEROMYS.
P. (4H). alboniger. 17.20.23.25.26.27.
P. (H). phayrei probus. 16.20.25.
Tey (Geb), lvelloiney lure
P. (H). spadiceus. 16.

Gen.— RaATUFA.

R. indica indica. 5.6.9.22.
R. indica superans. 11.
R. indica bengalensis. 11.
R. indica centralis. 7.11.19.
R. macroura macroura. 18.
R. macroura melanochra. 13.
R. macroura dandolena. 13.18.
R. gigantea. 14.23.26.28.
R. gigantea lutrina. 20.25.
R. pheeopepla pheeopepla. 17.
R. pheeopepla marana. 16.29.
Re tellin ee20:

Gen.— DREMOMYS.
D. lokriah lokriah. 20.23.26.
D. lokriah bhotia. 23.
D. macmillani. 20.25.
D. pernyi. 20.
D. rufigenis opimus. 20.
D. rufigenis adamsoni. 14.16.20.

Gen.—CALLOSCIURUS

C. sladeni sladeni. 20.25.
C. sladeni rubex. 20.
C. sladeni shortridgei. 20.

aaanaasaaaaaaa

SS8554855

hep a Pad bef ad Pa bal af Fa af ft af

M
M.

i
15

. mearsi mearsi.

SUMMARY OF THE INDIAN MAMMAL SURVEY,

. Sladeni millardi. 20.25.
. Sladeni fryanus. 20.

sladeni careyi. 20.25.

. Sladeni haringtoni. 20.25,

ferrugineus. 16.29.
atrodorsalis atrodorsalis. 14.
atrodorsalis shanicus. 14.16.
stevensi. 20.

-crumpi. 23.

epomophorus davisoni. 17.
erythreus kinneari. 20.25.
erythreeus nagarum. 20.25.
erythreeus crotalius. 20.
Gen.—TOMEUTES.
phayrei. 14.16.
pygerythrus pygerythrus. 29,
pygerythrus janetta. 16.20.

. lokroides lokroides. 23.26.27.28.

lokroides owensi. 28.
Doe
mearsi virgo. 20.25.

. mearsi bellona.

Gen.— FUNAMBULUS.

palmarum palmarum. 9.
palmarum brodiei. 18.
palmarum kelaarti. 13.18.
palmarum favonicus. 13.
palmarum olympius. 18.
palmarum bellaricus. 5.8.
bengalensis. 19.

robertsoni. 2.4.7.
wroughtoni. 11.

tristriatus numarius. 9.6.
pennanti pennanti. 1.2.4.5.7.10.15.19.21.2
pennanti argentescens. 24.
pennanti lutescens. 3.10.12.

2

20.

. layardi. 18.
. kathleense. 138.18.
. sublineatus. 11.

Gen.—MENETES.

_ berdmorei berdmorei. 17.29.

berdmorei decoratus. 16.
Gen.—TAMIOPS.

macclellandi macclellandi. 20.23. 26.

529

530 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVLI.

T. macclellandi manipurensis. 20.25.
T. macclellandi barbei. 14.17.

Gen.—MarmMorta.
M. himalayana. 23.
Gen.— PLATACANTHOMYS.
P. lasiurus. 11.
Gen.—GERBILLUS.
G. gleadowi. 12.
Gen.— DIPoDILLvs.
D. nanus. 10.12.24.
Gen.— MERIONES.
hurriane. 3.10.132.24.
Gen.—T'ATERA.

T, indica. 1.2.4.7.10.12.15.19.21.
T. sherrini. 24.

T. hardwickei. 5.6.11.22.

oe

dy

ss

.cuvierl. 8.9.
. ceylonica. 15.18.

Gen.—BANDICOTA.
_malabarica. 5.6.7.9.10.11.12.13.18.22.
.elliotana. 19.27.
Savilet eanoL

eofleeiee)

Gen.—SUNOMYS.
. bengalensis. 15.19.20.23.26.27.28.
. gracilis. 18.
varius. spild sao.
lordi.: 222
kok. 1.4.5.7.8.9.10.11.12.22.

Gen.—NESOKIA.

QD @ a2

. eriffithi. INS,
. huttonis 220

ZZ

Gen.— DacNomys.
D. millardi. 26.
Gen.— RATTUS.
.validus. 17.
_nitidus nitidus. 15.23.26.28.
. nitidus obsoletus. 26.
Jikelaartic lS:
.macmillani. 20.
. rattus tikos. 17.
. rattus tatkonensis. 20.

pol ol-olnol=oR=ene)

oVek@elere

cep)

PE ee

SUMMARY OF THE INDIAN MAMMAL SURVEY.

. rattus khyensis. 14.16.20.29.
. rattus gangutrianus. 15.
. rattus sikkimensis. 23.25.27.

Tattus tistz. 23. 25.

: rattus bhotia. 27.

rattus satare. 22.

rattus wroughtoni. 5.6.9.11.
rattus kandianus. 13.18.
rattus arboreus. 19.

rattus narbade. 7.

rattus girensis. 10.

531

rattus rufescens. 1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10.11.12.15.17. 21. 22. 24.

2D.
rattus nemoralis. 13.18.
rattus alexandrinus. 24.
concolor. 16.17.20.
manipulus. 17.20.25.
mackenziel. 25.
bowersi. 16.
listeri. 26.
Dlanfordi. 2.6.7.9.11.19.22.
vicerex. 15.15.
vociferans. 17.
mentosus. 20.25.
surifer. 17.

fulvescens. 14.15.17.23.25.26.28.

eha. 293.
niviventer. 15.23.
lepcha. 23.

Gen.—CREMNOMYS.

. cutchicus. 3.

australis australis. 8.9.

. australis siva. 9.
._medius medius. 10.12.
.medius ccenosus. 19.
.medius rajput. 12.
Gen,—GRYPOMYS.
. gleadowi. 10.12.
Gen.— MILLARDIA.
meltada meltada. 1.3:4.577.10.11.13.19.
. meltada pallidior. 12.
Gen.—GUYIA.

kathleene. 16.

582 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XXVII..

ro
>

=

=

sical gi ala all ala

Gen.— LEGGADILLA.

. platythrix. 1.2.4.5.7.9.22.

sadhu. 3.10.12.

. cinderella. 3.
. shortridgei. 16.
. hannyngtoni. 11.

grahami. 11.
gurkha. 15.19.

. phillipsi. 2.4.12.
, surkha. 6.

Jisiviawel 9:

Gen.— Mus.

dubius. 65.6.8.9.10.10.11.12.13.14.15.16.18.19.20.28 25.26.
27.28.

| homourus, 7 14710,16:2025.20.26:27.25:
. bactrianus. 24.

Gen.— LEGGADA.

. booduga. . 1.2.3,4.5.6.7.8.9.10.11.12.13.10.16.18.19. 2052 228

25.27.29,

. pahari. 23.26.28.

. cookil. 14.20.25.

. nitidula nitidula. 29.

. nitidula popea. 16.

. booduga. 1.2.3.4.5.6.7,8.9.10.11.12.13.15.16.18.19.20°21 22%

20.21 9%
Gen.—CC@LomyYs.

. mayori. 18.
. bicolor. . 13.

Gen.— VANDELEURIA.

. rubida. 16.

. dumeticola. 16.23.25.26.27.28.
. nilagirica. 11.

. oleracea oleracea. 2.4.5.7.10.19.
. oleracea spadicea. 12.

. oleracea modesta. lod.

. oleracea marica. 19.

Gen.—GoLUNDA.

rellaotia (lee 74 Seonaelelowl O22. 27:
. newera. 18. ;
. watsoni. .3.10.12.24.

Gen.—CHIROPODOMYS.
peguensis. 17.

ets ~*~

SUMMARY OF THE INDIAN MAMMAL SUR VEY. 533
| Gen.— APoDEMUs.
A. sylvaticus rusiges. 15.

Gen.—Micxotus (AuTcoLa).
-M. (A). roylei. 15.28.
Gen.— NYCTOCLEPTES.

'N. cinereus. 14.17.

Gen.—CaNnNomys.
me. badius. 20.23,25.26:27:
“C. pater: 16.29.
-C. castaneus plumbescens. 14.

Gen.— ACANTHION.

A. leucurus leucurus. 1.2.5.9.10.11.12.15.18
A. leucurus cuneiceps. 3.24.

-A. hodgsoni. 27.

ltkiogsi. 16.17.

Gen.— ATHERURUS.

A. macrourus. 17.
Gen.— LEPUS.
L. ruficaudatus. 15.19.21.23.26.27.
L. nigricollis. 5.6.8.9.11.22.
L. singhala. 13.18.
-L. simcoxi. 1.2.4.7.
L. dayanus. 3. 10.12.24.
_L. mahadeva. 7.
L. peguensis. 16.20.

Gen.—OCHOTONA.
‘O. roylei. 15.23.
UNGULATA.
Gen.— BIBos.
B. gaurus. 5.6.11.
Gen.—PSEUDOIS.
P. nahoor. 23.
Gen.-—CAPRICORNIS.
-C, sumatrensis milne-edwardsi. 17.29.
Gen.—NEMORHADUS.
N. goral. 1.
Gen.—TETRACERUS.

“"T, quadricornis. 2.5.7.
Gen.—ANTILOPE.

A. cervicapra 1.5.10.11.24.

534 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVIII.

Gen.—GAZELLA.
G. bennettii. 1.3.7.10.21.24.
Gen.—MUNTIACUS.

M. grandicornis. 14.16.17,20.20.
M. vaginalis. 20.23.27.

M. aureus. 2.7.15.

M. malabaricus. 6.11.18.

Gen.— AXIS.
A. axis axis. 5.6.7.11.
A. axis ceylonensis. 18.
Gen.—RwvsA.
R. unicolor. 5.11.15.17.18.22.27.
Gen.— Moscuus.
M. moschiferus. 23.
Gen.—MOoscHIOLa.
M. meminna. 6.11.13.18.
Gen.—TRAGULUS.
dverayus. 2 7:
T. canescens. 17.
Gen.—Sus.
S. cristatus cristatus. 5.8.10.11.18.20.22.27.
S. cristatus jubatus. 17.
Gen.— DICERORHINUS.
D. sumatrensis sumatrensis. 17.
Gen.— Manis.

M. crassicaudata. 3.6.8.9.11.13.18.19.
M. pentadactyla. 16.29.

535 ey
ANGLING AROUND BOMBAY.

By G. D. Trayien.

Of Votaries of the Rod resident in Bomba; , comparati i
give thought to this form of recreation, ag cae pee Witte
reach of anyone seeking it. It may be that it is not generally known, what fish
are to be taken, where to look for them, or what gear to use; others again, may
possibly have made an attempt, but owing to their venture having been made at
the wrong time and place, results were not conducive to further trial. In as few
words as possible I will endeavour to write down my experiences regarding :
Firstly, the Fish which may be taken, Secondly, Places where they may be found
and lastly, Suitable Tackle, and Lures. ats

The Bahmin (Polynemus tetradactylis), local vernacular, ‘““Raos,” comes easily
first as a really good fighter who gives excellent sport. He takes the lure with
a rush, gives several runs, and is not one’s fish until actually in the boat, more-
over he is good for the table.

Quoting the late Mr. Afalala, as an authority, “the Bahmin is stronger weight
for weight than the Salmon, quite as game and without the vice of sulking”.

The Begti (Lates calcarifer), local vernacular “ Dungara’’ or “Kajura”, known
in Southern India as the “‘ Nair” is another excellent sporting fish.

When angling for Bahmin and Begti one occasionally is taken by a “ Seer’’;
this seldom happens, as he rarely comes into the estuaries, but the ‘‘ Gobra”’
or Rock Cod, the “ Tamas ”’ a species of bream, the ‘‘ Powla ’’of the Shad family
will take the same lure, a small Shark sometimes bolts the bait, and if too near
the bottom, a repulsive species of Eel will intrude, and give some trouble in
cutting away and bending on fresh gear. [limit further remarks to the Bahmin
and Begti, these two fish being best worth attention.

The Bahmin may be taken anywhere in Bombay Harbour and round the
Coast, where a strong current runs over rocks. The Shoal at Sunk Rock Beacon
is a favourite haunt, but he will be found off the Prongs Light House and in the
openings through the reef which extends from Colaba to Malabar point ; at the
Kansas Rock or Gull Island, the Shoal at Middle ground Battery, at Tucker
Beacon, Hog Island, and as far up as the rocks at the Customs Bundar, Thana,
and he no doubt feeds at other places in the harbour where the tide runs
strongly over a rocky bottom. Though Bahmin may be present, one never
gets a run excepting at the very end of the flow at slack water and during the
whole of the Ebb tide.

From August to October he will certainly be in evidence at these times of
tide ; From November to May he is somewhat irregular in attendance, in June
and July he may possibly be present in force, but few would care to venture
in the early part of the monsoon, because of Squalls and the heavy combers
which roll over the Shoals. Sometimes the Bahmin comes up stream in
numbers, and takes voraciously for about an hour or hour and a half, at other
times he takes right down to the last of the ebb, so that one need not be dis-
couraged should there be nothing doing for an hour or so after anchoring, for
he well repays a little patience. I have already stated that the Begti is hae
sionally present in Bahmin waters, but in the monsoon months he ascends the
creeks and rivers and will be found beyond Kalyan, a good pool for Begtt during
August and September is near the Railway Bridge over the any ie a
Kalyan going north, i.c., towards Titvala, this pool will be seen on the gh at
side of the bridge and near the right bank of the river. A deep channe A a
the rock opens out into a broad reach in appearance somewhat like if ‘ n ’
of a bottle, and the pool is just where the neck joins the shoulder. - n a ag
has a boat it is better to approach from the left bank and cast from the ae ee
small silvery fish which the native fishermen will procure, or & live prawn, Hoa

“

5386 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII.

two to three feet beneath the surface are the best baits, although a spoon or
silver devon will answer when the stream runs strongly. Heavy fish of 20
to 30 pounds are taken here. Begti frequent many other places on the Bassein
‘Thana Creek, the rocks where the stream narrows near the Collector’s bungalow,
‘Goa Bundar, the rocks in main stream Parsick, the small creek which runs under
the Railway Bridge at Mumbra and two places further up that creek, one being
the rocks opposite Diwa and the other the pool immediately below the stone
“bund ”’ rather less than a mile higher up (it is desirable to have a boat'to ne-
gotiate this creek). In the main stream from Mumbra to Kalyan there are
several rocky shoals, notably one about a mile below Kalyan and another close
to the new bridge which leads to Bhiwindi. Undoubtedly the Begti is in
the river from its mouth to the higher reaches, and many other likely spots
might be found by drifting down stream on the Ebb near low water, taking
bearings of those places where rocky obstructions create a rapid stream, for
Begti appear to feed near the exits of passages through boulders and in the eddies
caused by such obstructions.

The question of Tackle is productive of unlimited controversy, most Anglers
have their own theories and favourite rods, but it necessarily follows that as
all men are not physically the same, a rod which the one handles with ease
would be too heavy and fatiguing for another less robust. When fishing from
a boat in salt water, rods are subject to rough usage, and unless one is particularly
careful, sun, wind and weather plus occasional collision with the boat or its
fixtures and, last but not least, the pull of the stream plus that of the fish will
speedily put a perfect weapon out of gear.

The ordinary shop “Sea Rod” appears to be made specially for the Cod,
Plaice, etc., found in home waters, and is no more suitable for Bahmin and
Begti than it would be for Bass. Almost any rod will serve providing it is
sufficiently stiff to comfortably carry the weight ofsinker and lure plus the pull
of the Stream. Without deflecting more than about 300, it should bend through-
out its entire length, for many rods I have seen in use have had agood top,
but being too stiff in the butt joint the result has been a break when the
Bhamin has made one of his sudden rushes, or when giving him the butt prior to
gaffing. For preference, I would choose a two jointed rod with whole cane
butt and green heart top, in length from 8°6 to 10 feet and sufficiently light
‘to enable one to make a cast of about twenty yards with one hand.

Tf the corkgrip is tightly wound over for about twenty inches, with strong
hemp cord, it makes a firm hold in all weathers. In play it should bend in a
half circle or more from butt to top, and not merely from middle to top in the
form of a hook with a long shank; the reason for this will be appreciated when
one is playing a Bahmin whose steadfast purpose is to run under the boat and
cut the line, or bore for the anchor rope to the same end. The Bahmin has
no teeth, but his mouth has a hard bony ridge serrated like a file and he is fre-
quently held by one barb of the hook catching under this, it is the spring of
the rod which secures the hook hold and the hook becomes free as soon as the
net or gaff takes the weight of the fish. Too supple a rod is not desirable for
two reasons. ‘ A’ one has to remember that frequently the fish are on feed for
only an hour or two hours, and too supple a rod means longer time in getting
him to net and many chances are lost. ‘B’ it is rather a tax on the good
nature of one’s companion, if fishing in company, it being expedient that all
other lines shall be reeled up when a Bahmin is being played. A good Calcutta
Ringal (Bamboo) silk lapped in two or three places in each segment, the butt
packed and lapped with good hemp cord for about twenty inches, good brass
winch fittings and “‘ Snake” rings of copper or brass wire (not iron or steel)
will render good service. The winch or reel should have a large drum for
rapid recovery of line, Nottingham pattern reels with optional check and line
guard are excellent, size not less than four inches and five inches for preference ;

ANGLING AROUND BOMBAY. 537

brass lining is desirable as it almost eliminates j

Anglers who have reels of the old pattern with call eee aha re
useful work from them, if a few yards of stout blind cord are fe i aie ae
spindle before reeling on the backing line. The importance of schist Tin 6 ce
quickly when the fish rushes towards, instead of from, the boat when as a
is obvious, especially as one does not know whether or not the hook is fairly
a or merely engaged with the hard bony ridge he has in lieu of teeth and

It is desirable to pay particular attention to the busines i
Eschew gut and Gimp, and mount all hooks on fine paar die banks
is an adept at gymnastics and his gyrations are fast and furious in his endea-
vours to bottom and, aided by the rocks, rub the annoyance from his jaws ;
he will also bore away head down and repeatedly thrash the trace with his
powerful tail. This matter may be considered as of vital importance, for unless
a good hook hold is secured, all else is of little consequence. Stout “ Eyed
trebles” are very satisfactory in use and numbers 3 and 4 the most useful sizes
The hook must be stout or it will straighten out in playing an average fish of
seven pounds weight. A very useful method of mounting hooks, is to twist
a loop in a short length of steel wire, this loop being sufficiently large to pass
easily over the eye of a treble and down its shank, the free end of looped wire
should be turned twice and secured through the eye of a second treble, so the
looped mount should measure over all about one and half inches from top of
loop to top of eye, a pair of round nosed pliers is a useful tool for this purpose
and also for bending on wire traces to swivels.

In using hooks so mounted, for Bahmin take an unmounted treble we
term the Lip hook, pass the loop of mounted treble over the eye of lip hook,
the trace is attached to this lip hook, one barb of which is passed through the
‘nose of live bait, and one barb of mounted hook is inserted in the side of bait
between the pectoral and dorsal fins. The Bahmin invariably attacks the head
of live bait, if spinning live or dead bait the loop of a second mounted treble
may be passed over the first mounted treble and one barb be inserted in the
bait, midway between the Ventral and Caudal fins, so as to curve and to make
it spin. This tail hook should always be used from August to November, as
Begti and Seer are then occasionally present, and as they make a rear attack,
the lure should be so guarded. Without diagrams, this description has neces-
sarily become somewhat lengthy, but I think the importance of a good hook
hold is paramount and the merits of this particular method of mounting
is, that it is extremely simple and convenient, moreover, one can depend
upon it.

For traces,

>

I do not think there is any thing better than steel wire, “ Killin ’
wire is very good, and so is the wire from galvanized steel rope, this may be
obtained in all sizes, and a six foot length will provide a number of good traces
and hook mounts, besides giving one’s servant a little amusement in untwisting
and separating it. A useful form of trace is about two feet of stout wire bent
on to a double swivel at one end, a single swivel at the other, to the single
swivel attach about four feet or less of fine wire the free end being bent on to
the eye of the lip hook already described. The Weight or Sinker must not be
forgotten, as so much depends upon having the bait at the right depth. The
‘Tide Tables given in the daily papers show the great variations in rise and fall,
and the strength of stream naturally varies with the height of tide. A conven-
jent type of weight is an oblong of 2x 14 inches with holes at the two top cor-
ners through which a length of line folded to form a six inch loop, one end of the
weight, and another loop of about an inch at the other end. _ The long loop
is bent through the double swivel and serves for adding extra weight if required,
the free end of casting line is attached to the shorter loop. This form of weight
also serves the purpose of an“ anti-kinker’’ which prevent ones line

16

5388 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVITI..

from twisting. Sinkers may be made of aluminium, brass, and lead ; several of
different weights are necessary, from aluminium which is extremely light to lead
weighing up to six ounces, of course, any other form of sinker will answer the-
purpose, but the thin metal “anti-kinker ” should not be omitted for in practice-
the comfort of it will be appreciated. Of Lines there are many, a very useful

one is a length of about twenty-five yards of number 3 or 4 plaited silk dressed

line, bent on to 100 yards of plaited flax backing. One can cast out twenty~
yards or so of silk dressed line with a turn of the wrist, and the “ anti-kinker ”

referred to above ensures it coming back without twist, every time.

When using live bait, the boat man will procure such in advance or will catch
them with hand lines when the boat is anchored at the place one is angling’
from ; it is always expedient to take a few mullet of about four inches, to
provide against a shortage of live bait; they are generally procurable in the
bazar and may be spun on the same mount. In August and September a four:
inch Silver Devon or a two inch spoon is possibly the best lure on a strong tide, -
and live bait or spun mullet if there is a tide of less than six feet. As the
bottom over most shoals is particularly rough and scraggy, it is better not to.
cast when the tide is low and weak, but to use a float to keep one’s gear from
fouling. The float should be so arranged that it may be easily released when
one has a run, a fixed float meaning almost certain disaster.

When the Bahmin is present in force and on the feed, he takes anything going ©
without being particular as to the manner in which it is offered, at other times
he has to be searched for and humoured. When the stream is running strongly
one has only to pay out line a few yards at a time with a sink and draw
motion, the stream carries out the lure, and the Bahmin will make
his rush. By this method one is always covering the same stretch of bottom
backwards and forwards.

When there are fewer fish about, one needs to cover more ground and search
for them, rather than to hang out ones line in the hope that he will come along’
presently—here let me digress with a note of warning; never to lay down a rod, .
with a baited line in the water, unless first taking the precaution of securing the»
butt, for at any moment a rush may come, and the rod be snatched from.
the boat. An effective and killing method of searching water may
be explained by referring to the dial of a watch and to assume one’s boat is
anchored in the centre with the stream running strongly towards 12 o’clock ;
swing inthe bait and let out from 20to25yardsof line,then with the left:
hand draw in a yard or so of line at a time with a sink and draw motion, coil
up line on seat of boat then cast out about 20 yards or so, so that lure strikes::
the water at about 7-30. The bait sinks with a curve and then rises with a.
curve at about 10 and swings round to 12. Recover line as before and try the:
same cast at 5-30, the bait will sink and rise and continue round to 12 again. .
If not taken, repeat these casts andin successive throws reduce the radius a.
yard or so at a time, until all the water in ? of a radius of about 20 yards near -
the boat has been tried. If no result, leave line out at 12 o’clock, secure the
rod, and rest a few minutes, for it will be fairly safe to assume that no Bahmin .
are present, otherwise in the area of water covered a touch would ‘be almost:
certain. Sometimes he takes a devon or spoon immediately it touches water,
but in most instances, his rush is made when the lure is rising on the upward
curve. One must be particularly careful to feel the lure when it is at right™
angles to the boat, that is about either 9 or 3, as if the current is not strong”
and the weight is heavy one catches the bottom and this means loss of part.
of line with its appendages. If one has the bad luck to get so caught, it is
sometimes possible to get free, by pulling the line nearly taut and to put the:
helm over so that the current will swing the boat over the entangled bait, when.
an upward pull immediately over it, will often effect its release. To get in to-
the proper position to perform this operation, it may be necessary for the:

ANGLING AROUND BOMBAY. 539:

boatman to unhitch and pay out a few more yards of the mooring rope, and it
is expedient to be sure this means is provided for when anchoring, as some
boatmen would let out all the cable at the start.

Occasionally one will observe Bahmin rising and swirling all round the boat
and yet not get a run, at these times plenty of natural food may be in the water,
and he has no use for one’s carefully prepared lure, however a nice prawn or a
small spoon or Silver Devon cast at right angles to the boat, will sometimes
induce him to make a mistake.

Sea water is particularly rough on tackle ; on returning home it is a good plan
to drop all hooks, traces and artificial baits into a basin of water in which a little
common washing soda has been dissolved ;: after a few minutes, remove, drain
and hang up to dry, then oil and put away for further use. Line should be reeled
off into a tub of fresh water, be left to soak for half an hour and then be drawn
through the hand to remove as much water as possible and afterwards be wound
on a line-drier and then be left in a draught until dry ; unless this is done, line
quickly rots. Rusty steel mounts and traces are not safe to use, nothing will
emphasise this more forcibly than the loss of a fish which has made a good
fight and in the end has gained his freedom through defective tackle.

In conclusion, I might say, few boat-men can be trusted to use the gaff; in spite
of coaching they will strike at, instead of pull into, the fish. They make better
use of a landing net. The average weight of Bahmin taken in the Estuary is
seven pounds and fifteen pounds is the limit, out at sea they run heavier. The
tackle described and methods of use are not claimed as __ being
the best, they are at least effective in all round practice and ensure sport.
At Sunk Rock, one may often observe the Light-keepers haul in fish after fish,
by means of a stout pole with a length of signal line to which is attached a
yard of stout brass wire, and for lure a six inch Silver Devon; they are out
to catch, and the fish has no chance, but is simply hauled round to the net if
well hooked. Any one with almost any sort of tackle will catch Bahmin at
times, but there is little satisfaction in going for them with gear which would:
hold a whale. The Bahmin is a really good sporting fish, he stands up to one
and fights to the lastand thereis satisfactionin knowing that the light strong
tackle one is using takes fish when coarser gear does not ; moreover, after
playing a fish he sometimes gets the best of it and is never ours until he lays
kicking in the bottom of the boat, his big eyes seeming to express pom”
at finding himself there. A blow on the head puts him out of his misery, ant
it is well to remember this, especially if a ‘“‘Gobra” comes to the net, as this
fish lives for some hours out of water and one is apt to regret should mS be
ound gasping in the basket when arriving on shore. Bahmin, sae —
and Gobra are quite good for the table, one’s friends appreciate Jreshly ca % f
fish and when a good catch has been made there are Hospitals anc see ai
Institutions where such gifts are. welcome, thus we may have the sei porn :
of knowing that although our sport has entailed the taking of life, the victims.
have in the end fulfilled their natura] destiny.

540

A LIST OF DRAGONFLIES FROM MAHABLESHWAR.
By Masor F. C. Frassp, 1.M.s.

I believe that I am correct in saying that the Mahableshwar Hills have
mot yet been worked for Dragonflies, so profiting by an enforced stay in
India owing to having been granted Home leave, but no passage
wherewith to avail myself of it, I decided that it would help to
:pass away the weary period of waiting if I made a short odonatological
«survey of the above mentioned Hills.

The period embraced was from the 20th Aprilto the 1st May which being
the ultra dry season, it must be confessed, was not the best possible time
of the year for such a survey. However the amateur collector in this
-country can never be more than an opportunist as he is transferred far
‘too often ever to be able to make a complete pro-annual survey of any
district.

Mahableshwar, in spite of its high annual rainfall, is singularly dry
-and the only water I found was a small, rather dirty, artificial lake used
exclusively as a dhobikhanah and a stream which resulted from the water
‘percolating through the band which encloses the lake to the west.

This stream meanders for but a short distance in the dry season and may
be said to terminate at Lingmala, two miles from Mahableshwar, where
‘the water, if the stream has not run dry (The bed of the stream was dry
this year at the foot of the Falls) topples over into the ravine at the head
of the Yenna Valley.

Only one species appears to breed in the lake, but most of the other
‘dragonflies breed in the stream whilst a few ascend from the plains below.

A break in the river at Lingmala, a height of about 4,000 feet, creates
-a gap between the fauna of the hills and that of the plains and also appar-
‘ently isolates a number of plain species which have followed up the
retreating line of water as the stream fails from below upwards. This
following up of the retreating line of water probably accounts for so many
of the plain species enumerated below, attaining to such great altitudes,
which in many cases is more than double that of any previously recorded.

Their isolation is important as it should eventually lead to some differen-
tiation and specialisation, but except for a local race of Aciagrion hisopa
and a brilliantly coloured form of Orthetrum chrysostigma, I failed to find
‘any sign of this taking place at present. It is possible however that a new
Caconeura which I found to be moderately common along the aforemen-
‘tioned stream, is an offshoot of a form common to the Southern Hills and
‘Ceylon. This new species I have named after Dr. Annandale, the present
Director of the Zoological Survey of India.

SysTEMATIC.

’ Aeshnine.

1. Anax guttatus, Burm. Only 3 males seen, 2 of which were hawking
over the stream and the third was settled on atree bordering
the road above the lake.

2. Anaximmaculifrons, Ramb. Very plentiful, indeed more so than I have
ever seen it elsewhere, a circumstance whichis probably due to
the confined limits of its breeding places.

Mamy males were seen at any one time and females which
are usually rare, could quite occasionally be seen in the act of
ovipositing. They were so shy and wary that it was only by
taking an unfair advantage of them as they were partially

A LIST OF DRAGONFLIES FROM MAHABLESHWAR, 54)

submerged in the act of ovipositing,
three specimens. In every case the male attended the female,
hovering in the air about a foot above it and driving off other
covetous males. The capture of the females quite failed to
scare away the protecting males, which with fine courage

returned again and again to the spot until their very persistence
invited capture.

The dimensions of this fine insect are as follows :-—
Male: length 77 mm., expanse 110 mm., hindwing 52 mm.,
abdomen 52 mm., antenodal nervures to forewing 17/18, hind-
wing 11/14. Female: length 82 mm., expanse 128 mm.,.
hindwing 60 mm., abdomen 57 mm., antenodal nervures fore.
wing 21/238, hindwing 15/16. -
Gomphine.

that I managed to take

3. Ictinus, sp. One male seen along stream. It was probably J. rapax.
Libelluline.

4. Potomarcha obscura, Ramb. Only a few specimens seen which were

perched on twigs in jungle below the lake band.

Ortheltrum sabina, Drury. A few specimens in reeds and grass along

the river banks. : .
6. Orthetrum chrysostigma, Brauer. Moderately common along river
banks in the upper reaches of the stream and especially so in
a swamp below the lake band. Adult males were a bright blue
all over but younger specimens had the thorax pale olivaceous.
green marked with black. The species was frequently seen
pairing and ovipositing in the stream.

Orthetrum pruinosum neglectum, Ramb. Several males seen along
upper part of stream, all freshly emerged and not markedly
pruinosed. :

8. Diplacodes trivialis, Ramb. Very common everywhere about the
hills, settled on the ground or hovering close over its surface
on roadsides, in open waste places and more rarely in the
jungle. Only a few were seen along the course of the stream
but it was common on the shore of the lake. Old specimens
were markedly pruinosed, the eyes were a deep ultramine blue

and the stigma was blue from pruinescence. ral

‘9. Neurothemis intermedia intermedia, Heniaes Common in the jungles,

usually settled amongst grasses or reeds.

10. Crocothemis servilia, var erythrea, Fabr. Only a my oe haw 7

of this yellow variety and these usually arounc e sho

the lake. : bso
ects anton Carer eth, hia was the extrem Tinit of the
Dee ce ake 3 t seen further up the stream,

water and that the insect was not se ee rehe nalacehe

ve that it had followed up t e re £ ae

netic toan extraordinary altitude for such a typical

lain species. ‘vet ‘ediult

12 Prithemis Festiva, Fabr. Common along the stream. cet dena

] ere seen strikingly marked with yellow on + re
Bal caly afew of the adults were these markings y
a
aia byt les only seen, one of
13. Trithemis kirbyi kirbyt, Selys. ee me ly below the lake band
hich was on the road side immediately Or ekove ain
vare : ting themselves on the trap rock a ea
coy abana 2 eee vary as usual and | failec
Lingma]> Falls. They were very wary &s8

or

“I

542 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVIII.

to catch any. The orange fascia on the wings was very exten-
sive and combined with the brilliant red of the body, rendered
the insect a most conspicuous object.

14, Trithemis pallidinervis, Kirby. Only a single female taken which
was perched on a twig on the lower slopes of Connaught Peak
4,300 feet., No others were seen, the occurrence of this insect
at such an extraordinary altitude must be very rare.

15. Bradinopyga geminata, Ramb. Only asingle female seen which
was occupying a typical situation for this insect, on trap rock,
Its cryptic colouring harmonised so well with the grey granite
that had it not shifted its position I should have failed to
notice it.

16. Pantala flavescens, Fabr. Moderately common. Usually seen.
hovering over roads and open spaces throughout the hills. I
saw one in the Gymkhana garden one evening, hawking mosqui-
toes until it was quite dark.

17. Tramea limbata, Ramb. Not common. A few specimens seen in
company with Pantala in similar situations to that insect and a
single specimen taken beside the stream. The ground colour-
ing of the abdomen in this male was more nearly crimson than

. reddish-brown. The basal wing marking was simple.

18. Tramea basilaris burmeistert, Burm. Common in company with
Pantala. A very familiar insect along all the roads in Maha-
bleshwar.

Corduliine.

19. Epophthalmia, sp. Several specimens seen, usually flying high or
swiftly along the roads or in open spaces in the jungles. I
failed to take any but they appeared to be ZL. frontalis.

20. Macromia cingulata, Ramb. Several seen but only one male
captured. The dimensions and appearance of this specimen
compare closely with my specimens taken in Poona and are as
follows :—

Length 61mm., hindwing 37 mm., abdomen 45 mm. ante-
nodal nervures to forewing 12, hindwing 8. Stigma black.
Costa black for its inner three quarters. In addition to the
usual markings on the abdomen, there is a moderately large,
basal, lateral bordering spot of yellow on the 9th segment.

Libellagine.

21. Rhinocypha bisignata, Selys. Only 3 specimens seen, 2 males and
a female, taken over a pool at Lingmala. They do not differ
more from type than can be explained by the usual slight varia-
tions inherent in members of this sub-family. This species is
usually taken at an altitude of from 2,000 to 2,500 feet, whereas
Lingmala is at an altitude of 4,000 feet.

22. Ceriagrion coromandelianum, Fabr. Oniy a single specimen seen, a
male which was settled on grass beside the stream.

23. Agriocnemis pygymea, Ramb. Uncommon. A few males and a female
taken over a shallow pool beside the road, immediately below
the lake band.

24. Ischnura aurora, Brauer. Not uncommon amongst low grass and
herbage beside the upper part of the stream. In all the males,
there is a triangular or oval, black spot at the apex of the 6th
abdominal segment which may or may not be connected to the
apical, black ring. At the base of the 8th segment, there is

A LIST OF DRAGONFLIES FROM MAHABLESH WAR. 548

a black, triangular marking and in some specimens the apex of
the 7th segment bears a blue annule, incomplete in the middle
of dorsum. This blue annule in one specimen, is indicated by
two minute blue spots lying within the black, and there are

two similar spots of blue lying within the black on the dorsal
surface of the 10th segment.

25. Pseudagrion decorum, Ramb. Only a single female seen, no males

seen or taken.

26. Pseudagrion hypermelas, Selys. Moderately common along the
upper reaches of the stream.

27. Aciagrion pallidum, Selys. One female taken in dense jungle near
the upper part of stream.

28. Aciagrion hisopa, race krishna, nov. The ground colouring of the

prothorax, thorax and of the post-ocular spot is a deep lilac blue,
which unfortunately fades after death or in alcohol. In the
male the last 3 segments of the abdomen are of a royal, purplish
blue, with, in a few specimens only, a small, elongated spot of
black on the sides of the 8th segment. There is also quite
occasionally a basal and mid-dorsal marking of black on the
10th segment. The ground colouring of the female is a pale greenish;
yellow, the 9th and 10th segments only being royal blue. Oceasion-
ally the apical border of the 8th segment is blue and frequently
the basal third of the 9th is black, so that the blue on the 8th is
enclosed and appears as a broad, blue annule.

Prior to a series of heavy thunderstorms, on the 23rd May,
a large number of these insects emerged from the water. In their
tenera} condition they were useless as specimens, and so a few days
later I went to collect the adult specimens, but found the insects
quite scarce, especially the females which had apparently penetrated
into the surrounding jungle. ,

Incidentally I may mention that I have often noticed that the
simultaneous emergence of a large number of dragonflies infallibly
portends heavy rain. This emergence was not a coincidence as two
other species participated at the same time. What obscure instinct
prompts this quickening, it is hard to say, but it is certain that
insects, as a rule, can give a far better forecast of the monsoon than
our most talented meteorologists.

29. Copera marginipes, Ramb. Common. Large numbers of white, teneral
specimens appeared on the same date as the previous. They
frequented the scrub lining the banks of the stream throughout the
whole of its course. :

30. Caconeura annandalei, sp. nov. Males moderately common, females
very rare, especially after the 23rd May, on which date most of the
species emerged. No adult forms were seen until the 26th. 4

Male: Length 35°5 mm., abdomen 29 mm., hindwing 20 ar
postnodal nervures, forewing variable 13/16, hindwing constant a
Head : labrum ochreous with a black spot at the base; sides of face
pale, rest of head velvety black, except in not fully adult forms be
which there is a more or less obscure reddish line ang t ae
vertex at the level of the anterior ocellus. Eyes ceeangr atl n
above, pale green below and with ts broad, equatorial belt of brown

ing the two colours abruptly. ;
eee black in adults nit vale Sarita bright yellow
i in continuation of the hume De
Bie aod as follows :—bright ee ee ee
bands with a golden sheen which taper posteriorly, two broad,

544. JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVILI.

yellow bands on the sides separated by a diffuse band of black. The
upper band, especially in adults, is clouded with ochreous approxi-
mating to red in some specimens.

Legs black with a yellow annule at the base of the femora and
a bright yellow stripe in the length of the extensor surface of the
tibie.

Abdomen, ground colour white or creamy, marked broadly with
black. The latter obscures most of the ground colouring on the
dorsum and sides but small basal spots are left on the 2nd to 7th
segments and the ventrum and middle portion of the sides are
yellowish. There is a very fine, middorsal, ochreous line on the 2nd
to 4th and sometimes 5th segments.

Wings hyaline; stigma pale-brown. ‘The nervure ab is vestigial in
all specimens and Cw’ is only 3 cells in length.

Anal appendages robust black and not differing from the generic
type.

The teneral male approximates to the colouring of the female. The
humeral and lateral bands are creamy instead of red or ochreous.
The white colouring on the abdomen is more in evidence and there:
is a broad, creamy white stripe on the vertex of the head replacing
the obscure reddish one. ‘The black on the thorax has not the deep
velvety appearance of the adult. The superior anal appendages are
white.

Female: Length 35°5 mm., abdomen 30 mm., hindwing 20 mm.,
post nodal nervures, forewing 13/15, hindwing constant 12.

Markings very similar to those of the male but no other colouring
save ivory white and black. The labrum dirty white or brownish,
The humeral line white and broader than inthe male. The basal
spots on the abdominal segments are larger and form almost com-
plete, basal annules. The black encloses an obscure, white spot at.
the side of the apex of each segment and there is a creamy white,
middorsal stripe on segments 8, 9 and 10. The apical borders of the:
10th segment and the anal appendages are white. A fine, middorsal
pale brown stripe on all segments from 2 to 7.

Hab. Settled on ferns, grasses or twigs along the whole length of
the stream from its origin to Lingmala. Females keep to the jungle
in the near neighbourhood.

Chloroneura quadrimaculata, Ramb. Common around lake; generally
keeping to the shelter afforded by the stone walls. Found also in
various sections of the river where it passes through ravines. A good
number were seen at Lingmala. Mr. F. H. Gravely has found this.
insect in the Yenna Valley so that it apparently has a continuous
distribution from Mahableshwar 4,500 ft. to Satara, ca 2,500ft. I
have traced its distribution from Satara to Khandala atthe top:
of the ghat overlooking the Bombay plains from which latter however
itis absent. 2,000 ft. I believe is about its lower limit.

545
BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY’S
MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON.
Report No. 38, High Wavy Mounrains, Mapura Disrricr.

By R. C. Wroueuron, F.z.s.

COLLECTION ... ce, ae NOME

OCALITY’ ... Mas ... High Wavy Mountain.

DATE ee bt ie SMag L O17:

COLLECTED BY ie By doeeitce sgl ION mo 71 gh

EARLIER REPoRTs :— .. .. For previous reports, see Vols,

XXV., pp. 472, 1918, and XXVI,
pp. 1025 & 1031.

This Collection was made by Mr. S. H. Prater for the Mammal!
Survey. The area dealt with is very restricted, comprising about
10 square miles. The locality is the small town of Kambam and a
Forest Hut and clearing 10 miles away by a Forest Road, on top
of a precipitous hill, 2.e., the High Wavy Mountain.

The area is described by Fr. Blatter elsewhere in this Journal
(Vol. XXV., p. 290) from which I extract the following :—

The lower slopes of the mountain are well covered with deciduous
forest above which is a belt of bare, rocky grass land.

The top of the hill consists of an undulating plateau, at about
5,100', perhaps 15 square miles in area which is entirely covered
with a continuous dense evergreen forest which runs down in long
irregular shaped masses for a considerable distance into the valleys
on either side.

The very great proportion of the specimens were taken at
Kambam, and though of interest from the point of view of distri-
bution, ¢.g., in the case of Leggadilla siva, there is nothing new to
the list of the Survey.

Among the 20 specimens from the mountain however are two
small animals which seem to be rather young; unfortunately only
one skull accompanied the two skins, and still more unfortunately
this was destroyed in cleaning and it is now impossible to even place
the specimens generically with any confidence.

The following in alcohol accompanied the other specimens :—
Funamb. palmarum, L.

3S sublineatus, Waterh.
Tatera cuviert, Waterh.
Millardia meltada, Gray
Rattus r, wroughtoni, Hint.
Leqadilla siva, Thos. & Ryl.
Leggada booduga, Gray

Cynopt. sphinz, Vahl
Hippos, atratus, Kel...
Meyad. s. horsfieldi. Blyth
Pipist. mimus, Wrought.
Taphoz. longimanus, Hardw.
Orocidura, sp.

Re pp ee ate
Be oe bee

\7

646 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVILI,

Including these the Collection contains 125 specimens of 24
forms divided among 21 genera.

(1) Macaca stntoa, L.
The Bonnet Monkey.
(Synonymy in No. 5.)
Kambam, ¢ 3, 2 l.
(2) CyNoprEeRus sPHINXx, Vahl.
The Common Plantain Bat.
(Synonymy in No. 4.)
Kambam, ¢ 3, @ 1.

(3) MercaDERMA SPASMA HORSFIELDI, Blyth.
The Malabar Megaderm.

1863. Megaderma horsfieldi, Blyth., Cat. Mamm. Mus., p. 23.
1918. Megaderma spasma_ horsfieldi, K. Andersen, A.M.N.H., 9. 11.
p. 384.

High Wavy Mountains, dl, @ l.

This species was also obtained by the Survey in Dharwar, Kanara and ,
Coorg. In the Reports on these collections it was entered as MW. s. ini-
folium. The present sub-species was differentiated by K. Andersen in 1918
(AS YEON EE Onl, spi93):

(4) LLyropDERMA LyRA, Geof.

The Indian Vampire Bat.

(Synonymy in No. 1.)
Kambam, ¢ l.

(5) HippostpERus atratus, Kelaart.
The Ceylon Leaf-nose.
1852. Hipposiderus atratus, Kelaart, Prod. Faun. Zeyl., p. 16.

Kambam, ¢ 2, 2 4.

This form has already been taken by the Survey in Ceylon, Bengal and
Tenasserim. It was recorded however in the Reports as fulvus. It was
conceded specific rank by K. Andersen in 1918 (A. M.N. H. 9. 11, p. 380).

(6) PrpistRELLUS MIMUS, Wrought.
The Southern Dwarf Pipistrel.
(Synonymy in No. 1.)
(7) TapHozous LoNcimaNus, Hardw.
The Long-armed Sheath-tail.
(Synonymy in No. 6.)
Kambam, ¢ l, 2 2.

One of these specimens appears tobe a partial albino, a phase which
seems to be not uncommon in this species.

(8) PacHyurRa, sp.
The Musk-rat.
Kambam, ¢ 3.

MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON. 547

(9) Herrrstes ruscus, Waterh,

The Malabar Mongoose,
(Synonymy in No. 11.)
High Wavy Mountains, 5,000, ¢ 1.

(10) HeRprstes EDWARDSI ELLIOTI, Wrought.

(Synonymy in No. 1) under Mungos mungo,

Mr. Thomas has given me the following note to explain the change in
name above.

With regard to the name here used for the Indian Mongoose it has been
recently pointed out by Dr. J. A. Allen of New York, that the animal on
which the earlier names Mungos mungo were based was really a South Afri-
can Banded Mongoose, to which those names, both generic and specific
should therefore be transferred.

After careful examination of the literature concerned we are prepared to
accept this conclusion, which results in the old and well-known term
Herpesies again becoming available for the ordinary Mongooses.

With regard to the specific name of the Common Mongoose, we find that
the earliest available is edwardsi, which was given in 1812 by Geoffrey (Descr.
de 1l’Egypte. '1, pp. 138, 139. 1812) to Edwards’s figure (Birds, pl. 199, 1750)
of a specimen which lived in captivity in London and was clearly an
example of the common Indian species.

The indistinct stripes shown in this plate and mentioned in the descrip-
tion, are evidently merely the artist’s method of illustrating the annulations
of the fur, so marked in the Mongoose.

(11) Canis narnia. Wrought.
The South Indian Jackal.
Kambam, dl, 2 1.

This species has been taken many times by the Survey but is recorded in
the Reports (Nos. 5, 6, 9, 11, and 22) as C. indicus. It was separated from
that species by myself in this Journal, Vol. XXIV, p. 651.

(12) VuLPEs BENGALENSIS, Shaw.
The Indian Fox.
(Synonymy in No. 1.)

Kambam, ¢ 1, @2 1.

(13) Rarura rnpica maxima, Schreber.
The Malabar Giant Squirrel.

1784. Sciurus maximus, Schreber, Saugth. IV; p. 784. ;
1786, Sciurus malabaricus, Scopoli Del. Faun. Flor. Ins. LL, p. 85.
1891. Sciurus indicus, Blanford, Mamm. No. 239. p. 372, var. 3.

High Wavy Mountains 5,000’'—6,000', ¢ 3, 2 1.
This is the first time the Survey has found this form of the common red

giant squirrel.
(14) FuNaMBULUS PALMARUM PALMARUM, L.
The Madras Palm Squirrel.
(Synonymy in No. 2.)

Kambam, ¢ 4 (I juv.), 2 3.

548 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII,

(15) FUNAMBULUS SUBLINEATUS, Waterh.
The Malabar Pigmy Squirrel.
(Synonymy in No. 11).

High Wavy Mountains, 5 2, 92 2.
The species has already been taken by the Survey in Coorg.

(16) Tarra cuviERI, Waterh.

The Madura Antelope Rat.

1838. Gerbillus cuviert, Waterhouse, P. Z.8.; p. 56.
1891. Gerbillus indicus, Blanford, Mamm. No. 264 (partim).

Kambam, ¢ 5, 2 2.
This species has already been received from Bellary and Mysore, in the

Reports however it was labelled as indica, on the other hand the specimens
from Ceylon reported originally as cuviers proved ultimately to be ceylonica.
The genus is dealt with in this Journal, Vol. XXV,-p. 40, et seq., 1917.

(17) Mitnarpia MELTADA, Gray.
The Dekhan Metad.
(Synonymy in No, 1.)
hkambam, d 6, 2 2. —
(18) Banpicota MaLaBaRica, Shaw.
The Malabar Bandicoot.
(Synonymy in No. 5.)
Kambam, dg 1, 2 l.
(19) Gunomys Kok, Gray.
The Common Mole-rat.
(Synonymy in No. 1.)
Kambam, d 6.
(20) Rarrus RAITUS WROUGHTONI, Hint.

The Nilgirt Tree Rat.
1918. Rattus rattus wroughtont, Hinton, J. B. N. H. 8. XXVI., p. 62.
High Wavy Mountains 5,000,’ ¢ 4.
(21) GoLUNDA ELLIOTI, Gray.

The Indian Bush Rat.
‘ (Synonymy in No. 1).
Kambam, ¢ 2 (1. juv.).
(22) Leaeapa, Sp. ?
Kambam, ¢ 2 (5,000’).
These two specimens reached here with only one skull and I regret to say
that was destroyed in cleaning. From acursory examination of the un-

cleaned skull I believe they belong to the Genus Leggada. Both are young
and the only specimen at all resembling them is that of Leggada famula.

MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON. 549

(23) Leaeapa soopvaa, Gray.

The Indian Wild Mouse.

(Synonymy in No. 1,
Kambam, ¢ 4, 9 2. Sree oe

(24) Leraaapinua stva, Thos, & Ryl.
The Mysore Leggadil.

(Synonymy in No. 9.)
Kambam, ¢ 4, ? 4,

The type was taken by the Survey in S. Mysore but i
was known until these arrived. ok any Rice ieee

Report No, 34, TRAvANcorE.

By R. C. Wrovuauton, F. Z. S.

COLLECTION at a3, NO. 34:

LOcALIty ... tee .... Travancore.

DATE ae a ... May to November 1915.
COLLECTED BY... Soe A areata

EARLIER REPORTS .. .. For previous reports see Vol,

XXV, p. 472, 1918, and XXVI
p.1025 and 1031.

This collection was made for the Mammal Survey by Mr. R. S.
Pillay. It represents the Fauna of the Travancore State, which
stretches North and South, between the Sea and the Western Ghats
from the Cochin boundary, about 10 N. Latitude to Cape Comorin.

There is nothing of outstanding interest in the collection but it
is interesting to obtain specimens of true F. tristriatus (for the
first time by the Survey).

Mr. Pillay has in each case given the Tamil and Malayan names
and these are recorded in the Report.

I think the present is a favourable occasion to record the re-
appearance of Vivera civettina.

This animal was decribed by Blyth from Malabar so long ago as
1862 (J. A. S. B. XXXI, p. 322) and was then stated to be not
uncommon, yet from then till now no other specimen has been
taken until the Society obtained two which had lived and died in
the Trivandrum Zoological Gardens.

The following is a detailed list of the forms in the collection ;
they are 25 in all, divided among 23 genera :—

(1) Macaca stnica, L.
The Bonnet Monkey.
Tam.:—Korangu ; Mal:.—Koraiigu.
(Synonymy in No. 5.)
Boothaundy, 2 2.

650 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. AXVIT,

(2) Pirnecus Priam, L.

The Madras Langur.
Tam.:—Vella Manthi ; Mal.:—Manthi.
(Synonymy in No, 13.)
Aramboli, ¢ 1.
(3) PreRopus GIcaNtEUs, Brunn.

The Indian Flying Fox.
Tam.:—Vavval; Mal.:—Vauval.
(Synonymy in No. 2.)
Trevandrum ¢ 1; Chalay 9 2; Mudavarum g 2; 2 1.
(4) RovseTTUs LESCHENAULTI, Desm.

The Indian Rouset.
Tam. and Mal.:— Narichel (Bat generally).
(Synonymy in No. 11.)
Suchundrum, ¢ 2, 2 1; Mylandy, 2 2; Terur, Q 1.
(5) Cynoprerus sPpHINx, Vahl.

The Common Plantain Bat.
(Synonymy in No. 4.)
Vulany, ¢ 2, 2 1; Kalli, g 1, 9 1; Azhur, ¢ I.
(6) HzipposipERos sPEoRIS, Schreb,

Schneider's Leaf-nose.
(Synonymy in No, 5, under Dukhunensis.)

Nagercoil, ¢ 3, 2 1; Arambol, g 2, 2 6.
Dr. Andersen revived this name for dukhunensis as used in these Reports
(A. M.N. H. 9, 11, p. 383, 1918).

(7) LyropERMA Lyra, Geoff.
The Indian Vampire Bat.
(Synonymy in No. 1.)
Azhur, ¢ l.

(8) RHINOPOMA HARDWICKEI, Geoff.

Hardwicke's Mouse-tail,
(Synonymy in No, 3.)
Marungoor, d 1, 22.

(9) TapHozous MELANOPOGON, Temm.

The Black-bearded Sheath-tail.
(Synonymy in No. 1.)
Nagercoil, 9 3; Cape Comorin, g 1 (no skull).

Suchnudrum, ¢ 1, 2 4 (2 skulls missing), Bheemanagari, g 1
(no skull).

°

MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON.

or
co
——

(10) Pacnyura, Sp.
The Musk Rat,

Tam.:—Nachali.
Trevandrum, 9 5.

(11) Fexis arrints, Gray.
The Jungle Cat.
Tam.:—Veruthu or Vallipuli; Mal.:—Kauthu Vanken.
(Synonymy in No. 1.)
Bheemanagari, 2 1 (juv.). —
(12) Parapoxurus nicEr, Desm.
The Southern Manoori,
Tam. :—Maranany ; Mal.:—Pazhavunny.
Bhoothapaundy, 2 1 (juv.)
(18) Lurra TaRayeEnsis, Hodg.
The Smooth Indian Otter.
Tam. :—Niru-Kuka ; Mal. :—Dalwai-Bek.
(Synonymy in No. 7 under L. macrodus).
Ankulam Lagoon, Trevandrum, ¢ 1.
Hodgson’s name is older than Gray’s macrodus,
(14) HeERpestEs EDWARDSI ELLIOTI, Wrough.
The Carnatic Mongoose.
(Synonymy in No. 21.)
Tam.:—Keeripillai; Mal. :—Keeri.
Killiar (Trevandrum), ¢ 2; Tambanur, 2 2; Trevandrum, d 1,
Oe:
(15) FUNAMBULUS PALMARUM COMORINUs, Wrough.
The Travancore Palm Squirrel.
Tam. :—Anil; Mal. :—Annan.

1905. Funambulus palmarum comorinus, Wroughton, J. B. N. H. 8. XVI
p. 411.

Kulatoor ¢ 1; 2.1; Nagercoil 6 5 94; Aramboly ¢ 1, 2 1;
Pazhadur ¢ 4, 2 5; Boothpaundy ¢ 2, 2 1; Thalakady ¢ 1,
Onl:
(16) FonamBuLus tTRIsTRIATUS, Waterh.
The Forest Palm Squirrel.
Tam. :—Anil; Mal.:—Annan.
(Synonymy in No. 5.)
Ariachalay, 2 1; Valoy ¢ 2, 2 1; Azhur, 6 1, 9 1.
(17) Tarera cuviexi, Waterh.
The Madura Antelope Rat.
Tam. :—Velleli ; Mal, :—Vayaleli.
1838. Gerbillus cuvieri, Waterhouse, P. L. 8. p. 56.

552 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII.

1891. Gerbdillus indica, Blanford, Mamm. No. 264.
Valey ¢ 2, 9 1; Aakalum ¢ 2 (1. juv.); Trevandrum 9 1;
Azhur ¢ 1; Nagercoil 2 2; Aramboly 9 1 (1. juv.).
Bhootapaundy 2 1 juv.
(18) Banpicora MaLaBaRica, Shaw.
The Malabar Bandicoot.
Tam. :—Perichazhi.
(Synonymy in No. 5.)
Trevandrum, 9 4; Vellany, ¢ 1 Bhootapaundy, 2? 1;
Thalakady, 2 1.
(19) Gunomys Kok, Gray.
The Southern Mole Rat.
Tam.:—Avayan or Perichazhi.
(Synonymy in No. 1.)
Vellany, ¢ 1 juv.; Pennamangalum, gd l.

(20) Rarrus RATTUS RUFESCENS, Gray.
The Indian House Rat.
Tam. :—Yelli.
(Synonymy in No. 1.)
Aramboly ¢ 1, 2 2; Chakkay 9 1; Thalakady 2 1;
Pazhuvur ¢ 1, 9 3; Nagercoil g 2, 9 2.
(21) Ratrrus RATTUS WROUGHTONI, Hint.
The Nilgirt Tree Rat.
1918. Rattus raitus wroughtoni, Hinton, J. B. N.H.S. XXVI,p. 62.
Trevandrum ¢ 4, 2 6; Vellany 2 2; Valey Q 2.

Chakkay ¢ 1; Kadiuam Lagoon ¢ 1; Azhur ¢ 2, 9 1;
Pazhadur ig 1; .O) 1:

(22) Mus vrsanus, Hodg.
The Indian House Mouse.
Tam. and Mal. :—Handeli.
(Synonymy in No. 5.)
Trevandrum ¢ 6, 9 3; Chalay 2 2.

The oldest name dubius Hodg. proves to be preoccupied by aS. Ame-
rican species, Hodgson’s name urbanus must therefore be used.

(23) Lreeapa Boopuca, Gray.
The Indian Wild Mouse.
(Synonymy in No. 1.)
Chenkody ¢ 2, 9 3; Azhur ¢ 1; Vellany 2 1; Cape
Comorin ¢ 1, 2 3.
(24) Lepus nieRiconuis, Cuv.
The Black-naped Hare.
Tam. :—Muyal. ; Mal:—Chevian.

(Synonymy in No. 5.)
Payyakaad ¢ 1. ,

MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON.

553
(25) Manis crasstcaupata, St. Hill.
The Indian Pangolin.
Tam. :—Azhungoo.
(Synonymy in No, 3.)
Alyanaad ? 1 juv.
Report No. 85, Prone.
By R. C. Wrovucuton, F.Z.S.
COLLECTION ae 5 Nos eat
LOCALITIES ae ... Prome.
ATH... oe ... Sept. 1916 to Feb. 1917.
COLLECTED BY ... ... J. M.D. Mackenzie.
Earlier Reports:— .. .. For previous reports, see Vol. XXV.,
p. 472, 1918, and XXVI, p, 1025
and 10381.

This is a small collection made by Mr. J. M. D. Mackenzie,
I.F.S., in the Southern part of Prome and is in fact a continuation
northwards of his Pegu collection, which has already been reported
upon (No. 29). The forms now sent are constantly identical
with those obtained in Pegu or further South by the Survey, and
it is evident that here we have not reached the boundary line of
the fauna reported on from Mt. Popa and northwards (No. 16).

There are in all 54 specimens representing 13 forms in as many
genera.

The following is a detailed list of the specimens :—

(1) Macaca assamensis, McCl.
The Assam Macaque.
(Synonymy in No. 16.)
Theme, 35 miles S. E. of Prome, 2 2 (1 juy.)
(2) PirHecus MELAMERUS, Ell.
The Shan Langur.

1909. Presbytis melamerus, Elliot, A. M. N. H.S. IV, p. 267.
1917. Pithecus shanicus, Wroughton, J. B. N. H.S. XXV, p. 46,
30 miles S. E, of Prome, dg 1, 21.

(3) Mrcaperma spasMa MeEpIvM, K. And.
The Malay Megaderm.

1918. Megaderma spasma medium, K. Andersen, A.M.N.H., 911, p. 383.
30 miles. S. E. of Prome, ¢ 2.
Members of this species (spasma) have of course been received over re
over again in the Survey Collection, but it is only comparatively lately
that Dr. Andersen has distinguished 7 sub-species, of which 5 are repre-
sented in our area. Hitherto they have been reported as spasma trifolium,
but it may be helpful to record the following :—Specimens from Erp ar,
Kanara, Coorg, and High Wavy Mountain are- M. s. ho af i; tr
Ceylon, M. s. ceylonense; from Chindwin M. s. majus; Pegu, Tenaseeri
and Prome M. s. medium; Mt. Popa M. s. minus.

18

554 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVIII.

(4) TuPala BELANGERI, Wagn.
The Pegu Three Shrew.
(Synonymy in No. 17.)
35 miles S. E. of Prome, ¢ 2.
(5) PrravurRista CINERACEUS, Blyth.
The Tenasserim Flying Squirrel.
(Synonymy in No. 29.)
35—40 miles S. E. of Prome, ¢ 1, 9 1.

This is the first mention of this species in the Survey List. It was
originally described from Arakan.

(6) RaTUFA PHAEOPEPLA MARANA, Thos, and Wrough.
The Mt. Popa Giant Squirrel.
(Synonymy in No. 16.)
30 miles 8. KE. of Prome, g1, 2 1.
(7) CaLLoscIuRUS FERRUGINEUS, T. Cuv.

The Burmese Bay Squirrel.
(Synonymy in No. 16.)
Theme, 35 miles 8. E. of Prome, ¢ 1, 9 2; 30 miles 8. E. of
Promega eel

(8) TomruTEs PYGERYTHRUS, Geoff.

The Pegu Squirrel.

(Synonymy in No. 29.)
Theme, 35 miles S. E. of Prome g 8, 2 7; 30 miles 8S. E. of
Prome ¢ 3, 9 2. 40 miles S. E. of Prome ¢ 2.

(9) Mernertes BERDMOREI, Blyth.
The Tenasserim Ground Squirrel.
(Synonymy in No. 17.)
35 miles S. E. of Prome 9 1.
(10) TAMIoPS MACCLELLANDI BARBEI, Blyth.
The Burmese Dwarf Squirrel.

(Synonymy in No. 14.)
35 miles S. E. of Prome 9 3.

(11) Rarrus Rattus KHYENSIS, Hint.
The Shan Tree Rat.

1918. Ratus ratus khyensis, Hinton J. B. N. H. 8. XXVI. p. 60.
Theme, 30 miles 8. E. of Prome 92 1.

(12) Gunomys varius, Thos.
The Malay Mole Rat.

(Synonymy in No. 17.)
Prome ¢ 8, 2 1; Tharrawaddy ¢ 3, Q 1.

(18) Cannomys pater, Thos.
The Mt. Popa Bamboo Rat.

(Synonymy in No. 29.)
35—40 miles S. E. of Prome ¢ 2.

—_—-

Leena il Ca ata = =

*1supv.d auoydis.a,,

| 938d

‘19yo} eoAT A OSIPLLYG Uerpuy Oy} JO ISON

‘shuaboone) seispdjon

6

[oq{ng poyxeoyo-o71 MA OY9 JO ISONT

‘20S 3SIH ‘}@N Aequiog “uanor

i

555

A LIST OF THE BIRDS OF DHARMSALA.

BY
CapTaIn R, W. G. Hineston, M.c., M.B., 1.M.8.
(With three Plates and one Text Figure.)

The birds mentioned in this list represent a collecti
slope of that portion of the Lesser aomalaye sea ie eee ee
in the immediate vicinity of Dharmsala. The range itself stands as an im sales
barrier along the northern flank of the Kangra Valley. It rises here to a height
ot i ect. 17,000 feet and is clothed with forest up to an altitude of about

I have made mention only of those species which I have seen within the actual
limits of the range, though some of them ascend no higher than the very foot-
hills. My observations have been confined to altitudes above 4,000 feet, and I
have no concern with the distribution of species below that level. Most of my
remarks refer to the subject of local vertical migration and to the altitudinal
limits within which the different species are confined. My observations were,
made over a period of no more than nine months, from November 1918 to July
1919. They cannot, therefore, be considered in any way complete. Nevertheless
mes may serve as a foundation on which others can build with further accuracy
and precision.

I am much indebted to Mr. C. H. Donald, F.Z.S., for his kindness and assis-
tance especially with regard to the identification of Birds of Prey. Indeed,
without his help in this matter, I have no doubt that the following list of birds
would have been still more incomplete :---

The Jungle Crow—Corvus macrorhynchus.

A resident species. Common, noisy, ubiquitous. Widespread over both
the valley and the range. In summer many birds leave the valley to ascend
to cooler heights. Observed in summer as high as 15,000 feet.

The Yellow-billed Blue Magpie—Urocissa flavivostris.

Abundant, resident. Keeps to the wooded areas of the range. In winter
collects into small parties that love to associate with a flock of jays. A
local migrant that moves up and down the slope in accordance with the
change of season. Its winter zone on the range is between 4,000 and 7,000
feet ; its summer zone between 6,000 and 9,000 feet.

The Indian Tree-pie—Dendrocitta rufa.

A bird of the Kangra Valley. Not common. Occasionally seen at the
very foot of the range, but not observed above 4,000 feet.

The Black-throated Jay—Garrulus lanceolatus.

Uncommon, I suppose a resident. Seen occasionally on the northern
slopes of Dharmkote between 6,000 and 7,000 feet.

The Himalayan Jay—Garrulus bispecularis. r

Arare bird in these parts. Met with on one occasion only, in the Keytal
nullah at 6,300 feet.

The Red-billed Chough—Graculus eremita. :

A common and noisy resident of the snow-line. Keeps almost exclusively
to the alpine pastures. Moves slightly up and down the slope in accordance
with the change of season. In winter may descend as low as 8,000 feet ;
in summer ascends as high as 14,000 or 15,000 feet.

The Yellow-billed Chough—Pyrrhocorax alpinus. ! :

Resident on the snow-line. Less common than the red-billed species.
Both these Choughs haunt the same elevations, move up and down the
slope within the same altitudinal limits and intermingle in a common flock.

056 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII,

The Indian Grey Tit—Parus atriceps.

Common, familiar, resident. Usually seen in pairs or small parties.
Less inclined than other tits to associate in the insectivorous troops.
Frequents the Kangra Valley and ascends the range in summer to at least
9,000 feet.

The Green-backed Tit—Parus monticola.

Resident. The most common tit of the range. Seen everywhere, usually
in the company of creepers, warblers and other insectivorous birds.
A local migrant up and down the slope in accordance with the change of
season. In winter keeps to the main valley and a low-lying zone along the
range up to 6,500 feet ; in summer ascends to a higher altitudinal zone
between 6,000 and 9,000 feet. Nest taken at 6,000 feet.

‘The Red-headed Tit—Aoithaliscus erythrocephalus.

Another common, resident species. One of the most familiar members of
the hunting flocks of insectivorous birds. Moves little, if at all, in accord-
ance with the change of season. Seen up to 7,500 feet.

The Yellow-cheeked Tit—Machlolophus xanthogenys.

Resident and fairly common. Frequently seen between 5,000 and 7,000
feet.

The Crested Black Tit—Lophophanes melanolophus.

Abundant, resident. A tit of higher altitudes than any of the previous
Species. A common member of the troops of hunting birds. Moves up
and down the slope in accordance with the change of season. In winter
descends to the valley and haunts the hill-side up to 7,000 feet ; in summer
ascends to higher zone between 7,500 and 10,000 feet.

The Brown Crested Tit—Lophophanes dichrous.

Uncommon. Probably resident. Seen near tree-limit in summer at
11,000 feet.

The Red-headed Laughing-Thrush—Tochalopterum erythrocephalum.

A common species. Resident and a great skulker in the trees. In winter
collects into small parties that keep to the thickest jungle. Moves up and
down the slope in accordance with the change of season. In winter
occupies a low zone on the range between 4,000 and 7,000 feet ; in summer
ascends to a higher zone between 7,000 and 11,000 feet.

The Eastern Variegated Laughing-Thrush—T'rochalopterum variegatum.

Abundant, resident, noisy. A local migrant that moves up and down the
slope in accordance with the change of season. In winter remains on
the range between 4,000 and 7,000 feet. In summer ascends to the
rhododendron scrub near the limit of the trees between 7,000 and 11,000
feet.

The Himalayan Streaked Laughing-Thrush—T'rochalopterum lineatum. .

The commonest of the laughing-thrushes. Resident on the range.
Skulks in the long grass and undergrowth. Moves up and down the slope
in accordance with the change of season. In winter decends to the valley
and occupies a low mountain zone between 4,000 and 6,500 feet. In
summer ascends to a higher zone between 6,000 and 9,500 feet. Its
summer haunts are, therefore, confined to an altitudinal belt somewhat
lower than the two preceding species. Nests taken between 6,000 and
7,000 feet.

The Common Babbler—Argya caudata.

Not very common. A resident. Frequents the valley and ascends the

slopes of the range to a height of 7,000 feet.
The Jungle Babbler—Crateropus canorus.

Common in the Kangra Valley. Comes to the foot of the range. Not

seen to ascend the hill-side above 4,000 feet.

A LIST OF THE BIRDS OF DHARMSALA.

The Red-billed Babbler—Stachyrhidopsis pyrrhops.

Fairly common. A resident. In winter collects into small flocks that

keep to the scrub and heavy undergrowth. Ascends at least to 6,500 feet.
The Plain-brown Tit-Babbler—Proparus vinipectus.

Rare. Probably resident. Taken on one occasion only, on the northern
slope of Dharmkote at 6,500 feet. It was in the company of a troop of
hunting birds.

The Himalayan Whistling-Thrush—Myiophoneus temmincki.

Common, resident, ubiquitous. Haunts every mountain stream; also
frequents dry nullahs and wooded rocky slopes. A local migrant. Moves
up and down the hill-side in accordance with the change of season. In
winter descends to the valley and keeps to alow mountain zone between
4,000 and 8,000 feet. In summer ascends toa high zone between 6,000
and 11,000 feet. Nests taken between 6,000 and 7,000 feet.

The Indian Blue Chat—Larvivora brunnea.

Fairly common. A summer visitor to the range. Most probably

winters in the Kangra valley. In summer ascends to at least 7,000 feet.
The Black-headed Sibia—Lioptila capistrata.

A conspicuous resident species. Common onthe range in winter.
Seems exclusively arboreal in its habits. A local migrant. Moves up and
down the slope in accordance with the change of season. In winter remains
in a low mountain zone between 4,500 and 6,500 feet. In spring ascends to
higher elevations, but I have not been able to find its summer haunts in
this area of the range. It is possible that this species may pursue a local
east to west migration in addition to its ascent and descent.

The Stripe-throated Siva—Siva strigula.

Common on the range in winter. Collects in flocks which associate with
tits, warblers and other insectivorous birds. Inclined to skulk in the
thicker trees. A local migrant. Moves up and down the slope in accordance
with the change of season. In winter keeps to a low zone between 4,000
and 7,000 feet. I have not seen it during the summer in this part of the
range. As in the case of the Sibia, I suspect that this bird also may pursue
a lateral migration.

The Indian White-eye—Zosterops palpebrosa.

A summer visitor to the range. Very abundant. A few birds winter on
the lower slopes. In April large flocks arrive and spread themselves over
the mountain-side. Shah ee

-naped Ixulus—Jzxulus flavicollis.
ag pick. Probably a resident. Moves through the forest in the
company of insectivorous troops. Taken only at 6,500 feet.
The Red-billed Liothrix—Liothrix lutea. 4
Rare in these parts. Taken only on one occasion ; near the civil station
of Dharmsala at 5,000 ee as i eee
-Wi ike-Tit—Pteruthius erythropterus. ;
rigs pee oteon oe in winter. i fea member of thie ae
troops of insectivorous birds. A local migrant. Moves up and an 7 2 ‘
slope in accordance with the change of season. In winter 1 ed : ae
low zone between 4,500 and 6,500 feet; in summer ascen < 0, mi ie
elevations, but I have not been able to define its summer zone In this are
he range.
The on Shrike-Tit—Pteruthius xanthochloris. — DR. Js

Much less common than the red-winged Lies par ayrhe ven Tes
slope of Dharmkote at 6,500 feet. ae aust tes sonar Uber tete
moves up and down the slope occupying high an Retirement ins Bs
the same way as the red-winged species. In winter it joins
of Himalayan insectivorous birds.

558 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII.

The Fire-cap—Cephalopyrus flammiceps.

Seen only on a few occasions. A summer visitor arriving in March.
Noted on the range as high as 7,000 feet.

The Himalayan Black Bulbul—Hypsipetes psaroides.

Abundant, resident. A noisy, social bird. Flocks gather on the tops
of the trees, they make a great clamour amongst the rhododendrons when
seeking the nectar from the flowers. A local migrant. Moves up and
down the slope in accordance with the change of season. In winter occu-
pies the main valley and a low belt along the range between 4,000 and
7,000 feet. In summer ascends to a higher zone between 6,000 and 10,000
feet. Nests taken at 6,000 feet.

The Punjab Red-vented Bulbul—Molpastes intermedius.

A resident species. Common and familiar. Frequents the Kangra
Valley and a low-lying zone along the foot of the range. Ascends to the
civil station, but not seen above 5,000 feet. Does not move at the change
of season.

The White-cheeked Bulbul— Molpastes leucogenys.

Common, familiar, resident. Frequents every garden in both civil
and military stations. Uninfluenced by the change of season. Seen up
to 7,000 feet. Nests freely at 6,000 feet.

The White-tailed Nuthatch—Sitia himalayensis.

Uncommon. The only species of Nuthatch seenin Dharmsala. Usually
found amongst a troop of varied insectivorous birds. Noted between
7,000 and 9,000 feet.

The Black Drongo—Dicrurus ater.

A summer visitor. Abundant in the valley and on the range. Arrives
in April. Ascends the range to about 7,000 feet. Nests taken at 6,000
feet.

The Indian Ashy Drongo—Dicrurus longicaudatus.

A summer visitor. Less common than the previous species. Probably
keeps to a higher altitudinal zone than The Black Drongo. Seen on the
range only at altitudes between 9,000 and 10,000 feet.

The Himalayan Tree-Creeper—Certhia himalayana.

Resident, abundant. A common member of almost every insectivor-
ous troop. A local migrant. Moves up and down the slope in accordance
with the change of season. In winter remains in the Kangra Valley and
in a low zone along the hill-side between 4,300 and 6,500 feet. In
summer ascends to a higher altitudinal zone between 6,000 and 10,000 feet.

The Wall-Creeper—Tichodroma muraria.

A winter visitor to the lower slopes of ths range and probably to the
Kangra Valley. Seen frequently about the cliffs and granite boulders
near the streams at an altitude of 4,000 feet.

The Kashmir Wren—Anorthura neglecta. ,

A fairly common resident. Usually hides in crevices of the rock, or
conceals itself beneath boulders, or skulks in the heavy undergrowth near
the bank of a mountain stream. A local migrant. It moves up and down
the range in accordance with the change of season. In winter seen
between 4,000 and 6,500 feet. In summer leaves these low elevations and
ascends to a higher zone between 6,000 and 10,000 feet.

The Goldcrest—Regulus cristatus.

Uncommon. Probably a resident. Joins in the hunting troops of insec-

tivorous birds. Met with in winter only ; on Dharmkote at 6,700 feet.
Blyth’s Reed-Warbler—Acrocephalus dumetorum.

Uncommon. Taken in June only at 6,000 feet. I suppose a summer

visitor from: the peninsula.

A LIST OF THE BIRDS OF DHARMSALA. 559

The saa Tailor-bird—Orthotomus sutorius.
esident in the Kangra Valley and at t
seen to ascend above 4,000 ag! ieee) ih: ae ee
oe Willow-Warbler—Phylloscopus affinis.
summer visit i i i
a er visitor from the plains of India. Taken at an altitude of
ee s Willow-Warbler—Phylloscopus humii.
summer visitor. Very abundant. Arrives in April i ; c
Spreads itself over the hill-side and ascends to 9,000 ae Bee ah
The Ries Werbler Acanthaphensie mitidus.
robably a bird of passage from the plains to the higher elevations i :
Himalaya. Taken in the civil station only ; at 4,700 feet, Bis ala

The ae Wiilow-Warbler—Acanthopneuste viridanus.
summer visitor to the range. Very abundant in the season. Numbers
arrived in March and April. They ascend the slo t Pate
000 feat. y pes of the range to at
Blyth’s Crowned Willow-Warbler—Acanthopneuste trochiloides.

Resident. The most common warbler of the range. A member of
almost every insectivorous troop. A local migrant. Moves up and down
the slope in accordance with the change of season. In winter remains on
the range between 4,000 and 8,000 feet. In summer ascends toa higher
zone between 8,000 and 10,000 feet.

Hodgson’s Grey-headed Flycatcher-Warbler—Cryptolopha xanthoschista.

A common, familiar, resident species. Moves little, if at all, with the
change of season. Often accompanies the insectivorous troops. Noted at
all altitudes on the range up to 8,500 feet. Nests freely at 6,000 feet.

The Pale Bush-Warbler—Horornis pallidus.

Not common. Met with occasionally in the undergrowth and brushwood.

Noted in winter up to 6,000 feet. Not seen in summer.
The Ashy Wren-Warbler—Prinia socialis.

A bird of the Kangra Valley. It comes to the foot-hills of the range,

but not seen to ascend above 4,000 feet.
The Jungle Wren-Warbler—Prinia sylvatica.

Found also in the Kangra Valley and at the very foot of the range. Not
seen above 4,000 feet.

The Bay-backed Shrike—Lanius vittatus.

A bird of the Kangra Valley. Commonin summer. Enters the foot
hills of the Dhauladhar range, but not seen to ascend above 5,000 feet.

The Rufous-backed Shrike—Lanius erythronotus.

Resident and common at low elevations. Frequents the cultivated
areas of the valley and comes to the foot of the main range. Not seen
above 4,500 feet.

The Common Wood-Shrike—Tephrodornis pondicerianus.

Found in the Kangra Valley near the foot-hills of the range. I

suppose a resident. Not seen above 4,000 feet.

The Short-billed Minivet—Pericrocotus brevirostris.

Common and resident. The numbers increase in March and April at
which time the new arrivals may be seen ascending the mountain side.
The sexes appear to be very unequal in number. It is usual to see one or
two males in the company of a troop of females. A local migrant
according to season up and down the range. In winter many birds remain
in a low zone between 4,000 and 6,500 feet. In summer they retire to
higher altitudes usually between 6,000 and 10,000 feet.

The Dark-grey Cuckoo-Shrike—Campophaga melanoschista.
A summer visitor to the foot of the range. Not seen above 5,000 feet.

560 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVIII,

The Indian Oriole—Oriolus kundoo.

A summer visitor. Common in the valley and at the foot of the range.

First arrival noted in April. Not seen above 5,000 feet.
The Black-headed Myna—Temenuchus pagodarum.

A summer visitor to the valley and the foot-hills of the range. Arrives

early in April. Seen to ascend as high as 5,000 feet.
The Common Myna—Acridotheres tristis.

Abundant, familiar, resident. Common about houses and villages. Seen

to ascend the main range up to 7,000 feet.
The Jungle Myna—Aethiopsar fuscus.

A resident species. Common in the Kangra Valley. Enters the foot-

hills of the range, but not seen to ascend above 5,000 feet.
The Sooty Flvcatcher—Hemichelidon sibirica.

A bird of passage in this part of the range. Numbers arrive in April.
The birds are then common everywhere, and are usually seen on the
exposed tops of the trees from where they make skilful sallies into the air.
Seen to ascend to 10,000 feet.

The Orange-gorgeted Flycatcher—Siphia strophiata.

Shy and uncommon. An early summer visitor. Taken in the
rhododendron in company with insectivorous troops. Captures insects
on the ground and in the trees. Seen up to 7,000 feet.

The Slaty-blue Flycatcher—Cyornis leucomelanurus.

A summer visitor. Arrives on the range in March. Fairly common in
jungle and undergrowth. Hunts its prey in the bushes and associates with
insectivorous troops. Seen up to 8,000 feet.

The White-browed Blue Flycatcher—Cyornis superciliaris.

A summer visitor. Common in the season. Arrives in March. A
familiar, confiding bird ; it keeps to the low jungle and the thicker trees ;
makes short sallies amidst the branches ; chases insects along the boughs
or descends to capture them on the ground. Seen up to 9,000 feet.
Nests taken at 6,000 feet.

The Blue-throated Flycatcher—Cyornis rubecoloides.

‘The least common of the three Blue Flycatchers.—A summer visitor.
Not seen before May, but probably arrives earlier. A bird of somewhat
retiring nature; haunts the more secluded glens ; hunts its prey amongst
the under growth ; keeps to a lower zone than the previous two species.
Seen up to 6,000 feet. Nests taken in holes on earthy banks at 6,000 feet.

The Verditer Flycatcher—Stoparola melanops.

A summer visitor. Arrives in March. Common, conspicuous, familiar ;
widespread everywhere, in gardens, jungle and forest. Takes its prey by
flights in the air; also descends to the ground. Seen up to 9,500 feet.
Nests taken at 6,000 feet.

The Brown Flycatcher—Alseonax latirostris.

A summer visitor, Uncommon, inconspicuous. Makes its sallies

amongst the inner branches of the trees. Seen up to 6,000 feet.
The Rufous-tailed Flycatcher—Al!seonaz ruficaudus.

Seen on a few occasions in April. Probably a bird of passage. Ascends
at least to 6,000 feet.

The Grey-headed Flycatcher—Culicicapa ceylonensis.

A summer visitor. Arrives in March. Familiar, abundant, skilful.
Often resorts to glades, gardens and open spaces. Makes sallies amidst the
inner branches of the trees. Seen un to 9,000 feet. Nests taken at 6,000
feet.

The Rufous-bellied Niltava—Niltava sundara.

A summer visitor to the range. I think some birds winter in the

foot-hills. Uncommon, retiring. Keeps to the secluded glens and jungle.

—

A LIST OF THE BIRDS OF DHARMSALA. 561

Hunts insects in the low under
Seen up to 6,500 feet.
The Indian Paradise Flycatcher — Tersiphone paradisi.
Na summer visitor. First arrival noted in April. Common and familiar.
eeps to the wooded glens and the shade of the thicker trees, Nests at
6,000 feet and not seen at a higher altitude than this.
The Yellow-bellied Flycatcher—Chelidorhyna hypoxanthum.

A bird of passage. Numbers pass through in March. Some few winter
on the lower slopes of the range. Very abundant at the migrating season.
Flocks then gather in shady places, usually about the trees that grow over
moist ravines. The birds are then incessantly active, making swift sallies
into the clear air. Seen up to 7,000 feet.

The White-browed Flycatcher—Rhipidura albifrontata.

A common species in the Kangra Valley. Comes to the foot of the
range, but not seen to ascend above 4,000 feet.

The White-throated Fantail Flycatcher—Rhipidura albicollis.

A bird of the Kangra Valley. Some few winter in the foot-hills and in
summer ascend the main range. An active little species, always bustling
about the bushes, hunting its prey upon the branches or making short
sallies into the air. Likes well-shaded places, especially glens and moist
ravines. It occupies.a higher altitudinal zone than the previous species.
Seen up to 6,000 feet. Nests taken between 4,000 and 6,000 feet.

The Common Pied Bush-Chat—Pratincola caprata.

Resident. Common at the foot of the range. Probably extends over

the whole valley. Once seen as high as 6,000 feet.
The Indian Bush-Chat—Pratincola maura.

A bird of the lower foot-hills. Common. Noted in summer to ascend
the main range up to 6,000 feet.

The Dark-grey Bush-Chat—Oreicola ferrea.

Resident. Very common. Winters in the Kangra Valley and on the
foot hills of the range. In summer ascends the range to at least 9,000
feet. Nests taken at 6,000 feet.

The Red-tailed Chat—Sawzicola chrysopygia.

A solitary specimen taken in February at 4,500 feet. It was probably
a bird of passage.

The Western Spotted Forktail—Henicurus maculatus.

A common and conspicuous resident. Found in all the hill streams
between 4,000 and 7,000 feet.

The Little Forktail---Wicrocichla scoulert.

Resident. Fairly common. Frequents higher elevations than the
previous species. Usually seen near the waterfalls on the main range
where it picks up the little water-insects thrown out of the stream with
the rising spray. Frequents a zone between about 6,000 and 8,000 feet.

The White-capped Redstart—Chimarrhornis leucocephalus.

Acommon and conspicuous resident species. Frequents every moun-
tain stream. A local migrant. Moves up and down the slope in accordance
with the change of season. In winter descends to the Kangra Valley and
occupies a zone along the range between 4,000 and 7,000 feet. In summer
deserts the valley and the lower elevations of the range and ascends to
occupy a higher altitudinal zone between 6,500 and 12,000 feet.

The Blue-fronted Redstart—Ruticilla frontalis. ,

A resident species. Not uncommon. Keeps to the woods and unc -Y
growth. A local migrant. Moves up and down the slope in accordance an
the change of season. In winter keeps to a low zone between 4,000 an
6,500 feet. In summer ascends to a higher zone where it 1s usually found
about the rhododendron scrub between 6,500 and 11,000 feet.

iy

growth and often descends to the ground.

§62 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVIII,

The Indian Redstart—Ruticilla rufiventris.

Uncommon. Seen occasionally in winter near the foot of the snowy

range at 5,000 feet. Probably breeds at higher elevations.
The Plumbeous Redstart—Rhyacornis fuliginosus.

Resident on the range. Common about all the streams. A local
migrant. Moves up and down the slope in accordance with the change
of season. In winter remains low down on the range between 4,000 and
7,000 feet. In summer ascends to a higher zone between 6,000 and 10,500
feet.

The Golden Bush-Robin—Tarsiger chryscus.

Uncommon. Met with from time to time in winter between 4,000 and
6,000 feet. I expect a permanent resident that moves up and down the
slope with the change of season. Not seen in summer, but probably retires
to high altitudes on the range.

The Red-flanked Bush-Robin—Janthia rufilata

Common in winter. Resident. Often selects some special site in the
forest where it may always be found. A local migrant that ascends and
descends the slope in accordance with the change of season. In winter
remains in a low zone between 4,000 and 6,500 feet. In summer retires to
a loftier zone between 7,000 and 11,000 feet.

The Blue-headed Robin—Adelura ceruleicephala.

Acommon and permanent resident. A local migrant. Moves freely
with the change of season. In winter occupiesa low zone between 4,000
and 7,000 feet, though an odd straggler may ascend to 9,000 feet. In
summer retires toa loftier zone between 7,000 and 11,000 feet, where
many of the birds may be found almost at the extreme limit of the trees.

Hodgson’s Grandala—Grandala celicolor.

Very rare. Seen on one occasion only; near the head of the Keytal
nullah in winter at a height of 7,400 feet. Though this bird is said to be
insectivorous I found it feeding on a mountain fern. Mr. Whistler tells
me that this species has not hitherto been recorded within Punjab limits.

The Brown-backed Indian Robin—Thamnobia cambaiensis.

Very common. Resident. A bird of the valley and the foot-hills. Not

seen to ascend the range above 5,000 feet.
The Magpie-Robin—Copsychus saularis.

A summer visitor. Common and familiar. Arrives early in April.
Frequents the gardens in both civil and military stations. Seen as high
as 6,500 feet. Nests taken at 6,000 feet.

The Central-Asian Blackbird—Merula maxima. :

This blackbird was met with only once; in May on the main range at
9,300 feet.

The White-collared Ouzel—Merula albicincta.
Uncommon. Resident. A bird of considerable altitudes. Moves up
and down the slope in accordance with the change of season. In winter
“descends to 6,000 feet. In summer ascends to near tree-limit where I have
seen it amidst the rhododendron scrub between 9,000 and 11,000 feet.
The Grey-headed Ouzel—Merula castanea.

_A common and widespread resident. Not seen here to associate in
flocks. Alocal migrant. Moves up and down the slope in accordance with
the change of season. In winter remains in alow zone along the range
between 4,000 and 6,500 feet. In summer ascends to a higher zone
between about 7,000 and 9,500 feet.

The Grey-winged Ouzel—Werula boulboul.

A common resident. Keeps to well-wooded areas. A local migrant.
Ascends and descends the flanks of the range in accordance with the
change of season. In winter remains low down on the range between

Sisu UDQULyI DIQOUMDYY T, “urq OY ueIpuy poyor

NOI, O49 JO ISON

"LOJ0NUN DINAITY *[9ZNG 8,[[OYOHT, JO oN

od | dT |

"20S "3SIH "}ENIACqQuog “uanor

=

A LIST OF THE BIRDS OF DHARMSALA., 563

4,000 and 7, : :

gee yor ed In summer ascend to a higher zone between about
The eal Ouzal—Merula atrigularis.

the rice cea: Ns fess fi ad rie

pilates wip 10°7,000 foot, arge flocks which are
ae Ouzel— Merula unicolor.

ave seen this ouzel only once. Thi i ;
Bete was probably aes ay pss ac ie at 6,500 feet when
The Chestnut-bellied Rock-Thrush—Petrophila erythrogastra.

Probably a permanent resident wintering in the foot-hills. In Feb-
ruary anumber appeared in the civil station. Haunts forestclad cliffs.
In summer ascends to considerable elevations between 9 000 and
11,000 feet.

The Blue-headed Rock-Thrush—Petrophila cinclorhyncha.

A summer visitor. Common and conspicuous. Arrives in April.
Frequents trees rather than rocks. Seen on the range up to 7,500
feet. Nest taken at 6,000 feet. :

The Western Blue Rock-Thrush—Petrophila eyanus.

Fairly common in suitable places. In winter haunts the streams and
moraines at the foot of the main range between 4,000 and 5,000 feet. In
summer disappears from this elevation; I suppose it ascends to loftier areas
on the range.

The Missel-Thrush—Turdus viscivorus.

A permanent resident at high elevations. Fairly common. Moves
up and down the slope in accordance with the change of season. In winter
seen to descend to 6,000 feet. In summer retires to near tree-limit at
about 10,000 feet.

The Small-billed Mountain-Thrush—Oreocincla dauma.

A rare species. Taken on one occasion in thick jungle near the foot of
the main range at 4,000 feet.

The Plain-backed Mountain-Thrush—Oreocincla mollissima.

Uncommon. Seen occasionally in the winter months at an altitude of
6,000 feet.

The Brown Dipper—Cinclus asiaticus. :

A permanent resident. Common along the mountain streams. It
here frequents a zone between 6,000 feet and the snow-line and I have
never seen it below this altitude. Feeds largely on the larve of caddis-
flies.

The Eastern Alpine Accentor—Accentor nepalensis.

Fairly common. Resident on the main range. Keeps to high elevations
and found usually near the snow-line. In winter descends to 8,000
feet and possibly lower. In summer retires to the alpine pastures at
about 12,000 or 13,000 feet.

The Altai Accentor—Accentor himalayanus.

A permanent resident of considerable altitudes. Habits and distribu-
tion appear similar to those of the previous species. Both associate in @
common flock.

The Black-throated Accentor—Tharrhaleus atrigularis.

An uncommon species. Seen in winter only. Taken early in March
in the Keytal nullah at 6,300 feet. It was in the company of a flock of
Jerdon’s Accentors.

Jerdon’s Accentor—Tharrhaleus jerdoni. : : ;

A common resident on the main range. In winter associates in
moderate flocks that enter gardens and frequent grassy places. A local
migrant. Moves up and down the range in accordance with the change

Very abundant in
met with every-

564 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII,

of season. In winter found on the lower and intermediate slopes betweem

4,500 and 6,500 feet. In summer ascends to near tree-limit between 9,000.

and 11,000 feet.

The Spotted Munia—Uroloncha punctulata.

Taken in the valley during May close to the foot of the main range.

Nesting at this period. Altitude, 4,000 feet. Not seen at higher elevations.,
The Black and Yellow Grosbeak—Pycnorhamphus icteroides.

A rare species. Seen on one occasion only ; in winter at 6,000 feet.
Jones records this bird as frequenting the Simla Hills, and Whistler states
that it is common at Dalhousie; so it is a little difficult to understand
why the speciesis so rare here.

The Red-headed Bullfinch—Pyrrhula erythrocephala.

A permanent resident. Frequents high altitudes. Moves up and down.
the range in accordance with season. Descends in winter to 6,000 feet. In;
summer ascends to the highest belt of trees.

The Brown Bullfinch—Pyrrhula nepalensis.

Rare. I suppose aresident that moves with the change of season up and
down the slope. A pair taken in winter on Dharmkote at 6,000 feet.
They were haunting the forest of oak and rhododendron.

The Pink-browed Rose-Finch—Propasser rhodochrous.

Common. Resident. Widespread in winter over the lower and interme-
diate slopes. Gathers into large flocks ; usually one or two males. with
a troop of females. Frequents grassy places, and enters gardens in both
civil and military stations. A local migrant. Ascends and descends the
slope in accordance with the change of season. In winter found every-
where between 4,000 and 7,000 feet. In summer retires to higher alti-
tudes where it may be found between 7,500 and 11,000 feet.

The Common Rose-Finch—Carpodacus erythrinus.

Large numbers seen to pass through in April. I suppose birds of passage-
from the plains to greater heights. There seems to be the same dispro-
portion in the numbers of the sexes as in the case of the previous species.

The Dark Rose-Finch—Procarduelis nepalensis.

Frequently seen in summer at high elevations on the snowy range. Asso-
ciates in flocks that feed on the alpine pastures. Usually found in sum-
mer between 10,000 and 11,000 feet. Not observed in winter.

The Himalayan Greenfinch—Hypacanthis spinoides.

Not common. I suppose a permanent resident. Small flocks. observed

in winter on the lower slopes of the main range.
The Yellow-throated Sparrow—Gymnorhis flavicollis.

Collects into large flocks about the fields and grassy hills up to an alti-

tude of 4,000 feet. Not seen on the wooded slopes.
The House-Sparrow—Passer domesticus.

Abundant, widespread, resident. Frequents all villages, gardens, bun-

galows up to an altitude of at least 6,500 feet.

The Cinnamon Tree-Sparrow—Passer cinnamomeus.
A very common resident. Keeps to the trees and jungle. Met with in
both stations at all months. Ascends to.at least 7,000 feet. Nests taken.
at 6,000 feet in May and June.

The White-capped Bunting—Hmberiza stewarti.

A permanent resident. Fairly common. A local migrant. Moves up
and down the slope in accordance with the change of season. In winter
occupies a low zone on the range between 4,000 and 6,500.feet. In sum-.
mer ascends to a higher zone between about 6,500 and 9,000 feet.

BONDE Se BEG Li ep BE

Plate IIL.

Journ., Bombay Nat, Hist. Soc.

Nest of the Grey-headed Ouzel, Merula castaned.

NaN
1
> +! i
D
at
ts 4
Cee Sites
i \ ie
M \
\
\ 3 “
ie
\ 7: Lar
Sera PI M
| i
MW i I
vk J
Li
melas
i$)
i t
t ; {
i «
a
{ i ‘
re, : 4
ve rh
t
ti . =4
Ul i
Cs ay
way We
i a ¥e
oe i
. i j
vi
‘ ‘
/ mu
¥ iF
5 1"
Ne oe ‘
e '

A LIST OF THE BIRDS OF DHARMSALA. 565

‘The Eastern Meadow-Bunting—Emberiza stracheyi.

Resident. The most common buntingon the range.
gates in flocks that frequent gardens and grassy places. A local migrant
that ascends and descends the range in accordance with the change of
season. In winter remains in a low zone between 4,000 and 7,000 feet.
In summer ascends to higher elevations between 7 ,000 ana 10,000 feet.

The ao” Martin—Chelidon kashmiriensis.
summer visitor in small numbers. Occasionally s bet
and 10,000 feet. Dr eet eee
The Crag-Martin—Ptyonoprogne rupestris.
: Shen the cliffs and moraines near Lower Dharmsala. Altitude,
The Swallow—Hirundo rustica.

A summer visitor. Frequents the Kangra Valley as far as the foot of the
range. Not seen above 4,000 feet.

The Wire-tailed Swallow—Hirwndo smithi.

A summer visitor. Common in the valley about streams and bridges.
Not seen on the main range above 5,000 feet.

Syke’s Striated Swallow—Hirundo erythropygia.

A summer visitor. Common. Frequents both the valley and the range.
First noted early in April. No swallow remains on the range during the
winter months.

The European Striated Swallow—Hirundo rufula.

Asingle bird met with on Dharmkote in April at an altitude of 6,500
feet’ was probably of this species.

The Large Pied Wagtail—WMotacilla maderaspatensis.

A bird of the valley. Found near the foot-hills of the range, but not
common. I suppose a resident. Seen up to 4,000 feet.

The Grey Wagtail—Motacilla melanope.

Found in winter in the foot-hills between 4,000 and 5,000 feet.

The Tree-Pipit—Anthus trivialis. ; ; 5

Not observed above the foot of the range in winter. Ascends in spring
to at least 6,000 feet.

The Indian Tree-Pipit—Anthus maculatus.

A common and permanent resident. In winter associates In flocks.
Frequents gardens and open patches in the neighbourhood of trees. A
local migrant. Moves up and down the slope in accordance with the
change of season, In winter is found on the foot-hills between 4,000 and
6,000 feet. In summer ascends toa higher zone between 7,500 and 11,000
feet.

The Brown Rock-Pipit—Anthus similis.

Fairly common. A permanent resident of both grassy areas and rocky
hill sides. Extends from the foot of the range to at least 9,000 feet. Nests
taken at 4,000 feet. fal

The Indian Pipit—Anthus rufulus. ;

A eetne near the foot of the range. Haunts the fields and cultivated
areas. Not seen above 4,500 feet.

Hodgson’s Pipit—Anthus rosaceus.

A rare Se I suppose a resident that moves according to = up
and down the slope. Found in summer on the alpine pastures in the com-
pany of rose-finches and accentors, altitude, 10,000 feet.

The Upland Pipit—Oreocorys sylvanus.
ia A cage bird taken in February at 4,600 feet.

In winter congre-

566 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVIII,

Brook’s Short-toed Lark,—Calandrella tibetana.
Texpect a summer visitor to the range. Taken in May at 5,600 feet.
The Crested Lark—Galerita cristata.
Common. A permanent resident of the waste areas at the foot of the
range. I expect also a bird of the main valley. Not seen above 4,500 feet.
The Purple Sun-bird—Arachnechthra asiatica.
A bird of the Kangra Valley. SofarasI have seen a summer visitor
only. It reaches the foot of the main range, but not seen above 4,000 feet.
The West-Himalayan Scaly-bellied Green Woodpecker—Gecinus squamatus.
Not common. Probably resident. Taken on the main range at an
altitude of 8,000 feet.
The Black-naped Green Woodpecker—Gecinus occipitalis.
Common. A permanent resident. Frequents the main range up to
about 8,000 feet. Nests at 6,000 feet.

The Western Himalayan Pied Woodpecker—Dendrocopus himalayensis.
Fairly common. Resident. Keeps toa higher zone than the two
succeeding species. In winter descends to 6,000 feet. In summer remains
between 8,000 and 10,000 feet.
The Fulvous-breasted Pied Woodpecker—Dendrocopus macit.
A bird of lower altitudes. Resident. Seen only in the valley and the
foot-hills of the range. Not noted above 4,500 feet.

The Brown-fronted Pied Woodpecker—Dendrocopus auriceps.
Abundant. Resident. The representative of the pied woodpeckers at.
intermediate elevations of the range. Usually found between 4,000 and
9,000 feet. Also a bird of the Kangra Valley.

The Golden-backed Woodpecker—Brachypternus aurantius.

Resident and familiarin the Kangra Valley. Ascends the foot-hills:

of the main range but not higher than about 5,000 feet.
The Speckled Piculet-—Picumnus innominatus.

A rare bird seen sometimes in the company of insectivorous flocks.
Frequents low jungle and tangled brushwood where it climbs like a
woodpecker about the smaller branches. Noted between 4,000 and 6,000:
feet.

The Common Wryneck—Iynzx torquilla.

Not actually seen on the range. Occurs in the valley near Kangra, so

probably ascends to higher elevations.

The Great Himalayan Barbet—Megalema marshallorum.
Common. Resident. In winter goes about in flocks. Keeps to
moderate elevations on the snowy range. Seen from 4,000 to 7,000 feet.
Stomach in winter found to contain hornets.

The Blue-throated Barbet—Cyanops asiatica.

Common. Resident. A very noisy bird especially in March and April.
Occurs in the valley and ascends the slopes of the ranges to at least 6,000:
feet. Found nesting in March and April at 4,900 feet.

The Coppersmith—Xantholema hematocephala.

A bird of the Kangra Valley. Approaches the foot of the main range,

but not seen above 4,000 feet.
The Indian Roller—Coracias indica.

A common resident of low altitudes. Spread over the Kangra Valley.

Enters the foot-hills of the range. Not seen above 4,500 feet.
The Common indian Bee-eater—Merops viridis.

A summer visitor. First arrivals noted in April. Frequents the valley
and often seen about the streams in the foot-hills. Noted up to 4,500
feet.

,
pagan a a alla IOP lL ae Sao

A LIST OF THE BIRDS OF DHARMSALA., 567

The Himalayan Pied Kingfisher—Ceryle lugubris,
A pied kingfisher is sometimes seen about the streams in the foot-hills.

Not identi ; :
fees ie but most probably belongs to this species, Seen up to

The Common Kingfisher—Alcedo ispida.

A permanent and well-known resident of the vall Visi :
streams up to a height of 5,000 feet. ey. Visits the mountain

The White-breasted Kingfisher—Halcyon smyrnensis.

A resident of the Kangra Valley. Occupi i i
foot-hills of the range. Not seen aber 4,500 feet. aie See ates
The = Hoopoe—U pupa epops.
summer visitor. Rarely seen in Dharmsala. Fi
of March. Not observed ees 4,500 feet. Oger a as
The Common Indian Swift—Cypselus affinis.
A common summer visitor of wide altitudinal range.
March. Occupies the whole hill-side even to the snowline.
The Cuckoo—Cuculus canorus.
A summer visitor to the range. Abundant. Ascends to at least 7,000
feet. Its call is continually heard from April to June.
The Himalayan Cuckoo—Cuculus saturatus.
Also a summer visitor. Less common than the previous species. First
heard in April. Ascends to at least 8,500 feet.
The Indian Cuckoo—Cuculus micropterus.
The call of this Cuckoo is a common sound in the valley. Not heard
above 4,000 feet.
The Large Hawk-Cuckoo—Hierococcyx sparverioides.
Heard in summer on Triund Hill at elevations between 7,000 and 10,000
feet.
The Sirkeer Cuckoo— Taccocua leschenaulti.
This uncommon and peculiar bird was taken in December near
Dharmsala civil station at a height of about 4,500 feet. Seen only on this
one occasion.

Arrives early in

The Rose-ringed Paroquet—Palzornis torquatus.

Common at low altitudes. Resident. A bird of the Kangra Valley.
Approaches the foot of the range, but not seen to enter the more wooded
area about the civil station.

The Slaty-headed Paroquet—Paleornis schisticeps.

A resident on the wooded slopes of the main range. Keeps to higher

altitudes than the other parrots. Ascends to at least 10,000 feet.

The Western Blossom-headed Paroquet—Paleornis cyanocephalus.

Resident. Abundant. This is the species which robs the gardens in the
civil station of Dharmsala. Ascends the wooded slopes of the range up
to an altitude of 5,000 feet.

The Brown Fish-Owl—Ketupa zeylonensis. Pris

Frequents streams and marshy areas especially in the vicinity of wood-
land. Taken both in the valley and in the foot-hills of the range. Seen
up to 4,500 feet.

The Spotted Owlet—Athene brama. ed ;

Uncommon. I suppose a resident. A noisy little species of diurnal]
habits. Foundin the Kangra Valley and on the range up to 4,500 feet.

he Large Barred Owlet—Glaucidium cuculoides.

sa gigdant. Resident. The most familiar owl of Dharmsala. Very
noisy. Moves about in daylight. Often mobbed by bulbuls, Frequents
the valley and ascends the range to at least 6,000 feet.

‘568 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXV11,

The Black Vulture—Otogyps calvus.
Fairly common. Resident. Often seen circling over the station.
The Himalayan Griffon—Gyps himalayensis.

A very common species. Resident. Numbers seen any day and at all
altitudes from the valley to the snow-line.

The Indian White-backed Vulture—Pseudogyps bengalensis.

Less common than the previous two species. Resident, Seen up to
6,000 feet.

The Large White Scavenger Vulture—Neophron percnopterus.

Extremely common. Resident. Always to be seen about the civil
station in the vicinity of the bazar.

The Lammergayer—Gypaétus barbatus.

A handsome, common and permanent resident. Ascends to extreme
altitudes. Seen circling about th ‘now-line at all times of the year.
Found nesting in May at about 7,000 feet.

The Golden Eagle, Aquila chrysctus.

This powerful bird visits Dharmsala from time to time. Seen near the
head of the Keytal nullah in March at 9,000 feet. The birds were entering
and leaving a deep cleft on the side of the gorge and were probably
nesting there.

The Imperial Hagle—Aquila heliaca.

A winter visitor. Abundant in the cold season. Often seen soaring over
the station.

The Steppe Eagle—Aguila bifasciata. ibe.

Another very common winter visitor. Arrives in October; leaves in
March.

The Indian Tawny Eagle—Aquila vindhiana.
Seen from time to time at the foot of the hills. Remains in the vicinity
of cultivation. Not noted above 4,000 feet.
Bonelli’s Hagle—Hieraétus fasciatus.
IT think I have seen this eagle soaring over the military station, but
am not quite certain of its identity.
The Booted Eagle—Hieraétus pennatus.
I think a permanent resident. Not common.

Hodgson’s Hawk-Eagle—Spizacius nepalensis.
Seen occasionally soaring over the forest-clad slopes of the range
between 6,000 and 10,000 feet.

The Short-toed Hagle—Circaétus gallicus.
A resident species. Seen circling over the military station at about
9,000 feet.

The Crested Serpent-Eagle—Spilornis cheela.

A fairly common species. Sometimes seen soaring over the station.
Taken on different occasions in moist wooded patches on the valley close
to the foot of the range.

The Brahminy Kite—Haliastur indus.

Uncommon. Not noted on the wooded slope. Seen about the larger

streams near the foot of the main range, but not above 5,000 feet.

The Common Kite—WMilvus govinda.
A widespread and familiar resident. Occupies the valley and all
altitudes on the range. Seen as high as 12,000 feet.

The Black-winged Kite—Hlanus ceruleus.

Mr. C. H. Donald has told me of the occurrence of this species at Palam-
pur. So I expect it sometimes visits Dharmsala.

siding ui

LoD tn Ee RIA a

A LIST OF THE BIRDS OF DHARMSALA. 569

The Pale Harrier—Circus macrurus.

A winter visitor. Uncommon. Found in the valley and on the flanks

of the range. Seen up to 6,000 feet.
The Marsh-Harrier—Circus eruginosus.

A winter visitor. Frequents suitable moist places in the valley and

approaches the foot of the hills. Not seen above 4,500 feet.
The Long-legged Buzzard—Buteo ferow.

A winter visitor to the valley and the lower slopes of the hills. Common.
Often seen in marshy areas and about stony places in the vicinity of
streams. Birds in both phases of plumage occur. Leavesin March. Seen
up to 6,000 feet.

The Common Buzzard—Buteo desertorum.

A pair of buzzards, that spent the summer and probably nested near

Lakka at 10,000 feet, most likely belonged to this species.
The Goshawk—Astur palumbarius.

Uncommon. I suppose a resident. Taken in the military station.

Frequently captured by the falconer.
The Sparrow-Hawk—Accipiter nisus.

Not a very common species. Seen occasionally in the valley and on the

slopes of the range. Birds seem less numerous in summer.
The Besra Sparrow-Hawk—Accipiter virgatus.

A bird shot on the hill-side at 6,000 feet seemedto agree more closely
with the description of this than the previous species. I am doubtful of
its identity. Certain specimens seem to be intermediate links between the
two species.

The Peregrine Falcon—Falco peregrinus.

Seen both in the valley and in the military station at 6,000 feet. Uncom-

mon. So farasI have seen,a winter visitor only.
The Shahin Falcon—Falco peregrinator.

Uncommon. Resident. Seen a few times about the wooded cliffs of

Dharmkote at 7,000 feet.
The Hobby—Falco subbuteo.

Not uncommon about the wooded slopes of the range. More frequently
seen in winter. Often observed at sunset.

The Kestrel—Tinnunculus alsaudarius. ’

Abundant. Resident. Frequents the range and is very common in the

valley. Seen up to 9,000 feet.
The Indian Blue Rock-Pigeon—Columba intermedia.

A bird of the valley. Resident and common. Ascends the main range
to a height of 9,800 feet where it rests in caves during the heat of the day.

The White-bellied Pigeon—Columba leuconota. :

Resident. A bird of the snow-line. In winter gathers into restless
flocks that keep incessantly on the move. Seen according to season
between 5,500 and 10,000 feet. ;

The Eastern Wood-Pigeon—Palumbus casiotis.

Uncommon in this area of the range. Af

at 6,000 feet.

The Indian Turtle-Dove—Twrtur ferrago. ; :
A summer visitor. Very common in the season. Arrives in April.

Frequents the wooded slopes. Nests on the higher ranges at about 10,000

feet.

The Spotted Dove—Turtur suratensis. ‘
C Very common. Aresident. Abundant in the valley and the foot

hills. Frequents cultivated tracts and the gardens in the civil station.
Not seen above 5,000 feet.

20

ew were met within February

570 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII,.

The Little Brown Dove—Turtur cambayensis.

This little dove occupies the valley. Resident and common. Remains:
at low altitudes, probably below 3,000 feet. Not seen as high as the civil
station of Dharmsala. .

The Bar-tailed Cuckoo-Dove—Macropygia tusaila.

I have not actually shot this species. Buta very distinctive booming
call heard frequently on the wooded hill-side between 8,500 and 10,000:
feet can scarce’y belong to any other bird.

The Common Peafowl—Pavo cristatus.

A resident of the valley. Fairly common. It can scarcely be
included amongst the birds of the ranz2, though I have seen a bird shot.
almost in the foothills.

The Red Jungle-fowl—Gallus ferrugineus.

Common. Resident. Foundin suitable places in the Kangra Valley..

Also enters the foot-hills of the range. Not seen above 4,500 feet.

The Cheer Pheasant—Catrews wallich.
Resident. The least common of the beautiful pheasants of the range ;-
at least it seems to be so in the vicinity of Dharmsala. Taken in March
at 7,500 feet.

The Koklas Pheasant—Pucrasia macrolopha.
Resident. Abundant on the wooded slopes of the main range. Occupies-
a somewhat narrow altitudinal zone between about 7,000 and 10,000 feet.
Moves up and down the slope within these limits in accordance with the
change of season.

The White-crested Kalij Pheasant—Genneus albicristatus.

Abundant. Resident. Keeps mainly tothe well-wooded and moist
ravines. A bird of considerable altitudinal distribution. Found in the
Kangra Valley and on the snowy range up to 9,000 feet.

The Monal—Lophophorus refulgens.

Resident. Abundant. Frequents high elevations on the main range.
Often found in the high forest of oak and rhododendron where the ground
is carpeted with mountain grass. Remains usually between 8,000 and’
11,000 feet and moves vertically according to season within these limits.

The Western Horned Pheasant—Tvragopan melanocephalus.

Resident. Uncommon. This handsome bird keeps close to the upper
margin of the forest. Itshaunts are similar to those of the Monal and both
live at the same high altitude.

The Common Quail—Coturnix communis.

A bird of passage. Very common on migration. Large numbers pass.

through the Kangra Valley in April.
The Jungle Bush-Quail—Perdicula asiatica.

Frequently shot in the ravines and jungle along the foot-hills of the-

range. No record above 4,000 feet.
The Chukor—Caccabis chucar.

Common. Resident. Frequents the open stony places on the range that.
are usually covered with scrub. Haunts suitable places in the valley and.
the foot-hills. Seen between 4,000 and 7,500 feet.

The Black Partridge—Francolinus vulgaris.

Abundant. Resident. Mainly a bird of the Kangra Valley. Occurs in:
the foot-hills but not seen on the wooded area of the range. Not observed
above 4,500 feet.

The Grey Partridge—Francolinus pondicerianus.

A common resident of the Kangra Valley. Some birds enter the foot--

hills and ascend to 4,000 feet. Not seen on the wooded slopes.

signees

2

cn gly Cant

Hanae irs gh — tated Re Ng aren 5

seis Naha

a, fan

Se

re Syne ihiencceit gs Wa pHs oy

Pa pre sincnisin ee ea

A LIST OF THE BIRDS OF DHARMSALA, 571

The Himalayan Snow-Cock—Tetraogallus himalayensis.

tr

Young of Himalayan Snow-Cock—Tetraogallus himalayensis.

Resident. Fairly common. Remains close to the snow-line, keeping to
the bare places, the alpine pastures and the rocks above the limit of tree
growth. Feeds largely on the soft young grass at the margin of the retreat-
ing snow. Seen between the altitudes of 9,000 and 13,000 feet within which
zone the birds ascend and descend according to the change of season.

The Snow-Partridge—Lerwa nivicola.

Uncommon. I suppose resident. A bird of the highest elevations on the
snowy range. Collects in winter into noisy whistling flocks. Keeps close to
or even passes beyond the snow-line at altitudes between 10,000 and
14,000 feet. In summer probably retires to even greater heights.

The Sarus—Grus antigone.

Resident. Common in suitable places. A pair of these birds are fre-
quently to be seen in the level valley not far from the civil station of
Dharmsala. Not seen above 3,500 feet.

The Red-wattled Lapwing—Sarcogrammus indicus.

Familiar, noisy, resident in suitable places in the valley. Enters the

foot-hills. Not seen above 4,000 feet.
The Lapwing— Vanellus vulgaris.

I think only a winter visitor. Frequents the valley. Comes to the very

edge of the foot-hills, but I have not seen it within the limits of the range.

The Green Sandpiper—Totanus ochropus.

A bird of solitary habits. Abundant. Visits
Follows the streams into the foot-hills and ascends the rai
5,000 feet.

The Woodcock—Scolopax rusticola.

Common. Resident. Frequents well
on the mountain side. In winter descends to

the valley in the cold season.
nge to about

-wooded streams and marshy patches
the Kangra Valley. A local

572 JOURNAT, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVIII,

migrant. Moves up and down the range in accordance with the change of
season. In winter descends to the foot of the range. In summer retires
to near tree limit.
‘The Himalayan Solitary Snipe—Gallinago solitaria.
Probably a wide spread but uncommon resident of the range. I know
of it having been taken in winter at two places between 4,000 and 6,000
feet. Probably a local migrant moving to high and low altitudinal zones
similar to those frequented by the woodcock.
‘The Common Snipe—Gallinago celestis.
Frequents suitable places in the valley and found up to the base of the
hills at 4,000 feet.
‘The Jack Snipe—Gallinago gallinula.
Awinter visitor. Common. Found in thesame haunts as the ordinary
snipe
‘The Painted Snipe— Rostratula capensis.
Resident. Fairly common. Occupies the main valley. Reaches at least
as high as Kaniara near the foot of the main range.
"The White-necked Stork—Dissura episcopus.
A resident of the Kangra Valley. Common. Visits the low land near
lower Dharmsala at about 4,000 feet.
The P-nd-Heron—Ardeola grayi.
Common in the Kangra Valley. Included here as it has been seen in the
foot-hills at 4,000 feet.

573

REPORT ON A COLLECTION OF MAMMALS MADE
BY COL. J. EK. B. HOTSON IN SHIRAZ, PERSIA.

By
Mas. R. E. CHEESMAN, M.B.0.U., F.R.G.S.

The date of this collection is February 10th to August 15th,
1919.

A short notice of a subsequent Shiraz collection from Colonel
Hotson, including a description of a New Vole by Mr. Oldfield
Thomas, will be found at the end of this paper.

The mammals inhabiting Shiraz and the immediate neighbour-
hood are of exceptional interest, especially so at the present moment,
as they torm a link between two recentiy acquired collections,
from the Hast and West, that from Baluchistan by Hotson and that
from Mesopotamia by the Mesopotamian Expeditionary Force.

I have had great pleasure in working out this collection.
Mr. Oldfield Thomas and Mr. R. C. Wroughton have given me
every assistance in the unravelling of the various problems. The
paucity of different species to be found in one place is experienced
by all who have collected in Persia and Mesopotamia and even the
dense forest region between the Elburz Mountains and the Caspian
has proved no exception. Not only are the animals scarce, but they
are difficult to trap, being usually untempted by ordinary baits.

Of the 13 species obtained, two of the bats have proved new and
have been given subspecific rank: - Myotis myotis risorius and
Rhinolophus ferrum-equinum iran. In each case they are well marked
pale desert forms, their colour resembling the dove grey of the
Indian ring dove, Turtur risorius, after which the M yotis is named.

The altitude is the same for nearly all the specimens, when the
elevation is not given, it is that of Shiraz, 5,200 feet.

Very little previous collection in Shiraz has been undertaken,
In1862 De Filippi obtained from the Marquis Doria a few specimens
from Shiraz which he mentions in “ Viaggio in Persia” although
he personally travelled only in Northern Persia, around Kazvin
and Teheran and the Caspian region. =the

In 1871 Dobson wrote a paper on a few specimens of animals
which had been obtained in Shiraz.

In 1872 Dr. Blandford and Major St. John passed through
Shiraz and made collections the results of which are recorded im
‘¢ Bastern Persia,’ written by the former.

Since then our knowledge of the mammals has increased by onl y
oné small addition, made by Mr. H. F. Witherby in 1902 during
an expedition which reached Shiraz, but was mainly occupied with
ornithology.

574 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII,

Colonel A. C. Bailward, with Mr. R. B. Woosnam, in 1905,
secured many specimens in adjacent country between Ahwaz and
Ispahan on their journey to Armenia, but they kept well to the
north of Shiraz (P.Z.8., 1905, p. 519, Thomas). A subsequent
journey in 1907 was confined to the district between the South
Coast of the Caspian and Teheran (A. M.N.H. 7, xx, p. 196,
Thomas). As these somewhat scattered references have come
under review during the writing of this paper, the various Shiraz
species mentioned in them have been included, for the sake of con-
centration, so that this paper and Blanford’s ‘“ Hastern Persia,”
Vol. II, should comprise the complete list up to date.

The present nomenclature is used, the original names when
different are given in brackets.

De Fiureri, VracGio in PersiA, 1862, p. 342.

Meriones tamaricinus, Pall. Shiraz by Marquis Doria.
Probably Meriones persicus or Meriones ambrosvus.
Apodemus sylvaticus (Mus. sylvaticus.)
Probably : Apodemus sylvaticus witherbyt.

Dosson, Journ., As. Soc. xl, p. 455, 1871.

Tricenops persicus, Dobson, a Bat belonging to the Rhwnolo-
phide, with a remarkable complex noseleaf, of large size, with
three pointed projections on the upper edge.

Eptecicus shiraziensis, Dobson (Vesperus shiraziensis), the Shiraz
Serotine Bat.

Pipistrellus kuhli lepidus, Blyth (Pipistrellus marginatus), Kan-
dahar Pipistrel, asubspecies of the White bordered bat.

Pipistrellus coromandra, Grey (Pipistrellus coromandelicus), Coro-
mandra Pipistrel.

Myotis myotis (Vespertilio murvnus), Mouse-Hared Bat.

Probably Myotis myotis risorws.

CoLLecTeED BY H. F. WirseErsy, 1902.

Some of these species were dealt with by Thomas in the Report
‘Mammals from Persia and Armenia presented to the British
Museum by Col. Bailward.” P. Z.8S., 1905, Vol. ii, and Wither-
by’s Field-mouse was described by Thomas in A.M.N.H. 7, X,
1902. They have not been published previously as a complete list.

Eptesicus mirza, De Filippi, (Vespertilio), the Mirza Serotine.

1 2 Basht, Shulistan, alt. 4,000'; 1 9 Telespid, Shulistan, 3,200’.

Witherby remarks: “ shot flying about at sunset in rocky places
with trees.”? Woosnam also obtained this bat at Mal Amir, alt.
4,300', and says “shot among oak trees on hill-side. They hang up
during the day in the old trees.”

Pipistrellus kuhli, Kuhl, White-bordered Bat.

19 Shiraz, Fars; 1 ? Kamarij Dashtistan.

COLLECTION OF MAMMALS IN SHIRAZ, PERSIA. 575

Myotis myotis omari, Th ’

Petia. ee

Rhinopoma microphyllum, G i :

9) el eonid, : es ey eoff, Egyptian Mouse-tail.

eh ot ae the long tail projects beyond the filament.

; or tail 60mm. R. kinneari, Wroughton, a slightly lare
species has been found in Sind and R. pusillum, rhs : ack
‘species has been lately described from S. E. Persia nae

Vulpes persica, Blanf, Persian Desert Fox.

1, also 1 skin and 1 skull.

Blanford described the type fr i i i :
. | ete ype trom specimens obtained in the hills

age poe Blanford. Fulvous Squirrel.

aluni, Fars, 4,200'; 1g, Sisak . 500':
py ¢, 19QSisakht, Fars, 6,500';

The type locality is oak forests -round Shiraz. Witherb
remarks “ found in wooded valley in a species of evergreen ae
often running on ground.” Probably a sub-species of persieus.

Apodemus sylvaticus witherbyi (Mus. (also Micromys) sylvaticus
-witherbyi), Thomas, Witherby’s Field-mouse.

1 g Shul, Fars, 5,200’.
Lepus lehmanni, Severz., the Turkistan Mountain Hare.
3¢,19 Dasht-i-arjan, 6,400’.

Closely assimilates to specimens of L. lehmanni obtained by
Carruthers in the Hissar Mountains, Turkistan. They are con-
‘siderably larger than LZ. connori, Rob., from the Mesopotamian
Plain, though in colouring there is a certain similarity, also larger
than L. craspedotis, the Baluch Hare.

THE FOLLOWING IS A LIST OF Cou. HOTSON’S SPECIMENS :—
1. RHINOLOPHUS FERRUM-EQUINUM IRANI, Subsp-nov.
Persian Horse-Shoe Pat.

1. Q (type); 8 immature.

A pale desert form of R. ferrum-equinum, the horse-shoe bat of Europe.
‘Specimens from Asia Minor are identical with the European form. The
‘present series has been compared with these and with R. f.-e. tragatus
rom North India. The Shiraz bat is paler in colour and slightly longer
in the forearm than either of these forms. In the National Collection an
unnamed specimen of this pale form from Turbat-i-Haidari, N. E. Persia,
-obtained by Watson, was awaiting further material for identification. This
extends the known range across Persia and has suggested the name
arant.

Size medium; hairs of the back soft and long (9mm).

General colour above pale “fawn colour”, bases of the hairs pale
4‘ drab’, darkening to pale fawn colour at the tip. Underparts pale drab
with a washing of “ vinaceous butt”.

Measuremerts of the type: head and body (in flesh), 60mm; tail, 44;
thindfoot, 12; ear, 25. Forearm, 60 mm.

576 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol, XXVIL.

Skull :—Greatest length, 23 5 mm.; basilar length, 16; greatest breadth,
12°5 ; least interorbital breadth, 3; breadth of braincase, 9°5; upper tootn
row, including canine, 9.

Hab: Persia. Type from Shiraz, alt. 5,200’.

Type: —Adult, 9 B. M. No. 20. 2.9.3. Original number 920. Collect-
ed 21st June 1919 by.Col. J. E. B. Hotson and presented by the Bombay
Natural History Society to the British Museum.

The eight immature specimens are a paler shade of the same general
colour as the adult. 7

The nose-leaf from dry skin measured 12mm. by 7°5 .

2. PIPISTRELLUS KUHLI LEPIDUS, Blyth.

Kandahar Pipistrel.
1845. Pipistrellus lepidus, Blyth, J. A. 8.B., xiv, p. 340.
TABOR:
The forearm of these measures 33-34mm.
The large proportion of females to males in collections of Pipistrels is
remarkable. Buxton obtained one male to sixteen females in a series of
P. kuhli in Amara.

3, PIpIsTRELLUS MIMUS GLAUCILLUS, Wroughtcn.

Northern Dwarf Pipistrel.

1912. Pipistrellus mimus glaucillus, \WWroughton, J. B. N. H. S., xxi,
[Deel oy LE 281; inal. 6.

Ten from Bagh Mizathahami, Shiraz, the rest from Shiraz.

The forearm of these is about 3lmm. :

P. mimus is generally distributed throughout India and is smaller and
darker than P. kuhli, P. m. glaucillus is a paler slightly larger sub-species.
The type locality is Multan, Punjab ; it also occurs in Sind.

4, Myoris MYOTIS RISORIUS, Subsp. nov.
The Dove-grey Mouse-eared Bat. 5

33; O21.

Much resembles, but is paler than Myotis m. omari, Thomas. Also differs
from M. M. omari in the absence of the general washing of cream buff on
the back, underparts, and wing filaments, which on the back of /. m. riso-
rius is replaced by a pale purplish washing. In the underparts the creamy
buff tips to the hairs in M. m. omari are in these specimens white, giving to
the belly a much whiter appearance. Forearm measurements are on an
average slightly longer than those of M. m. omari.

Considerably paler and slightly longerin the forearm than either M.
myotis from Europe or M. blythi from North India. ‘

Size large, hairs on the back soft, and long (10mm).

General colour above “ drab grey ’’, slightly darker towards the tail, bases
of hairs ‘‘ slate colour ”’, tips pale purplish. Below bases of hairs ‘ clove
brown ”. tips of hairs white, clove brown of bases faintly showing through
the white tips. Limbs and wing filaments “drab”. Line of demarcation
of colour upper and underparts clearly defined.

Measurements of the type: forearm 62mm.; head and body (in flesh)
76mm. tail, 62 ; hindfoot, 14; ear, 26.

Skull: greatest length, 24mm ; basilar length, 18-5; greatest breadth
(broken) 14:5: interorbital breadth, 5°5; breadth of brain-case, 10;
upper tooth row, including canine, 9.

Hab.—Persia. Type from Shiraz, alt. 5,200’, three more specimens from

the same locality.

en nt ane See eee eee

Hee

ae ea ea

Ri eNOS eS SNe Si ah nl Nah iA RN a als kT hn Shale:

_ COLLECTION OF MAMMALS iN SHIRAZ, PERSIA, 577

oe 3 B. M. No. 20-2-9-18. Original number 925. Collect-
e nd June 1919, by Col. J. E. B. Hotson and presented by the Bomba
Natural History Society -to the British Museum. The Sari h ace
subspecies M.m. omari has been obtained at Derhend, North of Isphan alt.
6500’, the type locality. Also at Resht at 400’ by Woosnam and at
Telespid, S. W. Persia, alt. 3,200’ by Witherby.

5. HERPESTES EDWARDSI FERRUGINEUS, Blanford,
Ferrugincus Indian Mungoose.

ote Herpestes ferrugineus, Blanford, P.Z.8., p. 661.

This is a rufous race of the Indian Mungoose, Herpestes edwardsi, Geoffroy
A specimen from Qasrqand, Persian Baluchistan, (Hotson) is a well marked
example of this rufous form.
ee is at present the Western limit of its range, the type locality is
ind.

The better known name for the Indian Mungoose, Mungos mungo,
really belongs to a South African species of Banded Mungoose. This has
been recently pointed out by Dr. J. A. Allen of New York and accepted
by Mr. Oldfield Thomas. It has therefore been necessary to revive the
earliest generic and specific name available for the Indian Mungoose which
is Herpestes edwards.

6. Canis aureus, L.
Jackal.
1756. Canis aureus, Linneus, Syst. Nat. i, (10th ed.) p. 40.
6 1;¢ immature l.
The adult is in summer coat, which is much worn. Shows a marked
similarity in colour shades ard skuil, characters and size to specimens from
the Lower Tigris.

7, Meriones persicus, Blanford.
The Persian Jird or Gerbil.

Ann & Mag. Nat. Hist.., xvi, 1875, p. 312.
1876. Gerbillus persicus, Blanford. East Persia, ii. p. 66,
Crs 2.
These ae with all the specimens of M. persicus in the British Museun’.
Shiraz is also close to the type locality.
In recent collections this species has been obtained at Mal-a-Mir, N. E,
of Awaz (Woosnam) and from several districts in Baluchistan (Hotson).

8, Meriones amBrostus, Thomas.
Cinnamon-buff Jird or Gerbil.

1919. Meriones ambrosius, Thomas, A. M. N. H., 9, iii, p. 270.

2 2; 2 2 immature.

The two adult specimens show a marked resemblance to the type of
M. ambrosius. The two immature skins have been placed with them. The
pelage is not so highly coloured as in the adult, but shows a closer
affinity to M. ambrosius than to M. persicus, the only two representatives of

us in this collection. :
Se cabrosius is a very beautiful species of the larger gerbils, the bright
cinnamon buff colouring readily distinguishing it from the more sone
M. persicus and M. erythrourus. Three of the Shiraz specimens have a few
white hairs at the end of the tail forming a small white tip although this is
apparently not a constant feature.

21

578 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII.

9, Mus sactrianus, Blyth.
The Kandahar House Mouse.

1846. Mus bactrianus, Blyth, J. A. S. B., xv, p. 140.
675; Q74.

1t is not surprising that the series of mice from Shiraz should show a
very mixed breed, owing to the fact that it is situated ata point where
several races meet. Stowaways on caravans have doubtless alighted to
add to the confusion. To the North we have received typical examples of
the dark bellied European form I. musculus from Buxton at Kasvin. The
majority of those obtained in Mesopotamia by the Mesopotamian Expedi-
tionary Force, were M. m. gentilis, with whitish belly, the bases of the
hairs being slaty. Tothe Hast the white bellied bactrianus was taken by
Hotson in Baluchistan.

The Shiraz mice have a tail averaging 10mm. longer than the Mesopota-
mian series, I have therefore referred those under review provisionally to
M. bactrianus althoughthe colour of the underparts in the specimens
grades from this type to that of M. m. musculus.

10, CRricETULUS MIGRATORIUS, Pallas.

The Little Grey Hamster.

1794. Mus migratorius, Pallas, Reis, i, p. 703.

6 26; 9 ; 24imal. 1.

Notwithstanding this very fine series of Shiraz hamsters to work with, I
have been unable to distinguish any constant differences between this and
C. migratorius. The sizes certainly vary within considerable limits: The
females are larger than the males on an average. Of the nine skins in
which the head and body measurements taken in the flesh were 100mm. or
Over, six were females.

Many of both sexes have the ochraceous tint of colouring in contrast to
the usual blue grey. One skull was sent with the two cheek pouches
attached, well distended with grains of barley. This abnormal development
in the hamster is used for conveying corn, from the field to the burrow
where it is stored.

11. Ovis VIGNEI cycLocERos, Hutton.

The Afghan Urial.

1842. Ovis cycloceros, Hutton, Calc. Journ., Nat. Hist., p. 88.

$6 1; 2 1; Dehnan, 12 miles 8. E. of Shiraz, alt. 5,500’.

Adult male with typical horns of the ows vigner group, the tip curving
towards the front of the eye. Horn measurement, round the front curve 24
inches. Shoulder of male taken in the flesh, 30°5 inches. Horn of adult
female measured 3°5 inches round front curve. Shoulder taken in the
flesh 25°5 inches.

12. CAPRA AEGAGRUS BLYTHI, Lydekker,

Sind Wild Goat.

1898. Capra hircus blythi, Lydekker., Wild Oxen, Sheep and Goats, p. 264.

Q1,; Siakh Range, 10 miles 8. of Shiraz.

This is a slightly smaller race of the Persian Wild Goat, Capra egagrus,
Gmelin, with slighter development of the knobs on the front edge of the
horns and has a range in Sind, Baluchistan, and South Persia. Capra ega-
grus reaches Asia Minor, the. type locality is Daghestan district of the
Caucasus and it appears to replace C. @. blythi in the Elburz Mountains.

Fe A Sal Ra BE Be RR ip si eal

Sh RA Ag ‘mgr lt DELLA ep OED MOIS MES LS = RN OP

2 DEAE

COLLECTION OF MAMMALS IN SHIRAZ, PERSIA, 579

13. GazELLa suBGUTTUROSA, Guldenstadt.

Persian Gazelle.

1778. Antelope subgutturosa, Guldenstadt, A i 5

@ 1; Low hills between Khan-i-Zinian Caan mn Eb Sori ete.

An adult female without horns, shot in June and is in the summer t
The mask has the forehead nearly white, a broad pale chestnut stripe tina
from the forehead down the centre of the face, ending in a ual ane
brown patch above the nose, two almost white stripes run parallel on each
side of this central stripe and again two more pale chestnut stripes com-
mence in front of the eye and terminate to the side of the nose. There is
a male of this species mounted in the British Museum which has the face
all white. This is at once a most interesting and valuable addition to the
representatives of the Gazelle family in the National Collection, a grou
in which the material is sadly deficient, more particularly in the oie of
adult females on which many of the species of Gazelle are largely based

The Persian Gazelle is acomparatively long coated species, with horn-
less females, that inhabits the higher ranges of hills and plateaux, This
ae is considerably larger than any other with which comparison was
made.

Hotson gives the measurement of the shoulder, taken in the flesh, as
26°5 inches, which is one inch more than the female Urial he sent from ‘the
same locality.

The type locality is given by Lydekker as Persia, at elevations of 3 000'
+o 7,000’, and he includes Afghanistan in the range. Westward the species
would meet Gazella marica, Thomas, which reaches the valley of the lower
Karun River, a male and horned female having been obtained at Shushter
by Bailey and mentioned in the report on the mammals collected by the
Mesopotamian Expeditionary Force.

SUPPLEMENT.

Since the proofs of the first paper have been returned from the printer
for correction, another small collection has arrived from Col. Hotson,
including a new vole. There has been just time to attach the description
of this vole by Mr. Oldfield Thomas and a short notice of the other species
to my original paper for publication together.

Among those who contributed towards the Shiraz Collection, Col. Hotson
writes that he received valued help from Lieut. J. T. Garrett, 15th Lancers,
Lieut. B. L. Herdon and Major A. E. W. Lake, both of the 1/127th
Q M. O. B. L. L., Lieut.-Col. H. R. B. Gibson, IMS., Capt. R. Blandy,
South Persian Rifles and Officers of the 36th Indian Mountain Battery.
The date of this supplementary collection is August 15th to December the
16th, 1919.

THE DETAILED LIST OF THE SPECIES IS AS FOLLOWS :—
1, PIpisTRELLUS MIMUS GLAUCILLUS, Wroughton.
$6 7; 911. Ten from Bagh-i-Jaffarani, Shiraz, the rest from Shiraz.
Notes as in my paper.
2. PARAECHINUS MACRACANTHUS, Blanford.
Baluch Hedgehog. Or

1876. Erinaceus macracanthus, Blanford, Hast Persia, 11., Pp. 27.

3 1. Bagh-i-Rezi, Shiraz. :

Type locality Dizak, Baluchistan. It was also obtained by Blanford at
Karman. A plate of this Hedgehog is given in Eastern Persia, 1. Both
‘the base and the tip of the spines, as well as the underfur, 1s dark brown,

580 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol.XXVII.

almost black. The head, ears, and chest are grizzled by an admixture of
white hairs. Blanford found that albinism was prevalent in the species.

3. Canis aurzus, L,

3 1. Bagh-i-Gulshan, Shiraz. Alt. 5,000’.

A typical example of Canis aureus in full winter coat. The general
colour of the back is pale fawn, almost silvery, to which the black tips to
the hairs give a grizzled appearance; the ears and hind legs are bright
fawn, inclining to rufous the fore-legs are fawn coloured. Throat and
belly white, chest washed with fawn. See my paper above.

4, VULPES, sp.

6 I. Purchased.

This is a very dark specimen of a fox about the size of V. persica, witha
large amount of purplish black on the under parts and back; the ears are
entirely black outside and light fawn inside. Unfortunately it is a trade
skin, without skull, and the classification cannot be carried further until
more material is available. This skin was obtained from a dealer by
Lieut.-Col. W. A. K. Fraser, D.S.O., M.C., South Persian Rifles.

5. TatERA PERSICA, Wroughton.

The Seisian Gerbil.
1906. Tatera persica, Wroughton, A. M. N. H., 7, xvii., p. 496.
© 1. imm., Akbarabad, near Shiraz. Alt. 4,800.
6. MerRIoNES AMBROSIUS, Thomas.
6 1, 9 1. One from Bagh-i-Jaffarani, Shiraz.
See my paper sbove.
7. Mus BactRIANUvS, Blyth.

3 88,. 2 83.
The remarks on the House mice in my original paper apply equally to
these except that the white-bellied specimens typical of Mus bactrianus

are here in larger proportion.
8. CRICETULUS MIGRATORIUS, Pallas.
ie yl .
See my paper above.
9, CALOMYscUS BAILWARDI, Thomas.

Bailward’s Vesper Mouse.
1905. Calomyscus bailwardi, Thomas, P. Z.S., ii., p. 524.

So 2.

The type locality of this species is Mal Amir, 70 miles N. EH. of Ahwaz.
Thomas has given this descriptive paragraph which I borrow in full “A
beautiful gerbil-coloured, long eared, tufted tailed mouse, of about the size
of Mus musculus.” Woosnam who collected the type says it was “ trapped

among barren rocks on mountain side above the Mal-i-Mir marsh.” Hotson |

says “‘ trapped on the hills 2 miles from Shiraz, Alt. 5,200’.”
Two allied species were obtained in Baluchistan by Hotson.

10. Microrvus 1rant, Thomas.

Shiraz Vole.
3 5, 9 1. Bagh-i-Rezi, Shiraz.

PRESEN Se Neth ain eM Te ah ST ERED Be ab

asia eo —

COLLECTION OF MAMMALS IN SHIRAZ, PERSIA, 581

The following is Mr, Oldfield Thomas’ description of this new Vole :—
“ Microtus irani, sp. n.

“A rather large buffy coloured species, with a strikin

: g external
;. eee a & (Phaiomys) afghanus, Thos., but with normal
“ External appearance almost exactly as in afghanus. General
colour above sandy buff, nearest to ‘ tawny olive’, the hairs slaty at
base with buffy subterminal rings and dark brown extreme tips
= Sides clearer sandy. Under surface soiled whitish or creamy, the
= hairs slaty at base, except on the chin. Hands and feet creamy
“white. Tail sandy above, white on sides and below. Hindfoot pads
“apparently five in number and mammze 2—2—s, but neither are
“ absolutely clear.

“ Skull large and strongly built, twice the size of that of M. mysta-
* cinus, the zygomata stout and widely expanded. Palatal foramina
‘narrow, reachingback just to the level of the fromt root of m’.
‘¢ Posterior palate with well marked lateral pits. Bulle large, though
“‘ rather smaller than in afghanus.

“ Molar pattern as in typical Microtus; m* with four completely
“ closed triangles and a posterior C, there thus being four salient
“‘ angles on each side. In afghanus there are only three, M®* in the
“ type with a small additional internal projection approaching that of
“ M. agrestis, but this absent in other specimens. M' with six closed
triangles and a well developed anterior trefoil. In afghanus there
“are only four closed triangles.

“ Dimensions of the type, as measured by the Collector :—

“ Head and body 107 mm.; tail 37; hindfoot 19; ear 18.

“ Skull :—Condylobasal length 30; condylo-incisive length 30° ;
“‘ zygomatic breadth 18:2 ; nasals7°5 ; intertemporal breadth 4; mastoid
‘ breadth 14°3 ; height of crown above bulle 11 ; palatilar length 15:2 ;
palatal foramina 6:1; horizontal diagonal diameter of bulle 8°7;
“« upper molar series 6°7.

“ Hab. : —Bagh-i-Rezi, Shiraz. Alt. 5,200’.

“ Type :—Old male, B. M. No. 20. 5. 20.9. Original No. 1328.
“ Collected 17th September 1919. Six specimens examined,

“ This striking and most distinct vole is quite unlike any described
“species except for its marked but purely superficial resemblance to
“« M. (Phaiomys) afghanus. Geographically also it is very isolated, as
“its nearest neighbour is the North Persian MM. mystacinus, Filippi,
‘“‘ which is barely half its size. A co-type of the latter, acquired by
‘“‘ exchange from the Turin Museum is now in the British Museum.

6“

“é
‘

wn

x”

~~

4

~

n
non

11. Ovis vieNerI cycLoceRos, Hutton.
ao. el. ‘
The male from Baiza, 35 miles N. N. H. of Shiraz, shoulder measuremen
taken in the flesh 32 inches; horn measured round front curve 28 inches.
Adult female from Kuh-i-Bamu, 8 miles N. of Shiraz. Alt. 8,000’. Height

‘at shoulder in flesh 28°5 inches, horn 1°25 inches. See original paper above.

12, CAPRA HGAGRUS BLYTHI, Lydekker.

@ 2. One from Kalat, 30 miles N. W. of Shiraz, alt. 6,500’, shoulder
measured in flesh 29°5 inches, horn measured round front curve 8 inches ;
‘the other from hills above Kavar Valley, S. E. of Shiraz, shoulder
measured in flesh 24°5 inches. See original paper above.

582

THE GEOLOGY OF WORLI HILL.
BY

JAYME Riperro, Esq., L.C.E.
With one plate and three text figures.

(Paper read before the Bombay Natural History Society
on 26th February 1920.)

A glance at the map of Bombay shows the greater part of the western coast
of the Island skirted by a range of hills. It starts from the northern horn of the
Back Bay and after running in a northerly direction ends at the southern bound-
ary of the Mahim Bay to re-appear beyond the limits of the city as the promon-
tory on which stands the Chapel of Nossa Senhora de Monte. The range,
however, is not a continuous one, nor of a uniform height. There is a consider-
able break of about 2,300 feet at Mahaluxmi. The small knoll on which
stands the tomb of Haji Ali, a Mahomedan saint of considerable repute, marks
practically the centre of this vanished portion of the range. The section on
the south of the breach is made up of the Malabar and Cumballa Hills which
at some points attain the height of about 220 feet. The northern section
starts with the mound on which stands the tomb of Mama Hajiani and runs
in an undulating manner, now dipping to the level plain now rising to form
other hillocks till it ends at the Worli Fort. This section of the range is known
as the Worli Hill. It formed by itself one of the seven islands which originally
went to make up our present city.

It is interesting to watch, as one travels by the B. B. & C. I. Ry. from Grant
Road to Lower Parel stations, the central portion of this range with its badly
scarped sides and its top dotted with bungalows and fringed with brab palms.
Just as the train leaves the Mahaluxmi station there appears, on the north of
the Love Grove Sewage pumping station, a part of the hill reddish brown in its
upper and ashy grey in its lower portions. This is the part of the range that
is going to take up the greater and more interesting section of this paper.

Apart from the similar physical aspects of the twosections of the range there
are strong geological evidences to show that these two sections are identical in
their origin and that at some remote period the sea breached the range cutting
it into two. It may be stated here that the description that will be given of
the Worli Hill will apply in all respects to the northern end of the Cumballa
Hill, the only portion of the southern section of the range that is being quarried
at present, with this one difference that I have so far found no fossil remains
of any kind at the latter place except bits of charcoal.

Worli Hill consists of three different strata, the topmost consisting of
dark basaltic trap weathering into moorum, the middle of sedimentary beds
and the lower of coarse grey trap, each of which strata I shall proceed to
describe in detail. What may be the substratum on which these stand is
not possible to say in the absence of deep excavations round about the place.

I. According to Dr. Carter’s paper on the Geology of the Island of Bombay
read before the B. B. of the Royal Asiatic Society in 1850, the upper stratum,
the dark basaltic trap, is “ the first of the secondary effusions which caps the
main ridges in Bombay, and which, it may be presumed, was once continuous
all over the island.” This effusion he assigns to what he classifies as the third
period of the geological formations in Bombay, and consequently is subsequent
to the deposition of the sedimentary beds which are taken by him to belong

i pt a es

Journ., Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc, Plate I

“UPPER TRAP

Golangi Hill, Sewri. Looking West from foot of quarry.

Golangi Hill, Sewri. Looking South from top of Lower Trap.

vom iy)
»
¥ a
\
'
aH
4 ¥
’
a

‘

THE GEOLOGY OF WORLI HILL. 583

to the second period. Though Dr. Carter was the first of the earlier i i
gators to give a very painstaking, careful and elaborate Gear bf tis
various geological formations of Bombay his assumptions about the sequence
of the several volcanic effusions and their sub-divisions inte four groups seem
_ to be open to question, as Wynne remarks in dealing with the geology of

Bombay in the Memoirs of the Geo. Survey of India, Vol. V, 1863. Were it a
fact that this upper trap overflowed “the then plain of Bombay” and was
subsequently forced up together with the sedimentary beds on which it was
lying, by a fresh outbreak of lava underneath to form the existing ridge the
aqueous deposits would have shown a more extensive disturbance by way of
contortion, fracture and fusion than is actually the case. The upper trap itself
would have undergone a good deal of fissuring beyond the very thin joints due
to cooling. At Sewri the upper trap takes the contour of the lower trap and
that of the thin layer of sedimentary rock and has the air tubes perfectly
vertical and undisturbed. The probability is that the ridge was already formed
by the forcing up of the aqueous stratum by the irruption underneath of the
lower trap before the upper basaltic trap came on.

Mr. Wynne seems to doubt that the ridges in Bombay were ever the
result of trap intrusions under the sedimentary beds, but the dome shape?
appearance and the variations in the height of the lower trap extensively exposed
at Sewri seem to favour the view that the ridges were at least partially due
to that cause. Even at Worli there are indications that the sedimentary
rocks have been lifted up in a dome. Dr. Buist in speaking of the Love
Grove beds in the paper on the geology of Bombay read before the Bombay
Geographical Society in 1851 says: “Just at the sluices the regularity of
the beds has been disturbed, and they dip a little in all directions.” The
inference is clearly that the beds were ‘raised in a dome.’

Sedimentary beds dipping south, Worli.

The physical characters of this upper trap are unlike those of the trap

that caps the other ridges in Bombay. It is much darker and more

i i i ing the apparent difference,
d fine grained. Yet, notwithstanding t
Ce alls trap sa tise and the same with the other trap. For if

584. JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII.

we assume that the upper trap in Bombay had its origin in the main-
land, since no local foci of eruption have been met with, and that it flowed
in a westerly direction, the more fluid portions would travel faster and cool

more rapidly, thus producing the basaltic trap of Worli. That it is merely a

question of fluidity and cooling would seem to be clear from the appearance
of an undivided mass of rock 105 ft. in thickness lying above the sedimentary
deposit at Sewri, a rock which is probably identical with the flow of which the
Worli basalt is the western outpost. Where it rests on the sedimentary bed
it is ashy grey and earthy, but gradually passes into a dark crystalline rock at
the top, but less so than that at Worli. That such must have been the condi-
tion of the trap at the latter place at a very remote period is proved by bould-
ers of ashy grey and basaltic trap found embedded in the mass of moorum
resulting from the disintigration of the trap. It is a very noticeable fact thas
the whole depth of rock on the eastern side of the hill has decomposed into
moorum by concentric disintigration of the trap, leaving rounded cores of vari-

ous sizes. The appearance of the more highly weathered of these cores is that .

of rusted iron balls. The larger and less weathered ones still show the typical
trap characteristics. On the completion of the weathering process the moorum,
it would appear, gets pressed into sheets and can easily be split into thin laminez.
It is not possible to say what are the determining causes which lead trap to
weather into balls ; the probability is that the lava in cooling assumes a definite
hexahedral form. The transition from this form to a ball in weathering is not
distant. The moorum which is yellowish brown in its lower reaches passes
gradually as it approaches the summit into the best red earth available in
Bombay. The quarried face of the moorum presents remarkably clear strati-
fications. The western face of the hillock on which stands the tomb
of Mama Hajiani is also decomposing into moorum but in a lesser degree
leaving in many instances masses of solid rock poised on columns of moorum
cut out by the action of the waves. It is a queer fact that the lower layers of
the rock are weathering earlier and faster than the upper ones.

The unweathered rock presents an appearance unlike that of any other trap
in Bombay. A freshly broken specimen shows a dark, fine grained crystalline
surface with sharp edges. When struck it sounds with a clear metallic ring.
In hardness and colour it ranks next to the ‘“‘ Lydian stone ” of Antop Hill, the
hardest stone in Bombay. When seen in the mass it shows on the surface a
network of lines, probably occasioned by cooling, which form more or less
hexagonal figures. These are best seen at Love Grove near the Sewage
outfall. There it is possible to see practically perfect hexagons occasionally
standing out as columns in the manner of true basalt. These lines penetrate
deep into the mass of the rock as seen at Nepean Sea Road, Malabar Hill, and
are filled in with quartz or zeolite veins. On both sides of these veins the rock
has become greenish brown to a slight extent, a sign of incipient weathering.
So far no cavities or geodes containing quartz or other minerals have been met
with.

It would be interesting to investigate why this basaltic trap, which appar-
ently is harder than the other varieties, has weathered to such an extent as to
produce a bed of moorum over 100 ft. in thickness. The other hills in Bombay
are covered with a comparatively thin layer of soil. Mr. Wynne, however, is
of opinion that the basaltic trap is less susceptible to weathering, for, in
speaking of the basaltic trap of Malabar Hill, which is identical with the Worli
trap, he says: “This is an extremely hard dark variety of bedded trap ; it
marks glass, yields but little, and ina peculiar manner, to atmospheric action ;
in some places the only effect produced being a slight superficial oxidation of
its combined iron, in others it is traversed by strong joints, between which large
spaces have been formed, and most of the remaining angles, owing to a rudely
developed concretionary structure, have been partially rounded off.” ts

**

eee ee

LT ee SS

THE GEOLOGY OF WORLI HILL, 585 °

Owing to its hardness and brittleness i i i
made of the basaltic trap. It is boing, ee oe ie
rubble and metal in the foundations of buildings. For road makin the ade
at ane suitable being too sharp. The face of the hill is prenhead eA ae
ie ve y <a ae spoil for filling the adjoining low lands of the fata,
alia 4 th or oe was started at the foot of the hill to utilize
a rick making, but the attempt has not so far proved success-

Quarry Face, Worli Hill.

II. Below this thick mass of moorum and trap occur the highly interesting
sedimentary deposits. From their characteristic and persistent fossil, the frog,
it is evident that the beds were deposited in fresh water. Of the previous
investigators Dr. Carter is the only one who has given us a full and detailed
description of the beds as they appeared at the Love Grove cut of the sluices,
and of the fossils found in them by himself and Dr. Leith. It may be stated
here that in view of the extensive quarrying operations that have recently
taken place, whereby a face of the beds about 500 ft. in length has been
exposed, Dr. Carter’s description is true only of the cut of the sluices. The beds
now opened out are about 28 ft. above the mean level of the sea while at the
Love Grove cut they are generally below it. It has not been possible to trace
in the present beds the layers which according to Carter contains vertical
tubes filled with crystalline quartz nor the layer said to underlie the former
and which “is almost wholly composed of the casts of the shells of the little
entomostracious crustacean animals called cyprides.” It is probable that
no description of these aqueous deposits which is true of one place would
wholly apply to another place even though only a few yards away. In general
the beds dip about 15° to the west. Passing under the hill they reappear on
_ the west just under the high tide level. Looked at from a very short distance,
the alternating black and light coloured bands in the quarried face are very
distinct and continuous, but in the layers themselves a close scrutiny discloses
an extraordinary diversity of material. The layers vary greatly in thickness

22

586 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVIII.

from point to point. In general the lighter material occurs in thicker layers than q
the darker one and is more resistant to splitting. Itis very difficult to get

thin slabs of it. The alternation of the layers sometimes is very rapid thereby
producing very thin bands. There are large deposits of carbonaceous shale,

but the remarkable fact about it is that the shale is not found in continuous

layers, but occurs as pockets in the other deposits.

Fossilized Frogs from the sedimentary deposits.

The general description of the beds which are about 30 ft. thick is more or
less as follows:—Immediately resting on the lower trap there is a layer about
3 or 4 inches thick of a very dark coloured shale in a good state of preser-
vation which splits into very thin lamine. It consists of an extremely fine
sediment, so fine that when held against the sunlight it gives out iridescent
colours. When wetted and exposed to the sun it emits a strong smell of
naphta. This is more pronounced in a newly broken rock and the quarrymen
are quite aware of it. This naphtous smell is probably the result of the large
amount of organic matter incorporated in the shale. This layer is the most
prolific in frog impressions. On both the faces of a small slab about 4 inch
thick there are no less than 3 clear and several faint impressions of frogs.
The counterpart of this slab was welded to the lower trap and could not be
detached.

Above this layer comes a deposit of a coarse grey coloured detritus about
12 inches thick. This layer does not easily split into thin lamine ; but where
it does, it is possible to get impressions of frog fossils. The grey deposit is
followed by fine sediment similar in appearance to the first layer, but in rather
a decomposing state. If split into thin layers it easily crumbles into bits. It
is prolific in frog fossils and together with the previous similar deposit are
the only layers in which peculiar impressions are found.

After this period the character of the deposits changes. Sediments of any one
kind are in some cases heaped up several feet thick. This is especially true
of the ashy grey deposit. It is peculiar in containing very thin flaky pebbles

THE GEOLOGY OF WORLI HILL. 587

of a dark colour which viewed sideways appear in shape like h en
This can well be seen on the c Mi Y uman nail parings.

ompound wall of the Presidency Mill
Fergusson Road where the softer matrix has wea d ky

L thered away leaving the flaky
pebbles very prominent. These shales, as also the carbonaceous shales previ-
ously mentioned, contain large pebbles of an igneous rock of a dark colour,

the largest found by me being about 9 inches in diameter and about
3 inches thick. It is very rarely that the pebbles are of a light colour. These
may be merely concretions. Above the grey deposits there occurs a series of
alternate dark and light shales. These bands are together about four feet thick
and seen from a distance are very distinct. In general the dark layers are thin-
ner than the others. To a greater or less extent the sedimentary deposits are
charged with carbonate of lime. Iron pyrites is diffused throughout the layers,
the more so in the lowest ones. The pyrites probably was the result of the
sulphur evolved from the decomposing organic matter acting on the iron in
the waters. The frogs seem to have survived through all these changes as their
fossils oceur even in the highest of the dark shales. The atmospheric influences
which made the hard basaltic trap to weather so deep down do not seem to have
affected the sedimentary rocks in the least as the moorum
directly on aqueous beds in a good state of preservation.

The sedimentary strata are extensively cracked, the cracks generally run-
ning east to west. They do not exceed a couple of inches in thickness and are
generally filled in with deposits of calcite showing a variety of crystallisations.
It is very rarely that quartz occurs in these fissures but when it does occur it
is found in small crystals of a peculiar brilliancy. So far no amorphous quartz
has been found. Some portions of the rock have become faulted and some
seem to have slided against each other with such a tremendous force as to fuse
partially the rock. An evidence of this fact is found in the fairly extensive
rounded and polished surfaces with clear striz on them as if a comb had been
passed over the semi-melted mass. Wherever faults occur, the layers have
taken a slight bent downwards and were probably fused to some extent at the
line of fracture as layers of different materials are found welded together.

The layers that existed below the lowest frog bearing band have been broken
into and fused by the lower trap coming into contact with them, so that it is
not easy to make out the original condition of these beds. This disturbed
state of the sedimentary beds gives additional support to the theory that it
was the lower trap that forced up these beds, cracking, faulting and sliding
them against each other, and if we assume, as we have done, that the upper
trap is of a more recent date than the lower one, then it is quite likely that this
heavy weight coming over the aqueous deposits already thrown into unstable
equilibrium may have helped in causing further slips in the beds. But taken
all together, these cataclysmic changes were not so tremendous as in Sewri
where the aqueous beds have been contorted, fused and jasperised to an

xtraordinary degree. ;

‘ The Bici rater bod: are being rapidly quarried away as the material an
into metal or rubble commands a ready sale for use in the foundations of _ :
_ings. Being soft and porous it sets better in the mortar than —_ me -
Many a house in Bombay will have the honour of standing on the fossi — =
of the earliest known inhabitant of Bombay—the frog. At the prone syd ies
quarrying and by the contemplated activities of the City Improv ae es
in this locality, these interesting beds will be completely wiped ou
‘<e a8 lower trap is soft and scoriaceous like the seg pgp om
sedimentary beds in the other parts of the City. In general -e is ‘a8 y A 2
in colour and resembles very much some of the meat 2 oe
only the presence of crystalline texture that differentiates the former.

ite li i least in its upper portions has
quite likely that the character of this trap at

is found resting

588 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. X XVII.

been greatly modified by intermixture with the fresh water deposits. The mass
of the rock is broken up with veins and cavities filled in with calcite,
quartz and zeolites. Moreover the fact that this trap was never exposed to
atmospheric influences must have tended to some extent to make it different
from the upper trap. Though it could not have been in a highly molten con-
dition when it burst under the sedimentary beds as judged from its scoriaceous
nature, yet it seems to have greatly affected some parts of the aqueous deposits
as evidenced by the presence of some peculiar boulders in the mass of the
trap. These boulders had the appearance of having been severely burnt ; the
outside was covered with black knobs, which scaled off at the slightest touch
like carbonaceous shale, while the interior of the boulders consisted of a dark
brown matrix, probably of fused silica very hard and tough to the hammer,
containing a very large quantity of very fine needles of quartz embedded in
all positions in the matrix. Or can it be that these boulders are specimens
of rocks deeper down in the bowels of the earth carried up by the force of
the trap as it made its way through them, as must have been the case with the
boulders of diorite found embedded in the volcanic ash near the Koliwad station
in Sewri ? I throw out the suggestion for what it is worth.

It is a remarkable fact that the previous writers on the geology of Bombay
have taken scant notice of the minerals found in the aqueous deposits. Carter
who has taken a good deal of pains in describing the fossil remains in these
beds makes only a casual reference to the occurrence of calc-spar and quartz.
Speaking of the existence of small deposits of granular coal on leaves and of
mineral resin, he finds “invariably calc-spar in company with both these sub-
stances.” Again when he writes about the layers of cyprides he says: “ It
also has another peculiarity, which is, that it is almost wholly composed of
silex, in the form of amorphous or crystalline quartz.” Dr. Buist makes no
reference to any mineral while speaking of the Love Grove beds, but in referring
to those under the Malabar Hill he mentions mica and “ small crystals of sul-
phuret of iron, supposed by the natives, when first found, to contain gold.”
From these stray references one is led to infer that these writers either thought
this subject unworthy of much notice or that they did not come across the rich
harvest of minerals now found in these beds. The latter was more probably
the case considering the fact that deposits of minerals are confined to small
sections of the beds. Drs. Carter and Buist have based their remarks on the
beds as they appeared at the Love Grove cut of the sluices, and it is quite
likely that no striking minerals were found by them at this place. The min-
erals occurring in the beds now exposed are a study in themselves and would
well repay the labour spent in inquiring into their composition and crystallo-
graphy. It is a fact very much to be deprecated that an important city like
Bombay should not possess a single standard collection of minerals, and in
its absence I can only describe the minerals found by me as they appear to
a lay man.

I. Iron pyrites. The waters which caused these beds were evidently highly
charged with iron sulphide as the mineral is found disseminated in varying
quantities throughout the mass of the rock. It is more frequent in the lower
than in the upper beds. It occurs as fine dust, as globules, rarely as amor-
phous masses resembling Chinese characters and more frequently as well formed
cubic crystals of various sizes, the largest found being about 4 inch cube. The
pyrites varies in colour from brass yellow through golden yellow to copperish
brown. It is also found in a dark greenish blue hue giving out iridiscent
colours. This peculiar colour seems to be due to the oxydising influence of
the atmosphere, for some crystals, which were golden yellow when first picked
up, were subsequently, after a few months, found to have taken on this dark
greenish blue colour. The cubic crystals have a scaly surface. Twins are
very common. The best specimens are found deposited on the crystals of

a

THE GEOLOGY OF WORLI HILL. 589

calcite in the fissures of the rock. The pyrites and the calcite seem to be

cceval as the crystals of pyrites are very of

i U y often covered over by c¢ ]
oe The pyrites does not occur in the traps, but is ea anes
chertifed fresh water beds of Sewri in fairly big amorphous lumps. It also

occurs in the aqueous deposits at Bhoiwada.

II. The mostgmyidely disseminated mineral in these sedimentary beds is
undoubtedly cal ®. Besides impregnating the mass of the rock it is exten-
sively found deposited in a crystalline form in the cracks of the beds and in
the cavities in the lower trap generally in association with crystalline quartz
and zeolites. It is rarely intercalated with the shales. It occurs in a variety
of pretty forms mixed up together on the same specimen. In colour it varies
from black, dark brown through cream to pure white. In general it is
translucent or opaque, but small bits can be obtained perfectly transparent.
The crystals are invariably well formed and regular but rather of a small size
and the aid of a magnifying glass is necessary to bring out their full beauty.
Striations on the fractured surfaces or on the natural faces of the crystals
are common. Sometimes the surface is dull and wavy asif the crystals had
cooled out from a molten material. Smaller crystals of the same or diffe;
ent kind are very often partially embedded in the larger ones or are found as
excretions on the exposed surfaces.

it will be noticed that most of the specimens are small in size. This is due
to the fact*that the deposits, though extensive, are occurring at right angles
to the sedimentary layers, and any attempt to detach the mineral results in
splitting the layers and with them the mineral. The following are the chief
varieties in which the calcite occurs though a more careful investigation may
disclose new forms or may reduce those described here to a few primitive
types.

(a) Calc-spar is the commonest form of calcite. It occurs in fairly big lumps
and in all shades of colour, from dark brown to milky white. Unlike the calc-
spar found in trap rocks, the lumps in the sedimentary beds show a tendency to
erystallise out on the surface into other forms, in fact the mass appears to
be a random mixture of a variety of crystals.

(b) Next the calcite shows in independent rhombic crystals with angles
sometimes approaching very near to right angles, giving to the crystals the
appearance of cubes. Very often it is only a corner that projects beyond the
mass of the mineral and the crystal stands out as a three-sided pyramid. The
colour is sometimes waxy greenish. Twins are quite common.

(c) Calcite is also found deposited as flat oblong dises with facetted sides.
The top and bottom are plain. The crystals are found lumped together and
are partly transparent and partly translucent. In some cases the edges or
the top layer is opaque and pearly. These crystals probably pass into the
barrel shaped ones by a considerable increase in their thickness.

(d) Crystals resembling dog tooth spar occur in fine six-sided double pyra-
mids joined at their bases. The height of the pyramid is more or less
double the width of the base, but very often the ratio between the height and
the base is considerably less and the crystal resembles very much a a
sided quartz crystal. Frequently only one pyramid is exposed beyond | . ti
general mass of the mineral. The colour is in general translucent white. 1e
crystals generally end in sharp points but the top sometimes ae ee
three quadrilateral faces meeting in a three-sided pyramid. Some of the face:
often stop short of the apex.

i i ri ix-sided barrels appa-
e) There is another form of calcite occurring as SIX-sic nee
ae made up of regular layers of the mineral. Such barrels are gene ae
translucent at the base but gradually become opaque towards the top taking

on the glaze of white china. This latter condition in these and other allied

590 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. AAVITI,

crystals may be due to incipient weathering. The colour is white. The tops
are perfectly flat. Often fine hexagonal columns are found lying on their sides.

(f) There are also barrel shaped crystals, probably having nine
sides, capped by three pentagonal faces meeting in a point at the top of the
column. The appearance of the column is very peculiar. It looks as if several
flat discs were piled up in a barrel shape without minute adjustment, so that
the sides are rough and uneven. Sometimes the columm is pinched in the
middle producing the effect of two barrels placed one above the other. The
colour is translucent white.

(g) There is lastly a form of calcite found in the lower trap which is very
rare indeed but which also occurs in the Nowroji Hill trap. The crystals have
the appearance of cubes but with slightly convex sides. The convexity is caused
by the meeting of very flat crystalline faces. This is well seen in the crystals
which are bright, but in those with dull surfaces, as is generally the case, the
cause of the convexity seems rather puzzling.

(h) Besides the above there are some obscure forms.

III. Next is frequency, but much less in quantity is the occurrence of quartz.
It fills the lines of cleavage in the upper trap as thin veins of amorphous quartz.
So far no large crystals have been found either in the veins or in cavities in this
trap, which at present is being quarried to a very limited extent. In the lower
trap crystalline quartz is common and it occurs in well formed transparent
crystals, very often cream coloured. It is generally associated with» calcite and
zeolites. In the sedimentary beds quartz is found, though scantily, in a crys-
tallme form filling the cracks in the beds.

(a) The amorphous quartz of the trap veins is found in thin plates which
are rather difficult to detach from the rock. The mineral invariably crumbles
into powder on being detached.

(b) The crystals from the lower trap and the sedimentary beds are extremely
interesting. They are of a fine transparency and peculiar lustre. Generally
a rhombic face is exposed and less frequently a pyramid formed by four rhombic
faces is seen protruding beyond the general mass of the mineral. It is rarely
that the crystals are found as two four-sided pyramids joined by a column
similarly facetted. A broken surface shows a pearly lustre. A careful study
may perhaps show that this mineral is an apophyllite. It is occasionally
found in a weathered condition. In association with these crystals creamy
coloured quartz, crystalline and with fine strie on the sides, is occasionally
met with.

(c) Then again the mineral is found in extremely fine six-sided needles
capped by a pyramid either at one or both ends. These needles are sometimes
found standing out in the cavities of the lower trap but more often are mixed
up with the mass of the rock. This is especially the case with the quartz
crystals found in the peculiar‘ boulders previously mentioned. Some of the
crystals have their tops fused and rugged while others have their pyramids cut
off in a plane which gives a pentagonal appearance to the face. They
are transparent and vary in colour from smoky to pure white. The general
look of the crystals is as if they have had been developed out of a fused mass.

TV. Zeolites: (a) Intercalated with the shales there occurs a dark grey
zeolite. It forms extensive but thin films. Owing to its thinness it is extremely
fragile. It is not also firmly attached to the rock with the result that it easily
gets detached and broken.

(b) In the cavities and cracks of the lower trap there is found a fine white
zeolite either by itself or in association with quartz and calcite. It occurs in
sheaves and has the appearance of a stilbite. Taken altogether the mineral
is rather common but it is not found in large lumps.

V. Besides the minerals described above there is met with in the sedimentary
shales a waxy looking translucent mineral. It occurs in small, very thin

a sisal nei ainlesiias st Sekai pe

ee
y
4
=
;
ir
a
a
8
4
%
:

ay

ereEsiGn, as

THE GEOLOGY OF WORLI HILL. 591

patches. It is very brittle and easily detachable from the rock, and owi
its brittleness it is not possible to secure it except in a powdery aes obec

attached to the rock.

Coming to the organic deposits found in the sedimentary beds, we must

acknowledge the great assiduity and not less the good fortune of Drs. Leith

and Carter in securing several interesting specimens of vegeta

remains described in the latter’s paper eels aioe: That ae must
have been arriving at the place a large amount of vegetable detritus is clear
from the extensive deposits of carbonaceous shale and the strong naphtous smell
of the freshly broken rock. It is a remarkable fact that, though extensive
quarrying of the fresh water beds is at present going on, no fossil remains of the
marsh tortoise, “ testudo (hyaraspis) Leithii”or any definite impressions of
stems, leaves, etc., have been met with by me. Speaking of the specimens
of plants presented by Dr. Carter to the Bombay Branch of the Royal Asiatic
Society, Mr. Wynne in writing on the geology of Bombay says in a footnote
** Leaves, stems and seeds, all more or less, indistinct, or wood, chiefly dicotyle-
donous. The cormiform and globose roots described and figured by Dr. Carter
and of which the original specimens are preserved in the museum of the Bombay
Branch Royal Asiatic Society have very much the appearance of concretions
and their organic origin must be considered extremely doubtful.” Having
come across a large area covered over by objects which had the appearance of

nimal

_ the “ cormiform” root, the impression left on my mind is that Wynne is quite

correct in his view. It is a pity that the interesting specimens of Dr.
Carter’s cannot now be traced in the museum, as I am informed.

I shall now proceed to describe the fossil organic remains I have come across:

Vegetable :—(1) Embedded in the coarser shales there occur small bits of
charcoal. These are heavily charged with iron and carbonate of calcium.

(2) Interspersed in the mass of the rock there are found small patches of carbo-
nised vegetable matter. They are evidently traces of leaves but they cannot
be resolved into any definite shape or structure. When a piece of rock of this
kind is exposed to strong sunlight a tarry liquid oozes out.

(3) Then there are larger pieces of rock showing on their surface a distinct
network of nervatures formed of calcite with globules of coal spread all over.
These impressions are probably of large leaves.

(4) Embedded in the upper layers of the sedimentary beds were found a
few logs or planks of wood in a highly carbonised condition. These pieces
of wood were lying horizontally from east to west. The coal is bright and
brittle and has the appearance of anthracitic coal. It burns with a yellowish
smoky flame leaving an ash about four times the size of the original piece
of coal and having the appearance of coke. The ash is very brittle.

Animal :—(1) Of the animal remains found in these beds the most plentiful
and at the same time the most interesting are the fossillized skeletons of frogs,
Rana pusilla of Prof. Owen. The earlier investigatogs Drs. Leith and Carter,
and those that based on them thought that the frog fossils were found only in
the two lowest bands of the dark shale. This was due to lack of opportunity
and certainly not to the want of careful inquiry as these pioneers had only the
small cut at Love Grove sewage outfall to go upon. As a matter of fact the
fossils are found throughout the thickness of the aqueous deposits in all kinds
of shale. The only difference is that in the two lowest bands of the dark shale ,
which can be made to split easily into very thin layers, the frog remains occur
in very large numbers. The coarser shales are more difficult to split and the
fossils cannot be easily recovered in them in a clear outline. Moreover these
shales must have been deposited during heavy floods when the frogs would be

_ considerably less in numbers being carried away by the waters.

The frog fossils are from about 5} lines to about 11 lines in length as
measured from the top of the head to the symphysis pubis and are ina very

592 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII,

«good state of preservation. In general they must have lain undisturbed where
the dead body dropped except for slight movements caused by the moving
waters. This has caused them to assume various positions. There do not
seem to have been any fishes or aquatic animals, at least in the shallow waters
where the frogs were living, that fed on the carcasses considering the fact that
the skeletons are complete. Out of hundreds of specimens examined by me
there is only one where the femur is separated and is lying parallel to the tibia
and another in which the foot is detached. It is true that very often what
appear to be fragments of skeletons are met with but these are due to the skeleton
being buried in different layers of the shale which in splitting carry only a part

of the skeleton.

The fossil impressions occur in various conditions. Sometimes it is only a
blurred outline that is left on the shale as if the dead batrachian had been
covered over by the earthy sediment before the skeleton had been denuded
of the flesh ; at other times it is a clear picture as if drawn by a pencil that
is left on the stone. This condition was probably brought on by the shale
being subjected to very great pressure by the effusion either of the lower or
the upper traps causing the mould of the fossil to flatten out. More often it
is merely a mould that is left on the shale, the skeleton having been completely
removed and the space left unfilled by any sediment or mineral. The hollow

is some times filled by a yellowish deposit. It is only rarely that a fine
casting of the bones especially of the lower extremities is obtained. This’

condition, however, I am inclined to believe, is more general than is usually
found, the reason for its occurrence being that the skeleton is encased between
two layers which do not split at the skeleton but remain adhering to one of
the pieces of the shale. Thus one-half of the shale shows the fossil in relief
while the other carries a corresponding depression. It may often happen
that if the layers split accurately at the skeleton the core is shaken off and
lost, leaving only a mould on both pieces of the split shale. In the few
instances where the core is exposed, it is found to show the minutest details

of the bones.

The specimens of frog fossils submitted to Prof. Owen seem to have been of

a uniform size of about half an inch. As Dr. Carter’s paper embodying Prof.
Owen’s description of the fossil is not very easily accessible, I may be allowed

to repeat it here :

‘«‘The portions of the shale transmitted by Mr. Clarke contain delicate but
for the most part distinct traces of the generally entire skeleton of small
anourous Batrachian, the osseous substance is black, as if charred.

The number of the vertebra, atlas and sacrum inclusive, is nine ; the caudal
vertebree are fused into a long, slender, cylindrical style, as in most anourous

Batrachia.

In the specimen gihich lies on its back, the posterior convexity of the

vertebral bodies are shown.

The short sub-cylindrical, and very slightly expanded lateral or transverse
processes of the sacrum, and the absence of ribs or their rudiments in the dorsal
vertebre, with the proportional expanse of the skull and length of hind legs,
show the specimens to belong to the family of Frogs (Ranide).

There are seven abdominal vertebre with long and sub-equal transverse pro-
cesses, that of the second (third vertebra including the atlas) being the longest.
The humerus is cylindrical, not expanded as in Cystigranathus. The head
is little larger relatively than in Rana temporaria, Rana esculenta or Hyla viridis
and still larger therefore in Toads and Natterjacks (Bufonide), or than in the
Pipa. The expansion of the sacrum removes the genus Pipa and the Bombin

atores from that of the present fossils.

f the more perfect specimens :—

The following are the measurements

?

iy
5

5

Cae

I

THE GEOLOGY OF WORLI AILL,

Oo
aUS

Length of the front part of the head to the symphysis pubis... 64 nes.
Do. of the head .. a

ite oe 2E 55
Do. of the dorsal vertebral series a : on
Do. of the os innominatum x eS
Do. of femur ss 46 af «et 5
Do. of anchylosed tibia and fibula os LE 5
Do. of tarsus i a aN Pe) | ci
Do. of whole foot .. . “ia se 4t
Do. of whole anterior limb oe - 4

”

All the specimens belong to individuals which had completed their meta-
morphosis and they are similar to one another in size and they may have be-
longed either to a not quite full grown brood, or to an unusually small species
of Rana.

They conform in all respects as closely to the typical organisation of the frogs
of the present day, as do the fossils discovered by Goldfuss in the terciary
lignites of the Siebengebirge and referred by him to Rana diluviana; but th>
Bombay batracholites differ not only in their smaller size, but also in their

_ proportionally larger skulls.”

Later paleontologists, however, seem to have reasons to differ from the
high authority of Prof. Owen and consider the fossils to be of an Oxyglossus.

It would be interesting to know if fossils of identical frogs have been found
in any other shale in the world. This would perhaps show us what were the
other reptiles and fishes living at the time, as also to lead us to fix the approxi-
mate time when the Worli shales were deposited.

(2) There are met with, though very rarely, the impressions of bones pro-
bably of an animal which has not been previously described. They are of a
uniform shape and size and appear to be the vertebral bones of a reptile.

(3) Then again there is a piece of shale showing impressions which look
like those of larvze of some insect. fe Baas eee

here are groups of very minute shells, looking li e grains of sand.
The eed a be ee te oyster shell, and are quite plentiful. eye as
study of these shells may lead us to determine the geological period when these

i ry deposits took place.”

ae eaal betas us it may not be out of place to riba a 7
to what were the geological vicissitudes undergone by the site ean in or i
now stands. During the 18th century and the first half of - : Pggia
this hill must have formed one of the beauty spots of Bom ay i % er
name of Love Grove given to a section of it would suggest, but in - er bea
Love Grove became a misnomer owing i ee pene Laat aCe
there which at present makes of it a spot ot smells. ey deacon ie

i e villas, some of which still survive, with well laid out g ee
mater was prose om deo vl whieh png toh te ero! movam

imentary beds. It was in exam strat
ett. Be ee alle which had Pees laid open by quarrying operations that I
i r the frog beds. ; : tee

ee ace ihe site of the hill must have been sa oni ye od pen
of a fresh water lake or river judging from the ees sce ae
there. How far this lake or river extended is ave a et a GhadBawle:
the occurrence of fresh water beds in the vo oe FT test tbh veenenth aie

Cart -as inclined to think that the lake,—we wi Ran erty
Dr. ie g at Me extended as far as that place but the probability mf gine
ae ee ts several lagoons of smaller anger: oe a 3 i ates
oe heen oe SE a Worll Hills must have been a fairly large
ee! Selabar,, ume i ‘ites dust on some of the shales
one, The impression of ripples left in pyrites

23

594. JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII,

would indicate that Worli Hill formed at this period the shallow bank of the
lake. There is no means for the present of deciding as to what was the sub-
soil on which this lake stood, but the probability is that it consisted of trap.
Trap must have been pre-existing for there are large pebbles of volcanic origin
found embedded in these beds and the crystalline nature of the material of the
shales shows the detritus to be of volcanic origin. The lakes were most
probably caused by the unequal weathering and denudation of the surface of
the original rock or by different lava flows crossing each other and thereby
causing hollows. So far no dykes have been met with in the sedimentary
beds and in their absence the second hypothesis must be considered as the less
probable.

As previously stated the lowest sedimentary beds have been greatly altered
by the effusion of the lower trap and it would be idle to speculate as to whether
they were deposited by floods or by gentle waters. But coming to the lowest
frog bearing bands it is clear that they were deposited in a very fine sediment
in quiet water. The first band is about 4 inches thick and is full of frog impres-
sions. Itis a dark coloured shale and splits into very thin lamine. Soon after
there seems to have occurred a period of floods which caused a layer about 9
inches thick of a coarse grained ashy grey sediment. Then recurred a further
period of calm days which caused the second band of frog bearing shale
which is in all respects similar to the former one but the layers are in a very
much weathered state. Some soil seems to have been formed on the surface.
It would appear that after this layer was deposited there was a considerable
change in the level of the lake due probably to secular upheaval which caused
this layer to be exposed to atmospheric influences. Then a reverse movement
seems to have set in and what was dry land became a raging torrent.
Heavy floods passed over it resulting into very thick deposits of coarse light
coloured shales which contain not only gravel and pebbles but even bits of
charcoal washed down from distant forests set on fire by thunderstorms.
Even some of the pre-existing aqueous beds seem to have been broken and
carried away as large angular pieces of the shale are found embedded in the
grey shales. The extent and the violence of the floods seem to suggest that
there occurred a breach in the banks of the lake thereby converting it into a
tumultuous river.

These floods brought down large quantities of vegetable matter from the
aforesaid forests judging from the fact that it arrived at Worliin a highly bruised
condition. Were it not so there would have been found at least occasionally
some distinguishable impressions of leaves, etc., in these highly carbonaceous
shales. The vegetable detritus came to rest in the coves in the margin of the
lake so that the carbonaceous shales are found in fairly thick isolated deposits
practically forming pockets in the grey shales ; they are never continuous. Large
pebbles of igneous origin are invariably associated with these deposits. The
frogs seem to have survived through these cataclysms but in very much smaller
numbers ; they must have been washed away to the ocean. On what these
frogs were feeding is not easy to say.

Subsequent to this period there occurred floods of lesser violence which have
caused alternating layers of dark and light coloured shales. Some of these layers
are very thin indeed, and it is a question as to what were the determining causes
of these rapidly alternating layers of such minute thickness. It may be that
one grey and one dark band is the result of one flood, the grey material being
heavier and settling earlier than the darker sediment. These dark bands give
a very interesting appearance to the section of the quarry. Towards the
close vf this period some logs of wood drifted to this place and are now found
as fine anthracitic coal embedded in the grey shales. There are no positive
indications that there were any trees, shrubs or aquatic plants growing on the
margins of this lake or river. Nor are we in a position to say definitely whether

eh ged etal

THE GEOLOGY OF WORLI HILL, 595

there were any fishes ; the probability is that there may have been some in tho
deeper waters. Very minute shell fish of one or more species was fairly plentiful.
Then came the great catastrophe of the lower trap. Bursting under the
sedimentary beds it broke up some of them and lifted up the remaining into
a ridge fracturing and faulting them in the process. The trap had not force
enough, however, to pierce through this 30 ft. thickness of aqueous deposits, as
no dykes have been met with. The heat of this volcanic matter does not seem
to have been very intense, though through its mechanical effects some of the
faulted strata must have become partially fused. The life of the lake as such
came to an end ; it was left high and dry. Carter on the contrary thinks that
it was the effusion of the upper trap that put an end to this lake. He Says :
“Tt is most probable that the lake was above the level of the sea at the time
this (i.e., the effusion of the upper trap) occurred although the general level
of its strata is now below it. One another fact connected with the fresh water
formation is here worth mentioning, viz., that within three inches of the igne-
ous rock which overlies it there is a stratum three inches in thickness almost
entirely composed of the casts of ‘ Cypride’, not of their valves singly which
they are want to shed annually but of their entire casts, showing that some
sudden alteration of the water in which they were living took place, by which
they all as suddenly perished and fell to the bottom. _After this occurrence
no organic remains are seen, and nothing but the three inches mentioned of a
kind of transitional material between the fresh water formation and the basalt.
Tf the “‘ Cypride ”’ met their death from the waters heated by the effusion of
the upper trap there would be no time for the deposition of the three inch layer
of transitional material. Moreover the molten trap which must have been
in a highly fluid state would have fused the material with which it camp: in
contact and together with it the casts of the “ cypride.” The probability -
that they died of other causes and further aqueous deposits book: place po
the lake was raised into a ridge by the irruption of the lower vep: : e
surface of the sedimentary beds had had no time to become agar se cen ri
ed before the flow of ‘the upper trap occurred and covered the whole png W it
a dark mantle. Life came to an end and thousands of years must have elapse
before vegetable and animal life reappeared on the cooled et HEA
Geological data are invariably collected from excavations made in act ce
for industrial or non-scientific purposes; or from natural isc ali
rocks. No deliberate excavations are generally made for geo angie es
pee Ueely that further eens . oan % a raerareh * this paper
interesting facts, minerals and fossils, a Ww S stat mote
Be tee to be greatly modified or added to in view of sie Sek oes
veries. This paper is intended merely as a record of ne t names ta ie Save
the provisional conclusions drawn from the excavations a going on he
the Love Grove sewage outfall and the Western India Brick Factory.

596

SCIENTIFIC RESULTS FROM THE MAMMAL SURVEY.

No. XXV.
BY
OLDFIELD THOMAS.

(Published by permission of the Trustees of the Britush Museum)

(A). ON JUNGLE-MICE FROM ASSAM.

The Collections made by Mr. Wells in Assam include a number
of Jungle-mice which seem to be referable to three species, readily
distinguishable by size.

The largest is one allied to the Sikkim species I described as Mus
pahari, but which, on the conclusions given in the later paper on
the grouping of Indian Mice (Results No. xix; J. B. N. H.S. xxvi.,
p. 417, 1919) and followed in Mr. Wroughton’s Synopsis (Part v,
Journ. c. p. 957, 1920) now falls into the genus Lxeccapa. The
Assam form is however smailer, less dark, and differs by at least
one important cranial character.

It may be called

LEGGADA JACKSONIA, sp. 0.

Size rather less than in pahart. Fur profusely mixed with spies,
though perhaps rather less so than pahari; dorsal spmes about
8mm. long by 0° 2mm. broad. General colur above dark mouse grey,
not so dark asin pahari, undersurface dull brownish white, the
coloration generally not unlike that of Mus musculus. Kars rather
large, brown. Hands and feet white. Tail about the length of the
head and body, or a little shorter, brown above, dull whitish below,
scales 18 to the centimeter.

Skull in its general shape very like that of L. pahari, with the same
long muzzle, the supraorbital angles however not so strongly marked.
Zygomatic plate narrow, its front edge slanting straight downwards
without any trace of forward convexity ; this character is equally
marked in specimens of all ages, while in pahari the front
edge always projects ; masseteric knob scarcely perceptible. Palatal
foramina short, not reaching to the level of the front root of m’.

Incisors as in pahari, thick and markedly opisthodont ; index
about 66°.

Dimensions of the type, measured in the flesh :—

Head and body, 90mm.; tail 83; hindfoot 19; ear 15°95.

Skull, greatest length 24:2; condylo-incisive length 22:2;
zygomatic breadth 11:7 ; nasals 9-2 ; interorbital breadth 4:7 ; breadth
of braincase 11:2; zygomatic plate 2; palatilar length 10; palatal
foramina 4°6; post-foraminal palate 4:6; upper molar series 3.6.

Hab.—Khasi and Garo Hills, Assam. Type from Laitkynsao,
Khasi Hills, Others from Tura, Garo Hills.

SCIENTIFIC RESULTS FROM THE MAMMAL SURVEY, 697

_Lype.—Adult male B. M. No. 20°!1-1-48 Original number 510,
Collected, 28 April 1920, by H. W. Wells. Four specimens.

The three Tura specimens are paler and more drabby than the
type, but this appears to be due to their being in more or less faded
pelage, as there is a similar area on the hinder back of the type, while
the rest of it is in dark fresh fur.

This species is readily distinguishable from L. pahari by its paler
colour, smaller size, and the peculiar shape of its zygomatic plate.

It is named in honour of Mrs. Jackson of Tura, to whose kindness
and help Mr. Wells owes much of the success which attended his
work in the Garo Hills.

The second species is one externally like Mus homourus, but its
skull is clearly that of a Leggada, not a Mus in the narrowest sense,

LEGGADA NAGARUM, sp. n.

Size and proportions about as in Mus homourus. General colour
above grizzled ‘“‘ Dresden brown’”’, some of the hair-tips black and
others dull buffy drab. Sides clearer drab. Undersurface whitish,
more contrasted than is usual in these mice, the hairs slaty basally,
whitish terminally ; chin hairs white to their roots. Ears medium,
brown. Hands and feet dull white. Tail about as long as head
and body, well covered with fine hairs, scale-rings 20—22 to the
centimeter; brown above, whitish below.

Skull lightly built, with long muzzle. Supraorbital edges fairly
sharp. Nasals long and narrow. Zygomatic plate fairly broad,
convex anteriorly, practically without masseteric knob. Palatal
foramina rather long, extending to the first third of m’. Mesop-
terygoid fossa narrow, parallel-sided, commencing behind the level
of the back of m’. Incisors slender, orthodont, with index 88°—
89°, not turned backwards as in L. jackson.

Dimensions of the type, measured in the flesh :—

Head and body, 76mm.; tail 77; hindfoot 175 ; ear 14,

Skull, greatest length 21°5; condylo-incisive length 20°6;
zygomatic breadth 10.3; nasals 8; interorbital breadth 4; breadth
of braincase 10:3; zygomatic plate 2°1; palatilar length 10; palatal
foramina 49; upper molar series 4. ;

Hab.—Upper Assam. Type from Golaghat, 300. is

Type.—Adult male. B. M. No.. 20°11:1:49 Original number 260.
Collected, 12 February 1920, by H. W. Wells. Presented by the
Bombay Natural History Society.

This mouse is readily recognisable by its lor
orthodont incisors, which differ markedly in set from those of
jacksonie. Besides the type from Golaghat two dopensicvte
Laitkynsao, Khasi Hills, and from Cherrapunji, may also be coy
to it, as they agree with it in all important characters, pele 2 igi
undersurface is less contrasted with the upper, and their teeth are a

ng muzzle, and slender

598 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL GIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XAVII,

little larger. They are both females, with the mammary formula
3—2=10.

The third species obtained by Mr. Wells is referable provisionally
to the Leggada booduga group, which will need further material
before its various local forms can be properly sorted out.

(B) THE BRUSH-TAILED PORCUPINE OF ASSAM.

Although recorded by Sclater and Blanford as occurrmg in Assam,
no Brush-tailed Porcupines from that region have hitherto come
to the National Museum, all our specimens being from Tenasserim
and tne Malay Peninsula, which latter is considered the type locality
of the common species, Atherurus macrourus.

Now in connection with his survey work Mr. Wells has sent home
an excellent example from Cherrapunji, the very locality mentioned
by Sclater, and I have had much interest in comparing this with
Malay specimens. Although nearly allied to Atherurus macrourus
the a raehera form seems to represent a distinct species, which may
be called

ATHERURUS ASSAMENSIS, sp. 0.

Size rather less than in A. macrourus. Colour above rather darker
owing to there being fewer white spine-tips visible, while below the
difference is more definite, the whole undersurface bemg pale drab
brown instead of more or less whitish. Spines of low surface
liberally mixed with ordinary hairs, and less robust than in macro-
urus. Tail apparently rather longer than in macrourus, the short-
haired part about 70mm. in length, the tuft not so long, and the rice-
shaped swellings on the bristles smaller ; in cclour the end part, within
ne tuft, is not so markedly whiter than the rest as it is im macrou-

Weight 43 lbs.

” Sleull about as long, but narrower and less bulky than in macrourus.
It is especially narrow across the frontal region, the distance between
the outer corners of the anteorbital foramina being only 33mm., as
compared with 37—39mm. in macrourus. Nasals projecting farther
back beyond the premaxillary processes. Indistinct postorbital
angles present. Zygomata narrowing more evenly backwards, instead
of the high anterior part abruptly altering tothe comparatively
low posterior portion. :

Molars small, about asin A. tionis, therefore decidedly smaller
than in A. macrourus. :

Dimensions of the type, measured in flesh :-—

Head and body 420mm. ; tail 220; hindfoot 65; ear 34.

Skuil, greatest length 96; condylo-incisive length 87 ; zygomatic
breadth 44 ; nasals 28°5—14°5; breadth across postorbital angles
27°5 ; least breadth across braincase 29; height of crown from
alveolus of m' 25; palatilar length 39; upper cheek tooth series
16-4; molars only 11:8.

SCIENTIFIC RESULTS FROM THE MAMMAL SURVEY, 599

Hlab.—Assam. Type from Cherrapunji. Alt. 4,500’.

T'ype.—Adult male. B. M. No. 20°11°1-77—Original number 5631
Collected 4 May 1920 by H. W. Wells. Presented to the National
Museum by the Bombay Natural History Society.

No. XXVI,
By

R. C. Wroveuton.
(A). A NEW TREE-SHREW.

Among the subspecies of Tupaia belangeri are siccata, a form from
the dry zone of Upper Burma, and more recent yunalis, from Mong-
Tsze, Yunnan (A. M. N. H. 8, xiii, p. 244,1914). Both these have
white neck stripes, by which they are distinguishable from belangeri
chinensis in which the neck stripe is yellow, but yunalis is at
once recognisable by its excessively dark colour. In a collection
made by Mr. J. P. Mills, at Mokokchung, Naga Hills (which will
be reported on in due course in conjunction with the Survey collec-
tion from Upper Assam) I have found a form which bears the same
likeness to chinensis as yunalis does to siccata, and seems to me to be
worthy of subspecific distinction. I propose to call it :—

TUPAIA BELANGERI ASSAMENSIS, subsp. nov.

A Tupma somewhat resembling 7. b. yunalis at first sight but
apparently slightly larger in size, with rather shorter fur and more
fulvous coloration, especially on the undersurface.

Size apparently somewhat larger than in yunalis, judging by the
skull, for no measurements were recorded by the Collector, and even
the length of the hindfoot is not obtainable, the bone having been
removed. The general colour above is much as in yunalis, the indi-
vidual hairs of the back (excluding the scattered long all-black hairs)
are slaty black with a tip and a sub-terminal ring (divided by a slaty
ring) fulvous (each imm.); in assamensis these fulvous marsings
are darker, more rufous, with the result that the general aspect
is duller, more sombre. The fur is shorter (8—10mm).— The
underside of the body is fulvous, not “ grey washed with whitish ‘
The neck stripes are ‘well defined and fulvous, not “ inconspicuous
dull whitish” as in yunalis.

Dimensions :—Unfortunately no measurements were recorded
by Mr. Mills, but comparing the made up specimens of the two species
one gets the impression that assamensis 1s somewhat the nee

Skull:—(The measurements of the type of gunalts in ee 8).
Condylo-basal length 47mm. (45) ; zygomatic breadth 25 (24); brain-
case breadth 21 (19); maxillary tooth row 18 (16°5).

Hab :—Naga Hills. Type from Mokokchung, 5,000.

600 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL H.ST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVIII.

Type :—Adult 9 B. M. No. 20. 6. 6. 3. Original number 16.
Collected by Mr. J. P. Mills on the 11th October 1919 and presented
to the National Collection by the Bombay Natural History Society.

Hight specimens examined, all from the type locality. Though
four of these are females I have been unable to verify the mammary
formula.

(B). A NEW PALM-CIVET FROM ASSAM.

In a collection made by Mr. J. P. Mills at Mokokchung, 5,000’ Naga
Hills, is a Viverrid which is so undoubtedly distinct from any other
I know that I have no hesitation in describing it under the name
of :—

ARCTOGALIDIA MILLSI, sp. 0

An Arctogalidia of- the leucotis type but markedly larger in size.
Size (judging from the skull) about 4 larger than leucots. Fur and
general colouring as in lewcotis, except that the three dorsal stripes
are black and more strongly marked than in any specimen of leucotis
which I have ever seen. The tail coloured like the body for half its
length, with indistinct dark rings about an inch apart, the remainder
black with a very short bright butt tip, which however may be only
an individual character ; in “leucotis at least 2 is pale and the rest
dark. The underside is a drab white, with a pure white patch on the
chest, which is possibly also an mdividual character, for I have seen
it in some specimens of lewcotts. In that species the underside is
rather buffy than drab.

Skull markedly larger than in leucotis, the posterior palatal tubé
much more elongated than in any other species.

Dimensions of the type measured on the skin and therefore only
approximate, those in brackets the corresponding measurements
ofa © specimen of leucotis from Tenasserim, recorded by its collec-
tor :—Head and body 600mm. (515); tail 700 (660) ; hindfoot 100
(89); ear 45 (47). Skull:—Greatest length 121 (109); basilar
length 112 (98) zygomatic breadth 67:5 (58°5) ; interorbital breadth 17
(16°5); braicase breadth 38 (35°5) ; from front of canine to back
of last molar 42°5 (38).

Hab :—Naga Hills. Type from Mokokchung, 5,000’.

Type :—Adult g B. M. No. 20.6.6.6. Original number 4.
Collected by Mr. J. P. Mills on 5th September 1919 and presented
to the National -Collection by the Bombay Natural History Society.

Unfortunately no body measurements were recorded by the Collec-
tor, those used are accordingly only approximate; even the length
of the hindfoot is little more than a guess, the bone having been re-
moved. There is enough, however, with the skull measurements, to
show that this is a markedly larger animal than leucotis. Blanford
gives a distribution from Sylhet to Tenasserim for leucotis, and Blyth

SCIENTIFIC RESULTS FROM THE MAMMAL SURVEY, 601

about the same, Sterndale alone adds Assam. From the measure-

ments given Blanford’s species seems to be undoubtedly leucotis.
Mr. Mills is to be congratulated on the discovery of this well marked

new species and I have much pleasure in naming it in his honour.

(C). AN ASSAM REPRESENTATIVE OF THE C. CASTAN-
EOVENTRIS GROUP OF SQUIRRELS.

Anderson in his “Anatomical and Zoological Researches ”’
(p. 240), 1878, described a form of the castaneoventris group under the
name of gordont. This form, like the rest of the group, is charac-
terised by a grizzled band extending from the breast to the vent, con-
trasting strongly with the otherwise uniform colour (ranging from
orange to maroon) of the underside. “He goes on to write : “ There
liga face in Assam......... in which the mesial grizzled line is
occasionally absent. ...... it may be indicated as the Assam variety,
iS. gordoni, and for reference stand as var. “intermedia”. It will
be noted that Anderson selects no.type and that his locality is so
vague as‘ Assam’. In any case however the name was preoccupied
by Gray more than 10 years earlier. In the Survey collection from
Upper Assam is a series of squirrels numbering eleven specimens in
two cases only among which can any, and that the very faintest,
trace of the streak be detected. Elsewhere in Assam there may be
local races which better fill Anderson’s description, but for this series
in which the grizzled band on the lower surface is, to all intents
and purposes, obsolete a name seems to be required and I therefore
propose to describe it as :—

CALLOSCIURUS CASTANEOVENTRIS AQUILO, subsp. nov.

A chestnut-bellied squirrel of the castaneoventris group, but differ-
ing from others by the complete absence of the grizzled line down
the chest and abdomen which usually characterises this group.

Size fairly large. Fur close but rather short (15-20mm.). Gene-
ral colour a bright grizzle, the individual hairs slate at the base
for 1 their length, followed by two rings and a tip (each about 2mm.)
‘tawny ochraceous’. The grizzling finer on the head, limbs, and
flanks. Below uniform chestnut. Tail like the back but more
coarsely grizzled, with a short pale tip.

Skull normal for the group.

Dimensions of the type (measured by the collector
body 23mm.; tail 210; hindfoot 45; ear 20.

Skull Greatest length 56mm. ; basilar length 44 ; aye
breadth 34; braincase breadth 25; palatilar length 25; diastema

- upper molar series 11.

Lai Sadiyn, Assam. Type from is wa: ppneanet:.
: ; Tox 20:46. 7. 19, riginal number 5¥.
- Torgeo Sat eS Fas : dad by the Bombay Natural

Collected by H. W. Wells and prese
History Society.

24

) :—Head and

zygomatic

THE ARABIAN OSTRICH.
BY
S. H. Prater.

In March 1920 Col. Sir Arthur Wilson, then Acting Civil Commissioner of Mes-
opotamia, presented the Society with the skin of an ostrich which was given
to him by a Chief of the Anaizah Tribe in Central Arabia. Though there are
several records éxistent, the occurrence of ostriches outside African limits is
not very generally known. In forwarding the skin, Col. Wilson sent us the
following extract from ‘ Burckhardt’s notes on Bedouins,” Vol. I, which
contain several interesting points in connection with these birds.

Burckhardt writes ‘These (the ostriches) inhabit the great Syrian Desert,
‘* especially the plain extending from Hauran towards the Djebel Shammar and
‘‘ Nedjd. Some of them are found in Hauran, and a few are taken almost every
“year, even within two days’ journey of Damascus. The Arabs call the male
i ostrich Zazilhum ; the female Reidah. The male has black feathers, with
“ white ends, except the tail feathers, which are wholly white. But the feathers
‘of the female are spotted grey. This bird breeds in the middle of winter
“and lays from twelve to one and twenty eggs. The nest (madhah) is generally
“made at the foot of some isolated hill. The eggs are placed close together
“in a circle, half buried in sand, toprotect them from rain, and a narrow trench
“is drawn round, whereby the water runs off. At ten or twelve feet from this
“circle, the female places two or three other eggs which she does not hatch,
** but leaves for the young ones to feed upon immediately after they are hatched.
‘The parent birds sit on the eggs in turn; and while one is so employed, the
‘* other stands keeping watch on the summit of the adjacent hill, which circum-
“stances enable the Arabs to kill them. When they desery an ostrich stand-
‘ing in this manner on a hill, they conclude that some eggs must be near ;
“the nest is soon found, and the ostriches fly away. The Arab then digs a
“hole in the ground near the eggs and puts his loaded gun into it, having fastened
“to the lock a long burning match, the gun being pointed towards the eggs ;
“he covers it with stones and retires. Towards evening the ostriches return,
‘and not perceiving any enemy, resume their places, generally both at once
‘upon the eggs; the gun, in due time, is discharged and the Arab finds next
‘morning one of the ostriches, or frequently both killed upon the spot. Such
‘‘is the usual method of killing these birds, for the hunting of them is not prac-
“tised in the Northern Arabian Desert. It has been supposed that the sun
*‘ alone hatches the ostriches’ eggs; but this opinion is proved to be erroneous
‘by the statement above given, which shows that the ostrich sits during the
“rainy season on its eggs, and the young ones are hatched in spring, before
*‘ the sun has acquired any considerable degree of heat.

* The inhabitants of the district called Djaf eat the ostriches’ flesh, which they
“purchase from the Sherarat Arabs. The eggs are sold for about one shilling
‘each; the Arabs reckon them delicious food. The towns’ people hang up
‘« the shells as ornaments in their rooms. Ostrich feathers are sold at Aleppo
‘“‘and Damascus, principally at the latter city. The people of Aleppo some-
‘times bring home ostriches which they had killed at the distance of two or
‘three days’ journies eastward. The Sherarat Arabs sell the whole skin
‘“‘ with the feathers on it; such a skin in the year 1810 was sold at Damascus
‘for about ten Spanish dollars; the skin itself is thrown away as useless. At
‘** Aleppo (in the spring of 1811) the price of ostrich feathers was from 260
‘to 600 piastres the rotala (about £2 10s. to £6 per pound). The finest feathers
‘“‘are sold singly, at from one to two shillings each.”

At Col. Sir Arthur Wilson’s request, the late Col. Leachman favoured us with
the following information in regard to the occurrence of these birds in Arabia.
Writing from Anah, on the 16th May 1920, Col. Leachman says “I have been

THE ARABIAN OSTRICH. 603

“requested by the Civil Commissioner to reply direct to your letter to hi
“ dated 26th March, in which you ask for ree freien regnasne the ieee
* of the Ostrich in Northern Arabia.

“* According to Arab information the ostrich is found most plentifully about
“fifty miles south-west of JAUF, about 300 miles East of the gulf of Akaba.

“Tt is found also to a certain extent North of JAUF at the heads of the wadis
“which drain into Mesopotamia as far North as the Damascus Baghdad direct
“route. I have eaten fresh ostrich egg in the desert 100 miles West of Kerbela ;
** also 200 miles West of Basrah.”’

“ The ostriches are hunted by Suwlaib (Sing. Solubi), a type of nomad, thought
“to be of non-Arabian origin. They live alone in small camps far out in the
“desert throughout the year and have far greater knowledge of water-holes
“than the Bedouins themselves. Their hunters dress in gazelle skins and
“can approach within touch of gazelle and ostriches before firing their rifles.
“Their rifles are for the most part of a very old type, the reason being that
“if they carried modern rifles, the Bedouin would certainly take them away
“from them. Otherwise the Bedouin do not molest them.”

Burton in his “ Pilgrimage from Medinah ” el Meccah, V. III, p. 70, writes :—
“‘ Ostriches are found in El]. Hejaz where the Bedouins shoot after coursing
“them. Throughout Arabia there is a belief that the ostrich throws stones
** at the hunter. The superstition may have arisen from the pebbles being flung
“* up behind the bird by the bird’s large feet or it may be a foolery of Fancy”.

Canon Tristram gives the following interesting account of the methods of
hunting the ostrich adopted—by Arabs in North Africa :—

“The capture of the ostrich is the greatest feat of hunting te
“which the Arab Sportsman aspires and in richness of booty it ranks
“next to the plunder of a caravan. But such prizes are not to be obtained
“without cost and toil and it is generally estimated that the capture
“of an ostrich or two must be at the sacrifice of the lives of two horses. So
‘‘ wary is the bird and so open are the vast plains over which it roams that
“no ambuscade or artifices can be employed, and the vulgar resource of dogged
“* perseverance is the only mode of pursuit. The horses so employed undergo
“a long and painful training, abstinence from water and a diet of dried dates
“ being considered the best method for strengthening their wind. The hunters
« set forth with small skins of water strapped under their horses bellies and a
<¢ scanty allowance of food for four or five days distributed judiciously about
“their saddles. The ostrich generally lives in companies of from four
“to six individuals, which do not appear to be of the habit under
“ordinary circumstances of wandering more than 20 or 30 miles from
“¢ their head quarters. When descried two or three hunters follow the
“herd at a gentle gallop, endeavouring only to keep the birds in sight
‘without alarming them or driving them at full speed when they would
<¢ goon be lost to view. The rest of the pursuers leisurely proceed in a direc -
“ tion atright angles to the course which the ostriches have taken, ee
“by experience their habits of running in a circle. Posted on the best oo oe
“they can find, they await for hours, the anticipated work of the Bes =
« culation upon intersecting their path. If fortunate enough to detect the i vi
“ relay sets upon the now fatigued flock and frequently succeeds in tee pe
“ or two down, though a horse or two falls exhausted in the eens : he "
‘ trich when overtaken offers no resistance beyond kicking out ne oe aye :
« skin on the spot is worth from 40—100 Spanish dollars, but a z 2 8 ee ie:
“the habit of judiciously thinning ne saad oe pointe trader can rarely
s i cimen on which the tax has not been pala. .

Dee atan ostrich has been recently distinguished as a nego ie ie
Lord Rothschild. In connection with the above pate not minear -
us the following notes which summarise what has hitherto -bee

604 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVIII,

the distribution of these birds outside African limits. Mr. Kinnear writes :—
At a meéting of the British Ornithologists Club in May 1919, Lord Rothschild
described as a new race two ostriches, male and female, from the Syrian desert.
He gave as the distinguishing characters the “ bill though not much shorter
is much narrower, while the tarsus and tail are distinctly shorter. They have
the same naked shield on the head as in S. camelus, but the horny shield as
in molybdophanes

The history of these two birds is as follows :—Before the war Mr. J. Aharone
in Palestine obtained some ostrich eggs through Arabs from the Syrian desert.
These he sent to Lord Rothschild who, seeing that though they agreed with
other eggs from North Africa in being smooth and not pitted, they differed
in their smaller size and higher polish, wrote at once and urged Mr. Aharone
to obtain some adult skins. This Mr. Aharone was not at once able to do, but
he obtained through the Arabs two live fully grown young ones which he reared
up to maturity in spite of the war in Palestine, and afterwards killed and
sent to Lord Rothschild after we had occupied Palestine. As Lord Rothschild
pointed out “‘the fact that ostriches inhabit the Syrian desert and Arabia has
been known for a long time—in fact there are several passages in the bible re-
lating to the bird’’. Cannon Tristram in his “‘ Fauna and Flora of Palestine ”
states that the ostrich only just claims a place in the Fauna of Palestine by
its occurrence in the further parts of Belka, the eastern plains of Moab. It is
no doubt but a straggler from central Arabia though formerly far more
abundant. Xenophon speaks of its abundance in his time in Syria (Anal ;
1-5) and we have traditional accounts of its former existences in Sind. A
portion of an ostrich skin captured at Belka and given to Canon Tristram is
in the British Museum.

Later, Ma. Douglas Carruthers writing in the “Ibis” for 1920 mentions that he
had observed an ostrich in N. W. Arabia at Wadi Hidrij, a hundred and twenty
miles 8. E. of the Dead Sea. He also rode up fairly close to some in the black-
stone desert called by the Bedcuins A7-des-swwan and further 8S. E. he occasion-
ally saw traces of them and on the edge of the Nafud he found broken eggs.
He considers that the Mecca Railway marks the extreme western range of
this bird in Arabia and does not think they go North of the 31st paralleled.

. W. F. Ainsworth who took part in the Euphrates Expedition of ? notes that
“ostriches have long since been exterminated in Mesopotamia” (Perscnal
narative of the Euphrates Expedition).

This briefly is what is known of the ostrich outside Africa in modern times,
and though there are various traditions to the contrary it is unlikely that the
ostrich was found beyond the desert of Upper Syria and Mesopotamia in _his-
toric times.

Before going on to remark on the extinct ostriches in Europe and Asia it may
perhaps be as well to note that more than one species and race of the ostrich
is found in Africa. In the North we have the typical form Struthio camelus
camelus formerly inhabiting Egypt and Algeria, now found in Nubia, the Sudan,
Sahara to Senigambia, and S. Negiria. In the North-East the Somali ostrich
S. molybdophanes from Somaliland through Gallaland to the Tanna river ;
and in British East Africa, Tanganika territory to Uganda, 8. massaicus the
Masai Ostrich. Africa, south of the Zambesi, is inhabited by S. australis
the bird from which most of the ostrich feathers are obtained. Besides
being distinguishable by certain characters of the skin these ostriches can also
be separated by their eggs which are all slightly different.

In the Pliocene of the Siwalik hills the fossil remains of an ostrich were dis-
covered many years ago and named by Milne Edwards Struthio asiaticus and
years later in 1894 Dr. Forsyth Major described a femur and a pelvis of another
example from the Lower Pliocene of Mityline in the Island of Samos, calling
it S. karatheodoris. Besides these fossil bones a number of fossil eggs have been

THE ARABIAN OSTRICH. 605

found from time to time, which are supposed to belong to an extinct ostrich
or ostriches. The first came from the district of Cherson, 8S. Russia and was
named by Brandt as belonging to an extinct form, which he called S. cherso-
nensis. Another supposed to belong to the same form was found in 1894,
140 miles N. W. of Pekin. The remaining known egg, or rather fragments, was
found by the late Mr. Archibald Carlyle, of the Archielogical Survey, in a Nullah
on the Kain R., Banda district, U. P., and bought by Mr. E. Bidwell at an auction
sale in London. These fragments were submitted to Dr. Andrews of the British
Museum, who considered them to be “ parts of an egg of a species of Struthio
and that in the distribution of the pores on the surface of the shell they are
almost identical with the Somali ostrich Struthio molybdophanes although
possibly the shell is rather thicker than of any recent ostrich egg that has been
measured. When placing Dr. Andrews’ examination on record in the “ Ibis”
for 1920 Mr. Bidwell suggested that for the sake of reference the species be
ealled S. indicus.”

606

THE BIRDS OF PREY OF THE PUNJAB.
BY

C. A. DonAtp. 2 z:S., MBO.U.
Continued from page 300 of this volume.
Parr Vil.

A Key to tHE Birps or PREY ON THE WING.

In the preceding papers I have not taken very much count of colour
which, as has already, often, been pointed out, is so liable to change
and is at best deceptive, as anything in the way of a basis for the
identification of the Birds of Prey, and when other and more reliable
factors are forthcoming, there is not much lost in leaving colour
alone.

On the wing, however, with the bird anything from 30 to a 1.000
yards away, colour naturally plays the most important part, com-
bined with size, shape, and manner of flying.

The following Key can only be accepted as a rough and ready
method of identifymg the birds named, and its shortcomings are
many, and it 1s hardly to be hoped that any person, picking it up,
will be successful, straight off, in recognismg the various species
that are to be seen, by consultingit. It only endeavours to bring
into prominence the chief characteristics of the birds with which
it deals, as ordinarily seen in a bird flying over-head, and with its
help and a little practice, it is hoped that a great number of the
species will be identified and become familiar objects even to the
novice, thus enhancing his interest in the fauna around him, and,
perhaps, adding to the ranks of observers, and our knowledge of our
feathered friends.

Before going further it is necessary to explain that the adjectives
used with regard to wings and tail are only comparative, and must
not be taken literally. “‘ Tail long’’, for instance, does not mean
that you must look for. something in the way of a pheasant or a Para-
dise Flycatcher. It merely means that if regarded carefully it will
be seen that in some it projects a little further from the body than
in others, in which the term “ medium ”’ or “short” is used. Look
at a Vulture’s tail, as it flies past and then turn to a Kite, and see
the difference.

I call the first “ short ” and the other “long ’’ whereas many others
come in between the two, as “medium”. Again, I speak of “ wings
broad ”’.

This only means “ broad” in proportion to its size as compared
with other birds of prey. Again look at a Vulture and then at
a Kite, or an Eagle. A very little careful observation will suffice

‘soloods snolwva OY} UL FYAIY peoys9ao yo suotsserdun Fuyeysnfyy

“aVENOd AHL 40 ADU AO savig

hy ae eat

Re tec tN Creed re a or as aan oad ne rene Grate Tt

‘soeroeds SNOLIVA Ul 4JYSI peeyAO Jo suortssoidut Furye14suy]]

‘aV£NOgG AHL 10 AVUG 40 sautg

‘Hl 332Id "90S "3SIH "FUN Avquog “usnof

‘s ‘ se
ite ee es ;
i

ee al
ke

a

3
ara

aa ~

THE BIRDS OF PREY OF THE PUNJAB. 607

to learn the difference, but it is also necessary to point out that a tail
1s sometimes misleading, If spread out like a fan and extending
right across from wing to wing, it will appear extremely short, and
in a Vulture, will hardly look like a tail at all, whereas the same
bird, a few minutes later, will appear to have grown a fresh one which
is very apparent, if still ‘ short’’.

As colour is perhaps the first thing that strikes the eye, in a bird
on the wing, I give prommence to that. The diacrams under
“manner of flight’ mean :— ‘

; wings held well above the body,
wings held slightly above the body.
wings held on the same plane as the body.
wings, ofien, bent downwards from the first joint,

a. NS not always.

Very often it will be seen that the tips of the primaries, in some
big bird, curve well upwards, but as this probably depends on air
currents or the amount of wind against a flying bird, and is not the
characteristic of any individual, I take no notice of it at all. This
may be very apparent at one time and hardly visible a minute later.

To save space and make the Key easily and quickly read, if sud-
denly required. I use the follow;,g abbreviations, which will be
used throughout :—V.—very, W.__wing or wings, T.—tail, B.—
broad, M.—medium, S.=short, H.—head, “ M. O. F.’”,=manner of
flight, L.—long. |

Thus, V. large, W. & T. black, W. B., T. M., would mean that the
bird in question was very large in size, wings and tail black, wings
broad, and tail medium.

Colouration, again, can only be touched on in a general way. To
go’ into minute details, even where they are discernible, which is
not often, would mean lengthy description. and thus defeat the
object of the key, 1.e., a rapid reference.

Generally speaking, any definite marking in a bird which is also
more or less conspicuous is mentioned, and where on marking or other
colour to that under which the bird comes, is stated, it means that
the general colour scheme is uniform. For instance. see under
“A Birds in which the colour Black predominates.” No. 3, The
Imperial Eagle.

Mention is made of the head which is whitish and the white band
on tail and nothing elise. This means that the rest of the bird, as
seen, gives the impression of being uniform black throughout.

Again the Cinereous Vulture is often so deep a brown that when
flying it might easily be taken for black, so a certain amount of latti-
tude must be allowed by the observer, in picking out colours which
very closely resemble each other and may be either the one or the
other, at a little distance.

—
—e

608 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXV11,

It is impossible to deal with every phase of every species, and maay
birds one may meet with, will not be identified by this Key, which
only deals with the more common phases one nieets with, and not
with each and every phase. To give but one example, well take
the Tawny Hagle.

Individuals of this species may sometimes be seen so dark in general
appearance that they could be assigned to (A) as well as (B), and.
again, it is not uncommon to meet with one in which the plumage
is so bleached and ragged that one would look for it in (C), the whole
being a dirty brownish white, except for the quills which are black.

The general appearance, and shape, even, of a bird may vary to
a very large extent, as shown in the plate, but once the general
characteristics are grasped, variations will be found to be of little
account, and recognition simple, be the guise what it may, in by far
the larger number of cases.

As it is only possible to deal with the more common and generally
met with phases of most of the birds, in a small work of this nature,
it becomes obvious that these Keys, as I have already said, are very
far from being anything like complete, and their shortcomings are
very numerous, but it is hoped that even as they stand they will at
least help the beginner to identify, at least, some of our birds of
prey, and thus make a start on a subject which might otherwise
have been dropped in disgust, for the lack of a little help in the
beginning.

Key.
A.—Birds in which the colour RLACK predominates.
Name of Bird. MOF: Characteristics.

V. large; W. BT. Sas white
crop and thigh patches, conspicuous.
Large; T.L.; H. light brown,

1. The Black Vulture. ee
~. oe base of tail whitish ; a large white
—--——
“—2——=

2. Golden Eagle.

moon in the centre of wing in young
birds only.

Large ; T. S.; H. whitish, T. with
white band.

Large; T.L.; W.L.; jet black
throughout, no marking, yellow feet
show at close quarters.

5. Pallas’s Fishing ——— Large; T. M.; H. white ; T. with
Eagle. white bar ; often noisy when soaring.
6. White-tailed Sea Large ; T. M.; H. white ; T. almost |
Kagle. entirely white.
7. The Large Spotted Large ; T. M.; colour not uniform,
Eagle, © rather streaked with whitish ; half
moon of white on wing.

Imperial Eagle.

ee)

4, The Black Eagle.

or)

8.
a:

10.

LY.

12.
13.

Ty

Da

THE BIRDS OF PREY OF THE PUNJAB. 609

B.— Birds in which DEEP RROWN predominates.

The Cinereous Vulture. F V. = Wi:-- Bs ss uniformly
e oloured throughout. Beat of wing
very heavy and slow.
The Griffon Vultures. V. L.; W. B.; T. S.; not uniform,
——®—— often patchy and streaked and
lighter towards the head (Young
plumage).

The Steppe Hugle. L.; T. M.; not uniformly coloured ;

two parallel lines of whitish running

along each wing.

The Tawny Eagle. |——-@——~ L.; T. M.; patchy, one whitish line
along the wing sometimes, rather
faint.

The Lammergeyer- ° V. L.; W. L.; T. L., and wedge-
shaped, patchy appearance, head and

neck black (young plumage).
Crested Serpent L.; W. B.; T. M.; Wings lighter than
Eagle. C —a—"—_body, one broad bar along whole
length of wing and another narrower
and less defined. A broad cross
band of whitish on tail, and another
near base of tail, less defined. Noisy.
The Neophrons. =—6-— M.; W. rather narrow ; T. S. and
wedge-shaped ; appearance streaked

and patchy (young plumage).

The Kites. s—~e M.; T. L., and forked.

Marsh Marrier, 9 - —@— M.; W. L.; T. L.; head whitish and
iis oP often a white patch near shoulder.
Buzzards (Buteo). M.; W. rather rounded, long ; T.M.,

~——@—__ silvery white along whole length of
undersurface of wing and across tail
(melanistic phase).

Booted Eagle. @ M.; W. & T. ample ; flight kite-

a like ; appearance patchy (melanistic
phase).

Saker Falcon. M. to small ; W. long and pointed ;

Laggar Falcon. } —@— T. M. (first plumage).

C.—Birds in which BLACK (or DARK BROWN), and WHI TE are
more or less equally ne ss bret adn Ears
i ures. . Lg W. Bs FT. 8.5 eats y
cee ae =e and front portion of wings dirty
white ; primaries and a of
secondaries, tertiaries and the whole
of the tail black or blackish. “(Adult

plumage).
White-backed =. : Back and uppet parts grey brown
sa les : except quills. Similar to above

only smaller and the black and the
white more vivid. Back dark except
for white patch.

€10

JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII.

D.—Birds in which WHITE predominates (white or
whitish with black tips to wings.)

The Scavenger M.; W. L., & narrow; T. short,

Vultures. i wedge-shaped ; margins of wings
black throughout; Tail white
(Adult).

The Booted Eagle. — M.; W. & T. ample, latter not
wedge-shaped and dark in colour,
not white as in Neophron. Whole
of underparts, white or whitish,
except margins of wings which are
black (light phase).

The Pale, and Hen M.; W. & T. long ; entire plumage

Harriers. 3 pure white or white with a bluish
tinge, except margins of wings which
are black. Upper plumage bluey
grey.

Black-winged Kite. S.; W. L. and pointed ; T. rather

short ; underparts pure white, ex-

cept tip of wings (7. e.) primaries.
which are black. Back grey or
black and white.

L.; W. long, T. M.; underparts
dirty white throughout except mar-
gins of wings and tail which are
black, or blackish, (not a very
common phase).

E.—Birds in which the body is WHITE or Whitish, and
wings dark coloured uniform, or with markings.
The Lammergeyer. V.L.; W. & T. long, the latter

The Tawny Eagle.

ee

“Saws wedge-shaped ; Body may vary
from white to ferruginous ; wings
greyish or light brown, profusely
streaked (Adult).

The Bonelli’s Eagle. L.; W. & T. ample; body pure

white or white with dark streaks.,

Wings dark brown with lighter pat-

ches and streaks (Adult).

The Osprey. M.; W. L.; T. M.; head, neck and

fy body white ; wings greyish to brown,
patchy ; Hovers over water.

M.; W. and T. ample, rounded ; T.
aR M.; head, neck and body white ;
somewing greyish with a reddish
tinge, times patchy; upper parts
bright deep chestnut.

The Brahminy Kite.

The Buzzards M.; W. L. rounded; T. longish ;

(Buteo). ae head, neck and body whitish ; wing,
brown with half moon (light phases)

The Lagger Falcon. M. to small; W. L. and pointed ;

Tae T. M.; body white, or white with

dark streaks, wings dark brown,
patchy. (Adult).

—--

10.

ue

12.

13.

14.

THE BIRDS OF PREY OF THE PUNJAB. 611

The Merlin. i S.; W. L. and poi ;

: ee Wine ie pointed ; T. M.;

The Turumti. po body pure white or white with dark
streaks ; wings silvery, speckled.

The Hobby S.; W. L. and pointed; T. M;
breast white, darker towards abdo-
men; Wings almost black, often
patchy.

The Large Grey- M. ; W. broad and rounded ; T.
headed Fishing ample; head and neck greyish;

Eagle and ——, body pure white ; wings almost

aa black; tail (in adults) white. Found
Hodgson’s Fishing near streams and rivers in the hills ;

Eagle Z flight hurried.

The Crested M.; W. long, rounded T. ample

Honey Buzzard. body whitish, wings grey profusely
spotted with bars on wing and tail

The Spizeeti. M.; W. short rounded ; T. L.; body.
al white profusely or slightly spotted ,
Wings grey profusely streaked and

spotted (Adult).
All Hawks. M. to small, (smaller addition of
Take Spizeti) ; body and wings profusely
barred and spotted, the latter a
little darker than body. (Old birds.)

F.—Birds which appear GREY throughout, from below.

The Spizaeti. : / M; W. short and rounded ; T. L.;
body sometimes darker, and some-
times lighter than the wings;
profusely barred and streaked.

All Hawks. M. to small ; W. short, rounded ;

; T. L.; similar to above.

Pale Harrier. M.; W. long, rounded T. L.; body

Hen Harrier. and wings very much the same
colour, profusely spotted. (Young

- and females.)
Peregrine Falcon. —— M.; W. long and pointed ; T. M.;

body usually lighter than wings, the
latter profusely streaked and spotted.
The Short-toed L.; W. long and rounded ; T. L.;
Eagle. wings and body more or less uniform
apparently, profusely spotted and
streaked ; hovers a great deal.

G.—Birds in which LIGHT BROWN predominates.

The Imperial L.; W. L.; T. M.; Light brown
Eagle. -—_6&—~_ throughout, body lighter than wings
and streaked. (Young bird.)
The Steppe Eagle. L.; W. L.; T. M.; body unstreak-
a nai,

ed, two light parallel bars running
along the wings.
The Tawny Eagle. L.; W.L.; T. M.; body and wings

GFR trea more or less uniform in colour, latter
patchy ; usually no bar on wing but
there may be one.

bo

JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVI1.

Pallas’s Fishing } L.; W. L.; T. M.; body usually

f
Eagle, and 2 | darker than the wings. Wings pat-
The White-tail- j ~ chy, with a light coloured patch near
Sea Eagle. | the base of primaries, as in Buzzards.

l (Young plumage only.)
White-eyed Buzzard S.; W. & T. moderate, latter rather
Eagle. TUR IEG rounded ; body as a rule much
darker than wings, latter appear a
silvery greyish brown.
Hawks. M. to 8.; W. short, rounded ; T.
L., often uniform brown when seen
at some distance. (Young birds.)
Buzzards. M.; W. L. rounded; TT. rather
long ; body light brown, neck and
head almost white ; wings a little
darker, half moon fairly conspicu-
ous on the wings.
Falcons. M. to small; W. long, pointed ;
T. M.; at some phase or another any
falcon may appear light brown in
the air, either uniform throughout or
mottled or barred.

H.—Birds in which RED, in some form, predominates.

The Brahminy Kite. M.; W. ample and rounded ; T. M.>
iO a body, neck and head pure white ;
wings greyish with a reddish tinge >
upper parts, except head and neck,

bright chestnut, or reddish.
The Kestrel (adult S.; W. L. pointed; T. L.; body
male). Brae rusty brown, speckled ; Wings grey-
ish ; head and tail greyish blue ;
parts upper brick red with black

dots.
1.— Birds with REDDISH breasts or bodies.
The Bonelli’s L.; W. & T. ample. Body brick
Eagle. reer es red with dark streaks ; wings dark
brown, patchy. (Young bird.)
The Marsh Harrier M. ; W. and T. L.; body a reddish
(adult male). Scat brown ; wings brown and greyish,

very patchy; upper portion of
wings french grey.

The Shaheen M. to small ; W. long and pointed;

Falcon. T. M.; body chestnut varying to pale
rufous. Wings greyish brown, spot-
ted; head and upper parts, often
black.

The Indian Hobby. S.; W. L. pointed ; T. M. ; rufous in
varying degrees, increasing towards
the abdomen and flanks; wings
blackish.

1.—Birds which HovER.

The Osprey. Only over water; appears about
half white and half black. From
below, white predominates.

THE BIRDS OF PREY OF THE PUNJAB. 613

The Short-toed Eagle. Over grassy plains, scrub, and
barren desert. Looks light grey
through out except for a black
streak on edge of wing and another

on chin.
3. The Black-winged Kite. Over scrub jungle, grassy plains
: and cultivation. From below pure

: white with black tips to wings.

4. The Kestrel. Anywhere except in heavy jungle.
Light brown or reddish brown body,
greyish wings,

J.—Occasional Hoverers.

1. The Buzzards. ' Now and again may be seen to
stop in mid-air but not for long.
Half moon on wings conspicuous.

2. The Spizaeti. Very rarely seen to hover though
I have seen one (S. limnztus) do so
for quite a considerable time.

3. The Harriers. Frequently stops in mid-air but
never actually hovers for more thay
a second or two.

N.B.—Most Birds of Prey will hover momentarily over a bush or tussock
of grass into which their quarry has “put in”, but this will be
directly over the spot and not as in the case of the regular, or
even occasional hoverers, (except Harriers), which appear to be
suspended in mid-air at considerable heights.

K.—Birds which put out their Legs, as if about to settle, when still a considerable
distance from the ground.

1. All Vultures.

2. The Black-winged Kite.

In the case of Vultures, it appears to be a part of the regular signal when there
is a carcase, as one sees them putting out their legs, as if about to settle, when
still 500 feet up in the air. I cannot think of any other reason for this curious
“ trait ’’ as no other Bird of Prey does so under similar conditions. The White-
backed Vulture will ‘ drop ” his legs when coming down to settle on a tree or
when arriving at his nest, when still some distance from it and then it certainly
does not mean it as a signal, but be the reason what it may, it is a curious
characteristic of these birds. :

With the Black-winged Kite, the legs suddenly “ drop” and the wings ace
thrown back at almost right angles to the body, until they almost touch each
other over its back, after a bout of hovering, when the bird sees an insect and
decides to descend for it. In this case, its progress through the air is very slow
until within a few feet of the ground, when the wings suddenly close into its body,
and the bird covers the last few feet very rapidly.

The Short-toed Eagle occasionally does the same thing, but does not always
“ drop ” its legs in the same way nor does it hold its wings so far back as the
preceding species. It lowers itself towards the ground with half closed wings, and
occasionally its legs will be gradually extended as it approaches the ground

REFERENCE TO ILLUSTRATIONS.

N.B.—It must be clearly understood, from the first, that the illustrations of
birds flying are merely intended to convey impressions, such as one ordinarily
gets of a bird as he sees it pass overhead, Not being the efforts of an artist they

614 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XXVIII.

lay no claim to artistic effect, and are by no means accurate as to details and no
effort has been made to make them so, as it is impossible to pick out details when
a bird flies past, and if you do succeed with one individual, it is very possible
that the very next specimen of the same species you see, lacks that particular detail.
Take for instance Plate 1, Fig. 4. The conspicuous white moons are the signs
of young plumage and lacking in the old bird which would resemble No. 11 in
the colour of wings. However, this is so very conspicuous a feature in the
young Golden Eagle that I have shown it, and again in the Buzzard.

One gets the impression of lines, or spots or half moons, etc., but the exact
position in the wing is not very often obtained and may also be lacking, or further
intensified in other individuals of the same species, so no reliance can be placed
on them as shown in the illustrations. I may, however, be permitted to say that
the general effect is fairly good and the impressions conveyed should certainly
help the novice to pick out the particular species depicted, in the air, if only he
will bear in mind that these are only impressions and too great stress must not be
laid on the various markings as shown, and a little atitude al owed for variations
in colour. Look at the plate from some distance.

Pate I.

No. ie, TALS iB: Griffon Vulture. 1Ba young bird. Note the tail in

each. (Wings broad, tail. short.)
No. 2., 2A., 2B. A Kite. Note wings and tail.

(Wings ample, tail long and forked.)

INO. 2.) 3A: The Lammergeyer (adult and young).

(Wings long and rather narrow, tail long, wedge-shaped).
No. 4. A Golden Eagle (young plumage).

(Wings long, tail long. Wings held very straight and
well upwards ; tertiaries meet body above root of tail and
form conspicuous triangle with it.)

No. 5. A Steppe Eagle. (Two parallel lines along wings)

(Wings ample, tail medium ; wings not always very
straight ; held in the same plane as body ; tertiaries do
not make a prominent triangle with tail as in No. 4.)

No. 6. A Spizaeti.
(Wings, short and broad ; tail long. Wings held well
upwards).
No. 7. A Buzzard.

(Wings rather rounded, long ; tail medium to long ;
half moon in wings always present; tail frequently

spread. )
No. 8. A Falcon.
(Wings long and pointed ; tail medium.) -
No. 9. A Hawk.
(Wings short and rounded ; tail long.)
No. 10. A Black-winged Kite.

(Wings long, pointed; tail medium. From below
practically pure white with black tips to primaries only.)
No. 11. Pallas’s Fishing Eagle.
(Wings long and often bent ; tail medium, half white
and half black; head whitish. Remainder of plumage
practically jet black.)

Prats II.

Ne. 1. The Cinereous Vulture.
(Wings very broad, tail short ; colour uniform through
out.)

No.

No.

No.

No.

No.

No.

10.

ihe

. 13.

THE BIRDS OF PREY OF THE PUNJAB. 615

The Black Vulture.

(Wings broad, tail short ; white crop and thigh patches ,
faint whitish line along the wings.)

The White-backed Vulture.

(Wings broad, tail short; body and front of wings
whitish margins and tail black.)

The large Spotted Eagle.

(Wings rather broad, tail medium ; colouring black.
streaked and patchy ; white patches on wing.)

The Bonelli’s Eagle.

(Wings ample,tail long; body white, streaked ; tail
greyish brown, slightly barred; wings dark grey with
white patches. )

The Booted Eagle.

(Wings ample, frequently bent ; tail long, unforked ;
body and front of wings dirty white, tips of wings, mar
gins and tail dark brown to black.)

The Short-toed Eagle.

(Wings ample and broad, taillong. Colouring through-
out, pale greyish, often silvery ; a dark streak near chin
and another on or near first primary.)

The Crested Serpent Eagle.

(Wings broad, tail medium. Colour varies from red-
dish brown to deep brown. A broad wing stripe and
two often visible on tail, white or whitish.)

The Brahminy Kite.

(Wings rather broad, tail medium. Head and body
pure white, slightly streaked, wings reddish with black
tips, tail reddish, upper parts bright chestnut.)

A (male) Hen Harrier. .

(Wings long, slightly rounded, tail iong. Colour white
cr blue white throughout except for tips of primaries,
which are black

A Kestrel.

(Wings long and narrow, not very pointed, tail long.
Colour light brown, streaked, wings lighter than body.
Tn maies the tail is bluish with a black band near the end.);

Hodgson’s Fishing Eagle.

(Wings broad, tail medium, neck and breast brownish,
body white, tail brown mixed with white ; wings dark
brown.)

A Hobby. ; '

(Wings long and pointed, tail medium. Body white,
wings and tail dark brownish grey, speckled with white.

616

REVIEW.

Sarkar Nores ror Novices sy Hon’siz J. W. Bust, 1.F-.s.

Ever since the days when Sterndale’s ‘‘Seonee”’ and Forsyth’s ‘‘ Highlands
of Central India ’’ were issued from the press, the Central Provinces have
probably provided the sportsmen of India with more books on shooting, and
especially ‘big game’ shooting, than any other part of the country. All, or
nearly all, these works have been written by men who had had much practical
experience of the subject on which they wrote and their books have been excel-
lent guides for the rising generations of shooting men. It might be thought
that the subject might by now be getting a bit threadbare and that there cannot
be much more or that is new to be added. Once more however the Central
Provinces has produced an author in the Hon. J. W. Best of the Indian Forest
Service, who has attempted the task of giving the benefit of his experiences to
those whom he described in his sub-title as ‘ Novices’ in a small and unpre-
tentious volume entitled ‘‘ Shikar Notes.” But even if the book is small, unpre-
tentious and within the means of everyone, it is full from cover to cover of most
useful and practical advice to the young sportsman lately arrived in this country
who is looking forward eagerly to taking an active part in the shooting of which
he has no doubt read and heard so much. Lucky indeed will he be if he finds
himself stationed in or near the Central Provinces, with which the author prin-
cipally deals. His advice and information are nevertheless largely applicable
to shooting in all other parts of India and we can most confidently recommend
the book to all novices wherever they may be stationed. But it is not only
shooting with which the book deals, for there are chapters on ‘ Hunting a
Pobbery Pack’, ‘ Fishing,’ ‘ Pig Sticking’ and on the Equipment and Manage-
ment of a Camp which are equally full of sound, useful hints.

Generally there may not be much novel information in this useful little book,
put one does not expect such in a work of this description, and the novice does
not require it. In the chapter on Wild Dogs, however, there is described a
method of calling them with the simple aid of a leaf, with which the cry of a
fawn in distress is imitated, and which we do not remember having seen des-
-eribed before.

Even if the author is a practical field naturalist we fear he can have small
claim to be in any way a scientific one, or he could never have passed the proofs
with the glaring mis-spellings of the scientific names of many of the animals
that are dealt with and we hope, whenever another addition is called for, careful
attention will be given to this point. Amongst the many errors of this character
we will only specifically mention one, viz., the Buffalo of which the scientific
designation is given as “ Babulus babulis”. Some of the others are almost
as crude. Although the section dealing with the Gaur commences with the
words ‘“‘ The Bison or Gaur” that is the only reference to the correct name of
this animal, which is elsewhere misnamed the bison. In speaking of birds
generally we are told that there is less necessity for observing the direction
of the wind than in the case of Game animals as their sense of smell is not strongly
developed, but we cannot follow the author when he proceeds to say that“ a
strong wind, however, effects the flight of birds in two ways, in that they
cannot rise from the ground or pitch except against a strong wind and they
are frequently compelled to travel down wind if the breeze is too strong for
them.” We regret to find a recommendation that any falcons and hawks
should be shot if they come out in beats for jungle fowl. Some of the Raptores
are undoubtedly destructive to small game, but their numbers are comparatively
small and their depredations amongst game must surely be almost negligible
in a country such as India, whereas most sportsmen must take a delight in
‘seeing and observing the flight and methods of the many very beautiful birds
of prey.

REVIEW, 617

In putting forward the suggestion that if a fox or jackal goes to ground after
a hard run with a bobbery pack, it should, if possible, be always dug out for the
reason that in such circumstances it ‘‘ frequently dies from sheer exhaustion,”’
the author is perhaps drawing on his imagination. Such cases, we should
think, are the rare exception rather than the rule. Many members of the
Bombay Hunt will recall a certain jackal which repeatedly provided the hardest
and best of runs some few years ago and showed no signs of suffering from
exhaustion.

In the chapter on Fishing the author admits himself to be only a beginner,
but we trust that if he follows up the sport he will bear in mind that sportsman-
ship enters as thoroughly into its pursuit as in other sports. This hint is
prompted by his recommendation that when bait fishing for Rohu two large
_ treble hooks should be placed hanging below the small baited hook, so that if the
fish is not hooked in the mouth there may be the chance of foul hooking it with
these trebles. We have seen these suggestions in a Bengali gentleman’s book
on Tank Angling, but the true angler, who fishes for sport, would certainly
place the idea amongst the equipment of the poacher. On page 149 we see a
reference to the capture of Rohu on a large spoon. Possibly the identification
of the fish was inaccurate as we never heard of this species taking other baits
than paste and such like fished on or near the bottom.

618

EDITORIAL.

Since our last editorial notes were written there has been considerable cor-
respondence between various members and the Honorary Secretary on the
subject of the terms on which the Society was prepared to move a large portion
of its Museum collections over to the Prince of Wales Museum. From letters
received it is evident that the Honorary Secretary’s circular, dated 17th August
1920, asking members to say whether they agreed or not to the revised proposals,
did not make it plain that whatever part of the Society’s Collections was placed
in the Prince of Wales’ Museum, such would be the property of the Museum
Trustees for so long as the Trustees were able to maintain the Natural History
Section of the Museum and no longer. The Trustees’ funds are, so far at
least as the Natural History Section is concerned, to be obtained almost entirely
from Government and since Government are unable to pledge themselves for
the future as regards finance, the Committee naturally felt that they must
guard themselves against the risk—however slight that risk might be—of seeing
valued collections presented to the Museum by the Society, neglected and
allowed to deteriorate because of want of sufficient funds. What would happen
if money were not forthcoming every year for the maintenance of the Natural
History Section is not pleasant to contemplate. Exhibits would have been
mounted and displayed in such a way that it would be an utter ‘impossibility to
get them back into the present rooms of the Society, and even if accommodatiun
of a suitable nature could be found—the Society could,never find the money
for the rent. There is however no need to labour this point. The Natural
History Section of the Prince of Wales Museum will be the most popular section
of the Museum and it may ke regarded as certain that whatever portion of the
Museum has to be closed for want of funds it will not be the Natural
History Section.

Another point which wants making clear is that, until an actual Natural
History Museum has been built, the reference collections of the Society will
remain in their present quarters. The accommodation placed at the Society’s
disposal in the existing Museum building will be Bonely, sufficient for displayed
exhibits.

It is apparent that the question of finance enters very largely into the arrange-
ments for the future. The removal of part of the Society’s collection, the pay-
ment of subordinates working in the Museum, and the part payment of the
Curator and Assistant Curator, will undoubtedly relieve the Society of a great
deal of expense but this expense is of a nature which the Society should have
incurred rather than did incur. It will not reduce the Society’s expenditure
on the Museum side by much, and the Society’s expenses in other directions, such
as Library, Clerical staff and Journal, will considerably increase. . The “ Times
Press’ have notified us that they must increase their charges for printing
the Journal, and this being the case the committee and members will have
to decide on one:of two courses. Must the Journal be cut down in size so that
the amount spent on it at the higher scale will be no more than at the lower ?
Or must the Society’s income be increased to meet the extra cost ? As regards
the former the Journal is already too small for the mass of material placed at our
disposal and which it is our duty in the interests of science and of our members
to publish. The length of time which elapses between the receipt of MS. and
the publication of MS. is a serious drawback and this is intensified in the case
of serials which on account of their length have to be spread over many numbers.
The strike in the ‘Times Press’’ and the disorganisation which resulted therefrom
has delayed the issue of the Journal very considerably and this is greatly
to be regretted. Firstly, because of the delay in issuing to members, papers
long waited for, secondly, because it was particularly desirable that members
just at this time should receive their Journals regularly. To many members

EDITORIAL, 619

the Society’s Journal is the only thing of value obtained from membership and
if that value is cut down and at the same time the member is asked
to pay more, he might in these days of high prices, be inclined to resign mem-
bership. What the Committee want, and what the editors hope to do, is to
bring out Journals regularly and to give members every quarter a number
containing from 200 to 250 pages of valuable scientific, and interesting general
notes on Natural History. As regards issues, 1920 was a very bad year. No.
4, Vol. XXVI, and Nos. 1 and 2 of Vol. XXVII being the only numbers issued
and No. 2 in many cases not being in members’ hands till 1921. 1921 opens
better however, as we bring outin January No. 5, Vol. XXVI, and in February
No. 3, Vol XX VII and have sufficient material to bring out No. 4 in April. The
Index for Vol. XXVII should follow within three months of that and so a
complete Volume will have been issued within a year. Mr. Stuart Baker
and our friends at the British Museum will do their best to see that two
parts of Vol. XXVIII are produced in 1921, but how is this to be
done in the existing state of our finances? Will members be willing to
give value for value and pay an increased subscription to the Society,
‘or will they think that it is the last straw in these days of continual
increases? Well one claim the Society may make. If the subscription is
raised it will be the first time it has been raised since 1886. Is it not patent
that our expenses in the year of grace 1921 are very different to the expenses of
55 years ago ? The Committee will no doubt place matters before members in
such a convincing manner that an increase in subscription will be welcomed
with enthusiasm! These notes are merely to prepare members and make them
think of the financial resources of the Society they belong to and of what that
Society has done for the science they are interested in.

In the report of the Zoological Survey (1919-1920) Dr. Annandale, the Dir-
ector of the Zoological Survey, complains bitterly of the conditions in the public
galleries in the Indian Museum due to “* Lack of Funds and Staff.” He writes
“Lack of Specialists’ knowledge of Birds and Mammals, scarcity of dust-proof
cases, bad lighting of the galleries and general squalor due to the paucity of the
menial staff, prevent the galleries from becoming either attractive or of first
class educational value.” The funds of the Institution are devoted primarily
to scientific research and unless more money is available the improvement of
the Public Galleries cannot be considered. Dr. Annandale concludes,‘‘ I would
give a great deal to see the Mammal Galleries and Bird Galleries developed
on what I consider proper lines but at present it can’t be done.”

While the primary function of a Museum is scientific research it is to be
understood that the Educational purpose of the institution must not be lost
sight of, and the handicap the Indian Museum suffers in this direction through
lack of adequate financial support is much to be deplored.

The purpose of a Museum would appear to be the development of the study
of Natural Science with a view to placing the knowledge thereby acquired
at the service of the General Public. The Researches of Darwin, Huxley and
Pasteur are to-day part of the teaching of the School Room. Education, as
expressed by President H. F. Osborn, in the Fifty-firsts Annual Report of the
American Museum of Natural History, is a great deal more than the Three
Rs. “It is inspiration and information, it is instruction in local history,
geography, geology, in travel, in climatic laws, in simple economics, 1n all that
concerns the health of mind and body, in all branches of Natural History and
all that living nature has to tell our youth.”

In the changing condition of to-day it is of primary importance that Indians,
in whose hands will mainly be the power of affording educational facilities to their
fellow countrymen, should awake to the knowledge that Museums and kindred
institutions are ideal channels through which a large mass of the public may be

J
:

iL
620 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII.
f

reached and instructed. In New York City the combined attendance at the
Schools and Colleges during 1919 was 875,327 as compared with 10,654,881 people
who attended the Museums, Public Library, Scientific Park and Aquaria.
Commenting on these figures President Osborn says: “‘ Every one who comes,
learns something. Some persons learn a great deal, their thoughts, their
imagination take new and better channels ; thoroughly democratic these insti-
tutions are open at all times to people of all classes ; they are planned on a
scale commensurate with a city destined to be the ieading city of the world.”

The sooner it is realised that a Natural History Museum is not merely a store-
house of curiosities, but is actually a fundamental part of the educational system
of the country, the sooner will it be understood that the adequate support of
such an institution is not a civic luxury but a paramount necessity. If the
Museums in India are at all to achieve the purpose for which they are intended
they must receive the ungrudging support of the administration, failure in this
would by restricting their activities lessen their utility as is graphically instanced
by the statement by Dr. Annandale quoted above.

The Trustees of the British Museum express their best thanks to the Society
for a donation of 26 small mammals from Upper Burma, including the types
of five new forms collected by Messrs. F. Kingdom Ward and _ P. M. Leonard,
descriptions of which appears elsewhere in this number.

In addition to the above, the types of a new tortoise (7. buxtont) which was
obtained by Mr. P. A. Buxton on the south coast of the Caspian Sea; and a
new snake (Zamenis hotsoni) which was collected by Col. J. E. B. Hotson in
Shiraz were also presented to the National collection.

In connection with the Society’s gift of large series of Mammal Skins to the
British Museum, Mr. Oldfield Thomas writes, ‘“‘ you will, I think, understand
that our ability to name and work out depends on our not only being able to
see but to keep material for further work, unless we are allowed to keep quite
good sets of specimens the progress of the survey will be continually hindered.
The keeping of, say, 2 or 4 specimens, out of a series of 40 which has been worked
out gives no opportunity for a later checking of the original paper. We want
to take a number of specimens, which may appear greedy but is really only
based on experience as to what is wanted for better and more detailed work
in later collections.”

The thanks of the Society are due to Col. J. E. B. Hotson for his many years
of active help and for the valuable collections obtained by him in Mekran and
Persia. Besides a large number of mammals his collections included birds’
skins, insects and a large assortment of pressed plants. Throughout this
period Col. Hotson bore half the expenses in connection with the collecting
work, and, as stated before, the thanks of all our members are due to him for his
generosity and for the valuable work he has done for the Society. Col. Hotson
is now on leave in England where we wish him every enjoyment of a long delayed
and hard earned rest. Members will be interested to hear that, through the
instrumentality of Sir Percy Cox, arrangements are being made for one of the
Society’s Assistants to collect and make observations in connection with
Bird Migration on the Light-house Islands of the Persian Gulf, and Sir Percy has
very kindly offered to pay the salary during the period. As most of our readers
must already be aware, Sir Percy is a very keen naturalist and during the war
contributed, together with Major R. E. Cheesman, a large number of specimens
collected in Mesopotamia, which collection will be found referred to as the Cox-
Cheesman Collection in the Reports of the Fauna of Mesopotamia. Major
R. E. Cheesman is back in Mesopotamia and will, we hope, be able to find
time for Natural History work once more.

At a recent Committee meeting a letter from Mr. W. W. A. Phillips of Ceylon
offering to collect for the Society was read. The Committee considered Mr.

EDITORIAL. 621

Phillips’ offer a very valuable one and accepted it with great gratitude. Mr.
Phillips’ collections will form a most useful supplement to the material obtained
by Major Mayor in Ceylon before the war.

Mr. C. Primrose also offered to collect for us in the Hukong valley and unad-
ministered Naga Territory, during the time that a Survey was being made in
those parts. This offer too is avery valuable one and was accepted with
pleasure, but unfortunately the Survey has had to be closed down indefinitely.

In the last Journal we published an illustration of plaster casts of some common
Indian Snakes. The casts represent the Cobra, Russell’s Viper, Russell's Earth
Snake, John’s Earth Snake and the Checkered Water Snake. We are anxious
to have if possible a more or less representative collection of casts of the com-
moner Indian Snakes and the assistance of members is solicited in this con-
nection. What is needed are living specimens of the common Indian Snakes.
Adult examples of the following are especially needed. The Common Krait,
the Banded Krait, The Phoorsa or Saw-Scaled Viper (E. carinata), The Royal
Snake (Z. diadema), Bronzed-Back Tree Snake (D. tristis), The Kukri Snake
(O. subgriseus) and The Banded Kukri Snake (8. arnensis), The snakes would
travel quite safely if enclosed in a stowt wooden box with a few small holes
punctured in the lid, but in sending,a specimen of a Kraitora Phoorsa the
Museum Staff would be very thankful if notification could be given on the
outside of the parcel as to the contents. Some years ago a parcel was received
through the post. at the Society’s office—a cigar box with a brown paper
wrapping—no notice as to its contents. The box on being opened disclosed a
vigorous young Russell’s viper !

Since the last Editorial was written we have welcomed to India Mr. Kinnear’s
successor, Mr. B. C. Ellison. He joins us at a time of change and has a lot of
hard work before him. Plans for the best utilisation of the space placed at our
disposal in the Prince of Wales’ Museum have to be made, and Mr. Wroughton
writes from the British Museum that the time has come for the demobilisation
there of the Mammal Survey material. He estimates that the demobilisation
papers will take our Curator and Assistant Curator a good six months to
prepare. First the claims of the National Museum have to be considered and
then the needs of the Society. Then the claim of the Indian Museum and the
claims of the up-country Museums to at least a representative collection of the
Mammals collected in their locality. The ordinary work of the Society keeps
our staff extremely busy and with the extra work indicated above thrown on
their shoulders their time for leisure will be small. Mr. Prater just before
Mr. Ellison’s arrival paid short visits to the Indian Museum, Madras Museum
and Nagpur Museum, and we take this opportunity on behalf of the Com-
mittee of thanking all those who helped to make his trip pleasant to him and
useful to the Society.

622

OBITUARY NOTICE.

Francis Misurn How.tett.

Francis Milburn Howiett, Imperial Pathological Entomologist to the Govern-
ment of India, died at Masuri on 20th August 1920, after a severe operation. Born
in January 1877, he was the eldest son of the late F. J. Howlett of Wymon-
dham, Norfolk, and of Mrs. Howlett, now of Norwich. He was educated at
Wymondham Grammar School and at Berkhampsted School, whence in 1896
he went to Christ’s College, Cambridge, where he gained a scholarship. He
left Cambridge in 1900 and was for some time on the staff of the Merchant
Taylor’s School. In 1905 he came out to India to Allahabad, where he was
Professor of Biology at the Muir College for about two years, and in November
1907 was transferred to the Indian Agricultural Service as Second Imperial
Entomologist, a title subsequently altered to that of Imperial Pathological
Entomologist, and in this capacity his work dealt with all insects carrying
disease to man and other animals.

From early youth Howlett had a strong taste for the study of insects,
especially of Diptera, his first paper, published in the Hntomologists’ Monthly
Magazine in 1907, dealing with the mating habits of Hmpis borealis. During
the earlier years of his service in India he was keenly interested in the collection
and classification of Indian Diptera and in 1908 he wrote the sections on Diptera
and Lice for Lefroy’s volume on Indian Insect Life (1909). But the visit to
India of Mr. W. W. Froggatt, who showed that fruit-flies were attracted to the
smells of certain oils, led Howlett’s attention in the direction of tropic responses
in insects, and he subsequently published papers on the influence of temperature
on the biting of mosquitoes and on the chemical reactions of fruit-flies. He
also published several short papers on sandflies. He was a good artist and
several of his papers were illustrated by his own drawings. At the time of his
death, he had just completed a book on the control of insect pests, but the
manuscript of this has not been forthcoming amongst his papers and appears
to have been mislaid.

During his earlier years in India Howlett suffered from ill-health and was
absent on sick leave from 1909 to 1911 and was again absent on leave for
two years from 1915 to 1917, but latterly he seemed to have recovered his
health and his sudden death, at the comparatively early age of 43, was un-
expected and to be regretted. His name is commemorated in that of the
tick, Hemaphysalis howletti, described by Warburton in 1913 from a hill
pony at Rawalpindi, and in that of the Empid genus Howleitia, described by
Brunetti.

623

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES.

No. IL.—LEOPARD CAT (F. BENGALENSIS) IN CAPTIVITY.
(With a block.)

“Felis Chaus” and “ Felis Bengalensis ’’ being proverbially wild and untame-
able, the following account of a “Felis Bengalensis”’ kitten having been
tamed may be of interest to some Members of the B. N. H. 8.

She was caught by a coolie, who said that a second kitten had escaped with
its mother, and sent to us by a friend, when about a month old, in August 1919 ;
and was fed every few hours, day and night, with cow’s milk diluted with water
out of a tea spoon by my wife, who has a wonderful faculty for rearing and
taming wild animals. The kitten soon took to the ‘spoon-feeding,” clasping
the spoon with both fore paws, and sucking vigorously, and throve well. When
old enough, she was fed on raw meat with occasionally a mouse, small bird
or rat. One day when sitting on my wife’s lap at breakfast, she seized a bit
of cooked meat off the plate, and was allowed to eat it, but it disagreed with
her little inside badly, and she nearly died; but my wife’s assiduous nursing
pulled her through. She used to sleep either at the foot of our bed or on
top of the mosquito curtain, generally the latter, and became so tame and gentle
that she was allowed full liberty about the house and garden; becoming great
friends with our Airedale terrier. and it was very amusing seeing them playing
together. When she was about 8 months old we went to stay at a neighbour’s
estate during his absence on leave, and unfortunately he had left 3 domestic
cats in the house, which we hoped might make friends with our kitten, but
they refused her friendly advances. And one morning ‘ Kittycat” (as she
was named) went out as usual, after sleeping on top of the mosquito curtain
all night, and never returned for a week. Then my wife noticed that the cats
had taken to sitting on the verandah outside our bedroom window, apparently
on the watch : so we had them shut up at night, and at midnight of the 9th day,
to our great joy, back came “ Kittycat’’, very hungry and thin, but as tame
as ever. In June this year my wife took ber up to Kotagiri with her, sitting
cn her lap most of the way in the train, and the Motor Car! After they had

624 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII.

been there some weeks a large stray domestic cat turned up at the house and
drove our pet away. If I had been there, I would have shot the brute! How-
ever, after two weeks she came back one night, and woke my wife up by shov-
ing her cold little nose against her face, and our children also woke and ‘hurried
off joyfully to get her milk and meat. But to everyone’s sorrow she was driven
away again after a few days by the cat, and never returned, though she was
seen several times in the neighbourhood by different people. The last news
of her was, that some Badaga boys in the village just below the house had
found two lately born Leopard-cat kittens in the scrub between the village
and the garden, and had tried to rear them, but that they had died. A great
disappointment to my wife, as if they had only told her at once, for she had
offered a reward to anyone who either brought the Leopardecat or showed her its
where abouts, she would have gone to the place and watched, and probably
recovered “ Kittycat” and her kittens.
The 2 photographs, taken by my wife, are successful likenesses of her pet.
We still hope that she may yet come back, for she was so tame, but fear she
will have become quite wild after having had kittens.
PALAGAPANDY Estate, A. M. KINLOCH, ¥.z,s.
KotnLENGcopE Pu. O., MALaBar,

10th October 1920.

No. I1.—THE OCCURRENCE OF THE ERMINE IN THE PUNJAB.

On the 19th September I came across, and captured, a small male of
what I took to be the Ermine or Stoat (P. ermenea). The colouring differed
somewhat to that given, for this species, in the “ Fauna of British India”
(Mammalia) p. 166. Blanford says:—‘“ Colour. In summer dull chestnut
(reddish brown) above, white or yellowish white below, the terminal portion
of the tail black.”

The colouring of the specimen in question was a dull sepia brown on the
body, very slightly darker on the head which also had the fazntest tinge of
reddish, and the tail was somewhat lighter than the back, except the tip
which was blackish. The whole of the underparts were pure white,
including the tail except the extreme tip. There was not the faintest tinge
of reddish or chestnut on the body at all.

According to Blanford the only authentic records of this species are of
one which was obtained by Griffith in Afghanistan, and Hodgson who
records it in Nepal, and one shot by Dr. Henderson in Dras, north of the
Zoji-La, Kashmir.

My specimen was procured at an elevation of about 15,000 ft. on the
Larka Pass, N. E. of Dharmsala, and is the first of its kind I have seen, in
over a quarter of a century of wanderings in the Himalayas.

It appeared absolutely fearless of man and regarded us from a cleft in a
large boulder as we passed, and allowed me to approach to within 4 or 5 ft.
before disappearing into its stronghold.

T noticed that each time I retreated it came out again, soa slip-knot
was made at the end of a long bit of twine and placed over the spot where
it always appeared and I sat down some 10 ft. away with the other end
of the twine. As soon as the head showed again I gave the twine a pull
and had it safely by the neck. To ensure its not making off elsewhere, we
lit a small fire on the further side of the rock and the wind being favour-
able all the smoke went into the cleft where the little beast had lodged,
and further expedited his movement in the direction of the noose.

T had it for a couple of days and it had got the length of taking meat
out of my hand, without the usual dart forward to bite, accompanied by a

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, 625

short, sharp, staccato swear and I had every hope of getting the little
beast perfectly tame in a few days, but unfortunately it escaped from its
box in a most unaccountable manner.

I send this record of this, seemingly, very rare species as it is, I think,
worthy of record, and in spite of the difference in colour above noted I
think it could only be Putorius erminea.

The dark tip to the tail confines it to one of two species of this genus
and the pure white underparts pretty well settles the rest of its identity.

DHARMSALA, PUNJAB, C, H. DONALD, F.z.s., M.B.0.U,
23rd September 1920.

No. II].—RECORD FEMALE INDIAN GAZELLE. (G. BENETTI.)

I am sending you the photo of a female Indian Gazelle, “ Gazelle
bennetti,” 9,1 shot some years ago near “Sirsa” in the Punjab and
which Rowland Ward has later mounted and measured for me. He states
that itis the longest pair he has ever measured exceeding Sir Victor
Brook’s by one inch.

If you would care to put this into the Journal please do so.

Length of horn. Circumference. Tip to Tip.
72" ge 23", shot by Sir V. Brook.
82" 13" 31”, shot by R. H. Heath
CouLspON, SURREY, R. H. HEATH.

lst August 1920.

No. IV.—SOME SPLENDID BLACK BUCK HEADS.

The ‘Field’ of March the 27th 1920 contains a note on what is described
as a magnificent Black Buck shot by Mr. F. H. Peppe in January 1915 at
Jakhal, a Railway Junction on the borders of Patiala half way between
Delhi and Bhatinda. The measurements are as follows :—

Length.. ,. 282 inches.
Girth .. ont (eee 9/5
Tip to Tip aie ae

”
Rowland Ward’s Records of Big Game give 303” as the record Black
Buck head now in the possession of ‘Capt. J. MacRae-Gitstrap, but there
is no evidence as to where the animal was shot. Second to this is a head

27

626 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XX VII,

measuring 283 obtained by Capt. (subsequently General Sir Bindon Blood)
in Jeypore, the measurements were recorded by A. O. Hume.

A Black Buck head measuring 302 inches is recorded in the ‘ Asian’ of
1880. Writing from Mussoorie on the 11th of April 1880 a correspondent
who signs himself, “ Gangootri Shikari” describing the shooting of this
animal says: “ A party consisting of M. L. and myself who were out shoot-
ing towards the Mohun Pass on the road to Mussoorie, during the Haster
week came across the owner of these enormous horns in a raid on a bag of
wheat which had by some chance or the other lain neglected on the road.
He was too intent to perceive us. This was at night and a shot on the
head brought him to. By the strictest measurements his horns came to
302 inches.”

It would be interesting to know whether the record head now in the
possession of Capt. J. MacRae Gitstrap is the same as the one referred to
by ‘ Gangootri Shikari’ the difference of 4 of an inch in the measurement
could be easily accounted for by shrinkage.—HbpITors.

No. V.—A GOOD HEAD OF THE GOA OR TIBETAN ANTELOPE
(PANTHALOPS HODGSONI.)

(With a block.)

In May 1919, I shot a Goa or Tibetan Gazelle beyond the Tso-Morari Lake
in Rupshu, at an altitude of about 16,000 ft. The horns which have been
officially taped by Rowland Ward are 14%” in length, and thus equal the record
given in the latest edition of his “ Records of Big Game.”

Lydekker in his “‘Game Animals of India, etc.,” writes of a head of 142’,
whilst Blanford in his Mammalia says that the longest recorded horns of this
Species measure 15°75”. No details are given of this latter head. Goa horns of
over 14” being so rare, I enclose a photograph of the specimen shot.

Poona, F. LUDLOW.
Sih November 1920,

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 627

No. VI—AN OLD TIME BUFFALO HUNT.

In Volume XXVII, No. 2, of this Society’s Journal we published the Sporting
Diary of H. H. the Maharaja of Bikaner, in which His Highness records
the shooting of a wild buffalo which was accustomed to associate with the tame
buffaloes of the village.

The association of Wild Bull Buffaloes with domestic herds has often been
commented on by Sportsmen. ‘“* Bhootan” writing in the Asian in November
1870 records a similar instance. He describes the death of a veteran Bull
Buffalo who for 7 years evaded every effort to ‘bag’ him. He bore a charmed
existence and was known to sportsmen as the Jaintee Bull. For years he made
a practice of fraternising with the herds. of domestic buffaloes in his neighbour-
hood. The herdsmen were not at all afraid of him and rather shielded him
from the attention of ‘shikaris’, never giving ‘khuber’ of where he could
be met with. As time went on he grew bolder and would accompany the herds
_ home in the evening and after they had been milked would remain with them
all night perfectly oblivious to the presence of the cow-herds. The policy of
live and let live was maintained between the man and beast till our ancient
Lothario embarked on a policy of abducting some of the cow buffaloes from
amongst the herds, occasionally driving one or two of them away with him in to
the forest, finally he capped his misdemeanours by killing one of the herdsmen
and wounding another, who died 3 days afterwards from the effects of the fright-
ful gashes he had received. This rcused the herdsmen from their apathy and
they came and begged ‘ Bhootan’ and his friends to rid them of the dread
Buffalo. The party set out armed to the teeth. There were 7 guns in all, as
‘Bhootan’ describes it a “mixed battery which included 12 bore double-
barrelled shot guns, 10 bore double-barrelled rifles and a double-barrel and a
single barrel ‘500 express.”” It was half past five in the evening when they
arrived, the held was just dribbling in and so they hurriedly took up their
position on and in the herdsmens’ houses. All of them except one “‘ C’*. who
being short-sighted and having his doubts about being able to recognize the wild
buftalo from the tame ones, wished to establish a coign of vantage for himself in
the kitchen among the milk pails, to which the lady of the house took exception.
In the midst of a heated altercation he that was expected arrived, heralding
his coming with a series of grunts. Bhootan says he was “a magnificent
sight as he advanced straight towards us! how he towered above the tame
cows he was following.”

The Buffalo crossed over to within 25 yards and at a word from ‘ Bhootan’
received a broadside from the assembled battery, but “ instead of rolling on the
ground gives a slight shake of his head, wheels round and is off pursued by the
hunters who tumble off the roof in their eagerness to be up and at him.” He is
eventually discovered standing in the tall grass some 70 yards off’ and then says
‘Bhootan’ such an independent firing commenced as must have astonished him.
The shooting appears to have been “ promiscuous” and ‘Bhootan’, brought to a
sense of his imminent danger by a bullet wizzing past his ear, puts a temporary
end to the bombardment, counsels restraint and so with more caution the party
proceed. Advancing about 20 yards ‘Bhootan’ sees a dead buffalo lying on the
ground “ but at the same moment ‘ Y ’ began firing in another direction saying
he could see him.” ‘Y’ is implored to desist. Quite unable to understand how
two buffaloes had appeared on the scene, they creep cautiously up and to
their extreme disgust find a tame buffalo stone dead with a bullet through the
forehead. It was a humiliating discovery and says ‘Bhootan’ “others might
be lying dead around near ‘ who could tell’ ”. Nothing definite is stated but
one rather feels that the aforenamed short sighted ‘C’ was probably connected
with the dead buffalo. There was only one thing to be done now, concludes
‘Bhootan’ we must get the bull. He climbs a small tree to see if he can sight

628 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXV1I,

him and an ominous grunt from his vicinity causes a general retreat by the rest of
the party. The alarm proves false so ‘Bhootan’ descends from his perch and
they all proceed, this time “ still more cautiously.” They are brought to a stop
by noises issuing from the grass in front of them which are eventually traced to
a buffalo on the ground, they are non-plussed for a moment by the horrible un-
certainty that this may be another tame buffalo. The position is reconnoitered
with the assistance of an elephant and everybody's mind is set at rest by the
welcome assurance from the Mahout that this is ‘ the’ bull. Continues ‘Bhootan’
“* ¢V? and I now cautiously creep forward to within 12 yards of his head and
fired together into his neck, the issue was unexpecteds” It only resulted in
bringing him to life again and he commenced to rise. This proceeding had the
immediate effect of widening the distance between hunters and hunted, but
one ‘who was up a neighbouring tree’ brought the old bull again to the
ground with a well directed shot and after which “ we crept close up to his
head and gave him his quietus.’’ When everything was ended, short sighted
“C’ who seems to have lost himself in the confusion appeared on the scene and
expressed a burning desire to put one bullet in ; so having sighted his gun
with difficulty (he was within 10 yards of the carcass) he fired. Thus perished
the Jaintee Buffalo.

Bompay Naturat History Society, S. H. PRATER.
lst October 1920.

No. VIIL—TWIN CALF ELEPHANTS.
(With a block.)

Herewith I enclose the photograph of twin elephant calves born in Tenas-
serim, Lower Burma, last June. They are male and female and measured

_ MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, 629

2’-93" at the shoulder when about three months old, so that there was probably
little difference in their heights and that of a single calf, at birth. Of newly
born single calves measured, heights ranged between 2’-7” and 2’-11’.

I have met one man only who has actually seen twin calf elephants, and
but very few who have even heard of such a case. The mother is a timber
working animal of Messrs. Steel Brothers & Co., Ltd.

MovtmMeEIn, Burma, GORDON HUNDLEY.
12th October 1920.

No. VIII.—“‘ MAN-EATING MONKEYS AND POISONOUS LOCUSTS. ”

May I be permitted to call your attention to two interesting natural his-
tory matters.

The writer of an article in the Dharwar Vritt of 13th November 1873 states
that a man-eating monkey made its appearance at Dharwar. “ It ate one or
two and killed two or more persons in the neighbouring villages and seriously
hurt a prostitute at Dharwar.”

The Maharashtra Mitra of 15th January 1874 states that recently locusts
appeared in several villages round about the village Ankalkhop, of Taluka
Tasgaum, and committed great havoc. At Ankalkhop they killed by their
stings a young child which was sleeping on a raised seat in a field, and by
similar means destroyed a young buffalo.

The British Government can now, 1 think, rest on its laurels. During the
past fifty years it has practically exterminated carnivorous monkeys and the
more dangerous locusts.

A, C. MILLER.
Poona, 23rd Sept. 1920.

No, [IX._MELANISM IN THE RED-VENTED BULBUL
(MOLPASTES sp.).

The well-marked lines, along which nature carries on its functions in its var-
ious departments, generally arrest our attention, and are taken by us as the
invariable laws which govern its operations in the departments concerned,
But there are other subsidiary lines that cross them at distant intervals, and
along which operate the phenomena that are looked upon as exceptions. But
are there no laws that govern these exceptions, which, subtle though they be,
exist nevertheless, and produce their results in cycles of their own? The ordi-
nary man may stop short by calling the exceptions as such, and may think
that his enquiry has reached there its end. But the duty of the scientist
stretches farther ; for he should try, and may well be able to draw his induction
from a large number of iecorded exceptions, about which full and accurate
data have been carefully collected by different inquirers ; and this induction
can throw the light, under which can be seen the causes that bring about the
aberrations. The collection of these exceptions being a sina qua non of these
inductions, I proceed to record details about a melanistic bulbul that I have
come across, in the hope that this, with other such cases, brought to light and
recorded by other inquirers, may divulge to future workers in this field the
secret ways along which the exceptions are working. :

In the July number of the Agricultural Magazine of London, I described a
case of albinism in a Bulbul (Molpastes) with its characteristic eyes and legs.
Such deviation is very rare. I have recently come across another price
but of the opposite sort, viz., melanism, in a bird of the same species—viz., M ol
pastes bengalensis—about the identity of which there is not the least doubt, This

630 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NA TURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVI1,

-bird has almost all the general features of the Bengal Bulbul with its thick crest

growing from every portion of the crown and nape, and chocolate-brown ear-
coverts. The colour of the body is generally black, and not relieved by the pale
edgings, while the black of the crown is not sharply defined but extends well
on to the back, and continues upto the end of the tail. The chin throat
and breast are deep black. The portion below the breast is black and smoky
brown. The wings are distinctly brown. The bill is black.

As in all cases of complete melanism, there is, in the case under considera-
tion, a total lack of the white colour—there being no white on the upper tail
coverts or white tips to the tail-feathers, or whitish margins or edges in the
wing-coverts, scapulars, lower breast or lower back. The result is to give the
bird a brilliant black appearance, intensified by the absence of lighter parts
in their normal settings. The absence of the bright crimson under-tail patch
is the most remarkable in as much as it is the most characteristic trait of
Molpastes. Here also the colour of the under-tail coverts is in no way diiferent
from the general body colour.

The owner of the bird lives close to my residence. He had the bird when
it was a nestling of a few days and has reared it now for four years. He tells
me that he found sometime ago a similar case of melanism, but there the colour
of the under-tail covert changed from black into bright crimson in the course
of a couple of years.

Aviculturists, I presume, have frequent experiences of deviations from the
normal colouring of birds, but are not agreed as to the reasons for this diver-
gence. Some attribute it to vigorous constitution, while others to delicate
health. I showed the black bulbul under review to Mr. S. Basil-Edwardes,
a member of the Bombay Natural History Society, while he was at Calcutta
Both he and myself examined the bird critically and found it to be in sound
health. The feet appeared slightly injured (due, perhaps, to confinement in
a small cage), and lacked the intensity of colour found in normal birds. There
are various causes that bring about variations in the colour of birds. Of these
the cage or aviary life and its attendant artificial rationing very often conduce
to such variations in colour. A silver-eared Mesia of mine (Mesia argeniauris)
after three years of aviary life, began to show a remarkable tendency to mela-
nism and I have had similar experiences of several birds in my aviary, all of
which I found to be in full health. I do not, however, wish to fix upon one or
the other of these causes as responsible for the change in colour in the bulbuls
under consideration, and want only to point out that bad or good health does
not exhaust the list of causes that bring about the phenomenon.

SATYA CHURN LAW.
CatcuTtTa, October 1920.

No. X.—THE BREEDING OF THE EASTERN ORPHEAN WARBLER
SYLVIA JERDONI. BLYTH, IN THE N. W. FRONTIER PROVINCE,

It may be worth recording the fact that a correspondent of mine sent me a
clutch of four eggs, nest, and one of the parents (unsexed, but presumably the
male) of the above species.

This nest was taken at Cherat, elevation 4,500 ft. above sea-level, on 28th
May 1920. The situation was 5 ft. from the ground in a “‘Scrubby bush” as
my friend tells me.

The materials used are grass-bents (stem and blade), which were green when
the nest was newly built, and very tine fibres ; the whole being profusely deco-
rated with white vegetable down. There is no attempt at lining the interior.
The nest is cup-shaped.

gx

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 631

The eggs are a broad oval, the ground colour being a very pale greenish white;
the markings (chiefly at the broad end) consist of fine spots and blotches of
greyish brown and greyish green.

Incubation had lasted about 4 or 5 days. My friend had watched the birds
building.

A. E. JONES.

TATTERSALL Houses, SIMLA,

llth August 1920.

No. XI.—THE SPINE-TAILED SWIFT (C. INDICA) AND THE
BURMESE SWIFT (C. PACIFICUS) IN ASSAM.

C. indica (1078) is a fairly common bird here and occurs pretty well throughout
the year, it is especially plentiful when the winged termite is about on which it
feeds till gorged, judging by the tightly packed mass of these insects I’ve taken
from the stomach of birds shot. At other times when seen in small numbers,
flying either high or low, it is a sure indication of either rain or a storm to come
and that usually within 48 hoirs, in this case the bird has been rather useful
to me as by it’s appearance, though there has not been a cloud in the sky, it has
settled my doubts as to whether I should carry on certain work in the planting
line or not; there is a saying I believe “ Look for the clouds and you'll never
sow” but he who sees the Spine-tail in any numbers and doesn’t plant is
foolish.

The bird in ordinary circumstances is usually seen in the early morning or
towards evening, before a change of weather at any time of the day, also it flies
to a very late hour and at that time low, it’s pace then must be something
amazing as it passes with a bullet-like swish which is audible for some little
distance though one sees nothing of the bird. As regards the shooting of this
species, I will only remark hold straight, d-d straight, and if the shooter drops
one out of three I should say he knows how to shoot. The bird when hawking
seems to be flying slowly and fairly low but it is wonderful the misses one makes.
On a good day one may account for four snipe out of every six shots fired
but I'd not like to place my cartridges on record as regards the bringing down
of the spine-tail. Full plumaged birds, though of quiet colour, are handsome
in the decidedly scale-like markings of the plumage of the back, this seems to
disappear after the bird is skinned.

Chaetura nudipes also occurs in this district, but so far I have found it very
scarce compared with C. indica still I have hopes of sending the Society speci-
mens. Its habits are similar to that of the former bird; its English name is
misleading as there is little white about the necks of the birds shot or observed
by me, ash or grey necked would perhaps be more descriptive.

Cypselus pacificus (if my identification be correct) occurs in this part
of Assam as a very casual visitor but then in some numbers, its time of
occurrence being from the end of August to the middle of September, few
birds being seen before or after these dates; they likewise seem to prefer

disturbed weather.
A. M. PRIMROSE.
GHOLAGHAT, ASSAM,
19th September 1920.

No. XII.—NOTE ON THE NIDIFICATION OF HODGSON’S STRIATED
SWALLOW (HIRUNDO NEPALENSIS).

On arrival in Simla on the 22nd May of this year I noticed that a pair of
these birds had begun to build a nest against a beam in the roof, 10 feet high,

632. JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XXVII.

of the verandah of the house in which I was living. The house in question
was surrounded by pine trees, and the verandah, which was in the upper
storey, faced S. W.

The birds laboured intermittently, ceasing work entirely for two or three
days at a time, and then making up for this by periods of exceptional industry.

The nest was of the usual retort shape and was placed almost directly above
the door of one of the living rooms. When completed it was 93 inches in length
and the size of the entrance was 1422 inches. As soon as its construction was
sufficiently advanced the birds roosted in it regularly every night. They were
remarkably fearless and frequently remained perched on a telephone wire within
a foot or two of persons standing in, or passing along the verandah. Early in
July it appeared that the hen had begun to sit, and on the evening of the 7th
July I took the eggs, which were three in number, one addled and two moderately
incubated. Todo so I had to break away about 2 inches of the entrance to the
nest, the egg chamber remaining intact. The birds sat on the telephone wire
close by while I was so engaged, and roosted in the nest immediately afterwards.
The next day they set to work rebuilding the entrance, and finished it in about
a week.

Torrential rain fell on the night of the 22nd July, and on the following day
the birds found it necessary to strengthen their work. On the night of the
2nd August there was another very heavy fall of rain, followed by a drizzle on
the 3rd, and on the 4th the entrance was again strengthened. Meanwhile the
hen had laid again, and eventually two young birds were hatched.

My opportunities for observation being limited, I did not notice food being
carried to the nest until the 24th August, by which time the young birds were
almost ready to fly.

From the 14th August onwards the weather had remained dry, but the con-
tinual coming and going of the parent birds necessitated more repairs to the
entrance of the nest, which were carried out on the 28th August.

The early morning of the 3lst August was, I believe, the first occasion on
which the young birds left the nest and indulged in trial flights under the super-
vision of their parents. These did not last long, and the youngsters were
soon back in the nest again. Between the flights the family rested on the tele-
phone wire, the parent birds allowing one to stand quite close without showing
any alarm for the safety of their progeny.

A similar programme was carried out on the mornings of the lst and 2nd
September, and on the 3rd and 4th the family was away all day, only returning
in the evening to roost.

Early on the morning of the 5th September the nest gave way, presumably
under the combined weight of all four birds. Its collapse was certainly not
due to absorption of moisture, for the weather was then comparatively dry.
It so happened that I heard the fall, and was able to examine the remains before
they were removed by the sweeper. Amongst them was a broken egg, obvious-
ly addled, showing that the hen had again laid three, of which only 2 were fertile.
The lining of the nest consisted of grass and fine roots below and a considerable
quantity of various sized feathers above. It contained a number of what ap-
peared to be a species of tick.

The breasts of the young birds were white without any of the striations of
the adult.

H. W. WAITE,
Indian Police.

SIMLA.
15th September 1920.

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 633

No. XIII—A NOTE ON THE HABITS OF THE COMMON PARIAH
KITE (MILVUS GOVINDA) AND THE ADJUTANT STORK
(LEPTOPTILUS DUBIUS).

It is well known that the habits, etc., of some birds have changed since the
time of Oates and Blanford’s Volumes in the “ Fauna of British India”, and
a systematic glance through these books would probably reveal several state-
ments, which though correct at that time are certainly not so now. With
regard to the Common Pariah Kite (Milvus govinda) and the Adjutant Stork
(Leptoptilus dubius), both of which are very familiar Indian birds, the following
remarks may be of interest.

On page 377 of Vol. III Blanford quotes a passage from Jerdon about the
habits of the kite, and adds that the statement is perfectly correct. He (Jerdon)
says: ‘‘ Mr. Blyth notices their collecting in numbers without any apparent
object, especially towards evening. This I have frequently observed at all
large stations, where the whole of the kites of the neighbourhood, before retir-
ing to rest, appear to hold conclave. They are said to leave Calcutta almost
entirely for three or four months during the rains.’ They certainly do collect
in the evenings, but never in very large numbers, or within a small area, and,
according to our observations and those of other naturalists we have consulted
they are almost as abundant during the rains as they are in the other months.

Again, on page 106, Vol. I of ‘‘ The Birds of India’. Jerdon remarks: ‘‘ Capt.
Irby mentions having seen one hundred together, but in Calcutta and _ else-
where two or three hundred may be seen at one time.’’ Personally we have
never seen them in such large numbers.

Speaking of the Adjutant Stork, Blanford makes the following statement
on page 374, Vol. IV, which would be absolutely incorrect at the present day:—
“In Calcutta throughout the hot season and the rains Adjutants swarm,
and formerly, before the sanitary arrangements of the city were improved,
numbers haunted the river ghats in the day time and perched on Government
House and other conspicuous buildings at night.” Adjutants were undoubtedly
very common years ago but none are to be seen in Calcutta now. As far back
as 1905, when Mr. Frank Finn was in the Indian Museum, the Adjutants
seemed to have left the city. This is probably due to the improved sanitary
arrangements and the increased population in Calcutta.

CEDRIC DOVER.
S. BASIL-EDWARDES.

Inpran Museum,
CaLcuTTa, 26th August 1920.

[Since this was written I have observed that ‘“‘ Cheels”’ collect at all times
of the day—unless it is very sunny—and not specially towards evening. In
the rainy-season on threatening days they collect in somewhat larger numbers.
On fine sunny days they often soar to such a height that they appear as small
as, or even smaller than, acrow. In fact they may sometimes be mistaken for
them.

Blanford (tom cit) quoting Jerdon says that ‘“‘ As remarked by Buchanan
Hamilton, they are often to beseen seated on the entablatures of buildings
with their breast to the wall and wings spread out, exactly as represented in
Egyptian monuments.” During several years’ residence in Calcutta T have
never seen them sitting with their wings spread, though they often sit with
their breast to the wall. Of course, they may do so in other places, but
seeing that resting with their wings folded must be more comfortable, I should
think it would be exceptional rather than “often” as Buchanan Hamilton
remarks.—C. D.] °

28

634. JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVTI.

No. XIV.—THE NIDIFICATION OF THE MASKED FINEFOOT.
(HELIOPAIS PERSONATA)

Perhaps the most important oraithological discovery of recent years in the
Indiana region is the finding of absolutely authentic nests of this rare bird. The
eredit of actually finding the first nest is due to Mr. T. Marlow, and several
more nests have since been found by him and Mr. H. C. Smith, both of whom are
officers of the Forest Department. All ornithologists will heartily congratulate
these two recent recruits to the science on making such an important discovery
in what is practically their first year of serious field work. Before describing
the nests and eggs I will give a short account of the factors which led to success.
The upper reaches of the Rangoon (or Hlaing) River are known locally as the
Myitmaka River, a sluggish stream flowing through the plains of the Tharra-
waddy District, and in places opening out into big lagoons, the chief of which
is the large lake known as the Mindu In. When the Irrawaddy rises, the
flood water covers large areas of the low lying country, and backs up the Myit-
maka, the result being a huge swamp, in which the depth of water varies from
5 to 15 feet, or even more. Much of the inundated area is under forest growth,
consisting of trees, shrubs, and a tangled mass of creepers, and as might be
expected, the Finfoot revels in country of this nature. A number of forest
officers, including Messrs. Smith and Marlow, are engaged on the extraction
of Government teak timber down the Myitmaka, and during the shooting season
have good sport with Whistling and Cotton tealin and around the Mindu In:
and in June of this year Mr. Smith mentioned to me that in the course of their
sport they had shot and eaten several birds which he had identified as the Masked
Finfoot ; he said the birds were quite common. On my telling him that they
were on the contrary exceedingly rare birds he at once informed the other forest
men, and as, fortunately,no other sportsmen visit this delectable spot the shoot-
ing of the birds has been stopped. The Forest Department employs large numbers
of the local population in the extraction of timber and on river training, and I
suggested to Mr. Smith that the employees should be told to keep a keen look-
out for nests, as the birds would in all probability breed in the Laha area during
July and August, and I described to him Mr. Stuart Baker’s reputed nest. There
was no difficulty at all about enlisting assistance, as the birds are by no means
uncommon in this area, and are well known to the villagers by the name of Ye
Baton which translated means the Water Bubbler, the name being due to the
bubbling noise made by the birds, which is described as being similar to that
made by blowing air through a tubeinto water, the note being rather high
pitched. Some of the men said that they frequently found nests in the rains
and ate the eggs which had the flavour of duck eggs.

I will now quote verbatim Mr. Marlow’s interesting account of the finding of
the first nests :

“On July 26th, 1920, a hunter, whom Ihad employed to find me duckshoot-
ing earlier in the year, sent word that he had a nest of the Yu Baton at Mindu
and that the bird was sitting. The next day I visited the place at about 5-30-p.m.
and saw the bird sitting tight on a nest of twigs about 15 inches in diameter
placed on a horizontal branch of a “ kyi-bin ’”’ (Barringtonia) about seven feet,
above the level of the water which here was five feet deep. The nest was also
supported by creepers which crossed the branch. I had approached to within
about 6 feet of the bird, but except that she watched me closely she was not
disturbed. As I expected Mr. H. C. Smith to arrive shortly I withdrew quietly
and left the bird sitting. At about 6-30 p.m. Mr. Smith and I approached
the nest carefully and found the bird still sitting very closely and with her head
tucked away into the nest. She raised her head to look at us and did not fly
away until Mr. Smith was only about 3 feet from her. Identification of the
bard was confirmed by the legs and general coloration as she flew away. We

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 625

climbed the tree and beheld a glorious sight. In the large bowl-shaped nest of
twigs and lined with a few dead leaves were seven large spheroidal glossy cream
coloured eggs mottled with brown and purple. Darkness and the attentions of
large red ants curtailed our gloat, and the eggs were collected. The next day
was heavily overcast and it was not possible to photograph the nest. On the
30th July at Upper Tanbingon on the same river, some 20 miles down stream
we heard the unmistakable ‘bubble bubble’ call of the bird in the flooded
jungle, and found another nest withseven eggs, which like the first clutch
found, were very slightly incubated. The eggs were ina similar nest similarly
placed to the first but rather neater and only about three feet above the
water. These eggs are with Mr. Smith.

Our next find was at Hmetkadan about a further 20 miles downstream on
the same river. This was on the 2nd August. The nest had been found on the
31st of July containing two eggs and still had two eggs when we visited it. The
nest was photographed ‘in situ’? and also the nesting site. This rest was
about nine feet above the water and on the higher branches of a thorny bush,
not so much overhung as the first two nests. Nest and eggs were sent to Mr.
J. C. Hopwood. On the 6th August, much to my annoyance and contrary to
express orders, six eggs were brought to me by a villager, with the information
that they were from two different nests, each of which had contained three eggs.
The eggs were all fresh.

Again on the 9th August a bird, witha badly damaged nest, and five eggs
were brought to me. The bird has been caught on the nest on the 8th August.
I putitin my bath room at Tapun and gave it a bath-full of fresh river water with
plenty of small live fish and shrimps. Also some fish and shrimps on the floor
near the bath. It was tied by one leg to the handle of the bath and could get
about as much as it liked. It ate fishin the water and also both fish and shrimps
from the floor. In the evening I sent it to Mr. J. C. Hopwoed for the Rangoon
Zoological Gardens. The five eggs from this nest differ very considerably from
all the eggs previously found in that they are not spheroidal but of an oval shape
though of exactly the same coloration as those previously taken.

On the 11th August in company with Messrs. 8. I’. Hopwooa, G. E. Dawkins
and H. C. Smith I saw two more nests at Mindu, containing three and two eggs
respectively. The last of these is only a few inches above water level and if the
Laka water rises, as it certainly should, the nest will be swamped. Another
nest has been found within a few hundred yards of these two, and within 200
yards of the first nest found.

We may thus conclude that the nesting haunt of the Masked Finfoot is the
flooded jungle of the Irrawaddy. Dark places under thick creepers are
favoured.”

The nest sent to me, and referred to by Mr. Marlow above is a very thick mass
of small sticks, heaped one upon the other to form a large pad. I should say
it must have been nearly a foot in height. Mr. Marlow gives the average
dimensions of nests as 15 inches in diameter outer measurement, whilst the egg
cavity, ashallow cup, is about 8 inches in diameter ; the nests are roughly
circular. The eggs, of which I have seen 20 up to date, are with
the exception of the elongated specimens found by Mr. Marlow, all of
a spheroidal shape, some being very nearly sperical: in many eggs the two ends
are more or less pointed, giving the egg a very curious appearance, which is best
described by saying that a vertical cross section would approximate in shape
to the ace of diamonds with the corners rounded off. They are moderately to
highly glossy, of coarse texture and very hard shelled. In coloration and mark-
ings they are strongly Ralline, and could be exactly matched in colour pattern
by many eggs of the Blue-breasted Banded Rail (H ypotenidia striata). The
ground colour is creamy, sometimes very pale, at others with a strong greenish
tinge,-but in any one clutch the ground colour is the same for all the eggs. The

686 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII.

markings are primary and secondary, the former being rusty or chestnut red the
latter inky purple. The distiibution and definition of the makings varies con-
siderably, in most eggs these being most clearly defined and heavy at the large
end, though a number of both primary and secondary markings are found all
over the egg. Sometimes the spots are very clearly defined, in other eggs they
are diffuse and cloudy and at times tend to coalesce. I have seen no other eggs
that could possibly be confused with the common spheroidal form, and I doubt
if even the only elongated clutch could be matched by any other eggs from India
or Burma. Although Messrs. Smith and Marlow’s eggs are a good deal larger
and more beautifully marked than the single egg in Mr. Stuart Baker’s collection
(vide Ibis, January 1919, page 157) it is probable that his specimen is authentic.
The birds swim and fly well, and ordinarily are very duck like in their habits,
swimming freely but with something of the action of a swimming coot, as they
progress in a rather jerky manner and the head is continually bobbed forward.
When frightened or winged, the bird swims semi-submerged, only the head and
neck showing above water, much as a snake-bird (Plotus melanogaster) swims.
I may add that the specimen sent to Rangoon is thriving in the water fowl
aviary and though stillnervous associates with the duck and teal. On land
it runs rapidly like a rail and takes to the thickest cover it can find, Messrs.
Smith, Marlow and I estimate that the breeding ground discovered by them
cannot be less than 500 square miles in extent, and they have heard the
bubbling call for a distance of 50 linear miles. As the bird is well known to the
villagers there must be many hundred pairs breeding.

The nests found so far have all been close to villages, which are not numerous
as may be expected from the nature of the country, and as the villagers search
for and eat the eggs in any case, and have done so for years, there is little dan-
ger of the breeding stock being reduced, as hundreds of birds must nest in the
inaccessible portions of these vast swamps. Messrs. Smith and Marlow offer a
reward which whilst making it worth a man’s while to report the nest in pre-
ference to eating the eggs is not sufficient to induce nest hunting on an extensive
scale, and ornithologists may rest assured that nothing is being done to harass
the birds unduly. I append a list of measurements of the eggs taken so far ;
all measurements in inches.

Mr. T. Marlow, July 27th, 1920. Brought’to Mr. Marlow on August 6th, 1920.

First clutch.

1.93 x 16 73 2.05 x Wie
OH x 1.70 2.05 x eer
1.91 x< 1.74 1.94 x 1.70
1.87 x 1.73 Second clutch.
1.90 x 1.67 1.95 x 1.70
1.86 x Is 1.98 x 1.68
1.89 x 1.72 1.97 x 1.70
Mr. H. C. Smith, July 30th, 1920. Mr. T. Marlow, August 9th, 1920.
2.07 x ei, Dy eoltcy x 1.68
1.96 XK 174 2.06 x 1.69
2.00 < ee 740, 1133 x 1.65
1.90 ox 1.66 petal x 1.66
1.90 x 1.70 2.05 x 1.67
1.95 x 1.70
1.99 x 1.76
Mr. H. C. Smith, August 2nd, 1920.
1.97 x 1.69
1.96 x 1.68

Average of 27eggs .. 1.98 x 1.70
Average of spheroidal eggs omitting Mr. Marlow’s clutch of elongated
eggs. oe So ela gies lke Al

~~" o: -—
he :

‘fae
«
s
*
t
» *
<5,

.
a ¥
1
:
a ee
a ~
>i
AS = :
7 ‘=
- “hin
en
al ee ons
tee eee
pe 2
il ey ae
4, eee?
J PB ca see Pow
‘

a.
A, By"

fete Bd ee ;
ies a ; /
é
> ‘ 7 f
> ’
' i)
_
: *
iy
: So sere eee |
is 7 >
y ae yr tee AY iis We a? 4 w@ 30
ne Rat fey ot * ‘igen
. e ;
eee XE Ma ae 2
eo Jae
75 Z 4 t
Ae wis
wi rut
ay at
7 oye an
—— . “, ~ oe
ieee
2s Ley WS Vere
e oA ee Vath, 7

Journ., Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.

NEST OF THE ComB DucK on NUKTA (S. melanotus ).

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 637

In conclusion I may add that during the 18 years that I have been studying
the birds of Burma, I have only met with the Finfoot on four occasions; the first
was in Toungoo in 1903, the next in North Arakan in 1909, and last on two
occasions at the same place near the head-waters of the Tavoy river in 1918 and
1919. In every case the bird was solitary on a jungle stream in heavily wooded
country. Although I once travelled through the area where Messrs. Smith and
Marlow have found the nests I did not see the bird, nor have I ever met with it
on the countless swamps, marshes and lakes I have visited in pursuit of water-
fowl and their nests,

CYRIL HOPWOOD, m.z.0o.v.
Maymyo,

18th August 1920.

No, XV.—NEST OF NAKTA OR COMB DUCK (S. MELANONOTUS).
(With a plate.)

The accompanying photograph of a Nakta’s nest containing 47 (forty-seven)
eggs may interest you. As the eggs were in two layers, they are not all shown
in the photograph. The height of the nest from the ground was about 25 ft.,
the entrance to it—not shown—on the far side of the branch some 4 ft. above
the eggs.

I regret to say I took the eggs as there was no point in leaving them after having
laid open the nesting hole with a tomahawk before a crowd of villagers, I also
wished to determine the stage of incubation and to make use of themin other
ways. On placing them in a basin of water I noticed that except for about a
dozen fresh ones, the remainder were all in about the same stage of incubation
first standing on end at the bottom of the basin—none floating. I should say
they had been sat on for 10—13 days. From this it would appear that two or
three females had laid in this nesting hole, if not more. Thirteen eggs, taken
at random from the incubated ones, I had placed underahen. Of these the
man entrusted with them broke four by accident, the remaining nine hatched
out into strong chicks on the same day—August 26th (after 13 days’ incubation).
They are now (Oct. 6th) very strong and vigorous young ducks.

It may also interest you to know that within a 100 yards of this nest, on a
small village tank, a single tree of moderate size contained the nests and eggs
of the following six species of birds :—

White-necked Storks (one nest at the top). Dissura episcopus.
Open-bill Storks. Anostomus oscitans

Snakebirds. Plotus melanogaster.

White Ibis. Ibis melanocephala.

Great Egret. Herodias alba.

Lesser Egret. Herodias intermedia.

T. R. LIVESEY.

Koran, RAJPUTANA,
6th October 1920.

Writing again from Kotah on November 5th, Mr. T. R. Livesey says :—

As you were interested in my Nakta ducks perhaps you would care to hear
again how they are. I have now 5—3 males and 2 females—the other 2 pairs
having been given away to Mrs. Martin at Baroda.

6388 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII,

I notice the females mature far quicker than the 3 males. The latter are
scraggy and backward but far larger birds and exceedingly tame ; they follow
me about when I go out into the garden sketching up their necks and opening
their beaks wide. They come up to you and peck your legs and are very curious.
They cannot fly yet. The 2 females are in better plumage and have been able to
jly now for the last week or so. They are shyer. This morning I noticed
them flying about a mile away. They disappeared out of sight and after }
hour came back high over the polo ground and then dropped into my garden to
the others. They were all sound asleep in front of my porch at the sentry’s
feet by 11 a.m.

This shows you how tame they get. I intend cutting the wings of the 3 males
and keeping them, but now the 2females are flying about daily I cannot bring
myself to cut theirs; they shall have their freedom. I may say I have a fountain
in the garden and a small irrigation stream they delight in.

I have also 7 tiny Cotton Teal with a hen and they are doing well now. They
eat finely chopped raw liver and ‘ bajri’. These I have had now about 10 days.
Only 2 died—one from cold and one from being trodden on. They are
exquisite and delicate little things.

No. XVI.—LARGH FLOCK OF THE COMB-DUCK (SARCIDIORNIS
MELANONOTUS) IN THE ALLAHABAD DISTRICT OF THE U. P.

What is the largest number of birds seen in flock of Comb-Duck (Sarcidiornis
melanonotus) ? On the railway journey irom Naini Junction to Simla I passed
on the 7th September 1920, at about 1-30 p.m., between the small stations of
Rasulabad. and Faiz-ullah-pur, a flock of Comb-Duck. In all probability I
would not have noticed these birds, but I had previously seen a pair and this

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 639

made me keep a look-out for more. I had my eyes on the flock sufficiently long
to be able to count the birds. I may have missed two or three, but I estimated
that the flock consisted of thirty-three individuals. There were, in addition,
two pairs which kept to themselves, and were quite apart from the rest. Is
this not rather large number ? Text-Books tell us that large flocks are rare.

The ducks were all concentrated in a field which was under water in most
parts, and which did not appear to me to have had anything growing in it.
The field must have measured approximately 60 yards each way and was divid-
ed about midway by a low bund. Most of the birds were standing on the centre
bund or were paddling about in the water: a few were standing on the other
bunds. I noticed several males but I cannot say whether this sex was in excess
of the other or vice versa.

S. BASIL-EDWARDES.
SIMLA,

10th September 1920.

No. XVII—INSECTS LIVING IN THE SNOW AT 14,000 FEET.

Capt. Budden’s plea for articles of a less scientific and more popular nature
and the favourable reception of the suggestion in your editorial (Vol. X XVII,
part I (encourages me to send yousome “ Ornithological and Entomological
Observations’ made by me when crossing the Sach Pass in Chamba State
between the Ravi and Upper Chenab valleys. To avoid disappointment by
anyone who should read this article with the idea of improving his knowledge
of birds and insects I may say right here that I know very little about insects
and my knowledge of birds is almost confined to the recognition of certain
species which can be shot and eaten.

After making one attempt to cross the Sach Pass on the 24th May and having
to turn back as the coolies would not go on, 3 inches of snow having fallen at
10,500 ft. during the night, I made the second attempt crossing on the 2nd June.
Between these dates snow had fallen almost every day and I came on to fresh
snow at about 11,000 ft. lying of course on the deep accumulation of the winter.
The fresh snow became steadily deeper and at the top of the pass (14,328 ft.)
was atleast 2 feet and may have been much more. At about 11,000 to 12,000 ft.
there were a number of small birds (species and genus not noted) hopping about
in the snow and occasionally making short flights. At first I thought they, like
myself, were crossing the pass and were having a rest on the way but this was
obviously not the case. It seemed more likely that they had come up from
warmer regions and appeared to be enjoying themselves in the snow. They
looked as if they were picking up things and eating them or pretending to do
so though I could see nothing edible lying about. Their behaviour was to me
quite unintelligible and where they put up for the night a complete mystery
as there was nothing but snow for much more than a mile going straight down the
hill and though there were rocks showing through they were very few and far
between. Pondering over the problem I went on and soon noticed a fair quan-
tity of insect debris—wings of moths and half eaten pieces of beetles lying about.
This at first seemed to clear away my difficulties as to what the birds were doing
but on a little consideration it left them unsolved. I was close enough to the
birds to have seen them with a moth in their beaks and a beetle would have had
to be properly carved to get rid of the elytra and other indigestible portions and
I had seen no operations of this nature. Moreover the birds seemed to be find -
ing lots to pick up whereas I could see nothing but remains of previous meals.
It was a long way to the top so I continued the ascent and soon noticed what
looked like Pulex irritans hopping about on the snow. As the Sach Pass is much

640 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XX VII,

used these insects doubtless occur all along the route but they soon became so
abundant that this theory became untenable. The insects gave the snow a sooty
appearance and reminded me of snow I have seen about 20 miles from London
blackened on the surface by a fall of soot. The insects collected in immense
numbers in foot-prints in the snow.

The presence of these insects explained the birds, though as they are between
1 and 2 mm. long and rather slender they seem scarcely worth the attention
of even small birds. However in the absence of proof to the contrary and with
the example of the Greenland whale I am prepared to believe that the birds
were feeding on the small insects. Having solved one problem to my own
satisfaction I was up against another one, namely what were the insects doing
and how do they make a living ? Examination of the insects in the snow is
not very easy and I plead this as an excuse for taking them to be beetles. Al-
though the legs are very short they can jump well and do so as soon as a lens
is brought close to them. If they cannot get away by jumping they change
their tactics and burrow down intothesnow. When alive they appear to be black,
hard and shiny but when dead they are dull and soft and look more like Termites,
except for their colour and a cusp which projects like an ovipositor from beneath
the abdomen, than any other insect I know. I believe they were feeding on the
minute alga which causes ‘red snow 7 mentioned by Darwin and called Pleuro-
coccus nivalis. This name has of course been changed since Darwin’s time
and the alga is I believe now called Chlaydomonas nevalis. Itis however difficult
to see with a small pocket lens what an animal of this size is doing, so the eating
of the algais perhaps poor speculation. It, with perhaps other similar minute
forms of life, is about all there can be to eat in snow.

T collected some snow containing a large number of these insects, put it in a
tube and dropped it into my pocket and then forgot about it. Two days later
T remembered the tube and took it out of my waist-coat pocket where it must
have reached somewhere near the body temperature. In spite of this some of
the insects were still alive floating on the water in the tube. Still taking them
for beetles I poured the contents on a piece of blotting paper and left it to dry.
Soon after a Forest Ranger came in to my office and had occasion to take down
some notes and selected the blotting paper to blot them with. Examining the
plotting paper with a lens to see if anything could be saved from the ruin I
was quite surprised to find the insects looking so different to beetles and to find
they had all been crushed beyond recovery.

Expecting to be up at high elevations again I kept a look out for these in-
sects but never found any at comparatively low elevations on isolated patches
of snow. Iexpected to get them on my return to headquarters by the Chobia
Pass which I crossed on the 10th August. On the Sach Pass the insects were
only noticeable on the fresh snow at about 12,000 ft. becoming abundant a little
higher up and on to the top. On the downward journey the snow was conti-
nuous for some 10 miles but the insects appeared to occur only near the top. On
the Chobia Pass I could find none as there was no fresh snow below 17,500 feet
and the top of the pass was only 16,720. I have therefore been unable to renew
my acquaintance with these curious insects, Their life-history should be interest-
ing and their powers of endurance must be remarkable. The sun on their
black bodies at high elevations must heat them considerably when on the sur-
face and even when in the snow probably melts the snow round them causing
the deceptive shiny appearance. At night they cannot hope for a higher tem-
perature than freezing point which they can get by burrowing into the snow.
On the surface it freezes hard at night at 14,000 feet even early in June.

CHAMBA,
2nd October, 1920. R. N. PARKER, 1.F.S.

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 641

Writing again on the 28th October Mr. R. N. Parker sent us the following
additional notes :—

“T had a few specimens left stuck on to the sides of the tube in which I collect-
ed them and I sent them to Mr. C. F. C. Beeson, Forest Zoologist, Dehra Dun,
for identification. He writes to say ‘ The snow insect is one of the Collembola

Apelera|: I doubt if the specimens can be identified specifically as they have
shrunk out of shape.’ If not too late to add this identification to my article it
would doubtless ‘add to its interest to Entomologist to do so.”

No, XVIII. SOME NOTES ON THE BUTTERFLIES
OF THE PLAINS. OF THE U. P.

During the last four years I have been stationed at Moradabad, Allahabad,
and Agra, three typical districts of the U. P. plains. All my spare time has
been spent in collecting and breeding butterflies. The following notes may be
of interest to others. I have only included those that are in any way
uncommon :—

Lethe ewropa.—T wo or three were taken at Allahabad early in November after
heavy rains.

Moduza procris.—Appeared in Allahabad for a few weeks only towards the
end of September 1917. Not seen elsewhere or at any other time.

Junonia ailites—Taken sparingly at Moradabad during the rains.

Neptis eurynome.—I used to take this specimen commonly out in the district,
but rarely in the station itself at Allahabad. Most plentiful after the rains up
till January.

Cyrestis thyodamus.—I took one damaged specimen at Moradabad in Sep-
tember. I presume that it was a wanderer from the foot hills some 60 miles
north.

Cirrochroa mithila.—I have only taken one damaged specimen at Agra during
the rains and nowhere else.

Tibythea myrrha.—Although this was a common jnsect in the extreme north
of Moradabad where it borders on the Terai, I only took one specimen in
the station itself. It can perhaps hardly be called a plains butterfly.

Papilio nomius—Common at Allahabad during the rains and sparsely taken
at Agra at the same season. ,

Papilio clytia.—I saw what I took to be adamaged specimen at Bareilly,
but had no opportunity of capturing it.

Pieris canidia—I took two very good specimens at Moradabad, both males,
at the end of February. Not seen elsewhere.

Colias fieldi —Common at Moradabad in the early months of the year before
the crops were cut. It could always be taken in among the weeds at the foot
of the crops.

Colotis amata, Colotis vestalis, Colotis etrida, Colotis fausta.—All the four
have been taken at Agra and the bordering district of Etawah. They are
to be found in the Chambal and Jumna ravines. The first three can be taken
in the stations and are plentiful practically the whole year round, especially
during the rains. Colotis fausta is decidedly rarer. I have only taken about
a dozen specimens in all,and they were taken in the Chambal ravines of Etawah
in April and May. These four species seemed to thrive on the scorching heat
of the ravines, and were practically the only butterflies to be seen, except
Anaphaeis mesentina.

Jamides bochus.—Appeared in Allahabad for about a fortnight at the end of
one August. It was taken flitting round a large Hibiscus bush. Very few
females were taken and those that were mostly in a poor condition.

29

642 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII.

Castalius rosimon.—Quite common during the earlier months of the year, and

after the rains.
Aphneus ictis—Taken at Allahabad towards the end of the rains. Not very

plentiful.
Rapala schistacea.—Taken sparingly at Moradabad during February and

March, but by no means common.
Rapala orsets—More plentiful than the above, but not common. Taken at

the same time of year.

Arhopala amantes.—A single specimen taken, a beautiful fresh male, at Alla-
habad in March. This is the only one I have come across in the U. P. though
it is said to be taken at Jubbulpore some 60 miles south of Allahabad.

The “‘skippers ” I have unfortunately never been able to classify as I only
possess Bingham’s books, but while I was at Agra I took three kinds that I had
not taken elsewhere, and which seemed to me to be rare.

G. G. FIELD,

Indian Police.

No. XIX.—THE ENEMIES OF BUTTERFLIES.

It is now over ten years since any notes appeared in the Journal dealing with
_ the interesting question of the enemies of butterflies, soit is hoped that these
observations will have some value, if only to confirm the observations of earlier
writers.

That birds do eat butterflies is an established fact, as I have repeatedly seen
them doing so. Moreover, most of them are absolutely indiscriminate in their
choice of food. There is hardly any question of palatability, as I have noticed
them eating a Danaid with the same impartiality as they would a Lycaenid.
Some butterflies are undoubtedly untasteful, but when forced by hunger, a bird
such as a Mynah or a Bee-eater willeat almost anything, though a bird of more
specialized habits may be more discriminate. Contrary to the statements of
some famous zoologists I donot believe that birds are the chief enemies of butter-
flies, as, according to my notes and the observations of others, the number they
destroy: is comparatively small. This is probably due to the fact that other
insects are more tasteful and abundant. The following is a list of birds I have
actually seen attacking butterflies, but itis very incomplete, as the Shrikes,
Pittas, Nightjars, etc., are known to attack and eat them ; the Green Magpie
(Cissa chimensis), the Tree-pie (Dendrocitia rufa), the Black Drongo (Dicrurus
ater), the Common Mynah (Acridotheres tristis), and the Jungle and House Crows
(Corvus macrorynchus & C. splendens). It should be noted here, that when a
butterfly is seen with damaged wings, it is not always a sign of attack, as I have
often seen them get damaged while trying to fly about among dense shrubbery.
Monkeys are said to eat butterflies. A hungry one will probably do so in captiv-
ity if fed with them,but I doubt very much if they can be classed as an “enemy”
in the natural state. While collecting in a district, where monkeys and langurs
abounded, I never once saw them attacking a butterfly, but the natives euingae.
me that they sometimes do.*

In my opinion the worst enemies of butterflies among the Vertebrates are the
Lacertilia. Lizards of the genera Calotes and Varanus destroy large numbers,
and, I feel confident that others also feed partly on butterflies, though I have
never witnessed it myself. The common house-lizard will sometimes eat a

ele siice this was written Dr. Baini Prashad tells me that he has collected or
lived, in districts where monkeys were plentiful, and has kept them as pets but
he has zever seen them eating a butterfly, and does not believe that they do so,

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 643

Lycenid if offered one, and some Microlepidoptera, but as a rule nothing larger,
Of all the lizards the Bengal Monitor, Varanus bengalensis,is, I think, the great-
est enemy of butterflies. Dr. Baini Prashad very kindly informs me that he
has opened up several Calotes and Varanus and that he has often found the
remains of butterflies in them, especially in the latter.*

The Tree-snakes probably feed to a large extent on the smaller Rhopalocera,
such as the Lycenide and some Pieridae. On asmall island in the Chilka Lake
which I visited through the kindness of Dr. Annandale, I twice saw Dendrel
aphis tristis attacking and eating specimens of Colotis calais amatus and Huphina
nerissa evagete, both of which are very common at certain seasons in these parts.

My experiences of the insect enemies of butterflies are limited to two occa-
sions, once when I saw an Asilid preying on a butterfly, and the other when I
saw adragonfly, Pantala flavescens, attacking one. Itis more than probable,
however, that many species belonging to various families of the Orthoptera,
Hymenoptera, Diptera, Neuropterat+ and Coleoptera either suck, or eat parts of,
butterflies. But this remains to be proved by observations in the field.

While on the subject of the “‘ Enemies of Butterflies’ a few words as to the
utility of “‘mimicry’’ among them may not be out of place. I will venture no
definite conclusion ; ‘‘mimicry” is probably very useful, but my notes tend
to show that the common Indian mimetic species generally derive but little
benefit from the resemblance. I have seen the ‘‘ mimetic ’’ females of Papilio
polytes and Hypolimnas bolina repeatedly attacked by birds and lizards ; but,
for that matter I have seen the models themselves being attacked. I once fed a
captive Calotes with three species of butterflies; Huphina nerissa evagete, Danais
chrysippus and the aristolochia-like female of Papilio polytes, all three of which
it ate in a few hours. It showed not the slightest discernment as it started with
the Papilio and finished with the Huphina. If birds and lizards are, in most
cases, apparently incapable of discernment, what is the use of ‘‘ mimicry” ?

In view of the evidence it would seem that an ordinary enemy of not very
specialized habits will eat almost anything when forced by hunger, but that
enemies of more specialized habits, who are particular about the nature and
flavour of their food, will give untasteful butterflies, and occasionally their
““mimics ” a wide berth.

CEDRIC DOVER.
InpDIAN MusrEum,
Calcutta, September, 1920.

No. XX.—A NOTE ON A CASE OF A BITE BY RUSSELL’S VIPER
TREATED WITH ANTI-VENINE INTRAVENOUSLY.

Bewa Janoo, a mali, about 45 years of age, was cutting some shrubs in the
garden of the Parel Convent when he was suddenly bitten by a snake on the out-
side of the left ankle.

The date and hour of the bite was at about 6-45 p.m. on the 20th June 1920.

The mali killed the snake with the knife he was using to cut the shrubs and
took it to the Mother Superior. This lady advised him to run at once to the
Bombay Bacteriological Laboratory whichis about half a mile distant from
the Convent. A ligature was applied to the leg below the knee before he left
the Convent.

* T have since fed a common house lizard witha Pierid which it ate, and
I have occasionally seen them eating a fairly large moth which is very common
in Calcutta now. Let
Fiave used the word Neuroptera in its old sense, as it includes the
\ =awer org2rs Odonata, etc., for convenience sake.—C. D.

—

614 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XX VII,

Bewa Janoo arrived at my’bungalow at about 7-5 p.m. bringing with him the
snake. J examined the snake and found that it was a young Russell’s Viper
about 18 inches in length. I also examined the site of the bite, but was not able
to detect the presence of fang marks, nor was there any oozing of blood. Some
pain and swelling was however present and the patient complained of giddiness.

A few minutes only were necessary to secure anti-venine and a sterile syringe
so that between 7-15 and 7-30 forty cubic centimeters of anti-venine were in-
jected intravenously in the right arm. The swelling at the site of the bite had
meanwhile distinctly increased ;it was soft and appeared to be due to the pre-
sence of blood or serum beneath the skin.

About fifteen minutes after the injection, the patient complained of pain in
the abdomen and back and as this suggested the possibility of haemorrhage
within the abdomen, forty more cubic centimeters of anti-venine were injected
intravenously at 7-45 p.m.

As no further symptoms appeared the patient was allowed to go to his home
at 10-30 p.m.

Next morning he presented himself at the laboratory. The swelling in the
leg had extended considerably, up to but not above the knee. The pain had
gone and the patient in other respects felt quite well. In three days the
swelling disappeared ; no suppuration or sloughing occurred. Within a week
the patient had returned to his duties.

The serum used was prepared at Kasauli, Brew No. 186, V 34 A., dated 7th
October 1917.

W. GLEN LISTON, u.p., p.p.a., Lt.-Col., 1.m.s.,
Director, Bombay Bacteriological Laboratory
20th August 1920.

No. XXI.—NOTE ON A CASE OF RECOVERY AFTER A
BITE BY A RUSSELL’S VIPER.

On August-6th, 1920, a man was brought to the Indian Station Hospital,
Sehore, stating that he had been bitten by a snake about an hour and a half
previously. . The man said that while carrying a bundle of freshly cut grass on
his head, he felt something moving on his arm, he looked and found that the
snake had reached his forearm, he hit it with his hand, the snake bit him and
he killed it with a stick.

On examination two smal] punctures three inches apart were found on the
right forearm. ‘The man was quite calm and normal pulse 86. The punctures
were scarified and rubbed with crystals of Potassium Permanganate 40 c.cs.
Antivenine were injected subcutaneously. The ligature which the men with
him had tied above his right elbow was removed.

The snake which the man said had bitten him was shown to Col. Luard who
identified it as a Russell’s Viper about a month old. The snake was 14 inches
in length.

Ido not think that the treatment had anything to do with the man’s
recovery. That was evidently due to his receiving a quantity of the poison
too small to produce toxic symptoms.

Since coming under observation the man has shown no abnormal symptoms.

J. B. MOLONY, Capt., I.M.s.,
Indian Station Hospital, Sehore.
12th August 1920.

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 645

No. XXII.—A MANGO TREE (M. INDICA) FLOWERING IN AUGUST.

It may interest the members of this Society to know that a very large number
of mango trees, especially in the grove surrounding the temple tank at Sion,
flowered in August of this year. It is not unusual to see out of season a stray
bunch of flowers on a mango tree but it is very rare to find mango trees in
luxuriant blossom in the rains. The damp warm weather of August last seems
to have had a peculiar effect in making certain trees flower out of season as,
besides the mango trees, a large number of “ Pelteforum ferrugineum” and a
few specimens of “‘ Lagoestromia flos regina’ are also in flower at present.
The usual time for flowering is March-April for the former and May for
the latter.

Another unusual fact is the effect which the stormy winds of last June had on
the vegetation in Bombay. The winds which herald the monsoon are generally
charged with sea spray which scorches the leaves of the trees and shrubs on the
western side of Bombay, but this year’s wind has swept over the Island from
side to side and burnt the trees to such an extent that some of them will never
recover from the shock.

JAYME RIBEIRO, t.c z,
BomsBay,
14th September 1920.

646

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE MEETING HELD ON 14te SEPTEMBER 1920.

A meeting of members of the Bombay Natural History Society and their
friends took place on Tuesday, the 14th September 1920, Mr. F. Ludlow, F.E.S.,
presiding. The election of the following 15 members since the last meet-
ing was announced. :—

Mr. E. G. Newman, Bombay; Major T. A. Campbell, Jubbulpore, C. P.;
Capt. J. B. deW. Molony, I.M.S., Sehore, C. I.; Mr. H. H. King, Soudan ; Lt.
G.F. Heaney, R.E., Roorkee, U. P. ; Maharaj Kumer Ranjit Singh of Lunawada
State ; Major J.deB. T. Lucas, R.F.A., Ambala, Punjab ; Mr. D. L. Stewart,
Jalpaiguri; Mr. John D. Tyson, I-C.8., Caleutta; Mr. F. J. Lowman, Jalpaiguri;
Major D. L. R. Lorimer, C.LE., L.A., Loralai ; Major H. D. Mclaughlin, Indore ;
Capt. H. C. Godding, R.A.M.C., Mesopotamia; Mr. C. 8. Hitchins, Draban,
N. W. F. P.; Mr. E. W. Fleming, Myitinge, Upper Burma.

LIST OF CONTRIBUTIONS.
Mammals.

3 Golden-backed Squirrels (Sciurus caniceps), 2 Giant Squirrels (Rotufa sp.),
2 Black-backed Squirrels (Sciwrus atrodorsalis), 1 Striped Squirrel (Tamiops
sp.), 2 Little Malay Cheovrotains (T'ragulus kanchil ravus), 1 Bat. Siam—Maj.
C. H. Stockley.

1 Assam Red-faced Monkey (P. brahma), 2 Wild Dogs (C. dukhunensis),
1 Hoary-bellied Squirrel (7. lokroides), 1 Grey’s Civet (P. grayi), 1 Bengal Cat
(Felis bengalensis), 1 Bicolored Bat (H. bicolor), 1 Indian Pipistrelle (Pipistrellus
mimus), Naga Hills, Assam—J. P. Mills.

2 Voles (Cricetulus sp.), 1 Indian Jackal (C. indicus), 2 Mole Rats (Gunomys
sp.), South Waziristan—Capt. C. M. Ingoldby.

1 Persian Hedgehog (LZ. calligoni), Baiji, Mespot.— Lt.-Col. H. D. Peile.

1 Pigmy Shrew (C. perrotteti), Rangoon—Dr. H. Marshall.

1 Wild Boar (S. cristatus), 1 Four-horned Antelope (7. guadricornis), 1 Common
Mongoose (Mungos mungo, var), Nepaul—Lt.-Col. R. L. Kenion.

1 (Microtus sp.), Kashmir.

1 Door Mouse—Dryomys pictus, Cherat, N. W. F. P.—A. E. Jones. 1 Ground
Squirrel (Ff. pennanti) Halka, N. W. Himalayas—A. E. Jones.

1 Black-naped Hare (ZL. ingricollis), Kurla, Bombay—D. A. Barretto.

2 Photographs of malformed heads of Lesser Kudhu (S. imberbis), E. Africa—
Lt.-Col. C. E. Luard.

1 Konkan Mole Rat (G. kok), Coonoor, Nilgiris—The Director, Pasteur
Institute.

4 Pallas’ Squirrels (C. erythrams), 1 Hoary-bellied Squirrel (Zomentes sp.),
2 Fruit Bats (Cynopterus sphinx), 6 Yellow Bats (8. kuhli), 5 Pipistrellus
sp., Golaghat, Assam—C. M. Primrose.

Birds.

1 Grey Peacock Pheasant (P. chinquis), 2 Burmese Silver Pheasants (G.
lineatus), 2 Ferrugineus Wood Partridge (C. oculea), 1 Pink-necked Green
Pigeon, Siam—Major C. H. Stockley.

4 Burmese Albino Doves, Burma—Mrs. R. B. Kerrigan.

Eggs.

3 Eggs of Chukor Partridge (C. chukor), N. Persia—Capt. J. N. List.
3 Eggs of Common Myna (A. tristis). Bombay—D. F. Lobo.
2 Eggs of Lesser Florican (8. aurita), Rajkot—Kathiawar Police Agency

PROCEEDINGS, 647

Snakes.

1 Common Blind Snake (T'yphlops brahminus), Rangoon—Dr. H. Marshall.

4 Khasia Blind Snakes (7'. jerdonz), Sittong Mungpoo, 2,500 ft.—J. E. Shaw.

1 Stoliczk’s Reed Snake (Ablabes stoliczke), 1 Ambliocephalus monticola,
Sittong, Mungpoo, 2,500 ft.—J. E. Shaw.
2 Common Blind Snakes (Z'yphlops brahminus), 2 Typhlops exigmes,
Bangalore—Lt.-Col. F. Wall.

1 Javelin Sand Boa (Eryx jaculus), Mesopotamia—Capt. H. C. Godding.

1 Macclelland’s Coral Snake (C. macclellandi), Shillong—Lt.-Col. G. R. Row.

1 Grey Desert Snake (Z. rodhorachis), Mesopotamia—Sir A. T. Wilson.

2 Diamond-backed Rat Snakes (Z. diadema). Baiji, Tigris—Lt.-Col. H. D.
Peile.
1 Striated Wolf Snake (L. striatus), Simla—A. E. Jones.

1 Fasciolated Rat Snake (Z. fasciolatus), Bombay—Supdt., Victoria Gardens.

1 Cobra (N. tripudians). Bhatinda, Punjab—S. Bhan.

eae | 3 ) Palitana State, Kathiawar—Chief Med. Officer.

1 Common Krait (B. ceruleus) HP os e

1 Burmese Blind Snake (Z'yphlops .diardi), 1 Coluber porphyraceous,
1 Common Green Viper (Lachesis gramineus), 1 Formosan Viper (Lachesis
mucrosquomatus), 1 Common Wolf Snake (L. aulicus), 1 Checkered Water Snake
(Trop. piscator), 2 Bufi-striped Grass Snakes (Trop. stolatus), 1 Malayan Bush
Snake (Trop. subminiatus), 1 Ambliocephalus monticola, 1 Mock Viper
(Psammodynastes pulverulentus), 1 Collared Dwarf Snake (Polyodontophis col-
laris), 1 Malayan Whip Snake (Dryophis prasinus) Assam—H. W. Wells.

9 Snakes from Sinlum Kaba, U. Burma—P. M. R. Leonard.

1 Himalayan Reed Snake (Ablabes ripii), 1 Black Keel-tail (Trachischium
fuscum), Darjecling—O. Lindgren.

1 Himalayan Hump-nosed Viper (A. himalayanus), 1 Zamenis ladakensis,
1 Baluch Cat-snake (Dipsas jollyzi), 1 Speckled-bellied Racer or Dhaman (Z,
ventrimaculatus), 2 Sind Sand Snakes (Psammophis leithi), 1 Sind Krait (Bun-
garus sindanus), 2 Saw-scaled Vipers (Echis carinata), 2 Javelin Sand Boas
(Eryx jaculus), 1 Banded Kuki Snake (S. arnensis), Kaur Bridge, Waziristan—
Capt. C. M. Ingoldby.

Lizards.

6 Agama isolepis, 5 Acanthodactylus cantoris, 7 EHumeces scutlatus,
1 EHublepharius macularius, 2 Hemidactylus persicus, 4 Agama rubrogularis,
12 Gymnodactylus scaber, 2 Humeces scheneiderti, 4 Hremias gutulata,
3 Ophiops elegans, Waziristan: 6 Agama tuberculata, 7 Skins, Sind Valley :
3 Eremias velox, 2 Agama caucasica, 2 Agama sp., 3 Calotes sp., Ladha, near
Kaniguram 8S. Waziristan—Capt. C. M. Ingoldby.

8 Lizards and centipedes, spiders, etc., Kaur Bridge,—Capt. C. M. Ingoldby.

1 Chameleon (C. calcaratus), Ahmedabad—Mrs. MacCormack.

Frogs.

1 Frog, Murree Hilis ; 3 Frogs, Dal and Dular Lakes ; 7 Tadpoles and immature
frogs. Dras in Ladak, about 10,000 ft—Capt. C. M. Ingoldby.

Minor contributions from Lt.-Col. C. E. Luard, A. P. Warburton, Major
Campbell, H. M. Davison and Supdt., Abottabad Jail.

Mr. Prater acknowledged a number of additions to the Society’s collections
received since the last meeting ; among the more notable contributions were 11
mammals and 3 birds skins received from Major C. H. Stockley from Siam, these
include 3 Siamese Giant Squirrels, a Grizled Flying Squirrel, a Barking Deer,
and a Siamese Chevrotain or Mouse Deer. The Mouse Deer occupies a place
between the deer and the pig, it is amongst the smallest of hoofed animals. A
mature specimen stands from 10-12 inches in height. The Indian form has

648 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVIII,

recently been recognised as distinct from the Malay and is easily distinguished
by its spotted flanks. In India, Mouse Deer are found in the jungles of the C.P.,
the Ghats including Salsette Island and 8. India. The birds sent in by Major
Stockley include a pair of Grant’s Silver Pheasants, which are new to the collec-
tion. A Peacock Pheasant and two Wood Partridges were also received from
him.

Lieut.-Colonel C. M. Ingoldby continues to send the Society his contributions
from S. Waziristan. Colonel Ingoldby has amassed an amount of material il-
lustrating the Reptilian Fauna of this region, an account of which will itis hoped
appear in a future issue of the journal. Since the last meeting a further con-
tribution of 8 mammal skins and skulls was received from Mr. J.P. Mills, I.C.S.;
among the skins are 2 Wild Dogs regarding which Mr. Mills writes that the As-
samese hill tribes recognise two distinct types of wild dogs—one a slimmer built
animal, whichis said to hunt in smaller packs and more silently than the ordi-
nary wild dog. This particular race is said to be much rarer than the ordinary
Indian wild dog, whichis fortunate, as they say, it is more destructive. The
two recognised species of wild dogs are the Indian and the Malayan, the latter
is found throughout the Malay Peninsula, Siam, Java and Sumatra, and a
specimen has been obtained at Moulmein in Burma. It has never yet been re-
corded from within Indian limits though its occurrence in N.-E. Assam and Upper
Burmais possible. Mr. Mills’ contributions have been sent to England to be
worked out and the results are awaited with interest. His collections from the
Naga Hills form a useful supplement to the material now being obtained in
Assam through the Mammal Survey, and we are pleased to announce that a
new species of Civet discovered amongst Mr. Mills’ collections has been named
after him in recognition of his valuable services.

Two photographs illustrating a malformation in the horns of the lesser Kudu
were presented to the Society by Colonel C. E. Luard. The photographs were
taken from an animal shot in EH. Africa and present an extraordinary abnormal
development, the right horn deflected in its growth, curves downwards and
penetrates the skull of the animal below the eye and emerges from the forehead.
A large number of Mammal skins were presented to the Society by Colonel
Kennion, the British Resident in Nepal. Itis unfortunate that their value was
much curtailed through want of proper labelling and making up. Colonel Ken-
nion has, however, obtained permission for a trained skinner to visit the country
and collect mammals for him and our thanks are due to H. H. the Prime Minister
of Nepal for affording the Society the opportunity. Since, Brian Hodgson col-
lected in Nepal in pre-mutiny days no scientific collections have been made there
and we look forward with interest to the results of the efforts of our collector
in a field which has for a long period been considered forbidden ground.

MAMMAL SURVEY.

A collection of 400 mammals was recently received from Mr. Wells, the So-
ciety’s collectorin Assam. The specimens exhibited were obtained between
May and September in the Khasia and Jantia Hills, where our collector had to
struggle under adverse conditions. The absence of roads and a lack of means of
transport were not the least of his difficulties. Writing in this connection Mr.
Wells informed us that he had the greatest difficulty in obtaining coolies for
his kit as the men protested that they were afraid of being attacked by wild
elephants who way-laid people carrying loads, for the grain of foodstuffs they
might be carrying.

The collection includes a very fine series of skins of the Lesser Flying Squir-
rel, which inhabits the Himalayas and the hill ranges of Assam. Among the
larger mammals is a skin of the Hog Badger so named from its having a resem-
blance to a pig, owing to the form of its snout.

Two forms of Hog Badger have been recorded from N.-E. India, a large and a
small animal. The Hog Badger is said to frequent undulating stony ground on

PROCEEDINGS. 649

small hills amongst jungle, living in fissures of rocks or in holes dug by itself. It
is thoroughly nocturnal inits habits. Tickell relates that a specimen in captivity
fed voraciously on meat, fish, reptiles and fruit. Anderson writes of a specimen
kept in the Zoological garden at Calcutta ‘that it would pound plantains to a
pulp with its snout before sucking them into its mouth.”

It is proposed that Mr. Wells should accompany Mr. Milroy, a member of the
Society whois shortly making an expedition to the Cachar Hills where it is
hoped that, with Mr. Milroy’s assistance he will be able to obtain a useful
collection.

ANGLING AROUND BOMBAY.

Mr. G. D. Traylen, one of the most skilful disciples of Isaak Walton in Bombay
and one who knows not only how to catch fish but where to catch them, is
unselfish enough to communicate his knowledge to fellow fishermen and in his
paper on “ Angling around Bombay” deeply interested an appreciative
audience. He divided his subject roughly into three parts :—What fish are to
be taken, where to look for them, and what gear to use.

As regards fish he confined himself chiefly to Bahmin—local vernacular
“Raos” and the “ Begti’”—local vernacular “Dungara” or “ Kajura ”
known in Southern India as the “Nair” and gave a most entertaining account
of where to go and the tackle to use if one wanted to be successful. The des-
cription of the best method of mounting the hook, and in Bahmin fishing every-
thing depends on a good hook hold, was made very clear by means of diagrams
on a black board, and good advice was given as to the best form of rod and
tackle. All present hoped that Mr. Traylen would on another occasion continue
his lecture and describe fishing on the inland waters of the Presidency with
which he is also well acquainted.

INSECT MIMICRY.

Mr. Prater exhibited several cases which had been prepared to illustrate the
various theories regarding warning colours and mimicry in insects.

The complex colour and form of many insects has aroused the attention of
several observers and numerous attempts have been made to explain the
meaning that underlies them.

We know that insects are preyed upon by a large number of creatures such
as Birds, Lizards, etc., andit is believed the form and colouring of certain insects
are devices for securing them immunity from attack. How else could we ex-
plain the wonderful likeness of the leafinsect to a bunch of leaves or the stick
insect to a dried stick or the mottled colours on the wings of certain moths
beetles or cicadas which so exactly resemble the bark on which they sit than as
instances of the most expert camouflage which would defy the preying eyes of
an ever watchful foe. Examples of these forms of cryptic colouration were illus-
trated.

A second type of cryptic colouring is evidenced in the changed appearance of
an insect in flight and when at rest. The Oak leaf butterfly is a remarkable
example of this. The brilliant uppersides of the wings exposed only in flight
arein a marked contrast to the colour of the undersides seen when the insect is
at rest. A similar contrast of colours is seen in the wing colours of several but-
terflies, grasshoppers and cicadas. The striking colours presented by these
insects in flight is totally supplanted by their drab appearance when at rest
and it may be believed that the change thus presented is a successful aid in
evading pursuit.

Certain insects on the contrary display the most vivid colours that make
them stand out in marked contrast to their surroundings. These insects
are usually distasteful to birds and predaceous insects. Their striking coloura-
tion is said to be a ‘warning’. A bird eating such an insect associates the
bright colours with an unpleasant taste and refuses to eat similarly coloured

30

650 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XXVII,

insects. Red Orange yellow with black are believed tobe common warning
colours. Now it is found that other edible insects ‘copy’ the markings
of waraing coloured insects. KHxamples were shown of a wasp, which is
protected by its sting, exactly copied in its colour, shape and markings by
a harmless fy, and a similar instance is exemplified in the close resemblance
of a certain moth to a stinging bee. Then we find a number of edible
insects closely copying the colouring of inedible species. An example of this
is shown in the Danaid butterflies which are known to be distasteful. We
find the colour and markings of these butterflies exactly copied by a whole
range of different species which bear a closer resemblance to Danaid
butterfies than they do to insects of their own stock. This type of mimicry
is known as Batesian Mimicry. Females would appear to be cleverer mimics
than males. The female purple Emperor Butterfly (Hypolimnas missipus)
closely imitates the colouring of a Danaid while the male retains the
distinctive colouring of its own species. Now the male is a quick flying
insect andis able to look after itself; the female on the other hand is a slow
flying creature and when egg laden may be easily captured. Another form of
mimicry is known as Mullerian Mimicry from the theories advanced by Fritz
Muller, namely the adoption of a general scheme of warning colours by edible
as well as inedible insects occurring in one locality. Examples are shown in the
similar colouring pattern in the wings of different species of Danaids and certain
Papilio butterflies which fly together in South India. The Danaids are dis-
tasteful while the Papilios are edible and if the Danaids are sufficiently numer-
ous their enemies would associate their colouring with an unpleasant taste and
so avoid the Papilios as well. In advancing theories of this description it must
be remembered that conclusions of this nature can only be arrived at from
observation in the field. An insect mimicing a distasteful insect may not
have the same distribution as its model and impressions received from a
comparison of Museum specimens have led to considerable confusion.

It is not suggested that an insect deliberately changes its colour but the
theories of how one insect comes to mimic another have been explained by
many authors in different ways. The key to the mystery may perhaps be found
in Darwin’s theory of variations and the survival of the fittest. If one of the
various colour forms of an edible Species of butterfly closely approximated the
colour of an unpleasant species it is easy to assume that this inedible species
would secure immunity from an attack while the other forms without this
advantage would suffer. Some of its-progeny would probably have the same
colouring and would in turn have the greater chance of escape and so from genera-
tion to generation the protected form would increase till it completely supplanted
other forms of this species.

Lastly insects are believed to escape by startling sind frightening their ene-
mies. An example of this has been quoted in the weird resemblance in the
eye-Spots on the wings of a silk moth sitting among leaves, to the head of an
owl, a similar parallel has been drawn in the likeness of the apex of its wings to
the head of a snake.

The various theories advanced in connection with warning colours and mimi-
cry, mayin many instances be quite effective and in others be entirely mis-
represented by us, but it behoves the studentto approach the subject with an
open mind without blinding himself to facts in exaggerating anything, but by
actual notes and observations in the field to strive after a solution of the truth.

CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER—Contd.)

PaGE

BPPUCONIAE, fOtNt lak, a ten anmad Hee Se de Cite ras pcre pare om ose 618

PIBERO AI NOTICW: fA ih an acted, aie So wos cette te Aeeed es 622

MISCELLANEOUS NoTEs :-—

I.—Leopard Cat (F. bengalensis) in captivity (with a

blockh).s=By:AvM. Kinlock; #iz.8) 3c eacle oc cke 623
Il.—The Occurrence of the Ermine in the Punjab.

By, CH Donalds 0.2.82, MBO... 8sdice saan eae 624:
II.—Record Female Indian Gazelle (G. lennetti).

Boyde, El pe MeHARN nha Sh oi | ataia! ve Leave wha tect car Nata 625

IV.—Some splendid Black Buck Heads. By Editors .... 626
V.—A good head cf the Goa or Tibetan Antelope
(Panthalops _—_hodgsoni). (With a block.)

EY Mp MMe AR TUS ce er d.s gabe’ charg ae a RGN Ears 626

VI.—An Old Time Buffalo Hunt. By S.H. Prater ...... 627
VII.—Twin Calf Elephants (with a block).

By Gordoamdleny i. eeiss. icles hale een aes 628
VIII.—“ Man-eating Monkeys and Poisonous Locusts.”

NOVI ee DCI MPERRCE: bee WSs) india sly th at viclwinrs uiveee'OtS. byl >, waht 629
IX.—Melanism in the Red-vented Bulbul (Molpastes sp.)

Be CEU ai athe ccc ctlycin ON aie heus's ge Ma Mg eme 629

X.—The breeding of the Eastern Orphean Warbler Sylvia
jerdonit, Blyth, inthe N. W. Frontier Province.

iy Ae Hie MOOR Os, 35) Ovpnsc 2 salleiats w. <2 Syche ai ale hese tres 650
XI.-—The Spine-tailed Swift (C. indica) and the Burmese

Swift (C. pacificus) in Assam. By A.M. Primrose. 631
XII.—Note on the nidification of Hodgson’s Striated Swal-

low (Hirundo nepalensis). By H. W. Waite ...... 631
XITI.—A note on the Habits of the Pariah Kite (Milvus
govinda) and the Adjutant Stork (Leptoptilus

dubius). By C. Dover and Basil-Edwardes ...... 633
XIV.—The Nidification of the Masked Finfoot (Heliopais

personata). By C. Hopwood, M.B.0.U. ..... 634
XV.—Nest of Nakta or Comb Duck (8. TRE REIRE

rare PAVOR EWN! 5% baisrc ort piaelays: vee alata We wher aga es 637

XVI.—Large Flock of the Comb-Duck (Sarcidiornis melano-
notus) in the Allahabad District of the U. P.

Bynes Masti Bd wardes .. .'./.:.\as is ajals 0 eg iielem are 638
XVII.—Insects living in the Snow at 14, 000 feet.
By R.N. Parker, BERS he (stars Yea) eee Te whe) Ei 639
XVIII.—Some Notes on the Butterflies of the Plains of the U, Pe
(Big) Bia RMSE eiyta a laiviis eee /e fess juice eine soe. isreats wee OSL
XIX.—The Enemies of Butterflies. By Cedric Dover...... 642

XX.—A Note on a case of a bite by a Russell’s Viper treated
with Anti-venine intravenously. By Lt.-Col. W.

‘Chen! Liston: Wa DePyHig TMS. 2). 5 eee o's spices 643
XXI.—Note on a case of recovery after a bite by a Russell’s
5 Viper. By Uapt. J. B. Molony, 1.M.s. .......... 644
XXII.—A Mango Tree (M. indica) flowering in Wewertale i
By Jayme Ribeiro, L.C.E. oc. cece e sees see ee es 645
Proceedings ..... SELON ot Patent i’, bana 'm oon ale wneecle ai adisce DOR

ii Tn re EEE
da by E. G. Pearson for the Proprietors at the Times Press, Bombay, and
Published by R. A. Spence for the Bombay Natural History Society—6401 20,

THE
JOURNAL

OF THE

Bombay Naturat History Socrery.

4 EDITED BY

R. A. SPENCE, F.Z.S., 8. C. ELLISON and S. H. PRATER.

By ath
MALE XXVIL Nido Gee

NY i 7
~ vs

“Sonat Sh 0o
Date of Publication, 31st July 1921.

SOE EO

Price to Non-Members e5 ua we Fs, 15-0-6
or £ 1-0-0

eee eee

LONDON AGENTS:
DULAU & Co., Ltd.,
34-36, Margaret Street, Cavendish Square, Ww.
a
PRINTED AT THE TIMES PRESS, BOMBAY.

CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER.

PaGE

Taz Game Brrps oF Inp1a, Burma AND Cryton. Part XXX (Arboricola.) By
E, C. Stuart Baker, F.1.s., F.2.8., M.B.0.U. (W2th a coloured plate.).......... 651

Tue SYNONYMIES, CHARACTERS AND DisTRIBUTION oF THE MacaQuEs INCLUDED
UNDER THE NAMES Rhesus AND Assamensis IN BLANFOKD’s MamMats. By M.
A.C: Hinton and the late RG. Wroughtom. 547. see vol erie lene) ateioiete 665

Inpian DraGonFuiises, Part X. (Wirth tert figures.) By Major F. C. Fraser, 1.M.s. 673

Tue Birps or rHE INDIAN Empire. Part Ill. By E. C. Stuart Baker, F.us.,
TA EM ROM UEV OAV UONOE Hd od ao ke odoo dua gosdoouu sono oo dbaN Wee taut 692

Tue Lire History or Rare anp LitTLE KNOWN SPHINGIDZ (Hawk Morus) oF
THE ORIENTAL ReGion. By C. H, Fellowes-Manson........ SOA Rae ss - 745

Some OBSERVATIONS ON THE Brzps anD Mammats or Imav Bum. By F. Kingdon
WY Arh aia Sees ceca ene yatnte siepatelioracterean eaeliohe heh heater asm inzetle eyo a Rete fel ini win) Oe

REPORT ON THE ORTHOPTERA OF MzsopoTaMIA AND Pursia. By L. eae

D SCH CW CE bio DLARES) ih. eins anak Vee wicteiahe sie Tue wie neat Ge) sae shied ets 759
ScrentiFic Resutts From THE Mammau Survey, No. XXVII. « Oldfield

THOnias) eS Mall aheis hee ee dior aie, be oe oes eee Sueaercinvena i teye Ascii ee pe Rater a fae 772
ScrentIFIc ResuLts FRomM THE Mammat Survey, No. XXVIII. By the late

Bese WirOu eho siecle aeie nie aps wet tle wise sed Galois el siclm et pale bit lalemattes puelay aoa oe 773
THe ComMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE Puains or InpIA. Part XXIX. By T. R.

(Be UG, Hey HOS (NODC) lee ele ye eisiel e/eleie islecstiyels salees e's) ince lotrel ae BNE Bais 5 778
Brrp Norges rrom tHE CaMPBELLPUR-AttocK District, WxstERN PunsaB. By

AE MOINES, | MB SOG | og relat shiln eieesecet red tun sha via aiabere lope tite Iatphocslen le tenleitasie eo uenoiene 794

A CONTRIBUTION TO OUR KNOWLEDGE OF THE Orthoptera acridiodea o¥ Musopota-
MUA AND IN.) Wellheneta:) Bar GisiPs Uvarov, BABS... /0's sss a:eieraleie ote wee oleae 803

On THE NoMENCLATURE OF THE Soutu INDIAN LonG-TaILED Macaquzs. By M.
AUC Minton andthe late R. Co Wroughtor (22° foci. eS c etace jae ieee ole gets oo ee

ANNoTATED List or AcuLEATE HyMENOPTERA (EXCEPT HETEROGYNA) AND
CHRYSIDS RECENTLY COLLECTED IN MEsoportamiA AND NorrH-WEst PERSIA.

By F. D. Morice, M.4., F.z.S. (Wath text figures)... 0... cece eee eie es , S16
FaLtconry—THE CATCHING oF Hawks AND Fatcons. (With two plates.) By C.
Fe Dongle exh. veto es Sak, SS) Ale a RUA RR ROE AGAR Prenat OS NE “6 Lolo
FresH WatER Garon COLLECTED BY Dr, P. A. Buxton In MESOPOTAMIA AND
Persia. By Robert Gurney, M.a. (With two plates and two text figures) .. 835
Norrs on Brrps From NoRTHERN AND WESTERN Persia. By P. A. Buxton, m.a.,
M.B.0.U. (With a map)........ PR ess idle tara ce ANY Scat Ue REN ect dp ae 844
A List or BUTTERFLIES COLLECTED IN THE Tavoy District, BuRMa. By O. C.
Olenbach.u( Wath aOnap CUa Plate). OS hieiers ssf sis. 8 Sieve ie Slatetahe way albfele'lel Setneee eee 883
Trout CULTURE ON THE NiteiRis. By Col. Molesworth, ¢.1.5., C.B.E., V.H.8.,
I.M.s., and J. F. Bryant, M.A., F.G.8., 1.0.8. (With a map and two plates) .... 898
REViEw— ANA TURATIST ON HEPA LAVA CL faci eines ave aiete Vieciiimlaliie te gieateleite Mireles 911
os ‘ ZooLOGY FOR SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN INDIA’........ TR ee Redstart 912
PLDT TORT 0 565 Les lehela Sees eG pete ca oie otk ade aah a lll ace MPR ciao NEN Oi aie AeA a 913
THE ScHEME FOR THE ARRANGEMENT OF THE COLLECTIONS OF THE BoMBAY
Natvurat History Society IN THE PRINCE oF Wares Museum oF WESTERN
Inpia. By Bernard ©, Ellison. (Wath two plates) ............ AURA a 917

Oprrvany—Robert Charles Wroughtom =. seus couse’ cic % sce pt = nel du acts 0: 929
An Apprat—C, B. Ticehurst..:.

po”

ek “6 he 8 Pete he ark ‘x

od a a ; .

JOURN. BOMBAY NAT. HIST. SOC.

THE RUFOUS-NECKED HILL PARTRIDGE.

Arboricola rufigularis rufigularis.

(2 natural size)

gus All 1 1S] iF i aN
JOURNAL oOEPLY 1927 +
OF THE

N, h 4
STionaL muse?”

Bombay Natural History Society.

JuLty 1921. Vor. AXV IT. No. 4.

THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON.

BY
E. C. Stuart Baker, F.L.S., F.Z.8., M.B.0.U.
Part XXX,

With a Coloured Plate.

(Continued from page 430 of this Volume.)

Genus—ARBORICOLA.
Genus ArBoricoua, Hodg., 1844.
Hill Partridges.

The genus Arboricola contains a group of birds very typical little
partridges in general appearance, but differing both in habits and in
many important osteological and other characters.

The legs are longer comparatively than they are in the genera
Perdix and Francolinus and have no spurs ; the claws are very long and
straight. The wing is short and rounded ; the first primary is equal
to the eighth—tenth, and the third, fourth and fifth are sub-equal and
longest. There is a supra-orbital chain of bones, a feature . which
suffices to separate this genus not only from the true partridges, but
also from the more nearly allied genera, Tvopicoperdix and (raloperdix.

The tail is about half the length of the wing and consists of 14 rather
soft feathers.

This genus extends from the hills and mountains of the North and
North-East of India, through Burma, Yunnan, Siam and the Malay
Peninsula to Sumatra, Borneo and Java, and probably to Luzon in the
Philippines.

652 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII.

Key To SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES.

A.—Feathers of flanks with chestnut
borders.
a. Breast grey.
a’. Crown chestnut.

a’. No chestnut on sides of neck.

a’. Abdomen pure white .. .. A.t.torqueola 3.

b’. Abdomen rufescent white .. A.t. millardt ¢.
b°. Sides of neck more or less chest-

mabe ve ba .. A.t. batemani ¢.

6’. Crown olive- ion
c’. Chin and throat rufous with black

spots.
c. No black band below red
throat . A,r. rufogularis.
d. A black band helo A
throat : . A. r. tickella.
d. Chin black, reriecks alate A. r. vntermedia.
6. Breast brownish, crown olive- bron
with black spots . A. torqueola and sub-
species 2.
c. Breast chestnut . A. mandellar.
B.—No chestnut on flanks.
d. Breast grey ie .. A. atrogulars.
e. Breast pale brown, or bufty brown .. A. brunneopecta.

» ARBORICOLA TORQUEOLA TORQUEOLA.
The Common Hill Partridge.

Olive Partridge—Latham, Gen. His., viii, p. 303, (1823), (Sylhet).

Perdiz torqueola—Valenc., Dict. Sci. Nat:, xxxvill, p. 485, (1825),
(Bengal).

Perdiz megapodia—Temm., Pl. Col. v., pls. 35 and 36, (1828),
(Bengal).

Perdia olivacea—Grey in Griff. An. King, 11, p. 54, (1829), (Sylhet).

Perdia torquata—Less. Traite Orn., p. 506, (1831), (Bengal).

Arborophila olivacea—Hodg. Madr. Jour., 1837, p. 303, (Nepal).

Arboricola olivacea v. torqueola—Hodg. in Gray’s Zool. Mise., p.
85, (1844).

Arboriphila torquecla—Gray, Cat. Hodg. Coll., p. 127, (1846) ;
Hume, Nests and Eggs, p. 544, (1873) ; id, S. F. ii, p. 449, (1874).

Arboricola torqueola—Blyth, J. A.S. B., xviii, p. 819, (1849) ; id,
Cat. B. M. A. S., p. 252, (1849) ; Adams, P. Z.S., 1858, p. 503 ; Irby,
Ibis, 1861, p. 236, (Kumaon); Jerd., B. of In., 1, p. 577, (1864) ;
Blyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 159; Beavan, Ibis, 1868, p. 385, (Darjeeling) ;
Bulger, ibid, 1869, p. 170, (Tongloo and Tendong, Sikkim) ; Marshall,
Ibis, 1884, p. 423, (Chamba) ; Ogilvie-Grant, Ibis, 1892, p. 392 ; id,

THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON. 653

Cat. B. M., xxii, p. 207, (1893) ; id, Hand-L., Game-B., i, p. 160,
(1895) ; Oates, Game-B., i, p. 133, (1898) ; Blanf., Avifauna, B. I. iv,
p. 125, (1898) ; Stuart Baker, J. B. N. H.S., xii, p. 490, (1899), (N.
Cachar) ; Bailey, ibid, xxiv, p. 77, (1915), (Tibet).

Hyloperdix torqueola—Sundevall, Tentamen, p. 116, (1872).

Arboricola torqueolus—Hume, 8. F., viii, p. 111, (1879) ; Scully, ibid,
p. 349, (1879), (Nepal) ; Hume and Marsh, Game-B., ii, p. 69, (1879).

Vernacular Names—Peunra, Ban-titur, (VN. Kumaon); Kohum-
but, (Lepcha) ; Sipung Lulu, (Tibetan) ; Pao-er, (Chulikatta Mishm) ;
Peora, (Nepalese) ; Dao-bui, (Cacharz) ; Inrui-Whip, (Kacha Naga).

Description—Adult Male.—Crown to nape bright chestnut, the latter
more or less spotted with black ; narrow line across forehead, lores,
cheeks and bold supercilia black, the last mixed with white next the
crown and nape ; ear-coverts golden-rufous ; a line under the black
supercilia chestnut spotted with black; upper parts golden olive-
brown, each feather margined with black and with two or three narrow
crescentic bars of the same, rump and upper tail-coverts similar olive-
brown with bold black centres and very narrow black margins ; central
tail feathers olive-brown, mottled with black, outer feathers brown
with chestnut-buff margins.

Scapulars, wing-coverts and innermost secondaries light golden-
brown, with large spots and narrow margins of black and broad
splashes of deep bright chestnut ; primaries and remaining seconda-
ries dark brown, the former with narrow rufous margins and the
latter with mottled borders of rufous and brown.

Chin, throat, foreneck and sides of neck black, the neck with streaks
of white ; a moustachial streak of white, sometimes more or less
marked with black ; a white band dividing foreneck from breast ;
breast grey, varying considerably from dark pearly grey to almost
slate grey ; centre of abdomen white ; flanks and sides of abdomen
grey with a few white drops or streaks in the centres of the feathers,
and the greater part of the inner webs deep chestnut ; greater part of
vent rufous-white with black bars ; under tail-coverts black and white.

Colours of Soft Parts.—Bill black ; irides brown or red-brown, in rare
cases almost a crimson-brown ; legs dull fleshy, fleshy-grey, sometimes
grey or livid grey, but seldom without some tinge of flesh colour which
becomes more pronounced in the breeding season ; orbital skin crim-
son-red, brighter and deeper in the breeding season than at other times.

Measurements.—Wing 148 to 161 mm., average of 30 birds 153 ;
tarsus 44 to 45 mm., bill at front about 20 mm., and from gape about
25 mm. In length the live bird is about 250 to 270 mm. (10-12
inches) and Hume gives the weight as “8 ozs. in a small female to
13°6 ozs. in a large fat male.” ' {<3 %

Jerdon describes the leg as red, a colour they never are in this spe-
cies ; Scully, on the other hand, calls it brownish-olive, which does
sometimes properly describe those of the female.

654 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XXVII.

Adult Female.—Generally similar to the male, but crown brown,
more or less streaked with black ; upper parts more heavily marked
with black ; supercilia rufous instead of black and white ; chin, throat
and neck rufous, spotted with black, and the white band on the chest
replaced by chestnut. Below the general tone is duller, and there is
more rufous on the breast ; from below the breast to the vent there
are numerous white spots, sometimes practically absent in very old
females.

Colours of the Soft Parts.—Bill black, or black with brown on com-
missure and gonys and, according to Hume, sometimes brown also on
the culmen ; legs like those of the male, but duller, and even some-
times with no trace of red at all; irides brown ; orbital skin livid red,
or dull purple-pink.

Measurements.—Decidedly smaller than the males, the wings run-
ning from 140 to 151 mm., and averaging only 144-7 mm. One tiny
female has a wing of only 136 mm., but this, though mature, seems to
be an abnormally small bird, and is not included in the average.

Young Male.—Like the adult, but with the supercilia obsolete or
entirely wanting ; there is no chestnut on the flanks and but little on
scapulars and coverts ; the whole of the lower surface is covered with
white drops from breast to vent.

A Still Younger Male.—Is like the female, but very pale below, and
without chestnut on eitherwings or flanks, whilst the whole lower
surface is covered with white drops as in the previously described stage.

Distribution—The typical form of this little Partridge extends from
Garhwal and Kumaon through Nepal, Sikkim, Tibet, the whole of the
Hill Ranges, North of Assam as far East as the Chulikatta Mishmi
Country. South of the Brahmapootra it is found in the higher ranges
of the Naga Hills and in the Barail Range of N. Cachar, and probably
in these same ranges all through Northetn Manipur, and thence Kasi
as far as the Hills South-East of Lakhimpur, but it does not seem to
cnter the Chin Hills, where its place is taken by Bateman’s Partridge.

Nidification—The breeding season of the Common Hill Partridge
commences in the lower elevations in the end of April, and goes on
until the early part of June, whilst in the highest of its haunts, it
breeds about a month later than this. It is, however, rather an erratic
bird in its laying, and I have taken eggs in March, and once had its
eggs brought me together with the parent bird im the middle of
August, it having been trapped about the 12th of that month. It lays
its eggs in a merely grass-filled scratching in the earth, or it may make
a somewhat more pretentious nest, and will, on rare occasions make a
really well-built one of grass, leaves and weeds, matting them well
together, and raising the sides so that the whole affair becomes a very
deep cup. I have never, however, known them make a domed nest,
such as is sometimes made by rufogularis and often by the Black-
throated Hill Partridge. This is probably because, as far as I know, it

THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON. 655

never breeds in grass-land, but always in forest and generally in such
forest as is a good deal broken up, and has heavy undergrowth. The
nest itself is nearly always placed under the shelter of a bush, or some-
times at the foot of a rhododendron or some other tree. There appear
to be no records of its breeding in Ringal or other bamboo jungie,
though it often frequents these when feeding.

I have taken very few of their eggs myself, but have good series
taken by Messrs. Primrose, Muller, Mackimtosh, Masson and others
in Sikkim. some taken by Mr. 8. L. Whymper in Garwal, and have
seen a few others from Nepal, and the hills North of the Brahmapootra.

The number of eggs laid varied from 4 to 8, but 4 or 5 seems the
most common number. In colour they are a very pure china white,
with quite a respectable amount of gloss, sometimes rather highly
developed. The surface is very fine and smooth, though the texture
is close and strong, nearly as stout as are the eggs of the English Part-
ridge. In shape they are ovato-pyriform, uct varying much, but
occasionally running to true oval or to true pyriform, but with
rounded, not flattened, big end.

Like all the Hill Partridges, this species lays eggs which vary very
greatly in size, though perhaps not quite to the same extent as those
of the Rufous-necked Hill Partridge.

A hundred eggs average 38°4 by 29°5 mm., and the extremes in
leneth and breadth are : maxima 42°2 by 31°4 and 42°1 by 33°3 mm.;
minima 35°6 by 28°7 mm. and 35:8 by 27-4 mm.

General Habits——The Common Hill Partridge is found principally
between 5,000 and 9,000 feet, but it both ascends higher and descends
lower. Stoliczka reported it as being. most common betwe2n 10,000
and 14,000 feet, but, as Hume points out, this is undoubtedly incorrect;
though it may wander up to 14,000 feet or so, it is rare at such heights,
or, indeed, anywhere over 10,000 feet, or, at the outside, 12,000 feet.
Below 5,000 feet it is not common, I found it occasionally at 4,000
feet in N. Cachar, and the same in the Naga Hills. In the Darjiling
District it may wander down below 5,000 feet, but is most common
between 7,000 and 9,000 feet ; in Garhwal it appears also to be most
common at these heights, but in Nepal 6,000 feet is possibly its favour-
ite altitude. It is essentially a bird of heavy forest country, and
prefers such as is broken up by ravines, rocks and hill torrents. It
likes lots of undergrowth such as bracken, ferns, daphne, and the
multitudes of plant and bushes which grow in these beautiful forests
and,, throughout the more Western portion of its range, it is said to
keep much to such. In the Hills South of the Brahmapootra, however,
I found them often frequenting more open places. The forests them-
selves were, as in the West, very dark, the sun just glinting in patches
through the leafy roof, but underfoot were little glades of moss and
scattered rocks and stones with here and there a tiny stream, Its
banks almost bare except for a few ferns and perhaps an odd jasmine

656 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. X XVII,

bush or bramble of raspberries or blackberries. In such places I several
times was fortunate enough to be able to watch the fascinating habits
of these little Partridges. They were nearly always in small coveys
of from 5 to 10 birds, almost certainly just a pair of old birds with
their last family.

They are quick, yet deliberate in their movements, and scratch
about here and there, turning over the leaves, picking up a seed or
two, and then darting away a iew paces to a more tempting patch.
Perhaps some of the party will then settle down for a siesta, and for
this they love a tiny patch of sunshine, where they can bask with wing
outstretched, first on one side and then on the other ; but unless it is
getting late in the morning, within a few mimutes they are once more
on the move, and busy with the important occupation of feeding.

They look like little balls of feathers as they sedately walk about,
very neat, yet very soit, their little tails, tucked in tightly, held pomt-
ing almost straight to the ground, their wings held not too close to
their bodies, and often quivering as they run, but never extended.

Flight seems never to be mdulged in as an ordinary means of loco-
motion, though they are quite good flyers when forced to take to wing,
flying much im the same manner as the true partridges, but not so
quickly or strongly, and with a much softer whirr of the wings.

They are very conversational birds, and keep up a constant succes-
sion of soft low whistling notes intermixed with notes which may be
best described as like very soft coos of a dove. Their call note
during the breeding season is quite different, a loud, though melodious
double whistle which carries a very great way even in dense forest.
‘This note is only used during the breeding season, and then only in
the mornings and evenings, and generally, I think, from some elevated
position, perferably a branch about 20 feet up in a biggish tree.

I have found its diet to be both insects and seeds, but Wilson says
that it “ feeds on leaves, roots, maggots, seeds and berries ; in con-
finement it will eat grain ; im a large cage or enclosure its motions are
very lively, and it runs about with great sprightliness from one part to
another. It occasionally mounts into the trees, but not so often as a
forest bird might be expected to do.” Hodgson, however, says “ they
constantly perch. At the top of Pulchook I flushed a covey of 8 or
10, which flew widely scattered, all alighting in the highest trees.”

This certainly agrees with what I have seen of this bird. Possibly
it is not so constant a tree percher as the Black-Throated Hill Partridge,
and does not roost on trees during the day time so much as that bird
does, but whenever I have disturbed them, they have always taken
to trees at the end of their flight, and at night they always roost well
up in them.

Hume does not recommend them for the table, he says “ They are
very good eating when you can get nothing better ; but when you can

- . . - . they do not repay separate cooking, they are too

THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON, 657

dry.” We used to consider them very good eating. They are dry,
but they are very tender and sweet, and basted withalittle fat or
butter, make a quite first-class dish.

ARBORICOLA TORQUEOLA BATEMANT.
Ogilvie-Grant’s Hill Partridge.

Arboricola batemani—Ogilvie-Grant, Bull. B. O. C., xvi, p. 68,
(1906), (Chin Hills) ; Editor’s, B. N. H. 8. J., xvii, p. 812, (1907),
(Chin Hills, Falam).

Vernacular Names.—W 0-gam or Gam-toung (Kachin).

Description -Adult Male——Like the Common Hill Partridge, but
has the sides of the neck much mixed with chestnut or wholly of this
colour. The chin, throat and neck appear to be more profusely marked
with white, but as nearly all the specimens in the British Museum
collection have the necks very much drawn out, the extra amount ot
white may be due to this. The chestnut of the scapulars and inner
secondaries is darker, duller and more extensive.

Colours of Soft Parts—As in A. t. torqueola.

Measurements.—This bird is possibly slightly smaller than is the
Common Hill Partridge, though a larger series may well disprove this.
Tn wing measurement six birds vary from 144 to 154 mm., and average
only 148°6 mm. against 153 mm. in the common form. The tarsus
runs from 44 to 46 mm., and the bill at front 18 to 19 mm.

Adult Female—Is difficult to distinguish from that of the last bird,
but is generally more rufous in tone above.

Measurements.—The wings of six birds range from 140 to 149 mm.,
and average 143°6 mm.

Distribution.—So far as is known at present, this bird is confined
to the Chin and Kachin Hills, but may wander down into the higher
of the Northern Arrakan Yomas and must somewhere in the North-
Hast extend until it meets and blends into the Yunnan and Annam
forms.

Nidification.—As far as I can ascertain, there is nothing on record
about the nesting of this Partridge, but I have two clutches of its
eggs sent to me from the Chin Hills, taken at Haka by Col. Harmgton’s
collectors. Both of these clutches, which consisted each of 4 eggs,
were taken at Haka in the Chin Hills in dense evergreen forest.
The eggs were quite fresh, and were said to have been taken from
hollow scratched in the ground and lined with fallen leaves and rubbish.

These eggs are the usual pure white, and of course indistinguishable
from those of the Common Hill Partridge, though, as individual speci-
mens, they are rather broader, shorter eggs than usual; the biggest
egg each way measures 41°5 by 30°5 mm., and the shortest, which is
also the most narrow, measures 37°5 by 29°2 mm.

They were laid on the 24th of April, and 22nd May 1910,

respectively.

658 i JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII.

It is probable that the breeding season lasts from late February to
the end of May, and that the usual elevation is between 8,000 ieet and
10,000 feet, as at this time and height Col. Harington reports that
they were heard whistling loudly.

General Habits—In his articles on Burmese Game-Birds, Harington,
writing of these and other Hill Partridges, comments as follows :—

“The habits of all seem to be the same. Those I have met
with are always in pairs or small family parties, and were found
frequenting shady evergreen forest, and seemed to be very partial
to the banks of damp shady streams running through thick jungle.
They have soft purring notes, and, when scattered, call to one
another in low whistling calls. In the evenings they may occasi-
onally be heard indulging in a regular whistling solo in which
they run up the scales in double notes.

“Hill Partridges afford very little sport, as they are great
runners, always dodging into the thickest cover, and only flying
when hardly pressed. The best way of getting them was taught
me by Major Nisbett, and is very simple, namely, to walk quietly
along a jungle path with aman a short distance behind one,
halt every now and then to listen, as both Partridges and
pheasants make a good deal of noise running about and
scratching among the dead leaves. Whenever any suspicious
noise is heard, point in the direction, and the man, who should
be well mstructed beforehand, must then move very quietly and
slowly round in the jungle, forcing the birds out in such a way that
they cross the path m front of one. No talking must be allowed,
and a pair of tennis shoes is recommended as foot wear on these
occasions. By careful listening, one can generally tell the direct-
ion they are taking, and so be able to prepare to fire at them. The
great thing is not to frighten or press the birds, but gently to
drive them in the desired direction. The Kachins say the nests
are very hard to find, as they are generally placed in long grass
at the foot of a tree, and always have a covered way leading to
them through the fallen grass.”

ARBORICOLA TORQUEQLA MILLARD?.
The Simla Hill Partridge.

Arboricola torqueola millardi—Stuart Baker, Bull. B. O. C., xli, p.
101, (1921), (Koteghur). a

Arboricola torquecla—Blyth J. A. 8. B., xxiv, p. 276, (1857), (Simla,
etc.) ; v. Pelzeln, Ibis, 1868, p. 321, (Koteghur) ; Marsh, Ibis, 1884,
p. 423, (Chamba) ; Ogilvie-Grant, Cat, B. M., xxi, p. 207, (1893),
(part) ; id, Hand-L., Game-B.., i, p. 160, (1895), (part); Oates, Game-
B., i, p. 183, (1898), (part); Blanf., Avifauna, B. I., iv, p. 125, (1898),
(part) ; Whistler, G. B. N. H.8., xxvi, p. 849, (1919), (Simla).

THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON. 659

Vernacular Names.—Roli, Ram Chukru, (Chamba) ; Peora, Bantitur,
(Hindu).

Description,— Adult Male.—Difiers from A. t. torqueola in the follow-
ing paiviculars. The chestnut of the head is darker and not so bright ;
the breast is neither so dark nor so pure a grey, but is more tinged
with ashy ; the abdomen is not so pure a white, being nearly always
strongly suffused with rufescent.

Colours of Soft Parts.—As in the other forms.

Measurements.—These are much the same as in the Common Hill
Partridges, but a bigger series of measurements are required. The
wings of these in the British Museum collection run from 150
to 161 mm., and average (13 birds) 154°6 mm.

Adult Female.—Difiers from the adult female of A. ¢. torqueola in
much the same respects as does the male from the male of that bird.
The chestnut of the throat is much paler, the breast a paler grey, and
the abdomen is more suffused with rufescent.

Measurements.—Much the same as in the Common Hill Partridge.
The wings of these I have been able to measure run from 144 to 150
mm. and average 148°2 mm.

Distribution.—Suula Hills, extending North and West into Chamba,
Kullu and also Kangra.

Nidification.—The only information recorded about the breeding
of this bird is that by Mr. Whistler in the Bombay Natural History
Society’s Journal. He thus writes :—

“A nest was recently obtained for me about 8,500 feet near
Mahasoo, Simla.

“ Tt was first found on 25th April through the flushing of the
parent birds, but although they had betrayed the approximate
whereabouts of the nest, it was discovered only after a careful
search ; there were then 7 eggs and on the 27th there were still
only 7 eggs, but 8 were found the next morning. When the place
was again visited on the 2nd May it was found that another and
last egg had been laid, making in all a clutch of nine. On each
of these subsequent visits neither parent was seen and the eggs
were invariably cold, yet from the placing of grass over the entrance
hole there was no doubt that the nest had not been deserted.

‘“‘ Endeavours were made to snare a bird at the nest but a first
attempt with horse-hair nooses was unsuccessful ; so on the 7th
May a gut-noose was set and the nest was visited a second time in
the evening. There had been a hail storm and hail-stones then
lying thickly around ; my correspondent on arriving at the nest
was astonished to find it completely covered over with grass and
while he was looking at this and wondering at the reason the bird
suddenly bounced out and as it passed he made a lucky grab and
caught it in mid-air in his hand ; the broken gut-snare was then
round its neck. He kept the bird and set a fresh noose in the

2

660 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVIII,

entrance and this had been disturbed next morning though the
second bird was not caught. The eggs were then taken for me.

“The nest is described as being built in a carefully scraped out
and rounded hole in a bank; this hole measured 83 inches in
diameter after the removal of the nest which was built carefully
of, and domed with grass with an internal diameter of 64 inches.
The actual site of the nest was fairly open, but only a few yards
away started undergrowth of the type usually frequented by the
Peora. Particular emphasis is laid on the fact that whenever the
nest was visited the eggs were quite cold, and on the fact of
concealing the entrance of the nest with grass whether the bird
was sitting or absent.

“The eggs when blown were found to be all slightly incubated to
an equal extent. They are in shape a very pointed oval, verging
almost on the pyriform, of a very fine texture, famtly pitted, and
with a rather pronounced gloss. The colour is an almost pure
white with no marking. The nine eggs measure from 42°5 to 46:0
mm. in length and 32.5 to 34 mm. m width; the average
comes to 44:0 by 33°2 mm.”

General Habits——Similar to those of the two preceding races, but
nothing has been written so far on this one except in conjunction with
them. It occurs on the Simla Hills up to 9,000 feet and 10,000 feet
in summer, but also ranges down as low as 5,000 feet, so that probably
in the winter may be found at lower elevations than these.

ARBORICOLA RUFOGULARIS RUFOGULARIS.
Blyth’s or the Rufous-throated Hill Partridge.

Arboricola rufogularis—Blyth, J. A. S. B., xviii, p. 819, (1849),
(Sikkim) ; id, Cat., p. 253, (1849) ; id, J. A.B. B., XxIv, p. 276, (1855) ;
Jerdon, B. of In., i, p. 578, (1864) ; Blyth, Ibis, 1867 , p. 159 ; Beavan,
ibid, (1868) p. 385 - ; Hume, 8. F., v, p. 114, (1877); id, ibid, viii, p. 3,
(1879) ; Hume and Marsh. Game-B., Tale Sv fh) (1879) ; Scully, 8. ES
vill, p. 349, (1879), (Nepal) ; Oates, B. of B. B., i, ps 328, (seaie
Osilvie- Grant, This, 1892, p. 393; id, Cat, B. M., xxi, p. 212, (1893) ;
id, Hand-L., Game-B., 1., p. 165, (1895).

Perdox rufogularis—Gray, List Gall. , p. 58, (1867).

Arborophila rufogularis—Hume, 8. E., ii, p. 450, (1874), (Kumaon).

Arboricola rufigularis—Blyth and Wald., Mam. and B. of B., p. 150,
(1875) ; Oates, in Hume’s N. and E., iii, p. 439, (1890) ; Blanf,, Avi
fauna of B. L., iv., p. 126, (1898) ; Oates, Game-B., “ly p: LST; (1898) ;
Stuart Baker, ‘J. B.N.H. S., X , p. 490, (1899) ; Oates, Eggs, Bowe
1, p. 43, (1901) ; Inglis, J. B. N. i. S., XXvu, p. 154, ae (Buxa).

Arboricola rufogularis rufogularis— Stevens, J. B. Nv ES) oct
724, (1915), (Dafla and Abor Hills).

Vernacular Names-——Pewra (Kumaon); Kohumbut, (Lepeha) ;
Pokhu, (Dafla).

THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON, 661

Description—Adult Male.—Crown olive-brown, the tips of the feath-
ers darker, sometimes forming blackish spots, forehead more grey
and unspotted ; lores and broad supercilia greyish white streaked with
black ; sides of head the same, becoming rufous-brown on the posterior
ear-coverts ; a pure white streak from lower mandible to under ear-
coverts ; nape olive-brown with more or less rufous markings, especi-
ally at the sides, with bold black drops and with a few smaller ones of
white or rufous-white ; upper parts glossy olive-brown, the ramp and
upper tail-coverts with black centre to the feathers, showing in vary-
ing degrees in different individuals ; scapulars and wing-coverts chest-
nut with a large grey and a smaller black drop on each feather ; pri-
maries rufous-brown ; secondaries brown, mottled with rufous, this
colour increasing in extent wards, the innermost secondaries being
like the scapulars, but with less grey.

Below from chin to end of foreneck bright rufous with numerous
black spots on chin and throat, and with white bases to the feathers,
which generally show through a good deal ; below the rufous there
is a narrow but well-defined black band ; breast and flanks slaty grey,
paler on the abdomen, the flanks more or less marked with deep chest-
nut and with white central spots or streaks to most of the feathers ;
posterior flanks and vent pale rufous-brown, mottled with black and
white ; under tail-coverts rufous with broad black bars and white tips.

Colours of Soft Parts—‘ Bill black ; irides red-brown ; orbits dull
lake-red ; legs red,” (Jerdon).

“ Tarsus salmon-red, claws horny,” (Stevens).

The orbital skin and skin of throat is red or salmon-red, deeper and
brighter in the breeding season.

Measurements.—Wing from 131 to 142 mm., average 137 mm.,
tarsus from 40 to 44 mm., bill at front 18 to 19 mm., and from gape
about 19 to 20 mm.; tail 50 to 56 mm.

_ Hume gives the “length 10°0 to 11°0 inches, expanse 16°0 to
17°5 inches ; weight 7 to 10°5 ozs.”

Adult Female.—Like the adult male, but often has fewer black
spots on the chin and throat, and more white drops on the breast and
abdomen.

Colours of Soft Parts.—As in the male, but legs, orbital skin and skin
of throat a duller paler red.

Measurements.—There are but few sexed females in the British
Museum series, but the wings of these run from 130 to 140 mm., the
average being 137 mm., the same as the male. In the other races the
females average a good deal smaller than the males, and a larger
series of properly sexed specimens would probably give the same
result with this bird.

Young Male.—Throat immaculate rufous-brown, much paler than
in the adult. Under-parts smoky slate with numerous white drops
all over breast, abdomen and flanks.

662 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXV1I.

Distribution.—From Kumaon and Garhwal throughout the Hima-
layas to the extreme East of Assam, North of the Brahmapootra,
from the level of the broken ground up to an elevation of about 8,000
feut.

The boundary between Hast and West would appear to be the Brah-
mapootra or the Dibong ; birds obtained for me by Mr. Needham, east
of the former river, though perhaps rather indeterminate, were nearer
to intermedia than to true rufogularis, and birds obtained by Dr. H. W.
Coltart and myself from the hills east and south of the Brahmapootra
in Lakhimpur were certainly intermedia.

Nidification.—The Rufous-throated Hill Partridge breeds throughout
its range at all heights from the foot of the plains up to 8,000 feet, at
which height Mr. W. P. Masson found it nesting on the Singlo Range
beyond Darjiling. In the Dapla Hills and the Western Abor Country
it ranges up to some 5,000 .feet commonly, but wanders up at least
2,000 feet higher than this from time to time in the hottest weather.

It breeds in all kinds of forests and jungle. Its eggs have been
taken by Mr. H. Stevens in evergreen forest in rocky broken ground.
with an undergrowth of moss, ferns and bracken; Mr. W. P. Masson
found it on similar ground round about Daryjiling ; Mr. A. M. Primrose
found its nest near Kurseong in tea cultivation and in scrub jungle
as well as forest. Its eggs have also b2en found both in grassland and
bamboo jungle, but at present we have hardly sufficient data to enable
us to decide as to what is really its favourite form of cover during this
season. In the lower parts of its range it begins to breed in the middle
or early part ‘of April, and continues well on into June, but in the
higher ranges few eggs will be found until early May and more often
in the middle and end of that month, whilst a few may be found as
late as July.

The nest itself varies very greatly, but 1 have had very few detailed
descriptions of it. Most of my correspondents describe the nest as a
mere depression in the ground well filled with grass, sometimes this
is Just loosely placed in it, at other times it is worked into quite a
matted pad some inches thick. Mr. Masson, however, found near
Darjiling a well-made nest of grass, partly domed and densely lined
with soft grass. In this case the nest was placed in coarse grass
about a couple of feet high just outside the forest in dense scrub. His
other nests were quite simple pads of grass in hollows amongst
bracken and ferns.

The eggs are, I think, most often four or five in number but as many
as eight have been recorded and IJ have known three hard set.

They are, as indeed are those of all the Hill Partridges, an extremely
pure china white, often with a fair amount of gloss though this is
seldom very highly developed.

The texture is stout, close and fine, the surface being very smooth.
In shape they are modified pyriform or oval with the smaller end well

THE GAME BIRDS UF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON. 663

defined and often considerably pointed, true ovals are unusual, but
very broad eggs are not uncommon.

In size they vary a good deal but I have only had a small series pass
through my hands and the extremes of measurement are not so wide
apart as in the better known eggs of A. r. intermedia. My longest
and broadest eggs are 41°6 by 30°7 and 40°2 by 31°8 mm. respec-
tively, and the shortest and most narrow are 37°2 by 30°0 and 38°4 by
26°9 mm.

General Habits—The Rufous-throated Hill Partridge is a bird of
lower elevation than the Common Hill Partridge, though the habitat of
the two overlap, and they may even be found breeding together over
all heights between 4,000 and 6,000 feet ; but whereas torqueola will
seldom be found below 5,000 feet rufogularis may often be shot during
the cold weather well below 2,000 feet and indeed sometimes almost
into the Plains. Even in the summer it may be taken breeding be-
tween 2,000 and 2,500 feet, though this is below the normal elevation
they frequent.

They are distinctly birds of heavy jungle, and, I think, prefer tree
and evergreen forest with a fairly thick undergrowth to any other
kind of country, but they may be shot out of bamboo jungle, scrub,
the heavy secondary growth on deserted cultivation, and rarely in
long grass and bracken on the outskirts of forest.

They fly well, but from the very nature of their haunts, are hard to
put up without dogs and with dogs they very often take refuge in the
nearest big tree instead of taking to flight. They are not wild, and
can be easily approached. According to Beavan—

“ About Darjiling it is found generally in coveys, and numbers
are captured by the Lepchas by calling them within shot, and
taken into the station of Darjiling for sale. These birds inhabit
such dense cover that shooting them in any other way is almost
out of the question.”

Their call is a beautiful loud double whistle, a sound like Wheea-whu
repeated constantly and slightly ascending in scale with each repeti-
tion. It is a very loud ringing cry, and can be heard at a very long
distance even in very heavy jungle where sound carries so short a way.
It is uttered principally during the breeding season in the early morn-
ings and evenings, and once heard can never be forgotten.

The coveys, which consist of the old birds and family, sometimes
two families joming forces, may number anything from 6 to a dozen.
They keep together until February or March, after which the young
clear off to see to their own family arrangements.

In the Dafla Hills Col. Godwin Austen says :—

“It was very common at 4,000 feet and upwards at our camp
under Toroputu Peak, and the Dafla guides snared several. The
Daflas, like the other Hill Tribes, are clever at this art, and the
mode of capturing pheasants and partridges is simple and worth

664 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVIII,

describing. As itis the habit of these birds to get down low at
night into the warmer ravines, and feed upwards along the crests
of the spurs, they stop the progress of the covey by a zigzag
barrier about two or three feet high, made up of twigs and short
pieces of bamboo struck in the ground, which is rapidly formed
and extended a short distance down the hill on either side. A
narrow opening is left here and there, generally at the re-enter-
ing angles, and in this the noose is set, Just above two cross
sticks, and in the same plane, at exactly the height of the bird’s
breast. The noose is made of a thin strip peeled off the outside
of a bamboo, and tied to the end of a pliant stick, drawn down
like a spring, and ‘hitched into a saw-nick in a bamboo peg,
into which the flat form of the sprig forming the noose fits
closely and accurately. All the materials grow on the spot, and
in a few hours hundreds of barriers and snares can be made and
_ set. The birds are often caught alive by the legs.”

(To be continued).

665

THE SYNONYMIES, CHARACTERS AND DISTRIBUTION OF
THE MACAQUES INCLUDED UNDER THE NAMES RHESUS
AND ASSAMENSIS IN BLANFORD’S MAMMALS.

BY
M. A. C. HrnTon AND THE LATE R. C. Wrovucurton.

In examining the synonymy, &c., of M. rhesus and M. assamensis, as listed
in the Mammalia, we hav¢ found so much to upset all preconceived notions
that we are of opinion that the results are of sufficient interest and importance
to require a more detailed record than could be conceded to them in a “ revision.”

It will, we think, make an understanding of the mistakes and confusion
which have crept into the use of these two names more easy if, before recording
the results in detail of our enquiry, we give in outline the conclusions to which we
have been led. A detailed summary of these results will be found at the end of
this paper.

Firstly then, in 1771, Pennant described a monkey, seen by him ina menagerie
so well and adequately that there can be no doubt that the animal was the Rhesus.
Owing to a strong personal prejudice against giving latin names to animals,
Pennant did not name it otherwise than as the “*‘ Tawny Monkey”. This omis-
sion was first rectified by Zimmermann in 1780, when he gave it the name of
mulatta, thus antedating the name rhesus given by Audebert in 1798, by nearly
20 years. There is no burking this fact and in future M. mulatta must replace
M. rhesus.

Secondly the name rhesus remained in general and undivided use till 1839
when McClelland named a species, from Assam, which he called assamensis.
From this point confusion crept in, owing to some extent to the loss of McClel-
land’s type specimen. The result of our enquiry shows that assamensis is a
totally different animal from mudatta (“rhesus”), with a comparatively restricted
range in the Himalayas and Assam.

The following are the details of the synonymy which prove the antedating of
rhesus by mulatta.

Pennant (Syn. Quadr. p. 120, No. 86), 1771, describes the ‘‘ Tawny Monkey ”
as follows :—‘‘ Monkey with a face a little produced ; that and the ears flesh-
coloured : nose flattish : long canine teeth in the lower jaw: hair on the upper
side of the body pale tawny, cinereous at the roots : hind part of the back orange :
legs cinereous : belly white: size of a cat: tail shorter than the body. Inhabits
India. From one in Mr. Brook’s exhibition, very ill-natured.”’ Pennant gives
a plate which could not possibly be accepted as that of rhesus, but explains
elsewhere in the volume (xxiii A.) that this figure is not that of the “ tawny
monkey” but of another specimen which he considered to be a variety of it.
With the figure thus removed outside the discussion, there can remain no doubt
that Pennant’s description, is that of the animal we now know as the Rhesus.

Six years later Erxleben (Mamm. p. 43), 1777, notices Pennant’s description
and gives a translation into Latin, even to the concluding “‘malignus.’’ Erxleben
however, never having seen it, places it under a heading “Species obscure ”’
and gives it no name.

Zimmermann (Geogr. Gesch. des Menschens, ii, p. 195)1780, under the heading
“der braungelbe Affe,” gives the following diagnosis ‘‘ Cercopithecus (Mulatta)
fusco-luteus, caninis inferioribus magnis.” The form of this diagnosis might
give room for a doubt whether the word mulaiia is really used as a specific name.
But throughout the book Zimmermann almost universally encloses specific
names in brackets, and in an appendix (Zool. Weltcharte. p. 25) published in
1783 the name is clearly given “Sim. 35 = Cercop. mulatta, Zimm. Tawny
Monkey, Penn. Der braungelbe Affe.”

Kerr (Anim. Kingd., p. 73), 1792, basing, on Pennant’s Tawny Monkey, gives
the name Simia (Cercopithecus) fulvus and paraphrases Pennant’s description,
Thus further destroying the seniority of the specific name rhesus.

666 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XX VII.

Audebert (Hist. Nat. Singes. 2. Fam., p. 5), 1789, described Simia rhesus,
basing it upon Buffon’s “Macaque a queue courte ” (Hist. Nat. Supp., vii, p. 56,
pl. xiii) 1798. Neither Buffon nor Audebert gave any information as to the
true provenance of the species but Audebert’s fine plate removes all uncertainty,
for it cannot for anything but what we have up to now known as rhesus.

Shaw (Gen. Zool., i. p. 33), 1800, citing “ Schreber Suppl.” as his authority,
applies the name Simia erythrea to Buffon’s “Macaque a queue courte’ ; but
this actually was the first publication of the name erythrea. Schreber’s Taf.
viii, c, with the descriptive letter-press, representing this species was not publish-
ed until 1841. In the same work (p. 57) Shaw uses Simia fulva for Pennant’s
Tawny Monkey ; but as we have seen already, the name fulvus originated with
Kerr (1792). .

For many years after the publication of the first descriptions, no one seems
to have suspected that the ‘Macaque a queue courte’ was identical with the
Tawny Monkey. Thus Shaw speaking of the latter says “Mr. Pennant seems
to be the describer of this animal.” Desmarest (Mamm. p. 65), 1820, although
he describes M. rhesus accurately (‘‘croupe d’un jaune doré ; extremites grises ’’)
and cites the name Simia erythrea (from Schreber be it noted), makes no mention
of the Tawny Monkey, or of the names mulatia and fulva. He gives the habitat
as ‘‘ Les Indes orientales,” les foréts du bord Gange.”

J. B. Fisher (Syn. Mamm., p. 29), 1829, seems to have been the first to express
doubt as to the distinctness of the Rhesus from the Tawny Monkey. Thus
after dealing with “38 S. rhesus, Audeb. he followed with ’**S. mulatta” (using
_in order to express the doubt about the status, an asterisk instead of a
numeral) and concludes his diagnosis and synonymy with the observation “ Vix
a preecedente diversa.”’

Hodgson (J.A.8.B., ix, p. 1212), 1840, described his Macacus (Pithex) oinops,
from the Nepal Tarai, giving Macacus nipalensis, cited from his M. 8S. Catalogue,
as a synonym, with the remark “name dropt.” An examination of Hodgson’s
material in the British Museum shows oinops to be a synonym of mulatia.

Other names referring, more recently, to mulatta are :—1870. var, MW. (Pithex)
petops, Gray Cat. Monk. &c. B. M. p. 31 (where “ pelops”’ is a lapsus calami for
ownops).

1915. Macaca assamensis, Wroughton (nec McClelland) J. B. N. H. 8., xxiii,
p. 464 and in subsequent reports and Summary (xxv, p. 554, 555).

So far we have had to deal with a single species, the problem being to identify
its oldest specific name mulatta, from among a number of others, given subse-
quently and independently, to the same species. With the erection of a new
species, in 1839, by McClelland, under the name assamensis and its prompt con-
fusion with the original species mulatta (under the name rhesus) a new problem
is created, i.e., to fix the true identities of each of the two species mulatta and
assamensis.

Horsfield (P. Z. 8., p. 148), 1839, published a paper in which he included the
description by McClelland of a new species under the name assamensis. The
description is as follows :—“‘ Bluish grey, with dark brownish on the shoulders ;
beneath light grey : face flesh-coloured, but interspersed with a few black hairs :
length two and a half feet : proportions strong : canine long, and deeply grooved
in front ; the last of the cheek teeth in the upper jaw blunt.” The type specimen
was lodged in the H. E. I. C. Museum, in London, but most unfortunately was
subsequently lost. Before this happened however it was seen by Anderson, who
recorded (West. Yunn. p. 64) 1879, a very full description of it, as follows :—
The type of M. assamensis in the Indian Museum, London, is an adult male.
It is a stuffed specimen, but the skull has been removed from the skin and is
not in the Museum. This monkey differs from all animals of the common
monkey of the plains of India, which have come under my observation,
in the anterior half wanting the ashy tint “which is so characteristic of
the adults, andin the hinder portion of the body beingin no way rufous. The
fur, too, is almost completely devoid of annulations, and the hair round the face

DISTRIBUTION OF THE MACAQUES. 667

and on the chin is longer than in animals from the plains. This general colour
of this old specimen may be described as brown, washed on the outer side of the
fore-limbs, and more especially between the shoulders, and on the back of the
neck with yellowish, which appears in certain lights as pale golden, passing on
the upper surface of the head into a pale yellowish brown. The general brown.
ish tint is darkest on the flanks, where it has a fuliginous tinge, and down
the front margin of the fore-limbs, over the outer surface of the thighs the dorsi
of the feet and on the tail. The inside of limbs and under surface generally are
much paler than the upper parts, and have a yellowish tint, inclining to grey.
Behind the angle of the mouth, and below and behind the ears and on the chin,
the hair is rather longer and nearly of the same colouras the under surface, but
slightly tipped with blackish. There is a moderately dense line of rather long
supraorbital hairs, with a pencil of similar hairs extending backwards from the
external orbital angle of the frontals. The hair generally is wavy, and on the
shoulders and between them above, and on the sides of the chest it is much
longer than on the hind part of the body, with the exception of the dark hairs
on the lower part of the flanks, which are also rather long. The hair on the vertex
radiates from a point of about one inch above the level of the supra-orbital ridge,
_and a few of the front hairs are directed forwards, but the mass outwards and
slightly backwards, which is also the direction of the hairs to the radiating point.
There are a few black superciliary hairs, also others on the upper lip and chin.
The callosities are closely surrounded by the fur. Length along curve of heal
and back 26°75 inches, tail 91”. Blyth also examined this type, and whilst he
was disposed to regard it as merely an individual variety of the common animal
of Bengal he noted that ‘“‘ the hind part of the body is not as usual strongly
tinged bright ferruginous or tawny, being uniformly coloured with the rest.”
These full descriptions enable us to accept, with confidence, the specimens
collected by Mr. J. P. Mills, in the Garo Hills, as being practicaily topotypes of
assamensis, with which those collected by Mr. Crump in Sikkim are undoubtedly
conspecific.

Hodgson (J. A. 8. B., ix, p. 1213), 1840, described WM. pelops. The description
given is as follows :—‘‘ Structure and aspect similar to the last (i.¢., oinops).
Colours more sordid and purpurescent, slaty partially merged in rusty ; buttocks
posteriorly (except the callosities) clad ; face nude and dusky, flatter than in the
last. From the northern range of hills exclusively. Fur fuller and more wavy
than in oinops.” The Hodgson material in the British Museum includes the
type of pelops. An examination of this and comparison with the descriptions
of the two species given above make it quite certain that pelops is conspecific
with assamensis and therefore a synonym of it.

Other names given to assamensis are as follows :— ;

1879. Macacus problematicus, Gray, Cat. Monk. &c., B. M., p. 128; described

from Dhalimkot, Bhutan.

1872. Macacus rheso-similis, Sclater, P. Z. S. p. 495 ; described from a living
specimen in the Zoo.

The types of both these nominal species are in the British Museum and
after careful examination, we have no hesitation in relegating both to
the synonymy of assamensis.

1879. Macacus oinops, Anderson, nec Hodgson, West. Yunn., p. 62, in legead
below figures 5 and 6 ; Anderson’s figure represents a fine male skull
of “ pelops,” i.e., of assamensis, collected by Hodgson in Ne pil,
now in the British Museum Collection (No. 45, 1 .8.4) and th3
legend “‘ type of oinops ” is erroneous. This error has had far-reach-
ing consequences.

1881. Macacus rhesus, Anderson (in part), nec Audebert, Cat. Ind. Mus.
p. 68 (No. 4le).

The most serious effect of Anderson’s erroneous legend has now to be noticed.
In 1872 (P. Z. 8. p. 529) he published an excellent account of two remarkable
specimens, collected in the Sunderbuns ‘ about 59 miles east of Calcutta.’ These

3

668 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII.

were obtained with many examples of the true Rhesus. Anderson’s description
of both the external and the cranial characters is so clear and detailed and is
accompanied by such good figures of the skull, that it is not possible to doukt
that the Macaque in question is conspecific with assamensis even if subspecifically
distinct from the latter. Anderson himself seems to have been fully convinced
that these two specimens were specifically distinct from “rhesus,” though
he refrained from applying any technical name to them. Sclater immediately
recognised, in Anderson’s description, the form to which he had himself given the
name rheso-similis, which we know from inspection of the type to be a synonym
of assamensis. When, however, in 1881, Anderson prepared his Catalogue of
the Mammals in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, he completely changed his mind
as to the affinities of the Sunderbun Macaque. Apparently he was misled by the
erroneous legend to his own figures referred to above ; these figures (representing
‘ nelops’) were, as we have seen, labelled “ type of oinops ”’ and since Anderson,
like most other writers regarded oinops as a synonym of ‘.rhesus,’ he was led
to attribute to the latter species a wholly unnatural degree of variation, firstly
in the characters of the skull, and secondly, (as a necessary consequence) in those
of the pelage. On comparing tke skull, 4le, of the Indian Museum Collection,
from the Sunderbuns, with the figure in Western Yunnan cited, Anderson, of
course, found the closest agreement and rightly concluded that both skull and
figures represent one and the same species. Unfortunately, too, he used the
skull of a large species of Macaque, which he had coliected at Bhamo, as being
representative of assamensis ; this skull belonged to a young individual, with m’
still in germ, and is quite possibly not referable to assamensis at all. Anderson.
as a result referred all the Sunderbuns specimens to ‘ rhesus. Anderson’s error,
in due course, crept into Blanford’s Mammalia, for the figures 3 and 4, at page 12
labelled ‘‘ M. rhesus,” are copied from those in Anderson’s Western Yunnan.
They therefore do not represent ‘ rhesus’ but assamensis.

This concludes the enumeration of the essential references in the synonymy
of M. assamensis. From tke foregoing recital it is apparent that we owe the
possibility of identifying McClclland’s species almost wholly to Anderson’s care-
ful description of the now lost type. On tke cther hand the synonymies of mulatta
and assamensis have keen in a state of inextricable confusion since 1881, and
that confusion has to a large extent arisen from a chance blunder. It would be
wholly unprofitable to attempt to disentangle all the references to the two species
in question which have been published since the date named and we have con-
tented ourselves with putting those of the fundamental publications in their
true jilaces, as follows :—

Macaca MuLAtTTs, Zimm. The Rhesus.
1771. ‘* Tawny Monkey,” Pennant, Syn. Quadr., p. 120, No. 86 ; India.
1780. Cercopithecus mulatta, Zimmermann, Geogr. Gesch. Mensch., ii, p. 195 =
(based on Pennant’s ‘‘ Tawny Monkey ’’)

1789. ‘‘ Macaque a queue courte ’’, Buffon, Hist. Nat. Supp., vii, p. 56,

pl. xii; (no locality).

1792. Simia (Cercopithecus) fulvus, Kerr, Amin. Kingd. p. 73; (based on.

Pennant’s “ Tawny Monkey ”’).

1798. Sima rhesus, Audebert, Hist. Nat. Singes. 2ieme Famille. p. 5 ; (based.

on Buffon’s ‘*‘ Macaque 4 queue courte ”’).

1860. Simia erythrea, Shaw, Gen. Zool, i. p. 33 ; (name cited from Schreber’s.

Supplement but not published in latter until 1841 ; (based on Bufton’s.
‘** Macaque 4 queue courte ’’).

1840. Macacus (Pithex) oinops, Hodgson, J. A. 8. B. ix, p. 1212 ; (described.

from the Nepal Tarai).
1843. Macacus (Pithex) pelops, Gray, (nec Hodgson), List of species of
Mammals in B. M. p. 8. (See Gray, Cat. Hodg. Coll., 1846. p. 2) ;.
end again by lapsus calami in Cat. Monk. ete., B. M., p. 1870.

1915. Macacus assamensis, Wrcughton (nec McClelland), J. B. N. H.S., xxiii,
p. 464; and in subsequent reports and in Summary (xxv, pp. 554,559).

1839.
1840.

1845.

1870.

1872.
1879.

1881.

1888.

DISTRIBUTION OF THE MACAQUES. 669

Macaca ASSAMENSIS, McCl.

Macacus assamensis, McClelland, in Horsfield, P. Z. S. p. 148 ; des-
cribed from Assam. Blanford (in part).

Macacus (Pithex) pelops, Hodgson, J. A. 8. B., ix, p. 1213 ; described
from the Nepal Kachar. Wroughton Summary.

Macacus oinops, Gray (nec Hodgson), List of species of Mamm. in B.
M. p. 8; Gray, Cat. Hodgson Collection, p. 2, 1846.

Macacus problematicus, Gray, Cat. Monk. &c., B. M. p. 128 ; (described
from Dhalimkot, Bhutan).

Macacus rheso-similis, Sclater, P. Z. 8., p. 495 ; (no definite locality).

Macacus oinops, Anderson (nee Hodgson), West. Yunn., p. 62 in legend
below figs. 5 and 6.

Macacus rhesus, Anderson (nec Audebert), Cat. Mamm. Ind. Mus. Cale. ,,
p.- 68.

Macacus rhesus, Blanford (nec Audebert), Mammalia, p. 12 in legend
below figs. 3 and 4. -

These two synonymies dispose of our first problem, 7.e., the true technicat
name of the Rhesus and of the Assam Macaque. The solution of the second we
believe we can best present by the following statement of the outstanding
characters, distinguishing VM. mulatta from M. assamensis, in parallel columns.

Macaca MULATTA, Zimm. Macaca ASSAMENSIS, McClel.
Size—A large male measures head Head and body up to 575mm.
and body 540-560mm., tail 225- More stoutly built. Weight up to
250mm. Proportionally more | 28 lbs.
slightly built. Weight up to|
23-24 lbs.
Fur—Usually. of moderate length, Fairly long, wavy ; a point on the
straight, not wavy or woolly ; vertex, joined to the forehead by

sometimes (Central Provinces) it
seems to grow much longer, giving
a shaggy look; hairs directed
backwards from the forehead over
the crown, without any trace of a
median parting.

CoLoun—General colour greenish
brown; sides of the head and
forelimbs pale ashy ; lower back,
especially loins and thighs tinged
(often strongly) with rufous or
ferruginous.

Sxuxtu :—Moderate in size, short
and broad, braincase large and
facial portion relatively short ;
occipital crest and temporal ridges
weakly developed, the latter never
fusing to form a sagittal crest ;
supraorbital ridges little develop-
ed ; mandible short, wide between
the condyles and toothrows.

an obscure median parting, from
which the hair falls away later-
ally, right and left, before turning.
backwards.

General colour dark brown, with a
tinge of yellowish, especially be-
tween the shoulders and on the
nape. No ashy colouring of the
fore-limbs, nor rufous tinge on
lower back.

Size large, massive ; braincase short,
narrow ; muzzle prominent : occi-
pital crest and temporal ridges
strongly developed, the latter
fusing to form a distinct (and in
old age a lofty) sagittal crest ;
supraorbital ridges noticeably
thickened ; mandible relatively
longer, and narrower between the
condyles and toothrows.

eS eS SS ee ee

DentiITION—Canines of males not Canines much larger, those of the
exceptionally large; cheek-teeth upper jaw deeply grooved ante-
rather large and heavy in relation riorly ; cheek-teeth relatively
to size of skull. weaker.

We append a short table of skull measurements, taken in the course of , our
enquiry, for ready reference. Some measure of the skull differences just enumer -
ated may be obtained therefrom.

670 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. X XVII.

TABLE OF SKULL

ABSOLUTE
SKULL MEASUREMENTS MULATTA.
OF
ADULT MALES
(in Millimetres )
Kumacn, (GRi2s Nepal.
rrdepies be a pave We: ree eet | 45 45 yy ays
AZS ORAS Se lO edad ON se cemelO site 52 (arlene ier Shik eG eel
yaaa aay oll by Oe eee ees || DES i ea
| | | | |
1 Condylo-basilar!cength 88 91-4’ 921 966 99-4 892 835] 827 869 815
| H | H |
i | \ | |
2 Occipito-basilar length --| 1142, 1166 1212 126-4 1246 1158, 1096] 1074 1147) a0s-2%
é | | i | |
3 Zygomatic breadth ae sail Sap OS O14 90°7, 865. “88 804+] 749 79+ 76-7,

4 Length of brain-case

5 Cranial width ;
6 Cranial height 5300) Oat) 532 b4d-7,) 54 3h eo 516) 505 51 54:3
7 Post-orbital constriction oo), Sons. 44-9, 46-8 45:2 46 43-7 SS 42 45 e 44-3
8 Greatest breadth across orbits. 69°7| 63 8. 69°7| 71 8, 709. 683, 66-4) 63 9 6854+ 61

9 Inter-orbital septum 73 Use 53 eS 6-4 a 6 5-7 5-4 66

1G Condyleto.m3 ..

11 Palatilar !ength

12 Width acress bases of upper
canines Sc a6 ac

13 Width across bases of m2—m2 | 37 39:2 39 379 413 3876 378) 885 392 362
| |
14 Canine—m3 af ae Pell acon AOA ADD a2, 406 ay Seo cM LES} SxG) 3
15 mi—m3.. 22 Pay em: 2) ve 22,8) sem 2al 7 228 242 248 284
| |
16 Upper canine antero-posterior | |
basal diameter fae on 8 8 82 88 86 78 7A 7 ae 7

DISTRIBUTION OF THE MACAQUES, 671

MEASUREMENTS.

eee 2 Os
TEASUREMENT:.
Tab Percentages.
ASSAMENSIS.
: | Shan Naga
ikkim' Chindwin. States. Hills. Sikkim. \Nepal.
| ‘ Mulatta. 'Assamensls

Us) ea) 1920 alfa 15 15 45
1587 |} 5 5 10 19] 3101 9 1 |9-1 | 6253 | 6414 | 9 1| 296 | fs

Bae lu: 342 1 2 4. S| 4.

7 j 7
90°1}* 83°1 | 84°3) 112 LOG °L} 1i3°5 106-7 110 111°6 102°8] 102 100 100

| 140-3 133°9} 128°3; 126—133 |124—130

tr
ran
oo
a
ee
(2)
©

116 °5} 109°2} 116°4/ 113-2) 140°4] 138°2) 140 °2

bo

S62 92 94°8| 92°2) 87—101 |80°3—92°-

or
©
fz)
o
ba |
wo
a
eo}
ou

84°3} 380°8) 85°3) 79°

98°5) 98°4| 92°5: 95°5, 99°4! 95:4 97°8| 88°7 89°8-101°5 81°4—95 °2

or

8i-4) 79-4). 85-6; 89°

61°4) 59°5) 65°6] 63°3] 67°8! 64°5| 64:9, 66 66°5) 62°7, 66°7) 61°7,66 °5—76°3 56°1—65

;

44°5 44°9 44°6! 42-2 44°8| 44:3 46-456 °5'37-8—43 6

53—66°9} 48—54°

()
oO
res
or
oO
or
(o/)
On
Oo
()
i)

47°6) «. 53°9) 51°5) 54°38) 51°5) 55°4, 54 | 55°3)

to
roe
“I
ns
He
i

45 43 46 4572

63°5| 63°4] 69°4| 68°4| 74°6) 73°53) 72 77 80°5| 72°8 - 732t} 77 |70°6—79-8 63 :4—75°5
( | | *

0°72 5°8 7°3 5-1 7 7 fi Leet) meg te le} le aT ae: 6°5 et 45) 6°1—7°5

3 63 | 55°6| 56°5 45°9—56°7| 54—57°3

1
1
J

46 41°8 43-1| 42-1] 56-1] 53°8| 59°7) 53°9, 57°9) 55°8 52°9| 50°6 46-8—52-5 49-6—52

(yy)
bo
oo
o
i)
My)
co
He
bo
(o)
i
co
a
vo)
Go
Lo
oo
oO
on
bs
o
th
iY)
wm
rs
ow
ior)
lor]
1]
=I
fo}
w&
nee
—
&
©
i)
oe

43°7| 38:2] 40°2| 38:1] 46°8] 47°4) 45 " 46°4 45 42-7, 40°3| 43 *8—48 °6 38 °3—44°2
24°38] 22 23 6 22°5| 25-5] 25-7) 24:8 24-1) 23:5) 24-2 23:5) 22 8 93—29°3 21-4— 24
| |
Qual Oi deme 78 8 10°5) TRU Sarit | 12°8 13 11 | 7-8} .10
| | |
Bags A ae SY AN La a re eee 0 Ee
Length of brain case. 100 | 100

oe 140-15
|

Orcipito-basilar length.

672 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII.

Before closing this paper there are some points, connected with the geographi-
cal distribution of these two very distinct species, about which we wish to add a
few words and to make an appeal for help. Of MU. mulatta we have, thanks to
the Survey, a certain amount of material representing that species in the Kumaon
and Sikkim Tarais, Assam, Chindwin to Mt. Popa in Burma, eastwards to the
Shan States and southwards to Prome. But though mulatta is the common
monkey of India, north of the Madras Presidency. we have altogether only two
Survey specimens from the Central Provinces and very little information even
as to its occurrence in Central India and Bengal to guide us.

Anderson writes “‘ I obtained on the right bank of the Irawadi, ahout 20-25
miles below Bhamo, a female monkey which closely agrees with the type of assa-
mensis.” He also obtained a monkey from the Sunderbuns which, as we have
seen, is undoubtedly a form of assamensis. Anderson also notices a monkey
‘“‘ resembling rhesus,’ which occurs in Kashmir and is sometimes found at an
elevation of 10,000 feet. This is probably the monkey named “ WM. rhesus
villosus’’ by True, and possibly the same species as a specimen collected in Lower
Chitral by Capt. H. F. D. Stirling and sent to this Museum by the B. N. H.S.,
but whether it is the same as the form noted by Blanford at Murree, by Dodsworth
in the Simla Hill States (J. B. N. H. S. xxii, p. 730, 1914) and by Maj. Bailey
and others at high elevations in the Himalayas elsewhere, we have no material on
which to judge. We appeal to members, who are in a position to do so, to fur-
nish us with good adult specimens (skin and skull) which would be invaluable at
this time, and to all, for all can help in this way, to furnish information about
their local monkey. We should also like to hear as a fact the names of districts
from which the Rhesus is absent.

INDIAN DRAGONFLIES

BY
Mayor F. C. Fraser, I.M.S.
(With 5 Text-fiqures.)
(Continued from page 498 of this Volume.)
| Part X.
Family—LIBELLULIDAE.

Subfamily IT.—Corputmy».

Compared with the Libelluline, the Corduliine are a comparatively small
subfamily, represented within Indian limits by five genera and eleven species.

The subfamily is split up into two groups—Cordulia and Macromia, and these
again into genera, of which the first group contains only one genus—Hemicordu-
lia, and the second group four genera—Macromia, Epophthalmia, Phyllomacromia
and Idionyzx.

They are usually insects of large size with robust or slim bodies with more or
less metallic colouring. The eyes are more or less contiguous, the thorax bulky
and the abdomen jong and cylindrical. They may be mistaken for Libelluline
or even for Aischnine, the general facies being a combination of the characters
of the two subfamilies. From the former they may be recognised by the follow-
ing characters :—

1. A small, sinuous projection on the middle of the hinder border of the eyes.

2. A tuft of hairs or spines at the distal end of the anterior femora and a
keel on the tibiz.

3. The anal border of the hindwings in the males deeply notched (except in
Hemicordulia).

4. A general metallic colouring of the head and thorax.

From the Zschnine, they may be recognised by the triangular arrangement
of the ocelli around the vesicle, and by the very marked inequality of the tri-
gones of the fore and hind wings.

Among the Indian Libelluline, the only one likely to be confused with the
Cordulines is Zygonyx iris, but in this the hindwing is not notched, the tibiz
are not keeled and there is no postocular projection.

The same may be said for other metallic species, such as—Cratilla metallica,
Brachydilax sobrina and farinosa and some species of Rhyothemis.

Tillyard divides up the subfamily into five tribes and two of these again into
series, but as only three of these tribes are represented within Indian limits, it
is more,convenient to adopt a modification of Martin’s classification.

GROUPS OF CORDULINES.

A. ‘Trigone of the hindwing in line with or
slightly proximal to the arc. ‘ .. Cordulia.
B. Trigone of the hindwing distal to the are .. Macromia.

Dicuotomous Kry To THE GENERA AND SPECIES
OF THE SUBFAMILY CORDULIINS.

( Genus Hemicordulia. Trigone of the hindwing
in line with or slightly proximal to the arc.
i Only one species within Indian limits .. Hemicordulia asiatica,
Selys.
Trigone of the hindwing distal to the arc... 2

674 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XXVII.

(Genus Epophthalmia. Trigone and subtrigone

| ofthe forewing always, and trigone of the
2< hindwing nearly always traversed

| Trigone and subtrigone of fore and hindwing

| always free

( Costal nervure black: Upper surface of front
34 and vertex steely metallic blue

| Costal nervure yellow

( Four largish spots of yellow on the face and two
at base of labrum : yeilow annules on the
4 abdomen very broad ..
|
| Only three yellow spots on face: yellow
| annules on the abdomen much narrower ..

5 Upper surface of front steely black ..
Upper surface of front metallic blue ..

(Genus Macromia. Discoidal field commencing

| with 2 or more rows of cells: anal loop
Gs short and rounded and at least 3 cells wide,

| Discoidal field commencing with only 1 row of

| cells: anal loop narrow and elongate and
{ not more than 2 cells in width

( Front of thorax metallic blue, with a yellow,

| humeral band : costa outwardly yellow

7< Lower part of front of thorax reddish brown,
| green metallic above: no humeral, yellow

toemnel ee as Bae eae 36

(Comparatively small species with hindwing

| ca. 37-39 mm, abdomen ca. 44 mm. : face

| bright yellow spotted with deep black : yel-
low markings on abdomen bright and sharply
defined .. 40

Larger species with hindwing ca. 41-44 mm.,
abdomen ca. 47-51 mm.: face yellowish
brown : yellow markings on abdomen more
sombre and diffuse

)
|
|
|

l

(Superior appendages of male brown with an

| external spine at the middle: inferior

| appendages reddish: 10th abdominal seg-
ment bearing a bituberculated eminence on
the dorsal carina

s Superior appendages of male black with an
| external spine situated nearer the apex than
| the base : inferior appendages black, of the
| same length as superior ; 10th abdominal
| segment bearing a trituberculated eminence
| onthe dorsal carina ..

L

Epophthalmia cyano-
cephala, Hagen.

Epophthalmia fron-
talis, Selys.

E. vitiata, Burm.
E. vittigera, Ramb.

Macromia cingulata,
Ramb.

Macromia flavicine-
ta, Selys.

Macromia moorei,
Selys.

Macromia trituber-
culata, Fraser.

10

9

1)

INDIAN DRAGONFLIES, 67

(Genus Phyllomacromia. 8th abdominal seg-
ment of female dilated at the sides: are
| between the 2nd and 3rd antenodal nervu-
so2 Tee only 1] species within Indian limits .. Phyllomacromia nil-
giriensis, Fraser.
| Genus Idionyr. 8th abdominal segment of
; female not dilated at the sides: arc be-

| tween the Ist and 2nd antenodal nervures. . il
ul } Vesicle not markedly prominent 3 ale 12
Vesicle conspicuously prominent cle ies 13

{ Pyramidal elevation on dorsum of 10th seg-
| ment with its point turned back in the direc-
| tion of base of abdomen... ee Sis
12< Pyramidal elevation on dorsum of 10th abdo-
| minal segment with its point inclining to-

Idionyx yolanda, Selys.

L. wards the end of abdomen .. ne .. Idionyx optata, Selys.
{ Vesicle prominent, conical, eminence.
Antehumeral, oval spots well defined .. Idionyx ornata, Fraser.

134 Vesicle prominent, acute, spine-shaped like
| the horn of a rhinoceros, Antehumeral
{ spots very obscure .. ea aif .. Idionyx corona, Fraser.

Grovr 1.

xenus—HEMICORDULTIA, Selys.

pee:
, LOL A RA @

Fig. 1.—Wings of Hemicordulia asiatica, Selys. (x 2.5).

Head moderately large and globular: eyes moderately contiguous : vesicle
high and slightly notched : forehead with a marked foreborder : suture shallow.

Prothorax with a small posterior lobe.

Thorax moderately robust, somewhat cubical and almost naked.

Legs robust and long.

Abdomen clavate in the male, cylindrical and slightly dilated at the anal end
in the female. Auricles absent in both sexes.

Anal appendages : the superior in the male long and sinuous when seen from
above, strongly arched seen from the side in profile, the inferior fused as in the
Libelluline, triangular, curving strongly upward to meet the superior. In the
female, the superior smaller and straighter and smaller than in the male, conical
and pointed.

4

676 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVI1.

Genitalia : male on 2nd abdominal segment—lamina depressed, hamules well
developed, lobes small; female : 8th abdominal segment not dilated but the
whole of the terminal segments slightly broadened so that the end of the abdomen
is somewhat clubbed at the end: vulvar scale yery small, cleft into two small
triangular, leaf-like processes separated by a deep fissure.

Wings moderately broad and long : line of trigone in the hindwing slightly
proximal to the line of the trigone in the fore: trigone in forewing broad, the
costal side about equal to the proximal, the distal much longer, its long axis in
the breadth of the wing, traversed once : trigone in the hindwing with distal and
costal sides a little subequal and the proximal much shorter, its long axis in the
length of the wing, entire, situated a little proximal to the arc : arc between the
Ist and 2nd antenodal nervures : antenodal nervures 7, the final complete :
sectors of the are separated in both wings, springing from the arc a little below
its middle: all hypertrigones entire : only rarely and irregularly, supplementary
nervures to the bridge : only 1 cubital nervure to all wings: 4th nervure irregu-
larly undulated : 5a (Rspl) very short but well developed : only 1 row of cells
between 5 and 5a (Rs and Rspl): 7a (Mspl) well developed, very long, extend-
ing almost to the termen: discoidal field strongly contracted at the termen
where it is only 2 small cells wide, commencing with 2 or 3 cells and then continued
tor a short distance as 2 rows of cells: termen strongly indented at the 6th
nervure : subtrigone formed of 3 cells, its basal nervure not meeting the trigone
but separated from it by a short stalk: loop long and narrow and with a very
small toe, split cells at the outer angle only : anal area formed of 2 or 3 rows of
cells, large and running obliquely : anal border in both sexes rounded. Stigma
short and comparatively broad. Membrane small.

Only one species found within Indian limits.

1. Hemicordulia aslatica, Selys.

Selys, Bull. Acad. Belg. (2) Mar. 1878.
Martin, Coll. Selys, 1906.

Id. Gen. Insectorum, 1912.

Laidlaw. Rec. Ind. Mus, 1914.

Fraser, Bom. Nat. Hist. J ourn, 1919.

Male. Hindwing 32 mm., abdomen 33 mm.

Female. Hindwing 35 mm., abdomen 37 mm.

Male : head ; eyes deep bottle green : vesicle, frons and upper part of epistome
brilliant metallic green : lower part of epistone, labrum and labium bright yellow.

Prothorax blackish brown, with a large, dorsal, yellow spot.

Thorax bright metallic green on the dorsum and humeral regions, the sides
posterior to this being bright yellow, traversed by a broad, metallic green stripe
which runs obliquely down and forward from the root of the hindwing. Legs
black, the coxee and greater part of the femora yellow.

Wings hyaline, faintly smoked. The anal border of the hindwing in the male
rounded, not excavate as in other Cordulines. (This feature is associated with
an absence of the auricles, the small, ear-like processes found on the sides of the
2nd abdominal segment of most Cordulines and many A’schnines and Gomphines.
Apparently there is some corelation between the two, the wings being notched
at the base to clear these appendages, or it may be that the auricles fill in the gap
left by the notched wing, probably the former is the correct explanation. The
wings of females are never notched in any of the insects quoted and this is always
associated with very tiny, rudimentary auricles.)

Abdomen clavate, the first two segments dilated a little dorso-ventrally an
laterally, the 3rd and 4th constricted, the remaining segments gradually dilating
as far as the 7th and then tapering to the end. The terminal 6 or 7 segments
depressed. Black, marked with metallic green and yellow as follows :—a narrow
metallic green stripe running from the Ist to the 4th segment dorsally, the sides

INDIAN DRAGONFLIES, 677

of the first 3 segments bright, uninterrupted yellow, the 4th to 8th segments with
wedge-shaped, yellow spots on either side, extending to the lateral border and
base of each segment.

Anal appendages black, rather longer than the 2 last segments ef the abdomen,
the superior rather sinuous and this as seen from above, curving, strongly down-
wards, the inferior shorter, triangular, curving up to meet the superior.

Female very similar to the male, rather larger in size and the abdomen shaped
differently. The markings on the abdomen not nearly so extensive as in the
male. The Ist and 2nd segments dilated dorso-ventrally, the remaining segments
strongly depressed and parallel-sided as far as the 7th, where the abdomen dilates
laterally so as to be slightly club-shaped.

Hab. An apparently rather rare or at least local insect which until Mr. Bain
brigge Fletcher of Pusa rediscovered it in 1918 at Shillong, was only known by 2
male specimens.

I found a pair amongst a small collection sent to me from Pusa which had been
taken in Assam and the female of this pair constitutes the female type specimen
and is stillin the Pusa collection. The type male is in the Selys collection, from
the Khasia Hills, Assam, the other male was taken by Mr. Stevens at Dejoo, N.
Lakhimpur, Upper Assam.

Mr. Fletcher took his specimens along the banks of a tank, “ settled on grass
at edge of lake ” or “ hovering about 3 ft. over the water, near edge of tank ”
He remarks that they have a rapid flight and are not easy to catch and that when
hovering, facing the observer, the eyes glow with a gorgeous green. August to
October are the months in which most of the specimens were taken. Its habits’
are very similar to the British species Cordulia enex, Linn.

Genus—EPoPuTHALMIA.

ey

Sia pes =——
ap Oa nee om Gan wanes ae oe
=e
—t— 7 7 yo

5; ae
5 i

SS Ww)
i Gd Sets
rR

Fig. 2. Wings of Zpophthalmia vitiata, Burm.

os

Head large and globular: éyes very large and broadly contiguous : vesicle
large and high, surmounted by two small papille : forehead with a rounded
eminence in front and a small pointed eminence outwardly : foreborder not well-
marked : a band of stiff bristles at the lower part of forehead and another row
of similar bristles resembling a hogged moustache at the middle of epistome :
suture deep : occipital triangle very small : basal joints of antenne tumid.

Prothorax very small and completely hidden by the large head, posterior lobe
smal],

Thorax very bulky, humeral region square, tergum large and flat.

678 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XXVII,

Legs long and robust : all femora finely papillated on the flexor surfaces, the
hind with 4 or 5 fine spines at the extreme distal end, mid femora with a row of
gradually lengthening, fine spines: tibial spines robust, widely set and moder-
ately numerousy: claw hooks indistinguishable from the claws, which thus
appear bifid at the ends, the claws and hooks being about the same size.

Abdomen long and cylindrical, the base and distal end tumid, the intervening
segments slim and cylindrical. Abdomen of female long and cylindrical but
rather compressed laterally and of a more even width than in the male.

Anal appendages : superior robust and angulated, with a small spine at the
sides : inferior of about the same length, fused, triangular and curving up more or
less to meet the superior.

In the female the appendages are very short, straight and conical.

Wings long and tapering rapidly towards the apex, the hind very broad at the
base in the males and with the tornus produced and strongly angulated ; in the
female, the tornus rounded ; trigone in the forewing distal to the line of that of
hind, narrow, its long axis in the breadth of the wing, the distal and proximal
sides a little subequal, traversed at least once ; trigone in the hindwing well
distal to the line of arc, its long axis in the length of the wing, its costal and distal
sides nearly equal, usually traversed ; hypertrigone in the forewing traversed,
usually several times and that of the hind more often than not traversed ; arc
between the Ist and 2nd antenodal nervures, its sectors fused for a considerable
distance ; multiple cubital nervures in both wings ; supplementary nervures to
the bridge in both wings ; antenodal nervures numerous, up to 17 or more in
most species, the final complete ; 4th nervure very flat and long, only slightly
undulated ; 5th nervure often with an angular bend directed backwards just
proximal to the inner end of stigma ; 5a well developed, usually only 1 row of
cells between it and 5; 6th and 7th nervures undulated and turning sharply
towards the termen near their terminations; 7a not present ; discoidal field com-
mencing with 2 or 3 rows of cells and then continued for a variable distance as
2 rows of cells, enormously dilated at the termen ; 8th nervure very short and
convex, arising in the hindwing from the anal angle of trigone ; th nervure
strongly angulated a short distance posterior to the trigone and appearing as if
forked, the inner branch of the fork being the outer border of the end of the loop ;
loop short and broad with no te ;anal area in the male, broad and expanding
into the tornus ; the base of wing strongly indented ; tornus and base of wing
rounded in the female. Membrane large. Stigma narrow and long.

Genitalia : male, 2nd segment projecting markedly from the ventral surface :
lamina foliate and depressed ; tentaculae long, foliate processes ending in a fine,
slightly curved hook ; lobe quadrate, not as high as the hamules. Female ; 8th
abdominal segment not dilated, but the 7th, 8th and 9th segments broadened
dorso-ventrally ; 8th ventral plate prolonged into a long, foliate, vulvar scale
which is cleft by a deep fissure into two leaf-like processes which overlap the 9th
ventral plate, on the latter and between the two processes mentioned previously,
is a tuft of short, stiff hairs ; the 10th ventral plate large and fissured mesially
and overlapped slightly by the 9th. Three or possibly 4 species found within
Indian limits. The specific distinctions are based, at present mainly on colour
differences which are not always satisfactory, and it is more than probable all
are merely local races of H. frontalis, Selys.

2. Epophthalmia cyanccephaia, Hagen, Verh, Zool. bot. Ges.
Wien, XVII. 1867.
Selys, Bulletin Acad, Belg. (2) XX XI, 1871.
Martin, Coll. Selys. Cordulines, 1906.

Male. Abdomen ca. 52 mm., hindwing 50 mm.

INDIAN DRAGONFLIES. 679

Wings hyaline, without any vestige of a basal brown marking, the apices
slightly suffused with brown and a yellow tinting at the anal angle ; 17
antenodal nervures, 7-9 postnodals, hypertrigone traversed 2 to 3 times, cubital
nervures numerous, usually about 5; stigma black, about 2 cells in length,
ee long ; membrane white or greyish. Reticulation black as well as the
costa.

Head large ; labium, labrum and face dark brown with acoppery sheen
marked with yellow as follows :—a transverse, basal, interrupted spot at the
middle of labrum, a basal stripe, two small, triangular spots in the middle and a
lateral on the nasus and a lateral spot near the eyes.

Thorax steely black with a brilliant, greenish blue, metallic reflection. The
antealar sinus a light brown, an antehumeral, straight narrow, dark yellow
stripe and a broadish oblique stripe on the sides of the same colour. :

Abdomen cylindrical, tumid at the base and a little thickened from segments
6 to 10, steely black in colour marked with yellow as follows :—a median, oblique
annule on the 2nd segment, a similar on the 3rd but interrupted by the dorsal
carina, a subdorsal spot on each side of the dorsal carina on the 4th, an annule
on the 7th occupying about the basal 4th and slightly broken by the dorsal crest,
a basal vestige of the same on the 8th. The 10th segment dark brown on the
dorsum, with no markings and a smali tubercle at its base.

Legs black, the extreme base of femora brown.

Anal appendges black, the superior as long as the 10th segment, the apical
half curved slightly and an angular spine on the outer side at about its middle,

Female unknown.

Hab. Ceylon.

3. Epephthalmia vittata, Burm. Handbk, Ent. 1839.

Selys, loc. cit.
Martin, loc. cit.

Male, abdomen 50 mm., hindwing 48 mm. : female abdomen 58 mm., hindwing
o2 mm.

Male : wings hyaline with a diffuse, yellow tinting at the anal angle ; mem-
brane pale grey, darker at the anal border ; stigma 3 mm., pale brown, not quite
covering 14 cells ; 15 to 17 antenodal nervures, 7 postnodals ; hypertrigone
traversed 3 to 4 times: 5 to 6 cubital nervures : the discoidal field commencing
with a single row of 3 cells and then continued as 2 rows of cells ; reticulation
black, the costa finely yellow. ¢

General colouring ochreous brown, marked with yellow. ;

Labium, labrum and face reddish brown with 2 basal, yellow spots to the
labrum, a sinuous transverse band on the nose, a small, subtriangular spot
between this and the eyes. No markings on the upper part of frons which is
steely black with a coppery reflection.

Black or ochreous brown according to age, the front being metallic with the
antealar sinus and a slightly curved antehumeral band on each side which nearly
meets the antealar sinus yellow. Laterally a large, medium, yellow band
-~which is continued over the tergum between the roots of the wings, meeting its
fellow from the other side.

Abdomen cylindrical, tumid at the base, thickened from segments 6 to 10,
black or deep brown, marked with yellow as follows :—complete rings on seg-
ments 2 and 3 before the base and similar ones on 4 to 7 but broader and occupy-
ing nearly the apical half of each segment, on segments 8 and 9 the annules still
broader, occupying nearly the whole of the dorsum, but badly defined and diffuse.
10th yellow.

Legs blackish brown, the femora rather paler. ;
A small tubercle at the base of the 10th segment. The superior anal append.

aces yellow, rather longer than the 10th segment.

680 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXV11.

Female very similar, the abdomen being stouter and more flattened laterally
and the yellow rings rather broader.

At the base of the hindwing, between the costa and the submedian nervure, a
brownish ray, extending as far out as the Ist antenodal nervure. The outer
fifth of the wings is usually clouded with a dirty yellow or pale brown.

The 3 last abdominal segments black, the 8th with a small transverse, basal
spot of yellow on each side of the dorsal carina.

‘* Burmeister’s type is from Madras and is of rather larger dimensions than
those given above. The thorax is described as having 6 yellow bands but he
may have supposed that 2 had faded from postmortem decomposition, as Hagen
describes it as having only 4 bands—Selys.”’

In my specimens from Poona, there are certainly only the 2 antehumeral and
the 2 lateral bands and as these are fresh specimens, Selys was certainly correct
inhis conjecture. In the male, the upper part of the front of thorax and the
brown part of the sides less so, are a fine, metallic green. The costa is finely
yellow on the superior surface only, and as far out as the stigma, which is deep
brown, almost black. The upper part of frons and the vesicle are metallic green,
with a bright yellow spot just in front of the vesicle. The neuration of the wings.
is similar to H. vittigera, Ramb., from Java and Borneo and doubtfully, Assam.
The yellow annules on the abdomen differ somewhat as follows :—that on the
3rd occupies its middle third, on the 4th, 5th and 6th nearly as much as the basal
half but the apical border of the rings is much clearer cut than the basal, which
is diffuse, the annule on the 7th occupies the basal third and on the 8th and 9th,
obscurely, the greater part of dorsum.

Female similar but the facial markings more obscure and the rings on the
abdomen much broader of which the ground colour is pale ochreous brown. In
old specimens the greater part of the wings is suffused with a dirty yellow,
rather patchy in its distribution.

“Selys: EH. vittata, vittigera, frontalis, cyanocephala and australis are all
closely allied and may perhaps all be local races of a common species.”

4. Epophthalmia vittigera, Ramb., Neuropt., 1842.

Selys. loc. cit.
Martin, loc. cit.
Macromia vittigera, Ramb., 1842.

Abd., male 50-53 mm., female 57-60. Hindwing, male 48-51 mm., female
51-54 mm.

Wings hyaline (in the male, a pale yellow tinting at the anal angle of forewing,
but occupying in the hindwing, the entire space between the costa and medium
as far out as the lst antenodal nervure. In the female, the brown marking more
distinct in the forewing and extending outwards as far as the 5th antenodal ner-
vure in the hindwing. The apical fifth of the wings suffused with a dirty yellow
or ochreous).

Membrane grey, darker against the anal border ; stigma brownish black,
covering 13-2 cells, length 3 mm. ; in the forewing, 15-20 antenodal nervures,
7-8 postnodals, hypertrigone traversed 3 or 4 times, 5-7 cubital nervures, dis-
coidal field commencing with a single row of 3 cells and then PEA as 2 rows
of cells. Reticulation black ; costa yellow as far out as node.

Body colouring brownish black varied with yellow markings as. follows :—
Labium, labrum and face a russet brown with a transverse, sinuous, yellow basal
line interrupted in the middle on the epistome and a lateral spot on the nose.
Upper part of frons steely metallic blue (in the teneral female, a median, basal
yellow spot in front of vesicle as in vittata from Poona, and on each side, against
the eyes, a pale yellow spot).

Thorax brownish black with a bluish, metallic reflection. The antealar sinus
in front, a narrow, antehumeral stripe on each side and a narrow, median stripe
on the sides which goes over the tergum, as in vittata, yellow.

INDIAN DRAGONFLIES. 681

Abdomen cylindrical, tumid at the base, a little thickened from the 6th to the
10th segments, black, marked with yellow as follows :—narrow, submedian
annules on the 2nd to 6th segments, nearly broken by the dorsal carina except
on the 2nd, the rings on 7 and 8 are nearer the base and on the latter not inter-
rupted.

Legs black, femora brown.

In the male, the 10th segment has a small tubercle at the base. Anal append-
ages brownish black, the superior a little longer than the 10th, curving conver-
gently, a little, thick, the outer border curved from its middle rather “abruptly
where it bears a sharp spine, the end blunt. Inferior appendages rather longer
than the superior, curving upwards a little, the end somewhat truncate. .

Female. The stripes and rings rather broader. Appendages black, conical,
pointed, shorter than the 10th segment, which is as long as the 9th. Vulvar
scale cleft into two small, leaf-like processes, closely parallel and as long as the
9th segment.

Teneral specimens have a vestige of 2 pale yellow marks at the base of the
labrum: the yellow rings on the abdomen are broader on the 4th to the 7th
segments. The male has no basal brown marking to wings and the 10th segment
and anal appendages are brownish yellow.

Hab. Java. Martin mentions Assam, Borneo.

E, vittata and vittigera are evidently very closely related, or are perhaps merely
varieties of one species.

5. Epophthalmia frontalis, Selys., loc. cit., 1871.

Martin, loc. cit.

Type male, in Selys’s coll. Female unknown.

This species which is closely related to the foregoing, and much resembles them,
is distinguished by the much broader yellow annules on the abdomen and by 4
rather large yellow spots on the front, 2 at the base of the labrum and a yellow
band on the nasus. The costa is yellow.

The abdominal rings are not a very reliabl> guide as they vary greatly in
breadth in vittata and are broad in vittigera. The spots on the front are the only
specific differences and it is more than probable that frontalis is merely a local
variety of the two species mentioned. The anal appendages of the three species
do not present any marked differentiation.

Genus—MAcRoOMIA.
' SEs

5)

SS ELEORL TS HLT
EY OLTD fa
Fig. (3) Wings of Macromia moore’, male (x2).

Head large and globular; eyes contiguous for a long distance; occipital
triangle small ; frons with a rounded foreborder, pointed rather sharply at the
outer angles, the whole coated with dense, short bristles ; a similar row of brist-
les, on the lower part of the epistome as seen in Epophthalmia ; suture very deep.
Prothorax small.

682 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVIL,

Thorax small, cubical, coated with long hairs on the front and dorsal surface.
Legs long and slim, hind femora with 2 rows of short, closely set spines on the
flexor surface, each ending in a single, long, distal spine, and a row of moderately
jong, fine hairs on each side of the distal end of the limb; mid femora with a row
of short, closely-set spines extending the whole length of the limb, fine spines
on the outer, extensor surfaces ; tibial spines long ‘and numerous and an addi-
tional row on the flexor surface a the two anterior tibize ; claws bifid at the extre-
mities, the hooks being as long as the claws.

Abdomen very similar in shape to that of Epophthalmia, tumid at the base,
with auricles on the sides of the 2nd segment, 3rd to 6th segments weil constricted
in the male, segments 7 to 10 dilated laterally and dorso-ventrally, the 10th
segment usually flexed strongly on the 9th. and bearing a strong dorsal spine
Ww ith, in some cases, 2 small, lateral spines. Im the female the abdomen is of
more even width and markedly compressed laterally from the 3rd to the 10th
segments, the base of the abdomen is tumid and there is a strong carina ve the
dorsum which is not well marked in the male.

Anal appendages : superior short, diverging, pointed and bearing an external
pine on the outer border ; inferior triangular, very slightly bifid at the extremity,
curving up to meet the superior. Superior appendages in the female very short,
conical and tapering.

Genitalia : male organs on the 2nd abdominal segment large and projecting
markedly from the ventral surface; lamina usually depressed, elongated and
bifid at the free border ; hamules long, tapering, foliate processes, prolonged
into a long straight hook which is closely applied to the lobe ; lobe straight and
tapering to a point.

Female : 8th abdominal segment not dilated ; 8th ventral plate prolonged into
two oval or leaf-shaped processes which overlap the 9th ventral plate, the latter
being convex at its free border and not overlapping the 10th. 10th very short.

Wings long and moderately narrow ; trigone of the forewing in line with that
of the hind, broad, its costal and proximal sides subequal, the distal side being
the longest, its long axis in the breadth of the wing, entire ; trigone of the hind-
wing with its long axis in the length of the wing, entire, situated weil distal to
the arc, its costal and distal sides subequal, the proximal much shorter than
either ; hypertrigone of the forewing usually traversed 3 times, that of the hind
only twice ; subtrigone in the forewing entire, its posterior angle projecting a
little posterior to the trigone ; arc between the Ist and 2nd antenodals, which
number 13 to 16, the final being complete ; 4th nervure with a single convex
eurve ; multiple SUIgioueaO Een nervures to the bridge ; supplementary cubital
nervures to both TuESS 4 or 5in number ; 5a (Rspl) well formed, very long, run-
ning in some cases as far as the termen ; only 1 row of cells between 5 and 5a
(Rs. and Rspl.) ; 7a (Mspl.) obsolete ; 8th nervure in the forewing short and
strongly convex ; discoidal field widely dilated, 2 rows of cells as far as or beyond
the inner end of the bridge ; 8th nervure in the hindwing from the anal angle of
the trigone ; 9th nervure in the h ndwing strongly angulated at about 2 or 3 cells
posterior to the trigone and giving off a branch which forms the outer border of
the loop ; loop broad and short, usually 3 but sometimes 4 cells wide usually
made up of more cells in the female than in the male ; 3 rows of cells between
the loop and the membrane in the female, only 1 or 2 rows in the male ; tornus
markedly angulated in the male, rounded in the female ; basal border of wing
markedly indented in the male, rounded or straight in the female. Membrane
large ; sigma of moderate dimensions, rather short.

6. Macromia cingulata, Ramb., Neurop., 1842.

Selys, Bull. Acad. Belg. (2), XX XI, 1871 and XXXVII, 1874.

Martin, loc. cit. 1906.
Macromia whitei, Selys. (male) Bull. Acad. Belg. (2), XX XI, 1871.

Abdomen: ¢ 44 mm., 944 mm.,; hindwing: 3 37,239 mm.

INDIAN DRAGONFLIES. 683

Wings hyaline or slightly washed with dirty yellow especially in the female
reticulation black ; costa yellow along its anterior border ; stigma short, black
(23 mm.), covers about 13 cells ; membrane grey ; in the forewing 13 to 14 ante-
nodal nervures, 6 postnodals and 2 rows of discoidal cells. In the teneral female
the wings are faintly saffronated in their basal half and along the costal border,
the extreme base is deeply saffronated as far as the Ist antenodal nervure ; the
stigma is brown and the membrane white.

In some specimens of males, the wings are a bright saffron for about three-
fourths of their extent but whether this is a teneral condition or not is
doubtful.

(In one specimen which I have before me, the apices of the forewings are
bright saffron as far as the node and for the whole length of the subcostal space.
In the hindwings, the saffronation is a little deeper and extends as far as 2 post-
nodals from the node but the margin extends obliquely to the termen, which it
reaches at the 8th (Cui) nervure. The extreme base is also deeply saffronated in
the subcostal and cubital spaces. This specimen was undoubtedly a teneral one.)

General colour, deep glossy black, variegated with yellow.

Head: labium and labrum yellow, the middle and lateral lobes of former and
the edge of labrum bordered with black ; face and frons yellow, the front of latter
black, which colour is connected with a black spot lying in the suture above the
front so as to form a large T-shaped mark. Vertex, occiput and back of eyes
black, the latter a beautiful emerald green.

Thorax metallic blue marked with yellow as follows :—the antealar sinus, an
antehumeral band not extending as far up as the sinus and laterally, a broad,
median stripe which ascends between the bases of the wings to traverse the
tergum and connect up with its fellow from the other side.

Abdomen black, ringed with bright, sharply defined yellow rings. On the
2nd segment, the ring very broad and occupying nearly the basal half, on the
3rd a semi-annule above and a broadish spot laterally, on the 4th to 6th the rings
occupy one-fourth of the segments, being complete and nearer the base than the
middle of each segment, finally on 7 and 8 the rings occupy the basal half.

In the male the abdomen is cylindrical, a little tumid at the base and somewha:
dilated from 7 to9: on the dorsum of the 10th segment is situated a median,
short, pointed, stout spine, which appears right-angled in profile.

In the female the abdomen is stouter, not dilated at the end and markedly
compressed laterally.

Legs slender, brownish black or black, the anterior pair yellow on the basal
half of their flexor surface.

Anal appendages of male black, the superior longer than the 10th abdominal
segment, a little subcylindrical, the inner border straight, the outer furnished
at its middle with a robust spine. The terminal half tapered and ending acutely.

The inferior appendages of equal length, triangular, a little curved up and
blunted at the end. In the female, the appendages are rather longer than the
10th segment, conical, pointed and black. The vulvar scale slightly cleft.

Hab. Bengal, the Deccan. Moderately common at Poona. A male taken
at Mahableshwar near Bombay. In Poona it is met with, either following the
course of shallow swift streams, hovering closely over the surface of the water,
or else hawking up and down lanes or openings in the jungle and very occasion
ally settling low down on twigs.

Closely allied to cincta but smaller, the markings much brighter and better
defined and labrum bordered with black. ;

7. Macromia moorei, Selys, loc. cit, 1874 and 1878.

Martin, loc. cit., 1906.
Abdomen: 3, 2 49 mm.; hindwing: ¢ 55 mm., 2 57 mm.

5

684 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII.

Male : wings hyaline, stigma brownish yellow or yellow, rather more than 1
mm. in length ; in the forewing, 14-16 antenodal nervures, 8-9 postnodals, the
hypertrigone traversed 3 to 4 times but the trigone entire ; membrane white.

Labrum ochreous, labium reddish yellow, narrowly bordered with brown. The
border of labrum sometimes bordered also with brown. Epistome and frons
olivaceous, the latter with a steely reflection in front.

Thorax rich mahogany red on the lower part ofits front, metallic green above
and at the sides. The antealar sinus yellow as is also a broadish lateral stripe
which passes up between the bases of the wings to traverse the gms: and con-
nect up with its fellow from the other side.

No humeral band.

Abdomen dark, brownish black, marked with yellow as follows :—narrow,
median rings on segments 2 to 7, broadest on the latter and occupying about its
basal half. Small vestiges or points of yellow on the sides of the 8th and 9th
segments.

Anal appendages slightly longer than the 10th segment of abdomen, black,
subcylindrical, with an external spine situated about its middle ; inferior append
ages a little longer than the superior, reddish, curving up a little at the end.

The 10th abdominal segment usually strongly flexed on the 9th, strongly
keeled above, this keel commencing with a small, right-angled eminence, slightly
notched at its summit.

Female : wings smoked or often saffronated as far as the arc: reticulation
black, including the costa: stigma brownish black, rather longer than in the
male : antenodal and postnodal nervures usually slightly more numerous than
in the male : membrane moderately large, white.

Head and thorax as for male. Abdomen black, ringed with yellow: broad
median rings on segments 2 to 5, narrower on the 6th, broader on the 7th, occu-
pying its basal half, a terminal vestige on the 8th and on borders of 9th. Vulvar
scale short, cleft.

Anal appendages black, cylindrical, pointed, as long as the 10th abdominal
segment. >

Hab. Khasia Hills, Assam, Deccan. Sometimes taken in company with
flavicincia, its habits being similar. Breeds in running water and is usually
found in jungle ridings or open spaces in jungle or more rarely following tue
course of brooks.

Differs from flavicineta by the shorter stigma and by the black costa.

8. Macromia flavicincta. Selys, loc. cit.

Martin, loc. cit.

Abdomen: 3 47 mm. 2 50-51 mm.;, hindwing: ¢ 41 mm., 9 44 mm.

Wings hyaline in the male, dirty or tinted with yellow i in the female (in some
specimens, the wings are largely bright saffron but I am not certain if this is a
teneral condition although the colouration of the bodies of such specimens is
always fully developed) ; reticulation black, costa yellow along its anterior border;
stigma moderately large (3 mm.), and covering ca. 2 cells ; membrane a greyish
white ; in the forewing 15-17 antenodal nervures, 7 postnodals, 2-4 hypertrigon-
als, 3-5 cubital nervures and 2 rows of discoidal cells.

General colouring steely black with a metallic reflection variegated with yellow.
Head : labium and labrum yellow, the latter bordered broadly with black ;
epistome and front yellow, the latter black in front and in the suture aboye,, the
mark thus forming a thick, black “'T” ; vesicle and occiput dark brown or
black ; eyes a beautiful, opalescent blue somewhat of the quality of a moonstone,

black behind with an oval, yellow spot below.

Thorax metallic blue marked with yellow as follows :—the antealar sinus, a
humeral stripe not extending upwards as far as the sinus, a median, lateral stripe
extending up betaveen the wings to traverse the tergum and conneet up with its

INDIAN DRAGONFLIES, 685

fellow from the other side, finally a posterior stripe on the hinder border of the
metepimeron.

» Abdomen black ringed with yellow as follows :—a basal ring on the 2nd segment
occupying about its half, rings on segments 3 to 6 extending basalwards from
the median transverse ridge of segments but are separated from the base of seg-
ments by black, which colour dorsally, extends apically into the yellow, nearly
cutting the rings in twain on the dorsal crest, on 7 and 8 the rings occupy the
basal half and on 9 there is a transverse, lateral mark.

In the male, the abdomen is cylindrical, a little tumid at the base and dilated
in the terminal segments ; 10th segment with a strong dorsal keel beginning
with a pointed tubercle which is strongly angled when seen in profile.

In the female, the abdomen is more robust, not dilated at the end but strongly
compressed laterally.

Anal appendages of the male dark yellow, the superior longer than the 10th
segment, subcylindrical, with a strong spine at about its middle, the terminal
half tapered and bevelled. Inferior appendages a little longer, triangular, curv-
ing strongly upwards at the end, which is tapered. é

In the female, the appendages conical, pointed, yellow, rather longer than the
10th segment ; vulvar scale cleft into two oval, leaf-like processes which are
contiguous and extend as far as the 9th seg me 1t.

In specimens taken at Poona (which I think are a local race of this insect or
which may be a distinct species), the basal ring on the 7th segment is also en-
croached upon by the basal black, and the ring on the 8th is prolonged in an
apical point on the dorsal crest and also laterally.

The forewings have 14 antenodals and 7 postnodals, the hindwings 10 ante-
nodals and 9 postnodals. In the female, the wings are more or less smoky and
there are dark, brown rays in the subcostal and median (cubital) spaces extending
nearly to the trigone (as in M. gersteckeri). The yellow annules on the abdomen
of the female are much broader than in the male and not encroached upon by the
basal black. The abdomen is markedly flattened laterally.

Legs slender, long, brownish black ; coxe and trochanters yellow.

Ova fusiform, pointed at each end and flattened laterally.

Deposited by the female whilst hovering and dipping the end of abdomen in
water.

Hab. Madras, Poona, Deccan, Mahableshwar near Bombay, Darjeeling.
Generally in wooded districts. Has a habit of hawking up and down glades in
the jungle or in lanes and ridings; at midday it takes a short siesta at which time
they settle low down on bare twigs or bushes. They may often be seen collect-
ing in numbers on such situations and I have seen as many as a dozen, some
paired, hanging together on one small bush. May and June are the best months
during which this insect may be found, but it is seen more sparingly from March
till September. It was very plentiful at Poona in the year 1917 but was scarce
from then until 1920. Possibly it may take three years to breed out as the imago.

Closely related to cingulata, but differs as follows :—

The labium is not bordered with black.

The back of eyes and vertex marked with yellow.

The rings on abdomen broader.

The anterior pair of femora are not bordered with yellow.

The stigma is longer.

The anal border of the hindwings is much more deeply notched.

(nearly straight in cingulata).

7. The shape of the vulvar scale.
. The size is considerably larger.

9. Macromia trituberculata, sp. nov.

Abdomen: ¢ and 2 49 mm.; hindwing: ¢ 42 mm., 9 45 mm.

Head : labium and labrum yellow, both broadly brown at the base ; epistome
and frons pale brownish yellow, the latter with a little metallic green above ;

OLS) ie

*

686 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVI

vesicle metallic green above; occiput small, brown ; eyes emerald green, black

behind.
Prothorax brown. b
Thorax rich mahoghany red on lower part of the front, metallic green above

and at the sides, no humeral stripe but a moderately broad, oblique, bright
canary yellow stripe on the middle of the sides, passing up between the bases of
the wings to traverse the tergum and connect up with its fellow from the other
side. The antealar sinus and a spot behind it, yellow.

Wings slightly smoky and palely suffused with saffron in the basal half, poste-
rior to the trigone and for the basal half of the hindwings posterior to the 8th
nervure (Cui) ; costa black anteriorly, 13 to 14 antenodal nervures, and 11 post-
nodals to the forewings.

Abdomen matt black, marked with yellow as follows :—a dorsal spot on the
2nd segment, shaped like a mushroom with the stalk directed apically, narrow
annules on 3 to 5, a little notched basally with black, a broad, basal annule on
segment 7 pointed apically on the dorsal crest, remaining segments unmarked.

Anal appendages short, black, longer than the 10th segment, the superior with
a robust spine on its outer side, situated a little beyond the middle, the apex
turning out a little ; the inferior of the same length, slightly notched at the apex.
A strong keel on the dorsum of the 10th abdominal segment commencing basally
with an angulated eminence, on either side of which is a small, conical tubercle.

Seen from behind, these appear as three small tubercles.

Legs long, slender, black.

Female differing but little from the male. The yellow markings on abdomen
broader, the abdomen compressed laterally, the anal appendages black, conical,
pointed, rather longer than the 10th abdominal segment ; wings slightly smoky ;
vulvar scale cleft.

Hab. Shillong, Assam. Taken by Mr. T. Bainbrigge Fletcher hawking over
pebbly streams. Several males and females were taken or seen from the 5th to
the 30th September. Oviposition was accomplished as in the Libellulinz, by
hovering and dipping the end of abdomen in water.

Closely allied to M. moorei from which it may be distinguished by the stigma
being black instead of yellow, the appendages of equal length instead of subequal,
no yellow markings on the 8th and 9th segments and by the character: of the
tubercles on the 10th segment. From borneensis, which it resembles closely in
colouring, it may be distinguished by the black costa and by the 10th segment.
From flavicincta and cingulata by the non-possession of a humeral stripe.

rae yO
jie hs

OFS ¥
REALS x

Hig. 4. Wings of Phyllomacromia nilgiriensis. 2 (x 3).

INDIAN DRAGONFLIES, 687

Head broad, eyes very large, broadly contiguous ; occiput small, fringed with
short stiff hairs ; vesicle very prominent, broadly and shallowly notched.
Prothorax comparatively bulky, posterior lobe small and entire.

Thorax narrow and comparatively small. Legs long and slim ; the first pair
of femora with a tuft of hairs at the distal ends, the hind femora with a row of
sparce fine spines, gradually lengthening towards the distal end, mid femora
with more numerous and stouter spines than those of the hind ; anterior tibiz
keeled, the spines long and numerous, claw-hooks well developed, situated at
the extreme end of claws and of equal length, so that the latter appear redupli-
cated.

Wings rounded at the apex, the fore narrow, the hind very broad (the anal
border notched in the male, rounded in the female) ; in the forewing, 12-13
antenodal nervures, the final complete, 6 postnodals ; arc between the 2nd and
3rd antenodal nervures ; trigone in the hindwing well distal of are ; both trigones
subequilateral, the hind larger than that of fore, both entire ; sectors of arc in
both wings fused for a long distance ; 1 cubital nervure in the forewing, 2 in the
hind ; subtrigone in the forewing 4-sided ; hypertrigone of forewing traversed
once, that of hind entire ; 1 or 2 supplementary nervures to the bridge ; 4th,
(nodal sector) and 5th (subnodal sector) nervures strongly curved opposite the
stigma ; 5a (Rspl) of great length, almost reaching the termen ; 7a (Mspl) obso-
lete ; 1 row of cells between it and the 5th nervure ; discoidal field narrow, of 1
row of cells to its inner two thirds, dilated at the termen ; anal loop small of
about 9 cells, stunted, its outer end a little distad of the outer line of trigone ;
8th (Cui.) nervure from the anal angle of the trigone ; membrane moderately
large ; stigma small (2 mm), lozenge-shaped.

Abdomen moderately long and slender, tumid at the base, 3rd to 6th attenu-
ated and cylindrical, (much compressed laterally in the female) 7th to 9th seg-
ments (in the female only) markedly dilated and depressed.

Anal appendages small, as long as the combined length of abdominal segments
9 and 10, subcylindrical, tapering.

Vulvar scale conspicuous, acuminate, ridged and traversed with striations at
its distal end.

The genus is an African one, represented by a single species only within Indian
Jimits.

10. Phyllomacromia nilgiriensis, Fraser, Bom., Nat., Hist., Jour., Vol. XXV,

No. 3, Jan., 1918. :

Female. Abd.: 30 mm. ; hindwing: 32 mm. Male unknown.

Head ; eyes rich olive green above, bottle green beneath, labium and labrum
pale yellow, the former bordered with brown, the face lemon yellow, vesicle and
upper part of frons brilliant metallic green.

Prothorax brown.

Thorax brilliant metallic green with a bright lemon yellow stripe on the sides
and another on the hinder border of the metepim>ron, both continued under the
abdomen to meet their fellows from the other side.

Legs black, the anterior four femora marked with yellow, more extensively in
the anterior pair.

Wings hyaline, faintly enfumed at the apices and saffronated at the base as
far out as the trigones ; stigma blackish brown ; membrane white.

Abdomen black with a lemon yellow, skull-like marking on the dorsum of the
2nd segment. Anal appendages black, small.

Hab. Nilgiri Hills, South India. Describedfrom a single female specimen
taken above Kalar, 2000 feet, June 1917. This specimen was depositing eggs
in a marsh, in mpd covered with a thin film of water and amidst the dense shade
cast by a forest of gigantic colladiums.

688 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVIII,

Genus—Ipionyrx, Selys.

wag
OQ ee oh

, os a 109 _—

bats Lhe

Fig. 5. Wings of Idionyx optata, female. (x 3).

Head large, globular ; eyes broadly contiguous ; occiput small ; vesicle promi-
nent.

Prothorax small, posterior lobe small, entire.

Thorax small, narrow, finely hairy.

Abdomen moderately long and slender, laterally compressed, the base a little
tumid, the terminal segments dilated (but not so in the female). Oreillets pre-
sent on the sides of the 2nd abdominal segment, with equal divisions.

Wings : the fore narrow, the hind very broad, notched at the base in the male,
rounded in the female ; all trigones entire, subequilateral, that of hindwing,
distad of arc, which is situated in the forewing between the Ist and 2nd antenodal
nervures ; sectors of arc fused for a long distance ; antenodal nervures in the fore-
wing 11 to 14, postnodals 5 to 7 ; hypertrigone in the forewing traversed once,
that of hind entire ; subtrigone of forewing one-celled and 4 sided ; 1 cubital
nervure in the forewing, 2 in the hind ; 2-3 supplementary nervures to the bridge
in both wings ; only 1 row of discoidal cells for nearly as far as the termen (con-
siderably longer than in Phyllomacromia) ; 4th (nodal sector) nervure moderately
convex beneath the stigma ; 5a (Rspl) strongly developed in the hindwing, 7a
(Mspl) obsolete ; 1 row of cells between 5 (subnodal sector) and 5a ; anal loop
short and stunted, its outer limit in line with the outer end of the trigone, com-
posed of 7-8 cells ; anal border broadly rounded in the female, notched in the
male ; stigma small, sublozenge-shaped ; membrane small.

This genus is closely related to Phyllomacromia by the form of the trigones and
the single row of discoidal cells but in Phyllomacromia the abdomen of the female
is dilated and the wings present a few different characters, viz., the arc is situated
between the 2nd and 3rd antenodal nervures (instead of between the Ist and
2nd as in Idionyx), and the single row of discoidal cells runs for a much
shorter distance than in Idionyz.

11. Idionyx optata, Selys, Buul. Acad. Belg. XLV, 1878.

Id. Ann. Mus. Genov, 1891.
Martin, loc. cit. 1906.
Abd.: 3 32-33 mm., 2 32 mm.: hindwing: ¢ 32-33 mm., 2 32 mm.
Male : head ; labium and labrum yellow, the latter bordered with greyish
brown, epistome and clypeus olivaceous, upper part of front and the vesicle
metallic green ; occiput and back of eyes glossy black, the latter presumably,
some shade of emerald or bottle green during life.
Prothorax dark olivaceous.

INDIAN DRAGONFLIES. 689

Thorax dark metallic green marked with yellow as follows :—a short, ante*
humeral, cuneiform spot not extending upwards for half the height of the front
of thorax, 2 lateral bands, one under each wing, the first passing up between the
bases of the wings to traverse the tergum and connect up with its fellow from the
opposite side, the second on the metepimeron and bordered behind with black.
Beneath black, the middle of chest, longitudinally yellow.

Wings slightly rounded, hyaline, reticulation black, slightly tinted with saffron
at the extreme bases of hindwings, which are very broad ; stigma small, black
(2 mm.) ; in the forewing 11-13 antenodal nervures and 6-7 postnodals ; membrane
rather long, black.

Abdomen cylindrical, a little tumid at the base, the borders of 7-9 a little
dilated, glossy black marked with yellow.

A dorsal, yellow band on the Ist segment and the sides of 1 to 3,.the apical
end of the 8th also yellow. 10th segment very short, flexed on the 9th so that the
articulation gapes widely above, pale brown in colour. On the dorsum of this
segment, is seen a pyramidal tubercle inclining towards the apical end of abdomen.

Anal appendages black, as long as the 9th and 10th segments taken together,
the superior subcylindrical, tapering and ending in a downward directed point
just before which is a robust, pointed spine ; inferior one-fourth longer than the
superior, with a blunt, straight point at the end and with a triangular spine at
about its middle.

Legs slender, femora black, tibiz and tarsi pale yellow.

Female similar to the male but the wings are more tinted with saffron at the
base where they are broadly rounded. The small, “‘, ’’-like, antehumeral spots
are oblong, not cuneiform. The abdomen is more slender, a little compressed
laterally and not dilated at the end, black with a longitudinal yellow band on
the dorsum of the 2nd segment, a basal annule and the dorsal carina of the 3rd

ellow. :
- Legs dark brown, the anterior pair of femora and the tibiz and tarsi yellow.

Anal appendages short, separated by a rounded protuberance, coated with
yellow hairs.

Hab. Khasia Hills, Assam. Type male collected by Mr. Atkinson. Closely
resembles the following species, yolanda, but the male has a spine on the superior
appendages and the inferior are longer and also furnished with a submedian
spine, finally, the dorsal, pyramidal tubercle on the 10th abdominal segment is
directed towards the apical end of abdomen.

The females of the two species are almost impossible to distinguish with
exactitude.

12. Idionyx yolanda, Selys, Bull. Acad. Belg. (2), XX XI, 1871.

Id. Ann. Mus. Genov., 1891.
Martin, loc. cit.

Abd.: 3 31 mm., 2 27 mm.; hindwing: J 30 mm., 2 29 mm.

Male : head: labium and labrum citron yellow, the latter finally bordered
with black ; rest of face glossy black changing to dark metallic green on frons
and vesicle, except for a yellow mark on the centre of the rhinarium. Back of
eyes glossy black ; eyes presumably some shade of green in the living state.

Prothorax dark olivaceous.

Thorax dark metallic green or blue, marked with bright yellow as follows :—
an isolated, antehumeral spot, shaped like a “‘, ”’, not extending upwards for half
the height of the thorax, 2 lateral bands, one under each wing, the posterior of
which is bordered below and behind with black. Black beneath, the centre of

est longitudinally yellow.
eee slightly nice notched at the base, a little tinted with saffron at the
extreme base of the hindwings which are a little narrower than in optata,*
reticulation black; stigma small, black (2 mm); in the forewing, 13-14 antenodal
nervures and 5-6 postnodals ; membrane moderately large. black.

690 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVIL.

Abdomen cylindrical, a little tumid at the base, the border of 7 to 9 a little
dilated. Glossy black with a dorsal spot of yellow on the Ist segment, a longi-
tudinal, tapered spot on the dorsum of 2nd, continued very finely on the 3rd,
the sides of 1 to 3 are also yellow, as is also, finely, that of the 7th 10th segment
very short, flexed on the 9th, with its articulation gaping widely above and a
pale brown in colour. On its dorsum, is a similar pyramidal protuberance to
that seen in optata, but its point is turned slightly back in the direction of the
base of abdomen.

Anal appendages black, as long as the 9th and 10th abdominal segments taken
together, superior subcylindrical, thickened at the base, very tapered afterward,
ending in a blunt point, abruptly bent downward. ‘The inferior nearly as long,
seen in profile, it resembles the superior, slightly curved throughout its length
but more strongly so, apically, coated with short, yellow hairs. From above,
the base is broad, tapering afterwards to a point, which has a short, rounded
bosse just before it.

Legs slender, femora black, trochanters, tibize and spots on the tarsi yellow.

Female closely resembles the male but the wings are a little enfumed and more
saffronated at the base. The labrum is not bordered with black ; the yellow,
antehumeral marking is absent but in this part of thorax, the area is pale brown
as far out as the humeral suture. A

Abdomen slenderer, compressed laterally, black. (In the Singapore type
specimen, the dorsal line on the first two segments is absent), the lateral
borders of segments 1 to 8 are finely yellow but broader on the first 2. The
8th and 9th segments very short. Vulvar scale black, very short, rounded,
projecting and spout-like.

Anal appendages small, subcylindrical, thick, separated by a small, rounded
protuberance which terminates the abdomen.

Legs black, femora pale blackish brown.

Hab. Karen Mts., Upper Burma. Female type from Singapore, collected
by Mr. Alfred Wallace ; male type collected by Mr. Fea 19th June and a paratype
female on the 19th April, nuw in the Selysian collection,

13. Idionyx corona, sp. nov. M.S., Memoirs of Pusa.

A single female from the Babaruddin Hills, Mysore , 4,700’, 1-6-1915, coll.
Ramakrishna.

Abd. 22 mm. Hindwing 38 mm. (The last 5 segments of the abdomen are
missing, the probable length of the whole would be about 40 mm.).

Head: eyes large and globular, probably deep sea blue in life, now reddish
brown, moderately fused. Occiput small, black with a tuft of stiff, black hairs
in the middle line and fringed behind with long, yellow hairs, this fringe being
continuous round the posterior margin of the eyes. Vesicle remarkably deve-
loped into a long, elevated spine shaped like the double crown of ancient Upper
and Lower Egypt and 2°75 mm. in length, bluish black. Frons with a deep
fissure, bronzed green or bluish green above and in front; epistome black ;
labium yellowish at the base, broadly blackish brown along the border as is also
the labrum.

Thorax bronzed green marked by a narrow, bright yellow, lateral stripe
which traverses the spiracle. The posterior border of the metepimeron bright
yellow. Above blackish brown, unmarked.

Wings enfumed diffusely around the areolar network, the centres of the cells
being clear. A diffuse saffronation along the costa as far as the stigma and most
markedly at the base. Membrane white tinged with brown posteriorly. Stigma
black, unbraced, not quite 3 mm.

A single row of discoidal cells nearly as far as the node. Hypertrigone tra-
versed once in the forewing, entireinthe hind. Arc atthe 2nd antenodal nervure.
Loop 11 cells. Only 2 rows of cells posterior to Cui,

INDIAN DRAGONFLIES. 691

8.13 12.7
Nodal index 999.9 Cui angulated at its origin in the hindwing and

rather lost in the general net-work in the right wing.

Abdomen black or bronzed black, unmarked save for a fine, mid-dorsal,
apical, yellow line on the 2nd segment.

Legs black, coxze yellow, tibize yellowish or pale brown on the extensor
surfaces. Moderately long and slim. Hind femora with a row of closely-
set, long, evenly sized, fine spines. Tarsal claws bifid.

14. Idionyx ornata, sp. nov. M.S., Memoirs of Pusa.

A single female from Shillong, 2-6-1920, coll.. T. B. Fletcher.

Taken in dense jungle and difficult to see in flight.

Abd. 38 mm. Hindwing 36 mm.

Head relatively large ; face brownish yellow, the upper part of frons a deeper
colour and slightly metallic ; labium reddish brown, dark ; vesicle dark yellow
highly developed and projecting as a blunt spine but not to the same extent
as in the former species. Eyes probably deep blue during life but now reddish
brown ; occiput small, black.

Thorax small, metallic green, marked with bright yellow as follows :—

Antehumeral, oval spots not extending beyond halfway to the alar sinus,
weil defined and pointed below ; alar sinus yellow; a lateral, broad stripe
and the posterior border of the metepimeron more or less broadly yellow.
Above blackish but crossed by a yellow stripe which connects up laterally with
the yellow stripes.

Legs slim, cox yellow, femora and tarsi black ; tibize bright yellow with
black spines.

Abdomen long, laterally compressed, broadening towards the anal end,
shiny black, the ventral borders of segments, 2, 3 and 8 marked with bright
yellow. The dorsum of the 2nd broadly, and that of the 3rd and basal half
of the 4th finely marked with pale yellow. Anal appendages short, pointed,
black.

Wings hyaline, saffronated at the bases only as far as the 2nd antenodal
nervure. Membrane white; stigma black, covers 2} cells.

f ; __ 9.13 13.8

Nodal index ‘19.9 911°
node in the right forewing, beyond the node in the left forewing ; hypertri-
gones traversed twice in the forewings, once in the hindwings ; 3 rows of cells
posterior to Cui in the forewing ; 13 to 16 cells in the loop.

One row of discoidal cells nearly as far as the

(To be continued.)

HAND-LIST OF THE “ BIRDS OF INDIA.”
BY

H.C. SPUART) BAKERIES yh) ELZ.8i5 MLBEOLU.

Pann aie
Family Lani.

628, (469) Lanius excubitor lahtora. The Indian Grey Shrike.
Collurio lahtora Skyes, P.Z.S., 1832, p. 86 (Deccan).
Breeding tropical India.

629. (470) Lanius excubitor pallidirostris. The Allied Grey
Shroke.
L. pallidirostris Cassin., P. Acad. Phil. v., p. 244 (1852),
(Hast Africa).
Breeding N. Baluchistan, Turkestan.

630. (471) Lanius excubitor aucheri. Bonaparte’s Grey Shrike.

L. aucheri Bonpte. Rev. Zool., 1853, p. 294 (Persia).
Breeding Palestine to Persia.

631. (472) Lanius excubitor przewalskii. Bogdanow’s Grey
Shrike.
L. prezwalskii Bogd. Wur. der Russ. FPaun., p. 147 (1881),
(Tashkent).
Breeding E. Turkestan, Tian Schan, ete.

632. (473) Lanius vittatus. The Bay-backed Shrike.
Valence. Dict., Sci. Nat. xi., p. 227 (1826), (Pondicherry).

633. (474) Lanius colluroides. The Burmese Shrike.
Less. Voy., Belang, p. 250 (1834), (Pegu).

634. (475) Lanius nigriceps nigriceps. The Indian Black-
headed Shrike. :
Collurio nigriceps Frank, P.Z.S., 1831, p. 117 (Ganges,
Calcutta-Benares).
Breeding N. E. India and Burma.

635. (476), Lanius nigriceps longicaudatus. The “Siam Black-"
headed Shrike.
L. longicaudatus O-Grant, Nov. Zoo. 1x., p. 480 (1902),
(Siam), (Bangkok).
Siam and Peninsular Burma.

636. (476) Lanius schach erythronotus. The Rufous-backed

Shrike.
Collurio erythronotus Vigors, P.Z.S., 1831, p. 42 (Hvma-
layas), (Lucknow).

N.-W. India to Eastern Bengal.

637.

638.

639.

640.

641.

642.

643.

044.

645.

640.

647.

- (476)

(478)

(482)

(479)

(480)

(481)

(483)

(484)

(485)

BIRDS OF THE INDIAN EMPIRE. 693

Lanius schach caniceps. The Southern Rufous-
backed Shrike.
L. caniceps Blyth, J.A.S.B., 2v., p. 302 (1846), (South
India). :
Southern India and Ceylon.

Lanius schach tephronotus. The (Grey-backed
Shrike.
Collurio tephronotus Vigors, P.Z.S., 1831, p. 43 (Himala-
yas), (Gyantse).
Breeding Garhwal to E. Tibet and W. China,

Lanius collurio. The Red-backed Shrike.

Linn. 8.N., p. 94 (1758), (Hurope, Sweden).
Straggler into India.

Lanius senater niloticus. The Eastern Woodchat
Shrike.
Enneoctonus niloticus Bonpte. Rev. Zool., 1853, p. 439 (The
White Nile).
Breeding Palestine to Persia.

Lanius cristatus cristatus. The Brown Shrike.

L. cristatus Linn., S.N., p. 93 (1758) (Bengal). .
. Breeding Siberia, L. Baikal to Amur, Assam Hills.

Lanius cristatus isabellinus. The Pale Brown
Shrike.
L. isabellinus Hemp. & Ehr., Symb. Phys. Aves., fol. e., note,
(1828), (Kumfuda, Arabia).
Breeding E. Turkestan, Mongolia, etc.
Lanius cristatus phoenicuroides. The Rufous
Shrike.
L. pheenicuroides Severtz., Jour. fur Orn., 1873, p. 347
(L'schimkent).
Breeding Transcaspia to Baluchistan, Quetta.

Lanius cristatus lucionensis. The Philippines
Shrike.
L. lucionensis Linn., S.N., p. 135 (1766), (Luzon).
Breeding N. China to Korea. Straggler into Burma, etc.

Lanius tigrinus. The Thick-billed Shrike.
Drapiez, Dict. Class. Hist. Nat. wii., p. 523 (1828), (Java).

Hemipus picatus picatus. The Black-backed Pred
Shrike.
Muscicapa picata Sykes. P.Z.S., 1832, p. 85 (Deccan), India.
S. of the Himalayas and S. Burma.

Hemipus picatus capitalis. The Brown-backed Pied

Shroke.

Muscicapa capitalis McClelland P.Z.S., 1839, p. 157 (Assam).
Himalayas, Garhwal to Assam, N. Burma and Shan
States.

694 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII.

648,

650.

651.

652.

653.

654.

655.

656.

657.

(486)

(487)

(488)

(489)

(490)

(491)

(492)

(493)

(494)

Hemipus hirundinaceus. The Malay Pied Shrike.
Muscicapa hirundinacea Temm. Pl. Col. iti., p. 51 (1824),
(Java).
Straggler, Siam and -Burma and once M. Cacher.

Tephrodornis pelvicus pelvicus. The Nepal Wood
Shrike.
Tenthea pelvica Hodg. Ind. Rev. I., p. 477 (1837), (Nepal).
Himalayas, Nepal to Assam and Burma.

Tephrodornis pelvicus sylvicola. The Malabar.
Wood Shrike.

T. sylvicola Jerd. Madr. Jour. L. 8S. x., p. 236 (1830),
(Malabar Coast).

S. W. India, Belgaum to Travancore.

Tephrodornis pondicerianus. The Common Wood
Shrike.

Muscicapa pondiceriana Gmel. S. N., 7., p. 939 (1789),
(Pondicherry).

Platylophus ardesiacus. The Jay Shrike.

Lophositta ardesiaca Cabanis, Mus. Hein i., p. 219 (1850),
(Sumatra).

Pericrocotus speciosus speciosus, The Indian
Scarlet Minivet.
Turdus speciosus Lath. Ind. Orn. i., p. 363 (1790), (India),
(Darjiling).
Northern India to East Assam, North of Brahmapootra:

Pericrocotus speciosus fraterculus. The Burmese
Scarlet Minivet.
P. fraterculus Swinh., I[bis., 1870, p. 244 (Hainan).

Assam, South of Brahmapootra, Burma, W. Siam, S. China
to Hainan.

Pericrocotus speciosus andamanensis. The Anda-
manese Scarlet Minivet.
P..andamanensis Tytler, Beavan, Ibis, 1867, p. 322 (Anda-
mans).
Andamans only.

Pericrocotus speciosus flammifer. Davison’s
Scarlet Minivet.
P. flammifer Hume, Str. Feath. iit., p. 321 (1875),
(Pakchan, S. Burma).
Nwalabo, Tennasserim, Southwards.

Pericrocotus speciosus flammeus. The Orange
Minivet.
Muscicapa flammea Forster, Ind. Zool., p. 25 (1781), (Tra-

vancore).
Western Ghats of South India.

BIRDS OF THE INDIAN EMPIRE. 695

“058. (495) Pericrocotus brevirostris brevirostris. The Short-
billed Minivet.

Muscipeta brevirostris Vigors, P.Z.S., 1831, p.43 (Mussoorie).
Chitral to Central Nepal.

659. (495) Pericrocotus brevirostris affinis The Assam

. Short-billed Minivet.
Pericrocotus atffinis McClelland, P.Z.S., p. 156, (1839),
(Assam).

E. Nepal to Shan States.

660. (496) Pericrecotus brevirostris meglectus. Hyme’s
Minwet.
Pericrocotus neglectus Hume, Str. Feath. v., p. 171 (1877),
(Tennasserim).
Tennasserim.

661. (497) Pericrocotus igneus. The Fiery Minivet,
Blyth, J.A.S.B. xv., p. 309 (1846), (Malacca)
Tennasserim and Southwards.

662. (498) Pericrocotus solaris, The Yellow-Throated Minivet.
Blyth, J.A.S.B., xv., p. 310, (1846), Nepal to Tennasserim,.

663. (499) Pericrocotus roseusroseus. The Rosy Minivet.
Muscicapa rosea Viveill.,. Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat. XX1.,
p. 486 (1818), (Bengal).
Himalayas and Burma to Tennasserim.

664. (500) Pericrocotus peregrinus perigrinus, The Small
Minwet.
Parus peregrinus Linn., S.N. i., p. 342 (1766), (no locality),
(Umbala).
N.-W., W. and Central India to Bengal, Oudh and Behar.

664. (500) Pericrocotus peregrinus vividus. The Burmese
Small Minivet.
Stuart Baker, Bull. B.O.C. xI., p. 114 (1920), (Uttaran
River, Burma).
Assam and E. Bengal, Burma, Siam and Cochin China.

66s. (500) Pericrocotus peregrinus malabaricus. The Ma-
labar Small Mumvet.
Parus malabaricus Gmel. Syst. Nat. i, p. 1012 (1789),
(Malabar).
South India and Ceylon.

* Bangs and Phillips (Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Iviii., p. 283, 1914,) have made the
type locality of P. brerirosiris ‘‘The Eastern Himalayas,” but this cannot be
correct. This Minivet was described by Vigors as one of a collection of birds
received from the Himalayas and in this collection are specimens of such purely
Western forms as Carduelis spinoides and Picus auriceps. McClelland fully
appreciated this when he very properly described the Assam bird and his name
of affinis must stand whilst the type locality for ¢revirostris must be somewhere
in the Western Himalayas for which reason I designate Mussoorie.

696 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVIII,

666. (500) Pericrocotus peregrinus pallidus. The Sind Small
Minivet.
Stuart Baker, Bull. B.O.C. xl., ». 115 (1920), (Larkhana,
Sind).
Sind and extreme N.-W. India and (?) Mt. Abu.

667. (501) Pericrocotus erythropygius. The White-bellied
Minivet.
Muscicapa erythropygia Jerd., Madr. Jour, L. 8. x1.

_ p. 17 (1840).
Central India, 8. to Nilgiris, E. to Tirhut and W. to Sind,

668. (502) Pericrocotus albifrons. Jerdon’s Minivet.
Jerdon, Ibis, 1862, p. 20 (Upper Burma), (Thayetmyo).
Upper Burma to Tounghoo.

669. (503) Pericrocotus cinereus. The Ashy Mimvet.
Lafresn. Rev. Zool. viit., p. 94 (1845), (Luzon, Phillippines).
Winter Visitor to Burma.

670. (504) Pericrocotus cantonensis. Swinhoe’s Minivet.
Swinhoe, Jbis, 1861, p. 42 (Canton, China).
Rare winter migrant: to S. Burma.

671. (505) Campophaga melanoschista melanoschista. The
Dark Grey Cuckoo-Shrike.
Volvocivora melanoschistus Hodg., Ind. Rev. i., p. 328
(1837), (Nepal).
N. India, Murree to Hastern Assam.

672. (506) Campophaga melancschista melanoptera. The
Pale Grey Cuckoo-Shrike.
Ceblepyris melanoptera Rupp., Mus. Senckenb. iii., p. 25
(1846), (Bengal).
The greater part of Burma, Shan States and (?) N. Siam.

673. Campophaga melanoschista intermedia. The
Siam Cuckoo-Shrike.
Volvocivora intermedia Hume, Sir. Feath. v., p. 205 (1877),
(Tennasserim).
Tennasserim, Siam and Malay States.

674. (507) Campophaga timbriata neglecta. The Small
Cuckoo-Shrike.
Volvocivora neglecta Hume, Sir. Feath. v., p. 203 (1877),
(S. Tennasserim).

075. (508) Campophaga sykesii. The Black-headed Cuckoo
Shroke.
Lalage Skyesii Strickl., A.M.N.H. (L.) witi., p. 36 (1844)
(Calcutta).

There remains a considerable amount of work to be done in regara to ho
Minivets, their geographical distr ibution and variation.

66.

677.

678.

679.

680,

681,

682.

683.

684.

685.

686,

(509)

(510)

(510)

(510)

(510)

(511)

(516)

BIRDS OF THE INDIAN EMPIRE. 697

Campophagaterat. The Pied Cuckoo-Shrike.

Turdus terat Bodd., Tabl. Pl. Enl., p. 17 (1783), (Camorta),
Nicobars.

Graucalus macei macei. The Large Cuckoo-Shrike.
G. macei, Less., Traite, p. 349 (1831), (Bengal).
Continental India, 8. of Himalayas, Nepal to W. Assam.

Graucalus macei nipalensis,
Cuckoo-Shrike.

G. nipalensis Hodg., Ind. Rev., p. 327 (1837), (Nepal).
Nepal to W. Assam, N. Behar and N.-E. Bengal.

The Himalayan Large

Graucalus macei layardi. The Ceylon Large Cuckoo-
Shrike.

‘G. layardi Blyth, Ibis, 1866, p. 368 (Ceylon).
Ceylon.

GraucaJus macei siamensis. The Siamese Large
Cuckoo-Shrike.

Stuart Baker, Bull. B.O.C. waxviii., p. 69 (1918), (Mi-
Nam-Kabren).
Burma, Siam, Chin and Kachin Hills, E. Assam.

Graucalus dobsoni. Dobson's Cuckoo-Shrike.
Ball, J.A.S.B. xli., Pt. ii., p. 281 (1872), (Andamans).

Sub-family ARTAMINA.

Artamus fuscus. The Ashy Swallow-Shrike.
Vieill, Nowv. Dict. d’ His. xvii., p. 297 (1817), (Bengal).

Artamus feucorhynchus humei.

Hume's White-rumped Swallow-Shrike.
Streseman, Nov. Zool. xx., p. 291 (1913), (S. Andamans).

Family ORIoLIpé.

Oriolus indicus indicus. The Black-iiaped Oriole.
QO. indicus Jerd. Ill. Ind. Orn. Pl. 15 (Continental India).
Breeding, China and (?) N.-E. Himalayas.

Oriolus indicus tenuirostris. The Burmese Black-
naped Oriole.
O. tenuirostris Blyth, J.AS.B. xv., p. 48 (1846), (Central
India). :
Breeding, China, Siam, N.-E. India and Central India.

Oriolus indicus macrourus. The. Nicobar Black-
naped Oriole.
O. macrorus Blyth, J.A.S.B. xv., p. 46, p. 370 (1846),
(Nicobars).

698 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII.

687.

689.
690.

691.

693.

695.

696.

(517)

(521)

Oriolus indicus andamanensis. The Andaman Black-
naped Orvole.
O. andamanensis Tytler, Beavan, Ibis, 1867, p. 326 (8.

Andamans).
Andamans.

Oriolus oriolus oriolus, The European Oriole.
Coracias oriolus Linn., S. N. ed. 2., p. 107 (1758),

(Sweden).
A straggler into N.-W. India.

Oriolus oriolus kundoo. The Indian Oriole.
O. kundoo Sykes, P.Z.S., 1832, p. 27 (Deccan).
India and Burma.

Oriolus xanthonotus. The Malay Black-headed

Oriole.
Horsf., Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii., p. 152 (1821), (Java).

Oriolus luteolus luteolus. The Indian Black-headed
Oriole.
Sturnus luteolus’ Linn., S. N., a. ed. 7%, p. 167 (1758)
(Bengal).
India, Northern Burma and Siam.

Oriolus luteolus thaiacous. The Siamese Black-
headed Oriole.
Hartert, Bull. B.O.C., No. cexaxtit., p. 63 (1918), (Koh Lak
Siam).
South Siam and H. Tennasserim.

Oriclus trailii The Maroon Oriole.
Pastor trailii Vigors, P.Z.S., 1831, p. 175 (Himalayas).
(Darjiling).

Family EULABETID.

Eulabes religiosa, The Southern Grackle.
Gracula religiosa Linn., S. N. 7., p. 154 (1766), (Asia),
(Travancore).

Eulabes intermedia intermedia. The Indian Grackle.
Gracula intermedia <A. Hay, Madr. Jour. L. S. xiii., Pt.

it., p. 157 (1844), (Cachar).
Himalayas, Kumaon to Assam, Burma and Siam.

Eulabes intermedia andamanensis. The Andaman
Grackle.
Eulabes andamanensis Tyiler, Beavan, Ibis, 1867, p. 331

(Andamans).
Andamans and Nicobars.

* This is a rather doubtful sub-species, as individual variation is very great.

097.

698,

699.

700,

Jol,

702.

793.

704,

795.

706

7°97.

a |

BIRDS OF THE INDIAN EMPIRE. 699

(525) Eulabes intermedia javana. The Malay Grackle.
Kulabes javanus Cuvier, Regne Anim. i., p. 377 (1829) :
(Java). :
’ Extreme South of Siam and Burma to Java, etc.

(526) Eulabes ptilogenys. The Ceylon Grackle.
Gracula ptilogenys Blyth, J.A.S.B. xv. p. 285 (1846)
(Ceylon). ;

(527) Calornis chalybeius. The Glossy Calornis.
Turdus chalybeius Horsf., Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii., p. 148
(1821), (Java), (Sikkim).

(261) Psaraglossa spiloptera. The Sypotted-winged Stare.
Lamprotornis spilopterus Vigors, P.Z.S., 1831, p. 35 (Hima-
layas).

Family SturNID2.

(528) P iat roseus. The Rose-coloured Starling.
urdus roseus Linn., Sys. Nat. ed. x., i., p. 170 (175
(Lapland). P (1758)

*(529) et aEnus eeu pn, The Himalayan Starling.
urnus humi Srooks, Str. Feath. viii.. p. =
(Larkhana). % vin, p. 207 (1873),
Breeds Kashmir to Nepal and Garhwal.

(530) Sturnus vulgaris porphyronotus. The Central
Asian Starling.
S. porphyronotus Sharpe, [bis, 1888, p. 438 ( Yarkand).
Breeds Turkestan, Tianschan.

(531) Sturnus vulgaris minor. The Small Indian Starlings
Sturnus minor Hume, Str. Feath., viii., p. 207 (1873),

(Sind).
Resident Sind.
(532) . 3a : $
(533) Sturnus vulgaris poltaratzskii. Finsch’s Starling.

S. poltaratzskii Finsch, P.Z.S., 1878, p. 713 (Lake Marka-
Kul, Altat).
? Breeds Krasnayarik to L. Baikal.

(534) Sturnus vulgaris nobilior. Hume's Starling.
S. nobilior Hume, Str. Feath., 1879, p. 175 (Kandahar).
Breeds E. Persia and Afghanistan.

(534a) Sturnus vulgaris dresseri. Dresser’s Starling.
S. purpurescens dresseri Buturlin, Orn. Jahrb., 1904, 208
(Askabad).
Samarkand. Straggler into India.

* See Hartert, Novitates Zoologice xxv., p. 327 (1918).

700 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII

708, (534b) Sturnus vulgaris dzungaricus. Buturlin’s Starling.

8. dzungaricus Buturlin, Orn. Jahrb., 1904, p. 208 (Dzun-
garia)e
? Breeds Dzungaria.

709. (535) Spodiopsar cineraceus, The Grey Starling.
Sturnus cineraceus J'emm., Pl. Col., 556 (1832), (Japan).

E710. (a0) Sturnia turdiformis. The Chinese Myna.
Pastor turdiformis Wagler, Syst. Av. Pastor, sp. 15 (1827),

(China).
711. (538) Sturnia malabarica malabarica. The Grey-headed
Myna.
Turdus malabaricus Gmel. Syst. Nat. 7., p. 816 (1789), (Ma-
labar).

Breeding N. and E. of Mount Abu.

712. (537) Sturnia malabarica blythii. Blyth’s Myna.
Pastor blythii Jerd., Madr. Jour. L.S. aiit., p. 1383 (1844),
(Malabar).
Breeding 8. and W. of Mount Abu.

713. (539) Sturniamalabarica nemoricela. The White-winged

Myna.
S. nemoricola Jerd., Ibis, 1862, p. 22 (Thayetmyo, U.
Burma).
Breeding Siam, Pegu and Malay Peninsula.

714. (540) Sturnia malabarica andamanensis The Anda-
man Myna.

Temenuchus andamanensis T'yiler, Beavan, Ibis, 1867, p.
329 (Andamans).
Andamans and Nicobars.

7i5. (541) Sturnia malabarica erythropygia. The Nicobar
Myna.

S. erythropygia Blyth, JAS.B. xv., p. 34 (1846), (Car-
Nicobars).
Car-Nicobars.

716. (541) Sturnia malabarica katchalensis. Richmond’s Myna.

S. erythropygia katchalensis Richmond, Pro. U.S. Nat. Mus
xuv., p. 293 (1902), (Katchal).
Katchal Island.

717. (542) Agropsar sturnina. The Daurian Myna.
Gracula sturnina Pall. Reise Russ. Reich. ii., p. 695 (1776).
(Dauria).

718. (543) Ampeliceps coronatus. The Gold-crested Myna.
Blyth, J.A.S.B. xi., p. 194 (1842), (Tennasserim).

* Oriolus sinensis, Gmelin is preoccupied by Lin. Syst. Nat. 1766, p. 160.

719. (544)
720. (545)
721, (546)
722. (547)
723.* (547)
724.

725. (548)
726. (548)
727. (549)
728. (550)

(548) Grauculipica leucocephala leucocephala.

BIRDS OF THE INDIAN EMPIRE, 701

Temenuchus pagodarum. The Black-headed Myna.
Turdus pagodarum Gimel., Syst. Nat. i., p. 816 (1789),
(Malabar).

Sturnornis senex. «The White-headed Myna.
Heterornis senex Temm. Bonap., Consp., Av. i., p. 419
(1851), (Bengal).

Grauculipica nigricollis. The Black-necked Myna.
Gracula nigricollis Payk., Stockholm Acad. Hand-L.
xxviit., p. 291 (1807), (China).

Grauculipica burmanica burmanica. Jerdon’s
Myna.
Sturnia burmanica Jerd., Ibis, 1862, p. 21 (Thayetmyo,
U. Burma).

Western and South Burma.

Grauculipica burmanica fuscogularis. Salvadori’s
Myna.
Poliopsar fuscogularis Salvadori, Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. (2)
vit., p. 364 (1889), (Karennee).
East Burma and Siam.

Hume's
Myna.
Acridotheres leucocephalus Gigl. & Salv., Alti. R. Acc. v,
p. 273 (1870), p. 185 (Siam).
Cochin China, Siam and 8. Shan States.
Well’s

Grauculipica leucocephala annamensis.
Myna.
Wells Bull. B.O.C. xxxix., p. 78 (1919), (Nhatrang, Annam)
Annam and N. Shan States.

Grauculipica leucocephala incognita. Hume’s
Myna.
Sturnia incognita Hume, Str. Feath. viit., p. 396 (1879),
(Tennasserim).

Tennasserim and South Burma.

Acridotheres tristis tristis. The Common Myna.
Paradisea tristis Linn., Syst. Nat. i., p. 167 (1766), (?
Phillippines).
India and Burma.

The Com-

Acridotheres tristis melanosternus.
mon Ceylon Myna.
A. melanosternus Legge, A.M.N.H. (5) iii., p. 168 (1879),
(Ceylon).
Ceylon.

Eo EO NE hE ee
* This appears to be a good sub-species, though not hitherto generally admitted.

702 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. AXVI.

729.

739.

73).

732.

733.

734.

735.

7396.

737.

738.

551) Acridotheres ginginianus. The Bank Myna.
( y
Turdus ginginianus Lath., Ind. Orn. 7.. p. 362 (1790)
(India), (Nadia).

(552) Aethiopsar fuscus fuscus. The Indian Jungle

Myna.
Pastor fuscus Wagl., Syst. Av. Pastor, Sp. 6 (1827), (India),
(#. Bengal).

India generally, not Assam.

(553) Aethiopsar fuscus grandis. The Burmese Jungle

Myna.
Acridotheres grandis Moore, Horsf. &@ M. Cat. vi., p. 537
(1856-8), (Sumatra), (Tennasserim).

South Burma and Malay Peninsula and Siam.

(553) Aethiopsar fuscus infuscatus. The Assam Jungle
Myna.
Stuart Baker Bull. B.O.C. xexaviii., p. 70 (1918), (ZL.
Chindwin).
Assam, Manipur, Cachar, N. Burma.

(554) Aathiopsar albocinctus. The Collared Myna.
Acridotheres albocinctus Godw.-Aus. Wald. Ibis, 1875,
p. 251 (Manipur).
Manipur and Burma.

(555) Sturnopaster contra contra. The Pred Myna.
Sturnus contra Linn., Syst. Nat. i., p. 290 (1766), (India),
(Calcutta).

India and N. Assam.

(556) Sturnopastor contra superciliaris. The Burmese

Pied Myna.
8. superciliaris Blyth, J.A.S.B. xxaii., p. TT (1863),
(Burma), (Rangoon).
S. Assam and Burma.

(556) Sturnopastor contra floweri.. The Siamese Pied

Myna.
S. floweri Ball. B.O.C. vii., p. 17 (1897), (Siam), (Bangkok,
Siam).

Siam and E. Tennasserim.

Family MuscicaPipa.

(557) Muscicapa striata neumanni. The Hastern Spotted
Fly-Catcher.
Poche, Orn. Monats., 1904, p. 26 (Turkestan).

558) Hemichelidon sibirica cacabata. The Himalayan

Sooty Fly-Catcher.
Muscicapa sibirica cacabata Penard, Pro. N.E. Zool. Club
vit., p. 21 (1919).

739.

749.

74.

742.

743.

744.

747.

748.

749.

BIRDS OF THE INDIAN EMPIRE. 703

Hemichelidon cinereiceps. The Ferruginous Fly-

Catcher.
Hodg., P.Z.S., 1845, p. 32 (Nepal).

Siphia strophiata. The Orange-gorgeted Fly-Catcher.
Hodg., Ind. Rev. t., p. 651 (1837), (Nepal).

Siphia parva parva. The EHuropean Red-breasted
Fly-Catcher.
Muscicapa parva Bechst., Getrue Abbild. heft (2), p. 26
(1793), (East Holland).
Breeding N. Europe and W. Siberia, N. Tibet and Ladak.

Siphia parva albicilla. The Eastern Red-breasted
Fly-Catcher.
Muscicapa albicilla Pall., Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. %., p. 462
(1827), (Dauria).
Breeding Eastern Siberia.

Siphia parva hyperythra. The Indian: Red-
breasted Fly-Catcher.

S. hyperythra Cab. J.F.0., 1866, p. 391 (Ceylon).
Breeding Himalayas.

Cyornis cyaneus. The White-tailed Blue Fly-Catcher.
Muscitrea cyanea Hume, Str. Feath. v., p. 101 (1877),
(Muleyit Mt.)
Tennasserim and Malay Peninsula.

Cyornis erythacus hodgsonii. The Rusty-breasted
Blue Fly-Catcher.
Siphia hodgsonii Verr. Nouv. Arch. Nus. Par. vi., Bull., p.
34 (1870), (Moupin).
Assam, S. of Brahmapootra, N. Burma and 8. in winter.

Cyornis byperythrus. The Rufous-breasted Blue
Fly-Catcher.

Muscicapa hyperythra Blyth, J.A.S.B. xi., p. 885 (1842),
(India).

Cyornis leucomelanurus leucomelanurus. The
Slaty Blue Fly-Catcher.

Digenea leucomelanura Hodg., P.Z.S., 1845, p. 26 (Nepal),
Himalayas, Kashmir to E. Assam, N. of Brahmapootra.

Cyornis leucomelanurus cerviniventris. The Tibet
Slaty Blue Fly-Catcher.
Digenea cerviniventris Sharpe, Cat. B.M. iv., p. 460 (1879),
(Khasia Hills).
Hills, South of the Brahmapootra.

Cyornis superciliaris. The White-browed Blue Fly-

Catcher.
Muscicapa superciliaris Jerd., Madr. Jour, L. S. xi., p. 16
(1840), (NV. Indian Ghauts).

704. JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL AIST MSOCLET YY, Vol. XXyaaa

750, (569) Cyornis melanoleucus melanoleucus. The Luttle
Pied Fly-Catcher.

Muscicapula melanoleuca Hodg., Blyth, J.A.S.B. xii., p. 940
(1843), (Nepal).
Nepal to E. Assam, N. of the Brahmapootra.

751. (569) Cyornis melanoleucus westermanni. The Malay
Pied Fly-Catcher.

Muscicapula westermanni Sharpe, P.Z.S., 1888, p. 270
(Mount of Perak).

Hills, 8. of Brahmapootra, Burma, etc.

752. (570) Cyornis astigma. The Litile Blue and White Fly-
Catcher.

Muscicapa astigma Hodg. in Gray’s Zool. Misc., p. 84 (1844),
(Nepal).

753. (571) Cyornis sapphira. The Sapphire-headed Fly-Catcher.

Muscicapula sapphira Tvckell, Blyth, J.A.S.B. xii., p. 939
(1843), (Darjiling).

754. (572) Cyornis oatesi. The Rufous-bellied Blue Fly-Catcher.
Niltava oatesi Salvadori, Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. (2) v., p. 514
(1887), (Muleyit).

Manipur and Hills of Tennasgerim. This is probably
only a race of vivida.

755. (573) Cyornis pallipes pallipes. The White-bellied Blue
Fly-Catcher.

Muscicapa pallipes Jerd., Madr. Jour. L. S. xi., p. 15 —
(1840), (Coonoor Ghaut).
South India.

750. Cyornis palipes hainana. Grant's Blue Fly-Catcher.
Siphia hainana Grant, Bull. B.O.C. x., p. 36 (1900), (Hainan).
Hainam, Siam and (?) Tennasserim.

757. (574) Cyornis unicolor unicolor. The Pale Blue Fly-
Catcher.

C. unicolor Blyth, J.A.S.B. xii., p. 1007 (1848), (Darjiling).
Himalayas from Sikkim to E. Assam, §. to Chin Hills.

758. (574) Cyornis unicolor infuscata. Blyth’s Pale Blue Fly-
Catcher.
Muscicapa infuscata Blyth, Ibis, 1870, p. 165 (Java).
Java, Peninsular Siam and (?) Tennasserim.
*759. (575) Cyornis rubeculoides, Zhe Blue-throated Fly-
Catcher.
Pheenicura rubeculoides Vigors, P.Z.S., 1831, p. 35.

“The genus Oyornis has never been fully worked out, many of the species are se-
parable into sub-species, and there is still considerable confusion in the nomenclature.

760,

761,

762.

763:

764.

765.

7060,

707.

768.

769.

(576)

(577)

(578)

(579)

(579)

(580)

(581)

BIRDS OF THE INDIAN EMPIRE. 705

Cyornis dialilama. Salvadori’s Blue-throated Fly-
Catcher.

Salvadori, Ann. Mus. Civ. Geno. xxviii., 1889, p. 387 (Taho
Karennee).

Siam, Eastern and Southern Burma.

Cyornis banyumas tickelliz. Tickell’s Blue Fly-
Catcher.
Cyornis tickelliz Blyth, J.A.S.B. wii., p. 941 (1843), (Cen-
tral India).

Peninsula India and Ceylon and (?) Manipur and N.
Burma.

Cyornis magnirostris. The Large-billed Blue Fly-
Catcher.
Blyth, J.AS.B. xviii. p. 814 (1849).

Himalayas, Sikkim to E. and Assam and the greater part
of Burma.

Nitidula hodgsoni. The Pigmy Blue Fly-Catcher.
Nemura hodgsoni Moore, P.Z.S., 1854, p. 76 (Nepal).

Stoparola melanops melanops. The Verditer Fly-
Catcher. ;

Muscicapa melanops Vigors, P.Z.S., 1831, p. 171 (Himalayas) -
India, N. of the Nilgiris and Northern Burma.

Stoparola melanops thallasoides. The Malayan
Verditer Fly-Catcher.

Glaucomyias thallasoides Cab. Mus. Hein. i., p. 53 (1850),
(Sumatra).
Peninsular Burma to Sumatra.

Stoparola melanops sordida. The Dusky Blue Fly-
Catcher.

Glaucomyias sordida Wald. Ann. M. N. H. (4), v., p. 218
(1870), (Ceylon).
Ceylon only.

Stopsrola melanops albicaudata. The Nilgiri Blue
Fly-Catcher. ;
Muscicapa albicaudata Jerd., Madr. J.L.S. xi., p. 16 (1840),
(Nilgiris).
Nilgiri and Plalni Hills, and Hills of Travancore.

Muscitrea grisola. The Grey Fly-Catcher.
Tephrodornis grisola Blyth, J.A.S.B. xii., p. 180 (1845),
(Malay Peninsula).

Anthipes monileger monileger. Hodgson’s White-
gorgeted F'ly-Catcher.
Dimorpha monileger Hodg., P.Z.S., 1845, p. 26 (Sikkim).
Sikkim: Butan and (?) Hills, N. of Brahmapootra.

706 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII,

770. (584) Anthipes monileger leucops. Sharpe's White-
gorgeted Fly-Catcher.
Digenea leucops Sharpe, P.Z.S., 1888, p. 246 (Shillong)
Hills, 8. of Brahmapootra, Karennee.

771. (585) Anthipes monileger submoniliger. Hume's White-
gorgeted Fly-Catcher.
A. submoniliger Hume, Str. Feath. v., p. 105 (1877).
(Muleyit Mount).
Tennasserim.

772. (586) Anthipes poliogenys. Brook’s Fly-Catcher.
Cyornis poliogenys Brooks, Sir. Feath. viti., p. 469 (1879),
(Salbaree, Sikkim Terar).
Sikkim to E. Assam, N. and 8. of the Brahmapootra.

773. (587) Anthipes olivaceus. Hume's Fly-Catcher.
Cyornis olivacea Hume, Str. Feath. v., p. 338 (1877),
(Extreme S. Tennasserim).
South of Tennasserim, Malay Peninsula, etc.

477- (588) Alseonax latirostris. The Brown Fly-Catcher.
Muscicapa latirostris Rafl. Trans. Lin. Soc. witt., p. 312
(1821), (Sumatra).
All Burma and India except extreme N.-W.

775. (589) Alseonax ruficaudus. The Rufous-tailed Fly-Catcher.
Muscicapa ruficauda Swin. Nat. Lib. x., p. 251 (1838),
(India), (Kashmir).

776, (590) Alseonax muttui. Layard’s Fly-Catcher.
Butalis muttui Layard, A.M.N.H. (2) xiii. p. 127 (1854).,
(Ceylon). :

777. (591) Ochromela nigrerufa. The Black and Orange Fly-

Catcher.
Saxicola nigrorufa Jerd., Madr. Jour., L. 8S. %., p. 266
(1839), (Nilgiris).

778. (592) Culcicapa ceylonensis. The Grey-headed Fly-Catcher.
Platyrhynchus ceylonensis Swain’s Zool. iii., ser. 1, 4.,
(1820-1).

779- (593) Niltava grandis, The Large Nultava.
Chaitaris grandis Blyth. J.A.S.B. xi.. p. 189 (1842),
(Darjiling).

780. (594) Niltava sundara. The Rufous-bellied Niltava.
Hodg., Ind. Rev. 1., p. 650 (1837) (Nepal).

781. (595) Niltava macgrigicrie. The Small Niltava.
Pheenicura macgrigiorie Burton, P.Z.S., 1835, p. 152
‘Himalayas).

782.

783.

784.

785.

786.

*787.

788.

789.

799.

(599)

(600)

(601)

(601)

(601)

(601)

BIRDS OF THE INDIAN EMPIRE. 707

Philentoma velatum. The Maroon-breasted Fly-
Catcher.

Drymophila velata Temm. Pl. Col. No. 334 ( ieee), (Zimor,
Java).

Philentoma pyrrhopterum. The Chesinut-winged
Fly-Catcher.
Muscicapa pyrrhoptera Temm. Pl. Col. No. 596 (1823),
(Borneo and Sumatra).

Terpsephone paradisi paradisi. The Indian Para-
_dise Fly-Catcher.
Muscicapa paradisi Linn., Syst. Nat. i., p. 324 (1766),
(Ceylon).
All India to W. Assam, N. of Brahmapootra.

Terpsephone paradisi affinis. The Burmese Para-
dise Fly-Catcher.

Tchitrea affinis Hay, Blyth, J.A.S.B. xv,, p. 292 (1846),
(Malay Pen. and Tennasserim).

Assam, Burma.

Terpsephore paradisi nicobarica. The Nicobar
Paradise Fly-Catcher.
T. nicobarica Oates, Fauna B. I. ii, p. 48 (1890), (Nicobars).
Andamans and Nicobars.

Hypothymis azurea sykesi. The Madras Black-
naped Fly-Catcher.

Stuart Baker Bull. B.O.C. xl., p. I (1920), (Deccan).
South India, Deccan and Madras.

Hypethymis azurea styani. The Indian Black-
naped Fly-Catcher.
Siphia styani Hartl. Abh. Nat. Ver. Brom. xvt., 2, p. 248
(1898), (Hothow, Hainan).
N. India, Assam, Burma, China, Hainan, etc.

Hypothymis azurea ceylonensis, The Ceylen
Black-naped Fly-Catcher.
H. ceylonensis Sharpe, Cat. B.M. iv., p. 277 (1879), (Ceylon).
Ceylon. ,

Hypothymis «zurea forrestia. The Malay Black-
naped Fly-Catcher.
Oberholser, Pro. U.S. Nat. Mus. xxxix., p. 601 (1911),
(Mergut).
Mergui Archipelago.

* Muscicapa ceruleocephala of Skyes (1832) is pre-occupied by Scopoli, Del.
Flor-et Faun. 1786, p. 95.

8

708 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVIL

791. (602) Hypothymis azurea tytleri. The Andaman Black-

792.

794.

795.

796,

797.

798.

799.

(602)

(603)

(604)

* (604)

(604)

(605)

naped Fly-Catcher.
Myiagra tytleri Beavan, Ibis, 1867, p. 324 (Andamans).
Andamans, Great and Little Cocos.

Hypothymis azurea idiochroa. Car-Nicobar Black-

naped Fly-Catcher.
‘Oberholser, Pro. U.S. Nat. Mus., xvaix., p. 596 (1911).
(Car- Nicobars).
Car-Nicobars.

Hypothymis azurea nicobarica. The Niocolar

Black-naped Fly-Catcher.
Bianchi, Ann. Mus. Zool. Acad. St. Petersb. xii., (I )y p. 76,
(1907), (Nicobars).
Nicobars.

Chelidorhynx hypoxanthum. The Yellow-bellied

Fly-Catcher.
Rhipidura hypoxantha Blyth, J.A.S.B., xii., p. 935 (1843)
(Darjiling).
Himalayas, Simla to Burma and Burma Hills to Pegu.

Rhipidura aureola aureola. The White-browed-

Fantail Fly-Catcher.
R. aureola Less. Traite. p. 390 (1830 or Jan. 1831), (Bengal),
The whole of India and extreme N. Burma.

Rhipidura aurecla burmanica. The Burmese White-
browed Fantail Fly-Catcher.
Leucocerca burmanica Hume, Str. Feath. ix, p. 175 (1881).

(Thoungyeen).
Burma, Siam.

Rhipidura aurecla compressirostris. The Ceylon,

White-browed Fantail Fly-Catcher.
Leucocerca compressirostris Blyth, J.A.S.B. xviii., p. 815-
(1849), (Ceylon).
Ceylon.

Rhipidura albicollis albicollis. The White-throated
Fantail Fly-Catcher.
Platyrhynchus albicollis Vieill, Nowy. Dict. dHist. Nat.
xxvit., p. 13 (1818), (Bengal).
Bengal, South Assam and Arrakan.

Rhipidura albicollis stanleyi. Baker’s White-throated
Fantail Fly-Catcher.

Stuart Baker, Bull. B.O.C. xxxvi., p. 81 (1916), (Abor
Hills).
_ Himalayas, N. of Assam into N. Burmese Hills.

* The name awreola is some months earlier than albonotata, and must, therefore,
be used for this Fly-Catcher.

800. (606)

801. (607)

802. *(608)

803. (608)
804, (609)
805. (610)
806. (610)
807. (610)
808. hoe)

BIRDS OF THE INDIAN EMPIRE. 709

Rhipidura javanica. The Javan Fantail Fly-Catcher-
Muscicapa javanica Sparrm. Mus. Carl. iii., Pl. 75 (1788),
(Java).

Rhipidura pectoralis, The White-spotted Fantail
Fly-Catcher.

Leucocerca pectoralis Jerd. iti., In. Orn. Text to Pl. it.
(1847), (Wilgiris).

Family Turpip&.
Sub-family Saaicoline.

Saxicola caprata rossorum. The Common Pied
Bush-Chat.

Pratincola caprata rossorum Hartert, Jour. f. Orn. «1910,
p. 180 (T'ranscaspia).
N.-W. India and Kashmir.

Saxicola caprata bicolor. The Northern Indian
Pied Bush-Chat.

8. bicolor Sykes, P.Z.S. 1832, p. 92 (Deccan).
N. India from the Deccan to the Himalayas.

Saxicola caprata atrata. The Southern Indian Pied
Bush-Chat.
Pratincola atrata Kelaart, Blyth, J.AS.B. xx., p. IT
(1851), (Ceylon).
Ceylon and S. India.

Saxicola torquata indica. The Indian Bush-Chat.
Pratincola indica Blyth, J.A.S.B. xvi., p. 169 (1847)
(India), (Kashmir).
Breeding Kashmir and N.-W. Himalayas.

Saxicola torquata stejneri. The Japanese Bush-
Chat.
Pratincola rubicola stejneri Parrot, Verh. Orn. Ges. Bay
xiii., p. 124 (1908), (Yesso, Japan).
Breeding E. Siberia and Japan.

Saxicola torquata prezwalskii. The Turkestan
Bush-Chat.
Pratincola maura var. prezwalskii, Pleske, Weiss. Res. P.
Reis. i., p. 46 (1889), (Kansu).
Breeding Turkestan and Tibet.

Saxicola Ieucura. The White-tailed Bush-Chat.
Pratincola leucura Blyth, J.A.S.B. xvi., p. 474 (1847),
(Upper Sind).

* The correct generic name for this bird and its congeners 1s Saxicola, and @nanthe
is the correct generic name for the birds hitherto known as Sawicola.

~~ ,
ee

710 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVI1.

809. (612) Saxicola macrorhyncha. Stoliczska’s Bush-Chat.
Pratincola macrorhyncha Stol., J.A.S.B. ali., 2, p. 238
(1872), (Sind).

Sic. (613) Saxicola insignis. Hodgson’s Bush-Chat.
Pratincola insignis Blyth, J.A.S.B. xvi., p. 129 (1847),
(India), (Cawnpore).

811. (614) Oreicola jerdoni. Jerdon’s Bush-Chat.
Blyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 14 (Dibrugarh).

812. (615) Oreicolaferrea ferrea. The Dark Grey Bush-Chat.
Saxicola ferrea Grey, Cat. M. and B., Nepal, p. 71 (1846),

(Nepal).

India.

813. (615) Oreicela ferrea haringtoni. The Burmese Dark
Grey Bush-Chat.

Hartert, Vog-. Pal. i., p. 710 (1909), (Moupin).
Burma and China.

814. (616) CEnanthe monacha. The Hooded Chat.
Saxicola monacha Temm., Pl. Col. 359 (1825), (Nubia).
Baluchistan and Sind to N. E. Africa.

815. (617) CEnanthe alboniger. Hume's Chat.
Saxicola alboniger Hume, Str. Feath. i., p. 2 (1873), (Sind).
Sind to Gilgit.

} CEnanthe picata. The Pied Chat.
Saxicola picata Blyth, J.A.S.B. xvi., p. 131 (1847), (Sand).

817. (620) CEnanthe cpistholeuca Strickland’s Chat.
Saxicola opistholeuca Strick., Jard. Con. Orn., 1849, p. 60
(N. India).

2 :
818. { Pes (Enanthe leucomela leucomela. The Pied Chat.
7459)
Saxicola leucomela Pall. Nov. Comm. Petrop. xiv., Pt. 1.,
p. 584 (1770), (Samara, Russia).
South Russia to Tibet.

819. (622) CEnanthe melanoleuca melanoleuca. Barnes’ Chat.
Muscicapa melanoleuca Giilden., Nov. Comm. Petr. xix.,
p. 468 (1775), (Georgia).
Transcaspia, Persia to Baluchistan.

820. (624) CEnanthe cnanthe cenanthe. The Wheatear.
Motacilla cenanthe Linn., Syst. Nat., 2., p. 186 (1758),
(Sweden).
? Straggler, N.-W. India.

* It is now generally accepted that picata and capistrata are dimorphic forms of
the same bird.

{ vittata appears to be merely an aberration.

BIRDS OF Tdi INDIAN EMPIRE. (ji

821. (624) CEnanthe cenanthe argentea. The Eastern
Wheatear.

Saxicola cenanthe argentea Linn., Arch. f. Zool. v. (9), p. 22°
(1909), (Baikal).
Siberia, Gilgit.

822. (625) CEnanthe isabellina, The Isabelline Chat.

Saxicola isabellina Cretz. Atlas zu Riip. Reix. Vog., p. 52'
(1826), (Nubia).
South Russia to Tibet.

as eo \ (CEnanthe deserti atrogularis. The Gould’s Desert

(627) §- Chat.
Saxicola atrogularis Blyth, J.A.S.B., 1847, p. 131 (Upper
Provinces, India). \
Breeding Himalayas.

824. (628) CEnanthe xanthoprymma chrysopygia. The Red-
tailed Chat.
Dromolaea chrysopygia De Fil. Arch. Zool. Gen. ii., p. 381
(1863), (Demavend Persia).
Breeding Transcaspia to Baluchistan.

825. (629) Cercomela fusca. The Brown Rock-Chat.
Saxicola fusca Blyth, J.AS.B., xx., p. 523 (1851), (Muttra).

Sub-family PHa@NIcuRINaE

826. (630) Enicurus maculatus maculatus. The Western
Spotted Forktaal.

Enicurus maculatus Vigors, P.Z.S8., i., p. 9 (1831), (Hima-
layas), (Simla).

Western Himalayas to Garhwal.

€27. (631) Enicurus maculatus guttatus. The Hastern Spotted

Forktaii.
Henicurus guttatus Gould., Blyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 29 (1865),
(? Sikkim), (Darjiling).
Eastern Himalayas, Nepa! to E. Assam.

828. (632) Enicurus schistaceus. The Slaty-backed Forktail.
Hodg., As. Res. xix., p. 189 (1836), (Nepal).

829. (633) Enicurus immaculatus. The Black-backed Forktaz.
Hodg., As. Res. xix., p. 190 (1836).

830. (634) Enicurus leschenaulti indicus. The Assam Forktai!.
Hartert, Vog. Pal. i., p. 760 (1910), (Margherita, HE. Assam).
Sikkim to E. Assam through Burma to Tennasserim.

831. (635) Hydrocichla frentalis. The White-crowned Forktail.
Enicurus frontalis Blyth, JAS.B. xvi., p. 156 (1847),
(Sumatra).

* montana cannot be divided from Blyth’s atrogularis, the Indian form of deserti.

#12 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII,

832. (636) Hydrocichla ruficapilla. The Chestnut-headed Fork-
taal.
Enicurus ruficapillus Temm. Pl. Col. iii., pl. 534 (1832),
(Sumatra).

833. (637) Microecichla scouleri scouleri. The Little Forktal.
Enicurus scouleri Vigors., P.Z.S. 1., p. 174 (1832), (Hima-
layas).
Himalayas, N. Burma and China.

834. (638) Chaimarrornis leucocephala. The White-capped

Redstart.
Phceenicura leucocephala Vugors, P.Z.S. 1., p. 35 (18381)
(Himalayas).

835. *(639) Phoenicurusfrontalis. The Blue-fronted Redstart.
Vigors, P.Z.S., 1832, p. 172 (Himalayas).

836. (640) Phoenicurus schisticeps. The White-throated Red-

start.
Ruticilla schisticeps Hodg., Cat. Mam. and B. Nep., p. 69
(1846), (Nepal).

837. (641) Phoenicurus auroreus leucepterus. The Daurian

Redstart.
P. leucoptera Blyth, J.A.S.B. xavi., p. 962 (1843), (Malacca).
Breeding W. Central China.

838. (642) Phoenicurus erythronotus. Hversmann’s Redstart.
Sylvia erythronota Hversm., Add. Pall. Zoogr. mos.-As. fase.
ii., p. 11 (1841), (Altai).
839. (643) Phoenicurus hedgsoni. Hodgson’s Redstart.
Ruticilla hodgsoni Moore, P.Z.S., 1854, p. 26 (Nepal).

840. (644) Phoenicurus ochrurus rufiventris. The Indian

Redstart.
(Enanthe rufiventris Vieill. Nouv. Dict. d Hist. Nat. xxi,
p. 431 (1818), (India), (Gyantse, Tibet).

Himalayas from Sikkim E. to China.

841, (644) Phoenicurus ochrurus phenicuroides. The West-

ern Indian Redstart.
Ruticilla phoenicuroides Moore, P.Z.S., 1855, p. %9
(NV. India), (Srinagar, Kashmir).

Himalayas, Afghanistan to Nepal and Persia.
842. (645) Phoenicurus erythrogastrus grandis. Gul <nstadt’s
Afghan Redstart.

Ruticilla grandis Gould, P.Z.S., 1849, p. 112 (A9anistan).
Kashmir, E. Himalayas to Tibet.

* The generic name for the Redstarts is Phenicurus, Forster (1817), ad not Ruti
cilla, Brehm. (1828).

BIRDS OF THE INDIAN EMPIRE. : 7]

ee

843. (646) Rhyacornis fuliginosa. The Plumbeous Redstart.

Pheenicura fuliginosa - Vigors, P.Z.S., 1831, p. 35 (Hima-
layas).
Himalayas, Chitral to E. Assam.

844. *(647) Cyanosylvia suecica suecica. The Red-spotted Blue
Throat.

Motacilla suecica Linn., Syst. Nat. i., p. 187 (1858), (Sweden).
N. Europe and W. Siberia.

845. (647) Cyaneosylvia suecica paillidogularis. The Eastern
Red-spotied Blue Throat.
Cyanecula suecica pallidogularis Sarud., Mat. z. Ken. Russ.
Reich. wi, p. 171 (1897), (Orenburg).
Turkestan, Ladak, Tibet.

846. (648) Cyanosylvia cyanecula abbotti. The Eastern White-
spotted Blue Throat.

Cyanecula abbotti Richmond, Smith, In. 1896, p. 484 (Nubra
Valley, Ladak).

847. (649) Lucinia megarhyncha golzii. The Eastern Night
ingale.
Lusciola golzii Cab. Jour. f. Orn., 1873, p. 79 (Turkestan).

848. (650) Calliope calliope. The Common Ruby Throat.
Motacilla calliope Pall. Reise. Russ. Reichs. iii,, p. 697
(1776), ( Yenesez).

849. (651) Calliope pectoralis pectoralis. The Himalayan
Ruby Throat.
C. pectoralis Gould., Icones Av. Pt. i, pl. iv (1837), (West
Himalaya).
Breeding W. Himalayas to Nepal.

850. (651) Calliope pectoralis confusa. The Hastern Ruby
Throat.
Luscinia pectoralis confusa Hartert, Vog. Pal. v., p. 740
(1910), (Stkkim).
Eastern Himalayas to Sadiya.
851. +*(652) Calliope pectoralis tschebaiewi. The Tibet Ruby
Throat.
Calliope tschebaiewi Przew., Mongol. i., Stran. Tang.'it., pp.

44 (1876), (Kansu).
Breeding Tibet to Kansu.

852. (653) Tarsiger chryszus. The Golden Bush-Robin.
Hodg., P.Z.S. 1845, p. 28 (Nepal).

* Cyanosylvia, Brehm. antedates Cyanecula as Brehm. uses it first in his book
(1828). Ludlow has recently obtained the White and Red-spotted birds breeding
in the same area in Tibet, so they should be considered species.

+ Hartert includes Cyanosylvia, Daulias and Calliope all with Lucinia, also the
Shortwings, Larvivora.

714. JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XX VII.

853.

854.

855.

856.

857.

858.

859.

860,

861,

862.

863.

864.

(654).

(655)

(656)

(657)

* (658)

(659)

(660)

(662)

(661)

(663)

(663)

lanthia rufilata. The Red-flanked Bush-Robin.
Nemura rufilatus Hodg., P.Z.S., 1845, p. 27 (1845), (Nepat).

lanthia indica indica. The White-browed Bush-
Robin.
Sylvia indica Vieill. Nowv. Dict. @ Hist. Nat. «xi., p. 267
(1817), (India), (Darjiling).

lanthia cyanura. The Japanese Bush-Robin.
Motacilla cyanurus Pall., Reise. Russ. Reichs. 22., Pp. 709
(1773), ( Yeneset).
Once occurred in N. Cachar (Vog. Pal. I., p. 713).

lanthia hyperythra. The Rufous-beled Bush-
Robin.
Blyth, J.A.8.B., xvi., ¢. 132 (1847), (Darjiling).

Adelura czruleccephala. The Bluc-headed Robin.
Pheenicura czruleccephala Vigors, P.Z.S., 1830, p. 35
(Himalayas).

Grandala ceelicelor. Hodgson’s Grandala.
Hodg., J.A.S.B. xii.. p. 447 (1843), (Nepal).

Notodela leucura. The White-tailed Blue Robin.
Muscisylvia leucura Hodg., P.Z.S., 1845, p. 27 (Nepal).

Callene frontalis. The Blue-fronted Callene.
Cinclidium frontale Blyth, J.A.S.B. 2., p. 181 (1842),
(Sikkim).

Thamnobia fulicata fulicata. The Black-backed
Indian Robin.
Motacilla fulicata Linn., Syst. Nat. 2., p. 336 (1766), (Philip-
pines), (Ceylon). ;

Ceylon and India, §. of the Godavari and Ahmednagar.

Thamnobia fulicata combaiensis. The Brown-
backed Indian Robin.
Sylvia cambaiensis Lath. Ind. Orn. ti., p. 554 (1790),
(Guzerat).
India N. of the Godavari and Ahmednagar.

Copsychus saularis saularis. The Indian Magpie-
Robin.

Gracula saularis Linn., Syst. Nat. i.,p. 165 (1766), (Bengal).
India, Burma and. Siam. :

Copsychus saularis musicus, The Malay Magpie-
Robin. ”
Lanius musicus Raffil. Tran. L. Soc. xiii. (1820), p. 147

(Sumatra). ,
Penin. Siam and Burma Southwards.

* Th's b'rd may have to be placed nearer the true Thrushes,

865.

866.

807.
868.
ee:
870.

871.

S72.
873.

874.

875.

BIRDS OF THE INDIAN EMPIRE, 715

(663) Copsychus saularis ceylonensis. The Ceylon-
Magpie Robin.
C. ceylonensis Sclater, P.Z.S., 1861, p. 186 (Ceylon).
Ceylon and Travancore,

(664) Kittecincla macroura macroura. The Malay
Shama.
Turdus macrourus Gim., Syst. Nat. i., p.820 (1789), (Pulo
Condore).
Penin. Siam and Burma Southwards.

(664) Kittocincla macroura tricolor. The Indian Shama
Turdus tricolor Vieill., Now. Dict. @ Hist. Nat. xx., p. 291
(1818), (India).
India, Ceylon and Burma, etc.

(665) Kittocincla albiventris. The Andaman Shama.
Blyth, J.AS.B. xxvit., p. 269 (1858), (Andamans).

Sub-family BracHypTrERYGIN”.*

(190) Larvivora cyane cyane. The Siberian Blue Chat.
Motacilla cyane, Pall., Reise. - Russ. Reich. iti., p. 697
(1776), Dauria).
E. Siberia to Japan. Winter Burma and E. India.

(191) WLarvivora cyane brunnea. The Himalayan Blue
Chat.
L. brunnea, Hodg., J.A.S.B. vi., p. 102 (1837), (Nepal).
Himalayas N.-W. to Nepal and Sikkim.

Larvivora wickhami. The Burmese Blue Chat.
Stuart Baker, Nov. Zool. xxiii., p. 298 (1916), (Chin Hills).
Chin Hills, Burma.

(193) Brachypteryx albiventris. The White-bellied
Shortwing.
Callene albiventris, Fairbank, Blanf., P.Z.S., 1867, p. 833
(Palni Hills).
(194) Brachypteryx rufiventris. The Rufous-bellied
Shortwing.
Callene rufiventris, Blyth, Jerd., B. of I. i., p. 496 (Neil-
-gherries).
+(195) Heteroxenicus stellatus. (Gould’s Shortwing.
Brachpteryx stellatus, Gould., P.Z.S., 1858, p. 218 (Sikkim)
(196) Heteroxenicus hyperythrus. The Rusty-bellied
Shortwing.
Brachypteryx hyperythra Jerd. and Blyth, P.Z.S., 1861, p.
201 (Sikkim).

* This sub-family of Shortwinged Chats appears to come here before the true

‘hrushes.

+ Drymochares is preoccupied for a fam'ly of Coleoptera so Heteroxenicus, Sharpe
nust be used,

9

716 JOURNAL BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVI1,

876,

877.

878.

870.

*880,

881,

882.

883.

884.

885.

(198)

(197)

(197)

(199)

(666)

(667)

(668)

(669)

(670)

Heteroxenicus nepalensis. The Nepal Shortwing.
Brachypteryx nepalensis Hodg., Moore, P.Z.S., 1854, p. 74
(Nepal).
Heteroxenicus cruralis. The White-trowed Short-
wing. .
Calliope cruralis Blyth, J.A.S.B. xii., p. 933 (1843)
(Darjiling).

Heteroxenicus sinensis. The Chinese Shortwing.
Drymochares sinensis Rickett, Bull. B.O.C. vi., p. 1 (1897),
(N.-W. Fokkien).
China to N.-E. Assam.

Hodgsonius pheenicuroides. Hodgson’s Shoriwing.
Sylvania phcenicuroides Blyth, J.AS.B. xvi., p. 136
(1847), (Nepal).

Sub-family TurpInz,

Planesticus maximus. The Central Asian Blackbird.
Merula maxima Seebohm, Cat. B. M. v., p. 405 (1881),
(Kashmir).

Planesticus kessleri. Przewalski’s Thrush.
Turdus kessleri Przew., Mong. Stran. Tangut., p. 62 (1876),
(Kansu).
East Tibet into China.

Planesticus simillimus simillimus. The Nilgiri
Blackbird.
Turdus simillimus Jerd., Madr. Jour. L. 8S. 2x., p. 253

(1839), (Wilgiris).

Planesticus si-aillima kinnisii. The Ceylon Black-
bird.

Merula kinnisii Blyth, J.A.S.B. xx., p. 177 (1851), (Ceylon).
Ceylon.

Planesticus simillima bourdilloni. Bourdillon’s
Blackbird.
Merula bourdilloni Seebohm, Cat. B.M. v., p. 251 (1881),
(Travancore).
Travancore and Palni Hills.

Planesticus kinnisii erythrotis. Davison’s Black-
bird.

Merula erythrotis Davison, Ibis, 1886, p. 205 (? Palghat
Hills).
Not known, but probably Palghat Hills, Travancore.

* Merula is unfortunately preoccupied and cannot, therefore, be used for the

Thrushes, and its
p. 3 (1854).

place must be taken by Planesticus, Bonap. Comp. Renda xxxviii.,
Type Turdus jamaicenois.

BIRDS OF THE INDIAN EMPIRE. (hw

886. *(671) Planesticus nigropileus. The Black-capped Black-
bird.

Turdus nigropileus Lafres., Deless, Voy. de Inde, Pt. ti., p.
27 (1843), (India).

Nilgiris, Mysore Hills and Aravalli Hills.

887. (672) Plamnesticus albocinctus. The White-collared Ouzel.
Turdus albocinctus Royle., Ill. Him. Bot., p. lexvii.
(1839), (Himalayas).
888, (673) Planesticus castaneus castareus. The Grey-
headed Ouzel.

M. castanea, Gould P.Z.S., 1835, Dp. 185 (Sikkim).
Himalayas, Kashmir to Assam.

889. (673) Planesticus castanea gouldi. Gould’s Grey-headed
Ouzel.

Merula gouldi Verr. Nouv. Arch. Mus. d@ Hist. Nat. vi.,
p. 34 (1871), (W. Setschuan).
Eastern Assam to W. China.

890. (674) Planesticus eunomus, The Dusky Ouzel.
Turdus eunomus ZYemm. Pl. Col. ii., pl. 514 (1831), (Japan).

9ol. Planesticus pallidus. The Pale Ouzel.
Turdus pallidus Gmel., Syst. Nat. i., p. 815 (1789), (Lake
Baikal).

892. +(675) Flanesticus ruficollis ruficollis. The Red-throated
Ouzel.

Turdus ruficollis Pall., Reise. Russ. Reichs. iii., p. 694
(1776), (Dauria).
Breeding East Siberia, etc.

893. (677) Planesticus ruficollis atrogularis. The Black-
throated Ouzel.

Turdus atrogularis Temm., Man. d’Orn. i., p. 169 (1820),
(Austria).
Breeding W. Siberia and N.-W. Himalayas.

894. (676) Planesticus boulboul. The Grey-winged Blackbird.
Lanius boulboul Lath., Ind. Orn. i., p. 80 (1790), (India).

895. (678) Planesticus unicolor. Tickell’s Ouzel.

Turdus unicolor Tick., J.A.S.B. ii., p. 577 (1833), (Bora-
bhum).

896. (679) Planesticus protomelus. The Black-busted Ouzel.
Turdus protomelas Cab. Jour. f. Orn., 1867, p. 286
(Himalayas).
Hills 8. of Brahmapootra, Chin Hills.

* It is possible that Nos. 667-671 should all be treated as sub-species of P. merula.

+ Itis very doubtful whether atrogularis can be considered a sub-species of ruficollis.
I cannot find any connecting link between the two which are always separable. [ See
also Kollibay Bemer. Turk. Vogel. (1917, p. 450). |

718 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVI1I.

897.

898.

8909.

900.

gol,

902,

903.

904,

G05.

906,

(680)

(681)

(682)

(683)

(684)

(684)

(686)

(685)

(687)

(688)

elanesticus obscurus obscurus. The Dark Ouzel.
Turdus obscurus Gmel., Syst. Nat. 7., p. 816 (1789), (Lake
Baikal).
Breeding Siberia, Yenesei to Kamschatka.

Planesticus obscurus subobscurus, Salvadori’s
Ouzel.
Merula subobscura Salv., Ann. Mus. Civ., Gen. (2), ., p-

413 (1889), (Karen Hulls).
? Hills, E. of Burma.

Planesticus fea. Mea’s Ouzel.
Salv. Ann. Mus. Oiv. Gen. (2), v, p. 514 (1887), (Muleyit

Mour ).
Hili; S. of Brahmapootra and Burmese Hills.

Geocichla wardi. The Pied Ground-Thrush.
Turdus wardi Jerd., J.A.S.B., xi., p. 882 (1842), (Mysore).
Breeding W. Himalayas to Assam.

Geocichla sibirica sibirica. The Siberian Ground-
Thrush.
Turdus sibiricus Pall., Reise. Russ. Reichs. wi., p. 694

(1776), (Dauria).
Breeding Central Siberia.

Geocichla sibirica davisoni. Darison’s Ground-
Thrush.
Turdus davisoni Hume, Str. Feath. v., p. 63 (1877),
(Muleyit Mount).
Breeding Japan.
Geocichla citrina citrina. The Orange-headed
Ground-Thrush. 90
Turdus citrinus Lath., Ind. Orn. i., p. 350 (1709), (India),
(Cachar).

N. India, N. Burma and Siam.

Geocichla citrina cyanotis. The White-ihroated
Ground-Thrush.
Turdus cyanotis Jard. and Sel., Ill. Orbn., 1%. p. alvi,
(1828), (India), (Nilghirris).
Southern half of India.

Geocichla citrina innotata. The Malay Ground-
Thrush.
G. innotata Blyth, J.A.S.B. av. p. 370 (1846), Malayan

Peninsula).
Extreme S. of Siam and Burma Southwards.

Geocichla citrina albogularis. The Nicobar Ground-
Thrush.
G. albogularis Blyth, J.A.S.B. xvi.. p. 146 (1847), (Nicotars).
Nicobars.

997

908.

909.

910,

QIt.

912.

913.

O14.

gI5.

BIRDS OF THE INDIAN EMPIRE. 719

*(689) Geocichla citrina andamanensis. The Andaman

Ground-Thrush.

G. andamanensis Wald., A.M.N.H. (4), xiv., p. 156 (1874),
(Anadmans).
Andamans.

(690) Petrophila erythrogaster. The Chestnut-bellied
Rock-Thrush.
Turdus erythrogaster Vigors, P.Z.S., 1831, p. 171 (Hima-
layas).
Himalayas from Chamba to China.

(691) Petrophila cinclorhyncha. The Blue-headed Rock-
Thrush.
Petrocincla cinclorhyncha Vigors, P.Z.S., 1831, p. 172 (Him-
alayas), (Simla).
Himalayas, Afghanistan to Bhutan.

(692) Petrophila solitaria solitaria. The Western Blue
Rock-Thrush.
Turdus solitarius Linn., Syst. Nat. (X.), p. 170 (1758), (Italy).
Breeding Europe to Persia. =

(692) Petrohphila solitaria transcaspica. Haytert’s Blue
Rock-Thrush.
Monticola cyanus transcaspicus Hart., Bull. B.O.C. xxiii.
p. 43 (1909), (Tedschen).
Breeding Transcaspia.

(693) Petrophila solitaria pandoo. The Eastern Blue
Rock-Thrush.
Petrocincla pandoo Sykes, P.Z.S., 1832, p. 87 (Southern

Ghats).
Breeding Himalayas, Kashmir Eastwards.

(693) Petrophila solitaria philippensis. The Japanese

Rock-Thrush.
Turdus philippensis Miiller, Natur. Anhang., p. 142 (1776),
(Japan).
Breeding E. Siberia to Japan. Straggler, Siam and
Tennasserim.

(694) Monticola saxatilis. The Rock-Thrush.
Turdus saxatilis Linn., Syst. Nat. (XII), p. 294 (1766),
(Greece).

Monticola gularis gularis. Swinhoe’s Rock-Thrush,
Orocetes gularis Swinh., P.Z.S., 1862, p. 318 (Pekin).
Breeding E. Siberia, straggler Burma.

* Hartert unites Merula, Geocichla, and Oreocinchla with Turdus
+ Hartert, possibly rightly, unites Petrophila with Monticola.

720 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII.

916,

O17.

918,

919.

920,

921.

g22.

923.

924;

925.

926,

927.

(695)

(696)
(697)

(698)

(699)

(6982)

(700)

(701)
(702) §

Turdus visciverus bonapartei. The Himalayan
Mistle-Thrush.

Turdus bonapartei Cab. Jour. f. Orn. 1860, p. 183 (Himalayas).
Breeding Central Asia to Kashmir.

Turdus pilaris. The Fieldfare.
Linn., Syst. Nat. (X), p. 168 (1758), (Sweden).

Turdus musicus. The Redwing.
Linn., Syst. Nat. (a), p. 169 (1758), (Sweden).

Oreocincla dauma dauma, The Small-billed
Moutain-Thrush.
Turdus dauma Lath., Ind., Orn. i., p. 362 (1790), (India),

(Kashmir).
Himalayas, Hazara to Assam.

Oreocincla dauma nilgiriensis. The Nalgiri Thrush.
O. nilgiriensis Blyth, J.A.S.B. xvi., p. 141 (1847), (Nilgiris).
Hills of Southern India.

Oreocincla dauma aurea. White's Thrush.
Turdus aureus Holandre, F. de M. Ann. de la Moselle, 1825.
p. 60 (Metz).
Kast Siberia to Japan. Straggler into Burma.

Oreocincla dauma imbricata. The Ceylon Thrush.

Zoothera imbricata Layard, A.M.N.H. (2), witi., p. 212
(1854), (Ceylon).

Ceylon.

Oreocincla mollissima mollissima. The Plain-
backed Mountain Thrush.

Turdus molissimus Blyth, J.A.S.B. xi., p. 188 (1842), (Dar-
piling).
Himalayas, Chamba to Mishmi Hills. Breeding Forests.
Oreccincia mollissima whiteheadi. Whitehead’s
Mountain Thrush.

Stuart Baker, Bull. B.O.C. xzat., p. 71 (1913), (Khagan
Valley).
Extreme N.-W. Frontier. Breeding above forest line.

Oreocincla spiloptera, The Spotted-winged Thrush.
Blyth, JAS.B. xvi., p. 142 (1847), (Ceylon).
Ceylon.

Myiophoneus horsfieldi horsfieldi, The Malabar
Whistling-Thrush.

M. horsfieldi Vigors, P.Z.S., 1831, p. 35 (Malabar).
South-Western India.

Myicpheoneus horsfieldi temminckii, The Hima-
layan Whistling-Thrush.

M. temminckii Vigors, P.Z.S., 1831, p. 171 (Himalayas).
Himalayas, Afghanistan to N. and Central Burma.

928. (188)
929. (192)
930. (704)
931. (705)
932. (706)
933. (707)
gag 408

(711)
935. +(709)
936. (710)
937. (712)

BIRDS OF THE INDIAN EMPIRE, 721

Myiophoneus horsfieldi eugenei. The Burmese
Whaistling-Thrush.

M. eugenei Hume, Str. Feath. i., p. 475 (1873), (Pegu).
Southern Burma and Siam.

Arrenga blighi. The Ceylon Arrenga.
Holdsworth, P.Z.S., 1872, p. 444 (Ceylon).

Zoothera monticola, The Large Brown Thrush.
Vigors, P. Z. S., 1831, p. 172 (Himalayas), (Sikkim).

Zoothera marginata, The Lesser Brown Thrush.
Blyth, J.AS.B. xvi.,p. 141 (1847), (Arrakan).

Cochoa purpurea. The Purple Thrush.
Hodg., J.A.S.B. v., p. 359 (1836), (Nepal).

Cochoa viridis. The Green Thrush.
Hodq., J.AS.B. v., p. 359 (1836), (Nepal).

Sub-family Crnciinz*.

ie ais cinclus kashmiriensis. The White-breasted
Asiatic Dipper.
C. kahsmiriensis Gould, P. Z. S., 1859, p. 494 (Kashmir).
Himalayas, Kashmir to Tibet.

Cinclus pallasii tenuirostris, The Brown Dipper.
C. tenuirostris Bonap., Consp. Av. i., p. 252 (1850), (Central
Asia).
Breeding Turkestan and Himalayas.

Cinclus pallasii souliei. Pallas’ Dipper.
Cinclus pallasii var souliei Oust., Ann., Sc. Nat. Zool. (7), xii.
p. 299 (1892), (Ta-tsien-lu).
Breeding E. Tibet to China.

Sub-family PRUNELLIDzt.

Laiscopus collaris nipalensis. The Hastern Alpin
Hedge-Sparrow.
Accentor nipalensis Blyth, J.A.S.B. xii., p. 958 (1843),
(Nepal).
Eastern Himalayas, beyond first ranges.

* Hartert unites the Dippers and Wrens in the T'roglodytide in which he includes
Tesia, but not the Certhide. I prefer Turdide, Cinclide, Troglodytide and Certhiide. .
which appear to be a natural sequence.

+ In this, as in so many other cases, Hodgson’s name asiaticus is a nomen nudum,
and therefore cannot be maintained.

t The name Accentor cannot be used for the Hedge-Sparrow, and therefore Ldisco-

pus, Gloger Hand. in Hilfsb. p. 267 (1841) must be used in its place; Prunella, Vieill;
Analyse nouv. Ornith. p. 43, 1816, antedates Tharrhaleus, Kaup, 1829.

722 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIET Dm Li a: ©. @ 0

938.

939.

940,

O41.

942.
943.

044.

945.

046.

047.

948,

(712)

(719)

Laiscopus collaris rufilatus. The Turkestan Hedge-
Sparrow.

Accentor rufilatus Severtz., Sapiski d. Turk., p. 45 (1879),
(Turkestan).

Turkestan, Ladak and Chitral.

Laiscopus collaris whymperi. Whymper’s Hedge-
Sparrow.

Laiscopus collaris whymperi Sturat Baker, Bull. B.0.C,

xuxv., p. 60 (1915), (Garhwal).
Garhwal and W. Nepal.

Laiscopus collaris tibetanus. The Tibet Hedge-
Sparrow.
Accentor collaris tibetanus Bianchi, Ann. Mus. Zool. Acad.
Petersb. iz., p. 128 (1904), H. (Tibet).
Tibet to Koku-Nor.

Laiscopus collaris ripponi. Rippon’s Hedge-
Sparrow.
Prunella collaris ripponi Hartert, Vog., Pal. i., p. 766 (1913),
(Gyi-dzu-Shan).
Shan States, above 10,000 feet.

Laiscopus himalayanus. The Altai Hedge-Sparrow.
Accentor himalayanus Blyth, J.A.S.B. «wi., p. 187 (1842),
(Himalaya).

Prunella immaculatus. The Maroon-backed Hedge-

Sparrow.
Accentor immaculatus Hodg., P.Z.S., 1845, p. 34 (Nepal).

Prunella rubeculoides. The Robin Hedge-Sparrow.
Accentor rubeculoides Moore, P.Z.S., 1854, p. 118 (Nepal).

Prunella atrogularis. The Black-throated Hedge-
Sparrow.

Accentor atrogularis Brandt., Bull. Acad. Petersb., p. 140
(1844), (Semi-Palatine).

Prunella fulvescens fulvescens. The Brown Hedge-
Sparrow.

Accentor fulvescens Severiz., Turk. Jevotn., p. 66 (1873),
(Turkestan).

Prunella strophiatus strophiatus. The Rufous-

breasted Hedge-Sparrow.
Accentor strophiatus Blyth, J.A.S.B. xii., p. 959 (1843),
(Nepal).
Eastern Himalayas to Kumaon.

Prunella strophiatus jerdoni, Jerdon’s Hedge-

Sparrow.
Accentor jerdoni Brooks, J.A.S8.B. ali., Pt. 2, p. 327 (1872),
(Kashmir).
Western Himalayas to Kashmir.

BIRDS OF THE INDIAN EMPIRE. 723

Family IrENiDz*.

949. (254) Irena puella puella. The Fairy Blue-Bird.
Coracias puella Lath., Ind. Orn. i., p. 171 (1790), (India)
(Travancore).
India, N. and Central Burma.

950, (254) Irena puella cyanea. The Malay Fairy Blue-Bird.
Irena cyanea Begbie, Malayan Penin., p. 516, date (Malay

Pen).
Extreme S. of Tennasserim and Siam.

Family PLocEiné.
Sub-family Ploceine.

951. (720) Ploceus philippinus philippinus. The Baya.
Loxia philippina Linn., Syst. Nat. (XII), p. 305 (1766),
(Ceylon).
Ceylon and the greater part of India.

952. (721) Ploceus philippinus megarhynchus. Finn’s Baya.
P. megarhynchus Hume, Str. Feath. wii., p. 406 (1875),

(Kaladoongi, Nainital).
Himalayas about Nainital. ? Extent of range.

953. (721) Ploceus philippinus passerinus. The Eastern Ba ya
P. passerinus Reichenow, Zool. Jahrb. 7., 1886, p. 156, (Nep al)
Eastern Sub-Himalayas, Bengal, Assam, N. Burma and

Siam.

954. (721) Ploceus philippinus infortunatus, The Malay
Baya.
Ploceus passerinus infortunatus Hartert, Nov. Zool. ix.,

p. 577 (1902), (Sungei Lebeh).
South Siam, Tennasserim and Malay Peninsula.

955. (722) Ploceus benghalensis. The Black-throated Weaver-
Bird.
Loxia benghalensis Linn., Syst. Nat. p. 305 (1766), (Bengal).
N. India, Assam, Manipur and Chin Hills.
956, (723) Ploceus manyar manyar. The Striated Weaver-Bird.
Fringilla manyar Hors., Trans. Lin. Soc. xiii., p. 160

(1820), (Java).
Java, Bali, Malay Pen. to 8. Tennasserim.

* Oberholser has recently (Oct. 1917) created this family for the two genera Irena
and Glauconympha (Jour. Wash. Acad. Sc. VII., No. 17) which he seems to think
should be placed near the Bulbuls. Whilst agreeing that Irena cannot be placed in
any known family, I think it may eventually find a place nearer the Cochoa group of
Thrushes. I cannot separate Irena and Glauconympha.

10

794 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII.

057.

*958.

959.

960.

961.

962.

963.

964.

965.

966.

(723)

(724)

(725)

(726)

(726)

(727)

(727)

(728)

(729)

(730)

Ploceus manyar flaviceps. The Indian Striated
Weaver-Burd.
P. flaviceps Less., Trait. d’Orn, 1831, p. 435 (Pondicherry).
Ceylon, India, Burma and Siam.

Ploceela chrysza. The Golden Weaver-Bird.
Ploceus chrysaeus Hume. Str. Feath. vi. p. 399, footnote,
(1878), (Lennasserim.)

Sub-family VIDUINA.

Munia malacca. The Black-headed Muma.
Loxia malacca Linn. Syst. Nat., 7, p. 302 (1766), (China,
Java, Malacca).
EE ER

Munia atricapilla atricapilla. The Chestnut-headed

Muna.
Loxia atricapilla Vieill, Ors. Chant., p. 84 (1805), (Peninsula
India).
Southern India.

Munia atricapilla rubroniger. The Northern
Chestnut-headed Munia.

M. rubroniger Hodg., As. Res. xix., p. 153 (1836), (Nepal).
Northern India.

Uroloncha acuticauda acuticauda. AHodgson’s

Muma.
Munia acuticauda Hodg., As. Res. xix, p. 153 (1836),
(Nepal). :
The whole of India and Burma.

Uroloncha acuticauda squamicollis. The Chinese
Pin-Tailed Muma.
U. squamicollis Sharpe, Cat. B. M., xiii, p. 359 . (1890),
(Hainan).
Shan States to Hainan.

Uroloncha striata striata. The White-backed
Munia.

Loxia striata Linn., Sys. Nat.i, p. 306 (1766), (I. of Bourbon).
Ceylon and South India. ;

Uroloncha striata semistriata. The Nicobar White-
backed Munia.
Munia semistriata Hume, Str. Feath. 1., p. 257 (1874),
(Nicobars.) .
Nicobars. -

Uroloncha striata fumigata. The Andaman White-
backed Munia.
Munia fumigata Wald., A.M.N.H. (4), xii, p. 488 (1873),
(Andamans).
Andamans.

* Lowia javanensis of Less (1831) is preoccupied by L. javanensis, Sparm (1789).

967.

968,

969.

979.

971.

972.

973.

974.

"O75:

976.

977.

(731)

(732)

(733)

(734)

(735)

(735)

(736)
(737)

(738)

(739)

(740)

BIRDS OF THE INDIAN EMPIRE, 725

Uroloncha leucogastra. The White-bellied Munia.
Amadina leucogastra Blyth, J.A.S.B. xv., p. 286 (1846),
(Malay Pen.).

Uroloncha pectoralis. The Rufous-bellied Muma.
Munia pectoralis Jerd., B. of I. ti, p. 355 (1863), (Wynaad),

Uroloncha kelaarti. The Ceylon Munia.
Munia kelaarti Blyth, Jerd., B. of I. ti., p. 356 (1863), (Ceylon).

Urcloncha malabarica. The White-throated Munia.
Loxia malabarica Linn., Syst. Nat. i, p. 305 (1766), (India),
(Malabar),
SS ee

Uroloncha punctulata punctulata. The Spotted
Munia.

Loxia punctulata Linn., Syst. Nat. i., p. 302 (1766), (Asia).
(Calcutta).

India and Ceylon N. to W. Assam.

Uroloncha punctulata topela. The Chinese Spotted
Munia.

Munia topela Swinh., Ibis, 1863, p. 380 (China and Formosa),
(Formosa).

S. Assam, Burma and China.

Erythura prasina. The Long-tailed Muna.

Loxia prasina Sparrm., Mus. Carls., pls. 72-73(1788), (Java).

Stictospiza formosa. The Green Munia.

Fringilla formosa Lath., Ind. Orn. i., p. 441 (1790), (India).

Amandava amandava amandava. The Indian Red
Munia.
Fringilla amandava Linn., Syst. Nat. i., p. 319 (1766), (India
orientalis), (Calcutta).
India and N. Burma.

Amandava amandava,flavidiventris. The Burmese

Red Munia.
KEstrelda flavidiventris Wallace, P.Z.S., 1863, p. 480 (Timor
and Flores).
Central and S. Burma, etc.

Family FRINGILLID2.
Sub-family Coccothraustine.

+ Coccothraustes coccothraustes humii. Hume's
Hawfinch.
C. humii Sharpe, P.Z.S., 1886, p. 97 (N.-W. Punjab).
Turkestan, Afghanistan and N.-W. Himalayas to (?) N.-W.
Japan.

* The correct name for this genus is not Sporeginthus but Amandava (Reich.
Sing. Vogel, p. 15, 1853).
T I have received typical Hawfinches’ eggs from Tibet, probab ly of this race.

726 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVIL.

978. (741) *Perrisospiza icteroides icteroides. The Black and

979.

980,

981.

982,

983.

984.

985.

986,

987.

(743)

(744)

(748)

Yellow Grosbeak.
Coccothraustes icteroides Vigors, P.Z.S., 1830, p. 8 (Hima-
Jayas).
Himalayas West to Nepal.

Perrisospiza icteroides affinis. The Allied Gros-
beak.
Hesperiphona affinis Blyth,- J.A.S.B. xxiv., p. 179 (1855),
(Alpine Punjab).
Nepal, Sikkim to W. China.

Perrisospiza carnipes carnipes. The White-winged
Grosbeak.
Coccothraustes carnipes Hodg., As. Res. xiz., p. 151 (1836),
(Nepal).
Himalayas, Afghanistan to Chambi, Tibet.

Mycerobas melanoxanthus. The Spotted-winged
Grosbeak.
Coccothraustes melanoxanthus Hodg., As. Res. «wix., p. 159
(1836), (Nepal).
Himalayas, Hazara to Extreme §.-E. Assam, Manipur.

Sub-family FRINGILLINA.

Pyrrhula aurantiaca. The Orange Bull-Finch.
Gould, P.Z.S., 1857, p. 222 (Kashmir).

Pyrrhula erythrocephala. The Red-headed Bull-Finch
Vigors, P.Z.S., 1831, p. 174 (Himalayas).

Pyrrhula erythaca erythaca. Beavan’s Bull-Finch.
P. erythaca Blyth, [bis, 1862, p. 389 (Sikkim).
Eastern Himalayas to E. Assam and (?) W. China.

A :
Pyrrhula erythaca altera. Rippon’s Bull-Finch.
P. altera Rippon, Bull. B.O.C. xix, p. 19, 1906 (W:

Yunnan).
Yunnan and (?) N. Shan States and W. China.

Pyrrhula nipalensis nipalensis. The Brown Buil-
Finch.

P. nipalensis Hodg., As. Res. xix, p. 155 (1836), (Nepal).
Himalayas, Garhwal to Bhutan and Chambi Valley, Tibet.

Pyrrhula nepalensis victoria. The Mount Victoria
Bull-Finch.
Pyrrhula victorie Rippon, Bull. B.O.C. xvi., p. 47 (1906),
(Mount Victoria).
Chin Hills.

* Oberholser Pro. U. S. Nat. Mus. XXIT., p. 227.

988,

989.

990,

991.

992.

993.

994.

996,

997.

(749)

(750)

(751)

(752)

(753)

(753)

(754)

(754)

(754)

(754)

BIRDS OF THE INDIAN EMPIRE. 127

Pyrrhoplectes epauletta. The Gold-headed Black-
Finch.

Pyrrhula epauletta Hodg., As. Res. aix., p. 156 (1836), ;

(Nepal).

Loxia curvirostra himalayana. The Himalayan
Crossbill.
L. himalayars Blyth, J.A.S.B. xiit., p. 952 (1844), (Nepal).

Hzematospiza indica. The Scarlet Finch.

Loxia indica Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i., p. 847 (1789), (India),
(Khasia Hills). :

7

Propyrrhula subhimalchus, The Red-headed Rose-
Finch.

Corythus subhimalchus Hodg., As. Res. zix., p. 152 (1836),
(Nepal).

Pyrrhospiza punicea punicea. The Red-breasted
Rose-Finch.
P. punicea Hodg., J.A.S.B. xtii., p. 953 (1844), (Nepal).
Nepal, Sikkim and Chambi Valley, Tibet.

Pyrrhospiza punicea humii. The Western Red-
breasted Rose-Finch.
P. humii Sharpe, Cat. B. N. wil., p. 433 (1888), (N.-W.
Himalaya).
Chitral, Gilgit to Garhwal.

*Propasser thurus thurus. The White-browed Rose-
Finch.
Carpodacus thura Bon. & Schle., Mon. Lowiens., p. 21 (1850),
(Himalaya), (Sikkim).
Garhwal, Nepal and Sikkim to Chambi Valley.

Propasser thurus blythi. The Kashmir White-
browed Rose-Finch.

_P. blythi Biddulph, Ibis, 1882, p. 283 (Gilgit).

Gilgit and N. Kashmir.

Propasser thurus dubius. The Kansu White-browed
Rose-Finch.
Carpodacus dubius Przew., Mong. Stran Tangut ii., p. 92
(1876), (Alaschan).
Alaschan and Kansu, Setschuan and E. Tibet.

Propasser thurus minimus, The Yunnan White-
browed Rose-Finch.

P. minima Rip., Bull. B.O.C. xiz., p. 32 (1906), (W. Yunnan).
Yunnan.

a a Le
* Hartert unites Carpodacus and Propasser, I think rightly as the differences
hardly seem of generic value

728 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NA TURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXV11.

998.

(755)

999.* (755)

1000.¢ (756)

yoo!u.

1002,

1003.

1004.

1095.

1006,

1007,

(757)

(758)

(759)

(760)

(761)

Propasser pulcherrimus pulcherrimus, The Beau-
tiful Rose-Finch.

P. pulcherrimus Moore, P.Z.S., p. 85 (1844), (Nepal).
N. W. Himalayas to Sikkim.

Propasser pulcherrimus waltoni. Walton’s Rose-
Finch.
Propasser waltoni Sharpe, Bull. B.O.C. xv., p. 95 (1905),
(Gyantse, Tibet).
Tibet.

Propasser pulcherrimus ambiguus. Hume’s Rose-
Finch.

P. ambiguus Hume. Str. Feath. wi., p. 326 (1874), (Garhawal).
Garhwal. ;

Propasser rhodoclamys grandis. The Red-manitled
Rose-Finch.

Carpodacus grandis Blyth, J.A.S.B. xviti., p. 810 (1849),
(Above Simla).

Propasser rhodochrous. The Pink-browed Rose-

Finch.
Fringilla rhodochroa Vigors, P.Z.S., 1831, p. 23 (Himalaya).

Propasser rhodopeplus rhodopeplus. The Spoited-
winged Rose-Finch.
Fringilla rhodopepla Vigors, P.Z.S., 1831, p. 23 (Himalaya).
Himalayas, Garhwal to Sikkim.

Propasser rhodopeplus ripponi. Sharpe's Llcse-
Finch.
Carpodacus ripponi Sharpe, Bull. B.O.C. xivi., p. 10 (1902),
(W. Yunnan).
Shan States and Yunnan.

Propasser edwardsii. Edwards’ Rose-Finch.

Carpodacus edwardsii Verr., Nouv. Arch. Mus. vi., Bull., p.
39 (1870), (Chinese Tibet).

Propasser vinaceus. The Vinaceus Rose-Finch.
Carpodacus vinaceus Verr. Nouv. Arch. Mus. vi., Bull., p. 39
(1870), (Chinese T'rbet).
Straggler, Kachin Hills.

Carpedacus erythrinus erythrinus. The Common
Rose-Finch.
Loxia erythrina Pall. Nov. Com. Petrop. xix., p. 587 (1770)
(South Russia).
A doubtful straggler N.-W. India.

* A very poor sub-species.

__Whymper, who took the eggs of this bird in Garhwal, tells me he cannot distin-
uish it from P. p. pulcherrimus.

1008,

1009.

1010,

1Orl,

1012,

1013.

1014,

1015.

1016,

1017.

aoe,

AO1Qg.

(761)

(762)

(763)

(764)

(765)

(766)

(767)

(767)

(768)

BIRDS OF THE INDIAN EMPIRE. 729

Carpodacus erythrinus roseatus. Hodgson’s Rose-
Finch.

Pyrrhulinota roseata Hodg., P.Z.S., 1845, p. 36 (Nepal).
Breeding Himalayas to Tibet.

Carpodacus rubicilla severtzovi. Severtzov’s Rose-
Finch.
C. severtzovi Sharpe, P.Z.S., 1886, p. 354 (Turkestan).

Erythrospiza githaginea crassirostris. The East-
ern Desert-Finch.

Carpodacus crassirostris Blyth, J.A.S.B. xvi., p. 476 (1847),
(Afghanistan). ;
Palestine, Persia to Baluchistan and N.-W. India.

Erythrospiza mongolica. The Mongolian Desert-
Finch.

Carpodacus mongolicus Swinh., P.Z.S., 1870, p. 447 (Nankow
Pass).

Rhodopechys sanguinea. The Crimson-winged Finch.
Fringilla sanguinea Gould, P.Z.S., 1837, p. 127 (Erzerum)
Erzerum, Persia to Afghanistan and N.-W. India.

.

Rhodospiza obsoleta. Lichenstein’s Desert-Finch.
Fringilla obsoleta Lich., Eversm., Reise., Anhang, p. 132 (1826),
(Bochara).
Palestine to Afghanistan and Baluchistan.

Procarduelis nipalensis. The Dark Rose-Finch.
Carduelis nipalensis Hodg., As. Res. wxix., p. 157 (1836),
(Nepal). ps

Procarduelis rubescens. Blanford’s Rose-Finch.
Blanf., P.Z.8., 1871, p. 694 (Sikkim).

Carduelis caniceps caniceps. The Himalayan Geld-
Finch.

C. caniceps Vigors, P.Z.S., 1831, p. 23 (Himalayas).
Breeding W. Himalayas to Kumaon.

Carduelis caniceps subulata. The Eastern Gold-
Finch.
Fringilla subulata Gloger, Abandem Vogel, p. 153 (ex Gloger
MS.), (133), (Yenesez).
Lake Baikal to E. Persia, Afghanistan and Baluchistan.

Carduelis carduelis major. The Turkestan Gold-
Finch.

C. major Tacz., P.Z.S., 1879, p. 672 (Turkestan).
West Siberia, Turkestan, Persia, Baluchistan.

Callacanthis burtoni. The Red-browed Finch.
Carduelis burtoni Gould P.Z.S., 1837, p. 90 (Himalayas),
(Srinagar, Kashmir).

730

JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII.

1020,* (769) Acanthis cannabina fringillirestris. The Hastern

1021,

jO22,

10625,

1024,

1025.

1026,

1027.

1028,

1029.

(770)

(774)

_ +(775)

Tnnnet.
Linota fringillirostris Bp. & Schleg. Monog. Lox., p. 45 (1850),

(Kashmir).
Breeding Caucasus to N. Kashmir.

Acanthis flavirostris brevirostris. The Eastern

Twite.
Linota brevirostris Moore, P.Z.S., 1855, p. 216 (Hrzerum).

Breeding Turkestan to N. Tibet. Winter, Sind.
Acanthis flavirostris stoliczkzx. Stoliczkas’ Twite.

-Acanthis flavirostris stoliczke Hartert, Vog. Pal. t., p. 77

(1903), (Galgit).
Breeding Kashmir.
Acanthis flavirostris rufostrigata. The Tibetan
Tuite.
Linota rufostrigata Walton, Bull. B.O.C. xv., p. 93 (1905),
(Gyantse, Tibet).
Breeding S. and E. Tibet.
Metaponia pusillia. The (Gold-fronted Finch.

_ Passer pusillus Pall., Zoogr. Russ.-Asiat. %., p. 28 (1811),

(Caucasus).

Hypacanthis spinoides. The Hvumalayan Green-
Finch.

Carduelis spinoides Vigors, P.Z.S., 1831, p. 44 (Himalayas),
(Simla).

Chrysomitris thibetana thibetana. The Srkkim
Siskin.

C. thibetana Hume, Ibis, 1872, p. 107 (Stkkim).
Breeding Sikkim and Tibet.

Chrysomitris thibetana ambigua. The Yunnan
Siskin.

Serinus ambiguus Oust., Bull. Mus. Paris, 1896, p. 186
(Yunnan).

Breeding Shan States, Kachin Hills to Yunnan.

Fringilla montifringilla. The Brambling.

Linn, Syst. Nat., p. 179 (1758), (Sweden).

Fringilla celebs celebs. The Chaffinch.

F. celebs Linn., Syst. Nat. p. 179 (1758), (Sweden).

Gymnoris xanthosterna xanthosterna, The
Yellow-throated Sparrow.
Fringilla xanthosterna Bonap. Com. Av. 7., p. 512 (1850),
(Bengal).
Lower Himalayas to Travancore.

* The name Fringilla subulata of Gloger, 1833, antedates F. orientalis of Eversmann

(1841).

} Fringilla fiavicollis of Franklin, P.Z.S., 1831, p. 120, is preoce id b i
Syst. Nat., p. 926, 1789. : : a

BIRDS OF THE INDIAN EMPIRE. 731

1031. (775) Gymmoris xanthesterna transfuga. The Sind
Yellow-throated Sparrow.
Gymnoris fiavicollis transfuga Hartert, Vog. Pal. i., p. 145
(1903), (Baluchistan).
Persia to Sind and Afghanistan.

1032. (776) Passer domesticus indicus. The Indian House-
Sparrow.
P. indicus Jard. & Sel., Ill. Orn. iii., p. 118 (1835-1848),
(India).
India and Burma.

1033." (777) Passer domesticus pyrrhonotus. The Rufous-
backed Sparrow.
P. pyrrhonotus Blyth, J.A.S.B. xiii., p. 946 (1844), (Sind).
Sind.

1034. (778) Passer hispaniolensis transcaspicus. The Eastern
Spanish-Sparrow.
Tschusi, Orn. Jahrb., 1903, p. 10 (Transcaspia).
Transcaspia to Punjab.

1035. (779) Passer montanus saturatus, The Indian Tree-
Sparrow.
Passer saturatus Stejn., Pro. Nat. Mus. U.S. viii., p. 19
(1885), (Lu Kiw Is)
All India, N. and C. Burma and Siam.

1036. {(779) Passer montanus malaccensis. The Maly Tree-
Sparrow.
Passer malaccensis Dubois, Faune Ill. Vert. Belge, Ois. i.,

p. 572 (1885), (Malacca).
Extreme 8. Burma and Siam to Malay Peninsula.

1037. (779) Passer montanus dilutus. The Afghan Tree-
Sparrow.
Richm., Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xviit., p. 577, (1895), (Kashgar).
Common resident Baluchistan.

1038. (780) Passer rutilans cinnamomeus. The Cinnamon
Tree-Sparrow.
Pyrgita cinnamomea Gould P.Z.S., 1835, p. 185, (Bhutan).
Breeding E. Himalayas to Yunnan.

1039. (780) Passer rutilans debilis. The Kashmir Cinnamon
Tree-Sparrow.
Hartert, Vog. Pal., p. 163 (1910), (Sind-Tal, Kashmir).
Western Himalayas.

*JT am rather doubtful as to whether this b'rd should not be given full specific

rank.
+ The form found in Siam and §. Burma is intermediate between saturatus and

malaccensis.
11

732 JOURNAL, BUMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVI.

1040, (781) Passer flaveolus. The Pegu House-Sparrow.
Blyth, J.A.S.B. xiii., p. 946 (1844), (Pegu).

1041. (782) Petronia petronia intermedia. The Eastern Rock-

Sparrow.
Hartert, Nov. Zool., 1901, p. 324 (Gilgit, Kashmir).

*1042. (783) Chionospire blanfordi. Blanford’s Mountain-Finch.
Montifringilla blanfordi Hume, Str. Feath., 1876, p. 147,

(Tibet).

1043. (784) Chionospire ruficollis. The Red-necked Mountain-
Finch.

Blanf., Pro. A.S.B., 1871, p. 227 (Kangra Lama Pass, N.
Sikkim).

1044. (785) Chionospire nivalis adamsi. Adam’s Mountain-
Finch. .
Montifringilla adamsi, Adams, P.Z.S., 1858, p. 482 (Ladakh).
Breeding W. Himalayas to Tibet.

1045. (785) Chionospire nivalis alpicola. Pallas’ Mountain-
Finch.
Passer alpicola, Pall. Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. w., p. 20, (1831),
(Caucasia).
Breeding Caucasus to Baluchistan.

1040, Chionospire miandelli. Mandelli’s Moauntain-
Finch.
Montifringilla mandellii Hume, Str. Feath., 1876 p. 488, (Z'abet-
Sikkim borders).

1047. (786) Fringilauda memoricola nemoricola. Hodgson’s
Mountain-Finch.
Fringilauda nemoricola Hodg., As. Res. xix., p. 158 (1836),
(Nepal).
Breeding E. Himalayas, Nepal to Tibet.

1048. (787) Fringilauda nemoricola altaica. Stoliczka’s Moun-
tain-F inch.
Fringilla altaica Hversm., Bull. Soc., I. Nat. Mosc. xxi., p.
293 (1848), (Altai).
Western Himalayas, Kumaon, etc.

1049. (788) Fringilauda brandti hzmatopyga. Brandi’s
Mountain- Finch.

Leucosticte brandti Bonap., Consp. Av. i., p. 537 (1850),
(Turkestan).
Gilgit to Sikkim.

* The name hitherto used for this genus Montifringilla is a nomen nudum, and must
therefore be discarded. The next oldest name is Chionospire, Kaup 1829.

1050.

1051,

1052.

1053.

1054.

1055.

1050.

1057.

1058.

1059.

1060,

1061,

(789)

(790)

(790)

(791)

(792)

(793)

(794)

(794)

(794)

(794)

(795)

BIRDS OF THE INDIAN EMPIRE. 733

Family AMPELID&.

Bombycilla garrulus centralasiz. The Asian Waz-
Wing.
Poljakov Mess. Ornith. iv., p. 137 (1915).
Family EMBERIZIN2.

Emberiza scheeniclus schceniclus. The Reed
Bunting.
Fringilla schceniclus Linn., S.N. i., p. 182 (1758), (Sweden).

Emberiza fucata fucata. The Grey-headed Bunting.
E. fucata Pall. Reise. Russ. Reichs. iti., p. 698 (1776), (Mona
and Ingoda).
Breeding Siberia, Japan and N. China.

Emberiza fucata arcuata. The Indian Grey-headed
Bunting.
E. arcuata Sharpe, Cat. B. M. zii., p. 494 (1888), (Hima-
layas).
Breeding Himalayas.

Emberiza pusilla. The Little Bunting.
Pall. Reise. Russ. Reichs. wii., p. 697, (1776), (Daurian Alps).

Emberiza leucocephala The Pine Bunting.

Gmel. Nov., Comm. Acad. Sci. Imp. Petrop. xv., p. 480
(1771), (Astrakan).

Emberiza stewarti. The White-capped Bunting.
Blyth, J.A.S.B. xiti., p. 215 (1854), (Himalayas).

Emberiza cia stracheyi. The Eastern Meadow-
Bunting.

E. stracheyi Moore, P.Z.S., 1855, p. 215, (Kumaon).
Breeding Himalayas to Kumaon.

Emberiza cia godlewskii. The Chinese Meadow-
Bunting.

E. godlewskii Tacz., Jour. f. Orn., 1874, p. 330 (EL. Siberia),
Breeding N. China and E. Siberia.

Emberiza cia per. The Transcaspan Meadow-
Bunting.

Hartert, Vog. Pal., i., p. 184 (1910), (Gudan, Transcaspia).
Breeding Transcaspia to Chitral,

Emberiza cia yunnanensis. The Yunnan Meadow-
Bunting.

E. yunnanensis Sharpe, Bull B.O.C. viii., p. 12 (1902):
(W. Yunnan).
Western Yunnan.

Emberiza buchanani. The Grey-necked Bunting.
Blyth, J.A.S.B. ziti., p. 957 (1844), (India).

734 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVIII.

1062,

- 1063.

1004.

1065.

1066,

1072.

1073.

1074.

(796)
(797)

(798)

(798)

(799)

(800)
(801)

(802)

(803)

(804)

(805)

Emberiza hortulana. The Ortolan Bunting.
Linn., S.N. i., p. 177 (1758), (Sweden). é

Emberiza aureola. The Yellow-breasted Bunting.
Pall., Reise. Russo. Reichs. it., p. 711 (1773), (Populetis).

Emberiza spodocephala spodocephala. The Black-
faced Bunting.
E. spodocephala Pall., Reise. Russo Reichs w., p. 698
(1776), (Daurian Alps).
Breeding E. Siberia to Korea.

Emberiza spodocephala melancps. The Mupin
Black-faced Bunting.
E. melanops Blyth, J.A.S.B. aiv., p. 554 (1845), (Dine
Breeding Yangtse-Kiang.

Emberiza melanocephala. The Black-headed Bunt-
ung.
Scop. Annus t. His. Nat., p. 142 (1769), (Karnthen).

Emberiza luteola. The Red-Headed Bunting.
Sparr. Mus. Carlsonian. fase. 4 (1789), (S. India).

Emberiza rutila. The Chesinut Bunting.
Pall., Reisc. Russ. Reichs. tit., p. 698 (1876), (AZongolia).

Emberiza striolata striolata. The Striolated Bunt-
ung.

Fringilla striolata Licht. Vers. Doubl. Mus. Berlin, p. 24
(1823), (Nubia).

Emberiza calandra calandra. The Corn Bunting. -
E. calandra Linn., S.N. 2., p. 176 (1758), (Sweden).

Emberiza citrinella erythrogenys. The Hastern

Yellow-Hammer.
E. erythrogenys Brehm, Vogelfang, p. 414 (1855), (Sarepia).

Melophus melanicterus. The Crested Bunting.
Fringilla melanictera Gmel., Syst. Nat. 1., p. 910 (1789),
(Macao). ;

Family HIRUNDINIDA.

Delichon urbica urbica. The House Martin.
Hirundo urbica Linn., X. ed., p. 192 (1758), (Sweden).
In North-West India in winter.

Delichon urbica cashmeriensis. The Kashmir
Martin.

Chelidon kashmeriensis Gould, P.Z. @, p. 356 (1858), (Kash-
mir).
Himalayas from Kashmir to Western China.

1075.

1076.

1077.

1078,

1079.

1080,

(O81,

1082,

(083.

1084.

ff
085.<

086,

087.

(806)

(807)

(808)

(809)

(809)

(810)

(811)

(812)

(813)

(814)

(815) }
(816) |

(817)

(818)

BIRDS OF THE INDIAN EMPIRE. 735

Delichon urbica whiteleyi. The Siberian House
Martin. ;

Chelidon whiteleyi Swinh., P.Z.S., 1862, p. 320 (Pekin).
Breeding East Siberia; straggler into Burma in winter.

Delichon nepalensis. Hodgson’s Martin.
Hodg., Moore, P.Z.S.. 1854, p. 104 (Nepal).
Himalayas, Nainital to Assam, N. of Brahmapootra and
Cachar Hills.

Riparia riparia riparia. The Sand-Martin.
Hirundo riparia Linn., Syst. Nat., X. ed., p. 192 (1758), (Sweden).
N.-W. India and N. India (?) to Assam.

Riparia riparia diluta. The Pale Sand-Martin.
Cotile diluta Sharpe and Wyatt, Mon. Hir. i., p. 63 (1893),
(Tashkent).
Breeding N.-W. India.

Riparia brevicaudata. The Indian MSand-Martin.
Hirundo brevicaudata McClell. P.Z.S. 1839, p. 156 (Assam).
India, Burma, 8. China, etc.

Ptynoprogne rupestris. The Crag-Martin.
Hirundo rupestris Scop. Ann. I. His. Nat., p. 167 (1769)
(Tyrol).

Ptynoprogne concolor. The Dusky Crag-Martin.
Hirundo concolor Sykes P.Z.S., 1833, p. 83 (Deccan).

Ptynoprogne obsoleta obsoleta. The Pale Crag-

Martin.
Cotile obsoleta Cab. Mus. Hein. t., p. 50 (1850), (NV.-H. Africa).

Hirundo rustica rustica. The Common Swallow.
Hirundo rustica Linn., Syst. Nat., xv., ed., p. 191 (1758),
(Sweden).
Extreme N.-W. India.

Hirundo rustica gutturalis. The Eastern Swallow.
Hirundo gutturalis Scop. Del. Flor. et Faun. Insubr. ii., p. 96
(1786), (New Guinea).
Breeding throughout Himalayas and Mts. of Burma.

Hirundo rustica tytleri. Tytler’s Swallow.
Hirundo tytleri Jerd., B. of I. tit., p. 870 (1864), (India).
N.-W. Siberia, winter in India, etc.

Hirundo rustica javanica. The WNilgiri House
Swallow.
Hirundo javanica Sparmm., Mus. Carls. iv., pl. 100 (1789),

(Java).
India, S. of Nilgiris, Ceylon, Malay Peninsular, etc.

Hirundo smithii. The Wire-tailed Swallow.
Leach, App. to Tuckey’s Voy. Congo, p. 407 (1818), (Congo
Rwer). .

736 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVIII.

1088,

1089.

1090,

10QI.

1092.

109 3.

1094.

1095.

1096,

1097.

10908.

(819)

(820)

(821)

(822)

(823)

(824)

(825)

(826)

(827)

(828)

(829)

Hirundo fluvicola, The Indian Cliff Swallow.
Jerd., Blyth, J. A. 8. B. xuiv., p. 470 (1855), (Bandelkhund).

Hirundo daurica daurica. The Daurian Striated
Swallow.

Hirundo daurica Linn., Man. Plan., p. 582 (1771), (Siberia).

East Siberia, winter Assam. (?) Breeding E. Himalayas.

Hirundo daurica striolata. The Japanese Striated
Swallow.

Hirundo striolata Temm. & Sch., Faun. Jap. Aves, p. 33
(1847), (Java).
A Southern form, breeding hills, Central China to Assam.

Hirundo daurica nepalensis. Hodgson’s Striated
Swallow.

Hirundo nepalensis Hodg., J.A.S.B. v., 1836, p. 780 (Central
Nepal).
Himalayas to Japan.

Hirundo daurica erythropygia. Syke’s Striated
Swallow.

Hirundo erythropygia Sykes, P.Z.S., 1832, ». 83 (Poona).
Resident, India N. of the Nilgiris.

*Hirundo daurica rufula. The European Striated
Swallow. ;

Hirundo rufula Temm., Man. dOrn. 2nd ed. ii., p. 298
(1835), Hgypt.

Wanderer into extreme N.-W. India, breeding Himalayas.

Hirundo daurica hyperythra. The Ceylon Swallow.

Hirundo hyperythra Layard, Blyth, J.A.S.B. aviit.. p. 814
(1849), (Ceylon).

Ceylon only.
Family Moracituip”.

Motacilla alba dukhunensis. The Indian White
Wagtaal.

M. dukhunensis Sykes, P.Z.S., 1832, ». 91 (Deccan).
Breeding W. Siberia to Yenisei, Turkestan, etc.

Motacilla alba leucopsis. The White-faced Wagtail.
M. leucopsis Gould, P.Z.S., 1837, p. 78 (India).
Breeding EK. Siberia, Tibet, N. China.
Motacilla alba ocularis. The Streak-eyed Wagtail.
M. ocularis Swinh., Ibis, 1860, p. 55 (Amoy).
Breeding N.-E. Siberia into N.-W. America.

Motacilla alba personata. The Masked Wagitail.
M. personata Gould, B. Asia vi., pl. 63 (1861), (India).
Breeding Transcaspia to Baikal, S. to E. Persia and Kashmir.

* Hirundo daurica scullii, Seebh. Ibis, 1883, p. 168 (Gilgit) does not seem to me
to be a recognisable race.

1099.

1100.

1101.

1102.

1103.

1104.

1105.

1106.

1107s.

1108.

(830)

(831)

(832)

(833)

(334)

(835)

(836)

($37)

BIRDS OF THE INDIAN EMPIRE. 737

Motacilla alba kodgsoni. Hodgson’s Pied Wagtail.
M. hodgsoni Gray, Blyth, Ibis, 1865, p. 49 (Nepal).
Breeding Himalayas to 8S. Tibet.

Motacilla alba maderaspatensis. The Large Pied
Wagtail.

M. maderaspatensis Gimel., Syst. Nat. i., p. 961 (1789), (India).
Breeding Continental India.

Motacilla cinerea melanope. The Grey Wagtail.
M. melanope Pall., Reis. Russ. Reich. iit., p. 396 (1776).
(Dauria).
Breeding from the Urals to Kamschatka, Himalayas.

Motacilla flava thunbergi. The Grey-headed
Wagtail.
M. thunbergi Billberg, Syn. Faun. Scan., p. 50 (1828), (Lap-
land.)
Breeding N. Europe and N.-W. Asia.

Motacilla flava melancgriseus. The Blue-headed

Wagtail.
Budytes melanogriseus Homeyer, Jour. f. Orn., p. 128 (1878)
(India). :
Breeding Turkestan.

Motacilla flava beema. The Indian Blue-headed
Wagtail.

M. beema Sykes, P.Z.S., 1832, p. 90 (Deccan).

Breeding W. Siberia to Yenisei.

Motacilla flava feldegg. The Black-headed Wagtail.
M. feldegg Michahelles, Isis, 1830, p. 812 (Dalmatia).
Breeding §.-E. Europe and Asia Minor.

Motacilla flava leucocephala. The White-headed
Wagtail.
Budytes leucocephala Przew. Zap. Imp. Acc. St. Peters, p. 85
(1887), (Dzungaria).
Dzungaria, Altai, Turkestan.

Motacilla flava taivana. The Chinese Blue-headed
Wagtail.

Budytes taivanus Swinh., P.Z.S., 1863, p. 334 (Formosa),
Breeding Trans Baikalia to Saghalin.

Motacilla citreola citreola. The Yellow-headed
Wagtadl.
M. citreola Pall., Reis. Russ. Reichs. tii., p. 696 (1776),
(Siberia).
Breeding N.-E. Russia to Turkestan.

738 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVIL.

1109.

Tio,

Hii.

Tii12.

(838)

(839)

(840)

(840)

*ii13. (841)

1114.

WUT

Tio.

W1I7-

1118.

TIT.

Cit

(842)
(843)
(844)

(844)

(845)

(846)

Motacilla citreola citreoloides. Hodgson’s Yellow-
headed Wagtait.
Budytes citreoloides Gould, B. of Asia iv., pl. 64 (1865),
(NV. India).
Breeding Altai, Himalayas to E. Tibet.

Dendronothus indicus. The Forest Wagtail.
Motacilla indica Gmel., Syst. Nat. 7., p. 962 (1789), (India).

Anthus trivialis trivialis. The Tree Pupit.
Alauda trivialis Linn., X. ed., Syst. Nat., p. 166 (1758),
(Switzerland).
Straggler into N.-W. India in winter.

Anthus trivialis haringtoni, Wotherby’s Tree Pupit.
Witherby, Bull. B.O.C. cuxvii., p. 43° (1917), (Kaghan
Vailey, N.-W. India).
Breeding N.-W. Frontier and Kashmir.

Anthus maculatus. The Indian Tree Pupit.

A. maculatus Jerd., B. In. ii., p. 873 (1864), (India),
(Kashmir).
Breeding Siberia, Himalayas to China.

Anthus nilghiriensis. The Nalguzi Pupit.
A. nilghiriensis Sharpe, Cat. B.M. x., p. 550 (1885), (Nal-
gurts).
Nilgiri and Palni Hills.

Anthus leucophrys cockburnie. The Rufous Rock
Pipnit.
A. cockburniz Blanf., B. of In. ii., p. 305 (1890), (Nilgiris),
South India, Breeding Hills at high elevations.

Anthus leucophrys jerdoni. The Brown Rock Pupit.
Agrodroma jerdoni Finsch, Trans. Z.S. vii., p. 241 (1870),
(Kotegarh).
Breeding Himalayas.

Anthus leucophrys captus. Hartert’s Rock Pipit.
Hartert, Vog. Pal. i., p. 269 (1903), (Palestine).
Palestine to Afghanistan and Baluchistan.

Anthus richardi richardi. Richard’s Pipit.

A. richardi Vieill., Nouv. Dict. d Hist. Nat. xxvi., p. 491
(1818), (France).
Breeding Siberia, migrant India and Burma.

Anthus richardi striolatus. Blyth’s Pipit.

A. striolatus Blyth, J.AS.B. xvi., p. 435 (1847), (Darjiling).
Breeding Central Asia, Khasia Hills, Shan Hills.

* Anthus maculatus is preoccupied by Vieill., 1818.

(120.

1I2].

{122.

1123.

1124.
1125.

11206.

1127.

1128.

11209.

1130.

12

(847)

(847)

(848)

(848)

(819)

(350)

(851)

(850)

(852)

(853)

(854)

BIRDS OF THE INDIAN EMPIRE. ° 739

Anthus richardi rufulus. The Indian Pipit.
A. rufulus Vieill., Nouv. Dict. @ Hist. Nat. xavi., p. 494,
(1818), (Bengal).

Breeding Plains and Lower Hills of India and Burma.

Anthus richardi malayensis. The Malay Pipit.
A. malayensis Eyton, P.Z.S., 1839, p. 104 (Malacca).
Southern Burma, Siam and Malay Peninsular.

Anthus campestris campestris. The Tawny Pipit.
Alauda campestris Linn., Syst. Nat. X. ed., p. 166 (1758),
(Sweden).
Breeding N. Europe to Persia.

Anthus campestris minor. The Tawny Pipit.
Agrodroma campestris minor Blasius, Natur. Vog. Mittal.
E. tii, p. 74 (1900), (N.-W. India).
Breeding ? Afghanistan, Baluchistan, etc.

Anthus cervinus. The Red-throated Pipit.

Motacilla cervina, Pall., Zoogr. Rosso-As. %., p. 511 (1827)*
(Siberia).

Anthus roseatus. The Rosy Pipit, or Hodgson’s
Prpit.

Hodg., Blyth, J.A.S.B. xvi., p. 437 (1847), (Nepal).

Anthus spinoletta coutelli. The Egyptian Water

Pipit.
A. coutelli Savigny, Descr. Egypt xzxuiii., p. 360 (1828),
(Lgypt).

Straggler to Quetta. Breeding Mts. of Persia.

Anthus spinoletta blakistoni. The Altai Water
Pipit.
A. blakistoni Swinh., P.Z.S., 1863, p. 90 (Yangtse, 140 m.
inland).
Breeding Central Asia, winter India, &c.

Anthus spinoletta japonica. The Japanese Water
Prpit.
Anthus pratensis japonicus Jemm. and S. Fauna. Jap., p. 59
(1847), (Japan).
Breeding N.-E. Siberia. Migrant Burma and E. India.

Oreocorys sylvanus. The Upland Pipit.
Heterura sylvana, Hodg., Blyth, J.A.S.B. xiv., p. 556 (1845)
(Nepal).

Family ALAUDID#.

Alzmon alaudipes pallida. The Persian Desert Lark.
Saxicola (?) pallida Blyth, J.A.S.B. xvi., p. 130 (1847),
(Sind).
Breeding Persia to Sind.

740 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVIII.

1131. (855) Otocorys alpestris penicillata. Gould's Horned
Lark.

Alauda penicillata Gould, P.Z.S., 1837, p. 126 (Hrzowm).
Breeding Caucasus to Central Asia.

1132. (856) Otocorys alpestris longirostris. The Long-billed
Horned Lark.
O. longirostris Moore, P.Z.S., 1855, p. 215 (Kulu).
Breeding Kashmir, Kumaon and N.-W. Himalayas.

1133. (857) Otocorys alpestris elwesi. Hlwes’ Horned Lark.
Otocorys elwesi Blanf. J.A.S.B. ali., Pt. ii., p. 62 (1870),
(Kangra-Lama Pass.)
Breeding E. Himalayas Ladak to Tibet.

1134. (857) Otocorys alpestris przewalskii. Bianchi’s Horned
Lark.

Otocorys brandti przewalskii Bianchi, Ibis, 1904, p. 371
(Zaidam).
Breeding N. Tibet.

1135. (857) Otocorys alpestris khamensis. The Tibet Horned
Lark.

Otocorys elwesi khamensis Bianchi, Ibis, 1904, p. 372 (Kham,
S.-H. Tibet).
Breeding §8.-E. Tibet.

1136. (858 Melanocorypba maxima. The Long-billed Calandra
Lark.
Gould B. of Asia iv., pl. 72 (1867), (Sikkim).

1137. (859) Melanocorypha bimaculata. The Eastern Calandra
Lark.

Alauda bimaculata Menetries, Cat., Rais. (1832), (Mountains
of Talych).

1138. (880) Alauda arvensis cinerascens. The Eastern Sky-
lark.
A. cinerascens Hhmeke, Jour. f. Orn., 1904, p. 313 ‘Barnows
in Siberia).
Breeding Siberia 8. to Palestine and Persia.

1139. (860) Alauda arvensis intermedia, The Chinese Skylark.
A. intermedia Swinh., P.Z.S., 1863 p. 169 (Shanghai)
Chinese Hills and Kashmir.* gdh}

1140. (860) Alauda arvensis japonica, The Japanese Skylark.

A. japonica Temm. & Sch. Faun. Japon., p. 87 (1848), (Japan)
Straggler in winter into Burma.

ee eee
“See Richmond Pro. Nat. Mus. U. 8. xviii, p. 467 (1895).

1141,

1142,

1143.

1144.

11 45-

1146.

I 147.

1148.

1140.

i150.

(860)

(861)

BIRDS OF THE INDIAN EMPIRE, 741

Alauda arvensis leiopus. The Tibet Skylark.
A. leiopus Hume, Str. Feath. 1., p. 40 (1873), (Himalayan
Plateaus). -
Breeding Tibet and (?) Sikkim.

Alauda gulgula gulgula. The Small India Skylark.
A. guigula Franklin, P.Z.S., 1831, p. 119 (Ganges, Benares,
Calcutta).
Breeding N. Tropical India.

(861) Alauda gulgula guttata. The Small Kashmir Skylark.

(851)

(861)

(861)

(861)

(862)

(362)

(863)

A. guttata Brooks, J.AS.B. xli., p. 84 (1872), (Kashmir).
Breeding Himalayas.

Alauda gulgula australis. The Small Nuilgir
Skylark.
A. australis Brooks, Str. Feath. 7., p. 486 (1873), (Ootaca-
mund).
Breeding South India and Ceylon.

Alauda gulgula celivox. Swinh., Zoologist, 1859,
p. 6724 (Amoy).
South China. (?) Breeding Kachin Hills, etc.

Alauda gulgula sala. The Hainan Skylark.
A. sala Swinh., Ibis, 1870, p. 355 (Hainan).
Straggler into Tennasserim, Breeding Siam.

Alauda gulgula inconspicua. The Small Turkestan
Skylark.
A. inconspicua Severz., Turk. Jevot., p. 142 (1873), (Tur-
kestan).
Breeding Turkestan and Transcaspica. Occurred in
Quetta.

* Calandrella brachydactyla brachydactyla. The
Short-toed Lark.
Alauda brachydactyla Leisler, Ann. du Wetter. Ges. wit.‘
p. 397 (1814), (S. France).
Breeding Europe and Asia to Baluchistan.

Calandrella brachydacty!a longipennis. The
Yarkand Short-toed Lark.
Alauda longipennis Jvers., Bull. Soc. Imp. Mosc. xxi.
p. 219 (1848), (Songarai).
Breeding Transcaspia to Tibet.

Calandrella brachydactyla dukhunensis. The
Rufous Short-toed Lark.

Alauda dukhunensis Sykes, P.Z.S., 1832, p. 93 (Deccan).
(?) Breeding. Winter in India, etc.

* See Hartert, Nov. Zool. xxv., p. 91, 1918.

742 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVIL.

1151.

1152.

1153.

1154.

1155.

1156.

1157.

1158.

1150.

1160.

161.

(865)

(364)

(866)

(367)

(868)

(868)

(869)

(869)

(870)

(872)

(873)

Calandrella acutirostris acutirostris. Hume’s
Short-toed Lark.
C. acutirostris Hwme, Lah. to Yarcand, p. 265 (1873), (Kara-

korum).
Breeding N. Kashmir, Pamirs, Tianshan, etc.

Calandrella acutirostris tibetana. Brooks’ Short-
toed Lark.

C. tibetana Brooks, Str. Feath. viii., p. 488 (1880), (Tibet).
Breeding Tibet.

Alaudula raytal raytal. The Ganges Sand-Lark.
Alaudaraytal Blyth, J.A.S.B. xiit., p. 962 (1844), (Luck-
NOW).
Breeding greater part of India except W. and N.-W.

Alaudula raytal adamsi, The Indus Sand-Lark.
Alauda adamsi Hume, Ibis, 1871, p. 405 (Agrore Valley).
Breeding Sind and extreme N.-W.

Alaudula minor persica. Sharpe's Sand-Lark.
A. persica Sharpe, Cat. B. M. xiti., pl. 590 (1890), (Neris)
in Persia).
Breeding S. E. Persia to Afghanistan.

Alaudula minor seebohmi. Seebohm’s Sand-Lark.
A.seebohmi Sharpe, Cat., B. M. xiii., p. 590 (1890), (Zur-
kestan).
Breeding East Turkestan.

Mirafra cantillans cantillans. The Singing Bush-
Lark.
M. cantillans Jerd., Blyth, J.AS.B. xivi., p. 960, (1844),
(Bengal).
Breeding India.

Mirafra cantillans williamsoni. The Siam Singing
Bush-Lark.

Stuart Baker Bull. B.O.C. xaxvi., p.9 (1915), (Bangkok).
Breeding Siam and (?) Tennasserim.

Mirafra assamica assamica. The Bengal Bush-
Lark.
M. assamica McClell., P. Z. S. 1839, p. 162 (Assam).
Breeding N.-E. India and Assam.

Mirafra assamica affinis. The Madras Bush-Lark.
M. affinis Jerd., Madr. Jour. L. S. xiit., Pt. 2, p. 136 (1844),
Breeding Ceylon and 8. India.

Mirafra assamica microptera, The Burmese Bush-
Lark.

M. microptera Hume, Str. Feath. i., p. 483 (1873), (Lhayetmyo).
Breeding South and Central Burma.

1162.

1163.

1164.

1165.

1166.

1167.

1168.

1169.

1170.

FL7t:

(871)

(874)

(874)

(874)

(875)

(876)

(877)

(877)

(878)

BIRDS OF THE INDIAN EMPIRE, 743

Mirafra assamica marionee. The Siamese Bush-

Lark.

Stuart Baker Bull. B.O.C. xxxvi., p. 34 (1915), (Ayuthia
Central Siam).
Siam and (?) Tennasserim.

Mirafra erythroptera. The Red-winged Bush-Lark.

Jerd., Madr Jour. L. S. xiii., Pt. 2, p. 136 (1844), Northern
portion of Peninsula of India).

Galerida cristata magna. Hume's Crested Lark.

G. magna Hume, Ibis., 1871, p. 407 (Yarkand).
Breeding Central Asia, Baluchistan, ete.

Galerida cristata chendoola. Franklin’s Crested
Lark.
Alauda chendoola Franklin, P.Z.S., 1831, p. 119 (Ganges
and Nerbudda).
Breeding N.-W. India.

Galerida cristata leautungensis. The Tibet Crested
Lark.
Alauda leautungensis Swinh., Ibis., 1861, p. 256 (Liautung
W. China).
Breeding Tibet and Mts. of W. China.

Galerida deva. Sykes’ Crested Lark.
Alauda deva Sykes, P.Z.S., 1832, p. 92 (Deccan).

Galerida malabarica. The Malabar Crested Lark.

Alauda malabarica Scop. del Flor. et Faun. Insubr., p. 94
(1786), (Malabar).

Ammomanes pheenicura pheenicura, The Rufous-
tailed Finch-Lark.
Mirafra pheenicura Franklin, P.Z.S., 1831, p. 119 (Ganges,
Calcutta-Benares).
Breeding India.

Ammomanes phoenicura zarudnyi. JHarteri’s Ru-
fous-tailed Finch-Lark.
A. cinctura zarudnyi Hartert, Bull. B. O.C. xti., p. 43 (1902),
(#. Persia).
Breeding Persia to Baluchistan.

Ammomanes deserti phenicuroides. The Indian
Desert Lark.
Mirafra pheenicuroides Blyth, J.AS.B. xaii., p. 583

(1853), (Kashmir).
N.-W. India, Kashmir, etc.

744. JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL AIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII,

1172. (879) Pyrrhulauda grisea grisea. The Ashy-Crowned Finch-
Lark.
Alauda grisea Scop., del Flor. et Faun. Insubr. w., p. 95
(1786), (No locality).
Breeding all India except Sind, Rajputana and extreme
N.-W.

1173. (880) Pyrrhulauda grisea melanolauchen. The Black-

Crowned Finch-Lark.
Coraphites melanolauchen Cab. Mus. Hein. 7., p. 124 (1850),
(Africa).
Breeding Sind, W. Rajputana and N.-W. India and
Arabia.

(To be continued.)

745

THE LIFE HISTORY OF RARE AND LITTLE KNOWN
SPHINGIDA (HAWK MOTHS) OF THE ORIENTAL
REGION.

By

C. E. Fettowss-Manson.

Sub-family.— Amepvuticin®.

Ambulicine, Butler, Trans. Zool. Soc.. Lond., IX, pp. 514, 579 (1877);
Rothschild, Nov. Zool., IX, (Suppl.), p. 166 (1903).

Genus.—OxYAMBULYX. Type : substrigilis.

Ambulyx, Walker, List, Lep. Ins. B. M., VIII., p. 120 (1856).

Oxyambulyx, Rothsch. |.c. p. 192 (1903).

Range.—Indo-Australian Region, as far north as Japan, eastwards to the
Solomon Islands (Roths.)

Sixteen species of which nine are Indian.

OXYAMBULYX SUBSTRIGILIS (Westwood).

Sphing (Ambulyx) substrigilis, Westwood, Cab. Or. Eut., p. 61, t. 30, f. 2
(3), (1848). (Silhet ;—Mus. Brit.).

Oxyambulye substrigilis, Rothsch., l.c. pp. 201, 838, n. 164, t. VIII, f. 1. 2
{J ) (1903).

Distribution —North India and Burma to the Andamans, Philippines and
Java. (Roths.)

Five sub-species of which one is Indian and one Ceylonese.

b. O. SUBSTRIGILIS SUBSTRIGILIS.

Sphinx (Ambulyx) substrigilis, Westwood, l.c. (1848).

Ambulyx substrigilis, Hampson in Blanf., Fauna Brit. Ind. Moths, I., p. 77, n.
103 (1892); Rothsch., l. c. p. 87 (1894); Dudgeon, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist.
Soc., XI, p. 408, n. 102 (1898).

Ox yambulyx substrigilis substrigilis, Rothsch. |. c. p. 202, n. 164, b. t. VIII,

f. 2. (d) 1903.

Habitat.——North India; Burma and Andaman Islands.

Sikkim ; Assam ; Burma and Andaman Islands ;

Localities.—Paungbyin, Upper Chindwin District, Northern Burma.

Elevation.—(Vertical range) up to 3,500 feet.

Time of appearance.—July.

Occurrence.—Fairly common in localities where the food-plant is plentiful.

Expanse— 3,100 mm. @Q

The larva is very rough being covered with whitish tubercles; it is a bright
green with white dorsal and lateral longitudinal stripes from the head to the
horn ; seven oblique white side stripes adjoining the white lateral stripes from
the 4th to the 12th segments bordered on their upper edges with darker green.
Spiracles emerald green, head dull green, the extremity of the anal flap bluish-
green bordered with white and blue and pinkish brown below. Horn bright
pink and very rough being covered with tubercles. Claspers pinkish brown,
legs reddish brown with pale centres and black bases.

Length.—100 mm.

Time of appearance.—May and June.

Food-plants.—Dipterocarpus tubercula'us

746 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. X XVII,

Pupa glossy, of a wine red colour on the thorax, head and wing cases; a
darker shade of reddish brown on the abdomen, the segments of which are
pinkish, cremaster wedge shaped, stout and with a bristle at the extreme tip.
In shape it is compact and more or less cylindrical.

Length— 3 @, 56mm.

Time of pupation.—June.
Situation.—Subterranean at or near roots of food-plant.

Genus.—CLanis. Type: phalaris.
Olanis, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schm., p. 138 (1822); Rothschild, Noy. Zool.,

1X, (Supp.) p. 212, LV, (1903).
Ambulyx, Hampson, (non-Walker, 1856), in Blanf., Fauna Brit. Ind. Moths,

I, p. 77 (1892).

Range. Japan to Ceylon, eastwards to Timor; not yet found on the larger
Sunda Islands, the Philippines, or Malacca. (Roths.)

Seven species, (Roths) Clanis titan (Rothschild.). six of which are Asiatic.

Clanis titan, spec. nov., Rothschild, Nov. Zool. IX. (Suppl.), p. 218, n. 180,

1903).
vee phalaris, Hampson, in Blanf., Fauna Brit. Ind. Moths, I, p. 79, n.
109, (1892); Dudgeon, Journ., Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., XI, p. 408, n. 109 (1898).

Habitat.—North India and Burma.

Localities.<«Sikkim ; Khasia Hills, Assam ; Insein District, Lower Burma.

Elevation.—(Vertical range.).

Time of appearance.—June and July.

Occurrence.—Very scarce.

Expanse.— @, 146-160 mm. @, 150 to 176 mm.

The larva has recently been discovered by a friend of mine feeding on the
leaves of a tree named -illettia atropurpurea (Bth.), but I sm unable to des-
cribe it as it was not seen by me.

Length.—

Time of appearance.—May and June.

Food-plants.—Milletiia atropurpurea (Bth.). .

Pupa.—Not described.

Length.—

Time of pupation.—July.

Sittuation.—Probably subterranean.

Genus.—LEUCOPHLEBIA. Type. lineata.

Leucophlebia, Westwood, Cab. Or. Ent., p. 46 (1848), (type: lineata); Roths-
child, Nov. Zool., 1X (Suppl.), p. 229, No. LIX, and p. 842, No. LX, (1903),
(typus lineata).

Range.—Indo-Malayan and Aithiopian Regions. Four species of which two
are Oriental. :

LEUCOPHLEBIA EMITTENS. (Walker).

Leucophlebia emittens, Walker, List Lep. Ins. B. M., XXXV, p. 1858 (1866) ;
Hampson, in Blanf. Fauna Brit. Ind. Moths, I, p. 75, n. 101 (1892) ; Dudgeon,
Journ., Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., XI, p. 407, n. 101 (1898); Rothschild, Nov.
Zool., 1X (Suppl.), p. 231, n. 192, and p. 842, n. 194 (1903).

Eo W. Himalayas southwards to Bombay and eastwards to Burma
toths.).

Localities—N. W. Himalayas; Sikhim; Bombay; Central India ; Insein
District, Lower Burma.

Hlevation.-—(Vertical range) up to 7,000 feet.

Time of appearance.—June and July.

Occurrence.—Very rare.

Expanse— @,55 mm. 9, 65 mm.

RARE AND LITTLE KNOWN SPHINGIDA. 747

Larva pink on the dorsal surface, a sub-dorsal cream coloured stripe and a
yellow lateral stripe from the head to the horn, pinkish underneath. There are
three dark lateral lines from the head to the horn which is bright yellow.
Head pink on top with a green and white streak on gule. Anal segment
greenish. Legs and claspers pink with dark brown tips. Spiracles pink
bordered with brown.

Very slothful in its movements.

Length 60 mm.

Time of appearance.—September and October.

Food-plants.—Bamboo.

Pupa.—not seen.

Length.—

Time of pupation.—October.

Situation.—Probably subterranean.

Genus.—Cypa. Type: decolor. (Walker).

Smerinthus, Walker (non-Latreille, 1802). List. Lep. Ins. B. M., VII, p. 255
(1856).

Cypa, id., |. c. XXXI, p. 41 (1864), Rothschild, Nov. Zool., 1X (Suppl.), p.
297, n. LXXV and p. 850, n. LX XVI (1903).

Range.—North India to Ceylon and Burma, Siam and New Guinea.

CyPA DECOLOR (Walker).

Smerinthus decolor, Walker, l.c. VIII, p. 255, n. 19 (1856).

Cypa decolor, Rothschild, Nov. Zool., 1X (Suppl.), p. 298, n. 253, and _ p. 850,
n. 257 (1903).

Distribution.—North India to Ceylon and Tenasserim ; New Guinea.

Three sub-species (Roths.).

a. CYPA DECOLOR DECOLOR.

Cypa decolor, Hamps, in Blanf., Fauna Brit. Ind. Moths, I, p. 71, n. 94,

f. 43, (@), (1892); Dudgeon, Journ., Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., XI, p. 407, no.
94 (1898); Rothschild, I.c. (1903); (a (f ), decolor).

Habitat.—North India to Shan States, thence to South Burma ; apparently
confined to mountainous districts.

Localities.—Sikkim ; Shan States, Paungbyin, Upper Chindwin District.
Tavoy, Burma.

Elevation.—(Vertical range) up to 4,500 feet.

Time of appearance.—May to September.

Occurrence.—Rare.

Expanse.—@, 50 mm. &. 62 mm.

Larva bright green with a pale yellow dorsal longitudinal streak from the
head to the horn, seven oblique narrow waved pale yellow side stripes from the
4th segment to the horn. Head triangular, green, with a pale yellow dorsal
streak. Anal flap bordered with yellow. Horn, legs and claspers pale pink.
Spiracles white with bright red centres. Horn covered with small tubercles.
short and curved anal, bifid at the extreme tip.

Length.—75 mm. |

Time of appearance-—May and June.

Food-plants.—Dipterocarpus tuberculatus.

Pupa—Not described.

Length.—

Time of pupation.—June and July.

Situation.—Subterranean at or near roots of food-plant.

13

748 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII.

Sub-family.—PHILAMPELIN &,

Philampeline, Burmeister, Descr. Rep. Argent., V, 345 (1878). (pase
Philampeline, Rothschild, Nov. Zool., 1X (Suppl.), pp. 475 and 880 (1903).
Tribe.—Nephelice. nov. (Rothsch.), lc. pp. 498 and 883 (1903).

Genus.—ANGOoNYX. Type: testacea.

Angonyz, Boisduval, Spec. Gen. Lep. Het. I, p. 317 (1875), (type : emilia-
testacea); Rothschild, l.c., p. 548, CXXV, and p. 889, CXXVI, (1903). ;

Range.—Oriental Region. (Roths. ).

Three species of which one is Indian.

ANGONYX TESTACEA (Walker).

Perigonta testacea, Walker, List. Lep. Ins. B. M., VIII, p. 102, n. 3(1856); id.
lc., XXXI, p. 29 (1864).

Angonyx testacea, Moore, Lep. Ceylon, II, p. 26, t. 89, f 1. (@), (1882),
Hampson in Blanf., Fauna Brit. Ind. Moths, I, p. 101, n. 160, f. 58, (@),
(1892.) ; Rothsch., Nov. Zool, IX (Suppl.), p. 544, n. 463 and p. 889,n. 467
1903).

ROS bea tais and N. India eastwards to the Solomon Islands.
(Roths.).
Two sub-species. (Roths.).

a. A. TESTACEA TESTACHA.

Perigonia testacea, Walker, l.c. (1856).

Angonyx testacea, Moore, Lep. Ceylon, II, p. 26, t. 89, f. 1, (@) (1882).
{-=emilia=ella) ; Hamps., in Blanf., Fauna Brit. Ind. Moths, I, p 101, n. 160,
f. 58, (@) (1892) ; Rothsch., Nov. Zool, IX (Suppl.) pp. 544 and 889, n. 463 a,
and 467 a (1903)

Habitat.—Ceylon and North India and Burma to the Moluccas, Roths.

- Localities.—Ceylon; Sikkim; Silhet; Khasia Hills, Assam; N. and §.
Burma ; Nilgiri Hills, S. India; Andaman Islands.

Elevation—(Vertical range) up to 6,000 feet.

Time of appearance.—June to August and November to March.

Occurrence.—Rare.

Expanse.— 3, 56 mm. 9°.

Larva in first stage is pale transparent green with a darker green stripe from
pronotum to horn, which is black, there is also a sub-dorsal green line from head
to horn, head is round and green all over; legs pink, claspers green.

In the second stage there is no decided change in its appearance except that
it assumes a more greenish white hue, the horn has a yellowish tip, and the spira-
cles are black edged with white, the claspers become pinkish.

The third stage resembles the second in general appearance, the colouring
being a little more pronounced. x

The fourth or last stage of all marks a decided change, the head which was
originally round becomes triangular, it is green with a white streak on each
side bordered with black, the general green colouring of the caterpillar becomes
brighter, the dorsal longitudinal stripe remains dark and the sub-dorsal line is
green and edged with yellow throughout its entire length until it nearly reaches
the horn when it shades off into bright yellow. The horn remains black on the
upper surface with a bright yellow tip, the under portion is green, near the base
it has a carmine hue on a white ground. The legs are intense black with the
Ist segment of their bases bright yellow. The claspers are of a deep pinkish
brown. The spiracles are black edged with white.

Time of appearance.—October to January.

Length.—100 mm.

Food-plants.—Strychnos nux-vomica.

RARE AND LITTLE KNOWN SPHINGID-. 749

Pupa.—deep mahogany brown colour, a little lighter on the abdominal
segments, the eyes are conspicuous, the palpi are very prominent and appear
separated, the tongue is short, cremaster which curves very slightly backwards
is slender and bifid ; in general appearance it is of a compact cylindrical form.

Length— @ 2, 36 mm.

Time of pupation.—October to January.

’ Situation—In slight cocoon just below surface of the earth.

Genus.—CIZARA.

Cizara, Walker, List Lep. Ins. B. M., VIII, p. 120 (1856), (type: ardeniz) ;
Rothschild, Nov. Zool., IX. (Suppl.), pp. 548, CKXXVIT, and 890 CXXIX,
(1903).

Angonyx, Hampson, (non-Boisduval, 1875) in Blanf., Fauna Brit. Ind. Moths,
I, p. 102 (1892). P

. Range.—Oriental Region. (Roths).

Two species of which one is Indian.

CIZARA SCULPTA (Felder).

Microlophia sculpta, Felder, Reise Novara, Lep. t.* 75, f. 9, (4), (1874)
{Siam:—Mus. Tring.)

Angonyx sculpta, Hampson, in Blanf., Fauna Brit. Ind. Moths, I, p. 102, n.
161 (1892) (Siam ; S. India).

Cizara sculpta, Rothschild, l.c. p. 549, n. 472, and p. 890, n. 476 (1903).

Habitat.—Indo-Malayan Sub-region :—Siam ; 8. Burma, and South Indias

Probably of wider distribution in the Indo-Malayan Sub-region. (Roths.).

Localities.—Insein District, South Burma.

Elevation.—(Vertical range)

Time of appearance.—October to March.

Occurrence.—Very rare.

Expanse.— &, 50 mm. 2, 60 mm.

The larva of this species has two distinct forms, viz., a green form and a
brown form. The first stage of the green form is entirely green with the
exception of the horn which is black and minutely bifid at the extreme tip.
In the second stage it acquires seven small black spots on the dorsal surface,
otherwise there is no difference in appearance ; these spots, with the exception
of the one on the 5th segment, develop into lines or dashes as the larva grows
bigger. In the 3rd stage the larva develops four elongated oval patches on the
lateral surface of the 8th to 11th segments, ending at the horn, these are white in
colour, edged with reddish brown above and yellowish below intersected with
yellowish lines. The horn at these three stages is long and straight, olive green
in colour, then pale yellow and tip black. In the 4th stage it assumes a very
beautiful form of colour and markings. The dorsal surface is a bright yellowish
green from the 5th segment to the horn, covered with numerous blackish and
green speckles. There are four dark brown stripes on the lateral surface edged
with white and reddish brown above and suffused with a purplish slate colour
and pink dashes below. The lateral and under surface is a greenish cobalt blue,
Tt has a small ocellus on the 4th segment which is greenish yellow centred
with dark green and in the centre of which is a spiracle, it is thinly ringed with
black. Head green, legs pinkish, claspers green, with brown bases, horn rough,
and large, strongly curved anad, dull olive green with the tip black.

In the brown form, the larva is coloured green in the first three stages, sub-
sequently in the fourth stage changing to brown. The head and dorsal surface
as far as the 5th segment, are a purplish slate colour, and after this, from 5th
segment to horn a pure brown shade. The lateral surface is pale purplish slate
to the 6th segment, and from 6th segment to horn is a creamy white. It has

750 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII.

four brown lateral oblique stripes on this area converging towards the head, and
two indistinct pale brownish stripes, converging towards the horn, just behind the
ocellus on the 4th segment, which has a dark brown centre, circled with brick
red, then a ring of white, and finally a black ring, a sub-dorsal creamy white line
from the head to the 7th segment ; there is a yellow spot on this line on the 3rd
segment above the ocellus. Legs brown, claspers and underparts purplish
slate, horn purplish slate, spiracles dark brown. The head of the larva is re-
tractile into the first three segments, and this is a favourite attitude of the full.
grown larva when at rest.

Length—74 mm.

Time of appearance-—November to March.

Food-plants—Gardenia sessiliflora and campanulata.

Pupa-—General ground colour on the wing cases and thoracical segments
is a pale yellowish buff, and the abdominal segments have a pale pinkish suffu-
sion. It is profusely spotted all over the segments, but sparingly on the ventral
surface and also on the wing cases with a darker shade of buff. Spiracles black,
the middle ones being connected with each other by dark brown streaks. The
eyes are bordered with a black crescent. Leg cases intense black peculiarly
marked with buff coloured intersections. Tongue case buff ending in a black
tip at the apex of the forewings. Two round buff coloured marks on the 4th
abdominal segment near the apex of the forewings. Cremaster black and pointed
with two minute bristles at the extreme tip. The pupa is smooth and glossy,
and very compact. It is extremely lively in the pupa state and seems to be
very sensitive.

Length. @, 31mm. 9, 37 mm.

Time of pupation.—November to March.

Situation.—In a slightly woven network of dead leaves and debris spun
together on the surface of the ground at or near roots of food-plant.

Genus.—GuRELCA. Type: hyas.

Gurelca, Kirby, Roy. Dublin Soc. (2) II, p. 330 (1880); Rothsch, Nov.
Zool. 1X (Suppl.), CXXXV, pp. 587 and 896 (1903).

Range.—North Western India (known as far south as Mhow) to Japan,
the Philippines and Java. (Roths.) ° die

Two species of which both are Indian.

GURELCA HYAs. (Walker.)

Lophura hyas, Walker, List. Lep. Ins. B. M., VIII, p. 107, n. 3, (1856).

Gurelca hyas. Kirb, |.c. (1880); Hampson in Blanf., Fanna Brit. Ind. Moths,
I, p. 110, n. 178 (1892); Dudgeon, Journ., Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., XI, p. 417,
n. 173 (1898) ; Rothschild, 1.c., pp. 588 and 896, n. 524 (1903).

Gurelca macroglossoides, Hamps., in Blanf., Fauna Brit. Ind. Moths, I, p.
110, n. 175 (1892); Dudg., l.c., XI, p. 417, n. 175 (1898).

Habitat.—Indo-Malayan Sub-region :—North-Western India; Mhow; east-
wards to Java and the Philippines. (Roths.)

Localities—Mhow ; C. India; Khasia Hills and Silhet, Assam ; Madras ;
Insein District, S. Burma ; Sikkim and Bhutan.

Elevation.—(Vertical range) up to 5,000 feet.

Lime of appearance.—February to July and November and December.

Occurrence.—Fairly common in some localities.

Expanse-— 2,40 mm. 9.

Larva.—There are apparently three or four different varieties of the larva of
this species all feeding on the same species of plant, viz., Morinda. There is a
green form with irregular brown markings, i.e, dots on the dorsal surface
resembling somewhat the skin of a lizard, only in miniature. Then there is a

RARE AND LITTLE KNOWN SPHINGID. 751

greenish yellow form with markings the same only reddish in tinge, and lastly
there is a dark brown form, with greyish markings on the lateral surface and
entirely dark brown on the dorsal surface. The horn is reddish brown in the
green aud yellow forms and slate coloured in the brown form.

Length.—62 mm.
Time of appearance.—May and June.
Food-plants.—Pederia and Morinda.
Pupa is glossy, of a light olive yellow, and is profusely marked with greenish
_ speckles.
' Length.—
Time of pupation.—May and June.
Situation.—Enclosed in between two or three leaves of food-plant which are
spun together.

Genus.—MacroGLossum. Type: stellatarum.

Macroglossum, Scopoli, Intr. Hist. Nat., p. 414 (1777), Rothsch., Nov.
Zool., IX. (Suppl.), p. 616, C.L. and p. 190, CLI, (1903.)

Range.—Old World. (Roths.)

Fifty-nine species of which fifty-two are Oriental. (Roths.)

MACROGLOSSUM AFFICTITIA (Butler).

Macroglossa affictitia, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc., Lond., p.: 240, n. 4, t. 36, f. 7
(1875); id., le. IX, p. 524, n. 3, (1877) ; Moore, Lep. Ceylon, II, p. 30, t. 93, £. 3
(1882) ; Hampson, in Blanf., Fauna Brit. Ind. Moths, I, p. 113, n. 182 (1892).

Macroglossa vialis, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc., Lond., p. 240, n. 5, t. 36, £. 5,
(1875) ; Moore, Lep. Ceylon, II, p. 30, t. 93, f. 2, (1882).

Macroglossum affictitia, Rothsch., Nov. Zool., IX, (Suppl.), p. 635, n. 570 and
p. 902, n. 577, t. IV, f. 12 (%), (1903).

Habitat.—Ceylon ; South India; and Burma.

Localities.—Nilgiri Hills ; Madras ; Canara; Cutch; Sangli ; Myitkyina and
Upper Chindwin Districts, N. Burma, and Insein District, 8. Burma.

Elevation.—( Vertical range).

Time of appearance.-—May to July and November and December.

Occurrence.—Common.

Expanse.— &, 42 mm. Q.

Larva is coloured as follows :—The prevailing colour is generally bright green,
sometimes entirely green but in some varieties the larva is yellow and green
variegated with black.

The green form is usually of the same shade all over, head green, spiracles
orange, legs black, claspers green, horn black.

The varietal larva is bright yellow on the dorsal surface with a broad black
longitudinal band from the head to the horn, below the yellow is another black
longitudinal line with white below it profusely speckled with black. Spiracles
orange, head greenish yellow, legs black, claspers green with black sides which
colour extends to the spiracles, horn medium length, black, and curved slightly
upwards.

Length.—56 mm.

Time of appearance.—May and June and October to December.

Food-plants.—Strychnos nux-vomica.

Pupa olive green on the head except the eyes and tongue case which are pale
pinkish brown, legs and wing cases pale olive green, the rest of the body is
pale pinkish brown with black spots on the spiracles ; it is variegated in the
usual way with greyish brown markings on the legs and wing cases, and with
back spots on the lateral and ventral surfaces of the abdomen. The divisions

752 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII

of the segments are clayish buff, there is a pale line from the tongue case to
the tip of the forewings which ends in being black. Cremaster long, dark
brown on the ventral surface and with two minute points at the extreme tip.

Length— @, 25 mm. Q, 37 mm.

Time of pupation—May to July and October to January.

Situation.—In a cell just beneath surface of the ground.

MACROGLOSSUM HELIOPHILA (Boisduval).

Macroglossa heliophila, Boisduval, Spec. Gen. Lep. Hét., I, p. 354, n. 36, te
II, f. 2 (1875).

Macroglossa fringilla, Boisduval, l.c., p. 352, n. 33 (1875).

Macroglossa loochooana, Rothschild, Nov. Zool., I, p. 67 (1894).

Macroglossum heliophila, Rothschild, 1.c. TX (Suppl.), pp. 645 and 904, n.
584 and 591, t. 3, f. 6, (@), (1903).

Habiiat.—South India to the Loo Choo Islands, eastwards to the Moluccas.
(Roths.)

Localities.—Nilgiri Hills, S. India ; Myitkyina and Upper Chindwin District,
N. Burma, and Insein District, S. Burma; Tonkin ; Hongkong; Loo Choo
Islands ; Formosa; Sumatra; Java; Sarawak; Philippine Islands; Batjan.

Elevation.—(Vertical range).

Time of appearance.—October to February.

Occurrence.—Rare, but occurs over a wide area.

Expanse.— @, 48 mm.

Larva.—There are, two district varieties of the caterpillar. The green form
is coloured as follows :—In its first stage it is a bright green all over, and in the
second and third stages it assumes a greenish white hue, there is a white dorsal
. and also a dorso-lateral line edged with green, and with slender green side stripes,
horn pinkish. In the fourth stage it becomes darker and more conspicuously
marked, the general colouring is much the same, but the side stripes are edged
with white. The other variety is perhaps the most beautiful of the two, it is
coloured as follows :—The dorsal surface is pink minutely spotted with darker
pink spots, which are orange on the 3rd to 6th segments, there is a dark green
dorso-lateral line from the head to the horn, bordered with bright yellow on
the Ist to 5th segments. The lateral and ventral surface is a dull green with
darker green oblique stripe from 4th to 12th segments. The head is green,
spiracles bright red brown, horn purplish shading into bright pink on the under
surface, tip yellow; legs yellow, claspers bright pink with black bases.

Lengih.—56 mm.

Time of appearance.—October to January.

Food-planis.— A creeper with evil smelling leaves and large bunches of pretty
pink small flowers also on Morinda angustifolia.

Pupa of the usual Macroglossum type, its distinguishing characters are as
follows :—Pale creamy yellow all over, a series of black stigmatical spots
encircling the spiracles. A black line commencing at the base of the tongue

e and en ding at the tips of the wings, a few small black dots and dashes

the v entral surface of the abdomen, the segments of which are’a buff colour.
Cremaster black, sharp pointed and curved backwards. The antennz, legs
and veinings of the wings are very distinct.

Length— @, 34 mm. &.

Time of pupation.—October to February and also June.

Situation.— Amongst fallen leaves, etc., at or near roots of food-plant.

Sub-family—CH a= RocAMPIN”.

Cheroca ine, Butler, Trans. Zool. Soc., Lond., IX, pp. 546, 514 (1877),

(type: elpenor); Rothsch., Nov. Zool. IX (Suppl.), pp. 672, 909 (typus :
Pergesa elpenor).

RARE AND LITTLE KNOWN SPHINGID-., 753

Genus.—Rwacastis. Type: velata.

~ Pergesa, Walker, List Lep. Ins. B. M., VIII, p. 149. (1856), (partin ; type:
porcellus, chaerocampa, Boisduval, (non-Duponchel, 1835), Spec. Gen. Lep.
Heb., I, p. 223 (1875), (partim).

Theretra, Dudgeon, (non-Hubner, 1822), Journ., Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.,
XI, p. 411 (1898), (partim).

Rhagastis, gen. nov., Rothschild, l.c. pp. 791, 931, CLXV and CLXVI (typus
velata), (1903). ‘

Range.—Oriental Region, northward to Amurland and Japan, eastward to
Borneo and Java.

Eleven species known to science, it is expected that more new species will
be discovered.

RHAGASTIS OLIVACEA (Walker).

Pergesa castor var., Walker, List Lep. Ins. B. M., VIII, p. 153, n. 5 (1856).

Pergesa olivacea, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc., Lond., p. 566 (1872).

Cherocampa olivacea, Hampson, in Blanf., Fauna Brit. Ind. Moths, I, p. 91,
n. 136 (1892).

Cherocampa castor, id., l.c., IV, p. 453 (1896); Dudgeon, Journ., Bombay
Nat. Hist. Soc., XI, p. 411, n. 136 (1898), (=olivacea).

Theretra spec., Dudgeon, l.c., p. 413, n. 137, B. a. (1898).

Rhagastis olivacea, Rothschild, Nov. Zool., [IX (Suppl.), pp. 797, 932, n. 756
and 764 (1903).

Habitat.—North-West and North India.

Localities.—Mussoorie ; Simla ; Sikkim ; Bhutan; Silhet ; Shillong; Khasia
Hills, Assam. ;

Llevation.—(Vertical range) 3,000 to 7,000 feet.

Time of appearance.—May to July.

Occurrence.—Common.

Expanse.— @, 74 mm. 9 80 mm.

Larva.—Green, profusgly spotted with white all over, a dark line on the dorsal
surface from the head to the horn; oblique lateral pale greenish yellow stripes
from fourth to twelfth segments with a slight pinkish suffusion at their bases
and with a series of black dots above ; a bluish green ocellus on fourth segment.
with a black ring and black centre spot ; spiracles white bordered with orange ;
head green, of the same shade as the body ; horn a slate colour, long and blunt
at the tip. Legs and claspers pale yellow. Underside of larva pale green.

Length.—65 mm.

Time of appearance.—August and September.

Food-plants.—Vitis vinifera and Hydrangea.

Pupa dark olive green on the head and wing cases, and dorsal and lateral sur-
faces,tongue case, prominent, eyes, antenne and the base of the thorax a brighter
green, some black on the inner margin of the wing cases and a few small black
dots on the wing cases. Eyes prominent. Spiracles reddish brown edged with
black. Ventral surface of abdomen creamy yellow, with a slight pinkish suffusion,
two sharply defined black longitudinal streaks on the 5th and 6th segments,
with three small ventro lateral blackish spots on each side extending to the
7th segment, the divisions of the segments from the 4th to the 7th are reddish
at the brown edged with black. Cremaster blunt with four bristles arranged in
pairs extreme tip, slightly pointing ventrad.

Length.— & mm, 9, 50mm.

Time of pupation.—October to May.

Situation.—On surface of the ground, in a slight web, under fallen leaves ,
moss, etc.

754

SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE BIRDS AND MAMMALS
OF IMAW BUM.

By
F, Krygpon Warp.

One of the highest peaks in the Htawgaw Hills, far Upper Burma, on the very
threshold of a terra incognita so far as the naturalist is concerned, is Imaw
Bum, 13,307 feet.

These mountains along the China frontier, owing to the incessant rainfall.
are snow clad for at least seven months in the year, while the deep valleys are
filled with semitropical vegetation; so that we find here one of the most richly
assorted floras and densest forest regions in Asia, where animal life in all its
forms—including many inimical to man—thrives abundantly. In 1914 I spent
four months on the main Salween divide to the east of the Imaw Bum range,
from whence I climbed Imaw Bum, and in 1919 I spent a further six months on
the western flank of the Imaw Bum range itself, whence I several times reached
the Summit of the main peak.

It is to be noted, then, that Imaw Bum, though one of the highest peaks in
the district, is not on the main Salween—lIrrawaddy watershed, but on another
axis running parallel to it, and separated from it by the Nagawchang river, which
rises from the junction of the two ranges much further north. After flowing
south for seventy miles, this river sweeps westwards round the southern end of
the Imaw Bum range, and immediately turns due north, again flowing paralle!
to the main ranges for some forty miles before joining the Irrawady; thus form-
ing a complete U. It might then appear that the Imaw Bum range is a feature
of original structure, determining the strange course of the Ngawchang river ;
but there is reason to believe, from differences in the flora of the valleys on either
flank of the range, that these valleys have, in fact, been long isolated, and only
eomparatively recently become joined up ; that the Imaw Bum range is not
then a feature of original structure, but a part of the Salween-Irrawaddy divide ;
and that the Ngawchang river is a compound made up of two or more originally
distinct streams, that on the west flank of the range having cut its way back till
it has reached and beheaded that on the east flank.

The commanding height of Imaw Bum is doubtless to be ascribed partly to the
fact that it is a solid mass of granite, a rock which bulks largely in the district.

These few topographical details are necessary to any proper appreciation of
the distribution of fauna and flora in this region, and thence westwards to the
Himalaya and eastwards to China.

Bird life of all kinds abounds on Imaw Bum, from the deep valleys 2,000 feet,
above sea level to the last of the silver firs and Rhododendron forest at 12,000
aa more particularly between 6,000 and 10,000 feet; at least it was so
in :

But in 1914 I remarked in my diary over and over again that birds were pecu-
liarly scarce. It did occur to me that since there are many more Lisus in the
upper portion of the Ngawchang valley—that is to the east of the range—than
in the lower part, west of the range, this might account for the discrepancy
noticed ; for the Lisus are the great destroyers of bird life.

But this explanation was abandoned as too fantastic. Moreover in 1919 I
marched right round Imaw Bum, spending a week on the east flank, during
which time I saw many birds.

A possible clue is given by Belt in the “Naturalist in Nicaragua”, where he

states. that in the year 1872 there was an epidemic amongst several classes of
insects in Chontales.

THE BIRDS AND MAMMALS OF IMAW BUM. 755

This suggests two possible explanations.

(i) That there had been an epidemic amongst the young birds themselves in
1913 or 1914.

(it) That there was an epidemic amongst insects in one or other of those
years, with consequent lack of food for the young birds.

Considering the great irregularity of the climate in a mountainous region such
as the N. E. frontier subject to a highly modified monsoon, the whimsicality
with which a month will be fine one year and pouring with rain the next, such
epidemics may be more common than is usually supposed.

If the Lisus are one enemy of bird life on the N. E. frontier, snakes are another.
During the summer months small snakes of all kinds literally swarm in the
temperate forest belt between 6,000 and 9,000 feet ; and the curious thing is
there are far more snakes there—or at least they are far more commonly met
with—than in the hot semitropical valleys. During the rains of 1919 I rarely
went into the forest without meeting at least one snake, generally two or
three. Most of them were no doubt harmless to man—they were at any rate
quite small reptiles ; but it was otherwise with birds.

And now comes the strangest thing of all. ;

The great majority of small birds met with seemed to build their nests on, or
close to the ground.

The fact that without any search, I ran into (it is the best expression) thirteen
nests with eggs or young between June Ist and July 3lst, says something for
the bird life of the country. Of these, one was probably, and two were possibly
beyond the reach of snakes ; the rest were all either actually on the ground, or
in long thick grass within a foot or two of it. I had Jong suspected, from seeing
broken egg shells on the ground and finding nests deserted, that snakes took
heavy toll of the birds, and at last I obtained direct proof.

One evening I flushed a small bird off a nest in the long grass which bordered
the pathway below the village, at an altitude of 5,000 feet, There were three
sky blue eggs, like an English hedge sparrow’s, which the nest also resembled.
These I left, deciding to return next day and spot the bird.

As I approached the place next morning I saw the male bird hopping about
in the bushes close to the nest and twittering, evidently in great distress. At
first I supposed I was the cause of alarm, but on approaching closer and peering
into the nest I saw a small black snake with narrow yellow rings, calmly coiled
up in the bottom of the nest sucking the eggs ; it escaped my efforts to kill it
and left the nest gutted.

_ The snake was not above 18 inches long, the nest about the same height above
the ground.

However there were plenty of small birds seen above 8 000 feet, and at this
altitude snakes were more rare. In 1914 I saw two vipers in a marsh at about
8,000 feet altitude, and in 1919 a snake three feet long came into our camp, in a
marshy meadow at 9,000 feet, and was promptly killed. No doubt in such
localities plenty of snakes might be met with.

It may be observed in passing that an abnormal number of snakes in one year
might imply a decrease in the number of birds during the following year ; and
conversely, a decrease in the number of birds might re-act unfavourably on the
number of snakes in the third year, allowing the number of birds to become nor-
mal again in the fourth—if indeed the ravages of one season can be made
good again so rapidly.

I wish, however, in particular to insist on the number of snakes in the
Htawgaw Hills ; and in general to point out that in a country so prolific of life,
there is a destruction of life correspondingly prolific.

In August the common Yunnan green parrot was often seen in the valley.
On some days numbers of swallows (?) would be seen wheeling and darting over
the village. Then they would disappear mysteriously and not be seen again for

14

756 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVIII.

weeks. Hawks were not common, and the few I saw were down in the valley ;
put in the evenings, when in camp, I frequently heard the plaintive cry of an
owl. There were several kinds of pigeon in the valley, including green pigeon ;
and throughout May the cuckoo was often heard, though I saw but one.

Amongst the dense thickets which covered fallow tawngya, were many warblers
and robins ; and higher up, wrens, tits, and flycatchers ; a small black crested
tit was one of the commonest birds in the Rhododendron forest at 11,000 feet.
In the more open parts of the forest a scarlet-breasted woodpecker was seen,
and there were some noisy magpies with long black and white barred tails. By
streams a grey wag-tail was common; also a beautiful piebald wag-tail, a choco-
late brown water ouzel, and a tiny white-polled red and black rock wren. The
last three are widely distributed for I have seen them over a large part of China
as well as in India. But by far the finest birds met with were Sclater’s Monaul
(Lophophorus sclateri) and the Chinese Blood-Pheasant (Ithagenes sinensis) and
both are, strange to say, moderately common, for they are not greatly persecut-
ed by the Lisus--yet. Let us hope they will remain comparatively immune. I
found them strangely tame, especially the Monaul; but then of course they are
‘fool birds ... Though I offered a big reward for a Monaul none were brought
to me; yet I myself saw six. I obtained one Blood Pheasant, shot—not trapped
be it noted—by a Lisu, with the cress-bow.

The Blood Pheasants I saw several times in May, June and Julyin rhododen-
dron, bamboo and Abies forest which clothed a great spur of the mountain, bet-
ween 9,000 and 11,000 feet. They went about in flocks, and seemed to keep to
the crest of the ridge as we did ; for every time I went up the ridge in the
summer I met these birds. We would hear them calling loudly as they plunged
down the steep slope at our approach, but we generally managed to catch sight
of them. Only on one occasion, however, did I glimpse a male bird, and suspect
that the flocks seen were composed of young birds with the hen. On June 29th,
at 9,000 feet, in open shrub meadow., I put up a hen and several young of this
species just able to fly. Probably they were not above a month old, so that
we may reasonably infer that the bird lays its eggs in May. It cannot then
nest very high—probably below 10,000 feet in this country; for up to the middle
of May at least there is plenty of snow about at that altitude. After July 1 did
not see any more blood pheasants, though I frequently went up the ridge.

On July 27th I saw my first monual at nearly 13,000 feet. It was a female
however. The very next day I saw a male in the rhododendron scrub, and two
_ more females squawking from a rock. The first female, a bird rather bigger

than an English partridge, was also standing on a rock above the tree line,
squawking plaintively. As I approached she ran up the cliff still calling loudly
but after a time she took to flight and sailed past me, followed by a young bird.
However she did not go far, but settling on a rock further down the ridge began
calling again, till presently a-second young bird joined her. Again I saw two fe-
males standing sentinel on a granite cliff, squawking loudly, at analtitude of
12,000 feet. As to the male, he ran behind a rock almost as soon as I saw
him ; but climbing over the rock I had quite a good view of him for half a
minute before he flew a short distance down the cliff and disappeared in the
scrub. The coloration of this bird is remarkable. The head is peacock blue
changing to metallic green ; neck bronze, breast and wings black. The short
fan-shaped tail is cinnamon, with a broad band of white across it.

_ On August 29th, I saw my fifth adult bird, also a male. He was carrying on
like a female, that is to say he stood up on a bare rock, squawking mournfully ;

he allowed me to approach quite close before he turned and walked slowly up
the cliff, still calling.

In October I saw another male high up on the mountain ; he sailed screaming
down the slope, and after that I saw no more.

= a THE BIRDS AND MAMMALS OF IMAW BUM. 757

With the exception of the Takin I shall not say anything about the larger
mammals of Imaw Bum, for the reason that they are well known. The Hima-
layan bear must be quite common, though I did not come across it. Two skins
were brought to me by the Lisus, one of very large size ; and two live cubs.
There is also a small brown tree bear.

The barking deer was often heard in the deep valley of the Ngawchanghka,
also gibbons. On one occasion the skin of a flying fox was brought to me, but
I never saw that animal, and only a few times did I see bats. Squirrels were
fairly common between 5,000 and 8,000 feet. I secured three or four, belonging
to two distinct species, all shot by the Lisus with cross-bow and bamboo arrow:;
they also distinguish them, calling the larger hibi, the smaller hape.

in 1914 I sent to the Natural History Museum several specimens from the
North-East Frontier, including a shrew (Blarinella wardii, Thomas), A water-
shrew (Chimarogale styani—the second known example), several voles, and-
a harvest mouse.

In 1919 I collected some more specimens, including voles, shrews, long-tailed
mice, bamboo rats, Pica hare and others. I found the region of bamboo and
Rhododendren forest, at about 9,000 feet altitude to be the richest in ground
mammals. Through this forest Conifers are also scattered, and there are open
meadows in places along the crests of the ridges. Here indeed, throughout the
summer at least, little animals swarmed in such numbers that it is evident they
must play an important role in nature. When camped in this belt, with three
traps I always caught at least one mammal, and this without stirring above a
hundred yards from my tent. The steep slopes beneath the bamboo clumps
and under the Rhododendren and other trees were honeycombed. Here I
caught chiefly voles and long-tailed mice, also a pigmy hare and a shrew, both
taken by day. Indeed the shrews seem to be diurnal rather than nocturnal in
their habits, probably because their food is abroad by day. I caught two also
running about inside my tent, both in the day time ; they moved in sudden little
darts, their long noses glued to the ground, poking under leaves and sticks.
They all seemed to be blind and rather deaf, and even their sense of scent seemed
at fault, at least so far as I was concerned, for they made no serious effort to
escape my clutches.

In the same way the Pica hares are diurnal. On the grass hills of south-eastern
Tibet the ground is riddled with their burrows, ana I saw them scampering about,
popping in and out of their holes like rabits. Chimarrogale too may be a day-
light animal ; the only one I caught was taken by hand in a stream during the
day time at 11,000 feet altitude. But the voles and mice are certainly not
nocturnal nor is it obvious why they should be. It must be harder for them to
find their food in the dark, and as they have nothing to fear from man in
these lonely forests, it must be something else they hide from. Birds of prey are
rare at these altitudes, but weasels are more common.

Having found the 9,000 feet belt prolific insmall mammals during the heavy
rains of June, I tried 1,500 feet higher in July. Camp was pitched on a narrow
granite ridge, in a forest of bamboo, Rhododendron arizelum and Abies sp. On
either side the ridge sloped very steeply, and beneath the almost horizontal
stems of the outgrowing Rhododendrons, mammal burrows were extraordinarily
plentiful. Yet in six nights, using three traps a night, I did not catch a single
mammal here. Either (i) the original inhabitants of the holes had temporarily
abandoned this altitude at this particular season for lower or higher altitudes ;
or(iz) the area had been worked out for good and permanently deserted as _ fallow,
the mamnals migrating. I could think of no other possible explanation to
account for the absence of mammals from a place where they had obviously once
lived in thousands. The weather was extremely wet during six days I remained,
in camp here, but we had two fine nights. Moreover, it was just as wet lower
down, and the mammals came out at night just the same wet or fine.

7583 JOURNAL BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXV11,

Again, higher up there were small mammals. Returning one day from the
summit, I saw a brown Pica hare dart into a hole under the Rhododendron scrub,
and I sat down to watch. Presently he peeped out again, took a look at me, and
emerged. Sitting up at the entrance to his home, he first rubbed his face all over
with his paws, like a squirrel ; then began to lick his breast and belly, twisting
his head round beneath his fore paws and polishing away energetically. But he
kept an eye on me, darting into his hole if I moved, only to re-appear almost
instantly.

The specimen of a Pica I obtained was shot by a Lisu with the cross bow. I
saw the little animal pop into its hole close to my tent one morning, and called
up one of the Lisus, who stood by with his cross-bow strung, when presently
he came out, the Lisu let fly at ten yards range and pinned the Pica to the ground.

Towards the end of August I saw the first herd of Takin on Imaw Bum—fourteen
of them. They were on a spur below me and not far away ; six of them were
lying down in the short Rhododendron scrub, with their stumpy fore legs thrust
out straight in front of them ; the rest were grazing. One or two were on the
look out. I was particularly struck by the peculiar sea-roll of their walk, and the
swaying of the head from side to side. But they looked even more odd when
they broke into a run lumbering down the slope, yet leaping nimbly from rock
to rock on the rough screes. The long hair fringing the chest and shoulders,
and the short stumpy legs, gave them almost the appearance of Yak in the dis-
tance, though the horns and bob-tail at once betrayed them for what they really
were. :

In colour this species has the face and legs soot black, the lower half of the
flanks, neck, belly, rump and tail dark brown to black ; back, extending thence |
half way over the flanks, pale yellow, except for a sharply defined black line down
the centre, and the upper half of the neck pale yellow. This may therefore be
the Mishmi species, B. taxicolor ; on the other hand it may not.

759

REPORT ON THE
ORTHOPTERA OF MESOPOTAMIA AND PERSIA.
COLLECTED BY

Messrs. P. A. Buxton, M. A., anp W. E. Evans, B. So.
DICT YOPTERA AND ENSIFERA.,

BY
L. CHOPARD, D.Sc.
( With three plates.)

DICTYOPTERA.
Fam.— BLATTIDA.
Gen.—IscHNOPTERA, Burm.

Ischnoptera evansi, n. sp.
(Fig. 1 and 2).

Type :—One female from Mesopotamia, Amara (at light, W.E. Evans,
7-8-1918).

A smail species for the genus, of a rather pale, very uniform testaceous colour.
Head testaceous, the vertex exposed ; face darkened between the eyes, which
are widely separated ; no ocellar spots visible. Antenne testaceous, darker
in the distal part. Maxillary palpi yellowish, the 4th joint shorter than the
3rd, much dilated at the apex, 5th joint long, brown at the apex which is acute.
Pronotum testaceous, translucent laterally; anterior and lateral margins
rounded, posterior margin slightly produced in the middle. Meso and
metanotum testaceous with a small fuscous mark on each side. Abdomen
testaceous with two lateral fuscous bands ; supraanal plate translucent, slightly
triangularly produced ; subgenital plate broad, almost truncate at the apex.

Legs concolorous ; front femora armed beneath on the outer edge with 5 or 6
spines subequal in length, rather strong, one of which is apical, on the inner
edge, from base to apex, with 4 moderately strong spines, 10 very small ones,
1 rather large and 2 very long apical ones; tibize short, armed with 5 apical
spurs, 3 superior (1 ext., 2 int.) and 2 inferior spines (1 ext., 1 int.) ; tarsi short,
the 3 first joints spiny beneath, presenting two minute lateral spines at the apex,
4th joint very short, 5th almost as long as the metatarsus ; arolia between the
claws large. Intermediate and posterior femora armed with two internal apical
spurs and 6 cr 7 spines on each inferior margin; intermediate tibize armed
with 5 apical spurs, 7 superior (2 ext., 3 med., 2 int.) and 6 inferior spines (3
ext., 3 int.) ; posterior tibize with 5 apical spurs, 13 superior (4 ext., 4 med., 5 int.),
and 9 inferior spines (4 ext., 5 int.) ; posterior tarsi longer than those of the two
other pairs.

Elytra and wings extending little beyond the apex of abdomen. Elytra
very pale testaceous, almost transparent; marginal field broad, occupying
more than the third of the total width of the tegmen; 8 costal veins ; humera!
vein furcate after the 8th costa], its superior sector giving 10 branches; the
inferior one furcate at the apex; median vein trifurcate at its base ; ulnar
vein forming 4 branches, parallel, somewhat angled near their base. Wings
hyaline ; mediastinal vein furcate at the apex; humeral vein furcate little after
the middle, having given 4 branches, its superior sector giving 5 more parallel
branches, the inferior trifurcate at the apex ; median vein very slightly sinuate ;
ulnar vein giving 3 branches towards the apex of the wing and 3 short ones to
the dividing vein ; axillary vein trifurcate.

Length of body, 13 mm. ; length of pronot., 3°5 mm.; width of pronot., 5 mm.;
length of tegmen, 12°7 mm.

760 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII.

This species looks very much like a Blattella but the venation of the wing
is that of an Ischnoptera or rather an Ischnopterite as that large genus is much
too comprehensive and should be restricted after examination of large series of
the species referred to it.

Gen.—BLATTELLA, CAUDELL.
Blattella germanica, L.

Mesopotamia: Kurna, 20-5-18, 1; Amara, 27-11-17, 12; 10-6-18, 1@;
30-6-18, 12; 7-8-18, 1 Q@(at light).

Persia: Enzeli, 10-2-19, 16.

Cosmopolitan species.

Gen.—-SUPELLINA, nov. gen.

Very closely allied to Supella Shelf. Male narrow and elongate, with tegmina
and wings extending beyond the apex of abdomen. Head with eyes well
separated ; interocular space flattened, forming with the facial shield a sub-
angular line. Tegmina with the discoidal sectors oblique ; wings with the ulnar
vein ramose, no apical triangle. Dorsal segments of abdomen unspecialized ;
supraanal plate very weakly produced ; subgenital plate with styles well devel-
oped, almost symmetrical, inserted near the apex of the plate. Front femora
armed anteriorly with two long apical spines and a row of very short, spiniform
bristles, posteriorly with one apical spine and one before the apex of the inferior
edge. Femora of the other legs armed with a few spines on each edge. Female
unknown.

Genotype : Supellina buaxtoni, n. sp.

Supellina buxtoni, n. sp.
(Fig. 3 to 7).

Type: One male from Mesopotamia, Amara (P. A. Buxton, 14-9-1918.)

d. Size medium, form slender. Colour very pale yellowish with two
brown longitudinal bands on the pronotum, and numerous longitudinal brown
lines on the elytra between the principal veins. Head elongate; occiput
short, brown; interocular space wide; front, between the ocellar spots.
whitish ; face brown. Maxillary palpi long, brown, the last segment short,
truncate. Antenne brown. Pronotum broad, slightly convex, anterior and
posterior margins almost straight, lateral margins convex; disk pale yellowish
marked with two brown bands converging anteriorly ; lateral portions trans-
parent. Meso and metanotum testaceous. Abdomen testaceous with two
brown lateral lines; supraanal plate, very short, subrounded at the apex ;
subgenital plate rather large and produced, emarginate at the apex, depressed
on each side with a longitudinal keel in the middle. Cerci formed of 12 articles,
depressed with their outer angle somewhat produced and rounded, the two
distal ones much smaller. Style rather big, inserted almost in the midst of the
posterior margin of the plate, armed with two very minute denticulations at
their apex ; the superior margin of the subgenital plate bearing 2 or 3 such den-
ticulations at their base. Genital valves showing a long chitinous process and a
rounded head entirely covered with stiff bristles. Legs rather long and slender,
yellowish. Front femora armed anteriorly with two apieal spines very close to-
gether, the superior one longer and curved, posteriorly with one apical spine and
one about at the distal third of the inferior margin ; anterior margin bearing about
30 spinuliform bristles from proximal third to the apex; tibize shorter than the
femora, armed with 4 apical spines, 3 superior (1 ext., 2 int.) and 2 inferior ones.
Intermediate and posterior femora armed with 4 or 5 spines on each margin

Journ., Bombay Nat, Hist. Soc. Plate I.

iz Sa

ORTHOPTERA OF MesopoTaMIA AND PERSIA.

eyery eer
Pa ee

ORTHOPTERA OF MESOPOTAMIA AND PERSIA. 761

beneath ; intermediate tibize armed with 5 apical spines, 8 superior (3 ext.
3 med., 2 int.) and 4 inferior ones (3 ext., 1 int.) ; posterior tibiz with 5 apical,
13 superior (5 ext., 4 med., 4 int.) and 7 inferior spines (4 ext., 3 int.).

Elytra very long, their anterior margin somewhat sinuate, internal margin
almost straight ; humeral vein with 7 branches, the two apical of which are
furcate ; anal field elongate. Marginal field transparent, the remainder of the
tegmina pale yellowish with longitudinal brown bands between the veins.
Wings transparent, the costal veins somewhat darkened and clubbed ; ulnar
vein triramose, no intercalated triangle.

Length of body, 9°5 mm.; length of tegmen 10 mm.; width of tegmen
3 mum. ; length of pronot, 2°5 mm. ; width of pronot, 3 mm.

This species shows very distinctive features in its general coloration, armature
of the front tibie and apex of the abdomen. It seems closely related to Supellia
Shelf., but cannot enter this genus on account of the lack of spines on the anterior

margin of the front femora and the absence of a specialized gland on the abdominal
tergites.

Gen.—Buarta, L.
Blatta orientalis, L.
Persia: Enzeli, 19-6-19, 1g.

Gen.—PERIPLANETA, BuRM.
Periplaneta americana, L.

Mesopotamia: Amara, 19.

Gen.—SHELFORDELLA, ADELUNG.
Shelfordella tartara, Sauss.
( Fig. 8 to 10).

Mesopotamia: Amara, R. Tigris, 7-4-18, 22 (immature), common in fields ;
billets, etc.; 25-6-18,,1 @; 31-5-18, 1 @; 24-9-18, 1g; 30-9-18, 12g;
Kurna, 20-5-18, 1¢.

This interesting species had not yet been recorded from Mesopotamia ; the
specimens collected by Mr. Buxron agree fully with ApDELUNG’s description.*
There is very little to add to this very good description. The front femora are
armed anteriorly with two long apical spines and 13 ones on the inferior margin,
these being rather strong and regular ; posterior inferior margin with 5 spines,
one of which at the apex ; front tibize with 5 apical, 3 superior (1 ext., 2 mt.)
and 6 inferior spines (3 ext., 3 int.). Intermediate and posterior femora armed
beneath with 6-7 spines on each margin; intermediate tibize with 5 apical,
8 superior (3 ext., 3 med., 2 int.) and 8 inferior spines (4 ext., 4 int.) ; poste-
rior tibize with 5 apical, 14 superior (5 ext., 5 med., 4 int.) and 13 inferior spines
(7 ext., 6 int.). Genital valves rather short and broad, with three sharp hooks.

Gen.—PoLypHaGa, BRULLE.
Polyphaga egyptiaca, L.

Mesopotamia : Kurna, 20-5-18, 1 @; Basra, 16-8-17, 1g; Amara, 7-3-17,
19 ; 10-3-18, 1 Q (under palm logs) ; 27-4-18, 1 @ (flying).

Persia: Menjil, Gillan, 2,000 ft, 19 (running in stony desert).

Two egg-cases of thisspecies have been collected by Mr. W. E. Evans ;
they agree with the description given by Dr. W. Innes Bay (Mem. Soc. ent.
Eg.. I |1912}, p. 37), one being 10, the other 9 mm. long, both bearing 16
denticulations on the crest (fig. 11).

* Hore Societatis Entomologice Rossice, XX XIX [1910] p. 331.

762 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII,

Polyphaga subhyalina, n. sp.
(Fig. 12 and 15).

Type: 1@, from Persia, Qazvin, 4,000 ft., 25-8-19. (P. A. Buxton).

Co-types : 2 &, same locality, 30-9-19.

Medium sized species; form elongate, coloration very pale, not very
hairy. Head small, occiput and forehead black with long reddish hairs, face and
mouth parts very pale yellowish. Eyes very large, black, a little more approxi-
mate than the ocelli; these are big, yellow, the space between them forming a
rounded keel. Antenne rather thick, yellow. Maxillary palpi yellow, the
3rd article longer and thicker than the 4th, the 5th comparatively very short,
truncate. Pronotum small, short and broad, its anterior margin fringed with
long hairs, its surface covered with short, silky, reddish hairs; general shape
regularly oval, the anterior margin feebly truncate, clearing the summit of the
head ; disk slightly convex, adorned with symmetrical brown lines, forming
a triangular impression. Abdomen broad, whitish, almost glabrous ; supraanal
plate small, rounded at the apex; subgenital plate a little a symmetrical,
with no style, its posterior margin concave, lined with short spinuliform hairs,
angles rounded. Cerci short, yellowish. Genital valves short, folded on the
right, presenting a long hook on the left.

Legs yellow, rather short. Front femora bearing long, irregular bristles ;
tibie armed with 8 spines round the apex and | on the upper margin ; tarsi
long and slender, the metatarsus equaling the other joints together. Inter-
mediate femora bearing scarce long bristles and armed with 1 external genicular
spine ; tibie armed with 7 long apical spurs, 6 superior (2 ext., 2 med., 2 int.),
and 2 inferior spines (1 ext., 1 int.). Posterior femora armed as the intermediate
ones ; tibie with 7 spurs, the longer one much shorter than the half of the
metatarsus, 11 superior regularly disposed (5 ext., 3 med., 3 int.), and 5
inferior spines (2 ext., 3 int). Tarsi long, all the articles covered with spinelets ;
arolia between the claws small.

Elytra extending much beyond the apex of abdomen, almost transparent with
numerous small greyish spots and the costal area whitish; humeral vein send-
ing 6 or 7 branches to the internal margin ; branches of the median vein very
numerous, 12 to 14; anal field short. Mediastinal vein with a small inferior
lobe. Wings transparent except a few small greyish spots near the apex and
a narrow white opaque band along the anterior margin in its apical midst
ulnar vein with 5 branches; Ist axillary vein with 10 branches.

Length of body,13 mm.; length of pronot., 3°5 mm. ; width of pronot., 6 mm. ;
length of tegmen, 19°5 mm.; width of tegmen, 7 mm.; post tib. 5-6 mm.; post.
metatarsus, 6 mm.

Although looking much like H. livida Burm., at first sight, this.species belongs
to the algerica group, having the spines of the posterior tibie regularly disposed
along the whole length of the tibia. H. Roseni Brancs, seems to be a very close
species but BRaNos1k does not speak in his description of the disposition of the
tibial spines ; anyhow, the shape of the pronotum is different from that of the
present species, the elytra and wings are shorter and the tarsi possess no arolium.

Polyphaga africana, L.

Mesopotamia: Azijiysh, R. Tigris, 1-11-18, 1¢ ; under flood refuse, slopes
of Jebel Hamrin, 1 adult and 2 young? (?).

The male specimen here referred to agrees quite well with the good figure of
this species given by Savieny (Deser. de l’Egypte, Orth., pl. II, fig. 11), but the
anterior part of the pronotum is not whitish ; I do not think this colour variation
is sufficient to authorize the creation of a species or even a geographical race.
There is a very distinct small arolia between the tarsal claws and the posterior

ORTHOPTERA OF MESOPOTAMIA AND FERSIA. 763

tibize are armed with 9 superior spines, the three distal ones forming a group not
very clearly separated from the other 6 ; 4 inferior spines inserted in the distal
half of the tibia, of which 2 external and 2 internal, the latter much longer.

The female specimens seem to belong to the same species, showing the same
tibial armature ; there is no tarsal arolia but this must be characteristic of the
females of all the species of this genus. The adult specimens are covered with
a reddish hairy clothing and show the supraanal and subgenital plates slightly
notched at the apex.

Polyphaga persica, n. sp.
(Fig. 14 and 16).

Type :—One male from Persia, Qazvin, 4-9-1919 (P. A. Buxton).

Size medium, form rather short and stout, coloration testaceous brown with
numerous small brownish spots on the tegmina. Head hidden by the pronotum ;
occiput and forehead black; facial shield and clypeus yellow, the former
depressed, the latter forming a protuberance with a fine median furrow. Eyes
large, black, as distant one from the other as the ocelli; these are very large,
yellow, oval; between them is a tuft of reddish hairs. Maxillary palpi
testaceous, the last joint much shorter than the fourth one. Antenne
brownish, thick.

Pronotum rather wide, testaceous, covered with long reddish hairs ; a narrow
band along the anterior border almost transparent, posterior part somewhat
darkened, 8 small black spots on the disk which is convex; anterior margin
slightly produced in the middle, lateral margins almost straight, posterior one
convex. Mesonotum testaceous, its posterior margin subangulate, its exposed
part very large, brownish.

Abdomen: broad, depressed, testaceous above, yellowish with reddish hairs
beneath. Supraanal plate small, subtriangular, its posterior margin sinuate,
apex feebly notched; subgenital plate a symmetrical, its posterior margin
sinuous, thick, covered with reddish hairs ; styli irregular, the right one much
shorter than the left which is inserted in the concavity of the margin. Cerci
very short, testaceous.

Legs yellowish ; anterior femora provided with very long hairs and a few
spiniform bristles on the inferior inner edge; tibiz very short, armed with
8 strong spines round the apex and 1 on the superior margin ; tarsi long, rather
slender, the metatarsus equaling the other joints together; no arolia between
the claws. Intermediate and posterior femora provided with long bristles,
without genicular spines ; intermediate tibiz with 7 very long apical spurs, 7
superior (4 ext., 2 med., 1 int.) and 1 inferior spines ; posterior tibiz with 7
apical spurs, 10 superior (4 ext., 3 med., 3 int.) and 4 inferior (2 ext., 2 int.)
spines, the superior ones forming 3 imperfectly limited groups. ‘Tarsi longer
and thinner than the anterior ones, the metatarsi longer than the other joints
together.

Elytra and wings extending beyond the apex of abdomen. Elytra very
broad, chiefly near the apex, subhyaline with many little greyish spots; mavr-
ginal field narrow, whitish ; humeral, median and ulnar veins with numerous
parallel branches. Wings slightly smoky, chiefly towards the apex and along
the anterior margin; anal angle very pronounced. Veins brownish; median
vein emitting 9 branches, ulnar vein with 13 branches; many of the radiate
veins are furcate.

Length of body, 15°5 mm.; length of pronot., 4°5 mm.; width of pronot., 7
mm.; length of elytra, 18°5 mm.; width of elytra, 65 mm.

This species has exactly the same form and size as the preceding ; it differs
from it by its general colour and by the absence of arolia between the tarsal
claws. The hook of the genital valves (fig. 13-14) is much thicker and more
curved in africana than in persica.

15

764 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XXVII.

Fam.—MANTIDA.

Gen.—Mantt1s, L.
Mantis religiosa, L.

Mesopotamia : Amara, nov. 1917, 2¢, 3 § ; Kizil Robat, north-east of
Baghdad, 14, 192; Masharra Canal, Amara, 8-6-18, 192.

Gen.—Iris, SAUSS.
Iris oratoria, L.

Mesopotamia: Kut el Amara, R. Tigris, 9-8-18, 1¢ 5; Shahroban, R.
Diala, 30-7-18, 1d.

Gen.—FISCHERTA, SAUSs.
Fischeria fasciata, Thunb.

Mantis fasciata, Thunberg, 1815, Ac. Petersb. V., p. 292; Fischeria
faciata, Giglio-Tos, 1916, Bull. Soc. ent. it. XLVII [1915], p. 21; Fuscheria
baetica, Rambur, 1839, Faune And. II, p. 19, pl. 1, fig. 1,2.

Mesopotamia: Amara, 11 and 20-9-18, 14,22 ;—Kut el Amara, R. Tigris,
9-8-18, 24.

Three _ specimens, collected by Mr. P. A. Buxton, are very much larger
than Spanish examples (length of body, 68 mm.; length of pronot., 18 mm.:
length of tegmen, 47 mm.); they are quite similar to these in every other
respect but might be considered as a local race.

Gen.—BoLivaARIA, STAL.
Bolivaria brachyptera, Pall.
Persia, Qazvin, sept. 1919, 292.
Gen.—Empusa, ILLIGER.
Empusa egena, Charp.

Mesopotamia: Amara, R. Tigris, April 1918, 1@ ;—Masharra, 20-3-18
1 young @.

Empusa uvarovi, 0. sp.
(Fig. 17).

Types :—One male from Mesopotamia, Amara, on Alhagi, margin of dry
marsh (W.. E. Evans, 12-9-18).—One female, same locality (P. A. Buxton,
10-9-1918).

Very much like H. egena Charp., but smaller. Male with conical process of ver-
tex rather short, rounded above, slightly furcate at the apex ; prothorax slender
weakly denticulated anteriorly, its posterior part almost unarmed. Elytra trans-
parent, tinted with greenish near the anterior border and the apex; marginal
field opaque, green with the extreme border yellow (in life wholly green 7) and a
narrow yellow band (in life green ?) along the humeral vein, extending from
base to the stigma which is yellow; median vein furcate on the stigma, its
superior branch fureate ; discoidal vein trifurcate. Wings transparent, green-
ish near the apex; discoidal vein furcate. Legs green banded with yellowish
{in life wholly green ?); lamellar expansions of the femora smaller than in
HE. egena, subtriangular. Female with process of vertex rather short, divided
in two almost equal parts, the apical one rounded above, canaliculate beneath,

Journ., Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. Plate Il.

OrtTHOPTERA OF MESOPOTAMIA AND PeERSTA.

ORTHOPTERA OF MESOPOTAMIA AND PERSIA, 765

its sides convex and weakly lamellar ; prothorax as in the male but more strong-
ly denticulate. Tegmina almost entirely of a fine green with the same yellow
marks as those of the male; wings more greenish than those of the male; la-
mellar dilatations of the femora as in the male. Abdomen similar to that of
#. egena but with weaker median and lateral lobes.

Length of body, ¢,48 mm. 9, 56 mm.; length of pronot, ¢,19°5 mm. 2 23
mm ; length of ant. fem., @. 115 mm., 9, 14,5; elytra, ¢26°5 mm.,? 34 mm.

This species is much smaller and more slender than EZ. egena ; it differs from it
by the shape of the process of the vertex and by its tegmina much more brightly
coloured. It seems very close to H. unicornis Johans. but the prothorax is
comparatively much shorter than in this last species and the shape of the vertex
of the female seems intermediate between that of H. unicornis and E. egena,

I take much pleasure in dedicating this beautiful Mantid to Mr. B. Uvarov
who has so carefully studied the Orthopterous fauna of West Asia.

Gen.— BLEPHAROPSIS, REHN.
Blepharopsis mendica, F.

Mesopotamia: Amara, R. Tigris, may 1917, 1d ; 7-4-18,1¢; 16-8-18 (a6
light) 19; 27-9-18, 1 young.

ENSIFERA.
Fam.—PHASGONURID.
Gen.—HomorocoryPuus, KaArny.
Homorocoryphus nitidulus, Scop.
Mesopotamia: Amara, 20-10-17, 292 ; 30-10-17, 19.
Gen.—CoNnocEPHALUS, THUNB.
Conocephalus fuscus, F.
Persia: Enzeli, 20-6-10, 1¢.
Conocephalus fuscus turanicus, Semenof.

Xiphidium fuscum turanicum, Semenof, 1915, Rev. russe Ent., XV [1915]
p. 451.

Mesopotamia; below Amara, on Tigris, 15-5-18, 19 ; 22-10-18, 1g, 12,
Conocephalus buxtoni, n. sp.
(Fig. 18 to 20).

Type :—One male from Mesopotamia, Amara (P. A. Buxton, 30-6-18).

Size medium, form rather slender ; general colour pale green, dorsum of head
and pronotum with a broad median band of reddish brown; on pronotum, this
band is outlined on each side with opaque yellow. Head with dorsum of
vertex very slightly ascending above the plane of the occiput; fastigium of
vertex narrow, little more than half as wide as the basal antennal joint, very
slightly enlarged at apex. Pronotum with lateral lobes high, their posterior
margin very weakly convex, callosity slightly convex, broad. Abdomen slender,
10th tergite notched at apex, subgenital plate truncate, bearing rather long,
cylindrical styles. Cerci very large, almost triangular, the internal margin being
strongly produced in a triangular process, ending in a small tooth directed
downwards ; apex rounded, medial portion somewhat swollen, part of the
internal margin between the process and the apex depressed, almost lamellar.

766 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL AIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII.

All the femora unarmed beneath; anterior and intermediate tibize with 6
pairs of inferior spines ; posterior femora with 2 very small genicular spines
on each side. Elytra much longer than the posterior femora, a little shorter
than the wings.

Length of body; 14:5 mm. ; post. fem., 12 mm.; length of tegmen, 19 mm.;
length of wing, 20°5 mm.

The present species is very interesting as it belongs to the subgenus Neomi-
phidion which contains chiefly American forms; only two species of this sub-
genus have been described from the palearctic region; C. japonicus Redt.,
from Japan and C. Chavesi Bol., from Azores. Those three forms may be
distinguished as follows :—

1. Cerci of ¢ dentate in the middle; dorsum of vertex and pronotum
unicolorous ; tegmina shorter than posterior femora which are spinose beneath.
plaeipe ini letter ate tet ep aae aie cke, ea meronewatel me Aotseate| G cvaneterte file tail fetes oessee O. japonicus, Bo

=—-Oerci of G dentate before: the middles eas). eee eee aoe ieee

2. Posterior femora longer than the body and than tegmina ; their oe
Margin swith W LorsAPSpinesse evens! ke cleo eisioln ehejee) = acter teal seek C. chavesi, Bol.

—Posterior femora entirely unarmed beneath, shorter than the body ;
LOCUM WVETY, LOW Serene ee tee lmiis ciate rey elclalia\ele ela) eee tetst edna C. buxtoni, Chop,

Gen.—PHASGONURA, STEPH.
Phasgonura viridissima, L.
Mesopotamia: Amara, May 1918, 1d, 49.
Gen.—Tetticonia L.
Tettigonia albifrons, f.
Mesopotamia: Amara, May 1918, 2d, 19.
Gen. —PHorrporrEra, WESMAEL.
Pholidoptera persica, nu. sp.
(Fig. 21 to 23).

Types :—One male from Persia, Qazvin, 20-7-19(P. A. Buxton)—One
female, same locality, 20-9-19. ; :

Reddish grey or brownish. Head concolourous; occiput a little darkened
behind the eyes; fastigium of vertex short, broader than the first joint of
antenne, slightly rounded at the apex, convex above, narrowing beneath and
separated from facial shield by a transverse furrow; face glabrous, shining,
yellowish or brownish; facial shield and clypeus with two small blackish
impressions. Pronotum concolorous with indistinct blackish marks on the
disk; shape similar in both sexes, somewhat produced posteriorly, lateral
lobes high, their inferior margin subangulate, anterior margin straight, pos-
terior one subtruncate, lined, black; disk without keels, convex anteriorly,
feebly depressed posteriorly ; prosternum unarmed. Abdomen concolorous
with about 10 small black spots on the posterior edge of each tergite to the
7th; 10th tergite of male presenting two long, almost cylindrical processes ;
supraanal valve triangular ; cerci short, bluntly curved near the apex which
is dentiform; subgenital plate large, weakly emarginate at the apex;
style cylindrical, equaling about the third of the plate. Titillators short,
slightly curved at the apex, basal part inflated with many small spines.
Female with 10th tergite emarginate, bearing short processes similar to those
of the male; cerci conical; subgenital plate large, very widely concave at the
apex. Ovipositor very short and thick, gently curved, blackish at the apex.

ORTHOPTERA OF MESOPOTAMIA AND PERSIA, 6

SI
“

Legs concolourous, rather short and stout. Front femora thick, armed
beneath with 3 small black spines on the inner edge; tibize longer than the
femora, armed above with 3 external spines, beneath with 6 rather strong ones
on each side; tarsi very short, the metatarsus scarcely longer than the 2nd
joint. Intermediate femora longer than the anterior ones, bearing, like those,
3 very small black spines beneath ; tibise armed above with 2 external, 4 in-
ternal spines, beneath as the anterior ones. Posterior femora short and stout,
armed beneath with 4-5 small black spines on the outer edge, 2-3 on the inner
edge ; tibiz a little shorter than the femora, with 4 apical spurs and 6-7 small
spines inserted in a black spot on each inferior margin, the apical ones much
longer than the others; about 25 spines on each superior margin ; tarsi
short, the free plantule equaling scarcely half the length of the metatarsus.

Elytra extending in both sexes a little beyond the apex of the Ist abdominal
tergite ; they are brownish with blackish spots between the anastomosed
veinlets which are very numerous; ¢ with 3 lateral veins; humeral vein
simple, thick, sinuate near the apex; discoidal vein furcate; 2 with 2 lateral
veins and 3 dorsal ones.

Length of body, ¢, 25mm., 2, 26mm ; length of pronot., 8 mm.; ant. tem.,
65 mm.; ant. tib., 7°7 mm.; interm.fem., 8°5mm.; interm. tib., 8°5 mm.3
post. fem. 21°5 mm.; post. tib. 20°5 mm.; ovipos., 13 mm.

This species is very distinct by reason of its stout stature, the small black
spines of all the femora, the very short free plantulee of the posterior metatarsi,
the form of the anal segment of the male and the brevity of ovipositor. It might
perhaps enter the genus Ariagona Krauss, previously known from a single
canarian species, as well as Pholidoptera.

Gen.—METRIOPTERA, WESMAEL.
Metrioptera escalerai, Bolivar.
Mesopotamia: Amara, R. Tigris, May-June 1918, 45,49.
Metrioptera persica, Uvarov.
(Fig. 24 to 26).

Platycleis persica, Uvarov, 1917, Bull Mus. Caucase, XI, p. 11, fig. 9.

Mesopotamia, Amara, R. Tigris (W. E. Evans, June 1918)1¢,19.

This species is known only from the female ; the specimens here referred to
have been identified by M. B. Uvarov himself, who had the kindness to send me
the undescribed male.

3 (Macropterous). Slender, smaller than the female, almost unicolourous
testaceous. Anal segment very deeply and acutely divided at the apex,
forming two long acute processes, the basal part of the tergite angularly
folded; sub-genital plate large with two longitudinal keels, apex deeply and
narrowly notched, presenting above two small black lines along the sides of the
hollow ; styli rather long, cylindrical. Cerci stout, as long as the processes of
10th tergite, narrowing towards the apex, bearing at their proximal third a
strong internal tooth. Titillators slender, strongly curved, armed with a few
small spines.

Length of body, 18°5 mm.; length of pronot., 4°8 mm.; elytra 20°5 mm. ;
post fem., 18 mm.; post. tib., 16°5 mm.

Gen.—ParaDRYMADUSA, HERMAN.
Paradrymadusa qazvinensis, 0. Sp.
(Fig. 27 to 30).
Types :—One male from Persia Qazvin, (P. A. Buxton, Nov. 1918) and one
female, same locality (P. A. Buxton, 17, July 1919).

Large species, testaceous or rufous brown. Occiput concolorous ; apex of
vertex not much broader than the first article of antennz ; face yellowish,

768 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SUCIETY, Vol, XX VII.

shining, glabrous. Pronotum rather strongly produced backwards in both
sexes, its anterior margin straight, the posterior one convex ; lateral lobes high,
their inferior margin subangulate, widely bordered with yellow ; prosternum
with two small spines. Tenth abdominal tergite of male very deeply and angu-
lately emarginate at the apex, supraanal valve triangularly produced; cerci
short and stout, bearing a small apical tooth, directed outwardly, their internal
face slightly extending in a blade, bearing an acute tooth about the middle;
subgenital plate wide, slightly concave at the apex; ; styli? (wanting). Tenth
tergite of female like that of the male but less deeply emarginate, supraanal valve _
smaller, feebly produced; cerci short, conical; subgenital plate wide, its
posterior margin emarginate, forming two rounded lobes with two small tuber-
cles near the apex of the notch. Titillators angled, the inferior border of
their apical part armed with a few strongspines. Ovipositor long and almost
straight, apical margin of the valves obliquely truncate.

Legs concolourous ; anterior coxe with a very long, strong spine; fémora
stout, armed inwards with 3 or 4 inferior spines and a very small genicular
one ; tibize armed above with 3 external spines, beneath with 6 spines on each
margin ; intermediate femora armed with 2 small genicular spines and 1 to 4
inferior external ones; tibiz armed above with 2 external, 4 internal spines,
beneath with 6 spines on each margin. Posterior femora very long, armed
beneath with 5 internal, 7-8 external small spines and 2 small genicular ones ;
tibiz a little longer than the femora, armed with 4 inferior apical spurs, 12
acicular small spines on each inferior border and 2 superior apical spurs, 30-31
external and 26-27 internal rather strong spines . Tarsi rather long, 2nd joint
almost as long as the 1st, 3rd short, very much depressed, free plantule of the
metatarsus much shorter than the half of the metatarsus.

Elytra of the male extending almost to the apex of the 2nd abdominal tergite,
rufous brown with the marginal field whitish and a fulvous marking near the
internal angle; anterior margin weakly convex, apex truncated, internal
margin sinuate; 2 lateral veins, humeral vein furcate. Elytra of the female
almost hidden by the pronotum, rounded, their sutural margin slightly over-
lapping.

Length of body, 3, 27 mm., 9, 25 mm. ; length of pronot., d, 29, 10 mm;
elytra, @ 7 mm., 2,45 mm ant.fem., ¢ 2, 9°5mm.; ant. tibie, ¢ 2, 11
mm.; interm., ¢ @, 11 mm.;interm.tib., ¢d 9,12 mm.; post. fem. ¢ Q,
33°5 mm ; post. tibie, d 9.32°5 mm.; ovipos., 26 mm.

Gen.—MAGRETTIA, Br.

Magrettia mutica, Br.

Magrettia mutica, Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1888, Verhandl.k-k.zool-bot. Ges.
Wien, XX XVIII, p. 285, fig. 18—Adelung 1902, Ann. Mus.Zool.Ac.Sc. Petersb.,
Vidi pe ab: a!

Mesopotamia: Ruz, 16-18 (W. E. Evans), 1 young male, in tuft ‘of earth.
Although immature this example shows the principal features given in
ADELUNG’s very good redescription of this interesting species.
Fam.—GRYLLID.
Gen.—GRYLLOTALPA, LatTrR.
Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa, L.
Mesopotamia: Amara, R. Tigris, 10-12-17, 14 ; 30-3-18,1 ¢.
Gen.—TRIDACTYLUS, OLIV.
Tridactylus savignyi, Guer.
Mesopotamia: Amara, R. Tigris, 10-4-18, 1 ¢ ; 30-6-18,1 ¢.
Those two specimens are large (5 mm.) and of a very recessive coloration.

ORTHOPTERA OF MESOPOTAMIA AND PERSIA, 769

Gen.—PTERONEMOBIUS, JACOBS.
Pteronemobius gracilis, Jak.

_ Gryllus gracilis, Jakovleff, 1871, Hor. Soc. ent. Ross., VI, p- 20, tab. 1, fig.
3, 3a.—Nobius mayeti, Finot, 1893, Ann. Soc. ent. Fr., Bulletin, p. 252.—
Nemobius adelungi, Uvarov, 1912, Hor. Soc. ent. Ross., XL., p: 39.

Mesopotamia: Amara, R. Tigris, April-June 1918 (P. A. Buxton), 4 d,
119 ;—Amara, at light (N. E. Evans, 7-8-18), 2d, 19.

Mr. B. Uvarov himself supposed that his N. adelungi was the same species
as the north African N. mayeti; after a careful comparison between the
specimens collected in Mesopotamia and examples of WN. mayeti from Algeria,
I cannot hesitate to publish this synonymy ; but, in its turn, as M. Uvarov
makes me remark, the latter species must fall in synonymy with Gryllus
gracilis, Jak. which, although descripted in Russian, is valid, the drawing
being quite sufficient to recognize the insect. The species is a Pteronemobius
as the male possesses a tubercle-like spine very near the base of the internal
border of the posterior tibiz. '

Gen.—AcuHeEta, L.
Acheta bimaculata, De Geer.

Mesopotamia: Amara, 9-8-18, at light, 14; under stone by Diala River
north-east of Baghdad, 1 young.

Acheta amarensis, n. sp.

Types :—One male, one female from Mesopotamia, Amara (P. A. Buxton,
26.6-18).

Co-type:—One male, same locality.

Rather small species, wholly shining black, very similar to A. morio, F. Head
smaller than in this latter species, scarcely wider than the pronotum : ocelli
extremely small, disposed almost in a straight line; face tumid. Pronotum as
wide posteriorly as anteriorly, its posterior border almost straight. Abdomen
black ; subgenital plate of J very much compressed, that of 2 small, notch-
ed at apex. Ovipositor shorter than the posterior femora. Legs black; the
posterior femora somewhat tinged with reddish at their inferior margin chiefly
in the male; posterior tibize short, armed with 3 external and 4 internal very
strong spines; internal spurs strong, the superior decidedly longer than the
intermediate one ; metatarsi longer than the other joints of the tarsus, some-
what dilated in the middle, their internal face rounded, the external one
depressed ; external superior margin keeled and armed with 3 rather strong
spines, the internal one rounded, armed with 1 apical spine ; apical spurs strong,
the internal extending a little farther than the midst of the last joint of the
tarsus.

Tegmina of male as long as the abdomen; speculum broader than long,
rounded anteriorly ; diagonal vein rather long, slightly sinuate ; 3 postaxillary
veins, the 2nd one very much curved ; 2 veinlets between the diagonal and the

- postaxillary veins; 3 oblique. veins; apical field rather short with 6 longi-
tudinal veins and a very wide, somewhat irregular reticulation. Lateral field
black with 5 longitudinal veins and the mediastinal which is triramose and
very much curved atapex. Tegmina of female with 9 dorsal veins, the 5 internal
of which very close, the 4 others separated by veinlets forming a wide
reticulation ; 5 veins in the lateral field and the mediastine which is triramose
as in the male but not curved at apex. Wings candate, blackish near the
anterior border.

Length of body, 3,16 mm., 9,18 mm. ; length of tegmina, ores mm. 5.
length of wings, ¢.17 mm., 2, 17°5 mm. ; post. fem., SY, 8:5 mm. ; post. tib..
& 2,6 mm.; post. tarsi, ¢ 9, 4:5 mm.; ovipos. 8 mm.

770 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII.

Individual variations.—The second male of this species has tegmina a, little
shorter than the abdomen, with no veinlet between the ee and post-
axillary veins and 7 longitudinal veins in the lateral field.

This species looks very much like the African A. morio, F., of which it differs
however by many small features, the most striking of sto is the form of the
posterior metatarsus (fig. 31).

Gen.—Grytuuvs, L.
Gryllus desertus, Pallas.
Mesopotamia: Amara, April-May 1918, 39; Kut-el-Amara, 7-8-18,
192; Kurna, 20-3-18,1°.

Persia: Enzeli, 19.
All these examples belong to the macropterous form desertus, Pall.

Gryllus domesticus, L.
Persia: Qazvin [4,000 ft.], 17-9-19, 292.

Gryllus tartarus, Sauss.

Mesopotamia : Basra, 30-6-18, 19 ; 12-8-18,19 ; Amara (W. E. Evans), very
common at light.

Gryllus chinensis, Web.
Mesopotamia : Amara, May-Sept. 1918, 5¢, 39.
All these examples belong to the Cerisyi form; two of them are very large

with the veins of the lateral field of the tegmina almost straight and quite equi-
distant.

Gryllus frontalis, Fieb.
Mesopotamia: Kizil Robat, N.E. of Baghdad, 1 young individual.
Gen.—GRYLLODES, SAUSS.

Gryllodes lateralis, Fieb.
Mesopotamia: Amara, 2-11-17, 1 immature 9.

Gryllodes macropierous, Fuente.

Mesopotamia : Amara, April-June 1918 (P. A. Buxton), , 19; 2-7-18
at light (W. E. Evans), 19.

Compared with a typical male from Ciuadad Real (I. Boxtvar in coll. Finot)
the ¢ examples cannot possibly be differentiated from it; yet 3 of them are
smaller and less coloured, one being almost wholly pale yellow, but they
show absolutely no other character allowing us to consider them as a different
Species.

The females are a little smaller, very pale yellowish, with a small head. I
refer them with much doubt to this species although they may be considered
as a small variety with very recessive coloration, corresponding to the ¢ which
is above recorded.

Gen.—MBstTI0cHE, STAL.
Metioche, sp.

Mesopotamia: Amara, on herbage by Tigris (W. E. Evans, 19-9-18), 12.
This specimen must belong to one of the species described by STAL ne the
oriental region (M. coleoptrata, M. tibialis, M. pallipes) ; it is quite impossible
io separate those species with the author’s short diagnosis and very possibly

Journ., Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. Plate III.

235
oe

“/

my f

ORTHOPTERA OF MESOPOTAMIA AND PERSIA,

ces

a ee
EN aon

‘ . o ~ ‘F
‘
4 es
i
Ui . =
= 2
i E
‘ ‘
e .
‘
;
z
‘ ;
‘3 =
Rene
Fs wees ba Feds SPIES FUR Oger ay

ORTHOPTERA OF MESOPOTAMIA AND PERSIA. rea!

there may be only one species. The specimen here referred to looks very much
like the 2 of Trigonidium cicindeloides, Ramb., but the elytra are not so convex,
with false veins between the longitudinal nervation; the antennz are testa-
ceous with the two first articles black. Legs testaceous, anterior tibiz, tarsi
and spines of the posterior tibie feebly darkened; anterior tibie showing
no auditory foramen but a depression at base of the inner face, this being certainly
a character of the wingless condition of the species.

The types of all the new species have been deposited in the British Museum.

Explanation of Plates.
Plate I.

Fig. 1. Ischnoptera evansi, n. sp.—Internal face of anterior tibia, x 6;
Fig. 2. Ischnoptera evansi, n. sp.—Venation of Wing, x 4.

Supellina buxtoni, n. sp.

Fig. 3. Male, dorsal view, x 4’5.—Fig. 4. Apex of apdomen, dorsal view,
x 12—Fig. 5. Subgenita: plate, x 12.—Fig. 6. Styli, dorsal view,
x 26. Fig. 7—Genital valves, x 16.

Fig. 8. Shelfordella tartara, Sauss.—Supraanal plate and cerci of gd, x6.

Fig. 9. Shelfordella tartars, Sauss.—Genital valves, dorsal view, x 10.-—-
Fig. 10. Apex of left valves of same, x 12.

Plate 11.

Fig. 11. Egg-case of Polyphaga egyptiaca, L., x 4.—Fig. 12. Polyphaga
subhyalina, n. sp.—Genital valves, dorsal view, x 17.—Fig. 13. Hook of genital
valves of Polyphaga africana, x 26.—Fig. 14. The same hook of P. persica, n. sp.

Fig. 15. Polyphaga subhyalina, n. sp.—Dorsal view of male, x3.

Fig. 16. Polyphaga persica, n. sp.—Dorsal view of male, x3.

Fig. 17. Hmpusa uvarovi, n. sp.—Dorsal view of process of vertex, x 6.
Fig. 18. Conocephalus buxtoni,n. sp.—Fastigium of vertex, x 17.—Fig.
19. Id.—Ontlines of lateral lobe of pronotum, x6.

Plate IIT.

Fig. 20. Id. Dorsal and lateral outlines of cercus of d,x12.—Fig. 21.
Pholidoptera persica, n. sp.—Apex of abdomen of ¢,x6.—Fig. 22. Id. Left
titillator, x 16.—Fig. 23. Subgenital plate of 92,6.

Fig. 24. Metrioptera persica, Uvarov.—Apex of abdomen of <6, dorsal view,
x6.—Fig. 25. Id. Right cercus, dorsal view, x 12.—Fig. 26. Id. Right
titillator, x 16.—Fig. 27. Paradrymadusa gqazvinensis, n. sp.—Apex of abdo-
men of ¢, dorsal view, x6.—Fig. 28. Id. Right cercus, dorsal view, x 12.—
Fig. 29. Id. Left titillator, x16.—Fig. 30. Subgenital plate of 2,x6.

Fig. 31. External face of posterior tarsi of A, Acheta morio, F.: B.
A. amarensis, 0. sp.

16

772

SCIENTIFIC RESULTS FROM THE MAMMAL SURVEY.
XXVITI.

By
OLDFIELD THomas F.R,S.
(Published he permission of the Trustees of the British Musewm.)
The Geographical Races of Scotomanes ornatus.

In connection with the naming of specimens of Scotomanes from
Assam and Annam submitted to me respectively by Messrs.
Wroughton aud Robinson, I have laid out all the available
material of the genus. Asaresult I find that though all are
undoubtedly very closely allied, and referable to the species S.
ornatus, yet three geographical races may be distinguished as
follows :—

1. SS. ornatus ornatus, Blyth.

Size averaging larger, the forearm 58-60 mm., occasionally
reaching 63. General colour above brighter and lighter, generally
approximating to some tone of buffy or light ochraceus, the under-
fur more or less whitish subterminally. :

Hab.—North India. Type from Darjiling. A large number of
specimens examined from Sivok, Bengal.

2. S. ornatus vinbrensis, sub. sp. n.

Size about as in ornatus or rather smaller. Colour distinctly
darker and browner, with less or in some cases no buffy suffusion,
the dark brown ends to the hairs forming the chief element of the
dorsal colour. Dark collar on throat blackish, strongly contrasted
with the rest of the undersurface.

Hab.—Hills of Assam. Type from Konshnong, Jaintia Hills,
3,000'. Other specimens from Garo and Khasia Hills.

Forearm of type 56 mm.; skull, condylo-basal length 18-2,
zygomatic breadth 13:5.

Type.—Adult male B. M. No. 20.11.1. 78. Original number
566, collected 2nd August 1920, by H. W. Wells. Presented by
the Bombay Natural History Society.

This is evidently a dark, saturate form corresponding to the
exceptionally heavy rainfall of the Assam Hills.

3. WS. ornatus sinensis, sub. sp. n.

Size smaller, forearm generally about 50-55, rarely reaching 60.
Colour deeper and richer, approximating to tawny or ochraceous
tawny.

Forearm of type 55 mm. Skull, condylo-basal, length 18:2 ;
zygomatic breadth 15.

SCIENTIFIC RESULTS FROM THE MAMMAL SURVEY. 773

Hab.—China. Type from Kuatun, N.-W. of Fokien. Other
specimens from Fen Ping, Fokien, and Chungking, Szechuan.

Type.—Adult B. M. No. 97.9.3.1. Original number 4. Collect-
ed April 1897. Presented by J. D. la Touche. Five specimens
examined. Curiously similar to the Indian form, but distinctly
darker on the average.

The Annam specimen is unfortunately in very worn pelage and
cannot be subspecifically determined with any certainty.

No. XXVIII.
ON THE erythreus GROUP OF SQUIRRELS.
By

THE LATE R. C. WROUGHTON.

Throughout Peninsular India, from Ceylon to Baluchistan and

from the Indian Ocean to the Ganges, the squirrels (exclusive of
the Giant and Flying Squirrels) are represented by a single genus,
viz. FUNAMBULUS. The genus moreover is practically limited to
that area, the only exceptions are a comparatively small number of
Palm Squirrels, the common striped squirrel of our bungalows, a
form which wherever found is commensal with man.
_ North of the Ganges, in Nepal, etc., we find a number of genera,
e.g., CALLOSCIURUS, TOMEUTES, DREMOMys, T'aMIops, etc., which
range eastwards and southwards to Szechuen, Yunnan, Burma.
Siam, Malay Peninsula and Archipelago, Formosa, etc.

Amongst these Callosciurus the genus to which erythreus be-
longs is remarkable for its quite extraordinary variability. An
excellent example of this will be found in this Journal in a paper
by Mr. Thomas and myself on the squirrels collected by Mr.
Shortridge, for the Mammal Survey, on the Chindwin River
(xxiv, p. 230, ef seq.).

The tail in Callosciurus may be black, red, grizzled, or white, or
it. may be particoloured with any two, or even three of these
colours. The upper side of the body, the belly, the feet, and the
face each may (and does) vary to an almost equal extent. So
that with so many combinations possible with this large number
of variations, joined to the extraordinary variability in the
genus we should naturally expect to find (and do so find) an
immense number of forms closely related but easily distinguish-
able by colour and pattern, in many cases intergrading into one
another on their common boundaries.

In dealing with a genus containing such a large number of
named forms, which though to a certain and large extent homo-
geneous are at the same time so varied, it has long been recognised
that convenience required a system of arrangement in “ groups.”

774 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII,

The arrangement has, however, been carried out haphazard, for the
most part, each author basing it on some character or characters
which appealed, specially to him. The latest arrangement is that
of the list by Robinson and Kloss, published in the Journal of
the Federated Malay States Museum (xv., p. 196, 1918). In this
list, as well as the Assam forms, others from as far away as Siam
and Formosa are included in the ‘ erythreus group’ while about the
intervening country are recognised other quite distinct groups.
The system of using groups seems to me here to cease to be a
convenience and to become instead a very possible source of con-
fusion, I would urge therefore that the composition of groups
should be controlled geographically and as the system is confessedly
provisional I can see no objection to this course.

To make a start, I propose for the ‘erythreus group’ the area
lying between the Brahmaputra and Chindwin Rivers as a habitat.
North of the Brahmaputra we find bhutanensis, Bonhote, in
Bhutan, and crumpi named by myself in Sikkim. These two
squirrels are very closely related and no other has been recorded
from this region. As extreme western outliers of the genus they
may be accepted as forming a group of their own, while along the
eastern bank of the Chindwin are found, at intervals of less than
fifty miles, extending from its source to its junction with the
Irrawady, a series of forms which make up another group, sladent.
This ‘ sladent group ’ almost certainly fills the area between the
Chindwin and the Irrawady.

The species erythreus. was named by Pallas in 1778, ‘ex India
orientali.? The Indian Museum seems to have had specimens
from the Garo Hills which were identified by Blyth as erythreus,
the National Museum has however so far had only one poor
specimen collected by Griffiths in ‘ Assam’. The series collected
by Mr. Wells for the Mammal Survey, at Tura, Garo Hills, con-
firm Blyth’s identification and may now be accepted confidently
as representing erythraus, Pallas.

The next oldest forms are erythrogaster, Blyth and punctatissimus,
Gray, established in 1842 and 1867, respectively. The type of the
former has prevented its examination. Its type locality is Manipur.
From a fine series in the National Collection, obtained by Hume from
Manipur, it has long been recognised that there are two forms found
in that country, viz., a southern dark, and a northern paler one. Sclater
in his“ Catalogue of the Mammals inthe Indian Museum” writes:
“ Southward a little in Cachar and Manipur the whole dorsal surface
becomes very much darker, so that the extreme forms are almost
black, this form was named 8S. erythrogaster, by Blyth and Macroxus
punctatissimus by Gray.’ Robinson and Kloss mention Sylhet and
Chittagong as other localities where this dark form is found. It is
evident therefore from this that erythrogaster, Blyth, is the darker

SCIENTIFIC RESULTS FROM THE MAMMAL SURVEY. 775

form of Manipur, while punctatissimus, Gray. is the form from Cachar.

The remaining named forms of the group have comparatively re-
cently been described in this Journal, including aquilo, which I named
as a subspecies of C. castaneoventris but which I now prefer, for the
reasons given above, to regard as a local race of erythreus. The
following is a list :—

C. erythreus nagarum, Thos. and Wrought. Sadiya. (xxiv, p. 228,
1916).

C. erythreus crotalius, Thos. and Wrought. Hkamti, Chind-
win (l.c.).

C. erythreus kinneari, Thos. and Wrought. Tatkon, Chind-
win (l.c.).

C. erythreus aquilo, Wrought. Dibong R., Lakhimpur. (Vol.
XXVII, p. 601).

Finally, I propose to give a name to a form just received through
the Mammal Survey, as follows :—

CALLOSCIURUS ERYTHRHZUS WELLSI, sub. sp. nov.

A Callosciurus of the size and general colour pattern of erythraus,
but having a whitish tag at the tail tip.

Size as in erythreus. General colour above an olivaceous grizzle,
below bay, varying to dark hazel ; limbs like the back ; feet black.
Tail above grizzled like the back for some length, varying from one-
fourth to one-half or rather more, beyond bay to the end except for
the pale terminal tag ; below the grizzling extends much further along
the tail, usually to within 50 mm. of the terminal tag.

Skull as in erythreus.

Dimensions of the type , those of the body measured by the collec-
tor :—head and body, 235 ; tail, 260 ; hindfoot, 51 ; ear, 20.

Skull.—Greatest length, 57-5 ; condylo-incisive length, 48 ; palatilar
length, 24 ; interorbital breadth, 20-5 ; braincase breadth, 27 ; nasals
length, 17 ; upper molar tooth-row, 10:5.

Hab.—Jaintia Hills, Assam. Type from Shangpung.

Type.—Adult. ¢.B.M.No.. . . . Original number 652.

Collected 10th July 1920, by Mr. H. W. Wells and presented to the
National Museum by the Bombay Natural History Society.

The character relied upon for the separation of this local race is not
an important one, but it is so constantly persistent throughout the
series as, in my opinion, to justify the separation. Eleven specimens
constitute the series, of which two have mutilated tails, but the
remainder are perfectly constant in showing the pale tag at the end
of the tail.

The Key to the ‘ erythreus group’ published in my ‘ Summary ’
(xxvi, p. 368, 1919) now requires to be recast, and as in the mean-
time it has been decided that stevens is a Tomeutes and not a Callos-
ciurus, it seems advisable to rewrite almost the whole of the Key to

716 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXV1ILI,

the genus Callosciurus, which I take this opportunity of doing, as
follows :-—
*Key to the forms of the genus Callosciurus.
A.—As in Summary.
P.—Feet dark.

a. Face coloured differently from the rest of the head.

..(9b) bhutavensis, Bonh.

a’. Darker. Belly bay
b'. Paler. Belly grizzled .. ..(7) crumpi, Wrought

b. Face coloured like the head.

a’. Self-coloured above and below . .(3) ferrugineus, Cuv.

b’. Coloured differently above and
below.

a”. Black splashes or stripes on
back.

a”, Underside maroon or bay ..(4) atrodorsalis, Gray.
b’”. Underside like flanks, wash-
ed with yellow
6”. No black dorsal marks.
a, Underside with a medium
grizzled line.
a". Ground colour of belly

rufous Ms at ..(11) gordom, And.
b’”. Ground colour of belly
white : ‘ . (12) guinquestriatus, And,
b!” . Underside unicoloured.
a'’”, A buffy mark on should-
er and base of neck _—. .(8) epomophorus davisona,

Bonh.

. .(5) atr. shanicus, Ryley.

b””. No mark on shoulder or

neck .. ie .. ..(9) erythreus group.
Key to the forms of the erythreus group.
A.—Kars red or brown.

a. No white tail-tip .. ..(9a) erythreus erythreus,

Pall.
. (91) erythreus wellsi,
Wrought.

b. A whitish tail-tip.

B.—Ears coloured like the rest of head.

a. Colour very dark, almost black.
a’. Grizzling coarser . (9c) erythreus erythrogaster,
b'. Grizzling very fine = (0d) erythrceus puncta-
tussumus, Gray.
b. Paler.

* T have retained the numbers before the names as used in the Summary in
alee not to destroy the connection with the corresponding numbers under Distribu-
ion.

»-SCLENTIFIC RESULTS FROM THE MAMMAL SURVEY. 1777

a’. Whole tail coloured like back..(9h) erythreus aquilo,

Wrought.
b’. Tail not unicoloured.
a”. Tail ah white with black
tip . eh ..(9e) er alti kinneari,
T. & W.
6". Taillike back with black tip.
a''' . Colour of inside of limbs
extending to front of
wrists and back of ankles;
tail usually with much
white in black tip ».(9f) erythreus crotalius,
Bae WwW.

6b’ . Front of wrists and back
of ankles coloured like
rest of outerside of limbs..(99) erythreus nagarum,

ae WV"
DIsTRIBUTION :—
9 (h) C. erythreus aur Wrough-
ton we g bt .. Lype localitr y :—Sadiya, Assam.
(Wells).
Other localities :—-Upper Assam.
(M.S. I.)

~ Type :—B. M. No.
9 (a) C. erythreus wellsi, Wrough-

ton os 3 bts .. Type locality :— Jaintia Hills.
(Wells).
Other localities :—Jaintia Hills.
(M. S. I.)

Type: —B. M. No.

Was

THE COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS
OF INDIA.

(INCLUDING THOSE MET WITH IN THE HILL STATIONS
OF THE BOMBAY PRESIDENCY.) ‘

BY
T. R. BELL, C.1-E., 1.¥-.8. (Retd.)
(Continued from page 447 of this volume.)
Parr XXIX,

Family—Hesprriipx£—continued.

It will not be difficult to make a key to the larvee of the Skippers
as far as they are here known. In practice a hesperid caterpillar may
be distinguished by its general appearance from all others, be they
butterfly—or moth—larve. If to this is added the habits and the
form of the pupa, the discrimination is still more easy ; the shape
and structure of the eggs is another factor.

All hesperid eggs are, as a rule, large for the butterflies except m
the Ismenine where they are comparatively rather smaller. They
are also, generally, few in number as compared to other butterflies.
They are all dome-shaped, more or less depressed; some nearly
hemispherical, some broadest immediately above the base, others
broadest at it, resting, so to speak, upon a narrow, shelved band or
foot. They are either smooth or ribbed meridonally, the ribs being
either extremely fine, quite evident, or very strong (Cupitha) ; in the
first case, sometimes confined to the very base, where they may appear
as mere indications of lines. Sometimes some of the ribs anastomose
before reaching the top, at others not; sometimes they are tuber-
culate-rough or even toothed, at others nearly smooth; rarely,
they all end at a raised circle on top of the egg. These ribs, even in
the same species, may vary in number by two or three; in different
genera they vary from 12-14 to as many as 48; in the Ismenne,
for example, there are 40 on an egg of Ismene fergussont, all rather
fine and low; whereas in Badamia there are only 13, rather strong
and coarse. The number of eggs laid at a time is generally one,
though [smene gomata lays as many as 20 or more in a group together
closely packed though never overlapping ; Hyarotis adrastus lays 3
or 4 in a rowas often as not, but they are generally quite separated
trom each other. Nearly all are laid on the undersides of leaves or
at the extreme point, occasionally in the axil of a leaf—or flower—bud
(Hasora, Bibasis).

The larvee can be recognized by (a) their cylindrical bodies, more
or less narrowed to the anal end and neck—they are generally stoutest
in the middle and the belly or ventrum is generally somewhat flat-
tened ; (b) their short legs, the four prolegs and anal claspers being

THE COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA. 779

well tucked under the body, held quite perpendicular to the resting
surface, the anal segment always slightly overhanging these anal
claspers, the other prolegs similar and all with the little hooklets of
the sole of the feet disposed in a circle, which circle is, however, not
closed, but open towards the inside—this sort of foot might be called
“ring-soled ” in contradistinction to the other type, or “lobed ”
foot in which the hooklets are disposed more or less in a line parallel
to the longitudinal axis of the larva or in two lines where the lobe
is divided, as it often is, into two sections (the great majority of
noctuid moths) ; (c) the invariable lack of any fleshy or thorny pro-
cesses on the body or head, there being, at most, only a clothing of
short simple or branched hairs (there is never even a tail-point) ;
(d) the fact that there is always a well-defined neck and the head is
invariably large compared to it—the size is quite striking ; and (e by
the fact that they always live in cells made of leaves, more or less
closed and of many different shapes, often cylindrical, made by
turning over a section of a leaf on to the top or by doubling up a leaf
longitudinally or transversely and fixing the edges tight together,
or by drawing them together more or less incompletely. The habits
in this particular are various, though each type of larva has its own
type of cell. There is one characteristic connected with this mode
of life that is distinctly to the credit of butterflies as represented by
the skippers and serves to distinguish them from practically all moths :
and that 1s the fact that they never foul their houses (cells) but always
keep them spotlessly cleans, expelling all alimentary refuse at once.
This praiseworthy quality of cleanlinessis well worth remembering
as it will always supply an extra factor for identification of skipper
larve. The actual method of making cells will be described in detail
under each insect further on. All caterpillers, when full-grown, are
sluggish and move slowly but, often, when young, they will back
into their cells at a great rate and, sometimes, when seriously alarmed
even run out at the other end and drop to the ground—though this is
rare. Some of the smaller grass-feeding ones will even sham death
when roughly handled. All are shy of exposing themselves and many
are exclusively night-feeders. Great numbers are destroyed by birds
that pull them out of their cells either directly through the opening—
although this is difficult because of the hard head-surface presented—
or by peckinga hole in the side. Many more are parasitized by
ichneumons though apparently they are rather better off-in this
respect than most of the other families of butterflies. Hibernation,
or lying over for a period without feeding, is not a common pheno-
menon of butterfly larve in tropical countries but, nevertheless, it
‘exists amongst these skippers, in a few cases as exemplified by the
larva of Tagiades aiticus. This has been observed to lie quiescent for
several months without eating. It makes a new cell, retires to it,
changes into a sort of translucent green (its ordinary colour is more
17

780 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVIII.

or less opaque green) and remains quite motionless during the interval.
At the expiry of the time it changes into a pupa and the butterfiv
emerges in the stereotyped 10 days. The reason for the arrestation
of development is that, in the cold weather, the foodplant of the larva
dies down completely to re-appear in new stem and leaf during the
ensuing hot weather. Is it instinct that teaches the caterpillar what it
must do or has the weather some well-defined influence as it has on
the dying-off and re-appearance of the stems and leaves of the plants ?
It has above been stated that all skippers have naked larve except
for the clothing of hair referred to. This is not absolutely true as the
caterpillar of Gangara thyrsis is covered with long, curly, more or
less symmetrically disposed, pure white, soft threads of a cereous or
waxy excretion from pores in the skin. These threads are, however,
very easily removed and rub into a sort of white powder on being
roughly touched. Other skipper larve also excrete a white, cereous
powder, but none ever have it developed in the manner of Gangara.
It sometimes is found in the inside of the cells and, quite frequently,
covers the pupe completely—in Hasora for example, to a far less
extent in some species of Halpe, in Baoris, Sancus and allied genera.
The pupe are characterised by much the same factors as the larvee.
They are all naked, very few having evident (to the naked eye) hairs,
on any part of them; they have no processes of any kind except
sometimes a boss between the eyes and, occasionally, a conical
“beak” in that position (Baoris, Sancus, &c.) They are, on the
whole, as would be expected, much more like those of the majority
of the moths than those of any division of the butterflies. They .
are occasionally covered, as said, with a white, cereous or waxy
excretion, sometimes more completely, sometimes less ; the secretion
finding egress from the body of the caterpillar, as a rule, in the lateral,
ventral region between the prolegs. Many larve pupate in their
larval cells ; others wander considerable distances before doing so and
often finish up on other plants to those they have been born or bred
upon : plants, of course, frequently, of quite different kinds. They
never, equally of course, eat these, but they will always nibble holes
in them, or lines, so as to enable them to manipulate the different
parts to form the cells. Prior to actually settling down, they often
change colour considerably, generally becoming more or less translu-
cent-looking and blurred as to their original colours and colour-pat-
terns ; then cover the interior of the abode with silk, some more
perfectly than others and, finally, turning round, make a little pad at
one end to which the tail is fixed. Often this pad is very slight, but,
generally, compact, though small. The caterpillar grips this with
its anal claspers and thereafter remains motionless until the change
to pupa takes place. Sometimes, prior to the manufacture of the
pad, three strong silks are fixed to the walls of the cell in the manner »
depicted for Badamia exclamationis ; but this is not always done ;

THE COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA. 781

the position of these threads being over segment 4 or 5 as is usual!
for all butterflies. The period of absolute quiescence at this stage
varies, sometimes amounting to some days in normal cases. Then the
outward change commences. The larva begins to heave and squirm.
the skin splits down the three thoracic segments 2-4 at the
last gigantic effort, the head divides down the middle and along the
sides of the clypeus and the pupa begins to emerge slowly and with
evident difficulty. The thoracic portion first disengages itself, the
trachez of the spiracles appearing as thin, white threads which are
left behind, evidently everted ; then the head ; then, by slow degrees
and gradual backward and forward movements of the whole abdomen
in successions of waves, the skin is pushed back until it reaches the
very end when the cremaster is heaved out and curled over the skin
lump accumulated under it, and pressed into the pad of silk above
mentioned ; then a series of screwing squirms, to entangle the little
hooklets with which the extremity is provided, completes the oper-
ation. The pupa is held in position against the discarded skin by
the end of the extensor ridges which form the lateral, ventral edges
of the cremaster, the skin itself is held fixed to the pad by the anai
elaspers. The final screwing wriggle is generally sufficient to eject
the lump of skin from its hold on the pad, sometimes it remains where
it is. When freshly emerged, the pupa is as long as the caterpillar
was but very soon consolidates itself and becomes shorter and hard.
All external parts of the future butterfly, although intimately soldered
together, can now be distinguished clearly, even to the veins in the
upper wings—the lower being covered by these; the hind legs are
also covered. The period of the pupal stage varies, being generally
longer the greater the bulk. At an average estimate it lasts ten
days ; sometimes being as short as seven.

The process of emergence of the pupa is the same generally
throughout the Lepidoptera ; so there is nothing characteristic of
this family in that. When we come to distinguishing characteristics
of the pupa itself, it is somewhat difficult. Perhaps the chief one
is to be foundin the cremaster. In most moths the hooklets at the end
when present (in some they are practically non-existent) are arranged
in a definite order and are, mostly, eight in number. In all butter-
flies, and therefore, also, in the skippers, they are, on the contrary,
not so arranged and their number is large ; they seem to be bunched
together in groups or lines or in one group or one line without any
order. In most moths, as a matter of fact, there does not seem to
be any defined cremaster, the goemeters forming one exception to
the rule. The head, the thoracic segments, the abdominal segments
barring the cremastral one, offer no character for distinction. Neither
do the antennz, palpi or legs. The proboscis is, generally, in the
same case although, in a few instances, it is prolonged free beyond
the ends of the wings—not that this feature would help to distinguish

782 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII.

any pupa from some moth-chrysalides. It is, however, worth nothing
that the proboscis of the pupa of Gangara hyt sis is of abnormal length,
being free beyond the wings and curled up under the ventrum, though
even then surpassing the whole length of the abdomen; measuring
when stretched out 47 mm. from the base at head to the end, while
the free portion alone measures 30 mm.,the length of the pupa being
35mm.! In this particular insect, also, there is another peculiarity
which is not common in the family and that is the presence of a sound
producing adaptation. The pupa lies inside a roomy, compact
tube made of a spirally twisted portion of the leaf, and, when the
tube is touched roughly, rattles itself violently inside, producing a
loud, rustling noise, accentuated by a hissing sound having its origin
in this adaptation. The mechanism is fully described under the life-
history of the species ; it is sufficient to state here that it is concerned
with the proboscis and the abdominal segment next the wing-end.
Other genera have the proboscis free at the end too, as, for example,
Matapa, Celenorrhinus, Sancus and others, although it is never
anywhere as long as that of Gangara. Sound producing mechanisms
have not been noticed in any other skipper in any stage of growth or
evolution. The spiracles of the second segment are sometimes cha-
racterized by being protected (?) by small, though prominent risings
on the margins of segments 2 and 3, generally the latter. These

expansions’ as they have been designated, are of considerable
value for the identification of species, being varied in shape, size and
colour. They are found in the genera Caprona, Odonioptilum and
others. The colour of the spiracules, the colour of the pupa generally,
the production or not beyond the wings of the proboscis, the presence
or not and the shape of the “ boss’ or “ beak’ between the eyes on
the head, are all of considerable generic value though they are of a
little use for the differentiation of higher groups.

Although practically all the skippers mentioned in these papers
have had their larve and pupe drawn and painted, the funds at the
disposal of the Bombay Natural History Society are not sufficient
to allow of their being published ; neither is there any prospect of
this ever being possible for the Society to accomplish. However,
some were pictured many years ago in a paper, published in the
Journal, written by J. Davidson of the I. C. 8. and the late and very
sincerely lamented EHA(E. H. Aitken) of inimitable literary fame
and the author. (A reference to it would be, perhaps, useful to enthu-
siastic enquiries.) It is in two parts entitled Larve and Pupe of
Butterflies by HHA and J. Davidson alone and “‘ The Butterflies of the
North Kanara Disirict” in which the author collaborated. The first
appeared in this Journal, volume V, pages 260 and 349 of the year
1890 ; the second in four instalments: volume X, page 237; pages
372 and 568 in 1896; and pages 22 of volume IX in 1917; and deal
with all the families of butterflies—perhaps the papers should have

THE COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA, 783

been mentioned before as being of use for the other families. The
coloured plates accompanying the letterpress are not very good, but
will be found better than nothing; many larve and pupe are
depicted including 18 Hesperide.

The following is a classification of the known larve: :-—
A.—Larve generally more or less brightly coloured; the
skin opaque, not translucent looking ; the pattern
both longitudinal and-transverse.
a. Larve with the dorsal area chiefly velvet-black with
longitudinal yellow and blue lines as well as yellow,
transverse lines and the head red and black ;
or with the ground-colour greenish-white with
broad, black transverse bands and head orange
spotted black oe se on of
a‘. Colours black, yellow and blue, the black appear-
ing on sides as oval patches; head red and
black Bie =e ae aye 4 .. Genus Bibasis.
One species only; the pupa stout, pinkish in colour with isolated, black mark-
ings and covered with a white powder; with an oval, bare, greenish patch
occupying the middle of thorax.. ee me SP . Sena.
b‘. Colours as in Bibasis sena except that the black
on sides is continuous and does now show in
oval patches, with the head similarly red and
black; or colour greenish-white with broad,
black transverse bands and head orange with
black spots .. Genus Ismene.

a’, Colour exactly as in Bibasis sena De .. fergussoni.
6°. Colour greenish-white with broad black cross-
bands ; head orange with black spots. . -. gomata.

Pupe as in Bibasis sena ; that of fergussoni exactly alike except that it is
stouter, larger ; that of gomata much lighter, greenish-white with black markings,
Larve of Ismene fergussoni and Bibasis sena feed upon Combretum extensum,
that of gomata upon Heptapleurum venulo sum belonging to quite a different
family.

b. Larve dorsally suffused with mauve of a dark shade
or bluish-green approximating to that colour ;-
the head never red and black-patterned nor

orange spotted with black mye fe .- Genus Hasora.
a'. Larve with no yellow, longitudinal lines ; spira-
cles white at : .. alexis.

b', Larve with yellow longitudinal lines from seg-
ment 2 backwards.
a, Larva with the double, sub-dorsal, yellow line
on each side of the dorsal line ill-defined ; a
spiracular, white line. Spiracles light-yellow. badra.
b?, Larva with the sub-dorsal lines rather broad,
well defined ; a supra and sub-spiracular line. chabrona.
c?. Larva with the sub-dorsal lines finer; only a
sub-spiracular, yellow line... as .. butleri.

The spiracles of these last three are all yellow ; badra can be distinguished
also, by having many black, transverse lines. The pup are very similar to
each other, of the type of Bibasis and Ismene ; green in colour, powdered with
white powder; the “boss” between the eyes rather sharply conical. The
piracles in badra, butleri and chabrona are black ; those of alexis are yellow.

784 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII.

The boss of the head is black in chabrona and badra, but not in butleri. There
is a small, black, dorsal mark at the hinder margin of thorax in builerz, a much
larger one in badra. All the larve feed upon dicotyledonous plants of the
order Leguminosee.
b. Larva chiefly yellow with yellow head; the body
with a dorsal, black line and, sometimes, many
black, transverse lines ; head marked with black
transverse bands or spots .. Genus Badamia.
Only one species, very widely distributed .. exclamationrs.
The larva feeds, as do Bibasis sena and Ismene fergussoni, on Combretacece
and has been found commonly on Terminalia bellerica, less often on Combretum
extensum.
B.—Larve with the body covered densely with minute,
star-topped or furcated hairs all over ; the surface
dull ; sometimes opaque ; the colour is plain olive-
green of a dark shade, russet-green, brownish,
grey-green, with, rarely, transverse, short, lateral,
white lines or immaculate; sometimes plain
yellowish-brown ; never with bright colours.
a. Larve with the second segment white in guise of a
collar. Head naked.
a’, Larve olive-green or russet greenish-brown with,

at most, a dark, dorsal line .. .. Genus Coladenia.
a’, Larva russet greenish-brown without markings
of any sort .. : .. tissa.
6°, Larva olive-green with a “dark indigo. coloured
pulsating, dorsal line . : dan.

The larva of tissa is, when full- -grown, oA mm. in length ; lie of dan is 20 mm ;
the former feeds upon many species of trees belonging to families as far apart
as Leguminosew, Tiliacew and Huphorbiacee ; the latter is confined to the Ama-
rantacee. The pupe are similar in shape, the spiracular expansions of segment
2 large ; the colour of that of dan is green with a white “ bloom ”’ ; that of tissa
light-brown with the first three segments darker.

b!. Larve dark a oe or brown-green with white

lateral line .. . Genus Sarangesa.
a. Larva dark olive- Peer with dark dorsal line: as
well as a faint white, lateral line ne . purendra.
b*. Larva brown green with an interrupted white,
lateral and dorsal dark line .. ‘ . dasahara.

The pupe are similar in shape, each with a well- eine’ spiracular expan-
sion to segment 2; that of purendra is dark-brown, that of dasahara emerald-
green. The larva "of the former feeds upon Amarantacee and of the latter
Acanthacee.

b. Larve with the second segment not white; surface
not densely hairy, opaque ; head not furred; the
body olive-green, generally dark with longitudi-
nal, white lines as well, sometimes transverse,

white, short lines also. te ae be .. Genus Cele
norrhinus.
a’, Larva with short, lateral, transverse lines. . .. ambareesa.

5‘. Larva with no transverse lines.
a>. Larva without appressed, fine hairs on head .. leucocera.
6°. Larva with fine, appressed, short hairs on head.. fusca.
The larve all feed upon Strobilanthes of the Acanthacee. The pupe are
comparatively slighter than those of Coladenia and have the proboscis produced
free beyond the wings as far as the base of the cremaster ; there is a prominent

THE COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA. 78

5

spiracular expansion to the spiracle of segment 2. The colour of that of fusca
is grass-green ; of ambareesa and leucocera golden red-brown: the former dark,
the latter light but the two, otherwise, practically identical.
c, Larvee with second segment not white ; surface densely
hairy, opaque ; head furred ; colour glaucous-green
or glaucous whitish-green or red-brown .. Genus Caprona.
a'. Head with a bare patch below vertex of each lobe
A single species

or és oe . ransonnettii.
b'. Head with three spots of brown hairs in a line across
upper part of face, the other hairs all white ; no
bare patches as an oh ni .. Genus Odontopti-
lum.
Asingle species... re a ae .. angulatum.
ce’. Head with no spots of a different colour and no
bare patch ; white or yellow ae ue .. Genus Gomalia.
A single species... Se . albofasciata.

The larve of Caprona, Odontoptilum cannot be mistaken for anything else,
having the head strikingly long-furred ; that of Gomalia has the head much
more obscurely furred, but is much smaller, slighter. The pupe of the two
larger are, of course, also, much larger and are green and light yellowish soiled
with brown, green on thorax and head with large, prominent, brownish spiracular
expansions to segment 2 and marked with black; with a prominent boss or
beak between the eyes ; that of Gomalia more or less concolourous green with
no beak or black spots and with the expansions smaller, lower, rounder. The
food of the larve are sapindaceous for Odontoptilum, sterculiaceous for Caprona
and malvaceous for the third.

C.—Larve never with bright colours ; always opaque-looking, white or green-
ish-white ; covered with erect, minute and simple hairs more or less
densely ; head with erect covering of hairs or not, round or triangular.

a. Larva pure, opaque-white, hairs not at all promin-
ently visible ; head broadly cordate, thin, nearly
naked she ae Re oh wt .. Genus Tapena.
Only one species... is ne a .. hampson.

b. Larva opaque-glaucous-green, covered with com-
paratively long, white and brown, erect hairs ;

- head round, thick and densely furred on upper
part Py be ae “ye fe .. Genus Hesperia.
Only one species .. on me ai .. galba.

c. Larva opaque-yellowish-green, more yellow than
green, the covering of hairs minute, somewhat
sparse ; head obcordate-triangular, very finely
velute is ie a, 28 se .. Genus Cupitha.
Only one species .. on ate ia .. purreea.

d. Larva opaque-white with a black collar on segment
2; hair-covering invisible ; head roundly heart-
shaped without, however, any sinus, naked,
orange oe oe Be ae .. Genus Matapa.
Only one species .. sy ae ets .. aria.

e. Larva really red and white in colour, but quite
white with a dense covering of long, confused,
excreted threads of a waxy nature ; head trian-
gular, thick ; a very large larva ae rae Genus Gangara.
Only one species .. a va . thyrsis.

The pupa of Gangara can be distinguished from all others by the enormous
length of the curled, free end of the proboscis, as well as by its large size ; that
of Matapa by being a small reproduction of that of Gangara with the free end

786 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII

of proboscis much shorter: both are a dirty, bone-white in colovr. That
of Tapena is very white; of Cupitha light olive green with two small points on
vertex of head and no free end to proboscis; that of Hesperia greenish
yellow with the surface covered with comparatively long, erect, white hairs.
The food of Gangara, Matapa is palm and bamboos respectively ; that of
Cupitha is the combretaceous Terminalia paniculata or Combretum ovalafoliwm,
of Hesperia the little sterculiaceous weed Waltheria indica; of Tapena the
leguminous Dalbergia rubiginosa.
g Larva greyish-green, the segment-margins yellowish ;

inconspicuously covered with hairs, much longer

and visible round dorsoventral margins, head

semi-elliptical, soiled yellow-green in colour

with a brown cheek stripe and central (dorsal)

brown band, with a sparse covering of simple

hairs. a ib te bh a .. Genus Baor
(Telicota ?).
A single species... ie ah a .. bada.

This butterfly is difficult to ditticulty. It is certain that it has no affinity in
the earlier stages with the genus it is always placed in, that is Baoris. For this
reason it is considered here to be more comfortable in the genus Telicota but,
even there, it does not seem to quite fit. The pupa is stout, square in front,
without a raised boss or beak; spiracular expansions fairly well-developed ;
colour very light, translucent-looking yellow-green on thorax and head, soil-
ed yellowish-white on abdomen.

D.—Larve naked-looking, of some shade of white or green,
the outer tegument or skin allowing the trachez
to show through as white threads ; never coloured
except in a single case (Halpe honoret which has
red, longitudinal bands) ; the body usually covered,
but generally very sparsely, with minute, simple,
erect hairs hardly visible to the naked eye ; heads
of various shapes, never furred or conspicuously
haired.

a. Larve elongated, the anal end flattened, depressed,
rounded, kept pressed against resting-surface ;
the neck very much narrowed ; the head com-
paratively small, dark-brown, the surface naked
to the eye, rough ; the whole larva naked and
thin-skinned with the trachex ae eel

. Head deep-black a 5 . Genus Udaspes. ©
A single species ges Pe as .. folus.
b' Head deep chocolate-brown.

a Larva with segment 2 whitish zie se .. Genus Sancus.
Only a single species .. Bs sly .. pullago.

6°, Larva with segment 2 not white .. oh .. Genus Noto-

crypta.
a> Headimmaculate .. . feisthamelir.

6° Head with a lateral, longitudinal, whitish band . . restricta.

The larve of this group are unlike anything else but are difficult to distinguish
from each other. The pupe are all quite naked-grass-green with long snouts
and thin cremastral segments and are quite indistinguishable one from the other.
All the larve feed upon Zinziberacee ; the food-of Udaspes being generally
Curcuma, that of Sancus, as far as known, always Phryniwm, that of Notocrypta
invariably Zinziber.

THE COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA. 787

b. Larvee of the same general shape as the last, but the
skin more or less opaque and greenish ox _bluish-
white, naked to the eye; the head, however,
large, more or less triangular, and marked with
black, red or brown ws

. Larva with the head absolutely Pieui: in ees
green in colour with a brick-brown border,
flanked on the inside by an equally broad

yellow band, the vertex also brick-brown .. Genus Gegenes.
One species i ‘ s .. nostradamas.
b', Larva with head not exactly as in Chee a .. Genus Baoris.

a. Larva with the head similar in shape to that of
Gegenes, but with a bicep black or red border ;
otherwise green . mathias.
b.” Larva with the head very “roundly triangular ;
semi-elliptical really. colour white w ith two
large black spots on each lobe, one above,
below veftex, the other below, near eyes .. conjuncta.
(Pl. II, figs. 31,
larva ; 3la pupa.).
ce’. Head still rounder ; white with a black band com-
pletely surrounding it as well as a longitudinal,
thick, black streak in the middle of each lobe. farris (oceia).
d°. Head semi-elliptical; white in colour with a
broad, black border and, sometimes, black
down centre of face ; occasionally suffused on
lower part of face also ae pr .. kumara.
e*, Head triangular, clear-green in colour; bordered
all round by black with a longitudinal black
line on each cheek, inside which is a similar
white line or band and a black dorsal (central)
black line : ite .. colaca.
f°. Head large, semi- elliptical i in 1 shape, brown-yello-
wish in colour with a dark-brown dorsal band Genus Hyarolis.
One species only known ot 5 .. adrastus.
The larva is identical in shape with those of Baoris. The pupa likewise.
The food is the Phoenix palm.

All these species of larve feed upon palm bamboos or grasses ; the pup are
exactly like those of the last group (Udaspes, N. otocry pia) and have exactly the
same habits. Gegenes, Baoris mathias and colaca are a good deal smaller than
kumara and the other two.

c. Larve of similar shape as the two sections w and b of
D but stouter, the skin rather translucent, the
colour olive-green dotted with white or yel-
low; the head very large, semi-circular, the
broadest part upwards, with a deep, triangular
sinus dividing it into two conical lobes, naked

and unmarked dy , ‘ ths .. Genus Tagiades.
a‘, Larva with a strong roseate ae eae anal end ;
head always dark ; spiracles white .. .. obscurus.
b. Larva without roseate flush; head sometimes
orange, sometimes completely black », altions (Pl. Oy:
figs. 30, 30a,
and p._ ).

788 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXV11,

This genus should have really come under a@, as it is more nearly allied to
Celenorrhinus than to Baoris, the pupe being stout and variously coloured and
marked and not naked green ; the shape is also more that of that group. Atticus,
pupa has a large, triangular, enamel-white mark on the side as well as another,
smaller one ; obscurus is dotted with black, the colour of the latter is grey, of the
former is oreenish, Both larvee feed upon Dioscorea.

E.—Larve of normal shape ; the skin is translucent, showing

tracheal, white threads beneath it or not; body
naked to the eye; head naked, generally
marked with brown, black or red lines or
stripes, round triangular or semi elliptical ;
colour some shade of green with, at most, longitu-
dinal, white lines (except Halpe honore: where there
is a broad, red, longitudinal and lateral band), and

a dark, pulsating, dorsal line.
a. Larva always with a fine, lateral, distinct and spira-
cular, indistinct, white, longitudinal line as well

as a darkish, dorsal line .. a .@ .. Genus Aéromac-
hus.
Only one species .. ae . .indistinctus (jhora)

The larva is whitish-green, the Ae green ‘gaowine tau in small spots.
It feeds on grasses. Pupa naked, dark-green, with a “conical beak.
6. Larve as in Aéromachus except that they are green
with darker green spots showing through ; or
plain grass-green with a broad, subdorsal and
narrow dorsolateral and supraspiracular white
line as well as a thin subspiracular, yellow one.. Genus Ampittia.
a’. Larva like Aéromachus alt Ae an .. gola.
b'. Larva plain green with stripes 3 ; .. maro.

c. Larve quite plain, with no longitudinal ines (except
Halpe honoret), but there may be a dark, dorsal,
pulsating line; skin translucent or not; head
triangular, semi-elliptical or round, naked

a'. Head triangular; body dorsally yellow minutely

dotted with green, a dorsolateral and supraspira-
cular line darker than rest .. ne ae .. Genus Lambriz.
Only one species oe it .. salsala..

The larva feeds on grasses ; the pupa is dike “hen of Telicota : stout with large,
spiracular expansions to segment 2, a very slight boss between the eyes.
b'. Head triangular or semi-eiliptical ; colour of body
dark-green translucent, allowing the trachez to-

show through: no other marking as .. Genus Telicota.
a’. Head triangular bi x6 a wie .. dara.
5°. Head semi-elliptical oe He .. bambuse.

Both larve feeding upon bamibeee ee as
above for Jambria.
c'. Head semi-elliptical; colour of body light prey- green
covered with minute, green spots, rather opaque . Genus Suastus.
A single species ae bile .. gremius.
Larva feeds on palms ; pupa stout, like slits of Telicota.

d'. Head semi-elliptical ; colour of body plain grass-
green or yellowish-green with a dark, dorsal, pul-
sating line and a lateral, less dark-green shade .. Genus Jaractro-

cera.

THE COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA, 789

a*. Body plain grass-green.. ie ae .. ceramas.
b°. Body yellowish-green with dark, dorsal line and
loss dark lateral shade .. 2. Mavius.

Both larve feed on grasses. The pupz are like those of Telicota, but much
smaller.

e'. Head round, or very nearly so; body-colour plain
green with a dark, dorsal line and an extremely
indistinct, subspiracular, whitish line ea .. Genus Baracus.
One species re os oe aie .. hampsoni.
Larva feeding on grasses ; pupa rather slight, like that of Telicota, but with
the hinder end of cremaster ending at each corner in a little point.
f'. Head quite round, skin thin, translucent; plain
green or greenish-yellow or banded longitudinally
white, rose-colour, yellow and green’ Re .. Genus Halpe.
a*. Body with green, dorsal line flanked by a yellow,
subdorsal band followed by a broader,rose-colour,
lateral band, below this again a subspiracular,
white, narrower band ; head plain light yellow-
brown at ve a Ws Be .. honorei.
b*. Body translucent, soiled dark-greenish-yellow ;
head soiled-yellow, the margin brown and a
brown dorsal line down middle .. aa .. hyrtacus.
ce’. Body translucent soiled dark-green ; head light
yellow-brown, a dorsal, dark band down middle
of face with a crescent-shaped-brown mark in
middle of each lobe, sometimes joined at its
bottom to dorsal band a .. moorei.

{t is quite probable that very useful characters for classification
of larvee might be obtained from a study of the grouping of the eyes
in the eye-curve ; whether two are confluent, whether some are larger
than others, whether they are grouped in pairs or otherwise, &c. Also
the length and shape of the true clypeus and false clypeus might give
differentiating characters ; the conformation of the labrum and of
the ligula and so on. The shape of the head certainly is useful, the
clothing and texture of the surface also. But all this would require
a very detailed study indeed.

Then there is the larval cell: the method of making it and the
shape when made. Some groups of skippers make very slovenly
larval houses, others make them extremely solid and tightly closed.
- The egg-larvee of some skippers start with a cell of a different form to,
that which they manufacture later on ; others adhere to the one form
all through, making new ones to accommodate their increasing bodies
as required. There are also caterpillers that make many cells, seem-
ingly just for fun, as do some Babblers amongst the birds ; some
wander away before pupation and change on any plant but none
pupate anywhere but in or under leaves with the single exception
as far as is known, of the genus Ampittia, which ties itself naked to a
rice-stem.

We might classify :—

Egg-larva making a round cell on the top of the leaf, somewhere in the middle
by eating away the substance in a circle, leaving just a hinge, turning over the

790 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVIi.

circle thus freed on to the top, fastening it down all round and coating the inside
with a dense carpet of silk; hole for ingress and egress next the hinge. Full-
grown larva turns over a triangular piece from the edge to midrib the hinge at
midrib, the short side formed by the leaf-edge, on to the top of the leaf,fastening
down all round, ingress and egress at hinge, inside densely carpeted, the cover
thus formed becoming convex with withering (as does the little egg-larva lid-
circle also) ; the larvee always lying on the lid, its back towards the leaf-suriace
and it mostly eats the edges of the lid into a series of crenulations, sometimes
eating holes in the lid also....Genera Celcenorrhinus, Tagiades, Odontoptilum,
Abaratha, Coladenia, Sarangesa (these last two often are found in shrivelled-up
dead leaves.

Egg-larva makes a circular cell as in the last, turning over the lid thus formed
on to the top or underside of the leaf, living on the lid, coating with silk and
fastening down the edges: hinge on edge or further in. Later on, when more
grown makes a cell of an oblong piece formed from the edge, tightly fastening
it down ; then, when full-grown, of a whole leaf where the leaf j is small, or at any
rate not ao large and makes a very strongly-closed cell, thickly lined inside; the
pupa is formed in such cell. which often withers and may fall to the ground....
Genera Hesperia, Gomalia.

Egg-larva makes a cell at the point of fhe leaf by bringing the edges together,
cutting a line from the edge in to the midrib as a preliminary, the midiipl being
the nee from the cut line to the point (Ismene fergussoni, all species of
Hasora) ; or turns over a small triangular portion from edge inwards on to top
or bottom, the hinge being part of the leaf—a short line is eaten at right angles
to the edge for a small distance in towards the midrib—and the inside is lined
with silk, the edges fastened down lightly ; the full-grown larva turning over a
triangular portion from point backwards using the midrib as a hinge, eating a
line in from edge to midrib some way from the point (Ismene gomata and Bibasis)
or turns over a small, oblong piece on to the top of the leaf or on to the bottom
by cutting two parallel, short lines from edge at a suitable distance apart,
(Badamia, Cwpitha), the full-grown larva making a cell of a whole leaf which
often withers (often on another plant of any species) in the case of gomaia,
in that of Cupitha of part of a leaf by cutting a straight line across the middle
at right angles to the midrib, leaving the midrib intact, but gnawing it partly
through and strengthening it with silks, making the cell of the part thus made to
hang down by joining the edges and bending the whole piece back under the
rest of the leaf behind—this cell-part then withers and is strongly coated with
silk inside so as to be rather dithicult to tear open, the egress being on the mid-
rib....Genera Ismene, Hasora, Bibasis, Badamia, Cupitha.

EKgg-larva makes a cell at the tip of a leaf simply by joining the edges, strong,
coated inside with silk ; after it is full-grown often joins the edges of the whole
leaf, living down towards the point and eating the midrib free from base down-
wards towards the point, the cylindrical or, rather, conical cell thus formed
hanging by the thin midrib. Some larve (Halpe moorei, Ampittia dioscorides
in a lesser degree) double the distal part of a bamboo-leaf across at right angles,
making a cell by fastening the distal part to the top of the basal portion, then
cutting the cell free so that it falls to the ground ; others stick to the cylin-
drical “cell and pupate in it (Telicota, Padraona, Halpe hyrtacus, H. honorei,
Aéromachus, Taractrocera, Baoris, Gegenesé; others, again, make an oblong
cell to pupate in by cutting across the bamboo-leaf in the middle, at first cutting
off the whole distal portion so that it falls to the ground, then cutting across
further up, leaving the midrib, joining edges and ends, finally freeing the whole cell
thus formed which falls to the ground and is there further strengthened by
web..... Genera Telicota, Padraona, Halpe, Ampittia, Taractrocera, Aéromachus,
Baoris, Gegenes, Baracus.

THE COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA, 791

Egg-larva turning over a small, oblong piece from the edge of
where either on to the top or on to the bottom by cutting a ee ae
right angles to the edge of the leaf about a couple of larval lengths apart and wide
enough to make a little cylindrical cell, the end closed by a small shaped bit ;
these generally eat just next the cell-opening at one end of the cylinder and never
move afield for the purpose ; when grown they make a larger cell, eventual]
using the midrib as the hinge, waving both ends of the piece, joining the ein
and coating densely with silk inside ; this oblong cell is eventually cut free
from the leaf and falls to the ground, as in some of the genus Halpe, the cell
being completely closed, after it falls, with web mixed with a copious cereous
excretion to keep out water....Genera Suastus, Plastingia.

Egg-larva making an attempt at a spiral cell from the point of the bamboo-
leaf or palm-leaf when young, lining the inside with little steps of silk ; when
full-grown making a big spiral cell (as described for Gangara thyrsis under that
species) which is made to hang down or stand out stiff from the underside of
the leaf: absolutely circular in section, the opening downwards and closed
with web and cereous excretion ; pupa with head down....Genera Gangara,
Matapa.

Egg-larva making a little, triangular cell by turning over a portion from the
edge of the leaf, eating one line only and making the hinge of the leaf-surface ;
turned over generally on to the bottom ; this form of cell persisted into the end
but pupation taking place as in Baoris, Gegenes, d:c., more or less naked on the
underside of a leaf the edges of which are slightly drawn together for the pur-

pose and with slight cereous excretion..... Genera Sancus, Notocrypta, and
Udaspes.

The pup are also characteristic. There are some with knobbed snouts or
head-beaks, others with long, pointed beaks, others, again, with convex frons
and finally some with quite even frons ; some have large spiracular expansions
to segment 2, others none at all and there are degrees of prominence of that
expansion ; then the proboscis may be free beyond the end of the wings, the
cremaster may be well-developed and long, or short and square and there
may be no sign of suspensory hooklets which, however, are generally present ;
some pup are quite naked, others have a clothing of short, erect hairs ; the
spiracles also may be characteristic : small or large, prominent or flush and their
colour also gives characters of differentiation. They, too might be classified :—

Stout pups, more or less marked with black spots and lines, pink or green
in colour ; the spiracles of segment 2 without expansion ; the cremaster short
stout, triangular ; the proboscis not produced free; the head-frons with a short
rounded boss which is really placed between the frons and vertex..... Genera
Bibasis, Ismene (gomata, fergussont) .

Pupa slighter, green (pinkish in badra), sometimes marked ; similar to that
of Ismene with a very slightly more accentuated boss on the frons and a very
slight indication of expansion to the spiracles of segment 2.....Genus Hasora.

Pupa also slighter than in Zsmene, the thorax more humped, the constriction
behind the thorax more accentuated ; dirty-white covered with cereous excre-
tion ; a short, triangular process ending in a spherical knob between the eyes ;
the spiracular expansion of segment 2 prominent and knob-like ; the proboscis
not produced ; cremaster rather long..... Genus Badamia.

Pupa moderately stout, greenish with no markings ; covering of erect, soft,
rather long hair in Hesperia, each from a tiny tubercle or with short, erect,
bifid hairs in Gomalia ; the frontal snout is a mere rounded boss ; the spiracular
expansions of segment 2 are large and prominent, half-crater shaped ; the pro-
boscis is produced free to end of a segment 9 ; the cremaster is short, stout, the
extremity set with long, numerous, very slightly hooked shaftlets..... Genera
Hesperia, Gomalia.

792 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVIII.

Pupa green (area) or golden-brown (ambareesa, lewcocera), unmarked, rather
slight with no cereous excretion, shining as to surface and covered with minute,
erect hairs all over; a short frontal knob between the eyes; the spiracular
expansion of segment 2 large, strainer-shaped ; the proboscis produced 2mm or
more beyond the extremity of the body—therefore very long; cremaster long
and not particularly stout, down-curved..... Genus Celenorrhinus.

Pupa stouter but similar to the above (the last), sometimes with colour green
or whitish, marked with black or with enamel-white ; slight cereous excretion
always with minute, short hairs; the frontal snout not long, round-topped ; -
large, strainer-shaped spiracular expansion to spiracles of segment 2; proboscis
only shortly free beyond ends of wings; cremaster rather long, down-curved
with bunched shaftlets at extremity which are hooked.....Genus Tagiades.

Stout pup, mostly bone-colour with greenish shade and many black
markings; surface with short, erect and appressed hairs; a rather large, rounded,
frontal process ; large, spiracular expansions ; proboscis produced free for a
moderate distance beyond the wing-ends; cremaster stout, bent down.....
Genera Odontoptilum, Abaratha.

Similar pupe to last, green or brown, unmarked; suriace with short, erect, often
bifid hairs or hairs with bent tips; also with a “‘ bloom” over the surface; spira-
cular expansions very prominent, nearly stalked ; frons with a longer or shorter
process or boss ; proboscis produced to end of segment 9 or to end of body ;
cremaster triangular, not short.....Genera Coladenia, Sarangesa.

Pupa somewhat slight, shining greenish white, unmarked ; surface without
hairs ; frontal process rather long, triangular, no spiracular expansions ; pro-
boscis not produced ; cremaster short..... Genus Tapena.

Pup very parallel-sided, not stout, brown or green or whitish; surface.
shortly haired ; spiracular expansions strainer-shaped, large ; the frons with a
prominent, rounded process or only convex; proboscis produced slightly or
not at all beyond wings; cremaster moderate, sometimes with simple hairs
along the hinder margin which are without any hooks.....Genera Telicoia,
Padroana (only dara), Halpe, Suastus, Iambrix, Baracus, Plastingia.

Pup, moderately stout for length, thorax much humped ; segment 13 square
behind with points at each corner ; the cremaster oblong, slightly curved ; the
proboscis sometimes enormously produced (Gangara); no spiracular expan-
sions.—Genera Gangara, Matapa. j

All the above pupze are formed in cells made of leaves ; the follow-
ing are all formed under a leat, practically open to the air, in an

open fold made by slightly drawing the edges towards each other.

Pupa formed absolutely in the open; attached to a rice-stalkhead down-
wards by the tail and a body-band ; colour green, unmarked ; two frontal pro-
cesses, small, pointed, one on each side of the head ; surface shining, quite glab-
rous ; no spiracular expansions ; but a flat space on the thorax-surface just
behind each spiracle ; proboscis not produced, cremaster very long, triangular
....Genus Ampittia.

Small pupa, not stout, green in colour, unmarked ; no spiracular expansions ;
proboscis not produced ; a fairly long, triangular, frontal process, formed under
avleaieanoncellleeeer Genera Padraona (gola), Aéromachus.

Long, narrow, plain green pup with very long, semi-hyaline cremasters which
are rounded at the end ; proboscis much produced ; no sign of spiracular expan-
sion ; nearly naked body-surface and a very long, thin-conical frontal process.
All are formed naked under a leaf in an open groove..... Genera Baoris (includ-
ing Baoris, Caltoris, Chapra, but not Parnara bada) Gegenes, Hyarotis,
Notocrypta, Sancus and Udaspes.

It is quite impossible to tell these last pupz one from the other because they
are so similar.

THE COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA, 793

v0

Lastly, the eggs. There are two large classes of these, those without meri-
dional ribs and those with them. These extremes are connected, however, by
some forms that have the ribs extremely numerous and so fine that it is impos-
sible to tell without a lens that they are there at all. Amongst these smooth
eggs it is difficult to make any classification, differences being hard to appreciate
if, indeed, there are any. It would require special study. Smooth eggs belong
to the genera..... Baoris Caltoris, Chapra, Telicota, Sancus, Udaspes, Hyarotis,
Notocrypta, Iambrix, Taractrocera.

. Those that are known to have ribbed eggs are more numerous and some of
the genera..... Hesperia, Ismene, Bibasis, Hasora, Badamia, Celenorrhinus,
Tagiades, Odontoptilum, Abaratha, Sarangesa, Tapena, Cupitha, Suastus, Baracus
Plastingia, Aéromachus, Gangara, Matapa.

A classification. might be essayed on the knowledge gained as follows :—

Ribbed eggs.

Ribs coarse, strong. B: H.::10: 7; dome-shaped. The‘ribs beaded, anasto
mosing, about 20 in number of which about half reach the circumference of
the micropyle-surface ; larva emerging through the top..... Genera Hesperia,
F., Thanaos, Boisd., Spialia, Swinh.

Ribs fine, clear, minutely beaded, not anastomosing, from 13 to 24 in number
of which half reach the micropyle circle. B: H::10: 7: dome-shaped.....
Genera Ismene, Bibasis, Hasora, Badamia, Celenorrhinus, Baracus, Ampittia.

Ribs extremely fine and very numerous, as many as 50, visible with ditticulty
even with a lens ; the surface obscured by soft hairs from the anal segments of
insect ; shape that of a dome, H: B::190: 55..... Genera, Gangara, Matapa.

Ribs very coarse, about 14 in number from base to a raised circular ring
of large diameter surrounding the micropyle ; colour red, the ribs white ; B: H::
10: 6....Genera Cupitha, Suastus.

Eggs smooth or practically so.

Eggs limpet-shaped, widest at base and, into the bargain, resting on a narrow
basel band which slopes outwards and is extremely finely ribbed (the band only,
which band, is besides, semihyaline; B: H::100: 65....Genera Hyarotis,
Notocrypta, Udaspes, Sancus, Iambrix.

Eggs high-dome-shaped, the surface celluloir under lens or even obscurely
many-ribbed, or lumpy; B: H::10: 8. (elicofa), or as 10: 65 for the rest.
....Genera Telicota, Baoris, Taractrocera.

There are also occasional generic differences sometimes though they are
not very helpful towards classification in all probability ; but, on the whole,
‘the eggs are fairly characteristic of the groups based on neutration, larvee
and pupe. Further study is necessary of a much larger fauna than that at
present available.

(To be continued).

794

BIRD NOTES FROM THE CAMPBELLPUR-ATTOCK
DISTRICT, WESTERN PUNJAB.
By
A. E. JONES, M.B.O.U.

The following notes were made during a stay of fourteen weeks in
the cold season, 1918-19.

For the most part the country in the district under notice consists
of a bare undulating sandy plain, intersected towards the South by
steep nullahs which drain into the Haro River, beyond which are the
low hills known as the “ Kala Chitta Reserve ” rising to a height of
some 2,000 feet above sea level. On the West at Attock the Indus
runs between almost barren hills before it emerges once more in to
flat country where it is, some miles lower down, joined by the Haro
River, the junction of the two rivers bemg some 14 miles from
Campbellpur.

Very few trees exist on this plain and these most along the roads and
round the villages. These are principally “ Sheeshum,” “ Keekur,”’
_ and Mulberry. On the “ Kala Chitta Reserve” hills, however, there
is plenty of scrub interspersed with numerous stunted Keekur and
Mimosa trees. As a consequence this portion of the district best pays
investigation, from an ornithological poit of view.

The list contains the names of some few species the respective distri-
bution of which are but imperfectly known. A great many interesting
additions would doubtless be made by the bird man fortunate enough
to be in those parts during the height of the migration seasons.

The nomenclature is that adopted by Oates and Blanford in the
“ Fauna of India ” volumes, and the serial numbers are those of the
species in that work.

The few instances where trinomials have been used will, I hope, as
in the case of Hmberiza cua par, denote the race (or races) met with.

1. Corvus corax lawrencei, Hume.—The Raven.

Abundant everywhere. Nesting operations commenced about
the beginning of February and most nests were placed in small
niches or on narrow ledges of the steep cliffs of the River Haro ;
one, however, was built on the girders of the iron bridge which
carries the railway to Kohat. The bridge here is about 80 feet
above the level] (winter) ct the river. One nest contained six eggs
on 25th February 1919.

4. Corvus macrorhyuchus, Wagler.—The Jungle Crow.

By no means common in the neighbourhood of Campbellpur :
at Attock, however, where the country is hilly, and in the “ Kala
Chitta Reserve ” it was noticed on most days. usually singly, but
if-food was at hand, sometimes as many as four or five might be
seen at a Carcass.

Corvus frugilegus, Linn.—The Rook.

Very common near Cantonments. Apparently roosting places
were some distance away for I never saw any signs of their congrega-
ting towards evening.

or

BIRD NOTES FROM THE CAMPBELLPUR-ATTOCK DISTRICT, 795

16.

dl.

37.

105.

341.

384.

400.

403.

407.
416.

418.

19

Corvus splendens, Vieill.—-The Indian House Crow.

More plentiful than any of the foregoing.
Corvus monedula, Linn.—The Jackdaw.

Occasionally seen passing over at considerable heights, often in
company with C. frugilegus, its well-known call first attracting
attention and then its smaller size and more pointed wing
distinguishing it from the latter. s
Dendrocitta rufa, Scop.—The Indian Tree-Pie.

Very common in the scrubby hills and nullahs of the “ Kala
Chitta Reserve.’ Usually in pairs.

Parus atriceps, Horsf.—The Indian Grey Tit.

Wherever there was a clump of trees (mostly leafless at this
season) a pair was almost certain to be seen.
digithaliscus leucogenys, Moore.—The White-cheeked Tit.

Only seen on one occasion when a party of six or seven was

seen in a nullah in the ‘‘ Kala Chitta Reserve.” One specimen
sent to the B. N. H. Society. Habits very similar to 4.
erythrocephalus. Elevation 1,500 feet.
Argya caudata, Dumeril—The Commen Babbler.

Common wherever there was any scrub. Only one specimen
obtained, which corresponds closely with birds from round Ambala,
though it exceeds the latter in size.

Myiophoneus temmincki, Vigors.—The Himalayan Whistling-Thrush.

Not uncommon along the banks of the Haro River and in the
nullahs of the “ Kala Chitta Reserve.”

Zosterops palpebrosa, Temm.—The Indian White-eye.

A few were seen from time to time frequenting the few Peepul

trees there are in Campbellpur.

Molpastes intermedius, A. Hay.—The Punjab Red-vented Bulbul.

Fairly common in the ‘‘ Kala Chitta Reserve,” especially where
the wild plum was plentiful.

Molpastes leucogenys, Gray.—The White-cheeked Bulbul.

More plentiful than the last species. Six specimens obtained
vary considerably from Simla-birds. The chief differences being the
shorter crest and, in most, the darker shade in colouring of this
part. Wing measurements 85 mm.—93mm.

- Certhia himalayana, Vig.—The Himalayan Tree Creeper.

Considering the dearth of trees in the district not uncommon,
most of the specimens seen were of course in the better wooded
parts of the ** Kala Chitta Reserve.”

Franklinia buchanani, Blyth.—The Rufous-fronted Wren-Warbler.

Very common on the scrub coyered stoney hills. Occasionally
seen in the mustard fields.

Sylvia nana, Hmper. and Ehren.—The Desert Warbler.

A single specimen seen (and obtained) on the left bank of the
Indus, below Attock.

Sylvia minuscula, Hume.—The Small White-throated Warbler.

Common wherever there was sufficient cover, mostly on the
stony hills.

Phylloscopus tristis, Blyth.—The Brown Willow-Warbler.

Plentiful wherever there were a few trees.

Phylloscopus subviridis, Brooks.—Brooks’s Willow-Warbler.

A few seen in the “ Kala Chitta Reserve.”

Phylloscopus humii, Brooks.—Hume’s Willow-Warbler. as

Fairly common, but its numbers were much less than P, tristis.

796. JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII.

434.

464.

AGE.

532.

619.

620.

Cryptolopha xanthoschista, Hodgs.—Hodgson’s Grey-headed Fly-
catcher Warbler.

Seen only occasionally in the low hills and once at Attock.
Scotecerca inquieta, Cretyschm.—The Streaked Scrub-Warbler.

First seen in a ravine running in to the Haro River. Afterwards
found fairly common in the hills ofthe ‘Kala Chitta Reserve.”
Always in pairs. 3
Horornis pallidus, Brooks.—The Pale Bush-Warbler.

Only one specimen seen and obtained 24th December 1918.
It was skulking at the base of a bush close to a pool in one of the
nullahs of the ‘‘ Kala Chitta Reserve ” near Chhoi.

Prinia sccialis, Sykes.—The Ashy Wren-Warbler.

A pair frequented the station hospital compound during the
three months I was in Campbellpur. No others seen.
Prinia inornata, Sykes.—The Indian Wren- Warbler.

Several seen about a small jheel which I only discovered towards
the end of my stay.

Lanius lahtora, Sykes.—The Indian Grey Shrike.

Fairly common, always in open country.

Lanius erythronotus, Vigors.—The Rufous-backed Shrike.

Scarce. Only definitely identified on two occasions.
Lanius isabellinus, Ehreub.—The Pale-brown Shrike.

Only one record, 8th December 1918.

Tephrodornis pondicerianus, Gmel.—The Common Wood-Shrike.

Small parties were seen on the scrubby hills during the early
part of December. Afterwards disappeared.

Pericrocotus brevirostris, Vigors.—The Short-billed Minivet.

Frequently seen in small parties.

Pericrocotus peregrinus, Linn.—The Small Minivet.

One small flock-noted, 24th November 1918, frequenting the
Keekur trees on one of the nearer hills.

Sturnus vulgaris porphyronotus, Gould.—The Central-Asian Starling.

Two secured from a flock consisting of this and the next species,
24th February 1919, when they had almost assumed their full
breeding plumage together with the yellow bill.

Sturnus vulgaris menzbiert, Sharpe.-—The Common Indian Stazling.

Certainly appeared to be the commener Starling in these parts.
Specimens shot from time to time always turned out to belong to
this subspecies, until the end of February when I found a flock
composed cf both this and porphyronotus. ~
Acridotheres tristis, Linn.—Tke Common Mynah.

Fairly plentiful.

Pratincola maura, Pall— The Indian Bush-Chat.

Only 2 or 3 records. Scarce.

Oreicola ferrea, Hodgs.—The Dark-grey Bush-Chat.

One record—at the small jheel, five miles East of Campbellpur,
16th February 1919.

Saxicola picata, Blyth.—The Pied Chat.

A good many seen, generally in the ravines or frequenting the
precincts of villages. A decided ingress during February.
Saxicola capistrata, Gould.—The White-headed Chat.

By far the commonest species of the genus.

Saxicola opistholeuca, Strickl.—Strickland’s Chat.

Ali ost as common as the last, but apparently preferred the wilder
and more remote ravines.

BIRD NOTES FROM THE CAMPBELLPUR-ATTOCK DISTRICT, 797

625.

626.

628.

638.

644,

646.

£47.

661,

677.

693.

716.

Saxicola isabellina, Cretyschm.--The Isahelline Chat.

Scarcer than any of the other members of the genus.
Sazxicola deserti, Temm—The Desert Chat. :

By no means uncommon but its numbers decreased appreciably
in January.

Saxicola chrysopysia, DeFilippi—The Red-tailed Chat:

Not uncommon at the beginning of December but towards the
end of this month and all through January nota single specimen
was to be seen. In February it reappeared in fair numbers.
Chimarrhornis leucocephalus, Vigors.—The White-capped Redstart.

Very common along the Haro River where it could be seen disport-
ing on boulders wherever these were plentiful enough to offer good
feeding grounds.

Ruticilla erythronota, Eversm.—Eversmann’s Redstart.

First noted towards the end of December and for the next twogor
three weeks was present in fair numbers but towards the end of
January its numbers lessened appreciably, but by the middle of
February was again plentiful.

Ruticilla rufiventris, Viell_—The Indian Redstart.

Very common during the whole winter. One specimen obtained

has a pure white forehead.

Rhyacornis fuliginosus, Vigors.—The Plumbeous Redstart.

Only seen on three or four occasions along the bed of the Haro
River. In habits it closely resembles chimarrhonris.

Cyanecula suecica, Linn.—The Indian Blue-throat.

During the winter months so little cover remains for a bird of this
species’ habits, consequently very few were noted. One procured,
13th February 1919.

Thamnobia cambeiensis, Lath. —The Brown-backed Indian Robin.

Fairly common in the ravines and along the steep rocky benks of
the Haro River.

Merula atrigularis, Temm.—tThe Black-throated Thrush.

Common in the better cultivated tracts, especially where there
were a few trees.

Petrophila cyanus, Linn.—The Western Blue Rock-Thrush.

Not uncommon about the ravines. Shy andwary. .

Tharrhaleus atrigularis, Brandt.—The Black-Throated Accentor,

Noted on several occasions in the low hills and also quite close to
the cantonments. Usually 2 or 3 together.

Ureloncha malabarica, Linn.—The White-throated Munia.

Only rarely seen, but judging by the numerous old nests scon in
Acacia trees in the low hills common in the warmer months.
Coccothraustes humii, Sharpe.—Hume's Hanfinch.

By no means uncommon in the low hills and occasionally scen in
the neighbourhood of cantonments. Generally in small scattered
flocks of three to six individuals. I, however,found their bathing
pool in the low hills and here any number from a dozen to thirty or
<o could be seen, at a distance of a few yards, performing their ablu-
tions. Usually a shy species but with care could be approached to
within a few yards. The call-note, uttered on the wing, Bo Firth se
rather prolonged. The song might be represented thus “ Pitt-zwee.”
Proposser grandis, Blyth.—The Red-mantled Rose-Finch.

Abundant in low the hills. Generally seen in scattered flocks.
Full plumaged males comparatively scarce. Call-note “ whee ”,
rather plaintive.

798 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII.

808.

€51.

859.

Carduelis caniceps, Vigors.—The Himalayan Goldfinch.

Large flocks in the low hills ; rather local, probably due to food. -
Acanthis fringillirostris, Bonap. and Schleg.—The Eastern Linnet.

First noted 20th December 1918 when a flock of seven was seen.
They were so wild that I had difficulty in securing one with the 12
bore gun. Subsequently found to be fairly common about the waste
stony ground at the foot of the hills.
Hypacanthis spinoides, Vigors.—The Himalayan Greenfinch.

Seen only on two occasions in the Jow hills. Parties of six and ten.

Passer domesticus, Linn.—The House Sparrow.

Common in cantonments and the vicinity of the villages.
Emberiza scheniclus, Linn.—The Reed Bunting.

Odd birds and pairs seen from time to time. Onc female secured.
Emberiza stracheyi, Moore.—The Eastern Meadow Bunting.

Not common. JI shot one for identification but finding it was this
species unfortunately did not preserve it.

Emberiza cia par, Hart.—The Meadow Bunting.

I found this, the western race of the foregoing specics, common in
the low hills. Occasionally seen in the plain.

Cotile riparia indica, C. B. Ticehurst.—The Sand-Martin.

This race, with the tarsial plume, was the only Sand-Martin
obtained. Capt. C. B. Ticehurst who kindly examined my specimens,
pronounces them to belong to thisrace. Nesting -colonies weve found
on the Indus near Attock but at that time, 23rd February 1919, 2
eggs were the most that I found in one nest ; some contained one only,
while others were just ready for eggs. Mostly the tunnels face N. W.
Wing measurements mm. 90—93° 5.

Ptyonoprogne rupestris, Scop.—The Crag-Martin.

Common about the river and rocky nullahs.
Hirundo rustica, Linn.—The Swallow.

Observed only near the jheels.

Motacilla alba, Linn.—The White Wagtail.

Very common about cantonments and along a tiny stream where
the village cattle were taken to water.

Motacilla personata, Gould.—The Masked Wagtail.

Same as the foregoing species.

Motacilla maderaspatensis, Gme]l.—The Large Pied Wagtail.

A pair could always be seen every 200 yards or so along the banks
of the Hare River.

Motacilla melanope, Pall_—The Gray Wagtail.

Single birds were common along the Haro River and on most of
the smaller streams.
Motacilla citreola, Pall.—The Yellow-headed Wagtail.

Two or three were found frequenting the small jheel in February.
Anthus similis, Jerd.—The Brown Rock-Pipit.

Only one seen and procured 19th January 1919. It is, as Capt.
C. B. Ticehurst pointed out to me, a much paler bird than the race
found about Simla and Amballa.

Anthus camgestris, Linn.—The Tawny Pipit.

Uncommon. Generally scen about the waste land in small scattered

parties.
Anthus spinoletta, Linn.— The Water-Pipit.

Very common near moist land.

Melanocorypha bimaculata.—The Eastern Calandra Lark.

Flocks appeared in February when they frequented the more
barren fields, Has a melodious call-note.

BIRD NOTES FROM THE CAMPBELLPUR-ATTOCK DISTRICT, 799

560.

867.

_ ‘874.

878.

1180.

1189.

1190.

1191.

Alanda arvensis, Linn.—The Sky-Lark.

a ee especially during February when the young wheat was
well up.
Alaudula adamst.—The Indus Sand-Lark.
Very common about the bed of the Indus at Attock.
Galerita cristata, Linn.—The Crested Lark.
Very common, either on barren ground, cultivation or the various
parade grounds in cantonments.
Ammomanes phenicuroides, Blyth.—The Desert Finch-Lark.
Common on the barren ground.
Dendrocopus sindianus, Gould.—The Sind Pied Woodpecker.
Not uncommon in the better wooded parts of the Kala Chitta
Reserve. Rare in the plains.
Liopicus mahrattensis, Lath.—The Yellow-fronted Pied Wood-pecker,
Identified for certain on two occasions only. A female obtained
3lst January 1919.
Coracias indica, Linn.—The Indian Roller.
One seen near the railway station, Ist February 1919, another used
to frequent a well in the camel lines.

Ceryle varia, Strickland.—The Indian Pied Kingfisher.

Common along the Haro River.

Alezdo ispida, Linn.—The Common Kingfisher.

Fairly common both on the Haro and Indus. Without having
obtained specimens I cannot say to which race these belonged.
Halcyon smyrnensis, Linn.—The White-breasted Kingfisher.

Much scarcer than either of the two foregoing species.

Upupa epops, Linn.—The European Hoope.

Very common. Its numbers were augmented during the latter
half of February.

Cypselus melba, Linn.—The Alpine Swift.

A pair seen on 19th February 1919. No other record.

Cypselus affinis, Gray and Hardw.—The Common Indian Swift.

Very common till 19th December 1920 after which none were seen
till 29th January 1919 when a single bird put in an appearance.
Paleornis torquatus, Bodd.—The Rose-ringed Paroquet.

Not uncommon. Only seen in the plains.

Bubo bengalensis, Frankl.—The Rock Horned Owl.

Probably not uncommon. A single bird seen in a rocky nullah
which contained several likely-looking nesting caves. Another was
disturbed from a small nullah scarcely six feet deep.

Ath2ne brama, Temm.—The Spotted Owlet.

Not uncommon in the ravines. Trees containing suitable holes are
practically non-existent in the locality but the ravines contain num-
berless suitable cavities.

Pandion haliaetus, Linn.—The Osprey.

Once seen at close range just above Attock and again on the Haro
River. Both records in February.

Vultur monachus, Linn.—The Cinerous Vulture.

Two records only, both in January. On the first occasion a single
bird was seen in company of several Griffons. On the second occasion
three were seen on the top of an earthen cliff on the Haro River.
Otogyps calvus, Scop.—The Black Vulture.

While Chukor shooting in the hills a pair was seen, one adult, tho
other in immature plumage.

800 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVU.

1192.

1198.

1199.

1202,

1203.

Gups fulvus fulvescens, Hume.—The Griffon Vulture.

Very common. I shot one specimen off a nest and sent to Mr.
itugh ‘Whistler, who kindly skinned it and forwarded it on to the So-
ciety, who in their turn also kindly forwarded to England, whence
Mr. E. C. Stuart-Baker pronounced it as pertaining to the above race.
He says in epist, “ Your Vulture appears to me to be a young Gyps
fulvus fulvescens, it is not himalayensis but I have never seen any spe-
cimen of fulvescens like it. The black breast, dark underparts and
well-feathered head are unlike anything [haveseen inany collec:
tion.”

On January lst I saw several of these birds carrying sticks up to

various ledges in the cliffs in the hills and on 18th of that month took.

the first egg from a solitary eyrie, which was a poor affair composed
as it was of a tew sticks and lined with dry grass. Next day I

_took another egg from an eyrie some distance from the last. In this

cliff were several more eyries 20 feet to 60 fect apart. Both the
foregoing eggs were fresh. Subsequently I took 16 more eggs from
different colonies, only one of which is at all well-marked. With
the exception of one, which had to ke stoned to get her to move,
there was little trouble in getting the bird to leave its charge.

I would here like to say that the distinctive character of the sepa-
rating various species of birds of prey by the comparative length of
the primaries is most unsatisfactory. Vultures, and many other
Raptores, shed these feathers gradually, so that a newly-grown fully

.. developed 3rd primary might easily be longer than an old and

worn 4th primary and vice | versa.

Two birds at the largest colony were exceptionally pale, in strong
contrast to the remainder which are of a decided warm fulvous on the
upper parts.

Neophron percnopterus, Linn.-—-The Large White Scavenger Vulture.

Very common. Only one specimen shot which was attributed to
this race.

Gypactus barbatus, Linn.—The Tammerse yer.

Occasionally seen near cantonments ae the hills are the home of this
fine bird and here ‘+ could beseen almost anyday. One nest found
in a small cave in an almost perpendicular cliff contained 2 poorly
marked eggs on January 5th. Hlevation 1,200 feet above sea level.
Aquila bifasciata, J. E. Gray.—The Steppe Eagle.

Not uncommon. Usually seen seated on the ground near a carcass

- waiting for the Vultures to leave.

Aquila vindhiana, Franklin.—The Tawny Eagle.

In such a treeless country this bird naturally was scarce. Single
birds were occasionally noted and towards the end of February a
pair was found building on the top of a lone “‘ Sheeshum ” tree four
miles from cantonments.

Hieraétus fasciatus, Vieill.—Boneili’s Eagle.
A pair of these fine birds was always to be found on each visit !
paid to the nullahs near Jhalar in the Kala Chitta Reserve.
Circaétus gallicus, Gmel.—The Short-toed Eagle.
Fairly common but what it subsisted on in this barren country
was ever a mystery tome. Never seen near a carcass.
Haliaétus lencoryphus, Pall.—Pallas’s Fishing Eagle.

_ A pair seen at their eyrie at the top ofa ‘‘ Sheeshum ”’ tree. This
was on the Indus five miles below Attock.
Milvus yovinda, Sykes.—The common Pariah Kite.

Very common about cantonments. A nest taken in February
contained four eggs.

BIRD NOTES FROM 1 HE CAMPBELLPUR-ATTOCK DISTRICT. 801

1234.
or

1235.

1237.

1247.

1256.

1371.

1375.

Circus ? Sp.

Harriers of this type were occasionally seen but as no specimen was
__ obtained the species must remain in doubt. Only males were seen.
Circus ceruginosus, Linn.—The Marsh Harrier.

One was seen at the small jheel, 16th February 1919.

Accipiter nisus, Linn.—The Sparrow-Hawk.

Only one record, 30th January 1919. It had just killed a .W. atri-
gularis.

Falco barbarus, Linn.—The Barbary Falcon.

A fine male was obtained, 23rd December 1918, while we were out
Chukor shooting. At the time I took it to be a Peregrine, but on
shewing it to Mr. Hugh Whistler he identified it as the above. Other
large falcons were seen rarely and were probably of this species.
Falco jugger, J. EH. Gray.—The Luggar Falcon.

A pair had appropriated a section of the river-bank four miles
South of cantonments.

Ajsalon regulus, Tunstall.—The Merlin.

Two records only. One at Attock, 22nd February 1919. The
other near Cantonments.
Tinnuculus alaudarius, Linn.—The Kestrel.

Decidedly uncommon. Two or three noted in February.

Columba intermedia, Strickl.—The Indian Blue Rock-Pigeon.

Large flocks frequented the nullahs in the hills and the more remote
ravines in the plains. Both this species and livia were to be seen
in the same flock. Two or threc pale grey (mottled) birds were seen
consorting with normal birds, and frequenting the same cliffs——
probably domestic birds which had lapsed into the feral state.
Palumbus casiotis, Bonap.—The Eastern Wood-Pigeon.

A good many were seen in the hills of the Kala Chitta
Reserve. Several were obtained.

Turtur cembayensis, Gmel.—The Little Brown Dove.
Common both in the lew hills and the plains.
Turtur risorins, Linn.—The Indian Ring-Dove.

Same as cambeyensis, though rather more gregarious.
Pterocles arenarius, Pall.—The Large Black-bellied Sand-Grouse.

Not uncommon on the north side of the railway line, generally :n
or near cultivation.

Pteroclurus exustus, Temm.—The Common Sand-Grouse.

A few were occasionally brought into the camp by some of the
Officers.

Caccabis chucar, Gray.—The Chukor.

Plentiful in the hills. Never found in the plains. The cattle-men
trap a good many by means of a small pit over which a flat stone is
propped with an arrangement of sticks, while a few grains of corn act
as bait. In one of these traps on one occasion I found an unfortunate
common Babbler (4. caudata) which had been there some days !
Local name “ Kouk ”’.

Ammoperdix bonhami, Fraser.—The Seesee.

Very common in the plains at the foot of the hills In pursuit of it
I enjoyed some of the best sport I have ever had. Coveys of 20 were
by no means uncommon. Local name “ Kuckie ”

Francolinus pondicerianus, Gmel.—The Grey Partridge.

Sparcely distributed along the foot of the Kala Chitta Reserve

hills.

802

JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII.

1415.

1431.

1436.

1447.

1454.

1462.

1600.

1612.

Houbara macqueent, Gray.—The Houbara.

A few were seen but none shot.

Sarcogrammus indicus, Bodd.—The Red-wattled Lapwing.

Ccmmon along tke Indus and Haro rivers and also at the few small
jkecls.

Vanellus vulgaris, Linn.—The Lapwing or Peewit.

Common only at the jheel. 10 miles N. of Campbellpur. Several
were seen on the Grand Trunk Road.

Aigialitis dubia, Scop.—The Little Ringed Plover,

A few pairs appeared on the Sand-banks of the Haro River to-
wards the end of January, apparently preparatory to breeding there.
Numenius arquata, Linn.—The Curlew.

A few only were seen, and one obtained, at the Jheel N. of Campbell-
pur.

Totanus ochropus, Linn..—The Green Sandpiper.

Common along the rivers and in fact wherever there happened to
be any running water.

Totanus calidris, Linn.—The Redshank.

Numbers were seen at the jheel to the North of Campbellpur.
Totanus glottis, Linn.-—The Green Shank.

Abundant both along the rivers and at the jheels.

Galinago celestis, Linn.—The Common Snipe.

A fair number were seen and obtained.
Galinago gallinula, Linn.—The Jack Snipe.

Two or three were shot while we were after the foregoing species.
Sterna seena, Sykes.—The Indian River-Tern.

Plentiful on the Indus at Attock.

Sterna melanogaster, Temm.—The Black-bellied Tern.

Pairs were seen both above and below the bridge at Attock.
Phalacrocorax carbo, Linn.—'The Large Cormorant.

Small flocks were seen from time to time both on the Indus and
Haro Rivers.

Ardea cinerea, Linn.—The Common Heron.

A few solitary individuals were noted both at the jheels and along
the rivers.

Botaurus stellaris, Linn.—The Bittern.

A pair was flushed on several occasions at the small jheel East of
Campbellpur.

Carsarca rutila, Linn.—The Ruddy Sheldrake.

Abundant at the jheel N. of Campbellpur. Pairs seen along the
Indus.

Anas boscas, Linn.—The Mallard.

Fairly abundant. Flocks were seen at the large jheei and small
parties occasionally met with on the quieter stretches of the Haro
River.

Nettium crecca, Linn.—The Common Teal.

The commonest duck. Found on all the jheels and occasionally

on the Haro and Indus Rivers.
Dafila acuta, Linn.—The Pintail.

Only seen on the large jheel, when it was common.
Mergus albellus, Linn..—The Smew.

Noted on two occasions only, 20th December 1918, on the Haro
River when among a small flock a full plumaged male was seen, and
on 23rd February 1919 on the Indus below Attock where 3 females
were seen,

803

A CONTRIBUTION TO OUR KNOWLEDGE OF THE
ORTHOPTERA ACRIDIODEA
OF MESOPOTAMIA AND N. W. PERSIA.
By
B. P. Uvarov, -F.5.S.

The material for this publication was collected by Dr. P. A. Buxton and Mr.
W. Edgar Evans during their active service with the Mesopotamian Force, and
‘kindly submitted to me for working out. As the Orthopteran fauna of Western
Asia has always interested me very much, I am extremely obliged to Dr. Buxton
and Mr. Evans for placing this material at my disposal. The spelling of native
geographical names adopted by me in the following list is generally in accordance
with the map of N. W. Persia, issued with Dr. Buxton’s article on the Birds
of N. W. Persia inthis number and with the map of Mesopotamia which was
published with Capt. R. E. Cheesman’s onthe mammals of Mesopotamia. In
some instances, however, I used somewhat different spelling ; thus, instead*,
azvin—Kazvin ; Talish—Talysh.

List OF SPECIES.

1. Paratettix meridionalis Ramb.—Numerous specimens from Amara,
Baghdad, Enzeli and Qurnah (side of stream).

Acrida turrita deserti, Uvarov | —This desert race of common Acrida
turrita, St., has been described by myself from Eastern Transcaucasia
and Transcaspia ; in Dr. Buxton’s collection there is a pair (1g, 1Q) of
the same from Kazvin taken, 17—20-7-19, so it is obvious that it is
distributed over Persia as well.

3. Acridella miniata (Klug).—Garden by Tigris, below Amara, 3-6-18, 1 @
taken by W. E. Evans. The species is known from Algeria, Egypt,
Arabia and Beluchistan ; I have also seen the specimens from Palestine.

A. Acridella robusta (Uvarov).—Amara, 5—14-6-18, 3¢@, taken by Dr.
Buxton. I know this species, previously described by myself { from
Eastern Transcaucasia and from different localities of Kurdistan and
Persia. It is now evident that it is distributed all over the Persian and
Mesopotamian deserts.

5. Duroniella fracta (Krauss).—Garden above Amara, 9-4-18 (Mr. Evans).

6. Ochrilidia tibialis, Fieb.—Baghdad, 23-9-17. (Dr. Buxton); Amara,
20-10-17 (Dr. Buxton); garden above Amara, 28-6-18 (Mr. Evans) ;
Chahala, nr. Amara, among grass, 30-10-17.

7. Parapleurus alliaceus, Germ.—Enzeli, 20-6—10-7-19 (Dr. Buxton). This
species is boreal in its origin and has not been known as yet from the
Southern shore of the Caspian Sea; the whole fauna of this locality

: (Gilan) is remarkable for the presence of several truly boreal forms.

8. Stauroderus bicolor (Charp.).—Persia ; Menjil, Safid-Rud, 27-1-19 ( Dr.
Buxton); Mesopotamia ; Jebel Hamrin, N. E. of Baghdad, 26-9-18 Tak-
i-Girreh, W. Persia, grassy ledges, limestone cliffs, 15-1-19 (Mr. Evans’.

9. Dociostaurus anatolicus (Krauss).—Kazvin, 4,000 ft., 25-8—7-9-19 (Dr.
Buxton).

to

OG tt St
* See papers on Birds of N. W. Persia by P. A. Buxton published in this number,
and Birds of Mesopotamia by C. B. Ticehurst which will shortly appear.

+ Revue Russe d’ Entomologie, xvi., 1916, p. 10.
t lic. p. 8 (Acrida robusta).
20

804. JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOUIETY, Vol. AX TTI.

10.

Il
12.

13.

14.

16.

Dociostaurus genet (Ocsk.).—Amara, I1—16-6-18 (Dr. Buxton); among
vegetation in garden on Tigris below Amara, 3-6-18; garden above
Amara, 15-6-18 (Mr. Evans).

‘Pallasiella truchmana (Fisch. Wald.).—Roadway through large marsh, 12

miles below Amara, 22-5-18 (Mr. Evans).

Aolopus thalassinus, Rossi. —Numerous specimens from Amara, Enzeli
Baghdad, Kazvin.

Alolopus strepens deserticola Gener .—Palm grove, Beit Na’ama, near
Basrah, 8-4-19 (Mr. Evans). This desert subspecies of A. strepens
(Latr. ) was described by me from specimens taken in Eastern Trans-
caucasia and Transcaspia.

Pachytylus danicus (.)—Amara, 11-11-18, 20-10-18 (Dr. Buxton) ;
Chahala, ‘Amara, grassy ground, 5-11-17; Masharra, Amara, among
Acacia scrub, 17-8-18 (Mr. Evans). The dates of development of
imago in Mesopotamia are quite different from those obtained in more
northern localities and they seem to indicate that this species has
here two generations in a year.

Gdaleus senegalensis, Krauss.—Enzeli, 7-6—10-7-19, vii., 19, common ;
Gilan, 14-61-9 (Dr. Buxton). As synonyms of this species are to
be regarded :

CEdaleus mlonkosiewitchi, Bolivar, Ann. Soc, Ent. Belge, 28, 1884, p.
cv.—cvi.

(Edaleus nigrofasciatus, Deg. var. c. Saussure, Addit. ad Predr.
Oed., p. 42.

Gidaleus nigrofasciatus (Deg.),—Kazvin, 7,000 {ft., 26-8-19; Amara,
13—26-6-18 (Dr. Buxton); garden above Amara, 21-6-18; uncul-
tivated land, right bank of Tigris, 8 miles above Amara, 10-6-18.

Mioscirtus wagnerit (Ev.).—Tehran, 12-10-19; Amara, 15—28-6-18 (Dr.
Buxton); on dry earthy places in garden on Tigris, Amara, 1-11-17
(Mr. Evans). Saussure’s Conozoa rogenhoferi (Add. ad. Prodr. Oedip.,
p. 62, tab. 2, fig. 4, 4a, 4b, 4c) is evidently: synonymous with Evers-
mann’s species.

Gdipoda schochi, Sauss.—Kazvin, 5—7-9-19 (Dr. Buxton).

(Hdipoda gratiosa, Serv.—Kazvin, 17-7—25-8-19 (Dr. Buxton).

Acrotylus insubricus, Scop.—Many specimens from Enzeli, Kazvin,.
Menjil, Baghdad and Amara.

Helioscirtus moseri, Sauss.—Mesopotamia ; Jebel Hamrin, gravelly sum-
mit, 3-12-18 (Mr. Evans). The specimens are quite like those from -
Turkestan. I think that H. moseri ab. pietschmanni, described by
N. Ikonnikov;) from Mesopotamia is a mere colour form.

Sphingonotus ceruvlans, L.—In very large numbers from Enzeli, Gilan
Menjil, Kazvin, Baghdad, Amara. One specimen taken by Dr. Buxton
at Tula Rud (Talysh) was the prey of a dragon-fly ; Dr. Buxton gives
the following note on this occasion: “‘1 saw the Acridian fly up as I
came along and the dragon-fly catch it securely in the air. Both were
netted instantly and the Acridian was not hurt at all, so far as I could
see. Both species were common. The Odonatan has been determined.
by K. J. Morton as Orthetrum sabina, Drury.”

Sphingonctus satrapes, Sauss—Amara, 26-6—4-7-18 (Dr Buxton).
This large species of Sphingonotus has been known, so far, from the
southern parts of Transcaucasia and Russian Turkestan; I know
specimens (in the Tiflis Museum) from Tehran, but it is evidently
distributed further west and southw ards,

* | escriked in ‘‘ Entom. Monthly Magazine Ha yae
t Ann d.k.k. Naturhist. Hofmus. Wien, xxvii, 1913, p. 391.

ORTHOPTERA ACRIDIODEA. 80

po) 7

24. Leptopternis gracilis (Ev.).—Mesopotamia: Jebel Hamrin, N. E. of
Baghdad 20-11-18 (Mr. Evans).
25. Tmethis carinatus, Fabr.—Khaniqin, R. Diala, 1-8-18 (Dr. Buxton)

known from Egypt, Arabia and Palestine ; I have seen specimens from
N. W. Persia. ;

26. Nocarodes serricollis, Fisch. Wald.—Menjil, valley of Sufid-Rud, 3,000
ft. 24-4-19 (Dr. Buxton).

27. Pyrgomorpha conica, Oliv.—Baghdad, 7-10-17; Amara, 30-3—30-6-18
(Dr. Buxton) ; garden above Amara, 14-3-18 (Mr. Evans).
28. Leptoscirtus evansi, sp. n.
dg : Subdepressus, rugulosus, ochraceus, nigro, rubro, rufo et albo
punctatus ‘ac variegatus, sparce pilosus ; subtus albidus.

Antenne caput cum pronoto unitis subeque longae; 8-articulate; articulo
tertio longiore quam latiore ; articulis 4-7 subzque longis ac latis ; articulo octavo
longissimo, precedentibus six equilongo, creviter incrassato, apice truncato.
Facies parum oblique reclinata, albida, lata, subplana, punctis magnis impes-
sis, hand numerosis.. Costa frontalis inter antennas validissime compressa,
lamellaris, angustissime lineari-sulcata, infra ocellum nulla; ocello magno,
ovoideo. Tempora apicem vertici formantia, parum declinata, fere superiora,
magna, trigonalia, marginibus calloso-elevatis, intus late sese contigua. Vertex
valde impressum marginibus lateralibus in dimidia antica valde elevatis, postice
subdepressis, dehine elevatis introrsumque incurvis, carinis transversis, medio
hand attingentibus, formantia ; carina longitudinali mediana antice nulla, pone
medio et in occipite parum distincta. Occiput callositas duos sat magnos ro-
tundos, albos, ad angulum interno-posticum oculorum positos, duosque posticis
majoribus, sed depressis, instructum. Oculi magni, valde globosi.

Pronoti prozona gibbulosa ; tuberculis callosis six minutis ad marginem anti-
cum, duosque sat magnis albidis in parte antica prozoni et quadris minoribus,
subacuminatis, figuram trapezoideum formantibus in regionem sulsos trans-
yersos positis, instructa. Metazona planiuscula, callositas albidos duos, depressis,
oblongis, in medio positis, instructa ; margine postico lato rotundato. Carine
laterales in prozona per tuberculis tres callossis magnis, in serie obliquo positis
(duos ad marginem anteriorem positis et sese appropinquatis, unoque parum
remoto, inter sulcos tramsversos posito) substitute ; in metazona in dimidio
postico tantum express, callose, postrorsum sat valde divergentes. Carina
mediana medio tantum parum perspicua, antice et postice obsoleta. Sulcum
transversum secundum parum ponemedium situm in medio antrorsum parum
angulato recurvum ; sulcum primum per callositas obliquos interruptum. Lobi
defiexi haud planz, medio valde ac late impress, antrorsum augustate ; angulo
antico subrecto, tuberculo calloso magno oblongo instructo ; angulo postico
recto, vix calloso.

- Prosternum antice valde laminato-elevatum. Spatium mesosternale longius
quam latum, metasternale valde transversum. ate

Elytra angusta, apicem femorum posticorum attingentia in tertia parte apicali
membranacea, rugulosa, tuberculis callosis albis oblongis in serie uno positis,
instructa. Ale ccerulescentes, elytrorum parum longiore. oe oa

Femora antica parum incrassata, albida ; tibize antice parum curvati, spinulis
margine infero-externo duobus, infero-interno uno instructe. F exiOrs ee
media elongata, parum decurva, albescens, fusco fasciata. F emoras postica exous
ochracea, maculis rubris irregularibus in area superno-media, nigrisque Bret
dicta et in margine inferiore arez extermo-mediz positis, ornata ; ee al te s
Tibi postice griseo-ccerulescentes, spinis margine externo quattuor, as Soe
interno duo instruct ; calcaria valde elongata, sat crassa, apice 1ps0_ ev issime
subarcuato, nigro ; calcar supero-internum longissimus, calecaria supero-externa

806 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVIJ.

ac infero-interna sese equilonga et supero-interno parum breviora; calcar
externo-infernum precedentibus sat brevior, distincte decurvus. Tarsi postici
articulo primo sat longo, secundo brevissimo, tertio preecedentibus simul sumptis
equalio, decurvo ; unguiculi graciles, sat longi, decurvi ; pulvilli dimidio ungui-
culorum equantes.

$ (typus) Q (cotypus)
mm. mim.
Long. corporis se ll 17
», pronoti .. one 2 3
» elytrorum a6 9 13
st LeMOLi) POSticia.. +. Gyo 9

Hab.—Mesopotamia: Jehel Hamrin prope Baghdad, 13-11-18 (W. Hr:
Evans leg).

Typus 3 et cotypus § in collectionem Musei Britannici positi; alii cotypi in
collectionibus Musei Edinburgensis, Evansi et me a conservati.

I have been in doubt as to the genus to which this interesting insect belongs :
in its general appearance it seems to be an Oedipodid, but the position and form
of the tempora, which are most clearly contiguous and forming the extremity of
the fastigium, indicates its place among Pyrgomorphide, near Chrotogonus. The
nearest known thing is Leptoscirtus angustus, Blanch. ( = L. savignyi, Sauss)
and after a careful study of the unique specimen of the latter species in the
British Museum, I came to the conclusion that my species is to be placed in the
same genus. It is obvious, also, that Saussure was wrong in placing Leptoscirtus
in Oedipodide, since the genotype of this genus is L. angustus—a Pyrgomorphid;
on the other hand the remaining two species which are included in the genus
Leptoscirtus by Saussure—L. unguiculatus, Sauss. and L. aviculus, Sauss., are
doubtless Gidipodide and ought to be withdrawn from this genus. Thus,
the genus Leptoscirtws (of Pyrgomorphide) includes in it two species only: ZL.
angustus, Blanch, and L. evansi.* The genus itself is well characterised by
the short fastigium of vertex, by the antenne composed of 8-9 articles while the
terminal article is very long and incrassate, and by long spurs of the hind tibiez.
The new species is quite easily separated from L. angustus by more markedly
marginated tempora, by the characteristic callosities on head, pronotum and
elytra, by the 8-jointed anteanx, &e.

This remarkable insect is truly desert in its habitation, being discovered by
Mr. Evans on gravely slopes, where it ought to be exceedingly well protected by
its coloration and habits.

28. Tropidopola cylindrica, Marsh.—Amara, 30-10—1-11-17; 10-4—2-5-18

—Qalatsaleh, 6-1-18 (Dr. Buxton) ; grassy ground near Tigris, Amara,
31-10-17 (Mr. Evans).

29. Derocorys gibbosa, Fisch.-Wald.—River Tigris, 8 miles above Amara,
uncultivated ground, 10-9-18 (Mr. Evans).—This species has been
known so far only from Aralo-Caspian deserts.

30. Acrydium egyptium, L.—Enzeli, 10.-4-19; Amara, 30-9—27-10-17 (Dr:
Buxton); Masharra Canal, Amara, on willows, 5-9-18 (Mr. Evans).

31. Schistocerca gregaria (Forsk.) (peregrina, Ol.)—Enzeli, 24-5-19, “migar-
nt?” (Dr. Buxton) ; courtyard, Beit Na’Ama Hospital, Basrah, 5-4-19.
(Mr. Evans).—Mr. Evans remarks that ‘‘a flight of this species appeared
at Basrahin April 1919.” The supposition of Dr. Buxton that the Enzeli
specimen belongs to a migrating swarm ought to.be true, since this

* It is possible that some species of Chrotogonws with small number of joints

of antennz (Ch. savignyi, Burm., for instance) might be replaced in Leptoscirtus,

but it can be done after study of specimens only.

ORTHOPTERA ACRIDIODEA. 807

locust is not known to have breeding places so far north: he informs
me that the species was common at Enzeli at the end of May, and that
drowned specimens were frequently washed up on the shore of the
Caspian.

32. Calliptamus italicus, L.—Large number of specimens from different local-
ities (Menjil, Kazvin, Baghdad, Amara, Mendeli).

53. Thisocetrus littoralis, Ramb.—Amara, 30-10-17, 15-6—1-11-18 (Dr.
Buxton); among herbage near Tigris, Amara, 1-11-17 (Mr. Evans).
The synonymy of this species is rather large, since I cannot agree with
J. Bolivar*), who regards Euprepocnemis charpentieri, St., and EB. littor-
alis, Ramb. as distinct species, the only difference being in the number
of spines on the hind tibiz, which is rather inconstant. As I have also
had the opportunity of seeing some of Walker's types in the British
Museum, I am able to add some new synonyms to the known ones and
the chief synonyms of this species are as follows :—

1838. Gryllus littoralis, Rambur, Faune de l’Andal., p. 78, tab. vii, fig.
1-2.

1861. Caloptenus similis, Brunner-Wattenwyll, Verh. Z.-B. Gesellsch.
Wien, xi, p. 224.

1870. Cyrthacanthacris notata, Walker, Catal. Derm. Salt. Brit. Museum,
iii, p. 574.

1870. Heteracris annulosa, Walker, |. c. iv., pp. 673, 674, n. 41.

1871. <Acridium continuum, Walker, |. c., v, Suppl., p. 61.

1873. Huprepocnemis charpentieri, Stal, Rec. Orth., 1, p. 75.

34. Thisoecetrus buxtoni, sp. n.

Th. littorali, Ramb, proximus, sed major et robustior.

Griseo-flavescens, haud maculatus. Antenne supra flave, subtus nigrescentes.
Caput grisescente-ochraceum, vitta angusta occipitale, postrorsum paulo dilatata,
vittisque angustis verticalibus ad marginem inferiorem oculi usque ad clypeo
perductis, nigris. Pronotum supra carina mediana angustissime nitido-nigra,
in vitta castanea diluta inclusa ; canthi laterales pronoti anguste nigri, inferius
diluti ; sulci transversi in lobis lateralibus ad partim nigri. Elytra testaceo-
flavescentia, maculis nullis ; parte anali pallidiora ; basi ipso vitta curta obscura,
valde diluta ; venis principalibus basi ad partim nigrescentibus. Femora postica
corpore concolores, ad carinam supero-externam internumque maculis tres
nigris angustissimis ; sulco inferno saguineo ; lobis genicularibus_ vitta superna
fusca punctoque uno nigro infra posito ornatis. Tibie postice flavicantes (in
parte apicali vix rosescentes), fascies duabus nigris (prima per annulo angus-
tissimo flavo in dua parte divisa) ornate ; spinis flavis, apice ipso nigris. Tarsi
postici flavi.

Antenne medio paulo dilatatz, 22-annulate, capite cum pronoto unitis valde
longiores. Costa frontalis subgibbosa, verticem versus paulo angustata, irre-
gulariter denseque impresso punctata. Vertex valde prominulum, planum,
vix impressum, hand acute delineatum, rhomboidale, apice subrotundato, medio
anguste carinulatum, carinula in occipite perducta ; occiput subglobosum. Pro-
noti prozona a latere visa distincte gibbosa; metazona subcoriacea, angulo postico
obtuso, rotundato ; carina mediana acuta, elevata, per sulco typico recto, pone
medium sito, profunde intersecta ; sulcis duabus anterioribus hand profundis,
curvatis ; carinis lateralibus acutis, granulosis ; lobis lateralibus coriaceis, sulcis.
duabus posterioribus valde impressis, margine antico vix sinuato, inferiore in
medio obtusangulato, postico obliquo, subrecto, angulo postico valde obtuso, sub-
rotundato. Tuberculum prosternale obtuse conicum, parum decurvum., Pedes
omnes sat robusti, aroliis inter ungues sat magnis, rotundis ; tibiz posticz

* Trab. Mus.Nac. Cienc. Natur. Madrid, Ser. Zool. N. 20, 1914, p. 23.

808 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XXVII.

spinis extus intusque 9-10 armate. Lamina subgenitalisg curta, apice
obtusissima. Cerci ¢ compressi, lamine subgenitali longiores, pone medio de-
curvi, validissime compressi et dilatati.

3 (typus). Q (cotypus).
mm. yb
Long. corporis re 36 58
» antennarum .. 14,5 18
» pronoti ae 8 iUE
» elytrorum ae 33 45
» femori postic:i .. (2250 32

Hab.—Mesopotamia: Amara 25-5-18 (Dr. Buxton leg.); Ibidem, 8-6-18
(Mr. Evans leg.)

Typus ¢ et cotypus @ in collectionem Musei Britannici; una Q cotypica
in collectionem Musei Ediburgensis.

This splendid species is rather closely related to Th. littoralis, Ramb., as
is obvious from the resemblance of the lamina subgenitalis and cerci of male,
but it differs from the said species by the numerous characters—size, coloration,
number of spines at the hind tibiz, &c.

Th. buxtoni is the fourth known palearctic species of its genus. The specimens
taken by Mr. Evans were captured among grass and camel-thorn at Masharra
Canal, Amara.

35. Thisoecetrus adspersus, Redt.—Amara, 13—30-6-18 (Dr. Buxton); above
Amara, on Sueda, 17-6-18 ; 12 miles below Amara, on Acacia in dry
marsh, 12-9-18 (Mr. Evans).

36. Thisoecetrus dorsatus, F.-W.—Amara, 25—30-6-18; Kazvin, 19-7-19
(Dr. Buxton) ; among herbage, in garden above Amara, 21-6-18 (Mr.
Evans).—J. Bolivar in his recent publication *) regards Th. dorsatus
and Th. pterostichus ¥.-W. as two different species, but I have proved +
by the study of the type specimens that the second name is a mere
synonym.

For separating four palearctic species of the genus Thisoecetrus the
following key may be of some use} ) :— ;
1 (2). Pronotum rounded above, without lateral carine; median
carina very feeble. Antenne in dg 23,in 2 twice as long a.
the head and pronotum taken together. Lamina subgenitalis
¢ islong and acute. Pronotum with a broad and sharply
marked black stripe along the middle which does not. proceed
on the elytra. Hlytra green with very few (or none at all)
scattered small black points. Hind femora green, without any
marking ; hind tibie red, without black rings.

Th. dorsatus, EF. W.

2 (1). Pronotum not rotundate above ; sometimes with raised median
carina ; lateral carine well expressed. Antennz in d not more
than 14 times as long as the head and pronotum together, in
° as long as these, or a little longer. Lamina subgenitalis of
male short and obtuse.

+c. ps2a-

t Ugqber die Orthopteren fauna Transcaspiens—Hore Soc. Entom. Ross.
xl, N3, 1912.

t fee also my paper on the Transcaspian Orthoptera ‘1. c., 32-24; fig. 3).

ORTHOPTERA ACRIDIODEA, 809

3 (4). Lamina subgenitalis ¢ obtuse, not marginated at the apex
Anal area of the elytra infuscated at the base. Hind femora
with sharp black markings on the upper side keel.

5 (6). Pronotum with sharply delimitated black stripe along the
mediancarina. Elytra with numerous large black spots. Hind
tibiz sanguineous, with 15-17 spines on the outer side and about
13 on the inner side; hind tarsi rose.

Th. littoralis, Ramb.

6 (5). Pronotum with only median carina black, the median stripe
» being castaneous and not sharply defined. Elytra without
any black spots or points. Hind tibia yellowish-grey, with

9-10 spines on both sides ; hind tarsi yellowish.

Th. buxtoni, Uvar.

4 (3). Lamina subgenitalis ¢ marginate at the apex. Anal area of
elytra not infuscate ; elytra with numerous black spots. Hind
femora with indistinct testaceous patterns on the outer side.
Hind tibize rose, with 15 spines outwards and 12 inwards.

Th. adspersus, Redt.

37. Huprepocnemis plorans (Charp.)—Beit Na’ama near Basrah, 8-4-19 (Mr.
Evans).—The following Walker’s species are synonymous with #.
plorans as I am convinced from the study of type specimens in the
British Museum :

1870. Cyrthacanthacris ornatipes, Walk., Cat. Derm. Slt. Brit. M13.,
iii, p. 575, N. 50...
1870. Heteracris consobrina, Walker, |. c., iv, pp. 673, 674, No. 40.

The Zoogeographical character of the Acridiodean fauna
of Mesopotamia.

The records on the Mesopotamian Acridiodean fauna, previous to this one, are
rather scarce,“but, nevertheless, we can find in them some species not taken by
Dr. Buxton and Mr. Evans.

Saussure in his ‘‘ Prodronuss Gidipodiorum *(p. 149) quotes @dipods miniatat,
Pall. var. flava from Baghdad, but the general character of distribution of this
species leaves no doubt that either Saussure’s determination ot the specimen
or its label is wrong. In the ‘** Additamenta ad Prodromum” the said author
described from Baghdad Cobozoa rogenhaferi, Sauss. (1. c., p. 62, tab. 2, fiz. 4, 42,
4b, 4c) which is synonymous with Mioscirtus wagneri, Ey., as I have stated above
In 1913 N. Jkonnikov~ published a list of Mesopotamian Acridiodea collected in
1910 by the Austrian Pietschmann’s Expedition, and in this list 19 named species
are recorded, ten of them being not found again by our collectors. In 1 9 16; I
had the opportunity of working out a collection of Orthoptera made by P. Nes-
terov on his journey along the Turko-Persian boundary, i.e., partly in the
Mesopotamian plains ; in this list ten species of Acridiodea are recorded, amongst
them two not taken by Dr. Buxton and Mr. Evans. Thus, the number of species
known from Mesopotamia is 43. If we compare this figure with the number of
species known from Transcaspia which is about 70, we may conclude that the
bulk of Mesopotamian fauna is already known and _the list of known species
may serve rather well the purpose of drawing some Zoogeographical conclusions,

* Ann. Naturhist: Hofmuseums Wien, xxvii, pp. 389-390.
+ Bull du Musee du Caucase, x, 1916, pp. 181-194.

810 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVIL

In the following list * the distribution ofthe Mesopotamian Acridiodea in the
adjacent countries is shown, as follows :—

| i

| Table- |
| N. African Meso- | lands of | Trans-
== | deserts. | potamia.| Persia | caspia.
and Asia
Minor.
1. Paratettex meridionalis (Ramb.). | + == a
2. Acridalla robusta (Uvar.) be v. | + a Ley
3. % miniata (Klug) ae | a pat | =
4, 9 nasuta (L.) =e | at ati | ae
5. Duroniella fracta (Krauss) ae | aE zis ee
6. Ochrilidia tibialis (Fieb.) ale | aie oe a0
7. Stauroderus bicolor (Charp.) .. na | Nie ct a
8. Dociostaurus maroccanus :
(Thunb) Be =: ae + + ae afi,
9. Dociostaurus anatolicus (Krauss). | -— + ae es!
10. Dociostaurus genei (Ocsk.) e | aL | lls ! ae aE
11, Pallasiella truchmana (F.-W.) .. — | ae
12. AZolopus thalassinus (Rossi) .. | oe aie
13. ne tamulus (F.) .. eS = | ae) eb ues
14. ge strepens deserticola |
(Uva) sae. ae — ai 3e
15. Pyrgodera armata, (F.-W.) de — Ses te
16. Pachytylus donieus (L.) awe ay ae
17. Gdaleus nigrofasciatus (D. G.) . | +L au ite si
No RON A? ice senegalensis (Krauss) . + at ai. ee
19. Mioscirtus wagneri (Ev.) ae ae at ee
20. CAdipoda gratiosa, Ser. .. ab au ae a
21. a schochi, Sauss == He fle Be

* Following abbreviations are used in the list: -+ means that the
species is known from the country ;—it is absent from it; v—it is replzced by
closely related species or race.

SS se

ORTHOPTERA ACRIDIODEA.

811
| | | Table-
_N. African! Meso- | lands Trans-
———— deserts. | potamia. of Persia’ caspia.
: ‘and Asia
| Minor.
| | |
Pie, | | i
oa Acrotylus insubricus, Scop. .. = 22 bysice abe
23. Helioscirtus moseri, Sauss. we Vv. 2 42 Le
24. Sphingonotus ceerulans (L.) .. apse | Sc yl eee +
|
20; a satrapes, Sauss. .. == | Be a os
26. Leptopternis gracilis (Ev.) Arty — HE ie am
27. Tmethis carinatus (F.) .. ie \ig) a ie | ae
28. » gibber (St.) | = a aeeg oe sah =.
29. » . Cisti (F.) eae. | Hy ae ¥ a
30. Pyrgomorpha conica (Ol.) « .. | _ + _
31. Leptoscirtus evansi (Uvar.) Vv. + — ss
| |
32. Chrotoggnus homalodema (Blan.) | 1. v.? Vv.
33. Tropidopola cylindrica (Marsh.) | + = + | +
|
34. Derocorys gibbosa (F.-W.) v. =I ae =
|
|
35. Acridium aegyptium (L.) - + Ae A +
36. Schistocerca gregaria (Forsk.) . + a= re ss
37. Calliptamus italicus (L.) ee + aie ab ote
38. Sphodromerus ccelosyriensis | |
Cette | + + ST lia | Sate =
39. Thiscecetrus littoralis (Ramb.) . + a a
40. a. buxtoni, (Uvar.) .. | a ae = =
41. > adspersus Redt. .. + = mae asx
|
aD, s dorsatus (F.-W.) .. | — = =f at
43. Euprepocnemis plorans (Charp.) a oe | a 1%
Miah 914. bi 254-Bv- 43 (37-42v. | 32-44.

> -j
* Calliptamus italcus, L. ab. carbonaria, Uvar. (Revue Rusesd’ Entom., x1v

1914, p. 226); this synonymy will be explained fully in another paper.
21

812 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXV1I.

First of all it is evident from this table that as many as 28 out of 43 Meso-
potamian Acridiodea are distributed all over the countries mentioned in the
table; this group is composed partly of species very widely distributed generally,
which are of small zoogeographical interest, but not less than 12 species are of
peculiar interest, since their distribution is confined to the so called “‘desert belt”
of the northern hemisphere ; they are as follows :—

Acridella robusta.
Ochrilidia tibialis.
Dociostaurus maroccanus.
3 genel.
Mioscirtus wagneri.
Cidipoda gratiosa.
Helioscirtus moseri.
Tmethis cisti.
Chrotogonus homalodema.
Derocorys gibbosa.
Sphodromerus ccelosyriensis.
Thisoecetrus adspersus.

Some of these species are certainly to be found a little beyond the limits of
the deserts, as for instance both species of Dociostaurus and Uidipoda gratiosa,
but this fact may be easily explained by recent migration.

The remaining 13 species which are not distributed all over the “desert belt,”
setting aside Thisoecetrus buxtoni, which is described in this paper, and
olopus tamulus, the occurrence of which in Mesopotamia is rather doubtful, may
be divided into two distinct groups. One of these groups is composed of species
common to Mesopotamia and the dry desert table-lands of Persia and Asia
Minor, as follows:—

* Stauroderus bicolor.

Dociostaurus anatolicus.

* Pallasiella truchmana.
* Aeolopus strepens deserticola.
* Pyrgodera armata.

Oedipoda schochi.

* Sphingonotus satrapes.
Leplopternis gracilis.
Tmethis carinatus.

ss gibber.

Altogether ten species, six of them (marked with an asterisk) pene-
trating also into the Transcaspian plains. A careful study of these species and
their relatives shows us most clearly that they all (except Stauroderus bicolor
which is dealt with later on) doubtless originated on the Iranian or Arme-
nian table-lands and migrated from there into the adjacent Mesopotamian and
Aralo-Caspian plains. As for Stawroderus bicolor which is of rather northern
origin, it is evident that it found its way to Mesopotamia through the
mountains of the Caucasus and Transcaucasia entering the plains along the
rivers.

There is, lastly, only one species of Acridiodea in Mesopotamia belonging
to the second group which is not to be found anywhere else, while its very near
relatives are known from Egypt; it is described in this paper as Leptoscirtus
evansi. Ithink that its small size and exceedingly good protective coloration

account for the fact that it is not known as yet from Persia, where it ought also
to occur.

*

Thus the Acridiodean fauna of Mesopotamia may be regarded as-a true
eremian fauna of the great desert belt, being under strong influence of the
fauna which originated on the dry table-lands of Persia and of inner Asia

Minor.

815

ON THE NOMENCLATURE OF THE SOUTH INDIAN LONG-
TAILED MACAQUES.

BY
M. A. C. HINTON AND THE LATE R. C. Wrovucaton.

In connection with the revision of Blanford’s ‘“‘ Mammals,” we have had to
examine in detail the synonymy of the two species found in the Madras Presidency
and Ceylon, and called by Blanford sinicus and pileatus respectively. Both
these species have a whorl of long hairs radiating from a point on the vertex
which from its fancied resemblance to a cap has obtained for them the names
of Bonnet Monkey and Toque. Inter se, exclusive of differences in size and
colouring, they are readily distinguishable by the fact that, in the Madras animal
the circlet of long hairs, or bonnet, is anteriorly interrupted so that the whole
of the forehead is exposed, showing a parting down the centre from which the
hair is directed laterally, right and left, while in the Ceylon form the bonnett is
complete, almost entirely covering the forehead, leaving however enough
exposed to show that there is no parting but all the hairs below the cap lie
directly forward.

The earliest name is Simia sinica, L. (Mant. Plant. p. 521), 1771. It was not
based directly on a specimen but, confessedly, on Buffon’s “‘ Bonnet chinois ”
(Hist. Nat., pp. 224 and 241, pl. xxx), 1766. Daubenton’s description (p. 241)
opens as follows :—Nous avons donné a cet animal (pl. xxx) le nom de Bonnet
chinois, parcequ’il a sur le dessus de la téte de longs poils dirigés du centre a
tous les points de la circonférence, et que ces poils formoient une sorte de coiffure
qui ressemble 4 une calotte, ou 4 un bonnet, qui est en usage chez les Chinois.”
The very precise and detailed description which follows proves absolutely (and
we wish to particularly stress this point) that Buffon’s Bonnet Chinois is based
on a single specimen. In his pl. xxx Buffon gives pictures of his animal in two
positions. The chief figure shows a front view of the specimen in a sitting pos-
ture. The hairs of the “ bonnet” are of course shown with the anterior ones
fore-shortened and the shading employed to that end produces a strong though
quite superficial appearance of a median parting, with the result that a cursory
examination leaves the impression that it is a representation of the Madras
Macaque. Possibly the artist recognised the false impression produced, at any
rate, he added, a subsidiary figure, which depicted the specimen in such a way
that practically only the top of the head is visible. This view of the bonnet
shows it to be quite uninterrupted and consequently to represent that of the
Ceylon Macaque. Buffon added nothing of importance to the details recorded
by his assistant, Daubenton, beyond naming the habitat as “ Bengale.”

Linnzus’ own diagnosis of sinica is ‘‘ Simia caudata imberbis, capillitis undique
horizontaliter caput obumbrante ” and, after giving its habitat as: ‘in India
orientali,” adds a further description of the animal ‘‘ Capillitium horizontale
orbiculi instar caput obumbrat.” pee

Schreber redescribes Buffon’s specimen and gives a careful description of the
colour (Saiigthiere, i., p. 108, 1775). The most important part of his description
may be translated as follows :—‘‘ The chief character lies in the length and posi-
tion of the hair upon the head, which radiates from the vertex, in every direc-
tion, over the whole crown and gives the animal the appearance of wearing a
straw hat. The crown of the head, with the middle of the back, is chestnut
brown. The arms as far as the elbows, light brown. The forearms and legs
together with the hands yellowish. Breast and belly very thinly haired, brownish.
‘The tail surpasses the body in length, and is concolorous with the back above
and the belly beneath.” He added that the specimen is too young to give a fair
idea of the size. The description is accompanied by a coloured reproduction

814 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII.

(Taf. xxiii) of Buffon’s original plate, and the representation is that of the
bright coloured Ceylon Macaque and cannot apply to the soberer Madras.
Macaque.

In 1799 Audebert (Hist. Nat. Singes) published a plate (coloured) of the
Bonnet chinois of which he states “‘ Celui que j’ai dessiné fait partie du Museum
Francois,”’ so that we have yet another presentment of Buffon’s specimen and
this time there can be no kind of doubt that the animal represented is the Ceylon
Macaque. s

Thus we find that the testimony of every authority for 30—40 years, and ~
much more, after Buffon described it assigns his animal (and therefore the name
sinica) to the Ceylon species, and we are driven therefore to the inevitable con-
clusion that the name sinica can no longer be employed for the Madras Macaque
but must be re-transferred to the “‘ Toque” of Ceylon. We have been unable
to trace exactly who first transferred the name sinica to the Madras Macaque.
Jerdon and Blyth both used the name sinica as we propose it should now be used.
Pro=ably Anderson was the first to use it for the Madras Macaque and thus.
influenced Blanford to a similar use of it.

The next name in order of ‘seniority is pileatea. It was established by Kerr
(Animal Kingdom, p. 69), 1792 (not by Shaw, 1800, as usually stated). Kerr
first attaches the name to the Ceylon animal and then (by a startling adoption
of trinomial nomenclature, a system only generally accepted in quite recent
years) describes a form sinicus pileatus. He bases his description entirely on
that of Pennant (Hist. Quad. No. 105), 1781. Pennant describes his animal, a
specimen in the Leverian Museum, as follows :—‘‘ Monkey with a dusky face :
on the crown a circular bonnet, consisting of upright black hairs : on the sides
of the cheeks the hairs are long: those and the body brown: legs and arms
_ black. Size of a small cat.’’ Kerr merely paraphrases this and adds “ Inhabits.

India” without indicating any authority for so doing. This description obvi-
ously does not apply to either of the Macaques under consideration nor so far
as we know to any Indian Macaque. Itis not improbable that the specimen
dealt with belonged to an African species.

The same comment applies to the name mitrata given by Bechstein (Pennant’s
vierfusz Thiere, p. 211 (60), 1799, to the Leverian Museum specimen. Both
these names, 7.e., pileata and mitrata, must, we hold, be ignored as unidenti-
fiable.

The next name is radiatus, Geoffroy, 1812, but it will be more convenient to
reserve our consideration of it for the moment returning to it later.

In 1862 Reichenbach published a revision of the Primates (Vollstind
Naturgesch. Affen). The Macaques with radiating hair are there referred to a
subgenus Zati of the genus Cynamolgus (sic). Three species are enumerated,
viz:.: sinicus ( p. 130) with hair radiating without any parting (based on the
* subsidiary’ figure in Buffon’s pl. xxx.) brown in colour, inhabiting Madras ;
pileatus (p. 131) with a median longitudinal parting, tawny face, yellow frontal
band, coat olive greenish grey, under surface and insides of limbs bluish grey,
hands blackish above, hands and feet below, like the ears, flesh coloured (based
on the chief figure in Buffon’s pl. xxx) and distributed in all parts of the west:
and south coastal provinces of Ceylon ; audeberti (p. 1382) based on Audebert’s
figure of Simia sinica (already mentioned above in discussing Buffon’s Bonnet
chinois) hair with median parting, the whole upper surface of the body red-
brown, cheeks, lower surface and insides of limbs whitish. All these species.
are based either on one of the two figures on Buffon’s pl. xxx or on Audebert’s
plate and therefore as we have pointed out are all ultimately based on a single
specimen and that the type of Simia sinica, L.

The last name available in this group is radiatus. ~Geoffroy (Ann. Mus. H. N.,
Paris., xix, p. 98), 1812, described as a species of Cercocebus from India. The
criginal diagnosis reads :--‘‘ Pelage brunverdatre ; dessus des jambes cendré ;

THE SOUTH INDIAN LONG-TAILED MACAQUES, 815

le ventre cendré-clair ; poils du sommet de la téte se divergeant et disposés en
forme de calotte.” Some details with regard to the skull and more particularly
relating to the form and position of the orbits are added ; but the observations
upon which they were based seem to have been made on menagerie material
and consequently to be valueless. F. Cuvier has given (Hist. Nat. Mamm.
Folio i, 33) a good figure of Geoffroy’s radiatus, probably drawn from the type
specimen. The details of the bonnet are not clearly shown unfortunately, the
animal being drawn in profile, but the coloration as depicted and as described
in the original diagnosis, quoted above, corresponds with that of the Madras
Macaque. We therefore propose to revive Geoffroy’s name for the Bonnet
Macaque of Southern India which animal must be henceforth be known as UV.
radiata.

The results at which we have arrived though no doubt calculated to give
neonvenience temporarily, since they involve changes in the nomenclature
which has been accepted for more than 25 years, nevertheless have their compen-
sations. Firstly the name pileata which has caused much misgiving to those
modern mammalogists who are conversant with the literature of the Macaques
is eliminated. Secondly sinica is restored to its time honoured status as the
Toque of Ceylon and the confusion which Buffon’s artist induced, after a lapse of
a century, in the minds of writers like Reichenbach (1862) is dispelled. Lastly
in reviving M. radiatus for the Madras Macaque we are only returning to the
- momenclature used by such pioneers of Indian Mammalogy as Sykes, Elliot,
Blyth, Horsfield, Kelaart and Jerdon.

816

ANNOTATED LISTS OF ACULEATE HYMENOPTERA (EXCEPT
HETEROGYNA) AND CHRYSIDS RECENTLY COLLECTED
IN MESOPOTAMIA AND NORTH-WEST PERSIA.

BY

F. D. Monice, M.A., F.Z.S.,
(FORMERLY PRESIDENT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SocIETY OF LONDON.)
(With four Tert Figures.)

‘The greater part of the specimens recorded in these Lists—about three-quarters
of the whole number—were taken by Captain P. A. Buxton (then of the Royal
Army Medical Corps) either in Mesopotamia in 1918, or in N. W. Persia (near
the South end of the Caspian Sea) in the following year. Together with these,
and distinguished from them by being placed between square brackets [ .

1, are included some captures made during the same period by two
other officers of the R, A. M. C., namely, Captain W. Edgar Evans and Lieut.
P. H. Harwood, the latter of whom collected in Mesopotamia only, and the
former (partly in company with Captain Buxton) both in Mesopotamia and Persia.
All records to which no statement to the contrary is added, may be assumed
to have reference to specimens taken by Captain Buxton ; and in these cases
I have generally given the day and month of capture, but ‘have thought it un-
necessary to add the year, as this may always be inferred from the locality cited
—1918 if the locality be Mesopotamian, and 1919 if it be Persian. (The letter
(M.) attached to the name of a place indicates that it is in Mesopotamia, and
similarly the letter (P.) that it is in North-West Persia.)

Captain Buxton forwarded to me all the specimens taken by him, a few at
a time, as soon as possible after capture so that I could examine them while
still comparatively fresh, and they have been in my hands ever since. These,
therefore, I have been able to study at my leisure, and revise from time
to time my first provisional determinations of them. Those which I received
from my other correspondents were returned to the captors (named or
unnamed) as soon as I had taken note of them, but I have lately examined
afresh some of those taken by Captain Evans, and confirmed or corrected
my first impressions about them. I understand that I have now seen nearly
all his captures, and the rest are probably all duplicates of species already
included in my Lists. I am much obliged to Captain Evans’s father, Mr.
W. Evans, F-.R.S.E., etc., for communicating with me on this subject, and
forwarding to me the specimens. Although the collection is small as compared
with Captain Buxton’s, it contains several insects, not included in the _
latter, which have especially interested me. Lieut. Harwood took only a
very few Aculeata, but I have to thank him also for enabling me to make
some welcome additions to the Lists. I should add that all my correspondents
were mainly interested in other orders, and consequently that Hymenopterists
should be grateful to them for sparing some of their valuable time towards
the advancement of knowledge in a subject other than theirown. So far as I
know, only a few Russian Hymenopterists have collected in Transcaspia,
and still fewer in Mesopotamia. In both these countries the Hymenopterous
fauna appears to be almost exclusively Palzerctic. That of N. W. Persia
seems, if one may judge such matters from the evidence of a single year’s col-
lecting there, to be practically European, a large proportion of the species
occurring even in England, and most of them in Central Europe and the Balkan
Peninsula. That of Mesopotamia has a more Southern character. A good
many of its species occur, to my knowledge, in Egypt, and others are pretty
widely distributed round the Mediterranean. But, except Polistes hebreus and
Xycolopa fenestrata, I know of none, which can be thought to have reached

ACULEATE HYMENOPTERA FROM MESOPOTAMIA. 817

Mesopotamia by extending their range from Oriental centres of distribution,
and both these are quite likely to have been introduced into the country—
accidentally of course—by importation, in ships or otherwise. I have ventured
to describe a few forms as new, but only because, being unable to recognize
them in descriptions previously published, I could deal with them in no other
way without violating a principle, which I think is sound—viz. that it is better
to be the author of a “Synonym” than of a “‘Homonym.” The former can
do no great harm, but the latter remains a perpetual cause of confusion to
future workers. Yet, no doubt, I must have some times committed both these
offences unwittingly, for though I have carefully studied such descriptions as
I could meet with—especially those of Morawitz in Hor. Ent. Soc. Ross.,
Fedtschenko’s Reise, etc., for Persian forms, and of Klug in Symb. Phys. for
Mesopotamian—I have not had access, unfortunately, to any of their ‘‘ Types.”
Nor have I had the advantage of such help as has been kindly given me on
previous occasions by many of my foreign correspondents, except in one case,—
Herr Alfken having been so good as to examine and give. me his opinion about
several specimens of the Genera Hyleus (=Prosopis) and Halictus. Conse-
quently I have had to trust far more than pleases me to my own judgment in
deciding on determinations of insects that were new to me. I need hardly
say, that, besides my own collections made in Egypt, Syria, etc., I have also
studied with a view to this paper the ‘* E. Saunders“ and other collections in the
Natural History Museum ; but these unfortunately contain very few specimens
of either Transcaspian or Mesopotamian Aculeates, and even of these few most
are either nameless or named doubtfully, and perhaps in error. I should men-
tion, however, that some of Captain Buxton’s earlier “ sendings”’ reached me
while Mr. R. E. Turner was still working in the Museum, and that I was able
to obtain his valuable assistance in clearing up some of the questions about
which I was in doubt.

I should have been glad, if it had been possible, to make this paper more
attractive by adding to it something about the ‘“ topographical” characters
of the localities mentioned in it—something more than their bare names! But
I understand that such subjects will be discussed in two* other papers now
being prepared for publication in this Journal, and that each will be accom-
panied by a Map, shewing the exact situation of such places in either of the
countries dealt with as are mentioned in these Lists.

I have only to add that the Text-figures given in them to illustrate structural
details, except Fig. 4, were either drawn from the objects with a ‘‘ Wollaston
Prism,” or traced from their images thrown on the focussing screen of a Phote
micrographic Camera, so that, though I am no artist in draughtmanship, I believe
that they are correct as to measurements, etc., in proportion of course to their
various magnifications.

List 1. FossorRes.

1. Apterogyna Olivieri, Latr—Q ‘“‘desert near Amara” (M), ‘S running
rapidly on the bare earth,” 8th September
1918. [Another @ ‘on Tamarisk” . 14th

October 1918.—Captain Evans. ]

2. Mutilla (Ephutomma) Sanguinicollis, K1.—13 3 5 Amara (M), 28th May—
2-19th June, 16-24th Septem-
ber [Also2 ¢ ¢ “at light >
at or near Amara (M) 6, 12th
August—Captain Evans].

a eee EEE RIE EEE
* (1) Birds of N.-W. Persia by P. A. Buxton appe ring in this number.
(2) Mam-nals of Mesopotamia by R. E. Cheesman, Vol. 27, No. 2,

818 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXV II.

T have little doubt that this is the true Sanguwinicollis KI. Possibly continua;F.
may be its Y, in which case the Fabrician name would have priority.
3. Mutilla (Myrmosa) erythrocephala, Latr—1 9 Khaniqin (M), Ist August.
4, Mutilla catanensis, Rossi—1 2, Baquba (M), 27th July.
1 2, Baghdad (M), 10th September.
[1 2, at or near Amara (M), 7th September
1918—Captain Evans].
5. Mutilla chrysophthalma K1.—4 3g 3, Amara (M), 20th June, 17th July,
7th September. [1 ¢ at or near Amara
(M), 7th September 1918—Captain Evans].

There is some mystery about this and the last species. It will be noticed that
both my correspondents found only 3 ¢ of chrysophthalma and only 2 Q of
catanensis. Furthermoré, Captain Evans took his chrysophthalma 3 and,
catanensis Q together, and, at the time, was under the impression that they
were paired, or on the point of pairing, though they were not actually paired
when ‘he took them out of the net!

It seems, however, to be well established, that the proper 3 of catanensis
is floralis, Klug, a form which, though evidently akin to chrysophthalma, is
superficially at least, quite unlike it. Nor are the 2 2 of catanensis and chry-
sophthalma so much alike that there can be any difficulty in distinguishing them.
And in the Natural History Museum at South Kensington I find (a) a specimen
of floralis actually paired with a Q of catanensis, and (b) a ¢ like those from
Amara similarly actually paired with a 2 of chrysophthalma, both these pairs
having been taken on the same day and at the- same place—namely, on April
14th, 1895, at Aden, by Colonel Yerbury.

This Amara <3, which I suppose to be the proper mate not of catanensis 9,
but of chrysophthalma, Klug, seems to be undescribed. So far as actual “ struc-
ture ’’ is concerned it appears to me to have all the most characteristic features
enumerated by André (Species VIII, p. 109) in his very complete and satisfac-
tory description of catanensis § (=floralis). Nevertheless the two forms are
separable at a glance, though their differences are almost entirely matters of
coloration and pilosity. Thus in catanensis (floralis) the wings are entirely
fuscous ; the thorax is largely red ; the pilosity is mostly yellowish, not strongly
contrasting with the red colour of the abdomen, so that André describes the
second and following segments, as uniformly clothed with “ pubescence d’un
ferrugineux doré, sans bande de pubescence blanche.” In chrysophthalma
on the contrary the bases of the wings are quite clear and colourless ; the thorax
is entirely black; and the whole pilosity of the insect is pure white, forming
perfectly distinct and well defined silvery fascize across the base and apex of
the 2nd segment and the apices only of the three following segments (only after
segments 5 can it be described as clothing the integument uniformly, without
distinct apical bands’’)

6. Mutilla dalmatica André (?).—This species was not met with by Captain
Buxton, but I have been kindly presented by Lieut. Harwood with two
22 anda <6 which apparently belong to it. He took them with several
other specimens of both sexes near Baghdad in October 1918.

The ¢ seems to be undescribed. It is much smaller than chrysophthalma,
but otherwise very like it, having similar pilosity, (though the abdominal fasciz
are somewhat less conspicuous) and wings with clear hyaline bases. But the
tuberculation of the scutellum is merely rounded, not acutely conical.
And only the two first segments of the abdomen are red, the rest of it, as well
as the whole head and thorax being black. (Long. about 10 mm. Exp. alar.
16 mm.)

7. Mutilla littoralis, Petagn.—Var grisescens, September. _-

: ; 1 g, Amara, 27th October 1918.

ACULEATE HYMENOPTERA FROM MESOPOTAMIA. 819

8. Mutilla rufipes, F.—Var. ciliata, Pz. 1 ¢, Amara, 17th June, 1 3.
: Shahroban (M), 31st July.
Var. platiensis, Dest. 1 @ Qazvin (P), 17th July.
9. Mutilla (Dasylabris) maura, L.—2 $ S (Var. arenaria, F) Talysh (P),
10th July.
1 2, Menjil, 29th March.
[1 2 on Tamarix 5 miles above Amara
(M), 14th October 1918—Captain
Evans].
10. Myzine arabica, Guer.—(?) 1 ¢, Baquba (M), 27th July.
IL. Myzine fasciculata, E. Saund.—(?) 1 3, Qazvin (P), 17th July.
I have done my best to identify these ¢ ¢ of Myzine, but I feel very little
confidence that I have named them rightly..
12. Scolia (Triscolia) hemorrhoidalis, F.—3 ¢ 3 Talish (P), 10th July, 2 2 9
Astara (P), 2nd July, 3 292
Enzeli, (P), 14-26th June, Ist
July; 4 9 2 Amara (M), May.
[1 g, 12 ‘Common on Holly-
hocks, ete.” Beit Na’ama, Bas-
rah (M), 27th and 3lst March
1919—Captain Evans. ]

The ¢ d from Persia are very unlike normal South European specimens.
Their pilosity is much paler, that on the thorax quite grey, and the yellow mark-
ings of the abdomen are singularly pale—very large and confluent, so that they
appear rather as bands than as pairs of spots ; and in all the specimens they occur
not only on the 2nd and 3rd tergites, but on the 4th also. The ¢ from Beit
Na’ama has no such peculiarities, and all the 2 2 from both districts are
quite normal.

13. Scolia (Discolia) infuscata, K1.—9 3 5,3 2 2, Amara (M), 4th May to

31st October.

1 g, 1 9, Baghdad (M), 26th July ;
1 2, Khaniqin (M), 31st July.

[5 6d, 22 Q at or near Amara (M),
2nd May, 20th June, 17th and. 27th
August 1918—Captain Evans. ]

[2 ¢ 5, Tanooma (M). No date stated.
(Lieut. Harwood.) ]

14. Scolia (Discolia) maura, K1.—1 3, Qazvin (P), 17th July.

15. Scolia (Discolia) 4 punctata, F.—1 2, Qazvin (P), 24th July.

16. Scolia (Discolia) hirta, Schrk.—1 @, Qazvin (P), 20th September.

17. Elis (Triclis) 6-maculata, F.—8 3 5,3 Q 2 Talish (P), 10th July.

18. Elis (Dielis) marginella K1.—1 3, Baquba (M), 27th July.

19. Elis (Dielis) eriophora, K1.—1 9, Baquba (M), 30th July. ;

This 2 is described and figured by KI. (vide Pl. XX VII of Symb. Phys. F ig. 6)
under the name vestita. But he suggests that it is the 2 of “‘ the preceding
species,” i.e., of eriophora (Fig. 5 on the same Plate, a ¢.) Ihave taken both
forms together in Egypt,and have no doubt that they are, as he thought, con-
specific. In v. dalla Torre’s Catalogus, however, eriophora is treated as a synonym
of albicollis Chr., while vestita is referred to another species which he calls
“* collaris (Fabr.), Gmel.”’ :

I find it dificult to believe that this large and handsome Dielis can have any-
thing to do with Fabricius’s collaris, which is described by its author as a Tiphia
of the size of femorata (!) It may, however, be identical with either or both
of two other Fabrician species, namely, 7’. nigra and 7'. thoracica. Of these
T. nigra was the first to be described, and on the whole seems to match the
better of the two with Klug’s figure and diagnosis. (The pilosity of the thorax

22

820 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Fol. XXVIII.

is called ‘red’ in nigra, ‘ cinereous’ in thoracica. Still the ‘type’ of the latter
may have been a faded specimen.) The Catalogus simks both nigra, F., and
thoracica, F., as synonyms of albicollis, Chr., and, as aforesaid, makes eriophora,
Kl. a var. of the same species. All this appears to me to be rather conjectural !
Nothing is known as to the ‘habitat’ of either albicollis, or nigra, and that
given by Fabricius for thoracica is “‘ the coasts of Malabar.” Personally I am
inclined to await further evidence, and in the meantime acquiesce in eriophora,
Kl., as the oldest name which is known for certain to have been applied to the
Egyptian and Mesopotamian species. A @Q very like that of eriophora
(=‘‘ vestita’) is common in Algeria, but its 3 seems to be always black-bodied,
whereas all my Egyptian eriophora <3 ¢ are coloured as in Klug’s figure (i.e.,
with the abdomen for the most part orange.) This Algerian form was recorded
by Saunders in Tr. Ent. Soc., Lond., 1901, and referred to thoracica, F. Whether
they are really the Fabrician thoracica, and whether or not they are identical
with eriophora, Kl., seem to me questions deserving further investigation.

20. Tiphia femorata, F.—1 3, Enzeli, 28th May.

21. Psammochares (=Pompilus auctt.) melas, K1—1 Q2, Amara (M), 20th

September.
22. Psammochares cingulatus, Kl.—1 2, Amara (M), 10th June.
23. Psammochares rutilus, K1.—1 ¢, Amara (M), 10th June.
[1 $, Tanooma (M), October 1918—Lieut.
Harwood. }
24. Psammochares modestus, Kl.—1 ¢, Amara (M). 10th June, 2 2 9
Amara (M), 13th June and 19th July.
The 2 92 agree with that described and figured in Symb. Phys. from Ambukohl
in all important characters (size, general coloration, neuration and clouding of
wings, unidentate claws, etc.), but the propodeum and posterior coxac are
darker, (not bright red throughout like the mesonotum and _ scutellum,) but
only a little rufescent in parts, and elsewhere black like the breast and abdomen.
The ¢ seems to be still undescribed. The present specimen was taken three
days before one of the 2 2, and in the same locality. It is coloured much like
the 2, except that the propodeum and coxe are black entirely, the last dorsal
segment of the abdomen white and fringed with short silvery hairs at the apex,
the last ventral segment testaceous, the head black (except the mandibles,
sides of the face, and orbits of the eyes narrowly, these parts remaining red),
and the greater part of the antenne (from about the 4th joint to the apex) black.
The body is clothed (much as in plumbeus) with a very short whitish pubescence
only visible in certain lights. This particular specimen is much smaller than
either of the 2 2, (only about 6 mm. long.) but it is well known that individual
specimens of Psammocharide— dG especially—often vary much in size.
(In this specimen the abdomen is very strongly compressed laterally—perhaps
this is accidental, but it may possibly be a real character, so I mention it.)
25. Psammochares (Platyderes) orchesicus, Kohl.—1 9, Amara (M), 19th July.
26. Psammochares (Platyderes) denticulatus, Tasch—1l 9, Amara (M), Ist
June.
I took a very similar specimen on Roda Island in the Nile. near Cairc, in 1896
[27. Psammochares (Anoplius) luctigerus, Costa (?)—1 9°, ‘near Ruz, N. E. of
Baghdad,” 24th Novem.
ber 1918.—Captain Evans,
This 2 is an Anoplius according to Sustera’s tabulation of the Psammo-
charide (1912). Itis entirely black with dark wings, much larger than nigerrimus
(which is the nearest to it among British species). The propodeum has no
remarkable features, and is almost without sculpture of any kind. All the
unguiculi are toothed pretty strongly near their bases. The spines of the tarsal
pecten are sharp and long, on which account I suspect it to be luctiger us, but
I know that species only from Costa’s description. ]

ACULEATE HYMENOPTERA FROM MESOPOTAMLA. 82]

28. Cryptocheilus ( = Salius, F) bicolor, F—2 9 2, Amara (M), 19th June,
7th September.
[2 292, Amara, 27th and 29th
August 1918.—Captain Evans.]
29. Sceliphron (— Pelopoeus, Latr.) caucasicum, André—] 2, Kurna (M),
20th May. [1 2 Amara (M), 27th August 1918—
Captain Evans].

30 © Sceliphron tubifex, Latr.—

[1 specimen taken near Basrah (M) in October
1918 by Lieut. Harwood. ]

I forgot to take note of the sex before returning this insect to its captor.
But I observed that the scapes of its antenne were partly yellow. In this species
they seem to be normally immaculate, but in destillatorium, Ill. (though other-
wise a less highly coloured insect), I have always found them entirely yellow!

31. Ampulex assimilis, Kohl.—1 @, Amara (M), 19th June. [1 9, Lieut.

Harwood. From Mesopotamia, but I
have no note of the precise locality, nor of
the date of capture].
_ Hitherto only 2 2 of this species seem to have occurred. Kohl described
it from specimens in the Vienna Museum, giving “‘ Guinea” as their locality,
but mentions that one of them came “ angeblich von Bagdad.” It is interesting
to have confirmation of the latter record, which without such confirmation
might reasonably be thought open to doubt.

Until I saw Lieut. Harwood’s 2 and identified it with the help of Kohl’s
monograph of the genus as assimilis, I thought that I had already determined
the @ for certain as another of that author’s new spp. namely, gratiosa. The
latter, like assimilis, was described from Guinea, and also in one sex only—in
this case the @! The characters of Captain Buxton’s insect almost without
exception are absolutely identical with those described by Kohl for gratiosa
@ : in fact the only ‘points I can discover which might conceivably distinguish
the two forms are as follows.

(a) The eyes of assimilis may perhaps be slightly nearer together on the
vertex, the distance between them being only two-thirds of the length of the
3rd antenual joint, whereas in gratiosa it is simply called “ hardly as long.”

Fig. 1. 3 Last Joints of Hind Tarsi in A. Assimilis 3.

(6) The fourth joint of the hind tarsi (Figure 1) is certainly not above half
as long as either the fifth joint or the third (it is exactly as Koh] describes it in
assimilis 2 !) But of gratiosa ¢ he says merely, that the fourth joint is “ visibly”
shorter than the third, at the same time calling it ‘‘ about half as long as the
fifth.” From this it seems a probable inference that in gratiosa the 3rd and 4th
tarsal joints differ less than in assimilis.

(c) Except a very slight ill defined cloud, filling the radial cell, but hardly
extending beyond it, and another (still smaller) in the angle contained between
the median vein and the brachial nerve (n. transversus ordinarius), 1 can find
nothing in the wings of assimilis corresponding to the two feeble dark ‘Querbind-
en’ mentioned in the diagnosis of gratiosa.

(d) The mandibles of assimilis—at least in the specimen before me—are
strongly rufescent. If this character occurs also in gratiosa, the author has not
mentioned it.

s

822 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII.

An actual comparison of Captain Buxton’s specimen with the Type of gratiosa
might perhaps reveal other differences, or on the contrary might show that those
above mentioned are unsubstantial.

In the meantime I will only add that in assimilis @, as in gratiosa, the Ist
cubital nerve is completely aborted, but that in Lieut. Harwood’s Q it is present
though obsolescent. This character, however, is expressly stated by Kohl
to be variable in 2 9 of assimilis, and also in those of other Ampulex spp.

32. [Chlorion (=Sphex auctt.) Semenowi, Morawitz.—1 2, Ruz Camp, N. E:
of Baghdad, 15th November 1918—
Captain Evans. ]

I believe I have determined this splendid insect correctly, though I have not
seen the Type, and have had to depend solely on the author’s description of it
Hor. Ent. Soc. Ross., XXIV, 1890. This description appeared too late for
Kohl to introduce the species into his Tables of Sphex L. published in the same
year. But he reproduces the original description later on in his Monograph
(No. 174 [p. 253] p. 451, Ann. Nat. Hofm. V.)

33. Chlorion (Palmodes) melanarius, Mocs.—1 9, Shaliroban (M), 31st July.

34. Chlorion (Palmodes) argyrius, Brull—[{1 @2 ‘Garden below Amara,”

5th June 1918—Captain Evans].

35. Sphex (=Ammophila, K.) occipitalis, Morawitz.—2 ¢ ¢, Amara (M)

28th May.
1 @, Amara (M), 4th,
December 1917.
[1 od, 26th April, 1 2, 10th September 1918 “at or near
Amara ’’—Captain Evans. ]
36. Sphex (Hremochares) dives, Brull—2 92 2, Amara (M), 28th May
[1 & ‘5 miles below Amara,” 29th
August—Captain Evans. |
37. Philanthus triangulum, ¥.—1 @, 1 92, Talish (P), 10th June; 3 2 2,
Enzeli (P). 14th June.

38. Philanthus coarctatus, Spin.—l 4, Baquba (M), 27th July.

39. Cerceris emarginata, Pz.—1 @, Baquba (M), 27th July; 1 2, Amara
(M), November, 5 5 @, Qazvin (P), 17th to
24th July.

[1 2, ‘‘ about mud wall, garden or Tigris, above Amara, ”’ 16th Septem-
ber—Captain Evans. ]

40. Cerceris subimpressa, Schlett.—3 ¢ g, Amara (M), 14 to 28th May; 1

©, Amara (M), 8th May.

41. Cerceris insignis, Klug.—l1 ¢, Amara (M), 28th May.

42. Cerceris bupresticida, Duf.—2 ¢ ¢, Baquba (M), 27th July.

43. Cerceris spinipectus, Sm. (—prisca, Schlett.) 5 @@, Amara (M), 28th

May to 26th June; 1 9, Amara (M), 13th June.

44. Cerceris lutea, Tasch_4 @ @, Amara (M), 28th May to 14th June.

This and the last species seem to me best separable by the sculpture of the
propodeum, its ‘‘ cordiform area’’ being quite polished and shining in /wiea,
but dull in spinipectus. (The coloration of the thorax appears to be variable
on both forms, the mesonotum being sometimes quite black, and sometimes
chiefly yellow. The latter is the case with all the Mesopotamian specimens of
both species now before me. Of my own captures in Egypt and Palestine all
which I take to be spinipectus have the mesonotum black, and all but one ¢
of lutea yellow !)

45. Cerceris dacica, Schlett. (?) var.—l 2, Qazvin (P), 17th July.
A very highly coloured form, nearly answering to Schletterer’s description of
bis var. magnifica. But the apical segment is entirely black.

ACULEATE HYMENOPTERA FROM MESOPOTAMLA., 823

46. Cerceris, sp 7—1 @, Qazvin, 17th July.

Possibly a d of capitata, Sm. But the abdominal fascie are very wide, and
not, as in capitata 9, ‘“subinterrupted.” A ¢ sent to me from Madrid by
Sn. Mercet as capitata differs from the present specimen only in being larger
with narrower abdominal bands (none of them “ subinterrupted ”!) and smaller
spots of yellow on the scutellum.

47. Cerceris annexa , Kohl.—1 3,2 2 2, Amara (M), 9th September ; 2 .

Fao (M), 10th August; 1 ¢, Khanigqin (M), Ist
August.

48. Nysson rufus, Handl.—1 ¢, Amara (M), 25th June; 4 2 9 , Amara (M)

14-25th June, 18th July. ;

49. Sphecius uljanini, Rad. (?)—1 @, Qazvin (P), 17th July.

I think this must be the ¢ of uljianini, and believe it has never yet been
described.

It resembles antennatus, luniger, etc. in the form of its paradoxical intermediate
metatarsi. The specimen before me, which is the only one I have seen, has
unfortunately lost all but a few basal joints of its antenne, but they seem to
have been testaceous, except the scapes, which are yellow with only their basal
halves blackened behind. The “ pictura pallida®’ is of a light sulphur-yellow
and exceedingly copious. It occupies the whole face below the antenne, and is
continued upwards, along the inner orbits of the eyes, nearly to the level of the
anterior ocellus ; about half way between the upper end of each of these orbital
yellow vitte and the ocellus aforesaid there is a very minute and inconspicuous
yellow spot. The edge of the pronotum is also yellow ; as are the humeral
tubercles ; a square spot immediately behind them on the mesopleures; the
front half of the tegule (their posterior half being rather rufescent); the sides
of the mesonotum (N.B.) very widely, these being occupied by a large yellow
longitudinal vitta, which runs along the tegule and is dilated downwards till it
reaches the tubercles and fills the whole angle which separates them from the
tegule ; a large oval ‘mark on the scutellum ; nearly the whole of the anterior
legs, (even the coxe of the Ist pair are yellow in front!) ; the tarsi, tibie, and
nearly half the femora of the hind legs ; a large triangular spot occupying each
side of the Ist segment ; and very wide undulated subapical fasciz on each of
those following (the extreme actual apices of the segments are dully rufescent !).
These fasciae (except that on the apical segment) are to a certain extent continued
on the underside of the abdomen forming triangular or sub-triangular macule
on the sides of each ventral-plate. The pilosity of the head and thorax is whitish.
The neuration of the wings pale reddish-brown.

50. Stizus tridens, F.—1 @, Talish (P), 10th July.

51. Stizus cyanescens, Rad.—2 @ @, Amara (M), 10th July; Amara (M),

12th September. 2 2 2, Amara (M),—September.

52. Stizus bizonatus, Klug.—8 92 2, Amara (M), 8th June to 19th July.

53. Stizus ruficornis, F—1 @, Talish (P), 10th July; 1 9, Enzeli, 30th June.

54. Bembex bidentata, v. d. Lind—5 3 3, 2 2 9, Talish (P), 10th July.

55. Bembez bicolor, Rad.—4 @ 4, 1 2, Amara (M), 9-17th September.

56. Bembex oculata, Latr—2 2 2, Enzeli (P), 6-26th June.

57. Bembex mediterranea, Handl.—9 3 5,5 2 2, Enzeli (P), 6th June.

58. Palarus fabius, Nurse—2 ¢ &,2 2 2, Amara (M), 9th September.

These were taken on Zizyphus. Mr. R. E. Turner helped me to determine
them by comparison with a specimen presented by Col. Nurse to the Natural
History Museum, S. Kensington. Though hitherto this species seems to be
recorded only from India, Mr. Turner considers the genus to be really part of
the Palearctic and Ethiopian fauna, and not ‘“ Oriental’’ (cf. his ‘* Remarks on
the genus Palarus’’ in Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., May 1911).

59. Liris hemorrhoidalis, F.—1 2, Amara (M), 5th October [Taken also in

both sexes by Lieut. Harwood.]

824 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII.

60. Notogonia sculpturata, Koh].—3 @ @, Amara (M), 17th September on
Zizyphus; 1 9, Resht (P), 18th February
61. Notogonia subtessellata, Smith.—1 ¢, Amara (M), 17th September;2 2 9,
Amara (M), 23rd March and 23rd Oct.

62. Notogonia nigrita, Lep.—1 92 taken by Lieut. Harwood.

63. Tachytes MONO Smith—l1 ¢,5 9 9, Amara (M), 12th June to 19th

July.

64. Tachytes freygessneri, Kohl. ee &, Amara (M), 17th September.

65. Tachytes tricolor, F..—1 @. Amara (M), 15th June; 1 9, Amara (M),

26th June.

The 2 seems to me certainly tricolor F. according to Kohl’s diagnosis in his
Gattungen (etc.) der Larriden ; and I think the @ belongs to it, though its hind
femora are largely black.

66. Tachytes ambidens. Kohl.—6 ¢ 4, Amara (M), June 14-21, some (perhaps
all?) visiting Acacia; 2 ¢ 4, Amara, July 20th: 1 #, Amara (visiting
Zizyphus), September 17th. Ambidens & was described from Sarepta,
I have not seen Kohl’s Type, but have a 2 named by that author
from Biskra, anda @ which, I think belongs to it. Captain Buxton’s
Mesopotamian specimens are all much smaller than the latter, but
I see no other difference between them and my own @, and both
have certainly the chief characteristic of ambidens g—namely an
excavation near the base of the front femur somewhat like that of a
Tachysphex 4. The pygidium in all of them is pilose, as in normal
Tachytes spp. ; and the distance between their eyes on the vertex,
and the measurements of their antennal joints seem to agree with
Kohl’s statements as to his ¢ from Sarepta.

67. Tachysphex gr ecus, Kohl.—l @, Amara (M), June 14th.

68. Oxybelus lamellatus, Oliv.—l4 @@,4 424. Amara (M), September,
mostly on Zizyphus;1 92, Baghdad (M),
10th September.

69. Oxybelus 14—notatus, Jar.—3 & 4, Qazvin (P), 17th to 24th July.

70. Oxybelus pugnax, Oliv.—2 g &, Amara (M), 17th September.

71. Ozxybelus, sp. ?—2 @ @, Amara, 9th September.

A very small species, with whitish, translucent, straight and _parallel-sided
mucro, red mandibles, and eburneous (nearly confluent) lateral markings on
segments I and 2 of the abdomen. (I have something very like it, unnamed
from Egypt.)

72. Crabro (Entomognathus) sp ? Qazvin (P), 17th July.

The specimen is broken, but I think it is a variety of C. brevis which has been
recorded by Kohl from Egypt, with the collar, scutellum, knees, tibiz, and tarsi
yellow. The pygidium is of the normal width, so it is not schmiedeknechti, Kohl.

List 2. Brzs.

1. Colletes nanus, Friese—2 2 2, Amara (M), 28th May.

2. Hyleus* damascenus, Magretti—2 2 2, Shahroban (M), 31st July.

3. Hyleus scutellaris, Morawitz.—1 @ and1 Q, Qazvin (P), 17th July.

The 2 seems to me to have all the characters enumerated in Morawitz’s
description of scutellaris 2. It is however a trifle smaller (about 6 mm. long,
not 7,) and in addition to the yellow markings there mentioned has also the lower
part of the frontal area, and a longitudinal streak bisecting the clypeus, yellow.
In this it resembles damascenus 2; but the ground colour of the clypeus is
black, not red; and it differs also from normal examples of damascenus in
having a black postscutellum, and entirely yellow tibiz.

* Hylacus; F=Prosopis, Jur.

ACULLATE HYMENOPTERA FROM MESOPOTAMIA, 825.

The @, I believe, is undescribed. It differs from the 2 only in the usual
sexual characters, being considerably smaller (barely 5 mm. long) and more
slender ; the face more elongate and entirely pale yellow; the scapes of the
antenne curved, slightly incrassate and dilated towards their apices, and yellow
in front ; the flagella more widely piceous than those of the 9.

H. scutellaris was described in 1873 from “ Bacu.” I cannot find that it
has ever been recorded since.)

4. Hyleus moricei, Friese.—1 , Qazvin (P), 17th July.

I took this species pretty commonly at Suez in 1896; Herr Alfken tells me
that he has specimens from Araxes-thal and also from Hungary, so it is
apparently widely distributed. :

5. Sphecodes gibbus. L— 1 9, Amara (M), 8th June.

The specimen is broken, but I have no doubt it is a gibbus. As often in ex-
amples from 8. Mediterranean districts, the tibie and tarsi are testaceous.

6. Halictus scabiose, Rossii—l 4,1 2, Amara (M), 12th September.

5 2 2, Qazvin (P), 8th August.

7. Halictus quadricinctus, F.—5 ~ 4,4 2 9, Talish (P), 10th July.

8. Halictus tetrazonius, K1.—1 2, Qazvin, 17th July.

9. Halictus leucognathus, n. sp. ?—1 &, Baquba (M), 17th July.

Herr Alfken, to whom I sent this specimen, suggested, but with doubt, that it
might be the senilis of Eversmann ; but after careful consideration of the de-
scription of senilis I do not think this likely. That species is said to be smaller
than H. rubicundus, whereas this is a large form—fully as large as scabiosw,
seacinctus, etc. Nor does Eversmann describe senilis as having the mandibles
largely white, which is a conspicuous and very distinctive character of leucog-
nathus, and has suggested the name which I propose for it.

In the Saunders’ Coll. at South Kensington there is an unnamed specimen of
the same 4, taken in Greece by the late Sir 8S. 8. Saunders, and bearing a label
signed ‘J. Vachal’ remarking on the above peculiarity. Herr Alfken tells me,
that he has a ¢ like the present specimen, and that this too was taken in Greece.

Although superficially much resembling scabiose, etc., it seems to be really
much more nearly allied to the smaller species H. tetrazonius, Kl. It agrees
with the latter exactly, and differs
from scabiose, in the structure of the
antenne, and the genitalia—also, to
some extent, (as Herr Alfken observed)
in the form of the head, though the
mandibles are not dilated and the
tempora (behind the eyes) are little
if at all excavated beneath. (See Fig.
2.) The antenne (except their two
black basal joints) are entirely tes-
taceous, the apical joint is not curved,
and all joints from the fourth onwards
are tuberculate beneath as in fefra-
zonius. The other pale parts of the

Fig. 2. body—namely the apex of the clypeus,

the labrum, a large triangular mark

on each mandible and the greater part of the legs, which, as usual, are

partly black (especially the anterior femora behind, and those of the hind

legs in front also)—are not yellow (as according to Eversmann in senilis), but

definitely white. The stigmata of the wings, however, and their veins (except
the middle part of the subcosta which is fuscous) are yellow.

All the pilosity is snow-white or silvery, as in many a desert-forms oe Tergites
1 to 5 of the abdomen have each a broad entire apical fascia, as in scabiose, etc.,
and tergites 2 and 3 are also fasciated (but more thinly) at their bases. The

826 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVI1,

tempora in certain lights are seen to be covered with a very short silvery pubes-
ence, the hairs on the face are much longer, and decumbent; on the vertex
and round the antenne they are erect.

I have extracted the genitalia, and they appear to me exactly like those of
tetrazonius. But I do not think that this and the other points of agreement
between forms differing so much in other characters (stature, colour, pilosity,
etc.; etc.) would justify me in treating them as actually conspecific.

10. Halictus platycestus, Dours.—3 @ 4,5 2 2, Talish (P), 10th July.

~3 2 2, Amara (M), ‘“‘ on Sunflowers,’’ 9th—12th
September.

I think these are conspecific with a 9 which I received, named as above, from
the late Professor Perez.

1l. Halictus leucozonius, Kirby.—1 9, Amara (M), April.

1 2, Baquba (M), 30th June.
2 2 9, Baghdad (M), 26th July.
1 Q, Talish (P), 10th July.
12. Halictus chaldeorum, n. sp.—3 ¢ 4, Amara (M), 6th September—3Ist Oct.
2 2 9, Shahroban (M), 31st August.

I can find no description to suit this species. It is a very diminutive member
of the leucozonius group (5 to 6 mm. long). In its short broad form, in coloration,
and in the sculpture of the propodeum, it comes near interruptus, Panzer. It
seems also allied to quadrinotatus, Kirby, and lativentris, Schenck (decipiens,
Perkins). But it differs from all these in having the postscutellum densely to-
mentose in both sexes, in the uninterrupted and very conspicuous (almost,
squamose) basal fascize on the intermediate abdominal segments, in the charac-
ters of the @ genitalia, and the structure of the inner hind calcar of the Q
as well as in other minor details.

In the @ the antennz (beneath from the 3rd joint onwards), and the tegule
are fulvous—almost yellow. The clypeus is narrowly yellow at the apex, but
thelabrumis black. The tarsi of all the legs are yellow, and the tibiz (especially
the anterior pairs) are more or less yellow within. The propodeum has a sharply
defined, undulately rugose. basal area, which is narrowly truncate (not rounded)
atits apex. The mesonotum is opaque, very finely and closely punctured. The
postscutellum densely clothed with short erect pilze, completely hiding its actual
surface. The thorax and legs are hirsute (much more so than in interruptus).
The abdominal tergites are very shining ; finely but not closely punctured on
their discs, but with the depressed apical margins practically impunctate.
Tergite 1 is pilose at the base ; 2, 3, and 4 have entire and very conspicuous basal
fasciee of white and partly scale-like hairs. The 4th ventral segment is strongly
excised at its apex and conspicuously fringed with long, white, decumbent hairs.
The wings are clear, and the stigma yellowish.

The @ is very like the @, but the mesonotum is less closely punctured and
slightly shining, and the disc of the Ist abdominai tergite quite impunctate.
The antenne beneath and the tarsi
are darker than in the @, but at least
more or less fulvescent. The inner
-hind calear is unlike that of any
Halictus 2 known to me, being armed
with a single pair only of long blunt
Fig. 3. Hind Calcar of H. spines (See Figure 3). 1 notice also that

Chaldeorum 2. the posterior ocelli are considerably
nearer to the compound eyes than to
each other. This is not the case in
any of the other females with which
1 have compared these specimens.

ACULEATE HYMENOPTERA FROM MESOPOTAMLA. 82

The genital armature of the @ has
a singular character, but it is difficult
ke eitherto describe or figure it intelligibly.
Pine sa- LAE aq —-‘ The squaia at the apex of each stipes
is (which in 4 notatus is comparatively
simple, and in lativentris is so pilose
.. Stipes that it can hardly be seen at all)
a is in this species crossed and partly
concealed (in the dorsal view) by a long
semitransparent ‘lacinia’ clothed with
microscopically fine pubescence, into
which it (the squama) is produced. In
the accompanying rough sketch (Fig.
Fig. 4. Genital Armature of H. 4) drawn from a preparation mounted
Chaldeorum. in balsam this lacinia is inevitably
so much foreshortened as to give a
very unsatisfactory idea of its actual outline, but when viewed in such an aspect
as to shew its full length it appears on the whole very elongately triangular,
tapering gradually towards a bluntly pointed apex, and projecting to a consi-
derable distance beyond the external outline of the stipes.
The species occurred visiting flowers of Zizyphus.

13. Halictus longulus, F. Smith.—1 4, Shahroban (M), 31st July.
1 @, Qazvin (P), 17th July.
14, Halictus cingulatus, Morawitz.—2 g %, Qazvin (P), 17th July and 8th
August.
5 2 2, Qazvin (P), 8th August.
1 2 Enzeli (P), 24th September.
15. Halictus amaranus, n. sp.—l 2, Amara (M), 7th July.
I feel some doubt whether this is more than a local race of picipes, Morawitz ;
but as Herr Alfken considers it to be certainly a new species ‘‘ near obscuratus
Mor.” It may be as well to treat it as such provisionally.

The single specimen before me is in most beautiful condition. I find in it
all the chief characters ascribed by Morawitz to picipes 2—also apparently
a “‘unicum ’’—including those by which he separates that species from obs-
curatus described immediately afterwards.

The coloration only seems to be rather brighter ; approximately the apical
half of each abdominal tergite is distinctly red, only its extreme apical margin
is pale and scarious (yellowish) ; and all the tibiz and tarsi are flavescent ;
whereas in picipes only ‘“‘ the posterior tarsi’’ and “ the hind tibie are des.
cribed as ‘“ piceous,” and of the abdominal tergites Morawitz says simply
*‘apice pallide-rubro.”

All the abdominal segments including the Ist are absolutely opaque (except
their linear scarious yellow margins) and covered with an intensely fine and close
puncturation. The propodeum is truncate, with a transverse, well defined,
basal area, closely and irregularly but minutely rugulose, and sharply margined
at the sides ; the mesonotum, and especially the scutellum, more largely but less
closely punctured than the abdomen, and so not quite dull ; the postscutellum
covered with dense short tomentum; the first four abdominal tergites have
each a distinct and entire basal fascia of white hairs (some of which are scale-
like), and those on tergites 3 and 4 are extremely broad (covering nearly half
the segment). The sternites, like the tergites, have rufescent apices, and are
clothed with many long sub-erect hairs of even length, forming almost such a
‘ventral brush ” as characterizes the group ‘“‘ Gastrilegide.” The whole of the
above described pilosity is white, or rather colourless, The clypeus is moderately
convex and produced, distinctly shining, with comparatively few, but large,

23

898 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY. Vol. XXVII,

punctures. The mandibles are rufescent at their apices, the antennz beneath,
largely fulvous, the tegule, coste, and stigmata of the wings, and the tibie
and tarsi of all the legs, yellowish.

16. Halictus kervilleanus, Pérez?—1 9, Amara (M), 11th May.

I name this very doubtfully, though it agrees in most respects with Péréz’s
brief diagnosis, e.g., the mesonotum is extremely shining, apparently quite
impunctate—the pin unluckily makes it impossible to be certain of this !—
and the propodeum is also as described for kervilleanus. But the tibiz and tarsi
are largely flavescent, and if kervilleanus has that character the author has not
mentioned it. (Seems also near to pauaillus !) _

17. Halictus villosulus, Kirby—1 92°, Qazvin (P), 8th August.

Determined for me by Herr Alfken. The mesonotum much more closely
punctured than in British specimens.

18. Halictus lucidulus, Schenck.—1 3,1 2. Qazvin (P), 17th July.

The 2 was determined by Herr Alfken. I have no doubt that the ¢ belongs
to it.

(The next 7 species all belong to the group with zeneous reflections on at least
the head and thorax. Spp. 22-25 were determined for me by Herr Alfken.)

19. Halictus variipes, Morawitz.—1 9, Amara (M), 17th September.

14 2 9, Amara (M), “‘ on Zizyphus ’’, 9th
September.
3 22, Amara (M), 25th, 26th June and
18th July.
2 2 9, Qazvin (P), 17th July.
20. Halictus vestitus, Lep—I|l 3, Khanigin (M), lst August.
1 3g, Shahroban (M), 31st July.

To this species Herr Alfken refers pulvercus, Morawitz. The description of
the latter well suits the specimen from Khaniqin. That from Shahroban is
much rubbed, but I have little doubt the two are conspecific. Both have what
Morawitz calls “‘appendix distinctus”’ at the middle of the margin of the 4th
abdominal sternite.

21. Halictus. sp.2—l1 2, Qazvin (P), 17th September.

A small insect, much rubbed, but it seems, when fresh to have been entirely
covered with dense silvery pilosity. The head and thorax, dark metallic green,
the abdominal segments carneous with yellowish margins. I cannot identify
it with any described species.

22. Halictus, dissidens, Pérez.—1 9, Talish (P), 10th July.

23. Halictus mucoreus, Eversmann.—l ¢,1 2, Qazvin (P). 17th July.

24. Halictus mongolicus, Morawitz.—1 9 , Amara (M), ‘‘on Acacia,”’ 13th June.

25. Halictus sogdianus, Morawitz.—l 92, Baquba (M), 27th July.

26. Nomioides variegata, Oliver.—5 ¢ J, Amara (M), 9th-17th September.

1 g, Amara, November.
Il 2. 5,2 Sth: Septemiber:

This and also the following sp. occurred ‘‘on Zizyphus.”

27. Nomioides excellens, E. Saunders.—6 ¢ 3, Amara (M), 3lst August—

17th September.
1 2, Amara (M), 17th September.

T have named these after comparing them with Saunders’s Types. They are
much larger insects than any other Nomioides known to me.

(Lc be continued).

829

_ FALCONRY—THE CATCHING OF HAWKS AND FALCONS.
BEING A SUPPLEMENT To “ THE Birps oF Prey oF THE PunsaAp.”

BY

C. H. Donatn.
(With two plates).

I have frequently been asked whether Falconry is an expensive amusement and
how best to make a beginning, so before going any further I shall endeavour to
answer the above questions.

The expense depends entirely on the individual. Like everything else,
you can make it as expensive as you like or as cheap as you like, but in either
case it is not going to be done for nothing, and no Britisher in this country can
carry on entirely by himself, and must have at least one falconer to train and
exercise his birds and look after them generally. Plenty of time and unlimited
patience are essential adjuncts to the successful falconer, and the former, at
least, is not the usual cry of the European in India.

If it is intended to keep a large team of falcons and “ do” the thing really
well, and mount your falconers, then it becomes an expensive sport, but the
writer well remembers the time when he indulged in a team of over a dozen
hawks and falcons, with but one falconer and a ‘“‘ chokra’”’ to run the entire
business, and even if the establishment, and the unsystematic methods of its
owner, were such as to cause acute pain and grief to good old Peter Ballantyne
and his ilk, had he but seen us at work, they afforded no small amount of plea-
sure to the writer.

I was in a district where sport was fairly varied, but one had to go some dis-
tance to get it, and this could not always be managed, so we went on the system
of “‘ something for everything.” The love cf seeing the birds at work was every-
thing to me, and if we could not go far afield for heron, houbara and duck, well
there were always kites, crows, paddy birds, rollers, hoopoes, larks and such
like near at hand, and it would be a bad day indeed that some of the above did
not afford me a good morning’s or afternoon’s sport. One beautiful Saker never
disappointed us, be the quarry kite or houbara, and a cast of Peregrines, and a
lovely Shaheen were reserved for the days we could get out to the haunts of
heron, houbara and duck. A cast of Laggars were ever ready to oblige when
crows or paddy birds were about, and a Merlin and a couple of Turumtis whiled
away many a pleasant hour in the pursuit of smallfry. Though the fry was small
the sport very often was grand in tlie extreme.

If £ s. d. had not been lacking the writer would have read up every old book

on the subject and combined the methods of the East and West, and indulged
to the full in the good old “sport of kings’ according to the teachings of the
many excellent books on the subject, but the ways and means being extremely
short, a man and a boy was ail that was possible and a fairly good horse that
carried me on inspection duty, as well as out hawking, with equal regularity.

Since economy was the first consideration, it was obvious that the purchase
of falcons and hawks, at fairs and bazaars, was out of the question, so the first
thing to do was to catch them. This not only proved pretty simple, but extreme-
ly fascinating and instructive. My falconer was an adept in the art of making
nets and nooses and we soon had all sorts of paraphernalia ready, and how many
miles I walked with the old fellow, over river beds, ploughed fields and over
every kind of abomination, I should be afraid to say. What was the result ?
I got so keen on simply catching birds that I was prepared to go on indefinitely
much to the disgust of the old falconer, who mildly remonstrated and asked if I
had only got him to catch birds or were they ever to be trained > The ** chokra
by then was mounting guard over some half a dozen birds, quite three of which
were only fit for decoys, being ancient tiercel’s, but having been caught, it went to
my heart to let them go again! The counsels cf the falconer prevailed and we

*

£30 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. X XVII.

set to work with a very fine ycung Laggar, and two Turumtis. In the meantime
I read up books and watched the old falconer. The joy of first seeing the Laggar
jump to the hand and thence to the lure and finally to see her mount and “ wait
on” and stoop, time and again, as the lure was thrown out ! Then came the
time when she followed an old crow into the midst of a lot of grazing cattle after
quite a long chase and the way the crow took up a strategic position on the back
of a buffalo, and dodged under the animal as the falcon swooped down from
above, and finally killed it in the open. It was all very exciting and I was fairly
“bitten ” after my first real experience, and saw myself in imagination galleping
madly over the country in the wake of a cast of well trained Peregrines one day,
and watching a Saker rising rapidly behind a kite the next, and so on “ ad lb! ”

However, in spite of the lack of means to do the thing right royally, my antici-
pations, or rather my imagination did not fall far short of realization, and old
Balinda proved a gem and no mean exponent of the art of training falcons.
In spite of a very wizened body and a pair of stumps to do duty for leys, to say
nothing of grey hairs and heard, the old chap was marvellous. Whether I
galloped one mile or ten behind a falcon and her quarry, he invariably arrived
on the scene on his own flat feet in a most amazing way by the time the falcon
had been fed, simply bubbling over with endearing epithets if the quarry had
been accounted for.

I must apologise for this digression and merely brought it in to show that
even the keeping of half a dozen hawks nced not necessarily be an expensive
item. I do not advise it, as a general thing and if only one falconer is available,
a couple of casts of good falcons, well trained and systematically hunted, will
ensure better sport than half a dozen, which cannot possibly receive proper care
and attention, and one cannot count on picking up a “‘ Balinda ” every day.

The catching and training of falcons is, as I have already said, in itself ex-
tremely fascinating and I will start by describing some of the methods adopted
by falconers in this country, for catching birds.

The first and foremost is the ‘‘ doguzza,’’ which, as its name implies, is a
“two yard’ net. This is suspended between two sticks and stands up vertically
between the bird it is intended to catch and the bait, like a miniature tennis net,
and as the hawk makes for the bait it dashes through the net pulling it down over
it. The net is fixed to two rings which run on a string from top to bottom of
the sticks, and even if the sticks do not fall, the hawk dashing into the net, pulls
the rings upwards and forms a half closed bag of the net, in the centre of which
it struggles in vain. The ‘‘ doguzza ’’ is used chiefly for hawks, as they are usually
found among trees among which a good background can be found for the vertical
net. For falcons it is not nearly so successful, as a falcon, flying low in the
open, sees the net against the sky line and swerves.

2. The next in importance is the ‘“ padam,” which is made up of some 15 to
25 gut nooses, attached to little wooden pegs, some 3 inches long.

The end of the peg is dug into the ground (and is sharp pointed for the purpose)
and the gut noose stands out in a hoop some 8 inches in diameter. These are
placed round in a circle just touching each other and the bait is placed in the
centre. A falcon swooping down to get at the bait, gets a leg caught in one of
the nooses. This is almost infallible for falcons, and in fact most Birds of Prey,
but does not always work with a slow flying and cautious kite or eagle. These
birds will probably circle over once or twice and instead of swooping at an angle,
will come down vertically from above, pick up the bait and rise high enough to
get over the nooses.

3. The next in importance is probably a ball of nooses tied to the feet of a
decoy falcon. Atlittle cloth ball, smaller than a tennis ball, with tapes attached,
will do very well. Into this ball are firmly sewn a collection of feathers of any
small bird, such as a mynah for instance, and in among the feathers are also
firmly fixed a number of horse hair nooses. The ball is then attached to the

FALCONRY—THE CATCHING OF HAWKS AND FALCONS. 831

front of the decoy’s legs, by means of the tapes, which are tied to the back of
the legs. The first four or five primary feathers cf one wing are tied together,
so that the bird cannot absolutely fly away, and is only able to travel 2 to 300
yards, with the help of the, ‘‘ throw ”’ it receives from you, Go well out into an
open plain, preferably near some river, and watch your opportunity when there
are no big eagles about, and throw up the bird as high as you can. Before it
has gone very far the chances are that some Peregrine, on the look out from
some distant tree or stump on the river’s bank, will soe your decoy and take
the ball and feathers, for a nice little tit-bit and promptly give chase. It will
at once strike at the ball with its claws and get caught in one of the nooses. Be
careful no eagles are about or you will stand a very good chance of having the
poor old decoy, together with your ball and nooses, carried off bodily.

4. There are many other more elaborate devices than the above such as the
“ Jul,” which is a line of vertical nets, placed along the top of a ridge in the
Himalayas, each net being glorified ‘‘ doguzza”’ and the whole line anything
from half to one mile in length. These nets are suspended from branches of
convenient trees or from poles dug into the ground and are usually fixtures.
There should be a couple of feet of net to spare, on the ground. A string being
passed through the last row of meshes, the ends of the string are tied to stakes
a foot or two off the ground, thus leaving a bag, made by the sag in the net, into
which any hawk striking the net, eventually falls and remains. If the net is
raised above the ground it does no harm to any thing except to the hawks which
it is intended to catch and to owls, but if the lower end touches the ground
as it often does, it accounts for more pheasants than it does for hawks.

A triangle, or three sides of a square, or a square, made by three to four “ do-
guzzas ” placed in position is another common form of trap for hawks. This,
known as “ kothi,” “ phutti” or “ thatti,”’ and the “ jul”’ are only intended
for Goshawks and Sparrow-hawks, and are fixtures.

In the former no bait is used as hawks hunting in the very early mornings fly
very low to the ground, and passing over a ridge dash into these nets. In the
latter a pigeon or chikor may be used as a bait, tied to a stake in the ground,
about the centre of the triangle or square, as the case may be, with a couple of
feet of string to spare. Another string attached to the branches of a tree in the
background, or a stake some eight or ten feet high may be fixed up behind the
nets and a long string tied to the top of the stake. The string then passes over
the bait and the other end is held by the man in hiding some little distance away.
Immediately over the bait another bit of twine is knotted to the long pulling
string and the other end of it to the bait. A pull on the long string raises it high
above the ground and lifts the bait with it, making it flutter violently and attract-
ing the attention of some passing hawk, which dashes head long into one of the
nets.

The bow-net, as used by the old Dutch falconers of Valkenswaard, is not often
used in India for hawks, nor is the draw-net, though both these devices are
well known to bird catchers generally and used for catching other kinds of birds
such as Sandgrouse, pigeons, starlings, etc.

The simplest method of the lot, given the conditions and a bit of luck, needs
neither nets nor nooses, and was discovered by the writer quite by chance and
- consists of nothing but a well grown wheat field. ;

I cannot vouch for it always acting, but I have found it most successful on
more occasions than one, with Steppe and Tawny Eagles.

On one occasion I had thrown up a decoy (A White-eyed Buzzard-Eagle)
with a ball and nooses attached to its legs, for a Peregrine, and the bird landed
in the midst of a heavy wheat field, with the Peregrine in full pursuit. A Steppe
Eagle arrived unexpectedly and went down into the field where the decoy had

832 JOURNAT, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII,

gone, the Peregrine flying away. Iran to the rescue of my decoy and on arriv-
ing within a few feet found the Steppe trying hard to fly off, but seemingly un- -
able to do so. He had not been caught in the nooses and there was nothing to
impede his flight except the stalks of wheat, against which his wings struck
with violence each time he tried to flap them, and I had no difficulty in catching
him. On another occasion I tried the experiment deliberately with equal success.
Seeing a Tawny Eagle on a tree overlooking a field I dropped a dead partridge
where he could get a good look at it, on the road, and then, as if on second
thoughts, picked it up and flung it into the field and walked very slowly on,
keeping one eye on the Eagle. Sure enough, down he went, and as he disap-
peared out of sight, I rushed back and caught him without much trouble.

Still another simple method, which I have heard is frequently adopted on
the N. W. Frontier to catch big birds is to make, a hole in a mudroofed hut.
Through this thrust a fowl which is held by the legs from inside. An Hagle
seeing the fowl in difficulties comes down and binds and you push through your
other hand among the feathers of the fowl and grab the Eagle’s leg, while some-
body runs up and catches him.

I have never tried the method, and the drawback to it seems to be the spare
ley of the Eagle. Well and good if you can catch both, but if the bird happens
to be a Golden Eagle for instance, and one leg only is caught, it would probably
end by a claw entering the back of your hand and the point coming out in the
palm, in which case it would probably be you who would let go first.

Having first caught your hawk, the next thing to do is to get it back home
without injuring some feathers. The simplest method is to have a varied assort-
ment of old socks and stockings, from which the foot has been cut off, and a
tape run through either end.

Pass the scck, or rather one end of it over the head and body, until the cther
end is just clear of the head. Then draw the string over the neck, fairly tight,
so that it cannot slip over the wing joint, and tie the other end, after drawing
the string tight over the leg, end of wings and tail and you have a neat parcel
which cannot come to any harm, nor do you any harm.

Failing a supply of socks and stockings, take a handkerchief (for a small bird}
and tie a knot in the centre of one side. Now place the knot directly below the
chin of the bird and draw up the ends over its back. Take a point where the
two sides of the handkerchief are just clear of the nape of the neck, probably
about 2 inches on either side of the knot, and pin the two sides together, taking
care that the pin faces upwards and not towards the bird. Now take one end
and pass it round the back to as far as it will go down the side and then bring the
other end over in a similar way and pin it (a thorn will do if no pin is at hand)
over one of the wings. This secures the top end of the bird. Now take the
other end of the handkerchief and wrap the two ends round the wings, legs
and tail and tie a firm knot.

Having got your bird home put on the jesses, swivel and leash, a rufter hood, if
you have one, or an ordinary hood wil do, then take the bird out on the lawn and
tie it to a peg in the grass, where it wont come to any harm by fluttering. The
dispositions of birds vary very considerably. One will flutter. for a couple cf
minutes, and then resign itself to the inevitable and sit quietly with drooping
head, and may even he taken on to the hand after a few minutes without much
trouble. Another again will flutter and turn over on to its back, and grasp the
hood with its claws, and incidently get one claw into its gape or mouth without
seemingly noticing it, and scream and fight for half an hour. The fighter is

_generally the one that will settle down better in the long run and be easier to
deal with. The quiet one is often a sulker, which will refuse food and sulk
generally for sometime. Your falconer will probably wish to sew up the eyes
as soon as you get home, but the sooner this custom is abolished the better as it
is quite unnecessary. Personally, | do not think that there is much, if any,

FALCONRY—THE CATCHING OF HAWKS AND FALCONS. 833

pain inflicted on the lhird, if done properly, but it miyht not be done properly
always, and in any cae the whole idca is barbarous and horrible and not to he
encouraged.

As far as the actual training of the bird is concerned there are several good
books dealing with the whole subject, and each and every branch of it, and the
secker after knowledge cannot do better than read up the chapters on Falconry,
in the Badminton Library, by the Honourable Gerald Lascelles or “ Falconry
in the British Isles” by F. H. Salvin and William Brodrick, whom I will
not insult by attempting to emulate.

Although I have done a good deal of falconry one way or another and ‘tried
my hand at most birds from the Golden Eagle to the Hobby, I may here state
that I paid less attention to my birds from purely a falconry point of view than
I did from a naturalist’s point of view, and was more interested in the bird itself
than in its training, and for that reason dabbled with all manner of useless
species, at least, useless to a falconer but interesting to me.

All eagles are most unsatisfactory and extremely difficult to train chiefly
owing to the fact that they can go without food for long periods.

The Spizaeti are the most easily tamed and trained, for they are not so bad in
the above respect as some of the others, but they are very slack hunters, lacking
in both courage and dash, for their size and strength.

The Golden Eagle is wanting in neither courage nor dash, but unless brought
up from a youngster and accustomed to a couple of meals a day, there is no
knowing when he will oblige by being hungry enough to even trouble to come to
the lure. Moreover, caught when he is full grown, he is a dangerous bird to
play with. Taken from the nest he is easily tamed and comparatively easy to
train, but flying “ at hack” does not suit him in the way of really teaching him
to stoop, turn, and twist, with the result that when trained, he is likely to be
extremely slow on the wing and not fit for much. I could never get an Indian
falconer to take charge of a Golden Eagle for me. Old Balinda who had taken
charge of as many as three Hodgson’s Hawk Eagles for me at one time, and trained
them with some success, so far as they are capable of success, absolutely
refused to have anything to do with a Golden Eagle, the very first one I ever
caught. I tried hard to get a Pathan to take over one for me, but in vain,

A Bonelli’s Eagle I tried proved hopeless. Anything running along the ground
he was good for, but once on the wing, he would take no further interest. He
was quite prepared to tackle every duck or barndoor fowl in the vicinity, but a
wild duck or a jungle cock had no attraction for him whatsoever.

‘The Booted Eagle is much more amenable to training than any of the other
eagles, and gets hungry within a reasonable time, that is, forty-eight hours will
make him ravenous and very “sharp.” but he is no good for anything bigger
than hares, and is slow and clumsy in turning.

All the true Eagles, excepting the Golden, are not capable of catching anything
that flies, provided it is not mained or sick, though they never fail to pursue a
hare when they get a chance, but how often one succeeds in catching even a
hare, it would be hard to say. I have only once seen one caught and that was
because the poor beast was simply set on from every side and had some three
kites and about four eagles of sorts after him. This was in the middle of the
Lahore race course early one morning. .

In concluding these papers on the Birds of Prey of the Punjab, I would like
to re-iterate once more the fact they have only been written with the intention
of making identification simpler, and by placing them in types with one or more
common characteristics in each individual common to that type, and ignoring
details, I think, and venture to hope, that I have been successful. The descrip-
tions and keys, for the most part have been copied, either in full or in part, from
the “ Fauna of British India,” Volume TII, or from Hume’s “ Rough Notes.”’
The descriptions therein given cannot very well be improved upon, and to

834 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVIII

have attempted to have described the birds myself, would have altered the
wording but by no means improved either the description or the text, and
hence my copying “verbatim” from the works referred to.

The drawings in the accompanying Plates are from memory. I should have
preferred keeping them for some time until I was able to check them with actual
specimens on the wing, but to do so I should have to keep them over the winter,
when alone a number of the birds represented may be seen, which would make
them too late for the next number of the Journal. On the whole, they describe
fairly well what they represent, except perhaps for some detail which may pos-
sibly be wrong, though the crudeness of the sketches need an apology to the
members of the B. N. H. Society.

For explanation of Plates see Birds of Prey of the Punjab, Part VII
page 514 of this volume.

835

FRESH-WATER CRUSTACEA COLLECTED BY Dr. P. A. BUXTON
IN MESOPOTAMIA AND PERSIA.

By

ROBERT GURNEY, M.A.

(With two plates and two text figures.)

The Crustacea recorded in the following report were collected by Dr. Buxton
during 1917 and 1918, mainly in the neighbourhood of Amara in Mesopotamia
but a few collections were also made in North Persia and are included in the list.

My expectation had been that the district of Amara would have been a very
favourable one for Phyllopoda, and also that the Entomostraca would show a
distinct mingling of eastern and western forms, but these expectations have not
been realised. Only two species of Phyllopod are included in Dr. Buxton’s
collections, and the remaining Entomostraca recorded are, with the exception
of Daphnia lumholtzi and Moina dubia, of a European type.

Between Basra and Amara there are immense areas of permanent shallow
marsh on either side of the Tigris, generally some way from the river. The
fauna of these marshes was sampled by Dr. Buxton at Azize, Kharaba (E. of
Amara) and at Ezra’s Tomb on the Tigris between Amara and Basra. Though
15 species were taken at the latter place the fauna seems to be surprisingl y
scanty. Dr. Buxton suggests that the scantiness of the fauna may be due to
the intense sunlight and high temperature of the shallow water during the day-
time in summer, or to the great daily fluctuation in temperature. With the
exception of this marsh most of the collections were made in temporary pools
where a varied fauna was not to be expected. In North Persia, on the
other hand, the conditions seem to be much more favourable, and the collections
from Resht and Enzeli contain a larger number of species than any of those from
Mesopotamia, though their state of preservation makes the identification of
some of them impossible.

I have not thought it necessary to give lists of the species included in the
various collections since, for the most part, they were made in temporary pools
and contained very few species. Two, however, seem to me of sufficient interest
to record in full, namely, those taken in the permanent marsh at Ezra’s Tomb
near Amara and at Resht in North Persia.

Ezra’s Tomb. 23.2.18.

A large swamp close to the Tigris with water from 2 to 4 feet deep. A broad
belt of reeds, with submerged water plants and extensive open water.

Daphnia lumholtzi, Sars. Several young ; few adults.

Daphnia longispina, O. F. M. Common, males present.

Simocephalus exspinosus, Koch. Common.

Scapholeberis mucronata (O. F. M.’. Rare.

Bosmina longirostris, O. F. M. A few.

Ceriodaphnia reticulata (Jurine). Rare.

Alona rectangula, Sars.

Alona costata, Sars.

Chydorus sphericus (O. F. M.). Common.

Diaptomus vulgaris, Schmeil. Common.

Cyclops vicinus, Uljanin. Rare.

Cyclops agilis, Fischer-Sars. Rare.

Canthocamptus staphylinus, Jurine.

24

8386 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISI, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII

Cypris pubera, Muller.

Rotifera—Asplanchna sp.
Dinocharis pocillum (Muller).
Ascomorpha sp.

Resht, N. W. Persia. Ponds and ditches. March 1919.
At sea level, in thick forest of a very wet type.
Daphnia longispina, O. F. M. Rare.
Daphnia pulex obtusa, Kurz. Rare.
Simocephalus vetulus (O.F.M.). Common.
Scapholeberis aurita (Fischer). Common.
Ceriodaphnia reticulata (Jurine). Rare.
Alonella excisa (Fischer). A few.
Chydorus sphericus (O. F. M.). Abundant. Males and ephippial females
present.
Cyclops viridis, Jurine. Common.
Cyclops vernalis, Fischer. Rare.
Diaptomus—three species unidentified.
Canthocamptus staphylinus, Jurine. Rare.
Cypris virens, Jurine.
Asellus aquaticus, Linn.-Sars.

List oF SPECIES.

I. MALACOSTRACA*

Sesarma boulengeri, Calman. (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (9) V. 1920).
Fao, Persian Gulf, in brackish water.
The specimens from which Dr. Calman’s description was taken were collected
at Basra, in fresh water.
Poiamon fluviatile var. ibericum, Marschall de Bieberstein.

Tula Rud (S. W. Caspian), Qazvin and Kermanshah (N. W. Persia).
Potamon fluviatile var ? Qalat Saleh, R. Tigris.

Il ENTOMOSTRACA.

1. Phyllopoda.
Artemia salina var. arietina, Fischer—Daday.

A large number of specimens of Arlemia were taken in saline pools in the.
neighbourhood of Amara, but among them no males were found. The number
of setae on the furcal rami is very variable, ranging between 12 and 2, the aver-
age being 8 on each ramus.

Apus asiaticus nom. nov.

Apus granarius, Sars. Ann. Mus. St. Petersb. VI. 1901, p. 4.

I have received from Dr. Annandale and from Dr. W. T. Calman specimens
of Apus taken at Bagdad, and, though Dr. Annandale’s specimens are small
and immature, I have no doubt that all belong to the same species. The adults
agree very closely with the species from Central Asia described by Prof. Sars
under the name of A. granarius, Lucas, but I am not satisfied that that name
is correctly applied. M. Simon’s description (Ann. Soc. Entom. France VI. 1886,
p. 446) is not very full and no figures are given, but he states that the flagellum —
of the first leg exceeds the length of the dorsal shield, which is far from being the
case in Prof. Sars’ species and my own. There are other differences also with
regard to the length of the furcal rami, which M. Simon also states are “‘ prope
basin obtuse dentati haud setosi”’, and the denticles on the sulcus of the dorsal

*Tam indebted to Dr. W. T. Calman for tke identification of these Crabs.

FRESH-WATER CRUSTACEA. 837

shield which in A. granarius are few and very minute. In view of these differen-
ces I regard A. granarius, Sars, as distinct from A. granarius, Lucas, and for that
reason I have reluctantly introduced a new name.

e
. ve voe8 .
fo Mr, Oe Cie

lkev Veynve yey SV VVN

Fig. 1. Last Abdominal Segment of Apus asiaticus 9. A=Dorsal view.
B=Ventral view.

[Next Segments :—No. 3-11] spines, No. 4— 9, No. 5—10, No. 6—9, No. 7—
9, No. 8—11, No. 9—9, No. 10—9, No. 11—11, No. 12—11, No. 13—11.]

I was at first inclined to refer these specimens to A. dukianus, Day, but
have had the opportunity of examining the type of that species, which proves
to be entirely distinct. The following measurements, together with figures of
the last abdominal segment, are given for purposes of comparison with the
description and figures of Prof. Sars :—

) 2
— io] oS ay j= ie
co a wa bs 2 | = =)
Be | Se = ict 2] 3 Hy = |e l8o [ss .
Os |o a She Bia iae e) a eee Oo mDdlo aw lees | ah
oo oo | aa oN eS ie ep Bie
S odl|wali-s+| O-a BA O18 .0 8 in§ Se} a
eo eenom. ep) od i 8 5 Bio g Bee 4 | Orso ae
‘SCSlao@|s SIS f |e Sid's Sle asihedk
a idaeels SH Seals als. Mo Rie os
~ 4a) || St \> Peles Sis Rey
tos |tn-s Ke) S) = ers i oe are jos
ao oo rie = Eo | jg oO | =]
one | o.” = sap <=] =
ee iG
| i]
| | |
| | |
2 )
Male .., 15 | 18 | 13 | 35 | 20.) 28 | 12 | 44 ”
- | | 9 | 27 15 95 9 44 9
Female ..| 13 8 Ee Bie s
| (Meas urements in Millim etres.)
| | |
thay aes eee eee Note wee rl as

Grube which appears to range

ies i ly related to Apus numidicus, Ta
meee ns 3s Closely : more distinct

from South Africa to Central Asia, but I believe that two or

888 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Voi. XXVI1

species have been confused under the name of A. numidicus and hope to be able
to give reasons for this opinion on a future occasion.

Leptestheria sp.?

A number of specimens of JLeptestheria were found in collections made at
Amara, and these I believe represent a species hitherto undescribed. In shape
of shell they closely resemble L. ticinensis, Crivelli, but the arrangement of
spines on the post-abdomen is quite distinct and unlike that of any species known
to me. Unfortunately Dr. Daday has published in the Hungarian language
short diagnoses of a number of new species of Leptestheria (Math. Term. Ert.
1913), and, as these diagnoses are unaccompanied by figures, they are unintel-
ligible to me. Until Dr. Daday completes his monograph of the Conchostraca
in a language generally understood, the existence of this Hungarian synopsis
effectually limits the study of the group to those who can read this difficult
language.

Baird (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1862, p. 148) has recorded the occurrence of L. dahala
censis, Rupp., together with E'stheria lofti, Baird, from pools by the river Tigris
near Bagdad.

2. Cladocera.

Daphnia lumholtzi, Sars. Taken in November and December1917 in fire buckets
at Amara, and also in permanent marsh at Ezra’s Tomb in February 1918.
In the former locality the adults had extremely short head spines, and the po-
sterior spine followed nearly the median line of the body, whereas in the young
the head spine was long and the posterior spine dorsally directed. Specimens
from Ezra’s tomb were of typicalform. The species is recorded from Australia,
East Africa, Egypt and Palestine.

Daphnia magna, Strauss. In flood waters at Amara in January and March
1918. Though males were present no ephippial females were taken. Found
also at Qazvin in N. W. Persia.

Daphnia pulex, De Geer. The obtusa form of this species was taken at Resht
in N. W. Persia in March 1919.

Daphnia longispina. O. F. M.

Ezra’s Tomb, Mesopotamia, and at Resht. N. W. Persia.

Simocephalus exspinosus, Koch.

Abundant at Amara in the moat of Fort Farm.

Simocephalus vetulus. O. F. M.

Amara—in a disused well. Azize, Mesopotamia; Enzeli and Resht, N. W.
Persia.

Scapholeberis mucronata (O. F. M.) é

The hornless form of this species was taken in small numbers at Ezra‘s
Tomb (February 23rd, 1918 ).

Scapholeberis aurita (Fischer).

Common at Resht, N. W. Persia.

Ceriodaphnia reticulata, Jur.

Amara and Ezra’s Tomb ; Resht and Enzeli.

Moina rectirostris, Jur.

In flood pools at Amara. Common.

Moina dubie, Richard.

‘A few specimens of this species were found in a collection from the moat of
Fort Farm, Amara.

In some respects these specimens are intermediate between M. dubia and
M. micrura, Kurz, since for example the postanal part of the postabdomen is
considerably shorter than that of typical WM. dubia. On the other hand the com-
parative length of the antenna, the total length of the postabdomen as compared
with the body, the presence of transverse rows of cilia on the postabdomen and

FRESH-WATER CRUSTACEA. 839

of a delicate comb on the claws sufficiently ident; i i
] : y identify these specimens with M.
dubia. The following table will make the comin ieee

Siro as 5s Ow qi o n 7
wl > ° Se S
Pee ee eee

mS a OD | 2 aS ee

j° ® (Oem Se 8 2 138

ie) fo) i>

pee Bens gat |gs2 tes Isom [Ho

Qs 2 2 & ¢ 2 org

Sean bee58_ e835 |42

iSeSd scaSvsoscg sm,6) 88

[Bue oved.6: 2 9 0 Bato agak es o| 4 B

OSS N CAH OSOSZES SRA

| I ~ cnt — _

PY By oT Gua ae

M. dubia—Amara | Lee Le 2°31 eae 1:5°2 6-8

M. dubia—R. Nile 1:5°9 | 1:2°4| 1:23 | 1:53 | 6

M. micrura : La SIT focal no fe mT 136 6-8

Moina dubia is a characteristic feature of the plankton of the Nile throughout
its length, and is found in Victoria Nyanza, where it forms the bulk of the
plankton (Daday) and in various places in the neighbourhood of Lake Nyassa.
It was originally described from West Africa (Senegal) and is evidently a widely
distributed African species. On the other hand I have seen specimens hatched
from dried mud from Palestine, and its occurrence there is comparable to that
of the Nilotic species of fish and other vertebrates. Its extension to the Tigris
region is noteworthy, though the Cladocera are not a suitable group from which
to draw evidence for zoogeographical problems.

Bosmina longirostris, O. F. M.

Ezra’s Tomb, Mesopotamia.

Alona costata, Sars.

Ezra’s Tomb. One individual only.

Alona guttata, Sars.

Enzeli, North Persia. Rare.

Alona rectangula, Sars.

Ezra’s Tomb, Mesopotamia and Enzeli, North Persia.

Alonella excisa (Fischer).

Resht and Enzeli, North Persia.

Pleuroxus aduncus (Jurine).

A single specimen taken at Amara (Bet Khodayer).

Alonella excisa (Fischer).

Resht and Enzeli, North Persia.

Chydorus sphericus, O. F. M.

A very strongly reticulate form occurred at Ezra’s Tomb. Abundant in a
collection from Resht, males and ephippial females being present.

3. Copepoda.

Cyclops vicinus, Uljanin.

Ezra’s Tomb, rare. The occurrence of this species in this locality is somewhat
surprising, having regard to the extreme heat of the waters of the Amara dis-
trict in summer, since it is a distinctly northern species, like its close ally C.
strenuus. It has been recorded from Sweden, Central Asia, Turkestan, Kolguev,
Volga Delta, Aral Sea and China. My specimens agree in every respect with
the description given by Prof. Sars (Crustacea of Norway).

840 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII,

Cyclops viridis, Jurine.

Trrigation runnel at Amara. Resht and Enzeli, N. W. Persia.

Cyclops vernalis, Fischer.

Resht, N. W. Persia.

Cyclops bicuspidatus, Claus.

Amara. The variety with 14 joints in the Antenna (C. lubbocki, Brady) was
taken in a disused well together with Cyprinotus incongruens, but the typical
form was found in flood water near the Sheikh’s house (Bet Khodayer) at Amara.

Cyclops leuckarti, Claus.

Amara. In small numbers in several collections.

Cyclops crassus, Fischer-Sars.

Amara. In the moat of Fort Farm.

Cyclops albidus, Jurine.

A single male was taken at Kharabah Marsh and two females at Azize, both
these localities are in the great permanent marsh east of Amara.

Cyclops agilis, Fischer-Sars.

Ezra’s Tomb, Mesopotamia, and Enzeli, N. W. Persia.

Cyclops affinis, Sar

A single mature female taken at Azize, Amara.

Cyclops bicolor, Sars.

Enzeli, N. W. Persia.

Cyclops diaphanus, Fischer.

Amara, in flooded ditches, and at Gantra Sarut on the E. bank of the
Tigris between Aligharbi and Amara. Prof. Sars (Crustacea of Norway) has
identified C. diaphanus, Fischer, with C. nanus, Sars, but it seems to me that
Fischer’s description is so scanty and ambiguous that it is advisable to foliow
the interpretation placed upon it by Claus, Schmeil and others and to apply
this name to the species of Cyclops fully described by Claus first as Cyclops mi-
nutus and later as C. diaphanus, Fischer. Cyclops nanus, Sars, is a very distinct
form closely related to C. languidus, Sars, and a transfer of the name diaphanus
to it will, in my opinion, only lead to confusion.

Cyclops huxtoni, n. sp.

Body robust, the cephalothorax slightly longer than the abdomen; epimera
of the thoracic segments 1-3 not prominent. Segment 4 somewhat "produced
laterally. Genital segment of abdomen broad and slightly exceeding the length
of the 3 following segments. Anal operculum fringed with minute denticles.
Ventral surface of genital segment marked with lines of very minute cilia.
Furcal rami long and slender, equal in length to the 3 preceding segments, and
not divergent. Lateral seta inserted a little behind the middle of their length.
The outermost apical seta slightly shorter than the innermost ; the two inner
setae of nearly equal length, the inner one less than twice the length of the furca.
The first antenne consist of 11 joints and are considerably shorter than the first
segment of the thorax. The eighth joint bears a sensory rod. Comparative
length of joints as shown in following formula:—

20. CMS oe A. 9. bo. ra 8 ar aan

Lz eo ne tetoe Oo) A 8 Oe er aamae

Swimming legs with all rami two-jointed. The second joint of the
exopodite of the first leg bears 3 spines, while that of each of the three
following pairs bears four. The endopodite of the fourth leg bears at its apex
a single long spine and a seta. The first joint of the fifth leg is not distinct, its
seta being apparently borne on the outer dorsal edge of the segment. The
second joint is of peculiar shape, short and broad, bearing a long seta on its
outer angle and a short spine on the inner side. This inner spine is longer in
the male than in the female. Length 1:1] mm.

‘S9] YY pur Quouises [equen- “|

‘avd yqanoj Jo SoT—'q ‘[ewsouqe ATZYSYs snwes 4YysHT ‘MWe [eoIng—'g ‘vUUEZUR 4sIlqg—'q ‘MOTA [eSIOq—"Y
*d& ‘ds ‘a ‘INoIxoa saotToOAQ

SUL ty

ye

I

ern LU I)
a)

“PI ytd)
Ny

ve

GR USEC ULSD UDOT Ori rch his)
"Nyy
”
ever IM yy EY
Ryser
.
.

a Prev heb rgs cert yg, a ~
- nas ya aaeRystts

oope? av’ Ns

Reh, ARNE

SM Y

SiN IEN IE aD as “ID avy ngyn?® Ny
fa

“VHOVEISOUOD NVIANVLOdDOSAW
a sed '208 3S!IH UN Aequiog “usnor

el a

-

FRESH-WATER CRUSTACEA. 841

A few specimens of this species were taken in the river Tigris at Amaia. It
is evidently closely allied to C. diaphanus, Fischer-Claus, but is readily distin.
guished from it and from other species by the form of the fifth feet and of the
furca and receptaculum seminis. It resembes most nearly Cyclops panamensis
Marsh, the fifth feet of which have an almost identical shape, but it differs in
size, general form of body and other details.

Canthocamptus staphylinus, Jurine.

A few specimens of this species. agreeing in all respects with the typical form
were taken at Ezra’s Tomb, Mesopotamia, and at Resht, N. W. Persia. The
collections were made in February and March respectively. This is a northern
cold-water form, which largely disappears in summer in Europe, and its
occurrence under the climatic conditions of Mesopotamia is somewhat unex
pected and remarkable. :

Diaptomus vulgaris, Schmeil.

Common at Ezra’s Tomb : a single male taken at Enzeli, N. Persia. The speci-
men from Ezra’s Tomb agree in every detail with the typical form as described by
Schmeil with the following exceptions: the antennae slightly exceed the length
of the body ; the second basal joint of the left fifth foot of the male bears a
single narrow hyaline process ; the last thoracic segment of the female is slightly
asymmetrical. The species is distributed almost all over Europe, and a number
of races or elementary species have been described from south-east Europe. Its
occurrence in Mesopotamia and N. W. Persia is of interest as considerably ex-
tending its known range.

Diaptomus blanci, Guerne & Richard.
Amara, in irrigation runnels.

Originally described from Turkestan, this species has since been recorded from
Central Asia, Aral Sea and from India.

Diaptomus chevreuxi, Guerne and Richard.

Female :—Cephalothorax almost parallel-sided, the width about one-third
of the length. Last segment incompletely separated; with rather large, sym-
metrical, posterior lobes. Rostral filaments rudimentary. Abdomen slightly
exceeding half the length of the cephalothorax and consisting of four segments ;
the first, or genital, segment very short and scarcely dilated, without any trace
of lateral spines, but with a large flattened, dorsal expansion on the right side.
Furcal rami rather long and narrow, the width less than half the length, the
inner side without cilia.

First antenne reaching, when fully reflexed, to the posterior edge of the first
abdominal segment.

Fifth pair of legs without hyaline processes on basal segments or on first
segment of exopodite. Endopodite one jointed, about two-thirds of the length
of the first joint of the exopodite, bearing two short spines of unequal length
at its apex. Second joint of exopodite short and broad, with an unusually short
strong claw, denticulate on the side. Third joint absent, its place being taken
by a thick, bent, spine, at the base of which is a short denticle.

Length. 3-3 mm.

Four females of this species were found in a collection froma dike beside
an ancient causeway at Gantra Sarut on the left bank of the R. Tigris between
Amara and Ali Gharbi.

Dr. Buxton noted that the species, when alive, was of a scarlet colour,

This species has only been recorded hitherto from Algeria and its occurrence
in Mesopotamia is a matter of some interest as it is apparently absent from
intermediate countries such as Egypt where it might be expected to occur.
In Algeria it is found in ditches and other temporary waters, and the con-
ditions in Egypt would seem to be entirely suitable. Three of the specimens

842 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVI1.

bear on the dorsal surface of the second and third segments of the abdomen
a cluster of enormous spermatophores, the adhesive material of which almost
covers and obscures the segments themselves.

Diaptomus, sp.

A collection from Resht contains three species of Diaptomus, but unfortu-
nately every specimen is badly damaged and I am unable to name any of
them. Of one species there are two male specimens of enormous size which
resemble Hemidiaptomus ignatovi, Sars, but both of them lack the prehensile
antenna and the fifth pair of iegs.

4, Ostracoda.

Notodromas persica, n. sp.

A few specimens of a small species of Notodromas were found in a collection
from Resht (N. W. Persia) but the shells are so soft and distorted that a
satisfactory description of their shape cannot be given. Neither valve shows
any sign of spines. The outline figure given is taken from a mature female
which was comparatively undistorted, but, having regard to the softness of
the shell, too much reliance must not be placed upon it. The two sexes seem
to be alike in shape.

Ze

Fig. 2. Notodromas persica, n. sp.

1. Right shell of female. 2. Furcal ramus of young male. 3. Furcal ramus
of adult male. 4. First leg of adult male. 6. First leg of young male. 6. Pre-
hensile appendage of left side of male. 7. Prehensile appendage of right
side of male.

The second antennz consist of five joints only, the third and fourth being
fused. The arrangement of sete is as in N. monacha. The large seta borne on
the anterior lower corner of the second joint is as long as the next two joints
combined, extending to the apex of the limb.

The first maxilla of the male bears very large prehensile orangs. That of
the right side consists of an elongated stem, somewhat swollen at its base, and
a large sickle-shaped hook, denticulate at its extremity and bearing a broad

‘opediixewW—' A “Se, sal —"q = ‘syueuIses
[BUIMIOpg’ 4sIy PUR O1OVIOYT, SVT JO MOA [eSIOG—"H *400} YIIA—"_
*S IXOUGATHO SAWOLAVIG.

‘MOLA [BSIOQ—' V

~

————

SS

SSS

STE

SSS

SS
SZ
S82
S SS

‘VHOVISONO NVINV.LOdOSaN

“ll S22Iid © ‘20S ‘3SIH ‘#UN Aequiog “usnor

FRESH-WATER CRUSTACEA. 843

triangular spine at its base. The appendage of the left side is shorter and
stouter, with two conspicuous knobs along its lower margin and with a slightly
curved, somewhat lamellar, hook.

The first leg, in immature specimens, has a large protuberance at the angle
of the penultimate joint, and a trace of this protuberance remains in the
adult. he furcal rami of one male examined are similar to those of N.
_ monacha, having a much curved shaft and three subequal set at the end,
but in all other specimens, male or female, they are shorter and stouter, and
remarkable for the presence on the dorsal margin of a double tubercle about
the middle of its length. Probably, this, as also the form of the first leg, is
a mark of immaturity.

Length of shell ‘75 mm.

Height _,, *°38 mm.

The description given above is, owing to the nature of the material, very
incomplete ; but the species appears to me to be clearly distinct. It resem-
bles NV. entzi, Daday, in some respects, but differs strikingly in the form of
the prehensile appendages of the male and the form of the furcal rami.

Cyprinotus dentatomarginatus, Baird-Sars.

Amara—Fort Farm moat.

Cyprinotus incongruens, Ramd.

Kharabah Marsh near Amara.

The specimens examined differ from the type in having rather more con-
spicuous tubercles on the shell margin, but agree so closely in other respects
that I consider they should be referred to this species.

Eucypris virens, Jurine-G. W. Muller.

Resht, N. W. Persia.

The identification of this species is rather doubtful, since the specimens were
so damaged that only a single shell valve was found intact.

Cypris pubera, G. W. Muller.

Amara and Ezra’s Tomb, Mesopotamia. Enzeli, N. W. Persia.

Herpetocypris reptans (Baird).

Enzeli, N. W. Persia.

Potamocypris variegata (Brady & Norman).

Enzeli, N. W. Persia.

Ilyocypris bradyi, G. O. Sars.

Amara.

844

NOTES ON BIRDS FROM NORTHERN AND WESTERN PERSIA
BY
P. A. BUXTON, M.A., M.B.O.U.,

Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge.
(With a Map.)

The following notes are based on several small collections made by Officers on
active service in N. W. Persia in 1918 and 1919. The Society has lent re skins
from the Cox-Cheesman collection, collected by Major R. E. Cheesman, /.4.R.0.,
while travelling from Baghdad to Tehran, and from Tehran to Enzeliin May and
June 1919, and a few very interesting skins collected by Capt. C. M. Ingoldby,
R.A.M.C., at Zinjan in Khamse and at Bandar-i-Gaz in Asterabad Bay. Iam
extremely obliged to the Society for the loan of these specimens, and to Major
Cheesman for a copy of his very full notes. The majority of the specimens
which I examined were collected by myself in 1918 and 1919. Cheesman’s and
Ingoldby’s specimens and notes have been distinguished by the initials “ R. E.
Cc.” and “C. M. I.” ; records and skins not so distinguished may be presumed
to be my own. Any record to which no date is given refers to the year 1919.

It is a pleasure also to acknowledge my deep debt to Lord Rothschild and
Dr. Hartert at Tring, to the authorities in the Bird Room of the British Museum,
and to Mr. H. F. Witherby and Dr. C. B. Ticehurst. I feel that I may congrat-
ulate myself that it has not been found necessary to describe a single new
sub-species. The value of the sub-species as a record of geographical or envi-
ronmental variation, and as a means of calling attention to what appear to be
species in the making, is a thing which few modern zoologists would dispute.
The description of sub-species from Persia, however, has done more than keep
pace with our knowledge of the avifauna, and it is to be regretted that the great-
est investigator of the birds of Persia, the late N. Zarudny, too often described
new races, without sufficient reference to the work of ornithologists in Western
Europe.

In this paper I always refer to a species by its binomial name, unless actual
specimens were obtained for comparison. This is perhaps an unnecessary
refinement for in most cases one could confidently give a sub-specific name on
geographical grounds. Though there is little that is unexpected in the present
paper I feel that it has value, partly because we resided some time in the
country, partly because asa result of our collecting a number of previously ~
described sub-species have now been critically examined and compared with
the great collections at Tring and the British Museum. As will be seen below
I have felt justified in sinking a number of sub-species described by Zarudny
and others.

We find that we have added but two sub-species to the Persian avifauna,
Galerida cristata subtaurica and Passer domesticus biblicus, and the first of these
only appears on the Persian list in substitution for G. c. caucasica. The most
striking thing about the fauna which we saw was the extremely sharp line of
division between the forests of Gilan and the semidesert plateau. This is dealt
with in some detail below, but is already well known, principally from Wither-
by’s papers (1910). A point to which perhaps less attention has been directed,
but which is now quite clear, is the intimate connection between the fauna of
Persian Azerbaijan, or N. W. Persia generally, and that of Anatolia and Asia
Minor generally; this is exemplified by the following species and sub-species :—
Petronia p. exigua, Galerida cristata subtaurica, Eremophila alpestris penicillata,
Acredula caudata tephronota and Anthoscopus pendulinus persimilis. The
following too belong to this distinctively Western element though they are rather
Syrian than Anatolian birds :—Passer domesticus biblicus, Ammomanes deserti
(fraterculus ?), Cettia cetti orientalis and Turdus merula syriacus.

JOURN. BOMBAY NAT. HIST. Soc.

© SHUSHA
eM ces \
Tee f° S y
vad a x
50 4
TR ae oe ee Pz be
at He S
j a aa S.
Z ~
i
= : MUGAN“STEPPE ( 9
SY, hee
(Px, QLENKORAN
1,
<
a7
Vv,

gav1
ol
3
oO
ra
N
4
>

°(AB -I-GARM
ARDELAN
; © AVEH
7500)
MANIAN
SENNA

Ry, £71, oH ALABJA

% eons oe pf ps Kare su

7790 @HAMADAN +
ASADABAD, ~~ {6200

eayeno
F100 SERIPUL
PA-I-TAQ ee SK BNGAVAR
274g. oe GIRREH BiSiT oNANAJ
or

“chain iND & ee ee NABAD® Ng ie
3 MAHLDASH

So palates
<
ABAD

OASR-I- SHIRIN

>
: al raul oBURUJARD
ST UR Soh A

Pe ~

BAGH-I- SHAKI oO".
AE oR
x

ons:
Wai RS
GISHEIKHO £09 ~

AAD “@
: ewe a
v

ro p

2
yw ¢

6DIZFUL
660

A
p
=
Zz
02)
ene P sf A WV Sree a °
wo
(85 feet below mean sea leve/) a0)
>
'
R.Atrek _
ae
Ngan
ASTERABAD
MESHED-!I-SER "BANDAR-I-GEZ

Nikha Rud
© BARFARUSH

eTEHRAN J
3400 57

Ff &

DASHT-I-KAVIR

oe ARDISTAN

Scale of Miles.
20 10 O 20 40 . 60 80

»ISPAHAN Boundaries —.—.—.—.—
5300

2inda Rud Heights in English feet
(approximate only.)

Bale & Danielsson, £69

JOURN. BOMBAY NAT. HIST. SOC.

ef §& PY A DY Sr See]

(85 feet below mean sea leve/)

ASTERABAD

BANDAR-I-GEZ

Rud _—~_—_

Nikha

wy,

ae

SAQQIZ
° }

ARDELAN

© BISAR

°(AB -I-GARM

FIRUZK fj =
558054);

oAVEH
#7500)
°
MANIAN

SENNAo

pe £7, J CHALABJA

9:
7700 oHAMADAN ,
ASADABAD® ©, {6200

DASHT-1-KAVIR

PASR- I= SHIRIN 6 MF ALVAND
SER-I-PUL cS S
PA-I-TAQ 24, Bie eKANGAVAR
£TAQ-/-GIRREH CS Zo oNANAY

PASS ie) Gm 2s
CKARIND) KS ERMANSHAH HU erie
= cs Prnugadne sNiHAV NAR
—

ee ‘ oBURUJARO

© ARDISTAN

—

Scale of Miles.
20 10 oO 20 40 . 60 60
Se —

Z
Dp
Ges

oO ts
BAGH-I- SHAKIO“.
ZY

Boundaries —.—.—.—.—

282 Rug Heights in English feet
(approximate only.)

Bale & Danielsson, £4

BIRDS FROM NORTHERN AND WESTERN PERSIA. 845

_The political frontier between W. Persia and Mesopotamia coincides appro-
ximately with an important faunistic boundary, the boundary between the im-
mense Mesopotamian plain and the mountainous country of Kurdistan and
Luristan. On the latitude which we are considering (about lat. 34° N) some of
the foothills of Persia the frontier into cross Mesopotamia and run N. W. as far
as the Fateh gorge on the Tigris ; these hills are the Jebel Hamrim: on the
whole, however, the political frontier divides the palms of Mesopotamia from
the scrub oaks of theKurdish hills, and we have used the political frontier to
divide our Mesopotamian collections, which are being worked out by Dr. C. B.
Ticehurst, from our Persian specimens which are the subject of this paper.

Cheesman, Ingoldby and myself all entered Persia at different times by the
ancient road which runs from Baghdad to Kermanshah and on to Tehran. The
first place at which a few birds were collected was Qasr-i-Shirin (about 1,000 ft.).
The gardens irrigated by the Hulawan river are the last place in which date
palms are seen, but I failed to find the Mesopotamian Bulbul (Pycnonotus leucotis
mesopotamia), a bird which is closely associated with the date. The surrounding
country is covered with small red hills with a crumbling stony surface: charac-
teristic birds in autumn are a See See Partridge (Ammoperdix griseogularis
ter-meulent), a Desert Lark (Ammomanes desertorum subspecies), Blue Rock
Thrush (Monticola solitarius transcaspicus), Rock Doves (Columba livia), and the
Wheatears (Hnanthe finschii barnesi and O. alboniger). A very pale fox was also
seen commonly. Ingoldby told me that in spring he saw the European Bee Eater
(Merops apiaster) breeding, and in this and other respects the fauna is quite
unlike that of the great plain of Mesopotamia. The road from Qasr-i-Shirin
runs up the valley past innumerable little hills, and red ridges to Pa-i-Taq :
from here it zigzags up the side of a very steep hill past Taq-i-Girreh to the
Karind plain at 5,600 feet. The region between Pa-i-Taq and the top of the pass
is clothed with a small scrub-oak with evergreen leaves, walnuts, brambles, etc.
Though most of the trees are only six feet high we are here and at Kermanshah
in woods inhabited by many of the birds which are characteristic of the Zagros
forests, for example the Persian Blue Tit (Parus cwruleus persicus), the large
pale Rock Nuthatch (Sitta newmayer dresseri) which is common on the bare
rocks of the Pa-i-Taq pass; Cheesman shot also the desert Rock Sparrow
(Carpospiza brachydactyla). The See See, which as I have said was common at
Qasr-i-Shirin, belongs to the form found in Fars and in Mesopotamia (A. 4.
ter-meuleni) not to the form found in most other parts of Persia.

At the top of the pass the scrub-oaks are left behind, and we enter a long
narrow plain, the plain of Karind, shut in by high parallel mountains on either
side. This country is mostly under cultivation and is said to receive a higher
rainfall than the plains round Hamadan and Qazvin. Where it is not cultivated
it is covered with wild liquorice (Glycerrhiza). Cheesman saw Black-headed
Buntings (Emberiza melanocephala) and Red-rumped Swallows (Hirundo rufula
daurica) in May, and his record of a colony of white Storks (Ciconia alba)
breeding in a cliff above the village of Karind is particularly interesting. In
winter (November 1918) I found the Karind plain singularly devoid of birds. I
only saw Ravens (Corvus corax) and Magpies (Pica p. bactriana), and various
common ducks and waders along the banks of the Ab-i-Karind, and in_ the
gardens the Syrian Pied Woodpecker (Dendrocopus syriacus), Great Tit (P. m.
blanfordi), and Corn Bunting (Emberiza c. calandra). I climbed to the crest of
the Kuh-i-Nur, 8. W. of Karind (8,000 ft.) and saw numbers of Chukor (Alectoris
graeca sub-species), as high as the ridge, Chaffinches (Fringilla c. calebs) and
Yellow Buntings (Emberiza citrinella erythrogenys) in flocks up to 7,000 feet
and nothing else. It was extremely cold except at midday, but no snow had
fallen. From the top one saw ridge after ridge of hills all running N. W. & S.
E. and all thinly covered with scrub oak and bushes of various sorts. As I
have said many, perhaps most, of the birds of the Zagros forests occur here,

846 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVITI-

Progress by Ford Van convoy gives plenty of time for collecting but I found
exceedingly little between Karind and Kermanshah. I saw four adult Great
Bustards (Otis tardus) in a little boggy plain at Harunabad among wild liquorice.
At Kermanshah I spent seven days (29 Nov.-5 Dec. 1918), and got a number of
interesting birds. The margins of the river, the Kara Su, are marshy in places
and held duck, common waders, Bittern (Botaurus siellaris) and Common Heron
(Ardea c. cinerea). There were plenty of Ravens (Corvuscorax)and Sharpe’s Crows
- on the outskirts of the town, and Lammergeiers (Gypaétus barbatus) were com-
moner than I saw them elsewhere. Ploughing was in progress all over the
country side, but there was a striking absence of birds in the plains: I only
saw Sky Larks and a few Crested Larks. In the small wood immediately above
the town of Kermarshah I found a most interesting avifauna. Certain birds
represented the peculiar fauna of the woods of the Zagros mountains :—the
Blue Tit (Parus ceruleus persicus), and the Longtailed Tit (Acredula caudata
tephronota), which is confined so far as Persia is concerned to the 8. W.; pos-
sibly also the Wren, provisionally ascribed to T'roglodytes t. hyrcanus, should be
identified with the almost unknown 7’. t. zagrossiensis, Zarudny and Loudon,
another 8. W. Persian form. -Other birds of perhaps less interest were abundant.
The Blue and Longtailed Tits moved about the wood in association with Persian
Great Tits (P. m. blanfordi): and Phylloscopus sp. Syrian Pied Woodpeckers,
Robins, Song Thrushes (T’urdus p. philomelos), Blackbirds (7. merula syri-
acus), Cetti’s Warblers, Grey Wagtails, Woodcock, Common Kingfishers, (Hal-
cyon smyrnensis,) and Kagle-Owls (Bubo b. nikolskii) were all seen several times.
From 26th to 28th May, Cheesman was in Kermanshah: he found Common Bee
Eaters, Sharpe’s Crow and Cetti’s Warbler breeding, the last two with young.
Between Kermanshah and Hamadan he obtained evidence of the breeding of
Caucasian Starling (Sturnus vulgaris caucasicus), White Stork, Swift ((MJicropus
apus pekinensis), Crested Lark (Galerida cristata subtaurica), Black Kite (Milvus
migrans), Black-headed Bunting, Hoopoe (Upupa epops epops). I was at Asa-
dabad for five days in early December 1918, detained by snow on the pass:
snow also fell in the camp and broke down some of the tents and we were
visited by very severe wind. The only birds I could find were several Starlings
(S. vulgaris subsp.), and Eversmann’s Redstarts (Phenicurus erythronota), one
Wren, one Crested Lark, one Little Owl and three Magpies. On the Asadabad
pass, and later on the Aveh pass I saw Snow Finches (Montifringilla nivalis)
between 7,000 and 9,000 feet, on both occasions in}December 1918.

At Hamadan (6,000 feet and over) I remained two days, (11th and 12th Dec-
ember 1918), and in spite of brilliant weather only saw Great Tits, Goldfinches
(Car duelis c. hirmsi), Syrian Pied Woodpeckers, Crows (probably C. c. sharpet),
and House Sparrows, all common ; a few Eversmann’s Redstarts, White Wag-
tails (IM. a. dukhunensis ?), and Magpies; one Raven and one Crested Lark.
It appeared to me that Aveh would be a good centre for collecting; the
mountain above it would be accessible, and also the broken red foothills running
down to the plain, and a considerable stream: unfortunately I only remained
there a few minutes.

Qazvin in December 1918 and January 1919 was most unpleasant, but at any
rate showed one which species could endure the cold (down to 10°F. and some-
times 0° F. at night), and the wind, which was sometimes terrific, and the snow
of which there was only a little. The following birds were fairly common,
Rook (Corvus frugilegus), Persian Wagtail (Moiacilla alba persica) (of which no
specimens were obtained), House Sparrow (Passer domesticus biblicus), Great
Tit (P. m. blanfordi), Black Kite (sp ?), Griffon Vulture (Gyps fulvus): the
following were seen rarely, Raven, Magpie, Grey Wagtail, Goldfinch (C. c.
hiirmsi), Common Snipe (Gallinago celestis), Crested Lark, Linnet (Acanthis
linota fringillirostris) and Chukor: the following once only, Eversmann’s Red-
start, Syrian Pied Woodpecker, Golden Eagle (Aquila chryseetus), and Song

wn

BIRDS FROM NORTHERN AND WESTERN PERSIA, 847

_~ Thrush. That is to say I only saw a.score of birds in thirty days, most of them

rarely. The paucity of the winter avifauna may be compared with what
McGregor found at Erzerum in midwinter.

I was in Qazvin again from mid-July till the end of October, and concluded
that it is an unpleasant place at the best of times, less so in summer than
winter. It appears that several birds breed in Qazvin, but leave it before
mid-July, that is to say when it become dry and intensely dusty. I never saw
the grey-backed Warbler (don galactotes familiaris) nor the Black-headed
Bunting (Hmberiza melanocephala.), both of which we know breed here ; nor
did I see Cuckoos though Cheesman noticed then a few weeks before.

Migration through Qazvin in autumn is not very noticeable, but my obser-
vations were rendered incompiete by malaria. No conspicuous movements
were observed in spite of the fact that birds were concentrated in the gardens.

Cheesman collected at Tehran and Gulhek (from below 4,000 feet to above
6,000 feet) between 6 and 18 June and found the following species breeding,
or feeding fledged young :—Sharpe’s Crow, Magpie, Nightingale (Luscinia
megarhyncha africana), Blackbird (7. m. syriacus), Olivaceous Warbler (Hypolais
pallida eleica), Great Tit (P. m. blanfordi), Roller (Coracias garrulus sub-sp.),
Common Kestrel (Falco t. tinnunculus), Scops Owl (Otus scops pulchellus), and
a number of common birds. He climbed the mountain immediately N. W. of
Tehran on 14th June and reached a height of about 12,000 feet. He observed
the following birds :—up to 6,000 ft. Cetti’s Warbler and @nanthe p. ples-
chanka ; up to 8,000 ft., Nightingale and Blackbird ; up to 10,000 ft. Chukor
(Alectoris graeca); up to 11,000 ft. Rock Sparrow (Petronia p. exigua) ; up to
12,000 ft. Meadow Bunting (Emberiza cia par) and Grey-necked Bunting (Z.
buchanani), Red-fronted Finch (Serinus pusillus), Shore Lark (Hremophila
alpestris penicillata), and Red-tailed Wheatear (Hnanthe xanthoprymna
chrysopygqia. )

Qazvin was our most northerly station in the Iranian highlands and the
terrain was typical of all parts of the plateau which we visited, so that this
description would apply almost equally well to the country surrounding Ker-
manshah, Hamadan, Tehran, or Qazvin. The plateau in these parts of Persia
lies between 3,500 and 6,000 feet above sea level; it is crossed by numbers of
ranges of mountains running from N. W. to 8S. E.; these mountains form
considerable barriers for they contain no great peaks, but consist rather of wall-
like ranges, and are not crossed by any low pass. In spite of this the plateau
fauna is very uniform, and so far as we know species are never limited to one or
other side of one of these ranges. The plains which lie between these hills are of
width varying from five miles (Karind plain) to fifty miles or more. The soil
is light and extremely stony and it is fertile wherever water is obtainable :
boulders and outcrops of rock do not occur in the plains. Great areas are cul-
tivated as soon as the snow has melted, and at this season there is abundant
water coming down from the hill sides in stony bedded torrents many of which
are dry for eleven months in the year. The principal crops are barley and wheat
and the opium poppy is not grown extensively in the part of Persia which we
are considering. A little rice is grown near Qazvin in relatively low-lying places,
but I believe only one crop is obtained in the season.

In the spring the whole country is a blaze of wild flowers, a great number of
species blossoming simultaneously soon after the Persian New Year's Day (March
25). Insect life is also concentrated at this season, and as I have said some
of the summer birds which resort to the plateau to breed appear to remain there
the shortest time possible, and depart before the middle of July, presumably
as soon as their young are fledged. Before June is out the land is parched and
the plants look like herbarium specimens, and they remain in this condition
becoming more and more ahraided by wind and dust till the rain and snow falls
about Christmas time. During summer violent winds and dust devils are

848 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXV 11,

prevalent in many places, and as they are loaded with dust and grit they add
greatly to the discomfort of life. Rain and snow fall in winter and spring,
and snow lies for weeks on end in January and February except in the lowest
parts of the plateau. Apart from precipitation, water is carried from the hills
far into the plains by under-ground tunnels known as Qanats, which are cons-
tructed by sinking a chain of wells in a line sometimes twenty miles long, and
connecting the bottoms of the wells by a nearly horizontal tunnel. The wells
are stone lined and frequented by Rock Pigeons and Rock Sparrows. The
water channel reaches the surface far out in the plain and irrigates vineyards
and groves of trees and gardens. In such places nearly all the European fruits
and vegetables are grown. The sides of the irrigation runnels are planted with
poplar and plane trees which constitute practically the whole of the timber
and wood fuel of the country.

The high dry and stony plateau which I have described is limited on the
north by the chain of the Elburz. These mountains are bare and rocky on
their south side, but thickly afforested on the north, the side which receives
an almost perennial rainfall from the damp winds which below across the Cas-
pian. The frontier between the forest and the desert is extremely sharply defined
and the transition between the two faunas and floras is probably one of the
most sudden that can be seen in any country. I was so fortunate as to stop
several times at Menjil, a point at which this frontier may be studied. Menjil!
(alt. 1,200 feet) is in the desert or semi-desert country, but so close to its edge
that in two hours one can walk into the forest. I passed rapidly through Men-
jil in January, but was there for a few days in March and April and also later
in the summer. In the fields and among the stones Crested Larks bred ;
probably Sky Larks, Linnets and Corn Buntings bred also. Choughs were
about in flocks, and Griffons, Egyptian Vultures (Neophron percnopterus) and
Lammergeiers were fairly common. See See (A. g. griseogularis) and Chukor
were abundant among the rocks, and I shot the small Rock Nuthatch (Sita
r. rupicola) and the larger S. neumayer obscura without realizing how in-
teresting they were. Crag Martins (Riparia rwpestris) and Blue Rock Thrushes
were common enough. Thus far the fauna was that of the stony desert and
the stony hills of the plateau. But when one entered the forest all these forms
were left behind and at once one found such types as the Cole Tit (Parus ater
gaddi), Nuthatches (Sitta europea rubiginosa), Green Woodpeckers (Picus
viridis karelini), Meadow Buntings (Hmberiza cia par), Jays (Garrulus glandarius
hyrcanus), Blackbirds (T'urdus merula aierrimus), and Great Tits (P. m. major).
These are all of them species or sub-species which I had not seen before, and
as I afterwards discovered the first four of them are characteristic not of the
Caspian forests in general, but of the dry forests only. The great difference
between the dry and the wet types of forest has not I think been previously
noticed, but so far as the fauna is concerned it is of considerable importance.
I saw dry forest near Menjil and also at Noglabar. It grows on the slopes of
the hills and generally consists of mixed decidous trees, (mainly oaks with a
few beeches and other trees) scattered rather sparsely over well-drained ground.
Flowers are abundant in spring, blue anemonies, squills, &c., but in winter the
ground is frequently snow covered. The upper limit of this open forest is
reached at about 6,000 feet, where it is succeeded by thick beech-scrub. At
about 7,000 feet one emerges upon open turf downs with a few juniper bushes.

The great forest which we have now entered may be divided as I have said
into dry and wet belts, but thisis a secondary matter. It is one continuous
forest circling the south end of the Caspian Sea, stretching from near Lenkoran
to Asterabad without interruption and presenting in every way a most marked
contrast to the desert region. It is scantily wooded on the hills, densely in the

maritime plain, and watered by a heavy rainfall distributed through most of
the months of the year.

BIRDS FROM NORTHERN AND WESTERN PERSIA. 849

A iist of nearly three dozen birds can be made out, each represented by a
different sub-species in the plateau and the forest. Generally the desert race is
pale or buff, as is so often the case. The forest race is either that typical
of centra: Europe, or dark and saturated in colour. i

The road north from Menjil runs through dry forests past Noglabar until
the lowest of the foothills is passed, and before it reaches Resht it enters the wet
forest. This covers the flat country and grows from wet and frequently black
water-logged ground. Its altitude is very little above the Caspian level and it
is probably all of it below mean sea level. The trees are more luxuriant, more
closely packed and more covered with creepers than those in the dry forest.
In fact the general appearance is not unlike that of a tropical rain forest in
Equatorial Africa or the West Indies, until one examines the great trees and
finds that they belong to well-known European genera (Fagus, Alnus, &c.,) and
that the creepers which climb high into their crowns are such well-known things
as Clematis, Rubus and Smilax. The wet forest is never under snow for more
than a few hours, though Woosnam encountered 2 feet of snow at Resht in the
first week of February. The men who inhabit this rezion of wet forest raise
great quantities of rice and deep-cut irrigation channels run in all directions: these
and the denseness of the forest and the intense wetness of everything make
exploration difficult. Until the war there was an extensive silk raising industry,
and plantations of mulberry are common. Oranges and lemons are grown
here in profusion, also cherries and large garden strawberries: there are one or
two experimental tea gardens. It appears that conditions are uniform as regards
climate, vegetation and animal life along the whole 8S. W. & S. shore of the
Caspian, and Satunin’s (1905) account of the low-lying marsh and forest of the
Talish is true in all essentials of Gilan and probably Mazandaran. Apart from
the forest there are the lagoons, of which there is a fine example between Resht
and Enzeli. The water is brackish near the sea; but fresh on the Resht side.
The lagoon is fringed by reed beds and bramble thickets and in places the shore
is flat and muddy. Similar lagoons are found here and there all along the
coast ; some are a few acres only in extent and are blocked with reeds, others
like Asterabad Bay and the Resht-Enzeli lagoon are ten or twenty miles across.
They are all at Caspian Sea level and in the majority of cases lie a few hundred
yards back from the shore. Between the lagoon and the sea is a tract of grazing
land with scattered low trees of the thorny Gleditschia, Whitethorn, Medlar, &c.
The actual sea coast at Enzeli, but not on the Talish is bounded by sand-dunes.

I myself spent seven months at Resht and Enzeli and travelled along the
coast from Astara to Enzeli: Cheesman was in Enzeli in June: Ingoldby was
in Resht and Enzeli in the winter and also at Bandar-i-Gez in Asterabad Bay.
Our ornithological results were frankly disappointing. This was in part due to
a so-called war with Kuchik Khan, a local insurgent ; this war lasted through
the spring and prevented one from leaving Enzeli during the nesting season :
but apart from this the dense forest resembles similar country in most other
parts of the world and has an extremely poor fauna, at any rate in summer.
We saw enough of the lowlands and the wet forest to feel confident in recom-
mending travellers to get quickly away from Resht and Enzeli. The wet forest
is now fairly well known, not as a result of our work only, but of that of Zarudny
and of Woosman (Witherby 1910). The dry forest is more attractive and less
known and this applies particularly to the Talish hinterland, which would be
most interesting country to visit. The Talish tribesmen have a bad name and
speak an almost unknown language, but I formed the opinion that they would
give little trouble if they were sure that the traveller were neither a Persian
official nor a Russian.

The following birds are all more or less common, and all resident round Resht
and Enzeli; they indicate the extremely European nature of the fauna —
Sharpe’s Crow, Magpie (P. p. bactriana), Jay, Chaffinch, Tree Sparrow { Passer

850 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVI1.

monianus transcaucasicus), Great Tit (Parus m. major), Blue Tit (Parus ceruleus
raddei), Long Tailed Tit (Acredula caudata alpina), Robin (Erithacus rubecula
hyrcanus), Song Thrush, Blackbird (Turdus merula aterrimus), Wren (T'roglo-
dytes troglodytes sub-sp. ?), Great Spotted Woodpecker (Dendrocopus major
pelzami), Black Kite, Sea Eagle (Haliaétus albicilla), Tawny Owl (Strza% aluco),
Pheasant (Phasianus colchicus talyschensis). ‘The commonest winter visitors
in the forests are the Rook, Starling (Sturnus vulgaris caucasicis and poliar-
aiskyi), Goldfinch (Carduelis c. loudoni), Fieldfare (T'urdus pilaris), Robin (£.r.
caucasicus), and Woodcock (Scolopax rusticola). The following species are
summer visitors and breed :—Osprey (Pandion haliaétus), Hobby (Falco s.
subbuteo), Roller (Coracias garrulus sub-sp.?), Swallow (Hirundo rustica)
Nightingale (Luscinia megarhynchus africana), Olivaceous Warbler (Hypolais
pallida eleica), and Red-backed Shrike (Lanius collurio).

In the reed beds around the lagoons the Common Cormorant (Phalacrocorax
carbo) and the Little Grebe (Podiceps ruficollas capensis) are common and resi-
dent, also Montague’s Harrier, Gallinule (Porphyrio poliocephalus seistanicus),
Common Heron, three or four other Herons in all probability, and the
Moustached Sedge Warbler (Lusciniola melanopogon mimica). The Common
Kingfisher (Alcedo athis pallasii) is resident and breeds round the margin of the
lagoons. Insummer the Purple Heron (Ardea purpurea) comes to the reed beds
and no doubt breeds, as also does the Great Reed Warbler (Acrocephalus arun-
dinaceus zarudnyi). Some of the islands in the lagoon have extensive bramble
bushes among the rough grass, and in these bushes the Large-billed Reed Bun-
ting, (Hmberiza pyrrhuloides korejewi), and the Reed Warbler (Acrocephalus scir-
paceus macronyx), and the Black-headed Wagtail (Motacil'a flava feldegg:) make
their nests. In winter the lagoon and its surroundings were alive with fow!.
On the open water and in the smaller marshes were immense numbers of duck,
geese and gulls, the species of which are dealt with in the second part of the paper ;
also Coot (Fulica atra), Great Crested Greebe (Podiceps cristatus) and
Pygmy Cormorants (Phalacrocorax pygmeus) ; on the mud banks small waderg
of various sorts were never very common and never interesting ; in the marshes
and paddy fields one found hosts of Common Snipe, and large numbers of Jack
Snipe, and in the reed beds the most abundant bird was the Common Reed
Bunting (EHmberiza s. scheeniclus). The open sea was generally thickly spattered
with duck in winter, specially the diving and maritime ducks: the sandy shore
was at all seasons disappointing. At any time of year it held Sea Eagles and
Common Cormorants, and on migration small numbers of waders, generally
common species, rested on it. The Lesser Ringed Plover (Charadrius dubius}
bred just above the level of the sea water on sand with a few small pebbles.

I shall now discuss the species individually.

Corvus corax, L.—The Raven was common round towns and villages from
Karind to Manjil in winter. In spring it retreats to the ranges of hills in which
itremains common. It was never seen North of Manjil at any season. The
specimens I obtained have failed to reach home.

Corvus cornix cornix, L.—Hooded Crow.
13, Qazvin—3lst December 1918.
12, Resht—23rd February 1919.

The Hooded Crow is no doubt a winter visitor to the S. shore of the Caspian.
I also saw it in mid-winter at Qazvin, and I believe that mixed flocks of this
and Sharpe’s Crow occurred there at that season.

Zarudny records the Hooded Crow as resident in the Caspian Provinces
of Persia. I think that this must be an error, for we know that Sharpe’s Crow
occurs there, but it is exceedingly desirable that some one should obtain a series
of breeding birds from the Caspian litoral and the plateau. (Wing 310 mm.
3;300 mm. 2 ; culmen 52 mm. ¢ ; 50 mm. ye

BIRDS FROM NORTHERN AND WESTERN PERSIA, 851

Corvus cornix sharpii, Oates.—Sharpe’s Crow.

Imm. ? 8th June, Gulahek, Teheran. (R. E. C.)

Tris blue-grey, feet black, bill grey-horn.

I have re-examined Woosnam’s specimens from the South coast of the Caspian,
shot in March. Witherby is undoubtedly correct in identifying them as C. c.
sharpit. I take it then that the grey Crow breeding in the Caspian Provinces
is Sharpe’s and not the Hooded Crow, in spite of Zarudny’s statement that C. ¢.
cornix is resident here. Crows which I believe were C. c. sharpii bred commonly
at Enzeli—lining nests 14 March, several nests still empty 10th April, feathered
young fell from nest 27th April. Young were flying about in numbers by the
end of May. In the plateau Cheesman found young fledged in nest 25th May,
Kermanshah, and saw them flying about 6th June, Teheran. We do not know
were the boundary lies between the breeding ranges of C. c. sharpii and C. c.
capellanus, which breeds in Mesopotamia, and which is always associated, in
my mind at any rate with the Date Palm.

Corvus frugilegus, L.—Rook.

A very few small parties of rooks were seen between Kermanshah and Qazvin
in December 1918. At Qazvin they breed in numbers in the town, in plane
and poplar trees : presumably these rooks are C. f. tschusii, Hart., but no skins
are available. The rook is abundant at Qazvin at all seasons.

Rooks are abundant at Resht and Enzeli in winter. They completely disap-
peared in the second half of March.

Coleus monedula, L.—Jackdaw.

Jackdaws appeared at Qazvin on 18th October 1919. They were completely
absent in summer, and by no means common in winter. I never saw them het-
ween the frontier and Hamadan in November and December 1918.

The specimens seen appeared to belong to the race generally known as collaris
(Drummond), a name which must be replaced by the earlier. Semmeringii
(Fischer).

Pica pica bactriana, Bp.—Magpie.
1¢, Karind—November 1918.
22, Resht—January February.

The Magpie was seen in all parts of Persia which we visited, from the frontier
to the Caspian. It was common in most of the gardens and small woods of the
plateau, and extremely common in Gilan ; in all places it appeared to be resi-
dent. Besides these specimens I have had the pleasure of examining a series
of twelve Magpies collected by Lieut-Col. J. E. B. Hotson, at and near Shiraz.
The wings of the males measure 198-208 mm, of the females 196-209 mm,
and one exceptionally small specimen 188; my male from Karind measures
207, and one female from Resht 190. It is evident that the great development
of white in the primaries is a more constant character than the broadly white
rump: the presence or absence of white at the bases of the chin feathers is
very variable, and useless as a sub-specific character. Though Magpies are
to some extent variable birds it should always I think be possible to separate
P. p. bactriana from the typical race, even if only a single skin is available.
Zarudny records the Magpie of N. &. W. Persia (the Caspian Province included)
as “ P, pica”, that of S. & E. Persia as P. p. bactriana, but my Resht specimens
appear to be*definitely P. p. bactriana.

Garrulus glandarius hyrcanus, Blanf.—Jay.
12, 19th February (Wing 159 mm.) Resht.
1¢, Tula Rud, Persian Talish, sea level, 6th July (wing 173 mm).
I found the Jay of Gilan and Mazanderan common in the dry forests on hill-
sides at Menjil, and Noglabar ; also in the wet forests round Resht and in the
equally wet forests of the Persian Talish below mean sea level.

26

852 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVIL.

G. g. hyrcanus is quite different from G. g. caspius, but their distribution
is very puzzling. We have skins of hyrcanus from Mazanderan shot as high as
6,500 ft. by Blandford (Brit. Mus.) and we know it occurs also as low as the
shores of the Caspian. Westwards it iscommonin many parts of Gilan, and
T obtained it at Tula Rud, in the Persian Talish ; Satunin (1912) recorded this
sub-species from the Russian Talish ; now the Russian and Persian Talish forms
one forest, continuous with the forests of Gilan and Mazanderan.

Satunin states that G. g. caspius and G. g. hyrcanu; have “ different distri-
bution in altitude in the Russian Talish”; but does not state which occurs
above the other. However we know from my specimen that G. g. hyrcanus
occurs at sea level in the Persian Talish, so we must presume that G. g. caspius
is a bird of the high-lying forests of the interior. This is curious if it is the
case, for as I have said G. g. hyrcanus occurs a3 high as 6,500 ft. in Mazanderan. -
G. g. caspius is unknown in Persia except fcr Zarudny’s vague statement that
it is a ‘‘rare resident’”’ in the region South of the Caspian, or apparently
from anywhere except ‘‘ Lenkoran ”’, the type locality. The only skins of G. 9.
caspius I have been able to examine (one at Tring, two at Brit. Mus.) were
obtained from the dealer Tancré many years ago, and are labelled “ Lenkoran.”
They may of course have come from almost any distance up country.
Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax—(L.) Common Chough.

192, Menjil—22nd March.

The Common or Red-billed Chough is apparently resident in places where
there are high crags; Kermanshah and Menjil (P. A. B.) and Bisatun, 28th
May (R. E. C.). The wing of this female measured 288 mm., the culman 49. mm.
The Alpine or Yellow-billed Chough was never seen.

Pastor roseus (L.)—Rosy Pastor.
13, 29. Enzeli.—2nd May.
1¢, Enzelii—l4th June.
23, Qazvin—19-20 June (R. E. C.)

Rosy Pastors appeared at Enzeli on 2nd May 1919 in flocks which consisted
of adult males and females. These small mixed flocks remained about until
18th June. The testes of the males shot on 2nd May and 14th June were very
large, and the ovaries of the females (2nd May) slightly enlarged. Presumably
the birds bred locally, but I entirely failed to find any evidence of their doing so.
Cheesman’s males from Qazvin also had greatly enlarged testes though they were
shot from flocks consisting of adult males and females, which were eating the
white mulberries. At the end of July I saw large flocks of old and young birds
in gardens at Qazvin. It is surely very unusual for males and females of any
bird to be in flocks, at the actual breeding season. Mr. Stuart Baker informs
me that males and females of the common Indian Mynah (Acridotheres trisiis)
flock in the early morning and late evening, even in the breeding season, and
that the Bank Mynah (A. ginginianus) does the same.

Sturnus vulgaris caucasicus,—Lorenz. Starling.
23, 22. Resht—January February.
23, Enzeli—1l5th March.
12, 1imm. Kangavar—28th May (R. E. C.).
12, Qazvin—20th June (R. E. C.).
S. v. poltaratskyi, Finsch.
12, Enzeli—1l5th March. ey

All my Starlings have been submitted to Dr. Hartert, who has determined
them as above. In winter Starlings are common in flocks at Qazvin and
fairly common at Resht and Enzeli: the last date on which I saw them in the
latter places was 20th March. They were entirely absent until 25th June when
flocks of adults and young appeared. Cheesman found 8. v. caucasicus breeding
at Qasr-i-Shirin, and feeding fledged young at Kangavar on 28th May. He

BIRDS FROM NORTHERN AND WESTERN PERSIA. 8!

Or
oo

also saw flocks of adults and juveniles at Qazvin on 20th June. A series of
breeding birds from any part of Mesopotamia or Persia is particularly desirable,
as a large number of very closely allied local forms have been described and as
present we know very little about the variation of this species in any one locality.

Chloris chloris chloris (L.)—Greenfinch.
13, Noglabar—3rd March.

Greenfinches were common round Noglabar in early March and were
“singing”’. I have no other record. The specimen agrees exactly with the
typical sub-species, which Zarudny has already recorded as resident in N. W.
Persia and the Caspian Provinces.

Carduelis cannabina fringillirostris (Bp. and Schl.) ( ? )—Zinnet.
43, Qazvin—December 1918 and January 1919.

A race of the Linnet was not rare at Qazvin in December 1918, and January
1919 small flocks sheltering from the terrific wind in corners of gardens and
similar places. I saw Linnets at Resht in the winter and found them preparing
to breed at Menjil 7th April.

Zarudny records both C. cannabina fringillirostris and C. c. cannabina as
breeding birds in many parts of N. Persia, from the N. W. to Khorassan. Har-
tert does not record C. c. cannabina in Asia at all. These birds are all much
paler on the upper parts than winter skins from Britain and Western Europe,
and can at once be separated from such skins. The wings measure only 81,
81, 82, 84 mm., which is less than the usual measurements of A. c. fringilli
rostris, to which race however I refer them by reason of their colour.

Carduelis carduelis harmsi (Zarudny).—Goldfinch.
22, Hamadan—12th December 1918.
1g, Menjil—March.

Carduelis carduelis loudoni, Zarudny.
435,22, Resht.—January-February.

Goldfinches were fairly common in winter at Karind, Hamadan and other
places along the road through the plateau; they frequented gardens and were
generally seen in quite small parties, or even a pair only. They belonged no
doubt to the race which breeds in the plateau, and which Cheesman saw feeding
fully fledged young at Taq-i-Girreh, on 24th May. I also found the same race
at Menjil early in April in small flocks in the olive trees. Goldfinches are reported
to breed quite commonly at Qazvin. At Resht an entirely different race of
Goldfinch is found in the winter, frequenting the wet pastures in flocks numbering
many hundreds and often thousands. Most of these flocks left Resht in the
middle of March, but I saw one party at Enzeli as late as 14th April.

There is not the least difficulty in separating these two sub-species, the one
which we believe to be resident in the plateau, and the other which occurs
in huge flocks in winter round Resht. The first is small, the wings of the females
from Hamadan measuring 75-76 mm., of the male from Menjil 77 mm.; the
colour of the back is grey-brown, and the rump grey, not white; one encoun:
ters great difficulties when one attempts to unravel the nomenclature of the
Persian Goldfinches in order to name this race. Dr. Hartert is of opinion
that they are probably Carduelis c. harmsi, Zarudny, described from specimens
shot at Baku in April; I have seen no specimens from Baku, but at any rate
for the present this name may be accepted for the plateau Goldfinch. The
synonomy of this race is complicated by the fact that Zarudny first described
it as “ Carduelis elegans brevirostris or C. elangans minor” (1889); in 1893 he
referred to it as Carduelis minor, Zarudny; and in 1911 (b) he renamed it Acanthis
harmsi, because the names brevirostris and minor were both pre-occupied in the
genus. As it is a sub-species of the Common Goldfinch we must speak of it as
Carduelis c. hirmsi. The second race that which occurs at Resht in winter,
is very similar to C. c. carduelis both in size and in the colour of the back, but

854 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVI1.

the patches on the sides of the chest are dull brown, not red brown, and the red
of the head is a crimson red, not a fiery red as it is in the type. In both these
respects my specimens agree exactly with a short series labelled “C.c
ioudoni, Zarudny” and collected by Baron Loudon himself in winter in
the Russian Talish, a forest district close to the Persian frontier, on the S. Ve
side of the Caspian. The identity of this second race seems definitely esta-
blished, if we can presume that Baron Loudon knew the race named loudons
by Zarudny. My specimens of C. c. loudoni have wing measurements as follows :
43 77-81 mm. 29 77,78 mm. Three males collected by Loudon in the
Persian Talish measure 79°5-81 mm., one female 76°5. It is to be hoped that
members of the Society stationed in Persia will lose no opportunity of collect-
ing long series of Goldfinches at every time of year. At present it is well nigh
impossible to identify our specimens owing partly to the lack of others for com-
parison, partly also it must be owned to the number of races which have been
described by Zarudny. Apart from the races to which I have referred this
author has described blanford: and iranensis from parts of Persia, and in his
paper published in 1911 he adds “OC. carduelis, C. c. volgensis, C. ¢. major, C.
minor, ©. orientalis and CO. caniceps orientalis”’ to the forms which either
migrate through or winter in various parts of Northern Persia. Small wonder
that sub-species are in bad odour in certain quarters !

Serinus pusillus (Pall.) Red-fronted Finch.
13, Elburz Mountains near Tehran, 16 June (R.E.C.).
The Redfronted Finch probably breeds in all the gorges and bushy valleys
of the Elburz. We do not know if it is there in winter. I saw it at about 3,000
feet near Menjil on 27 March, Cheesman up to 12,000 feet in the mountains just
. behind Tehran on the 16th June, “feeding on low ground plants near mountain
spring—crop and gizzard full of white kernels of seeds.” (R.E.C.)

Fringilla calebs celebs, V..—Chaftinch.
13, Kermanshah—30th November 1918. Wing 86 mm.
1¢, Resht.—26th February. Wing 92 mm.
1d, Enzeli—l4th June. Wing 85 mm.
13, Enzeli—30th June (R. F.C.) Wing 85 mm.

The Chaffinch was common above Karind up to 7,000 feet on 26th November
1918, also at Kermanshah. I did not see it at Hamadan or Qazvin in midwinter.
In the lowlying Caspian Provinces it is abundant in winter (Resht, Enzeli) but
the great majority leave in the last part of March. No nests were found, but
the males shot on 6th June and 30th June (R.E.C.) were in full song with much
enlarged testes. I saw a large family party at Astara, in the Talish district, on
the Caspian litoral, on 3rd July.

Montifringilla nivalis (L.)—Snow Finch.

I saw Snow Finches in December 1918, always above 7,000 feet, on the Asada-
bad and Avah Passes. It is interesting to see how high this bird remains even
in winter in spite of the snow and the wind.

Petronia petronia exiguus (Hellm.).— Rock Sparrow.
13,192, Tochal, Elburz Mts. near Tehran, 16th June. (R.E.C.).

This race of the Rock Sparrow was observed by Cheesman breeding in high
cliffs, at from 8,000—11,000 feet. The wings measure ¢ 100 mm. and 9
98 mm, so that the measurement agree with P. p. exiguus, which has already been
recorded by Zarudny and Harms (1913) from this part of Persia, but not other
parts ; it is the form which occurs in the Caucasus and Armenia.

References to ‘‘Zarudny” and to ‘‘Hartert’’ when not followed by a date
refer to Zarudny’s paper 191] a (see Bibliography) and Hartert’s Vog. pal. Fauna.

BIRDS FROM NORTHERN AND WESTERN PERSIA,

GO
i
Or

Carpospiza brachydactyla, Bp.—Desert Rock Sparrow.
The Desert Rock Sparrow was noticed by Cheesman at Taq-i-Girreh, “ evi
dently breeding” on 24th May.

Passer domesticus domesticus (L).—House Sparrow.
24,1 2, Enzeli. March.

Passer domesticus biblicus, Hartert.
7@, Qazvin—January.
12, Qazvin—January.

The House Sparrow of the South Coast of the Caspian except perhaps the
Eastern end, belongs to the typical race. Apart from the above 2g, 19,I have
examined 44, 19 in the British Museum collected by St. John and by Woos-
nam. Wing of males measure 74-77 mm. and all are grey cheeked with the
exception of one ¢ collected by Woosnam on the “S. Coast of the Caspian Sea.”
As Woosnam traversed the coastal country as far east as Bandar-i-Gaz in Astera-
bad Bay, this single white cheeked specimen (wing 75), may have come from the
extreme S. E. Caspian. Hartert (p. 148) suggests that in Transcaspia we may
find intermediate stages between P. d. domesticus and P. d. indicus. It will be
seen that I disagree with Witherby (1910) who records Woosnam’s specimeris
as P. d. indicus. Zarudny (1913) has already recorded P. d. domesticus and
intergrades between it and P. d. indicus from Gilan and Mazandaran.

The House Sparrows collected at Qazvin from flocks frequenting stables in
midwinter are larger than those from Gilan. The whole upper surface is much
more unicolorous than that of either P. d. indicus or P. d. domesticus at the same
time of year. In this respect they agree with winter skins from Palestine, and
as their wings measure 79-83 mm. (average 80°25 seven males) I record them
without hesitation as Passer domesticus biblicus, Hartert, a bird at present only
known from Syria and Palestine. Zarudny records P. d. indicus as the prevalent
sparrow in N. W. Persia exclusive of the Caspian litoral. His paper was
published before Hartert described P.d. biblicus but he should have avoided
this error as the sparrow of this region is grey-cheeked and large, P. d. indicus
is small and nearly always white cheeked. House sparrows are common but
not abundant in the towns of North Persia. I never saw any sign of their inter-
breeding with the Spanish Sparrows near Enzeli. I have already recorded (1920)
that hen House Sparrows were feeding their young near Enzeli on the very
prevalent larvze of the painted Lady Butterfly (Vanessa cardui); one might
have supposed that so spiny a larva would be distasteful, but they appeared
to choose it in preference to other abundant insects.

Passer hispaniolensis transcaspicus, Tschusi.—Spanish Sparrow.
1g Enzeli—March.
The Spanish Sparrow was resident at Enzeli, but only in very small numbers:
it frequented isolated fisherman’s huts along the sea shore.

Passer montanus transcaucasicus, Buturlin.—Tree Sparrow.
24, Resht—February.
1g, Enzeli—June. .
1g, Enzeli.—June (R.E.C.).

This race of the Tree Sparrow was described by Buturlin (1906) from Akhal-
zikh. Zarudny and Harms (1913) state that the Tree Sparrow found all along
the S. shore of the Caspian from Lenkoran to Bandar-i-Gaz belongs to this race.
I have compared the above three specimens, also three collected by Woosnam
on the S. coast of the Caspian, and one from the Tortum river between Eizerum
and the Black Sea with a large series of the typical race. I find that they cer-
tainly are paler on the back when seen in series, but that the difference is very

slight and that there is some overlapping. I can detect no difference between
the two sub-species in size of bill, but the wings of these specimens are short

856 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVIII.

(wings of males from Caspian provinces 66, 68, 69,69, 69, 72 mm, female 68). A
female from Tortum River 66. Hartert gives 473-76, 2 69-72 as measurements
of P. m. montanus. I have not been able to compare these N. Persian skins
with any from Caucasia, and provisionally refer them to transcaucasicus, Buturlin,
relying on Zarudny and Harm’s identification,

Tree Sparrows are locally common round Enzeli and Resht, and breed.

Emberiza calandra calandra, L.—Corn Bunting.
19, Resht—January.

The Corn Bunting was seen at Karind in November 1918, and at Resht and Enzeli

in occasional small flocks from January to March. At Menjil on 7th April

it appeared to be paired ; I found no nest, and was not in the locality later in

the month.

Emberiza citrinella erythrogenys, Brehm.—Yellow Hammer.
2¢, 19, Resht—January-February.
12, Karind—November 1918.

This eastern race of the Yellow Hammer was first met with at Karind where
T found small flocks at the end of November. At Enzeli and Resht it is common
in winter, but I never saw it after the end of February. Zarudny states thatit
breeds in the Caspian Provinces of Persia.

Emberiza melanocephala, Scop.—Black-headed Bunting.
1g, Karind—25th May (R. E. C.).
Cheesman saw the Black-headed Bunting in May at Karind and found a nest
ready for eggs at Hamadan on the 30th. He also noted it as breeding at Teheran.
I was at Qazvin from mid July until the autumn and never saw the bird.

Emberiza hortulana, L.—Ortolan.
3 @, Enzeli—28-30th April.

Small flocks of male Ortolans appeared at Enzeli on 28th April. Both sexes
were common in the bushes among the sand dunes till mid May, after which I
never saw them. They very likely breed on the slopes of the Elburz, but I do
not think do so in the lowlying coastal country.

Emberiza buchanani, Blyth.—Grey-necked Bunting.

(Emberiza huttoni, Blyth.)
1¢, Tochal, Elburz Mountains, near Tehran, 16th June (R.E.C.).
T never met the Grey-necked Bunting. Cheesman’s notes are :—“ sings on
rocks, twice on one note then 2 or 3 times on a lower note easily recognized as
a bunting song. Several seen at 12,000 ft., but not at lower elevations, and
only on bare mountain side with rocks and low vegetation. In distance is
indistinguishable from E. hortulana: organs advanced, apparently breeding.”

Emberiza cia par, Hartert.—Meadow Bunting.
2@, Menjil—27th March.
1¢, Menjil—15th July.
19, Elburz Mts., Tehran 12,000 ft., 16th June. (R.E.C.)

T found this race of the Meadow Bunting above Menjil, both in open oak forest
and also above the tree-line among Juniper bushes (7,000 ft.). The birds were
paired, 27th March. Cheesman’s specimen was shot at 12,000 ft. and contained
“‘an unformed egg in the ovary. Iris brown, bill dark horn, legs light horn.”

The specimens agree with the type of H. cia par at Tring.

Emberiza scheniclus scheniclus (L.) Common Reed Bunting.
1 , 29, Resht and Enzeli. February.
The Common Reed-Bunting was common in reeds and bramble bushes round
the lagoons in winter. The birds disappeared during the last fortnight in March

BIRDS FROM NORTHERN AND WESTERN PERSIA. 857

and had not apparently returned when I passed through Enzeli on 31st October,

These specimens have been examined by Dr. Hartert who says he cannot separate
them from typical E. s. scheniclus.

Emberiza pyrrhuloides korejewi (Zarudny.)—Large-billed Reed Bunting.
3@, 22, Enzeli—18th April-27th June.
24, (1 imm.)—Enzeli 28th June.

This race of the Large-billed Reed Bunting, which is already known from
Seistan and Syria, was first noticed at Enzeli on 17th April. The birds frequented
bramble bushes on the reedy islands of the Enzeli lagoon and were common.
I took a clutch of 5 eggs half incubated on 27th June and next day Cheesman
shot a young male in first plumage. This clutch has been described by Jourdain
(1920). Zarudny only records EL. p. korejewi from Seistan and S. Baluchistan.
He records the typical race as resident on the Caspian litoral. Dr. Hartert has
however compared my specimens with some collected by Zarudny himself in
Seistan and refers them to EH. p. korejewi.

Ammomanes deserti, sub-sp ? —Desert Lark.
19, Qasr-i-Shirin—24th November 1918.

This species of Desert Lark was quite abundant at Qasr-i-Shirin at the time
of my visit. I never saw it elsewhere.

The single specimen obtained is quite unlike any in the British or Tring
Museums. Itisclosest to A.d. fraterculus, Tristr, but is not so pale as that in
the same plumage, and the underside and wing coverts in my bird are very much
redder ; the bill is very short and thick. A specimen collected by Woosnam
in April at Ram Hormuz in 8. W. Persia is indistinguishable from A. d. frater-
culus from Palestine, and this form also occurs at Takrit, R. Tigris, in summer
(C. B. Ticehurst.).

Galerida cristata subtaurica, Kolibay.—Crested Lark.
2@, 12, Menjil—April, (breeding).
19. Hasanabad—29th May, breeding (R. E. C.).
2&, 22. Qazvin—December 1918, and January 1919,
14, Qasr-i-Shirin—24th November 1918.

The specimens of the Crested Lark agree completely with two in the Tring
Museum from Eregli in the Cilician Taurus. Crested Larks from Eregli have
been described by Kollibay (1912) as Galerida cristata subtaurica.

These specimens show that G. c. subtaurica is intermediate in size and in colour
between G. c. caucasica, Tacz (Lagodechi, Caucasia) and G. c. magna, Hume
(Yarkand). It is darker than G. c. magna with the feathers of the crown and
back more darkly centered ; the streaks on the breast and sides of the neck
are also heavier than in magna at the same time of year. On the other hand
the general tone is brown and buff as in magna, not grey as in caucasica. The
Q bills of subtaurica in dried skins are much darker than they are in magna.

Dimensions ; wings 5 # 105-114 mm. (average 109) 42 100-103 (average 101).
length of bill S 16-17.5, 2 14.5-16.5: of G. c. magna @ 15.5-18.5, 2 16-18
mm. and G. c. caucasica ¢ 15-17, 9 15-16 mm.

Zarudny noticed that the Crested Lark of N. W. Persia was different from
G. c. magna in Eastern Persia, but he made the mistake of identifying it with
G. c. caucasica. Woosnam’s specimens from Shalamzar, 8. W. of Ispahan, and
from the Elburz Mountains are in the British Museum: they undoubtedly
belong to G. c. subtaurica. Witherby (1907, 1910) recorded them as G. c. magna,
a very natural mistake to make when skins from Western Asia were even scarcer
than they are now. On the other hand Witherby’s skins from Fars (Witherby
1903) and Woosnam’s from Ahwaz (Witherby 1907) are certainly not G.e,
subtaurica and his identification of them as G. c. magna can probably rest, for
the moment at any rate. So far as we know therefore G. c. sublaurica occurs
in N. W. and W. Persia, but not in other parts of the country,

858 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY,Vol. XXVII,

The Crested Lark was present and generally common at all the places we
visited in Persia, with the exception of the forests of Gilan and Mazandaran.
I once saw a small party at Resht, in January. It is tempting to suppose that
they were winter migrants of G. c. caucasica, Tacz, from Transcaucasia ; at any
rate I am sure that the Crested Lark is not a resident i in the wet country round
Resht. Even in the windiest weather in mid-winter this bird can still be found
in the desert round Qazvin. I found a nest with four eggs, the bird sitting at
Menjil on 31st March ; Cheesman noticed it “ obviously breeding” at Hassana-
bad on 29th May.

Alauda arvensis cinerascens, Ehmcke.—Eastern Sky Lark.
1d, Qasr-i-Shirin—24th November 1918.
1¢, Enzeli—Ilst March.
12, Menjil—7th April.
12, Enzeli—l5th October.

The Eastern Sky Lark was observed in November and December at many
places between Qasr-i-Shirin and Qazvin ; in the higher places, Hamadan and
Qazvin it is distinctly rare at this time of year. I never saw the species at
Resht or Enzeli in the winter, but on Ist March small parties appeared on the
shore at Enzeli and in mid-October they were again common at the same place.
The bird does not breed in the low country which borders the Caspian. I saw
numbers of pairs of Sky Larks at Menjil on 7th April, and they were certainly
breeding among the young wheat, but I did not find a nest. The female shot
had an enlarged ovary.

Eremophila alpestris penicillata (Gould).

1¢, 192 Elburz Mountains, near Tehran, 16th June (R. E. C.).

One pair noticed among low plants on bare mountain side, 12,000 ft., organs
advanced, two half-developed eggs in ovary of females. These exceedingly
worn skins belong to H. a. penicillata (Caucasus and Asia Minor) and not to
E. a. albigula (E. Persia &c.); those in the British Museum collected by Woosnam
in the Elburz and at Ardal, S. W. of Ispahan, and in the Feridan district
N. W. of Ispahan are also penicillata. The presence of this bird in Western
Persia has already been recorded by Zarudny and by Witherby (1910), but
Hartert only records it from the Caucasus and Asia Minor.

Anthus pratensis (L.)—Meadow Pipit.
19, Qazvin—Ist January.
2, Resht—January-February.
1g Menjil- 1st April.
The Meadow Pipit is fairly common in rice fields and pastures round Resht
in January and February. The last I saw was on Ist April at Menjil. I also
saw the bird once at Qazvin in January.

Anthus cervinus (Pall).—Red-throated Pipit.
14, Enzeli—27th April.
I saw Red-throated Pipits in full breeding plumage on 27-29th April among
flocks of various subspecies of Yellow Wagtails. Very few were seen.

Motacilla flava feldegg, Michahelles (melanocephala, Licht).— Black-headed
Wagtail.
13, Enzeli—28th April.
13g, Enzeli—28th June (R. E. C.) (breeding).
The specimens are definitely M. f. feldegg and not M. f. melanogrisea.
I saw two or three Black-headed Wagtails at Enzeli on 17th March. I never
saw them again till 28th April when one male appeared among the thousands
of M. f. campestris, beema, and thunberg: which had then been frequenting the

al oll oe

BIRDS FROM NORTHERN AND WESTERN PERSIA. 859

sandhills for a week. Through May I occasionally saw them amongst the
other sub-species and at the end of May they were obviously nesting among
brambles on the reedy islands of the Enzeli lagoon. Several pairs bred
without the least doubt, but I never found the nest. Cheesman shot one of
the males on 28th June, the testes were enlarged.

Motacilla flava campastris, Pall.—Yellow Wagtail.
63, Enzeli—17-27th April.

M. f. beema, Sykes.—Grey-headed Wazgtail.
3d. Enzeli—22-24th April.

M. f. thunbergi, Billberg (viridis. Gmelin, borealis., Sund).—Sykes’ Yellow

Wagtail.

5 go. Enzeli—24th April.

In the last ten days in April huge mixed flocks of the Yellow-headed, Grey-
headed, and Sykes’ Yellow Wagtails appeared on the sandhills and grazing
grounds round Enzeli. M. f. campestris was the commonest, M. f. beema and
M. f. thunbergi both common. About # or + of the total number of birds were
males. These flocks continued to pass through Enzeli throughout May. By
25th May ? of the whole were females of various sub-species ; among the males
M. f. thunbergi was commonest, M. f. beema common and M. f. campestris quite
uncommon. A few Yellow Wagtails (VW. flava sub-sp.) passed through Qazvin
7th September and onwards.

Motacilla cinerea, Leach.—Grey Wagtail.

Grey Wagtails are not rare in winter both in the uplands (Kermanshah
November 1918. Qazvin December 1918 common) and in the low country
round Resht. They were last seen round Resht in the third week in March.
Cheesman saw one male at Gulahek, Tehran on 11th June. No specimens were
obtained.

I do not know to which race the specimens seen belonged. Zarudny records
the Western UM. cinerea cinerea (M. b. boarula) and M. c. melanope (M. boarula
melanope) from various parts of Persia, the first mentioned as a breeding bird.

Motacilla alba alba, L.—White Wagtail.
13, Menjil—1st April.
12, Enzeli—27th April.

M. alba dukhunensis, Sykes.

19, Qazvin—I16th December 1918.

1@, Qazvin—4th January.

2@, Resht, and Enzeli—February March
12, Qazvin—Ist September

M. alba persica, Blanf.

14, Tehran to Qazvin Road—18th June (R. E. C.).
14, Qazvin—lst September.

The correct identification of White Wagtails is always a difficult matter,
M. alba alba, the ordinary ‘‘ White Wagtail”, is probably a migrant on spring
and autum passage. M. a. dukhunensis was the commonest form, and was
seen in winter all the way from the Mesopotamian border through Kermanshah
and Hamadan to Qazvin and on to Resht and Enzeli. At the last two loca-
lities it was not common in winter, but it became more frequent at the end of
February and was seen once or twice a week from then until I left the place
in July ; family parties were seen on 2nd June, and I think we may be prac-
tically certain that this sub-species nested in or near Enzeli and Resht. I was

27

860 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII,

in Qazvin from the middle of July till the end of October, and never saw J. a.
dukhunensis until 7th September after which it became fairly common. J. a.
persica is more easly distinguished in the field than as a skin. My notes state
definitely that at Qazvin it was commoner than the other race in mid-winter,
but as I have no skin to support this I suppose we cannot regard it as a definite
record. It appeared to be easily distinguished in the field by the much greater
extent of black on the sides of the neck even in winter. Cheesman’s specimen
shot on the road between Tehran and Qazvin on 18th June is marked “ [ris
dark brown, bill and legs black, organs advanced, evidently breeding” ; and
at Qazvin this form was certainly not uncommon, generally in family parties,
from the middle of July until the end of September. My only specimen was shot
on Ist September.

Sitta europea rubiginosa, Tschusi and Zarudny.—Nuthatch,
1@. near Menjil—27th March.

I never saw the Nuthatch in the low forest round Resht Enzeli, but as soon
as one mounts the lowest slopes of the hill it becomes quite common, and is
often seen up to about 6,000 ft. which is the approximate height of the tree-
level. It is found particularly in the mixed forest in which the Persian Oak
is the predominant tree. Woosnam’s specimens from Mazandaran and Gilan
belong to this race. Witherby referred them to S. e. casia (1910), no doubt
because the original description of rubiginosa fails to point out the salient
features of the race. Buturlin (1916) points out that S. e. rubiginosa differs
from the other races of the species in not having white spots on the outer tail
feathers, in the dark colour of the upper side, and in the very dark chestnut
colour of the flanks; he gives other and in my opinion less reliable characters
by which this sub-species may be distinguished. The bill of my male measures
18, the wing 80 mm.

Sitta rupicola rwpicola, Blanford.—Rock Nuthatch.
1 4. Menjil—23rd March.
2 immat. Tehran—Il4th June.

Sitta newmayer obscura, Zarudny.
13,19. Menjil—12th October.

Sitta n. dresseri, Buturlin (Sitia «syriaca tschitscherini, Auctt., not Zar.)
19. Qasr-i-Shirin—22nd May (R. E. C.).

One of the most interesting results of our collecting is the re-discovery of Blan-
ford’s Sitta rupicola. This is a small species of Rock Nuthatch, and it inhabits
the same ground as the larger S. newmayer sub-species in at any rate many parts
of Persia. In the N. of Persia the small one is represented by the form S. 7.
rupicola, the larger by S. n. obscura and these two are mainly distinguishable
by size. In 8. W. Persia they are replaced by two forms similar to one another
but differing entirely from all other Rock Nuthatches in the extremely pale
colour, the smaller being S. 7. tschitscherini, the larger S. n. dresseri (wrongly
referred to as tschitscherint by British authors). Very little is known of the
small species and ornithologists in Persia should lose no opportunity of studying
this bird and obtaining specimens of it; its nesting habits are, I believe, entirely
unknown. Major Cheesman was able to say that there are differences in the
notes of the two; we want also to learn whether they are often found on the
same piece of ground, as we know is sometimes the case; and what type of
ground they affect if it is found that they do not generally live together. I
have recently discussed certain technical points about the Rock Nuthatches
of Persia (1920 6). Cheesman’sspecimen of S. n. dresseri is interesting as it is
proof of the occurrence of yet another characteristically S. W. Persian bird in
the country between the frontier and Kermanshah.

BIRDS FROM NORTHERN AND WESTERN PERSLA, 861

Parus major major, L.—Great Tit.

(Parus major caspius, Zarudny and Loudon),

(Parus major karelini, Zarudny).

3¢, Resht—February. :

192, Resht—March.
1 sex? Resht—January.
1g, imm, 19, Enzeli—June.
limm. Enzeli—June (R. E. C.).

The Great Tit is a common resident in the low damp forest round Enzeli and
Resht, and also in the dry forest on the N. slopes of the Elburz. Young were
flying in the third week of May at Enzeli. This series is entirely indistingui-
shable except by a slightly less size from long series of Parus major major with
which I have compared it at Tring Museum and in Mr. Witherby’s collection and
this conclusion has been independently arrived at by C. B. Ticehurst. The Great
Tit of the forest bordering the Caspian, was first described by Zarudny and
Loudon (1905) as a different sub-species under the name P. m. caspius ; none
of the points on which they separated it appear to be reliable when a series is
examined, and these authors appear to have doubted whether it was really
separable at the time when they first described it. Subsequently (191la) Zarudny
replaced the name caspius by the name karelini, without explaining on what
grounds he took this step. The wings of these specimens measure, ¢ 70-74 mm.,
1267 mm., measurements which are consistently a few millimetres less
than those of Western European birds.

_ Parus major blanfordi, Prazak.—Persian Great Tit.

(Parus major zayrossiensis, Zarudny and Loudon.)
3@, Kermanshah—November and December 1918.
34, Qazvin—December 1918 and January 1919.
12, Hamadan—December 1918.
24, 12, Tehran—June (R. E. C.).

I found this race of the Great Tit a common bird in gardens and small woods
in the plateau in winter, and Cheesman found it common in summer. He
shot a female at Tehran “out of a party of flying young: it contained one
egg complete so was apparently laying for a second brood” Prazak’s type of
P. m. blanfordi came from Tehran, and I can find no difference between Chees-
man’s three skins from this place and a series collected by Witherby in S. W.
Persia; these last must on geographical grounds be the P. m. zayrossiensis
of Zarudny and Loudon. Both Witherby’s and Cheesman’s skins were shot
in summer and are so worn that it is not possible to form a definite opinion
on them alone ; fortunately, however, there are in England at present eight or
nine skins from Shush, Shiraz &c., (coll. B. N. H. 8.) ; some of them are winter
birds. C. B. Ticehurst has compared them with my series and we agree that
blanfordi, Prazak,—zayrossiensis Zar. and Loud. The wings of my specimens
measure, ¢s 72-77 mm., 9s 72mm. The conclusion then is that the typical
Great Ti f Continental Europe is found in the forests of Gilan, and presum-
ably in the Talish, and in Mazandaran. In the plateau we find a very distinct
larger and paler form which we now know extends from Tehran, Qazvin, etc.,
southwards and westwards to the Zagros country and Fars. All this was quite
correctly stated by Witherby in 1910, I cannot agree with Hartert’s statement
(Vog. pal. Fauna, Vol. I, p. xxxii) that caspius isa synonym of blanfordi the range
ot which he gives as Tehran, Gilan, Mazandaran, Asterabad and the Talish
woodlands.

862 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVIII.

Parus ceruleus persicus, Blanford.—Persian Blue Tit.
19, Kermanshah. 30th Nov. 1918.

The very pale Persian Blue Tit was first seen as soon as one reached the scrub
oak country round Pa-i-Tag. It was fairly common in the small wood on the
out-skirts of Kermanshah. This bird is one of the typical birds of the oak woods
of the S. W. of Persia, and Pa-i-Taq and Kermanshah are about the northern
limit of its range.

Parus ceruleus raddei, Zarudny.—Caspian Blue Tit.
1g. lsex? Resht—January.

This race of the Blue Tit was described by Zarudny (1908) from Mazandaran.
Gilan and Asterabad, that is to say, from the great forest which runs all along
the S. coast of the Caspian. As he says the Blue Tits of this region are duller in
colour, and smaller than the typical race. My two specimens measure, the male,
wing 60 mm. tail 48 mm., and the unsexed specimen, wing 60 mm., tail 46 mm.,

Woosnam’s specimens from the §. coast of the Capsian agree in these
characters. I have not been able to go into the question of the identity of P. c.
raddei and P. c. calamensis. At Resht and Enzeli this Tit is a somewhat scarce
resident, scarcer than either the Great Tit or the Longtailed Tit; it occurs
also in the higher forest 1,—3,000 ft.

P. c. satunini is described by Zarudny in the same place from “ Lenkoran,
Qazvin and the Mountains of Transcaspia’’. There is nothing improbable in
the existence of a till-then undescribed form of Blue Tit in “ Qazvin and the
mountains of Transcaspia”’, or as one might say, in the semidesert country
to the S. and E. of the forests inhabited by P. c. raddei: it is in the highest
degree unlikely that such a tit would descend from the very dry highlands
into the damp forest of Lenkoran, a forest moreover which is continuous
with ‘‘ Mazandaran, Gilan, and Asterabad’’, the home of P. c. raddei. Un-
fortunately there are no specimens with which to prove or disprove the exis-
tence of Parus ceruleus satunini, the distribution of which seems so anomalous.

Parus ater gaddi, Zar. and Hairms.—Cole Tit.
19,1 sex 3 Noglabar—3rd March.
1 sex ? Menjil—27th March.

The Cole Tit of the Caspian Forests has been referred to by Witherby (1910)
as P. a. pheonotus, Blanford, which was described from oak forests near Shiraz.
Whitherby suggested that there had been some error in labelling and that the
skins had really come from the Caspian Provinces. This we now know not to
have been the case as Zarudny has re-discovered Blanford’s race in the Zagros
Mountains. He finds this race constantly different from that of the 8. Caspian
forests which he describes as P. ph. gaddi, stating that it differs from P. ph.
gheonotus in the much browner colour of belly and flanks and much duller back.
I have compared Blanford’s type of pheonotus with eight skims (Woosnam.
and Buxton) from the 8. coast of the Caspian, and the forests on the N. slopes
of the Elburz, and I find that Zarudny was justified in separating P. a. gaddi
on its less rufous, more olivaceous back. Without a larger series of P. a. phaeo-
notus I am unable to decide whether the flanks and belly are browner in gaddz
than in this race. I can find no difference in size; the only specimen of P. a.
pheonotus ( @) in the British museum has a wing of 67 mm; 3 @gaddi measure
67-69 mm, 49 63.5-66 mm.

The Cole Tit of the Caspian forests is common among beech and oak trees on
the slopes of the hills ; Ingoldby found it common in such places near Bandar-
i-Gez, I myself near Menjil and Noglabar. It is never seen in the damp,
low-lying forests round Resht and Enzeli.

Acredula caudata tephronota, (Gunther) (passekit, Zarudny).—Long-tailed Tit.
12.1 umsexed. Kermanshah—December 1918.

BIRDS FROM NORTHERN AND WESTERN PERSIA. 86

_ Acredula caudata alpina, (Hablizl.).

14.292, Resht.—January.

1 unsexed. Enzeli—February.
2imm. Enzeli—30th June (R. E. C.).
14. Noglabar.—21st March.

limm. Tula Rud, Talish—8th July.

I first saw Long-tailed Tits at Kermanshah, where they were common in the
little oak wood on the edge of the town among parties of other species of Tit. The
birds from Kermanshah are separable from Long-tailed Tits from Gilan by
the much paler colour of their upper sides. On the other hand they are not
separable from specimens from W. Turkey in Asia, and must therefore be called
A. c. tephronota, Gunther (1865), (Terra typica, Asiatic side of Bosphorus). Pas-
sekit of Zarudny described in 1904 from S. W. Persia is a synonym.

I saw no Long-tailed Tits between Kermanshah and the great Caspian forests,
and this agrees with Zarudny. The moment one enters the forest which borders
the Caspian Sea, Long-tailed Tits are found; they are common both in the
dry cak woods on hillsides at Menjil and Noglabar and also in the very wet
lowlying mixed forest round Resht and Enzeli. I found a nest ready for eggs
on 19th February at Resht, but never saw fledged young till the end of May
when they became common at Enzeli, etc.

This race, which inhabits Gilan and Mazandaran and the Talish is much
darker on the upper surface than A. c. tephronota. It must be called A. c. alpina
Hablizl (Pallas, Neue Nord. Beytrag IV, p. 49, 1783, from Gilan). I am indebted
to Mr. H. F. Witherby for pointing out the identity of the Long-tailed Tit of
W. and S. W. Persia with that of Asia Minor, and its distinctness from the form
which appears to be confined to the great forest which fringes the 8. W. and
S. shores of the Caspian. The juvenile plumage of A. c. alpina is undescribed,
and Mr. Witherby has been good enough to draw up this description of it
from our specimens. “ Brown like juveniles of A. c. caudatus on upper parts,
but not quite so dark, and centre of crown not white, but with only a few narrow
white edgings to the feathers of centre of hinder part of crown ; chin and throat
pinkish-buff, not so pink as in glaucogularis and not extending down breast ;
throat with no black patch as in adult ; upper breast with brown streaks much
as adult, rest of under-parts whiter than in adult, and with no pink. Decidedly
darker than A. c. tephronota in same plumage.”

Anthoscopus pendulinus persimilis, Hartert.
1¢, 19, Khurramdurrah—23rd June (R. E. C.).

Cheesman’s skins appear to belong to this race, which is known (Hartert
1918) from Eregli in the Cilician Taurus, Lenkoran on the west coast of the
Caspian and L. Urumiyeh. No doubt the Anthoscopus pendulinus which Zarudny
records as breeding in N. W. Persia belonged to this form. The wing of the
above male measures 53°5 mm, of the female 52 mm. Cheesman says “ feeding
in popular trees, organs small. Another pair was seen with flying young.
Continually utters a shrill plaintive whine like a Reed Bunting. Sways from
side to side meanwhile. Iris dark brown, bill brown, feet plumbeous.” I saw
a nest of some race of the Penduline Tit at Kermanshah in December 1918,
hanging from the tip of a willow twig.

Lanius collurio, L.—Red-backed Shrike.
Red-backed Shrikes arrived at Enzeli in small numbers on 30th April and
remained through the summer. I found a nest with newly hatched young at
Tula Rud, Persian Talish in a bush on the shore of the Caspian on July 4th.
No specimens were obtained. This is regrettable ; they would probably
represent the little known Lanius collurio kobylini of Buturlin (fuscatus, Zar.
non Lesson).

864 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVIII.

Lanius senator, L.

‘Nest and fresh eggs, 24th May 1919, Taq-i-Girreh. Nest like that of collu-
rio, in small oak, neater than usual shrikes, built of wool and hair with stalks
of calvary clover with seed heads on it. Inside lined with white woolly flowers
of a plant like eidelwies, and spiders webs. One piece of newspaper and dead
leaf” (RB. “EH: C,).

Lanius minor, Gm.—Lesser Grey Shrike.
1¢. Gulahek, Tehran—1l1th June (R. E. C.).

“Paired, testes plus.” It is curious that I never saw that most conspi-
cuous bird the Lesser Grey Shrike at Qazvin, though I was there from 17th
July until the end of the summer. I am almost convinced that a number of
the birds which breed in Qazvin, and no doubt in other places in the northern
part of the plateau move away from their breeding places by the middle of
July, just when everything becomes hot and dry and dusty.

Muscicapa parva parva, Bechst.—Red-breasted Flycatcher.
1g. Enzeli—April.
The above was the only specimen I saw of the Red-breasted Flycatcher.
liwas shot in a dense wood close to Enzeli.

Vuscicapa hypoleuca semitorquata, Hom. (M. atricapilla semitoquata).—Pied
Flycatcher.
23,29, Tehran—6th-10th June (R. E. C.). “‘ Organs very small.”
This race of the Pied Flycatcher ‘“‘ Seems to catch most insects on the ground,
and occasionally on the branch of a tree—not seen catching them on the wing ”
(R. E. C.).

Phylloscopus collybita abietina (Nilss.).—Scandinavian Chiffchaff.
29, 192, Resht—February-March.

The Scandinavian race of the Chiffchaff was the only one of which skins were
preserved. It was common through the winter at Resht and Enzeli. The wings
of the males measure 65, 66 mm, of the female 57 mm.

I heard the note of some race of the Chiffchafi at Enzeli from 15th March
to the third week in April. Zarudny records the Common Chiffchaff P. c. colly-
bita) as “ breeding (?)” in the Caspian region of Persia.

Insciniola melanopogon mimica, Mad.—EKastern Moustached Sedge Warbler.
13. Resht—January.
1 sex ? Enzeli—March.

This Hastern race of the Moustached Sedge Warbler was locally common in
winter in reed beads at Enzeli and Resht and I saw it until the third week in
March. A very minor, but inconvenient “war” prevented my seeing the bird
after that. Zarudny records it as breeding in the region south of the Caspian.

Cettia cetti orientalis, Tristram.—Cetti’s Warbler.
13. Kermanshah—30th November 1918.
13. Enzeli—6th February.
19. Kermanshah—27th May (R. E. C.).
13. Khurramdarrah—23rd June (R. E. C.).

Apart from the above records Cheesman found Cetti’s Warbler quite generally
distributed in all the places he visited in the plateau in May and June. At
Kermanshah he found a nest on 27th May “in a thick rose bush one foot from
ground on a bank; neat and strong, made of grasses lined with hair. It con-
tained unfledged young and one unhatched egg of a uniform anchovy sauce
colour.” At Tehran he saw Cetti’s Warbler as high as 6,000 feet.

Specimens of Cetti’s Warbler from Persia, Mesopotamia and Palestine agree
in colour with the pale eastern race Cettia cetti cettioides, Hume, but in size they
are small, like the western C. c. cetti. It seems best to admit the validity of
Tristram’s name orientalis even though, as Dr. Hartert informs me, the name

BIRDS FROM NORTHERN AND WESTERN PERSIA, 865

was subsequently quoted by Tristram himself as a synonym of C. cetti. The type
of Cettia orientalis is an adult male shot on Lake Huleh, Palestine, on 14th May
1864. Dr. Hartert has seen this type and informs me that it is of the size of
C. c. cetti. I have seen in all the following specimens of this race :—from the Cas-
pian Provinces of Persia five males wings 65, 66, 66, 66°5, 69 mm.; from East
Persia, a male 64, female 68 mm ; from Fars in S. W. Persia a male 65, female
59 mm ; from Kermanshah males 64 and 67, female 60 mm; from Amara in
Mesopotamia a male 64 mm; from Palestine one female 54 mm. All these

specimens are pale like C. c. cettioides, the wing measurement of which is ¢
70-72.5, 2 64-65 (Hartert.).

Acrocephalus arundinaceus zarudnyi, Hartert.—Great Reed Warbler.
19. Enzeli—l0th June.
1¢. Enzeli—25th June.

This race of the Great Reed Warbler was first seen during the last three days
of May. It rapidly became common in all the reed beds round Enzeli. A bird
was seen on 10th June carrying something in its mouth, presumably nesting
material. The bird remained common through the summer.

These specimens have been compared with the type of A. a. zarudnyi at
Tring. It will be observed that I find myself once again in disagreement with
Zarudny who records the typical race of this species from N. W. Persia and
the Caspian and A. a. zarudnyi only from various parts of Eastern Persia.

Acrocephalus scirpaceus macronyx (Severtzov.).
23, 29, Enzeli—10th-28th June (P. A. B. and R. E. C.).

This race of the Reed Warbler was found by Cheesman and myself obviously
breeding in bramble bushes growing on dry land on islands in the Enzeli lagoon ;
we failed to find nests, but observed one pair feeding fledged young. The birds
were exceedingly local and were practically confined to the bushes, though once
or twice I saw, but did not obtain, small Acrocephali in the reed-beds, and I be-
lieve that these birds were of the same species. Cheesman made a note that the
song and behaviour resembled that of the Olivaceous Warbler (Hypolais pallida).
Dr. Hartert has seen the skins and there is no doubt of the correctness of the
identification though they were found nesting so far from a reed-bed.

Hypolais pallida elaeica (Lindermayer.).—Olivaceous Warbler.
13, Enzeli—May.
13,19, Astara—July.
23. Tehran—June (R. E. C.).

I have no note of the arrival of the Olivaceous Warbler at Enzeli. It bred
commonly in the bramble bushes on the islands in the Enzeli lagoon ; at Astara,
on the Persian side of the frontier between Persia and Azerbaijan I saw family
parties in gardens on 3rd July. At Tehran Cheesman found three nests in
rose bushes in gardens on 6th June.

Sylwia mystacea, Ménétr.—Ménétries’ Warbler.

Ménétries’ Warbler arrived at Enzeli in the second week in April, the males
before the females, and bred in bramble bushes among the sand dunes along the
shore. I obtained no specimens, but can vouch for this record of a species with
which I became very familiar in Mesopotamia. I never saw it at Qazvin in
July-October 1919. Ménétries’ Warbler has already been obtained by Woosnam
on the 8. coast of the Caspian (Witherby 1910).

Sylvia curruca curruca (L.)—Lesser Whitethroat.
19. Enzeli—25th April.

The Lesser Whitethroat suddenly became common at Enzeli on 25th April.

There is no question of the identity of this specimen ; the wing measures 66 mm.
and the second primary is intermediate in length between the fifth and sixth

866 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII.

Sylvia communis icterops, Ménétr.—Hastern Whitethroat.
1 sex ? Qazvin—l4th September.
The above is my only definite record of the Eastern race of the Common
Whitethroat.

Agrobates galactotes familliaris (Ménétr.)
13. Qazvin—20th June (R. E. C.).

‘Several pairs evidently breeding at Qazvin, organs advanced, not noticed
at Tehran” (R. E. C.). I was in Qazvin from 17th July till October and never
saw the bird at all though I looked for it carefully ; probably it migrates as soon
as the young are fledged.

Zarudny (in collaboration with Harms) described A. f. persica from “ Meso-
potamia, Zagros and Baluchistan.” ; no doubt he refers to Persian Mesopota-
mia and Persian Baluchistan. I can find no difference between specimens
from Transcaspia, N. W. Persia, the Bampur River in Persian Baluchistan,
and Baghdad and Amara in true Mesopotamia. It appears to me that the
points on which A. f. persica was separated were due to individual variation.

Turdus merula syriacus, Hempr and Ehr.—Persian Blackbird.
135, 19. Kermanshah—November and December 1918.
19, Tehran—June (R. E. C.).
Imm. Tehran—June (R. E. C.).

This sub-species of the Blackbird was common at Kermanshah in December.
In June Cheesman found it common up to 8,000 ft. in the hills above Tehran.
Birds were feeding fledged young on 6th June, but on 12th June he shot at Gul-
ahek, in the garden of the British Legation, a female which contained “ organs
very advanced, would have laid in three days. Iris brown, bill dark orange,
upper mandible brown towards base. Hen is difficult to distinguish from cock
unless handled, owing to dark colour and yellow bill.”” One might add that the
difficulty is due not only to the dark colour of the female, but also to the fact
that the male is dark slate grey, not black.

The immature in first plumage (sex unrecorded, Tehran, 12th June 1919)
had “‘iris brown, bill brown, legs dark olive brown’’. It differs from J. m.
merula (Great Britain) in the same stage of plumage by its much duller and less
red colours. The upper side of 7’. m. syriacus is dark olivaceous brown and the
streaks on the centre of the body feathers are less developed than in the typical
sub-species and entirely without any redbrown tint. The throat and breast
lack the redbrown colour of 7. m. merula, the abdomen and under tail coverts
are very dark and very grey. The measurements of the specimens are; J exposed
culmen 23 mm., wing 130 mm., tail 105 mm ; 9 (Kermanshah) culmen 20 mm.,
wing 128 mm., tail 111 mm.; 9 (Tehran, R. E. C.) culmen 21 mm., wing 128 mm..
tail 109 mm.

Turdus merula aterrimus (Mad.)—Caspian Blackbird.
1 g Resht—January—culmen 21, wing 127, tail 98 mm.
1 9 Resht—January—culmen 22, wing 124, tail 96 mm.
1 g Enzeli—February—culmen 22°5, wing 130, tail 105 mm.
1 2 Menjil—March—culmen 22:5, wing 128, tail 96 mm.

This race of Blackbird is found in the forest on the south shore of the
Caspian. It was common in January and February at Resht and appeared to
become still commoner at Resht and Noglabar and in the woods above Menjil
in March. After that it was much rarer though small numbers remained and
no doubt bred, round Resht and Enzeli. The measurements of culmen refer
to the exposed portion only.

Turdus musicus, L. (T'. iliacus, Auctt.)—Redwing.
23, Resht—February.

The Redwing is common round Resht and Enzeli in winter, and was last
seen in the third week in March.

—

BIRDS FROM NORTHERN AND WESTERN PERSIA. 867

Turdus pilaris, L.—Field Fare.
The Field Fare was common in the forest near Resht in winter and just as

difficult to approach as it is in England. The last I saw were in juniper bushes
at 8,000 ft. on the kills above Menjil on 27th March.

Turdus philomelos- philomelos, Brehm.—Song Thrush,
(Turdus musicus, Auctt.)

1 9 Kermanshah—November 1918.

2 3 Resht—January and February.

The Song Thrush is common in the low-lying forests of Gilan in winter. A
small number remained all the summer, though their number might easily
have been overlooked in the dense jungle after the leaves were on the trees.
The Song Thrush was also seen at Kermanshah and Hamadan in December
1918, and once only at wind-swept Qazvin in January.

The three specimens appear to differ in no respect from the Continental
Song Thrush.

Monticola solitarius transcaspicus, Hartert.—Blue Rock-Thrush.
(M. cyanus, Auctt.)

1 @ Qasr-i-Shirin—24th November 1918.
The specimen has been compared with the type at Tring and undoubtedly
belongs to this well-marked race. The Blue Rock Thrush was common among
the crags at Menjil, I think at every season of the year.

CEnanthe xenanthe cnanthe (L)—Common Wheatear.
1 3, Menjil—26th March.
1 2, Enzeli—30th April (ovary not enlarged).
The Common Wheatear passed through Enzeli from the last week of March
till the first of May, and was abundant, April 20-30. The specimens belong to
the typical race (wing of male 97 mm., of female 98 mm).

Cnanthe hispanica melanoleuca (Giild) (xanthomelena, Hempr. and Ehr.)—
Eastern Black-eared Wheatear.
1 g, Pa-i-Taq—May (R. E.C.). :

“Roof of mouth and gape black. Organs advanced, evidently breeding.”
This specimen appears to agree in every particular with the eastern race of the
Black-eared Wheatear. The chin and throat are white, the wing measures
87 mm. It is interesting to find this race so close to “ Arabistan and Luri-
stan” from which Zarudny and Loudon (1904) described Sawicola gaddt.
Ginanthe finschit barnesi (Oates).

(Sazxicola melanoleuca melanoleuca (Giild).
1 Sg, 1 2, Qasr-i-Shirin—November 1918.
1 ¢, Pa-i-Taq—24th May (R. E. C.).

I found this Wheatear common at Qasr-i-Shirin and Cheesman’s record for
Pa-i-Taq (‘‘organs advanced, evidently breeding’’) is only a short distance
further N. E. We know then that it is resident in this low rocky country. I
saw it again at Menjil in March, also in rocky country at about 2,000 ft. We
never saw it in the higher ground between Menjil and Pa-i-Taq. “ Roof ot
mouth and gape orange yellow” (R. E. C.).

(Enanthe isabellina (Cretzschm)—Isabelline Wheatear,
1 og, Enzeli—17th March.
1 ¢, Nahvand—June (R. E. C.).

The Isabelline Wheatear is common round Menjil in spring and summer. It
is quite rare in the plateau round Kazvin in summer, and was not seen there in
winter. The specimen shot at Enzeli was perching in a tree in a flooded wood,
@ most unsuitable place for this desert bird even on migration. Cheesman
noticed them near Qazvin on 23rd June “‘ feeding flying young on black ants.

28

868 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVIT,

(nanthe pleschanka pleschanka (Lepech)—Siberian Wheatear.

2 3,1 9, Tehran—13-14th June, (R. E. C.).

“Gape black : with flying young, feeding done entirely by 2 during 5 honr
I was watching” (R. EH. C.).

(Enanthe xanthoprymna chrysopygia (De Fil)—Red-tailed Wheatear.
2 3g, 1 sex? near Qazvin—25, 26 September.
2 © (one cream-coloured) near Tehran—13-16 June (R. E. C.).
2 S (1st plumage) near Tehran—13th June (R. E. C.).

The Red-tailed Wheatear was common on the high-road between Menjil
and Qazvin at the end of September at about 4,000 ft. It had then moved down
from its breeding grounds, as in July it is never seen on that stretch of road ;
nor is it found there in winter, Cheesman found this bird in the hills behind
Tehran on 14th June at from 5,500 to 12,000*feet, accompained by fledged
young. He noticed that it frequently dives under the shadow of a large rock-
and then allows one to approach closely to it.

Saxicola rubetra noske (Tschusi)—Whinchat.
1 9g, Enzeli—lst May.

The Whinchat was common at Enzeliin the last week of April and early
May. The single specimen preserved belongs to the race P. 7. noske, described
by Tschusi from North Caucasia. The species did not remain to breed at
Enzeli.

Phenicurus phenicurus phenicurus (L)—Common Redstart.

The Common Redstart arrived in numbers at Enzeli on 30th April. I have
no note of the date on which I last saw it in the spring, but it did not remain
to breed.

Phenicurus ochrurus ochrurus (Gmel.).
1g, 1 Q, Qasr-i-Shirin—24th November 1918.
These specimens were the only ones I saw of this Redstart.

Phenicurus erythronota (Eversm.)—Eversman’s Redstart.
1 $, 1 ¢&, Asadabad—December 1918.
1 3S Hamadan—December 1918.
Eversman’s Redstart is common in orchards in mid-winter, at Asadabad,
Hamadan and Qazvin. No weather appears too severe for it, and it occurs
at any rate up to 8,000 ft. at Christmas time.

Luscinia megarhyncha africana (Fisch. and Rchw.)—Nightingale.
1 g, 1 imm., Tehran—June (R. E. C.).
3 36, Enzeli—June (R. E. C. and P. A. B.).

Nightingales arrived and began to sing at Enzeli in the last few days of April.
They were exceedingly local, but six or eight pairs bred undoubtedly in one
swampy bramble and alder thicket of about three acres, and few others for
miles around in very similar country. Cheesman found several pairs breeding
at Gulahek and at Tehran, on 6-8th June he found eggs, unfledged and
flying young. On 12th June at the Legation, Tehran three fresh eggs were
found in a nest which was unfinished six days before. He heard Nightingales
up to 8,000 ft. in the mountains just behind Tehran.

Erithacus rubecula hyrcanus, Blanf—North Persian Robin.
1 3, 1 2, Resht—21-28 January.
1 $, Noglabar—2)st March (1,000 ft.).
Erithacus rubecula caucasicus, Buturlin—Caucasian Robin.
2 2, Resht—15th February, 8th March.
The North Persian Robin (E. r. hyrcanus) and that from Caucasia (E. r. cau-
casicus) winter together in the forests round Resht and Enzeli. They are common,
but difficult to detect in the dense jungle. About the end of March, Robins become

BIRDS FROM NORTHERN AND WESTERN PERSLA. 869

rarer, because H. r. caucasicus goes away to Caucasia to breed. E. r. hyrcanus
remains and no doubt breeds in the forest, but becomes even more retiring.
The specimen shot on 21st March had greatly enlarged testes. I saw, but did
not obtain Robins at Kermanshah in November and December 1918. Both
sub-species are found on the River Tigris at Amara in winter.

Prunella modularis orientalis (Sharpe)—Caspian Hedge-Sparrow.
2 2, Resht—February.

I have compared my Hedge-Sparrows with a long series of the typical form
and with two specimens labelled “ orientalis” at Tring (from the Talish), and
with Woosnam’s single specimens from the ‘‘S. coast of the Caspian ” (record-
ed by Witherby (1910) as Accentor modularis blanfordi). Sharpe originally des-
cribed orientalis from Batum, and until a series is forthcoming from that place
one cannot be certain that these birds are Sharpe’s race; but at any rate the
Resht, Talish, and “S. Coast of Caspian” specimens agree with one another,
and differ from P. m. modularis in being less rufous above and more brownish
(less grey) on the sides of the neck and on the throat. Provsionally I refer
them to orientalis, Sharpe.

Of the status of Zarudny’s Accentor modularis blanfordi (1904), to which
Woosnam’s specimen was referred by Witherby, we know nothing beyond
Zarudny’s description according to which it is quite a distinct race with uni-
colorous crown, &c. It was described from oakwoods 8. and 8. W. of Ispahan,
and it does not seem probable that Woosnam’s specimens would be <zeferable
to it.

Troglodytes troglodytes hyrcanus, Zar. and Loudon ( ? )—Wren.
1 ¢, Kermanshah—December 1918.
1 ¢,192, Resht, January—February.

Wrens were not uncommon at Kermanshah, Asadabad, and other places in
the plateau in winter in brambles &c., in the gardens, but they were of course
exceedingly difficult to shoot. ‘They were common at Resht and Enzeli in winter
and probably in summer also, though it became impossible to see them after
the leaves came out. I find it impossible to identify these three skins satis-
factorily : they are very grey in general colour and this is most noticeable in
the under tail coverts, and I cannot distinguish them from series of Wrens from
the Terek, Vladikavkaz, and other places in Ciscaucasia. They are probably the
form hyrcanus, Zar and Loudon; on the other hand it is not unlikely that Wrens
from Kermanshah, &c., would be 7. t. zagrossiensis, Zar and Loud. (1908).
Members of the Society in Persia are strongly urged to collect series of Wrens
from any part of the country in which they occur: two or three forms have
been described by Russian ornithologists, but we have no skins and no know-
ledge of these forms at all.

Hirundo rustica, subsp.—Swallow.
19, Tehran—13th June (R. E. C.).

The Swallow arrived at Enzeli on 28th February, remained through the summer
and bred commonly. I find it impossible to identify this single specimen. The
underside is more suffused with reddish brown than is at all usual in C. r. rustica
L., but is not so dark red-brown as it isin C.r. transitiva, Hartert, which is resident
in Palestine, and in turn leads on to C. r. savignii, Steph, with a deep red-brown
breast. Specimens similar to mine, and more or less intermediate between
H. r. rustica and H. r. transitiva are, I believe, not unusual in Egypt, Palestine,
&e.

Hirundo daurica rufula, Temm.—Red-rumped Swallow.

The Red-rumped Swallow was seen by Cheesman at Karind in May, where a
pair were hawking flies in a rocky gorge. There was no evidence that they were
breeding. This appears to be its most northerly occurrence in Persia.

870 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XX VII.

Riparia riparia (L)—Sand Martin.

The Sand Martin appeared at Enzeli on 3rd May; on 28th May Cheesman
saw a large colony breeding near Kangavar.. No specimens were obtained by
either of us, though the birds presumably belong to the typical race of the species.
Riparia rupestris, Scop.—Crag Martin.

1¢, near Menjil—15th July.

Crag Martins are common all along the road 20-30 miles south of Menjil wher-
ever there are cliffs. The birds are not there in winter; I do not know the
actual date of their arrival, but I first saw them on 27th March, and they bred
commonly. I have seen the nest, but never been able to reach it.

Coracias garrulus, L.—Kuropean Roller.

Rollers arrived 14th April at Enzeli. By the 24th they were paired and
common. They bred commonly at Resht and Enzeli, several pairs in the
ruined look-out in the middle of Enzeli town. Cheesman saw them breeding in
trees at Gulahak, 11th June.

All my specimens have miscarried; Zarudny records C.g. garrulus on
migration through the Caspian Province, N. W. Persia, &c., but has no breed-
ing records for it; he records C. g. semenowi breeding in N. W. Persia and the
Caspian provinces and many other parts of the country.

Micropus (Cypselus) apus pekinensis (Swinhoe)—Swiitt.
1 3, Hassanabad, 29th May (R. E. C.).
1 2, Qazvin, 20th June (R. E. C.).

Cheesman noticed this bird at Hassanabad, “very plentiful, breeding in
crevices of mud-walled houses in all villages”. The two specimens belong
undoubtly to C. a. pekinensis and not to C. a. marwitzi, Rehw, which is the
form one might on geographical ground have expected to find.

Merops apiaster, L.—Common Bee-Eater.

The Common Bee-Hater arrived at Resht in the third week of April, and was
seen at Enzeli on 30th April. It remained fairly common throughout the sum-
mer, and I also saw it at Astara, Menjil, Qazvin, and Cheesman saw it frequent-
ing its nesting burrows at Kermanshah on 26th May. ‘This species was
common at Tehran as late as 12th October.

Upupa epops epops, L—European Hoopoe.
26, Enzeli—l4th March—27th April.

A single Hoopoe appeared on 14th March at Enzeli, but I saw no other until
16th April after which they were seen rather infrequently through the summer.
On 3rd July I saw-a pair feeding fledged young in a hole in a willow tree at
Astara. Hoopoes were nesting commonly in bridges near Hamadan, and no-
ticed carrying food as early as 30th May (R. E. C.), and family parties were
common at Qazvin at the end of July. In June a pair had a nest in a holein a
chimney at the British Legation, Tehran, and another pair in a tree at Gulhak
had nearly fledged young” (R. E. C.).

Alcedo atthis pallasit, Rchb.—Common Kingfisher.
(A. ispida pallasii.)
13, 2 Q9,Enzeli—February —March.
1 d(ist plumage), Astara—4th July.
1 sex ? Bandar-i-Gez—l12th January (C. M. L.).

I saw the common Kingfisher at Kermanshah in November 1918, but the
only specimen obtained was eaten by a cat. It is a common resident on the
Enzeli lagoon, and the streams which run into it and was also common at Astara
in July. The measurements of the specimens from Enzeli are as follows:—
Male, wing 73, culmen 39 ; females, wing 74 and 73, culmen 37 and 34 mm.

—._. =

BIRDS FROM NORTHERN AND WESTERN PERSIA, 871

Halcyon smyrnensis, L.—White-breasted Kingfisher,

I saw several of this most beautiful Kingfisher at Kermansbah
of November and the beginning of Mone 1918. anshah at the end

Picus viridis karelini, Brandt. ( ? )—Green Woodpecker,

12, Noglabar—4th March.

1 ¢ ,Bandar-i-Gez—13th December 1918 (Co MES

The Green Woodpecker is another of the birds which are common on the

northern slopes of the Elburz, in the drier forest, but which do not occur in the
wet forest which surrounds Resht. This species is found commonly up to the
tree-line, at about 6,000 feet. The wings of the two specimens brought home
measure 158 mm., in each case: whether the Green Woodpecker of the forest
of Gilan and Mazandaran is a separable race I am unable to say. At any rate
it is so close to other subspecies that a couple of skins are insufficient to settle
the question.

Dryobates syriacus syriacus (Hempr. and Ehren.).—Syrian Pied Wood pecker.
12, Kermanshah—November 1918.
1g, 12, Hamadan—December 1918.
13,19, Tehran—June (R. E. C.).

The Syrian Pied Woodpecker is common in winter in the plateau all the way
from Karind to Qazvin. Cheesman found a nest in a pollard willow in the
city of Hamadan on 30th May, but the pair he shot at Gulahek, Tehran, on 11th
June were drilling a nesting hole, also in a willow tree. This bird is always
extremely wary and difficult to obtain, but is quite one of the regular garden
birds of the country, and one constantly sees it in the Legation garden in Tehran.
I have compared this series with skins from Syria and Asia Minor. The deve-
lopment of white banding in the outer two pairs of tail feathers is a very
variable character, apparently of no sub-specific significance.

Dryobates major poelzami (Bogd.).—Great Spotted Woodpecker.
1¢, 12 Resht—January and February.
192, Noglabar—March.
2 imm. ¢, Tula Rud, Talish—July.

The differences between this race of the Great Spotted Woodpecker and the
race with which I have just dealt are so apparent in the field that these birds
furnish the clearest example of the difference between the avifauna on the plateau
and the forest. The present race is absolutely characteristic of the forest, and
occurs as far south as Noglabar, which is close to the edge of the forest: from
there northwards to the Caspian it is a common bird and one which is found
equally in the dry and wet localites.

It appears that the first plumage is unknown, and I have obtained this dis.
eription of it from Mr. Witherby; it is taken from the specimens from Tula
Rud. ‘Differs from the adult as in other D. major by the crown being crimson,
each feather having a crimson tip; the vent is dull crimson and the belly has a
very faint tinge of crimson or yellow : the black stripe from the base of the lower
mandible is almost as strongly marked as in the adult, and is continued as in
the adult ; most of the ear-coverts in one specimen are sooty black, and in the
other the centre of the ear-coverts is the same.”

Iynx torquilla \torquilla, L.—The Wryneck.
23, Qazvin—4th September.
The Wryneck passed through Qazvin in considerable numbers during the first
ten days of September and was for a short time one of the commonest birds in
the gardens.

872 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII.

Cuculus canorus, L.—The Cuckoo.

Cheesman heard the Cuckoo at Kermanshah and saw two at Qazvin, 20th
June, and I saw several young birds, presumably on passage in the stony country
round Menjil, 12th October. It is very much to be desired that some one
will preserve a series of cuckoos from Persia.

Bubo bubo nikolskii, Zarudny.—Eagle Owl.
23, Kermanshah—November—December 1918.

I saw and shot two Eagle-Owls in the little wood on the outskirts of the town
of Kermanshah ; they were sitting most conspicuously on the branches of leaf-
less trees, and I killed them without difficulty with a collecting gun. The wings
measure 403 and 419 mm., and Dr. Hartert who has seen the skins is of the
opinion that they probably belong to the racenamed nikolskiu by Zarudny
(1905) ; there is no material of this race available for comparison. JI have com-
pared the specimens with upwards of two dozen B. 6. turcomanus: apart from.
their smaller size, the under surface is darker and more heavily streaked than
that of the darkest turcomanus, and the upper side is as dark as that of an
unusually dark specimen of that race.

Otus scops pulchellus (Pall.) ( ?%)—Scops Owl.
23,12, Tehran—June (R. FE. C.).

“8th June. Gulahek, Tehran. Three egys in a deserted Magpie’s nest,
12 feet from ground in thick woodland: eggs equally incubated. No addition
had been made to the Magpie’s nest. At least twelve birds calling all night in
the legation gardens at Gulahek” (R. E.C.). Series of Scop’s owl from various
parts of Persia are a desideratum ; the validity of Pallas’ race pulchellus to which
I have referred these specimens, is very questionable. The males’ wings mea-
sure 148, 15] mm., the female’s 155 mm.

Strix (Syrnium) aluco, sub-sp.—Tawny Owl.

The Tawny Owl breeds in the compound of the Imperial Bank of Persia at
Resht. It is particularly to be regretted that I obtained no specimens, but so
far as we know the Tawny Owl of the Caspian Provinces is identical with that
of Western Europe.

Athenz nectua, sub-sp.—Little Owl.
13, Qazvin—24th September.

The Little Owl is not rare in the plateau and is residenu even in the bleakest
places, and at least as high as 8,000 feet. The only specimen obtained (wing 169
mm) is nearer to A. n. bactriana, Hutton, than to any other named form, but is
much greyer than any specimen of that race at Tring or the British Museum,
and this is true even when it is compared with other freshly moulted birds.
In all particulars it is extremely like two specimens in the British Museum, one
from the Taurus and the other from the Tamanlar Dagh.

Falco subbuteo subbuteo, L.—The Hobby,
192, Enzeli—28th June.
1 imm., Qazvin—18th September.

i have no note of the date on which the Hobby arrived in Gilan, but it was
quite common during the summer at Astara, Enzeli, Qazvin and Tehran ; !
have definite breeding records from ali these places, and we found a nest
on 28th June at Enzeli at the top of an alder tree in an old Magpie’s nest : this
nest contained two fresh eggs, and the female which Cheesman shot from
this nest laid a third egg as she died.

Falco tinnunculus, L.—Common Kestrel.

Cheesman found a nest of the Common Kestrel at Gulahek near Tehran on

llth June; it contained young birds. He definitely identified the parents.

Aquila chrysactus, U.—Golden Eagle.
saw a Golden Eagle twice at very close range at Qazvin io Decanter 1918.

BIRDS FROM NORTHERN AND WESTERN PERSIA. 878

Circus @ruginosus (L.)—Marsh Harrier.

The Marsh Harrier is a common resident in the lagoon between Resht and
Enzeli. Fi
Milvus milvus (L.).—Common Kite.

(Milvus regalis, Auctt.)

Ingoldby and myself put what we believed to be a Common Kite off a nest
in a tall alder at Enzeli on 16th April, but we failed to obtain the bird. Cheest
man also believes that he saw the bird on the highroad §. of Resht. Zarudny
records it as breeding in the region 8. of the Caspian. .
Milvus migrans (Bodd).—Black Kite.

The Black Kite was common on the outskirts of all the towns and villages
from Karind to Enzeli during the winter, and was particularly common at
Qazvin. In May Cheesman noticed it from Karind to Kermanshah, but saw
no nests between Hassanabad and Hamadan ; he found a nest in the first
fork of a tall poplar on 30th May. The species breeds commonly round Resht
and Enzeli, and on 16th April I shot a male bird from a nest in the top of a tall
alder tree growing in a swamp at Enzeli; the nest contained three unusually
heavily marked eggs.

The status of the form described by Buturlin as M. m. rufiventer, from
Transcaucasia and Transcaspia is very doubtful. lf it is separable the Black
Kite of Gilan and Mazanderan probably belongs to this race. Unfortunately
my specimens have failed to reach home. :
Haliaétus albicilla (L.)—Sea Eagle.

The Sea Eagle is common all the year round at Enzeli, and one constantly
sees the bird sitting on the sand dunes, and the muddy edges of the lagoon, or
perched on telegraph poles. They are of course not common except close to
the sea or the lagoon but I have seen single birds along the bed of the Sufed Rud
as far 8. as Noglabar. During the spring I had under observation a nest in a
willow close to Enzeli. A pair of Sea Eagles were constantly seen perched in
the tree from the end of January onwards, in fact they may be there all the
year round, for I only reached Enzeli in January. From mid March they
were generally standing, both of them on the nest, and they carried sticks to
it. On 10th April I climbed to the nest, a huge mass of sticks five feet across,
placed among the all too slender branches of the willow ; it contained no eggs
or young, but was draped around the edge with green weeds, and there was a
heap of the same weed on the middle of the top of the nest. This decoration
was no doubt the work of a Black Kite which shortly afterwards laid eggs on
the eagle’s nest and reared her young. It is extraordinary that the Sea Eagles
tolerated this, as they had certainly repaired the nest, but they continued to
hang about the tree all through the summer, roosting close to the brooding Kite
by night and perching in the willow tree by day. The Black Kites never ap-
peared to resent the presence of the Eagles, but then no Kite has a conscience.
Sea Eagles breed commonly along the coast from Enzeli to Astara.

Pernis apivorus apivorus (L.)—Honey Buzzard.
192, near Qazvin—26th September.

This specimen is my only definite record of the Honey Buzzard. The wing
only measures 405 mm. :
Pandion haliaétus haliaétus, L.—Osprey.

Ospreys suddenly became very numerous on 15th March at Enzeli, and re-
mained common through the summer, breeding in the forest, nearly always in
dead trees. They fished more often in the lagoon than in the Caspian itself
and were often seen taking fish out of the stake nets. I have no note of their
disappearance in autumn, but they are entirely absent in winter.

874. JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVIII.

Gypaétus barbatus (L.).—Lammergeier.

Lammergeiers or Bearded Vultures were quite common at Kermanshah in
November and December 1918 and at Asadabad in December 1918 and I also
saw them at Menjil in March and April, but I never obtained a specimen.

Gyps fulvus (Hablizl.)—Griffon Vulture.

The Griffon was seen commonly all along the road from Qasr-i-Shirin to Men
jil. As is of course natural it is sometimes not seen for many miles where a
good road runs across level desert, but it is always quite common on passes
and other places where the badness of the road kills the overburdened camel
or mule. The Griffon was never seen in the forest country.

Neophron percnopterus (L.)—EHgyptian Vulture.

The Egyptian Vulture is not so common as the Griffon, but was occasionally
seen whereyér there was food for it, for instance at Qazvin, and Menjil. I did
not see the bird at Qazvin in mid-winter though I lived there for a month, and
it is probable that it is a partial migrant from the colder and more wind-swept
parts of the plateau during the winter.

Ciconia cicona (L) (C. alba.)—White Stork.

Cheesman found White Storks breeding at Kangavar, and at Karind he
observed ‘a colony nesting on cliffs high above the village”. I can find no
other record of the breeding of the White Stork on cliffs, and this is a most
interesting record.

Ciconia nigra (L.)—Black Stork.

I saw several Black Storks at Astara in early July; they frequented both
banks of the Astara river, which here forms the northern boundary of Persia.
I never saw the species elsewhere.

Plegadis falcinellus (L.)—The Glossy this.
I saw one only, on 26th May at Enzeun.

Ardea cinerea, L.—Common Heron.
13, Enzeli—10th June (wing 470, culmen 133 mm.).

IT saw Common Herons fishing in the Kara Su marshes near Kermanshah on
29th November 1918, but I do not know whether the species breeds anywhere
in the neighbourhood. The Common Heron is abundant all the year round
in the lagoon of Enzeli.

Ardea purpurea, L.—Purple Heron.

I never saw the Purple Heron in winter, though Zarudny records it as present
in winter and also breeding in his “South Caspian region”. It appeared at
Enzeli in the second week in April and was common all through the summer.

Eoretta alba (L.)—Great White Heron.

The Great White Heron is common in winter both in the lagoon and along
the actual sandy shore of the Caspian. The fact that I never saw it in summer
is probably due to my having been unable to explore the lagoons at that time of
year.

Ligretta garzetta (L.)—lLittle Egret.

The Little Egret was.common in winter on and about the water-bufialoes

all round the lagoon.

Ardeola ralloides (Scop).—Squacco Heron.
T shot two males of the Squacco Heron on 29th April at Enzeli feeding among
cows in a marsh. J had not seen the species before and kad I not collected

them should certainly have recorded ‘‘Squacco Heron arrived, paired.” The
testes of both were enlarged.

BIRDS FROM NORTHERN AND WESTERN PERSIA, &

~“I

Nyetcorax nycticorax (J..)—Night Heron.

Small flocks of Night Herons are common at Resht and Enzeli in the winter,
and I saw single birds in April and June. I have no doubt that they were
breeding locally, but I have already explained why it was impossible to get
‘definite breeding records for any of the marsh birds.

Botaurus stellaris (L.)—Common Eittern.
I saw a Common Bittern shot from a reed bed by the Kara Su at Kermanshah

on 29th November 1918, and I saw the species occasionally in the reed beds
round the Enzeli lagoon in winter.

Phznicopterus ruber antiquorum, Temm.—Flamingo.
(P. roseus, Auctt.)

I saw a flock of a dozen adult Flamingoes in July at Tula Rud, mid-way
between Enzeli and Astara.

Cygnus cygnus (L.)—Whooper Swans.
(C. musicus, Auctt.)

I saw two adult Whooper Swans in the lagoon between Enzeli and Resht on:
llth February. Capt. Ingoldby obtained a specimen, which was one of two:
that had been caught alive in a flight net, and which a boy was carrying alive
to market. These flight nets are used with great effect in winter, at any rate
against the ducks ; they are spread across channels of water among the reed beds,
and are often a couple of hundred yards long.

Anser, sp.

Grey Geese were common, but I never got one. I do not think they are killed
in the flight nets except perhaps in very windy weather.

Tadorna tadorna (L.)—Common Sheldrake.

I saw a flock of 200-300 Common Sheldrakes on the lagoon on 16th February.

That was the only time I saw the species.
Anas platyrhyncha platyrhyncha (U.)—Mallard,
(Anas boschas, Auctt.)

Anas crecca crecca (L.)—Common Teal,
Nyroca fuligua (L.)—Tufted Duck.

Mergus albellus, L.—Smew.

Buchephala clangula clangula (L.)—Gelden Eye.
Nyroca ferina ferina (L.)—Common Pochard.
Netta rufina (Pall.)—Red-crested Pochard.
Anas penelope, L.—Wig2on.

Anas acuta, L.—Pintail Duck.

The Mallard and Common Teal were very common on the Resht side of the
lagoon, that is to say, the inland, freshwater side, in winter. At Enzeli, that
is to say, on the Caspian side, both on the lagoon and on the sea itself, they were
relatively rare among the huge numbers of more truly marine ducks. At En-
zeli the commonest duck of all was the Tufted, but Smew and Golden Eye were
extremely abundant, Common and Red Crested Pochard hardly less so.
Wigeon were quite common, Pintail occurred, but not in great numbers. The local
people all stated that relatively speaking duck, geese and swans were not abun-
dant during the winter of 1918-1919, and this was believed to be due to the N.
end of the Caspian being less frozen over than it is in some years. Still it is
curious that I never saw any of the following ducks which are recorded by
Zarudny for this part of Persia:—Goosander, White-headed Duck (Eris-
“matura leucocephala), Scaup, Long-txiled Duck, Common and Velvet Scoters,

29

876 JOURNAL, BOMBAJ{NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVIII.

Marbled Duck, Shoveller, Gargany, Gadwall and Ruddy Sheldrake. I am sure
that I saw tens of thousands of ducks, on the sea and in the lagoon, and exposed
for sale in the bazaar.

T do not know at what time the various species arrived in the lagoon ; when
T left Enzeli on 31st October 1919 it appeared that none had arrived. As to
their departure in spring, in early February 1919 we had very warm weather
and the duck at once became scarcer. The end of February was cold and wet
but they continued to become fewer still, and were “scarce ” on 28th Febru-
ary. By 15th March the only species left were “Smew, Golden Eye, Tufted
Duck and Mallard, a few of each”. After 31st March I never saw a duck except
small parties of Tufted Ducks the last of which was seen as late as 26th April.

Mergus serrator, L.—Red-breasted Merganser.

I flushed a female Red—breasted Merganser from a ditch at Menjil on Ist April
1919. I saw the bird twice at very close quarters and am certain that it was
a Merganser (M. serrator) and not a Goosander (M. merganser). Zarudny
only records the Merganser from Seistan and the Persian Gulf.

Nyroca nyroca nyroca (L.)—White-eyed Duck.

Ingoldby told me that the White-eyed Duck was commoner than any other
species at Bander-i-Gaz in Asterabad Bay in the S. E. Caspian, but I never
saw it at Enzeli.

Podiceps cristatus cristatus (L.)—Great Crested Grebe.
1d, 5th February—Enzeli (wing 198 mm. culmen. 52 mm.).

The Great Crested Grebe was extremely common in January in Enzeli har-
bour, and on the lagoon and the Caspian. All the birds disappeared in the
third week in February.

Podiceps ruficollis capensis, Salva.—-Little Greke
(Podiceps fluviatilis capensis).
1¢, 2nd March.—Enzeli.
The Little Grebe is common and resident in Enzeli lagoon and harbour. It is
.an interesting fact that the Little Grebe of a country so far north as Gilan is the
form which inhabits India and Tropical Africa, not that which inhabits Europe.

Pelecanus onocrotalus (Sub-sp ?) L.—Roseate Pelican,
13,1 imm. Resht. lagoon. January and February (male wing, 685
mm. culmen 386 mm.)

Pelecanus crispus, Bruch.—Dalmatian Pelican.

1, Resht lagoon.

Both the Roseate and the Dalmatian Pelicans may be seen in large flocks on
the south side of the lagoon during the winter, though the Roseate is far the more
abundant. The two species rest together on the same mud-bank, but I do not
know whether they go out on mixed fishing parties. I have no note of the
date of their departure, but they certainly do not remain on the lagoon for the
summer.

The single adult specimen of P. onocrotaius is small, but on geographical
grounds probably belongs to the typical race. The tail is defective.

Phalacrocorax carbo (L.)—Common Cormorant.

The Common Cormorant is abundant all the year round at Enzeli and in winter
wanders inland at any rate as far south as Menjil. It breeds in great numbers
to judge from the dozens of old birds one sees flying towards the lagoon with
nesting material, but I was-never able to follow them. In early April the
Cormorant appears to be more than usually abundant. Flocks of some
thousands spent the day defiling the sandy margins of the Caspian, and every
morning about 8 a. m. between 19th and 15th April one saw mile-long flights
following each other eastwards. These flights were close over the sea about
halfa mile from shore. My skins have failed to reach home.

g
a
3
E
3
7
.

ade?) lM

BIRDS FROM NORTHERN AND WESTERN PERSIA. 877

Pidvacrocorax pygmezus (Pail) Pygmy Cormorant.
192, 30th January—Roesht.

The Pygmy Cormorant is common in the lagoons in winter and was seen as
2 2 : eu :
late as 17th April. T was on the lagoon in a launch for several hours on 2nd Juna
and never saw it. Zarudny does not state that they breed in this part of Persia,
but one would have certainly expected them to do so.

Pierocles orientalis arenarius (L.)—Imperial Sandgrouse.
1g,18th June—Tehran (R. E. C.).
1g, 19. September—Qazvin.

The Imperial Sand Grouse appeared at Qazvin in early February (Ingo!dby),
Cheesman found it paired and apparently breeding in various places in the
plateau, from Hassanabad to Qazvin and Tehran. The male (18th June) had
“organs not very advanced, iris brown, bill plumbeous, toes whitish grey.”
It is almost inconceivable that Sand Grouse should suddenly appear at Resht
in spring, in view of the general swampiness of the ground and the constant
rain: nevertheless a flock of a species which I could not identify certainly lit
on the aerodrome at Resht on 5th March, and at that time the aerodrome
was partly under water: this party of birds only stayed for a few hours,

Coiumba palumbus, L.— Wood Pigeon,

I saw Wood Pigeons between 3rd March and 27th April at Nozlabar, Enzeli,
&e.

Streptopelia turtur (L.) (sub-sp.?) Turtle Dove.

The Turtle Dove arrived at Eazeli on 27th April and remained all through
the summer : I saw it also at Astara in the beginning of July. It is exceedingly
unfortunate that I did not secure skins: we may I think safely presume that
they belong to the European race.

Burhinus edicnemus edicnemus (L.)—Stone Curlew.
1 sex? 21st September—Qazvin,
12, 16th October—Enzeli harbour,

Both the specimens of Stone Curlews belong to the typical race, which
Zaradny has already recorded breeding and on migration in the Caspian
Provinces and N. W. Persia. The specimen from Enzeli harbour was of course
on passage, and I believe the one from Qazvin also; at any rate I never saw
the bird there until the day on which I killed this specimen out of a flock of
20. I have a specimen of B. oz. astutus from Khaniqin in Mesopotamia, close
to the Persian border.

Hematopus ostralegus ostralegus, W.—Oyster Catcher

Oyster Catchers were plentiful at Enzeli throughout the last three weeks
ef April: they occurred in large flocks,

Cursorius gallicus (Gm.)—Cream-coloured Courser,

I saw Cream-coloured Coursers in October between Qazvin and Teheran,
They always frequented desert overgrown with Liquorice (Gl ycerrRiza) and were
extremely wild. Specimens are very desirable,

Charadrius astaticus, Pall—Caspian Plover.

1g.19, Ist May—Enzeli.

The pair shot were the only Caspian Plovers I ever saw. Enzeli was a most
disappointing place for Waders,

Charadrius dubius, Scop.—Little Ringed Plover.

The Little Ringed Plover breeds at Enzeli, and at Astara, on the banks of
sand along the edze of the Caspian. I have no note or recollection of its pre-
sence in winter,

878 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII.

Charadrius alexandrinus, L.—Kentish Plover.

The Kentish Plover appeared at Enzeli on 14th April in pairs, and I expected
that they would breed, but they certainly disappeared from the small area I
was able to investigate.

Vanellus vanellus (L.)—Peewits.

I saw Peewits at Karind on 27th November. Round Resht and Enzeli
they were common in winter in small flocks in the rice fields. They dis-
appeared by mid-March.

Numenius pheopus, L.—Whimbrel.

The Whimbrel was common on the shore at Enzeli in flocks from the second
week in April until early May.
Numenius arquata, L.—Common Curlew.
Recurvirostra avocetta, .—Avocet.
Erolia alpina, U.—Dunlin.
Tringa nebularia, Gunner.—Greenshank.

The Common Curlew, Avocet, Dunlin and Greenshank, were all identified
in January and February on the Resht lagoon. None of them were abundant.

Tringa totanus, L.—Redshank.

} saw Redshank commonly on the marshy borders of the Kara Su at Kerman-
shah at the end of November 1918; round Enzeli and Resht in March, but
not in winter. They were probably passing through on migration, as I never
saw them in winter.

Tringa hypoleuca, L—Common Sandpiper.

The Common Sandpiper passed through Enzel at the end of April and in
early May.

Tringa ochropus, L.—Green Sandpiper.

T saw Green Sandpipers at Karind and Kermanshah at the end of November
1918.

Gallinago gallinago, L.—Common Snipe.

The Common Snipe is common in the plateau in winter (Kermanshah, Qazvin,)
wherever the ground is suitable It is extremely abundant round the marshes
and lagoons in Gilanin winter and one flushes them in tens at atime. The
species became scarcer after the middle of February, but I saw a few as late
as 17th April. The Snipe returned to the low lands in early September, but «
even in mid October one only flushed them in twos and threes.

Gallinago media (Lath.)—Great Snipe.
(G. major, Gm.)

The Great Snipe passes through Enzeli every year on migration at the end
of April and in early May, as the local sportsmen well know.

Limnocryptes gallinula (L.)—Jack Snipe.
The Jack Snipe was common in winter round the lagoons though not so ex-

tremely abundant as the Common Snipe. One or two were seen as late as the 17th
April at Enzeli, and the bird returned in the middle of October in small numbers.

Scolopax rusticola (L.)—Woodcock.
ig, 3rd December 1918—Kermanshah.

Woodcocks were common in the little wood above Kermanshah at the ena of
November and in early December and I was informed that they remain there
allthe winter. They are abundant in winter in the forest of Gilan (Resht, Enzeli,
Noglabar, &c.). My latest record in spring is 20th March, and I do not know
when they return in the autumn.

BIRDS FROM NORTHERN AND WESTERN PERSLA, 879

Larus argentatus cachinnans. Pall—Herring Gull:
12, Enzeli—2nd March.

In January and February this race of the Herring Gull was very common
in Enzeli harbour, and a very few remained through March. After that the
species was completely absent, including young birds, all through the spring and
summer, and it had not returned when I sailed from Enzeli on 30th October.
Larus ridibundus, V—RBlack-headed Gull.

The Black-headed Gull is abundant round fresh and salt water at Resht and
Enzeli in winter. They were last seen in the third week in March and had not
appeared again on 3lst October.

Larus canus canus.—Common Gull.
14, 12, Enzeli and Resht—February.

The Common Gull was common at Enzeli, and quite infrequent so far inland
as Resht. It was last seen in the third week in March and had not returned
by 31st October. Male wing 390, culmen 34 mm ; female wing 340, culmen 30 mm.
Larus ichthycetus, ,Pall.—Great Black-headed Gull.

The Great Black-headed Gull is not rare in winter in the less frequented parts
of the lagoon, but it is extremely shy and I never obtained a specimen.
Sterna tschegrava, Lepechin.—Caspian Tern.

(S. caspia, Pall.)

Large flocks of Caspian Terns frequented the sandy shore of the Caspian
at Enzeli in the first fortnight of April. I never saw them at any other time.
Otis tarda, L.—Great Bustard.

I saw four Great Bustards, all apparently adult, among liquorice (Glycer-
vhiza) in the desert at Harunabad on 27th November 1918.

Porphyrio poliocephalus seistanicus Zar. and Hirms (1911).—Purple Coot.
<P. p. caspius, Hartert, 1917).
1 Q, 16ti February—Resht.

Zarudny separated the Purple Coot of Seistan as P. p. seistanicus from the
Caspian bird, and stated that the form from Seistan differs in the paler colour
of all parts of its body. Hartert (1917), overlooking Zarudny’s description,
described P. p. caspius from Lenkoran, but Zarudny’s name must stand though
his description is quite misleading, for birds from Seistan and the Caspian are
identical. Hartert states quite correctly that there are no colour differences
between specimens from India, Seistan and the Caspian litoral: on the other
hand the Caspian and Seistan specimens are larger than those from India
(the terra typica), and Ceylon, and not only is the wing longer, but the bill is
much more stoutly formed. The wing of my female from the Resht lagoon
measures 263 mm., that of a female from Lenkoran (Tring Mus.) 260, and a
series from Seistan (Tring Mus.) males 277-285 mm., females 258-275. The
bill of the Resht specimen measures from the point to the anterior edge of the
nostril 29 mm, and to the posterior edge of the shield 63 mm. The species is
quite common in the dense reed beds which surround the lagoon at Enzeli.

Purple Coots of this species are resident in the great marshes which lie on
either side of, and between the Tigris and Euphrates in the lower part of their
course. A small part of one of these marshes, the Hor Hawezeh, lies in Persian
territory. Zarudny tells us that he has heard of the existence of Purple Coots in
this place (the ‘‘ Chauwizeh oasis ’’), and that he presumes them to be P. ce-
yuleus. I have a series of these birds from lower Mesopotamia, none of them
actually shot on Persian soil, but all of them from marshes which are continuous
with the Hor Hawezeh, and they belong to P. poliocephalus and not to Je c@e-
ruleus. They differ from specimens from Seistan and the Caspian, in
their smaller size. Dr. C. B. Ticehurst, who is working on the birds of Meso-
potamia, informs me that they are inseparable from the typical Indian and
Ceylonese race.

£80 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII.

Rallus aquaticus korejewi, Zar.—Water Rail.
‘1 9, Resht—16th February.

‘This specimen was shot from reeds at the side of the lagoon between Resht
and Enzeli: the ovaries were not enlarged; the wing measures 127 mm., the
bill 45 mm. (exposed culmen). Woosnam’s specimens from the “S Coast of
the Caspian” are also referable to this form.

Water rails vary considerably in the colours of the dorsum, in any one locality.
This race is distinguished by its pale dorsum, which :s an olive brown rather than
a reddish brown, but there seems to be a certain amocnt of overlapping between
R. a. korejeur and Rh. a. aquaticus. It appears to range from Babylonia
through Central Asia to E. China and to ke found in India in winter.

Fulica atra, W.—Common Coot.

The Common Coot 1s extremely common on the lagoon, and on deeply flooded
rice fields in winter, but I have no record of seeing it after the third week in
March at all.

Porzana porzana, (L.;—Spotted Crake.
(P. maruetta, Leach).
1 @ Menjil—3ist March.

My only record is a specimen picked up dead under a telegraph wire; the

testes were small.

Coturnix coturnizx coturniz, L.—Common Quail,
1 2, 20th April—Enzeli.
The Common Quail was fairly common at Enzeli from 14th April till early
May among wild pomegranate bushes just inland of the sand hilis.

Perdix perdix canescens, Butur.—Common Partridge.

13, 1 sex? October—Zinjan (C. M. L.),

The two specimens of the Common Partridge obtained for Ingoldby at Zin-
jan are a male and female just passing into adult plumage. They agree fairly
well with specimens from Eregli and Lake Urumiyah, and Dr. Hartert is in-
clined to refer them to the form described as canescens by Buturlin from Tra-
nscaucasia. Specimens of the Common Partridge from any Asiatic locality
are very rare in British collections. I never heard of this species being seen
round Qazvin, and am fairly confident that it does not cccur there; I believe
that in Persia it is confined to the province of Azerbaijan. Blanford records
it on hearsay as far east as the Tehran neighbourhcod.

Alectoris greca (Brisson) (Caccabis chukar, G. R. Grey).—Chukor.

The Chukor is common and often abundant all over the rocky hills in all the
parts of Persia which we visited, and in winter it comes down in to the plains,
so that in snowy weather it is sometimes found quite close to Qazvin. It does
not really enter the Gilan forest though I have seen it among thick trees at
Noglabar. Cheesman saw it as high as 10,000 feet, in the mountains behind
Tehran in Jute.

Ammoperdix qriseogularis grisecgularis (Brandt.) (A. bonhami, G. R. Gray.)—

See See.

4 g, 29,8. of Menjil—October.

The See See of the Elburz is undoubtly the typical race. Though the species
was not widely distributed like the Chukor it was locally common in the dry
stony hills 8. of Menjil. This country resembled the country round Qasr-i-
Shirin, where the other form of the same bird was so common; the species —
frequents ground which is hillocky rather than mountainous and was abundant
round Menjil among the innumerable nullahs. One hardly saw the birds by day
but in the dusk they came down on to the main road and fed on mules droppings;
at that time they were very tame. ;

Se eee,

BIRDS FROM NORTHERN AND WESTERN PERSIA, 88L

Ammoperdix griseogularis ter-meulent Zar.—Persian See See,
2 8, Qasr-i-Shirin—24th November 1918.

This race of the See See, which appears to be found in N. Mesopotamia,
W. Persia and 8. W. Persia was only obtained at Qasr-i-Shirin. Males of the
two races are not so easy to separate as females but these are freshly moulted
and I am satisfied with the identification.

Phasianus colchicus talyschensis.—Caspian Pheasant.
1g, 1Q January—Resht.
1 &, March—Noglabar.
iia. 1 Y, Bandar-i-Gaz (C. M. 1.).

This race of the Pheasant is common both on the northern slopes of the
Elburz, and low down in the extremely marshy forest close to the Caspian. In-
goldby flushed the bird at Bandar-i-Gaz from small tufts of rice straw in wet
paddy fields in winter, and they are not rare in the dense reed beds, round the
Resht lagoon country in which Purple Herons, Gallinules and Water Rails
seem more naturally at home. If one were to judge from the few specimens
at Tring and the British Museum, and the three males at my disposal one would
conclude that the white ring so characteristic of some Eastern Pheasants was
represented solely by an occasional white-tipped feather in some males and
not in others, but this is far from being the case. I have seen many scores of
specimens in the bazaars of Resht and Enzeli and a small proportion of them
have very nearly complete white rings to their necks, but are in other respects
typical ialyschensis. The throats of these specimens had been cut almost to
the point of decapitation, and I preserved no skins. Pheasants are sold for
about one toman, approximately eight shillings, a price sufficient to put every
gunner’s hand against them.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

BLANFORD, W. T. (1876) ‘‘ Eastern Persia ’. Vol. II (Zoology and
Geology).

BUTURLIN, S. A. (1906) ‘‘ On the Birds collected in Transcaucasia
by Mr. A. Kobylin.” Ibis. 8 Series, VI, 407-427.

BUTURLIN, S. A. (1916) ‘‘A short Review of the Nuthatches (Family
Sittidae). Trav. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes. Petrograd, XLIV, 145-173 (En-
glish summary, 166-173).

BUXTON, P. A. (1920 a) Palatability of Vanessid larvae, Entom, Record,
SOCXTT, 59.

BUXTON, P. A. (1920 b) Bull. B. O. C., CCLI. 135-139. (12th May 1920).

HARTERT, E. (1903) ‘“‘ Die Végel dae palierktischen Fauna” (Berlin.).

HARTERT, E. (1917) ‘On some Rallidae’”. Novit. Zool, XXIV, 266.

HARTERT, E. (1918) “Notes on Penduline Tits”. Ibid, XXV, 305-309.

JOURDAIN, F. C. R. (1920) Bull B. O. C., CCLII, 154 (9th June 1920).

KOLLIBAY, P. (1912) Neue Haubenlerchen formen” Orn. Monatsber,
XX, 25-27.

SATUNIN, (1905) Die Saiige thiere des Talyschgebiets und der Mugan-
steppe. Mitt. Kaukaz. Museums. Band II, 87 402.

SATUNIN, K. A. (1912) Uber die Zoogeographischen Kreise des Kaukasus-
gebiets. Mitth. des Kaukas. Museum, Band, VII, p. 100 (Russian and
German).

WITHERBY H. F. (1903) ‘An Ornithological Journey in Fars, South-
Western Persia”. Ibis 8th Ser. Vol, III, 501-571. ;

WITHERBY, H. F. (1907) “On a Collection of Birds from Western Persia
and Armenia, with Field Notes by R. B. Woosa2m.” Ibis, 9th Ser. Vol. I.
74-111, (Mp).

882 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XXVII,

WITHERBY, H. F. (1930) ‘‘ On a Collection of Birds from the South Coast
of the Caspian Sea, and the Elburz Mountains, with Field Notes by R. B. Woos-
nam.” Ibis, 9th Ser. Vol. IV, 491-517.

ZARUDNY, N. (1889).’ ‘‘ Recherches zoologiques dansla Contrée Transca-
spienne.’’ Bull. de Ja Soc. imp. des Naturalistes de Moscou. 133.
(pub. 1890).

ZARUDNY, N. (1893) ”’ Zamyetka o malcezvyestkce ved shchegla. (Car-
duelis minor, Zarudnoi)”’ Ibid for 1893, p. 505.

ZARUDNY, N. (1904), Beschreibung zweier neuen Formen aus Sudwest-
Persien’’. Orn. Monatsber, J.IJ, 164-165.

ZARUDNY, N. (1905) ‘“‘ Zwei ornithologische Neuheiten aus West-Persien .”
Orn. Jahrb., XVI.

ZARUDNY, N. (1908) “ Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Lasurmeisen, (Cyanistes)”’.
‘Orn. Monatsber, XVI, 4-6.

ZARUDNY, N. (1911 a) “ Verzeichniss der Végel Persiens”’. Journ. f. Orn.
L. I. X, 185-241.

ZARUDNY, N. (1911 6) Mess. Orn. p. 98. (Russian).

ZARUDNY, and HARMS (1913) “Die Sperlinge Persiens. Journ. f. Orn.
630-662.

ZARUDNY, N. and LOUDON, H. (1904) “‘ Uber eine neue Saxicola aus
Persien.” Orn. Jahrb. p- 219.

ZARUDNY, N. and LOUDON, H. (1905). “ Beschreibung dreier neuen
paliarktischen Meisen.”” Orn. Monatsber, XIII, 108.

ZARUDNY, N. and LOUDON, H. (1908) ‘‘ Noch eine neue Form des
Zaunkonigs.” Orn., Monatsber, XVI, 29-30.

Throughout the paper references to “ Hartert” and to “ Zarudny ’
to Hartert’s Vog. pal Fauna and Zarudny’s paper (1911 a.)

> reier

he
, :
i
’
4 af t |
p - L
os be ‘
Pi - a 2 ; |
‘ ‘
pid
‘ r4 ok a
: eat s “ =
f=
; ; Es je | . , |
~ An ; ‘
p ~ e :
F
’ , -— os a ;
+
. i] 5

Journ., Bombay Nat. Hist Soc.

vegeurgarn -

i772 bauk

iniahe

Myekhanbew
Oka7€1K

Tha ce

wee

Hadwe

Tavoy District, Tenasserim.

883

A LIST OF BUTTERFLIES COLLECTED IN THE TAVOY
DISTRICT, BURMA.

BY
O. C. OLLENBACH.
(With a map and plate).

No systematic collecting appears to have been done in the Tavov District
since Doherty’s time and as I have now collected and received specimens for the
past ten years, a list of the species taken may be of interest to readers of this
journal.

As far as possible I have given exact dates, localities and altitudes of capture.

When Doherty visited the district in the eighties there must have been little
or no communication with the interior, but now there are several good graded
roads, suitable for motor traffic, so that travelling is rapid and comfortable. The
accompanying map shows all the good collecting grounds, so far as I am aware
of and the roads on which cars can be used. This list does not claim to be a
complete one, and only shows the forms that have been received or taken by me.

It will be noticed that most of the collecting was done on hill-tops, and I
should advise any one wishing to try Tavoy to keep to this, as on the plains
little is to be seen and those mostly of the commonest species. The best collect-
, ing grounds are fairly open hill-tops, with evergreen forest, where the sunlight

can filter through the foliage, and the best hours for catching are from 1] a.m.
to 5 P.M.

These hill tops appear to be general meeting grounds and are frequented
by large numbers of butterflies, many of which appear to fly about
in an aimless manner, while others of a fighting nature, seem to come there
with the sole object of attacking every butterfly that happens to pass within a
limited distance of their resting spots.

The best seasons for collecting are from October to end of December and from
the middle of February to end of May. Between June and September it is not
possible to do much owing to the heavy rain and the flooded state of the country.
In naming the species I have followed Colonel! Evans’ list of Indian Butterflies,
which was publishedin Vol.XXI of the Society’s Journal. Iam greatly indebted
to Mr. W. 8S. Wood, of the Bombay Burma Trading Corporation, Ltd., for the
help he has rendered me and to whose knowledge of the country is due the
little success I have gained. He also personally collected a large number of
specimens including many of the rarities shown in this list.

To Colonel W. H. Evans, D.S.O., R.E., I am also much indebted for the help
he has given me by identifying a large number of specimens-—a task by no means
light.

Family—NYMPHALID 4.
Subfamily—DanaIn2&.

1. Hestia jasonia agarmarschana, Felder. :
Occurs along the coast and up tidal creeks where mangrove swamps exist.
Not common anywhere.
2. Danais similis vulgaris, Butler.
Plentiful on Sabataung, 300’, during December. It keeps to the lower
slopes and flies from October to May.
3. Danais aglea phormion, Fruh.
Common at low elevations as well as on the lower slopes of hills ; found at
all seasons.

39

884 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII.

4. Danais eryx agleoides, Felder.

Common at low elevations from November to March; frequents gardens

and road-side ditches. Its flight is weak and it settles frequently.
5. Danais gautama, Moore.

A male and two females only secured ; the former at Wazon (Kalataung),
1,500’ and the latter on Sabataung, 300’, in December. It is probably not
uncommon, but escapes notice owing to its likeness to D. vulgaris, But.
Flies from September to March.

6. Danais limniace, Cramer.
Very common everywhere all the year round.
7. Danais melissa sententrionis, Butler.

Common on the plains. Appeared in large numbers during the last week
of January 1920 and joined in the flight of Hupleas. This flight tasted
many days, the direction being 8S. W.

8. Danais plexippus, L.
Common at low elevations at all seasons.
9. Danais melanippus indicus, Fruh.

A few specimens of both sexes taken on the lower slopes of Sabataung and
also at Maungmagan near the sea coast. It isnot common and flies from
November to March.

10. Danais chrysippus, L.
Apparently rare : one female seen but not secured.
1}. Danais melaneus, Cramer.

Plentiful on Kalataung, 1,500’, N.-W. of Wagon during December, also

found sparingly at Pagaye.
12. Euplea modesta, Butler.

Common at all elevations and at all seasons. It took part in the flight

of January 1920.

13. Euplea crameri bremeri, Felder.

Fairly common and on the wing all the year round. Found at all elevations

up to 2.000. Joined in the flight of January 1920.
14. Euplea godarti, Luc.

Common at low elevations throughout the district at all times. Females
are scarce.

15. Euplea deione menetriesi, Felder.

A common species found both in the plains and hills. Appeared in great
numbers and joined the flight of January 1920.

16. Huplea mulciber, Cramer.

Very common everywhere and at al! elevations. Took part in the fight
of January 1920.

17. EHunleea mazares ledereri, Felder.

Rather uncommon ; a few specimens taken on Sabataung, 500’, and at Ma-
ungmagan on the coast: two at Pagaye and one in the Mangrove swamps
at Myegaungaine. Flies from November to April.

18. Huplea corus vitrina, Frah. ;

A rare species of which only a pair were secured and a few others seen. It
keeps to low elevations frequenting gardens and plantations. The female
was taken in Tavoy town on the 9th January 1920 and the male at the foot of
Sabatauny on the 26th December 1919. Appears to be very iocal and flies
during January and February.

19. Huplea midamus margarita. Butler.

Not uncommon ; taken at all elevations throughout the district. Appeared

in large numbers and joined in the flight of January 1920.
20. Euplea klugii crassa, Butler.

Common all over the district and probably flies all the year round. Joined

in the flight of January 1926 in great numbers.

BUTTERFLIES COLLECTED IN THE TAVOY DIST RICT, BURMA. 885

a

21. Huplea diocletianus, Fab.
Males plentiful but females scarce ; appears to prefer low elevations and
is plentiful along forest roads and clearings in the jungle. It flies all the year
round but is most plentiful from November to March. i

Family—NYMPHALID&.
Subfamily—Satyrinz.

22. Yopthima huehneri, Kir.
Common all over the district at all seasons.
23. Ypthima savara, Gr.
Common in heavy jungle along streams at the foot of the hills and also on
hill tops. Plentiful from November to May.
24. Yopthima baldus, Fab.
Very common everywhere at all seasons.
25. Erites medura falcipennis, DeN.
A few specimens taken in bamboo jungie at low elevations during Decem-
ber and January at Kambauk and Payaye.
26. Erites rotundata, DeN.
Two males taken at Pagaye in April 1914.
27. EHrites angularis, Moore.

Fairly plentiful in bambooo jungle at the foot of the hills but are difficult
to take. It flies from September to June and may be seen in fair numbers
round about Pagaye and along the Pachaung-Kambauk road.

28. Ragadia crisilda, Hew.

Very common in the streams at the foot of the hills. It has a weak flight

and settles frequently and is to be found at all seasons.
29. Ragadia critolaus, DeN.

Not common, flies in company with the above. A few specimens were

taken at Yeawing and along the Kalachaung in February 1918.
30. Lethe europa, Fab.

Found sparingly in bamboo jungle on low ground at Pagaye and Tala-

ingya from November to May.
31. Lethe minerva tritogenia, Fruh.

Seven males and four females taken in bamboo jungle at the foot of the
hills. I have specimens from Pagaye, Kambauk and Sabataung. This is
probably a common species but escapes detection owing to its likeness to
L. mekara, Moore. Flies from September to May.

32. Lethe mekara, Moore.

Common at the foot of the hills in bamboo jungle al! over the district.
33. Lethe dyrta, Felder. :

A few specimens taken at Pagaye during December.
34. Neorina chrishna archaica, Fruh.

This appears to be a rare species as I have received only three males and
two females in about nine years. One male was taken at Myekhanbaw and
the rest at Pagaye, the former in February and the latter in May. It keeps
to the hijls and evergreen forest.

30. Coelites epiminthia binghami, Moore.

A very rare species and seldom taken in good condition, Three males and
two females taken at _Kadantaung and two males and a female at Pagaye, from
August to October, in evergreen rorest.

36. Mycalesis anaxias, Hew.

Very common on hill-tops from December to February and less so 2
other seasons.

37. Mycalesis perseus, Fab.

Common all over the district.

886 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVIII.

38. Mycalesis perseoides, Moore.
Plentiful at Pagaye and Wagon during November and Decomihene at low
elevations.

29. Mycalesis mnasicles perna, Fruh.
Not uncommon in bamboo jungle at the foot of the hills.
40. Mycalesis fuscum, Felder. 3 No. III 2 No. IV in plate.

Taken sparingly along the streams and in the swamps near Pagaye and
Myitta. This butterfly is seldom seen on the wing, as it lies hidden under the
“debris ’’ that is left by the streams when the floods have subsided and
has to be beaten out. Sometimes they may be flushed from the weeds and
scrub that grow along the banks of the streams, but for this it is necessary
to be on the spot before sunrise. Good specimens are difficult to secure and
females are very scarce. Three males and one female were taken at Myitta,
by Wood, in March 1912, and fourteen males and two females were taken
in the streams near Pagaye during December and January 1919-20. The
best spot for this species is a feeder of the Pauktaungchaung, about a mile
East of Pagaye.

4]. Mycalesis oroatis surkha, Mayr.
Rather a rare species ; one female taken at Kadantaung oad several males
at Sanchaung, 4 miles North of Pagaye, during September and October.
42, Mycalesis meda, Fab.
Common on the hills all the year round.
43. - Melanitis leda ismene, Cr.

Common all over and at all seasons.

44, Melanitis phedima belz, Moore. :

Does not appear to be so common as the above; a few specimens taken
at Pagaye during December.

45. Mycalesis zitenius auletes, Fruh.
A single male taken at the foot of Pagaye hill on 15th December 1918.
46. Anadebis diademoides, Moore.

This species is not uncommon though very local. It is fairly plentiful
in the Ouzinchaung near Kyaukmedaung and at Myekhanbaw ; is easy to
take as it flies little and settles frequently on twigs and leaves overhang-
ing the streams and is not shy. The colour of the eyes is turquoise in
freshly captured specimens but fades after a time to brown.

47. Elymnias hypermnestra tinctoria, Moore.

A common butterfly found at all elevations where paims and canes grow.
In most specimens the females have the hind wings suffused with white,
but the white varies considerably so that some specimens are indistinguish-
able from the same sex of H. undularis, Drury.

48. Elymnias cottonis obnubila, Mar.

A rare species which keeps to dense jungle where palms and canes grow.
Two males and a female taken at Yeawing, 500’ on the 22nd February
1919 and three males and a female on leas 1500’ on the 23rd Decem-
ber LOR:

49. Elymnias dara dedalion, DeN.
A pair taken on Pagaya hill 500’ during November and December. It is
a rare species and difficult to catch as it flies high and keeps to dense
bamboo jungle.

50. Elymnias malelas saueri, Dist.

A single female taker by Wood at Kadantaung on the 22nd September
1915. This one is very like the female of Z. muelas, Hew., on the upper
side, though the outer margin of the forewing is prominently toothed near
the middle. The underside resembles EH. timandra, Wall.

BUTTERFLIES COLLECTED IN THE TAVOY DISTRICT, BURMA, 887

51. Elymnias nesaca cortona, Fruh.

Plentiful on hill-tops in evergreen forest. Many specimens of both sexes
were secured at Pagaye 600’ during December and January. They keep to
certain localities, fly high and seldom come within reach, but by fixing a
net to a specially long bamboo a good number may be taken. *

52. Llymnias penanga chelensis, DeN.

A rare species and seldom met with; three males and one female only
taken in about nine years, the former on Kalataung 1,700’ and the latter
on Nwalabo, 4,500’. It keeps to dense evergreen forest on the hill.

Family—NYMPHALIDA,
Subfamily—Morpuin &.
53. Clerome arcesilaus, Fab.

Common all the year round in damp shady ravines and near streams:

also found on jungle paths on elephants’ droppings. <
54. Xanthotenia busiris, Wd.

Fairly plentifulin swampy ground at the foot of the hills. It does not
fly during daylight but can be flushed and taken as it settles after a short
flight. It is fairly plentiful in the Pauktaung stream which flows by
Pagaye and also at the foot of the hill east of Yeawing. Numerous males
but only two females were taken from December to February; flies at
all seasons.

55. Thawmantis diores.
Plentiful in evergreen forest from October to June.
56. Thaumantis lucipor, Wa.
Thre¢ males taken at low elevations in the Mergui district : two in April
and one in December. It has so far not been taken in Tayoy district.
‘57. Thauria aliris intermedia, Crow.
A male taken at Pagaye in May and a female at Kambauk in October.
58. Stictopthalma godfreyi, Roth.

A pair of this beautiful species taken by Wood; the female at Taung-
shuntaung on the 17th May 1917 and the male at Kalachaung on the 28th
March 1919. It keeps to heavy jungie and is attracted by over-ripe fruit.
A description of this species will be found inJ. B. N. H.S., Vol. XXVT,
part 3, page 867. , ;

59. Zeuxidia amethystus masoni, Moore.

Several males and three females taken at Yeawing, 300’, in February
1919, and also at Pagaye and Wagon from December to March. It flies
after sunset and may be seen along most of the streams and nalas in denge
forest, most plentiful at Yeawing from December to February.

60. Amathusia phidippus, Joh.

This species like the above also flies after dusk and frequents palm
groves, gardens and the banks cf tidal creeks. I have known it to fly into
houses after dark, attracted no doubt by the bright lights ; a specimen I
have was taken at night in the billiard room of the Tavoy club.

61. Amathusia amythaon, Db.

Males uncommon but females very rare; two males taken at Pagaye in
January 1915 and the female at Myekhanbaw in May 1919. This species
is generally found in the same locality as Z. masoni but has also been
known to fly during daylight.

62. Discophora celinde continentalis, Std.

Not uncommon at low elevations in bamboo jungle. It is a very shy
insect and will not permit one to approach; males are often met with,
but females appear to be exceedingly rare and I have not succeeded in
securing one. The few males I have are larger than either Indian or
Andaman specimens and are brighter also; the yellow spots on upper
side of forewings being large and bright.

888 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII,

63. Discophora tullia indica, Std.

A common species found everywhere on low ground; it frequents
bamboo jungle and also gardens and may be seen about dusk flying in the
neighbourhood of habitations. The females oviposit on bamboo leaves.

$4. Enispe euthymius, Db.

Appears to be an uncommon species as T have secured only two males, one
at Pagaye, 300’ on the 17th December 1919 and the other at Myekhanbaw in
April 1915. The former has the dark markings very deep and about twice
as wide as in any of the Indian specimens I possess, while the usual orange
ground colour is overlaid with brown scales, so that the orange colour just
shows through. :

Family—NYMPHALID Ai.
Subfamily—NYMPHALIN&.

65. Charaxes polyxena hierax, Felder.

Several males and four females taken at Pagaye, Maungmagan and Mye-

khanbaw from September to May.
66. Charaxes aristogiton, Fd.
A few males only taken at Pagaye and Wagon from December to April ;
no females have so far been seen.
67. Charaxes fabius sulphureus, Roth.
A single male taken at about 300%.
68. Hulepis aihamas, Drury.
Males common along streams at the foot of the hills, but females are
scarce.
49. Eulepis arja, Felder.
Common ali over along streams.
70. Eulepis ialysus, Felder.

An uncommon species ; three males only taken; two on Sabataung 600’
and one on Kalataung 1,200’ in December.

71. Eulepis delphis concha, Wd. .

Two males taken at Pagaye in October 1916 and a pair at Kalachaung
during April 1916 and 1917 respectively.

72. Eulepis eudamippus, Db.

Fairly common along streams during the summer and on _hill-tops during
the cooler months.

73. Apatura osteria, Wd.

Males plentiful on the top of the hill at Pagaye 600’ and sparingly so on
the hill West of Kambauk, but no females were taken or seen at either of
these places. The only female secured was caught on Kalataung, above
Wagon at about 1,700’ on 22nd December 1919, no males being seen here.
Tn all 33 males were taken in one particular spot, where they were to be seen
daily between the hours of 3 to 5 p.m. They seldom come within reach of
an ordinary net and keep to the higher branches of the trees; they settle
with wings outspread in places where there are patches of sunlight and from
these spots fly out and attack any other butterfly that chances to pass along,
returning to the same leaf after the struggle. Fresh specimens may be taken
from November to January and worn ones up to end of May.

74. Huripus halitherses, Db. :

Males plentiful on the hills but females appear to be very scarce. One
female of the form Isa taken at Pagaye, at the foot of the hill on 16th Decem-
ber 1919. :

BUTTERFLIES COLLECTED IN THE TAVOY DISTRICT, BURMA. 889

75. Stibochiana nicea, Gray.

Apparently a rare species as only one, a male, was taken on Kalataung,
1,700’ on 22nd December 1919. This specimen has the outer white border on
the hind wings very wide, about -1” in the middle of the margin, decreasing
both ways to the termen and apex. The black central spots are smail and
crowned with blue inwardly, the post discal band on the hind wings is not
very sinuous but well defined and the blue markings are bright and appear
green in certain flights.

78. Adolias dirtea, Fab.

Plentiful all over the district where there is heavy jungle. Tavoy specimens
are larger and brighter in colour than those from upcountry, the a
in particular being ‘of great size.

77. LEuthalia goodrichi, Dist.

Four males and two females taken; a pair at Kalachaung in April, two

males and a female at Pagaye in June and a male at Wagon in December.
78. HEuthalia derma, Koll.

Three specimens, two males and a female taken at Pagaye at the foot ot

the hill during December and March.
79. Euthalia dunya, Db.

Fairly plentiful in heavy forest on the hills but most difficult te catch, as
it is extremely wary and has a most irritating habit of allowing one to appro-
ach quite close and then flying off just when you are about to make a swoop.
It appears to be most plentiful en Kalataung from November to March.

80. Huthalia cocytus, Fab.

Several males and a few females taken at Yeawing, Pagaye, Wagon and
Myekhanbaw from December to May. It keeps mostly to the hills in heavy
forest.

81. Huthalia lepidea andersoni, Moore.

A very common species found throughout the district in bamboo and

scrub jungle, and along forest paths and streams.
82. LEuthalia appiades julit, Bougain.

Very common and found in company with JZ. andersoni; females are
rather scarce.

83. HEuthalia jahnu, Moore.

Fairly common both in the hills and plains wherever a species of Agera-
tum grows, on the flowers of which they feed.

24. LEuthalia anosia, Moore.
A common butterfly where mango trees grow, on the leaves of which the
larvee appear to feed.
85. LEuthalia kesava rangoonensis, Sw.
Common all over the district and flies all the year round.
86. Huthalia phemius, Db.
Five females only taken but no males have been met with ; the females
are smaller and lighter than Khasi Hills specimens.
87. Euthalia lubentina, Cr.
A common butterfly found all over and at all elevations.
88. Euthalia garuda, Moore.
Very common at low elevations and in gardens where mango trees grow, on
_ the leaves of which the larve feed.
89. Buthalia jama, Fd.
_ Found in the plains as well on the hills, but is not common.
80. Euthalia apicalis, Voll.
Six males only taken during December and January at Pagaye and Wagon.
91. Huthalia kanda, Moore.
A single male taken at Talaingya in February 1917.

890 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII.

92. Parthenos gambrisius, Fab.
Common at low elevations in bamboo and scrub jungle. Though plentiful
it is difficult to take as it is a wary creature.
93. Liminitis procris anarta, Moore.
A common species found throughout the district at all elevations.
94, Lebadea martha attenuata, Moore.
Very common at all elevations at all times.
95. Pantoporia nefte nivifera, But.

Males very common but females scarce. This species is found at all eleva-
tions but apparently prefers hill-tops, where they may be seen in large num-
bers. The males are about the most pugnacious of all butterflies and will
attack and drive away any others that happen to come, and I found it
necessary to catch and destroy all the males I could before settling down to
collect.

6. Pantoporia zeroca, Moore.

Two females only taken, one at Maungmagan on 9th April 1914 and the
other in Mergui district on 12th November 1919;sofarno males have been
seen.

97. Pantoporia kresna, Moore.

Plentiful on hill-tops ; numerous specimens of both sexes were taken on
Pagaye hill 500’ and Kalataung, 1,500’ to 2,000’, during December and January.
It is found at all seasons, but is most numerous from November to March.

98. Pantoporia kanwa, Moore.

Males common but females very scarce, on hill-tops, from November to
March. Many males and a few females taken at Pagaye, Wagon and
Kambauk during December and January.

99. Pantoporia opalina, Koll.

A single male taken on Kalataung 1,700’ on 22nd December 1919. This
specimen is nearer to the Sikkim form than the N.-W. Himalayan form, so far
as the spots and bands on the upper sides of the wings are concerned.

100. Pantoporia perius, L.

Very common at all seasons from about sea level to 1,000’, all over the
district.

101. Pantoporia larymna, Db.

Four males and three females only taken in about 8 years collecting.
It keeps to the higher branches of trees and seldom descends low, which
may account for it being so scarce. Specimens have been taken at low

_ elevations as well as on the hills.
102. Pantoporia asura, Moore.

A single female taken at the foot of the hill at Pagaye. This one agrees.

in every respect with N.-W. Himalayan specimens in my collection.
103. Pantoporia pravara, Moore.

Plentiful on hill-tops in company with P. kanwa and P. kresna. Many
specimens taken at Pagaye, Wagon and Kambauk during December and
January.

104. Neptis hylas adara, Moore.

A common species found at all seasons throughout the district.
105. Neptis soma, Moore.

Not uncommon both on the hills and aibias at all times of the year.
106. Neptis nata cresina, Moore.

Rather a rare species, found in heavy forest at all elevations. I secured
about a dozen specimens ; two at Yeawing in February and a few at Pagaye,
Sabataung and Wagon during December 1919.

107. Neptis columella martabana, Moore.

Of this species only two males were secured, one on Kalataung 1,500’

December 1919 and one on Pagaye hill 500’ in March 1916.

BUTTERFLIES COLLECTED IN THE TAVOY DISTRICT, BURMA. 891

108. Neptis jumbah, Moore.
A few specimens, in all, taken at Maungmagan, Sabataung, Talaingya and
Megyaungain during December, all at low elevations.
109. Neptis haritu, Moore.
This is an uncommon species of which only a few were secured. The

females are rare. All the specimens secured were taken at Pagaye and
Wagon during December. ‘

110. Neptis vikasi pseudovikasi, Moore.
A Common species which keers to the hills and flies from December to May.
J1l. Neptis anjana, Moore. :
A single male taken in the Kaleianaung Reserve forest in June.
112. Neptis ebusa fuliqinosa, Moore.

Several males and a few females taken on the hills at Pagaye, Wagon and

Kambauk during December and January.
113. Neptis miah nolana, Druce.

An uncommon species and so far only taken on Pagaye hill, 500’, during
December.

114. Neptis viraja, Moore.

This is an uncommon species as only four males and two females in all
were secured; two males on Pagaye hill, 600’ and the rest on Kalataung
1500’, in December. %

115. Neptis heliodore, Fab.
Plentiful in the hills all over the district. Numerous specimens of both sexes
taken during December and January ; very plentiful in the Jatter month.
116. Neptis hordonia, Stoll.
Common at all seasons throughout the district.
117. Neptis peraka, Butler.

Common on hill tops from November to March ; numerous specimens taken

at Pagave, Wagon, Kambauk and Sabataung during December and January.
118. Neptis aurelia, Std.

Rather uncommon ; flies in company with N. peraka and hordonia during

December and January but found very sparingly at other times.
119. Cyrestis nivea nivalis, Fd.

Several specimens of both sexes taken during December and January,
both on the hills and low grounds. This species comes down to the streams
during the hot hours of the day and settles on damp sand.

120. Cyrestis periander, Fab.

Rather more scarce than the above and keeps to the hills. A few males
and two females taken on Pagaye hill 600’, and on Kalataung 1500’ during
December 1919.

121. Cyrestis peraka, Dist.

This butterfly keeps to the streams at the foot of the hills in dense jungle.
It was very plentiful during January 1920 on the road from Pachaung to
Kambauk, at a spot where a stream cut across the road near the 15th mile
stone. It has a weak flight and settles frequently on the underside of a leat,
with outstretched wings.

122. Cyrestis risa, Db.

A common species to ke seen everywhere and at all times of the year.
123. Cyrestis rahria rahrioides, Moore. ;

Taken sparingly in company with the above, at Pagaye, during January.
124. Junonia iphita, Cramer.

Common at low elevations.
125. Junonia lemonias, L.

Common at the foot of the hills.
126. Junonia hierta, Fab.

Common in the plains.

31

892 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII.

127. Junonia orithyia, L.

Plentiful though not so common as the above.
128. Junonia atlites, Joh.

One of the commonest of butterflies in the plains.
129. Junonia almana, L.

Common in the plains.
130. Symbrenthia hippoclus lucina, Cramer.

A few taken on Kalataung, 1,500’, towards the end of December 1919.
131. Symbrenthia niphanda, Moore.

A single male secured on Pagaye hill 600’ on 16th April 1916.
132. Prothe francki angelica, Butler.

A rare species found mostly on hill tops in heavy forest. Nine males and
a single female taken ; four at Yeawing, 400’, on 10th May 1919, four on
Pagaye hill, 600’ in January 1920, and one on Kambauk hill 700’ on 19th
January 1920. The single female was taken at the foot of Yeawing hill,

inside a house, where she no doubt had been attracted by the scent of some-
ripe guavas. ‘This butterfly keeps to very dense forest in places where the
gloom is deepest; it flies little and settles frequently, always selecting the
bare trunk of a tree. It settles withits head facing upwards, but immediate-
ly after turns about and faces downwards. It isnot by any means shy and is
easy to take when seen, but the colouring on the underside harmonises so well
with the moss-covered trunks of the trees that it is by no means easy to.
spot. It appears to fly from December to May.
133. Rhinopalpa polynice birmana, Fruh.

Rather a scarce species which I personally did not take, but several speci-
mens of both sexes were caught by Wood at Kalachaung and Kedantaung.

It is evidently a gross feeder, as five fresh males were taken in the Kala-
chaung, feeding on human excreta.

134. Hypolimnas bolina, L.

Common on the plains and some little way up the hills. They do not

appear to attain the size of those found in N.-W. India.
135. Hypolimnas misippus, L.

Apparently a rare species’as only one male was taken on Pagaye hill, 500’,
in December 1919.

136. Penthema darlisa, Moore.

Very scarce and seldom met with ; two males and one female have so far
keen secured ; the former at Yeawing in May and the female at Pagaye in
September. The two males are typical, but in the female the discal series.
of spots, on the hind wings, are joined to the internervular streaks, which
given the latter a clavate appearance. The streak in the submedian in-
terspace is very short, from near the tornus to about half the length of the
margin.

137. Doleschallia bisaltide pratipa, Moore.
Males common but females scarce. Keeps to the hills.
138 Kallima inachus limborgi, Moore.

Plentiful at Kadantaung and Myekhanbaw-in June, also found near Pagaye-
in January. Tavoy specimens are brighter than the Indian forms and are-
very like the Japanese form.

139. Cynthia erota, Fab.

Rather an uncommon species of which I have secured only three males and
two females ; the former on Nwalabo hill, 4,500’, in December and the latter
on Sabataung, 500’, in the same month. The males are very heavily marked!
with black, much more so than are the Indian specimens.

140. issoria sinha, Koll.
Common and generally found at low elevations.

BUTTERFLIES COLLECTED IN THE TAVOY DISTRICT, BURMA, 893

141. Atella phalanta, Drury.
Rather uncommon, found all the year round.
142. Alftella alcippe alcippoides, Moore.

Pentiful on the hills at all seasons. The males when freshly taken have-
: oe purple gloss on the upper side of the wings when held in a certain
light.

143. Cutrrochroa fasciata, Felder.

One of the commonest of butterflies in the district. It was to be seen in
great numbers on Penaichaung hill, 500’, two miles N. of Pagaye during
December 1919 ; also on Kalataung, about 1,200’, and at the foot of the hill
near Pachaung. At the last place it literally swarmed, attracted by the evil
smelling ooze from the bed of a stream, also a favourite wallowing place for
wild animals. This species is most in evidence during December and January
and is found sparingly at other times. ;

144. Cirrochroa surya, Moore.

Fairly plentiful on the hills during December and January and less so at
other seasons.

145. Cirrochroa mithila, Moore.

A very common species. frequenting the hills as well as the plains ;
Tavoy specimens are hardly distinguishable from the Andaman form Anjira,
Moore. It is a thirsty creature and large numbers may be seen during the
warmest hours of the day, sucking the moisture from damp patches in the
beds of streams.

146. Cirrochroa orissa. & No. ILin plate.

Fairly plentiful on the hills near Yeawing, on Kalataung, Pagaye and
Pinnechaung. This species is new to the Indian region and was recorded from
Borneo. In flight it is almost indistinguishable from Cupha erymanthis-lotis.
Sulz, and is probably the reason for it being overlooked by earlier collectors.
It is difficult to take as it has an erratic flight and seldom settles. Flies
from November to May.

147. LErgolis ariadne, Joh.

Common at low elevations at all seasons.
148. Hrgolis merione, Cramer.

Common everywhere in the plains.
149. Laringa castelnaui, Felder.

Males are uncommon but females are rare. It keeps mostly to the hills and
is generally found in bamboo jungle. Several males and three females were:
taken on Pagaye hill, 600’, during December and January, a few males and
a single female on Kalataung, 1,500’, in the latter part of December and a
few males at Yeawing, 500’, in February.

150. Cethosia biblis, Drury.

A male and two females only taken; the male at Pagaye in January and
the females at Myekhanbaw and Kyaukmedaung, respectively, during May.
All these specimens are much smaller and darker than the Indian form.

151. Cethosia hypsea hypsina, Fd.

A male taken at Myekhanbaw in May and two females in the Mergui
district in December. It appears to be scarce as I did not come across any
during my visit to Tavoy in 1919.

Family—NYMPHALID%.
Subfamily—LinyTH 2 IN.

152. Libythea myrrha rama, Moore.
Fairly plentiful at all elevations for the greater part of the year.

894 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII,

Family—NEMEOBIDAi.

153. Zemeros flegyas confucius, Fruh.
Very common both in the hills and plains at all seasons.
154. Taxila thuisto, Hew.
Not common, on the lower slopes of the hills throughout the district.
155. Tazila haquinus fasciata, Moore.
Common all over the district in heavy jungle.
156. Abisara neophron, Hew.
Very common in streams at the foot of the hills in dense jungle.
157. Abisara echerius angulata, Moore.
Very common at all seasons, both on the hills and in the plains.

Family—PAPILIONIDA.

158. Papilio wacus, Fd.

Common from October to June at all elevations in heavy forest. Very
plentiful along the banks of the stream, that passes by Pagaye, in March
attracted there by the flowers of a shrub.

159. Papilio zaleucus, Hew.

Plentiful on Kalataung, 1,500’, and on the hill W. of Kambauk, 600’.
About 30 males and five females were taken there in two days, 21st and
22nd December 1919. They were attracted here by the flowers of a species
of Ageratum as several were taken on the flowers ; they were not observed on
any other part of the hill, nor did I see any at Pagaye. In examining the
series I possess I find that the white areas on the upperside of the hind-
wings vary considerably, from four white interspaces to one, and in a single
specimen there is no white at all, the wing being entirely black. This single
specimen is indistinguishable from P. varuna astorion, Wd. On the under-
side it has white interspaces, but so also has a specimen of P. varuna from
Sikkim which is in my collection. I did not meet with P. varuna in Tavoy,
so that it is probable that these two are only races of one species.

160. Pailio aristolochie goniopeltis, Roth.

This is not a common butterfly and was taken sparingly at Maungmagan
during December 1919.

161. Papilio coon doubledayi, Wall.

A common species found at all elevations in heavy jungle. It is very
plentiful from October to May.

162. Papilio neptunus, Guer. No. 1 in plate.

Two males and one female of this rare butterfly were taken. One male
at Kalachaung in June 1912, a male at Mergui in April 1914 and a female on
Kalataung, 1,700’, on 23rd December 1919. This species is new to the Indian
region and so far has only been recorded from Borneo, Malacca, Sumatra
and Nias. The forewings are black above with pale, almost white, patches
between the veins. Hind-wings black, with a discal series of elongate red
spots in interspaces 1 to 4. Underside as above, but paler and the red
patches much smaller ; breast red at the sides ; abdomen, fore part black, the
rest yellow. The abdominal fold has some grey powdering.

Epanse ¢—3°8, (—4:1 inches.
163. Papilio paradoxus telearchus, Hew.
Evidently a rare species as only two males and two females haye been
taken in about 9 years collecting. A pair were caught at Pagaye in Sep-

tember and a male in October 1914, and a female in the Kaleianaung
Forest Reserve in October 1916.

BUTTERFLIES COLLECTED IN THE TAVOY DISTRICT, BURMA. 895

164. Papilio paradoxus d. danisepa, Butler.

Of this beautiful form I secured only three males; one at Wagon in
October 1914, one at Yeawing and one at Pagaye, in February and April
1916, respectively. On the wing it appears very like Euplea diocletiana
and has the same habit of settling on damp sand.

165. Papilio clytia, L.

Common just before the rains set in.
166. Papilio clytia var. lankeswara, Moore.

A few specimens taken at Talaingya during April.
167. Papilio clytia var. papone, Wd.

Two males taken at Pagaye in May 1919.
168. Papilio cliytia d. dissimilis, L.

Common all over the district from March to June.
169. Papilio castor mehala, Gr.

Several females but no males taken ; flies from December to April. The
specimens I have were caught at Pagaye and Kalachaung.

170. Papilio mahadeva, Moore.

Several specimens of both sexes taken at Pagaye, Wagon, Talaingya
and Thingadon between March and October. It is most plentiful just
before and during breaks in the rains.

171. Papilio demoleus malayanus, Wall.

A very common butterfly found on the plains and low hills, throughout
the year.

172. Papilio demolion, Cramer.

Common in dense forests in the hills and occasionally along streams at
the foot of the hills. It has a very rapid flight, is difficult to catch and when
caught generally contrives to break off its tails or a goodly part of a wing in
the net. It has a regular beat round and round which it goes during the
warmest hours of the day.

173. Papilio chaon ducenarius, Fruh.

A few males only taken ; one at Myekhankaw in May, one in Mergui in
February and one south of Tavoy in April. It appears to prefer the low
country and has not been seen on the hills.

174. Papilio helenus, L.

Males common but females are rare as only one has been taken. It

keeps to beds of streams in dense jungle and does not ascend the hilis.
175. Papilio polytes, Liun.

Very common all over the district but prefers low elevations. Only

two forms of females have been taken, the cyrus, Fab., and stichius, Hiib.
176. Papilio memnon agenor, L.

Does not appear to be common. Both the tailed and tail-less forms of
females have been taken. It keeps to the densely wooded country at the
foot of the hills.

177. Papilio palinurus, Fab.

This is not an uncommon species but is difficult to catch as it flies high
and only occasionally comes within reach.

One male taken at Kambauk in May 1916 and two females at Wagon,
1,000’, on 22nd December 1919. It keeps to low elevations and is never
seen on the hills.

178. Papilio agetes, Wd. ‘

Four males only taken, one at Pagaye in September, two on Sinbo Sinma
in January and October, respectively, and one on Kalataung 1500° in
October.

179. Papilio antiphates, Fab.

A male taken at Maungmagan in April 1914 anda few at Pagaye and

Talaingya in January and March respectively.

896 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCLETY, Vol. XXVI1..

180. Papilio payeni amphis, Jor.
A single male taken at Kalataung, 1,500’, on 3rd November 1919. It
appears to be very rare in this district.
181. Papilio sarpedon, L.
Common all over the district and on the wing throughout the year.
182. Papilio eurypylus cheronus, Fruh.
Several males taken at Pagaye from September to January and one
female at Wagon, 1,000’, in June 1920.

183. Papilio bathycles chiron, Wall.

A single male taken on Sinbo Sinma on 12th November 1918.
184. Papilio agammemnon, UL.

Common at all elevations in dense jungle throughout the year.
185. Papilio macareus gyndes, Jor.

Only one male taken on Sinbo Sinma on 11th November 1918.
186. Papilio xenocles kephisos, Fruh.

A few specimens of both sexes taken at Pagaye in September 1914 and
at Kalachaung in April 1919.

187. Papilio megarus, Wd.

A very uncommon species of which only two males and a female were
taken ; a male at Yeawing on February, one at Myekhanbaw and a female
at Maungmagan in April. On the wing it looks very like Danais septen-
irionis and may easily be overlooked.

188. Leptocircus curius, Fab.
Rather scarce at the foot of the hills and along streams.
189. Leptocircus meges virescens, But.
Common at low elevations throughout the district in fairly heavy jungle.

Family—PIERID&.

190. Leptosia xiphia, Fab.
A common species found at low elevations throughout the district.
191. Delias hyparete ciris, Fruh.
Common both in the plains and on the hills. It is very plentiful during
December and January.
192. Delias descombesi leucacantha, Fruh.
Common all over the district from October to June.
193. Delias aglara beata, Fruh.
This is also very common and flies at all seasons.
194. Prioneris clemanthe, Db.
Males plentiful, but females are rare; numerous males and only ons
female were taken.
195. Huphina nerissa dapha, Moore.
Very common throughout the district.
196. Huphina nadina, Lucas.
Common in tke plains at all seasons.
197. Huphina lea, Db.
Common on the hills all the year round.
198. Appias lyncida hippoides, Moore.
A common species at all elevations and on the wing throughout the year.
199. Appias melania adamsoni, Moore.
Fairly plentiful on the hills especially at Pagaye and Kalataung, but
difficult to catch.
200. Appias lade lalassis, Gr. 8.
Appears to be a rare species; two males taken on Kalataung, 1,500’, on
6th November 1914, and a female on the same hill on 21st December 1919.
201. Appias indra, Moore.
A few specimens taken at Pagaye in February 1919.

BUTTERFLIES COLLECTED IN THE TAVOY DISTRICT, BURMA. 897

202. Appias lalage lagela, Moore.
Numerous males taken on Kalataung, 1,500’, in November 1914, but no
females were secured.
203. Ixias pyrene latifasciata, Butler.
A very common species in the plains.
204. Dercas verhueli pallidus, Fruh.
A few taken at Kalachaung along the stream, in April. It may be
common but as it has a habit of hiding in dense foliage it is not often seen.
205. Catopsilia pyranthe, L.
206. Catopsilia florella, Fab.
207. Catopsilia crocale, Cramer.
208. Catopsilia pomona, Fab.

The above are common all over the district at low elevations from No-

vember to January and again from March to June.
209. Catopsilia scylla, L.

Very common during November and Dezember in gardens and in the
neighbourhood of villages. It keeps to the plains and may be taken in large
numbers on the flowers of a species of Cosmos in gardens in the town of
Tavoy. The larve feed on a species of Cassia which grows in cultivated
areas. It appears to be single brooded.

210. Terias libythea, Fab.
Common in the plains at all seasons.
211. Terias laeta, Bdl.
Not common ; a few specimens taken at Pagaye and Talaingya during June.
212. Terias hecabe, L.
Very common throughout the year both on the hills and plains.
213. Terias sari, Hors.
Common during October all over the district.
214. Terias harina andamana, Moore.

Not common but may be taken at any time of the year. It is found at
all elevations.

215. Hebomoia glaucippe, L.

Males common but females are scarce. It keeps to the lower hills and
plains and along streams.

216. Pereronia avatar paravatar, DeN.

A few males and one female taken on Kalataung, 1700’, in October. On
the wing it is not possible to distinguish it from Pereronia hippia, Fab.

217. Pereronia valeria hippia, Fab.

Very common from October to April at all elevations. The female v.

livilla is also found but is rare.

(To be continued.)

898

TROUT CULTURE ON THE NILGIRIS
BY

Coronet Motesworts., C.I.E., C.B.E., V.H.S., I.M.S., and
J. ¥. Bryant, M.A., F.G.S., L.C.S.,
Collector of the Nilgiris,

(late Senior Scholar in Natural Science at Clare College, Cambridge).
( With a map and two plates.)

The Nilgiris consist of an oval, grassy, undulating plateau about 20 miles:
across and about 7,000 feet above the sea. Occasional peaks rise to 8,000 feet or
more. The western margin is marked out bya relatively elevated tract, the
Khundahs, which falls away steeply, often precipitously, towards Malabar.
About midway, the plateau is crossed from North to South by another high range
of hills, the culminating point of which, Dodabetta, is 8,640 feet above sea-level.

Shielded by the Khundah and Mukerti Range from the heavy rainfall of the
Wynaad, cool and cloudy weather is the rule rather than the exception, even in the
Summer season. Without the grandeur of the Himalayan gorges or the majesty
of eternal snows, the Nilgiris have a soft beauty of their own, recalling to the Eng-
lishman the undulating contours of his own western hills. The pedestrian can.
strike a bee-line over hill and dale, withersoever his fancy leads him, unimpeded by
any obstacle more serious than an occasional peat-bog or a brawling hill stream.

RAINFALL :—There is a rapid decrease in the rainfall as we travel from West
to Kast. At Naduvattam and in the Khundahs it is above 100 inches, at Paikara
itis 78:23 inches, whilst at Ootacamund it is 48°35 inches.

This distribution is not without its influence upon pisciculture. The rainfall
at Ootacamund is too small to be of much use and as a general rule it may be laid
down that the fishing improves as we go West or South-west into the area of
maximum precipitation. Hencethe most prolific streams are the Billithada-
halla and the Pirmund in the Khundahs.

The Eastern half of the plateau, depending asit doeson the North-east rather
than the South-west Monsoon, possesses no streams of importance and is compara-
tively useless from a piscicultural point of view.

TEMPERATURE :—The mean temperature of the yearis 55° at Ootacamund,
that of May, the hottest month, being four degrees above this and that of January,
the coldest, only seven belowit. But the daily range in the clear weather which
usually prevailsin January, February, March and Aprilmay be as much as 31
degrees in the 24 hours (Blanford). It is in these months that the trout embryos
develope, and itis inthese months that they are most susceptible to sudden
changes of temperature.

StrEAMS :—The larger streams in the Khundahnad and the Todanad fal] in
cascades over the sides of the plateau into the Moyar on the North and the Bha-
vanion the South. In the North we have the Mukerti, the Krurmund, the Mekod
or Parson’s Valley Stream and the Yemmakal. Hxcellent trout streams in them-
selves, and protected by waterfalls from the incursions of carp, they stand out in.
sharp contrast to the Pykara in which carp predominate at the expense of the
trout. The southern group consists of the Billitaddahalla, the Pirmund and the
Thayar Shola streams on the Khundahs, and the Avalanche and Emerald Valley
streams which by their union form the Khundah River. Here again the upper
waters are the best, and trout which will rise to a fly disappear as we go down-
stream.

In all these rivers, beautifully clear water, slightly stained by peat, is the rule
rather than the exception. Long stretches of relatively deep, still water mark the
prevalence of soft gneissose rocks. Where bands of Charnockite intrude, we

!\Ovddviiwe

SONIHSIA OL G3SO1D Sswwsa4ls

NAVaAvVUNYV HIS

aes
aos
"O311IWaYSd S!I ATNO S3NIN IGNV
es G0Y¥ HLIM HSIS 40 S3ID3dS ANY
lla acta

YO3 ONIHSIS SY3SHM SWV3YN1LS

IRS eh ts a OTN het eH fo) = Whee Fe)
O3AY43S3YH ANNVIDSdS SWY3SHILS

3DN3Y434535uy

5 oer 177I39N
Pee eee Pee 1 aw
ownuis>. %
i ete ae
i \ee0

AIDNOOHWYHLOOM ¥% i ‘ )

QOH Loe eremne7e

\ auyw Baek» peer ls

§ avi a8

Si. MOANIsay vA LoBvay ees
Bs OP Eee
\ Pelee; f ¢ 8
fr.7 * anawy> vL00° one Q
i “
3 auv7 ont
is i
: .S)
«x
* a
\y anrvan9e
wous
WALLY HUY ZY N

~ Vase au AvHNuaHauoN,” 3k
Swe tinas “nog, aaysss Bes Aechsell

sole

NMOVNWVddaHL o1

LDIMLSIG 1WIDTIN
WAWL GNAWYDVLOO

oy

i Vee
a Ki
iy

TROUT CULTURE ON THE NILGIRIS. 899

_ have gorges, rapids and waterfalls. There is no waterweed to speak of, but a

~
i

.

multitude of rocks and stones form ideal shelters for the fish. The clearness of the

- water and the absence of weed are not without disadvantages. Visibility is in-

ereased and there is nothing to deaden vibration. The heavy tread of an inex-

_ perienced angler is felt from far off and is often responsible for his lack of success

‘

in waters which may be overstocked.
InnABiTants :—The greater part of the Todanad and the Khundahnad are
essentially pastural tracts inhabited by a race of buffalo herdsmen, the Todas.

_ Where the Badaga with his system of shifting cultivation has established himself,

trout culture has proved a failure. Areas opened up for tea planting on a large
scale, such as Melur and Kolacombai similarly contain no trout. The soil loosen-
ed by the hoe is washed down into the streams which run red during the rains
and contain hardly a living creature. With the present remarkable boom in
potato cultivation, there is an attempt to secure potato-growing concessions in
the Toda country, to make it worth-while for the Todas themselves to support
such applications, and to argue that it is anomalous that in an age of progress huge
stretches of Downs should be conserved for hunting, shooting and fishing. It is
possible, however, to justify the reservation of the Wenlock Downs and the
contiguous areas on the score of safeguarding the interests of the grazing popula-
tion, more particularly the Todas. Cultivation means the introduction of fish-eat-
ing labourers such as Canarese, Tamils and Badagas. The rivers will be polluted,
the poacher will replace the herdsmen, and trout culture will be at an end.

But it is not sufficient to cry out that an interesting tribe will become extinct
if its grazing lands be brought under the plough. Itis incumbent on all lovers of
the gentle art to justify economically the retention of the Todana as pasture
land. It will be sufficient, we think, to develope a system of co-operative dairy
farming throughout the area in question. The latter is fairly well supplied with
roads. It would be easy to improve the milk-yielding qualities of the Toda
buffalo, to collect the milk each morning by means of the motor lorries, to
distribute it to the residents of Ootacamund in the season and to convert it into
condensed milk and the like when the visitors are away.

Trout culture can similarly be justified economically if it can be made an im-
portant source of food supply. At present an enormous quantity of stale sea-fish
is brought up from Madras and Malabar. It should be easy to replace this by a
supply of local fish, produced locally inan area whichis eminently adapted for
trout culture. But State Agency must be employed and the services of the
Expert retained.

It must not be imagined that the dependence of fishing upon grazing is with-
out its drawbacks. The herdsman must have young grass. In February and
March each year, when the rivers are at their lowest and such food supply as comes
down in the Spates is cut off, all the grass in the country that will burn is fired. The
destruction of insect life, and more particularly of beetles, is enormous. The fast
vanishing sholas or woods are eaten into further by each successive conflagration.
Already enormous extents of country are without a single tree. Throughout the
long valley of the Pykara or the bleak gorges of the Billitaddahalla the monsoon
winds scream with unmitigated violence. Itis difficult, often impossible, from
the middle of June to the middle of August to keep one’s cast on the water. The

rain pelts down mercilessly on the enterprising angler, and soon, like his more

effeminate brethren, he gives up the unequal struggle, persuades himself that

there are no trout and betakes himself to the club-house or the dancing-floor.
Ascheme has been started by the present Collector to grow trees and shrubs
in such a manner as to form windscreens on the one hand and asyla for trout
on the other. By choosing such varieties as flower readily, it is hoped to be able
to attract and breed insects and improve the food supply for the fish. At intervals
of a mile, dense thickets of Acacia dealbata are being formed. Angling will be im-
possible in these and the harassed trout will remain unmolested until he wanders

32

900 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVITI

beyond their precincts. The river banks in the intervals between the asyla
‘are being planted with flower bearing, insect attracting, plants, and whileitis
not anticipated that there will be a very great addition to the local food supply yet
Ephemeride will be attracted and the trout will not so readily lose the fly-eating
‘habit.

History :—In 1863, Dr. Francis Day attempted toimport trout ova but they
‘died before reaching the country. In 1866, heimported 6,000 ova and placed
‘those which survived in a masonry hatching house in the Government Gardens at
Ootacamund. Fine silt and the attacks of water organisms proved fatal to these.

About the year 1867, Mr. M’Ivor imported fry from Scotland. In 1869, he
transferred them to ponds in the Government House Gardens. From there, they
‘were distributed to the Ootacamund Lake, the Khundahs and other places.

Mr. M’Ivor was at that time Superintendent of the Cinchona Plantations. He
‘was also charged with the care of the Government House Gardens. His activities
‘centered in Ootacamund. It was there that Dr. Day and he located the earliest
trout ponds and the hatchery. He clung to the relatively high slopes of Snowdon
and Dodabetta. He demanded low temperatures rather than an equable climate.
He established a tradition which for forty years made successful trout-breeding
impossible. There were no long stretches of clean gravel in the streams. Con-
‘tamination by sewage or cultivation was the rule rather than the exception. A
large percentage of the population were poachers by instinct. At the present day
itis doubtful whether there is a single trout in the Burnfoot or Lovedale Lakes, the
Sandy Nullah Stream or the Marlimund, Dodabetta and Tiger Hill Reservoirs.

In 1877, Mr. Wapshare and Mr. Hubert Knox put into the Pykara some carp
‘caught in the Ouchterlony Valley in the Wynaad. In 1879, Mr. Barlow, the Com-
missioner, reported that the Pykara had been stocked with Mahseer (sic). When
and by whom it was stocked, he does not say. These experimental measures were
disastrous from the point of view of trout-culture. The myriads of carp in the
Pykara River at the present day are too shy to be of much use to the angler. Com-
peting as they do for the food in the river, they make it difficult for other fish to
eke out a precarious living. Twelve miles of fine water from the junction of the
Mukerti and Krurmund to the Pykara Waterfalls were completely spoiled.

In the early eighties, fryponds were made at Pykara about 12 miles from
Ootacamund. <A heavy flood about the year 1884 damaged the ponds and swept
the whole of the fish into the Pykara River. It was unfortunate that the ac-
cident occasioned a return to Octacamund. Unsuitable as Pykara was owing to
the existence of Carp, it was at any rate preferable to the slopes of Snowdon and
Dodabetta. Z

In 1884, the Game Association and the Collector reported that dynamiting
and the use of small mesh nets were becoming general. A notification under
Madras Act 2 of 1879 was then issued prohibiting such practices in the chief
reservoirs and rivers of the plateau.

The position about this time was that the Ootacamund Lake contained Tench
and Carp whilst the Pykara held numerous bony Carp. Trout were cons-
picuous by their absence.

In 1892, the fry kept by Dr. Ross in a reservoir at Dodabetta were almost all
lost by the breaching of the dam. In 1893, the two females of the four large fish

maintained at Dodabetta spawned in February, but as the males were in milt in
November, the ova could not be fertilised. In this year, seven fry-ponds anda.
stock-pond were made at Pykara.

Forty thousand ova imported from England were put into the icehouse at
Ootacamund where they froze and were destroyed. A second consignment
arrived on March 4th. The high temperature of the water, however, destroyed
the fry as fast as they hatched and only 83 survived. Messrs. Ross, Marsh,
Wapshare and Lawson spent considerable sums in further attempts to propagate
the species. The temperature of the water militated against success. Myriads

‘913190 oY} UI OsHOPY 4Sex] OY} PUR “Foy OY OF pROY ar0jesurg-f£400
‘punoisos0fJ 4YS1 oy} ur roar Bilvysq ‘punoasyorqg oy} UL JFUSWINUOUT TOSTIAA YIM “Gorsystq IISTIN ‘ereyAg }O MOLA

Ba at sesso ee ‘ se Bee eens |

‘20S ‘1SIH °3UN Aequiog “uanor

TROUT CULTURE ON THE NILGIRIS. 901

of crabs devoured the ova as soon as they were laid. Horned owls, water-
snakes, which usually occur below 6,000 feet, otters, the larvae of the dragon fly,
and mildew (Saproligneus ferox), were amongst the other enemies of the fish.

In December, 1893, a consignment of 20,000 Loch Leven Ova and 20,009 Rain-

bow Ova were received. Despite rain and a sudden rise in temperature, almost
the whole of the Rainbow trout hatched out, whilst only 572 Loch Leven fry were
saved, Fora time, 20 to 50 fry died daily owing to arise in the temperature but
eventually 5,000 were saved. However, little permanent good resulted. Writ-
ing in 1897 with reference to the Khundah River, Major Grant remarked that
he did not think the trout imported in 1888 had bred since the winter of 1893-94
and would be better out.

Consignments of ova, mostly of S. fario, continucd to arrive at irregular in-
tervals. Butin 1900 the position was summarised as follows by Major Bagnall:—
“ The only trout I have seen during the year were caught during our netting
operations in Snowdon ponds. Three were secured, unwholesome looking fish of
about 23 lbs. each. I have heard of fish being caught in Burnfoot lake and have
seen the bones of one killed by an otter.
The Pykara stock pond which should have contained 19 large trout was emp-
tied after great labour. It contained no trout, but one small fish of the Mahseer

species. The caretaker, beyond remarking that he was a poor man, had no infor-

_ above, it has been found useless to import ova of S. fario into the Nil

mation to offer.

Emerald Valley River, Avalanche and Khundah Rivers :—I have frequently
hunted all along these rivers, and have seen three large trout in the Emerald
Valley River, but no sign of fish life elsewhere. Nowhere have I seena fish as
large as a little finger, and I cannot find any watcher who has.

Pykara River :—I heard a friend say he rose a trout in the Pykara River, and
I hope he was not mistaken, but those who have fished there will remember how
red the Mahseer look in the water.

Our present position seems to be that we know of the existenc2 of troutin the
Emerald Valley River only, and in Snowdon Ponds, in the Dodabetta Reservoirs,
andin Burnfoot Lake. They probably exist also in the Marlimund Reservoir.”

The same history of unsuccessful effort by enthusiastic amateurs continued
up to 1905. At that time trout fishing on the Nilgiris might still be represented
by the word nil. Simultaneous efforts by amateurs to introduce trout on
the Palni Hills were even more disastrous. Apart from natural enemies, the
high temperatures, even at Dodabetta which is more elevated than the present
hatchery at Avalanche, proved fatal to S. fario. But the most insuperable
difficulty was that the females spawned when the males were notin milt. The
experiments with S. irridens though far from being successful were at any rate
more promising than those carried out with S. fario. (Compiled from “ The
mighty Mahseer’’ by Skene Dhu, Higginbctham & Co., Madras, 1906).

In the autumn of 1906, the Nilgiri Game Association suggested that the services
ofa pisciculturist be obtained, and Sir Arthur Lawley, the then Governor of
Madras, was approached. The suggestion was approved. From this time for-
ward, trout culture ceased to be a private enterprise. Government took up
the matter in earnest. Sir A. Lawley wrote to the Government of Ceylon. The
services of the late Mr. H. C. Wilson were obtained. He arrived in Ootacamund
in the autumn of 1906. Very soon he brought trout culture on a scientific basis.
The Expert had replaced the amateur. An up-to-date hatchery was built at the
Avalanche 13} miles South-west of Ootacamund. This hatchery has proved a vast
success. Both imported ova of S. irridens and stock fish have been ete a
reared here and their fry distributed to all parts of the Nilgiris. As has been sai

giris as owing
to the relatively high temperature of the water, these fish will not breed eave
they develope well. It was Mr. Wilson who first emphasised the fact that the
females spawned at one time whilst the males milted at an other.

902 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVIII.

It has been suggested that certain of the present trout in the Nilgiri streams:
are in reality crosses between males of S. irridens and females of S. fario. Al-
though a few brown trout were stocked at Avalanche up to 1919 and although
there may have been a few wild ones in the streams, yet not a single cross-bred fish
(with red spots) has been observed by the writers.

Early in 1907, Mr. H.C. Wilson went to Ceylon and obtained a hundred year-
lings (8. irridens) from the hatcheries there. These he brought to Ootacamund,
but owing to misfortunes en-route only twenty-seven live fish were placed in the
Parson’s Valley Stream.

One of them was caught on a fly in the late autumn of the same year having
increased in weight four ounces. The Parson’s Valley Stream holds a very heavy
head of fish, is netted periodically, but is closed to angling.

On 21st April 1997, a consignment of 10,000 ova of S. irvidens from Osnabruck
in Germany arrived in bad condition.

In 1909, however, Mr. Wilson obtained ova of S. irridens from the Auckland.
Acclimatization Society in New Zealand. Most of these were successfully hatched
out, and it is from them and the twenty-seven yearlings from Ceylon (and possibly
from the survivors of previous experiments) that the bulk of the fish on the Nil-
giris are supposed to be descended. In 1908, thirty trout from 12” to 16” in length
from the Parson’s Valley Stream were turned into the Krurmund River at Hodg-
son’s Hut.

In May, 1909, thirty fish were transferred from the Parson’s Valley Stream ta
the Emerald Valley, eighty-three to the Avalanche River and sixteen to the stock-
ponds at the hatchery. The average length of these fish was 114”. It was in this.
year that the hatchery was completed. :

In 1910, a stock-pond and spawning race were constructed below the hatchery.
The fry were allowed to escape into the hatchery stream through the race. Since
then, however, a second stock-pond has been excavated below this spawning race,
and iry which seek to escape into the stream must run the gauntlet of the fish
in this second stock-pond.

The Avalanche, Emerald Valley, Krurmund, Mekod and Pykara Streams
were thrown open to trout fishing for the first time on September 5th, 1911. A
large party was entertained at Krurmund Bungalow by the Governor, Sir A.
Lawley, who caught the first trout in the adjacent pool.

The season ended on September 30th. No less than 299 trout were killed, the
largest of them being 5lbs.in weight. The limit of size was 12” and 140 small
fish were returned.

In 1913, Mr. Wilson reported that the size ofthe fish was less than he had
anticipated. He attributed this to lack of food. The remedy adopted by him
was to diminish the number of fish by netting.

In 1914, it was remarked that the size of the fish killed was less than in the
previous year. An attempt was, therefore, made to diminish the stock of fish in
the rivers by reducing the size limit from 12” to 8’. It was hoped that more fish
might be killed and that more food would consequently be available for the
survivors.

In the following year there was a general complaint from Sportsmen both as
to the number of the fish and their size. The limit was accordingly abolished
altogether in the hope that more fish might be caught.

A ten-inch limit was again imposed in 1920 on the advice of certain gentlemen
who were interested in fishing. Much discontent has been the result as only one
fish in every four or five caught could be retained.

Despite forty years of failure, there are still a few enthusiasts who seriously ad-
vocate the importance of brown trout. They argue that even ifit doesnot breed.
well, it makes an excellent cross. They point to dark specimens of pure Rainbow
trout in proof of their assertions. The fact that some Rainbows fight better than
others is with them a further proof of interbreeding. They are unable, however,

TROUT CULTURE ON THE NILGIRIS. 903

to produce a single trout with red spots. They sscemto be unaware thatin the
‘opinion of many Experts S. irridens fights better than 8. fario. They ignore the
fact that the foundation of Mr. Wilson’s success was that he threw over S. fario
-once for all and pinned his faith to S. irridens. They forget that even Rainbow do
not always thrive, the secret of Mr. Wilson’s success being that he imported
stock fish which had been acclimatised in New Zealand and Ceylon respectively.

Mr. Wilson’s choice of a site for an up-to-date hatchery on a small tributary
of the Avalanche stream was a remarkable instance of intuition. Abandoning
the Snowdon-Dodabetta area where fry had perished in myriads owing to euddiex
rises in the temperature and other causes, he chose a spot where the climate
though warmer, was more equable, where the water was relatively purer, where
good shade prevented marked diurnal variations of temperature, and where an
abundant vegetation ensured the existence of myriads of entomostraca and other
‘supplies of food.

Foop:—The problem of food has long been an important one. The follow-
4ng are largely in evidence in the Nilgiri Rivers according to Mr. Wilson :—
Water beetles—
Colymbetes striatus. Acilius sulcatus. Coriva.
Dystiscus marginalis. Hydrophyllus pisceus.
Mollusca—
Limnea pereger. Planorbis corneus.
(Acommon mollusc not enumerated by Mr. Wilson is Neritina
perotetiant.)
Caddis—
Stenophylav. Limnophilus lunatus. Phrygonea grandis.
Miscelianeous—

Crabs.
Indigenous minnow (Danio nilgirensis)
Numerous small animalcules and larve.

In the Avalanche and the Billitaddaballa, Mr. Wilson noticed the presence
of the Stone Loach. This also occurs in the Pykara.

In September 1908, i.e., two years after stocking had taken place, Mr. Wilson
remarked a propos of the Parson’s Valley stream:—

«« The decrease of the large natural fishfood is also marked. Crabs and min-
nows, especially the latter, where oace numerous, are not now to be seen.”

In the year ending June 30th, 1913, Mr. Wilson reported that the reduced size
of the fish was due to lack of food. Netting was therefore resorted to to reduce
the number of fish.

At present, crabs, worms, molluscs (principally Neritina perotetiana), Caddis-
worms, beetles, frogs, the Nilgiri Minnow (Danio nilgiriensis) anda loach form the
diet of the trout. There are comparatively few Ephemeridae. When the rivers
were originally stocked, the trout grew rapidly to a great weight, the record fish
(63 lbs.) having been caught in the Billitaddahalla where now it is difficult to catch
one over ten ounces although the number has increased enormously. :

By some, including the late Mr. Wilson, it is considered that the stock of fish
is too great for the available food supply. ‘The diminution in size is ascribed by
others to the fact that new blood is required. Steps have been taken to provide
against both contingencies. No less than 7,500 eyed ova were imported from
Kashmir in the Spring of 1920 in exchange for 7,500 local ova. Though most of
these perished on the way, yet 300 Kashmir fry are being reared in No. 3 pond.
Some of these will be used to replace the 3 to 5 year old fish in the larger stock-
pond next Spring whilst the others will be put out in the upper tributaries of the
Krurmund and Mukerti.

.

904 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXTVII.

To improve the foodsupply, efforts have been made to ifmport and acclimatize
shrimps, to attract Ephemeridae by growing flowering plants, and by planting
watercress to increase the supply of Entomostraca. As yet it is too early to pro-
nounce on the success of these measures.

Waterweeds have been advocated by many. But there are no trout to speak

o f in the Sandy Nullah Stream and the Ootacamund Lake where weeds abound.
They have established themselves in the Big Bend of the Mukerti River where
there are complaints about the quality of the fishing. They obstruct the current
and they make angling difficult. It is desirable to estimate their effect in the
Mukerti River before embarking further on the experiment. :

But there is no real proof that, given a reasonable stock of fish, the food supply
is inadequate or that new blood is required. As the result of living principally on
crabs which abound at the bottom of the streams, the Nilgiri Trout after a few
years becomes a bottom-feeder pure and simple. He takes the fly more and more
shyly as the years roll by and finally ceases to rise at all.

The fact that up to a size of ten inches, he is continually being hooked and re-
turned to the water, may have an adverse effect.

Owing to the prevailing direction of the wind in the fishing season, one has to
cast downstream instead of up. The result of striking, therefore, is to pull the fly
in a large number of instances out of the fish’s mouth,—to prick him and to
make him shy rather than to catch him.

Though the record fish caught on a fly in 1919 was only 2} Ibs. andin 1920, 2
Ibs. 14 oz., yet it is probable that by netting some of the large pools in the lower
reaches of the rivers where the fish are bottom-feeders, it would be easy to get
specimens of six or eight pounds.

It would be interesting to speculate as to the ultimate fate of these monsters
of the lower reaches. Do they continue indefinitely to eat up the available food
supply or are they impelled to migrate further into the region of snakes and
otters and the falls and cataracts of the slopes ? We all know that the rainbow
trout is prone to disappear even through what appears to be solid masonry.
Apart from periodical migration connected with the breeding impulse, the general
tendency is to go downstream. Mere physical difficulties will not stop this.
Mr. 8. C. Berrige and one of the writers have found them far down the Billitad-
dahalla at the foot of relatively high falls. One of the writers has found both
large and small fish far down the gorges of the united Thiashola and Pirmund
Streams.

In 1920, the whole of the trout in the Yemmakal migrated, possibly into
the Pykara, although a waterfall intervenes. Tradition has it that the late
Mr. H. C. Wilson was of opinion that sooner or later the trout on the Nilgiris
meet their end by being dashed to pieces on the cliffs in an insane rush for the sea.

It has also been alleged that they burrow in mud and that thousands which
have mysteriously disappeared may thus have met their end. (Editor, Fishing
Gazette, Febr. 22, 1919.)

Making every allowance for migration or for suicide, the tendency on the
Nilgiris is for the fish to exhaust the available food supply. In this connection
the history of Rainbow trout in New Zealand is interesting. As in the Nilgiris,
the tendency is for reproduction to outstep the food supply (Howell). The advent
of countless flocks of starlings and other insectivorous birds reduced the food
falling into the rivers in the shape of grasshoppers, cicada, etc., and the fish
consequently ran smaller and became more migratory in their habits (Fishing
Gazette, March 13, 1920). The Hon. Secretary of the Ceylon Fishing Club also
writes that the trout in some of the Ceylon Streams are getting smaller. They
are outstripping the foodsupply. He advocates the formation of food farms. It
is difficult to breed both for size and numbers. One or other must go to the wall.
As natural reproduction in the Nilgiris is magnificent and is supplemented by
the outturn from the hatchery, there is no necessity to have any size limit. The

Journ., Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.

Mr. H. C. Witson,

Piscicultural Expert to
the Government of Madras,
1906-1917.

ees a

Witson Memoriat, Pyxara, Niterrt District.

TROUT CULTURE ON THE NILGIRIS, 905

19)

rule compelling all fish below 10” to be returned to the water was a mistake. It:
was introduced against the wish of the Collector on the advice of a committee of
gentlemen interested in fishing. It ignores the teaching of the past. It leads
to migration or suicide. It has evoked a great deal of discontent. It has in-
ereased the stock of fish beyond the availble food supply. It promotes over
crowding and hence disease. It tends to diminish the revenue from license
fees. It is an instance of the danger of calling in inexperienced amateurs to
advise.

It must be remembered that the Rainbow is a great eater (Editor, Fishing
Gazette, August 23rd, 1919). If you introduce a voracious element ‘like the:
Rainbow into streams in which the indigenous food supply has only been able
to exist in accordance with Nature’s laws of supply and demand, you are asking
for trouble which you will get as soon as the Rainbows begin to breed (letter from
P. Fowke, Esq., Hon. Secretary, Ceylon Fishing Club). More than ever, there-
ore, is it necessary to “ guard against overstocking, which will produce a sort
of permanent famine. A stream should never be up to its possible limit in
regard to stock. A little under will give you bigger and better fish.’’ (Thomas
Andrews in the Badminton Library, Fishing). At the present moment, the
Avalanche and Emerald Valley Streams and all the waters on the Khundahs are
overstocked. The Mokerti and Krurmund are probably slightly understocked
in the Lower Reaches. This may be due to the migration. The remedy which
is being applied is to transfer the fish in overstocked streams to those which are
understocked, and in the meantime to improve the food supply. Additional,
remedies are to abolish the size limit and to net fish for sale to approved custo-

mers after fattening them in stew ponds.

This brings us to the question of what is the best food for trout. An interest -
ing experiment is recorded in the Badminton. One lot of trout were fed daily-
on worms, another on live minnows and the third upon flies of various kinds.
The first grew slowly and had a lean appearance. Those dieted upon minnows
became much larger, whilst such as fattened wholly upon flies attained in a short
space of time extraordinary dimensions, weighing twice as much as both the.
other put together, the bulk of food eaten by them being actually less.

The fresh water shrimp, which is condemned by Buckland on account of its
ova-devouring properties, is also advocated in Badminton. Trout three quarters
of an inch in length when placed in a pond with unlimited numbers of shrimps,
attained an extraordinary size in two years, four or five pounds being the smallest
whilst several weighed six pounds ten ounces. This opinion is supported by the
learned Editor of the Fishing Gazette :—‘* I am a great believer in introducing
the fresh water shrimp and other natural food into trout waters. Some do not
seem to suit the shrimp, but I think wherever watercress will grow, shrimps
wil! live and multiply. I have always found that in rivers where there is plenty
of freshwater shrimp the trout and grayling are big and lusty.” (Fishing
Gazette, 23rd August 1910). But shrimps abound in Ceylon where the trout
are no better than on the Nilgiris. It is obvious, therefore, that matters will
not be materially improved if we introduce shrimps. The real remedy is the
reduction of the stock of fish, and secondly the laying out of food farms. The
late Mr. Wilson bred crabs in large wire cages. When the young crabs grew
to a certain size, they crawled over the wire netting and escaped.

Mr. Wilson also attempted to acclimatize shrimps from the plains. The
experiment was a failure. One of the present writers has introduced prawns
from the Wynaad, but it is doubtful whether any survive. It is worthy ot note
that watercress, although it flourishes at Ootacamund, does not readily grow
in any of the trout streams. The connection between watercress and shrimps
noticed by the learned Editor of the Fishing Gazette is especially interesting.
in this connection.

906 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII.

In concluding this section, I cannot do better than quote in full a letter from
Mr. P. Fowke to the Hon. Secretary of the Ceylon Fishing Association. Although
he differs from the writers on one or two minor points, he is in thorough agree-
ment with them on all questions of importance :—

Nuwara ELIya,

Cryton, November 27th, 1920.
The Honorary Secretary,
Ceylon Fishing Club,
Nuwara Eliya.
Dear Sir,

In thanking you for sending on the letter from Mr. Bryant, I would state that
it is true of our Ceylon Rainbows that they are becoming smaller, but, and this
is the important point, it is only true of them in some of the streams.

Like Mr. Bryant I have been giving this matter a lot of careful attention,
especially just of late, and I am of the opinion that it is due to food supply alone,
or rather I should say, the lack of it. I have experimented by removing Rain-
bows from streams from which they run fairly small, and putting them into
virgin streams in which there is plenty of food, and in every case the rise in their
bulk has been extraordinary. Ido not think the diminution in size is due to
the larger fish going down stream, partly from the reason given above, and also
because we find that we get healthier ova from 2 or 3 lbs. fish than from the
larger onez, in fact the ova from 5 or 6 lbs. Rainbows kept in stock-ponds nearly
always appear to be unfertile.

For years I have endeavoured to bring it honte to the Ceylon Fishing Club
that if you introduce a voracious element like the Rainbow into streams, in which
for untold ages the indigenous food supply has only been able to exist in accord-
ance with Nature’s laws of supply and demand, you are asking for trouble which
-you will get as soon as the Rainbows begin to breed.

This arrangement seems to me to be too simple even to admit of dispute, but
yet many members argue against it. The extra food supply which will be re-
-quired should be established before the Trout are put in, and these latter should
be permanently fenced out from the breeding-places of the food supply.

These are the lines I am now going to work on to prove my case to the Fishing
Club, and I shall be most happy to give Mr. Bryant the benefits of my experience
if I prove myself to be right ; for his part I would ask for any help he can give
me as nothing but good can come of a mutual exchange of experiences.

Yours faithfully,
(Sd.) PHILIP FOWKE.

DisEASES -—Fungus may be due to overcrowding, to contagion or to fouling
-of the water caused by unconsumed food. Bread is especially to be avoided.
Hooked fish often develope the disease after a time. Any curative treatment to
be successful must be attempted in the early stages of the malady. Once it has
-established itself, it is better to destroy the fish affected.

To attempt a cure, the fish should be placed in water in which salt has been
dissolved in the proportion of a table-spoonful of salt to half a gallon of water.
“Ordinary lump salt (rocksalt) should be used, not powdered tablesalt. The fish
should be given this bath daily. The treatment should be kept up for a time
even after a recovery has been effected. If the fish turns on its back, it must
-at once be replaced in fresh water.

THe Hatcuery :—The hatchery and attached ponds are enclosed in a wide
fence in a pleasant glade in the woods. High hills shelter it from the winds.
The stock and fry ponds reproduce as far as possible conditions met with in
nature. The use of masonry and cement is cut down to a minimum, the walis
of the ponds being for the most part composed of earth or loose stones. Flower-
ing plants droop over the sides. Ferns grow in every crevice whilst a luxuriant

TROUT CULTURE ON THE NILGIRIS. 907

‘

growth of grass trails over the top and affords a certain amount of protection
from the sun. Artificial shade is also provided in each pond whilst the
“‘redds”’ are screened by a transverse layer of split bamboos.

The two stock ponds contain fish varying from two to four and from three to
five years respectively. Although females of five to six years still yield ova,
yet it has been found that no fish will live in captivity more than seven years.
The males go off sooner than the females and should be scrapped in their third
year. “I have found that the largest and best eggs are produced by fish from
three to five years old.” (Badminton.) An advantage of dealing with large fish is
that they produce more ova, the numbers given in Badminton being about 1,000
to the pound. Ova from immature or undersized fish may be easier to procure,
but will never give the same satisfaction as those from parents of proper condition
and age. (Howieton and Northern Fisheries Company’s price list for 1918-19.)
On this point we are in thorough agreement with the remark of Mr. G. C. L.
Howell, F.Z.8., in the journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, Vol.
XXIV, No. 2 :—“ Over six years old females still give us splendid ova, but a
male trout (Brown Trout) in India is at his best when one year old, and his milt
goes off after the third year.” In fact three of the oldest stock males have just
been scrapped and their place taken by younger males from the other pond, which
will in turn be replaced by wild trout. It follows from what has been written
above that the whole of the older stock should be replaced in the course of the
next twelve months by yearlings reared from the ova imported from
Kashmir.

Above each of the stock ponds is a long narrow reach or ‘ redd ’ where the water
trickles over loose stones, thus affording an ideal spawning ground. It is along
these ‘ redds’ that reproduction has been allowed to take place, such ferti-
lised ova as are required for sale or rearing being grubbed up from between the
stones. The loss by disturbance must be immense. It is, however, proposed
that in future the process of natural fertilization be supplemented by stripping
and the use of the dry method.

This has been ably described by Mr. Howell :—‘‘ The eggs are carefully ex-
pressed into a moist basin in an adhesive mass. Milt is meanwhile collected
from the male fish into a dry thermos flask, is poured on to the eggs and well mixed
up with them by hand. An inch of water is poured into the pan and kept in
circular movement to prevent adhesion to the basin. After three minutes, the
milt is washed off.” The eggs obtained from the redds or else fertilized by the
dry method as described above are then poured on to glass grilles in hatching
boxes with a gentle flow of water carefully filtered through six thickness of
Turkish towelling flowing over them.

The use of glass grilles has by some been condemned as being antiquated.
They permit only a single layer of ova to be developed at a time. With perto-
rated trays, several layers can be superimposed, a far larger number of eggs can
be dealt with and there would be economy in space and in labour. But as a
matter of fact there are plenty of perforated trays at,the hatchery. As natural
reproduction is good, the hatching boxes have not hitherto been worked to their
maximum capacity. When only a limited number of ova are required, the
grilles are preferable to the trays. The ova are more accessible on them and
diseased or unfertilised specimens are more easily removed. __

In 15-45 minutes the eggs separate and are left to eye. In this stage they are
extremely delicate. The slightest shock will kill them. Eggs which are un-
fertile or in which the embryo has been killed turn white and must be removed
daily with a glass tube. Unless taken out, they will soon infect the whole batch
with fungus. The eye of the fish generally appears as a dark spot after 25 days.
The eggs are then hardy and can be moved with comparative safety.

It has not been the practice in the Nilgiris to plant eyed ova in natural nurser-
ies. Another difference between local methods and those pursued in Kashmir

33

908 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. X XVII,

is to put out yearlings instead of three months old fry. It is argued that year-

lings are the youngest trout which can escape being devoured by their elder
brethren in the rivers. If fry are turned into the rivers, the probable conse-
quence is that 99 out of every hundred will go down the throats of the larger
fish (Badminton). But the Kashmir method presents certain advantages and
saves so much trouble and expense that it will be sparingly adopted in future
in tributary streams in addition to the local plan of rearing yearlings artificially.
Generally speaking, however, it will not pay to diminish the supply of food

brought in by tributary streams. Stocking them with fish will have this
effect.

Tor the benefit of those who came after, Mr. Mitchell’s method of planting
eyed ova in natural nurseries will be given in detail :—The eyed ova are packed
in boxes on trays protected by moss, the upper tray and the sides of the box
containing ice. After being carried out to the springs or streams—those flowing
into the lower Pykara where there is little or no natural reproduction being suit-
able—they are transferred into Pahari boxes, about 2,000 to a box. A lid to
exclude the light is placed on each box and the ova are left to hatch out. A
sketch of Mr. Mitchell’s ‘ Pahari’ hatching box was given on page 324 of Vol.
24 of this Society’s Journal. (‘‘ The Making of a Himalayan Trout Water” by
G. C. L. Howell, F.Z.S.)

Both in the artificial and the natural hatcheries, men must be employed to
pick over the eggs daily and remove all dead eggs and dead alevins. The natural
hatchery must abound in natural food which will generally be the case when it is
situated in a wood and reproduces the conditions prevailing in the stream at
the Avalanche hatchery.

The alevins at Avalanche are transferred to one or other of the four hatching
boxes which has not hithertc been used and are left to develop into fry.
They are not fed as they live on the contents of their own umbilical sacs.

The fry before being removed from the hatching boxes are given minute
quantities of boiled crabs’ meat which has been forced through a perforated
spoon. The mortality is relatively small. They are transferred as soon as
possible to the fry ponds where they receive boiled and pounded sheep’s liver
three times a day.

_ When a year or 18 months old, they are planted out in the upper waters of the
streams which it is intended to stock. The most convenient months are Febru-
ary and March as by that time most of the big fish which have spawned have
moved down to the lower waters.

The food allowance for approximately 2,400 fish, mostly fry, is 15 lbs. of liver
and 5 lbs. of Spratt’s puppy biscuit a week, or 2 lbs. a day of liver and ¢ lbs.
of puppy biscuit. The latter is only given to large stock fish and is always
-mixed with liver. The biscuit is first soaked in water in which the liver is
mixed with powdered rock salt.

It may be argued that at present prices, the cost of puppy biscuit and liver
is prohibitive. Whilst it may be possible to support a few stock fish, it is im-
possible to fatten fish for the Ootacamund market unless a cheaper dietary is
introduced. It must be admitted that there is much force in the objection.
Fish refuse from which the oil has been expressed is available at Calicut. Hx-
periments will shortly be conducted with this.

Sir Frederick Nicholson states that in Germany undersized haddocks, which
it is illegal to place on the market, are ground up, bone and all, into a fine meal,
dessicated, and given to trout.

The flesh of the herring after the oil has been expressed is given to carp.

Another field for experiment is the house fly. It produces millions of maggots
and the problem is how to make them available as trout food. The experiments
of Major Patton, I.M.S., suggest a method and it is hoped that the problem will
be solved before long. But the Nilgiris are not a suitable field for experiment, as

—"

TROUT CULTURE ON THE NILGIRIS, 909

dung is very scarce near the trout rivers whilst fish are not available at Ootaca-
mund where dung, the natural breeding ground of the fly, is plentiful. A detailed
account of how to conduct the experiment was published in the * South of India
Observer ”’ at Ootacamund in December, 1920.

Experiments conducted in the United States indicated that a food mixture
consisting of wheat middlings and meat meal although not injurious and appa-
rently an acceptable food for the fish, does not compare with fresh hog lungs as
a food for yearling trout. (U.S. Fisheries Service Bureau, November 1, 1919).

Pxsts :—These have been enumerated briefly on page 901.

It is intended in this place only to touch upon otters. Mr. Howell considers
them a greatly exaggerated evil. Writing at p. 320 of Vol. XXIV, No. 2, of the
Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society he says :—‘‘I have watched
an otter at work for hours (without his knowing it) from a point where every
motion was visible. He fished hard the whole time and caught nothing in a pool
full of fish. I agree with Mr. Armistead that an otter liveson many things be-
sides fish ; and that it is only in confined waters like a stock pond that he does
wholesale damage, and in my heart I do not grudge him a trout or two.”

From this opinion the writers respectfully beg to differ. It may be true of
the otter of the Himalayas. It is essentially inapplicable to the Nilgiris otter.
It is true that the smaller reddish otter may not do very much harm. But
unfortunately the large grey variety, once unknown on the Hills, is now coming
up from the plains. In one specimen of dung which one of the writers examined,
there were no crab remains. About fifteen per cent. by weight consisted of bones
of trout. In another specimen lower down the river, fragments of crab predomi-
nated, the percentage of trout bones being above five.

Further evidence of their destructive tendencies may be gleaned from statis-
tics of fish caught. In 1918, fishing hard for a whole week from Avalanche
Bungalow and in the absence of any size limit, retaining all the fish caught, the
return of one of the writers (Mr. Bryant) shewed a catch of 17 fish. In 1920
fishing for a week in his spare time, he caught no less than 75 fish. There was
no appreciable difference in methods. More or less the same flies were used.
The only change was that in the interval Mr. Bryant had insisted on the destruc-
tion of otters in this particular river and had paid rewards for nine of them out
of his own pocket. The upper reaches were simply boiling with yearlings, and
even in the lower stretches at Parry’s Bungalow and MclIvor’s Bund, where prior
to 1920 there were few or no trout, relatively large catches might be made. The
opinion is not that of the writer alone—it is concurred in by Mr. N. E. A. Main-
waring and Col. Molesworth, I.M.S. Both gentlemen have in fact stated in writ-
ing that the river is overstocked.

The most important part of the watchers’ work in future is to locate the holts
and lay unbaited gins in and around them. Especial attention should be given
to this in the breeding season when the large trout are in the shallow upper
reaches and fall a ready prey to the otter. One of the writers has located five
holts on the Avalanche, four of them on the right bank and one on the left.
Two of these are relatively close to each other, above half a mile above the cross-
ing leading to the Avalanche Bungalow. The other two are halfway between
the Avalanche Bungalow and Parry’s hut and are well known to watcher Jogi.
Lower down the river, in the pool under the Khundah Falls, otters are extremely
plentiful and from here occasionally ascend as far as Parry’s hut. Their holts
must be discovered and they must be destroyed unmercifully.

Little has been done so far to locate the holts on the other rivers. But one
exists on the Krurmund, a mile or two above Hodgson’s Hut, on the left bank
of the river two or three hundred yards above the waterfall. There is another
holt in the lower reaches of the river above Preston’s monument.

On the Mukerti River, there is a holt about 200 yards below the crossing on
the right bank. Traces of otters have been seen in the Emerald Valley stream

910 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVIH.

at Black Bridge. Every effort should be made to locate the holt. The large
otter has also been seen in all the rivers on the Khundahs.

The method of destruction usually employed is to place unbaited gins about
the holts. But there is an absence of sustained effort about the operations.
The warfare is carried on in a desultory manner in the trout country itself. The
real homes of the large otters are in the Mayor and Bhavani Valleys. If we can
strike a deadly blow at them in these places we shall not only conserve the
Mahseer much more effectively than we do at present, but we shall be in a posi-
tion effectively to cut off the stragglers that have wended their way to the plateau.

ADMINISTRATION AND Financre.—The total revenue accruing from license
fees has increased from Rs. 1,495 in 1912 to Rs. 3,400 in 1918. In the latter year,
leave to England was difficult to obtain and the number of licenses issued (517)
attained its maximum,

In 1919, the revenue was Rs. 3,096-8-0 but Rs. 306-8-0 have to be deducted on
account of Mahseer licenses and compounding fees.

The income from trout fishing alone may therefore be assumed to be rather
less than Rs. 3,000. On the other hand the expenditure, including expenditure
on carp and Mahseer, is approximately Rs. 7,000. Next year this will have to
be increased. The services of an Assistant Inspector or bailiff are required.
The Inspector also demands an increase of salary. Further no allowance has been
made for depreciation of the hatchery and ponds. Since the lamented death
of Mr. D. C. Wilson, there has been nobody to take his place as Director of Inland
Fisheries. The place will have to be filled. It is useless to expect continuity
of administration from ever shifting Collectors or Forest Officers, however ably
they may be assisted by their subordinates. It is not too much to maintain
that the cost of pisciculture on the Nilgiris should in future be nearer Rs. 10,000
a year than Rs. 6,000 or Rs. 7,000. The deficit after deducting income will be
Rs. 6,000 or Rs. 7,000.

It may be urged that loss might be avoided by making over the fishing rights
to an Association. This would be a retrograde step. Both on the Palnis
and on the: Nilgiris, private efforts have invariably been a failure in the
past. Instead of getting a season license for Rs. 100, the price would have
to be put up. Subscriptions would at once fall off. Further enhancements
would be necessary and the fishing would at length fall into the hands of a few
plutocrats.

The question is complicated by the fact that it is not only trout, but mahseer,
carp and other fish which would have to be considered. The otter difficulty is
pre-eminently a problem relating to the Bhavani Valley. Disputes with the
Jenmidars of Malabar or the Forest authorities would be always a possibility.

It may be argued that the law on the subject presents difficulties. Under
Madras Act 11 of 1879, it is only Government officers or the Police that can
demand the name and address of a poacher or accompany him to the police
station.

Under the Forest Act (Madras Act V of 1882) fishing is regulated by rules
made by the Governor in Council. The Association would have no power to
frame such rules and could not break away absolutely from Government. In
the opinion of the Director of Fisheries, India Act IV of 1897 does not empower
Government to lease a fishery.

Associations have proved a failure in the past. They would not be in a posi-
tion to command the services of scientists of the highest position. The cost of
licenses would rise to a prohibitive figure. There would be no continuity of
Administration.

On the other hand, the Fishery Department (which is transferred) is not in a
position to increase its expenditure or to engage a trout expert. All that can
be done, therefore, is to continue the regime of the Collector assisted by the
Forest Officer and by experts from the Fisheries Department.

$11

REVIEWS.
* A NATURALIST IN HIMALAYA”,

(H. F. & G. Witherby, 326, High Holborn, London. Price 183.)

We cannot let pass without comment a remark Captain Hingston makes in
his preface to “A Naturalist in Himalaya.’ He says “‘I cannot expect that
my record is likely to interest any but those who have a special taste for
Natural History and have bestowed some little observation on it.” Captain
Hingston is very modest. We are of opinion that his publication will fascinate
the veriest tyro and the most reputed field-naturalist on our membership roll.

Throughout its 300 pages the former will hardly find a paragraph he cannot
delight in or readily understand, whilst the latter will be the first to pay tri-
bute to the work of one who has gone to Nature for his facts, and has built his
theories and hypotheses on the solid foundation of personal and prolonged
observation.

Leaving the preface we turn to the book itself. Chapter I is in the nature
ot a prologue and introduces us to the scene of the author’s labours—the Hazara
country. But the creatures both big and small, with whose habits and instincts
we become intimate in subsequent chapters, are by no means confined to that
narrow strip of British territory which borders Western Kashmir. Nearly
all are typical of the lower slopes of the Western Himalayas generally and a
large number are resident in the plains.

The author’s work is therefore wide in its application. Half the book is
concerned with ants and spiders, There is ‘ Messor barbarus ,’ the Harvester,
who is a vegetarian, ‘ Myrmecocystus setipes’ the carnivorous ant who delights
in grasshoppers and beetles, and * Phidole indica,’ the communicating ant
who can circulate information amongst his formicary with the rapidity of
a bazaar rumour.

But perhaps the most alluring chapters in Captain Hingston’s book are those
he devotes to spiders. We do not remember to have read elsewhere a more
lucid description of the manner in which the geometrical spider weaves his web,
whilst the experiments conducted to support the author’s conclusions are of
absorbing interest.

In this portion of the book in particular, we are struck with the subtle use
the author makes of the important weapon of contrast. We constantly find
ourselves marvelling at the wonderful instinct, skill, and organisation displayed
by these humble creatures.

Then the scene changes.

A few pertinent observations and experiments tollow, and along with the
author “we laugh at their folly and pain,” their crass stupidity, their utter
lack of individual intelligence.

The remaining half of the book treats of a diversity of creatures—water-
boatmen, bumble-bees, butterflies, moths, cicadas, glow-worms, termites,
bulbuls, fly-catchers, sun-birds, flying-squirrels and Himalayan monkeys, ete.
All are dealt with in a happy vein and with the keen glance of an ardent field-
naturalist. 4 : sed

In the last chapter of all we have a geological sketch which gives us a bird’s-
eye glimpse of Hazara in the past.

The book is judiciously illustrated with a number of excellent photographs
and illustrations, and we warmly commend it to our readers. It is not only
the work of a talented and accurate observer of animal life, but of one who nas
the power of communicating his observations with charm, simplicity, and literary
merit. These two gifts are not always combined.

912 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII.

ZOOLOGY FOR SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN INDIA.
BY
W. Rag Suerrirrs, M.A., D.Sc.

We give a warm welcome to a pretentious little book lately published by
Macmillan & Co., the work of Dr. W. Rae Sherrifis, M.A., D.Se., Lecturer of
Zoology. University College, Southampton, and formerly Professor of Zoology
in the University of Madras.

It is (a) cheap, Rs. 1-8 is not dear for a book which purposes to run us through
the whole of Zoology.

(b) It is very well illustrated, a fact which makes a cheap book always popular
to the general public.

(c) It fulfils the essential points of a useful book once given to the writer by
his head master :—

“* A Scientific or Historical work is never of real value unless well indexed, *’ and
at the end of the book Dr. Rae Sherriffs supplies us with a capital little Index.

Though written throughout in a most interesting form, a tremendous amount
of technicality is fitted within its 175 pages. This fact and the points we mention
afterwards rather incline to cramp the general trend of the work.

Invertebrates absorb the greater part of the book—98 pages are devoted to
them—15 pages are given to worms which, in our opinion, is rather large, while only
66 pages are given to Vertebrates. Surely the rich Fauna of Birds and Mammals
are deserving of more space than 66 pages in a bookof 175 pages. We think
that it is a mistake that in a modern book on Zoology Dr. Rae Sherrifis
should have kept to the old system of nomenclature. In his preface he
does not give his reasons but simply says: “It (Zoology for Secondary
Schools in India) deals specially with Indian Animals and in this connection
notwithstanding the new nomenclature—particularly as regards snakes and
mammals—lately adopted in the pages of the Journal of the Bombay Natural
History Society, we have retained the names given in the ‘Fauna of India’
series.”’.

This little book in red cloth is an essentially readable work and both the stu-
dent and amateur will derive much benefit from its perusal. We have no hesi-
tation in recommending it according to its title as a very suitable text book of
Zoology for Secondary Schools in India.

913
EDITORIAL,

Since the last Editorial was written the Society has suffered a great los
through the death of Mr. R. C. Wroughton. Mr. Wroughton joined the
Society in 1886 ; being in the Indian Forest Service he had ample opportun-
ities of indulging his love for Natural History and demonstrating his affection
for the Society, but it was after his retirement from this country that his main
work for the Society was done.

When the Mammal Survey of India was started in 1912 it was essential
that practically the whole time services of an expert naturalist should be
secured for the work at the British Museum. Mr. Wroughton volunteered his
services as an honorary worker and until within three weeks of his death
worked like a Trojan at his task. His reports in this Journal give but a small
idea of the amount of work he did. Our collectors and the staff at our
Museum know what encouragement his letters were tothem, how great was
the value of his advice, and how stimulating his determination to let no
difficulties stand in the way of carrying out the task the Society had set its
hand to. A true friend, his loss will be felt by many and the sympathy of
our members will go out tohis widow. His brother-in-law, Mr. T. B. Fry,
who was also in the Indian Forest Service and collaborated for some years
with Mr. Wroughton at the British Museum, has kindly offered to help with
the work at the National Museum in connection with the Survey.

Several points have arisen of late of interest to members of the Society.

The response to the Committee’s appeal that members should agree to an
enhanced subscription has been most encouraging for the future work of the
Society. Not only have there been very few resignations—exceptionally few—
but members, realising the Society was in need of money, have paid up the
extra Rupees Ten with commendable promptitude. Judging from results,
the Committee’s decision to allow old members six months grace in which to
commute their annual subscription to Life membership at the old rate of
Rs. 200 was too much in favour of the member. A large number of members
have taken advantage of securing Life membership for a single payment of
Rupees Two Hundred instead of an annual payment of Twenty-five, and we
wish them many years of life in which to rejoice over their far sightedness.
The money received on account of Life members is invested and not used as
current income. ;

Unfortunately we have to report in a very different frame on the financial
aspect of the Society’s Mamma! Survey. This is the most important time in
the whole period of the Survey. The Home Government have sanctioned a
revision of the Fauna of British India and Mr. Wroughton had been deputed
along with Mr. M. G. Hinton to revise the volume on Mammalia. The work
of the Survey up-to-date has proved of the greatest value in increasing our
knowledge of the Mammalia of India, but much remains to be done, and to be
done at once if the vclume is to be published up-to-date. We do not want
the first of the new Fauna Series to be out of date within a few months of
publication, yet this is what will probably happen unless the Mammal Survey
continues its work. Yet what is our present position ? In Assam we have
two Collectors, Mr. Wells and Mr. Primrose. On the borders of ‘Travancore,
we have one, Mr. Reilly O’Brien, who is kindly being looked after and mee
ed by Mr. A. P. Kinloch. In Nepal Col. Kennion has arranged facilities for
one of our Indian Collectors who is doing satisfactory work. In Cashmere ta
have a youngster being trained to the work by Mr. T. R. D. ae batts ser s
young collector is being trained by Major Cheesman in the Persian Gu , s at “
The Map we published in No. II of this Volume will have shown members
amount of work there is still to do.

914 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII,

The above account shows that we have a useful staff available at a
low cost to the Society, yet we have not sufficient funds to provide salaries
and expenses for much beyond three months. An appeal is being sent out to
members asking them to forget the many calls made on their purses and only to
remember the need of the Survey, the good work it has done, the good work
which remains to be done, and the urgency of the need. The need was mentioned
to an old Life member of the Society who immediately responded with a cheque
for Rs. 150. That is the kind of response we want made to our appeal. Unfor-
tunately we cannot look to Government for financial help, though it is work for
the good of India we are doing. During the late session of the Indian Legisla-
tive Assembly at Delhi the Secretary-in-charge of Education paid a tribute to
the work done by this Society, work, he said, which in many instances ought to
be undertaken by Government, yet he regretted it was not possible to ask the
Assembly to vote any money grant to the Society or for its work. Perhaps it
may be possible when the Finance Member has not to budget for a deficit of
Eighteen Crores, but if we wait for that happy day we shall never be able to
finish the Mammal Survey in time for the new volume.

Another disappointment has been the holding up of the scheme to move the
exhibit part of the Society’s collection to the Prince of Wales Museum. The
Members having agreed to the conditions laid down by the Committee of the
Society on the one side and the Trustees of the Prince of Wales Museum on the
other, no time was lost by our Curator and his staff in preparing plans for the
best utilisation of the very small space placed at our disposal. The pivot of the
scheme was, however, money. The Society had and has no money for the pur-
poses of a public Museum. In order that more space may be available for the
research collections of the Society, the Committee were willing to let the public
have the benefit of the Society’s Natural History Exhibits and the services of
their trained staff provided the money was found for the purpose. The Museum
Trustees stated that all they could do was to provide the room—unfortunately
even at the very beginning this is found to be too small—and the Bombay
Government was asked by both parties to provide a minimum annual grant of Rs.
30,000 for the Natural History Section of the Museum. Owing to financial or
other difficulties this grant has not been forthcoming and until it is there can .
be no move on our part. Fortunately the Bombay Government recognises the
need of a Natural History Museum which can be visited by the public, and we
have every hope that it will not be very long before payment is made.

In the meantime our Staff is obtaining estimates, plans and information which
will be of use when we are able to go on with the scheme. At present we are all
very hazy as regards estimates. The Honorary Secretary thought that Rs. 10,000
per annum would meet the Government contribution to the pay of the Museum
Staff and that with the balance of Rs. 20,000, good progress in the way of pro-
viding show cases could be made each year. If itis true that the estimate for
show cases for the Archeological Section of the Museum is well over a lakh of
Rupees, our progress will be spread over a great many years and the real Natural
History Museum Building will be ready before we have completed more than the
Mammal Section.

The suggestion put before the Public of Bombay by the Chairman of the Prince
of Wales Museum is hopeful for the early commencement of a building designed
to be a Natural History Museum. Roughly the scheme is that the pressing
demand in Bombay for business accommodation should be utilised to pay for
the new Museum buildings and for their eventual endowment. A loan would be
raised on the security of the land and buildings. With the proceeds of the loan
the Museum buildings would be erected, but these would be let out for varying
terms of years as offices. Gradually, as the sinking fund worked off the loan,
more and more of the buildings would -be put to their proper use until finally
only a number of shops on the ground floor would be left, providing from their

EDITORIAL. 91

On

Tents a steady income for the benefit of the Museum. Suchis the idea, it has
great possibilities but success can only be possible if it is taken in hand at once
and a determined effort made to overcome the delays and difficulties with which
we are so familiar in this country. It will be interesting to see whether procrasti-
nation gains the day or whether a scheme which will undoubtedly be of benefit
to the people of Bombay is successfully carried out.

The attention of the Committee has been given to the question of Egret Farm-
ing in Sind and other places. This matter has roused considerable interest at
home both in the House of Commons, the Press, and at meetings of the B. O. U.
One might almost say that the question was first raised in this Journal as it is
round the illustrated article by Mr. Geo. Birch published in Volume XXIII that
arguments centre. Apart from the very important scientific details which require
settling, the main question may be taken to be-—can the trade in Egret feathers
be conducted in a similar way to the trade in Ostrich feathers ? That is to say,
can all the feathers required be obtained without cruelty or injury to the Bird,
from Birds bred for the purpose, or are the Farms, which undoubtedly exist,
merely intended to be a cloak for the export of feathers obtained from the
slaughter of wild birds ? Our Committee have made certain representations to the
Bombay Government which, we hope, will lead to a settlement of this
question.

We hope members will maintain patience despite the continual delays in the
publication of Mr. Stuart Baker’s Game Books. It is a wonder to us that
the patience of the author and of Mr. Millard, whois looking after the
publication, has not given way in view of the procrastination of English
printers and book-binders. It is evidently useless to prophecy as to when
the volumes will be issued as, if a date is announced in India, some malign
sprite in England will raise some fresh difficulty or strike to delay matters
further. All we can say is that both Messrs. Millard and Stuart Baker are
doing all they can to expedite the finishing touches to the volumes and their
despatch to India.

The delay has been a help to the office staff who have hada considerable
amount of work to do in connection with the despatch of the snake charts to
subscribers and Government Institutions. The large wall charts have proved
a great success but there has not been the demand anticipated from members
for the pocket chart. It is a handy useful work which should be in the
possession of all our members in this country. Thanks to the assistance of
Col. Luard the Society has been able to arrange with the Oxford University
Press for the publication by them of vernacular editions of the hanging snake
chart. The issue of the Chart has revived the demand for that very inter-
esting book by Col. Wall on the Poisonous Snakes of India and has also
increased the number of enquiries as to when we intend publishing in book
form Col. Wall’s illustrated articles on the “Common Snakes of India.’
As to the latter we must we fear wait until prices at home for paper and

printers’ wages have been very considerably lowered.

The increase in cost in printing out here has decided the Committee to
accept advertisements in the journal from Publishers and Book Sellers, Taxi-
dermists, and Scientific Instrument Makers, and the Committee hope that
these advertisements will be of benefit to the advertiser, to the members, and
to the Society in general.

The Editors are prepared to accept small advertisements from m
the manner of the advertisements of polo ponies in the “Pioneer.’’ Communica-
tions should be sent to the Honorary Secretary. j

Mr. B. C. Ellison, the Society’s Curator, is prepared to arrange for teaching
skinning and the preserving of specimens to men sent down by members for
the purpose. The charge made would be the cost of materials used and a
douceur to the man who gives the instruction. The course of instruction

3+

members, after

916 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XX VII,

should not exceed a month. Members wishing to send shikaries or boys to be
trained should communicate with the Honorary Secretary.

In the Committee’s report on the work of the Society published in No. 2 of
this volume mention was made of their desire to encourage the study of
Natural History in schools. We are glad to report that the Government of
Bombay are entertaining the idea and a Committee is being appointed by
Government to arrange a scheme of training for masters and mistresses in our
schools out here, who willin their turn instruct those in their charge. In
this connection we should like to give a word of praise and commendation to
the little illustrated books on Natural History and Plant Life for schools
written by F. M. & L. T. Duncan and published by the Oxford
University Press. We are also glad to learn that a member of the
Society has founded special prizes for the practical and theoretical study.
of Natural History at the schools of the Bombay Education Society.

Since the above was written we have learnt with great regret of the death
of Mr. A. M. Kinloch. The late Mr. Kinloch was an old member of the
Society and a constant contributor to the Museum. A friend writing in
reference to his death says: ‘‘ His death occurred here at Kotagiri under the
most tragic circumstances. He was on holiday and having wounded a big boar
in a beat, followed it up alone through thick scrub, was charged by the boar at
close quarters and killed instantly, the boar’s tushes severing the femoral artery.”
He was the eldest son of the late Major General A. A. Kinloch, the well known
sportsman and author of “Large Game Shooting in Tibet, Himalayas and
Northern India’. Our sincerest condolences go out to Mrs. Kinloch and her
family in their sudden and tragic loss.

-! ; i : ‘ 7
it (Secke SF "55 GAiee XS ; :

a

x ‘ s % > Soe LONE LL ALLS [OGRE ne ee
amend += =o SS LG TT ST

hoi oo) kpues0dure4 pezepourutos0R: eq |TTM ‘Sut, LAA. ‘£x04stpy [eINYVN CU.— 220A7)
‘VIGNT NUTISHAA 40 WORSOTT SHTVAA JO BONING FHL FO ONIGTING ONIISIXY GH

‘208 ‘1SIH ‘FEN ‘wog “uan

917

THE SCHEME FOR THE ARRANGEMENT OF THE
CULLECTIONS OF THE BOMBAY NATURAL
HISTORY SOCIETY IN THE PRINCE OF
WALES MUSEUM OF WESTERN INDIA.

BY
BERNARD C. ELLISON,
Curator of the Musewm.
(With two plates.)
FOREWORD.

This is intended to be a synopsis of the proposed scheme brought
out on March Ist and it is printed to give our members a general
idea of what has been mooted during the past few months. It was
originally written in greater detail and scientific termenology was
made use of, but it has been thought advisable to simplify it for the
general reader, bringing out only the salient points of the scheme,
thereby curtailing its length to a great extent.

SCOPE OF THE MUSEUM.

It is our hope that when the Natural History Wing is_ built
we shall be able to include a world-wide Fauna, but for the present
we are governed entirely by conditions of space. We believe
therefore the best policy would be to confine ourselves to the Fauna
of India, Burma and Ceylon. It may be noted, however, that this
scheme makes provision and allows for the future enlargement
of the Museum.

The proposals here put forward are intended as a very general
preliminary scheme embracing the general lines on which it is
proposed to conduct the Natural History Branch of the Museum.

SECTIONS TO BE REPRESENTED IN THE MUSEUM.

The sections to be represented in the Natural History Museum
are as follows :—

1. Teaching alcoves (General Zoology).
2. Mammals.

So.» dirds.

4, Reptiles and Amphibia.

5. Fishes.

6. Invertebrates.

Each of the above sections will be illustrated respectively by
means of mounted and spirit specimens, casts, photographs, maps
showing distribution, etc.,—all demonstrating the Fauna of the
Oriental Region. Apart from the special sections dealing with
these particular classes it is proposed to prepare a general section
comprising all the various orders. This section would constitute
what would be the teaching gallery of the Museum. The Museum

918 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII.

has to adapt itself not only to the laymen generally interested in

Zoology but also to the needs of the student. The idea is partly

my own and partly Mr. Kinnear’s. What we propose to do in the

matter of this gallery is to copy in general the teaching gallery in
the South Kensington Museum. A visitor to the Natural History

Museum at South Kensington, on entering the Central Hall will

find, on either side, alcoves devoted especially to teaching and ins-

tructional cases of the different orders of Mammals, Birds,

Reptiles and Amphibians, Vishes and Invertebrates. He is

supposed to examine these special galleries devoted to particular

orders before proceeding further. Here, before examining the
general museum, he receives what is meant to bea preliminary ins-
truction as regards the various orders of the Animal Kingdom
which will enable him to examine the main galleries with profit
and understanding.
The proposals for the allotment of space are as follows :—
(Gallery (a) Mammals. Rough measurement
ent S exe 2 One
Ground slfoor, 4 Gallery (6) Teaching Alcoves. Rough
\ measurement 78’ x 15’.

(Gallery (Y) Fishes, Reptiles and Amphi-
bia, Invertebrates. Rough measure-.
eve (is) ey

Gallery (e) Birds. Rough measurement
COM hee

Room J. Extensions of Bird Gallery.
Rough measurement 16’ x 16’.

Room II. Extension of Invertebrate
Gallery. Rough measurement 11’ x
ifoiae

; Gallery (6). Offices. Rough measurement

(eee Se ol

We will now proceed to take up the various galleries with a
view to showing the general lines on which they would be
arranged.

1}

Mezanine Floor. <
; |

I

1. TEACHING GALLERY.

This being the first gallery the visitor to the Museum should
use we will discuss it first in our scheme.

The gallery we propose to have here would entail much
scientific work and would take a long time before completion. It
is proposed to divide the whole of the gallery into separate alcoves,
each would represent one of the great classes of the Animal King-
dom, 7.e., Mammals, Birds, Reptiles and Amphibia, Fishes and
Invertebrates. A visitor is supposed to examine these alcoves

Proposed Reptile. Amphibia,
Fish 4 Invertebrate Gallery.
(va)

aching Ne 3

(B)

Interior view of the galleries allotted to the Bombay Natural History Society in the
Prince of Wales Museum of Western India.

aR
n AY Seat
naa)

reeay

i

oa

Pe

ae"

Bata
’ ; eR pee
, 2 Cees ate &,
a : i
4 Wa at ieee
me eee
¢ fe)

PRINCE OF WALES MUSEUM OF WESTERN INDLA. 919

before proceeding to inspect the general Museum. Here he sees
the Zoological world ‘in breve’ before examining the general
museum ‘in magnitudine’.

It is difficult to explain in detail the proposed arrangement
of the various alcoves but we would here remark that. our policy
would be to model this gallery on the lines followed at the
British Museum, adapting it in particular to the needs of the
Indian student. ‘The first of the series of alcoves would be the
Mammal alcove; this would be situated at the entrance to gallery
(8). It would be enclosed on all sides except the side facing the
Mammal gallery in (a). In this alcove we would have cases all
round dealing with Mammalia. The cases would be arranged to
explain the various terms used in the general anatomy and_phy-
siology of Mammalia, spirit dissections illustrating the respiratory,
alimentary, vascular, and urogenital systems of Mammals. Cases
_ would be prepared here to illustrate the skeletal system with special
reference to explaining the technical terms used in connection with
the various parts. Similarly we would have cases illustrating the
external integumentary features and comparative dentition. The
general policy in this alcove would be to include such features as
pertain to Mammalia in general, leaving the particular features to
the generalmammal gallery. In addition to actual specimens we
would have charts and drawings, the whole aim being to give the

visitor what would comprise a general introduction to the study of
Mammals.

Birp ALCOVE.

The next alcove would be devoted to Birds. We would go into
the Birds in much the same manner as the Mammals, by using
spirit specimens, dissections, skeletons and drawings, and availing
ourselves of ideas culled from books, etc., illustrating the principal
characteristics of the order.

Cases would be prepared to illustrate the structure of the
feathers and glands, the respiratory, digestive and circulatory
system, and the muscular and nervous system as exemplified in this
order. Further characteristics as regards the adaptations and modi-
fications in respect to the various types of beaks, wings and quills
would be shown. Moreover we would endeavour to illustrate by
drawings, charts, etc., the phylogeny of the class Aves showing
their special position in the Animal Kingdom, their relationship to
the Reptilia and the evidence thereof.

AMPHIBIA AND ReEprTii.

The next alcove would be devoted to Amphibia and Reptilia.
Using the same principles in this alcove as in the preceding one,

920 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII,.

and applying them to the ‘main features in reference to these
orders, we would here illustrate in a similar manner the chief
characteristics in reference to them.

In like manner we would display the Reptilia, using the
general principles to illustrate the general characteristics of the
Crocodiles, Tortoises, Lizards and Snakes, explaining the technical
terms used in connection with the scaling and other internal and
external features.

The composition of the vertebrae, modifications and principal
characters of the various classes of Reptiles would be exemplified
in this alcove.

PISCES.

The next alcove would be given over to the remaining classes
of the Phylum Chordata, 1.e., Fishes, Cyclostomata, Lancets and
Ascidians. On lines adopted in the preceding galleries, we would
illustrate the main features of this class. By means of specimens,
charts and diagrams would be shown their external and internal
structure.

INVERTEBRATES.

The last of our series of alcoves would be devoted to Inverte-
brates. A number of Phyla would need representation, and the
space we would devote to each would necessarily be restricted. In
this alcove we wouid illustrate points in regard to the structure
and physiology of animals, 7.e., the animal cell, karyokinensis,
maturation, impregnation and segmentation of the ovum, tissues,
organs, and features, in connection with the reproduction and
symmetry. We would take up the various Phyla and specialize in
the different ‘“‘types”’ as prescribed by the University, 7.e., the
Amoeba, Paramoecium, Vorticella, Trypamozoma and Herpete-
monas, aS our types of protozoa, and similarly illustrating by
drawings and diagrams, and actual specimens where possible, the
Coelenterata, Platyhelminthes, Nemathelminthes, Trochelminthes,
Molluscoidea, Echinodermata, Annulata, Arthropoda and Mollusca.

GALLERY (q).
Mammals.

The general lines to be followed in this gallery would be to
show an exhibit of mounted specimens arranged according to the
latest systems of classification, and to supplement these by dia-
grams, photographs and maps.

We have a large stock of Indian Mammals comprising what
is undoubtedly the finest collection in India and is unequatled for its
completeness anywhere—except perhaps at the British Museum

PRINCE OF WALES MUSEUM OF WESTERN INDIA, 92]
We should make the most of them by showing an as complete as
possible representation of Indian Mammals. From the material in
stock we could select the specimens we require for mounting.

‘ 5

Eorns and Skulls.—Uhe Society’s admirable collection of bic
game trophies in respect of horns and mounted heads of game
animals would make a remarkable addition to the Mammal Gallery.
A selection could be taken to the new Museum, where they could
be suspended on the walls of the Mammal Gallery arranged according
to species with enlarged photographs of the animals themselves fone
at the bottom of each group. Some method should be arrived at Re
hanging them without disfiguring the wall surface. As regards the
mounted specimens the larger could be arranged in cases
on interchangeable shelves.

Cases.— We suggest the advisability of copying the cases in
the British Museum where possible.

As in the arrangement of the cases in the Hall we would put
the mounted exhibits in uniform cases along the walls of the
Gallery, devoting the central space to mounted specimens of larger
animals, 7.e., the Indian Lion case now in the Museum, and Ins-
tructional cases. Cetacea we would suspend from the ceiling as at
Oxtord. Animals not represented in the Fauna of India would
be shown by the best enlarged photographs that could be procured
or presented.

PREHISTORIC MAMMALS.

Regarding Prehistoric Mammalia we could never hope to get
many of the original things but these could be represented in
many instances by photographs and miniature models of the princi-
pal examples of Mammoths, Mastodons, etc., showing relative
proportions of size.

GALLERY (¢) MEZANINE FLOOR. .
Birds.

We propose to devote the whole of this gallery to birds.
When the detailed scheme of arrangement of this gallery is
prepared the material for the same will be taken frm the
Society’s collection. We would here point out that though the
Society possesses a magnificent collection of bird skins, comprising
some six thousand specimens, it will probably be found that a great
number of these skins will not lend themselves to relaxing and re-
mounting and it will probably be found necessary to collect the
large majority of skins required expressly for this purpose.
Mounting of Specimens.—We know of nobody in India who could
successfully undertake the mounting of birds and it is our opinion
that the whole of the material, after being collected here, should be

922 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII.

sent to England for completion together with our drawings and
specifications as to the manner in which we want the material
mounted. We believe that we could obtain assistance from Mr.
Kinnear in regard to the bird gallery and his advice and assistance
might be sought in reference to the general design and arrangement
in this gallery.

Cases.—The cases would be uniform with those in the Mammal
Gallery.

The mounted exhibits would, asin the case of the Mammal
Gallery, be supplemented by paintings, photographs, maps, etc.
In this instance we can make use of copies of the beautiful series of
coloured plates which have appeared in the Society’s Journal.

Extinct Birps.

We might get some enlarged photos of some of the extinct
Birds, such as Archeopteryx, Hesperornis, Ichthyoinis, from the
British Museum or the American Museum. Similarly we might
ask Oxford University for permission to have a copy made of their
beautiful oi] painting of the Dodo.

GALLERY (Y) MEZANINE FLoor.
Reptiles and Amphibia.

The space remaining at our disposal after allowing for Birds
and Mammals is extremely limited, there remaining only one
gallery, 7.e., ( ¥) and the rooms adjoining it. ‘This space is to be
divided among the Reptiles, Amphibia, Fishes and Invertebrates.
The last including a whole series of important Phyla which would
need to be represented. The allotment of space therefore in this
gallery to each of the sections requiring representation is a problem
which will require very careful consideration, and the three rooms
adjoining it, which we temporarily propose to use as office premises,
would be reserved for an overflow from this gallery. One method
of dividing the gallery into different sections would be to place,
where required, cases, horizontal to the walls, or as an alternative, to
erect partitions keeping the different orders separate.

The policy to follow with the Reptiles and Amphibia gallery
would be similar to the others, 2.¢., an exhibit as far as possible
complete in reference to the general Fauna, and special cases showing
structural differences, etc. In regard to Snakes there would be cases
illustrating the identification of poisonous species, colour resem-
blances and other features which would be useful and instructional to
the public. The exhibits of Snakes would consist of plaster casts
interspersed with enlarged models of heads and tails, poison appara-
tus, etc. As regards skeletons and skulls we would be able to
arrange with the taxidermist of the Madras Museum who under-
stands the preparation of Reptiles and skeletons of Fishes and who

’

PRINCE OF WALES MUSEUM OF WESTERN INDIA, 923.

is allowed to undertake private work of this nature. Colonel Wall
would also be willing to help in this connection. The exhibit
collection of Lizards, Crocodiles, Turtles, Amphibians would include
spirit specimens and casts, where possible displayed on lines similar
to the snake exhibit. In regard to the Tortoises, for instance, it is
quite possible to obtain a giant specimen of the large Sea Turtle
Chelonia mydas found on the Bombay coast which could be cast
entire, the shell and skeleton afterwards being used for exhibition
purposes. It may be mentioned that Colonel Wall has seen our
plans in connection with this gallery and is in thorough agreement
with them. ;

Preparation of plaster casts.—As regards the preparation of
plaster casts, it would be necessary (when his services are required)
to engage a Modeler who would work either in papier-mache, plaster,
or clay.

immediately we move into the Museum we could deposit oar
present show cases of Reptilia and everything else we have in this
connection, excluding of course the reference collections. The
larger Reptilia could be placed on top of the cases or suspended
from the ceiling.

Extinct Reptilia.—Extinct Reptilia could be represented by
photographs or models in miniature of the reconstructions of
extinct forms as exhibited in the Museums in Europe and America.

GALLERY (\y) MeEzANINE FLoor.
Fishes.

On moving our collections we will transfer what we have to
this gallery. We have a few mounted specimens which could be
supplemented by casts, etc. As regards our collection of Fishes we
have practically nothing for display purpose.

In the case of modelling and the preparation of casts we
would be inclined to entrust the whole of the work to some one in
Bombay, but this seems to be impossible.

INVERTEBRATES

Tt would be impossible in the Indian climate to have wax
models made illustrating segmentation of the ovum, karyokinesis,
ete. But it may be possible in many instances to obtain models
in papier mache of the various protozoons as exemplified in the
Rhizopoda, Foraminifera, Heliozoa or Radiolaria. Similarly an
opportunity might here be taken to illustrate by diagrams, charts,
etc., and models, where procurable, the life cycles and_ histories ot
organisms which are parasitic on man and beast in India, ¢./., life
history of the Malaria Parasite. In regard to the Sponge Phylum
we may be able to obtain a large selection of sponges for exhibition

35

924 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Voi. XXVII,

purposes and these could be further supplemented by drawings and
diagrams of the microscopic structure of the skeletons in various
sponges. The Phylum Coelenterata which includes Corals, Sea
Anemones, Jelly fish and Freshwater Polypes could similarly be
illustrated largely by actual specimens. Our collection of Marine
Invertebrates is practically vil, but it would be possible to obtain
specimens from the Indian Museum at Calcutta, as the Director is
willing to assist us in this direction on condition that somebody res-
ponsible is sent to Calcutta to superintend the packing, The micros-
copic Coelentrates we would leave to be illustrated by drawings,
diagrams, and models where procurable. We have a few Corals in
our collection at present which would form the nucleus of our col-
lection illustrating the Actinozoa. ‘The Phylum Platyhelminthes
would follow next in order. In this Phylum we could once more
specialize and elaborate, with particular reference to displaying the
life histories of organisms especially harmful to men and
animals such as the liver fluke, and the common tapeworm,
Taenia sohwm. The next Phylum, Nemathelminthes, similarly
includes several classes that are parasitic on man such as the
Nematoda, which includes the common roundworm, Lumbricoides,
which is parasitic in the human intestines, and the Acanthocephala
which includes the formidable ‘‘ hookheaded worms” all of which
could come in for special notice in regard to the arrangement of this
section. In the illustration of these Phyla we should have to
make an effort to obtain specimens from other Museums, wherever
possible, as our collections in this respect are very meagre and in
some respects practically nil. The Phylum Echinodermata, com-
prising the Star fishes, Sea Urchins, Brittle-stars, Feather-stars
and Sea Cucumbers, offers a wide field for illustration. But here
again we must depend entirely on outside assistance as with the
exception of a few Asteroidea and Hchinoidea our collections
contain practically nothing. The Phylum Vermes comprising
Harthworms, Freshwater worms and Marine Annelids and Leeches
could be illustrated by spirit specimens, diagrams, etc. The next
Phylum, the Arthropoda, contains five classes each of which would
require considerable space for successful illustration. Take for
instance the Crustacea, Myriapoda, Insecta and Arachnida, each
of these offers a wide field. In reference to the Insecta we do not
think we could do better than follow the lines taken by Dr. Gravely
in the arrangement of the Insect gallery in the Indian Museum.
We have a large collection of insects to work upon. In connection
with exhibits in our Insect section we would need the services of
an artist for preparing the illustrations to be employed in supple-
menting the exhibits.

In reference to the Marine Arthropods we should be able
to obtain valuable assistance from the Fisheries Department

PRINCE OF WALES MUSEUM OF WESTERN INDIA, 925

in Bombay and Mr. Hefford would probably help us considerably
in obtaining examples of Crayfishes, Crabs, Shrimps, Barnacles, etc.
In the Phylum Mollusca we could for a start use the cabinets
illustrating the Mollusca which are at present in the Society’s
Museum, and which could be developed and added to. Dr. Bani
Pershad of the Indian Museum has promised to help us with a
scheme for the arrangement of our Moilusca section and has
promised further to assist us with specimens where necessary.
Besides actual specimens we could employ plaster casts in ilinstrat-
ing some of the orders of this Phylum particularly as regards the
Decapoda and Octopoda.

LABELLING OF SPECIMENS.

Regarding the question of labelling, besides the use of the
English and Scientific names, it has been suggested we should
also include a label giving the name of every specimen in the verna-
cular (Urdu, Guzerathi and Mahratti) where possible.

PROPOSED FUTURE DEVELOPMENT.

The above was written on March Ist, and since then the
Trustees of the Museum have brought out a splendid scheme in re-
gard to which we append some extracts from The Times of India,

‘dated 21st April 1921 :—-

“The Trustees of the Prince of Wales’ Museum in Bombay have
decided that the accommodation provided by that massive block of
building is insufticient. :

They therefore propose to raise a loan extended over a period of
twenty years for the purpose of carrying out extensive additions.
Two-fifths of the additional accommodation will be used for Museum
purposes and the remainder will be available for oftice and business
purposes.

Details of the scheme are to be found in the st
below:—

Inquiries have appeared in the press as to when the Prince of
Wales’ Museum would be opened. The Trustees desire to inform the
public as to the cause of the delay and the progress to date. The
building was only vacated by the military in the spring of 1920. Re-
painting has been done. Removal of hospital fittings and of most of
the temporary buildings will be completed before long. Though
formal charge of the building has not yet been taken from the Public
Works Department the Trustees have gone ahead with the work of
organisation. A Secretary and staff have been appointed. The
Museum will at first consist of Archeological, Art, and Natural
History Sections.

An agreement has been effected :
Society will, after sufficient unds are obtained, place their valuable
collections in the Museumfas a Natural History Section. The
‘Trustees will get the benefit of the services of the Society's Curator
and Assistant Curators. The connection of the section with a zealous
Society numbering many eminent scientific men will undoubtedly

atement published

whereby the Natural History

926 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII.

enhance its efficiency. These collections have hitherto not been
exhibited to the public. This section should be a specially popular
one.

Lastly some space has been alloted fora forest Museum where
valuable timbers and other forest products will be seen by business. ~
men and an important stimulus to forest development thus afforded.
The reguirements of the various sections necessitate various adapta-
tions to the building, which along with the construction of show
cases, will take time. It is very difficult-to obtain suitable plate glass.
at present. itis hoped however that the museum can be opened on a
modest scale in the latter part of this year, or early in the next.

ForurE DEVELOPMENT.

The museum building is not large and it has become clear that as
three major sections have to be housed in it the building will be fuil
ina short time. There is no room for an Industrial and Hconomic
section which is of the utmost importance for a city hke Bombay. The
original intention was to build two extra wings, one for Natural
History and the other for Industry; put as the funds are quite
insufficient to erect buildings, Natural History will have to be accom-
modated in the main building which was intended for Art and
Archzeology only. A special contribution of 35 lakhs was given by Sir
Currimbhoy Ebrahim, Bart. The present state of public finances and
the pressure of more urgent public needs make it unlikely that Govern-
ment could provide the very large funds required for the erection and
maintenance of additional buildings. Nor in the present condition of
trade and industry is an appeal to the public likely to produce the
required funds. The cost of building is now very high. The
income of the museum from Government and Municipal grants and
from securities is only adequate to maintain the Art and Archeological
sections om a modest scale without providing the means of expanding
these sections.

Waar a MusztumM sHOULD Do.

The old idea of a museum was one of a building containing
antiques and curiosities, interesting no doubt, but of no special bearing
on modern life. A modern museum however should form an important
factor in the life and growth of a nation. It should illustrate by its
exhibits all important aspects of the varied activities of the community
whether in Art, Archeology, History, Natural History, Sociology or
Industry, and thus be a pleasure, inspiration, and stimulation, both to
adults and especially to the Youth of India. The educative value to
the young of such a museum can well be realised by those familiar
with the great museums of London and the Continent. The Art stu-
dent there views pictures by the great masters, the Archeological
student sees the mighty work of ancient times, the Natural History
student has before his eyes the whole vast phenomena of the animal,
vegetable and mineral kingdoms arranged and classified on scientific
lines, the Industrial student can by a touch of an electric button set —
in motion miniature models of the intricate machines of modern in-
dustry. Such a museum, however, to be worthy of this Presidency
demands very large. accommodation and also a very large income to
obtain and maintain the exhibits, and a specialist staff in all the
branches. The Trustees consider that Bombay must have such a
museum at the earliest opportunity.

PRINCE OF WALES MUSEUM OF WESTERN I) DIA. 927

FUNDS ARE WANTED,

To sum up, funds are required to provide the extra accommodation
aud to maintain the expanded museum. The Trustees see only one
means of obtaining these funds. The Museum site is six and a half
acres. Government in allotting the site to the Museum made an ex-
tremely valuble gift. The site is for business purposes a very central
and valuable one. The trustees are contemplating the erection of ex-
tensive building on the site from loan money to be obtained from an
amendment of the Museum Act, either from Government or the public,
on the security —a first class one—of the land and buildings.

The greater part of the accommodation would be let out at first
for business purposes and will fetch a very large rental. The demand
for office and business accommodation in the Fort is far in excess of
the supply. Even when the Back Bay Reclamation is effected buildirgs
on the museum site will always command a high rental. Part of the
new buildings, a part small at first but gradually increasing, would be
used for the expanded museum, All the buildings will be so designed
that any part of them can be resumed and used at any time for
Museum purposes as the Museum gradually is enlarged. it is anti-
cipated however that two-fifths of the additional acecmmodation would
be the utmost future requirement of the Museum. The remaining
three-fifths would always be used for business, 2. e., revenue producing
purposes.

THe Brest In ASIA,

The additional buildings would be in harmony with the existing
Museum building and the adjoining public buildings, and be a fine piece
of architecture. As the land costs nothing and the value for business
purposes of the site is so high, the building enterprise cannot fail to
be extremely remunerative. Assuming that money is borrowed at
8 per cent. and repaid in a twenty-year period and that part of the
building is used for Museum purposes it is calculated that the net in-
come will be 7} la‘hs a year when the buildings are completed and
131 lakhs when the loan is repaid twenty years thereafter. With
this revenue it will be possible to equip and maintain a Museum on a
magnificent scale, which it is hoped will become one of the best in
Asia. The Trustees, if their scheme is carried out, will have achieved
the creation of such a Museum by developing their own resources and
without drawing upon the funds of Government or the public. Instead
of slowly accumulating funds by subscriptions and grants, a process
which might take decades, construction by loan money will provides
ample accommodation and revenue and therefore a well equipped
Museum within a few years.

MEETING Aa CITY NEED.

Another advantage will be the early provision of a large extent
of first class business and office accommodation of which there is
a famine and the absence of which must be seriously retarding the
development of Western India. The possible objection that use of
part of the building for business purposes would not be in harmony
with a Museum is met by the fact that the design of the buildings
will be one suitable to a Museum while the business part will not be
allowed to interfere with the amenities of the Museum. If in the
distant future Government or the public were to provide sutlicient
income there would be nothing to prevent the whole of the buildings
being converted into a Museum.

928 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVU.

Looking however at the problem practically, itis a choice between
a Museum developed and supported as described above and the being
content with a Museum having wholly inadequate accommodation and
funds. The Trustees have little doubt but that public opinion will
endorse the larger view taken by themselves in the matter. The
Trustees, however, wish to bring their general scheme to the notice of
the public with a view to invite suggestions and expressions of
opinions.”

CONCLUSION.

As mentioned before, this is printed more as a summary
of the general scheme for the planning out of the collections, and
to let our members—particularly those outside Bombay —know the
movement that is afoot and what we propose to-day to carry out im
the future. There are many problems to be considered into which
we have not entered here. Chief of these is certainly the financial
aspect of the scheme, which is indeed the veritable crux. It will
be noted also that nothing has been said of alterations in the
Museum, donations, presentations, taxidermists and mounting
of specimens, the position in regard to Botany, Geology and
Forestry, all of which are by no means light problems for consider-

ation.
If the whole of these far-seeing schemes for the Museum
materialise, our plans for housing the collection of the Bombay
Natural History Society may have to be changed. But sub-
stantially the general ideas will hold throughout. In bringing
out the scheme I am much indebted to my colleague, Mr. Prater,
who has helped me with all his valuable ideas culled from the
Museums of Indiaand twelve years’ work with the Society, both
in the Museum and the field. Alsoto Mr. R. A. Spence, M.L.A.,~
Mr. Millard, Mr. Kinnear, Reyv.E. Blatter, $.J.,F.L.s. and Mr. Hefiord
To these and all who have helped me I tend my sincerest thanks .

Bombay Naturau History Sociery,

3rd May 1921.

929

OBITUARY.

RoBertT CHARLES WROUGHTON.

It is not given to many to do their most widely known and enduring work
after they have retired from their life’s profession, but such was the happy lot
of R. C. Wroughton, whose death, in his 72nd year, occurred recently. In sympa-
thy with those of us who have had the pleasure and advantage of working with
him in London of recent years, every member of the Bombay Natural History
Society will hear of Wroughton’s loss with regret.

Born at Nusserabad in 1849, the son of Major-General R. C. Wroughton,
himself an ardent sportsman and naturalist, Wroughton spent his early boyhood
in India, where he imbibed his lasting taste for Natural History. In due course
he obtained a position in the Indian Forest Service, seved there with distinction,
and finally became Inspector-General of Forests, with which rank he retired in
1904. During his period of service he was always a collector of Natural History
objects, giving his attention mainly to ants* of which he obtained a very consider-
able knowledge working in conjunction with the well known formicologist, Forel
of Switzerland, to whom he sent the abundant material he obtained. Then,
towards the end of his official career, he tcok to collecting scorpions and myrio-
podst for the benefit of R. I. Pocock of the Natural History Museum, and
partly through the latter’s influence, he was induced to turn his attention to small
mammals, which in the end proved to be the group on which his permanent
reputation will stand.

He began by collecting the series of bats on which his first mammal paper
“Some Konkan bats” (1899)t was founded, and it was in working out these at
the Museum in South Kensington, during a visit home on furlough that he
found his metier as a mammalogist, in which capacity he later did so many years
admirable work. .

After his retirement in 1904, he settled at Chiswick, and as a method of life
found it suited him well to golf two days a week and work at the Museum the other
four, thus carrying on a sporting and scientific life well suited to his tastes and
character.

His services he gave to the Museum freely and without stint, and it is quite
impossible to estimate how great was the benefit of that work to the authorities
of the Museum. The study of mammals was then taking on the modern phase
of the collecting and arranging of skins and skulls in large series, and the help
he gave in stimulating, collecting and in handling the material obtained was of
especial value at that time.

Owing to the fact that, then as always, African material was the most
abundant in the accession-list, Wroughton tock up to begin with the study of
the mammals of that continent as a speciality, and wrote quite a number of use-
ful papers on such collections as came in. He took a particular interest mm the
mammais of South Africa, partly owing to the successful outcome of the Rudd
Expedition, which gave a stimulus to work in that part of the world, and partly
to a visit he made himself to relatives living in Natal.

But he never had India far from his thoughts, and bitterly deplored the very
inferior state of the National collection so far as our greatest dependency was
concerned. He was always on the look out to improve this state of things,
and at last his opportunity came with the accession of W. 8. Millard to the man-
agement of the Bombay Natural History Society. ; 3

For these two kindred spirits, the one in England and the other in India,
conceived and carried through the splendid idea of the Bombay Society s Mammal

Rah: 13, 175.

75
Vil, 13.

* Our Ants ; R. C. Wroughton. Journal, Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. Vol. VII, PP :
+ Two collections of Myriapoda from Ceylon and §, India; R. I. Pocock, ibid., Vel.
On a collection of Scorpions. ibid , Vol. VII, 295 ‘ ‘i
tSome Konkan Bats; R. C. Wroughton. ibid Vol. XII, p. 7 16,

930 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XX VII.

Survey of India, in the course of which some half a dozen trained collectors
were sent in succession to selected parts of the Indian Empire, and collections
formed of perfectly prepared specimens, to a number now approaching 20,000,
svhile at the same time a series of systematic reports on the material so obtamed
were prepared in London and printed in the Society’s Journal. This Survey is
undoubtedly the finest thing of the sort that has ever been done, if we except the
American Survey of their own Territories, done out of Government funds, while
the Bombay Survey has been mainly carried out by private generosity.

Altogether the Survey, the materials obtained by it for the benefit of the
National and Bombay Museums, and the papers written on this material, together
form a monument to Wroughton’s memory which will remain as long as Zoology
exists.

The number of papers, mostly in the Society’s Journal, that Wroughton
wrote, is very considerable, and he described something like 200 new species and
subspecies of African and Indian Mammalia.

When, owing to the war, material began to fall off in quantity Wroughton
took the opportunity of preparing a summary of the work done in Indian Mamma-
logy during the course of the Survey. This was fortunately completed before
ilIness overtook him, and would have been the precursor to a new edition of the
ynammals of British India, which it was arranged that he should prepare in con-
junction with M. A. C Hinton of the Natural History Museum.

Tt was typical of Wroughton’s indomitable energy of spirit that he should.
after 70, and suffering already from the grave illness of which he died, have
light-heartedly planned and started on such a monumental work as a new
Blanford.

But this’ was the key to the character of the man. No work was too labori-
ous, too great or too difficult for him to start on, and, if life were given him, to
carry through to a successful conclusion. His mental energy was astounding,
and he never recoiled from any task on account of the labour it would involve,
whether it were the writing of a book, the preparing of reports, the handling of
any amount of specimens, or the taking of unending measurements in groups
that he was working out. And the readiness with which, to the end of his life,
he assimulated new ideas, whether of nomenclature, storage-methods, or any-
thing else was quite unusual for a man of his age.

The following are formal details of his life :—

Born at Nusserabad, 15th August 1849. Educated at Bedford School and
King’s College, London. Trained at L’Ecole Forestiere, Nancy, France.
Appointed to Indian Forest Service, 10th December 1871, as Assistant Con-
servator of Forests, Bombay Presidency, eventually becoming Inspector of
Forests for India. Retired 1904.

Married in 1877 Mary, daughter of Captain Freeman of the Indian Navy.
Died at Chiswick, Middlesex, 15th May 1921.

Of his personal characteristics it is difficult to speak in unexaggerated terms.
Of a splendidly robust physique, he was as keen and energetic over games as over
work and was the greatest favourite with everyone with whom he came in con-
tact. Most striking were his simplicity of character, his keen humour and his
power of attracting volunteer help, such as that so willingly given him by Miss
Kathleen Ryley, and above all by Mr. Thomas Fry. During the 17 years that he
svorked in London he earned the affection of all the mammal staff though his
modesty and retiring disposition prevented his taking any prominent part in
the general scientific life of London. But to those, young and old, who
were in touch with him his loss is a very severe blow and as a friend and
helper he will be deeply missed by all of us at the Natural History Museum,
where he was so regular an attendant.

OLDFIELD THOMAS.

es

931

AN APPEAL.

May I make an appeal through the Journal to the members of the Society to
help me in an investigation of a hitherto quite neglected branch of Indian Orni-
thology, and that is the study of nestling birds. I have for many years made a
study of this subject and described for the first time this stage in many of our
common European birds, and whilst recently in India I made a start on Indian
birds with the kind help of Messrs. H. Whistler and A. E. Jones, but time and
opportunities did not carry me very far.

It is an important subject, particularly in India, as I think it may give us a
clue to the relationships of various birds, or groups of birds, whose affinities are
doubtfully, or not at all known. As an example of this I might quote that extra-
ordinary assemblage which in the “Fauna ” is called the Crateropodide, Babblers,
Laughing Thrushes, etc. ? Again, most of the European Sylviide lack down
entirely, but the Phylloscopi have it; what obtains in Indian genera such as Suya,
Prinia, Franklinia, Horornis, etc. Again how do the various genera of Flycatchers
compare with the European Muscicapa ? Or again, European finches are fairly well
clothed with down, except Sparrows (Passer), how does the Yellow-throated
Sparrow (Gymnorhis) compare? and so on—one might go through the entire Fauna.

To make my meaning quite clear I must state that a nestling bird is one that
is just hatched and up to the time feathers sprout ; some are entirely clothed
with down such as Waders, Game Birds, etc., others have a varying amount of
down or none at all.

1. Hvery sort of bird is required, however common, and whether it has any
down on it or not.

2. One specimen suffices ; it should be taken as soon after hatching as possible.

3. The only knowledge required is the knowledge of the specimen, so that
nearly all can help.

4. The specimen must be labelled with name and locality (in pencil), wrapt in
wool or linen and dropped into spirit ; chicks of large birds should be opened
down the abdomen. Several can be put into one bottle but 7f so the spirit must
be changed cnce a week.

5. Any time after 4 weeks in spirit they can be taken out, wrapped in
cotton damped in spirit, packed in a tin and despatched to the Honorary
Secretary of the Society.

The results of this investigation, which will extend over many years, will be
published in the Journal from time to time. I hope to give soon a resume of
what I have already done.

Lowestort, ENGLAND, C. B. TICEHURST.
April 20th, 1921.

36

032

MISCELLANEOUS NOTHS,

No. I.—A WHITE TIGER IN CAPTIVITY.
(With a photo.)

We publish the photograph of a White Tiger which is at present in captivity
in the Maharaja’s gardens at Rewa. The photo was forwarded to the Society
through the agency of Capt. K. Evans Gordon. Mr. Janki Prasad, Home
Member, Council of Regency, Rewa, when sending the photo, supplied Capt.
Evans Gordon with the following details :—

“The white tiger in captivity in Rewa was caught in December 1915 in the
jungles of the State near Sohagpur. He was about two years of age at the
time. There were two more white tigers at the time in Southern Rewa related
to this tiger but it was believed that the mother of this animal was not white.

A big cage was kept for months in the jungle in which live pigs were placed
to attract the tiger. ‘The Shikaries concealed themselves on a tree above the
cage and by a contrivance, a sort of door could be let down as soon as the tiger
was inside. The tiger was accordingly caught when inside the cage killing the
pig. A white tiger was killed by a Sardar in Sohagpur Tahasil, Southern Rewa,,.
about 10 or 12 years ago. Two other tigers appeared in the beat near the
Shahdol and Annuppur, B. N. Ry., but His late Highness’ orders were that
these should not be shot. The one at Annuppur (Bhilam Dungari Jungle) was
said to be brother cf the white tiger in captivity. These white tigers roam in
the neighbouring British Districts of the Central Provinces and seem to be living
in the Maikal ranges of mountains.”

Mr. A. E. Scott of the Indian Police has very kindly furnished us with the
following description and notes in connection with the animal :—

Description. (From examination of tiger on December 3rd, 1920.)

Body Colour .. -Pure white. No cream colour was visible. The
‘Creamy-white’ as described by Mr. Janki Prasad
was probably due to the dirt of the cage. (The
tiger is now better cared for than formerly.)

Stripes .. Indistinet or light black, not brown as stated by
Mr. Janki Prasad. While some of the stripes,
particularly the face markings, are quite black, the
majority are ash-coloured owing to white hairs
being mixed with the black. In the hot weather,
the hair, as is the case with’ all felines, goes a,
lighter colour, and the black stripes take on a
slightly brownish tinge, but this is never pronounced.

Nose .- Mottled grey-pink (instead of pure pink as in
normal tigers). .
Lips .. Grey-black on hair-line but quickly merge to pink

(instead of being quite black and gradually merging
to pink well inside the mouth as in normal tigers).
Eyes .. The colourings of the eyes are very indistinct.
There is no well-defined division between the yellow
of the comex and the blue of the iris. The eyes in
some lights are practically colourless merely showing
the black pupil on a light yellow back ground.
Eyelids .. Pinkish-black.
Ears .. Practically normal in colour and markings. The
ground black is however slightly ashy.
General description and Dis- The tiger is of course underdeveloped owing to
cussion reaarding identity. years of captivity, but in height he is probably
slightly above normal and in a wild state would
undoubtedly have been an exceptionally large animal.

Journ., Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.

Laiolieath nsceenenacicimedeg ta

ee ae

A Waiter TIGER IN CAPTIVITY.

Le t
‘) é
.

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 933:

i, myself, when stationed in Bilaspur District in.
1919, did my best in the hot weather to come up
with a white tiger, which must have been a very
large and heavy animal, judging from the size of
the pug-marks which I tracked on many occasions.
This tiger was however very shy and would not
look at tied ‘kills’ but was especially fond of bison
cows and calves. He was constantly seen by
herdsmen in the jungle, but never made an attempt
to take an animal out of the herd. The above
would seem to indicate that these white tigers
run large, which suggests a theory that they are
not mere albinos. but a distinct variety of Felis
tigris. These white tigers have been known
for years in the neighbourhood where the Bilaspur
and Mandla Districts of the C. P. join with Rewa
State. One was shot by a villager in the north of
Bilaspur District, about 15 years ago, and another
in the Rewa State some years later. There are at
present to my knowledge three white tigers in the
jungle and it is quite probable that there are many
more, as the area in Maikal Hills, which they in-
habit is large, wild, and hilly, and, since the beat-
ing for or killing of tigers is prohibited in the
State, it is possible that these shy white tigers
might roam in this secluded jungle for years undetec-
ted and unmolested. Last year in the hot weather
two of these white tigers, full grown, were seen
taking a sand bath in the bed of a stream in the
South of this State. They may of course have
been born of the same mother but the observed
constant association of white tigers with one another
tempts one to believe that they do not inter-
breed with the ordinary variety of tiger.

EDITORS.

No. I1.—RECORD PANTHER SKULL (Ff. PA RDUS).
(With a plaie.)

Through Mr, Eugene J. Van Ingen, the Society recently received the skull of a
Panther which in dimension easily establishes a record for India. Th> animal
was obtained by Mr.. E. E. Limouzin of Dunsandle Estate, Ootacamund, in the
Water Fall Shola.

In forwarding the skull Mr. Van Ingen writes :—

“IT send herewith the skull and ribs of a Panther (?). As the skull seems
abnormally large and more like a tiger’s, I should be extremely obliged, if you
would examine it and tell me whether it is a tiger's or panther's.

I may mention thatthe owner, Mr. E. E. Limouzin of Dunsandli Estate,
Ootacamund, declares it to be a Panther’s but yet is not quite sure about it. While
out shooting he caught a glimpse of the animal, late in the evening about dusk,
and wounded and lost it. It was found some days afterwards but by then de-
composition had set in and vultyres and jackals had destroyed the skin ; the
skeleton and skull remained together with strips of skin, and Mr. Limouzin
examined what he found of the latter carefully and is positive that the animal
is a panther.

934 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XXVII,

Yet I think the skull seems to be quite out of proportion with the ribs and
Mr. L. remarked the same. He tells me that he had seen this panther previously
on several occasions, and had examined him through his glasses, and though
his head and fore quarters seemed to be extremely larg> and powerfully built,
the body and hind quarters seemed to dwindle away !_ Before this, in fact almost
a year ago, Col. W. told me that he had seen a panther a few miles from Dun-
sandli, and he described its head, chest and forearms to have be2n enormous.
It was standing on a rock about 20 yards away looking down at him, and Col.
W., who has shot many panthers, claimed it to be the largest he had ever seen,
He quite believes this animal of Mr. Limouzin’s to be the one seen by him.

Another reason Mr. Limouzin gives by which he is positive is that a few
minutes previous to coming on to the Panther he heard the unmistakable call of
@ panther.

I much regret that I did not send you one of the claws, nearly all of which
Mr. Lisonzin recovered. They are quite the size of a large tigress. As regards
the skull, in the course of my profession I have seen many panther skulls ; many
of them belonging to animals well over 7 ft. but none anywhere approaching

this one in size.’

Writing later Mr. Limouzin says : “‘ By to-day’s Mail I have sent the entire
skeleton of the panther to your care (with the exception of one rib, smashed
to bits by the bullet, and another rib, broken, possibly by the explosion,
internally). Before I fired at the panther I was very much struck with the
extraordinary size of his head and shoulders, he appeared to be 7mmense, but
unfortunately he jumped aside and I was only able to get a ‘snapshot ” at
his side going down hill, from me.”

The skull sent is undoubtedly that of an adult Panther. The skull sent in by
Mr. Van Ingen measures as follows :—

Basal Length. Breadth. Weight.
T1237 Woe 2 Ibs. 4 ozs.
The largest specimen in Rowland Ward’s ‘“‘Records of Big Game” is one obtain-
ed by Sir Edmund Loder in Gabun (W. Africa).
The measurements are as follows :-—

Length. ” Width. Weight.

ies” TAQ Ilb. 12 ozs.
The largest Indian Panthers’ skulls measure :— a
Length. Width. W ecght.
101” 63” a5 Bijnor, U. P. A. M. Markham.
10.6” 6)’ af Gir Forest, Kathia-

wat. Lt.-Col. L. L. Fenton.

10” 64” ae Belgaum. Sir Edmund Loder, Bart.

The largest specimen in the So¢iety’s collection measures 8-3” in basal length
and is 5:9” wide across the zygomata. This animal taped 77:3”.

Blanford in his Mammalia, writing on the points of distinction between the
skulls of Tigers and Panthers say :—

“The upper surface of the skull (Panther) is arched as in the Tiger, but the
lower jaw is convex beneath, as in the Lion, the cordyle being proportionately
nearer the angle even than in the latter. When a Leopard’s skull, with the
mandible attached, is placed on a flat surface, the hinder part of the skull almost
always touches that surface.”

We publish for comparison a photograph of Mr. Limouzin’s panther together
with a photo of a tiger’s skull and that of the largest Panther skull in the Society’s
collection. Also a Lion’s skull.

S.-H. PRATHER.

Bompay Naturat History Sociery,

June 1921.

‘JoAQ[ SIY} PAOGR TOUT ue 4yNOgGe ore sojkpuoo pezidtooo 94} OBI,
oy} JO osvo of} UL f o[qUy oY} JO aoVFINS FV ON} YITA qoeyuoo UI SI OyUeT pue UOT 94} UT [MAS oy Jo qaed ropurg oy} MOY 930N
6 WIprogd *,£-8 WSu0T

(GL Wperg S11 W98008'T Fi
‘ulznowmury “ay, Aq Joys [[MYS soyjueT pa009y MOTPOT[OD 8,Ayo1I90g oy Ut [NAS 9G} UeT qsonie'y

66 WPeag -F-FL wysu0T © VOL Wapeerg oyewmossz *,¢.p1 YISUOT Tesea
“NOV'T NYIGN[I #0 TINS “MHL 10 TTOwW9

aaolLL ‘NOT HLTA TITANS ACHINV ayoon#y JO NOSTUVdMO/)

‘NOILOMTIION S,ALMIOOG AHL NI STTONG AUTHINVG INV

nigel By Ounces

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 935

No. III—NOTES ON PANTHERS.

In accordance with the wishes of some members of the Society for letters
from individual members recounting their personal experiences in connection
with beasts of the field, or rather jungle, I give you the following account of
what panthers, accustomed to lights and sounds connected with a tea plan-
ter’s bungalow and the surrounding coolie lines, will do. During the rains a
pair of these animals invaded the compound of the Superintendent’s bungalow
one night and kept himseif and his servants practically confined to the bun-
galow from 8 p. m. until midnight. A hedge of quickset thorn surrounds the
bungalow and behind this they chased each other round regardless of lights
and shouting. At last in desperation my Superintendent fired his gun off in
the direction they appeared to be. This eventually drove them off. A fort-

night ago I happened to be calling up at -his bungalow om business and on

stepping out of the verandah preparatory to proceeding to my own residence
I received a blow which included the whole of the left side of the face and left
a gash under my eye. This laid me out senseless for half an hour. No one
was an actual witness of the occurrence but there could have been no doubt
that a panther had given the blow as the pug marks and those of two cubs were
very distinct ali round the bungalow. That my face was not torn away I put
down to the fact that the animal only wanted to give me a knock down blow and
did not use her claws. The fact of a tiger ér panther using its claws would do
away with the effect of a blow given by the pad when hardened. I saw a tigress
give such a blow to a tiger in the Calcutta Zoo. It would have certainly killed
a man but only staggered his majesty without drawing blood. Both the ahove
incidents occurred on very dark nights, and I presume in the first case the
panthers were love making. In my twenty-five years’ experience of Cachar
I have had many experiences with panthers some of which I may give you
later. -
CACHAR,
29th January 1921. A. G. McARTHUR.

No. IV._PANTHER IN A TREE WITH A PIC.

I was out on an elephant in the Mudumalai forests (Nilgiri Wynaad) one
afternoon last month and about 5-30 p.m. heard a confused noise of animals
giving tongue. Mahout and Shikari declared this to be bears fighting. So the
elephant was hurried to the spot at its best pace. A herd of pig were found
to have treed a panther which lay fully extended along a horizontal branch
about 15-ft. above the ground. In its grasp the panther had a small pig. At
about 35 yards the elephant was pulled up and I fired. The pig dropped like a
stone and lay as dead for several minutes, in fact until some minutes after the
elephant had been walked up to it, though apparently unscathed. Then with
the elephant standing beside it, it suddenly jumped up and scuttled off, much
to the alarm of the elephant, who threw off the Mahout and my rifle, trum-
peted twice and stamped his forefeet. To return to the panther; after
being struck he dropped the pig instantly, there followed a pause, very brief
but distinct, and then he reversed his direction on the branch and shot diago-
nally into the grass like a flash. Now this animal had been struck in the back
of the neck, the bullet (-405 solid) coming out through his left eye. Yet he per-
formed the difficult feat of turning to face the tree trunk from having been fully
stretched out in the opposite direction. After the slight pause referred to,
this ‘about turn’? movement was done so extraordinarily quickly that I did
not follow it. Yet it must have been so for the pig dropped from the forepaws
which were outwards from the tree trunk, and the panther shot into the grass
in the opposite direction. He lay invisible in high grass (there was only short
grass on the side from which I had approached), invisible to a 6’ man standing
erect on the pad of an 8’ elephant at 10 yards distance. However after a wait

936 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVI1,

we advanced and found him dead within 10 yards. He measured 6’-6” between
pegs, being 3’-10” to root of tail.

This panther’s behaviour illustrates well what Mr. Brook Fox wrote in the
December 1920 issue and which I should like to quote “When a panther re-
ceives a wound, mortal or otherwise, he invariably makes a mad rush for the
nearest heavy cover. It is astonishing how their instinct leads them to the most
difficult and inaccessible cover in the vicinity”. Panthers in South India go
up trees commonly, as in keats, or for the purpose of dropping on sambhur,
chital, etc: (there was an instance of this in the same forest this year) but I
have not previously heard of a panther escaping (from pigs in this case) up a
tree and taking its prey with it, though there was nothing very strange about
it, the pig heing quite a little one.

COIMBATORE,
7th March 1921.

V.—MEASUREMENTS OF ‘TIGERS AND PANTHERS.

Reference Editorial note, page 394 of the Journal of the Society, Vol. X XVII,
No. 2, on the measurement of tigers. I have been through my shikar book of
the past 28 years and it is very regrettable that on so many occasions no measure-
ments were recorded. I have however extracted the following, all made myself
on the spot immediately after the animal had been killed. They may or may

not be of any value.

J. H. LONGRIGG, LFE.s.

TIGERS.
Length Length
No. on between Tail. Skull Remarks.
curves. uprights. in inches.
Lalo: Jeo4 on 14x 10 immense.
2 9’-9” Oe2G ve 13% x 94 very large.
3 97-97 3s be a LG
4 9-7" ie aS aE large.
5 SicGe 8’-10” 30” I3ix 9 very heavy; stumpy
tail.
6 9’-6” 8-10” 36” 125 x 9} lanky.
7 9’-24” 8-8” 36” Be Ee
8 9/-2” 8/-2” ne ah -
9 9/-27 8’-0” D6 eis young.
10 9’-0” “6 heavy tiger.
TIGRESSES. pei Sa
1 97-0” 8’-0” ee ic thin ; lanky.
2 87-11” 8’-0” ; Meee
3 8’-8” O° iM
4 87-7” ee ea
5 8’-6” ise 26” eeuhee
6 8’-2” ae smallest shot.
PANTHERS.
1 87-0” TOF wif Ae ee biggest shot; an im-
mense panther.
2 Was 1-2” at a very heavy.
3 5-0" i oe ie female.
4 6-6”

Se ane Ae ui
All the above were shot in Central India where the tigers are as a rule thick
—set, heavy animals with short tails.
STEWART CAPPER,
GuNnA CANTONMENT, Lt.-Colonel.
28th January 1921.

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES.

CO
oo
a

No. VI.—HY ANAS IN MESOPOTAMIA.

Reference Journal of the Society, Vol.XXVII, No. 2, pages 332 and 333, Item
16. On two occasions | saw a hyena on the Tigris, both occasions on the
deft or Persian bank, and between Amarah and Sheikh Saad.

STEWART CAPPER,

Lt.-Colone?.
“GuNA CANTONMENT, C. I.,

3lst January 1921.

No. VII—A LARGE BEAR (U. LABIATUS) SHOT NEAR GUNA.

A very big male bear (Ursus labiatus) was shot close to this Cantonment a
few days ago. Weight 276 pounds, measurement round curves 6’-3’. All
present agreed that it was quite the biggest specimen they had seen. He was
a very old animal that had been in the local jungles for the past three years
but had always broken back through the beat till this occasion.

. STEWART CAPPER,

Lt.-Col:nel.
Guna, C. I.,

31st January 1921.

No. VIIJ.—*SORE NECK” IN SAMBHAR.

We have had several enquiries from members in reference to the prevalence
-of ‘sore neck’ in Sambhar and would be very glad if members could send us any
information in regard to the above.

In this connection a note appeared in the Journal of the Natural History
Society of Siam under signature of Mr. P.R. Kemp, who was engaged on survey
work in the district lying approximately between lat. 14°-00 & 16°00 N. & long.
93-30 E. Mr. Kemp shot several Sambhar in this district during the months of
December and June and observed that they were all affected by a peculiar sore
upon the neck situated in the middle line in front. The actual sore was round
about 14 inches in diameter and the skin around it was devoid of hair which had
‘apparently been rubbed over an area about 8 inches long by 6 wide. The
‘sore was superficial and did not extend deeply. Mr. Kemp states that the
disease is recognised among the Siamese as the Khi-Ruon-Kwang or the Le-
rosy of the Sambhar and is believed to be due to the animals eating the fruit
of the Ma-Kawk tree, a kind of wild plum generally known as the wild olive.
‘The appearance of the sore in these animals is stated by the Siamese to syn-
-chronize with the time of the appearance of the fruit on the Ma-Kawk trees.

The same disease has been observed by members in Assam and it would be
interesting to know if this has been the case in other parts of India. Mr, Dunbar
Brander, I.F.S., to whom we applied for information in regard to the ‘above,
‘writes as follows :— i

“T was much interested in the notes re the mark or disaase observed in the
throats of Sambhar. I have several times observed the same thing on Sam-
bhar in the United Provinces, always during the period that hair and horn were
undergoing a change. At this period Sambhar do not come under much obsery-
ation and I am inclined to think the wound is more common than is generally
thought. The wound has always emanated from the centre of a whorl of hair on

9388 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII,

the throat and as it has only been observed by me during the time when the
animal was changing coat or horn I naturally connected the two and came to the
eonclusion that the sore or mark was the result of the changes taking place.
I can only throw this out as a suggestion.”

EDITORS.

No. IX.—DOUBLE GROWTH OF HORNS IN SAMBHAR,.

Deuble growth of Sambhar Horns.

As per my promise I am sending sketch of a sambhar head.

You wili see that nearly all freak or deformed heads are generally ugly but
this was an exceptionally well balanced head pleasing to the eye. Unfortu-
nately I was unable to get a photograph as the head was packed up ready to go.
to England. It was shot by Major G. Turner in Narhar Block, Nagpur District,
March 1920.

It would be interesting to hear any theories put forward to account for this
exceptional growth of horn, as there is no sign whatsoever pointing to abnormal
growth owing to obstruction or accident occurring during the early stages of
growth, as both horns have double shafts.

Also I have never seen or read of a proved case of horns not being shed and a
double growth being produced the second year, although I have seen a great
number of red dese from Scotland, Austria and Asia Tena also Cariboo and
Reindeer. Perhaps some of your experienced members will give their valued
opinion.
HUGH COPLEY.

NaGpur,
16¢2 March 1921.

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 939

No. X.—BLACK BUCK y. MOTOR.

I expect many of your readers who have motored through black buck country
have noticed the interesting habit the latter animal has of racing a motor car,
One drives along a road through open country and sees buck, perhaps a small
herd, say one hundred yards off to the left of the road. The buck have the
whole country on that side of the road tc retreat into but they apparently never
seem safe until they have crossed the road in front of the car. They gallop along-
side the car (I have taken a doe up to 33 miles an hour) and edge closer and
closer to the car when, choosing their time, they clear the road in front of the
car with one delightful bound, sometimes with only a yard or so to spare. I
have seen many scores of black buck behave as described but never achinkara.
There seems to be a sort of fatal fascination about a car. I wonder whether
buck do it witha motor cycle. Once across the road they go straight away
across country never taking up the race again on the other side of the road. It
is an interesting habit and the reason for it I have never yet fathomed but per-
chance some members of the Society have a simple explanation.

JOHN BUDDEN.
5th March 1921.

No. XI.—ROUGH NOTES ON THE AVIFAUNA OF THE NELLIAM-
PATHY HILLS.

1. Geography of the Hills.—The Nelliampathy Hills form the Northern
boundary of the Western Ghats in their Southern Division. These Ghats
are broken by a level cultivated plain some 15 miles wide from N. to 8. known
as the Palghat Gap. The Northern boundary of this gap is formed by the
Palghat Hills and the Southern by the Nelliampathics. These latter join into
the Anamallies which in turn extend southwards into the Travancore High
Range and so through the Peermade Hills, the Cardamom Hills, etc., to the
final Southern limit of the Western Ghats, the Asambu Hills, som2 15 miles
North of Cape Comorin.

The general character of the Nelliampathy Hills may be summarised as fol-
lows :—

I. The Northern slopes, which rise precipitously from the plains, the
cliffs, cut by an occasional gully, clothed in deciduous jungle.

II. The Plateau Country, undulating land covered with dense evergreen
forest, varied by patches of coffee cultivation, lemon grass and lantana.

Ill. The Higher Ranges, which rise from the Plateau Country up to
an elevation of some 5,000 feet above sea level. These peaks and downs are
composed of grass land interspersed with small evergreen sholas. :

IV. The Southern slopes. The Hills drop away gradually to the South
into the huge forest clad Nelliampathy Valley. These slopes are covered with
evergreen forest almost down to the Valley especially towards the centre and
western parts of the Hills. To the East the forest is more deciduous.

2. General.—This list of the birds of the Nelliampathies is by no means
exhaustive. It is merely a list of such birds as I have personally observed on
these hills at various times during the past ten years. I have so far not touched

the warblers and noted very little as regards the nightjars and the owls.

' The following common birds, however I know, do not occur on the Hills at
any time*:;—

1. Corvus splendens.——Common. Crow.

2. Corvus macrorhynchus.—Jungle Crow.

3. Eudynamis honorata.—The Koel.
nmr ean sh

*The scientific names are from Blandford’s notes.

37

——————— ee

940 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVIII.

4. Hierrococcyx varius—Common Hawk Cuckoo.

5. Centropus sinensis.—The Crow Pheasant or Coucal. May come up the
Northern slopes as a very occasional straggler in the hot weather.

6. Streptopelia swratensis—Common Indian Dove.

7. Xantholema hematocephala.—Crimson-breasted Barbet or Copper-
smith.

8. Ceryle varia.—The Pied King Fisher.

9. Halcyon smyrnensis—Common King Fisher.

10. Molpastes hamorrhous.—Madras Red-vented Bulbul.
11. Oriolus melanocephalus.—Black-headed Oriole.

3. In the following list of birds observed up here, I have noted a few points
wherein our birds differ from their descriptions as given in the “‘ Fauna of India”
volumes.

1. Dendrocitta rufa—Tree Pie. Very rare.

2. Dendrocitta leucogaster.—Southern Tree Pie. Very common.

3. Parus atriceps—Black-headed Tit. Rare.

4. Maclolophus haplonotus.——Southern Yellow Tit. Extremely common.
Recently found several nests.

5. Garrulax delesserti—Thée Wynaad Laughing-Thrush. Common. Iris
maroon brown, not crimson.

6. Pomatorrhinus horsefieldii.—The Southern Scimitar Babbler. Extremely
common. A very pleasing liquid, gurgling note. Ear coverts chestnut. Bill
yellowish white, lower mandible paler at base. Upper mandible dark horn at
base, the dark colour extending half way down the culmen. No black border
to white of chin, breast, etc. Length only 9’.

7. Pelorneum ruficeps.—The Spotted Babbler. Common.

8. Rhopocichla atriceps——The Black-headed Babbler. Very common, both
this species and No. 7. Found six young last week (February). Are usually
found in the thick greenery bordering a stream at the edge of a shola. I have
always found both in large flocks of 12 to 24 birds often in company with
other babblers.

9. Myiophoneus horsefieldiithe Malabar Whistling Thrush. Common.

10. Larvivora brunnea.—The Indian Blue Chat. Somewhat’ rare.

11. Zosterops palpebrosa—The Indian White Eye. Very common.

12. AMgithinia tiphia——The Common Jora. Rare.

13. Chloropsis malabarica.—The Malabar Chloropsis. Common. I think
there is only this one Chloropsis found here.

14. Irena puella—The Fairy Blue-bird. Extremely common. Goes about
in pairs usually, but often in small parties, especially in the early morning.

15. Hypsipetes ganeesa.—The Southern Indian Black-Bulbul. Extremely
common. Usually frequents the tops of trees. The lowest I have seen these
birds descend, except to bathe, has been to drink the nectar from the red flowers
of the thorny wild Erythrina. As a rule they seem to stick to the higher trees.
The flocks have broken up (February) and these birds are generally now in
pairs.

16. Otocompsa fuscicaudata.—The Southern Red-Whiskered Bulbul. Ex-
tremely common.

17. Jole icterica.—Tha Yellow-browed Bulbul. Extremely common, Also
now going in pairs instead of the usual noisy flocks.

18. Sitta frontalis——The Velvet-fronted Blue Nuthatch. Common.

19. Dicrurus longicaudatus.—The Indian Ashy Drongo. Extremely common.
I do not think we get D. ater or D. cerulescens.

20. Chaptia enia.—The Bronzed Drongo. Not uncommon.

21. Dissemurus paradiseus.—The Larger Racket-tailed Drongo. Very common.
I have heard it imitate, among many others, the great Malabar Black Wood-
pecker and the Malabar Grey “Homnbill.

”

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 94]

22. Lanius erythronotus—The Rufous-backed Shrike. Common.

23. Pericrocotus flammeus.—The Orange Minivet. Verv common

24. Pericrocotus perigrinus.—The Small Minivet. Rare. ;

25. Hemipus picatus—The Biack-backed Pied Shrike. Common.

26. Tephrodornis sylvicola.—The Malabar Wood Shrike, Very common
27. Oriolus kundu.—The Indian Oriole. Very common.
28. Eulabes religiosa.—The Southern Grackle. Very common.

29. Stoparola melanops.—The Verditer Fly Catcher. Very common. Accord -
ing to Blandford this species should not occur so far South. It does not return
to its old perch after a flight in the usual manner of flycatchers, as a rule at any
rate. I obtamed a ¢ specimen of the Verditer Fly:at21er (Stoparolt me-
lanops) on these Hills at 3,300 ft. elevation the other day. Blandford places
its Southern limit of occurrence at the Nilgiris, whereas these Hills are far South
of the Nilgiris and moreover separated by the Palghat gap from any connection
with the Northern Range of ghats to which the Nilgiris join. These remarks
also apply to the common Rose Finch (Carpodacus erythrinus) which is of
common occurrence here. Blandford, again, limits the occurrence of the Nilsiri
- Blue Flycatcher (Stoparola albicaudata) to the Nilgiri and Palni Hills, whereas
this species is our commonest flycatcher up here.

30. Stoparola albicaudata.—The Nilghiri Blue Flycatcher, Very common.
This bird also occurs much further South than Blandford thought.

31. _Terpsiphone paradisi—The Indian Paradise Flycatcher. White
cocks appear to be much more numerous than hens or young cocks and
moreover appear to lead a batchelor existence.

32. Culicacapa ceylonensis.—The Grey-headed Flycatcher. Common.

33. Merula nigripileus—The Black-capped Blackbird. Very common.
Generally terrestrial in habits and occurring in pairs but I have seen large
flocks in lantana.

34. Geocichla cyanonotus.—The White-throated Ground Thrush. Very common,

35. Petrophila cyanus——The Western Blue Rock Thrush. Common where

open spaces of sheet rock occur.
- 36. Petrophita cinclorhyncha.—The Blue-headed Rock Thrush. Common.
Arrives early in October and leaves about the first week in March.

37. Carpodacus erythrinus——The Common Rose Finch, Fairly common.

38. Arachnecthra zeylonica.—The Purple-rumped Sunbird. I believe this
to be our only Sunbird. Very common.

39. Arachnothera longirostris—The Little Spider-Hunter. Decidedly rare.

40. Pitta brachyura.—The Indian Pitta, Common.

41. Motacilla melanope.—The Grey Wagtail. Arrives early in October and
leaves early in March.

42. Limonidromus indicus.—The Forest Wagtail. Quite a common bird,
I think the most distinctive thing about the Forest Wagtail, besides its
marking, is its habit of swaying both body and tail from side to side, instead of
the usual wagtail habit of jerking the tail up and down. It is very common
on the Estates, feeding on insects which infest the thick mulch of dead leaves
under the coffee.

43. Galerita malabarica.—The Malabar Crested Lark. Common on grass
lands especially above the Northern slopes.

44, Brachypter nusaurantius.—The Golden-backed Woodpecker. Very common,

45. Chrysocolaptes gutticristatus.—Tickell’s Golden-backed Woodpecker.
Very common.

45. Thriponax nodgsoni.—The Malabar Great Black Woodpecker. Common.
As I believe that the nidification of Thriponax hodgsoni has not previously
been recorded, the following note may prove of interest. On the 24th January
of this year I found a pair of these Black Woodpeckers at work inside a hole

942 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XXVIII.

about twenty feet up in a dead Hrythrina lithosperma. The entrance hole
was about 6” in diameter I observed the birds at work for a few days but
they unfortunately abandoned the nest.

Early on the morning of the 7th March I noticed a female Black Woodpecker .
emerge from a hole in a dead Grevillea robusta. Hoping to get the eggs (or
egg) I told a cooly to go un and if there were any eggs to bring them to me.
On my return in the evening from a distant Estate which I visited, I found
two half dead naked nestlings the man had brought to me, much to my
disgust. However it was useless putting them back so I have made a spirit
specimen of one and carbolized the other and send them to the Society. The
nest was some twenty feet up the tree again and the entrance hole had a
diameter of over 6”. The hole was 24” deep and unlined. There were two
nestlings, it will be noted. The “Fauna” thought only one was likely to be
found.

These grand woodpeckers are quite common up here. They move about.
as a rule only in the early morning and late evening. They appear always in
pairs and call to one another in a curious, plaintive, metallic clang, which is
remotely reminiscent of a seagull’s note. They also possess a laugh, only
uttered in flight.

46. Hemicercus canente-—The Heart-spotted Woodpecker. Common.

47. Thereiceryx viridis.—The Small Green Barbet. Very common. -

48. Xantholema malabarica.—The Crimson-throated Barbet. Very common.

49. Merops philippinus—-The Blue-tailed Bee-eater. Very common on
the Northern slopes.

50. Mellitophagus swiheii-—The Chestnut-headed lBee-eater. Common
on the Northern slopes.

51. Dichoceros bicornis.—The Great Hornbill. Very common. Occasionally
flies at a great height for very considerable distances.

52. Anthracoceros coronatus.—Yhe Malabar Pied Hornbill. Very common.

53. Lophoceros griseus—The Malabar Grey Hornbill. Very common.

54. Alcedo ispida.—The Common Kingfisher, Very rare. The few perrenial
streams of the plateau country are the only places where an occasional King-
fisher may be seen.

55. Upapa indica.—The Indian Hoopoe. Not common, they usually haunt
certain favoured localities, in pairs.

56. Oypselus melba.—The Alpine Swift. Common during the cold weather.

57. Chetura indica.—The Brown-necked Spine-tail, Common during the
cold weather.

58. Macropteryx coronata.—The Indian Crested Swift. I have found it
during the cold weather.

59. Harpactes fasciatus —The Malabar Trogon. Common. I notice that the
Malabar Trogon has a curious habit while perched, of expanding and elevating
its tail giving voice the while to a low twittering creak. As I have not
observed this before it is possibly a courting display. The tail of course is often
expanded in flight. I noticed this bird the other day pecking some insect off
the leaves of a jak (Artocarpus integrifolia), while so employed, it hovered for
a few seconds like a huge honeysucker and was a glorious sight.

60. Palgornis colomboides.—Vhe Blue-winged Paroquet. I believe the only
paroquet up here.

61. Loriculus vernalis—The Indian Loriquet. Very common.

62. Asio accipitrinus.——The Short-eared Owl. Very rare indeed. We have
an owl which I have been unable so far to indentify, known to the coolies as
the Pisasi or devil. It’s shrieks are indeed diabolical and heard for the
first time are truly terrifying.

63. -{ctinaétus malayensis——The Black Eagle. Very common.

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 943

64. Spizsétus cirrhatus—The Crested Hawk Eagle. Very common, Feeds
on jungle fowl.

65. Spilornis cheela.—The Crested Serpent-Eagle. Common.

66. Falco severus—The Hobby. Not uncommon.

67. Accipiter virgatus——The Besra Sparrow-Hawk, Very common.

68. Astur badius—The Shikra. Common.

69. Falco peregrinus.—The Peregrine Falcon, Common. Breeds on the
precipices of the Northern slopes.

70. Hlanus caruleus——The Black-winged Kite. Somewhat rare.
sionally comes up from the plains and returns to them at night.

71. Lophosphizias trivirgatus—The Crested Goshawk. Common.

72. Milvus govinda.—The Common Pariah Kite. Common, during fine
Pain when it comes up from the plains. I do not believe this bird roosts
up here.

73. Haliastur indus.—The Brahminy Kite. Occurs in the same way as the
Pariah Kite.

74. Tinunculus alaudarius.—The Kestrel, Common.

75. Ducula cuprea.—Jerdon’s Imperial Pigeon. Very common.

76. Carpophaga anea.—The Green Imperial Pigeon, Rare and only occurs
towards the foot of the Southern slopes. Probably common in the immense
forests of the Nelliampathy Valley.

77.. Chalcophaps indica.—The Bronze-winged Dove. Very common.

78. Crocopus chlorogaster—The Southern Green Pigeon. Very common
in Octeber, November and December, begins to leave the Hills about the mid-
dle of January and none are seen after the middle of February. Occasionally
however a few birds remain and breed up here. On the Nelliampathy Hills,
the Southern Green Pigeon comes up from the plains towards the beginning of
October. In November and December they are everywhere. Towards the
middle of January they start disappearing, presumably to the plains and they
gradually diminish in numbers till the middle of February when the last stag-
glers depart. Occasionally a few birds remain till the burst of the 8. W.
monsoon and breed here. They have a habit of perching, in couples or small
parties, on dead and leafless trecs, more especially in the evening but also,
occasionally, at midday.

79. Osmotreron affinis.—The Grey-fronted Green Pigeon. Becomes incre .s-
ingly common as the previous specics becomes rare. Extremely common
in February and March but also goes down before the burst of the S.
W. monsoon.

80. Galloperdix spadicea.—The Red Spur Fowl. Very common everywhere.

81. Gallus sonnerati—The Grey Jungle Fowl. Very common everywhere,
especially when the Strobilanthus or bamboos are in seed.

82. Scolopax rusticola.—The Wood Cock, Very rare. Visits the Hills, during
migration presumably at the end of September to the beginning of October and
again early in March.

84. Since writing the previous list I have identified Butorides javanic2.
It was fishing among the boulders of the Manalora stream.

A common bird that does not occur up here is Passer domesticus.

85. Pseudogyps begnalensis.—The Indian White-backed Vulture. Comes up
from the plains in the same manner as the kites. Only roosts up here when
gorged.

86. Alsocomus elphinstonii.—The Nilgiri Wood Pigeon. Much rarer than
the Imperial pigeon but occurs sparingly on the higher hills.

87. Alseonaz latirostris The Brown Flycatcher. Was not sure of the species
before. 4. ruficaudus and A, muttui probably also occur.

88. Orthotomus sutorius.—The Indian Tailor Bird. This is the only warbler
whose species I amcertain of, Common.

cCa-

944 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVIL

89. Eurystomus orientalis—The Broad-billed Roller. I saw this bird for
the first time yesterday. A pair of them were sitting on a dead tree in a young
coffee clearing. One or the other kept flying to another dead tree where they
have their nest in a hole some 12 feet up. It contains young. While perched
they emitted a note curiously reminiscent of an eagle’s scream.

90. Totanus glottis—The Green Shank. I saw a solitary bird beside the ~

Manalora stream the other day.
NELLIAMPATHY HILLS, A. P. KINLOCH.
March 1921.

No. XII—OCCURRENCE OF THE PIED GROUND THRUSH(GHOCICHLA
WARDI) ON THE NELLIAMPATHY HILLS.

Some time ago I noticed a g Pied Ground Thrush up here. This is the first
time I have seen this bird on these hills and I do not think I would have passed
over such a conspicuous species had it been of regular occurrence. ! therefore
believe that this bird merely breaks its journey here on its migration from more
Southerly latitudes in the same manner as does the Wood Cock Cee
rusticola).

NELLIAMPATHY HiLxs,
22nd March 1921. A. P. KINLOCH.

No. XIJI.—EGRET FARMING IN SIND.

The foilowing extract from the Daily Gazette, Karachi, has been sent to
us by Mr. G. Birch who contributed an article to the Journal on the above sub-
ject :-—

In 1913-14 an article was contributed by Mr. Birch of Karachi to the Journal
of Bombay Natural History Society on the subject of Egret farming in Sind.

According to Mr. Birch, who had spent some considerable time in personal
investigations, the Lesser Egret (Herodias garzetta) had been domesticated and
was being bred and reared with marked success by Mirbhahars (the generic term
by which the fisher folk of the inland waters of t he province of Sind are known)
who had built up a lucrative trade in osprey feathers plucked from the dorsal
plumage of the egret in the same way as feathers are plucked from the ostrich.
A series of photographs taken personally by the author accompanied the article,
and illustrated the “modus operandi” of the breeders and the construetion and
condition of the farms. In particular it was stated—

(i) that the birds were bred under humane conditions,

(ii) that the breeding system, so far as these particular birds were concerned
had superceded the barbarous system which formerly peveee in Sind of slaught-
ering egrets for osprey plumes,

(iii) that when thus domesticated in seas farms the birds bred and assumed
their nuptial plumage, 7.e., the dorsal plumes, three or four times a year.

In conclusion the author pointed out the necessity for the modification of
the drastic orders issued by Lord Curzon’s Government in 1902 under the
Customs Act which “ prohibits the taking by sea or Jand out of British India
of skins and feathers of all birds other than domestic birds except

(a) feathers of ostriches, and

(6) skins and feathers exported bona fide as specimens illustrative of natural

istory.””

The result of these orders has been to create a large industry in the smug-
gling out of the country, even where destruction of and cruelty to birds are
not involved, of feathers that have a distinct commercial value. The article at-
tracted much attention at the time. It was reproduced, with the permission
of the author in ‘“‘ Bird Notes” the Journal of the Foreign Bird Club, Surrey,
and in the Scientific American. Many enquiries were received from other

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, 945

Local Governments, particularly the Punjab and Assam, Societies, traders and
individuals in North and South America with a view to introducing the system
in those countries. The facts mentioned in the articles received independent
corroboration from many Officers, several of whom are close observers of bird
life. The only public criticism which appeared at the time was by Major
Lindsay Smith who, while expressing doubt as to the possibility of breeding
egrets, said that if the writer of the article could state that he saw the birds
incubating the eggs and took the photographs himself, the matter would be
placed beyond doubt. This criticism was answered by Mr. Birch in the fol-
lowing letter, dated 13th August 1914, to the Bombay Natural History
Society :-— }

“The photographs printed in the Journal were all taken on surprise visits
to different farms. Plate A at a place 7 miles from Rohri on the bank of the Wes-
tern Nara. Plate B at a village 6 miles from the town of Larkana. Plate C
at Rahuja on the Sukkur canal, three miles from Sukkur. The first two
photographs were snapshots by myself. I had to procure the help of the profes-
sional photographer to take Plate C as my kodak was not large enough to get
an interior view but I visited this farm myself also. The other photographs
sent to you which were not published were taken by me personally.” i

The question of egret farming was discussed shortly afterwards at a conference
of Naturalists in London who succeeded in convincing the House of Commons
Committee that egret plumes can be taken without any cruelty and that it is
unnecessary to hurt the birds, that in the wild state the birds are killed as the
only way of getting the plumes; but in farming this is of course not done.
Owing to the war no action was however taken.

Last year when the Plumage Bill was the subject of violent controversy at
home the existence of egret tarms in Sind was strenuously denied. The facts
stated in Mr. Birch’s article have been hotly debated in Parliament and in
particular the tale of four moultings of the plumes per year is regarded as incorrect
and impossible. The latter point is always cited by excited opponents as
showing the falsity of the evidence of the existence of the farms. No words
are minced in the controversy and charges of corruption and perjury are hurled
about wholesale. Enquiries have again been made this year regarding the
following points :—

(i) How many farms exist in Sind at present?

(ii) Are such farms migratory according to the supply of water or fish or
according to the movements of the Muhanas ?

(iit) Are the birds well treated or is such cruelty as__ blinding practiced

_ upon them.

(iv) What is the dietary of the birds ?

(v) What is the growth of the plumes and how many moultings take place
in the year. Is it possible that artificial feeding and restraint may
lead to special moultings ?

The following are the answers to these questions :-—

(i) The existence of about at Jeast 100 farms has been verified. The
average number of birds in each farm is about 100.

(it) The farms are migratory only according to the supply of water and fish,
ie., the fishing stations. If the water and with it the fish supply
of a particular lake dries up, the farm is moved to another place where
water and small fish, the food of the birds, are available. Where a
supply of fish and water is permanent the farm remains permanent.

(iit) The birds are well treated ; of this there can be no doubt. They are
comfortably housed in well ventilated structures, well looked after
and well fed. Amongst 1,700 birds personally seen by the Collector of
Thar and Parkar in 19 farms no case of blinding or ill-treating wag

916 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII,

discovered. The birds have a high market value and the owners
would not wilfully ill-treat valuable property. It is stated that the
eyes of some-birds used to be sewn up when they were transported in
crates from one place to another to prevent them from fighting. The
procedure now followed is to blindfold the birds by means of blinkers.
The farmers now use every possible means of keeping their valuable
property in the most favourable conditions. Decoy birds with their
eyes sewn up used to be employed in decoying wild egrets to a place
where by an arrangement of nets they were caught but this method
of catching birds has fallen into dessuetude since the introduction of the
farming system.

(iv) The food of the birds is small fish. If small fish are not available
large fish are cut up into small pieces. The birds are usually fed twice
a day. A supply of water is always kept in the pens. The space
allowed to each bird on a farm is about 30-40 cubic feet. Compared
with the size of the average cage of the tame parrot this is ample.
The cages are moreover in the open and accessible to air and light. In
each pen each bird has its own beat or stand and keeps off intruders
therefrom. The birds required for starting farms are not now caught
by decoys. They are purchased from breeders from other farms.
During the summer the farmers are careful to keep the pens cool by
frequent sprinklings of water.

(v) Reports are unanimous that moultings take place four times a year
though it is stated that the birds only breed twice a year. The moults
are twice in summer and twice in winter. The two summer moults
give a light return. The way in which the dorsal plumes are pulled
out is not at all cruel. The bird is held in one hand and the feathers
are pulled out with the other. At the very most there is not more
than a momentary twinge of pain. An officer who is a keen orni-
thologist asserts that the abstraction of such plumes in season causes
no more pain than the pulling of a hair out of one’s head.

The trade in the plumes of farm bred egrets is not really affected by the prov-
isions of the Wild Birds Protection Act VIIL of 1912. The possession of egrets
during the close season is not prohibited under that Act provided they are not
captured or killed during such season. The law says it is an offence only in
respect of those animals which had not been captured before the commencement
of the close time. It clearly therefore permits egrets to be captured in the
cold weather and allowed to breed on a farm and it also permits the trade in
the plumage of such birds in the farm. *

The only real difficulty is the prohibition of the export of plumes. If this
prohibition could be strictly enforced, the trade would be absolutely extinguished.
The smuggling of feathers out of India still proceeds on an extensive scale in
spite of the vigilance of the Customs Authorities and as the demand since the
close of the war has revived, smugyling is again rife.

It is incontestable that before the inception of the system of breeding egrets
the birds were ruthlessly slaughtered for their plumes and that this barbarous
practice has now practically ceased as a direct result of the far more economical
and lucrative process of the production of plumes by means of egret farms.
In Sind it would be an easy matter to ensure that the relaxation of the embargo
on exports was confined to the feathers of the particular species of egrets which
are farm-bred, viz., the Little Egret or Herodias garzetta. 'The plumes of this
species are at present collected in Sind almost exclusively from farm-bred
birds. But as the farming system may not exist to a similar extent in other
parts of India, the best method of controlling the trade would be to require all
farms to be licensed and to aliow the transmission of feathers under a pass.

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 947

The embargo’ on the export of the plumes of farm-bred egrets is an anti-
quated measure which has outlived its original raison d’etre. It can no longer
be justified even for humanitarian reasons. The industry of breeding egrets
has been built up in the face of highly adverse conditions. On the other hand
the clandestine export of feathers has been proceeding on an extensive scale
which it does not appear to ke possible to suppress and it is important to disting-
uish between the export of feathers of farm-bred birds and feathers of slaughter-
ed wild birds.

The system of breeding egrets which has grown up in Sind has now been
extended,on information obtained from Sind,to the Punjab and Assam. Plumes
are now available in fairly large quantities and especially prepared aigrettes
are being hawked about in the streets of Calcutta and sold at very high prices.

No. XIV.—SNARING QUAIL IN NORTH BEHAR.

(With a plate.)

In the Dharbanga District the quail catcher makes use of a slightly different
method to that given by Sterndale and quoted by Hume in his Gamz2 Birds of
India (Vol. II, p. 143). Itis probably the method Jerdon writes about as
follows :—‘‘ The Nepalese have an ingenious way of catching Quail. They put
a pair of imitation horns on their heads, and walk slowly about the stubble fields
twisting some blades of grass in their hands in a way to imitate the champing of
grass by cattle, and as these birds are not alarmed by cattle, they succeed in
driving any quail they see under a small net, which they then drop and secure
the bird.” This account does not quite correspond with the method employed
here. The quail catcher as described by Hume made use of a bullock to drive
the birds up to the net and “his traps consisted of a series of rectangular
frames, made of laths, about two feet long by one foot broad (a tightly
stretched net occupying the interior of each frame) joined at the ends and
folding up like a long map. There were about a dozen of these frames and the
centre one had an aperture in the net large enough to admit a Partridge.”
Here the man, as described by Jerdon, is both bullock and snarer and he only
uses a single net.

Jn this District quail are snared by several castes of people but principally by
the maillahs (fishermen) and it is only some of them who goin for it. The birds
caught are practically all the Common or Grey Quail (Coturnix communis) with
very occasionally a Rain or Black-breasted (Coturnix coromandelica) one or else
the Little Button Quail (T'urnix dussumieri): although the Indian Button Quail
(Turnizx t. tanki) is also got here, I have had none brought to me by these men.
The following is the proportion of each species, out of a total of 128 brought to
me by the snarers up to the time of writing :—Grey Quail 120, Black-breasted
Quail 1 and Little Button Quail 7. j

In the paddy stubble and where the Khesari (Lathyrus sativus) is small, the
snarer only goes after the quail in the early morning and in the evening as these
are their feeding times and the birds move about freely then; but where the
Khesari or gram (Cicer arietinum) is higher, he snares till later in the morning, as
there the cover is shadier and the birds will scuttle about a bit and are not so
frightened of birds of prey as they are in the thinner cover in the late morning.

On reaching the spot he intends to work, the catcher first of all takes a sheet
and rolls up two corners of it for about six inches, these he ties with a piece of
straw or grass to keep them from unrolling ; the rolled up corners are meant to
represent a cow’s horns ; then he gets two thinnish pieces of bamboo about two
feet seven inches long, and about five inches from the ends he ties them together

38

948 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. X XVII.

crossways ; the long ends are inserted into the ‘‘ horns ” and the short ones rest
against his chest ; the sheet is now thrown over his head and down his back reach-
ing to his ankles and the end with the horns sticks cut like a canopy in front of
his head ; he ties the sheet round his neck and this keeps the canopy taut ; the
rest of the sheet is wrapped round his body.

The net he uses is made of six strands of cotton twisted into thread and is six
feet long by two feet seven inches broad and its mesh hasa diameter of about
an inch ; it is weighted with baked clay fillets along one side of its length and at
the ends of the opposite side a couple of pointed sticks, about eighteen inches
long, are tied ; another stick of about the same length being fastened midway
between these two.

This net is slung over his shoulder and he draws the sheet round him, covering
his arms. He is now ready and the sport begins. With the cloth wel! wrapped
round his body, the snarer stalks, with short steps and very slowly, through the
field, every now and then bowing so as to imitate the motion of a cows head.
When a quail is seen he heads it off and at a short distance in front of it fixes his
net the weighted end lying flat on the ground, the opposite side being raised about
one foot inthe middle and rather lower at the sides, and kept in this position
by the three sticks ; this open side is set facing the direction in which the quail
is to be driven. The man now circles round the bird so as to get behind it and
then the driving commences. Now he moves slowly forward, now sideways,
bowing at intervals and very quietly working the quail towards the net. If
the bird appears rather. wild, he slowly assumes a crouching position and crawls
along with his head towards the:ground to represent a cow grazing ; in this way
he guides the quail to the net. Should the quail be fairly tame he does not
require to crouch but can work the bird into the net in an erect position. When
under the net the quail tries to burst headlong through the meshes instead of
running to the side where it could easily escape as the net does not drop. As
soon as the snarer sees the bird is inside he rushes forward and captures it and
ties it up in his loin cloth. Should the bird pass by the net, itis headed back
again or else the catcher takes up the net and fixes it in another position. It is
wonderful seeing the quail being worked up to the net, this being done in a most
skilful manner. Occasionally more than one bird is captured at a time but as a
rule the snarer contents himself with working one unless several keep well
together. The birds seldom seem to rise, except in newly worked fields where
no cattle are grazed, and if one does fly off the catcher does not as a rule
follow it up unless birds are scarce. While stalking, the men have a most
weird and ghost-like appearance.

In Hume’s day quail sold even in cities like Lucknow for Rs. 2 to Rs. 2-8-0 a
hundred and he bought them in small stations for Re. 1 per hundred. Those
days have now gone and like everything else the price of quail has more than
doubled. Here in the mofussil they now sell for Rs. 6 to Rs 11 a hundred.

Bacuownile Fry., CHAS. M. INGLIS, F.2.s., F.5.S., M.B.O.U.
LawERIA Sarat,
7th March 1921.

No. XV.—FURTHER NOTES ON INDIAN NIGHTJARS.

I have read with much interest Mr. Hugh Whistler's article on Punjab
Nightjars which appeared in a recent number of the B. N. H. 8. Journal (Volume
XXVII, No. 2) and I venture to add a few additional notes of my own on the
subject of the Indian Nightjars of which I have experience.

Journ.,Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc,

Quail Snarer commencing
his stalk.

Guiding a shy bird towards the
net.

The net ‘in situ.’
Snaring Quam in Norru Beunar.

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 949

The Jungle Nightjar, Caprimulgus indicus.—This is not a common species
as far as my experience goes. I did not come across it in the United Provinces,
not even in the lower Himalayas. It is, however, the common species at
Pachmarhi in the Satpura Hills of the Central Provinces, where it breeds.
Its call is of two kinds. Firstly, a monosyllable, chuck, chuck. chuck. :
repeated about haif a dozen times at the rate of 5 “chucks” in 2 seconds. It
has a second call, not so commonly heard, which is made up of disyllables
“ chucker—chucker—chucker” . . . . repeated at the sam2 rate as the
first call, The eggs which are pale salmon pink marked in the usual manner
are laid among stones or even on rock in open forest. The eggs are laid chiefly
in April and May.

Unwin’s Nigatjar, Caprimulgus unwini.—This is the common Western
Himalayan Nightjar being found at elevations of from 5,000 to 9,000 feet in the
forests of Oak, Deodar and Blue Pine, especially on warm southern aspects. It
is particularly fond of steep rocky slopes in forests of Ban Oak (Quercus incana)
and it is the only Nightjar. as far as my experience goes, which habitually
frequents these altitudes. The eggs resemble those of C. europeus and are
laid in May. The call of this bird with which I am very familiar is entirely
different to that of C. ewropeus. It consists of a note chuck—chuck.
rapidly repeated, usually about 8 times, in a series at the rate of 5 chucks in one
second, or in other words twice as fast as that of the previously described species.
Unwin’s nightjar is common throughout the middle hills from Naini Tal west-
wards. I do not know if it extends east of Naini Tal.

The Common Indian Nightjar, Caprimulgus asiaticus——Not common in
the Sub-Himalayan Forests of the United Provinces—very common in the dry
open scrub stoney forests of the Central Provinces. The note is as described
by Marshall, or Chak—Chak—Chak—Char—r—r—.

Franklin’s Nightjar, Caprimulgus monticola.—This is the common night-
jar of the thin jungle on the edge of the forest. It is extremely common in
Dehra Dun and in fact in the whole submontane tract from Nepal westwards.
The only note of this bird which I am sure of is a rather sharp penetrating note
like ‘* choo-ee ’ uttered on the wing. cS

Horsfield’s Nightjar, Caprimulgus macrurus nipalensis.—This is the common
nightjar of the submontane sal and mixed forests of the United Provinces.
It is extremely common in such forests and its !oud reverberating call Chounk,
Chounk. . . . . . repeated any number of times from 1 to 59 may be
heard after dark from the middle of March to the end of April. This call is
repeated at the rate of 5 in 4 seconds. The eggs are generally laid in very
densely shaded deep ravines in the forest.

One important point about the Nightjars which I think requires studying
is the question of seasonal migration. My observations so far would lead ie to
believe that all Nightjars which are found North of North Latitude 19 are
migratory and go South about October returning about the end of February
in the Central Provinces and in March in the United Provinces. It peat be
interesting to know if any observers could quote authentic instances of N ightjars
having been seen in the Central Provinces, in Northern India or in the Punjab
in the winter months. Lastly there is a point I should like to mention bi con-
nection with the useful key to the Punjab Nightjars given by Mr. Whistler.
He has omitted the female of C. macrurus. Conid this not also be included in
the key which is otherwise complete.

Garuwat, U. P. RB. B. OSMASTON, M.B.0.0.
March 1921.

950 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVTI.

No. XVJI.—NOTES ON THE “HABITS OF ANTHRACOCEROS
ALBIROST RIS, THE INDO-BURMESE PIED HORNBILL
IN CONFINEMENT.”

Indo-Burmese Pied Hornbill.

(Anthracoceros albirosirts.)

The Mikirs brought me in a nestling of this bird in May last (1920) but, at the
time being almost wholly featherless, I told them to bring it back when better
able to fend for itself. This they did at the end of June and a very different look-
ing bird it was by then. I may mention since the bird came into my possession
it has not been confined in any way being quite free to go and come as it pleases.
In temperament this Hornbill is the tamest of bird pets one could come across,
in fact at times is a decided nuisance {as at the moment of writing) owing to its
somewhat mischievous playfulness and partiality for. human company.

Food when young.—The bird was reared by hand on boiled rice, plantains
and bread, but since reaching months of discretion or perhaps to be more truth-
ful we might say indiscretion it seems to eat anything except offal (?) The
following are a fewitems I have observed in the Menu:—bread, boiled rice, plan-
tains,radish, lettuce, and other vegetables such as peas and beans, chrysanthemun
buds, many English flower buds, vide Sutton’s list for cold season’s flowers,
Insects, an endless variety from wasps to beetles, etc., etc., to say nothing of such
titbits as snakes, frogs, lizards, fish, crabs, millipeds, scorpions, and gallecdes.

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 951

Of birds I have observed him catch the swallow and make a bag of four Munias ;
the former were caught as they passed him while seated on a dead branch neh
after being beaten about for a short tim? were gulped holus bolus “ fur foot
and feathers” with great gusto. Of inanimate objects anything ache. aid
glittering has a great attraction for the bird and it sometimes even attem ots
to swallow these. I may mentionthat any food actually distasteful, and thers is
mighty little, is almost immediately ejected, the sam2 often folloy 3 if it be
forcibly fed. Some items however such as table salt which cannot be thrown
up and do not agree with the bird’s digestion make him wear a thouchtful
expression for some hours. e
The bird bathes itself by jumping from one leafy branch to another in the
early morning and shaking the dew off the leaves on to its feathers; this it does
roughly at intervals of a week. I have hitherto not observed it taking a dis:
bath as this Hornbill in the purely wild state so delights in doing. :
On the whole now that the bird is more or less adult it is fairly silent and
though numbers of its fellows in the heavy forest some 200 yards distant may
be uttering their harsh cackle it seldom responds. ;
As regards eyesight this is a highly developed sense and it can spot a hawk
or other bird of prey (all of which are held in the greatest dread) at distances
beyond the range of human vision; it can also see small insects at, in proportion,
an equal distance.
Water or other liquids are not partaken of so in this respect my pet can give
the Pusyfoot and pump-puritan tribe points and a beating. .
To accurately distinguish sex in the very young bird by appearance and
form of bill would take a much keener observer than myself as the colour and
shape changes much during the first six monthsof growth. The one I am at
present writing of now proves to be a male ; when first brought in I thought it
might be of this sex, in another two. months I was convinced it was a female and
so on until now, this time however | think there is little mistake.
The bird with a little trouble and care is easily reared and proves a most
interesting and comical pet. I enclose a photo. The following members of this
family occur here :—

Dichoceros bicornis, Great Hornbill.

Anthracoceros albirostris, Indo-Burmese Pied Hornbill,
Rhytidoceros undulatus, Malayan Wreathed Hornbill.
Ptilolemus austeni (Uncommon.) Godwin—Austen’s Hornbill.

Murpuutanl, T. E. ALEX. M. PRIMROSE.
GotacHat P. O., Assam,
5th March 1921.

No. XVII.—NIDIFICATION OF THE HIMALAYAN LONG-BILLED
VULTURE (GYPS TENUIROSTRIS).

As the nidification of the Himalayan Long-billed Vulture (Gyps tenuirostris)
does not seem to have been previously recorded from within the limits of the
U. P. it might interest you to know that I have this day taken a nest of this
species which unfortunately contained a young one about a week old.

The nest was on a Peepal tree (very high up) standing alone at the foot of a
spur of the Vindhyas, about four miles west of Chakia, in the Benarss State ;
and was simply a huge collection of coarse sticks without lining of any sort. It
differed from the nest of Pseudogyps bengalensis, in that there were no leaves
incorporated in its structure. The young bird was a gosling-like creature,
covered with yellowish brown, and was being fed by the parent by what looked
like a process of regurgitation.

952 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVIII.

Gyps fulvus is common in these parts, but I have never come across their
nests. It is unusual, therefore, that G. tenuirostris, which is uncommon, should
be found breeding here.

T must also record having observed a pair of Lapwings (Vanellus vulgaris)
at the South-West corner of the Chunar Tehsil, Mirzapur District, U. P., on the
16th December 1920. They were feeding on a small village tank, and though
I wanted very much to send the Society at least one of the skins, J must confess
to some extraordinarily bad shooting on my part.

When touring on an extensive plateau of the Vindhyas, about fifty miles
South of Mirzapur, I came across the Indian Hobby (Falco severus) on two
occasions in November. Unfortunately I had no gun with me on either occasion,
but the bright grey and red colouring of the birds was too conspicuous to be
mistaken.

BENARES,

14th January 1921. BH. He Gla:

No. XVIII.—THE LAMMERGYER (GYPAETUS BARBATUS) AND THE
GOLDEN EAGLE (AQUILA CHRYSAETUS).

In the review of Blanford’s Fauna of British India, which appeared in Vol.
X, pp. 507 to 524, and which I happened to look up the other day, I came across
the following with regard to the Lammergeyer :-—‘‘ One comparatively res-
pectable habit is that of carrying up large bones and letting them fall from a
height in order to break them, and it is said in the Levant to treat tortoises in
the same manner.” This the writer of the review, of course, quotes from the
Fauna of British India, and he then goes on to say, ‘As far as the present
writer has been able to observe, the carrying of anything in their claws is very un—
common with the vultures proper, at least in Western India. . . . . But, at,
any rate, they do not go carrying bits of corpses about, and dropping them into
tea-cups and tumblers, as related to new-come visitors on Malabar Hill.

““Mr. Blanford does not delate upon this matter, and Jerdon (Vol. 1, p. 6)
is very brief about it. But it has some interest in Bombay, where the “* Yarn”
in question is as old as it is silly, and to some of our citizens, offensive. It-is a
very reasonable function of this Society to put a good big stone over it.”

The writer of the above is, of course, perfectly right in stating that the car-
rying of anything in their claws is very uncommon with the vultures proper,
but as the ‘‘ yarn”, in this case, originates with the Lammergeyer and his habit
of dropping bones from a height to break them, it would appear as though he is
included, and that a good big stone had also been placed over his curious habit.
If so, having been buried for the last 22 years, exhumation might be resorted
to with advantage in the pages of the B. N. H. Society journal and the
“yarn”, so far as the Lammergeyer is concerned, brought to life. It is
no yarn but an absolute tact that the Lammergeyer takes up bones, in his claws,
and drops them from a height on to rocks to break them. This has been witnessed
over and over again by me, and many others besides. :

With regard to the Golden Eagle the writer of the review in question (top of
page 508) says :—‘‘ They were on the ground, near a village (where carrion
used to be thrown out), and allowed of approach to about 40 yards distance,
when they rose, and the light shot rattled vainly on their quills. The broad
white base and dark tip of the young bird’s tail were then very distinct and the
mother’s great size noticeable. These birds had been carefully examined with
a glass before going near them, and the young one’s tail specially noted for

2

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 953

observation on its rising. In such a case this is needful, as the young of the noxt
species (Aquila heliaca, the Imperial Eagle) have, in the “lineated stace”
the tail broadly tipped with fuvous white, remainder of tail uniformly ‘dull
white” (the italics above are mine). x
Then again, speaking of the Imperial, the reviewer says:—‘‘It is very
commonly called and taken for a Golden Eagle, and the mistake is an easy one
to make in old birds flying overhead. If one can see the back, the white mark-
ings of the Imperial Eagle, though very variable, will often be conspicuous
enough to distinguish him by.” 7 ;
From the above it would appear that both the young of the Golden Eagle
and that of the Imperial Eagle are very similar in colour, and therefore ie is
very necessary to note the difference in the tail marking. This, however, is
not the case and any possibility of confusion between the young plumages of
these two species is absolutely impossible. In the young of the Golden ‘Eagle
the entire plumage is practically black, with the exception of the head, a tait
bar, and very conspicuous moons on each wing, which are white. In the Im-
perial Eagle, the young or “ lineated”’ plumage is of varying shades of brown
above and much lighter below, so any confusion in this respect is impossible.
In the adult plumage a mistake is very possible and the white irregular
markings of the Imperial Eagle on the back are no criterion, as a Golden Eagle,
especially when flying in a strong wind, shows white bases to scapular and
back feathers, which resemble the white marks on the back of the Imperial.
In the above case it would appear that the writer of the review himself mistook
the Imperial for the Golden, for no young Golden Eagle ever resembled an Im-
perial in its lineated stage.

DHARMSALA, C. H. DONALD, F.z.s., M.B.0.U.
March 1921.

Mr. Willoughby Verner in his book the “ Wild Birds of Spain ” gives
a very interesting account of the “ bone breaking ” habit of the Lammer-
gyer which is known localy as Quebranta-huesos or * Bone-smasher ’ (from
huesos a bone, quebrar, to break). He illustrates Lis description witha
sketch drawn while observing the bird “ sailing around perhaps 2000’
above, carrying some long object” which was made out to be the hiud
limb of some large animal. The bird was clutching it with his right foot.
After a while the bird let it go when it whirled down and _ struck witha
sharp crash on some rocks below. The bird immediately dived and
alighted close to the object. It was observed pulling at the limb, for a few
minutes feeding off it. Then it seized it, this time with the left foot, again
just below the fetlock, and took wing. The author took a second sketch
of the bird in flight and it was observed that the limb was much shorter
than before, appearing as though the femur had been torn from it.

Ebs.

No. XIX.—ABNORMAL EGG OF THE MONAL (LOPHOPHORUS
REFULGENS).

T have read, with much interest, the short letter from Mr. Chas. M. Inglis,
F. Z. S., in the last number of the Journal to reach me, concerning the ““Abnor-
mal Coloured Egg of the Pheasant-Tailed Jacana” and think the following
few remarks may prove of interest to your readers.

When shooting in Chamba State in 1914, whilst climbing down a khud, J
was nearly dislodged by a hen Monal pheasant, whose nest was in a hole into
which I placed my foot.

(954 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIS/, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVIL.

The nest contained four eggs, three were of the usual colour, pale yellow with
reddish brown spots, the fourth was however totally different, being deep
olive brown without any spots. Owing to this peculiarity I took the eggs,
intending to send them to the British Musuem (N. H.) on my return to England.
The war commenced, and I had to leave India in a hurry, the result being that
when I unpacked my collection recently, this one particular egg was broken.
I have patched it up to a certain degree, but it is not worth sending to the
National Collection.

I also remember, when I was at school at Westward Ho in Devon, finding
a thrush’s nest, one egg in which was without spots; this caused so much ad-
miration amongst my school fellows, that it soon went the way of most (school .
boy) eggs, and was broken.

J. E. M. BOYD, Major, r.a.m.c.
BIRCHINTON-ON-SEA,
14th February 1921.

No. XX—EGGS OF THE PHEASANT-TAILED JACANA
(H. CHIRURGUS).

A letter from Mr. Inglis in your issue of December 1920 called attention to
an abnormally light coloured egg of the Pheasant-tailed Jacana.

It may interest him to know that I found a similar * pale sea green egg, of
this species last June in Kashmir. I would not look upon such a variety—
showing as it does most probably an absence or poverty of pigment—as rare
—I would be inclined to look upon it as the most usual form of variation.

T found several dwarf eggs last year in Kashmir. Such eggs are of interest
to Oologists and are often curious in colour and marking. I found one dwarf
ege of each of the following species :—Rufous-backed Shrike, Little Bittern,
House Crow, Pheasant-tailed Jacana, and Snipe, the latter a very handsome
egg clouded and marked at the pointed end.

I also found a Waterhen’s egg and a Little Bittern’s egg in the same nest.

Koran, RaJPuTANA, T. R. LIVESEY.

February 1921.

No. XXI.—WHITE-HEADED DUCK SHOT NEAR QUETTA.

As the White-headed Duck (Oxyura leucocephala) is a rare visitor to India,
the following notes, kindly furnished by Brevet-Lieut.-Colonel M. Henderson,
D.S8.0., Royal Scots, seem worth recording. On December 14th, 1919, he shot
an immature male of this species at Khushdil Khan, about 40 miles North-West
of Quetta. Another bird (also a drake) but in adult plumage, was also kilied
by another gun on the same day. Lieut-Col. M. Henderson also informs me that
he saw a small party of duck with conspicuous white heads on the same day, but
they were poor risers and he was unable to get a shot at them. There can be
little doubt that these also belonged to the same species.

APPLETON RECTORY, ABINGDON, BERKS, F. C. R. JOURDAIN.
December 27th, 1920.

e

i te x
is

+ —_ ea

MISUELLANEOUS NOTES. 955

No. XXII—AN ENCOUNTER WITH A HAMADRYAD
(NAIA BUNGARUS).

On 4th November 1920, Mr. Rennie and I, accompanied by six dogs, started
at about 11 a.m. fora walkin the jungle. We were some two miles from Kalaw
at an elevation of about 4,800’ and were following a path which, at a certain
spot, runs along the lower boundary of a jungle clearing for potatoes and also
close to the head of a small, well wooded, ravine. The country round about for
some 80 or 100 yards is, excepting for some bushes and odd trees, open. At
this place some of the dogs, which were some 30 yards ahead, started barking.
We could see nothing but it was evident they were watching something with
no little curiosity. We suspected a snake. On getting nearer Mr. Rennie said
he distinctly heard hissing from some bushes around which the dogs had taken
post. I approached the bushes cautiously but retired very hurriedly. There
was a fine hamadryad coiled up with his head on top and his coils moving to and
fro as is the custom with snakes when irritated. His markings were pronounced
and his skin so fresh and bright as to suggest his having recently sloughed. All
we did was to try and keep the dogs from being too inquisitive. Two Shans
happened to be coming along from the opposite direction. Wecalled to them
and mentioned that there was a good sized hamadryad lying in the bushes where
the dogs were. They said ‘come away, take care, he will attack you’. We
knew there was a chance of trouble ; however we asked them to get some long
sticks. which they did. We all advanced towards the bushes and the hamadryad
was exactly in the place where I first saw him. The Shan near me at once had
a smite at him with his pole, the snake rolled over and got into another place.
Unfortunately the stick having to go through some of the bush broke the force
of the blow. As soon as we again got a view of him the other Shan had a go at
the snake and I think he missed him. The snake moved to another spot, and
while we were trying @o see exactly where he was, he suddenly came out, dogs
after him, and headed for the nullah some ten or twelve yards away. He was,
however, so intent on getting away that he started to climb a tree between the
bushes and nullah and went up in great style. We estimated his length between
11’ and 12’. Something, however, went wrong, I think myself due to injury,
as he seemingly lost all control and fell down. Had we been bold enough we
might have gone for him, on the other hand though he had shown no inclination
to be nasty there was no reason why he might not think he had had enough and
turn the tables. He made for the nullah with all the dogs in attendance. They
were very nervy and one dog, a Shan, seemed to be very interested. No one
can deny that if ever a hamadryad had good reason to attack this one had,
he had heaps of provocation and lots of time to make up his mind. I am more
than ever convinced that hamadryads as a rule are as glad to escape as most
other snakes. It is possible he may have lost his head when surrounded by the
pack, be this as it may he never once showed the faintest attempt even to
defend himself. The Shans informed us that some three weeks previously they
had found a hamadryad lying in a hole at the top end of the field. Of course
they said it was the same one.

RANGOON,
21st Feb. 1921.

[We published an instance of an unprovoked attack by a King Cobra in

Vol. XV., p. 358. Epirors. |

No. XXIII—THE FOOD OF THE BURMESE ROLLER (C. AFFINIS)
AND OF THE ASHY DRONGO (D. NIGRESCENS).
Writers on Indian Ornithology generally mention the fact that Rollers take
food other than insects. Several of these birds visit my compound but one in
particular seems to be resident as he is to be seen from early dawn to dewy eve.

39

G. H. EVANS, Cot., C.1.E., C.B.E.

956 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XX VII,

I have constantly watched what I have taken to be this bird. On one occasion
he pounced on a small frog which on return to his perch he promptly
swallowed. On another occasion he dropped into some grass and came out
with a field mouse. This he seemed to swallow with no very great effort ;
negotiating the tail seemed to be a trifle trying. I noticed the same thing when
he got a lizard, a small specimen of, I should say, C. versicolor. Apparently
nothing comes amiss.

On the 2nd February 1921, I saw an Ashy Drongo sitting on a railway busy
pecking at something—a lizard—I presume he must have caught it and killed
it, He seemed very hungry or found the meal extra nice, as I went up within
a few yards of him. ’

RancGoon, G. H. EVANS, Cot., ¢.1.5., C.B.E.
21st Feb. 1921. ;

No. XXIV—BREEDING HABITS OF THE GREEN TURTLE
(CHELONIA MYDAS).

Some time ago I witnessed a Green Turtle laying her eggs and as my notes
may be of interest I give a brief account of what I saw.

It was a bright moonlight night during the monsoon, just one of those nights
when a stroll along the beach is most enjoyable. The beach, during this period
of the year, is patrolled by the villagers in search of turtle eggs.

My husband and I accompanied a group in search of these luxuries and it was
not long before a turtle made its appearance. We had then to call a halt, for
if they see they are observed there is every chance of them going back into the
water again. The moon shone on the turtle’s large black wet back and her
every movement could be discerned. She made quite sure that no one was
watching and then proceeded slowly up the beach towards the high sand banks,
at the foot of which she met with an obstruction in the way of a steep ascent,
but this difficulty was soon got over and after two or three efforts she even-
tually landed on the firm bank where she halted and commenced to dig.

it was now our time to go forward and witness the sight and we all sat down
in a group at the back of her, close by. Her large fins were busy scraping out
the sand with a sort of backward motion and in a remarkably short time she
moved a quantity of sand. I was anxious to find out whether what I had been
told was true, namely, that once she started to dig it would take a great deal to
upset her. I therefore seized one of her fins with which she was digging but
with remarkable ease she drew it free and I was astonished at the strength she
possessed. This playfulness on my part did not in any way upset her and she
went on digging as if nothing had happened. Meantime one of the villagers
was busy tunnelling a little hand hole at the back of the one she was making
and I very soon saw what this was for.

As soon as she had finished digging she settled down comfortably to lay her
eggs, ignorant of the fact that as she was laying them the villager was carefully
picking them out from the bottom of the nest, thrusting his hand down the little
tunnel which he had made, and removing them two or three at a time and
throwing them behind him, while others were busy picking them up and putting
them into a large sack which they had brought for this purpose. We counted

in all 144 eggs, not bad for one sitting!
' Apparently fully satisfied with her evening’s work she commenced to rake
back the sand which she had excavated and soon completely filled the hole,
which with marvellous instinct she seemed to realize would be noticed by passers-
by, so she promptly patted the same down carefully all round with her belly,
making an audible noise on each occasion. She then carefully readjusted the
creepers she had removed, thus making the nest practically imperceptible.

The whole time she had been laying she had been facing inland. She now
turned round and returned to the sea.

borvey

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 957

After performing so arduous a duty, being a very large turtle m :
thought he would like to try her strength sie see if ahi woul cae at eee
to the sea. Two bamboo sticks placed in front made her halt and he got com-
fortably seated on her back. The moment the sticks were removed she con-
tinued her walk as if nothing had happened. Near the water’s edge he slipped
off her back and she quietly disappeared in the water and we did not see her
again.

I observed that the whole of the digging was done with her hind fins to the full
extent to which they would reach. These fins, as I have mentioned before,

- are remarkably strong.

we

The eggs are round and about the size of a golf ball, and in place of a shell
have a tough but pliable covering, like parchment.

Another peculiarity which I have noticed is that they never come up the beach
in an absolutely straight line. Their tracks are always on a slight curve and in
returning to the water the track is similarly curved but in the opposite direction,
giving one the idea that their fins are longer and stronger on one side than the
other.

The eggs are very nice to eat if fresh, but the inhabitants round these parts
seem to prefer them salted.

I have reared these eggs very successfully ; all that is necessary is to take a

few of the eggs out of the hole surrounded by the actual sand in which they
are laid while the eggs are still warm, place these in a tin and bury them deep
in sand, and you will after exactly eight weeks find your little turtles putting
their heads out of the sand and walking in a direct line to the sea, but I have
found it of no use trying to set turtle eggs surrounded by sand other than that
from the actual nest and I have not been successful in setting them sometime
after they have been laid.
- The little ones are interesting. When the first one appears above the ground
it is quite safe to commence carefully removing the sand and you will come
across the others at varying depths, all making their way to the surface, while
the shells you will find neatly rolled up at the bottom of the hole. The little
ones are a perfect miniature of the parent and have, as soon as they come to
the surface, a hard shell and all their faculties fully developed.

Marva Matap, N. MASSON (Mrs.).
SaLsETTE, January 1921.

No. XXV.—ANGLING FOR BARBUS HEXAGONOLEPIS IN ASSAM.

There was a man who bought a rod
A Farlow’s double jointed

He thought he’d catch this wily carp
But he was disappointed.

The river to which our fishing notes refer is a very small one adjoining the
Garden I am at present on and known as the Daigurung. It isa Expinet smell
hill stream running through forest and taking it’s rise in the Mihir hills in the
rains. When these are heavy it is a turbulent torrent filling its bed from bank
to bank to a width of about 50 or 60 yards and a depth of 15. to
20 feet; it is very seldom however that this high level is maintained for long and
the stream, like all others of its class, falls as rapidly as it rises. The stream
is considered by the strictly orthodox Assamese a very sacred one, hence this
class do little or nothing to disturb its waters or destroy trees on its banks,
and consequently fish of at least five species swarm in it, but the circumventing

958 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII.

of these is a very delicate matter and more especially the one we write of-—
Barbus hexagonolepis is here an almost strict vegetarian, though we have at:
times noticed him rising freely at a tiny yellowish midge and he will at very
‘yare intervals rush at a small fly spoon, the conclusion we have arrived at is
that this last is out of mere curiosity.

Fish of this species, actually weighed by ourselves, run to six pounds though
there is little doubt that they run to double this weight, the same being borne
out by Native confirmation. After this preamble it is best to come to the mode of
capture, which by the way is no easy task so much so that the usual un-
observant European says ‘“‘ Oh there are no fish in the Daigurung ”. This I saw
to be an utter fallacy the first day of my arrival, though I must admit it has
taken me the best part of two seasons to get even with our friend.

oe ¥ ZZ arrpres:
Lie

Cor:

2. Our method of tying petals.

Having ascertained, through Assamese ryots who fish for this wary carp, that
his favourite food was the white petal of the Bauhinia purpurea, Camei-foot
tree, (which comes into flower in early October and continues in bloom till about
the end of November) taken while floating on the surface of the water, irrespec-
tive of how discoloured that may be provided the stream is not in spate, I
asked the Assamese to show me their tackle and to demonstrate their method
of using the same. Their rod is the usual Indian light bamboo, the line 12 to
15 feet of stout moongha silk, hook a No. 6 Limerick, their method of binding
petals to the hook is a crude one and not as efficient as might be, see diagrams
Nos. 1 and 2; reels and such like adjuncts they know not and care less for. I
noticed as soon as I saw the tackle in use that one of the great drawbacks to
the Assamese outfit was the want of a floating cast, as the moment the flower
shows the least sign of drag, the fish is off like a twopenny rocket.

Now during the rains I pondered these things over, and my brother and I
devised a tackle which we proved conclusively in the verandah to be the most
deadly used on this most sacred river, so much so that we showed each other with
great glee how not a fish could possibly escape ; how they did, and do, we will
now proceed to explain with the help of further diagrams, trusting that all
brothers of the rod will read, mark, learn and’ inwardly digest in case they
should ever find themselves situated in a spot where similar waters flow.

If the following points, which have actually been observed by ourselves on the
spot, be carefully noted it will not be difficult to realize how this fish, in taking
the hait, effects a seemingly miraculous escape. Firstly regarding the fish, the

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 959

two main points in his favour are the lightness and exceeding brittleness of the
petal used, causing it, if the fish be of any size, to float out of his reach in the
swirl caused on his rising, hence in two attempts out of three with the unbaited
flower he either misses it in toto or at most takes a chip out of it; exactly the
same thing occurs with the baited hook, only in this instance if the line be slack
the utterly impossible seems to happen as the flower is removed in a circle all
round the tail hook (we use two) or a biggish chip is cut out of one side, see
diagrams 3 and 4.

At this story I can see even that
prince of cheerful liars, the Golfer, open
his eyes, but cold fact it remains. We
have found the most successful method
of fishing to be:—allowing the bait to
float down ahead of one on a taut line
and following it by wading very quietly
at the speed of the current, and the mos
ment the slightest drag occurs to recast,
asno matter what colour the water the
shoal is immediately put down by this
and if the water be clear the sight of
the line equally effective in doing so.

We will now imagine that we have
arrived at the stream’s bank, time being
9a. m., day bright and clear and water
likewise, an intelligent man having
S preceded us in order to cut flowering

branches so that all advantage may be
taken of fresh and unbruised petals. Rods being put together our poaching
instinct comes uppermost as we now consider with this fish “‘all’s fair in love or
War’’ so we cast a few petals on the water in order to see where and how the
fish are taking. They float for about 15 yards untouched and are now nearing
a likely looking dark swirl, ‘“‘ Ah what’s this!” in a moment it is aboil. Our
hopes are high as we cast our bait, in amongst a crowd of floating petals as they
pass us, which our man has already thrown in from a little above. Suddenly
there is a rise at the bait and down it goes. “ Strike and strike quick” you
tell yourself, remembering Thomas’ notes on his near relative, Barbus carnaticus,
read overnight, and back comes what is left of your flower, which means binding
on afresh a work not conducive to improving one’s temper. This will probably
go on the best part of the morning with many clear misses by the fish to further
irritate you, then, just as you are thinking things hopeless, away goes the line
at a smart speed and you are saved in the nick of time from becoming
a soured fisherman and even feel your trouble was not wasted. The end of the
morning may see you, if Jucky, with 6 lb. of fish varying in size _ sini. 5
hoped in your innocence for 60 Ibs. ; still I know of many much duller pastimes
when on a lonely spot. ;

The Assamese name for this fish is Bokha Mhao, our synonym is equally
sonorous but not as polite.

INNA ATA
AAAN NOW Ws

»

ALEX. M. PRIMROSE.

MuRPHULANI TEA EstTATE,
Goxtacuat P. O. Assam,
lst November 1920.

960 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII.

No. XXVI—A NOTE ON THE INSECT-EATING HABITS OF THE
INDIAN HORNET (VESPA CINCTA).

I have thought that the following observations might prove worthy of being
placed on record, as, from time to time scattered notes have appeared in various
journals, scientific and otherwise, on wasps capturing, and often eating bees,
other wasps, such as species of Polistes, and even small moths. On Barkuda
Island in the Chilka Lake I have on two occasions seen Vespa cincia flying along
with a dead Polistes stigma which it carried with the front legs, and I have
witnessed a similar incident near Chandipore, Orissa.

T have never seen wasps raiding the nests of bees as they are sometimes said
to do, but I once saw Vespa cincta capturing the solitary bee Megachile lanata
as it emerged from its cartridge-shaped mud nest, which it builds in the backs
of books, etc., on Barkuda. On another occasion while out collecting, I saw one
of these hornets sitting on a leaf, with its sting inserted into the thoracic region
of the bee Nomia oxybeloides almost exactly as shown in the illustration for
which I have to thank Mr. Bagchi, the artist of the Indian Museum. I captured
both the wasp and the bee and have sent it for the Society’s collection.

Cases of hornets eating small moths are not very common. I have on
several occasions kept an Indian Hornet and a Pyralid together in a
breeding cage, and have asked several people who are keen observers if they have
seen a wasp eating a moth, with absolutely negative results. On a single
occasion, however, I saw this wasp capture the cosmopolitan Arctiid, Devopea
pulchella, denude it of its legs, wings and head, and fly off with the body, a mode
of capture somewhat different from the case cited by Green.

For references, etc., see Gravely, Rec. Ind. Mus., XI, pp. 493-494 (1915)
and for a short description of Barkuda Island, Annandale Rec. Ind. Mus.,
XITI, pp. 17-19 (1917).

CEDRIC DOVER.

Inptan MUSEUM,
Caxtcurta, December 1920.

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 961

No. XXVII—A NOTE ON CARPENTER-BEES IN THE SOCIETY’S
COLLECTION.

Through the kindness of Mr. R. A. Spence, the Honorary Secretary of th
Society, I have had the opportunity of examining all the Caras teste
(Xylocopa) in the collection. As the material sent me is not without ee
I have thought that the following tabular list would be useful, especially as th
remarks on distribution, in many cases, add much to the habatad as es ee
Bingham ; they are based mainly on the examination of the large collection of
Xylocopas in the Indian Maseum. The species mentioned in this note are
described in Bingham’s well-known volume on Hymenoptera in the Fauna
of British India Series. The collection contains two interesting s one
collected by Mr. 8. H. Prater in Castle Rock, which, if new, will be deseribed
later in this Journal. :

Genus—Xylocopa, Represented in Society’s Previously recorded
Latr. Coll. from from
latipes (Drury) ..Upper Tenasserim and India, Burma and Ceylon
Cumbum in the Madura extending to the Malayan
district. sub-region.
tenuiscapa, Westw. .. Karwar, Bassein (Bombay) Do. do.
and Soccoro in Goa.
acutipennis, Smith ..Katmandu in Nepal .. E. Himalayas, Assam,
Burma and Nepal.
*attenuata, Perez—= Lucknow .. Indian plains (sparingly),
pictifrons Smith Sikhim, Kumaon (com-

monly),China, Java, For-
mosa and the Malay Pe-
; ninsula.
auripennis, Lepel ..Bombay, Soccoro (Goa), Indian plains, E.Himalayas,
Calcutta, Kotagiriin the Assam, Sind, Burma,
Nilgiris,Castle Rock and China, Borneo and Cele-
Nasik, 1,900 feet. bes.
dissimilis, Lepel _.. Bombay ..N. W. Provinces, Bombay
Presidency, E. Himala-
yas, S. India, Ceylon,
Burma, China and Java.
fenestrata (Fab.) ..Nasik, Andheri, Karachi, India, Burma, Ceylon, the
Calcutta and Kathiawar Malay Peninsula, Java
and Celebes.
amethystina (Fab.) ..Bombay, Castle Rock and Most parts of India and
Kotagiri. Ceylon.

iridipennis, Lepel_ .. Nasik ..India, Burma, extending
to the Malay Peninsula,

and China.
..Nasik, Andheri, Inana, Most parts of the world.
- Bassein, Karachi, Castle
Rock, Soccoro, Coonoor
and Nagercoil.

verticalis, Lepel _.Karwar aud Mahablesh- Barrackpore, (Bingham),
war. Sumatra and Borneo.

(Maidl.).
_ basalis, Smith . .Warzirabad in Punjaub ..Northern India.

estuans, Linn.

———_—_——.

* See Maid]. Ann. Nat. Hofmus, Wien. XXVI, p.287 and p. 307.

962 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII.

collaris, Lepel .-Sikhim and Thibet © ..Himalayan, Indo-Malayan
and Ceylonese sub-region
occurring also in Borneo,
Sumatra, Java, the Phil-
: lipines and Malaca.

refuscens, Smith ..Rangoon, Bombay, E. Himalayas, S. India,
Coonoor and Karwar. Bengal, Burma, Java,
Sumatra, Borneo and

the Andaman Islands.

It will be seen from the table that though the genus Xylocopa is fairly well
represented in the collection of the Society, many species remain to be added,
and diligent collecting by our members, besides adding to the collection will no
doubt also reveal many new and interesting forms.

CEDRIC DOVER.

Inpian Muszvum,
Catcurra, February 1921.

No. XXVIII.—CURIOUS CASE OF PROTECTIVE MIMICRY
IN A CATERPILLAR.

It is after the lapse of many years that I am once more taking advantage
of your columns to bring to notice a curious case of protective mimicry in an
undetermined species of caterpillar, and this I am doing in the hopes that one
of your readers may assist me to its identification.

I came across the specimen in question during the rains at Ahmedabad,
Guzerat. It was feeding on a shrub in the garden and was nearly ready to turn,
but unfortunately I did not succeed in rearing it and I never obtained a second
specimen. The creature was about 1} inches long, of a general transparent
olive-brown tint, suffused with opaque blue-grey, the central segments darker,
and the caudal segment ashy white. The forepart was thickened forming a
hump tapering to a stem, terminated by a globule. There are many cases of
caterpillars, moths, beetles, spiders, etc., imitating the excreta of birds for
their protection, but I venture to think that a more wonderful case of such
mimicry does not exist ; on the assumption that protective mimicry is the result
of natural selection and not of continuous acts of conscious volition on the
part of the animal profiting by it it seems to me that this case raises very
many interesting points.

Firstly the apparently superfluous perfection of the imitation.

Suppose a Japanese artist set to reproduce faithfully a bird’s dropping, and
provided with the best materials possible, one can imagine him obtaining a
perfect resemblance as regards colour, shape and consistence.

But a true artist does not rest satisfied with a mere servile copy. He must
introduce some incident, some point of interest and we have it. in our present
example. :

There is the fall of the excrement on to a leaf, the splash, the drying up of the
upper portion, represented by the lighter ash colour, the main blob and elonga-
tion of the lower portion into a stem with a drop at the end indicating its moist
and sticky nature.

Conscious art could no further go. The work is complete. It is now for the
creature to profit by it. It is obvious that a caterpillar’s normal position would
destroy the illusion, for the liquid drop would be standing upright. The
creature therefore adopts another position and attaching itself by its tail near

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 963

the stem of the leaf, humps itself up and lies limply down the leaf. The hump
now forms the bulk of the mass with the drip and drop at the lowest point,
whilst the lighter coloured tail portion represents the dried portion at the top
of the leaf.

But has nature in this case acted in the most intelligent way? The protec-
tion is of course against birds, which would not touch their own excrement.
Could not the caterpillar obtain equal safety by simply concealing itself under
the leaf during repose.

What shouid one think of a sentry, who, having a “‘better ’ole” close at hand,
camouflaged himself from top to toe, as a shattered stump for example, and
proceeded to stand on his head in the open. Have we here an example of the
Russian proverb ‘“‘ Natoora doora’”’ (Nature is a fool).

And in any case is such artistic perfection really necessary for the survival
of the fittest ? Are birds such intensely close scrutinizers? Would not a
superficial resemblance suffice to protect the creature? Might it not even
protect it better ? For to be deceived by the super-excellence of the mimicry
a bird would have to approach so close that an involuntary movement on the
part of the caterpillar might betray the deception, whereas a rough general
resemblance would be quite enough to discourage a bird from approaching.

The case presents even more matter for speculation. The mimicry is double—
the actual resemblance, and the posture of the larva. Did the two evolve
“pari passu ’ or consecutively ? If the latter, which evolved the first ? Probably
the resemblance to a bird’s dropping, for many larve resemble birds’ excreta
in the early stages and take on assimilative coloration later. Perhaps we must
assume that the head downward posture is natural to this species. And yet
another difficulty presents itself. Why such an elaborate method of protection
for the creature in repose, while at the same time rendering it more conspicuous
when feeding ?

In fact the more one considers the case the more one finds matter for puzzle-
ment and wonder. I trust what I have written may interest some of your
readers to hunt up this species, breed it out and contribute further information,

A. NEWNHAM, Lievt.-Cot.,

Vita LANCERAY, I, A. (RETIRED).
CHEMIN DE FaBRON—NICE,

No. XXIX.—EARWIGS FROM MESOPOTAMIA AND N. W. PERSIA.

Though I am in no sense a specialist in the Dermaptera it seems worthwhile
to put on record the following species of the group captured in Mesopotamia
and N. W. Persia in order to make as complete as possible our knowledge of the
fauna of these countries. My own specimens have been determined by Prof.
Borelli of Torino who is unable at present to record them, and I have compared
with them a number of specimens taken by Capt. W. E. Evans, R.A.M.C., at
Amara, which have been lent to me for the purpose.

Forficula auricularia, L., July 1919, Qazvin, N. W. Persia ; common.

Euborellia annulipes, Lucao, 13th September 1917, Baghdad, 10th March 1918,
Amara, under clods of earth. Immature specimens apparently of this species,
December 1918, Qizil Robat, under clods (W. E. E).

Labidura ribaria, Pallas, 27th June to 27th August 1918 (W. E. E.), Amara,
common at light 5th August 1918, Mendali. The varieties inermis and mongolica
were present with the type form. This is without doubt the species referred
to by Lt.-Col. F. P. Connor, in his interesting note Journ. B. N. H. S. XXVI. No.
2, as carrying off a moth in its forceps from a mess table. 4th April to 14th July

40

964 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII,

1919, Enzeli, Caspian Sea, N. W. Persia, Var. mongolica, Rehn, abundant among
driftwood and rubbish on the shore. On 14th July after sunset on the beach
I saw a white object moving among driftwood. I found that it was a small
fish, dead and dry, being carried by one of these large earwigs in its forceps.
The above three species are very widely distributed and their occurrence in
Mesopotamia and N. W. Persia is in no way remarkable.

Psalis femoralis, Dohrn var., 27th June to 10th August, Amara, not common
at light (W. E. E. and P. A. B.). Prof. Borelli tells me that these specimens
only differ from P. femoralis, Dohrn, in lacking a brown spot on the femur, and
being without a metallic reflection on the elytre in these particulars they
agree with what Dohrn described as P. plebeja, which is probably a variety of
P. femoralis and has at present only been recorded from Java. In any case
the occurrence of Psalis, an Oriental genus, in Mesopotamia is of considerable
interest.

’ Pp. A. BUXTON.
TRINITY CoLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE.
March 1921,

No, XXX.—NEW LOCALITIES FOR RARE AND LITTLE
KNOWN SPHINGIDE (HAWK MOTHS),

I found a specimen of Oxyambulyx canescens (Walker) at rest on the upperside
of a leaf of Dipterocarpus tuberculatus, Roxb. (Burmese name Hng or In)
on the banks of the Chindwin River, Upper Chindwin Dist., Northern Burma,
in the month of July. The species has hitherto never been found in Burma, it
having only been recorded from the Andaman Islands, Penang, Cochin China,
Cambodia and Borneo, and its discovery so far north in Burma is therefore an
interesting fact worth recording. It is apparently a rare insect and its early stages
are unknown ; it is quite possible the larva feeds on Dipterocarpus tuberculatus,
as this tree is the food-plant of another much commoner species of the same
genus, viz., Oxyambulyx Substrigilis substrigilis (Westwood) which also inhabits
the same locality. I also caught a specimen of Cizara sculpta (Felder) hovering
over flowers of Clerodendron infortunatum in the early morning twilight at Insein,
Insein Dist., Lower Burma, in March. This is an' exceedingly rare species and
has only previously been recorded from Siam and South India. Its early
stages which were hitherto unknown to science have recently been discovered
by my youngest son; the larva was found feeding on Gardenia sessiliflora
(Rubiaceew) during the months of November to March. A description of its
early stages and further particulars regarding its life-history are given under
another heading.

InsEIn, Lower Burma, C. E. FELLOWES-MANSON,
3rd February 1920.

No. XXXI—DESCRIPTION OF ANEW GALEOMMA FROM BOMBAY.
By J. R. te B. TOMLIN, m.a.

(Read before the Conchological Society, 8th December 1920.)
GALEOMMA PEILEI, n.sp.

Shell very similar in general appearance to G. indecora, Deshayes, which
was found by Cuming at Masbate, under stones at low water, but rather larger,
longer, and more completely rounded at either extremity, these being practically

4
3
c
.
;
:
b- .
7

|) a

| a

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 965

symmetrical ; less sculptured and consequently more shining. The concen-
tric lines of growth are strongly marked in peilei, but there is no trace of the

‘strong radiating striz so noticeable in indecora and in the British species turtoni,

and it is only under a high magnifying power that extremely fine and close
scratches, uniform over the whole surface, become visible. The pittingis much
less than in indecora, being close and strong in the umbonal region, but de-
creasing in numbers and strength, and finally disappearing a short way from the

ventral margin.

Length of type specimen, 13 mm.; height, 6-5 mm.

Habitat: Bombay, under stones at low water (Lt.-Col. A. J. Peile, R.A.).

Type: In British Museum.

Superficially this species has a very similar appearance to our British Gale-
omma, but differs totally from it in sculpture.

Referring to the above, Col. Peile writes as follows :—

The members of the genus Galeomma are remarkable among bivalves for
their structure and habits. In the first place the animal lives with its valves
spread wide open and clings in this position to the surface of rocks and stones.
Further, the British species is said to be capable of crawling rapidly, casting
off the byssus by which it was fixed in repose and rapidly forming another on
coming again to rest. The name Galeomma (weasel’s eye) would appear to
have been bestowed on account of the wide open shell: indeed, if the valves
of an empty shell be approximated, there is still a wide gape at the ventral
margin.

Further specimens of the new Bombay species would be most welcome.

Eps.

No. XXXII._NOTE ON THE COTTON TREE (BOMBAX
MALABARICUM).

I have to-day despatched to your address a packet containing a flower and a
bud of Bombax malabaricum, D. C. (The Cotton tree, Hindi: Aimar). In the
description of the characters of the order Malvacee (to which this species be-
longs) given in Hooker’s Flora of British India, the pollen grains are said to be
elobose and muriculate but I have in this species found them not to be so, but
to be minutely tubercled and equilaterally triangular, or 3-lobed and thick.
or tetrahedral with triangular faces.

Anexamination of the pollen grains in the flower sent in the packet will bear
out my observation.

Srmuttata, E. I. Ry., GIRINDRA H. BANNEBJI, B.a.
Briar, March 1921.

Prof. Halberg who examined Mr. Bannerji’s specimens makes the following
observations':—‘‘ The observation is correct, we have a slide of the pollen grains
of the plant. They are distinctly trigonous. The shape given in Hooker
should be corrected but it is to be noted that the shape of the grain may alter
by the medium in which they are. The chief characteristic feature of the pollen
grains of the Malvacee is their shining appearance.”

Eps.

966 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII.

No. XXXIII.—ON SOME UNUSUAL CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE
SOCIETY’S MUSEUM.

Air or swimming bladder enclosed in osseous capsule.

Quite recently the Society received from Major C. H. Stockley a parcel con-
taining what was described by him as four bony bodies extracted from the
dorsal flesh of a fish. Major Stockley writes: ‘“ These were embedded in the post
median part of the back. My cook who cut them out and brought them to me
says they were in no way attached to any bone. There were four of them. I
would be much obliged if you would inform me what these bony objects are. I
am no ichthyologist but in the course of a long and varied angling experience
T have never seen anything corresponding to them.’’ We sent the specimens to
Mr. A. E. Hefford, Marine Biologist with the Government of Bombay. Com-
menting on them Mr. Heiford replied: ‘‘At first I did not recognise the bony sub- —
stances as anything I had seen or read of before. I find however that certain
Indian fresh water fishes have the air bladder (or swimming bladder) more or
less completely enclosed in an osseous capsule which is formed by the verte-
brae (Gunther, Int. to Study of Fishes, p. 143). The genera in which this char-
acter occurs are the whole of the Gobitina and many of the Siluroids. Tf the
fish from which the specimens were obtained belonged to the former subfamily
they might have been either Botia geto (Sind, Sheenharo) or Lepido cephalic-
thys guntea (Ooriah, Kondatu and Jupkari). Among the Siluridae (Catfish
family) it appears that most of the species inhabiting the fresh water of the
hill country (Himalayas) possess a bony covering to the swimming bladder
(vide fishes, Vol. I, Fauna of British India series, p. 100).” herent

THE Cross AND THE CRESCENT.

Among the exhibits in the Society’s Museum is a curious crab which
was obtained from a local fisherman. The crab when alive was a hand-
some specimen measuring six inches across the carapace. It was a_ brilliant
vermillion with pale buff markings. The centre of the carapace is marked with
across. The delineation is wonderfully graphic and distinct. The local
Christian fishermen hold this particular crab in great veneration and explain
the presence of the cross by the following legend :—St. Francis Xavier, the
apostle of the Indies, while preaching on the sea shore accidentally
dropped his cross in the water and was in the danger of losing it but
for the timely intervention of this obliging erab who rescued it for him

govdeieg §.qeiy a4} UO , S801), OY} PUL YSHT
ayy fo [rez 93 UO ,.ydiMog oIqeIy,, oY} 9}0N

‘908 '35!H ‘EN Aeqwoae ‘‘uanor

"HUNIVN NI ,, S8OUD @GHL GNV INGOSAAUD,, AHL

itt 4 ® h
¥ a a t b
‘ i ‘
F H >> 1
: i
ay
« t 2
a "
“
i
§ ‘
:
‘ r
on 7
a n -
fy ‘
‘
a5
Kh ri

Kae Lae

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 967

Swimming ashore with it in his claws. In gratitude the saint blessed the crab
and the crustacean was rewarded by being destined to carry the sacred symbol
on his carapace ever afterwards.

Very recently a venerable Syed by name Syed Mohidin held in
much esteem by his brethren, visited the museum carrying with him a
curious box covered over with a green cloth embroidered with verses from the
Quran. He approached us with great reverence and very ceremoniously unveiled
the precious casket which was adorned with further inscriptions in brass. The
- casket being opened with great care revealed a glass jar containing a specimen

of a fish. We were rather non-plussed as to the meaning of the ceremony and
devotion attached to what at first appeared to us an ordinary specimen of
Hotocanthus nicobariensis, a fish which is not uncommon in Indian waters and
occurs from the coast of Africa to the Malay Archipelago. The Syed, however
proceeded to enlighten us as to the exceeding value and sacred character of his
specimen. The markings on the tail of the fish, which to us conveyed nothing
unusual beyond the fact that they bore a resemblance to Arabic script, were
held by the Syed to convey a far deeper meaning, and actually portrayed sacred
texts from the Quran. The markings on one side of the tail were stated by him
to read “ Fathahna-le-nabi-in’’ which being interpreted means “ success
IS GIVEN TO THE PROPHET.” While on the reverse the inscription was
said to read “ Bismillah * ‘‘ I AMBEGINNING WITH THE NAME OF Gop.”
The specimen was obtained by the Syed in Vizagapatam in the Madras
Presidency, and he attested that the authenticity of his reading was vouched
for by the Ulemas of Hyderabad, Deccan. The actual specimen was sent
by us to the Professor of Arabic at St. Xavier’s College who stated that
the characters were not very clear but that they could be construed to read
in accordance with the inscriptions above quoted. In this connection it is inte. -
esting to state that a similar specimen was obtained from Zanzibar by a fisher-
man. It was bought for food but the purchaser while preparing it for cooking
noticed that the tail bore marks of writing. ““ The Ceylon Independent ” in its
account of the incident stated ‘‘To his utter amazement the purchaser read
the Arabic words “La-Ilaha Illallah’’ on one side of the fin and “ Shah
Allah”? on the other. The first inscription meaning “ There is no deity but
Allah,” the second ‘‘ The Majesty of Allah.’’ This specimen is reported to have
been examined by experts. The markings were said to have been quite promi-
nent and chemicals were used to test whether they were natural or not and after
a thorough examination it was definitely established that the inscription on the
fin was natural. The Syed is prepared to dispose of this wonderful specimen for
the best offer.

Bo. N. H. S. Museum, B. C. ELLISON.
May 1921. S. H. PRATER.

968

PROCEEDINGS
OF THE MEETING HELD ON THE 2np MARCH 1921.

The annual meeting of members took place on Wednesday, the 2nd March
1921, the Rey. E. Blatter, S.J., presiding. :

The election of the following 52 new members since the last meeting was
announced :—Mr. K. M. Taleyarkhan, Bar.-at-Law, Bombay ; Mr. C. D. Desh-
mukh, I.C.S., Amraoti; Mr. C. T. Irwin, Kurseong ; Mr. A. Kemm, [.C.8S., Kur-
: Major R. B. Phayre, M.C., Quetta ; Mr. J. T. Mulroney, Bengal; Dr. J.
ds, M.C., M.D., Bombay ; Mr. B. N. Cull, Calcutta ; Rev. J. Drury,
Panchgani; Mr. R. Rea, Madura ; The Lady Superior, St. Joseph’s Convent,
Panchgani; Mr. R. Thomas, Baghdad ; the Director of Agriculture, Baghdad ;
Miss Helen Millard, Europe ; Lt.-Col. S. Hunt, I.M.S., Bombay; Mr. N. D.
Macnaghten, Egypt; Mr. H. C. Abraham, Kuala Lumpur; Mr. E. Zurmuhle,
Bombay ; Mr. E. K. Glazebrook, Rangoon ; Capt. G. E. Harwood, Dera Ismail
Khan; Mr. A. G. Brown, Mal, P. O.; Capt. R. O. Chamier, Punjab ; Prof.
V. N. Likhite, B.A., B.Sc., Poona City; Mr. H. Copley, Nagpur, C. P. ; Mr.
Carlton P. Brook, Singapore; Mr. L. A. Bishop, Bhadrachelam; Mr. J. B.
Robinson, Sagrampur ; Major R. L. Benson, D.S.O., Bombay ; Mr. 'T. Marlow,
Tharrawaddy, Burma ; Mr. B. A. Hashimy, Partabgarh ; Mr. J. Addyman, M.L.C.,
Dadar. Bombay ; Mr. G. Lindley Hinde, N. Kamrup; Lt. J. Coode, Agra; Mr.
A. J. Aldous, Bombay; Mr. F. T. Young, Bombay; Lt. J. H. Stirling, Meerut,
U.P.; Mr. P. F. Fowke, Ceylon ; the Director of Industries, Bombay ; Mr. George
Niederer, Bombay ; Mr. Ernest A. Bringentoff, Kurope ; Capt. HE. B. Dale, R. A.,
Mesopotamia ; Mr. Wm. T. Nightingale, Assam ; General Mohun Shumshere
Jung Bahadur, G.C.B., G.C.8.L, G.C.V.O., Nepal; Major G. A. Webb, Thurbo,
Mirik, P.O. ; the Mess Secretary, 2-35th Sikhs, Ambala ; Mr. M. Maxwell, Savan,
B. and N.-W. Ry. ; Mr..C. Raitt, 8. Coorg ; Col. V. E. Gwyer, Karachi ; Mr. A. E.
Hefford, Bombay; Mr. H. J. C. Millett, L.F.S., Dharkar; Mr. R. W. Morde,
Jalpaiguri ; Mr. B. C. Ellison, Bombay.

The following gentlemen were elected as Office Bearers for the present year :—
President—H. E. the Right Hon’ble Sir George Lloyd, D.8.0., G.C.I.E. Vice-
Presidents—Mr. J. D. Inverarity, B.A., LL.B., the Hon’ble Sir Norman Macleod,
Kt., H. H. the Maharao of Cutch, G.C.S.1, G.CLE. Managing Committee—
Mr. T. Bainbrigge Fletcher, F.E.S., Mr. T. R. Bell, C.1.E., I.F.S. (Retd.), Rev.
E. Blatter, 8.J., Mr. B. C. Ellison, Colonel G. H. Evans, C.1.E., F.L.8., Lieutenant-
Colonel W. H. Evans, R. E., Major F. C. Fraser, I.M.S., Mr. A. E. Hefford, Lt.-Col.
J. E. B. Hotson, I.C.S., Prof. V. N. Hate, Mr. C. M. Inglis, F.Z.S., M.B.0.U.,
Mr. F. Ludlow, I.E.S., M.B.0.U., Mr. F. M. Mackwood, Mr. P. J. Mead, C.1.E.,
LC.S., Mr. H. P. W. Macnaghten, M.L.C., Mr. P. M. D. Sanderson, and Mr. John
Wallace. z

Honorary Secretary, Mr. R. A. Spence, M.L.A., F.Z.S.; Honorary Treasurer,
Mr. H. F. Lodge, M. C.; Curator, Mr. B. C. Ellison; Asst. Curator, Mr. S. H.

Prater.

seong ;

BE. Sandilan

ACCOUNTS FOR 1920.

In presenting the accounts for the year ending 3lst December 1920, the
Honorary. Treasurer stated that he would like to draw attention to the following
facts which these accounts disclosed and which proved only tco clearly that
the proposed raising of the annual subscription and entrance fees was an abso-
lute necessity if the Society were to continue to work to its present standard.
On the Ist of January 1919, the Society’s cash balances and investments amount-
ed to Rs. 72,968-12-11 whereas on the 3lst December 1920, its investments
and balances amounted to Rs. 70,419-11-9 only, including a sum of £1,876-14-0
which has been remitted to London at something over 2s. 4d. exchange against
the payments that will have to be made for the various new publications that

PROCEEDINGS. 969

the Society is bringing out. These figures show that the Society’

Res; 2,549-1-2 less than they were a year ago, The total rapa scence Irene vie
amounted to Rs. 33,622-8, Rs. 144-12-8 less than they were for the year 1919

The total expenditure for 1920 amounted to Rs. 36,171-9-2, an increase of Rs.
1,974-10-6 over the corresponding figures for the previous year. Considering
the rise in the scale of wages and prices generally, this increase in expenditure
is not excessive. At the beginning of the year under review there were 1,82]
members on the Society’s books. Since that time 112 new members have joined
and two former members, who had resigned, have rejoined. On the other hand

89 members have either resigned or died, the result being that on the Ist of
January this year there were 1,846 members on the books. Included in this
figure, however, are 179 members who have not paid their subscriptions for
four years or over and these will now be written off. This means that the
number of members at the beginning of this year is actually only 1,667.
During the past few months members have received a circular from the Honor-
ary Secretary asking for approval to the subscription and entrance fe-s being
raised and explaining that a considerable increase in the actual cost of the
Journal and the Society’s proposed new publications over their estimated cost is
anticipated. There isno necessity, therefore, for me to refer again to these
matters.

With regard to the accounts for the Mammal Fund.—On the Ist of January
1920, the balance to the credit of the fund was Rs. 7,239-2-5 in addition to which
Rs. 5,150 was held invested in Port Trust Bonds. The balance at the close
of the year, in addition to this investment, amounted to Rs. 3,627-10-10 only.
The receipts during the year amounted to Rs. 4,284-3-10 against Rs. 8,154-10-4
received during the year 1919. On the other hand the expenditure in 1920
amounted to Rs. 7,895-11-5 against Rs. 4,449-15-1, the corresponding figure for
1919.

Valuable work continues to be done by the survey for which this fund was
raised. One collector has been working for the past year in Assam. Survey
work has also been done in Persia and is now being done in Nepal. Arrangements
have been made to secure the services of two other collectors in view of the

‘decision of the Indian Government to revise the Fauna of British India series
and the consequent necessity of obtaining all the information possible for
the books of this series dealing with the mammalia. These arrangements
cannot be carried out without money, and, as already pointed out, expendi-
ture from the fund last year exceeded the receipts by Rs. 3,611-7-7; at this rate
of progress the present balances will be exhausted in less than three months.
It is, therefore, to be hoped that sufficient donations to this fund will be
forthcoming to enable the present programme to be completed.

ALTERATIONS IN. RULES.

The following alterations to existing rules were then passed by a majority of
555 votes to 35 :—

Rule 4.—Members shall pay an entrance fee of Rs. 20, and an annual subscrip-
tion of Rs. 25 payable in advance. The first annual subscription of members
elected during the months of October, November and December, shall be con-
sidered to extend to the 31st of December, in the following year. If any member’s
subscription remains unpaid for more than six months, his name shall be liable
to be removed from the list of members after due notice has been sent to him by
the Secretary.

Rule 5.—Any member may, on payment of Rs. 350, become a life-member
and will thereafter be exempt from any further subscriptions.

A Rider authorising the Committee to accept payment of the old life-mem-
bership subscription from members who had joined before Ist March 1921 was
also passed.

970 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXVII.

A vote of thanks was passed to Mr. H. F. Lodge, the Honorary Treasurer,

and also to Mr. R. C. Lowndes who acted for him for six months.

Votes of thanks were also passed to the Chairman and the Honorary Secre-

tary.
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE MUSEUM.

The Curators have pleasure in announcing a large number of contributions
received since the last meeting, among these we would like to mention a small
collection of mammals from Col. J. E. B. Hotson. These were part of a
collection which was looted on the way down from Shiraz, and were discovered
lying at the bottom of a well, the remainder, comprising chiefly Botanical
specimens, were unfortunately destroyed.

Capt. C. M. Ingoldby continues to send in specimens from Waziristan. He
has made a very representative collection of the Reptiles found in that locality
and we can congratulate him as being the discoverer of a new species which is
to bear his name.

Another constant contributor to the Society’s Museum is Mr. J. P. Mills of
Mogokchung, Assam. Mr. Mills’ latest donation includes a specimen of the Brown
Ferret Badger. There are two species of Ferret Badger found within Indian
limits, the present example and the Burmese Ferret Badger, Helicitis personata.
Very little is known about the habits of these animals, beyond that they are
nocturnal and feed on insects and reptiles. Anderson states that the creature
is believed by the Sikhim Bhutias to be useful in destroying cockroaches and
other insects and as such is protected by them. Mr. Mill’s collection also contains
a skin and skull of the Hog Badger, another uncommon species. The Society
has been fortunate in obtaining a further series of skins of the Giant Squirrel
through the agency of Mr. W. H. Woodhouse Adolphus. Specimens have been
obtained from the Madura districts, this further establishes the occurrence of
this Ceylonese species on the mainland. We are indebted to Mr. C. W. Phillips
for a small collection of mammals from Ceylon. The Society received
a large number of mamma] skins from Nepal, from Col. Kennion, the
British Resident. Col. Kennion, as previously reported in the last Journal,

has arranged for one of the Society's Indian collectors to work in Nepal .

and a promising consignment of specimens has recently been received.
3 Hoary-bellied Squirrels and a few Bats were presented by A. M.
Primrose, Assam, and a Lion-tailed Monkey, P. silenus, by the late Mr.
A. M. Kinloch, Kollengode, 8S. India. This species is a shy and wary animal

living in the dense forest tracts of S. India and the Malabar Coast, it has been —

found as far north as Kanara. A few hirds’ skins were received from Mr. A.
P. Kinloch from the Nelliampatty hills, in addition Mr. Kinloch sent in a very
handsome specimen of a large snail (Indrella ampulla) alive. A very fine
example of the Pink-headed Duck (R. caryophyllacea) was shot and presented
to the Society by Mr. St. George de Carteret from Kheri, Oudh and a Sumatran
Green-bellied Malakoa (R. swmatrana) was sent in by Mr. Salim Ali.

The Curators further announced the acquisition of a young whale which was
washed ashore at Juhu, a few miles from Bombay: in addition to the above a
large specimen was stranded at Jaigud. About these we propose to say more in
a future number of the Journal.

We give below a more detailed list :—

MAMMALS.

42 Mammals, Shiraz, Persia, Lt.-Col. J. E. B. Hotson.

1 Acanthion lencurus cuneiceps (The Rajputana Porcupine), 1 Hyena hyena
(Striped Hyzena), 1 Hemiechinus collaris (Sind Hedgehog), 8 Gunomys sp.
(Sind Mole Rats), 3 Mus bactrianus (Persian House Mouse), 18 Cricetus sp. (The
Grey Hampster), 1 Pipistrellus (Indian Pipistrelle), Ladha, Waziristan, Capt.
C. M. Ingoldby.

a ee

PROCEEDINGS. 971
- 4 Bats, Colombo, Colombo Museum.
1 aes see aed (The Himalayan Bear), Assam, Lt.-Col. M. E. Rae
1 P. silenus ( Lion-tailed Monkey), Seetagundi, Kell ‘.
the late Mr. A. M. Kinloch. PCR es
14 rats, 4 squirrels and 32 bats, Ceylon, W. W. A. Phillips.
1 Ratufa macrura dandolena (Hoary Giant Squirrel), Dharampur, Sal i
108 Mammals, Nepaul, Lt.-Col. R. L. Kennion. aE stat
1 Ratufa m. dandolena (Hoary Giant Squirrel), Madura, S. T., K. A. Chengapah

Avergal, 6 skulls of Felis, 3 skulls of Mustela, 1 skull of Petaurista, 2 skulls
of Viverra. Turzum Tea Estate, Oscar Lindgren.

1 Callos ciwrus e. nagarum (Pallas’ Squirrel), 2 Tomeutes lokroides (Hoary-
bellied Squirrels), Golaghat, Assam, C. Prinirose.

7 Rattus (Common Rats), 2 Pachyura sp. Shrew. Lacadive Islands, R. H
Ellis, I.C.S. b

2 Funambulus palmarum (Common Striped Squirrels), 2 Tatera indica (Com-
mon Indian Gerbilles), 1 Felis affinis (Indian Jungle Cat), all without skulls,
Rutlam, C. I., V. 8. Lapersonne.

1 Arctomys (Badger), 2 Viverra zibetha (Large Indian Civet), 1 Helictis nepalen-
sis (Nepaul Ferret Badger), 2 Rattus fulvescens (The Chestnut Rat), 1 Mustela
flaviqula (Indian Pine Martin), 2 Pithecus brahma (Assam Langur), 1 Ratufa
gigantea (Giant Squirrel), 1 Leggada, 1 Ratus eha, 1 Talpa micrura (The Short-
tailed Mole), 2 Pipistrellus (Indian Pipistrelle), 3 Rhinolophus sp., 1 Nyctalus sp.
(Noctule Bat), 1 Porcupine (Skull only), 1 Wild Boar Tush, 2 Viverricula
malacensis (Common Civet Cat), and 1 Maccacus sp., Mokokchung, Naga Hills,
J. P. Mills. ;

1 Funambulus palmarum (Striped Squirrel), Santa Cruz, B. C. Ellison.

1 Petaurista inornatus (Himalayan Flying Squirrel), Ranikhet, U. P.,
H. G. Champion.

1 Vandeluria olerac-a (The Deccan Tree Mouse), Karwar, T. R. Bell.

1 Cervus cashmirianus Mask only (Kashmir Stag), Srinagar, Kashmir,
Col. A. E. Ward.

1 Mungos mungo (Com. Mongoose), no skull, Poona, G. C. Amore. 3 Tomeutes
lokroides (Hoary-bellied Squirrel), 2 Cynopterus sphinx sphina (Indian Fruit
Bat), 1 Lyroderma lyra (indian Vampire Bat), 1 Pipistrellus ceylonicus
(Kelaart’s Bat), Golaghat, Assam, A. M. Primrose.

1 Great Indian Fin Whale (B. indica) Juhu Island, Vile Parle, Thana District,
measuring 253 feet in total length. A portion of a skeleton of a whale,
presented by the Town Hall authorities.

Birds.

14. Birds Rutlam, C. I., V. 8. Lapersonne.

1 Mergus albellus (The Smew), Jogawalla Jhil, near Lhaksar Junction,
Major J. H. Lane. F

1 Tephrodornis sylvicola (Malabar Wood Shrike), 1 Garulax delesserti (Wynaad
Laughing Thrush), 1 Petrophila cinclorhynchus (Blue-headed Rock Thrush),
1 Stoporola melanops (Virditer Flycatcher), Nelliampatty Hills, A. P. Kinloch.

20 Birds, Santa Cruz, Bombay, B. C. Ellison.

1 Rhodonessa caryophyllacea (Pink-headed Duck), Palia N. of Kheri, U.P..
St. G. de Carteret.

T. tranquebarica (Turtle Dove), 1 Podiceps albipennis (Little Grebe}, 1 Sterna
seena (The River Tern), Poona, G. C. Amore.

1 Rhopodytes sumatranus (The Sumatran Green-billed Malkoha), Thitkado,
‘Tavoy. Salim A.. Ali.

acy!

972 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. X XVII,

_ 1 Agialitis dubia (Little Ring Plover) (albino), Mysore, ©. Van Ingen.

29 Chetura indica (The Brown-necked Spine-tail), 4 Cypselus pacificus (The
Large White-rumped Swift), Golaghat, Assam, A. M. Primrose.

1 #. straycheyi Eastern Meadow Bunting) Saphed Ko, Kurram Valley, N. W.
F. P., Lt.-Col. R. B. Skinner.

1 Scops owl, Ladha, Waziristan, Capt. C. M. Ingoldby.

154 Birds from the collection of late Brig.-Genl. H. T. Fulton, presented
by Mrs. Fulton.

112 Birds, Nepaul, Lt.-Col. R. L. Kennion. :

1 Terpsiphone paradisi (Indian Paradise Flycatcher), Anmode, Castle Rock,
J. Wesche Dart.

2 Psaraglossa spiloptera (The Spotted Wing), Murphulian, C. Primrose.

Snakes.

1 Callophis maculiceps (Burmese Coral Snake), Moulmein, Burma, C. J.
Butterwick.

1 Trop. platyceps (Variable Grass Snake), 2 Szmotes albocinctus (White-
banded Kukri Snake), 1 T'rachischiwm fuscum (Black Keel-tail), 1 Polyo-
dontophis collaris {Collared Dwarf Snake), 1 Coluber porphyraceus,
Darjeeling, Mrs. F. E. Jackson.

1 Lycodon fasciatus (Banded Wolf Snake), Gyahari, Darjeeling, A. Wright.

2 Typhlops brahminus (Common Blind Snake), Bangalore, 1 Hemibungarus
nigrescens (The Common Indian Coral Snake), 2 Trop. monticola
(Jerdon’s Grass Snake), North Mysore Hills, 2 Rhinophis sanquineus (Red-
spotted Shield Tail), 3 Silybura brevis (Common Rough Tail), Lt.-Col. F.

Wall.

1 Hydrus platurus (Yellow-bellied Sea Snake), Aden, Arabia, Maj. M. K.
Gharpurey.

1 Eryx conicus (Common Earth Snake), Salsette Islands, Bombay, E.
Halliburn.

2 Snakes, Nepaul, R. L. Raojee.

1 Bitis arietans, 2 Echis coloratus (Arabian Saw-scaled Viper), 1 Glaucomia
macrorhynchus ( Harth Snake), 1 Zamenis rhodorachis (Grey Desert
Racer or Dhaman), 2 Psamophis schokari (Variable Sand Snake),
2 Psamophis sp., Aden, Arabia, Major Bignell.

1 Homalopsis buccata (Banded Water Snake), Siam, J. S. Campbell.

1 P. verus (English Adder), England, Major F. C. Fraser.

1 Trop. piscator (Checkered Water Snake), Shillong, Assam, Lt.-Col. H.
R. Row.

1 Coluber helena (Trinket Snake), Pachmarhi, C. P., Capt. C. D. Sanders.

3 Sea Snakes, 2 Land Snakes, Karwar, T. R. Bell.

1 Dryophis mycterizans (Common Green Whip Snake), F. T. Young.

1 Naia tripudians (The Cobra), 2 Vipera libetina (Levantine Viper), 1 Hchts
carinata (Saw-scaled Viner), 4 Dipsas trigonata (Brown Tree Snake) 1
Dipsas jollyti (Baluchi Cat Snake), 2 Zamenis mucosus (Common Indian
Racer or Dhaman), 1 Zamenis rodhorachis (Grey Desert Racer), 1
Zamenis diadema (Diamond-backed Rat Snake), 1 Lycodon striatus
(Shaw’s Wolf Snake), Ladha, Waziristan, Capt. C. M. Ingoldby.

Lizards.

2 Calotes versicolor, 2 Agama caucasica, 6 Hublersari- mucularius, 2 Hremias
velox, Humeces scuttatus, 8 Hemidactylus sp., 1 Hwmeces schneidernu, 3
Uromastrix hardwicki (alive), 25 Humeces sp., 78 Lizards, Ladha, Wazi-
ristan, Capt. C. M. Ingoldby. 1 Ophisaurus gracilis, Darjeeling, The
ate Mrs. F. E. Jackson. 1 Varanus flavescens, Jalpaiguri, F. Field.

PROCEEDINGS. 973

* Frogs.
40 Frogs, 20 Tadpoles, Ladha, Waziristan, Capt. C. M. Ingoldby.

Tortoises.

7 Tortoises, Testudo horsfieldi ; Testudo hardwickii, Waziristan, Capt. C. M.
Ingoldby.

Insects.

Few Beetles, etc., Shiraz, Persia, Lt.-Col. J. E. B. Hotson.

1 Galeodes, 1 Grasshopper, 2 Water Beetle, 1 Belostoma indica, Ladha.
Waziristan, Capt. C. M. Ingoldby.

Few moths in papers, Secunderabad, Major A. P. Arbuthnot.

Several Beetles, Butterflies, etc., Nepaul, Lt.-Col. R. L. Kennion. 1 Mygale
ssp., Mogok, U. Burma, F. Atlay.

MISCELLANEOUS.

16 Crabs, Ladha, Waziristan, Capt. C. M. Ingoldby.
1 Crab, Mosambique, P. E. Africa, F. X. Britto.
1 Crab, Karwar, T. R. Bell.
3 Crabs, Nepaul, R. L. Raojee.
1 Spiny Lobster, Bombay Harbour, B. C. Ellison.
9 Centipedes, 10 Scorpions, 13 Earth worms, 1 Bottle of Earth worms, Ladha
Waziristan, Capt. C. M. Ingoldby.
1 Snail, Jndrella ampulla (alive) Palagapandy, Kollengode, S. I.,
A. P. Kinloch.
Minor contributions from W. H. Jones, Major Mosse, P. M. D. Sanderson,
M. Bowen, Capt. W-.8. Dodds, D. G. Cameron, T. R. Bell and Major C. H.,
“Stockley.

os

BOOKS ON NATURAL HISTORY.

BOTH GENERAL AND
INDIAN (a speciality)

AT
TARAPOREVALA, BOOKSELLERS,
190, Hornby Road, Bombay.

ea penne

BERNARD QUARITCH, LTD.,
London, 11, Grafton Street, New Bond Street, W.k |

BOOKSELLER AND PUBLISHER.

-Has always on hand a very large stock of Zoological and Oriental Books.

Catalogues on application.

The

INDIAN YEAR BOOK

Edited by SIR STANLEY REED, K.B.E., LL.D.
Issued early in each year.
Nearly goo pages.

A COMPACT and comprehensive reference book in
which will be found up-to-date and reliable informa-
tion on every subjects of interest in the Indian Empire.
Many maps and copious index.

Price Rs. 7-0. V. P. Postage 11 annas.

Some Press Opinions.

We have tested the book upon a great number of questions and!
have never failed to get the information that was wanted.
Statesman (Calcutta).

It is certainly an indispensable volume.
Advocate of India (Bombay).

As a vade mecum to the political, economic and social problems
of the Indian Empire it has no rival.
Civil and Military Gazette (Lahore),

Whatever other books might be read with a view to a clear grasp
of the essentials of the various problems of administration aod
government in India, this must be studied.
Jam-e- ares (Bombay).
Many are the improvements making the book indispensable to-
both Europeans and Iadians,
Indian Daily Telegraph (Lucknow).
The book is comprehensive and essential.
Rangoon Gazette.
It is an original, independent survey of all things Indian and is in.
quality capable, impartial and authoritative.
The Daily Gazette (Karachi).

BENNETT, COLEMAN & COMPANY, LIMITED,
The “Times of India’? Offices’:
Bombay & Calcutta,
and all Booksellers.

From H. F. & G. WITHERBY’S List.

THE PAIDERS an THE SARHAD.
ring the Account of a Campaign of Arms ; i i
Persian « Baluchi. Afghan Borders, duchs the Gar wen fae ec a ee
R. E. H. Dyer, cB. Many Photographs and Maps. Demy 8vo, bee cenag ean

THE it “aecata FORCE, 1915-1919.
\ n Unofficial Record of its Creation and Fichtine G *
. of the Civil and Military Administrative Conditions in East Aine Te cae
that period. By Bricapier-GEneraL C. P. FENDALL, GB, C.M.G., DS O., vith Phot
; graphs and Map. Demy 8vo. 16s, net, padi arora Mae ae

A oe ee IN HIMALAYA.
y Capt. R. W. G, Hincston, mc, nus This accou ; :
2 4 : : ae ese cates S account of the animal life of a
ereelavan valley will be found of absorbing interest, Demy 8vo., 16 page illustrations.

THE BACKBONE OF AFRICA.
A Record of Travel during the Great War, with some Su i i int i
Z ar, ggestions y fe
Reform. By Str ALFRED SHARPE, K.C.M.G., GB, (Horuerly Gevenor GEN cdian}
Demy 8vo. Photographs and Maps. 16s. net, a nea

SUN, SAND AND SOMALS.
Leaves from the Notebook of a District Commissioner in Britis sali se
Major H. Rayne, M.B.E., M.c Demy 8vo. Illustrated. : ee aaade po geen a

A MONOGRAPH OF THE Jdig cael
By Wiuiam Beesr. With Coloured Plates by A. THORBURN C. R. Kyicr 3
J ° N, * . NIGHT, G. E.
Lopez, L, A. Furrtes, H. Gronvorp, and H. JONEs, with Maps aoa Photographs
depicting the Pheasants of the World, their Haunts, Plumage, Nests and Eggs
Limited Edition of 600 Numbered Sets, Royal 4to. In Four Volumes, Vols. I. & II.
now ready. Prospectus and Specimen Plate on application. Per Vol. £12 ros. net. _

INDIAN PIGEONS AND DOVES.
By E. C. Stuart Baker, F.Z.S., M.B.0.U. With 27 beautiful Coloured Plates. Imp.
8vo. Half bound morocco. £2 10s. net,

By

SELECTION OF BOOKS

London:

H. F. & G. WITHERBY, 326, High Holborn.
COMPLETE CATALOGUE—POST FREE.

BOOKS, New AnD sEconp.-HAND.

We have very highly organised departments for supplying Librarians,

Institutions, Professors, and others with Literary, Economic, Historical,

Scientific and Oriental Books, including Periodicals, both English and

Foreign, of which we carry an immense stock. We guarantee prompt and
intelligent handling of all orders entrusted to us.

Scientific Periodicals and Publications of Learned Societies a Speciality
Catalogues issued Gratis on application.

W. HEFFER & SONS,. LTD., Booksellers,
Cambridge, ENGLAND.

Telegrams and Cables: “‘HEFFER CAMBRIDGE”.

FRANCIS EDWARDS, Booksellers,
83, High Street, MARYLEBONE, LONDON, W. I.

ORIENTAL BOOKS A SPECIALITY.

Catalogues may be had on any of the following subjects. Post free on application.

i n, Burma, the Far East and China, Early Voyages and Travels,
eae the Pacific, Standard Books of English Literature, Coloured
Plate Books, Fine Art Books, Rare and Beautiful Old Books, Historical and
Social Biography, Natural History, including English and Foreign Birds, and

Autograph Letters and Historical Documents.

When writing for a Catalogue, state the Books you are looking out for, if these
are not in stock, the best efforts will be made to procure them.

CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER~(conid.)

PaGE
ISCELLANEOUS NOTES :—

I.—A White Tiger in Captivity. (With a photo.) Editors ............ 932
Il.—Record Panther Skull (F. pardus.) (With a plate.) S, H. Prater. 933
iit —Notes.on Panthers. A.G. McArthur .... 0.55. 0008ccecesOonc.. 935
IV.—Panther in « tree with a pig. J. H. Longrigg, 19s. ..........000, 935
V.—Measurements of Tigers and Panthers. Lt.-Col. A. Stuart Capper. 936
Vi.—Hyznas in Mesopotamia. Lt.-Col. A. Stuart Capper ............ 936
VII.—A large Bear (U. labiatus) shot near Guna. Lt.-Col. A. Stuart Capper. 937
witt-— Sore Neck” in Sambhar. Nditors . 20)... eo. cc ccc le bacecel 937
ITX.—Double growth of horns in Sambhar. Hugh Copley .............. 938
Black Back vs. Motor. ; J. Budden 3)... oi ccc ccc l ces daweeat 938

| XI.—Rough Notes on the Avifauna of the Nelliampathy Hills. A. P.
ME Dr ahe OA EE es ae te CS hoe Vibe Aarviwla wide Mt SAE OR gerne 7 939

_ XII.—Occurrence of the Pied Ground Thrush (Geocichla wardi) on the Nel-
Peimary eile.) AP. Kinloch, 0). oi ..3.0.4 coke cals stn dewae 944
Reet CATIA AT TO 6 oho os se cas se cle see Sheslches ba pata 944

XIV.—Snaring Quail in North Behar. (Witha plate.) C. M. Inglis,
HOR AR Nege ken cins /MU ERO Ua ote "sleare wfc Sal dice Gio lalate Bia tie cathe ae ee 947

XV.—Further Notes on Indian Nightjars. B. B. Osmaston, M.B.0.U. .... 48
XV1.—Notes on the ‘‘ Habits of Anthracoceros albirostris, the Indo-Burmese

Pied Hornbill, in confinement.” A.M. Primrose.............. 950
XVII.—Nidification of the Himalayan Long-billed Vulture (Gyps tenui-

aE MN Rie the GAMME eiahs oa eae vic ibn ks staisla sw wa vin oh ae eres Rx a alent « S51
XVIII.—The Lammergyer (Gypactus barbatus) and the Golden Eagle (Aquila

onrysaeme,) O, H. Donald, ¥.2.8.,. M.B.0,U0. ie. «coping. > cinin ems 952
XIX,—Abnormal egg of the Monal (Lophophorus refulgens.) Major J. E,

PIR WED TPAC. Pay 5s oo cin ao bp Bln'n oie coca Rte ciermiphae pial’ ahlow ae 953

_ XX.—Eggs of the Pheasant-tailed Jacana (H. chirurgus.) T. R. Livesey.. 954

XXI.—White-headed Duck shot near Quetta. F.C. R. Jourdain ........ 954
XXIJ.—An encounter with a Hamadryad (Nata bungarus.) Col. G, H.

:- NAEP FIRE SOT Were 0 cate 5 wo oats nib elu ow ln piaih abhi bye watelniaatele at fie 954
_ XXIII.—The food of the Burmese Roller (C. affinis) and of the Ashy Drongo

s (D. nigrescens.) Col. G. H. Evans, C.1.E., C.B.E.......ccee seers 954
XXiV.—Breeding habits of the Green Turtle (Chelonia mydas.) Mrs. N.

Pi BWwaON.; 12). 0.66 BAD Vopr sie cote aah Ue amc car fe ateaes Tahar te Ete onthe lain satay istekane 955

XXV.—Angling for Barbus hevagonolepis in Assam, A. M. Primrose .... 957
XXVI.—A Note on the Insect-eating habits of the Indian Hornet (Vespa

of MUM Ns TOOVOE 5,5 secre. rein, sk ves sera olesala foe We 8 dice eels meine ee 960

1) XXVIL—-A Note on Carpenter-Bees in the Society’s collection.

% MUN Peart ee lay on cso kaateie aaa wh Bohne: wibepslbinr bibs ehan) een ae lau 961

_ XXVIII.—Curious case of Protective mimicry in a Caterpillar. Lt.-Col.

aa A. Newham, 1.4. (Retd.).... 0.0.0.0 cc ceeeee sees cere cereeecees 962

_ XXIX.—Earwigs from Mesopotamia and N. W. Persia. P. A. Buxton .... 963

: XXX.—New localities for rare and little known Sphingide. C. EH. Fellowes-

a MRNA RE 0 20 BY Reval gon iss’ po ndein ME wee Oe anes es she Sige ne eeee 964

: XXXI.— Description of a new Galeomma from Bombay. J.le W.B. Tomlin, M.A. 964

__ XXXII.—Note on the Cotton Tree (Bombax malabaricum.) G. H. Bannerji .. 966

_ XXXIII.—On some unusual contributions to the Society’s Museum. B. C.

a Miltison and'S. ER: Prater... le eas uence ge eres tees 966
roceedings ..... MD EUS SS SAR A Ree ne ene PT Tee er ew Oe 968

2 ES a aS earn
Printed by E. G. Pearson for the Proprietors at the Times Press, Bombay, and
puibliabed by R. A. Spence for the Bombay Natural History Society—5753,21,

Oxford

ATHENAEUM.......... ..‘* There are publishers and publishers ; but there is only'Tone Oxford
University Press. When we look at the shelves which contain our most precious books, we
cannot help being aware that almost every other one bears the Oxfordimprint. The distinction
of the lettering if nothing else will catch the eye. ”’

BOTANY AND ZOOLOGY

THE STUDY OF PLANTS.—An introduction to Botany and Plant Ecology. By T. W.
WOODHEAD. Cr. 8vo. pp. 440, with over 200 illustrations. 7s. 6d.

WARNING’S ECOLOGY OF PLANTS.—An introduction to the study of Plant communi-
ties. English edition by P. Groom and I. B. BALFOUR, with footnotes, index, etc., Royal
8vo. pp. 434, 15s.

JOST’S LECTURES ON PLANT PHYSIOLOGY.—English Translation by R. J. HARVEY
GIBSON. With bibliography and 172 illustrations. 30s.

PLANTS AND THEIR USES.—An introduction to Botany. By FREDRICK LEVOY SARGENT,
612 pp., 384 illustrations. 10s. }

OUTLINES OF ZOOLOGY.—By I. ARTHUR THOMPSON, pp. 880, with 424 illustrations. 18s.
MANUAL OF ELEMENTARY ZOOLOGY.—By L.A. BORRADAILE, pp.470, with 301 illustrations.
18s.

FORESTS, WOODS AND TREES IN RELATION TO HYGIENE, By AUGUSTINE:-HENRY, M.A.
F.L.S.,M.RI.A. 18s.

SHORTLY APPEARING

Under the Authority of the Secretary of State for India the Oxford University Press are pub-
uishing “THE SILVICULTURE OF INDIAN TREES ” by Prof. R. 8. Troup, C.1.H. The work
is to be completed in 3 volumes, the first of which deals with ‘‘ DILLINIACEA TO LEGUMINOSAE
(PAPILIONACABE)”’ and includes 90 illustrations in colour and many in monochrome. The draw-

ings have been executed by the artists of the Forest Research Institute, Dehra Dun, under the
author’s supervision. Orders accepted now.

INDIAN TREES, By Sir DIETRICH BRANDIS, K.C.I.E., An account of Trees, Shrubs, etc.,

Indigenous or commonly cultivated in the British Indian Empire, with illustrations. An
entirely new edition.

ART
THE COURT PAINTERS OF THE GRAND MOGULS.—Essays on AKBAR, SHAH JEHAN,
JEHANGIR and AURANGZEBE, By T. W. ARNOLD, with an essay on the paintings by
LAWRENCE BINYON. With 40 beautiful plates in colour and monochrome. £3-3-0.

MOSLEM ARCHITECTURE, Its Origins and Development, By C. T. RIVoIRA. With over 300
plates. Large 4to. 42s.

DELHI, Its Story and Buildings. By H. SHARP, C.S.I., C.I.E., Illustrated with over twenty
plates. Rs. 6.

_ JUST PUBLISHED

BIRDS OF AN INDIAN VILLAGE, By Dovgias Dewar.
40 illustrations by G. LEVETT YHATS. Rs. 2-8.

THE NINETEENTH CENTURY AND AFTER.—The most up-to-date independent fReviev.

absolutely uncontrolled by Party or by Group, and contributed t y
EMINENT WRITERS OF THE DAY. : ; Beier P=

PUBLISHED MONTHLY
ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION

With coloured plate and over

ate -- 4s. net. (Postage extra.)
Cemetoss (Post paid.)

Subscriptions to be forwarded to the
OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS,

Elphinstone Circle,
BOMBAY.

EDITED BY

R. A. SPENCE, Wi,L.A., F.Z.S.,

B.C, ELLISON, C. M.Z.S. and S. H. PRATER, C. M.Z.S.

Containing Title Page ; Contents of Vol. XX VII ; Alphabetical List
a of Contributors ; List of Plates; Index to Illustrations ;
i _ Errata ; List of Office-Bearers ; List of Members ;
me Statement of Accounts for 1920 ; New Generic
Terms ; Index of Species.

s

Date of publication, 25th Februa. y 1922.

¢

EEE

Price to Non-Members ws. ses tes vo» fis, 4-8-0
ae | or £ 0-6-0
eo LONDON AGENTS:
“DULAU & Co., Lid., 34-36, Margaret Street, Cavendish Square, W.
——— 66S

PRINTED AT THE TIMES PRESS, BOMBAY.

ate
AS

— i

“Title Fae
"Contents of Vol. XXVIT

“List of Contributors ac

“Di of Plates. a
: "Index to Illustrations cS
N ew Generic ‘Terms: =
_ Errata ae a ox =
List of Office-Bearers .
‘List of Members —
Accounts for 1920 ae

‘Tndex to Species ... a oe

CONTENTS OF VOLUME XXVII.
No. 1.

THe Game Birps or Inpra, Burma Anp Cryton. Part
XXIX. By E. C. Stuart Baker, F.u.s., ¥.z.s., M.B.0.U.
(with a coloured plate of Galloperdix bicalcarata, The
MM OW eo a a he da este cacedunices

Screntiric ResuLts FROM THE MAMMA Survey, By Oldfield
Ne sais Sk vin oo se se dee w HESS OPS RES

No. XXII.—A new Bat of the genus Rhinopoma from
ES SoS Eg

THE CoMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS or INp1A. Part
XXV. By T. R. Bell, c..u., LF.s. (retired)

THE Past and PRESENT DISTRIBUTION OF THE LION IN SOUTH-
EASTERN Asta. By N. B. Kinnear, o.m.z.s. ..........
THE FLoRA OF THE INDIAN DESERT (JODHPUR AND JAISAL-
MER). Part V. By Rev. E. Blatter, s.z., and Professor
F. Hallberg

Inpian Draconruies. Part VII (with Text-figures). By
DC MRAreT TMS. ke ee aed eecwen tone
SUMMARY OF THE RESULTS FROM THE INDIAN MAMMAL SURVEY
OF THE Bompay Natura History Society. Part VI.
By BR. C. Wroughton, F.2.8. .....ceescedeccsccceteeeee
Notes on Inpian Butrerrurs. By Lt.-Col. W. H. Evans,
ROMER TSH | howe a ccc ede cede tenn e cele nowele

eoeeree ere eee eee eee eeoes ese eos er ee eeee seen

FuRTHER NOTES ON Birps about Simta. By Hugh Whistler,
MET OUy O.F.A.O.Ue 2.2.5. cece ccc e cess ceesoncs
Tas Power or Scent in Witp Animals. By E. C. Stuart
Baker, ¥.2.8., F.L.S., M.B.O.U. os 000s ccccedeccccccesccees
Some Sours Inp1an Batracutans. (With two Plates). By C.
R. Narayan Rao, M.A, 1.2... e cece ce eeegereerececess

Tue Brrps or Prey or THE Punsas. Part V. By C. H.
PRIA HZ.6. owe tcc eset tec cee necasacerecees

PAGE

40

48

57

Iv CONTENTS OF VOLUME AXVII,

PaGE

Notes ON THE NIDIFICATION OF CERTAIN Birps IN Lapak.
By F. Ludlow 1.8.8., M.B.O.U. 1... .ss esse erence enenes 141
Some NEw InpIAN DraconFues. By Major F. C. Fraser,
UMS. oo SO Pe ie a ee 147
A TENTATIVE LIST OF THE VERTEBRATES OF THE JALPAIGURI
District, Bencat. Part III. By Chas. M. Inglis, F.z.s.,
M.B.0.U., W. L. Travers, H. V. O’Donel, M.8.0.U., and E. O.
Shebbeare, TFS) sak ale nee eee oie U5

MisceLLAN&ous Notes :—

I. Tiger'and Goat. By 8. M. Wraser senor ee 163
II. Length of Tigers and Panthers. By Brig.-
General R. G.-Burtam 2. 3 32 .e. oe 163
III. Tigers in Trees. By Brig-General R. G.
Burton... 0-1: coe ie eee ine 164

IV. Scent. By Brig.-General R. G. Burton-.. 164
V. Food of the Grey Musk Shrew (Crocidura

coerulea). By W.: 8. Millard?) 22 seer 164
VI. Expected Plague of Field Rats in 1920. By
W. 8: Millard :ciso 0c. ORS ea eee 165
VII. Female Black Buck (A. cervicapra) with horns.
By E.G. Browne® (- 2.5002 200 eae eee 169
VHI. Abnormal Sambhar Horn. By G. Tate .. 2 ae
IX. Birds of different species nesting in company.
By H.W. Waite 9.0.0 boone (ee ee Ligh
X. Curious nesting site of the Indian Hoopoe
(Upupa indica). By H. W. Waite ...... Lik
XI. Breeding of Black-necked Stork (Xenorhynchus
asiaticus). By F. Field .......... eee 171

XII. Egret and Lizard. By H. R. Meredith, t.c.s. 172

XIII. Common Pochard (N. ferrina) ait sa
By Capt. E. O, King

XIV.
XV.

XVI.

XVII.

XVIII.

XIX.

XX.

XXI.

XXII.
XXIII.

XXIV.

XXV.

XXVI.

PROCEEDINGS

CONTENTS OF VOLUME XXVII.

Mesopotamian Bird Notes. By W. D. Cumming

The Great Indian Hornbill (Dichoceros bicornis)
Eetuaree OPENCS +. ok se... 4nkd os thin

Suppression of the name of the Snake de-
scribed by me as Oligodon evansi. By
be -Col; H.- Wall..:1..8., O:M@:- <2. ..0205.

Occurrence Theobald’s Kukri Snake.
~(Simotes theobaldi) in Assam. By 8. H.
‘LET RCE SR See pars Sree Sa eS eee TT

of

Cobra without the cuneate seale. By Lt.-Col.
C. BE. Luard

On the Breeding of the Checkered Water Snake
(Tropidonotus piscator). By Lt.-Col. C. E.

G/0L0) 2 Ride se ie ss. & @ Sku oe is eee) le lp) al aye Lerie

a2 G0e) ee) 819) as: See 6. 6) 0s: v8 8 ae 8, 6 vv 8 6 ae ee ae

The Mysterious ‘ Joor.’ By E. Brook Fox

Large Carp from Mesopotamia. By Major

A New Hawk Moth. By Major F. B. Scott, 1.

Strange find of the larva of the Butterfly
Teinopalpus imperialis. By Oscar Lind-
gren

Life History of the ‘ Buprestid’ Leaf Miner,
pest on
By Pos

Trachys bicolor, Keremans, a
Butea _frondosa

Subramaniam.

in Mysore.
(With a Plate)
A short note on the atrophic abortion of the
inflorescence of the onion, Allium cepa, L.
(With two Plates). By P. M. Debbarman,
B.Sc., M.B.A.S.

a ey ahaltu bss 65a @, 6) ose S S— Se RSS 2
eee
Seer. bh Guana eae seRer ORES) Bases a) 8/6). Ss ie SEAL e

oe 61010-656 C2e @ 28
SIR. eR ICRC MOTO ar kL TT Sar ll
a6! 0. 8 ©

175
175

176

177

178

178

vi CONTENTS OF VOLUME XXVII. |

No. 2.

Tur Game Brrps oF Inp1A, BURMA AND CEyLon. Part XXX.
The Assam Black Partridge. By EH. C. Stuart Baker, F.1.s.,
F.Z.8., M.B.0.U. (With a coloured Plate of Francolinus
francolinus melanonotus.)

es eeeoceoeeoe eee eee ee eo oe ew ee 8 8

Tur CoMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS oF INDIA. Part

XXVI. By T. R. Bell, c.1.5., L¥.s. (retired). (With coloured
Plate Mo) 04.00. cng de oi tee 2 eee
Tur Birps or THE INDIAN Empire. By E. C. Stuart Baker,
O.B:E., B.1.8.,, F.Z.8., M.B.0.U,,,C.F/A.0.U, .e)-+ 6 5-6 oe eee
ScIENTIFIC RESULTS FROM THE MAMMAL Survey, No. XXIII.
By Oldfield Thomas, F-RiS.. -\..3.\s6cs0 see eee eee
ScIENTIFIC RESULTS FROM THE Mamma Survey, No. XXIV.
By R. C. Wroughton, F.z.s.
DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SNAKE OF THE GENUS Zamenis FROM
Persia, By G. A. Boulenger, LL.D., D.sc., F.B.S. ....
DESCRIPTION OF A NEW LAND TorTOISE FROM NORTHERN
Persia. By G. A. Boulenger, LL.D., D.s¢., F.R.S. ..-.--
Inpian Draconrutes. Part VIII. ( With 10 Text figures )
By. Major B.Ce Eraser, 1.18.) 04.0. cat. ee ee

eooceoreee eee ee ee ee ee eee ee 8 8

THE FLoRA oF THE INDIAN DESERT (JODHPUR AND J AISALMER).
Part VI. ( With 3 Plates.) By Rev. HE. Blatter, s.s. and
Professor W, Hallberos (2200.4 eos: ee eee eee

Tae Birps or Prey or THE PunsaB. Part VI. By C. H.
Donald: WizisaMeB,. OW ye een ne ee wt ba alae ee eee
SUMMARY OF THE RESULTS FROM THE INDIAN MAMMAL SURVEY
OF THE BompBay Natural History Society. Part
Vil. By B.C, Wroughtony nzisl 7/0... .0.5 eee
BompBay Naturat History Sociery’s Mamma SuRVEY OF

Inp1a, BurMA AnD Cryton. (Report No. 32, Baluchistan.)
By R. C. Wroughton, F.z.s.

"eeeeeecee eee see ee ee ee ee 8 8

REPORT ON THE MAMMALS OF MESOPOTAMIA COLLECTED BY
MEMBERS OF THE MESOPOTAMIAN EXPEDITIONARY FORCE,
1915—1919, By Major R. E. Cheesman, M.B,0.U,, F.B,G.S,

PaGeE

228

270

280

301

314

323

—

CONTENTS OF VOLUME XXVII,

A List or SNAKES FROM MESOPOTAMIA COLLECTED BY MEMBERS

OF THE MESOPOTAMIAN EXPEDITIONARY Forcr, 1915—1919.

ieee. Hodlenger, LU.D., D.80., FBS... 0.60. .c0000.0:
A List oF LizArps FROM MESOPOTAMIA COLLECTED BY MEMBERS
OF THE MESOPOTAMIAN [EXPEDITIONARY Forcr,
1915—1919. By G. A. Boulenger, u.p., p.sc., F.R.S. ..
A NOTE ON THE SPECIES OF THE Genus Mycalesis of Lepidop-
tera, occurring within Indian Limits. ( With 4 Plates.)
Beene-wol, WH. Wivans, RB. 2.002. eee cts ee tee
SOME NOTES ON THE GENUS Caprimulgus in the Punjab. By
PamreGIen, -F.Z.5;, M.B.O.Us oo c eh. ccc csc ce ek wed cee eees
REPORT OF THE CoMMITTEF OF THE BomBay Naturat History
a Er of yeti 2. ona oo oti dcnice'aie wld Wein oh soe’

IU ct eA das wa cee dae bode as

MisceLLaNrous Notes :—

I. Tigers in Trees. By Brig.-General R. G.

MAERCIN oo Wea. wos 4 sista ck ole lela temo esate eae

II. Man-eating Tigers on Saugor Island in the

18th Century. By Brig.-General R. G.

RENN ac a ha hitticin ew humeral oe it Pare

MU Ae Sportimg diary 2... snes eee eee ee eee eees

IV. On the methods of measuring tigers. By

NERVES e/a c/o = IS eee Sins om tree oS ea aime

V. Notes on Panthers. By E. Brook-Fox, M.1¢.E.

VI. The Hunting Leopard (Cynelurus jubatus) ....

VII. The Hunting Leopard (Cynelurus jubatus) in
Kathiawar. By Lt.-Col. L. L. Fenton

VIII. The Desert Lark ( Alemon desertorum ). By
Brig.-General R. M. Beetham, M.B.0.U.

IX. On the occurrence of the Large Brown Thrush

(Zoothera monticola) in Simla. By 8. Basil

Hdwardes ......sccccecccececceseeeees us

Vii

PAGE

347

351

354

363

371
379

383

385

386

391
394
398

398

400

Vili CONTENTS OF VOLUME XXVII,

X. Re-occurrence of the Indian Pitta (Puta
brachyura) in the Darbhanga District, Behar.
By C. M. Inglis, ¥.z.s., M-8.0.0. eee

PAGE

402

XI. Some birds observed in South Waziristan. By ~

Col.:G@. Hudson) a.M.S.2o2 S002 ers oe ee

XII. Abnormal coloured egg of the Pheasant-tailed
Jacana ( Hydrophasianus chirurgus). By
C. M. Inghs, ¥.2:s., M-B:0.U. 02. ee

XIII. Eversman’s Redstart (Phenicurus erythronota,

Eversm. ). By H. Whistler, F.z.s., M.B.0.U.

XIV. Onthe Oology of the Niltavas. By H. A.
D’ Abreu, P2'8.. wcss co va oe ee eee

XV. The occurrence of Teinopalpus imperialis in the
Toungoo Hills, Burma. By W. Sparke ..

XVI. The name of a Mesopotamian Harwig. By
P. A. Buxton

XVII. “Hopping” Pupa of a Curculionid Beetle.
By Kditors: io. .o0 5 eee eee

XVIII. Trout fishing in Ceylon. By A. H. Dunsmure

XIX. Vegetable diet of Common House Lizard. By
D. Swithinbank

ose e eee eee ee we wo ee ee eee ew ee ow

oe eee ee ee eo we ew we eee we ee wo

PROCEEDINGS

No. 3.

Tut Game Birps or Inpta, Burms and Ceyton. Part XXXJ.
( Francolinus continued ) By E. C. Stuart Baker, F.u.s.,
F.Z.8., M.B.O.U.

THe Common BUTTERFLIES OF THE Puarns or Invi. Part
XXVIT. By T. R. Bell, c..n., Les. (retired) with PlateN.
Tue Birps or tHE Inpran Empire. By E. C. Stuart Baker,
F.LS., F.Z.8., M.B.0.U., 0.F.A.0.U. ( Part IL)..............

Inpian Draconriizes. Part IX. (With text jigures.) By
Major F. C. Fraser, 1...

9) 9) wei wi eas eee: feye)e ei ei) 6 (6) ew etietis(salveveieltel inte

402

403

405

405

406

407

407
408

409
410

CONTENTS OF VOLUME XXVII.

1X

PAGE
On SMALL MAMMALS FROM THE Kacutn Province, NorTHEeRN

oem. by Oldfield ‘Thomas, res. ................... 499
THe Fiona oF THE INDIAN DESERT (JoDHPUR AND JAISAL-
MER). Part VII. ( With 3 Plates.) By Rev. E. Blatter,

Sumer tole W. Hallbero o.oo. eee bene cu ces 506
SUMMARY OF THE RESULTS FROM THE INDIAN MAMMAL SuRVEY
or THE BomBay NarturaL History Sociery. Appendix

By R. C. Wroughton, r.z.s. ..... idee ato eaten ee es ee 520

ANGLING AROUND BomBay. ByG.D.Traylen ............ 535
A List or DRAGONFLIES FROM MAnABLESHWAR. By Major

PIER ta ask 5 css ks ee orew Haifa als Sas osc 540

Bompay Naturat History Society's MamMan SuRVEY OF
Inp1A, BuRMA AND CeyLon. (Report No. 33, High Wavy
Mountains, Madura District; No. 34, Travancore ; and
No. 35, Prome). By R. C. Wroughton, F.z.s. ........ 545

A List oF THE Brrps or Duarmsata. - By Capt. R. W. G.
Hingston, M.c., M.B., LM.s. (With 3 Plates and one Text

REPORT ON A COLLECTION OF MAMMALS MADE BY Cot. J. E. B.
Horson, rn Surraz, Persta. By Major R. E. Cheesman,

ree ee aca 573
THE GroLtogy or Wort Hitt. By Jayme Ribeiro, 1.c.£.

(With a plate and 3 Text-figures) 0... - 0-0 e seers e ees 582
Screntiric Resutrs FRoM THE Mamma Survey, No, XXV.

By Oldfield Thomas, ¥.R.S. ....--+. essere eee terete: 596

A.—On Jungle Mice from Assam ...-.- 6-5-5202 er ree 596

B.—The Brush-Tailed Porcupine of Assam. ....-+++- +++ 598

a —— : TW
Scuentiric Resuuts rRoM THE Mamma Survey, No. XXVI.
By R. C. Wroughton—
ROC
eA tie Tree-shrew .... steer ccc eters tt 599

B.—A new Palm Civet from Assam)... +--+ esse errr tt te
C@.—An Assam representative of the C. castaneoventrrs

group of squirrels.......+-.sereererseeree sree

ts

x CONTENTS OF VOLUME RXV

PAGE
Tur ARABIAN OstRicH. By 8. H. Prater ....... e eiae sheen 602
Tur Birps or Prey or THE Punsaz. Part VII. By C. H.
Donald, F-7'8.; M.BiOsU. 20 35). secre ieee 606
Review—Suikar Nores ror Novices. By the Hon'ble
Js Wy Best, TRi83 ey oes aes axes eee ede eee 616
WDITORIAL: 04 oS 6 ai) eelto ee eee ee oe eee eer oe eee 618
QOprrvABy NOTICE 00920222 See 2. visas bole eye eee eee 622

MiscELLANEOus NOTES :—

I. Leopard Cat (F. bengalensis) in captivity
(with a block). By A. M. Kinloch, F.z.s... 623

II. The occurrence of the Ermine in the Punjab.

By C,H. Donalds §:2/s:,1:5.0:0..8 2 eee 624
III. Record Female Indian Gazelle (G. bennettr.) By
Ru, Heath 20. eee ere eee 625

IV. Some splendid Black Buck Heads. By Hditors. 626

V. A good head of the Goa or Tibetan Gazelle
(Gazella ‘picticaudata). (With a Block).
By diudlow, Gs). 7 i ei se eee 626

VI. An old time Buffalo Hunt. By 8. H. Prater. 627
VII. Twin Calf Elephants (with a block). By_

Gordon Hundley 22 0.. .2): Seis = ous enone 62¢

VIII. “ Man-eating Monkeys and Poisonous Locusts.”
By A.C. Miller: 200... Ske See 629

IX. Melanism in the Red-vented Bulbul (Moipastes
sp:): >. Bys8si\C alaw. 2. is See eee 629

X. The breeding of the Eastern Orphean Warbler
(Sylvia jerdoni, Blyth) in the N. W. Frontier
Province. By Av. Jones. os, 630

XI. The Spine-tailed Swift (C. indica) and the

Burmese Swift (C. pacificus) in Assam. —
BycAs Primrose nececeeee, eee eee rer ereer Ook

CONTENTS OF VOLUME XXVII. xi

PaGE
XII. Note on the nidification of Hodgson’s Striated
Swallow (Hirwndo nepalensis). By H. W.
Waite
XIII. A note on the habits of the Pariah Kite (Milvus
govinda) and the Adjutant Stork (Leptopti-
lus dubius). By C, Dover and Basil Edwardes 633
XIV. The nidification of the Masked Finfoot (Helio-
pais personata). By C. Hopwood, M.B.0.u. 634
XV. Nest of Nukta or Comb Duck (S. melanonotus).
Baye Pecltr LAVESCY —. « «s/s lac stew eins aes 637
XVI. Large Flock of the Comb Duck (Sarezdiornis
melanonotus) in the Allahabad District of

the U. P., By Basil Edwardes .....-.... 638

XVII. Insects living in the snow at 14,000 feet. By
ee Parker Ti8. 5 scanned tne. tee ets 639

XVIII. Some notes on the Butterflies of the Plains of
Peet), P. By_ Wl. Miele. . 55 m teraeyeke che te en 641

XIX. The enemies of Butterflies. By Cedric Dover. 642
XX. A note on a case of a bite by a Russell’s Viper
treated with Anti-venine intravenously.
By Lt.-Col. W. Glen Liston, C.1E., M.D.,
MEFGER Eee) FM) gc iaes a6 «> nice nies cas m e088) 5 0.808) 643
XXI. Note on a case of recovery after a bite by a
Russell’s Viper. By Capt. J. B. Molony,

HEME Sig MNS oo cic oslo Pei Se cious. ee ek ale emaie 644

XXII. A mango tree (M. indica) flowering in August.
By Jayme Ribeiro, L.0.E. ....++.+-+ esses: 645
646

MMII A RY eC is tg eke chalet eel aisle ov a ewae miaides

Tur Game Brrps or InpraA, BuRMA AND CeyLon. Part XXX.
(Arboricola) (With « coloured Plate.) By EK. C. Stuart

Sgr e eee s 65]
Baker, F.L.8., F.Z.S., M.BO.U. seeeeeeeeeeeees

xl CONTENTS OF VOLUME XXVIII,

THE SYNONYMIES, CHARACTERS AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE
MaccaQquEs INCLUDED UNDER THE NAMES rhesus and
assamensis in Blanford’s Mammals. By M. A. C. Hinton
and the late R. C. Wroughton

Inpian Draconruizs. Part X. (With Text-figures.) By
Major F. C. Fraser, 1.M.s.

eececee eee eee we te ee ewe ee eee eee

THe Birps oF THE InpIAN Empire. Part III. By HE. C.
Stuart Baker, F.L.S., F.Z.8., M.B.0.U., C.F.A.0.U.

eeceoeee &

Tue Lire HisToRY OF RARE AND LITTLE KNOWN Sphingide
(Hawk Moths) of the Oriental Region. By C. E. Fellowes-
Manson

Ce ee TT rT rr rr Ty

SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE BIRDS AND MAMMALS oF IMAU
Bum. By F. Kingdon Ward

ecererevree ee sees eee ee tse se

REPORT ON THE ORTHOPTERA OF MESOPOTAMIA AND PERSIA.
By L. Chopard, D.Sc. (With 2 Plates)

Scientiric REsuLtTs FROM THE Mamma Survey, No.
XXVIII. By Oldteld Thomas, a2 issn

SCIENTIFIC RESULTS FROM THE Mammat Survey, No.
XXVIII. By the late R. C. Wroughton

THE ComMMoN BUTTERFLIES OF THE PuAIns oF Inpia. Part
XXVIII. By T. R. Bell, c.1.2., 1.7.8. (Rtd.)

BIRD NOTES FROM THE CAMPBELLPUR-ATTOCK DISTRICT,
WESTERN Pungas. By A. E. Jones, M.B.0.U.

eevee s eee ee ee eee

A CONTRIBUTION TO OUR KNOWLEDGE OF THE Orthoptera
Acridiodea OF MesopotamMiA AND NortH WESTERN
Persia. By B. P. Uvarov, F.£.8.

ON THE NOMENCLATURE OF THE SoutH INDIAN LONG-TAILED

Maccaqures. By M. A. C. Hinton and the late R. C.
Wroughton

ANNOTATED LIST OF ACULEATE HYMENOPTERA (EXCEPT
HETEROGYNA) AND CHRYSIDS RECENTLY COLLECTED IN
MrsoporamMiA AND Norra West Persia. By F. D.
Morice, M.A., ¥.2.8. (Wath Teat figures)

ese eee ee se ee weet

PAGE

665

673

692

745

754

759

712

173

778

194

803

813

CONTENTS OF VOLUME XXVPII.

PAGE
Fatconry—Tue Catcaine or Hawks anp Fatcons. (With
Meeeesaemy eH, Donald) 5.2) 001.20. e hs. ee. hae. 829
Fresh WATER CRUSTACEA COLLECTED BY Dr. P. A. Buxton
IN MESOPOTAMIA AND Persia. By Robert Gurney, m.a.
(With 2 Plates and 2 Text-figures) ...........0.00005.. 835
Notes oN Brirps rrRom NorTHERN AND WESTERN Prersta.
By P. A. Buxton, M.a., M.B.0.U. (With a map) .......... 844

A List or BUTTERFLIES COLLECTED IN THE Tavoy District.
Burma. By 0. C. Olenbach. (Witha map and Plate) 883

Trout CuLTURE ON THE Nincrris. By Col. Molesworth,
C.LE., C.B.E., V.H.S., 1.M.S., and J. F. Bryant, M.a., F.G.s.,
mee wea map and 2 Plates)... 2. cnc cee cee ewes 898

Review— A Naturatist In HimaAnaya’

Se RRR eh glee ord «alee 911
5 — ZOOLOGY FOR SECONDARY ScHoons In INDIA’ .... 912
EMM Be aia o ow aye oe we ov ve is Cb eae bee ee ae ee 913
Tue SCHEME FOR THE ARRANGEMENT OF THE COLLECTIONS OF
, THE BomBay NaturAL History Society IN THE PRINCE
oF Wates Museum or WEsTERN Inpia. By Bernard C.
RMON NA PlOteS) ow. ce we wwe ve Sa ece ne te 917
OxzituaRy—Robert Charles Wroughton ...................05. 929
Ue NM WT) 0) 931
MiscELLANEOUS NOTES :—
I. A White Tiger in captivity. (With a photo).
rng, De) 8 ci eae area ened «a's oe a abs 932
II. Record Panther skull (Ff. pardus) (With a
plate.) \. H. Prater <2... 2a. s. scenes 933
III. Notes on Panthers. A.G. McArthur ........ 935
IV. Panther in a tree with a pig. J. F. Longngg, 935
LF.S.
V. Measurements of Tigers and Panthers. Lt.-Col.
Me GUAT CAP PCE oc ag: 5 6 o.<'s vie0ie 6.01 98/6 s nie 936

VI. Hyznas in Mesopotamia. Lt.-Col. A. Stuart
Werner CESS Oia givn ad Saies wnt Poetics bee 936

Xiv

XXII.

CONTENTS OF VOLUME XXVII.

A large Bear (U. labiatus) shot near Guna.
Lt.-Col. A. Stuart Capper (9:22) see
“ Sore neck’ in Sambhar. Editors
Double growth of horns in Sambhar. Hugh
Copley
Black Buck v. Motor. J. Budden, .........0-
Rough Notes on the Avifauna of the Nelliam-
pathy Hills. A. P. Kinloch

Occurrence of the Pied Ground Thrush (Geo-
cichla wardi) on the Nelliampathy Hills.

eeecoceceoeeeeoe eee eee eee ee ew ee ee el 8 8 8

ececeerese cee ee o

A. P. Kinloch «0.5.2 2 0k e eee eee
Hexret Harmime im) Sind 7-7 32.) a eee ee
Snaring Quail in North Behar. (W2h a plate.)

C. M. Inglis, ¥.z.8., F.E.S., M.B.0.U. ......--

Further notes on Indian Nightjars.
Osmaston; M.BIO.U.- 0 2 ee ee
Notes on the “ Habits of Anthracoceros albiros-
tris, the Indo-Burmese Pied Hornbill, in
confinement.” A.M. Primrose............
Nidification of the Himalayan Long-billed
Vulture (Gyps tenwrostris). EK. H. Gill ..
The Lammergyer (Gypdetus barbatus) and the
Golden Hagle (Aquila chrysdétus). C. H.
Donald,-#.2.8., M:B.0.U... 15 65 Sees eee
Abnormal egg of the Monal (Lophophorus
refulgens.) Major J. E. M. Boyd, 8.4.M.c.
Eggs of the Pheasant-tailed Jacana (H. chirur-
gus.) T. R. Livesey
White-headed Duck shot near Quetta. F.C. R.
Jourdain
An encounter with a Hamadryad (Naia bun-
Col. G. H. Evans, €.1.E., C.B.E.

eooceoceeeceoeeeee eee eee eee we ee eo

garus).

PAGE

937
937

938
938

939
944
944
947

948

950

951

952
953
954
954

954

CONTENTS OF VOLUME XXVI11.

XXIII The food of the Burmese Roller (C. affinis) and

XXIV.

XXV.

XXVI.

XXVII.

XXVIII.

XXIX.

XXX.

XXXI.

XXXII.

XXXII.

PROCEEDINGS

of the Ashy Drongo (D. nigrescens). Col.
G. H. Evans, ¢.1.5., c.B.5.

Breeding habits of the Green Turtle (Chelonia
mydas). Mrs. N. Mawson ................
Angling for Barbus hexagonolepis in Assam.
eM EME sos 5 «vs, «50s SER Gc es
A note on the Insect-eating habits of the Indian
Hornet (Vespa cincta). C. Dover ........
A note on Carpenter-Bees in the Society’s col-
Beeilatie JU SMIOVGEN « ¢\s ens «cfs sda ox
Curious case of protective mimicry in a Cater-
pillar. Lt.-Col. A. Newnham, 1.a. (Retd.) ..
Earwigs from Mesopotomia and North
Western Persia. P. A. Buxton ..........
New localities for rare and little known Sphin-
gida. C.H. Fellowes-Manson ............
Description of a new Galeomma from Bombay.
pelosi Poplin, Meas - i capac s scence
Note on the Cotton Tree (Bombax malabari-
cum). G.H. Bannerji .......+.-eeeeeeee
On some unusual contributions to the Society’s

Museum. B. C. Ellison and 8. H. Prater ..

xV

PAGE

955

Xvi

ALPHABETICAL LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS.

WOLUDMEE Ses v ain.

Baxer, E. C. Stuart, F.L.S.,
F.Z.S., M.B.0.U. ; The Game
Birds of India; Burma and
Ceylon. Part XXIX. (With
a Coloured Plate of Galloper-
dix bicalcarata). The Ceylon
Spur-Fowl, the Red Spur-
Fowl, Stewart’s Red Spur-
Fowi, the Aravalli Spur-
Fowl, the Painted Spur-
Fowl, the Mountain Quail.

Part XXX. (With a Coloured
Plaie of Francolinus fran-
colinus melanonotus). The As-
sam Black Partridge, the
Northern Indian Black Part-
ridge, the South Persian
Black Partridge, the South-
ern Painted Partridge

Part XXXII. The Northern
Painted Partridge, the Eas-
tern or Chinese Francolin,
the Kyah or Marsh
Partridge

Part XXXII. (With a Colour-
ed Plate of Arboricola
rufoguiaris rufogularis). The
Rufous-necked Hill Partridge,
The Common Hill Partridge,
the Ogilvie Grant’s Hill
Partridge, the Simla Hill Par-
tridge, the Blyth’s or the
Rufous throated Hill Partridge

PAGE |

193

417

651

| Baker, E. C. Stuart, F.L.S.,

F.Z.S., M,B.0.U. ; The Power
of Scent in Wild Animals ..

The Birds of the Indian
Empire, Part I.

Part II

Part III

Bannergi. G. H. ; Note on the

Cotton Tree (Bombax ma-
labaricum)
Ben, Di R., CLS ees

(retired) ; The Common But-

terflies of the Plains of
India, Part XXV
Part XXVI. (With Coloured
Plate M.) ae
Part XXVII. (With Plate
Cave)
Part XXVIII
Brest, Hon’snz J. W.; Re-
view—* Shikar notes for No-
vices.’ ee ee
BrrHamM, Bric.-GEnt. R. M.,
M.B.0O.U. ; The Desert Lark
(Alemon desertorum)

PAGE

112

228

448

692

965

26

211

431

778

616

400 -

7 ee

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS.

Brattrer, Rev. E., S.J. and
HALLBERG, Pror. F.; The
Flora of the Indian Desert
(Jodhpur
Part V.

Part VI. (With 3 Plates).

=a
i

Part VII. (With 3 Plates). ..

Bombay Natural History So-
cietys Mammal Survey of
India, Burma and Ceylon.
Report No. 32, Baluchistan.
By R. C. Wroughton

Report No. 33, High Wavy
Movntains. Madura District.

By R. C. Wroughton

Report No. 34, Travancore,
and No. 35, Prome. By R. C.
Wroughton
Scientific Results from the
Mammal Survey No. XXII.
—A new Bat of the genus
Rhinopoma from S&S. E,
Persia. By Oldfield Thomas.

Scientific Results from the
Mammal Survey No. XXIII,
By Oldfield Thomas. .

Scientific Results from the
Mammal Survey No. XXIV.
By R. C. Wroughton

3

and Jaisalmer).

Page

40

270

506

314

545

545

248

Bombay _ Natural History
Society’s Mammal Survey of
India, Burma and Ceylen,
Scientific Results from the
Mammal Survey No. XXV—
(A) On Jungle Mice from
Assam

(B) The brush-tailed Porcu-
pine of Assam. By Oldfield
Thomas

No XXVI--

(A)—A new Tree Shrew
(B)—A new Palm Civet trom

Assam

(C)—An Assam representa-
tive of the C. castaneoventris
group of Squirrels. By R. C.
Wroughton

Scientific Results from the
Mammal Survey No. X XVII.
By Oldfield Thomas..

Scientific Results from the
Mammal Survey No. XXVIII.
By R. C. Wroughton

Summary of the results
from the Indian Mammal
Survey, Part VI. By R.C.
Wroughton ; Sf

.
?

Part VII. By R.C. Wroughton

ee SS
Summary of the results
from the Indian Mammal
Survey. By R. C. Wroughton.

XVii

PAGE

600

601

~I
-~I
bo

301

520

XVI
Boutencer, G. A., LL.D.,
D.Sc., F.R.S.; Description

of a New Snake of the Genus
Zamenis from Persia Pe

;
Description of a New Land
Tortoise from Northern

Persia .. Ae ae ai

A List of Snakes from Me-
sopotamia collected by Mem-

bers of the Mesopotamian

Expeditionary Force,1915-1919.

A list of Lizards from Meso-
potamia collected by Mem-
bers of the Mesopotamian

Expeditionary Force, 1915-
1919
Boyp, Mas. J. E. M.; Abnor-

mal egg of the Monal (Lo-
phophorus refulgens)

Browne, E. G.; Female Black

Buck (A. cervicapra) with
horns ..
Bryant, J. F., M.A., F.G.S.,

1.C.8.; Trout culture on the
Nilgiris. (With a Map and two
Plates). . aa ae

BuppeENn, J.; Black Buck vs.
Motor .. 50 56 30

Burton, Brie.-Gent. R. G.;
Length of Tigers and Pan-
thers

Seent ..

Tigers in Trees

?

Man-eating Tigers on Saugor

4sjand in the 18th Century ..

PaGE

251

347

351

953

169

898

939

163

164

385

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS,

Burton, Bria.-Gen. R. G.;
The Hunting Leopard Cy-
nelurus jubatus

Buxton, P. A., M.A., M.B.O.U.;
The name of a Mesopota-
mian Harwig .. ae oe

Notes on Birds
Northern and Western Fere-
sia (with a Map)

Earwigs from Mesopotamia
and Nerth-Western Persia ..

Capper, Lr.-Con. A. STCART;
Measurements of Tigers and
Panthers ee ae ae

Hyznas in Mesopotamia ..

A Large Bear (U. labiatus)
shot near Guna aS

CHEESMAN, Ma3or R.E.,
M.B.0O.U., F.R.G.S. ; Report
on the Mammals of Mesopo-
tamia collected by members
of the Mesopotamian Ex-
peditionary Force, 1915-1919.

b)
Report on a collection of
Mammals made by Col. J. E.

B. Hotson, in Shiraz, Persia. ’

CHoPaRD, L., D. Sc.; Report on
the Orthoptera of Mesopo-
tamia and Persia. (With 2
Plates) od S60

. 164,383 | Copitry, HueH; Double growth

of horns in Sambhar

Cumminec, W. D.; Mesopota-
mian Bird Notes... sie

Pacs

398

407

$44

963

936

936

937

573

173

er

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS.

D’Asrev, E. A., F.Z.S.; On

the Oology of the Niltavas

DEBBARMAN, P. M., B.Sc.,
M.R.A.S.; A Short Note on
the Atrophic abortion of
the inflorescence of the
onion (Allium cepa, L.) (With
2 Plates) 2 F

Donatp, C.H., F.Z.S.; The
Birds of Prey of the Punjab.
Part V. ay me sce

Part VI aie a aia
Part VII aa ue

The occurrence of the Er-
mine in the Punjab ..

Falconry. The catching of
Hawks and Falcons. (With
2 Plates) ce ow

The Lammergyer (Gypacus
barbatus) and the Golden
Eagle (Aquila chrysaétus)

———; The Enemies
of Butterflies

; A note on the
insect-eating habits of the
Indian Hornet (Vespa cincta)

OVER, CEepRICc ; A note on Car-
penter-Bees in the Society’s
Ccllection

Dover, C. and EpwaRpEs,
Basix; A note on the habits of
Pariah Kite (Milvus govinda)
and the Adjutant Stork
(Leptoptilus dubius) ..

Dunsmurz, A. H,; Trout Fish-
ing in Ceylon

Pace

405

179

128

280

606

624

829

952

642

960

961

498

Plates)

X1x
Paue
Epitors ; On the methods ct
measuring Tivers ,, Peer," |
; “ Hopping” Pupa
of a Curculionid Beetle “ee ke AU
; Some Splendid
Black Buck Heads .. awe 626
= A Whites Piper’: in
Captivity om e- 932
; ‘Sore neck” in
Sambhar ie a 937
; Egret Farming in
Sind .. inf es oe 044
EDITORIAL - 182, 379, 618, 913
EpwarbEs, Bastt, ; See Dover,
C. ae -s 633
Epwarpes, 8. Basit; On the
occurrence of the Large
Brown Thrush (Zoothera
monticola) in Simla .. og AU
—_——_—_———————__ Large
Flock of Comb Duck. (Sarci-
diornis melanonotvs) in the
Allahabad District of the U.
P; ote ‘ 638
Evuison, Brarnarp C.; The
scheme for the arrangement
of the collections of the
Bombay Natural History
Society in the Prince of
Wales Museum of Western
India. ( With 2 Plates) ape EUG,
3; See
PRATER, 8. H. 966
Evans, Lt.-Cou. W. H., F.Z.S.,
F.E.S., R.E.; Notes on In-
dian Butterflies we 86
A note on the species of
the Genus Mycalesis of
Lepidoptera, occurring with-
in Indian Limits. (With 4
354

XX

VANS, Cone .Giu bt. OMe
C.B.E.; An encounter with a
Hamadryad /Naia bungarus).

The food of the Burmese

Roller (C. affinis) and of
the Ashy Drongo (D.
NUGYESCENS) ..« oF

Fenton, Lt.-Con. L. L.; The
Hunting Leopard (Cynelurus
jubatus) in Kathiawar

Fiecp, F.; Breeding of Black-
necked Stork (Xenorhyn-
chus asiaticus) ae

; Some notes on the

Butterflies of the Plains of

the U.P.

Fox, E. Broox, M.1.C.E.;
The mysterious ‘Joor’

Notes on Panthers E

Fraser, Mag. F. C.,
Indian Dragonflies.
VII. (With Text-figures)

I.M.S. ;
Part

°
)

Some new Indian Dragonflies

Indian Dragonflies. Part
VIII. (With 10 Teat-figures)..

et

Indian Dragonflies. Part IX.
(With 4 Teat-figures)

oe

A List of Dragonflies from
Mahableshwar oe

Indian Dragonflies, Part X.
(With 5 Teat-figures). .

PAGE

954

954

398

171

641

175

394

48

147

253

492

540

673

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS,

Fraser, 8. M. ; Tiger and Goat

Git, E. H.; Nidification of
the Himalayan Long-billed
Vulture (Gyps tenwirostris) ..

GuRNEY, Ropert, M. A.; Fresh
Water Crustacea collected by
Dr. P. A. Buxton in Meso-
potamia and Persia (With
2 Plates and 2 Text-figures.)

HaLuBerG, Pror. F.; See
Buatter, Rev. E., S. J.,

Heratu, R. H.; Record fe-
male Indian Gazelle (Gazella
bennetiz)

Hineston, Carr. R. W. G., M.
C., M.B., I.M.S.; A List of
the Birds of Dharmsala.
(With 3 Plates and 1 Teat-
figure) ..

Hinton, A.C.; The synonymies,
characters and distribution of
the Maccaques included un-
der the names rhesus and
assamensis in Blanford’s

Mammals

On the nomencla-
ture of the South Indian
Long-tailed Maccaques

Horwoop, C., M.B.0.U.; The
nidification of the Masked
Finfoot (Heliopais personata).

Hupson, Col; C., ) evess
Some Birds observed in
South Waziristan

HunDLEY, Gorpon ; Twin Calf
Elephants (wit% a photo)

Ineuis, C.M., F.Z.S., M.B.O.U. ;
Reoccurrence of the Indian

Pitta (Pitta brachyura) ia
the Darblianga District,
Beltane.

951

835

625

665

813

634

402

628

402

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS.

Ineuis, C.M., F.Z.8., M.B.0.U ;
Abnormal coloured egg of
the Pheasant-tailed Jacana
(Hydrophasianus chirurgus)

Snaring Quail in North Be-
har ( With a Plate)

ivenis, CHas. M, Ff. Z. S.,
M.B.0O.U., Travers, W. I..,
OWonne, EH. V., M.B.O.U.,
SHEBBEARE, E. O., I.F.S.;
A Tentative list of the
Vertebrates of the Jalpai-
guri District, Bengal. Part
III

fonts A. E., M.B.0.U.;
Bird Notes from the Camp-
belpur—Attock District,
Western Punjab

ee

The breeding of the East-
ern Orphean Warbler, Sylvia
jerdoni, Blyth, in the N.W.
Frontier Provinces

Jourpain. FC.R.; White-
headed Duck shot near
Quetta

Kine, Capt. E. O.; Common
Pochard (N. ferrina) at
Bangalore

Krntocu, A. M., F.Z.8., Leo-
pard Cat (F. bengalensis)
in captivity (with a block) ..

Krytocn, A. P.; Rough Notes
on the Avifauna of the Nel-
liampathy Hills

; Occurrence
of the Pied Ground Thrush
(Geocichla wardi) on the Nel-
liampathy Hills be he

PAGE

Xxi
Pace
Kinnear, N. B., C.M.Z.S. ; The
Past and Present Distribu-
tion of the Lion in South-
403 Eastern Asia .. 33

Lang, Mas. F.B., Large Carp

from Mesopotamia .. oe

947 Law, S.C.; Melanism in the

Red-vented Bulbul (Mol-
pastes sp.) .. at sie. O2e

LINDGREN, Oscar ; Strange
find of the larva of the
Butterfly Teinopalpus im-
perialis ne vo es

151 Liston, Lt.-Col. W. Gen,
M.D: DP. TMS. CLE, 5
A note on a case of a bite
by a Rusell’s Viper treated
with Anti-venine intraven-
794) ously .. oe a .. 643

Livesey, T. R.; Eggs of the
Pheasant-tailed Jacana (Hy-

drophasianus chirurgus) .. 954
630 | ss Nest. of Nukta
‘ or Comb Duck (S. melano-
notus) oe oe eo OSE
Loneriae, J. H., IF.S.,; Pan-
954

ther in a tree with apig .. 935
Luarp, Lt.-Col. C. E.; On the
breeding of the Checkered
172 Water Snake (Tropidonotus
piscator ) se ac serge uh

ae ———; Cobra
623 without the cuneate scale .. 175
Luptow, F., I.E.S.; Notes on

the nidification of certain

Birds in Ladak = re co
939) ¢ :
A good head of the Goa
or Tibetan Gazelle (Gazella
picticaudata). (With a
944 photo). . a ws Ja’: 626

Xx

Manson, C. E. FettoweEs ; The

life history of rare and
little known Sphingide
(Hawk moths) of the Oriental
region .. a6 an a6

New localities for rare and
little known Sphingide
Mawson, Mrs. N.; Breeding

habits of the Green Turtle
(Chelonia mydas) .. bie

McArtuur, A. G.; Notes on
Panthers

Merepira, H. R., I.C.S.; Egret
and Lizard

Mittarp, W. S.; Food of the
Grey Musk Shrew (Croci-
dura cerulea) ..

Expected Plague of Field
Rats in 1920 ..

Mruter, A. C., “‘ Man-eating
‘Monkeys and _ Poisonous
Locusts.”

Molesworth, Col—, C.J. E.,
C.B.E., V.H.S., I.M.S.; Trout
Culture on the Nilgiris (With
a Map and 2 Plates)

Motoney, Capt. J. B., IMS. ;
Note on a case of recovery
after a bite by a Russell’s
Viper ..

Moricr, F.D., M.A., F.Z.S.;
Annotated list. of aculeate
Hymenoptera (except Hetero-
gyna) and Chrysids re-
cently collected in Mesopo-
tamia and North-West Persia
(With Teat-figures)

PAGE

745

964

955

935

172

164

165

629

898

644

816 |

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS.

Newnuam, Lt.-Col. A., I.A.,
(Rtd ) ; Curious case of pro-
tective mimicry in a Cater-
pillar .. a5 fe a

O’DonEL, H. V., M.B.O.U.;
See Inglis, Chas. M., F.Z.S.

Oxsrruary ; F. M. Howlett

OpituARY; Robert Charles
Wroughton .. a, ae

OurenBAcH, O. C.; A list of
Butterflies collected in the
Tavoy District, Burma ( With
a Map and Plate.)

Osmaston, B. B., M.B.0O.U.;
Further notes on Indian
Nightjars a a5

Parker, RR. N., d.F-S.; Ine
sects living in the snow at
14,000 ft. at ave 2:

Prater, S. H.; Occurrence
of Theobald’s Kukri Snake,
Simotes theobaldi, in Assam

The Arabian
Ostrich Ke As

; An cid time
Buffalo Hunt ae a

——; Reccrd Pan-
ther Skull (F. pardus) (With
a Plate) aes ag ore

; On some unusual
contributions to the So-
ciety’s Museum +3 or

Primrose, A. M.; The Spine-
tailed Swift (C. indica) and
the Burmese Swift {C. pa-
cificus)in Assam... ore

Pace

962

151
622

923

883

948

639

627

932

966

63]

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS.

Primrose, A. M.; Notes on
the “ Habits of Anthracoceros
albirostris, the Indo-Burmese
Pied Hornbill, in confine-
ment ”’

; Angling for
Barbus hexagonolepis in As-

sam

PROCEEDINGS

410, 646, 968

Rao, C. R. Narayan., M.A.;
Some South Indian Batra-
chians (With 2 Plates) ..

Report of the Committee of
the Bombay Natural History
Society : -

Review ; “A Naturalist in Him-
alaya”’

; Zoclogy for Secondary
Schools in India

Riserro, JAYME, L.C.E.; The
Geology of Worli Hill. ( With
a Plate and 3 Text-figures)..

A Mango Tree (M. indica)
flowering in August ..

Scort, Mas. F. B., LA.; A
new Hawk Moth

SHespeaRE, E. O., LFS;
See Incuis, CuAs., M.F.Z.S...

SparRKE, W.: The Occurrence
of Teinopalpus imperialis, in
the Toungoo Hills, Burma ..

Srrnce, R. A.; The Great In-
dian Hornbill (Dichoceros
bicornis) ;

Pace

950

957

185,

371

91]

912

582

645

Diy

151

406

174

Supramaniam, P. V.; Life
History of the ‘ Buprestid’
Leaf Miner (Trachys bicolor,
Keremans), a pest on (Butea

frondosa) in Myscre ( With
a Plate) fe Aé
SWITHINBANK, D.; Vegeta-

ble diet of Common House
Lizard

Tate, G.; Abnormal Sambhar
Horn
THomas, OLpFIELD, F.R.S.;

See Bombay Natural History
Society’s Mammal Survey of
India, Burma and Ceylon.

On small Mammals from the
Kachin Province, Northern
Burma

TicEHuRsT, Dr, C. B.;
Appeal

An

Tomuin, J. LEW. B., M.A.;
Description of a new Gale-
omma from Bombay

REA Vv EyRS. Walesa See
Inauts, CuAs. M.. F.Z.S.
Trayten, G. D.; Angling

around Bombay

Uvarov, B. P., F.E.S. ; A con-
tribution to our knowledge
of the Orthoptera Aciridiodea
of Mesopotamia and N. W.
Persia .. : on

Wairr, H. W.; Birds of
different species nesting in
company :

nest-
Indian

—— —,; Curious
ing site of the

Hoopoe ( Upupa indica )

XXili

PAGE

178

409

170

499

931

co
M4
or

803

17%

@
XXIV LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS.
PAGE
Waite H. W.; Note on the ni- Wursrtter. Hucn, F.Z.8.;
dification of Hodgson’s Stri- Eversman’s Red Start (Phe-
ated Swallow (Hirundo ne- nicurus erythronota, Eversm).
palensis) oe oS se. Gal
5 an4 Wrovucuton, R. €., EZS2:
Watt, Lt.-Col. e -MS., See Bombay Natural History
C.M.G.; Suppression of the Settee
ciety s Mammal Survey of
name of the Snake, de- : :
: India, Burma and Ceylon.
scribed by me as Oligodon
evansi .. 56 sO Spas 2 is)

Warp, F. Kinepon; Some
observations on the Birds
and Mammals of Imaw Bum 754

WuHistLER, Hueu. F.ZS.,
M.B.0.U.; Further notes on

Tike abort Sy ae EE

Some notes on the Genus
Caprimulgus in the Punjab 363

The synonymies, characters
and distributicn of the
Maccaques included under
the names rhesus and assa-

PAGE

405

mensis in Blanford’s Mammals 665

On the nomenclature of the
South Indian I.cng-tailed

maccaques

813

Wh

ise OF “Poh Ae Bes.

VOLUME =< WII.

No. 1.
PaGE
The Game Birds of India, Burma and Ceylon. The Ceylon Spur-Fowl
(Galloperdix bicalcarata) .. es 55 oF as af re 1
Some South Indian Batrachians (With two plates)—
1.—An abnormal Rana tigrina .. es of a «+. ee
Plate I. Fig. 1.—The pelvic girdle and the abnormal femur .. me ALG
2.—The abnormal femur showing the tubercle and the
ridge .. os Ne = me a oa.
3.—The third vertebra showing the tubercle on the dia-
pophyses and the arcualium.. ae ae eet 7 |
4.—The abnormal ilium with the forward cartilaginous
extension “S Se Be ae vs car eee
5.—The pectoral girdle showing the forked left coro-
coid and the keeled omosternum .. ae 55, ioe

6 and 7.—Side views of the skull of the normal R. tig-
rina, showing the relation of the spheneth-
moid, the frontoparietal and the paras-
phenoid bones and their degrees of
development... i < ee rea |

8.—Lower view of the skull shown in Fig. 7. The
right vomer is removed to show the bony base
of the nasal capsule .. es -- 7 Je ee
2. Rana leptodactyla.
Plate II. 9, 10 and 11.—Egg more than twice; tadpole twice ;
mouth more than four times magnified, 127
3. Nyctibatrachus.
12.—JN. sancti-palustris, sp. nov. .- = ee
13. and 14.—The under views of sancti-palustris and
modestus var. nov. respectively .. aly, ee
15, 17 and 16, 18.—The hind limb and the meta-tarsal
tubercle of sancti-palustris and

modestus respectively a sie, = hee

XXVi LIST OF PLATES.

4, Bufo.

Figs. 19, 21 and 20, 22.--The throat and profile of B. sto-
maticus, No. 17274 belonging to
the Indian Museum and penin-
sularis, Var. NOV. .. ore A

Life History of the “‘ Buprestid ”’ Leaf- miner (T'rachys bycolor Kerremans)
a pest on Butea frondosa in Mysore .. 36 os Bie =e

Fig. 1.—A.—Eggs of the Beetle,
B.— Pockets in the leaf made by the grubs.
2.—Injury to the leaf by the adult Beetles.
3.—Full grown grubs.
4,— Adult Beetles Sc bo a6 ee +. oe
Abortive inflorescences of Allium cepa, L
Transverse section of normal and abortive scapes of
Allium cepa, L.
No. 2.
The Game Birds of India, Burma and Ceylon. The Assam Black Part-
ridge (Francolinus francolinus melanonotus)
The Common Butterflies of the Plains of India, with Plate ‘‘M’
Figs. 74, 74a—Taractrocera ceramas @, °
75, 75a—Telicota bambusae @, 2
76, 76a—Taractrocera mevius @, 2
77, T7a—Parnara mathias 3, 2
78, 78a—Udaspes folus 3, 2
79, 79a—Suastus grenius &, 2
80, 80a—Hesperia galba @, °
The Flora of the Indian Desert (Jodhpur and Jaisalmer). Part VI.

(With 3 Plates) .. se ats ote at an wi 0

Plate XXXII (A)—At Loharki. To the right. Dune (invading the
plain) with rua sp. To the left Crotalaria
burhia. Along edge of dune and in the centre:
Calotropis procera. In the background Loharki
village with cultivated trees

(B)—TIwo miles west of Jaisalmer town. Crotalaria
burhia, Calotropis procera, Herd of cattle... ae

PaGE

127

178

178
180

181

193
211

211

270

270

270

a

LIST OF PLATES. XXxvii

PaGE
Plate XXXIII (A)—Sandy plain West of Jaisalmer town with scrub
vegetation. To the right: Small pond with
Acacia arabica. On the hill in the background :
Jaisalmer Fort es = as - -. 274
(B)—Low lime-stone hills near Jaisalmer town, rising
abruptly from the above plain. Predominant
plant. Crotalaria burhia .. 5. aa cars!
Plate XXXIV (A)—Heliotropium wundulutum, partly eaten by animals
and surrounded by an ant hill. To the right:
Sericostoma pauciflora. (Gravel plain near
Devikot, in Jaisalmer State) vA ‘is ier |
(B)—On moist ground near Devikot village Andropo-
gan annulatus protected by Zizyphus rotundifolia. 276
A note on the species of the Genus Mycalesis (Lepidoptera) ocewring
within Indian limits “- = ae “ ee .. 354

Plates I, IJ, III and IV.—Wing characters of Indian Mycalesis 354, 356, 360
A Sporting Diary, His Highness the Maharajah of Bikanir’s 9 ft. 7 in.

Tigress ee te aA ea Sc Sele Sent ene oe
Contributions to the Museum as exhibited at a meeting held on the 24th
June 1920 es ate ie 3 =F ss ae Pie rg 4
Painted Plaster Casts of Common Indian Snakes prepared in the Society’s
Museum - aa oe = ss = + SP
No. 3,

The Common Butterflies of the Plains of India Plate “ N ”—
Figs. 81, 8la—Hasora alevis 3, 2
82, 82a—Badamia exclamationis ase
83, 83a—Sarangesa purendra &, 2
84, 84a—Gangara thyrsis 8, 2

85, 85a—Celenorrhinus ambareesa ¢ , 2 431
The Flora of the Indian Desert. (Jodhpur and Jaisalmer). With 3

Plates ae ae se : ote Cons SU
Plate XXXV (A)—Edge of lime-stone plateau 2 miles North-East of
Jaisalmer. Barleria acanthoides, Pappophorem

aucheri, Grevia populifolia .. 506
(B)—On rocky hill side at Barmer (Jodhpur State).
Euphorbia neriifolia associated with Barleria

506

prionitis var. diacantha, surrounded by low grass

xxviii LIST OF PLATES.

Plate XXXVI (A)—A large old dune surrounded by smaller ones of
younger date East of highest hill near Barmer

(B)—Partial view of hill range in the neighbourhood

of Barmer

Plate XX XVII (A)—Euphorbia neriifolia vegetation on the Barmer hills.

(B)—Barleria prionitis var diacantha on rock debris near
Barmer (Jodhpur State)

List of the Birds of Dharmsala. (With 3 plates and one text-figure)—

Plate I.—Nest of the White-cheeked Bulbul, Molpastes leucogenys,
and of the Indian Paradise Flycatcher, Terpsiphone paradisi

Plate. IL —Nest of Tickell’s Ouzel, Merula wnicolor, and of the Brown-
backed Indian Robin, Thamnobia cambayensis

Plate ILI.—Nest of the Grey-headed Ouzel, Merula castanea
The Geology of Worli Hill. (With 1 Plate and three text-figures)—

Plate I.—Golangi Hill, Sewri. Looking West from foot of quarry
and South from top of Lower Trap ..

Nest of the Comb Duck or Nukta (S. melanonotus). .
No, 4.
The Game Birds of India, Burma and Ceylon. The Rufous-necked Hill
Partridge, Arboricola rufigularis rufiguaris .. :
Orthoptera of Mesopotamia and Persia. (With 3 Plates)

Plate I. Fig.—-Ischnoptera evansi, n. sp.—
Internal face of anterior tibia x 6.
2.—Venation of wing x 4.
Supelina buxtoni, n. sp.—
Fig. 3.—Male dorsal view x 4:5.
4,— Apex of abdomen, dorsal view, x 12.
5.—Subgenital plate, x 12.
6.—Styli, dorsal view, x 26.
7.—Genital valves, x 16.
Shelfordella tartara, Saus.—
Fig. 8.—Supraanal and cerci of 3,6
9.— Genital valves, dorsal view, < 10.
10.—apex of left valves, X 12. : 2
Plate IL Fig. 11.—Egg case of Pelyphaga eayptiace, L, < 4.
.2.—Polyphaga subhyalina, n. sp. Genital valves, dorsal
VIC <a ule

13.—Hook of genital valves of Polyphaga africana, x 26.

651
759

760

760

LIST OF PLATES,

XXix
Pace
14.—The same hook of P. persica, sp. n.
15.—P. subhyalina n. sp. Dorsal view of male, x 3
16.—P. persica, n. sp. Dorsal view of male, x 3.
17.—Empusa uvorovi, n. sp. Dorsal view of process of
vertex, X 6.
18.—Conocephalus buatoni, x. sp. Fastigium of vertex
ae We
19.—Id.— Outhiaes of lateril lobe of pronotum, x 6. * 764

Plate III. Fig. 20.—Id—Dorsal and lateral outlines of cercus of Ciesla:

23,-—Pholidoptera persica, -. 5j:—Apex of abdomen of f. x6.

42.—Id—Le:¢ titillator, « 16

25.—Subgenita! plate of ¢, x 6.

24.--Metrioptera persica, Uvarov. Apex of abdomen
ot &, Corsal view, x6.

25.—Id—Right cercus, dorsal vier, x 12.

26.—Id—Right titillator, x 16.

27.— Paradrymadusa qgazvinensis, n. sp. Apex of abdomen
of ¢, dorsal view, x 6.

23.— Id—Right cercus, dorsai view, x 12.

29.—Id—Left titillator, x 16.

30.—Subgenital plate of ©, * 7.

31.—External of posterier tarsi of (a), Acheta morio, F.
(b) A. amarensis, %. sp.

The Birds of the Prey of the Punjab. Illustrating impressions of over-
head flight in the various species ae ee er we 834,
Fresh Water Crustacea of Mesopotamia and Persia—
Plate I.—Cyclops buxtoni, n. sp. 2
II.— Diaptomus cheveruxi, 2 .. oe a
Trout culture on the Nilgiris—
Plate I.—View of Pykara, Nilgiri District, with Wilson monument
in the back-ground ane oe we alee UU
The Prince of Wales Museum of Western India ;
Interior view of the galleries allotted to the Bombay Natural History
Society in the Prince of Wales Museum of Western India..
A White Tiger in Captivity
Comparison of record Panther skuil with Lion, Tiger and Panther skulls
in the Society’s Collection
Snaring Quail in North Behar oh ~
. Some unusual contributions to the Society’s Museum—

The “,Crescent and the Cross”’ in Nature,

Index to illustrations.
wWOLUME Sx Vit.

Abaraiha, showing fore wing
upper side and shape
of hind wing, Fig.

Acacia arabica, Pl.

Aerna, sp. Pl. ..

Aithriamantha brevipennis, wings

showing neur-

PAGE

ation, Fig... 260
Air or swimming bladder, Fig. 966
Allium cepa, L. Abortive inflo-
rescence of, Pl. 180
Transverse sec-
tion of normal
and abortive
scapes of, Pl. 180
Ampulix assimilis, Fig. 821, 825
Andropogon annulatus, Pl. 276
Antelope cervicapra, Females,
Fig. 169
—_ Tibetan, Fig... 626
Anthracoceros albirostris, Fig... 950
Apus asiaticus, last abdominal

segment of, Fig. 837
Arboricola rufigularis rufigularis,

PE 651
Assam Black Patridge, Pl... 193
Badamia exclamahionis, 82, 82a,

Fig 430
Baoris, Antenna of, Fig 437
fore wing showing type
of markings, 2. e., the
small discal diaphanous

white spots, Fig. 44]
Barbus hexagonolepis, angling

for, Fig. - 958, 959

Barleria acanthoides, P’. 506

PaGE

Barleria prionitis var, discan-

tha, Pl. se

Birds of Prey of the Punjab.
Part VII.

Illustrating §impres-
sions of overhead
flight in the various
species, Pl I& IT ..

Brac a a gestroi, wings of,
Fig. > a6
Buffalo, Fig. ae Bn 5
Buprestid Leaf Miner (os
chys bicolor), Pi.

Buzzards, Fig.
The Crested honey,
Calotropis procera, Pl. .. Ae

Camacinia gigantea, wings of
male showing
Fiz.

Carp, from Mesopotamia, Fig.

neuration,

Celenorrhinus ambareesa, 85,
85a, Fig. - on
Ceylon Spur Fowl, Pl. oe
Coladenia, wings shove:
large, diaphanous, white
discal spots, Fig. ete
Comb Duck, nest of, Pl.
Common Butterflies of the
Plains of India, Pl. ““M” (Part
XXVI) ae ae 5

Pl BE os “5
Contributions to the Museum,
PE es ts 35
Crab, cross on the carapace
OfSElas. ae Be co
Crotalaria burhia, Pl. ..

270,

506, 514

178

. 609, 610, 612

611
270

966
274

_-

Curculionid Beetle, ‘“‘ Hopping ”

INDEX TO ILLUSTRATIONS.

Pace |

pupa of, Fig. .. ar oa 407
Cyclops buxtoni, n. sp. Pl. -- 840
Dragenflies, Indian, Part VII.

(With Text-figures) .. 48
——____——- » Part VIII

(With 10 Text-figures) 253

ibartilxe.

(With four Teat-figures) 492

Part X

(With 5 Text-figures) 673
Diaptomus cheveruxi, Pl. 842
Dune, a large old, near Barmer,

12 ae ec} a voce DIO
Eagle, Black, Fig. . 608

Bonelli’s, Fig. .. 610, 612
- Booted, Fig. .. 609, 610
— Crested Serpent, Fig. .. 609
———Golden, Fig. .. 608
Hodgson’s Fishing, Fig 611
———Imperial, Fig. 608, 611
Large Grey-headed
Fishing, Fig. 611
Pallas’s Fishing, Fig. 612
Short-toed, Fig. 611
Steppe, Fig. 609, 611
Tawney, Fig. . .609, 610
— Tawny, Fig. Sperm ct |
White-eyed Buzzard,
Fig. a 612
White-tailed, Fig. 612
Elephants, Twin Calf, Fig. 628
Epophthalmia vittata, Wings of, _

Wigs. . ar : 677
Euphorbia neriifolia, PI. 506, 514
Falcon, Laggar, Fig. 609, 610
—_§ Peregrine, Fig. 611
— Saker, Fig. .. Se OUe
——Shaheen, Fig... 612
Falcons, Fig. .. 612

XXxi

_ PAGE

Felis bengalensis Fig. .. oe

Fish, note the “ Arabic Script ”
on the tail of, Pl. ae

Flora of Indian Desert, Part
VI. (With 3 Plates)

Flora of Indian Desert (Jodh-
pur and Jaisalmer) Part VII.
(With 3 Plates)

623

966

. 270, 274, 276

. 506, 510, 514

Fossilized Frogs from the
sedimentary deposits, Fig. .. 586
Francolinus francolinus mela-
nonotus, Pl. 193
Galloperdix bicalcarata, Pl. 1
Game Birds of India, Burma
and Ceylon, Part XXX, Pl. 651
Gangara thirsis, 84, 84a Fig. .. 430
Gazella bennetti, Fig. .. 625
-preticaudata, Fig. 626
Gegenes, antenna of, Fig. 437
Genitalia of Indian Mycalesis,
Pl. sr i 358, 360
Geology of Worli Hill (With
1 Plate and three Text-figures) 582
Golangi Hill, Sewri, Pl. 582
Grewia populifolia, Pl... 506
Harrier, Hen, Fig. 611
, Marsh, Fig. 609, 612
, Pale, Fig. 610, 611
Hasora alexis, 81, 81a, Fig. 430
Hawks, Fig. 612
, all, Fig. 611
Heliolropium undulatum, Pl... 276
Hemicordulia asiatica, wings of,
Fig. ie wa aaa. OD
Hesperia galba, Figs. 80, 80a,
Pl. aie 211
Hill range in the neighbour-
hood of Barmer, Pl. .. 510
Hobby, Fig. 611
Hornbill, Indo-Burmese Pied,
Fig. .. ae we ae, > OD

XXX
PAGE
Hornet, Indian, Fig. 960
Hyavrotis adrastus, hind wing,
underside of, Fig. 439
Hudrobasileus croceus, wings
showing neur-
ation, Fig. .. 55
Halictus chaldoerum, Hind calcar
of, Fig. 826
seks Genital
Armature
of, Fig. 827
Idionyx optata, wings of; Fig. 688
Ischnoptera evansi, n. sp., PI.,

Fig. 1. 760

Ismeneinae, showing palpus

with naked porrect-

ed third joint, Fig. 436
Interior view of the galleries,

Prince of Wales Museum, PI. 918
Kestrel, Fig. ae ca G2,
Kite, Black-winged, Fig. -. 610
Brahminy, Fig. 610, 612 .
Kites, Fig. .. 609
Lammergeyer, Fig. 609, 610
Leopard Cat, Fig. 623
Lyriothemis mortoni, wings of,

i ele te ae 493

——tricolor, Ris. wings

of, Fig. 492

Macrodiplax cora, male genital
organs of, Fig. 263
Wings of, Fig. 265

Macromia moorei, wings of,

LNs a4 oe on so.) etl!

Map, illustrating Mr. P. A.
Buxton’s Paper on Birds
of Northern and West-
ern Persia 844
—., Tavoy Dist., Tenasserim 883
, of Nilgiri District 898
——, of Mesopotamia . 323 |

INDEX TO ILLUSTRATIONS.

PAGE

Map showing the places worked
out by the Mammal Sur-
vey. ad

Memorial, Mr. H. C.

Merlin, Fig.

Merula castanea, Pl.

Wilson. .

, unicolor, Pl.
Mesopotamian Crustacea, Pls.
I& il ue
Molpastes leucogenys, Pl.
Mortonagrion varralli, fore and
hind wing
of Higne
Museum, Prince of Wales, the
existing building, Pl.
iMycalesis, wing characters of

Indian, PI. . 004,
—genetalia of Indian,
Py. 358, :
Nannophia pygmaea, Ramb.,

wings of, Fig.
Neophrons, Fig. bs or
Nest of the Brown-backed
Indian Robin, Pl.
, Comb Duck, Pl.
, Grey-headed Ouzel, PI.
Fly-

, Indian Paradise
catcher, Pl. i
» Tickell’s Ouzel, PI.
——, White-cheeked Bulbul,
Be ae fe a6
Notocrypta, fore wing showing
markings of, Fig. ..

Notodromas persica, n. sp., Fig.

Nukta, Nest of, Pl. 4

Odontoptilum undulatum, hind

wing, upper-

side of, Fig.

Orthoptera of Mesopotamia and

Persia, Pl.

Osprey, Fig.
Pantala flavescens, wings

showing neuration, Fig.

840,

372
904
611
564
562

842

555

148

438

.. 760, 764, 770

610

49

INDEX TO ILLUSTRATIONS.

PAGE

Pappophorum aucheri, Pl.

Parnara’ mathias, Figs. 77,
77a, Pl. aie

Partridge, ce cccapolond Hill,
PL an ae

Phyilomacromia aNcicne
wings of, Fig. t.

Plaster Casts of Common _ In-
dian Snakes, PI.

Polyphaga persica, n sp., Pl.,

Fig. 16

subhyalina, n., sp.
PL, Fig. 15

Prince of Wales Museum of
Western India, Pl. ..

Pykara, Nilgiri District, with
Wilson’s Monument in the
back ground ..

Quail Snaring in North Behar,
Pi + er ae are
Quarry Face, Worli Hill, Fig.
Record Female Indian Gazelle,
——Panther skull, a com-
parison with Lion, Tiger

and Panther’s, Pl.

Sambhar, abnormal horn, Fig.

Horns, a_ double
growth of, Fig.
Sarangesa purendra, 83, 83a

506

211

65]

686

414

948
585

625

934
170

938

430

Sarsidiornis melanonotus, Pl. 637, 638

Sedimentary beds, Worli, Fig.
Selysiothemis nigra, wings of,
Fig. oe

male sexual
organs of,
Fig. Te
Sericostoma pauciflora, Pl...
Snaring Quail in North Behar,
PE oe ee ee ee

5

583

267

268
276

XX xiii
PAGE
Snow cock, Himalayan, Fig. .. 571
South Indian Batrachians, Pl, 122, 126
Spizaeti, Fig. ee eenl
Suastus gremius, Figs. 79, 79a,
Pisce : cave
ae ee hind wing,
underside of, Fig. 440
Supellina buxtoni, n. sp., Pl. 760
Tagiades litigiosa, hind wing,
underside of, Fig. .. 439
———obscurus, hind wing,
underside of, Fig. .. 439
Tapena thwaitesi, showing
upperside of the fore
wing and shape of hind
wing, Fig. 437
Taractrocera ceramas, Figs. 74,
74a,Pl... 2i1l
mevius, Figs, 76,
164, Pl pa (208
Telicota bambuse, Figs. 75,
75a, Pl... All
Teractrocera, terminal portion
of Antenna of, Fig. 437
Tersiphone paradisi, Pl. 555
Tetraogallus himalayensis, Fig. 571
Thamnobia cambaiensis, Pl. 562
Tholymis tillarga, wings of
male, Fig. .. es 253
Tiger, white, in captivity, PL. 932
Tigress, Pl. a ° 388
Trachys bicolor, Bee Leaf
Miner, Pl... Pers Wj
Tramea basilaris, wings show-
ing neuration,
Fig. .. nae 51
—_—_——. burmeisteri, Sexual
organs of Fig.
(a) Female
organs, Fig.
(b) Male or-
gaus, Fig. .. D2
Turumti, Fig. .. ve 1 Gt

XXXIV

Udaspes folus, Figs. 78, 78a
12 eran A a6 We ae
Urothemis signata signata, wings

of, Fig.
—Male
genital
organs
of, Fig.

—_—_————Female
genital
organs
of, Fig.

Vespa cincta, Fig.
Vulture, Black, Fig.
Cineraceus, Fig.

PAGE

INDEX TO ILLUSTRATIONS.

PAGE
Vulture, Griffon, Fig. 609
211 | ————-White-backed, Fig. 609
—Scavenger ci PGEO
262 White Tiger in captivity, Pl... 932
Wilson Memorial, Nilgiri Dis-
trict sc ve egoe
Wing characters of Indian
a8 Mycalesis, Pl. 354, 356
Wings, Birds of Prey, Fig. 607
Zizyphus rotundifolia, Pl. 276
Zyxomma petiolatum, male sex-
1 organs
263 mata
of, Fig. 256
960 |; — wings of
608 male, show-
ing neura-
609 tion, Fig. 525

XXXV

ERRATA.
No. 1, Votume XXVII.

Page 18, Sub-heading, for « Ceylon Jungle Fowl” read
‘Ceylon Spur Fowl.”

» 118, line 13 from the bottom of page, for “ more” read
** move.”

» 114, line 15 from the bottom of page, for “outer ”’ read

} ‘“cuter,”’

» 182, line 20 from the bottom of page, for ‘ existenca ”’
read ‘‘ existence.”

», 133, line 1 from the top of page, for “Jenus” read
“ Genus.”’

+ 134, line 13 from the top of page, for “ nest’ read
““ nets.”

142, line 19 from bottom of page, for “The Large
Crowned Willow Warbler, Acanthcpneuste
occipitalis”” read “The Dull-Green Willow
Warbler Acanthopneuste lugubris.”’

», 172, Miscellaneous, Note No. XII, line 9 for “its” read
Sis

No. 2, VoLuME XXVII.

Page 24, Part XXXI read XXVII.

»» 004, Key to Punjab Nightjars. Section 3 should read
as follows :—

Large White Spots on lst 3 primaries. 4.
Large White Spots on Ist 4 primaries
macrurus . oe fd

No. 3, VOLUME XXVII.

Page 431 for (Common Butterflies) Part XXVIII should read
XXVITI.

626, Miscellaneous, Note No. V. Title jor Antelope
read Gazelle for “ Panthalops hodgsoni”’ read
* Gazella picticaudata.”’

629, line 5 from tke bottom of page, for ‘‘ Agricultural ”
read ** Avicultural.”
No. 4 VotumE XXVII.

ic oi beta anel er
age 651 (Game Birds) for Part XXX should read XXXII.
778 for (Common Butterflies) Part XXIX should read
BOX LT.
» 695, The serial number printed against Pericrocotus p.
vividus should have been No. 665. To
obviate the necessity of a change in the
subsequent numbers this sub-species may be
numbered 664-A.

29

>»?

9

ge 697, For serial No. “66” read ‘* 666.”

706, For serial. number “477” read “774.”

724, Number 960 (726) for ‘“ Chestnut-headed ” read
‘¢ Chestnut-bellied ’. The same applies to
No. 961 (726).

948, line 8 from the top of page, for “ fillets ” read
‘Pellets: 7

961, line 10 from the bottom of page, for ‘‘ attenuata-
pictifrons Sm” read * attenuata-pictifrons
Bing. nee Smith.”

PHombay Hatural

History Society.

OFFICE-BEARERS, LIFE MEMBERS, AND MEMBERS
on 1st DECEMBER 1921.

LIST OF OFFICE-BEARERS.

jPresident,
H. E. The Right Honourable Sir George Lloyd, g.c.L.8., D.8.0.
VW ice-JPresidents,
Mr. J. D. Inverarity, B.a., LL.B. |The Hon’ble Sir Norman
Macleod.

H. H., Sir Shri Kengurji Sawai Bahadur, ¢.c.s.1., 6.0.1.8,
The Maharao of Cutch.

Don, Secretary.
Mr, R. A. Spence, M.L.A., F.Z.8,
on. Creasurer.
Mr. H. F. Lodge, m.c.
on. Editors.

Mr. R. A. Spence, F.2.s,, M.L.A.

Mr. B.C. Ellison, c.m.z.s.

| Mr. S. H.. Praterja.w.a8:

Managing Committee.

Mr, T. Bainbrigge Fletcher, F.x.s.
Mr. T. R. Bell, 0.1.5., 1.F.8. (Retd.)
Rev. E. Blatter, s.s.

Mr. B. C. Ellison, o.m.z.s.

Col. G.H. Evans, C.1.8.,C.B.E.,F.L.S.
Lt.-Col. W. H. Evans, 8.£., F.E.S.

Major F.C. Fraser, 1.M.S., M.D.
F.L.E.S.

Prof. V. N. Hate, B.Sc.

Mr. A. E. Hefford.

Mr, J. E, B. Hetson, 1.cs.

Mr. C. M. Inglis, F.z.s., M.B.0.U.
Lt.-Col. W. Glen Liston, 0.1.£.,

I.M.S.

Mr. F. Ludlow, M.s.0.0U., 1.8.8.
Mr. F. M. Mackwood.

Mr. H. P. W. Macnaghten,
LAs, M.L.C;

Mr Pood: Mend: scm, onO.e.:
M.L.C.

Mr. P. M. D. Sanderson.

Gols oa. Wall, “Cai.G,” -Iaer
C.M.Z.8.

Dr. D. A. Turkhud,

and the President, Vice-

Presidents, Hon. Secretary and
Hon. Treasurer ev-offcio.

Hombay Hatural History Society.

LIST OF MEMBERS.
LIFE MEMBERS.

Aga Khan, H. H. Aga Sultan Mahomed Shah,

G.C.S.1.
Aitken, c.E.

.. Bombay
-. Bombay.

Alaa He et.
Bahadur (K.C.8.1., .- Alwar.
Armstrong, Dr. J. 8 a ». Apia,

Bahawalpur,

Mohammad :
Baker, E. ©. Stuart (wz. S MB. io U.)
Balkrishna Vinayek Wassoodew
Baroda, H. H. the Mah: ee Sir
G.C.8.1., Gaekwar of ae

Barton, E. L.

.. Bahawalpur.
.. London.

.. Bombay

.. Baroda.
.. England.

Barwani, Capt. H. H. Rana Ranjit Singh, K.C.8.1. Barwani, C.J.

Beale, H. F. Europe.
Bikanir, H. H. The Maharaja! Sir Chimes Singh

(G.C.8.1., G.C.1.B.), Maharaja of . Bikaner.
Bikanir, Capt. Maharaj Kumar “Sti Sadul

Singhji, Bahadur of 36 ae ... Dikaner.
Bomanji, Sir Dhunjibhoy, Kt. pe .. Bombay.
Bradshaw, J.P... . Bombay.
Bridgeman, The Hon2ble TSO es. G; 0.

(R.F.A.) ue ties .. England,
Brook, C. P. Be es ae .. Singapore.
Bemlen He: dee nae ... Hurope.
Burton, Lt.-Col., R. Ww. ee .«, barerllive
Bate, The Most Hon’ble The Marquis ot .. Hurope.
Caccia, Major A. M. .. Hurope.
Carter, Major H. St.-M., D. 'S. 0. (Baan ). .. Simla.
Cassamalli J: airajbhoy Peerbhoy .. Bombay.
Christopher, 8. A. ( Bar.-at- oe oe .. Rangoon.
Clarke, L. O. (1.0.8.) oe, ft Imphal.
Clutterbuck, Jes JEL (Oplbsl te, C.B.B. WGEC ost .. simla.
Coltart, Dr. H. N. . Lurope.
Cooch Behar , Maharaj Kumar Victor N. Narayan, Cooch Behar,
Coode, J. M. us .. Europe.
Cowie, Rev. A. G. G. .. Rawal Pindi.
Cox, ‘Lt.-General Sir Perey (Gor. K.C.8.1.,

Ke Coenen) ... Baghdad,
Craw, H. H. (1.0.8.) ip as ... Rangoon.
Crawford, Wey Me Guiers ayia x . Belfast.
Culbertson, J. M.S. cL ME Sys Tea OE ye .-. Karachi.
Currimbhoy Ebrahim, Sir, Bart. sks ... Bombay.

Cursetji, Khan Buhadoor, °C. M. 6 ces Bombay.

LIST OF LIFE MEMBERS, XXXix

Cutch, H. H. Sir Shri Kengurji Sawai Bahadoor

(G.C.8.1., G.C.LE.,) Maharao Saheb of... -. Cutch,
Cutch, Kumar Shri Godji_ ... At .-- Cutch,
D’Almeida, J. F. R. (3.4., B. 80.) 12 ..- Bandra,
Davidson, Lt.-Col. J. (I.o.8., D.S0.) ... ... Lurope.
Dawson, W. H. (10. S.) “6 ase ... Europe.
Dhar, H. H. Mahar: aja of (K.C. ‘8 iieee . Dhar.
Dhrangadhra, H, H. Ghanshyam al Rajeh

Saheb of , .. Kathiawar.
Drake-Brockman, Lt.-Col. H. E. (1.M.S. vr. ZS.) ... Hurope.
Duxbury, Major C. v. sii “he .. Ambala.
English, E. E. nt oe - ... Europe,
Fairbank, Rev. H.. Be: ... Ahmednager.
Foulkes, Lt.-Col. T. ne a M. 8. ae ... Aden.
Frere, Major ASG. CLA, i. a Gees ... Belgaum.
Gammie, Professor G. A... sea a.. Kirkee.
Gharpurey, Major K. G. igo M.S.) nn «» Dhulia,
Gonsalves, A. F. .... he ... Bandra,
Gwyer, Col. V. E. we 8: ... Hurope.
Hide, P. :.. Su2 be .e» Lndore.
Hill, Major R. D. 0. wo. Hurope.
Holkar, HM. H. the Maharaja Takuji Rao ... Indore.
Hotson, J. KH. B. ‘1.c.s.) de .. Sukkur-Sind.
Husbands, Lt. H. W. S. (M.c., A.M.I.C. B. ) ... Hurope.
Hyam, Judah (G.B.V.C., F.ZS.) ee ... Darbhanga,Bengal.

{chalkaranji, The Hon’bie Meherban Narayenrao
Govind, alias Babasaheb Ghorpade, Chief of ..- Kolbapur.
Idar, Maharaj Kumar Major Dowlatsingh, A.D.C.... Idar.

Inglis, C. M. (F.2.8., M.B.0.U.) ae -- Laheria-Sarai, P.O.
Darbhanga.

Ingoldby, Capt C. M. (R.A.M.C.) oe ..- Simla Hills.

Inverarity, J. D. (B.A., LL.B.) «.. ee .«« Bombay.

Ivens, J. H. oe _ — ... Europe.

Jamkhandi, Shrimant Parashram Ramchandra
Patwardhan, The Chief of -- Kolhapur.
Janjira, H. H. ‘Sir Sidi Ahmed Khan, Nawab of . -- Janjira.
Jind, H. H. The Sieg Sir Ranbir Singh (K.c.s.1.,
G.C.LE.) me .. Jind, Punjab.

'Kagal, Meherban Piraji Rao Bapoo Saheb Ghote,

Chief of . Kagal, 8. M. C.
Kaiser Shumsher “Jung Balattor Rana, S. M.

Lt.-General ve ... Kattmandu.

xl LIST OF LIFE MENBERS.

Kolhapur, H. H. Sir Shahu Chhatrapati, The

Maharaja of (G.¢.8.1., G.C.v.0., @-C.1-E.) ». Kolhapur
Kotah, H. H. Sir Umed Sing Bahadoor (G.C.8. a

G.C.1.E., 0.B.E.), the Maharaja of oe .. Kotah.
Lamb, Sir Richard ce C.8.15 0.1.E-) ba ... Lurope.
Lee, D. H. ase ... Hurope
Long, G, R. (L.F.s. ‘i ... Hurope
Lorimer, Major D. L. R. a I. R., pA Naas wo. Grileit,
Lowndes, Capt. D. Be _. Ladha.
Ludlow, F. (18.8. M. B.0.U. eee aes boone:
Mackenzie, J. M. D. (1.F.8.) ... .. an goon,
iipmeaase ra Khan Shree Fatehdin ter. (Ghie? otk . Manavadar,
Mandlik, Narayan V. ... Bomhay.
Marshall, Arch. MeL. ase He ... fluro pe.
Marshall, J. MeL. aah nes ... urope.
Martin, Col. Gerald.. ie ye ... Hurope.
Maxwell, M. bas we. Navan,
McConaghy, Lt.-Col. ©. B. (11 M, 8) oe ... Sehore.
Millard, W.S. (F.z.8.) 2 es ... Hurope.
Mills, Major Jes .. Lurope.
Miraj, Shrimant Gungadhar | Ro Geaedh. bes

Babasaheb Patwardhan, Whietiot 0. a ... Mira}.
Mitchell, H. H. G. ee ... Madras. .
Monteath, G. (1.0.8.) see ssa ... Hurope.
Morris, Lt.-Col. D. 0. oes ise ... Hurope.
Mosse, Major A. H. H, (1.4.) ... wee ... Bombay.
Moulton, Major J. C, So oe .>. Singapore.
Mur land, Major Teta Jit . Bangalore.
Mysore, El H Krishna Raj. Woodayar Bahadoor

(G.C.s.1.), the Maharaja cf - ... Mysore,
Namyoshu Vink) 1.0 ee nib -». Cambay.
Naraenji Dwarkadas tee sis .. Bombay.
Narotum Morarji Goculdas ... ... Bombay.
Nepal, General Mohan Shumsher Jung Bahadur

(GIC.B.. CCS WG CRV.05))) oe .. Nepal.
Nawanagar, Jel: H, The Jam Saheb of | be _._ Jamnagar.
Noyce, EF. (1. CS) ies aN ... Hurope.
Nurse, Lieut.-Col. C. G. (pr. E.S. 's.) ie ... Lurope.
Oberholser, Harry GC. one ... America.
Ogilvie, G. H. (1.F8.) Hil ... Burma.
Olivier, Col. H. D. (n.., F.z.s.) BB ... Hurope.
Page, A.J. (1.08.) ... uw a ... Nyaunglebin.
Parlett, te ME Geersy) “ae .». Europe.

Patiala, H. H. the Maharaja ae AM .»» Patiala.

LIST OF LIFE MEMBERS.

Pestonji Jivanji (N.c.s.)
Petit, Dhunjibhoy Bomanji ...
Petit, ener Bomanji

P hipson, H

. M. (¥.z.8.)

f
eee

Poncins, Maou Edmond ee

Pratap Singh Lal Ram (B.A., LL.B.)
Rae, Major M. E. ...

Ravenshaw, Col. C. W.

Reid, Mrs. D. W.
Ribeiro, J. (L.C.E .,

eve

Roberts, Lieut.-Col. M. B. (0. B, B.)

Ross, Major Tyrell ..

Roumania, H, R. H. ‘Cavol Grok Pane of

Sanders, Capt. C. W.
Sangli, ‘Shrimant Chintamanrao Appasaheb Pat-

wardhan, Chief of Sangli

Schmid, W.

Been Karr, as H.. W.

Smith, H. C.
Spence, Dr. A. D.

ear

Spence, R. A. (mM. ae alae

Spooner, T. J. (c. BE.)

Standen, B. (C.1.E., I.¢.8.)

Stanton, W. C.

Syiiunbank, Mrs. B. W.

Tata, Sir Dorabji J.

Sahib Bahadur of Tehri
Tejpal, Goverdhundas Goculdas
Thomson-Glover, Capt. J. W.

milly, Vs.

Raja Bahadoor (G.C.8.1., G.C.1.E.)
Vaughan, Wm. (F.£.S.)

Venning, Lt.-Col. F. E. W. (D.s.0.)
Venour, ‘Lt.-Col. W. E. Gee

Vesugar, Jamshed .

Waite, H. W.
Walker, Roland

Wauchope, Brig.- Genl. R. 8.
Whistler, Hugh (M.B.0.U., F.Z.S8., O.F. b., 0.U.)

Williamson, W.J

Wyndham, P. (1.0.8.,
Yerbury, Col. J. W.

6

ay hy (o.at.c.,

P28.

CBE.) .«.

, M.B.O.U.)

xli

-. Hyderabad,Deccan.

... Bombay,
.-. Bombay.
oe Europe.
... France.

-- Dehra Dun.

.- Bushire.
wf Iiurope.

--- Dharwar.

-- Bombay.

.- Garhwal, U. P.
... Hurope.

-- Europe.

.. Pachmarhi.

i. Sangli, 8. MOG.
.. Bombay.
aaah. fH, The Maharaja, Sir Mt dhow ran

(G.C.S.1., G.C.V.0.)... .. Gwalior,
... Hurope.

... Rangoon.

.. Rangoon.

... Bombay.
... Gadag.

Pachmarhi, C. P.

.-. Hurope.

... Prome, Burma.

.. Bombay,
Tehri, Garhwal State, H. H. ee Narendra Shah

. Tehri.
ae . Andheri,

.. Kashmir.

... British Columbia.
Travancore, H. H. ‘the Maharaja Sir Sultan Ram

.. Trivandrum.

... Hurope.

.. Europe.

. Kohat.

.. Lahore.

°
. « .

. Jhelum.
. Bombay.
. Europe.

.. Dharmasala.

.. Bangkok.
.. Naini Tal.
.. Europe.

xhii
MEMBERS.

Abbott, Major 8. H. Lee (1.m. i. =
Abraham, Tele Cea ere a
Acott, A. 8. V. (1.¢.8.)

Acworth, HK. C. B.

Adam, J. B. Mercer (LE) .

Adam, C. G. (1.¢.8.) 535
Adams, Lt. G. Garnet (ane: te
Addyman, J. (M.L.C.) : :
Aga Shah Rook Shah :

Agricultural Library, Librarian

Ahlquist, Dr. Jonas, M.D., D.T.M. :
Almednagar Club, Ha, Pent
MSTOL, dhs ced 2

Aitchison, D. ADS

Aitken, Lt.-Col. A. B. (at.c.}

Aiyar, T. V. Ramkrishna

Ajrekar, 8. L., B.a.

Akalkot, Raja Fatesingrao

Aldous, A. J.

Alipur, Agri-Horticultural Society of India
Ali Rajpur, O.I., Raja Pratap Singh (c.1.5.)
Ali, Salim A.

Allahabad Public Library, The e Secretary
Allen, B. C. A.

Allen, CET MES

Allen, G. O. (1.6.8.)

Amar Singh, Vapt. Kumar...
American Museum of Natural
Librarian : fe

Amman, A. C. ec

Anderson, Major F.
Anderson-Morshead, Capt. RY.
Andrew, G. P. (108,

Andrews, DANG ON

Angelo, Capt. N. it

Annandale, Dries 23

Annesley, PCM ss

Anstead, R. D. (B.a.)

Antram, Chas. B, (F.£.8.) ee
Arbuthnot, Major P. B. a)
Archbald, W. 5
Arthur, Major Ei. Je ihe
Arthar. Library, The Howry 5 Secretary
Ashton, A. (B.a.) ... es
Ash, H. D.

Aspinal, Iie aN

History,

=2e

LIST OF MEMBERS.

woo Lurope.

.«s Kuala Lumpar.

soins
.. Bombay.

.-. Bassein, Burma.

..- Bombay.

... Europe.

.. Dadar, Bombay.
.-. Poona.
... Cawnpore, U. P
... tura, Assam.
... Ahmednagar.

.. Nilgiris.
... Madras.

.. Baghdad.

.. Coimbatore.

. Poona.
. Akalkot.

..- Bombay,

. Alipur.

... Ali Rajpur.

A olewiowe

... Allahabad.

... Ualcutta.

.. Gangapur City

(onda.

: Jaipur.

The

.. New York.

.. Champaran.

... Niam.

.. England,

.. Meiktila.

.. Jorhat, Assam.
.. Rangoon.

.. Calcutta,

.. Bombay.

.. Coimbatore.

.. Lakhipur, Assam.
wee Deolali.

... Rangoon,

... Bombay.
... Oastle Rock.
.. Canada.

.. Bombay.

.. Rangoon,

LIST OF MEMBERS. xiii

Atkinson, G. R. a... Bae a ... Lurope.

Atlay, F. “a on ave .«. Mogok, Burma,
Austin, W. Y. ant ah .-. Poona,
Australian Museum, The Secretary aa ... Sydney.
Backhouse, Rev. B. H. a se . England.
Bacon, A. L. os .«. Mogok, Burma.
Bailey, Lt.-Col, F. M. (C.1. B) ee ... Gangtok.
Baker, P, M. (B.Sc. A.M.LM.E., A.MLLE.E.) ... Europe.
Bakewell, a .«» Colombo,

Bale, Sons & Danielsson, Td, Messrs, John ... Lurope.

Dall, G. F. (1.F.s.) > see ... Rangoon.
Ball, H. P. abe es ... Ajmere, OU. J.
Ballantine, W. J. Hi. “ as .. Shillong.
Balston, Lt.-Col. G. R., RHA, ‘.» Busrope.
Baluchistan, Hon’ble the Agent to the Governor-

General sts .. Quetta.
Banatvala, Co]. Sir Hu. EK. (1. MLS. BPO e) ... Bandra.
Bandanwara, Thakur Rameshwar Singh ... Ajmer.
Banfield, Sub-Lt H. 0. ... ... Bombay.

Bannerji, Rai Bahadur Girindra Ch. (B.A, i. ... Simultaia, Bihar.
- Bannerman, Major-General W. B. (c.s.1., K.H.P.,

Mie. D-H. 1.M.S., Retd.) ... ae we. Europe.
Bare, Dr. int 5)D.0:8. as ... Calcutta.
Baria, Maharaja ’ Ranjitsinghjee, of co .«, Daria.
Barker, Lt.-Col. M. G. - an ... Belgaum,
Barlee, io. Ws (1.0.8.) ee ae ... Bombay.
Barnes, B. D eee ak ... Bombay,
Barnes, H. C. (1.6. s.) tee aay ... England,
Barnett, W. G. te ... Bombay.
Baroda ‘Museum, The Garcon ve ... Baroda,
bats, ALD... ee ... Europe.
Barrington, A. H. M. (a. 0.) sts ... Rangoon.
Barron, Es.A. HR. ... Lae ,.. Lakon Lampang,

Siam.

Barrow, Col. H. J. Waller ai MMOs) a5 a» Lurope.
Barter, B. G. (1.C.8.) — ... Salem.
Baitan: C.S. bis i: aie .-. Rangoon,
Pale Wdwardes, S. ae - we. Delhi.
Bates, Capt. R. 8. P. = oo wee Bellary.
Battiscombe, E. oF ... Nairobi. Ry
Baxter, N. B. ats an ee hats Sind.
Beadnell, ial 3 PLE abe iy ris
Beadon W. RC. (F.¢.8. sas ae angoon.
Beagle ENG Mitis, | G. ze3 Sa st. Sadiy: aP.O., Assam.
Beatty, Lt. A. P. ... oF ish .. Jullundur.
Beckett, James... ete ies .. Anantpur.

Beebe, C. William oe mat ... America.

xliv LIST OF MEMBERS,

Beeson, OU. F. C. (a.a.) x: .. Dehra Dun.
Beg, Nawab Nazir Jung Bahadur Mirza Nazir ... mee
Beahie, Lt.-Col. A. S. eee ae .. Hurope.
Bell, R. D. (CARES 1.635) ees sine ... Bombay,
Bell, T. R. (0.1.8., L.s., Retd.) os .. Karwar.
Benson, Ord at Disses se nes ..» Thana.
Benson, Capt. C. H. tee bol ... England.
Benson, Major Hs aloes) Oe AVEC.) jee: ... England.
Berlie, bre 11, © wee .-- London.
Best, The Hon’ble James W. & F.S., 0. B. rs) ... Berar,
Betham, Brig.-Genl. R. M. (c,1. B) sie ... London.
Beynon, F. Ca .-. Kasauli,
Bharatpur, H. H. Maharaja K Kishen Singh ... Bharatpur,
Bhatia, G. R. ... Dehra Dun, U. P.
Biddulph, Gol. S. F. Cie ays Ae --- STinagar,
Bignell, Capt. G. Ne dl Su ... Bombay.
Bignell, Major R.G., (RGA) es eee England.
Billimoria, N. M. wee us ... Cutch-Bhuj.
Binning. We Be ese ay di ... Bombay.
Binny, Major A. C. M. She ei .-- Barielly.
Birch, C. V. ate 1 iat ... London.
Birch: G. . ae ... Karachi.
Bird, Ris, i. F. R. be uae ... Nandyal, B.S.
Bard B. H. (1.c.s.) rhe mh ... London.
Birkett, Lady fae as Neha ... England.
Bishop, L. ae 6 one ... Koomtai, P. O,
Bishop, LL. A. ae ae 3 .«. Malappuram.
Blackie, Capt. F. B. a) ue .» Calcutta.
Blair, Capt. Di. P..(R.A.M.C.)... nae . England.
Blandy, Major R. (at.c.) ae ele ..- London.
Blanford, H. R, (1.8.s.) oes oe ... Rangoon.
Blathwayt, COs Cr cis.) (aes. a .«. Bombay.
Blatter, Rew, Diag Sea Bn ne .ee Bombay.
Blunt, H. R. ee a Me ... Srinagar.
Boag, G. T. (1¢.8.) J ... Madras.
Boag, Cant. J. HL. (M.C., R.A. 3.c. Ns ener ... Bombay.
Boalth, Nignata bee oan ... Lahore.
Bodding, Rev. P. 0. Bh ee 5. amikear
Bolitho, Capt. Ki. W. (R.¥F.A.) Bae .. Hurope.
Bolster, R. C. (1.¢.s.) is . Bahawalpur.
Bombay Government, The Chief Secretary, i
Separate Department a «- Bombay.
Bombay Veterinary College, The Principal .-- Bombay.
Bomford, Major T. L. (1.m.s.) a ... Bengal.
Booth, Capt. C. H. B. (R.A.M. o te ... England,
Boothby, Lithia Se ae Macs England.
Botham, A. W. rae S., C.I.E. ee ae ... Shillong.

Bott. os R. E oo ; ... Merqut.

LIST OF MEMBERS,

Bowen, Lt.-Col. A. W. N. \pemey
Bowen, J. BAGS 7 | 0:

Bowen, Major J. P. (R.£,)

Boxwell, F.

Boyd, Major J. E. M, (R.A.M.0.)

Bracken, G. J’, H. (1.c.s.)

Bradley, J. W.

Braham, N, C.

Bramley, ee ae

Brassey, Major L. P. (. M. cae

Breese, Wing Commander Charles (ea, r
Brent, A&W... ie
Bringentoff, Hrnest A,

Bristow, ©. H. (1.¢.s.)

Brodie, N, 8. (1.c.s.)

Brodrick, ree Wee da, C,

Brook-Fox, E ns

Brooke, Capt. Oke.

Brooke, R. H.

Brooke-Smith, Lt. “Col. H. (0.8.0, RA
Brooker, J. Gorton

- Brooks, Major Allen (p. (D.8.0.) »
Broucke, Fy ea
Broughton, Lt.-Col. T. D. (R.E., A.0.B.E.)
Brown, A. G. oe ae ae
Brown, Capt. D. @.:
Brown, Goroge._.. oe
Brown, Lt, -Col. H. R. (1.M.S.)
Brown, L. N. (1.0.8.)
Browne, Major C. H.
Browne, Bae. ee
Brunlees, Capt. L. H.
Brunskill, Capt. B.A.S. (1. 4)
Buckwell, B. E. ...

Budden, Major J. A. oo he
Bulkley, WE Wee! 2 ate ow ae
Bullock, Capt. H. (1.4.)

Burd, Major KE. (1.a.)

Burke, E. P.

Burkill, I. H. en.)-

Burma Educational Syndicate, The Registrar

Burma Forest School, The Director
Burnett, Prof. K.-... :
Burton, Brig.-Genl. R. G.

Bury, Lt.-Col, Charles H
Busher, R. C. ss

Butler, F. G.(1.¢.8.)

Butler, Lt.-Col. H. M.

aoe Ahmednagar.
.-- Bombay,

.»: Bombay.

.-. England.

.. England.

... Coconada.

.-» Port Blair.
... Ban Nar Raheng.
... Europe.

.-. Calcutta,

eee Karachi.
... Bombay.

.. Esthonia.

.»» Poona,

... London,

-». Secunderabad,
. Poona,

... Bombay,

e Bombay.

... Bombay.

.. Mirpurki.as.
- Okanagan,

.. Bagaha, P.O.
.. Nilgiris.

... Mal P. O.

..- London.

.. Ceylon,

.-. Poona,
.» Ahmedabad,
.-» Madras.

» Fatehgarh, U. P.

Jonstantinople.

... Bombay,

-- Calcutta.
.-. London.

». Ajmer.

- Bombay.

.. Maymyo, Burma,
.«. Shillong.

... Singapore.

... Rangoon.

... Pyinmana, U. B,
-:» Hyderabad.

. England.

.. Jreland.

.. Naini Tal.

.. Vizag.

... Lurope.

LIST OF MEMBERS.

xiv.

Butler, Lt. S. G. (1.4.B.0.) see
Byeulla Club, The Hony. Cae
Byrne, Major EH. G. J. a2 eee

Cadell, Hon’ble Mr. P. R. (1.C.s., C.1.E. )
Calcutta, Hony. Secretary, Zoological Gardens
Caldecott, C. D’a ae
Cambridge University Museum of Zoology,

Superintendent od } sda

Cameron, D

Cameron, I. M.

Cameron, Thos.

Campbell, A. N.

Campbell, A. 8. ae
Campbell, C. L.

Campbell, Major G. C.

Campbell, R. G.

Campbell, Major T. A.

Campbell, W. E. M. (1.c.8.) .

Canning College, The Professor of Biology
Canning, Fred. (1.F.S.) a

Capper, Lt.-Col. A. Stewart (0 8.0.)

Capper, Col. Wm.

Carmichael, © Sir G. (K.¢.8.1. ve ee

Carmichael, Lord (G.C.1.B., K. ce Wa) mee

Carmichael Medical College, The a
Yarsone Ar. dev.) sss

Casling, Dr. P. V. (1.M.D., D.G.M.C.)

Cassell, R. H. oH as
Cater, A. N.L. (1.6.8.)
Cave, W. A

Central India Agency Office, The Residency
Central Research Institute, The Director
Central College, The eee

Chamier, Capt. iets (Oh

Champion, H. G. (1.F.S.)

Channer, Major B. G.

Chapple, E. Ss Hoc
Chaston, Chas. 8. ... at
Chatfield, H. 8. (8.4., Bar. -at- -Taw)
Chadhauri, Capt. B. R. ( 1.M.S. )
Cheesman, Major R. H. See

Cheyne, G. C. sis

Clarke, A. M. ee aye get
Clayton, Major HE. F. see oo
Clee, C. B. B. ore

Clerk, F.V. Aco

Clifford, Lt.-Col, Ro ee

.. vadiya.
.- Bombay.

Nowshera.

.-. Bombay.
... Calcutta,
.. Batul.

The

.. England,

.-. Lurope.

.. Rajabhatkhawa,
.. Peermade.

.-- Bombay.

Bombay.

. Basra.

_. Europe.
... Hurope,

.. Barielly.
.. Benares,
.. Lucknow.
.. Barielly.
.. Europe.
... Lingland.
.. England.

. London.

.. Caicutta

. Kandy.

.. Peshawar.
.. Moniarah.
.. England.

ingland.
Indore, C. I.

.. Kasauli, Punjab.
... Bangalore.
.. Shillong.
.. Almera, Wo Be
... Karachi.
... Rangoon.
.. Calcutta.
... Bombay.
.. Lansdowne, U. P.
-. Baghdad.
... England.
.- Karachi.
... England.
... Karwar.
.. Htawgan, U.Burma
ines London.

LIST OF MEMBERS,

xlvii
Club of Western India, Poona, The Hony. Secy. Poona.
Clutterbuck, P. A. (1.8.8., F.2.8., C..H.)... wee Simla.
Coats, Capt. D. H. (.4.m.c.).. aus .-. England,
Cochin, The Diwan of e “ ... [richoor.
Cochrane, R. A. ... ate seh ..- Katha.
Cockburn, A. F. ... eae ner ... Caleutia.
Cockburn, E. D. ... ae “a .-. Lahore,
Coen, W. W. rie eae oat --- Hubli, 8. M. Ry.
wegean,H.D. .., ses ies ... Europe.
Coghill, Lt.-Col. N a Gia.) ce ... Palanpur.
Coggin-Brown, J Wi (M.se., F. 4.8. ) ee .- London.
Coimbatore, Librarian, Agricultural College and

Research Institute ae ss .. Coimbatore.
Coldstream, J. (1.c.s.) bee we. Delhi,
Coldstream, Col. J.C, (I.A. i ae ... Punjab.
Colombo Museum, The Librarian... .-- Colombo,
Colthurst, Dr. Ida ... ee ... Calcutta,

Colvin, Major BE. J. D. (1. BA. cee ... Indore.
Colvin, Miss B. ... hs ee .-- London.
Comber, Edward (F.z.s.) —... aes .. England.
Conder, J. M. (1.c.s.) ... Rangoon.
Condon, E. C. H. cain Denke MLC. E., M. % :) ... Ajmer.
Congreve, C. R. T. 25 cas ... Coimbatore.
Conley, Andrew ... ... Jamaica.
Connor, Lt.-Col. F. P. (#.n.c.8., 1.M.8., D.s.0.) —... Calcutta.
Conservator of Forests, N. C. Division.. ... Jubbulpore, C. P.
Convay, ©. Mo. C. ue eae ... Trichinopoly.
Coode, Lt.-J. - an es .. Bannu.

Cook, Chas. eu i. “e ... Edinburgh,
Cook, J. Pamberton see Sas ... Africa.
Cooke, EK. Bernard.. a: ai ... Bombay.
Cooper, G. E.R. ... - a ... Almora,
Cooper, H. L. a ies ... Sadiya.
Cooper, H. RR. (.8c., F.c.s. te — .. Europe.
Copley, Hugh iP FA .. Nagpur.
Corbett, G. if (I.C.8.) sa ose .. England.
Corbett, Be HH. Be. a) fu ... Papun, Burma
Cosens, "Major Belt. MES cat ..» Delhi.
Covernton, 8. H. (1.c.s.) a ies ... Kaira.
ee C.E.C. GSE; 1.F.S.) -» = ... Betul.

Cox, H. R. a ois ... Nowshera,
Grorar, ea (h.6.8;. \C: s. PC .0.E:)<, = .-. Bombay.
Cross, R. G. a nae eA .. Hurope.
Crosthwaite, B. M. dss »«» Europe.
Crosthwaite, Major C. G. (1. i) eas ... Peshawar.
Cubitt, G. E. S. (1.F.8.) bu ae .-» Kuala Lomput.
Cull, B. N. aa ... Calcutta.

Cunningham, Lt. Sel A. HH. (R. a eer ... Roorkee,

\

LIST OF MEMBERS.

xlviii

.. England.

Cunningham, C.-F. :
Curran, “Capt. W. Jd. ... London.
Currey, E. 8. -- England.

Currie, A. J.
Ourrie, M. M. L. (1. 0. 8.)

rs Bombay.
... Mianwali.

Curror, John sal .. scotland,
Cuvelier, EH. D. A.... .. Lurope.
D’Adhemar, Raymond W. sealMotalas

Dale, Capt. E. B. (8.a.) ... Mesopotamia,
‘Dearemin, Govind P. .. Lithal,
Daniels, Capt. C. J. «.« Bombay.
Danson, J. W. W. eae England.
Darjeeling Gymkhana Club, The Secretary «. Darjeeling.

Darjeeling, The Vice-President, Natural History
Museum Wes ses

Dart, G. Wesché ...

Datia, H. H. the Maharsja_ be keuian Govind
Singh, Bahadur ...

Davey, G. H.

Davidson, H, M. M.

Davidson, J. as

Davies, Capt. V. K. N. (La.)

Davies, W. es

Davis, G. (1.0.8. «+

Dawes, Lt.-Col. C. D. (1M.s.)

Dawkins, C. G. E. (1.8.8.)

Dawson, W. G. (F.E.S.)

DP OruzewAy ME yee.

Dean, Edwoin

Deane-Uruinmond, Leal, i. D. (D.s. ., M.c.) .. Vandiperiyar.
De Carteret, St. G. wok eis -. London:

De Gruyther, ‘eae .»-» Lucknow.

De Rhe-Philipe, G. W. V. (a B. S.) .. London,

De Zwart, W. ses .. Medan, Sumatra,
Delany, M. BF. nee .. Bombay.
Delmege, C. H. (8.£.) ge -.. Mesopotamia.
Delmé-Rade'iffe, Major A. .. London.

Delmé Radcliffe, Lt.-Col. H (F. 2.8, EB Gas S.,

.. Darjeeling.
. Bombay.

« Datiay Cake
... Alleppey.

... England.
-- Scotland.
.. Rangoon,
.. Lahore,
.. Bijapur.
.- London, .

.. Katha, U. Burma.
.. England.
.- Bombay.
.. Peshawar.

M.B.O.U.) Lhecadlon.
Deputy Director of “Agriculture, Burma. a _.. Mandalay.
Deshmukh, OC. D. (1.¢.8.) an .- Amraoti.
Dewes, Lt. ~Col. F. J. (.M.s.)... .. Mngland.
Dibell, Miss Mabel E. : .. Madras.
Dickson, Brigadier-General BL .. London.
Dickson, Major H.R. P. (¢.1.8.) .- Mesopotamia.
Director of Agriculture, Bombay sos .. Poana.

Director of Agriculture, F. M.S.

.. Kuala Lumpur.

Se

LIST OF MEMBERS,

xlix
Director of Agricultur :
Director of ae 3, peer 2s .«- Mesopotamia.
Director, Bureau of Science > ba fa meena
Dixit, D. L. (.a.) ... o * seen
Dobbs, W. B.J.(1.08.) 9... a ey teie
tiscon, Majo BOO (ria ‘ ake .«. Bulandshahr.
Dods, Capt. E. R.S. (1a.) . i. epee
Dols, W. K. ee aes ... Mhow,
Donald, ©. H. aay a aaa
Donaldson, A. E. ... eS a sera
- orealage R. ne a “i te
onovan, Lt.-Col. ©. 5. it ee eee
Douglas, Col. A. P. ‘cag es aii
Douglas, Wm... a4 -, ae
Bose:,'C. a - see a DOury, Fs OF:
Dow, toa) EMA de Ae ae
ow Hil} Training o aie oo
Downing, A. K. W Golleee ae The Principal ... Kurseong.
Drake-Brockman, D. L. (8) eS Pie ti
ee cond. eae IG. eee ... Jodhpur, Rajpotana,
Drummond-Hay H. ine a eerie 8
ae i, W. Bae eas << ae? Ceylon.
- ee vee aes ... Chanda, ©. P.
Duckworth, G. P. ... iv a eee
uke 4. U nf a ae Poona.
Bebe yA. ne oes a aA pms ;
Dunk: 1» England.
Baa: Bender, A. Ss (LF. s., “0. B.E. ) _.. Naini-Tal
ew Gos) . - .«. Rangoon.
Dunsterville, Col. K. S. (R.A. e = A Bele
Dwane B. I. a wee London,
Deane FC. wee oe ces ae me
Rs te a. ... Ballarpur.
Dwane, H. M. ae ve ae ‘oe tier
Ebden, Ca Me J.V
Bdge, we ah V. - a Ses Beer.
Edwards, Capt. F. H. S es oe
Effendi, Prince A. R. me ne “es Koll ihe
Elgee, Lt.-Uol. J. W. L. bas : Shi do
- Filiott, A. (C.LE.) ... . ie ST bh
Biliott, J E “ _ Fee.
lliott, R. BE. A. (1.0 8. om , Englan
Bliis, R. H. oa Boa = ese
Bllis, S. F. k es .. steely
Elphinstone, C. . aa ie, He Nidade os
Bigs fH. 3. (on8.) 4 ef sa a ea
Hebei... ... ie A ab
Erskine, J. zee as ss s, Nilgiri,

7

I _ LIsT OF MEMBERS.

Evans, Geoffrey (B.A., C.1.E.) « a ., Dacca.
Reon, Col. G. H. (1.c.¥.0., Foley Oy C.B.E.) .s . Rangoon.
Kvans, R., Dn. B. ... cas a ~- England.
Evans, T. M. “ os one Se
Evans, Capt. J. W. D. .- Meerut.
Evans, Lt.-Col. W. fH. (B.£., P. E. , Red s, ) .. Simla.
Evershed, John... .«. Kodaikanal.
Ewing Christian College, The > Professor, Dep: t=

ment of Biology a »oe Allahabad.
Faith, N. W. a eee a .. Bombay.
Farley, qT: ae ae ... Darrang.
Farrell, R. C. (LF 8) aoe ... Hyderabad, Dn.
Farrington, Sir H. A., Bart. (t .S. DN sce ... Nagpur, 0. P.
Faweus, L. R. (1. G8.) “c .-- Calcutta.
Fell,. Sir Godfrey (K.v.LE., I. c. S., M.L, A, ) ... Sunla,
Fellowes, Kyrle_ ... oes a .-. England.
Fellowes-Manson, C. HE. a ae ... England,
Fernandes, B, A. ... nas a ... Bandra,
Fernandes, J. “co oe ... Nagpur.
Ferrar, Major M. L, (1.4., 0 Bu :) be :. liane. ay aoe
Field, Frank M. B. 0. Wages ess ... Almorah, U. P.
Field, Capt. F.M.8 aa as .-. Jamrud,
Field, G. G. bas es ..- Port Blair.
Firth, Lt.-Col. R. A. pee uae ... Nowshera.
Bichon C. E. C. (1.F.s.) Deg Re ... Lriplicane.
Fitz-Gerald, Major A. ne bea ... Bombay.
Fitzpatrick, ‘Capt, GV. Ske ae ... Bombay.
Fitzpatrick, J. oe ... Ahmedabad.
Fleming, Lt.-Col. A. M. (I. a1.S. ) = ... Bannu.
Fleming, EK. W. tee S00 ... Myitinge.
Fletcher, Capt. A. B. os .. England.
Fletcher, Lie ponies (E.E. 8. ) 63 ... Pasa,
fletcher, G. G. Bee ... Bombay,
Florence, James... 2 aoe ... Kievcote.
Flower, Major. S. 8. ae ee ... Higypt.
Flynn, A. A. (c.M.2.3.) ae — ... Karachi.
Forbes, Alister Wee .. Canada,
Forest ‘Botanist, Forest Research Institute .»» Dehra Dun.
Forsham, R. up ae .«. Bombay.
Forster, T. W. (BF. s. ) a3 Di ... Moulmein.
Forsyth, Dr. Wm, ... ike = .. England.
Forsyth, Dr. C. Ki. Me Ton ee ae England.
Foster, R. Guy _... oe ny .. England.
Foster, Major R. T... eH ves ... England.
Foulkes, R. sc! ses ... Maduga.
Fountaine, Miss M. ( (F. E.8.) ae i ... California.

Fowke, Philip ID gees tos es ... Nuwera Hliya.

ne

LIST OF MEMBERS.

Fowler, Mrs. C. ...

Fraser, Duncan

Fraser, Capt. D. de M. S.

Fraser, Major F, C, (1.m.s., M.v., F.L.B.S.)
Fraser, J. 8. Sea

Fraser, Sir Stuart (K.c.s. L., LE, )
Fraser, Major S. G. G. Me
Fraser, W. 8. (0. B.E.)

Freeman, Dr. M. L.

Frei, Max =

French, H. A. L.

Frenchman, Dp. P. Sc.)
Friedlander, BYE:

Frizelle, Lt Col. es:

F rohlick, i. a:

Fry, John T.

(Faikwad, Shrimant a i (Bar.-at-Law)
Gairdner, is. G. lees 2
Garbett, 0. C. ( 08.) ay
Gatherer, Lt.-Col. R. GT. ...
Gaye, W.C. A os
Gebbie, F. St. J. (0.1.z.)

Gent, J. R. P. (1.8.5. )
Gervers, Lt.-Col. F. R
Gibson, Capt. A. B.
Gibson, E. C. (1.c.s.)
Gibson, R. E. (1.0.8.) Wis
Gibson, Dr. W. R. (F.8.c.s., “A "RC Pilsen:
Gilbert, C. E. L. (1.F-.s.) - oe
Gilbert, R.N, bes

Gilbert, T 2: rs sie

Gill, H. a. me

Gill, K. H. N. ee

Gilliam, | i sie

Gillum, S.J. (M.L.C.)

Gimlette, Col, G. H. D. (c.1. E., LMS: etd.)
Gimson, OC, (1.¢.S.) ..

Gladstone, Capt. H. 8 S. (F. Z. s., "TRS, Jaan
Glascock, L. C. (m.v. ie

Glasson, acW.G. S.)

Glazebrook, HE. K.. des

Gleadow, F. (F.R.M, s.) =e

Glennie, ‘Capt. H. A. oo R.E. )
Godding, Capt. H. C. (B.4.M.0.)

Godfrey, E. J. (B.sc.)

Goldsmith, Major H, A. (1. a

aS. (R.E., O.L.E.) so.

... Bombay,
was Bombay.
on England.
.. Ootacamund,
. Madras,

-. Bombay.
-. Bombay.

.. Ajmer, Rajputana.
.-- Madras.

nee Bombay.
... Karachi.
.. Bombay,
--. Rangoon,

a Jullandur.

.. Bombay.

fe Bombay.

.. Baroda.
... Siam,
.-. Bombay.
... Abbotabad
... England.

.» Delhi.

... Calcutta,
... Ranikhet.
... Bombay.
... Ajmer.
... Bombay.
.-- Madras,
... England.
.. England.
... Dharwar.
.«. Cachar.
... Ghazipur.
... Bagdogra,
... Bombay.
o». England.
... Dhubri.

... scotland,
... Delhi.

... London.
... Rangoon.
... England,
... Hurope.
... England.
«. Bangkok.
... Baghdad.

pu

Goldie, Capt. E. A. (1.C.,1.M.8.)
Gombert, Rev. F.(S.J5.) ...
Gomme, Lt. David KE.
Gondal, Kumari Shri Bakuverba
Gooding, G.C. a.
Goodfellow, G. W. B.

Gordon, R. G. (1.C.8.)

Gore, F. W.

Gough, Lt.-Col. F. (1. Ay Cu)
Gould, B. J. (1.6.8.)

Ge tame. A. A.
Graham, A. K. ...
Graham, L. oN ee
Graham, R. J. D. os.)
Grant, EA,

Grant, Jing 1eysbats 58

Gravely, Dr. F. H...

Green, HE. trnest (£. ES. )
Green, E. J. (1.4.R.0.) _
Green, Miss L. D. (u.a.)
Green, 8. A. C. (1.¢.8.)
Gregson, Major ©. D.
Gregson, aes is ae
Griffin, Lt. A. M. (ow ReOu) ua
Griffiths, H. M. aa ae
Grénvold, H.

Grose. F, Ss,

Grubbe, Lt.-Col. E. oN
Gujrat College, The Pr incipal
Gwalior State, The Director of Agriculture

Hadden, Capt. D. H. (M.c., R.A.M.c.)
Haefliger, O. 500 ob
Haigh, P. B. een
Hailstone, Capt. R...

Hall, ©. Th

Hall, Rev. J.C...
Hallberg, Prof. Fred. an
Hamber, Capt. L.G.W. ...
Hamid, A. Ali oa
Hamilton, J. D. (3.8.S.)
Hamilton, K. L, B.

Hampson, A.

Hampson, S.

Hancock, Capt. C. P.

Hanhart, S. Ba
Hannyngton, W. 0. ba de
Harcourt, Lt.-Col. J.8. M. ... ae

LIST OF MEMBERS,

». Nonari.

... Lrichinopoly.
.«- Barkola, P. O.
... Gondal.
oe Calcutta.
.». London.
.-» Alibag,
.. Lurope,
.e-e Nimach.

.. seistan.

- Mussoorie.

-- Bombay.

« Delhi.

on. Lingland.

. Kurope.

.-. Bombay.
.» Madras.

. Kurope.

-- England.
1. Use ae
«. Larkana, Sind.

t England.
.. Bomkay.

-. Ooconada.

Li Delhi.
.. London.

.-. Launggyi.

.-. Lingland.

... Ahmedabad.
.. Gwalior, C, I.

.. Bombay,
ee Karachi.
... Bombay.
.«» Bombay.

.. Koni, 8. I.

.. 'heyetmo, Burma.

. Ahmednagar.
- Bombay.

... Bombay.
.. Nawabshah.

... Khandwa.
--» Bombay. |
.. England.

... Bombay.
.. Bombay.
eee Shwebo, Burma
-- Dehra Dun.

LIST OF MEMBERS.

Hare, Major G. A. (R.a.) © ...
Hargreaves, Oe K.*(4.0.8.)
Harlow, C. M. (1.8.s.) as
Harper, KE. W. oe M.B.0.U.)

Harris, D. G, 3

Harris, W.

Harrison, Mrs, i. 7.

Harrison, J. Stuart Be or
Harrison, R. T. (A.M.1.C.£.) Me

Hart, Sir George (C.1.8., K.B.E.)
Harvey-Jones, Capt. M.S. ...
Harvey-Kelly, MajorC. H, G.
Harwood, Capt. G. E. wee
Haslam, R. E. an
Hassells- Yates, Major Geeks (R..)
Hasted, H.R. G...

Hastings, J. R. G.

Hate, Prof. Vinayek N. (s. se. )
Haughton, Major H. L, ue
Hawes, Capt. A. J. (R.A.M.C.)
Hawes, C. G. i
Hawkins, bl oa

Hawley, Capt. W. G.B.

Hay, Dr. Alfred ...

Hay, E. F. A. (1.¥.s.)

Hay es, Be H

Headlam, Capt. E. Faves an I.M.,
Heaney, Lt. G. F. (r.£.)
Hearn, Capt, Hi S:.

ne SUE. F. s)
Heath, It

Hector, G. P, (M.A., B.SC.)
Hefford, A. H. tee

Ee faerson, Major D.
Henderson, Dey ha

Ee dexaon, [.t.-Col, .M.
Herbert, E.G.

iferiert, Capt. V. iN Gk). *
Heron, A. M. (8.8.C., A.M. 1.0.B., F.0.8.).0.
Heron, IF. A. et ae

ivarvey, A. C..C.°... ip ees
Harvey, C..0. D. ... ine os
Hewson, R. b. oF

Hichens, G. W.

Hickey, B.S.

Hickie, W. A. ac tts
Hickin, 5.4.B; sak ee
Hickman, Ri. St. J. oa

.
.
e

... Mianwali,
.. England.
... Trichinopoly.
... Baghdad.

.. Rangoon,

... Hurope.

.. Bengal.

.. Bhatghar.

.. Cachar.

.. Kirkee,
.. Rangoon.
... Jubbulpore.
.. England,
.. Ghazipur.
.. Gauhati,
. London.
... Secunderabad.
... Bombay.
.. Hurope.
... Kurope.
... England.
.. Europe.
.. Vandiperiyar,
.. England.
.. England.
.. Lavoy.
... Bombay.
... Bombay.
_.. Ambala,
... Bombay.
.. Bombay.
.»» Bombay.
... Bangalore.
.. Rangoon.
Oy ... Saharanpur.
CiM.Gs,” D:8.0-)) cee
; .. Roorki,

Bombay.

353 Cawnpore.
is, Salat

.. London.

.. Dacca.

... Bombay.
... Ladha.

.. J'ravancore,
... Dublin,

.. London.

.. Ramnagar,

Calcutta.

lili

Punjab,

LIST OF MEMBERS.

iv
Higginbotham, Sam os ee .-. Allahabad.
Higgins, J. C. (1.0.8. ) res ie ... Nowgong.
Higginson, G. R. se .«. London.
Hien S. R. (1.¢. s, “OLE. yd ass ... simla.
Hiley, A. C. (1.F.s.) sae axe ... Jalgaon.
Hill, H. Brian C. ... . UO, Assam.
Hill, Sir Claude H. A. (K.C.S.1., C.1.E. ye ... England.
Hill, Major C.P. ... ... Rangoon.
Hingston, Capt. R. W. G. (1. 2. a8.) a ee
Histed, S. E. Se oe .. Karachi,
Hitchcock, RAH a a pel ... Calicut.
Hitchcock, ioe R. V. et “ ... Bombay.
Hitchins, C. 8. aa aN ... Draban,
Hodgkins, C.J. ... Ke a ... Dera Ghajikhan.
Hodgson, Major E. C. BP 205 ... Bombay.
Hodgson, H. P. .. Sis ace wee London.
Hogan, J. G. oe tee whe .. Ballia.
Holland, L. B. (1.F-.8.) woo Simla,
Holland, Hon’ble Mr. R. 5. (c. Hey Te OS, ? .-. Ajmer,
Holmer, Miss M, R. N. (™.a.) . ee Delhi.
Holmes, H.R. ... — sat ... Kamptee, C. P.
Homfray, Jeston (I.F.S.) ws ae .. Calcutta,
Hood, A. F. ... Bombay.
Hoosein Belgrami, The Hon’ble Mr. Syed Nawab
Imud-ul-Mulk Bahadoor Cs 8.1.) oe .»» Hyderabad, Deccan.
Hopwood, J.C... see .. Rangoon.
Hopwood, 8. F. (1..8.) ie Nee ae ... Mogok.
Howell, E. B. .«. Shanghai.
Howell, Lt.-Col. E. Berkley (c. lie ob E(OL |S 8) ... Baghdad.
Hudlikar, S. B. (m.A.) ... Indore.
Hudson, Major C. (Ds 8.0., I.M. 8.) ea .-- Bombay.
Hudson, L. 8. ue 500 os ... Bombay,
Huggins, J. R. My ee ... London.
Hughes, Major J. E, we oe -e. Bombay.
Humm, Capt. P. 8. so se ... Kasauli.
Humphrys, Major F. H. ou es we Hurope.
Hundley, G. .». Mepale.
Hunt, Rear Admiral A.T. (nN N., C.1.B. be .. London.
Hunt, ID De lela es .. Secunderabad.
Hunt, Lt.-Col. 8. (1.u.s.) ae By ... Bombay.
Husband, Major J. (1.M.8.) ... ... Bombay,
Hutchinson, Lt.-Col. F. H. G. (1.us. eee .. Delhi,
Hutchinson, Lt.-Col. L. T. Rosel (1.m. =) ... Bombay.
Hutchinson, Major W. G. ... Mostung.
Hutchinson, Le dco soe sae ... Gonda.
Hatton, Cl) ae ee ae ... England.

Hutton, CG. I. Sor nek a ... Myitinge.

LIST OF MEMBERS,

ly

Hutton, J. H. Galan th
Hyderabad, The Librarian, State Library ee Hyderabad, Deccan.
Imperial Library, The Librari
Inglis, H HA. y ibrarian es mean
Inman, Capt. H. M. (ta.s.) .. a ee hate ae
Inspector of Schools, Surma Valley & Hill mest

ists. ...
Ireland, 8. G, de ek: (1.0.8.) a sees a
Irvine, “Capt. M. L. ©. (1.M.8., M.c.) Be gr eae
Irwin, ‘Capt. Be IN: fe Gaye ees fy ba Alm Pa
Me iene
Isaacs, Capt.R. L. ... ai os ... Belganm.
es. sa PeaBe Sse ose so ee
Jacob, W. R. LeGrand (1. Fs.) ie fg Be
James, Major F. H. £ 5 England
~ James, Mma. e.Lidiard ... s ‘a Euniae
James, H. M. ve as .. Shamshernagar
Jamsetji M. Doctor (¢.M.z.s. ). a Bomba ise:
Janson, V. T. as os ute B caliene
Jardine, W. E. (1.c.s., O.1.E.) 2. as Gwalier
Jeddere- Fisher, Major H. C. oe _.. England
Jenkin, R. Trevor (LF.S.) ... se ".. Yeotmal.
Jenkins, J. B. RE Dey a hmiainbalt
Jenkins, S. E. F. (1.8.s.) a. oe O@Us
Jennings, ao W.E. ate M.S.) of Bombay. 4
Jermyn, Col. 7 ae ee ... England.
Johnston, 8. ee a. weg ... Toungoo
Johnstone, R. Barton = _.. Mussoorie.
Johory, Prof. I. W. (M.A., B. D ) a. ... Indore.
Jolly, E. H. P. (10.s.) a ae ... Bombay.
Jones, A, E. ae ... Simla.
Jones, Lt.-Col. J. Lloyd one Ms.) ies ... London,
Jones, Lt. W. H. C. eg .. Bombay.
Jourdain, Rey. F. C. R oe am ... England,
Judge, Capt. C. BE. M. ter oe ... Delhi.
Jukes, J. KE. C. (1.0.8., CLE.) +. ee ... Delhi.
Julius, Sydney Se ... Colombo.
Junagadh, H. H. The Nawab of nha ... Junagadh,
Karachi, Frere Hall (Municipal) - Library w- Karachi.
Karachi, Victoria Museum, The Curator .. Karachi, Sind.

Kashmir, General Raja Hari Sing Saheb Bahadur
Hari Singh, of (K.C.LE.) ~ .. Jammu.

Keays, Lt. Spal) We Cy «ss. bat .. Madras.

Keighley, Capt. F. W. oe eae ... Bombay.

LIST OF MEMBERS.

lvi
Keiller, D. a aa = .» Lingland,
Kemm, A, (1.c.S.)_ .. sas ase .-. Kurseong.
Kemp, 8. W. ... Caleutta,
Ree ion, Lt.-Col. R. L. (FZ. g., C. LE. ) .. England,
Keppel, Major T. R. H. & : ..- Bombay. —
Kerr, Dr. A. F. G.. ae ... Chiengmai.
Keys, Lt.-Col. W. TDN (1.u.8.) en ... secunderabad.
Khan Saheb Zada Sardar Mahomed _... ... Nawabshah.
Khareghat, M. P.(1.c.s.) —... ask ... Bombay.
Kiddle, Teo ae se a ... Papun.
Kidner, Lote SAVE Be (G8) ec ... Bombay.
Kilkelly, Lt.-Col. P. P. (.M.s., Retd.) .. ... Hurope.
Kilner, Dr, J. N. (™.B.) Sah Hce ... Adra-Nagpur,
King, Capt. EK, O. Ee A.R. oe at ... London.
King, S. Seymour .. : ae ... Perambur.
Kingston, A. H.... oo se: ... sunla,
Kinloch, ALP. be tae sa ... Kollengode.
Kirby, Col. A. D. (R.A.) au ... Naini Tal:
Kirpalani, N. K. .. Me eee ... Hyderabad,
Kirwan, Noel G. B. de 50 ... Kadur,
Kishen Singh, Sirdar sree se ...Dharmpur, Simla
Hills.
Knapton, Lt.-Col. Henry A. Forbes e M. ay ... Ahmednagar.
Knight, J. B. bs ... Poona,
Koechlin, M.C.... oe Use ... Hllapattt,
Kohiyar, Dr. A. J. Soe ... Bombay.
Kunhardt, Lt.-Col. ip C. G. (1a8.) oe ... Bombay.
Kuroda, Nagam: ichi Su ... Lokyo.
Labh Singh Jet ... Allapilli.
Lace, Jolin H. (ORI R., “BLS. Nu nae ... England,
Lahore, Curator, Chiral ingen .. Lahore,

_ Lahore, Punjab Veterinary College, The Principal. Lahore.
Lahore, The University of the ee ... Lahore.
Laird- MacGregor, BK. G. I. ae C.8.) se .-- Belgaum.
Lake, Major HA. We aoe ... Rangoon.
Lamb, W.S. ya aes ... London.
Lambert, G. B.(. 0. S. ) ree aoe 3. Naini Wale
Tampardyi Awe i: a bol ... Quilon.
Lane, B. Se yes Dae ... Kodarma, P. O.
Tein. H. S. a se vs ... England.
Lane, Lt.-Col. W. H. Re ace ... London.
Langmore, Ce LES Son oes ae ... Lopehu.
Latif, Hasan, Cot wee acs ... Bombay.
Latif, Sarban, ©. ... vee Ass ... Sitarampur.
Laurie, Major J. BE. .. sie =k ... London.

Laverton, Capt. G. He oe ... England.

a.

LIST OF MEMBERS. vii
Lawrence, Major H. R. (1.a. Y Hi ... Europe.
Lean, R. 5 ... England,
Lecky, R. os ae 3h ... England.
Lee, Lt.-Col. A. W. H. ae ee ... Rangoon.
Lee, Brig.-Genl. F. ary a" ... London,
SeMarchand, A. E. M. : ee ... Hoshangabad.
Lemarchand, J. R. ... des bis ... Kookila Mook,
Assam,
Leonard, P. M. R.. os AS Sinlum Kaba.
Leonard, Lt.-Col, W. Ela (2, M. a.) < ... Bombay.
Leslie, Major-Genl, G. A. J. E., 6.B., OM, @.) ., Ootacamund,
Leslie, M. ... Bombay,
Leyett-Yeats, G. A. ( 8.0., C.1.B. 3.) Le _.. Mussoorie.
Lewis, W. H. (1.c.s.) e ce ... Singh>hum.
Beatie (O.0.,, 1.0.8.) -... asc ... Delhi.
Ley, W. E. (.cs. Yes oe .. Chanda, C. P.
Librarian, Students’ Biber! St, Xavier’s Boleae Bombay.
Lightfoot, S. St. C. ... Monywa.
Likhite, Prof, V.N. (B.a., B. gC. > ae, ... Poona City.
Lindgren, Oscar... a ... Darjeeling.
LindleyHinde,G. ... — vs .. N. Kamrup.
Lindop, Capt. K. J. H. - ... London.
Lindsay-Smith, Lt.-Col. J. (1. “) is: ... Lahore,
List, John N, oe ... Rangoon, Burma.
Lister, R. 8. ... Bengal.
Liston, Lt.-Col. W. G. CAL S,, on ee . Bombay.
Little, KE. ... & ... Kirkee.
Livesey, Capt. T. R. (. A.R.O Ly: = ... Kotah,
Lloyd, Lt.-Col. R. A, (D.8.0., I.M.8.) ... eee
Lloyd, Lt.-Col. C. R. (a.s.c., * D.8.0.) ae .. Bombay.
Lloyd, J. B. . London.
Lloyd, H. E. The ‘Right Hon’ble Sir George
(G.0.1.E., D.8.0.) ... ik . Bombay.
Locket, A. 1a — i . Assam.
Lodge, G. E. ae es - .. England.
Lodge, H. F, (m. a ee ... Bombay.
Logan Home, Major W. M. sed ... London.
Lomas, HA; (1.0.8.) x ... England.
Lory, F. B. P. (a.a., 1.5.8. es ia ... Poona.
Love, T. E. = a ... Travancore,
Lowis, F. C, ue es ee ... England.
a Bed: Se £3, ... England.
Lowndes, Sir George (K.C.S.1. ) ... Engiand.
Lowndes, R. C..... } ch ... Bombay.
Lowsley, C. O. ie . Ahmednagar,
Lowson, Major C. S. (x M.S.) .. ra ., England.
Lowther, E. H. N. na M .. Moghal Sarai,
Luard, Lt.-Col. C. E. gs ais _. Sehore, C. I.
8

lyni LIST OF MEMBERS.

Lucas, Major J. de B. T. (F.B.A.) soe eos Ambala.
Lucknow, The Curator, Provincial Museum »ee Lucknow.
Lucknow Public bee The get Libra-

Tian) ee. avs .. Lucknow.
Luke, J. H. os wee ane oe _.. Narayenganj.
Luke, K. J. ... Barrackpore.
Lumsden, The Hon’ble Mr. O. F. (I.¢. s.) ,.. Montgomery.
Lunawada, Mabaraj Kumar Ranjit Singh of _ ... Lunawada.
Lunham, Ti, AO Ue ls (Gees = we .»» Bombay.
Lyall, Major R. A. = ... Jodhpur.
Lynch, Ci eaiee: sg aie .+- Silbsagor.
Lynch-Blosse, C. EH. 0 ... Bombay,
Lynch-Blosse, H. R, (1.0.8 Ne ald ... England.
Macaulay, F. G. A. eee ... England.
Macdonald, A. St. J. (1.4.R.0. ty ee Baie cre
MacDonald, Lt. A. B, (8.F. > see ... Belgaum.
MacFadden, R. R. ae eee ... London.
MacGregor, Duncan she .-- Colombo.
MacGregor, Capt. R. F. D. (7 M esas ... Bombay.
Mackay, C. J. ee a ... Calcutta.
Mackenna, J. (C.1.5., 1.0.8.) . ae -«. Rangoon.
Mackenzie, Allen ... as sc6 .«. Dooars.
Wile e. Goad: Bo shee ... Calcutta,
Mackenzie, Major L, H. L. (1.m.s.) wi ... Gilgit.
Mackenzie, J. M. ... dss des ... surdah,
Mackenzie, M. M. ... ven oes ... Saran, Bihar.
Mackie, A. W. W. (1.c.8.) — ... sus .-. Poona,
Mackinlay, Lt.-Col. Chas. ... $3 eo Scotland.
Macklin, ALS. R. (ics) > =: “ ... Dharwar.
Mackwood, F. M. ... es aa ... London.
Mackwood, F. BE. ... ie ae ... Colombo.
MacLachlan, R. B. ar ... Kopergaon.
MacLachlan, Capt. D. (1.4. R.0. ) Ey .«. Karachi.
Macleod, The Hon'ble Sir Norman _... ... Bombay.
Macleod, R. D. (1.¢.8.) sae Ae ... Fatehpur.
MacMichael, N. a C.S.) oA .. Adyar.
Macnaghten, HSB We as, ML. po. ... Bombay.
Maconochie, ‘Sir Evar (I:C.S:5 K-C.1,E., C. S.L. ) ... Rajkot.
Macphail, Ge ae oe ee ... Lreland.
Madan, F. R. e ... Kurnool.
Maddock, Lt..-Col, B. GG: (. MS) oie ... Ahmednagar.
Madras Forest College, The Principal ... .-. Coimbatore.

Madras, The Librarian, Govt. Central Museum ... Madras.
Madras, The Principal, Presidency College ..- Madras.
Madras, The Professor of Zoolegy, Christian College. Madras.
Mahomedbhoy cake Ebrahim ... .-. Bombay.
Mahon, E. L. ae .». Pollibetta.

LIST OF MEMBERs.

Main, T. F. (B.sc.) ... vee
Makeig-Jones, J. (Les,

Malik, Sahib Abdul Haq
Malony, Capt. J. B de W. (1ms.)
_ Maltby, Major C. M. (1.4.) ...
Manekjee, Manek M. a
Mangin, Major E. B.(m.c.) ...
Mann, Dr. H. H. fe:
Marjoribanks, N. E. (10.8) BY
Marlow, T.

Marrs, Prof. R.

Marryatt, N.

Marshall, a A. (D. 8.0.)
Marshall, BN | ase

Marshall, Mrs. H. A.

Marshall, Urs... (L.R.0.8.)...
Marshall, Lt.-Col. T. E. ee)
Martin, ‘A. ff.

Martin, Capt. C. De. C. (1.M.S ;.)
Martin, Capt. E. H. de C.
Martin, F. A. ie

Martin, Major J.

Mariin, S. J. ve
Mason, Major L. (31.0, LF.S ay
Massy, Major W. J. ae
Matthews, W. H.

Maund, Lt. J. A. EE

Maung Po Bye (K.s.m. & P.04.
Mawson, Mrs. G. T.

Maxwell, R. M. (1.c.s.)

Maxwell, Major W. F. (RB).
Mayes, W.

Mayne, Lt.-Col. H. ‘B. (R.G, a.)
Mayo College, The Principal
MeArthur, Lt. A, G. (1.4.R.0.)
McCleverty, Capt. G. M. (™. 2
McConnell, Lt. R. ...
McDonough, Lt. A. D.
McGlashan, John (C.E.)
McIntosh, Alex. (C.E.)

Mclver, | G. D,

McLeod, H. T. (A.M.I.C.E., Fats
McLeod, 1: 0 oe

McLellan, Capt. J. 8.

McNeill, a: (no.e., Retd.) ....
Mead, Mr. P. J. (G.1:%., 1.0.8.)°**
Mehta, Dr. M. V. (M.n.c.P., L.M. & § Tee
Meinertzhagen, Lt.-Col. R. ..- es

.. Karachi.
.. England,
eos Jullundur.
.«. Mhow.

.. Bombay.
ws. Tavoy.

.. Caleutta,

... Poona.

.. Madras.

.«. Lharrawaddi.

.. Engiand,
.«. Ajmer.

.. England,

.. Bombay.

.. Travancore.
... Rangoon,
... Lurope.

... Ellappatty, P.O.

.. England.

.. England,
... England,

.. Chanak.

... Binsar.

.. Naugor.
.. England,

.. Darjeeling.
.. England.
... Myaung-Mya.
.. Malad,
es POONS.

... Mhow.
... Maymyo.
... Bombay.

.. Ajmer.

.. Rosecandy.
... Bombay.

... Bombay.

.. Cawnpore.
_.. Calcutta.

.. Trichinopoly.

.. Poona.

... Guntakal.
... Ualcutta,
... Poona.

... Lreland.
... Bombay.
... Bombay.
.. London.

lix

Ix LIST OF MEMBERS.

Menezes, J. Hector... a ae ... Goa.

Menon, K. G. eS neo AS ... Lrichoor, Cochin.
Mercer, David a ne a ... England.
Meredith, H. R. (i.c.s.) 4) ape ... Hazaribag.
Merrikin, Miaisn site sey .-. Maubin.

Mess President, Ist Connaught Rangers.

Mess President, 1st Battalion, The Royal Scots.
Mess President, ist K.S. L. ik

Mess President, 7th Hussars.

Mess President, 94th Russell’s Infantry.

Mess President, 2/8th Gurkha Rifles.

Mess President, XIth K. E. O. Lancers.

Mess President, Officers Mess, K. O. Y. Lt.

Infantry.
Mess Secretary, R. A. Mess... = aa ores
Mess Secretary, R. A. Mess... aus . Mhow.
Mess Secretary, R. A. Mess ... . Lucknow.

Mess Secretary, 2nd Q. V. O. Sappers and Miners, Bangalore.
Mess Secretary, 18th infantry.

Mess Secretary, 41st Dogras.

Mess Secretary,2/35th Sikhs.

Mess Secretary, 58th Rifles.

Mess Secretary, 109th Infantry.

Mess Secretary, Staff College... ihe ... Quetta,
Milburne, Wm... rp i -.» Lezpurs
Millard, Miss Helen. Pee se _.. England,
Miller, A. C. une ee are ... Poona,
Miller, Li. JG. ... sea hee ... England.
Millett, H. J.C. @rs.) ... dias ... Dharwar.
Mili ge Geeessy he. Bs ae ... London,
Milner, C. E. oy S Gee ... Rangoon.
MiltoyeAde Wie. Boe aA ... Lumding.
Mitchell, F. J. ous in ... London
Mitchell, Capt. R. St. J. (ReE.) ee ... Bombay.
Mitra, uM. @tse)) is ax OMe
Molesworth, Major A. L. Mayes fies .. Quetta,
Montagnon, D.J. ... Hee ... Bindakuri.
Monte, Dr. D, A. de (LM. & 8) a ... Bandra,
Monteath, J. (1.6.8.) es ... Bombay.
Montgomerie, A. (1.6.8.) te ae ... Belgaum.
Montgomerie, H.(1.c.s.) ‘ es ... Sukkur.
Montmorency, Guy den. 0.8.) a ... Delhi.
Moore, H. B. “ ae ... Bombay.
Moore, J. i: Ere oe ... Madras.
Moore, T. D. Sas me bes .. England.
Moore, W. G. wee ae sae ... England.

Morrell, A. C.

. Travancore.
Morris, Chas. F.

-- Bombay.

LIST OF MEMBERS.

}xi

Morris, A. P. (B.sc.) a ‘J Insein.
Morris, R. C. 2 ae see .. Attikan, P. O.
Moss, Capt. B. de V, z a Ali Masjid,
Motilal Vallabji = ae .. Bombay.
Moylan, W. M. eee eee sae .. Jamtee,
Moynan, Dr. R. N. O. ... Bilaspur, ©. P.
Mudhol, Shrimant Malojirao Paje Ghorpaie,

Chief of iz .. Mudhol, S. M. C,
Muir Central College, The Principal * Allahabad.
Muir, &. B. F. (1.0.8. ) = — ... Naini Tal.
Muirhead, Lt. J. M. ... Bombay.
Mullan, Pros P. (M.A., F. L. 8., F.Z.8 de ... Bombay.
Mulroney, J. dela ... Siliguri.
Mundy, N.S Se ; ... Silchar, Cachar.
Mann, Leonard (R.E.) = nse ... England.
Munns, F. A.C. ... = oo ... Motipur,
Murdoch, F. : ... Jalpaiguri.
Murray, it; -Col. i, i. (LM. s., ra I.E. es .«. Bombay.
Mysore, The Director of Agriculture Bes .. Bangalore.
Mysore, The Curator, Mysore Government Museum. Bangalore.
Nagpur, Central Museum, The Curator ... Nagpur, C. P.
Nair, A. Narayanan, (B.A.) (Hon.) at -- Trivandrum,
Nand Kumar Twari (B.Sc.)_ ... or ... Benares.
Nangle, Lt.-Col. M. C, oe ee ... England,
Napier, Ford G. 8. er ss ee U.
Nash, H. J. .. England.
Nasrulla Khan, i. H. Nawab sje Mahomed . .- Bhopal, C. I.
Needham, F. M. as .«. Lezpur.
Needham, J. HE. (0.B.E.) wa ie .«. Bombay.
Nevill, Capt. Sea (T A.) (ee. oe ... Balipara.
Nevill, Humphry ... is sas ... Cowcoody,
Me ehbine. Lionel ... ae ... somwarpet, P. ©.
Newland, Major W. B. M. Ss M) nea .. Bombay.
Reva, KH. G. ne zee coe Bombay.
Nicholetts, W. A. B. a0 .«. Jorhat.
Nicholls, ae WS Xe (RALA.) z pe ee:
Nicholson, K. G. ... ee Ss .. Bombay.
Nicolas, Mrs. eH. ja at ee .. London, England.
Niederer, George .-.. op oss ... Bombay.
Nightingale, Wn. T. = ves ... Shillong.
Nizam’s College, The Librarian ro ... Hyderabad, Deccan.
Norman, Major ae. oo .. London.
Norman, Col. H. H. (8.a.M. “) 25 .. Meerut,
Norman, John B. ... ; a ... Champaran.
Norries, oh, Pe ‘. ace cae ... Philadelphia, We

A.

Ixii LIST OF MEMBERS,

O’Brien, Lt.-Col. Edward... see .» Bhuj.
O’Brien J. Riley ... oa oe ... Bombay.
O’Brien, P. ae AN -. Bombay.
0’ Callaghan, T. P.M. Oe: ake ... badiya,
QO’ Connor, Dr. Francis W. ..- 5a ... Assam.
Q’Donel, HV... oe ph .«. Hasimara.
Q’Donnell, O. as bs eee ... England.
O’ Hara, R. R. : Pas ws ... Rangoon.
Ogilvie, A, W. {LF s.) as dec .» Eng land.
Ogilvy, Lt.-Col. D. (8..) — ... be * Barelig UeE
Oldfield, Lt.-Col. G.E.B. ... a ... Bombay.
Oliver, A. We ee oe Bee ... China.
Oliver, Major D.G. nan ste -»- Srinagar,
Ollenbach, O. C. ... aie ee .. Dehra Dun, U. P.
Ormiston, W. ae aoe a .-. Ceylon.
Osborne, A. F. 22 se sas ... Tuticorin.
Osmaston, A. EH. (1.F.s.) eo eae .»- Denra Dun.
Osmaston, B. B, (1.F.8., ¢.1.E. y das .-- Pachmari.
Ouseley, Mrs. W. cp ... Herbertpur.
Owen, W. C. Tudor (1. Cus.) Ae mas ... England.
Page, W. T. (£.z.8.) ee. England.
Palanpur, H. H. Cpt, Nawab Saheb Taley Maho-

med Khan a -- Palanpur.
Panchgani, Lady Superior St. J oseph’s Convent. . Panchgani.
Panday, Mrs. J. L. .. Bombay.
Panna, H. H. the Thane! Mohendra "Yadveudra

Singh Bahadur ... .. Panna, C. J.
Parish, N. B. nce oe «+ | “oe. ombaye
Parker, GCs) sccm ae ee ... Shwebo.
Parker, R. N. (1.F.8.) nee 38 ... Dehra Dun, U. P.
Parkes, C. E. ee aise .-- Bombay.
Parr, Major General H. O. Ae .-- Delhi.
Parrington, Major J. W. (RB.A., B.F.A ie ... London.
Partridge, CG. Ace ease a ... Jalpaiguri.
Pasteur Tiesticie of [udia, The ‘Director ... Kasauli, Punjab.
Pasteur Institute, The Director ue . Rangoon.
Patna College, The Librarian fees ... Bankipore. «
Patuck, P. S. (1.¢.8.) aK: See ... Chanda, ©. P.
Pawsey, OC. R. (1-0.8.) eis ie ... Naga Hilis.
Pears, S. HE. (0.1.E., 1.0.8.) 2. ae ... Peshawar.
Pearson, Major G.H. A... Be ... England.
Pearson, RS. (1.F.S.) ose Nee ... Dehra Dun, U. P.
Peck, N. F. (1.c.8.) wee es ... Sambalpore.
Peebles, W. J. M. - ee ... Ahmedabad.
Peile, Lt Cols En D: (t M.S. L ae ... Mhow.
Peppe, Capt. F. H. (R.F.a.) . ss ... Nowshera.

Percival, A. P. (1.F.8.) su aA ... England.

LIST OF MEMBERS.

| Percival, G.S. P. ... se e
Perfect, E. ae see =
Perry, a di. -:

_ Perry, Major 8. (r.a. )

Pershouse, Major Standley

Petit, Major G. (R.A.M.C.)

| Petley, GC) A,

Phayre, Major R. B. ‘(at G.)
Phelps, Lt.-Col. M. P.

‘Philip, C. L. =

Phillips, A. A. (1.8.R.)

Phillips, C. A.
_ Phillips, oo T, A. 8, (I.M 5)
Phillips, J. R.

Phillips, W. W. A

Phipson, Major E. S. (1.m.s. i
Phythian-Adams, Major E.G.

. Pinfold, KS. (B.A.) oS
Pipe, TS. eS

Pitman, Major C. R. S. uy

Pogson, Major F. V.

Ponsonby, W. G.

Pope, J. A. (1.c.8.)... -
Porbandar State, The Dewan ses
Port Blair Settlement Reading Club ..
Porter, $ed- Lt. G. H. af?
Pottinger, Major J. A. (M.c via

Pottinger, ie-Col RS. os
Powell, W.S. (14F.s.)

Prescott, Major C. W. (1. ay..

Priestley, E. (D.s.P.) “és
Priestley, Mrs W.

Primrose, Alex. M.

Procter, Sir Henry KE. (c. B. H

Proctor, Miss J. HE.

Proud, R. R,

Pudukkottai, State Museum, The Oncor
Punjab Agricultural ae The ae
Parkis, F.C. (B.F.S.)

Purkis, H. Vernon ...

iiurcy, Pos. aes ahs
Quinlan, D. (m.R.c.v.s-) aes sc
Quin, Lt.-Col. R. P. Wimyss ae

Raitt, W. Chas. es
Rajkot, H. H. Sir Lakhajiraj (x. Ost. R Sy
Rajkumar College, The Principal

a ia

.. Ramnad.

... Gooty.

. Europe.

.-. Maymyo.
... London,
.-. Londen.
.«. Toungoo.
.. England,

.. England,

ee Sambalpur.

... Lahore,

. Caleutta.

-.. Kohat,

.. London.

= Ceylon.
cee Delhi,

.. Bombay.

-«. Calcutta.
... Dharwar.
... Africa.

... Bombay.

.. Lallaguda.

in Bombay.

.. Porbandar.

Port Blair.

S England.

A Jhansi.

‘a °
e @e .

a Bombay,
. Rangoon.
. London.

London.

.. Bombay.

* Golaghat.

.. London,

... London.
... Calcutta,
... Pudukkottal.
». Jayallpur.
... Rangoon.

.. England.

.. Dacca.
.. Ranchi.

,.. London.

+ Kutta,
.. Rajkot.

rs Rajkot.

Ixiv

Rajkumar College, The Principal
eee Lt. Oak W. H. (p.s.0.)
Rane, K. R. (u.m. & s.P.)
Rane, Y. K.
Rawalpindi Club, Ltd. , The Secretary
Readymoney, N. J. tee
Rector, St. Mary’s College ses
Reeve, Chas. F. ‘
Reid, BE. C.
Reid, W. J. (1.c.8., C.LB.)
Remington: Gi Lass:
Reut, E.
Reynolils, L. W. (1.0.8., C.1.E.)
Richards, B. D. (B.8c.) 20
Richmond, R. D. (1.F.s.)
Ridland, a G. 300
Rimington, Boeke.
Rishworth, Lt. H. R. (1. Ms.)
Ritchie, A. B. 50d
Ritchie, Major W. D. (1... gyi
Roberts, A, A. Lane (1.0.8.) ...
Roberts, Dr. C. L. Digby é
Roberts, Lt.-Col. Sir James (1.M.8., C.1. B, 5

Robertson, Sir Benjamin (K.C.S.1., C.1.R.)

Robertson, J. H. (1.¢.8.) ;
Robertsen, Laurence (6¢.8.1., 1.C. S. )
Robinson, A, C. os ae
Robinson, H.C...

Robinson, Capt. J. A.

Robinson, J. B. ih

anno Hon’ ble Mr. Siete Sir 8. M.
Rodger, A. ce FS.) . x 50
Rogers, CU. G. (1F.8. )

Rogers, Rev. K. St. A. (c.u.s.)

Rogers, W.S. ioe
Rondano, Rev. A. (e)

Rosenthal, F. M.

Ross, Major fi. ic elas

Routh, Lt.-Col. G. F.S.

Row, Lt.-Col. G. R. (1.a.)

Row, Dr. R. (™.D.) ...

Rowlandson, B. C. .

Rowson, C,

Roy, N.

Royal Asiatic Society, The Honorary Secretary .

Ruddle, W.H.
Rudkin, Capt. B. Ne

LIST OF MEMBERS,

... Raipur.

.. Jumrud.
...Juvem, Bombay,
... Juvem, Bombay.
... Rawalpindi.

.-. Bombay.

.. Mazagon, Bombay.
... Nasrapur.
..-. Bombay.

» Shillong.

... Bulsar.

.. Lellicherry,

.. Jodhpur.
.-. Bombay.
... London.

.« Bombay.

.. Bombay.

.. London,
.«. Rangoon,
... Lezpur,
... Delhi.
... Darjeeling,
... Bombay.

.. England.

... Madras.
... Poona.
... England.
.». Kuala Lumpur.
... Bombay.
... Sagrampur, —
... Rangoon.
... Rangoon.
ay Lonaee
... Nairobi.
... Bombay.
... Kankanady. »
.. Securderabad.
... Quetta,
... Bombay.
.. Shillong.
.. Bombay.
... Bombay.
... Munnar,
..- Dacca.

. Bombay.

... Madras,
.. Bombay.

LIST OF MEMBERS.

Russell, Major G. H.
Ruttledge, Lt, R. F.
Rutz, Fr.

Rynd, Major F. F. (R.A.)

Ryves, The Hon’ble Mr. Justice A. B..

Sabnis, T. 8. (B.A., B.Sc.)

Sabour, The Principal, College ‘of Agriculture

Salkeld, Major R. E.
Sanders, A. D. oe
Sanders, D. F. ne
Sanderson, PoM.. D.

Sandilands, DroJ. EH. (at.c., M.A., M.D.)

Saone, G. Prier De

Sarangarh, The Hon’ble Raja aaa ‘Singh

.. Rawalpindi.
.. Bangalore,
we Karachi.

..- Karachi,

. Allahabad.

.. Bombay.

Sabour, Ben gal.

en land,
Pry Is ail

... Caleutta.
... Bombay

... Bombay.
.. England,

Sardah, The Librarian Police Memorial Library...

Sarkar, Capt. S. (1.M.s.)

Satya Churn Law ...
Saunders, Lt.-Col. F. W. ( (R.E.)
Saunders, H. F.

Savantwadi, HW. H. The Sandesat of

Savile, L. H.

Saxby, H. B.

Scarlett, Lt.-Col. J. ae oo)

Schomberg, Major R. C. F.

Scott, A. G.

Scott, Major F. B. (ia. )

Scott, R. P.

Scott-Coward, C, WwW.

Scroope, Capt. Cee

Searight, Lt. BE. E.G. L. ...

Secunderabad Club ey:
ea

Sedgwick, L. J. (1.0.8.)

Segar, Mrs. W. J.

Seervai, Dr. Rustor F. ae

Senior- White, RK. A. (F.£.8.) ...

Seymour Sewell, Major R., B, (1.m.s.) ...

Shand, Major J. G. B. (I.M.S.)
Shannon, G mi (E08)

Sharp, ir Henry (C8. 04.8 Mey

Shaw, G. =
Shaw, G. L Ree i
Sheather, eae Ler, Sa
Shebbeare, E. O. ..
Shephard, T. F. G. ...
shepherd, W. ©. (1.¢.s.)
sheppard, 8.T. ... cE
9

The

_.. Sarangarh, Se 5

. Sard: ah.

... England,
... Calcutta,
.., srinagar.

. Madura, 8. I,

.. Savantwadi,

. Lngland,

... Cawnpore.
aco 1h, 10:

. Engiand,
... Rewa, ©. I,
« Enyland,
... Rangoon.
... Bellary.

Me Bombay.

gear ary

Jombay.

... Secunderabad.
... Poona,

.-«. Dharwar.

... Bombay.

.- Ceylon.

..» Bombay.

... Bombay.

..- Bombay.

.. Delhi.

.-- Piyang.

... Jalpaiguri.

w«- England,

.. Dow Hill P, O.
.-. Bulsar,

.. Bombay.

.- Bombay.

Ixvi < LIST OF MEMBERS.

Shevade, S. V. (s. eS Dip. in Agri. (Camb. ), F.zs. F. R. H. 8.,Baroda,

Shipp, W. H. Soc .. Ajmere,:
Shirley, G.S. as .». Rangoon.
Shortland, C. V. N. ia M.T.C.E. ) a: -» Nagpur,
Shortt, Capt. H. K. c McS.)ithonce ae ... Bombay.
Shortt, D. M. . bee .- Villupuram.
Shortt, Wii O: £.. Mongyrs- ge
Shuttleworth, H. L. (a4. A. F.B. 2.8. LEGS: .) ... Rangoon.
Siam, H. R. H. Prince Abhakara of Chumporu ... Bangkok.
Silvester, C. J. bar oe ... London, England,
Simmons, ReMi lc. eee oe ... Rutlam.
Simonds, Major M. H. Eee * --. Lingland,
Simons, H. B. i .- Dehra Dun.

Simpson, Lt.-Col. I,

Sinclair, R. L.

Sind Club, The Hony. Secrotary
Sirdar acrid Scindia

Sitwell, Col, N.S. H. a.)

.. Bannu.

.- Dharwar.

.. Karachi.

.. Gwalior, C. I,
.-. Poona.

Sitwell, S. A. H. .- Calcutta.
Sitzler, EK. A. (1.F.s.) -- Mawlaik,
Skeen, Maj.-Genl. A .. Kohat.

Skinner, Major J. M. (i.m.s.) .. Bombay.

Skinner, Major R. B.(nz.)

Sladen, Dr. R. J. L. ree)
Sladen, J. MM. (1.¢.s.)

.. England.
.. NTINAgAr.
.. Belgaum.

Slater, ‘A. E. bee . Aligarh.
Slater, Major A. F. M, we .. London,
Slater, J. Sanders ... as .. England.

Smale, Chas. B. (1.F.s.)
Smillie, Miss Il. EK. ie A.)

... Rangoon.
.- Toronto.

Smith, B. B. .. Matelli,
Smith, Churles J... .-. Dhanbad,
Smith, Capt. G. R. (1.A.B.) .. Bombay.

Smith, kee So) a
Smith, Lt.-Col. F. A. (t.t.s.) ..

.. Masulinatam.

... Hyderabad, Dn.

Smith, Dr. Malcolm 2 oe
Smith, Major Sidney (R.G.A. i .. Borbay.
Smith, Major O. A. .. Hazaribagh.
Somervaille, Geo. .. Rangoon.
Souter, G. A. (1.6.8.) _.. Coorg,

Spalding, Lt.-Col. W. B.
Sparrow, Col, R.

Spencer, F. D.

Sprott, Capt. F. igh o38
Srinagar Club, The Secretary
Stables, M: ajor - Alex. (R.A.M.C.)

Stallard, Lt.-Col. H. G. F. (Bac, a

Stamye, Lt. W. L.

.. Cawnpore.

.. England.

oe IAM.

... Coorg.

.. Srinagar, Kashmir.
. Naini Tal.

.. Bombay.

.. Roorkee,

LIST OF MEMBERS,

Stanford, Capt. U. M. (R.F.a., m.B.0.0.)
3 Stanford, J. K. (M.A., M.B.0.U., 1.6.8.)

_ Stanley, Lt.-Col. E. H. B, (1. M.S. ) i
Station ~ ape Nhe Hon: Secretary As
Steel, A. das :

3 Steffen, 0.

Steichen, Rev. Father A. (s.a.) ES
Stent, P. J. H. (1.c.s.) ate a

F Stephen, R, F. ese kas ms
Stephens, L.B. ... ee eee

Stephenson, G. C. ex aS
Stevens, Herbert... oe

q iverson; Lt.-Col. W. D. it + (as) os
' Steward, C. F.C. ... pes
| Stewart, A. P. * Be es
Stewart, E. A. ee AS ah
; Se wart, C. G. =

7 Stewart, Capt. D. M. “a

- Stewart, Lt.-Col. G. E. (1.m.s.)

3 Stewart, John on omy fe
Stewart, R. R. (PH.p.) ae er
Stileman, D. F. e S.) one si

Stirling, Lt. J. HK. ... ae a

Stirling, J. H. ee ad ‘ee
Stirling, Col. Wm. (c.M.G., D. 8.0. } 3
Stockley, Major C. H. ree ee

Bistokes, H. G. (C.1.E., 1.0.8.) ... ee

Stokes, I. W. sab ace Be

Stone, Capt. F. H.S. (R.N.R.) =
Stoney, R. F. Ses an fae
Story, S. 8. ss she “A
Street, E. -_ dvs wee
Stuart, ‘a D. cs ies
Stubbs, L. M. (1.c.s. 7 :

“Sudan, Govt. Museum, Curator
Sullivan, Col. G. D. F. ies

rer, Dr. M)F.(p.sc.) ... eae
Swinhoo, General C. be cis
. Sylvester, Capt, E. C. (R.8.4.)

Symons, C. T. ee
Symons, Lt.-Col. T. "HL. (ILM. s., ‘O.B.E.) s

‘Tailyour, B. P. ae wes
Talbot, G. W. ae wes
‘Talbot, R. H.

‘Taleyarkhan, K. M. (Bar. -at-Law)

Ixvii

-- England,
ee. Shwebo,
..- Bombay,
.. Simla.
ut )Ootiedtniad
... Bombay.
.. Bombay.
.. Nagpur.
. Badlipur,
. England,
.. London.
-- England.
.. Simla,
. England,
... London.
.. England.
-- Rangoon.
.. Poona.
... Bombay.
... Scotland.
-- Rawalpindi.
- Salem.
--- Meerut.
.-- Jodhpur.
. Belgaum,
. Jhelum,
.«. Madras,
.»» Bombay,
... Bombay,
.«. Madras,
.. Lingland,
... Mandalay.
.»» Rangoon.
.. Bareilly.
«es Sudan.
.. London.

e

Sounth, Maharana Shri Jarwarsinhjee, Raja Saheb of P.O. Sunth Ram-

pur.
.. Bombay.
.. London.

.. Vandiperiyar P, O.

xt Colombo.

.. Madras.

.. Ceylon.

bee England.
... Cachar.
... Bombay.

Ixvill LISt OF MEMBERS,

Tambe, Dr. aoe Bnielianiien (RicAc pe bases,

L.M. & 8.). sf Be ... Narsinghpur.
Tasker, T. J. (1.¢.8. ie ae soc ne wv. Lingland,
Tate, Capt. A. R. W. Be ae , Quetta.
Tavoy Club, The Honorary Secretary aoe Tavoy, Burma.
Taylor, Lt. -Col. G. (R.F.A.) une ... London.
Taylor, Dr. W. R. (M.B.0.8., LBC. s.) 30 .-. Insein.
Tenison, Major W. P. C. (. A., D.S.0. se ... England,
Thatcher, WE Cet ce aoe eee Dehra Dun.
Theobald, Wm. ... ae ee ns ... Mysore, S. I.
Thom, W.S. ase ae Ass aps ... Paletwa, Aracan

Hill Tracts.
Thomas, E. F. (1.c. S) re a si ... London.

Thomas, F. tae ee ih wo. Hingland.
Thomas, Roger... re ... Baghdad.
Thomason Gollege, The Principal! su .-- Roorkee.
Thomson, Major Dobe des ane ... Lingland.,
Thomson, Lt. H. as Jas vat .- England.
Thorns-Roberts, J. W. B. wc ee ... Rangoon.
Thornton, H. A. (1.¢.8.) ... oe ... Lashio,Shon States.
Thuillier, "Major-Genl. Jah ids (ae BE.) BS «. England.
Thullier, Major L, C. (1. a ses a ... London.
Tibbs, Rev. P. G. ... “6 eeu Bac .. Bombay.
Ticehurst, Ur. e B. (M.A., M.B. 0.U., R.AMC.) ... England.
Tietkens, A. J. H ase =o eee ... Darjeeling.
Tilden, H. B. (F.0.8.) pe as se .-. Caicutta.
Tomlinson, A. G. ... ks Bee aes ... Busrah.
Travers, W. L. (0.B.B.) —... oe See .. Jalpaiguri,
Traylen, Ci. US as ooh Bee 590 ... Bombay.
Treasurywala, N. J. ‘eae ce wae) tee emia
Trevelyan, Capt. W. R. F. oe sc ... Bhamo.
Trevenen, Major W. B. ... he ie .e» Poona,
Triggs, Bernard Soe eee ae .. Rutlam.
Trigg, C. T. eee ... Jalpaiguri.
Trivandrum, The Director, Government “Museum

and Public Gardens Pee 508 cis . Trivandrum,
Trotter, Lt.-Col. E. W. oe sé as -- Bangkok, Siam.
Troup, R. S. (1.F.8,) oe eis oes bse U/Rangsom
Tunnard, T. E. ee i ... Ceylon.
Tunstall, A. C. .. Assam.
Turkhud, Dr. D, A. (4.3.5 OM. sete. Mae ... Bombay.
Turner, Sir Montague ’ ... a we ... London.
Tweedie, INGE ter ae ben See Wat ... Calcutta.
Tyers, ELOY es Bas Bes we England,
Tyler, H. H. F. M. (1.0.8.) .. ae peace
Tyrrell, Lt.-Col. J. R. (L.MLS. 5 cus teak .. Nowgong.

Tyson, John DY(:c.4:) | ee Na -. Caleutia.
Tytler, Major-General H. C. (c MG, C.1.E., D. .0.). Murree.

LIST OF MEMBERS.

Ixix
- Ubsdell, Lt. A. RR... “ a ... Calcutta.
Underwood, Rev. J. E. aM sis .. England.
United Provinces, Educational Secretary to
Government ; me ... Allahabad.
United Service Club, The Secretary ... Bangalore.
United Service Library, Hony. Secretary ... Poona.
Spin, Tt... TT. ... + _ ... Calcutta,
_ Urwin, Lt.-Col. J. J. (1.1 Bi... = ... Cuttack,
Usher, FL. ... Bangalore,
eS. Department of Agriculture, Tha Librarian... . Washington, D, C
Vaidya, V. P. (Bar.-at-Law) 3 ... Bombay.

| Vakil, B.N. (B.SC.) v0 .. Bombay,
Van Het Algemeen Prcefstation Der, A. VAR: S.
: De Birectour an

; eee . ... Medan, Sumatra,

' Van ingen, E. M. ... Mysore

Vellore Club, The Honorary ‘Secretary ... Vellore, S. I.

- Vernon, H. A. B. (1.¢.8.) eo, ee ... Saidapet.

- Victoria College, The Frincipal ae cee Lalo hia:

_ Victoria Memorial Park, he Hon’ble Secretary. Rangoon.

_ Victoria Technical Institute, The Curator and

. Librarian ee ... Nagpur.

» ©6Vijayarajji, Maharaj Kumar Shri va .« Dhuy, Catch,

® Villar, A. R. (LF-s.) at ... Rangoon.

Vinayak Rao, Rao Bahadur M. ™ _.. Caleutta.
Vincent, H. ... Poona,
Vincent, The Hon'ble Sir W ‘liam (1.0, iss K.C.8.1.) Simla.
hnidas Damodhar Thakersey, Sir, Kt. wo. Dombay.
Vitty, C. P. ee ove ae eo. Lngland.
Volkart, L. eae =o es ... Bombay.
Wait, W. E. i: nee ae ... Colombo.
Wakefield, J.G. ... ae nae ... Gaya, Bengal,
Walker, d,S.H.. ... = » Ryam
Walker, Major W. B. (B.A., F. ike .,) a ... Rangoon.
Walker, t. Col. F. Spring (1.4.) a ... Bombay.
Wall, Col. F. (1.ms., C.M.2,8., C.M.G.) . ae Karachi,
Walsh, E. P. (1.0.s. ) a3 as, ». Tanjore.
Walsh, M. P. (Bar.-at-Law) ... “4 .«. Karachi,
Walters, O. H. (1.F.8.) Sed se -.- Simla.
Wapshare, ee = ot + Nilgiris.
Warburton, A. P. Kes ... Moulmein,
Ward, Capt. W. R. (0.8.¢. ). es ... Teheran.
Ward, F, Kingdon... a a = London.
Warton, Major GO. PLE. a, ene wee Bonnie
Warwick, M. ed sei ... Sat dal.
Waterfield, E. H. (Leo. <3 eae ae ... Dharwar.
Wathen, Mrs. G. A. ve eee ... England.
Watney, Col. C. W. He ro w. England.

)xx
Watson, Lt.-Col. H. R. ue Bae
Watson, H. W. A. (1.F.s.) wad

Watson, Lt.-Col. J. W. Wa
Watson, Philip Es

Watts, Lt.-Col. G. A. R. “oc
Weatherly, Capt E, F.C. F.

Webb, G. R. Bee ae oc
Webb, M. (1.c.8.) ... a ewe
Webb, Jielis No a aoe or
Webb, Major Geo. A. “os
Webb- Ware, George one

Weldon, Dr. R. P. (M.D.)
Wells, Dr. H. E. ™

West, L. C. cae
Western, Miss R. H. wae
Weston, A. ike ses bee
Whalley,G.P. ... uss eee
White, G. H. ae ese wes
White, L. 8. (1.¢.s.) se i

White, Capt. W. T.... ca
Whitehead, John (1,8.s.) oe

Whymper,S. lL... aa -
Whyte, W. Ber ee a
Wickham, P. F. (c. ) a ser
Wilkis, J.S. oe ea

Willcox, A. V.

Williams, Lt.-Col. C. E. (a 1.8.)

Williams, Capt. J. K. ae:

Williams, Lt. Chas. H.

‘Williamson, A. (1.¢.s.) wea os
Williamson, HW eG Soyiees: Se
Williamson, Poke:

Willingdon, H. E. Lord (a.c. s. L., G.C.L. 2)
Wilson, A. F. au

Wilson, A.R.

Wilson, Bt-Lt.-Col. Sir A. T. (0.81., C.M.G.

C.LE., D.8.0.) ose
Wilson, “Major C.H. E. (era)
Wilson, Mrs. D. W.
Wilson, J. O. C.
Wilson, J. M. ee
Wilson, R. A. (1.¢.8.)
Winch, H. J. aes
Wise, George Meee ie Wee
Withers, D. ‘S. ee oN cee
Witt, D. 0. (I.F.S.)
Wood, Lt.-Col. H. ee see
Wood, John A... aes eek

‘LIST OF MEMBERS.

.. Jhelum.
.. Maymyo.
«- Bombay.
... Rangoon.
.. England.
.. Bombay.
.» Bombay.
.. Satara.

oe. Caleutta.

eee Mirik.
.e- Madura.

. Lumding.
ee Insein,.
«es Hubli.

». sukkur.
... Papun.

.- Calcutta,
«. England,
. London.
-« Monywa.
.. Chakratta, U. P.
ee. London.
ee. Rangoon.

ee. Rangoon,
ees Madras.

.. Lreland,
... Rangoon.
.s. Bombay.

«. Poona,

... Shwegyin.
.«. Motihari.
eee ingland,.
... Madras.

.. Madras.
... Almora, U. P.

3
... Baghdad.
.». Kharaghoda.
.. Bombay.
... Papun, Burma.
... Assam.
... Amraoti.
.. Shivrajpur.
.. Bombay.
.. Hurope.
.. Ranchi.
-. Mussoorie.

.. London,

LIST OF MEMBERS. Ixxi

Wood, Lt.-Col. W.M.P. ... Be wee Rajkot
Woods, D. F. e ee Ee .. Bombay.
Wordsworth, Major R. 5 Agee Mee ... Bombay.

W organ, Col. R. B. x a .-. Camp India.
Wrangham Hardy, G. ear ies ... Darjeeling.
Wright, Revd. G. A. A. mas oie ... Coimbatore.
Wright, 4 C. ake oe see ... London.
Wright, J. M. (1.cs.) ee ... Myaungmya.
Wright, Major Robert B. (1. 1.8. ) a .-- Madras,
Wricht, Major W. D. (1.™.8.) = .«. Bombay.
Yeolekar, T. G. (M.A., B.Sc.) . 3: ... Poona.
Young, FT. .. Bombay.
Young, Lt.-Col. H. G. (DS. 0. R. F.A yo .-- Lahore Cantt.
Young, fev. (L¥.8.): | bes ee .». Rangoon,
Young, R. H. ae ie .-» Karachi,
Yule, “Major Ty. A, (1.A.) ac Sen ... Peshawar,
Zollinger, A.B... pes see ... Futicorin.
Zumbro, Rev. W. M. ase an -» Madura.

Zurmuhle, E. ox ae eh .-. Bombay.

“sLOppNP ‘spUDZUNOIIP Pa.taZ.10YOD
“op 2 NOSNYUAA “A ‘V (PS)

*£o1008 AIO}SIR leingeN Avquaog
“asNs09 4G fisd.L0uo ry
‘H9aO'T ‘A *H

"99720019100 ['eIsod ou) pue

‘mey] UII eoueyeq aly Joy ‘UOpuoOTT ‘yuVg [eUOlIe. oY) WON a9BogIyTed & OSTR

BB OZ6I dequeoeq 181g U0 Jfvyaq

AJ91005 049 UO ploy e10M' salypAnoe8g eAOgEe oT}

48y1 909g oy 09 Spaqruntiry ‘VIpUT Jo YUV [BUN olf} WO.«y 1940] B Mees 9ABY OAL

O GE 69 ate

0 POLST F

0 0 008‘s%

—————

0 0 00081
0 0 000%!
0 0 000‘0T

Fee |KO 0008.8

IL OU 6696S

eee

IT0 §16‘9

0 9 6
Tt OL 128'T
0 0 000%

See

TL ST 9038'S

Il Sl 982°St

z 6 TLI'9E

HPHSCOMCDOOCONSAA Ht
i)

Tl 0
‘d °8

£hs
ey ‘d

** £1BlaLODG “UOT OY YITM Saqyvoy [toy [ejsOd Til

OZ6T
Laquteseg 4s{g uo ‘vopuoTy‘vipuy jo sueg
[BUO}BN OT] YA JUNOIDY JWoAIND WO oconB[eg ]T

e eo ee oe eo eo

spuog

qSNT, quamesord uy Aaquiog jo AyD %F

°* - spuog

noanmerencan gsnig, yaoq Avquog % PF

‘UBOTT UOISJOAUOD VIPUT JO JUETIUTOAOS ho

"SOION ALOSsIWOTd BIPUT JO PUSUILTEAO % $8
"finquog “py

‘nipuy fo JWT 1NU0ZION 242 Y7202 69974.4NI9G T

ee eo ee co oe ee

purely uo asvp
Aeqmog ” aed [euOTB Ny TTA qunoody JUaIIND UO

Aequiog
‘erIpuy JO yUR_ porojreyH IY, UjIA IISOdeq poxtg
'0G6{ /2Qwanag 2ST§ UO 2UYIDE

jUNnODDY JuUeITNH Uo 'uop
“HO'] “pq ‘vipny JO yur” [VuoleN 0} soNvzy LOY
-- ~Bok 04) SULANp Bryg 07 oprut souvApy
es a oie **SOl[LV 1loW] puwe SHON UVIpuy
TOs a W OF BIPUT 0} OSESSUY
spllg omey
peseqoand enbeyo
=e. JlByO oxeus
Sested xm Aipung
pereAooax aq 07 sosLeD
XB YY, omoouy
WINIMETY SURAMSUT IA17
oe 9047 JIPRY
qunooo¥ 9AngIUIn,
_ junoooy Averqury

eo
eo

ee ee

ee ae a0 oe 60 oSB1soq
fa : a crowonmS pue sunUuIg
0 55 sis af 0 qUony
ae Bee ae se BO sesrvyO [e198
ae ts ed Sie le ele: ee SOrtRyeg

oe oe eo ee

qunoooy [euInor
0s6l Arenuee IS] HO IFBAp 10A0 yueg

‘SINAN AVG

IT OT 669°6S

0 0 007'Sz

9 9 T&6‘TT

9 T T6912

116 ub

‘de “sty

(ps)

“SLOlpNW ‘S2unzUNnOsoP pasaz.loyD
“00 ¥ NOSODYAW “Hh “V

(ps)

*4091100 punoy pues poupuMexn
"L260 Avonugay 4916 ‘AVARKOG

ey

0 0 O00P‘OT
0 0 000‘ST

—————

0 0 OF

Seowocoocoooeornooo

9 Gl SLLIZ

0 106
8 61
0 Sh
0 LF0'T
ZT 26681
002'T
eet
oF
cp
0g
ST

oqooooocosececo
eo lrvoocon

Yel a CEBU

oe

02
61

spuod IVM % fs yo
** Silld Aimsvory, Jo specoor g

Lay

61
ON
paloaodor FeVqs 09 souRAPY
°* qisodeg poxry **
ee sjueujsaauy ‘ ce
PUDOOONE jueLIny UO 189104UT
oi °* SelIpung
Sooy UOMerAs1s0y
SOTLLV arene puv syonqd uvipuy
( } erIpuy Jo swmyeg
(sdoUBAPY UL) syaBYOQ eyeUG
ee yoog uoesyg “«§ ©
sergiayyng fo gsr “6 &
we | UBIONIB WY JO BLOT T FO sopeg
: 09 *« —sy00g oyBUg
[8uINoL JO sereg
S007 coueaUny

ee 20

quoulutoaoy Laquiog ot} WOay pre-u1-7U08H

suOlsdtaosang JO punzoy—ssary

dy [stequiel Ost

( a )ezer “ ce
( se )3cer “ us
(90UBAPE UI) [Z6T “’ s
avad yuerTInd egg f
ts 6let “* ef

te SI6I ii} se

ce L161 66 «c

“ OI6T ity “

ce SIér “ fe

(STVOILB UL) FIGL AOJ UoMdtazosqng

036E Aavnaee 487 UO YystD

‘SLA IGOR

‘OZGT uaquaoeg? iste 07 huvnuny pst wok YLTNQOIOV £9 LNAWALV LS

|xXxil

‘ALSIOOS AYOLSIH WHNLVN

AVAEINOS

i= *Ajoloog A1o4styy [wanqey At quiog *SLOUIPNY ‘S/UDJUNOIIY PaLeI4DYO

4 *SHODSPN PF ‘SJUDJUROIIP pIsa4yYyO MIUNSDILT, .b0L0U0 TT 0D 2 NOSNOUN ‘a ‘Vv (‘ps)
“oo ® NOSOOUAA “A ‘VW (PS) ‘apadol “a “H (es) “4091100 punos pas pauymexG

"1361 “annaqay WG ‘SVENOg
“OVE 19q UIeDNq ISTE UO JyBYoq s,AJorv0g ay} UO pjoy SUA AGIAndeg BAOQ’ IT}
qayy yooye 94} 09 ‘poylmiy ‘wipuy jo yUVg [BUN 04) MIOAJ 10429] B U99S OABY OM

!
“9000'S ‘SY oN [BA OORT
01'S “SU—ZSIGI SPUOg ysnay, 910d ABQuOog oF
‘finquog ‘pajuaTy ‘pypuy
fo yung youoywn ay? YDIM psndas
8 9 86S°IT $ 9 €2o'IT |
OL OI £29's ear OLS 782° eae ee
9 ¢ GF Nat ie oi 5° Og 85¥8}80g 0} BDUBADY
P L Zr9'T 2 o oe * ee ee ee Aequiog 0 L 6 B/S EAS) os nie oe . satipung
yuvg |enoyeN YA yuNnoIyY YueTan) UO |
Oe teats + huquiog “0 jy XOO ‘sdssay Tita 91sodaq paxtg 0 t 812 * —** WOS}OH JouopoD m10Iy Poatasea sosuodsgy
: ‘SHONVIVG UTHLO GNV HSVO 0 GL Gt ae Be ie qisodoq paxty uo 499101 Uy
L It L¥a's eee ree ee 0 &Y got “ ** gunoooy yuaqiny ao 4ser0quy
0 0 US Se Gaisloyeourspy Fe ;
0 4° ssI‘T oe * - oP oF sogtedxe Salj09/[0D 0 8 L8T oe a S}UGUTIBIAUT UO jSoLaqUT
0% TF eS Me ee SIsIBYO UVAFI1O} pUe os¥Is0g Be
T Il 1g ae a M3 a a Sasuad Xa [B.1ouo+y OLE 39's om 0261 Salinp paataoat suoyeuog
0 6 80g ae. ee Sige *\ - sesmedxa Sujoavay,
9 2 02 oe aS sc *2 zie peseqoind enbeyg | § & 6&4 RE BE
00 Lt te i ee **) SoxOg uomoedg ao 7481014 5
0 0 08 << a oe a 25 ze ** 90uT JPY 13C L61'¢ © B pur JO YUvg [RUONIVN YIM Ssoav[eg
0 % OL gi 7 oh} Ss Ss ** Sas pI141B) JO 9S0D
OL ST L¥9'¢ —— O1& Is se te ees gsty Aq90g Jo aouyleg
0 0 9Lg i he ** —- guOsLOg UT tf “
00 gs Be se a ** 9dOULy “ se S.aBie OF vay se ee Be edBISOg JO oouvlyg
0 0 Gig Gy is a “* gafoey Us
8 & 60F al fd se = B14 BSSIN ne es 0 0 000'% ee YUB_ayULOLAN UIA Ylsodeq poxt iT
G OL 6&9 ie or 2s Bysiydeg s0UvMOT|Y pus Arvyeg
0 0 009'8 OY Sts Se) SBITOAAS UT eo Arey ag ‘OZ6T AUVONVE IST 40 HONVIVG PNINDQ
‘de ‘By ‘d °s ‘sy ‘d ‘se ‘sy ‘d 3 ‘sy

‘OZAT Haquaray ISTE 07 huvnuny gst mwouf SLNQOOQOV Oo LNAWALVLS
‘ALHIOOS AUMOLSIH IVNOLVN AVAWOd

iecbinines “-LNONOOOV GONNA WWWYW

10

NEW GENERIC TERMS.

Page

MortTonaGRion (Odonata) ... ca sei vet ane

SuPELLINA ( Orthoptera ) as ; of fi eOO

Ixxv

INDEX OF SPECIES,

hy

3 NUMBER. NuMBER
Abaratha Kid . 218, 222, 434, 438 Acanthopneuste borealis borealis ~» 485
4 peeneret » +223, 224, 434, 443 xanthodryas 486 |
pebies Pees se TOT davisomt 2. Wa) eae
Abisara echerius angulata a .. 894 lugubris 142. 486

ae a ied -» 894 magnirostris .. .. 486
Bee ebes rapt ze ee oi -- 647) ___________ nitidus.. = -. 559
— stoliczkae .. oe ra er O4TT: nitidus .. .. 486
_Ablepharus brandti = 4 vealed Saedannn _. 486

plumbeitarsus .. 486
occipitalis occipitalis 142, 486

Abrornis acanthizoides .. au $5 480i Se ee
= affinis ee as - ec 487

_ ——— albogularis Ae ae .. 488
oe albogularis .. «836.. 488)2=~—*—=“C“i‘<; 2 2C«C;S”;*# coronata .. 486
—oe castaneiceps ae “a .. 487 ae Se tenellipes ee .. 486
trochiloides Be Doe

—— flavigularis Re oe .. 488
hodgsoni .. a es trochiloides .. 486

SM eS 487 SS hartertin eee

maculipennis re ae .. 485 | ————————- viridanus ae .. 559

——— riponi we oe ae .. 488| Acanthoptilia nipalensis .. ee .. 483
—— schisticeps schisticeps .. .. 488} Acanthion .. ae oA .. 342, 533
schwanerl .. oF a .. 488 |————— bengalensis__.. ate 64, 66
schwaneri.. .. 488 |————— brachyurus_.. = ont i

superciliaris ats ate .. 488 | ————— hodgsoni <- .. 64, 65, 533

F superciliaris .. 488 | ————— indica sh e .. 65
eee |)... 518) ————— klossi_ «+. 64,05, 06 533
indicum .. Ze Sn .. 518 |———— leucura .. ss 46 64, 342
Acanthis cannabina fringillirostris .. 730|———_ leicurus oa .. 321
- flavirostris brevirostris .. .. 730 leicurus .. 65, 533
a rufostrigata .. .. 730|—————- cuneiceps < we 65
stoliczke .. 89. ounbicepe 06, Bees 970

fringillirostris .. be .. 798|—————. malabarica ve z. 665
harmsi.. oe oo .. 853 | —— zeylonensis 65

linota fringillirostris .. .. 846] Acacia arabica 274

——— spinoides .. fe ee .. 103 dealbata .. > “s .. 899
Acanthiza trochiloides .. ae .. 486 senegal .. oh .. 510, 514
Acanthodactylus boskianus 5 .. 352] Accentor atrogularis 722
: asper . 352|—- collaris tibetanus 722
— euphraticus.. 352|————— fulvescens . 722

fraseri .. 302 himalayanus 563, 722

scutellatus .. 352 immaculatus 722

cantoris ace aie) Oat jerdoni 722

Ixxvi
NUMBER NuMBER.

Accentor modularis blanfordi .. 869| Acrocephalus bistrigiceps ee -. 480
nipalensis 563, 721 | dumetorum 480, 558
rubeculoides 722 concinens .. 480
rufilatus .. . 722 | —————— macrorhynchus .. 480
—___—. strophiatus eonia2 scirpaceus macronyx 850, 865
Accipiter ‘ i 95. loath stentoreus brunnescens . 480
—— ieianoelust tus 138 | Acrocodia o. Se
nisus So laa ais), 152, 569, 801 indicus .. .. 3S
——— virgatus .. ..139, 152, 569, 948! Acrotylus insubricus 804, 811
Acdestis delphius 92| Acrydium egyptium 806, 811
pubes) lampidius 92) Actinodura daflaensis .. 461
Acerbas 219 egertoni .. 460
Achalarus 218 egertoni .. 460
Acheta 769 ripponi .. 460
amarensis 769 khasiana .. 460
oe bunaculatay 769 khasiana .. 460
moris 770! ramsayi .. 460
Achyranthes aspera 515 ramsayi . 460
Aciagrion pallidum .. 543 = — radcliffei 461
hisopa 540, 543 ripponi 5° -. 460
Acilius sulaatus . 903 waldeni .. 461
Acomys dimidiatus 320 | Actinopteris dichotoma “ie DEG
Acredula caudata . 846] Actinor 215, 219
alpina .. 850, 863 | Actinura oglei .. 455
tephronota. 844, 862, 863} Aculeata 55 +. -- 316
caudatus .. 863; Adelura aerate ae .. 714, 562
Acrida turrita deserti : 803" Adolias dyrtea a6 ie AG BO ele,
turrita .. 803] Adopxa - 215, 216
Acridella miniata 803, 810| Aldon galactotes familianis .. 847
nasuta 4 .. 810} Adgialitis alexandrina ae -. 155
robusta . 803, 810, 812|————— dubia 155, 802, 972
Acridiodea 803, 810 placida .. ae ae =. 1b5
Acridium continuum . $07| Aigithaliscus bonvaloti .. 239
Acridotheres albocinctus .. en Oz bonvaloti .. 235
grandis . 702 — sharpei .. 235
ginginianus .. 702, 852 | —— concinna ., on .. 234
leucocephalus oe OU iredalei -. 234
melanosternus ae so. ON manipurensis .. 235
tristis..98, 402. 560, 642, 646, ——— pulchellus . 234
796, 852 talifuensis 5 2a
tristis a5 OI erythrocephalus. 234, 536, 795
melanosternus care AT ioschistus eos
Acrocephalus agricola agricola .. 480 leucogenys -. 235
arundinaceus orientalis 480 manipurensis . 235
———————. zarudnyi. 850, 865. niveogularis .. ee . 235

INDEX OF SPECIES.

a PIS “Sai os

INDEX OF SPECIES.

Ix xvii

NuMBER. NuMBER.

Aigithaliscus pulchellus .. 235 | Agama tuberculata. . .. 647

talifuensis 235 | Agriocnemis pygmza «. B42

sharpei 235 | Agrionini ae wie AAT

Aigithalus . 95]|Agrobates brunnescens .. 480

coronatus oan — f. persica .. 866

erythrocephalus es Sraitindsrhalic 95 galactotes familiaris 479, 866

flammiceps . 479| Agrodroma campestris minor .. 739

A githina nigrolutea .. 464 —- jerdoni .. -> 138

tiphia . 940| Agropsar sturnina .. . 700

= tiphia ‘ 464) Ailia coila ee

zeylonica -~ 464) Ailuras . 527

viridissima . 464 fulgens if . 527

£olopus thalassinus 804, 810, Alzmon alaudipes pallida .. 739

tamulus .. 810, 812 desertorum -- 400

—— strepens deserticola 804, 810, 812, Alauda adamsi + . -- 142

strepens . . 804; arvensis .. 106, 197, 108, 799

AX romachus see AGS 217, 218: 455, 4 ——— cinerea a .. 106

788, 790, 792, 793 ,—- ——— cimerascens .. 105, 740, 858

indistinctus P 788 | ——~- —— dulcivox 107, 108

jhora .. ve 224, 225, 444| _—_ ———- intermedia 106, 740

Erna . : 270, 509, 510|—— japonica . 740

pseudo- iaiinca: 47, 507, 508, 510, 511 | ——— leiopus > oa

— tomentosa .. 507, 508, 510, 511, 513, | ——— australis .. 741

515, 516, 517| ——— bimaculata Pepa (i

AXsalon 280, 281, 295, 297|—— brachydactyla -. 741

chicquera 152, 280, 282, 297) ——— campestris -+ 739

regulus 280, 282, 295, 801|——— chendoola .. .. 743

AXthiopsar albocinctus . 702|——— cinerascens . oe bow

fuscus .. . 560|——— deva .. .. 143

fuscus .. . 702| ——— dukhunensis 5p ee

grandis .. 702|—— grisea.. aC te a -. 744

infuscatus . 702| —— gulgula .. 106, 107, 403, 741

Aéthostoma rostratum 5 454s) posi ae
AXthorhynchus lafresnayei | —— > oe ws g

Aithriamantha : .. 260/ —— —— gulgula 105, 741

brevipennis 260, 261 | ——- ————- guttata 105, 107, 741

brevipennis .. 261|——— ——— inconspicua -. 741

‘ ue ata ee

Agama caucasica 647, 972 - — a
isolepis 412, 647 | —— inconspicua Ari

, é .. 351 |——— intermedia -. 740

yas is (g(a nica ee
pallida . 30l japo iy

persica . 351 | —— leautungensis .. 743

— rubrogularis .. 647 | —— leiopus = ber

ioulari . 412 |——— longipennis .. ey

aoe 5 nalabarica - 743

ruderata . 351 geri

Ix xviii

Alauda penicillata ..
raytal

sala 54

——— triborhyncha

leiopus. .

——————

trivialis
Alaudula adamsi
persica
seebohmi
raytal raytal
adamsi
minor persica
seebohmi .

Alcedo a
athis pallassi

ispida 30 =
pallassi
Alcippe brucei Se 33 a
beurdilloni .. Se
fratercula

pheocephala i eoenUALS
—_—_———— harringtonie
davisoni
magnirostris

magnirostris
nigrifrons ‘
nepalensis nepalensis
fratercula
yunanensis ..
brucei
phayrei

ae aa

phayrei
Alectoris greca
chukor
pallida

845,

bactriana
hotsoni ..
Allotrius intermedius

Alnus be as ah a

Alona costata
guttata
rectangula

NUMBER.

.. 740
. 142
os AL
eo LY
se LOU
velo
Oo
.. 742
aati (es
.. 742
.. 742
pe
.. 742
.. 402
850, 870
942
BoorAl)
.. 455
.. 456
. 456

. 455 |

. 455
.. 456
. 455
454, 455
.. 456
.. 455
.. 455
. 455
.. 455
-. 455
.. 465
847, 8890
-. 110

. 145

. 278
179, 180
. 318

-. 183
315, 318
-. 464
-. 849
835, 839
Sig) cers’)
835, 839

INDEX OF SPECIES.

NUMBER,

Alonella excisa sate we oe) QoGs Saal
Alophoiscus pheocephalus a . 466
Alseonax latirostris. . 560, 706, 943
muttui 706, 943
ruficaudus 706, 943
Alsocomus elphinstoni . 943
pulchricollis - 153

Alticola acrophilus .. 59
albicauda .. 59

——— hblanfordi .. . (309
cricetulus .. Rats)
montosus .. 59
—— roylei 59
—— stoliczkanus 59
———- stracheyi .. eee
——— wynnei 59
Alucurus striatus 468
Alysicarpus .. : 518
Amadina oa 726
Amandava ‘ Ae 725
amandava amandava.. 725
flavidiventris 725

Amaranthus 518
polygamus 518

Amathusia amythaon 887
phiddipus 887
Amauronis akool . 154
phcenicurus 154
Ambassis baculis 160
nama 160

ranga ; 160
Ambliocephalus iiontieoty 647
Amblystoma persimile Ba eile,
Ambulyx bo 745, 746
phalaris .. ne -. 746
Ammannia : 376, 514, 518
baccifera 278

multiflora 278
desertorum AT
Ammomanes cinctura zarudnyi 743
—_—_—_—___—_— deserti 857
fraterculus 857

(fraterculus) ? , 844

—— pheenicuroides . 743

NuMBER.

Ammomanes desertorum .. es . 845

griseogularis griseogularis .. 848

pheenicura pheenicura . 743

zarudnyi . 743

— pheenicuroides ~ 799
| Ammoperdix bonhami 801, 880
griseogularis griseogularis .. 880

ter-meuleni 845, 88]
. -215, 216, 218, 222, 433, 435, 437,
439, 442, 447, 788, 789, 792

_ Ampittia

dioscorides ..224, 225, 439, 444, 447

gola es . 788

maro . 212, 788
Ampeliceps coronatus -. 700
Amphipnous cuchia ow 162

_ Ampulex assimilis .. . 82)
: gratiosa .. 821
_ Anabas scandens 161
Anacardiaccie ‘ 45

_ Anadebis diademoides 886
Anaphezis mesentina 641
Anas acuta .. is oe .. 875
boscas A e eel oe S02
boschas “A te 2 Aree 63)

crecca crecca . oe ole

_—— platyrhyncha patyymcha .. 875
penelope 875

Anax ae ie 255
guttatus ate 540

_—— immaculifrons . 540
_ Ancistroides % 215, 216
_ Ancistrodon himalayanus .. .. 647
_ Andropogon annulatus 276, 278
iwarancusa .. 510, 511

sorghum Gras!)

. pAngony= 748, 749
sculpta ; ; 749 |

=-—— testacea .. a oe .. 748

testacea .. re .. 748

veins rotundifolia .. a ane ah
Anoplius 820
Anourosorex ae Fic A .. 525
squamipes 525
Anorthura neglecta oe a: +4008
Anostomus oscitans Se os Rev Oak

INDEX OF SPECIES.

Anser Xe
ferus

—— indicus
rubrirostris
Antilope ;
cervicapra ..

subgutturosa
Anticharis linearis ..

glandulosa, var. cerulea

Anthipes moniliger

moniliger
leucops

———— olivaceus ..
poliogenys
Anthoscopus pendulinus

—- ———— persimilis.

Anthracoceros albirostris ..
coronatus
Anthus blakistoni
campestris .. MS
campestris
minor
cockburniz

——— cervinus ..

coutelli

leucophrys oocknane
- jerdoni ..
captus

maculatus ..

nilghiriensis
pratensis

——— malayensis ..

japonicus

——— richardi
—— — ——_—_ richardi
—_—__— ———— malayensis

rufulus
striolatus ..

rosaceus
roseatus
rufulus
similis
spinoletta

submoniliger ..

lx xix

UMBER,

-» 875
- 157
146, 157
«57

.- 74, 84, 533
84, 169, 186, 189, 411,

533
oe: B19
512, 516

RZ

Sst ge

~. 105

sep Tit):

. 706

.. 706

20 106

.. 863
844, 863
950, 951

-. 942

aston

.. 788

oe 139

ve hoo

.. 738
739, 858

se) tee

. 738
738

. 138
565, 738

. 739

eae

-. 858

« 139

oe hoe

-. 738

were

we doe
te

-. 566

+. 139
565, 739
565, 798

. 798

[xxx

Anthus spinoletta coutelli
blakistoni
japonica

——— striolatus
SS iT LVAals ae ate
— harringtoni

Se macwlaLus
Se TEINS oc

Aonyx
cinerea

Apatura osteria
Aphneeus bracteatus
concanus .

elima

fusca
——— himalayanus
ictis
khurdanus
lazularia
lohita
———— Junulifera . .
————— maximus

~ —_—_. orissana

—_—— seliga
———— syama
————— trifurcata ..
———— yulcanus ..
_ -———~ uniformis .
———— zoilus

zebrinus

Apodemus 30 3

— speciosus orestes .
sylvaticus

—_—____ ———_——_ rusiges
witherbyi

Apostictopterus 35
Appias lade lalassis. . se
-— Jalage lagela

lyncida hippoides ..
indra

melania adamsoni ..
Apterogyna olivieri. .

Apus asiaticus

dukianus

granarius

INDEX OF SPECIES,

NUMBER.

oe ee)
104, 739
.. 7139
aa) Thais)
-. 565
-« as
ae OF
.. 738
. 527

87, 642

87

5° tele
.. 583
-. 504
.. O74
.. 533
574, 575
215, 216
*.. 896
oo SO

. $96

.. 896
.. 896
35 sll7/
836, 837
Sc ei
836, 837

<a

NUMBER.

Apus numidicus .. xe 2.3 Oo eReae
Aquila bifasciata .. ae .. 568, 800
chrysaétus .. ee 568, 846, 952
heliaca ae Ae .. 568, 953
vindhiana .. sis .. 568, 800
Arachnechtra asiatica Ae ait -- 566
longirostris .. o .. 98%

zeylonica ae 50 .. 94%

Aratomys .. 35 oe ke -» 18a
Arboricola .. 56 Ns ic .. 651
— atrogularis ae ahs .. 652
batemani oe at .. 6m
brunreopecta .. BS .. 652

mandellii de .. 154, (652

olivacea v. torqueola .. .. 652
rufogularis ais 154, 660, 663
rufogularis . 652, 660

— tickelli .. .. G52
intermedia 652, 663

torqueola .. 652, 658, 663

batemani .. 652, 657

millardi .. 652, 658

torqueola 652, 657, 658

— torqueolus 55 ae .» 633.
Arborophila olivacea ac ae .. 652
rufogularis .. oie .. 660

—torqueola .. #9, ous ecole
Arctogallidia 56 ae ie .. 526
millsi ae a .. 600

leucotis a5 .. 526, 600

Arctictis Sa ae rig fe .. 526
binturong BY be .. 526
Arctomys 55 be oie .. 185
Arctonyx 5: oe ot .> 02m
collaris .. om ais .. 527

Ardea cinerea ue He .. 802, 874
cinerea at as .. 846

—— insignis 35 oe .. 156,48
—— manillensis .. ai ee .» Lap
purpurea 36 56 .. 850, 874
Ardeola grayi se se .. . 157, 52
ralloides .. ote ae .. om
Ardetta cinnamomea ae se ee

Argemone mexicana Ws a6 .. 5B
Argya caudata cae a -. 556, 795

INDEX OF SPECIES,

NUMBER,

Argya caudata caudata 246
caudata, huttoni 246

—— earli 246
—— gularis 246
longirostris 246
subrufa 246
Arhopala amantes .. 642
dascia 89

—_— ellisi a9
——— ganesa 89
watsoni 89

Ariagona a * 3 Bar
Aristida ..514 515, 516, 517
— funiculata DUS a6
hirtigluma 277, 510, 517
hystricula 513, 517
mutabilis .. 510, 512
Aristolochia .. : we, 45
—_——_—__-- bracteata . 518
Arnebia hispidissima <- oe -. 509
Arnetta 215, 217, 219, 411, 432, 435
vindhiana 223, 224, 444

— ogygia .. 223
Arrenga as Se a5 -. 459
blighi “a2
Arrhenotrix .. : eV 86
Artemia salina var. arietina . 836
Artiodactyla 72
Artocarpus integrifolia 942
Arundinax canturians 489
Asarcornis scutulatus = EBS
Ascomorpha sp. 836
Asellia tridens -» 926
murraiana.. 315, 327

Asparagus racemosus 515
Asphodelus tenuifolius 277
Aspidoparia morar .. 160
Asplanchna .. 836
Aspidura brachyorros ~. 412
. trachyprocta ‘ .. 186, 412
Astictopterus 215, 216, 218, 219
quadripunctatus ~ 88

89

olivascens ..

Asio accipitrinus
Astur -
11

. 942

meson

—————————————————E—EeEeEEeEeEEEE——————————— ESS
a

Astur palumbarius
badius

Atella phalanta

—— alcippe alcipoides
Athene brahma
noctua

bactriana

Atherurus
assamensis
macrourus
tionis

Athymygynea

; ambra
Atractaspis wilsoni. . ar
andersoni
Augiades

Axis
—— axis
—— — axis

— ceylonensis a

nudipalpibra ..
zeylanicus
Azadirachta indica

Babax lanceolatus lanceolatus
bonvaloti

bonvaloti
koslowi koslowi
victoriz

a VICtolice
waddelli
Babulus babulus
Bachypus euptilosa
Badamia

1xxxi

NuMBER.

133, 569

135, 152, 943
.. 893

bee Se eeage
151, 567, 799
.. 872

.. 872

.. 64, 66, 533
: . 598
66, 533, 598
. 598

88

es

. 349

pe it reas
215, 219, 222
402, 534

2 303

303, 304, 534
303, 304, 534
. 304

2 bo to
i ie
or or

bo bo
a
or ot

. 245
. 245
. 246
.. 616
.. 469

. .215, 216, 217, 222, 435, 436, 778,

784, 790, 791, 793

exclamationis

Bayarius yarrelli
Bahila callipygza

. .223, 224, 444, 780,

784
. 160
- 463

Ixxxii
NuMBER.
Bandicota .. 520
—_—_-——. elliotana ns .. 530
— malabarica 530, 548, 552
= — savilei 5 Seo

oo 211, 215, 2G Zn 7 222,
433, 435, 437, 441, 445, 447,
780, 786, 787, 788, 790, 791,

792, 793

Baoris (Telicota)

=== [iach - 224, 225, 786
—— canaraica 294, 225
—— conjuncta 224, 225, 787
— colaca 224, 225, 787
—— farri . .- 224, 225, 446, 447, 787
——— kumara OP pA Thar
——— mathias 294 225, done
—— seriata 224, 225
subochracea 224, 225
Barbastella .. ame,
darjelingensis . 522

Baracus . 215, 216, 218, 219, 222, 432, 435,

439, 447, 789, 790, 792, 793
hampsoni .. 1. 224. 225.445, 789

Barbus te . 161
carnaticus .. . 959
—— chagunio . 160
—— chola . 160
——— conchonius ee 6O,
— dukai a8 a .. 160
— hexagonolepis we ean IDS Ets}
—— hexastichus. . .. 160
——— sarana . 160
— seich elie
—tor.. 7 . 160
Barlius bendelisis . . 160
barna .. 160
—— hola as aa .. 160
Barleria acanthoides suas Slety BUG Siz
hochstetteri 55. DISS
pricnitis : . 515
var. diacantha.. 506, 514
Bauhinia purpurea . 958
Baza, lophotes - . 152
— jerdoni 152
Belomys . 528
pearsoni

501, 502; Boerbaavia diffusa ..

INDEX OF SPECIES.

NuMBER.

Belomys trichotis .. -. 528
Belone cancila -- 160
Belostoma indica TiS:
Bembex bicolor .. 823
-— bidentata .. es on . 823
—————. mediterranea ze ae :. 8238
— oculata »» 820
Bergia sd . 518
ammannioides o2 1 2NS
odorata 278, 513
Bhringa remifer tectirostris 30 ». 475
— tectirostris a .. 475
Bibasis .. 215, 216, 217, 222, 435, 436, 778,
783, 790, 791, 793

sena 223, 224, 444, 783, 784

Bibos 73, 74, 533
—— hanteng 35 ae aan) hE
———. _____ hirmanicus .. 74, 75
frontalis 74, 75-
gaurus 74, 533
-——- gaurus 56 .* 74, 75
—— hnbbacki 74, 75
sondaicus ee ts
readi 74, 75
Biduanda 87
fabricii .. 87
———--— hypoleuca 87
martina 87

- — thesmia 87
Bignon 45
Bindahara We 26
phocides 87

areca 87

—— sugriva Bi haicy

Bitis arietans . 972
Blarinella wardii Te ON
Blatta . 761
orientalis sO
Blattella . 780
germanica on eateO

Blepharis sindica .. 509, 510, 512, 515, 514,
SNe

Blepharopsis EGS
mendica . 7165

509, 512, 514, 517, a18

INDEX OF SPECIES,

Ixxxi
NuMBER. N
ai UMBER,
haavia verticillata var. diacantha .. 515! Bubo bubo turcomanus .. 872
livarlia .. on .- et -- 764! Bubulcus coromandus .< 157
) brachyptera == -. 764) Buchanga annectens .. 473
mex malabaricum = 965 | leucogenys he . 474
selaphus ve im 73, 83 Buchephala clangula clangula .. 875
tragocamelus -- 83} Budorcas is 5 73, 82
= ina longirostris 835, 839 taxicolor .. - 758
ytaurus stellaris . 157, 802, 846, 875 | ——_ — taxicolor 83
tia dario .. ae - 16] |; ———— whitei .. 83
geto .. - 966 tibetana 3<a8
puchea marrubifolia -- 516| Budytes citreoloides .. 738
re hydiplax 496, 497 leucocephala Br at oie
5 farinosa Ove melanogriseus - 137
gestroi 494, 498 taivanus < onde
— indica .. 498} Bufo + 125, 127
7 sobrina . 673 |—— melanostictus 119, 159
rachypodius cinereiventris . 472 stomaticus es 125, 180, 127
criniger - 466 | —— peninsularis 126, 127
— fusciflavescens Pre. i parietalis . 126
rachypternus aurantius . 566, 941 | Bullis 86
rachypus gularis .. = aval buto . 89
—— leucogenys .. 469} Bungarus ceruleus 647
poieocephalus .. 472 candidus 159
xantholemus a 257 Ull ceylonensis -. 412
Brachypteryx albiventris .. ag PAD fasciatus .. -. 159
atriceps . 456 lividus 159
— hyperythra.. SOD niger . 159
nepalensis .. - 716 sindanus . 647
4 nigricapitata . 453| Burara -. 222
palliseri .. 481]— gomata 443
rufiventris .. . 715! Burhinus cedicnemus 877
4 stellatus : ne astutus $77
Bachytemis .. 494| Butalis muttui .. 706
: atriceps .. 956| Butea aes
gestroi .. 494 frondosa 178, 179
sradinopyga geminata . 542| Buteo . 110
Breweria latifolia 508, 5121 ferox . . 569
sritomartis .. < - i is 480 - desertorum 152, 569
balus Ep a , 73, 75|—— tinnunculus .. . 110
bubalus.. if ai .. 75} Butoroides javanica 157, 411
=== bubalus TSE
macroceros 16,716
: fulvus 75, 76
Bubo bengalensis . 799
— bubo nikolski $46, 872 |

lxxxiv

NUMBER.

Caccabis chukar ..970, 646, 801, 880
melanocephala 190, 191
Caconeura annandalei .. 543
Cadaba indica .. oll
Callacanthis burtoni beet)
Calamanthella vollitans J. A482
Calamus .. 220

Calamoherpe concinens

iat . 480

Calandrella acutirostris acutirostris . 742
tibetana . 742

tibetana 566, 742
brachydactyla brachydactyla.. 741
longipennis . 741

—-— dukhunensis eel
Callene albiventris .. 3 7B
frontalis ey fl ees
rufiventris .. 2) 115
Calliana ; 214, 218
pieridoides w. 220

Callichrous bimaculatus
pabda ..
Calligonum .

. 161
Pa ee Gil
508, 509, 510, 511

polygonoides 276, 508, 513

Calliope calliope Sa
cruralis 66 TLS
—— pectoralis 100, 713
——— —— pectoralis .. 143, 713
—_— confusa se lio
—_—_ tschebaiewi sero
tschebaiewi bree be}

Calliptamus italicus
Callophis macclellandi
Callosciurus ..

807, 811
186, 647, 972

E 773, 775, 776

atrodorsalis sa OPAL VB
a shanicus 529, 776
~ bhutanensis 774, 776
— — castaneoventris 601, 775
——- ——aquilo.. 502, 601
———____ bonhotei .. 502
—- - gloveri -. 502
— crumpi .. 529, 774, 776
epomophorus davisoni 529, 776

——_——— erythreus, 411, 646, UD Soe 0 Tees
776

a_i EEEERENNEEnnnnnnennrnneneerremenenmnreemmereneeeeee ee

INDEX OF SPECIES.

NuMBER,

Callosciurus erythreus aquilo
crotalius 529,
erythreus

erythrogaster
kinneari 529,

- nagarum..

punctatissimus
wellsi
erythrogaster ..
ferrugineus
gordoni
punctatissimus

quing uestriatus
sladeni

careyi. .
fryanus
——~ harringtoni
——— millardi
——— rubex..
shortridgei
sladeni
stevensi
Calomyscus baluchi
bailwardi
hotsoni

Caloptenus similis ..
Calornis chalybeius. .
Calotes

— liolepis
nigrilabris
versicolor ..
Calothemis acigastra
Calotrepis

158,

procera .. 270, 507,

Caltoris Aural 7is Sey

colaca

conjuncta

kumara
seriata
Calysisme (Mycalesis)
evansii ..

mineus ..
perseus ..
perseoides

529, 775,

775, i"
775, 77"
. 776
Be! 7A
175,

777, 97);
776

.. 58C
315, 32
.. 805
.. 699
642, 643
Rey:
.. 413
956, 972
.. 499
511, 51
510, 513
792, 79
445, 44
446, 44
446, 447
446, 447
354, 355
aes!

. 354
. 354
. 354

alysisme rama Aes A Lk

subdita . . do4

— — visala 354
amacinia 257
gigantea 257, 258

| harverti . . a ss 208; 209
— - harmandi ay X » 259
Cameleon calcaratus Ee Be .. 647
Ca mena ee #3 af we BG. pitch:
— argentea 86
_ deva 86
— gada 86
1 lucida 86
~ cippus 86
= minturna .. =) OG
Camponotus a ee hs!)
Campophaya melanochista << DOO

— melanochista . 696
— intermedia .. 696
4 melanoptera . 696
— sykesii .. 696
; terat .. * . 697
timbriata neglecta .. . 696

anis Par

—— aureus 317, 333, 334, 577, 580

. —aureus.. sto04:
~ hyena 339, BBE
indicus 547, 646
indicus BLP

kola ive OT

lanka A Hare

—— lupus .. 333, 410 |

-naria .. 527, 547 |
pallipes 314, 318, 527
mnomys . 62, 63, 533
badius . 63, 64, 533
castaneus 63

castaneus .. 64!

- plumbescens 63, 64, 533
pater 62, 64, 533, 554.

BR cainptus co - 855, 836, 841
ipparis ae - 513
Bocdus : % 276, 507, 509, 510, 5IT,

513, 514, 515

ee:

apila

NuMBER. ;

-. 354 Capra

INDEX OF SPECIES.

egagrus
———. egagrus
——— blythi
blythi ..
falconeri BS
faleoneri ..
cashmiriensis
megaceros..
jerdoni
chialtanensis
hircus .. Ste
blythi ..
sibirica

wardi
skyn ..
pedri ..
filippii
Capricornis .. re
bubalinus
sumatrensis

thar
rodoni

milne-edwardsi..

jamrachi
humii

rubidus ..

Caprimulgus
egypticus
asiaticus
— asiaticus
minor
europeus

europzus ..

unwini
indicus
indicus
kelaarti
jotaka

macrurus nipalensis .

albonotatus
mahrattensis

monticola

tic irs UE

364,

Ixxxv

NuMBER,
Te rhe

78, 578
.. 346

322, 346, 410, 578, 581

78

78

79

79

79

79

79

ea 7 fs.
78, 578
78

78

78

79

79

533
80

«ey 80
80, 81
80, 81
80,
81, 533
PS ao
81

81

. 363

- 210

. 364, 370, 403, 949

aun

SP oO
365, 949

Sen) eee OOO
365, 370
364, 949

. 364

. 364

.. 364
369, 949

. 369
364, 366,
369, 370
368, 949

Ixxxvi

INDEX OF SPECIES.

NUMBER. NUMBEI

Caprimulgus macrurus . 364! Carpospiza brachydactyla .. .. 845, 855 |
nepalensis . 369 | Carpophaga ena .. oe ofai. je ee 943
_——_—_—— nubicus .. 366 | ————— ena ot 3) ..
unwini 56 364, 949| Carryophyllacea .. oe ae Bo 45 |
Caprolagus .. oe 69 | Carsarca rutila 40 .. 146, 157, 802 |
hispidus 69 | Cassia obovata on Bf wi on 5 |
Caprona 782, 785|Castalius rosimon ... .. ae -» 64 |
ransonnetti -- 785 | Catapoecilma elegans Mn fn
Carcharodus 216, 219 | __ major ie He Ay i
Cardiospermum ss. . -- . 515 myosotina .. an ..
Carduelis burtoni ae jo) 23) Meat wh 2 y 87 |
cannabina cannabina . 853] nie if
______ ____ fringillirostris _. 853 Catreus wallichi a: Ae 56 5. 570,
caniceps .. 729, 798 Catopsilia crocale .. ae ae 0 89
— caniceps _. 729 florella .. Sua bys -. 897
- orientalis . 854 pomona oe
subulata . 729 pyranthe tis ne .. Sim
carduelis .. 854 1 seyllan) yee Manne .. 897 |
carduelis .- -- 853] Ceblepyris melanoptera.. as .. 696 \
harmsi. 846, 853, 854! Cedrus deodarus_.. Se . 294 |
loudoni. —-850, 853, 854| Celzenorrhinus 218, 220, 921, 229,924, 434, 440,
volecusis ee 442, 782, 784, 788, 792, 793.
major 729, 854 va
Shenae OSA ere ambareesa 223, 224, 784, 785
elegans brevirostris RUSS) cia Rene Ua aaa a ene |
major Ws | 908) 5 .. 784, 785m
ares 853, 854, 882 —Jeucocera ..223, 224, 784, 785)

Bu BG: San _ 953 | Cenchrus catharticus ae 509, 510, sil
nipalensis _ 729 | Centropus sinensis . . be be -+ 940°
Risenialicne _. 954. | Cephalopyrus a, ae i, a 466°
spinoides 695, 73) ommencaneRe nee flammiceps a5 oe 479, 538 |
Carpodacus dubius cae _ 727 | Ceramodactylus dorize 45 dis .. dol)
eduvarder _. 728 | Cerastes cornutus .. a3 o- -. 300 |
erythrinus 564, 941 | Cerceris annexa : 82:
WeSERWE: 2 _2729 — bupresticicla ore aN ae 822
‘gran dis _. 728 —capitata .. Ae Se -- 820°
mongolicus . 729 |———— dacica 40 oe to ai sp .
rhodochlamys Ne sa) WO) === magnifica. . Le .. 82
grandis .. 101, 102 — emarginata a = .. S228
——__——— rhodochroa salOs —insignis .. Ni at .. S228
ripponi . 728 |——— lutea ve ai ae ae 822

— ———— rubicilla severtzovi .. . 729 — subimpressa bie oh <n 2

tuna) a Breer — spinipectus ae a .. 822

severtzovi . 729|Cercocebus .. Ne ts aA .. 814

vinaceus . 728| Cercomela fusca 711

INDEX OF SPECIES,

: NUMBER.
Cercopithecus mulatta .. 668
Ceriagron coromandelianum ie .. 542
Ceriodaphnia reticulata 835, 836, 838
Certhia familiaris hodgsoni . Ae: LE

khamensis Bee Pon iyi
——_———— nipalensis - 476
— hodgsoni - 476
- himalayana 476, 558, 795
——_— —— himalayana . 96, 476
yunanensis .. . 476

discolor - 477
manipurensis . 477

— discolor .. Sten = if!
———- victorize SC oc ald
khamensis a vi
manipurensis <« ATT
muraria oo ATT
nipalensis .. . 476
stoliczkee . 477

— victoriz . 477
yunanensis we dO
Cetacea fs Se . 313
Cettia cetti orientalis 844, 864, 865
cettoides 490, 864, 865

—— cetti .. 864
cettoides .. 490
Cethosia biblis .. 893
—— hypsea hypsina .. 893
Cervus “6 302, 306
affinis .« BO
hanghi .. 306, 307
kashmirianus 306, 307, 971
—— macneilli 306, 397
Cervulus -» 302
muntjac -» 302

fee .. - 302

Ceryle lugubris - 567
varia .. 940
Chzrocampa olivacea . 753
castor . 753

Chaitaris grandis .. oe - 706

‘Chetornis locustelloides .. 483
Cheetura indica 942, 972

nudipes .. . 631
AYA

Chaimarrornis leucocephala

Ixxxvii

NUMBER,

Chalcoparia .. 2 «8
Chalcophaps indica 153, 943
Chaptia senea . 940
— eenea 475
malayensis 475

———— malayensis 1) ee
Chapra 217, 222, 792, 793
mathias 446, 447
subochracea 446, 447

Chara i 278
Charadrius alexandrinus 878
asiaticus 19 817

dubius 850, 877

fulvus .. 155

Charana é 86
Charaxes aristogiton 888
———— fabius sulphureus 888
polyxena hierax 888
Charearodus sf 215
Charmion st 218
Chatarrheea gularis. . 246
Chaulelasmus streperus 157
Chela gora .. oe 161
Chelidon cashmeriensis 734
kashmiriensis 565

urbica 104

whiteleyi é 735
Chelidorhyx hypoxantha .. cs aS
-— hypoxanthum 561, 708
Cheliones hurriance collinus 315, 319
Chelonia mydas 923, 956
Cherita freja 87
nae . pseudojaftra .. 87
Chibia hottentotta hottentotta 475
Chimarrogale 525
himalaica 525

styani we
Chimarrhornis leucocephalus 561, 797
Chionospire blanfordi 732
ruficollis 732

— nivalis adamsi 732
_—_—____— —_——- alpioola 732
mandelli 732
Chiropodomys 532
peguensis 532

IxxXviil INDEX OF SPECIES.

NUMBER. } NUMBER.

Chiroptera .. it A .. |... 521] Cinclosoma ocellatum -- 241
Chitra indica oy Bn te .- 158 | ————— variegatum .. 243
Chlaydomanas nevalis”.. bs .. 640 | Cinclus asiaticus “5 -- 563
Chleuasicus ruficeps var. atrisuperciliaris. 238 cinclus kashmiriensis .. 721
Chloris chloris chloris Ais Me .. 853} ——— pallasii tenuirostris oa
pallida ob ate Ai euro LAs eats y souliei aed
Guibeieh Gores) somenow! ff 999 kashmiriensis -. 721
; ——— tenuirostris . 721

(Palmodes) melanarius .. .. 822 Ce ae Ui oe oe

SS YES eke oe ot some ll Gireaenn gallicus 186, 568, 800
Chloroneura quadrimaculata ee .. 544 Gious i _, 128
Chloropsis aurifrons aurifrons ... .. 465 seruginosus 131, 569, 801
davidsoni .. -- 465 — cyaneus aa Jo BOSS 6

inornata .. .. 465 —macrurus .. . 128; 1L80;Asies69

cyanopogon .. . .. 465] Cirrhina reba Ee Be .- 160

hardwickii Bic .- .- 465] Cirrochroa fasciata. . .. 893
hardwickii .. 465 punya cc) tee .. 893

icterocephala chlorocephala .. 465) __ mithyla .. 641, 893

jerdoni .. oe an ie, AGO eee — orissa .. 893
malabarica ie iy -- 940) Cissa chinensis .. 642
————— zosterops Aid ile e4G))| pee chinensis . 231
Cheerephor .. oe 5c of .. 524] prnata an eet
plicatus .- oe -- 524] Cistanche tubulosa 276, 507, 510
Chrotogonus. . .- .. .- -- 806] Cisticola cisticola cursitans “482
homalodema -. 811, 812) ___—_erythrocephala -. 481
Chrysocolaptes gutticristatus ae .. 941| _______tytleri tytleri .. 481
Chrysomitris thibetana thibetana eades vollitans .. iis .. 482
Fo ambigua .. -. 730] Citrullus colocynthis ..277, 507, 509, 511
thibetana.. oe ena vulgaris 510, 518, 519
Chrysopelea ornata i us -- 159} Cizara ei Ye ie .. 749
Chrysophanus se ah Ae -- 92/ —-— sculpta 749, 964
Chydorus sphericus a, 835, 836, 839! Clematis .. 849
Chrysomma altirostris ie Re -. 452] Clanis ..- 7146
Cicer arietinum Bie sk si 50 Bey titan . 746
Ciconia alba ste alle ae 845, 874} Clarias magur ne .. 161
eats ve oe 54 -- 874] Cleome papillosa 512, 513, 517

his aces .- .- -- 156, 874] Clerodendron ae boa i
Cimacinia gigantea ue .- -- 263] Clerodendron infortunatum Kis .. 964
Cinclidium frontale ay iy da ale § phlomidis 276, 510, 511
Cinclosoma capistratum .. ae -- 459} Clerome arcesilans .. -. 887
ceerulatus Ay, au .. 239] Clupea ilisha -. 161

= erythrocephalum wis .. 242) Cobozoa rogenhaferi . 809
-lineatum Bh A .. 244] Cocculus cebatha -. 513
moniligera We ae .- 240] Cochoa coun nae 465, 723

— nipalensis ut a .. 461 purpurea . 721

INDEX OF SPECIES.

lxxxix
; NUMBER. NouMmBer,
locho iridi 1
oie i : - 721 Colymbetes striatus i Ss .. 903
i 2 ee sane gs 726] Combretum ovalifolium .. a .. 786
ene raustes humii .. 725 extensum by .. 783. 784
= — humii ate Se : ;
: d Commiphora oF a «» 614,516
- —icteroides .. ar set 20 i
; mukul AE oy +, BIG
3 - melanoxanthus 7 126
ica Ginchami Conchostroca Me “ia ae .. 838
- pemunt ee aL - 8895} Conocephalus ae - Di .. 165
Coelopeltis monspessulana . . oe .. 849 :
a buxtoni.. ars .- 765
- moilensis His ae .. 349 :
Bismys r iy i a chavesi ey ee vie OO
“mayori’.. e i 599 | — fuscus +e sie .. 765
- bicolor .. ec ee PS 532 | ite RY, eee
Jollembola apetera sh: _. gal Donon = a ee
Coladenia 222, 434, 440, 442, 784, 790, 792| Conostoma emodium = .. -- «887
= dan a a i _. 784| ———- emodius + Aes .. 2a0
tissa oe ay inal _. 784| Conozoa rogenhoferi a as .. 804
mdraai 5) js 223, 224, 443 | Contia Fey ret Vereen
Colzenorrhinus hs a: ae 2 190 collaris . . “8 .» 348
Colacus collaris ans Oe te .. 851 coronclla.. at pic .. 348
— monedula .. a a a Soli modesta . v .. 348
: soemmeringii “2 uf .. 85] | Convolvuius .508, 513, 515, 516
Colletes nanus ne ac .. 824) ——— — densiflorus ate 47
Colias fieldi .. a sis Sa .. 641 gracilis .. - 47, 516
olotis — he oe ae .- 641) Gopera marginipes .. of of .. 543
a ees ae ae .. 643 Cophanta .. ae 4d 23 Oe
h a ; Tl s Bic ale are ae Gall Copsychus saularis es ve .. 562
om : ae 26 oe 56 a saularis w oe 714
vestalis
ee ee oe o musicus na a 714
Coluber cantoris .. ve AD so) USE, : ceylonensis .. > ah
— = er ae ae Se ALSOP O72 ceylonensis . 715
= ¥ > * 55
perp yraceus.. oe O47; Siw Corracias affinis . 955
radiatus .. = “a Pica a) chinensis _ Aye .. 231
Columba leuconota ae ars .. 569 garrulus .. _. +847, 850, 870
_——_—- ——— leuconota ries eee Relay | wee Se ee garrulus . $70
— livia intermedia en ae MONAL S222 semenowi -- 870
oe livia aJbee | Aa) eta eee adie sie
_ ————— intermedia ye 402, 569, 801 | __—_— oriolus he os
palumbus oe i .. 877 vagabunda : a
rupestris .. =, % .. 145| Coraphites melanolauchen. . aa ‘.
- Columbia livia a as ae _. 845} Cordia rothii -* a 2: “S ce
- Collurio erythronotus a Bs .. 692|Cordulia ++ rt , = x 677
| lahtora.. a “7 PSROD ee ores fs: - is i 518
4 —nigriceps .. a ais .. 692] Corchorus : Save! 12 Me 5
_ ——— tephronotus a6 4. _. 693| ————— antichorus 7

12

xe INDEX OF SPECIES,

NUMBER. : NUMBER,
Cordulines .. ae ne 35 .- 673] Cotile riparia indica ae oe oe tam
Corone st Ae es As weld, sinensis me a AVA .. 402
———palmarum .. Me .. 223, 438] Coturnix communis A 154, 570, 947
(Telicota) palmarum at .. 223|————— coromandelica .. -- 154, 947
Corvus collaris si sis .. 230| -————_ coturnix coturnix Be .- 880
corax Ais wie 845, 846, 850 | ——_—— (Ophrysia) superciliosa -. 2@
——— laurencei .. .., 229, 794) Crabro (Inthomognathus) .. ae .. 824
——— =——-tibetanus .. oe) ell 229) es revis as ia .. 824
Lice umbrinus ; a ae 2 schmiedeknechti .. ae .. 820
——_—-— corone orientalis a4 j
Roun Gael _ 999 | Crateropus cachinans Bi Se .. 243
ae andamanensis .. 5230 COOLS ase a a -+ 556
aye he ee i _. 230 delesserti ee ae .. 241
i Eaeasia 141, 230 Cratilla metallica .. oe BS .. 673
peal -— levaillanti Ay .. 229 Cremnomys .. . .: 531
—-__ cornix cornix ae .. 850, 851|— australis australis .. -- Dol
oe sharpii aie Se 2304851 siva .s »» 531
eds capellanus .. Ke _. 851 |——————- cu ttchicus ar he .. 5a
——— culminatus .. a 54 .. 230| ————— medius medius -* ». ddl
—_—— frugilegus .. ..794, 795, 846, 851 coenosus . -. 531
———- ————- tschusii .. oo eea) Oey Lt | Geary arene vajput .. se -. O31
laurencei .. oh ye _. 229| Creteus We oc ae -- 215,208
ue levaillanti .. an oe .. 229| Criniger burmanicus oe A .. 466
SUES A DNs mtg ae .. 229 griseiceps .. 3 ve -. 466
———erythrorhynchus .. hs 5a aul ictericus .. oe ve -. 470
graculus... A as oe lonnbergi_ .. ce se > 470
—-——hottentottus .... sae .. 475 pallidus grandis .. ID -. 466
insolens .. im at _. 230 |——— tephrogenys burmanicus .. .. 466
intermedius we ae. gs 280) == tephrogenys =) enema
leucolophus ae epee LON inner ay flaveolus “* -- 466
——— macrorhynchus 294, 402, 555, 642, 794 griseiceps -+ oe 466
939) Cricetulus .. ee ee 57, 186, 187
— —monedula .. ei ae .. 795 | —————— alticola .. ar, 5 Dis OSS
—— collaris oy -- 141, 230|—————fulvus .. oc a nel ond
———splendens .. . .230, 642, 795, 939 | —————— isabellinus ate we Fe Nd
a zugmeyeri .. yt .- 230 | ————— migratorius Sie 321, 578, 580
—_— insolens .. Ae .. 230 |_————_ pheus .. uf 2c
= protegatus ms .. 230|Cricetus .. a as ae 57, 970
——— sharpei ok ie ae .. 230 pheeus ey: oye -. Ot; , oem
tibetanus .. ae fe ~- 229 songarus .. ae oe <n) oe
—— umbrinus .. se we .- 229|Crocidura .. me A 329, 410, 525
varians aie o sis .. 232 | ——_———- cerulea .. Se é a) heer
Corythus subhimalchus .. aie) .. 727|————-ilnensis .. Be At Paine 17/
Cossyphus caudatus a6 Be .. 246 | —————- perrotetti o5 ats .. 646
Cotile diluta ae oe 55 .. 735 | —————- portali .. ae -» 315, 317

obsoleta .. 36 s5 .. 735° Crocopus chlorogaster fe -- 171, 943

INDEX OF SPECIES,

bulis

X¢Ci
NUMBER. NuMBER.
Crocopus pheenicopterus pheenicopterus.. 152 | Curetis dentata 90
_Crocothemis *s ae =. 495 felderi 90
servilia, var. erythrea .. 541 gloriosa 90
Crossiura.. Sho 214, 218 paracutta 90
Crotalaria burhia 270, 274, 276, 507, 508, pheedrus 90
509, 510, 511, 513, 515 saronis 90
Crypsirhina cucullata sap aee | nicobarica 90
varians : Sei Fa gloriosa 90
Cryptochelus (Salius) bicolor ae Sob ss sperthis 90
Cryptolopha affinis : .. 487 stigmata 90
—_—____—— burkii burkii .. 487): thetis 90
tephrocephala - 487 | Curruca languida 483
cantator . 487 pallida 483
castaneiceps . 487 | Cursonia crispifrons - .. 454
— fulviventer .. .- 488 | Cursorius coromandelicus .. j> 411
—— poliogenys . .. 487 -~ gallicus .- 877
— ripponi .. 488 | Cuscuta hyalina . 276
— xanthoschista 559, 796 | Cutia nepalensis . 463
a —— — jerdoni - 487) Cyanops asiatica - 566
—__——_— ————— xanthosehista 487 | Gyamopses psoralioides .. 519
xanthoschistos xanthoschi- Cyanecula abbotti .. A
stos re ae vee OO snecica =a « 1
Cuculus canorus . 403, 405, 567, 872 pallidogularis . 713
telephonus .. = . 148 Cyanistes cyanus var. tianschanicus ws, Dok
micropterus wee Cyanoderma erythropterum erythropterum 457
paradiseus .. cane Cyanosylvia suecica abbotti 143, 144
saturatus 405, 567| ~ suecice may fit:
Culapa mnasicles Te pallidogularis.. 143, 713
Culcicapa ceylonensis 560, 706, 941 — eyanecula abbotti . 713
Culcipeta pohiogenys 3 ia Cyclops affinis .. 840
schisticeps + sate 835, 840
tephrocephalus .. .. 487 albidus _. $40
Cuon ne a8 ce TANS al bicolor -. 840
dukhunensis - -186, 189, 527, 646 bicuspidatus . $40
—— rutilans “+ j oe buxtoni .. 840
Cupha erymanthis-lotis +e e .. 840
Cupitha a 215, 219, 220, 221, 222, 433, 435, na eee 840, 841
438, 778, 785, 786, 790, 793 spt 340
—— purreea ... 224, 225, 431, 445, 447, leuckarta "940
785 languidus aia

. 786 lubbocki :
Corcama 90 | minutus - 840
Curetis 90 hae . 840
Bete 90 panamensis .. : oo
angulata 6a weer 839

Cxll INDEX OF SPECIES,

NUMBER.

Cyclops vicinus
vernalis
viridis
Cyclemys dhor
Cygnus cygnus

musicus

Cynelurus jubatus ..
Cynamolgus

Cynonyecteris pniplewibamdaite
Cynopterus ae ys
brachiotis angulatus ..
sphinx ae 546,
—— sphinx ..

gangeticus
Cynthia cardui
erota

Cyornis astigma

banyumas Gece
cyaneus

dialilema 50
erythacus hodgsonii
hyperythrus

——— leucomelanurus

cerviniventris

leucomelanurus

magnirostris

melanoleucus melanoleucus. .

westermanni. .

oatesi

olivacea
pallipes hainana
pallipes
poliogenys ..
rubeculoides
saphira
superciliaris
tickellize

—— unicolor unicolor

infuscata

Cypa
decolor..

decolor..
Cyperus arenarius .
Cypris pubera

virens

-. 277, 506,

835, 839 | Cyprinotus dentatomarginatus

836, 840 incongruens
840, 836 | Cypselus affinis
.. 158}———— apug pekinensis
56 ei marwitzi
.. 875|——— indica
397, 398 | ———— pacificus
. 814| ———— melba
.. 315 |———- rustica rustica
.» 522 savignil
.- §22 | ———— transitiva. .
550, 646; Cyrestis atosia
522, 971 irme
.. 522] ——_ meenalis
50 | ———— nivea
. 892) ——— nivalis
. 704) ———— nivea nivalis
. 705 | ———— periander ..
«. 103) ———— peraka
.. 705 | ——— risa : fe
. 703 | ———— rahria rahriroides. .
. 703 | ———— thyodamus
. 560 | Cyrthacanthacris notata
3) OH TS
. 703| Cystigranathus
. 705
. 704
. 704
. 704

- 706) Dacalana
- 704] Dacnomys
.. 704} ——_—_ millardi
. 706| Demia extensa
560, 704 | Dafila acuta ab
. 704) Daimio
560, 703 milliana
-. 705| Dalbergia rubiginosa
. 704| Danais aglea phormion

- 704 chrysippus ..
Se cee eryx agleoides
-- 747 gautama
a EME limniace
509, 511 melaneus
836, 843 melanipus indicus ..
. 836 melissa septentrionis

NoMBER,

. 843
840, 843
567, 799

2. Om

. 870

. 631

. 631, 972

799, 942
. 869
. 869
. 869

89

89

89
a, Oo
ee
ee Oe
. 891
sou
Spee)!
Betis |!
. 641
. 807
2 OO
-. 592

“EROS
- 530
.. 530
- ol
157, 802
. 218
. 223
. 786
- 883
643, 884
. 884
. 884

INDEX OF SPECIES,

XCiii
NUMBER. NumMBeE

NUMBER,
Danais Pepe =: = vs -- 884 Dendrocopus sindianus 799

septentrionis os a .. 896 syriacus A * a
Seeeee veleAck a oo -- 883) Dendrocyena javanica, ne
vulgaris she se +e -. 884 fulva 4 i or
Danio a .- .- + -- 161] Dendronothus indicus z ae
acquipinnatus *e == -+ 160} Dendrophis pictus .. soe : 159
fameila er: =f ¥ .. 160 proarchus me He es oe
a nilgirensis An ona oe sa 903 Deramas se é 86
Tero} 2. <5 AD sc Se 160 jasoda de Se a of 86
Daphne nepalensis bie ety giv sclas livens a s 86
papyracea .. a or -- 177} Dercas verhueli pallidus ., aig 897

wallichia .. ie Fic -- 177| Dermaptera .. : aa Ps 963
Daphnia longispina. . a 835, 836, 838 | Derocoryx gibbosa .. ve 806 811 812
— lumholtzi .. .. -- 835, 838) Desmostachya bipinnata .. os . : ; 279
————— magna ie ar be .. 838 Deudoryx .. mia! se .. 26, 28, 88

—_——§ pulex te 5: a -» $38'| —— epijarbas a iF 28, 88
———— —— obtusa ae = .. 836 | ————- —______ ancus = <3 oe
Darpa st ee 40 bts -. 218 | —______ -______ amatius a 32). 798
Dasilabris maura .. xe a ge sl | ei ew ioe i. on
Dasyornis locustelloides .. ete .. 483 | —————- perse .. ate ne os
Datura fastuosa.. ate ae .. 518 |———- —— ghela e oy ey
Daulias = x oe oe ST) va .. 88
Deiopea pulchella .. he as oe 960 |. -_—— anne ae A" Pie
Delias aglaia beata * 32 .. 896 | -————— skinneri ee ay ee.
descombesi leucacantha .. .. 896| Diaptomus .. $2 or -- 836, 842
hyparete ciris aid SS .. 896 | ——— blanci .. 4 2M .. 841
Delichon nepalensis ae + .. 735 |————- chevreuxi He .. 841, 842
—— urbica urbica ae is .. 734|——— vulgaris SA -. 835, 84]
cashmeriensis 6 .. 734] Dicerorhinus Pye sie 310, 311, 534

whiteleyi .. ar eh |e ee v6 .. 3ll

Dendrocitta assimilis oe at .. 232 |—————— sumatrensis .. Ks are it
sinensis assimilis .. .. 232| —————- —————— sumatrensis_ .. 534

bayleyei a oe .. 232} Dicotyladons e a ‘F sae

frontalis we an .. 232] Dictioptera .. ve es Sa .. 759

himalayensis ne .. 232| Dichoceros bicornis m4 174, 942, 951

leucogastra .. ee .. 231| Dicranopyga . . . -- 260

leucogaster .. i .. 940} Dicrurus eneus.. a os .- 475

rufa .. 555, 642, 795, 940 albirictus .. me _ .. 474

sinensis himalayensis . 232|—— andamanensis__ .. - -. 475

—____—— vagabunda .. Ke _. 231} annectens annectens my -. 473
Dendrelaphis tristis bi #150; 621, 43) siamensia = ss yes ae
Dendrocopus auriceps a 3 .. 566 | ———— ater *s ..171, 402, 558, 642
himalayensis ie .. 566| ———— cerulescens er ce tae Sead

macii.. se fe .. 566| ———— catheecus .. xc oa .. 474

major pelzami st .. 850 leucogenys bie mid .. 474

XC1V

NUMBER.
Dicrurus leucophzus disturbans .. . 474] Dissemuroides andamanensis ..
————-— hopwoodi .. .. 474 dicruriformis
nigrescens .. .. 474 lophorhinus. .
longicaudatus 96, 474] Dissemurus ceylonensis
stevensi .. 474 paradiseus i
leucopygialis i .. 474 ~ ceylonensis
longicaudatus 474, 558, 940 — grandis
lophorhinus .. 475 otiosus
macrocercus .. 473 _e malabaricus
macrocercus . 473 — nicobariensis
albirictus .. 474 — paradiseus
cathcecus .. 474 ~ rangoonensis
minor .. 474' Dissura episcopus oe
= minor -- 474} Dociostaurus anatolicus 803,
nigrescens 474, 955 maroccanus.. rs
Diger arvensis - 518 | __________ genei 804,
Dielis - 819) Doleschalia bisaltide pratipa
Digenea cerviniventris .. 703} Doritis apollinus —
— leucomelanura .. 703| Dremomys
leucops >. 106)——__— lokriah lokaan
Dimorpha monileger ey MODY eee a bhotia..
Dinocharis pocillum . 836 macmillani
Dioscoria . 788 pernyii
Dipeadi ened: 277, 510 rufigenys opimus
Diplacodes .. 269 adamsoni ..
trivialis.. .. 541} Dromolea chrysopygia
Diplacina brevipennis .. 261} Drupadia :
Diplax cora . ioe .. 266 | Drymocataphus assamensis
Diplometopon zarudnyi -. doz cinnamomeus
Dipodillus 325, 530 fuscicapillus
dasyurus 398, 339 nigricapitatus
— gleadowi eo} tickelli tickelli
indus .. 410 assamensis
nanus 319, 530) Drymochares sinensis
Dipus loftusi : .. 336| Drymcepus rufescens
Dipsadomorphus uasaaty 159, 186 | Drymeeca blanfordi. ,
-— gokool .. 159| Drymoica valida
— hexagonatus no UBL!) —jerdoni .. ths Bee
- jollyii .- 972} Drymophila velata
-— trigonata .. 972| Dryobates auriceps
Dipsas jollyii 5 : .. 647 | ———— himalayensis
Dipterocarpus sahereulatie w» 747, 964 syriacus syriacus ..
Discaglossus pictus. . 56 =. 12.) major
Discophora celinde continentalis .. . 887 | ——_—_ poelzami
tulia indica .. 888] Dryomis pictus

INDEX OF SPECIES.

810,

NuMBER.

.. 475
.. 475
Been Vay
.. 476
.. 940
.. 476
.. 476
.. 476
. 476
. 476

. 475
. 475
anne

810, 812

810, 812

812
.. 892
AI?

528, 773
528
1528
eyes

503, 528
.. 528
.. 528

ert
OST
.. 453
.. 453
.. 453
.. 453
.. 453

. 453
a
.. 491
.. 491
.. 491
.. 491
POT
.. 108
.. 108
OTE
4 B87
Pascal
. 646

INDEX OF SPECIES,

| NUMBER.
yonastes chinensis Ae ae .- 239| Elaneus melanoleucus
coerulatus kaurensis .. .. 239] Elaphrornis ..
coerulatus .. 239 | _————— palliseri
-——_____ ________ subcoerulatus .. 239] Elatinaceze
gallanus ate os .. 240| Elephas
kaurensis Le ef semog — maximus

—— nuchalis wa ie .. 239

ruficollis is se .. 239

sannio .. ale ie .. 239

ryophis mycterizans .. .. 159, 972

prasinus .. aie -- 159, 647

micula cuprea a Zs a .. 943

: griseicapilla ae as os ALI

insignis insignis ee are SP

umetia albigularis abuensis Bc .. 451

albigularis .. .. 451

hyperythra es a .. 451

umeticola intermedia .. re ,- 480

major .. es a .. 480

upetor flavicollis .. vt a aly

uplicidentata Ae 4 “SP .. 66] Elymnias cottonis obnubila
uroniella fracta .. ae .. 803, 810 | ————— dara dedalion

: lystiscus marginalis Be ats i hecate

— maximus ..
zeylanicus

Eleusine 4
—aristata .. saolas
egyptica .. ~ O12;
funiculata

hirtigluma

flagellifera

Elionurus hirsutus ..

Elis (Triclis) 6-maculata

—— (Dielis) marginella

————-—. eriophora
Ellobius ae
— fuscicapillus

fraterna

hypermnestra tinctoria

malelas saueri

merula

nesaka cortona
———— penanga chelensis
timandra
undularis
Emballonura

chis carinata ag Be 621, 647, 972
coloratus ae as ee LOOr O72
clipta erecta ie a 277, 278, 518

\,

dela ruficeps ae a e .. 481
dentata .. ae ets a neo
idolius grandis... ae ee, .. 476
rangoonensis ac we .. 475
etion Se ae oh ee eo, 216
eretta alba. Ns ae a .. 874
garzetta nae ae Te .. 874

monticola
Emberiza

arcuata ..
———— aureola ..
buchanani
calandra

lachistodon westermanii ae .. 159| —————_- ——-——- calandra
Wachura hoplonota 4 ote .. 478 | —————- cia Me
punctata .. Ke om .. 478| ———-—— — godlewskii
laneus xeruginosus a ie .. 152} ——_———— par .. . 798,
ceruleus .. is 152, 568, 943 | —————— — per
cyaneus .. MD oe .. 152 | —-——— — stracheyi

bo

macrurus .. he ae .. 152 | —————— — yunanensis ..

XCV

NuMBER.

.. 152
.. 459

. 481
Be eg 5
5 oEe
331g

oe Se

4 e312
507, 510, 515
513, 516, 517
513, 516, 517
orale

at aes
<a BIT
610, 511

.. 819

. 819
J. 819

57, 62

625 32

.. 886

. 886

88

io. ee

.. 886

. 886
388
. 887

S87

. 886

. 886

. 524

... 594

.. 408

. 733

; eae
733, 847, 856
. 734

845, 856, 734
. 794

Pe ay
847, 848, 856 -
Bea A

104, 733

. 733

INDEX OF SPECIES,

XCVi

NUMBER. Numer

Emberiza citrinella erythrogenys. 734, 845, 856| Eonycteris .. ws a Ho .. 522

= erythrogenys .. ee = 3 hee —— speleea .. ata a .. 592)
fucaha eer a Be .. 733] Eothenomys.. m ay mi 58, 61 |
—_—_— fucata .. oe .. 733 |——_____ melanogaster 55 61.
—__—__—_ ——_—- arcuata .. a -. 733 | Epophthalmia ..542, 673, 677, 681, 682
—_—— godlewskui 43 se 65 7/82), Eades re .. 680 :
hortulana .. 56 .. 734, 856 | _________ cyanocephala 674, 678, 680
—huttoni .. .: .- .. 856 | —____ frontalis 542, 674, 678, 680, 681
leucocephala oe Sa LUBE ies) ___ vittata 674, 677, 678, 680, 681
luteola aie ae ae .. 7134 vapiberd 674. ecole
melanocephala ..734, 845, 847, 856 \ ai a
melanops .. at .. 734 EDLs Ne gate os aha re -- 327
pusilla ie é a3 56 | a3 ee os -. 327, 328
pyrrhuloides Lonieui Seis (Rall hn oe atin matschiei. . ss mr: -. 316
— rutila ‘ ‘ sce TRANS any — pellucens oc .. Oo
schceniclus a ae E78 mirza ... BE if .. oie:
oe Aas schceniclus. .733, 850, 856, | nasutus .. ate ae .. ol6
857 | ————— pellucens a os .. 316
____— spodocephala i .. 734|——— shiraziensis ie nt: .. 574
eee Se ant 5. 88) rl a5 oe 55 ~ + oe
—__—— melanops .. .-- 734) Equus Me ae a cr
stewarti .- oe 103, 564, 733 hemionus .. ae ne .. 320
stracheyi 144, 565, 733, 798, 972 kiang Me ah be -. 310
striolata SEDI oe Se Oe onager indicus a a -. 310
yunanensis ioe polyodon .. G ‘g 310
Empis borealis oe O¢ Do .« 622 rE ti
Tanase a mi vy 64 ragrostis Coens he ix .. 509
—_—__— ciliaris .. aia a .. 509
egena crs ae 56 .. 764 ee |
uvarovi as . 764 : iat ae 3
unicornis .. eG HE en 6D Ps ah Vegiay Seite us te -- 518
Eremias bernoullii .. is a eae
Emyda granosa . 158 ree
Engystoma interlineatum .. eh ed 0 ain ne brevirostris a 28 -. 352
Enispe euthymius .. 90, 888 guttata a + +. .. 412
intermedia .. ak aS 22190 guttulata .. a s ». 647
Enicurus frontalis .. . 711 velox at ° -. 647, 972
immaculatus ee ote .. 711| Eremophila alpestris longirostris . .. 108
leschenaulti indicus Si Seas penicillata. 844, 847, 858 ©
maculatus 30 afc .. 711 |————_ albigula .. .. 858
—— cuttatus 3% .. 711] Ergolis ariadne eee . 893
___ _____— —_ maculatus a aera 7la merione ae ie ah .. 893
ruficapillus a . 712| Eriobotria japonica ale ae ~. an]
schistaceus ai i .. 711|Erionota .. Be Ae ... 2is\2ee
—gscoulerl .. le ans eeaiilies thrax ais ms ae oe eds
Enneoctonus niloticus aye an . 693 Erinaceus on : .voee
Ensifera 759, 765 ————— auritus .. ae a -» oom

INDEX OF SPECIES. xevil

NUMBER. | NUMBER.
Erinaceus calligoni .. 646| Euphorbia macrophylla .. ae -. 518
macracanthus .. <. OTD jodhpurensis .. 47

megalotis «¢, 316 nerifolia. .506, 511, 514, 515, 516,
Erismatura leucocephala .. 412, 875 517
Erites rotundata .- 885} Euphorbiaceze ay ey Ee -. 45
angularis ; is .. 885] Euploea corus vitrina as hg .. 884
Erithacus rubecula eeu 850, 868, 869 crameri bremeri .. a -- 884
oo caucasicus 868, 869 deione menetriesi .. “Ns -. 884
Erola alpina .. 878]. diocletiana .. ae <3 .- 895
Erpornis xantholeuca 5 .. 463) — diocletianus ne 5 .. 885
Erynnis sa .215, 216, 217, 219, 222 godarti at A fs .. 884
Erythrocichla tiesto 454 klugii crassa e As .. 884
Erythrina lithosperma . 942 mazares ledereri_.. hs .. 884
Erythropus .. 280 modesta .. ue ae -. 884
Erythrospiza crassirostris . . 729 | ——— midamus margarita ae .. 884
githaginea crassirostris 729 mulciber .. va & .. 884
— mongolica 729 | KEupodotis edwardsi aa st -. 154
Erythrura prasina .. 725 | Euprepocnemis charpentieri te « «1 SOF
Eryx conicus oor Ota littoralis .. oa .. 807
—— jaculus 347, 647 | —___——__ pJorans .. aon (S00) SLL
Esacus recurvirostris 155| Euripus halithersis Poe a .. 888
Estheria lofti 838] Eurycercus burnesi. . ve He -- 482
Estrelda flavidiventris i -- 725 cineraceus He aa -» 482
Eublepharis macularius ..351, 409, 647, 972| Eurystomus orientalis ic a .. 944
Euborellia annulipes 963 | Eutelia Ke “fe ge pi as SLY.
Eucypris virens F 843| Euthalia anosia .. "ye ae .. 889
Eudynamis honorata ‘ 939 apicalis .. be “c .. 889
Eulabes andamanensis .. 698 | ———— appiades julii .. 4 .. 889
intermedia andamanensis 698 cocytes .. aie a3 .. 889
——— intermedia . 698 derma ie uae ala .. 889
ea os javana 699 | ————- dunya me me ME .. 889
javanus 699|—__—— garruda .,. 4g Be .. 889
ptilogenys .. -. 699 goodrichi .. - Ais .. 889
religiosa 698, 941 jahnu Be sr Me +. 889
Eulepis arja ‘3 888 jama ah ve Fe .. 889
athamas 888 ] ———— kanda fhe ne sa -. 889
delphis concha : : 888 kesava rangoonensis an -. 889
eudamippus . .. 888 lepidea andersoni .. Be ..- 889
jalysus ax .. 888 lubentina .. oe - -. 889
Eumeces scuttatus .. 412, 647, 972 phemius .. Pa oid .. 889
schneideri 353, 647, 972| Eutropiichthys vacha ne -» 160, 161

Eunetta falcata

Eupetaurus cinereus

Euphorbia .. ae

—_———— granulata ;
13

ae wien Land
a -- 182
ee 515, 517
ee os SIS!

Excalfactoria chinensis .. ors -. 153

XeVili

INDEX OF SPECIES.

- NuMBER.

Fagonia cretica . 276, 512, 516, 517
Fagus : ae ye oe .. 849
Falco ee .. 280, 281, 282, 285, 287,
288, 290, 292, 293, 294

barbarus 980, 281, 287, 801
buteo .. a . 281
——— eherrug 280, 281, 290, 292
jugger . 280, 281, 288, 290, 801

—— milvipes 280,281, 292
— —— peregrinator. “152, 280, 281 285, 295, 569
peregrinus .. 152, 280, 281, 282, 295

569, 943

—- peregrinator . 110
- Severus . 152, 280, 281, 294

295 943, 952

subbuteo 190, 280, 281, 293. 295,

569

—-— subbuteo .. 850, 872
tinnunculus .. a vs LEMON Gras
tinnunculus . 847

Farsetia 55 Ge
jacquemontiana 507, 509
macarantha 47, 516

Felis ahs ven SOM a25
affinis .. ws .. 525, 5d)
bengalensis .. 525, 623
cealigata . dol
caracal Pe an Ay ae)
chaus 330, 331, 332, 411, 623
—. affinis . 330
—- nilotica .. acs)
——lybica .. = Ball
— maniculata ais Bou
ocreata.. 331, 332
—— iraki . dol
—— ornata .. Se ae ie 525
pardus . 317, 410, 411, 525, 933
rubiginosa . 525
spelzea oe) 82)
—— sylvestris . 332
temminckii ae hice BD)
—— tigris . 525, 933
torquata . 525
viverrina 525
Ficedula coronata .. 56 ate 486

NUMBER.

Ficus bengalensis . 519
religiosa py!
Fischeria Me 0 . 764
beetica . 7164

—_—-—— fasciata .. 764
Forficula auricularia oe at .. 963
Francolinus 193, 205; 4 oie
asi 194, 203

—__—___—_— ceylonensis a SEES
chinensis 194, 419, 420

— ~ francolinus 194, 201, 202,

208, 209, 423

asie .. 110, 193, 194.

197, 201, 204

_____._+— henriei 193, 2005" 202

Be melanonobismaneeaae
197, 198, 202

—__—___— gularis . 154, 194, 424

henrici Bi -. 200
madagascariensis .. 420
melanonotus .. 202, 203

nivosus We seeeels

orientalis arabistanicus . 200

europeus . 194

perlatus oe .. 419

pictus .. 417, 418, 420

-pictus 194, 206, 209, 417, 418

- interpositus . 194

—_—__—___ ___- mecranensis .. 194
pallidus 194, 417

- pondicerianus .. . 194

pintadeus a9 .. 419

pon: icerianus. . 154, 570, 801

cnensis a ae -. 419

spadiceus te »-d, 11

—— vulgaris 154, 194, 200,
202, 570

brevipes . 202

Franklinia So MBI
— buchanani 482, 795
cinereocapilla . 482

gracilis .. .. 482

Fringilla altaica . 732
——_——. amandava . 7125

NuMBER.
Fringilla celebs... : : -. 730
celebs .. -. 845, 854
: flavicollis c aie se eB,
formosa .. ; ono
manyar di we tao
melanictera ap ee!
- montifringilla a Wen
obsoleta .. BRAY
orientalis Se
rhodochroa A PAS
rhodopepla ee 0)
scheeniclus se 788
striolata .. .. 734
subulata sie 729, 730
=——-xanthosterna .. ats 730}
Fringilauda brandti hematopyga.. 732
nemoricola 732
— altaica AN LUBY
_———_— — ————— _ nemoricola Se ee
Fulica atra .. 850, 880
Funambulus.. q ~ ol4, 529
bengalensis .. r 529
kathleenze ‘ 529
—layardi fe .. 529
palmarum .. cn. to oO
bellaricus 529
brodiei 529
— comorinus 551
— favonicus sep29
kelaarti .. 529
— olympius 529
palmarum 529
pennanti ate -. 646
—- argentescens 318, 410,
= 529
—_———-— kathleen . 529
- layardi . 529
—.——'—lutescens :. 529 |
—____—__— ———-— pennanti .. .. 529
robertsoni 529, 411
sublineatus 529, 545
tristriatus po 1549; Sol
—-- numarius 529
_ —_____—. tristriatus 529
a wroughtoni oe oe e- 529

INDEX OF SPECIES.

X¢C1x

NuMBER.

Fylla .. 495
—-— exigua . 496
Gagata batasis .. 160
Galeomma indecora 964, 965
— peilei 964, 965
Galeopithecus volans ear i |
Galeopterus .. ; . 525
peninsulee 525

403, 566,

Galerita cristata 799
chendoola . 743

—leautungensis .. . 743

caucasica 844, 857, 858

deva «2 43

magna Pe 23)

— malabarica 743, 791
Galerida cristata magna nie .. 743
substaurica 844, 846, 857

Gailicrex cinerea . 154
—— cinereus sie ot .. 429
Gallinago ceelestis .. 146, 155, 802, 846, 572
- gallinago “ft -. 818
gallinula 156, 572, 802

media ve . 878

major .. 878
—_—_—_——_nemorieola 155, 186
solitaria 146, 156, 572

= stenura .. .. 156
Gallinula chloropsis .. 154
Galloperdix 1, 651
—-— — bicalcarata say ES
eS lunulate: 22s
—__—_—_——— lunulatus 13
pe Familosa: 13
— lunulosus ar we le
__—_-_—. spadicea Petar YB Yay! Pool a!
Js eS var, caurina ene
po —spadicea 1, 8,9, 11, 12
2 ee stewarti Pe.
| ___— spadicea A .. 943
spadiceus Be 2, os10, Ue
—__—__—— zeylonensis ee oe ae

c INDEX OF SPECIES.

NUMBER.

Gallus bankiva bankiva -. 153
— ferrugineus -- 570
sonnerati .. iin .. 943
Galphrynus pleurostigma .. Ski)
Gamsorhynchus rufulus , .. 451
——________—_- rufulus .. . 451
—— torquatus . 451
— - torquatus .. 451

Gangara 211,215, 220, 222, 435, 437, 780,
782, 785, 786, 791, 792, 793

______. thyrsis 217, 218, 228, 225, 444, 447,
178, 782, 785

Gardenia campanulata . 750
latifolia .. 31
sessiliflora 750, 964

Gareris 355, 354
francisca .. - 305

gomia -- 300
sanatana 355, 354

Garrula lide
Garrulax affinis .. 243
albogularis 96, 241

austeni .. . 245
—____—_—— helangeri fe -. 240
— delesserti 241, 940, 971
gallanus . 240

— gularis .. 240
— imbricatus .- 245
— jerdoni .. 30 .. 244
— leucolophus belangeri . . -. 240
—_____ diardi .. 240
leucolophus . 240

leucotis . 240
melanostigma .. rie .. 242

— meridionalis 240
merulinus A 33 245

—__--— moniliger fuscata . 240
moniliger .. 240

nuchalis . 239

—__——— pectoralis 55 240
pectoralis .. . 240

——_——— — semitorquata -. 240
sannio aan) -- 239
semitorquata .. ate . 240

— swrepitans ie a6 . 241

NuUMBER..

Garrulax striatus 2.) 245.
— sub-ceerulatus sles Zen
Garrulus : .. sus as Be em 402
bispecularis .. BN ourcaven C515.
bispecularis . 232

ee —— haringtoni . 233:
—— —— interstinctus . 233
——persaturatus .. 233:

i — rufescens . 233
eremita .. . 009
haringtoni nie .. 233

= olandarius hyrcanus. .. 848, 851,
852

=e casplus -. 852
lanceolatus 2320 Ooo

leucotis .. oe

leucotis Seay

oatesi .. ae

oatesi Meueoes

rufescens 4 2385

Gavialis gangeticus. . : ol -. 158
Gazella 74, 84, 344, 534
arabica ak a .. 343
bennetti 84, 85, 186, 322, 344.

345, 534, 625

doreas .. 344
——— gazella 344, 345
—_——— marica 343, 344, 579
———— muscatensis Be .. 344
————. picticaudata .. 84, 85, 626
——— seistanica.. a0 $4, 85
———— subgutturosa. 84, 343, 344, 345,
411, 579

Gecana ee ce 56 as «. 222
Gecinus occipitalis 3 56 .. 566
squamatus ac . 566

Gecko verticillatus.. ult .. 158
Ge... we oe -» 215,- 216
Gegenes .. 215, 217, 222, 432, 435, 437,
787, 790, 791, 792

nostradamus .. 224, 225, 446,

447, 787

Gehenna .. Es 86 .. 21d, 216
Gennezus albicristatus a -. 110, 570
lineatus .. a oc -. 646

“Genneeus horsfieldi horsfieldi
-melanonotus ..
Geocichla albogularis 4
; andamanensis ..
citrina albogularis

—citrina

cyanotis

innotata

cyanonotus

innotata

sibirica davisoni
sibirica

wardi -
‘Geomyda. indopeninsularis
tricarinata
_Gisekia pharnaceoides
*Georychus fuscocapillus
~Gerbillus

——.

ceylanica
cheesmani
-——+—— cuvieri
erythroura
gleadowi
indica .. os
indicus ..
nanus
persicus
~Gerosis ae Ss we
Glareola lactea
laucidium brodiei..
radiatum a
cuculoides
‘Glaucomia macrorhynchus
Glaucomyias sordida ere
. thallasoides
*Glauconympha
“Glaucopisleucopterus ~* ..
“Gleditschia .. ae ead A
slossocardia setosa. .

-andamanensis ..

INDEX OF SPECIES.

ci

NUMBER. » Numeer.
.. 153/ Golunda newara . 532

. 153 watsoni Ap ce .. 532

.. 718| Gomalia 215, 216, 217, 219, 220, 222, 434, 437,

sep OLS 785, 790, 791

en albofasciata, 217, 220, 223, 224, 443,

. 719 “s Bay (3

. 718| Gracilea royleana .. 517

.. 718: Gracula intermedia .. 698
pesadral|e nigricollis. . Be) |

.. 941 ptilogenys +s .. 699

7 0S religiosa .. .. 698

oo Fie saularis var he
sts sturnina . = OO
718, 944] Grandala ccelicolor 562, 714
.. 158] Graminicola bengalensis ‘5 .. 482

=. LoS — bengalensis . 482

ae OLS striatus -. 482

ay eal striatus -. 482

.. 530| Grammatoptila striata austeni .. 245

Te O48) |e striata «. 245

.. 338] Graucalus dobsoni .. i. Gow
548, 551 layardi 7.697
-. o9 — macei 4 Suid

.. 530 | layardi ve O07
18559524 macel .. .. 697
.. 548 nipalensis .. 697

we ole siamensis »- 697
oud — nipalensis Be .. 697

. 218} Grauculipica burmanica burmanica er!
155 —— - fuscogularis Sel

151 leucocephala annamensis .. 701

be al Wa || aera incognita =) AOL
151, 567| — leucocephala, .. 701
347, 972 nigricollis . OL

3 705| Grevillea robusta mi # .. 942
705| Grewia populifolia .. -- 506, 510, 515, 516

723| Grus antigone et OL

232 communis .. 146

- . 849 nigricollis ; 146
47| Gryllodes © .. os J ct = 260

845 lateralis Se a wisyek dO

325 2

966 ‘Gryllodes macropterus «tO

ie _. 532| Gryllotalpa 768
190, 532, 548! gryllotalpa 70%

INDEX OF SPECIES.

-_—— fulvus.. 846,

him alayenstsne . 109} Halpe

—— fulvescens .. 800

—— himalayensis 151, 568 astigmata

—— tenuirostris 151, 951, 952 honorei .
Gypsophila .. . .. 454 786,
Hemantopus ostrelagus ostrelagus B feiily hyrtacus
Hemaphysalis howletti . 622 — moorei

Heematorhinus chrysorrhoides

874, 952

salicornicum ..

. 468: Hantana is ae

eu
NuMBER. NvuMsr
Gryllus . 770| Hematornis luteolus .
a chinensis .. . 770| Hematospiza indica ey
ee desertus . 770| Halcyon smymensis, 402, 567, 799, 846, sil, :
____— domesticus ee) 940
—___——— frontalis 770| Halidétus albicilla .. .. 850
___+—. gracilis . 769 leucoryphus .. .. 151,73
it toralic . 807| Haliastur indus 152, 568, 948
— tartarus 770) Halictus .. S17
Grypomys ve 5 Spill amaranus . 827°
— gleadowi be “2 (Dol chaldeerum 826, 827
Gunomys 321, 536, 646 cingulatus . 827
; - hengalensis . 530 dissidens .. 828
—_—__—— gracilis .. 53 Se .. 530 interruptus 826
NOK 530, 546, 548, 552 kervileanus na .. 828
SSS lore .. 530 lativentris 826, 827
— varius 530, 554 -leucognathus 825
Gurelca . 750 leucozonius 826
_—- hyas 750 longulus .. . 827
— macroglossoides .. 750 lucidulus .. on a 828
Guyia AB oan! mongolicus 828
kathleen wi .. 53l mucoreus 828
Gymnuodactylus scaber 351, 412, 647|— obscuratus oe oe 827
Gymnorhis 2 OST —— pauxillus . 828
—— flavicollis . 564) — picipes . 627
os transfuga : ral| platycestus 826
xanthosterna transfuga ay Ties! pulvercus.. ees
xanthosterna .. 730 quadricinctus 825, 826
Gymnura . 525 rubicundus eB
gymnura minor .. 525; scabiose . 825 —
Gynacantha S5 . 147) sogdianus 828
—_——-—--— bainbriggi . 147| - tetrazonius . 825
ee ll Say variipes .. 828
Gynosporia montana _ 513 | ———— vestitus * ee
Gypiétus barbatus, 402, 568, 800, “846, 974, 952 | villosulus 829
eee grandis . 109] Haloxylon k lap
Gyps , 402 recurvum . ole

276, Bll, B12

. 215, 217, 219, 221, 433,
435, 441, 442, 780, 789, 790, 791, 792

994, 925

994, 225, 439, 441,

788, 789, 790

. .224, 225, 789, 790

224, 789
914, 218

INDEX OF SPECIES.

cili

NuMBER. NuMBER.

Haplocercus ceyionensis .. .. 412} Hemitragus jemlahicus oe 79, 80
Harpactes fasciatus | .. 942 jemlaicus -- 79, 411
Harpiocephalus .. 524) — Jemlanicus 79, 80
— lasyurus .. 524| Hemixus davisoni .. ae -- 467
Hasora, .. 215, 216, 217, 222, 435, 436, 778, flavala -. 467
780, 783, 790.; 791; *793 flavala ~ > 400

alexis : 223, 224, 783 davisoni ~ 467
——— badra . .223, 224, 443, 783 hildebrandi va, Sd
butleri J 223, 224, 783 | ————— hildebrandi ~- 467
chabrona . 223, 224, 444, 783]- macclellandi holtii .. 468
Hebomoia glaucippe aa GOT macclellandi .. 467
Helarctus a . 527| ————— tickellii 467
a malayanus .. 527| Henicurus guttatus 711
Helictis - 527 maculatus 561
nepalensis .- 971] Heodes a 92

personata 527, 970} Hepburnea caurina ae eee
Heliotropium 511, 512, 516 spadicea 4, 5,8, 95 25
undulatum 276, 514 spadiceus 3

Heliopais personata Ae .. 634 stewarti 5
Helioscirtus moseri 804, 811, 812| Heptapleurum venulo sum 783
pietschmanni .. 804]! Herbivocula schwarzi 484

Hemibungarus nigrescens .. 972| Herodias alba . 637
Hemicercus canente . 942! garzetta 944, 946
Hemichelidon cinereiceps .. - 703 intermedia ~« Got
sibirica 402, 560) Herpestes edwardsi ~ BOM

—_—__—__— cacabata .. 702) ————— ellioti 547, 551
Hemicordulia 673, 675 ferrugineus .. 317, 577
asiatica 673, 676 ferrugineus . STT
Hemidactylus flaviridis es ek — fuscus .. 547
— cocteei .. 351 persicus 332, 412

gleadovii - 158 Herpetocypris reptans . 843

persicus .. 647 | Hesperines . 221

Hemidiaptomus ignatovi ..
Hemiechenus

auritus

collaris

megalotis ..
Hemigalus 2. aa Ae

derbianus incursor
Hemipus hirundinaceus
picatus ..

capitalis
a picatus ae
Hemitragus a a

hylocrius.. aa

. 842
329, 525
329, 330
525, 970

. 316

- 526

- 526

» «1 O04:

. 941

. 693

Hesperia,

galba
Hesperiphona affinis
Hesperomys
Hesperoptenus
tickelli
Hestia jasonia agarmarschana
Heteracris annulosa a
consobrina
.. 693| Heterogyna .. ae
73, 79; Heteromorpha unicolor
791 Heteropterus “ie ta

215, 216, 217, 219, 434, 437,
785, 786, 790, 791, 7938
. 223, 224, 443, 785

-. 726
« LSS

rey |
215, 216

Civ

Heterorhynchus humei
Heterornis senex
Heteroxenicus cruralis

: hyperythrus .

—nepalensis ©
— sinepsis

Heterura sylvana.

Pieteraxemusniiy ie seb. o.

Hidari

Hieraétus fasciatus

; pennatus

Hierococcyx nisicolor
sparverioides

varius
Hilarocichla rufiventer
Hippolais caligata ..
languida
obsoleta
pallida pallida
rama
Hipposiderus
—_—__—_———- armiger
atratus
bicolor
brachiotus

dukhunensis ..

fulvus

pallidus

lankadiva
————_ larvatus

lylei

speoris
———__—_—- tridens
Hirundo brevicauda

concclor

daurica
daurica

hyperithra
nepalensis
—— rufula
seullii

——— erythropygia

stellatus. ..

erythropygia

striolata ..

INDEX OF SPECIES.

NUMBER. NuMBER.
.. 477| Hirundo fluvicola °.. ae! a 736

. 701 | ———— gutturalis *.. 735

. 716| ———— hyperythra 736

.. 715| ———— javanica .. he .. 735

ae 716 | ——nepalensis’.. 631, 736
STAD riparia | oe .. 735

. 715|——eertula ee aes
Bias) daurica Pete eos SED

: sels rupestris* .. a he, .. 735
. 215, 219 rustida © ..565, 735, 798, 850, 869
407, 568, 800 | ———- —-—rustica °.-- “2° 735, 869
1), 51, 568 — gutturalis’ . 735
-- 405| ——— javanica .. ~ 735

.. 567 transitiva 869

. 940) ———_ tytleri ae ~ 2 73o

.. 465 smithii 402, 565, 735

. 483 striolata 736

- 483 | ——— tytleri 735

. 483 urbica : 734

. 483] Hodgsonius phcenicuroides 716

. 483] Homalopsis buccata 972

..- 522| Homorocoryphus 765

. 522 nitidulus 765

.- 546 | Hoplopterus ventralis 155
315, 646 | Horaga cingalensis .. 87
eye moulmeina .. 87

. 550 onyx.. 87

. 522) ——-— rana ou

. 315| Horeites brunnescens .. 489

. 522 -- brunnifrons .. 490
522 major .. 489

“ei Oe pa.lidus . 97, 489
522, 550] Horizillas magna magna E . 454
315 magnirostre . 454

735 | Horornis oe ae 44 .. 931

735 acanthizoides acanthizoides .. 489

736 brunnescens . 489

736 albiventris .. 489

736 cantans canturians .. 489

. 736|— fortipes .. 489

.. 736 - fortipes .. . 489
736, 869 fuliginiventer . 484

. 736 major .. 489

. 736 pallidus 559, 796
565, 736 == pallidus . 489

INDEX OF SPECIES, cv
NUMBER. NuMBER.
srormis pallidus osmastoni as .. 489| Hypoiais pallida .. e 173, 865
- pallidipes .. Ss 38 .. 489} ————— elacica 847, 850, 865
tocanthus nicobariensis es .. 967] Hypocolius ampelinus . 466
yubara macqueeni aL ore .. 802; Hypolycena . a Se Ba SF
iphina lea.. os ne “s .. 896| ——————_-- andamana eS
nadina.. ie zi .. 896) ———_- erylus he ewer 7!
nerissa dapha .... a .. 896] —————— himavantus .. o a ier
evagete .. me .. 643| —————— marciana 87
thua nipalensis.... ... ite .. 151 | ——————-_ miniata a2 ance
ren a chee #0 sia a Se . 527 Her obyitieas bolina 88, 643, 892
—-hyena ..... «. 332, 527, PN Gea ae curiosa sai ae
yarotis .. 215, 217, 219, 222, 432, 435, — missippus 650, 892
: 439, 787, 792, 793) Hypoteenidia striata «0. 1b Go
adrastus... 224, 225, 439, 446, 778} Hypothymis azurea oapionsnee cm keke
787 | forrestia six LO
ydrange2 .. e: ae ne én 153 idiochroa . 708
ydrobasileus : ws a aa Bb nicobarica i» 408
: croceus ee aA 55, 56| ————_— - styani sian, Ne
extraneus .. ae ~s “56 sykesi ja SOT
— tramea <f ® Balers tytleri .. 708
fydrocharitacee. .. Pa a .. 45| Hypsiryhina enhydris 412, 159
fydrocichla frontalis pas a .. 711| Hypsipetes concolor -» 467
ruficapilla .. fe . 712) ganeesa .. 467, 940
ydrophasianus chirurgus 155, 403, 954 pa gracilis ° -» 460
ydrophyllus pisceus =; tera 2 — ae ay noe -. 468
Hydrus platurus.. ae a .. 972 macclellandi .. 467
SeeeGnGsi ses. .) 5. 302, 204 malaccensis - 470
3 - porcinus ne we 5. S04 a —_—_———— nicobariensis .. > .. 470
REE 1110, 40. 582309 2x 692|-——— — paaroldes 96, 467, 558
fylaeus a ae ns oA Cee) aaa — concolor - 467
damascenus.. ve oa igen =--> ganeesa - 467
moricei ae as Ss SSIS wae te - nigrescens .. -» 467
scutellaris.... ..... .. 824, 825/— psaroides .. - 467
[ylobates .. a a re i Hak ae yt -» 467
hoolock .. ot ¥- «sol concolor - 467
Me) ag. <0 aed =~ oe 2 | Myeerix eee
[ylopetes .. Be he 4 ee .. 502 — cristata +2 32
belone ... an wh .. 411 Jeucura - 32

- leonardi wef) sits'e at OU

[yloperdix torqueola .... a isiGG2
Jambryx . 215, 218, 219, 222, 432, 435,

ly pacanthis spinoides .. 564, 730, 798
yperacrius . 3 ays 58, 61

Scientia heligd iafaoka a - OL
—-— maxima .. .. 91} Ianthia cyanura ,.--
hyperithra ...

ypolais languida.. oe Ke « 1B
B 14

440, 788, 792, 793
saisala _,..224, 225, 446, 447, 788

. 714
. 714

evi

INDEX OF SPECIES,

Numer. |
Janthia indica indica Lee 4
— rufilata 562, 714
Janthocincla albogularis . 24)
austeni austeni . 241
Victoriz 22
chrysoptera .. 242 |
cineracea cineracea .. ‘ "241
styani . 241
gularis .. 240
ocellata ocellata . 241
pectoralis .. 240
— pheenicea . 242
— ruficollis : 36 49)
rufogularis assamensis . 24]
oceidentalis . 24)
—— rufogularis . 241
squamata . 243
victorix . 242)
Tbidorhynchus struthersi .. 146, 155 |
Ibis melanecephala. . .. 637
Ictinaétus malayensis 151, 942 |
Ictinus .. 541
rapax . a4]
Idmon 215, 216
Idionyx 673, 675, 688
corona 675, 690
optata 675, 688 |
— ornata 675, 691 |
yolanda 675, 689
Hlerda epicles 87
— indicus 87|
— indica 87
——— rufonotata 40 we
Ilyocypris bradyi . 843
Indigofera ; Olle,
anabaptista .. oe -. 512
argentea ..217, 507, 508, 511
cordifolia, a OLG
enneaphylla . 512
—linifolia .. ane seo,
— ovalifolia 276, 509, 511,
513
trigonelloides . 512
Indrella ampula enon),
Tole icterica .. s 470, 940

tole malaccensis
—nicobariensis ..
—— virescens ate

cinnammomeoventris
lonnbergi
—-— virescens
tora lafresnayei
——nigrolutea
-—— viridissima
Trena
—— puella ..

—eyanea ..
— puella
Tris

— oratoria

Isamia eclecta
— irawada

noblei

splendens. .
Ischnoptera ..

evansi ..
Ischnura aurora
eae ;
Isma O15, 217, 219
Ismene _ 215, ‘216, 217, 434, 436, 783)!
790, 791, 793.
————— fergusoni ..223, 224, 443, 778) Tatas
790, 791, 793.
—gomata ..211, 223, 224, 790, 791,
793
Tsoteinon ate 215, 216
Issoria sinha. . : 892
Ithagenes kurseri ao 182 |
lunulatus 13.
madagascariensis 3
————— northiz .. OMe. 5 . oom
sinensis 756
————. spadiceus oe -- ee
Itys 215, 217, 219}
Iton : : ae 215, 21 ;
Ixias pyrene latifascinks Bee |
Txops nipalensis daflaensis. . 1 ao
nipalensis . 461
=—— poliotis . 46
== waldeni . 461°

INDEX OF SPECIES. evii

NUMBER. NUMBER,
Ixopus poliotis.. .. “8 ae .. 461| Kerivoula .. wh ai = .. 524
Ixos leucotis + os ae .. 469] ————erypta .. oe tie .. 524
—phexocephalus .. on as «. 466)=— hardwickii ae we .. 524
Txus davisoni His a ale .. 471; ————— picta.. bs 411, 414, 524
Txulus castaneiceps as ar .. 461| Ketupa zeylonensis -s site, LOLSOos
flavicollis .. se a .. 557| Kittocincla albiventris .. oe 06) LO
—_—- flavicollis .. aye .. 463 | -——————— macroura macroura .. mee fi
—— baileyi .. oh .. 463; —————— ———— tricolor i mar a Hs
—_— harterti .. a .. 463} Koruthaialus Pre a 215, 218, 219
— humilis oo aes a .. 463
— clarkii one Pe .. 463

humilis a we .. 463 |
occipitalis .. ae Oh, .. 462 |
rufigenis ft as ve san SOE

striatus ae ae il .. 461 | Labeo angra ee Se os yy Gk

Tynx torquilla = oe ia 1. OOO calbasu a ns a 7. dOL
—— — — torquilla .. we aa SUT gonius Be aa dic os 168
pangusia te at did «9 L6G

rohita a os an fas LOO

Labidura ribaria .. és ag .. 963

inermis .. ae “. 963

en mon golica ate .. 963

Jaculus loftusi ze: sk a3 056) = Cet eae “ a i tSOF
Jamides alosina .. ey és .. 88| Lachesis gramineus wie ws) (159, 647
bochus .. es es Gall mucrosquomatus .. aa .. 647
Junonia almana .. ea a9 .. 892} Lagcestromia flos regina .. ai .. 645
— atlites ie ae .. 641,892|Lagomys .. oe oe ibe 7)» 185
hierta ae we tc .. 891| Laiscopus .. ce Le Ete say fal:

iphita a ae ve .. 891| ———— collaris nipalensis AY ve C2
lemonias .. ae a .. 891 ripponi .. .- ~. 722
ee Otitbyial , . » < id Be .. 892 rufilatus .. es w= (22
Justicia simplex... eee, Wer -. 515 tibetanus “i ag ee
whymperi oe sist hee

himalayanus.. a aah Fe

rubeculoides are hs ae 45

—— strophiatus jerdoni ae .. 144
Lalage skyesii oe oe = .. 696
Kabanda .. a2 ah oy .. 354|Lampides.. aNd a oe AEN

malsarida sie kis .. 354| ————elinus.. oe a elie

Kachuga tectum .. fe we .. 158|————- orion tre oe at ery Fe
Kagnakowia kozlowi “ hs .. 245| Lamprotornis spilopterus .. ie .. 699
Kelaartia penicillata EN a .. 472| Lanius assimilis .. Ar aoe es Ay)
Kallima inachus limborgi iy .. 892 aucheri a oe ae LTS; 682
Kaloula pulchra_.. oe os Ara ih! boulboul .. hs re Oe seal 3,
ceerulescens oa ae .. 474

Kerana ie we eye ae Bee ony

evill

NUMBER

Lanius caniceps *. 693
chinensis at ae +. 239
collurio . .693, 850, 863, 864
collurio kobulini -. 863
colluroides .. we aa -. 692
cristatus sie 34) O88
a cristatus .. -. 693
— isabellinus . 693
a lucionensis 7.693
— pheenicuroides .. - 693
——— emeria ie ae .. 469
——— erythronotus - 402, 559, 796, 941
erythropterus 463
excubitor aucheri .. 692
—— lahtora 692
—_—— pallidirostris - 692
——. przewalskii 692
—§ fallax sens Wh
isabellinus .. ate -. 693, 796
lahtora 796
longicaudatus 692
lucionensis .. 693
malabaricus 476
melanocephalus 472

——— minor 864
musicus sd 714
——— nigriceps longicaudatus 692
— nigriceps.. -- 692
pallidirostris aie 173, 692
pheenicuroides 693
—_— przewalsku-.. 692
schach caniceps 693
—. erythronotus 692
—— tephronotus 693
senator 864
—— niloticus 693
tigrinus Ee .. 693
vittatus 402, 659, 692
Laringa castelnani .. ; 893
Larus argentatus cachinans 879
—— bruneicephalus 146
canus canus 879
ichthyetus 879
ridibundus 879
Larvivora 713

ee
————

INDEX OF SPECIES,

Number.
Larvivora brunnea .. 557, 715, 940
cyane brunnea: = ile
LR sc Whe Ce coe: 715
wickhami Mie sane he 715
Lates calearifer °°... ss -» O34
Lathrecista asiati¢a 492, 498
Laticilla burnesi -.. . 482
cineracens -. 482
Latipes senegalensis — ae ~e oe
Launzea chondrilloides °°... ore . ole
Lebadea martha attenuata - -. 890
Leggada 532, 548, 596, 597
———— booduga -. .532,° 545, 549, 552, 598
cookii 8 ae . 532
famula °.. -. 548
jacksonie .. 596, 597
nagarum .. 3: ood
nitidula nitidula . . 532
—_— popeea - -. 532
pahari Ad aus «. 632, 597
Leggadilla .. oe oe . 532
cindrella ee 532
grahami -. do2
gurkha .. . 532
hannyngtoni:-.. - 5aZ
phillipsi ; . 532
platythrix ne . 532
sahdu . 532
shortridgei he ~. 5d2
siva 532, 545, 549
surkha .. ry 39-4
Lehera ; 288
Leioptila annectens. . -- 460
annectens . 460
davisoni . 460
saturata - 460
capistrata capistrata -. 459
pallida .. 460°
davisoni -. 460
gracilis. ... 4 .. 460
melanoleuca castanoptera -. 460
melanoleuca -. 460
pulchella .. ie -. 460
saturata... f .. 460
Lepidagathis trinervis .. 276, 516

hi ra S

Lepido cephalicthys guntea

NUMBER.
-. 966

. 509, 510, 511, 513
507, 508, 509

Leptadenia ..
—————- spartium

. é& 512, 513
Leptestheria, _ se ye . 838
—— dahala censis . 838

- ticinensis . 838
Leptobrachium hasseltii . 119!
Leptocircus curius ... . 896

meges virescens .. 896
Leptopternis gracilis 805, 811, 812
Leptoscirtus angustus . 806

aviculus : Fe .. 806

evansi - 805, 806, 811, 812

savignyl 806

unguiculatus .. 806
Leptopeecile .. 466
—-———-—. obscura 479

sophiz 479

sophize 479

—_——__—. — obscura 479
Leptoptilus dubius .. 156, 633
javanicus ate a Se Uae

Leptosia xiphia A a .. 896
Lepus ae ae Of 66, 67, 533
——— connori 342, 343, 575

—— craspedotis G75 69, 321,..343.
575
dayanus 66, 67, 68, 343, 533
— connori woe
—— hipsibius . 66, 67, 69
lehmanni ne See
mahadeva .. ae #20/5,08, Dad
nigricollis ..66, 67, 68, 533, 546, 552
oiostolus . 66, 67, 69
pallipes = os Ae Babes
peguensis --06, G7, 68, 5a3
rajput ae : 67, 68
—— ruficaudatus .. wie SAL OO wise:
siamensis .. -. 66, 67, 68
simcoxi ae - 01, 68, 5a3
singhala Be ve . 67, 68, 533
tibetanus .. vi . 66, 67, 69
Lerwa nivicola Ur; ae a ots Cn
Lethe dyrtea 13 oe se

INDEX OF SPECIES.

Lethe europa

mekara

minerva tritogenia
Leucas agpera
cephalotis
aa) nutans

Sao SUriepa

urticeefolia ..
Leucocerca burmanica
compressirostris
pectoralis
Leucophlebia

emittens
— lineata
Leucosticte brandti..
Leuconce

hasselti

Libellula analis
basilaris
bimaculata
brevipennis

chinensis
flavescens ..

incerta
limbata
lycoris
mauriciana
nigra
nigrilabris ..
pallida
sanguinea ..
signata
similata
stylata
——_—— terminalis ..
tillarga
viridula
Libythea myrrha

rama
Liminitis procris anarta
Limnanthemum parvifolium
Limnea pereger
Limnophilus lunatus
Limonidromus indicus

.. 885] Linota brevirostris ..

cix

NUMBER,

641, 885
-- 885.
=<) 88D
-- 518

cx

Linota fringillirostris
rufostrigata. .

INDEX OF SPECIES.

NuMBER NUMBER.

.. 730| Lotongus .. ei 45 Baral ie Al 2
. 730| Loxia atricapilla .. .. te Bye reat

Lindenbergia urticzfolia 2 51g) bengalensis .. So he - 1291
Lioparus chryszus .. .. 459 curvirostra himalayana .. oe |
vinipectus austeni . 459 erythrma .. oie ot a AO

— vinipectus manipurensis .. 459|——— himalayana .. nt a0 venen|
ripponi .. 459 indica of SA bre seen |

sordidior 72 459 javanensis .. 30 ie .. 124

vinipectus .. 459 malabarica .. 3: 2: oe ap

Liopicus mahrattensis Noe, malacca ee oe a .. 7124
Lioptila capistrata .. . 557| ——— philippina .. Bs ae Bays (433
pallida .. 96} —— prasina -s oe Se we tae

Liothrix lutea ao SOT punctulata .. AS a .» 725)
callipyga . 463 striata a ieee |

Liris hemorrhoidalis .. 823| Loxura arcuata ne ate os Bentley
Locustella .. 459 atymnus .. “ we mils
certhiola At .. 479) — continentalis ex a8 tot: |

lanceolata oh .. 480 mahara * As Me meas) |

nevia straminea . 480} — prabha sc bs oe 87

straminea .. 480] Luscinia megarhyncha africana. 847, 850, 868
tacsanowskia . 48] | ———_ —____—- golzii ee syed

Leesa .. 004] ——— pectoralis confusa - -. 7B
oroatis .. dgo4| ———_ suecica.. 100
Lophoceros griseus .. . 942] Lusciniola nocopienn mimica 481, 846, 850
Lophophanes ater emodius . 236} ————— mimica .. oe 35 .. 481
beavani . 237} Lusciola golzii ae BP i. Baeill

— dichrous -. 506] Lutra He Ai 58 BA pay"

dichrous . 237 ellioti .. ie $5 ele .. 411

wellsi weed lutra .. a PA psi |

melanolophus 206)" imacrodus) |: o4 fe oe VeN5b
rubidiventris . 236 tarayensis .. me Rea avers)

rufonuchalis beavani -. 237) Lycena 35 bs oe <td wa Oe
———e rufonuchalis .. 237] boeticus °. aS aa oa Oe
‘Lophoides .. ee S) SAU Sy |} SESE aT red hi Me me eal O 3)
‘Lophophorus ronileene 153, 570, 953) ——_ jaloka us i hs Wp
sclateri a . 756 | ———— leela ae we bak we 92
Lophositta ardesiaca .. 694] ____ orbitulus .. if Sh ol ieee.
‘Lophospizias trivirgatus 152, 943| —__— pheretiades is Ap: LM NGe
Lophotriorchis kieneri . 151| Lycium iy hat i 2 oie ale
Lophura hyas 56 0) | emia «4 .. 509, 510, 511
Loriculus vernalis 212 europeum a we an oop
Loris . a9 . 521|Lycodon aulicus .. Re 2. BA Gam
lydekkerianus . 621 = fasciatus’ 2... | ee
malabaricus » Pe uy Ue Bee ae 3
tardigradus . 52] 1 striatus .. be .. G47, 972

NUMBER.
meum indicum .. ica ke
mnocryptes gallinula Medes rie!
iothemis .. .. 492
— acigastra «<a -. 493
4 cleis... 492, 498
riothemis mortoni .. 493
tricolor. . Si .. 492
roderma .. “¢ a nis «. 522
: lyra 522, 546, 550, 971
t haracea.. . 376
thracee .. aS Sees
torhynchus one . 348
ibuia carinata .. 158
septemteniata 353
vittata rs ae 350
acaca ae 521
adusta ap oe oa OZ)
assamensis.. 521, 553, 669, 672
fascicularis 521
leonina a ens a« O21
mulatta .. .. 668, 669, 672
. pelops wa a= 521
pileata .. bk ate 521
rhesus on at 521
villosus .. . 672
sinica ie ie 521, 546, 549
Macacus assamensis . 665, 666, 667,
. 668, 669
mitrata .. oe .. 814
mulatta... 665, 668
nepalensis . 666
pileata ee Berens de:
oinops .. ie 666, 667, 669
(Pithex) oinops .. a» 667, 669
( ) pelops . .666, 667, 668, 669,
problematicus .. .. 667, 669
radiatug ...: .. als .. 815
rheso-similis ss 667, 668, 669

INDEX OF SPECIES,

exi

NuMBER.

Macacus rhesus

- 665, 666, 667, 668, 669,

672

silenus . 411
Machachus ‘ 217, 218, 222
Maclolophus haplonotts - + 940
melanolophus -. 556

spilonotus spilonotus . 236

— — subviridis «= 286
xanthogenys xanthogenys 236
ee aplonotus .. 236
Macrodiplax 265, 267, 497
cora 263, 265, 266

lycoris .. -. 266

——————- vittata . 266
aie affictitia 751
fringilla 752
fie kee anne heliophila 752
| ————-— loochooana ; 752
—— - Vialis .. 751
Macroglossum ‘ - 751
—__—__—_—_ affictitia 751
—————— fringilla ‘ 752
———— heliophila 752
————— stellatarum 751
Macroglossus Sb te ste 522
—————— minimus sobrinus .. ae) Doe
Macromia ae 673, 674, 681
=e cingulata . 674, 682, 685, 686
——_——— flavicincta 674, 684, 686
———-gersteckeri .. ie -- 685
moorei .. . 674, 681, 683, 686

tr FapersdlaialY 3 674, 685

vittigera - 680

whitei «- 682

Macrones es vey LOH
bleekeri a GO

corsula -- 16l

Macropteryx coronata . -. 942
Macropygia tusalia 153, 570
Macroxus punctatissimus .. COTTA
Magrettia .. -. 768
mutica A -- 768

Malacias castanoptera =e -. 460
Malacocercus albigularis ... -- 451
earlii.. : - 246

INDEX OF SPECIES.

|
i.
»
r
|

|

exil
NUMBER. | NuMBER;
Malacocercus huttoni .. 246) Megaderma spasma medium a 55a)
malabaricus . 246 | minus .. 558)
rufescens . 247 trifolium § 522, 546, 552
striatus .. 247; Megalema marshalorum .. . 568
Malacocincla abbotti .. 454) Megalophrys.. 120
Malacopterum =» foe: Megalurus palustris. . 482
magnum .- 454; Melanitis leda ismene 886
Malacortyx superciliaris 22 | __—— phedima bela . 886
Malacostraca . 836 | —__—- zitenius auletes . . 886
Malacoturnix superciliosus 22 | Melanochlora ae i 465
Mangifera indica 519, 645 sultanea flavocristata .. 296
Manis _ 3138, 534 sultanea . Be. 236
-- aurita .. 313 | Melanocorypha bimaculata 740, 798
-- crassicaudata 313, 534, 553 a Nea anes _. 740)
-- javanica. . 313, Melanoceps macphersoni .. 349)
—..— pentadactyla 313, 534 | Melhania magnifolia a |
Mantis . 764; Melivora 335, 336, 527
fasciata 768 | = indies 335, 527
religiosa . 764, —_—— striatus .. 488
Manto 87 | ___ wilsoni 335, 336
Marmessus alcira 87 | Mellitophagus swinhoei .. 942
lisias .- 87 | Melophus melanicterus .. Be
boisduvali 87 i Melursus .. 528
moorei.. so) (| == Pini as .. 528
Marmota : . 530 ; Menetes berdmorei .. : 411, 529, 554
ae himalayana . 530 . decoratus . 529
Mareca penelope . 157: Menispermaceze Ae . 45
Martes . 527| Merganser castor 146, 158, 186
abietum sis .. 335 | _____-- merganser .. 876
flavigula flavigula .. . 527] Mergus albellus 802, 875, 971
——— -- peninsularis wie ool ae | serrator # . 2 8G
— foina. . 334, 335; Merionee .. a A 325, 530
———- gwatkinsi .. 56 we . 527} ————. ambbrosius 574, 577, 580
martes Nooo) | Charon bi .. oo9
Mastacembelus armatus 160, 161 | — erythrourus 319, 339, 577
Matapa . 215, 217, 222, 435, 437, — hurriance 440, 530
782, 785, 786, 791, 792, 793 persicus*’. S15
- arla . 217, 218, 225, 444, 447, baptiste eg
785 tamaricinus -. oe
Megachile lanata -- 960 toeniurus .. .. 338
Megaderma .. ws .. 522) Merops apiaster .. 845, 870
horsfieldi . 546 phillipinus .. .. 942
spasms ceylonense .. 553 viridis aie . 566
EE horsfieldi 546, 553 | Merula albicincta i .. 562
ee majus -. 553 —atrigularis .. os 563, 797

Se

INDEX OF SPECIES.

¢ xiii

NUMBER

NUMBER
Merula boulboul .- 562] Microtus leucurus .. oe as -. 58
bourdilloni .. ‘ py eele melanogaster eleusis.. . 504
castanea 143, 562, 564, 717 microtus sikkimensis .. 58
erythrotis .- 716] Microtus (Alticola) 533
gouldi . 717| ————- ———— acrophilus 60
kinnisii CoC TEG albicauda 60
maxima 562, 716.2 — blanfordi 60
nigripileus .. . 941} ———— cricetulus.. 61
protomelena . 412 montosus.«. «60
subobscura .. oo 21S roylei .. 60, 5383
— unicolor os 562, 563 — stoliczkanus .. 60
Mesalina pardalis -} -- 352 stracheyi ae éc
Mesia argentauris 412, 466, 630 wynnei 60
Messor barbarus.. - 911 (Eothenomys) melaxogaster 61
Metaponia pusillia .. . 730| ———-— (Hyperacrius) aitchisoni 61
Metioche . 770 brachelix 61
coleoptrata eT, fertilis 61
pallipes 770) (Phaiomys) blythi Pe 58
tibialis .. 7705 eye z= yee
Metopodius indicus BS aetaitan oe i -. 531
Metrioptera =e a 767 nietindar.. 545, 548
escalerai 767 meltada _ 531
persica ei) eee pallidior . 531
Microcichla scouleri 5 99, 561) Millettia atropurpurea ve es
: == scouleri 712| Milvus govinda 109, 152, 568, 633, 800, 943
‘Microhierax .. : 280 melanotis .. Es a olan
i --— eutolmus 152] ——— migrans ‘ 846, 873
'Microlophia sculpta 749 | —_—_ rufiventer . 873
‘Micromia cingulata 542 milvus . 873
| Microperdix inglisi .. =e 154 regalis vel Sides
| Micropus apus pekinensis .. 846 | Mimas ee 215, 216
_————. (Cypselus) apus elses 870| Mimosa hamata . 510, 511, 514, 516
‘Microtarsus cinereiventris . 472) Miniopterus .. ae 2% va . 524
melanocephalus fusciflavescens 472 fuliginosus_ .. He -- 524
os melanocephalus.. 472] Minla brunneicaudata 458
7 --— poieocephalus .. 472 castaneiceps .. 458
‘Microtus ae 57, 58 cinerea aie 458
afghanus .. 581 | ———ignitincta .. .. 466
’ agrestis .. oe Me 581|—-—rufigularis.. .. 458
: aitchisoni. . ie als 61 | Mioscirtus wagneri .. 804, 809,
¢ brachelix ae aarnuOk 810, 812
‘ cachinus .. oa ae 504| Mirafra affinis ae . 742
-——— lertilis .. oe oe sai OL assamica 742
)———-_ irani ahs ate -» 580, 581} ——— - affinis . 742

| 15

exiv

INDEX OF SPECIES.

NUMBER,

Mirafra assamica assamica .. 742
marion o. 743

cantillans . 742

eee -— cantillans 742
——_—_— ———— microptera 742
—— williamsoni 742
erythroptera 743
microptera ~. 142
pheenicura 743
pheenicuroides 743
Mixornis gularis minor 458
rubricapilla 457

— connectens 457

minor .- 458

See rubricapilla -. 457
Moina dubia 835, 838, 839
——--— micrura 838, 839
——--— rectirostris . . 838
Mollugo cerviana .. 512
hirta et OLS
mudicaulis. . Vole
Molpastes 629, 630
bengalensis 468, 629
burmanicus .. 468
heemorrhous eo LAY O40

-— hemorrhous . 468

—- bengalensis .. 468

—— burmanicus . 468
oo chrysorrhoides .. 468
——- intermedius . 469
———— higripileus . 468
SS - pallidus .. -. 468
intermedius 558, 795
leucogenys 402, 469, 555, 558,

795

leucotis .. -- 469

Monticola eyanus crs Be soy
solitarius transcaspicus 845, 867
Montifringilla adamsi .. 732
blanfordi .. so. 13

— mandelli 46 eX
> hemoricola altaica .. 55) UCB}
—_———— nivalis 846, 854
[a eae adamsi .. 144

er

Monsonia heliotropioides
senegalensis
Morinda

angustifolia
Moringacese .. ac Bc
Mortonagrion (New Genera)
varralli
Moschiola
- malaccensis
memina ..

Moschus

cachariensis
chrysogaster
——--— leucogaster

——--— moschiferus

-- saturatus .. Ae
Motacilla alba aie ai

————_ —--— hodgsoni
—--— leucopsis

-- 148
307, 534
. 308:

307, 308, 534

307, 534
.. 307
.. 307

. 307

307, 411, 534

. 307

104, 798, 859:

————— —--— maderaspatensis ..

ocularis

persica
personata ..
beema ae
boarula boarula ..
— melanope
calliope
cantator ..
certhiola ..
cervina

cinerea

cinerea
melanope
—citreola ..
citreola citreola ..
— citreoloides
——_——-cyane .. ae

cyanus transcaspicus

eyanurus Se
dukhunensis Be
flava... aie
beema
— borealis
——__—- —— campestris

—-- dukhunensis 736, 846 859, 860

144, 737
. 736)
_. lou
. B36

846, 859, 860

. 736

. Tam
.. 859
.. 859
-» 3
.. 487
.. 479%

\ ele) ere
105, 859)
. 859

737, 859

737, 798
Pe
144, 738

-. W155
-. 119m

2. Te

.. 736.
ers: |
737, 858, 859

.. 859
858, 859

INDEX OF SPECIES,

NUMBER.

Motacilla flava feldegg 737, 850, 858
leucocephala BS 7)
melanocephala .. 858
melanogrisea 737, 858 |

taivana ve seria
—thunbergi .. 737, 858, 7)

—— viridis . 859}
———feldegg .. eet d
fulicata Han Ta

gularis gularis o« 119

hodgsoni .. ste

-indica 738
———- leucopsis ae .. 736
melanope 565, 737, 798
maderaspatensis 565, 737, 798

ocularis 736

cenanthe we LO
personata 736, 798

suecica 713

saxatilis .. 719

sutoria 48]

thun berg 737

tiphia .. 464

zeylanica .. 464
Muscicapa capitalis 693
hirundinacea 694

— picata 693
pondiceriana 694

Mungos -- 526
— —auropunctatus.. 526
—_ — helvus 526
— -— pallipes 526
—— — birmanicus 526
—— — flavidens ee 526
—— — fuscus 526
ichneumon 332

—— — lanka me a8 «a 526
—— — mungo 547, 577, 646, 971
a ellioti -- 526
——_- ferrugineus 410, 526
—-— moerens 526
—___—_. ——_—__ mungo 526
aes pallens . 526
- nepalensis .. -« 526

cxv
NuMBER.

Mungos smithii aH 411, 526
- urva ine oe GAG.

-— vitticollis -. 526
Munia acuticauda oo 124
—--— fumigata .. 724
——-- kelaarti -» 725.
—--— malacca Bers:
—--— pectoralis . 725
—~—— rubroniger .. 124
-- semistriata .. 724
—--— topela ae ats oa. toy
—--— atricapiila atricapill -. 724
—--— rubroniger a .. 724
Muntiacus 301, 302, 534
aureus 302, 303, 534

fese 302, 303
grandicornis 302, 303, 5384
malabaricus 302, 303, 534

— vaginalis 302, 303, 534
Murina .s O24
aurata . 524
cyclotis . 524
huttoni . 524

rubex . 524
tubinaris . 524

INKY Be an te on Om
bactrianus 314, 320, 341, 410, 532,

578, 580, 970

dimidiatus «« 320
—dubius.. spy sy ilar
——- homourus 532, 597
gentilus os! B42
gerbillinus .. 320
—— migratorius A 321, 578
— musculus oe 320, 578, 580, 596
—— ——~ musculus 341, 578
— - gentilis 341, 578
}| —— norvegicus .. 340
pahari .. ee of ee . 596
rattus .. wie a0 oo

—— sylvaticus witherbyi -- 575
urbanus af aes he .. 552
Muscicapa os ee ee «- 931
edon .. ue ffs -. 483

albicaudata .. te -- 705

INDEX OF SPECIES.

eCXvi
NUMBER.
Muscicapa albicilla -- 703
astigma .. 704
atricapilla 4 .. 468
- semitorquata . 864
ceruleocephala Se OT
—— capitalis .. 693
erythropygia .. 1) G96
flammea -. 694
griseola .. 402
———-—\— hemorrhousa .. .. 468
—_—\—— hirundinacea . . 694
hyperythra . 703
hypoleuca semitorquata . 864
———-—— infuscata .. 704
——__—— javanica .. 709
a latirostris .. 706
leucomelanurus 510 398
melanictera .. 471
melanoleuca Fe 7)
-— melanops .. 705
—_—_—\— pallipes a5 TAUee
paradisi ao ThUe
pyzrhoptera Shue
parva .. .. 7103
————— parva .. 98, 864
———~— — picata . .. 693
—————~— pondiceriana . .. 694
———_— rosea -. 695
— ruficauda -. 706
sibirica cacabata -. 702
striata neumanni . 702
strophiata Gia hs)
superciliaris 98, 703
Muscicapula melanoleuca .. -. 704
saphira -. 704
—_—- westermanni .. -. 704
Muscipeta brevirostris ..- 695
Muscizylvia leucura .. 714
Muscitrea cyanea Ce Z03
grisola -. 105
Mustela sie .. 527
—--—— flavigula 186, 411, 971
——--— foina . 334
—--—— canigula . 186

——--— hamptoni...

499, 500

NuMBER,
Mustela khatia 501, 527
--— peregusna - ole
— --—— sibirica -. 500
—--—— strigidorsa 501, 527
—--——— subhemachalana .. 499, 500, 527
Mutilla (Dasylabris) maura -- 819
arenaria .. 819
floralis .. 818
rufipes . 819
—_— citiata <1 OLD)
es platiensis .. .. 819
(Ephutomma) sari aiealita meets)
— catanensis 3 .. 818
— chrysophthalma .. .. 818
dalmatica .. 818
(Myrmosa) eupthescenkele 2. Sls
_ — littoralis de .. 818
- —_———- grisescens .. 818
Mycalesis .. 304
--— ulletaacane .. 355
—-- anaxias .. .. 885
ee - emate .. 358
—__--— ——__-—. anaxias ve eos
——— manil .. 358
——--—_ ——_-— miranda .. 358
a -— radja .. 358
———--— adolphei .. -. 360
== anaxoides .. 308
—-- evansii ay .. 360
—-- francisea uibotacota ag -. 308
—.--— --— gomia .. -. 308
SEE -- sanatana . 358
——--——. fuscum ie 359, 886
—-- gotama charaka.. -- 308
——_--— heri -. abl
—-- igilia ae a ar .. 399
——--— khasia khasia ». 360
—_--— orcha .. 360
—-- lepcha bethami . -. 361
ee davisonii BA .. d61
—__--— kohimensis ii . 361
—--—— lepcha -. 361
——--——— magna -» 305
——--——- malsara .. .. o6l
——--——- malsarida . 362

Mycalesis mamerta annamitica
mamerta
meda ..
——--——— mineus mineus ..
nicobarica
polydecta

—--——_——-

—_—_——.-—-

—-——--— mercea
——--——— mestra mestra
vetus
———--—- misenus ..
——--— mnasicles perna
—--——- mystes

—---——_ nicotia nicotia
nudgara
——--——- nudgara ..
oculus ..
oroatis surkha
orseis nautilus
——--— patnia junonia ..

—— . -

INDEX OF SPECIES.

—--—— patnia
——--——— perseoides

—-- perseus perseus ..
—- typhlus
—_—-— rama

——_——- sanatana

— suavolens

aa subdita

—---—— visala andamana
—--——. neovisala

—-- — visala
Mycalesis (Calysisme)

—-- adamsoni
—--—_ --— annamitica
—--—__ —_- bethami
—--——_- —+-- charaka
—--—_ —_-- davisoni
—--—_—_ —-- evansi
—--—_—_- ——_-- gotama
—--——_- —-- igilia
—_--—_—- ——_-- - khasia
—--——_ ——-- lepcha
—--—__- —- malsara
———-— —-- mamerta ..
eee mercea
——__—_--— —_-- mineus

NUMBER.

. 361
.. 361)
.. 886!

. 359]
350
.. 359
.2 1360
rst
.. 361
.. 361

360, 886
.. 360
Mreer
i361
a soo |
. 360

886

.. 358

ae 362

. 362

886

885

.. 359

.. 360

.. 355

.. 361
. 360

.. 359
. 359
. 359

2) 356
. 358

. 355
. 357
. 355
.. 357
.. 356
.. 355
356, 357
.. 356
A357
355, 357
355, 357
356, 357
356, 357

cxvil
NUMBER.
Mycalesis (Calysisme) mnasicles .. -. 305
—-- —-- mystes 356, 357
—--——_ —-- nautilus .. 30D
—--——- ——-- neovisala .. +. 306
—--——- —_-- nicotia 305, 300
—--—— —-- orcha .. 356
+. orseis .. 355
—--—_—- ——-- patnia Be 3
—--—— ——-- perna -. 355
——--— ——--_-— perseoides 356, 357
—--—— —-- perseus 356, 357
ee rama -. 306
—--—____ __-__-_——- subdita 356, 357
—--—— ——-- surkha .» 350
ae visala. 356, 357
—.-.- —-- watsoni . 355
Mycerobas melanoxanthus. . .. 726
Mydosama , .. 354
—-- fuscum . .. 354
Myiagra tytleri .. 708
Myiophoneus .. 459
eugene +o Ze
—-- horsefieldi 720, 940
—--—— eugenei vojebae
—_—--—____ ———_--~ horsefieldi. . .. 120
—--—____ ———_--- temminckii . 720
—-- temminckii 100, 402, 557, 720, 795
Myotis He: 186, 248, 523
blythi .. 575
caliginosus .. .. 523
lanceus closeo Les
muricola .. 523
myotis .. 574
——- omari ee .. 575
— risorius 573, 574, 575
peytoni . 523
primula .. 248
sicarius 248, 523
siligorensis .. . 523
Myrmecocystus setipes ~= OLE
Myrtilis ; .. 354
—--——- mystes 354
Myzine arabica ws Oke
fasciculata .. 819
Myzornis pyrrhoura .. 465

CXVIll

NUMBER. NUMBER.

Naia bungarus 159, 955| Neptis harita . 891
morgani -. 349 heliodore .. 891
—— tripudians 159, 412, hordonia .. 891
647, 972 hylas adara .. 890

— — ceca . 175 jumbah 2) BOL
— fasciata .. -- 175, miah nolana .. 89]
typica . ‘175 nata cresina - 890

Naiadacew a -. 45 peraka .. 891
Naias australis 278, 279 soma . 890
graminea -- 278) —_— susruta 3. Specs)
welwitschii 278, 279 vikasi pseudovikasi . 891
Nandus marmoratus - 160 viraja . 891
Nannodythemis a .. 495) Neritina perotetiana -2 903
Nannophya .. 492, 495, 497| Nesokia =e 321, 530
exigua .. -- 496 bailwardi .. .. 341

pygmea 495, 496 buxtoni 340, 341

Nectogale ie -- 525 griffithi 321, 530
———- sikkimensis 500, 525 huttoni .. 341, 530
Nemachilus corica .. .. 160 indica -. 321
Nemobius adelungi sik aye -. 769) Neurothemis .. 259
Nemorhedus 30 36 73, 80, 81 533 gigantea oe - 258
goral.. 81, 82, 533 intermedia intermedia .. O41

griseus 82| Netta rufina 158, 875

hodgsoni 82| Nettium crecca 157, 802

Nemura hodgsoni . 705| Nettopus coromandelianus Joleen
rufilatus . 714) Niltava grandis 405, 406, 706
Neophron -- 109); — macgrigioriz -- 706
——--——_ ginginianus 109, 402 oatesi ae ae ve 404:
——-—— perenopterus ..568, 800, 848, 874 sundara .- 405, 406, 560, 706
--_ ———————— percnopterus .. 109} Ninox scutulata acu aol
Neorina chrishna archaica . 885} Nissanga . 354
Neornis albiventris 46 . 489| ———— patnia 354
flavolivacea oe . 488| Nitidula hodgsoni . 705
——-— flavolivaceus flavolivaceus . 488| Nobius mayeti 769
intricatus .. 489! Nocarodes serricollis c 805

Neosuthora davidiana thompsoni. . .. 238| Nomia oxybeloides 960
thompsoni . 238) Nomioides excellens .. 828
Neoxiphidion . 766| -————- variegata ne -. 828
Neptis ancus .. 89) Notocrypta .. 215, 218, 219, 222;
anjana . 891 225, 433, 435, 440, 447,

aurelia . 891 786, 787, 792, 793

clinia ahs .. 89| —————feisthamelii ..224, 225, 446, 786
columella martabana . 890; ——————_ restricta . 224, 225, 446, 786

ebusa fuliginosa - 891) Notodela leucura .. 714
eurynome . 641} Notodromas monacha . 842

INDEX OF SPECIES.

NUMBER.

Notodromas persica hs .. 842
—eutzi .. -* .. 843
Notogonia nigrita .. .. 824
sculpturata .. .. 824
subtessellata .. .. 824
Notopterus chitala .. “2 i LGL
kapirat.. “c . 160

Nucifraga caryocatactes .. opie) te
— —————— hemispila . 233
hemispila ae 3 . 233
multipunctata .. .. 233

Numenius arquata .. af 802, 878
phzopus vs 878
Nyctalus.. aie 523
joffrei 523

labiatus .. 523
Nyctaginaces 45
Nycteris .. ap 522
—--- tragata .. 522
Nyctibetrachus .. . 123
- pygmeus ree b)

—_——- - sancti-palustris ... 125, 127
a modestus 125, 127
Nycticebus .. ae ie 521
coucang oe 521

Nycticorax griseus .. =f 157
—- nycticorax ete
Nyctocleptes a ws, 62, 535
- cinereus ae 62, 63, 533

- erythrogenys 63
sumatrensis .. 62

Nympheea lotus... 278
Nympheaceze oe .». 40
Nyroca ferina 4h 158, 172
ferina 875

—__—_- ferruginea a “6 DS
—--—fuligula.. 158, 189, 875
——--— nyroca nyroca 876
—--— rufina an 189 |
Nysson rufus 823
Ochotona Se .69, 70, 533
auritus .. ay Ate

curzoniz 69, 70

— hodgsoni .. 71

INDEX OF SPECIES.

cx1x
NUMBER.

Ochotona ladacensis AGO dCs. aL
macrotis .. 53602 70;..'71
nipalensis ae 69, 71

roylei ae 69, 70, 71, 505, 533
rufescens oigier .. . 322

—— regina.. . -. 322

—_—-— -- ——-— rufescens .. 322
vulturna 315, 322

wardi cs ant Sa
Ochrilidia tibialis 803, 810, 812
Ochromela nigrorufa “e Peet)
Odontoptilum . 218, 222, 434, 438, 782,
785, 790, 792, 793

angulata ae .. 443

angulatum .. 223, 224, 785

undulatum . 438

(Edaleus mlonkosiewitchi .. .. 804
senegalensis 804, 810
nigrofasciatus 804, 810
(Edicnemus scolopax ba a -. 155
(Edipoda gratiosa .. 804, 810, 812
miniata . 809

flava ste -. 809

schochi .. 804, 810 812
(Enanthe bis « 308
alboniger 710, 845

argentea « Ti

capistrata we (0

deserti atrogularis .. 148, 711

finschii barnesi 845, 867

hispanica melanoleuca .. 867

isabellina es 711, 867
leucomela leucomela .. . 710
melanoleuca melanoleuca a

monacha = HD

montana 3 el

cenanthe cenanthe 710, 867

picata .. + a ee
pleschanka 142, 143, 868
pleschanka . 847

rufiventris ri 7 5 Ee
xanthoprymna chrysopygia 711,

847, 868

(Enopopelia humilis 153

-— tranquebarica tranquebarica. 163

Cxx

NuMBER.

Oligodon evansi es es E75)
subgriseus 34 621
Ophiocephalus 161
marulius 161

punctatus 161

striatus .. 160

Ophiops elegans : 352
ehrenbergii 302

— mizolepis ». . 352
persicus 352

Ophisaurus gracilis 972
Ophrysia superciliosa be a4
Oreicola ferrea ae 403, 561, 796
——— ferrea 99, 710
—_——_ ——— haringtoni .. ek
jerdoni eh

Oreinus richardsoni 160, 161
Oreocincla dauma .. . 563
aurea 20)

dauma . . 720

——E imbricata ea 20)
—_— nilgiriensis eZ)
— — mollissima yi 32063
_—___—_ —___-_ mollissima. . . 720
whitehead 20)

— nilgiriensis ea)
spiloptera is sia)

Oreocorys sylvanus 104, 565, 739
Oriolus andamanensis .. 698}
chinensis . 700

indicus . 697
aa andamanensis . 698
—— indicus . 697
———— macrourus. . TEM GOM
—_—— t2nuirostris .. 697
kundoo .. ate 402, 560, 698

kundu .- 941
luteolus luteolus . 698
a thaiacous 5 @,
macrourus .. . 697
melanocephalus .. 940

oriolus kundoo 142, 698

— oriolus .- 698
tenuirostris ..- 697

trailii

INDEX OF SPECIES.

. 698

NuMBER.

Oriolus xanthonotus .. 689
Orites leucogenys -s 260) %)
niveogularis .. .. 23m i
Oropetium thomeum so Sle

Orocetes gularis ~<a

Orthetrum 50 .. 495

--—-—— chrysostigma 540, 541

sabina : . 541, 804

pruinosum neglectum .. .. 41

Orthotomus atrigularis .. 481

coronatus .. 489

flaviventris .. 490

maculicollis . 3 48m

ruficeps .. 481

sutorius 559, 943

maculicollis .. 481

—_—_—_—— sutorius .. 481

Osphromenus nobilis .. 161

Orthotormus brunnifrons . . .. 490°

Orysia decumbens ».. 516, 517

Osmotreron affinis .. . 945)

bicincta domvillii .. 52]

pompadora phayrei .. .. 152

Othorhinus hypoleucus .. 450

Otis tarda .. 1. Ole

— tardus .. 846

Otocompsa emeria emeria .. 469

fuscicaudata .. 469

fuscicaudata 469, 940

flaviventris flaviventris . 469

— SS minor .. 469

Otocorys alpestris elwesi :. -. 740

khamensis .. 740

——-—— longirostris .. TAO

penicillata .. 740

przewalskii . 740

brandti przewalskii .. 740

elwesi Ae 145, 740

khamensis .. .. 740

—_——— longirostris " 145, 740

Otogyps calvus ..109, 151, 568, 799

Otus scops pulchellus -» 847

Otygornis gularis .. 425

Ovis : 73, 76

ammon 76

INDEX OF SPECIES.

NUMBER.

Ovis ammon hodgsoni he whe Cah De
pole) +s, 5 Sf eae i

cycloceros 16, 322, 346; 578

—— gmelini.. ie 3 ae .. 346
hodgsoni EE sis 8 reeks
laristanica .. i ae .. 345
orientalis 3 345, 346
— erskinei .. 3s: 56 Ble
—-- ispahanica .. #7 .. 345
—- poli 76, 77
—vignei ..76, 185, 329, “345, 346, 410, 578
—— arkar .. .. 346
— cycloceros76, 77, 322, 345, 578 581
—— —— punjabiensis .. ae a ae
—— ——vignei .. 76, 77
Oxyambulyx ae oe oA .. 145
canescens .. as .. 964

substrigilis 745, 964

a ae substrigilis .. 745
Oxybelus lamellatus ai “4 .. 824
14 notatus ay ate -. 824

pugnax .. sis ae .. 824
Oxyglossus .. ‘ fe ae ne O98
Oxyura icocaphala ae oe .. 954
Pachama .. ae Far ae ve ooe
mestra .. 3 a .. 354
suavolens Ae ee we OOF
Pachycalamus zarudnyi .. “6 .. 352
Pachytylus danicus 804, 810
Pachyura 186, 328, 329, 525, 546, 551
etrusca we Se ~- 329

Padraona 215, 216, 219, 999, 433, 435, 438,
439, 442, 445, 447, 790, 792

gola ..224, 225, 438, 439, 445
hyrtacus ae ca .. 445
meesoides 438, 439
———— moorei .. is Ss .. 445
Paduka Ae Br ae oe 2a
———lebadea .. a ae egy Nits}

16

CXXI

NUMBER,

Paguma rp -. 526
grayl 526, 646

larvata intrudens .. 526
leucomystax robusta .. 526

Palarus fabius . 823
Palewornis colomboides .. 942
cyanocephalus .. 567

schistice ps “OO

= torquatus 567, 19o
Pallasiella truchmana 804, 810, 812
Palpopleura ; ae .. 496.
Palumbus casiotis .. 569, 801
palumbus casiotis cele
Pamphila 215, 216, 218
Pandion haliaétus .. 151, 799, 850
haliaétus. . ae .. 873

Panicum antidotale 510, 511, 515
turgidum ..507, 508, 509, 511, 513
Pantala 49, 52, 266
flavescens "49, 50, 52, 542, 643
tillarga . 254
Pantolopus .. 74
Panthalops .. Ae 84
————— hodgsoni oa ies
Pantoporia asura .. 4. aoe
———— kanwa .. 890
kresna = SOU

larymna . 890

nefte nivifera .- 890

opalina .. 890

perius .. .. 890

pravara .. 890

zaroca . 890

Papilio zacus .. 894
agammemnon 88, 896
——— agetes pm }!)5)
— albociliatis .. ae
——— antiphates .. 4 .. 895
——— aristolochiae goniopeltis . . 894
— arycles ee
— bathycles chiron . 896
——— bootes as -Oe
— castor mehala .. 895
—— chaon ducenarius .. .. 895
— coon doubledayi . 894

Papilio clytia ele
var. dissimilis

——__ —___ lankeswara
———— papone
—-— demoleus malayanus
demolion
doson
— echo fe
——.— eurypylus <. te
ee cheronus
———evemon .. 45
— helenus
——— janaka
—— macareus gyndes ..
— mahadeva .. rr
——— megarus
— memnon agenor
——— neptunus
—— nigricans .. aie
——— nomius
——— palinurus

paradoxus telearchus
d. danisepa

payeni amphis

polytes

sarpedon

——— varuna

|

|

asturion

xenocles kephisos ..
zaleucus
Pappophorum aucheri

elegans
Paradisea tristis
Paradoxurus 35
aureus

|

birmanicus ..

crossi

jerdoni oe

niger ..

ravus

strictus
Paradoxornis flavirostris ..
gularis
guttaticollis
ruficeps

INDEX OF SPECIES.

NuMBER. | NUMBER.

641, 895| Paradrymadusa oy - 767

. 895 qazvinensis ae -o POM

. 895) Parsechinus : 329, 330, 525

.. 895 amir.. 315, 317

.. 895 blanfordi 410, 525

. 895 ludlowi <0 SoU)

88 | ———————_- macracanthus 317, 579

88 | ——_————_ micropus .. -. 525

. 88/ Parapleurus alliaceus .- 803

. 896| Paratettix meridionalis 803, 810

.. 88| Parata .. een iets 9222

. 895 alexis te uh .. 444

ects) butleri ae -- 443

. 896| Pareronia avatar paravatar .. 897

/ een |= hippia .. 2 OOM

. 896 livilla .. 897

4 GBD valeria hippia .. . 897

.. 894! Parnara ig bs ~« 222

NpetSS bada 221, 446, 447, 792

. 641 canaraica .. 221

. 895) Parnassius 90

.. 894 acco 92

999) ————— baileyi 92

.. 896 gemnifer .. 92

643, 895 —— hampsoni 92

. 896 hannyngtoni 92

. 894 acdestis .. : 92

. 894 laddakensis 2

. 896 latonius 92

.. 894 rupshuana 92

506, 516 — cephalus 92

513, 517 charltonius sis 92

. 701 occidentalis 92

20 — attroguttata 92

- 526 bryki by, 92

- 526 deckerti .. 92

2 Be haudei 92

oe delphius albulus styx .. 91
526, 551 : f

Ys rear Ra UR ET atkinsoni 91

_. 526 cardinalia 91

A OS lam pidius 91

. 239 macdonaldi .. 91

5 PEN mamaievi 91

. 238 nicevillei se OM

INDEX OF SPECIES.

NuMBER.
Parnassius delphius stenosemus .. 91
— stoliczanus 91
-—_—_—_—— discobolus insignis 91
epaphus ae 91
—-~—__ phariensis 9]
—_—_—___ ———_— sikkimensis 9]
hardwickii 5G 91
hunza .. oe Q]
- chitralica 91
delphius 91
— hunza 91
kafir 91
imperator augustus 92
jaquemontii a 91
chitralensis 91
himalayensis 91
impunctata 91
maharaja 92
mamxievi 91
— rhodus chitralensis 91
simo 92
—— acconus 92
simonides 92
staudingerihunza cia, RO
workmanni.. 91
szechenyl we = O2
Parthenos gambrisius .. 890
Parus emodius eee)
aplonotus .. 236
ater gaddi_.. 848, 862
——— —— pheonotus te 5 .. 862
atriceps a ..95, 556, 795, 940
bocharensis var. intermedius . 233
ceruleus calamensis. . is .. 862
—— persicus 845, 846, 862
eee raddei 850, 862
= satunini .. 862
cinereus ae .» 233
comminis korejewi .. .. 234
commixtus .. a . 234
cyanus tianschanicus 234
- dichrous Ry : 237
flavocristatus os ee 236
-——joschistus .. 235
- major <s 95

Parus major blanfordi

exxili

NuMBER.

845, 846, 861

cashmirensis ae eer 95

eS caspius .. 861
—- cinereus eae
——-- intermedius .. 239
——. -—— commixtus «3 wot
——- karelini ~» 861
a kashmiriensis aes WOt
—— -—— mahrattanum AF .. 204
—— major .. 848, 850, 861
——- planorum .. 234
—— tibetanus . 234
—— - Zayrossiensis . . . 861
—-—— malabaricus .. Bid -. 695
melanolophus te 95, 96, 236
modestus .. Oe
monticola -- 500
monticolus . 234

—_— monticolus et O5:
nuchalis .» 234
palustris korejewi .. 234

— pecilopsis .. .. 234
peregrinus .. 695
—— peecilopsis .. 234
rubidiventris «« 206
rufonuchalis .. ws Dat
sinensis Ne ae as fo ADT
spilonotus .. 236
—-— subviridis o. 206
sultaneus .+ 236
xanthogenys .. 236
Passer oe 144, 931
— alpicola we 132
cinnamomeus ke .. 144, 564
domesticus .. . 402, 564, 798, 943
a biblicus. . 844, 846, 855
———— domesticus .. 855
a indicus .. 103, 731, 855
——— pyrrhonotus . 731
— flaveolus ‘ vat oe
hispaniolensis transcaspicus 731, 859
indicus oo MOL
mallaccensis os Ol
montanus dilutus .. ei. |
—_— malaccensis . wil

CXX1V

NUMBER.

Passer montanus montanus -- 856
saturatus se ol
——— transcaucasicus 849, 855
——— pusillus 5 few
pyrrhonotus seo
rutilans cinnamomeus se ol
a debilis 103, 731
saturatus seo
Pastor blythii Sa ianehOO
fuscus ne 02,
roseus 699, 852
terricolor -- 246
turdiformis .. So TD
Pavo chinquis -- 646
cristatus 153, 570
Pegoletia senegalensis .. 516
Pelecanus crispus Meso
onocrotalus 156, 876
roseus 55 leg
Pelobates fuscus 121, 122
Pellorneum cinnamomeum - 453
——- ignotum 452
ignotum 452
mandellii 56 a
minus .. .. 452
palustre .. 452
— ruficeps 452, 940
= oranti - 452
mandellii . 452
minus - 452
TULLE PS 4 yi. .. 452

subochraceum . 452} -
subochraceum 2452
———— tickelli . 453
Pelteforum ferrugineum .. oo .- 645
Pennisetum cenchroides 508, 510, 511
prieuri 0) O09
typhoideum OLD
Penthema darlisa .. 892
Perdicula asiatica so SY
Perdix ae 193, 651
bicalcaratus 18

ceylonensis
francolinus
—— gularis

194, 200, 202

INDEX OF SPECIES.

18

. 424

NuMBER,
Perdix hardwickii .. ei a en,
hepburnii : «2 206
we pallida .. 417, 418
hodgsoniz .. 145
— lunulata .. ofie 30 .)
—— maculatus .. 419
——-—— megapodia... 652
——— monogrammica 424,
—_— olivacea 652
——— perdix canescens 880
perlata 419)
phayrei 419:
picta 206
—-—— rufogularis .. 660
spadicea 2, 8
torquata 652"
torqueola 652°
——— zeylonensis 18.
Pergesa s 753 |
castor var.. 753:
—_ elpenor 752
olivacea .. 753:
Pericrocotus. albifrons 696.
andamanengis 694.
a affinis. . F Ae .. 695
brevirostris 98, 559, 695, 796.
affinis .. 695.
brevirostris .. 695.
— neglectus 695
cantonensis 696:
cinereus 696
erythropygius | 696.
flammifer 694.
flammeus 941
fraterculus 694
igneus 695
neglectus at ae .. 695,
peregrinus .- 796, 941
— malahbaricus 695
— ————— pallidus 696.
peregrinus 695.
vividus 695.
roseus roseus ais 695.
solaris Bi 695.
speciosus andamanensis 694:

INDEX OF SPECIES. CXXV

z
%
r,

NUMBER. NuMBER,

cricrocotus speciosus flammeus -. 694) Phaiomys waltoni petulans oe 58
flammifer .. 694) Phalacrocorax carbo 156, 802, 850, 876

fraterculus .. 694) —___—_—— fuscicollis .. ne -- 156

— speciosus .. 694) ——__—_—_ javanicus .. ie -. 156

Perigonia testacea .. 4G oi .. 748) ——_——_— _pygmeeus .. 23) / 850, 877
Periplaneta aa HE die a .. 761| Phaseolus aconitifolius .. 3% = OLS
a americana... + .. 761} ————— mungo var. roxburghii.. .» 519
Peristrophe bicalyculata .. Re .. 518} Phasgonura .. os ts fs .. 766
Pernis apivorus apivorus af eee —viridissima .. .. 766
—— cristatus oF ce e .. 152) Phasianus colchicus talyschensis .. 850, 881
Peromyscus .. , ae .. 315, 320| Phidole indica a Bis at + OLE
— ipitwrardi iF a .. 315) Philanthus coarctatus wa bia .. 822
Perotis latifolia .. ee a2 oat eke triangulum .. ie .. 822
Perrisospiza carnipes carnipes .. .. 726| Philentoma pyrrhopterum ca os AOU
—— icteroides icteroides .. 726] ————— velatum a ae «107
—— ———— aflinis .. .. 726| Pheenicopterus ruber antiquorum .. 875
Petaurista .. ats re ae .. 528] Pheenicura ceruleocephala ¥ ea At
albiventer ‘0 + .. 528] ————— fuliginosa a3 be: vokhhe
candidulus.. We .. 528] —————leucocephala .. 23 Beeb fi:
woe cineraceus oP ae .. 554| —————— macgrigiorie .. se .. 706
—____ inornatus a .. « .. 971| —————rubeculoides .. a .. 704
-—_———- lanka .. na tis .. 528| Pheenicurus .. se me a3 aii! dks
———_—_lyleivenningi .._.. .. 528| ———————alascharica .. e «. 408
—_———- nobilis .. as ofa .. 528| ——————— auroreus leucopterus ws, tlie
-—_ —— oral Sire fs a .. 528| ——————— ceruleocephala oe Si
i—_—_——— philippensis .. ea .. 528| ——————— erythrogaster grandis Be Ay
i—_—_-—— sybilla .. ar .. 501, 528] ——————— erythronota .. 405, 846, 868
i—___——- taylori .. UE ose .. 411| ——————— erythronotus Neg Pra
‘Petrocincla cinclorhyncha ef .. 719| ——————— frontalis aie ee 99, 712
pandoo.. As is .. 719} ——————- hodgsoni re me ae arly
Petronia petronia intermedia .. .. 732| —————— leucoptera .. + .. 712
‘ exiguus 844, 847, 854] ———— ochrurus ochrurus .. .. 868
@etrophile cinclorhyncha .. 563, 719, 941| —-"--—— Phernicuroides_.. 712
cinclorhynchus. . an SUG eee See rufiventris .. 148, 712

cyanus .. aa 563, 797, 941] —————— pheenicurus phenicurus .. 868
erythrogastra .. eo .. 563| ——————— rufiventris .. vs oa oe

——___— erythrogaster .. ae .. 719, _____—_—-gchisticeps .. Ape ft
solitaria pandoo a .. 719| Phephagus .. re ae “e Taha
philippensis .. .. 719; ——————-gruniensis .. 4 Bey |

solitaria oe .. 719| Pholidoptera se 3. so 066;.767

transcaspica .. 719| —————— persica ee ve .. 766

‘Phaiomys .. - oe Se .. 58] Phragomaticola edon oy e .- 483
; blythi .. ae ns .. 58] Phrygonca grandis .. an vi .. 903
petulans 2% .. 58| Phrynoce phalus maculatus + .. 351
——_-_—-~ waltoni .. AS aa .. 58! Phyllergates coronatus .. “- .. 489

INDEX OF SPECIES.

CXXV1

NuMBER. NuMBER.
Phyllomacromia .. . 673, 675, 686, 688 | Phylloscopus tytleri »» 484
nilgiriensis.. 675, 686, 687|——_ viridanus .. 486
Phyllorhina tridens murraiana sols xanthodryas .. 486
Phyllornis aurifrons . 465 | Pica bactriana 1)
chlorocephalus . . .. 465 bottanensis . 231
cyanopogon .. 465 | —— ornata .. : ie ae so ee

jerdoni .. . 465 pica bactriana 141, 230, 845, 849, 851
Phyllopneuste borealis . 485 | —— —— bottanensis . OB
fuscata . 484) ___ ___ sericea .. 931
— homeyeri .. 484 rustica 402, 412
lorenzii .. 485 | — sericea .. _ 931
macrorhynchus - 480 | Picnonotus analis .. 470

occipitalis 48 | ______- __ blanfordi _, a
xanthoschistos Me SAS) Ce cyaniventris eo |

Phylloscopus 95, 142, 846 finlaysoni ., 4a
affinis - .: 142, 559 | — davisoni .. 8

collybita abietina . 864 — finlaysoni .. ae

collybita .. . 864 a flavescens . 469

sindianus .. .. 4841 — gularis _ 471

— tristis 98, 142 | _____—- intermedius .. 469

— fuliginiventer .. 484 | ——- luteolus .. .. 4
fuscatus fuscatus . 484 | —___—— melanicterus .. 4a

homeyerl .. 484 nigripileus .. 468

humii 559, 795 penicillatus .. 472

humii . 98, 485 | —— plumosus .. 48

mandellii . 485 pusillus .. .. ag

Ee — premium . 485 simplex .. 471
—__—___—— indicus . 484 xantholemus .. 478
indicus . 142 xanthorrhous .. .. 40
maculipennis .. 485} Picumnus innominatus .. 566

magnirostris .. . 486 | Picus auriceps : . 695
neglectus . 485 squamatus squamatus .. 108

— ———— lorenzil .. 485 viridis karelini 848, 871
_ neglectus 142, 485 | Pieris canidia .. 641

newtoni . 485 | Pinarocichla euptilosa .» 469

nitidus . 486 | Pipa .. Se Ga Se aie .. 598

pallidipes . 489) Pipistrellus .. 186, 523
plumbeitarsus . 486 austenianus .. 523

proregulus ; -. 98)— babu .. 523

newton! .. 98, 485 | _—_-———_ cadornze oe Oa

pulcher . 485 ceylonicus .. NN ~» OF

sindianus Se -. 484 chrysothrix .. 523

subviridis 98, 485, 795 indicus .. 523

tenellipes . 486 subcanus .. .. 528

tristis . 795 coromandelicus Ac .. 574

INDEX OF SPECIES,

CXXVii

NuMBER. NumBgr.

peemellus coromandra .. -. 523,574! Planesticus pallidus ar rib Wi
CORED. 42 “§ .. 327! ————— protomelus ea ie

kuhli .. 327, 574, 576: ruficollis atrogularis .. Sane

kuhli.. -« 523|— ruficollis Bena ie 1 i

lepidus 316, 523, 574, 576 | simillima bourdilloni ual

lepidus 2 O16 kinnisii ‘5/046

— lophurus BSS rer simillimus simillimus . 716.
marginatus . O74 — unicolor poy (7 U7;

mimus 546, 646 | Planorbis corneus ‘2 .. 903

eae glaucillus 410, 576, 579/| Plastingia 215, 219, 220, 229, 435, 440, 443,.
———_———. minis mimus.. ores LO ORs moe
mordax . 523 —submaculata 217, 223, 224, 444,

paterculus <s O20 447

shanorum .. 523) Platacanthomys 530

Pithecus 5 tA lasiurus 530
brahma 646, 971 | Platycleis persica 767

entellus .. . 521) Platylophus ardesiacus 694.

anchises 521| Platyrhynchus albicollis 708

femoralis keatii .. Rosy —— ceylonensis 706
hypoleucus . 521| Platysmurus leucopterus a 232

johnii 521 | Plecotus . 622
kephalopterus Bedard homochrous . 522
melamerus 521, 553} Plegadis falcinellus > Bree

obscurus 521} Pleurococcus nivalis 640

phayrei 521) Pleuroxus aduncus 839

pileatus .. . 521| Ploceela chrysea 724.

priam 521, 550 cryseus « 124
schistaceus .. 521/| Ploceus bengalensis 723

shanicus .. 2» 553] — flaviceps 724
shortridgei . 521| ———— manyar flaviceps Bey

silenus 970, 971 | ———— manyar Be Tr8:
————- ursinus . 521) ———— megarhynchus 723
Pitta brachyura 402, 941 | ———— passerinus : Sabai
Planesticus albocinctus .. 717| ——— philippensis ieee 723
Mee oulhoul . 717| ———_ megarhynchus sie DLO
castanea gouldi 1 8 cee cam passerinus .. 723

castaneus castaneus .. Tall philippensis 723

eunomus Re th, . 717| Plotus melanogaster 156, 636, 637

fee .. ha .. 718, Pneepyga longicaudata 478

kessleri 2. asi) pusilla .. - 479

‘

——--—— kinnisii erythrotis OG roberti .. » 454
maximus ae retG squamata .. 479

nigropileus .. _ 717] Podiceps albipennis 158, 971

obscurus obscurus . 71S cristatus .. os 850:
subobscurus Perlis: cristatus 876.

€XXVill INDEX OF SPECIES.

NUMBER.

Podiceps fluviatilis capensis ue .. 876
ruficollis capensis . .. 850, 876

Podoces hendersoni .. 233
humilis .. 233
Poinciana elata roe
Poliopsar fuscogularis Se UU
Poliozetus humilis fy AES
ichthyetus eliDe

Polistes 15) 28D
hebreeus . 816

stigma G16 50 .. 960
Polygala eryoptera 56 ene Gero,
Polyodontophis collaris 158, 647, 972
Polyommatus ae ain ; yee
argus .. ee

Polynemus tetradactylis .. 535
Polyodox nigrimentum .. 462
Polyphaga 2. . 761
egyptiaca cil:

africana . 762

persica .. 763
subhyalina 762
Polyplectron bicalcaratum 153
northiz Pay Akt
Pomatorhinus albigularis .. ‘ 449
albigularis 449

—_—______ ————— marie .. 449
austeni 450

erythrogenys .. 450
—____——erythrogenys. 450

—— ——___—_ gravivox 450
harringtoni .. 450

imberbis 450

macclellandi.. 450

ferrugineus .. 449

ferrugineus 449

phayrei 449

gravivox sts .. 450

horsfieldi .. -- 448, 940

horsfieldi 448

melanurus 449

obscurus 449

tranvancoricus .. 449

hypoleucus hypoleucus 450

tickelli 450

NuMBER,

Pomatorhinus imberbis .. a .. 450
macclellandi sis -. Ag

marie Se she .. 449

—_—__—_—_— mearsi we as .. 448

melanurus .. We .. 449

nuchalis .. Pr .. 448

obscurus .. Bee .. 449

ochraceiceps ... 449, 450

austeni .. 450

—_——— ochraceiceps .. 449

— ——————- stenorynchus.. 450

——_—_———— olivaceus .. a .. 448

olivaceus .. 448

ripponi .. .. 448

phayrei S6 ae .. 449

——_———-_ pinwilli 30 oe aoe

——_—_———-ruficollis .. aie .. 449

bakerl sie .. 449

— ruficollis .. .. 449

—_—_—__—_———- schisticeps .. Sic .. 448

crypthanthus .. 448

mearsi .. .. 448

pinwilli .. 448

schisticeps .. 448

——_—_——-— tickelli oie Re .. 450

Porcula 36 20 Li BE .. 308

salvania .. he ot ae

salvanius .. oh as =. 808

Poritia binghami_ .. ae aie -. 86

ceruleus .. Se ne Ber)

eurycinoides Ae shy to een

hewitsoni .. sis Sih -. 86

interjecta .. we mS Se

nigrita bic ‘ts 50 ae, SO

palilia a4 ae 2° sie

phalia AG ae ai os

phraatica .. Ay on -. OG

potina 25 38 a6 -» 86

polyocephalus te -. 154, 879

principalis .. 30 se .. 86

Porphyrio polyocephalus caspius .. 850, 879

— ———_——_——— seistanicus 850, 879

Porzana maruetta .. ae ome .. 880

porzana .. oe 45 .. 880
Potamogeton crispus sc ee .. 248

INDEX OF SPECIES.

NUMBER.
Potamogeton pectinatus oe Bey Ys,
Potamon fluviatile var. ibericum .. 836
Potamorcypris variegata .. . 843
Potomarcha atrata .. iu .. 702
obscura 492, 498, 541
Pratincola caprata .. «861
— rossorum .. 709
indica .. 709
leucura .. “ = 409
macrorhyncha .. eo
maura oe -- 561, 796
var. prezwalskii . 709
— insignis .. oe FAD
rubicola ste jneri . 709
-— torquata indica ee)
Presbytis melamerus .. 553
Prinia . 931
buchanani . 482
cinereocapella .. 482
cursitans sie ite .- 482
flaviventris flaviventris .. .. 490
— sindianus At .. 490
—- gracilis .. 482
—_—— lepida .. 490
inornata 491, 796
—_—_ ————_blanfordi .. 491
—— burmanica =a 49)
—_——_ inornata .. 491
— jerdoni . 491
lepida aA .- 490
socialis es . 490, 559, 796
— socialis .. 490
oe stewarti ore cao
stewarti .. 491
sylvatica .. 559
—_— rufescens .. 491
— sylvatica aol
valida .. 491
Prioniris clemanthe : .- 896
Prionodon .. Ns - a 2 O20
pardicolor -. 500, 526
Procarduelis nipalensis .. 564, 729
= rubescens 729
Proparus chryszus : 459
dubius 458 |

17

CXX1X

NUMBER

Proparus vinipectus or ee . 557
Propasser ambiguus -. 728
= blythii .. an ae dad
edwardsii 728
———— grandis .. 797
minima oi. dead
pulcherrimus aie ao 128

ss ambiguus is ane
pulcherimus . 728

waltoni .. soos

rhodochrous sie DOS 2S
rhodoclamys grandis .. . 728
thodopeplus rhodopeplus .. 728

ripponi . 728

thurus blythii - 127
aaa dubius ge te
——_—__— ———— minimus . 727
Sos Se thurus . 727
————— vinaceus Reb if bet:
— waltoni . 728
Propyrrhula subhimalchus owe ha
Prosopis 511, 817
spicigera .. ee 513, 519
stephania .. -. 325

Prothce francki angelica Be .. 892
Protosticta gravelyi ot Peep ei,
himalaica . 150

lindgreni . 150

Prunella “hel
atrigularis 101, 722

—_———— collaris ripponi . 7122
—_—— rufilatus . 101
—_—_—— fulvescens fulvescens . 122
himalayana .. 103
—_—— himalayanus . 101
——— immaculatus eet
————-. modularis modularis .. 869
—_— — orientalis . 869
——— rubeculoides ie - 722
———— strophiatus jerdoni - 101, 722
a strophiatus -. 722
Psammochares cingulatus .. 820
(Platyderes) denticulatus. 820

— (Anoplius) luctigerus . 820

———— (Pompilus auctt.) melas.. 820

CxXX INDEX OF SPECIES.

NUMBER. NuMBER.
Psammochares modestus .. dio .. 820| Ptercmys phayrei probus .. ae
(Platyderes) orchesicus .. 820 | spadiceus 2
rutilus 36 Se .. 820] Pteronemobius
Psammodynastes pulverulentus .. 159, 647; ——————— gracilis
Psammophis leithi . . 50 ie .. 647} Pteropus oe ws sre a
——__-—— gchokari .. .. 349,972, ——_— giganteus .- .. 521,
Psalis femoralis .. «.. +. ~+ 964] Ptcrorhinus:lanceolatus
plebeja ae ae 34 .. 964) Pteruthius eralatus :
Psaraglossa .. .. ae 30 56, AAGID | zeralatus ae
spiloptera ie 460) GOO; | = erythropterus .- 463,
Pseudagrion decorum Bh Sip .. 543 | ——————. melanotis
= hypermelas .. 46 55 Ee) intermedius
Pseudeutropius atherinoides se .. 16] |——--——- ——-—— melanotis ..
Pseudogyps bengalensis 151, 568, 943, 951] —__ —- rufiventer a ve
Pseudois a ats ae 133 Mis Ooo) eee thochlorisaee Jd VAGAS
nahura .. 36 ae PE TATATS Roane aie Med 1 anthoohieme
—-—_ nahoor .. a a 77, 533 Avpaida
i ; ybrida ..
Pseudominla austeni ye ae .. 459 : ;
castaneiceps brunneicaudata 458 Aree OC

Ptilolseemus austeni

—-_________ _________ castaneiceps . 458 : ih
Ginenad i bn _. 458 | Ptilopachus (Ophrysia) superciliosa

_—_________ manipurensis as .. 459| Ptynoprogne concolor

Ti pponi bi Ae .. 459 | ——————— obsoleta obsoleta a

See <Ordiaior fe aa .. 459 | ————-—— rupestris . 144, 565, 735,

Pseudotramea, te Ap Bie .. 149} Pucrasia macrolopha

—__—_—_——-— prateri 4h s6 .. 149| _—__— pucrasia macrolopha

Pseudoxenodon macrops .. as -- 159] Pulex irritans

Psidium guava oo o. o. -- 31) Pulicaria rajputan te ae
Psilorhinus flavirostris ee ae gO | Neaawet ghtiana .. ack . Sie sOO%
——_———-—— magnirostris .. Bie a Jol Pupalia.
occipitalis ci a -. 231] Putorius
Psilorhyncus balitora uh us .. 160 — alpinus
Psittiparus gularis gularis ee .. 239 _erminea .. er 2 Gg 24s
transfluviatilis .. 239) garmaticus. . : a‘
ruficeps bakeri oo -- 238 Pyecnonotus leucotis mesopotamia
aaa ruficeps .: .. 238) Pycnorhampus altirostris altirostris me
Psoralia odorata .. a Me Bis) elf) es Hoeronlas) 3 id Oe
Pterocles arenarius. , oe a .. 801 Pyctorhis altirostris griseigularis ..
———— coronatus ae zs Bisa MSGi |e sindicus
~exustus .. ae ae .- 801) _____ griseigularis
—= orientalis arenarius —.. i. 87 ()| Se Joneirostris
Pteromys .. a0 a So BOA, OAS) ) Taisen :
alboniger. . oR 501, 502, 528) ____ sinensis nasalis ..
belone .. wis pal ALL Fy 2 Gh eee sinensis .
(Hylopetes) leonardi .. .. 501 | Pyrrhocorax. .

Pyrrhocorax alpinus ne

graculus ee
pyrrhocorax ..
Py gita cinnamomea ar
-yrgodera armata ..
Pyrgomorpha conica ara
hoplectes epauletta
hospiza humii ..
punicea -!
humii .
: punicea —
! >yrrhula altera
: aurantiaca
— epauletta ..
erythaca ..
— altera
erythaca
erythrocephala ..
nipalensis
nipalensis
victoriz
victoriz .. oe

yrrhulauda grisea grisea ..

rhulinota roseata
Python molurus

Juercus incana ae as
Juerquedula circia ..

Ragadia
critolans

tallina superciliaris

allus aquaticus aquaticus
— korejewi

tana a ae
— cyanophlyctis
diluviana
erythreea
esculenta

melanolauchen

INDEX OF SPECIES

NuMBER,

.. 555

.. 141, 233
141, 233, 852
Pea

810, 812
805, 811

Pe NT 7)
ie by;
3127
727

Sn ee roe
) ieee
Cet ee Yo
fn fs aog
. 726

. 726

564, 726
564, 726

. 949
a Loe

.. 406
.. 406
. 154

. 880,

.. 880
eo

yo
. 593

=o TIS)
121, 592

Rana hexadactyla
leptodactyla ..
oxyrhinus a
—— pileata 22
—— plicatella
= UIST AY ae
temporaria
—— tigrina ..

crassa
Randia dumetorum
Rapala deliochus
dieneces
francesea ..
ganenia
grisea,
intermedius
jarbas

kessuma
manea
melam pus

nissa

nissoides

orseis
rectivitta
schistacea
suffusa
tacola

varuna
xenophon ..
Rasbora buchanani
daniconius

Rattus
blanfordi
bowersi

concolor
edwardsi

ehai® w.
frugivorus
fulvescens
kelaarti
lepcha

listeri
mackenziei .
——-— macmilland .

CXXXI

NuMBER.

120, 121 122

123, 124, 127
Je ez
Pe
~ 119

121, 122,
~ 120, 221, 122, 126, 127;

591
592

159

ee -- 120
» 27, 30, 3!

. o2l, 340, 375,

503,

87
88
89
86
87

CRXXil INDEX OF SPECIES.

NuMBER. |

NuMBER.
Rattus manipulus .. re a3 .. 531| Recurvirostra avocetta ..
mentosus .. ate ie .. 531 | Regadia crisilda ..
nitidus nitidus A AG .. 530 |——— critolaus
—— obsoletus .. 516 .. 530) Reguloides fulviventer
Miviventer .. > ~«. .. 503, 531 | —————— humii .
norvegicus .. ore ae .. 340 mandellii ae
rattus re ae .. 339, 340 | —————— subviridis 0
—- alexandrinus .. 921, 531| Regulus cristatus :
—— arboreus .. oe .. 531|— himalayensis :
ee bhotia ee 55 el! regulus himalayensis .. 95, 47!\)
—_—— gangutrianus 3 .. 531 yunnanensis
Se girensis 36 46 .. 531 yunnanensis
——_— ——— kandianus .. ele .. 531| Remelana 20
——— - khyensis .. .. 531, 554| Remiz coronata we
—- narhadee 50 a .. 531| Rhacophorus bimaculatus
ed nemoralis .. 3a .. 531 | Rhagastis 5
—— rufescens .. 190, 531, 552|-—————- olivacea.. :
—= satare.. . oe aie .. 531| Rhamnac
——. sikkimensis .. 30 .. 531| Rhimator ae te
Se tadkonensis oe .. 530) Rhinchosia minima var. laxiflora
== tikos ee as .- 5380) Rhinoceros .. dio a .. dO, au
—— tiste a 55 .. 531 (Dicerorhinus) niger
—— wroughtoni 531, 545, 548, 552 ——- — sumatiensis
surifer af Ae a8 .. 531 sumatrensis -. al
vallidus .. us ee .. 530 | —————— ——___ —————lasiotis 31
vicerex a Me, .. 53] | ————-—— ———— nasalis .. «Ja
vociferans .. 30 to .. 531| ——— ————— rhinoceros unicornis ©
Ratufa sell fut seve gh wien 240 ns uaeSs, mere 3t
albipes sg. ae .. 249, 250| —————- ———_—- ———sondaicus 31
dandolena a M5 s. 400 SS sondaicus +. OF
fellii oe es a .. 528| —————— ——-—-—_— stenocephalus .. 31
gigantea .. .. 411, 528, 971|-———— unicornis an . 31
Sess jutrina .. Ae .. 528| Rhinocypha bisignata
indica bengalensis se .. 528| Rhinolophus :
=e centralis .. ss .. 528 | ————_——— a ffinis i 56
——— indica a Se .. 528| ——_———_—— beddomei .. ee ay
——_———_ ——— maxima .. ie .. 547| -—————— ferrum-equinum .. .. 62
— superans .. te _. 528 | ——-——— ——+ irani 5785]
—-—— macroura .. We .. 249, 250| -———-—- —-————— tragatus .. 9
——— ———— macroura ois .. 528| ——_————_ hipposideros midas ap
—__— ——__——. dandolena 249, 250, 528, 971 | ——————— lepidus ae aD
—__ —_—_—— insignis.. ue .. 250 | ——————— luctus st a 499, 5.
——— —————. melanochra .. .. 528; ——————— midas aD “s Bey
pheeopepla ae .. 411, 528 | ——————— monticola ; m0)

—__— _ —————_ marana .. 528, 554: ——————— pearson1 bie ae .. Of

NUMBER.
Rhinolophus perniger . 522
_— rouxi . 522
E tridens 315, 326
trifoliatus 29522
Biinopatps polynice birmana 892
Rhinophis sp. Se 412
drummondhayi 412
sanguineus Sic ae De
Bhinopoma se : 25, 316, 524
cystops wer 2D
- hardwickei 524, 550
kinneari 524, 575
—- microphyllum 316, 575
muscatellum .. at 25
pusillum 25, 016.) D715
selanum 25
Bhipidura albicollis 561
————. albicollis 708
stanleyi a 708
albifrontata 561
-———— albonotata 708
————— aureola .. 708
aureola 708
—_———— burmanica 708
a com pressirostris 708
i hypoxantha 708
javanica 709
>———————-. pectoralis 709
Rhitidoceros undulatus 951
Rhizomys wane te
== pruinosus 63, 504
senex 63, 504
vestitus 504, 505 |
wardi 499, 504,
Be todendron arizelum 4) Pod
Rhodonessa caryophylacea 970, 971.
Rhodospiza obsoleta . 729) —-
Rhopalocampta 215, 216, 217, 222, 435, 436 |
—__—_—_—__— benjamini 223. 22 4: 444 |
Rhopocichla atriceps . 940
—_-————— atrice ps .. 456
bourdilloni . 456
ee nigrifrons .. .. 456
Rhopodytes sumatranus 970, 971!
Rhyacornis fuliginosa pe

INDEX OF SPECIES.

€Xxxili

Noumper.

Khyacornis fuliginosus 562, 797
Rhynchops albicollis a »« 156
Rhynchosia arenaria 47, 508, 511
— minima var. laxiflora ole
rhombifolia 73 a
Rhyothemis : 50, 673
bipartita 48

—— lankana 48
plutonis 48

triangularis .. ae 48

Rimator malacoptilus . 454
Riparia brevicauda . 735
riparia Sorell
=== — riparia . 7135
diluta Fac te tae

— rupestris 104, 848, 870
Rohtee cotio 3. KGL
Rollulus superciliosus 22
Rosaceze ae 45
Rostratula capensis. . 156, 572
Rotifera . 8386
Rousettus 521
arabicus 2 obo

——- —— leschenaulti 521, 550
—— seminudus Seay!
Rotala . 279
Rotalia « 316
Rubigula webberi .. 470
| Rubus .. 849
Rucervus 302, 305
brucei 305

cornipes .. 306
dimorphe 305
——— duvaucelli 305
eldi 305, 306
elaphoides .. 305

frontalis .. 305, 306

ratus . 306

thamin oOo

Ss V SAE brucei 305, 306
— thamin .. 305, 306
Ruellia patula « OLE
var. alba - 516

Rusa 302, 534
unicolor 304, 534

CXXXIV
NUMBER.
Rusa unicolor dejeani 304, 305
unicolor 304, 534
Ruticilla erythronota « 497
frontalis .. ae .. 561
grandis .. oe oe adie
hodgsoni aeci4
pheenicuroides .. a The
— rufiventris ate 562, 797
schisticeps Breit i 4
Sabia campanulata . 223
Saccobranchius fossilis 56 LUGO
Saccolaimus . 524
saccolaimus .. 524
Sadarga 354, 355
gotama .. . 304
Salicaria obsoleta .. a . 483
—— turdina orientalis - 480

409, 901, 902, 903
409, 901, 902, 903

Salmo fario ..
irridens

Salpornis spilonotus ee ad
Salsola foetida 516, 518
Salvadora sie Ae .. ol4
- oleoides .. 276, 511, 513, 515
Salvia aegyptiaca /. 512
Samanta ae at ad - oo4
heri 55 . 304

malsara .. .. 304

misenus .. . 304

nicotia . 304

watsoni .. 50. ata!
Samundra 354, 355
anaxoides 5 sae

Sancus 215, 218, 219, 222, 432, 435, 440,

447, 780, 782, 766, 791, 792, 793
—--— pulligo ae ye eG
— subfasciatus 224, 225, 446, 447
Sapindacee .. otal
Saponaria vaccaria -. 518

Saproligneus ferox ool

* INDEX OF SPECIES.

| NUMBER.
Sarangesa218, 222, 434, 440, 784,790, 792, 793

dan 223, 224, aay
dasahara 223, 224, 443, 784
purendra . 223, 224, 443, 784

157, 411, 637, 638
155, 571, 802
515, 516

218, 434, 439

Sarcidiornis melanonotus
Sarcogrammus indicus
Sarcostemma brevistigma ..
Satarupa

milliana 223, 224, 442

Saxicola ae Be he - -»- 708
= alboniger .. — 710
——— atrogularis ae .- ae
— bicolor .- ©
——— capistrata .. ae AG . 796
--———. caprata atrata os .. 709
—_——- —— hicolor Roe, -» 108
——______ — rossorum - 709°
—— chrysopysia 561, 797
——— deserti .« ton
ferrea -. om
—-— fusca se ae pe |
———- gaddi 55 54 .. 867
= insignis -. ae
isabellina .. a a oo Oe
isabellinus. . se aye . 15
leucomela .. -- “a .. 719

leucura Ba . 7108
———— macrorhyncha .. an . 710
—— melanoleuca melanoleuca . 867
———— monacha 45 35 .» 78
———— nigrorufa .. .. 706
—— cenanthe argentea -.
———— opistholeuca 710, 796
———— pallida .. Tao
——-—— picata 710, 796
— rubetra noske .. Ne .. 868
——— torquata indica .. .. 102
a prezwalskii .. ie
stejneri . 108

Saxifragacese are oh .. 45
Scaeorhynchus gularis transfluviatilis .. 239
ruficeps bakeri .. .. 238

Scapholebris aurita 836, 838
mucronata 835, 838

Sceliphron (Pelopceus) caucasicum . 821

INDEX OF SPECIES.

Sceliphron tubifex
Schistocerca gregaria
Scheenicola platyura -
Schceniparus dubiuvs dubius
genestieri ..

intermedius

mandellii ..

— genestieri
intermedius

——_———— mandellii

——-—_———- rufigularis ..

Schweinfurthia spherocarpa

Sciurus atrodorsalis

caniceps

cuneiceps

——~— fulvus

gordoni

~ indicus

maiabaricus

maximus

Scobura 3

Scolia (Discolia) hirta

— infuscata

aoe maura
— 4 punctata
—— (Triscolia) hemorrhoidalis

571,

-Scolopax rusticola 111, 155,

Scoparia dulcis
-Scops bakkamena ..
| giu

Sineeptalus

_ Scoteinus be

oo pallidus AA

, Scotocera inquieta ..

i striata ..

| Scotocerca inquieta ‘
‘Scotocichla fuscicapilla babaulti

> — fuscicapilla
/Scotomanes ..

( ornatus

— imbrensis
oynatus

4 sinensis

fee tophilus ss

NUMBER.

ne Sal
£06, 811
. 483
458

. 458
.. 458
- 458 |
-. 458
. 458

. 458

. 458
aa) DEG
411, 646

. 646)

nad

. 575

. 601
BAT

. 547

.. 547
217, 219
. 819

. 819

. 819

.. 819
.. 819
850, 878,
943, 944
ai:

. 151

. 151

+ LOE
.. 523
. 523
. 796
.. 488
« 173
. 453
. 453
. 523

523, 772 | —_——

. 772
Sion dee
«492

Scotophilus castaneus om
kuhli
wroughtoni

Scotozus

dormeri caurinus
dormeri

Secricostoma pauciflora

Sebastonyma
Seetzenia orientalis
Selsiothemis
aS nigra ..
Semiplotus macclellandi
Sepa ..
Sericostoma a
pauciflora
Serinus ambiguus ..
pusillus..
Sesamum indicum ..
Sesarma boulengeri. .
Sesbania aculeata
Shelfordeila ..
tartara

Sibia melanoleuca ..
picaoides =

picaoides ..

pulchella

Sida ..

Siluroides Be
Simia (Carvogubeacs) fulvus
erythraea

fulva ..

—— mulatta
——— rhesus we
sinica

Similax ee

Simocephalus exspinosus ..

vetulus

Simotes albocinctus
_arnensis

cyclurus
theobaldi .
Sinthusa amba
chandrana
grotel ..

ql nasakany wes

CXXXV

NUMBER.

48 .. 523

523, 646

.. 523

. 523

.. 523

oo Sea ees
.. 512
217, 219
213, 514
267, 497
267, 268
.. 160
215, 216
a SEE

276, 509, 514

»«, 730
847, 854
. 519

. 836

. 518

. 761

. 761
.. 460

. 459

.. 459
.. 460

. 518
.. 966
665, 668
666, 668
.. 666
.. 666
666, 668

«SIR SI4

.. 849
835, 838
836, 838

159, 972
621, 647

. 159

Sia

87
87
87
87

CXXXV1

, Sinthusa obscurata this
pallidior .. ore
Siphia hainana

hodgsonii
hyperythra
parva albicilla
hyperythra
parva
——— strophiata ..

styani
Siphoe tis aurita
Sirenia

Sitta castaneiventris

neglecta
—— cinnamomeoventris ..
tris..
europea ceesia
———-— griseiventris
———— nagaensis ..
tubiginosa

formosa
frontalis
— frontalis

—— griseventris
—— himalayensis ..
—— leucopsis 50
—_—- leucopsis ..
—— kashmiriensis

—— magna
—— nagacsis
—— nagensis 30
a rubiginosa..
—— neglecta

—— neumayer

dresseri

— obscura ..
rupicola

rupicola
syriaca obscura
tschitscherini

victorise

Sithon ismarus
nedymond ..
Siva castaneicauda
—— cyanuroptera ..

INDEX OF SPECIES.

NUMBER.

. 703

. 708
03
560, 703
.. 107
. 646
su SI
.. 472
.. 472

. 472

cinnamomeoven-

.. 472

.. 860

oa ee

.. 473

848, 860
478

473, 940

. 473

Te pene a8
96, 472, 558
16 408

96, 473

46 a

56 He

. 473

aAane

848, 860

.. 472

.. 860

845, 860
473, 848, 860
.. 860

848, 860

. 473

Siva cyanuroptera cyanuroptera

oatesi
sordida
wingatei
—— nepalensis

—— occipitalis

—— sordida
—— strigula :
castaneicauda
strigula

—— vinipectus

wingatei

Solanum albicaule

nigrum
xanthocarpum
Smerinthus ..
decolor
Sorex etrusca
———— pusillus .

Soriculus

baileyi

caudatus

irene a oF

leucops
macrurus. .
nigrescens
Spatula clypeata
Spelerpes

fuscus

ruber
Spermacoce stricta
Sphecius antennatus

luniger .. le

uljanini ..
Sphecodes gibbus
Sphenocercus apicauda

sphenura
Sphenocichla humei
roberti 3

Sphex (Ammophila) occipitalis
(Eremochares) dives
Sphingonotus cerulans
satrapes
Sphinx (Ambulyx) substrigilis
Sphodromerus ccelosyriens

NuMBER

-- 462
-» 462
. 462

.. 463 |
461, 557
.. 461
96, 461
.. 459
. 462

2 525
.. 499
499, 525
.. 500
.. 525
499, 500
. 525
. ee
.. Og
.. 119
.. 119
1. 277

.. 822
804, 811

804, $11, 812

ve

. 745
811, 812

Spiiornis cheela..

Spizaétus cirrhatus es .. 943
nepalensis ars 109, 151, 568

Spizixus canifrons canifrons .. 470
=o ingrami . 470
Spodiopsar cineraceus . 700
Squatarola helvetica oa hop
Stachyrhidopsis pyrrhops 457, 557}
—_—_____———- ruficeps .. ey recy
bhameensis .. 457

— —- ruficeps .. 457
rufifrons .. : . 457

——— ambigua . 457

- ———— rufifrons .. 457
Stachyrhis assimilis .. 456
binghami .. 457
——— — chrysea .. 456
assimilis . 456

— binghami .. 457
———_—_- ———— chryseea .. 456
———— davisoni .. 456
nigripes coltarti . 456

davisoni .. 456

nigripes -. 456

pyrrhops .. 457)
Stactocichla merulina 0) 20
Staphidia castaneiceps .. 461
striata rufigenis . 461
~~ striata ok .. 461
Stauroderus bicolor 803, 810, 812
Sterculiacese. . A
Sterna caspia On 879
hirundo tibetanus . 146,
melanogaster 156, 802

minuta gouldize . 156)

151, 568, 943

INDEX OF SPECIES.

NUMBER.

seena 156, 802, 971
sinensis pe LO}
tschegrava .. . 879]
Stibochiana nicea . 889
Stictopthalma 89
camadeva .. 90

camadeva nagaensis 90

— camadeovides 90

cambodia 90

18

Stictopthalma godfreyi

howqua

louisa

fruhstorferi

sparta
tytleri
Stictospiza formosa
Stizus bizonatus
cvanescens

ruficornis

——- tridens ac Ay
Stoparola albicauda
melanops
albicaudata ..
melanops
sordida
thallasoides ..

Sturnia burmanica
— erythropygia

—___— katchalensis

incognita .. sé

malabarica andamanensis
blythii
erythropygia
katchalensis
malabarica

— nemoricola ..
nemoricola

— turdiformis

Sturnopastor contra contra

flowerl

superciliaris

floweri
superciliaris . .

Sturnornis senex ..
Sturnus cineraceus
contra
———— dzungaricus
——— humii
luteolus

———— minor
nobilior
poltaratzskii
———— porphyronotus
———— purpurescens dresseri

560,

CXXXV1l

NUMBER.

90, 887
89
89

941, §

INDEX OF SPECIES.

eXXXvill
NUMBER.
Sturnus vulgaris Pe .. 846
caucasicus 846, 850, 852
—_—_—— ——_——- dresseri go
—__—— ————_ dzungaricus OO
——_— ——— humii .. 699
——_—— ——— menzbieri we 196
——— ———— _ minor ..- 699
——— ——— nobilior .. 699
———— ——— poltaratskiji 699, 850, 852
=== porphyronotus 699, 796
Streptopilia risoria risoria .. 153
suratensis .- 940
suratensis . 153
tuutur .. te Bee teh
ferrago 110, 153
——— meena ies a5 aR}
Striga euphrasioides 276, 512, 514
——- ocobancheoides 1276
orobancheoides . 516
Strix (Syrnium) aluco 2. 802
—— aluco.. .. 850
candida . 151
flammea . 151
Strobilanthes .. 784
Struthio asiaticus . 413, 604
australis . 604
—-—— camelus .. 604
———- chersonensis .- 605
——— indicus .. .. 605
——-— karatheodoris .. .. 604
——— massaicus us .. 604
— molybdophanes 604, 605

Strychnos nux-vomica
Suastus

31, 748, 751

215, 218, 219, 220, 222, 432

435, 440, 788, 791, 792, 793

bipunctus 223, 224, 444
gremius 217, 223, 224, 444, 447, 788
Sueda oe dig -. 309
monoica . 339
Supellina 30 . 760
buxtoni .. so 0G)
Suralaya .. ae 5 354, 355
orseis “8 .. 304

Sus 208, 309,

534)

Sus andamanensis .. Be A

—affinis ..

— cristatus oe ie

—— -—_——- cristatus “te

— jubatus

—— jubatus Al

— nicobaricus

— sylvanus

—— zeylonensis

Suthora brunnea .. te
craddocki .. ae
feze = te ats
fulvifrons .. ine
humii oe
nipalensis .. oe

——— poliotis fee me

humii

poliotis
——-—— ripponi
ripponi

ruficeps .

———- ruficeps atrisuperciliaris

unicolor i
verrauxi craddocki
webbiana brunnea

Suya.. 5
atrigularis .. nic
crinigera Bi 00

cooki 55
=== crinigera ..

— —— yunnanensis

—— khasiana 50
superciliaris

Sylibura brevis os ae

Sylvania pheenicurcides

Sylvia aflinis

agricola...
althzea
burkii
caligata
camhbaiensis

Fess

communis icterops
crassirostris
curruca aftinis

Curruca ee

.. 309
309, 646
309, 534
309, 534

.. 309

.. 309

..

.. 309

1. 238

.. 238

.. 238

.. 238

.. 238

.. 257

.. 238

.. 238

.. 288

.. 238

.. 238

.. 238

. 238
237
.. 238
.. 238
.. OSE
.. 490
.. 490
.. 490
.. 490
.. 490
.. 490
.. 490
.. 972
716
.. 484

. 480
483

.. 487

.. 483

Peal:
483, 866

.. 483

.. 484

2 865

INDEX OF SPECIES. CXXXixX

NUMBER NUMBER.

Sylvia curruca minula .. 484; Tagiades 218, 222, 434, 439, 787, 790, 792
erythronota eel ee atticus 778, 787
familiaris .. ~ ee 400 litigiosa 223, 24, 439, 442, 447
hortensis crassirostris .. 483 obscurus 223, 224, 439, 442, 787
icterops .. 483} Tajuria “ se ze wa OO

indica 484, 714 — albipicta .. a de ow ae

jerdoni ««, 680 Cipgtisiar (si. fe a >) 86

—— lanceolata .. -. 489 — drucei 89
——- minula we .. 484 indra oF ie a 86
—— minuscula .. sa) 095 istroidea .. ie is ie OG
mystacea .. 865 jalindra.. = re io) neat

nana . 795 longinus 86
a nana .. 483 macanita .. 86
rama 483 maculata .. 86
schwarzi 484 | —-— megistia 86
Symbrenthia hippocles fads 892 tarpina.. ay “ .» 86
niphanda e882 thria ais ae is oa, Oe

Sympetrum .. 494, 495 — yajna . -. 86
Sypheetis aurita 155| Talpa ne ie .. 525
bengalensis 155] — micrura 525, 971
Syrrhaptes tibetanus 145| Tamarindus indica .. a Ae aas SBE
Syviparus modestus modestus 235 | Tamarix orientalis .. -« BLD
modestus 235 Tamiops a5 a5 529, 646

saturatior 235 macclellandi .. sm jenaUes

saturatior 235 barbei 530, 554

simlzensis De ie — macclellandi «os Eee

manipurensis . 530

—_——— spencei . 503

Tapena 218, 222, 434, 437, 785, 786, 792, 793

hampsoni .. Bc : . 785

thwaitesi .. 223, 204, 437, 443

Taccocua leschenaulti ie a .. 567} Taphozous a _ fe .. 524
Tachys pes .. 824 kachensis babylonicus . 328
—————. greecus .. 824 kachensis -. 524
Tachytes ambidens .. 824); —_——_—_. — magnus . 328
— dichroa .. 824 - nudaster . 524
freygessneri .. 824 longimanus 524, 546

tricolor . 824 magnus .. 328

Tacuma 89 melanopogon 524, 550
- - curiosa 89 | —————— perforatus . 524
Tacupa curiosa -. 89; — theobaldi secatus . 524
Tadarida .. 524, Tapirus = as oa . 312
tragata . 524| ———— (Acrocodia) indicus Bee

Tadorna tadorna 412, 875| Taractrocera 215, 216, 218, 222, 435, 437
Tenia solium is bs ot . 924 439, 788, 790, 793

xl

a

NUMBER.

Taractrocera ceramas 224, 225, 439, 444,
447, 789
——-— nicevillei 50) LAS

moevius 224, 225, 444, 789

nicevillei 224, 439

Tarbophis iberus 348, 349)
Tarsiger chryseeus 99, 562, 713
rufilatus are i Boe with

Tatera Me 325, 337, 338, 530
bailwardi 337, 338 |

——— ceylonica ie a .. 530|
——— cuvieri oe 530, 545, 548, 551
——— hardwickei .. Bi 35 XO)
—— indica 318, 338, 530)
——— persica 319, 338, 580|
pitmani a bie .. 337

—-—— sherrini 314, 318, 410, 530
toeniura Le 338 |
Taxilla haquinus fasciata .. 894 |
— thuisto 894
Tchitrea affinis : 707
Teinopalous 406
—— imperatrix -. 406
imperialis 177, 406

Telicota 215, 216, 217, 219, 229. 433, 435,
438, 442, 447, 786, 788,789, 790, ,793

$= Eas 223, 224, 2295, 445
bam busze 224, 225, 439, 445, 788

dara os .. 788

———— meesoides 224, 225, 445
palmarum 224, 225, 445

Telinga . 354
— adolphei Ae ds 354
———— oculus : 354
Temenuchus andamanensis -. 700
= pagodarum 560, 701
Tenthea pelvica - 694
Tephrodornis grisola aie - 705
pelvicus pelvicus .. .. 694

sylvicola . 694

— pondicerianus 559, 694, 796

sylvicola 694, 941, 971

Tephrosia : 511, 513, 515
multiflora SATII

== petrosa .. 47, 516

INDEX OF SPECIES.

NUMBER

Tephrosia purpurea -. 518
Terias harina andamana -. 89%
hecabe . 897

ita .. . 897
libythea ~* SoM
SS 56 =. Gum
Terminalia bellerica .. 784
paniculata .. . 785
Terpsiphone paradisi 402, 555, 561, 942,
72

————_—— affinis Bee AUT
= nicobarica TOE
paradisi .. Bec

Tesia ee 459, 721
| ——— caudata . 479
| Testudo buxtoni 251, 620
— elongata . 158
— hardwickii o6 Ole
—_— horsfieldi .. . 973
— —-— ibera -. 202
zarudnyi .. -. 202
Tetraceros oe Mian \Oeseeee vere
quadricornis 83, 533, 646

Tetrao chinensis . 419
francolinus 194

—— madagasearensis 3
perlatus .. 419
pintadeanus 419
spadiceus ee 2
Tetraogallus himalayensis . . 571
Tetrodon 161
cutcutia 161
Tettigonia zit .. 766
albifrons .. 766
Thamnobia cambaiensis 562, 797
fulicata cambayensis Seti te!

— fulicata . 714
Thanaos . -.215; 216, 217, 219: 2203793
tages . 220
Tharrhaleus on ea!
— atrigularis 563, 797
jerdoni . 563

Thaumantis diores ae 887
— lucipor 887

Thauria aliris te a EN)

NuMBER

Thauria aliris intermedia .. 90, 887
pseudaliris .. 90

lathyi F 90
aa am plifascia 90
Thecla ad oe aaeioe
Thereiceryx viridis .. . 942
Theretra ee ar 0 si Od
Thisoecetrus adspersus 808, 809, 811, 812
———— buxtoni 807, 808, 809, 811, 812
————_———. dorsatus 808, 811
————— littoralis 807, 808, 809, 81]
———_———. pterostichus =< GUS
Tholymis .. . 253
pallida : rc .. 254

tillarga 253, 254, 256, 257

Thoressa 3 219, 221
astigmata .. 445

—— honorei ~- 445
Thringorhina . 455
—--—— —— guttata 455
——__—_———- oglei.. 455
Thriponax hodgsoni . 941
Ticherra acte oa sae
idina 87
Tichodroma muraria 477
Tickellia hodgsoni .. 488
Timalia bengalensis - 451
———— erythroptera .. 457
jerdoni 451
malcolmi .. 2 .. 246
nipalensis .. : 483

pileata bengalensis 451

jerdoni . 451

platyura 483
poioicephala 455
somervillii.. 247

subrufa sis .. 246
Tinnunculus 280, 281, 298

alaudarius 152, 281, 282, 298, |

299, 569, 801, 943

cenchris : ws -- 299)

Tiphia ie she e819)

femorata .. - .- 820]

nigra — ae 819, 820 |

thoracica .. ate -- 819, 820: ————

INDEX OF SPECIES.

exli

NuMBER,

Tmethis carinatus .. 805, 811, 812
cisti 811, 812

gibber a8 Sa aol lil
Tomeutes 529, 773, 775
lokroides 646, 971

lokroides BAmGy A

owensi -» 529

— mearsi bellona -. 529
mearsi . 529

SS virgo . 529
phayrei . 529
pygerythrus -. 554

janetta .. . 529

pygerythrus .. 529

Totanus calidris ae ie . 802
glareola ue Vie -. 155

glottis 155, 411, 802, 944

——— hypoleucus ae -- 155
-~-—-— ochropus .. . 155, 571, 802
Trachischium fuscum 647, 972
Trachycomus ochracephalus -. 470
Trachys bicolor a ae
Tragopan melanocephalus . 570
Tragulus 307, 308, 534
—————. canescens ws 308, 534
javanicus -. 308

kanchil ravus 186, 646

napu .. 308

rayvus 308, 534

Tragus racemosus .. iil ti
Tramea 51, 149
basilaris ss 51, 54

15. burmeisteri 52, 542
continentalis 53

———— croceus 56
—_——— euryale 53
——— eurybia 53
—__— extranea .. 56
incerta so De

—_—— limbata 52, 53, 54, 542
ena ee continentalis saoes
ga Sate Ea similata. . 53
madagascariensis. . 53

rosen bergi

53

exlil
Tramea samoensis et
similata
stylata
translucida
—— transmarina

Trapa bispinosa
Treron nipalensis
Triaenops persicus ..
Trianthema .. -
—_—_——— hydaspica
monogyna
— pentandra
triquetra
Tribulus alatus
terrestris ..

Tribura :
intermedia
luteoventris
major
____—— squameiceps
tacsanowskia
thoracica ..
Trichastoma. .
Trichodroma mauraria
Tricholestes criniger criniger
Trichophorus flaveolus
— striatus
—_—_— tephrogenys
Tridactylus .. 26
—- savignyi
Tridax procumbens
Trigonidium cicindeloides ..
Trionyx gangeticus _
hurum
—_——\ hypoleuca
leithii
Tringa minuta

—-—— nebularia

ochropus

temmincki ..

totanus

eurhinus ..

Trirhinopholis nuchalis

Trithemis aurora aurora ..

INDEX OF SPECIES.

NUMBER. | NUMBER.
.. 63|Trithemis festiva .. ae .. DAL
53, 54 kirbyi kirbyi .. An
53, 54 nigra . 268
53 | —————— pallidinervis .. 542
53| Trochalopteron austeni . 241
.. 278; — cineraceum 241
.. 152) — nigrimentum 242
.. O74 simile 243
eee Lys styani 241
. 518 subunicolor 243
.. 518] Trochalopterum affine affine 243
5 llizt! : oustaleti .. 243
te Bo DlKs) cachinans cachinans 248
HI His, ile cinnamomeum 244
512, 513, 514, 517, 518 cinnamomeum 244
-. 459 ellioti yunanense 244
.. 480 erythrolema 242
-. 481 erythrocephalum 556
.. 480 chrysop-
. 490 terum 242
so 4) == ery-
.. 481 throlema . 242
.. 454 erythrocephalum 242
96, 558 ———godwini . 242
.. 466 melanostigma.. 242
., 463 —— nigrimentum .. 242
.. 468 —. woodi .. 242
. 466 fairbanki. . 244
.. 768 henrici 4 244
.. 168) — jerdoni fairbanki 244.
. aig — jerdoni .. 244
pagel meridionale 244
Beales — lineatum : 556
.. 158 gilgit .. 245
.. 878 griseicentior 96, 244
.. 158 —— inbricatum 245
.. 155} — lineatum 244
.. 878 meridionale 244
AA 878 -—— milnei sharpei 243
45 Uh) pheenicium bakeri 243
.. 878 phoeniceum 242
.. 146 rippont 243
.. 175) ripponi 243
. Al sharpei 243

INDEX OF SPECIES. exlin

NUMBER. NUMBER.

Trochalopterum squamatum tA .. 243] Turdinulus epilepidotus davisoni 454
subunicolor at .. 243) ————_—— giuttaticollis v6 404

—___—1___——- variegatum fs .. 556 | ———-—— roberti guttaticollis .. 454
simile .. 243 | ————_—__ ——— roberti 454

——_—_—_— —————-yvariegatum 96,243} Turdinus Py 454
virgatum. . a .. 244, — brevicaudatus 453

————- yunanense LB .. 244| —_——— crispifrons 454
Troglodytes neglectus “p be .. 477| _—_—— guttatus .. j 455
—————nepalensis .. ce .. 477) Turdoides griseus griseus 247
punctatus... ae .. 478, — somervillei 247

talifuensis .. me .. 478, —_——__ striatus 247

troglodytes .. oe .. 850} ————_— rufescens : 247

hyrcanus 846, 869 | _— terricolor malabaricus 246

— ——— magrathi .. 478) __—___—_ —______ gsindianus .: 246
neglecta .. .. 477; —————- ————- terricolor 246

neglectus.. -. 96) Turdus albocinctus 717

nipalensis .. 477 — atrogularis .. 717

————— talifuensis .. 478) —--—— aureus 720

— tibetana .. .. 478; —_— bonapartei .. 720

——__—— zagrossiensis 846, 869) -__— chalybeius . 699
Tropidonotus himalayanus ahs Seu 59) citrinus 718
monticola on .. 972 | -—— cyanotis 718

piscator 159, 175, 647, 972 | —— dauma 720
quincunciatus .. 175 davisoni 718

platyceps .. We .- 972 | —_—— diardi 240

stolatus .. .. 159, 647) erythrogaster 719

subminiatus .. 159, 647) —_— eunomus 717

—_____—- tassellatus .. a2 1347, SAS! ginginianus 702
Tropidopola cylindrica .. ve, 806, SLI) griseus 247
Tupaia ae 1s es -. 411, 524 iliacus 866
belangeri .. se .. 554, 599| —_—— iamaicenois 716
———. assamensis ate .. 599) ———_kessleri 716
— belangeri ate .. 524) ———_ macrourus .. aig Le
es chinensis a .. 524 | ——— malabaricus oe -- 465, 700
—— siccata .. rs .. 524| _——— merula aterrimus .. 848, 850, 866
Lae tenaster.. es .. 524); ——— merula se .. 866
2 a yunalis .. ae — 999 | ———— syriacus 844, 846, 847, 866
i Hp ae .. 599; ——— mollissimus.. 2 oe ee

—— fee ie 7 ee .. 524|———- musicus... .. 120, 866, $67
siecata Se ae ea .. 599 | ——— nigropileus .. 717

yunalis os ae ifs .. 599 | ——— obscurus 718
Turdinulus brevicaudatus brevicaudatus. 453} ——— ochracephalus bh
venningi .. 453 | ——— pagodarum 701

ne davisoni ee a, .. 454 pallidus 717
epilepidotus bakeri .. 454! ——— phillippensis 19

exliv

Turdus philomelos philomelos

pilaris
protomelas
roseus

ruficollis

saxatilis
sibiricus
simillimus ..
solitarius
speciosus
terat

tricolor
unicolor
viscivorus ..

Sebpeeeeeaeenn

wardi

Turnix dussumieri .

tanki tanki
cambayensis
ferrago
risorius

Turtur

suratensis

:

tranquebarica
Tylonycteris
aurex
fulvida
Tylototriton verrucosus
Typhlops brahminus
—— exigmes ..
jerdoni
vermicularis
———— wilsoni

Udaspes 211, 215, 218,
439, 786,
folus 224,

—

atrogularis

— hbonapartei
—— viscirorus

pugnax plumbipes..

402,

347,

219, 222,

INDEX OF SPECIES.

NUMBER. |

846, 867 Upupa epops
720, 850, 867
SP giiize

. 17

647,

412,

100

433, 435,
787, 791, 792, 793
225, 446, 447, 786

epops
indica

pyrrhocorax
Urocichla caudata .
a [arena

oatesi

reptata

sinlumensis
Urocissa cucullata ..

magnirostris .. 231

——— occipitalis .. 231

flavirostris .. 555

cucullata . 231

flavirostris .. 2ol

Uroloncha acuticauda acuticauda . 724

squamicollis oie ee

kelaarti .. 725

— leucogastra eet es

malabarica 725, 797

pectoralis . 725

punctulata - .. 564

punctulata .. Ba (rae

— topela . 725

squamicollis . 724

striata fumigata . 724
semistriata .. . 724 |
stricta aie -. 1248

Uromastix hardwickii 291, 412, 972
— microlepis /., 351m
Urophlexis squameiceps .. “a. pete OUR
Urothemis 262, 265, 267, 497%
—advena.. - 269 ©

—— brevipennis .. 261

lycoris .. Eh Bae

— nigra .. 268

san guinea a0 2Ge

longicaudata kauriensis

— —_— erythrorhyncha erythrorhyncha 231

signata signata

NUMBER

oes
567, 846, 870
171, 942
. 233
. 479
. 478
. 478
. 478
. 478
. 478
-- 478
. 478
. 478
. 478
. 231

longicaudata
oatesi
reptata
sinlumensis

262, 263

a ee

Urothemis vittata ..

INDEX OF SPECIES. exlv

NUMBER,

os = .. 266

Ursus ae Aas 77
—— himalayanus.. 189, 971
labiatus eee
torquata « O26
Vallisneria spiralis .. 278
Vandeluria “6 532
——— dumeticola 532
--—----— nilagirica 532
---+-—_—-—- oleracea Ot
-—-—— marica one mapa!

- =——-— modesta ... St hire)

———- —__——- oleracea Ae Nao

——-— rubida
-——~———-—— spadicea
Vanellus vanellus .
—————- vulgaris ..
Vanessa cardui
Vanga flaviventris .
Varanus :
-—__— bengalensis
—_——— flavescens
————— griseus
Vernonia cinerascens
—-—-—--- cinerea
Vespa cincta
Vespertilio kubli
— murinus
Vesperugo nasutus ..

Vesperus shiraziensis
Viola stocksii

Vipera libetina
=————_ russelli
Virachola

isocrates .
perse

Virapa

—-—— adamsoni

-——-— anaxias
19

a)

26, 27, 28, 32
26, 27, 32
354, 355

. 354

354, 355

NuMBER,

Virapa manii as ee os .. 355

miranda .. % be 22) ODD
Vitis vinifera ote i re Beal Oe
Viverra is oe Ag ae ee 2D
—-—- civettina .. a ae .. 549
—_— megaspila ae eis .» 525
———— zibetha .. ee ht, SOE
———— ———— prumosa ~. 3 .. 525

zibetha .. z6 2 tD2b
Viverricula .. ie i Ly, aH

————— malaccensis .. sen ¢ Oe Os OTL
Volvocivora intermedia .. ahs .. 696
—————— melanochistus a .. 696
—_—_—§—— neglecta ie ¥ .. 696
Vormela peregusna ve te * sltole
_ Vulpes Se ae 186, 189, 527, 580
———— bengalensis Se 41}, 527, 547
==— CANA. « Ae es cee eons
CaS SE x AP Soe alte
——leucopus .. a 314, 334, 527

— montana .. ere Se Aileen
—~-— persica vo Lola. (36s obt.e oc
—-———- persicus ee Si oe 318

Vultur monachus .. a sen deo

Wallago attu ae es ae o<, LOG
Watsoniella * 4 .- 218,219
SS yaiallaos or ba ore See et)
Xantharpyia amplexicaudata .. .. 3ld
Xanthixus flavescens flavescens .. 469

— vivida xt .. 469
Xantholema hematocephala .. 566,940
-— malabarica ere .. 942
Xanthtznia busiris Pog as .. 887

ahd

oxlvi INDEX OF SPECIES |
. |
NuMBER. NUMBER. |
X enorhynchus asiaticus 156, 171, 172) Zamenis — .. se “he as . 251 —
Xiphidium fuscum turanicum .. 762; — dahlii es ; 251, 348 }
Xiphoramphus superciliaris . 45] | —-—_— diadema 190, 348, 621, 647,
Xylocopa .. 961 972
zestuans .. .. 961| ———— fasciolatus .. 647m
acutipennis a Wal ale gemonensis 251, 347
amethystina 3. 2961 asianus .. 347
——_—— attenuata .. 961 | ———— hotsoni 251, 620
auripennis .. 961 | ———-— ladakensis .. 647
basalis -. 961 | ———— ‘mucosus 159, 972
—_—_——- collaris . 962 — rhodorachis 647, 972
—_—__——. dissimilis .. 961) ———— ventrimaculatus . 348, 647
—_—— fenestrata 816, 961] Zampa . 215
— iridipennis .. 961} Zarona 86
latipes a JON) Zeaur a. 215, 216
pictifrons -. 961) Zela . : 215, 216, 219
~ rufescens .. 962] Zemeros flezyas Lanes . 894
= tenuiscapa .. 961} Zephirus ae aeOe
verticalis . 961! Zeuxidia amethystus masoni .. 887
Zizyphus ..510, 511, 513, 514, 823,
827, 828
————— jujuba ai sh -. O19
——— rotundifolia 276, 509, 510, 511,
513
Ypthima baldus . 885| ————_ truncata .. Ree
huebneri .. 885| Zographetus 215, 217 219, 439, 435, 44]
a STE .. 885 —_—_—ogygia 223, 224, 444.
Yuhina ampelina .. Be .. 462! Zoothera . i .. 402
—-—— diademata ampelina so 462) —— — imbricata . 720
—__— flavicollis .. .. 463 | ————- marginata oe .. 12
ae aril =. 462|- == monticola 2 401 7am
cae gularis -. 462) Zosterops ef .. 462
yangpiensis -. 462| _______ nalpebrosa 96, 557, 795, 940
—_——— nigrimentum nigrimentum .. 462 Zygonyx. iris . 673
———-—- occipitalis - 462) Zygophyllum simplex 518
———-— yangpiensis . 462| Zyxomma AA 255, 257
— petiolatum 255, 256
—_—_—— seychellarum . 257
tillarga .. . 254

Se eee

¢ ee Ve < ‘Nae
: ba Sy

ane yaueee
ete)

ge — Ta

eQaosh gay is
bra ;

ay

Eo?
ee

— *

ee Ona NG

o
= ey
% oh

f ae ee UL

POR yt
“

Hea Se “jonah
ak

me |
ae pre at

ea
fed

af

Aah

Shes

a2 ose & rar

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES

3 9088 01205 0464

i os i
‘ fii
his '
i