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THE    JOURNAL 


Bntififj 


ESTABLISHED    1843, 


ENCOURAGEMENT   AND    PROSECUTION   OP    RESEARCHES 

INTO    THE    ARTS    AND    MONUMENTS    OF    THE 

EARLY    AND    MIDDLE    AGES. 


VOL.      XX 


Houton : 
PRINTED   FOR    THE    ASSOCTATTON. 


MUCCULXIV. 


^357 


THE    JOURNAL 


OF  THK 


9ivci)ntolosicnl  Association 


ESTABLISHED    1843, 


ENCOURAGEMENT   AND    PROSECUTION   OF    RESEARCHES 

INTO    THE    ARTS    AND    MONUMENTS    OF    THE 

EARLY    AND    MIDDLE    AGES. 


1864 


iLontion : 

PRINTED   FOR    THE    ASSOCIATIOK 


MDCCCLXIV. 


T.   lUClIMtUS,  37,  GUEAT    Qt'EEN     STREET.      W.C. 


CON 


On  the  Weapons  of  the  Ancient   Tribes  of 
Yorkshire         .  .  .  . 


o 


of  Hahfax 

Harewood  Castle         .... 

On  Cromlechs  .... 

On  an  EfBgy  of  the   Markenficld  Family  in 
the  Cathedral  of  Ripon 

On  Roman  Remains  in  London 

On  Hut  Circles  on  the  Eastern  Side  of  Dart- 
moor ...... 

On  Ilkley  and  Collingham  Crosses 

On  the  Nine  Worthies  of  the  Workl 


PAGE 


Inaugural  Address   delivered  at   the  Leeds  )  r      i  xr       i  i.  i 

°  fi  [  Lord  Hougliton   .  1 

Congress  .  .  .  .  j  *=" 

On  the  History  of  Thomas  Earl  of  Lancaster         „  „  .       16 

On  the  Badges  of  the  House  of  York  .     J.  R.  Planche      .       18 

On  the  Little  British  Kingdom  of  Elmet  and  )  t    t  oa 

.,     T,     •        f  T    •  1  •  r  J.  James   .  .     o4i 

the  Region  ot  Loidis    .  .  .  ] 

Isurium  .  .  .  .  .     A.  S.  Lawson        .     39 

H.  Syer  Cuming     101 

On  Wayside  Chapels  and  the  Chapel  of  the  '  ^  t,   tjtt^  •,  -i  -. 

Bridge  of  Wakefield    .  .  j    .      .       i     n        . 

On  the  Town  and  Manor  of  Wakefield  and  1  rt   in?-     j.      ^\  i.ia 

Sandal  Castle  .  .  ,  m.  Wentworth     .     120 

The  Honour  and  Castle  of  Pontefract 

Chichester  Cathedral 

On  the  Roman  Roads  intersecting  the  Parish 


C.  H.  Hartshorne 

136 

G.  M.  Hills 

155 

F.  A.  Leyland     . 

205 

J.  Jones  . 

220 

W.  C.  Lukis 

228 

■J.  R.  Planche      . 

285 

T.  BlashiU 

297 

G.  W.  Ormerod  . 

299 

T.  J.  Pettigrcw    . 

308 

J.  R.  Planche       . 

315 

PAGE 


]V  CONTENTS. 

Proceedings  of  the  Leeds  Congress,  52,  189,  238 

Proceedings  of  the  Association,  06,  197,  252,  325,  330,  334, 
340,  352 

Annual    General   Meeting,   Report    of  Auditors,    Election    of 
Officers,  Coimcil,  etc.,  161 

Obituary  for  1863 T.  J.  Pettigrew   .     167 

Election  of  Associates,  66,  197,  252,  267,  325,  330,  334,  352 

Presents  to  the  Association,  66,  81,  197,  252,  262,  267,  325, 
330,  334,  340,  352 

Antiquarian  Intelligence,  91,  275 

Index 363 

List  of  Plates  and  Woodcuts 367 

Errata '         .         .         .         .  ib. 


THE    JOURNAL 


OF    XilE 


33ritisl)  ^rcljaeolocjttal  association. 


MAECH    1864. 


INAUGURAL    ADDRESS    DELIVERED    AT    THE 

OPENING   OF   THE   CONGRESS    HELD 

AT    LEEDS,  Oct.  1863. 

BY    THE    LOKD    HO0GHTON,    M.A.,    D.C.L.,    ETC.,    PRESIDENT. 

The  Society  which  I  have  the  honour  to  address,  and  which 
several  of  you  for  the  first  time  have  the  pleasure  to  meet, 
has  been  established  now  for  many  years.  It  has  the  tri- 
partite purpose  of  holding  meetings  in  the  Metropolis, usually 
twice  a  month,  of  persons  interested  in  antiquarian  pur- 
suits; of  publishing  the  results  of  their  investigations  in  an 
accurate  and  agreeable  form ;  and  of  making  an  annual  col- 
lective visit  to  some  part  of  the  country  rich  in  the  relics  of 
the  past  and  favourable  to  historical  associations.  This  was 
the  original  Society  from  which  the  Archaeological  Institute 
separated  itself  some  time  ago ;  but  this  England  of  ours  is 
quite  broad  enough,  and  quite  full  enough  of  monuments 
and  of  memories  for  the  two  bodies  to  flourish  side  by  side 
in  a  concurrence  of  mutual  service  and  general  utility. 

It  has  been  the  custom  for  the  local  President  to  com- 
mence these  meetings  with  an  Inaugural  Address,  frequently 
embodying  the  most  interesting  facts  and  circumstances  of 
the  antiquities  of  a  particular  district,  giving,  as  it  were,  a 
prefatory  index  to  the  proceedings  of  the  Society  during  the 
provincial  Congress,  and  offering  to  the  inhabitants  of  the 
county  or  neighbourhood  an  intelligent  synopsis  of  the 
objects  which  a  student  of  the  past  and  a  lover  of  his 
country  should  not  overlook,  and  which,  though  sometimes 
in  themselves  unattractive  and  minute,  are  nevertheless  the 

1864  1 


2  IXAUGUEAL  ADDRESS 


tap-roots  of  serious  historical  inquiry,  or  tlie  links  in  some 
important  chain  of  evidence.  Such  a  function  has  been  well 
performed  for  the  county  of  Nottingham  by  that  cultivated 
and  Siigacious  minister,  the  Duke  of  Newcastle ;  for  Shrop- 
shire by  31r.  Beriah  Botfield,  a  gentleman  of  much  literary 
taste,  who  devoted  his  wealth  in  a  munificent  manner  to 
intellectual  enterprises  and  whose  recent  loss  we  sincerely 
regret ;  and  for  Berkshire  by  the  Earl  of  Carnarvon,  the 
delivery  of  whose  address  is  stated  to  me  to  have  been  one 
of  the  most  singular  efforts  of  intelligent  learnino^  and  accu- 
rate  memory  ever  exhibited  to  a  public  assembly. 

When,  therefore,!  was  called  upon  to  undertake  this  office, 
I  felt  a  serious  responsiljility.  Not  only  would  an  attempt 
to  comjiress  the  history  and  antiquities  of  Yorkshire  within 
the  limits  of  an  ordinary  speech  result  in  the  vaguest  out- 
line or  the  dullest  nomenclature;  not  only  have  several  of 
its  most  important  districts,  and  among  them  that  which  I 
myself  inluibit,  been  designated  by  your  great  antiquary, 
]\Ir.  Hunter,  as  terra  incof/nita;  but  I  entertain  a  peculiar 
dislike  to  the  exhibition  of  second-hand  information,  when- 
ever there  is  a  chance  or  possibility  of  obtaining  it  fresh 
from  the  source.  Now  I  am  especially  glad  to  welcome  the 
members  of  this  Society  because  they  are  men  who  have 
made  these  things  theii'  particular  study,  and  who  have  con- 
firmed their  knowledge  by  linguistic  science  and  personal 
oljservation.  To  bring  before  such  an  audience  any  compi- 
lation of  knowledge,  however  adroitly  arranged  or  however 
gracefully  expressed,  would,  it  seems  to  me,  be  a  very  super- 
fluous labour  and  confer  little  credit  on  my  judgment.  But 
what  I  can  do  is  to  suggest  certain  trains  of  thought  that 
may  lead  you  to  connect  the  event  of  this  day  not  only  with 
personal  and  local  interests,  but  with  principles  deep  as  your 
o^\^l  moral  nature  and  speculations  vast  as  the  history  and 
destination  of  mankind. 

Eacli  of  us  stands  on  a  point  of  time  with  an  eternity  on 
either  liand.  It  is  the  especial  privilege  of  ]\Ian,  and  some- 
times his  penalty,  to  look  before  and  after,  to  hope  and  to 
observe.  Archaeology  is  the  study  of  the  positive  and  mate- 
rial records  of  the  past, — the  waifs  and  strays  which  the 
ever  on-coming  ocean  of  time  leaves  behind  it, — fragments 
from  rocks  of  ages,  such  as  a  child  might  gather  on  the 
shore,  but  which,  when   studied  and  handled,  assimilated 


DELIVErvED  AT   THE    LEEDS  CONGRESS.  3 

and  contrasted,  by  science,  can  link  on  one  generation  of 
men  to  the  immense  distance  behind  it;  and  shew  that, 
limited  as  are  our  faculties,  and  finite  our  perceptions,  we 
are  nevertheless  endowed  with  awful  powers  of  discovery 
and  construction.  As  Baron  Cuvier,  the  eminent  osteolo- 
gist, was  said  to  be  able  to  devise  the  whole  frame  of  an 
extinct  animal  out  of  a  single  bone,  so,  with  no  more  ex- 
aggeration, the  true  Antiquary  may  be  said  to  create  out  of 
few  and  scattered  materials  the  real  history  of  the  past,  as 
contradistinguished  from  the  fancies  of  poets  or  even  the 
theories  of  philosophers.  Geologists  are  the  antiquaries  of 
the  planet  we  inhabit,  and  in  the  superposition  of  strata 
they  trace  the  succession  of  periods  and  the  actions  of 
physical  force,  with  a  preciseness  that  no  chronicler  could 
attain.  The  impression  of  the  foot  of  the  gigantic  bird  dis- 
covered in  Connecticut  establishes  the  existence  of  a  monster 
of  the  air  in  some  primc^val  world  with  as  much  certainty 
as  thrilled  the  heart  of  Kobinson  Crusoe  at  the  sight  of  the 
footprint  of  the  savage  on  the  sand;  and  the  sparrows  on 
your  house-tops  are  not  more  real  than  the  fossil  from 
Bavaria,  on  which  the  microscope  of  Professor  Owen  has 
traced  the  very  feathers  that  floated,  it  may  be,  a  million 
years  ago. 

Again,  the  Antiquity  of  the  Human  Species  is  at  the  pre- 
sent moment  a  subject  of  lively  discussion.  From  the  dis- 
covery of  some  pieces  of  flint  rudely  fashioned  into  imple- 
ments or  instruments  of  aggression,  has  been  deduced  the 
existence  of  races  endowed  with  human  intelligence,  exist- 
ing cosevally  with  an  order  of  physical  forms  now  totally 
extinct;  and  from  the  piles  of  the  Locustrian  viflages  pre- 
served in  the  lakes  of  Switzerland,  Denmark,  and  Scotland,—- 
as  are  the  foundations  of  Venice  in  the  waters  of  the  Adri- 
atic,—has  arisen  the  conviction  of  a  vast  and  desert  period 
in  the  history  of  our  earth,  when  generations  of  mankind 
succeeded  one  another  in  savage  insignificance,  wandering 
over  Europe  as  the  red  man  of  the  prairies  of  America, 
animated  only  with  the  instincts  of  self-preservation  or 
mutual  destruction. 

There  is  another  branch  of  our  study  which  of  late  years 
has  flourished  exceedingly,  and  promises  to  bear  most  sub- 
stantial fruit.  I  mean  the  archaeology  of  language.  Lan-^ 
euaires  are  audible  svmbols  of  the  transmission  of  thoij, 


^<PJ 


^i 


4  INAUGURAL  ADDRESS 

in  special  forms  tlu'Oiigli  the  successive  descendants  of  the 
human  family;  and  by  their  analogies  and  diversities  we 
trace  at  once  the  migrations  and  connexions  of  races  and 
even  something  of  the  moral  and  intellectual  varieties  of  the 
inhabitants  of  this  globe.  Some  half  dozen  words  are  all 
that  is  left  of  the  old  Etruscan  language;  only  in  some  few 
hamlets  of  the  Pyrenees  is  heard  a  tongue  entirely  dissimi- 
lar from  any  that  foils  on  European  ears;  and  yet  these 
few  traditionary  sounds  and  letters  are  sources  of  deep  and 
useful  interest  in  the  study  of  the  ancient  history  of  the 
populations  of  Italy  and  northern  Spain. 

It  is  in  this  point  of  view  that  I  highly  value  the  retention 
among  us  of  our  provincial  dialects,  and  should  regret  to  see 
them  smelted  down  into  a  genteel  uniformity  of  language 
and  pronunciation.  The  common  speech  of  our  separate 
counties  is  a  continuous  testimony  of  the  origin  of  its  people 
and  of  their  place  in  the  heterogeneous  history  of  the  British 
race.  Our  good  broad  Yorkshire  indicates  the  stalwart 
northern  stock  from  which  we  have  sprung;  and  when  I 
hear  it  well  out-spoken,  either  by  the  ploughman  in  the 
field,  or  by  my  friend,  the  Hon.  and  Rev.  Philip  Savile, 
Avhom  I  see  before  me,  in  all  its  emphatic  vigour,  I  am 
almost  sorry  that  it  has  left  the  hall,  and  I  hope  it  will  stick 
to  the  cottage. 

But  the  immediate  objects  of  this  Society  are  not  the 
archaeology  of  our  earth,  our  race,  or  our  language.  They 
are  simply  and  purely  historical.  We  shew  little  favour  to 
theories,  even  though  founded  upon  a  historical  basis.  We 
ask  for  facts  and  evidence  of  facts,  and  we  are  content  to 
leave  to  others  the  responsibility  of  their  own  conclusions. 
Most  people  of  any  ingenuity  can  discover  in  history  what- 
ever they  wish  to  find  there ;  and  if  you  choose  to  make  a 
bad  use  of  the  materials  with  which  we  supply  you,  do  it  at 
your  own  risk,  and  do  not  lay  the  blame  on  archaeology. 

If  you  wish  to  Ijc  real  Antiquaries  and  to  take  a  sincere 
])lcasure  in  arclkTological  science,  there  are  one  or  two  con- 
ditions which  I  now  desire  to  place  before  you  as  indispen- 
sable for  that  purpose.  You  must  feel  a  reverential  respect 
and  aff^ectionate  regard  for  the  past.  This  is  no  common 
instinct  of  our  nature,  inherent  in  all  portions  of  mankind. 
The  enterj^rising  explorer  and  delightful  writer  of  travels, 
Captain  Burton,  told  me  he  had  found  many  African  tribes 


DELIVERED  AT  THE    LEEDS  CONGRESS.  5 

who  liad  no  perception  whatever  of  any  events  that  lay 
behind  their  own  personal  experience  :  grandfathers  they 
occasionally  rcmeml^ered,  but  great-grandfathers  were  ut- 
terly unknown.  No  man  recorded  a  thought  beyond  his 
own  limited  memory,  and  even  that  faculty  was  never  ex- 
ercised beyond  the  purposes  of  the  day.  Now,  in  striking 
contrast  to  this  almost  bestial  oblivion,  we  recognise,  in 
nearly  all  Eastern  nations,  a  profound  reverence  for  all  that 
is  passing  and  past,  for  the  dead  and  the  memories  of  the 
dead :  not  only  for  the  great  things  that  are  gone  by,  but 
even  for  that  which  in  itself  is  mean  and  trivial  and  useless, 
but  which,  from  the  very  fact  of  its  being  gone,  seemed  to 
acquire  a  certain  greatness  and  solemnity.  Hence  the 
yearning,  as  it  were,  to  keep  the  dead  ever  existing  among 
them,  in  defiance  of  mortal  corruption  and  transitory  events; 
hence  the  wondrous  caves  filled  with  the  embalmed  remains 
of  men"  and  animals,  sculptured  with  records  and  brightly 
painted,  but  on  which  no  mortal  eye  was  meant  to  rest; 
hence  the  gigantic  pyramids  of  Egypt — that  vast  necro- 
polis; and  hence  that  unending  series  of  graven  archives 
which  of  late  years  has  been  disinterred  by  archoeological 
enterprise  from  the  ancient  cities,  whose  names  had  been 
hitherto  only  symbols  of  mysterious  judgments  and  shadowy 
images  of  sacred  or  mythical  history. 

The  German  philosopher,  Gtithe,  somewhere  observes,  that 
it  seems  to  him  that  Providence  entrusted  the  solemn  his- 
tory of  the  relations  of  God  to  Man  to  the  Hebrew  people, 
not  because  they  were  wiser  or  better  than  other  races,  but 
because  they  possessed  such  an  obstinate  adherence  to  the 
past  and  such  a  persistent  love  of  whatever  was  connected 
with  themselves,  that  they  would  hold  and  transmit  the 
truth  more  honestly,  and  with  less  admixture  of  earthly 
thoughts  and  fancies,  than  any  other  fraction  of  mankind. 

In  Greece  these  feelings  associated  themselves  with  those 
beautiful  shapes  of  sculpture  and  architecture,  wdiich  the 
after  world,  in  its  fullest  civilisation,  has  accepted  as  the 
loftiest  and  purest  expression  of  the  human  imagination, 
and  thus  the  archaeology  of  Grecian  history  possesses  a  dis- 
tinct and  peculiar  interest,  far  more  beneficial  to  mankind — 
far  wider  in  its  influence  than  any  that  can  be  derived  from 
the  study  of  those  oriental  antiquities,  whose  sole  object 
seems  to  have  been  an  obstinate  conservation  of  national  life 


6  IXAUGURAL  ADDRESS 

and  peculiar  institutioiii^,  without  any  regard  to  the  moral 
value  or  the  artistic  merit  of  what  was  to  be  perpetuated. 

We  learn,  however,  to  appreciate  such  a  devout  anti- 
quarian spirit  all  the  more,  when  we  remember  the  effects 
of  such  barbaric  devastations  as  have  made  a  blank  and 
wilderness  between  the  ancient  and  the  modern  world,  and 
when  we  recognise  that  fury  of  destruction  which  seems 
to  become  an  instinct  of  mankind  in  certain  paroxysms  of 
history  and  to  be  compatible  with  high  moral  purposes 
and  civic  virtues.  It  is  the  business  of  the  Antiquary  to 
visit  all  such  battle-fields  of  human  interests  and  passions, 
and  to  collect  and  foster  all  the  fragments  of  intellectual 
and  artistic  life  that  may  yet  remain,  and  this  with  no  sect- 
arian bias  or  partial  tastes.  The  lover  of  gothic  architec- 
ture must  rejoice  at  the  discovery  of  a  pagan  altar,  and 
the  iconoclast  Protestant  at  the  excavation  of  a  statue  of  a 
Pioman  saint.  There  are,  alas  !  too  many  incidents  of  poli- 
tical and  religious  violence  in  our  own  history,  which  should 
make  us  fully  appreciate  a  spirit  of  cosmopolitan  tolerance 
in  rescuing  whatever  may  yet  be  saved.  Of  what  inesti- 
mable price  would  have  been  the  existence  of  this  feeling 
at  the  time  of  the  suppression  of  monastic  houses  in  Eng- 
land and  of  the  consequent  destruction  and  dispersion  of  so 
much  literary  and  historic  treasure.  In  the  religious  es- 
tablishments of  our  own  country  were  preserved  chronicles, 
not  only  of  public  events,  which  are  now  hopelessly  obscure, 
but  private  records,  personally  interesting  to  families  and 
localities,  such  as  we  find  in  the  scanty  specimens  collected 
by  Dugdale,  and  which  would  have  enabled  many  of  us  to 
trace  up  name  and  land  to  the  very  sources  of  our  social 
and  political  existence. 

I  can  give  you  an  instance  of  the  deadness  of  this  feeling 
which  prevailed  among  our  upper  classes,  which  regards  at 
once  your  town  and  my  own  ancestors.  Thoresby,  while 
engaged  in  forming  that  curious  and  multifarious  collection, 
"  The  Museum  Thoresbeanum,"  makes  an  entry  in  his  diary 
of  a  visit  to  "  Cousin  Ptodes,"  of  Great  Houghton  (and  I  am 
proud  of  this  cousinship  with  your  great  antiquary),  where 
he  was  "  glad  of"  a  large  number  of  autograph  letters  of  the 
Earl  of  Strafford,  who  had  married  the  sister  of  his  host,  and 
which  apparently  were  handed  over  to  him  without  the 
least  scruple  or  interest  in  their  contents.     Now,  these  were 


DELIVERED  AT  THE    LEEDS  CONGRESS.  7 

the  lovc-lettcrs  and  confidential  correspondence  of  the  Earl 
with  liis  wife,  who  was  still  living  hard  by,  at  her  jointure- 
house  of  Hooton-RoLerts,  and  who  allowed  these  most 
private  family  documents,  full  of  valuable  public  matter,  and 
throwing  much  lioht  on  the  character  of  the  fallen  states- 
man,  to  be  thus  summarily  disposed  of  to  their  mquisitive 
relative.  Among  them  was  the  last  letter  he  wrote  to  her  a 
few  days  before  his  execution,  and  which  became  by  this 
means,  some  years  ago,  an  object  of  lively  competition  at  a 
public  sale.  Some  few,  which  Thoresby  did  not  secure,  are 
still  in  my  possession. 

But  we  may  judge  more  leniently  than  otherwise  we 
should  do  such  indifference  and  disregard,  even  of  the 
familiar  past,  on  the  part  of  individuals,  when  we  find  no 
more  susceptibility  or  interest  among  the  conservators  of 
our  public  records.  No  country  in  Europe  possesses  so 
continuous,  various,  and  complete  a  series  of  documentary 
annals  as  Great  Britain  ;  and  yet,  within  my  own  time,  I 
can  remember  all  these  confused  and  housed  together,  with- 
out selection,  in  six  different  depositories,  one  tenement  more 
exposed  than  another  to  the  ordinary  chances  of  destruc- 
tion. At  that  time  all  the  interesting  records  of  the  Eng- 
lish Chancery,  down  to  the  very  earliest  periods,  were  col- 
lected in  the  Tower,  contiguous  to  a  steam-engine  smoking 
and  snorting  under  the  window,  and  with  a  powder-maga- 
zine within  a  short  distance.  One  would  have  thought 
that  such  a  reverend  body  as  the  Dean  and  Chapter  of 
AVestminster  mig-ht  have  shewn  a  decorous  and  affectionate 
solicitude  for  the  wonderful  memorials  entrusted  to  their 
patriotic  care.  There  was  the  Domesday  Book,  that  asto- 
nishing example  of  the  spirit  of  sagacious  and  accurate  ad- 
ministration prevailing  amid  the  tumult  of  conquest  and 
the  confusion  of  the  new  settlement  of  a  kingdom  ;  there 
was  the  brief  by  which  Pope  Adrian,  in  his  function  as 
Universal  Lord,  gave  Ireland  to  the  dominion  of  Henry  II ; 
there  was  the  treaty  of  the  Cloth  of  Gold,  sealed  with  the 
beautiful  signet  which  Benvenuto  Cellini  devised  for  the 
occasion  ;  there  were  the  written  landmarks  of  every  age 
of  British  story,  and  there,  just  behind  the  Chapter-house, 
was  a  bakehouse  and  a  washhouse  with  a  large  fire  con- 
tinually burning,  and  menacing  this  intellectual  treasury 
with  annihilation.    About  the  year  1838,  a  bill  was  brought 


8  INAUGURAL  ADDRESS 

into  Parliament  for  the  purpose  of  building  a  record  office 
worthy  of  the  country.  This  was  mainly  owing  to  the  ex- 
ertions of  a  lamented  and  distinguished  friend  of  mine,  the 
late  ^Ir.  Charles  Buller,  whose  memory  is  still  fresh  in  the 
political  generation  to  wdiich  he  belonged,  and  whose  epi- 
taph in  Westminster  Al)bey  will  transmit  to  posterity  the 
blighted  promise  of  his  public  usefulness  and  private  w^orth. 
But  some  ten  years  were  allowed  to  go  by  without  anything 
bi'ing  done  in  furtherance  of  this  object ;  and  I  remember 
that  I  frequently  interrogated  the  Home  Secretary  why  this 
great  scandal  was  allowed  to  continue,  and  I  was  told  there 
was  no  public  money  for  the  purpose.  However,  owing 
perhaps  to  what  I  and  others  had  said,  an  extensive  and 
commodious  building  has  lately  been  erected  on  the  Rolls 
Estate,  near  Chancery  Lane,  and  I  trust  that,  in  a  few  years, 
there  may  be  brought  together,  and  skilfully  arranged,  that 
series  of  antiquarian  documents  from  which  the  first  real 
history  of  this  country  will  have  to  be  written. 

1  fear  there  are  few  towns  and  districts  of  this  country  " 
which  can  join  in  this  condemnation  of  the  central  authori- 
ties without  some  self-reproach  at  their  own  shortcomings. 
Even  the  borough  to  which  I  am  attached  by  such  close 
ties  of  neighbourhood  and  gratitude  could  not  present  itself 
as  wholly  blameless,  for  it  allows  the  very  interesting  re- 
cords of  its  corporation  to  be  bandied  about  from  one  soli- 
citor's office  to  another,  with  risk  of  damage ;  but  this  com- 
parative carelessness  can  excite  little  surprise  wdien  we  see 
the  administrators  of  the  Duchy  of  Lancaster,  that  ancient 
appanage  and  productive  estate  of  the  Crown,  permitting 
the  remains  of  Pontefract  Castle,  the  great  border-fortress 
and  palace  of  the  north,  to  fall  into  still  more  absolute 
decay,  and  to  be  let  as  a  liquorice  ground,  at  thirty  pounds  a 
year,  instead  of  being  laid  out,  as  it  might  be,  in  decent  order, 
and  with  due  care  for  the  preservation  of  the  ruins,  to  the 
credit  of  the  Crown  and  the  enjoyment  of  the  inhabitants. 

The  enthusiasm  with  which  the  antiquary  collects  together 
the  materials  for  his  study,  has  often  been  the  subject  of 
satire  and  even  of  ridicule.  Sir  AV alter  Scott,  imbued  as 
he  was  with  the  truest  archaeological  spirit,  shews  in  the 
description  of  his  own  Antiquary  that  he  too  had  not  alto- 
gether thrown  off  the  eighteenth-century  notion,  which 
regarded  them,  at  the  best,  as  harmless  monomaniacs  : 


DELIVERED  AT  THE    LEEDS  CONGRESS.  9 

"  I  knew  Anselmo.     He  was  wise  and  prudent, 
Wisdom  and  cunning  had  their  shares  of  him  ; 
But  ho  was  shrewish  as  a  wayward  child, 
And  pleased  again  by  toys  which  childhood  please ; 
As,  book  of  fables  graced  with  prints  of  wood, 
Or  else  the  jingling  of  a  rusty  medal. 
Or  the  rare  melody  of  some  old  ditty, 
That  first  was  sung  to  please  King  Pepin's  cradle." 

For  my  part,  I  am  inclined  to  look  on  the  taste  for  collec- 
tion as  useful  in  itself,  especially  for  the  young.  It  indicates 
the  love  of  order  and  an  interest  in  external  objects,  both 
important  elements  of  education.  The  boy  who  brings  home 
and  arranges  his  birds'  eggs,  and  the  girl  who  carefully  sets 
out  in  a  book  her  specimens  of  sea-weed,  are  laying  the 
foundation  for  a  methodical  study  of  natural  history.  This 
propensity,  of  course,  will  be  exercised  sensibly  or  indiscri- 
minately according  to  the  knowledge  and  the  judgment  of 
the  collector.  A  great  inclination  for  amassing  certain  works 
>of  art  may  be  coincident  with  a  period  in  which  art  itself 
has  fallen  to  the  lowest  level,  as  was  the  case  with  the  mania 
for  carved  gems  in  the  days  of  the  Lower  Eoman  empire ; 
or  the  pleasure  of  the  possession  of  something  rare  and  won- 
derful may  become  so  intense  as  to  absorb  all  other  consi- 
derations, even  that  of  the  authenticity  and  reality  of  the 
object  acquired.  This  perversion  was  singularly  illustrated 
in  the  passion  for  the  reliques  of  the  most  sacred  personages 
and  earliest  events  of  Christian  history  which  at  one  time 
pervaded  the  whole  of  Europe  and  even  affected  religious 
dogma.  Not  but  that,  taken  apart  from  all  devout  consi- 
derations, ecclesiastical  reliques  may  be,  in  themselves,  or 
in  their  associations,  objects  of  deep  antiquarian  interest; 
as,  for  instance,  one  that  fell  under  my  personal  observation. 
At  the  time  of  the  birth  of  the  Prince  Imperial,  the  son  of 
the  Emperor  of  the  French,  it  was  stated  in  a  newspaper 
that  the  Emperor  had  hung  something  round  the  neck  of 
the  Empress  that  was  supposed  to  contain  a  portion  of  the 
True  Cross.  Now  T  remembered  that,  when  in  exile  in  Eng- 
land, Prince  Louis  Napoleon  had  shewn  me  the  jewels  he 
inherited  from  his  uncle.  Among  these  was  a  carbuncle 
about  the  size  of  a  pigeon's  egg,  divided  for  the  insertion  of 
a  small  fragment  of  wood,  and  rudely  put  together  agaijo^ 
a  fine  old  Byzantine  settini^.    This  jewel  was  founds 

1864  -^  o  J  V^^ 


1  0  INAUGURAL  ADDRESS 

round  the  nock  of  the  Emperor  Charlemagne  when  he  was 
discovered  sitting  upright,  and  crowned  with  the  Iron  Crown, 
in  his  tomb  at  Aix-la-Chapelle.  The  crown  and  the  jewel 
were  both  taken  to  Italy  and  deposited  in  the  church  of 
]\Ionza,  near  ]Milan,  and  thence  transferred  to  Paris  after  the 
conquest  of  Napoleon.  When  the  great  despot  fell  and  the 
nations  got  theii'  own  aQ;ain,  the  Crown  of  the  Iron  Nails 
was  restored  to  Lombardy ;  but  the  jewel  was  forgotten,  and 
remained  among  the  private  treasures  of  the  emperor,  and 
thus  descended  to  his  nephew,  who  told  me  that  his  uncle 
was  supposed  to  have  worn  it  in  several  of  his  most  historic 
eno-ao-ements.  There  are  few  of  us  who  could  see  without 
emotion  a  relique  that  carries  w^ith  it  so  strange  and  event- 
ful a  biography. 

But  archa3ology  has  a  far  higher  function  than  the  col- 
lection of  the  reliques  of  the  past,  or  even  the  mainte- 
nance of  reverential  feelino;s  tow\ards  our  forefathers  and 
the  olden  time.  It  is  but  an  innocent  diversion,  merely 
a  curious  amusement,  unless  accompanied  by  a  spirit 
of  serious,  accurate,  and,  if  need  be,  merciless  criticism. 
Archceology  is  the  rectifier  of  Tradition,  whether  written 
or  spoken.  It  must  stand  between  the  living  and  the 
dead,  between  the  false  and  the  true.  The  study  of  History 
is  every  day  becoming  more  severely  critical.  Under  its 
influence  familiar  names  are  changing  their  traditionary 
characters ;  and  events  of  which  we  have  been  accustomed 
to  talk  glibly  and  confidently  are  assuming  shadowy  shapes 
and  refuse  to  be  superficially  defined.  Niebuhr,  Grote,  and 
Arnold,  have  demolished  the  academic  fabric  of  current 
classical  history ;  and  a  gradual  process  of  transformation  is 
goinof  on  in  our  own  annals  under  the  conscientious  re- 
searches  of  Tytler,  Carlyle,  Kingsley,  and  Fronde.  These 
writers  have  treated  history  archseologically ;  letting  state 
papers,  acts  of  parliament,  and  other  documents  of  different 
periods,  tell  their  own  tale;  placing  themselves,  as  far  as 
possible,  in  the  position  of  the  characters  they  are  investi- 
ji^atiniT,  and  dismissin'j^  from  their  minds  iudo-ments  that 
have  been  framed  or  accepted  by  the  passions  or  the  preju- 
dices of  posterity.  Thus,  if  it  turns  out  that  Richard  II  did 
not  die  at  Pontefract  Castle,  but  escaped  to  Scotland,  and 
was  buried  at  Stirling,  my  old  constituents  must  make  up 
their  minds  to  the   loss  of  their  favourite  legend.     Thus, 


DELIVERED  AT  THE    LEEDS  CONGRESS.  11 

if  Henry  VIII,  the  fouiidur  of  our  National  Church,  is  proved 
not  to  have  become  a  monster  of  cruelty  and  lust  as  soon  as  he 
ceased  to  be  an  orthodox  Eoman  Catholic,  our  patriotism  and 
our  Protestantism  must  not  think  themselves  aggrieved ;  and 
■  if  Oliver  Cromwell,  by  the  fair  and  careful  interpretation  of 
liis  speeches  and  letters,  stands  out  as  no  religious  hypocrite 
or  political  trickster,  we  must  not  regard  our  acceptance  of 
tliis  fact  as  any  damage  to  our  loyalty  or  insult  to  our  love 
of  truth.  Let  us  be  assured  that,  although  such  discoveries 
may  jar  immediately  on  our  accustomed  beliefs,  we  shall  be 
the  gainers  by  them  in  the  end ;  for  the  critical  spirit,  dis- 
sociated from  antiquarian  research  and  feeling,  is  wholly 
destructive;  and  while  it  shakes  to  their  foundations  all 
edifices  of  prejudiced  fancy  and  interested  opinion,  it  con- 
founds in  the  same  ruin  those  tender  and  serious  relations 
of  the  past  whicli  go  so  far  to  mitigate  the  evils  and  smooth 
the  difficulties  of  present  existence  and  form  the  links  of  a 
continuous  and  progressive  humanity.  Thus  was  it  with 
the  great  cataclysm  that  overwhelmed  France  at  the  end  of 
the  last  century,  the  effects  of  which  are  still  predominant 
in  its  mind  and  in  its  literature.  And  only  by  the  inclination 
towards  antiquarian  studies,  and  by  the  desire  of  such  men 
as  Thierry,  Guizot,  Martin,  and  Mignet,  to  establish  the  veri- 
table bases  of  history,  has  that  iconoclast  rage  been  allayed, 
and  the  singularly  critical  faculty  of  that  clear-sighted 
people  been  reduced  within  the  limits  of  its  legitimate  ex- 
ercise.-^ 

I  need  not  press  upon  your  attention  the  paramount  neces- 
sity of  a  laborious  investigation  of  the  absolute  authenticity 
of  everything  that  comes  within  the  Antiquary's  observ- 
ation. Outward  imposture  and  inward  delusion  assume  a 
hundred  forms  to  captivate  and  cajole  him.  The  scarabcei 
of  the  Tlieban  desert  are  fiibricated  by  the  ton  at  Birm- 
ingham; a  manufiicturer  of  the  flint  instruments  of  prim- 
aeval mankind  has  just  been  committed  to  prison  at  Scar- 
borough; and  the  whole  areha3ological  world  is  at  present 
in  full  chase  after  the  artificer  of  the  thousands  of  medieval 
leaden  images  and  medals  that  were  said  to  have  been 
exhumed  from  the  London  clay.  From  the  Martinus  Scrih- 
lerus  of  Pope  and  the  Marmor  Norfolciense  of  Dr.  Johnson, 

^  I  remember  a  French  artisan  once  saying  to  me,  '•'  Ah,  monsieur,  c'est  si 
joli  de  detruire  !" 


1  2  INAUGURAL  ADDRESS 

down  to  the  "  Hi  diddle  diddle,  the  cat  and  the  fiddle,"  the 
last  exhibition  of  the  genial  humour  and  acute  perception  of 
the  classical  statesman,  Sir  G.  Coruewall  Lewis,  satiric  lite- 
rature has  ever  been  on  the  watch  for  the  self-deception  of 
antiquarian  erudition.  But  with  a  fair  amount  of  learning,  a 
sense  of  art,  and  a  conscientious  study  of  style  in  the  various 
productions  of  sculpture,  coins,  gems,  pottery,  mosaics,  and 
mural  paintings,— and,  above  all,  with  a  single-hearted 
desire  for  the  attainment  of  truth,— you  may  disregard  the 
impositions  of  charlatans  and  defy  the  ridicule  of  poets  or 
philosophers. 

I  have  now  attempted  to  delineate  broadly  the  more 
important  requisites  for  the  secure  and  successful  prosecu- 
tion of  archaeological  study  and  to  impress  upon  you  some 
of  its  most  prominent  moral  and  intellectual  advantages.    I 
have  a  few  words  yet  to  say  on  the  locality  which  our  Asso- 
ciation has  this  year  selected  for  the  scene  of  its  laljours  and 
its  pleasures.    The  immense  field  of  research  into  the  former 
condition,  habits,  and  character,  of  our  species,  which  the 
varied  population  of  these  islands  at  difi'erent  epochs  pre- 
sents, requires  no  comment  from  me ;  but  I  may  remark 
that  this  our  county  of  Yorkshire  contains  in  itself  an  epi- 
tome of  the  peculiar  and  changeful  fortunes  of  this  soil  of 
England.     Here  were  established  for  centuries  the  soldier- 
colonies  of  the  empire  w^hose  seat  and  centre  of  power  was 
that  very  Eome  whose  destiny  still  excites  a  religious  and 
political  interest,  and  of  which  we  were  then  a  distant  and 
humble  dependency.     Here  met,  in  many  a  conflict,   the 
Saxon  and  the  Dane, — progenitors  of  the  very  races  that 
are  now  disputing  the  possession  of  the  north  of  Germany. 
Here  was  the  scene  of  the  partition  of  the  very  lands  that 
wc   now  cultivate   among   the  chiefs  of  those  Gallicised 
Northmen  whose  raid  on  the  coast  of  Sussex  the  death  of 
Harold  converted  into  the  conquest  of  England.     Such  are 
the  memories  that  wdll  arise  before  you  in  the  excursions 
of  this  week,  w^hen,  taking  your  start  from  the  little  Saxon 
kingdom  of  Elmet,  you  will  traverse  in  a  few  hours  what 
would  have  been  many  a  day's  hard  journey  ;   and  passing 
from  the  still  bright  mosaic  pavements  of  Isurium  to  the 
old  Castle  of  Kirkby,  which  it  is  probable  the  De  Lacys 
renamed  after  their  Norman  chateau  of  Pontfreit;  and  to 
the  still  glorious  ruins  of  ecclesiastical  skill  and  industry  in 


DELIVERED  AT  THE    LEEDS  CONGRESS.  13 

those  tlion  desolate  wilds  to  wliicli  the  monks  of  Fountains 
brought  piety  and  peace.  Such  of  you  as  will  honour  nic 
with  a  visit  at  Fryston  Hall  will  survey  the  district  which 
Bishop  Tonstall,  in  1548,  riding  by  the  side  of  King  Henry 
VIII,  told  him  was  "  the  richest  that  ever  he  found  in  all  his 
travels  through  Europe";  and  you  will  follow  the  course  of 
the  river  Are,  of  which,  at  the  commencement  of  the  last 
century,  Hadley,  the  great  engineer,  spoke  as  "  the  noblest 
river  in  England  not  then  navigable,"  but  which  has  since 
become  populous  with  your  mercantile  commerce,  while  I  am 
sorry  to  say  the  abundant  manufactures  on  its  banks  have 
deprived  it  of  something  of  its  native  brightness  and  purity. 
I  am  afraid  that  the  days  are  past  when  it  was  sung  how — 

"  The  Castleford  lasses  are  buxom  and  fair, 
For  they  drink  of  the  Calder  and  bathe  in  the  Are." 

It  is,  indeed,  only  when  the  wealth  and  range  of  the  anti- 
quities of  Yorkshire  are  fully  estimated,  that  we  comprehend 
how  much  is  yet  to  be  done,  notwithstanding  the  zeal,  devo- 
tion, and  intelligence,  of  the  many  antiquaries  of  whom  we 
may  justly  boast.  First — not  in  chronological  order,  nor 
perhaps  in  scholastic  learning,  but  first  in  Leeds — I  must 
mention  Thoresby.  I  know  no  character  more  interesting 
and  instructive  than  that  which  is  exhibited  in  the  frank 
pages  of  the  diaries  he  has  left,  illustrating  a  life  wholly 
spent  in  the  industrious  investigation  of  what  is  best  worth 
knowing  in  the  world  in  which  he  was  placed  and  in  devout 
preparation  for  another.  Though  with  no  natural  energy 
of  temperament, — for  you  may  remember  how  his  father 
reproached  him  with  eJSeminacy  for  liking  to  travel  in  stage- 
coaches, and  how  he  was  nearly  prevented  going  to  Dublin 
by  fear  of  the  pirates  in  the  Irish  Channel;  though  of  no 
lively  disposition,  for  when  at  Oxford  he  was  pleased  with 
the  skeletons  and  stuffed  remains  in  the  Anatomical  Museum, 
because  they  accorded  with  his  natural  melancholy ;  though 
of  no  remarkable  religious  fervour,  for  he  often  accuses 
himself  of  a  dull,  spiritual  condition  which  he  humorously 
designates  as  "dry  drunkenness," — he  never  seems  to  have 
wearied  in  any  labour,  or  to  have  shrunk  from  any  adven- 
ture in  the  pursuit  of  the  truth  of  antiquity,  nor  to  have 
failed  in  any  duty  to  God  or  man.  I  should  be  glad, 
indeed,  if  the  people  of  this  opulent  and  intelligent  city 
would  raise  some  memorial  which  would  shew  their  sense  of 


1  4  INAUGURAL  ADDRESS 

the  merits  and  virlucs  of  their  brave  old  townsman,  especi- 
ally as  tliey  have  permitted  the  dispersion  of  the  remarkal)lc 
Museum  which  he  had  so  sedulously  collected,  and  which 
would  now  have  been  an  important  feature  of  this  province, 
and  an  invaluable  addition,  on  this  occasion,  to  your  objects 
of  local  interest. 

There  is  another  name  that  I  willingly  record,  that  of 
j\lr.  Johnstone,  whom  Thoresby  used  to  call  his  master  in 
antiquities,  who  lived  at  Pontefract  strugoiing  with  poverty, 
but  sustained  by  the  large  hope  that  he  should  illustrate  all 
Yorkshire  liefore  he  died.  His  difficulties  forced  him  to 
leave  this  country,  and  skulk  in  obscurity  for  many  years, 
till  some  chance  brought  him  under  the  notice  of  the  Earl 
of  Peterborougli,  who,  in  the  discharge  of  the  duty  of  an 
aristocracy  towards  men  of  letters  (then  so  liberally  acknow- 
ledoed),  took  him  under  his  protection,  and  made  him  the 
inmate  of  his  house  for  the  remainder  of  his  life.  After  his 
death  it  was  proposed  to  purchase  his  papers  for  the  Minster 
Library  of  York;  but  the  scheme  fell  through,  and  1  believe 
they  are  still  in  private  hands. 

You  have  a  closer  connexion  with  Hopkinson  of  Loft- 
house,  some  of  whose  elaborate  genealogies  are  preserved  in 
this  town,  and  forty-two  volumes  of  whose  collections  form 
part  of  the  magnificent  library  which  Mr.  Mathew  Wilson 
has  inherited  from  the  judicious  and  accomplished  biblio- 
philist  Miss  Currer. 

Near  the  now  busy  station  of  Normanton  is  the  monu- 
ment of  Mr.  Torre  of  Snydal,  whose  ]\1SS.,  deposited  in  the 
]\[inster  Library  at  York,  are  the  source  of  so  much  safe 
information  to  ecclesiastical  archaeologists. 

I  wish  my  limits  permitted  me  to  do  more  than  remind 
you  of  the  works  of  Burton  and  Drake  and  De  la  Pry  me 
and  Brooke  and  AVhittaker ;  but  I  am  aware  how  long  I  have 
intruded  on  your  patience,  and  I  close  this  imperfect  cata- 
logue with  the  name  of  one  whose  memory  is  still  fresh 
among  you,  I\ I r.  Joseph  Hunter.  I  deeply  regret  that  he  is 
not  now  amongst  us,  with  all  that  varied  erudition  and  won- 
derful grasp  of  detail  which  he  never  seemed  to  lose,  with 
that  grace  and  benevolence  of  manner  which  made  his  in- 
formation always  agreeable,  and  with  that  store  of  know- 
ledge of  the  histories  of  private  families  in  this  county,  which 
made  him  the  continual  referee  on  many  questions  of  grave 


DELTVERED  AT  THE    LEEDS  CONGRESS.  15 

individual  interest  or  of  natural  curiosity,  and  for  which  I 
do  not  know  how  to  seek  elsewhere.  If  we  only  knew  the 
rest  of  our  county  as  well  as  we  do  those  districts  which  the 
labour  and  learning  of  Mr.  Hunter  have  illuminated,  we 
should  have  more  to  tell,  and  less  to  learn  from,  the  members 
of  the  Archaeological  Association. 

In  conclusion,  let  me  add  to  these  incomplete  remarks, 
that,  if  the  gratification  of  striking  and  vivid  contrast  is  an 
agreeable  sensation, — and  it  is  said  by  some  psychologists  to 
be  the  source  of  all  pleasure, — our  visitors  will  enjoy  it  to 
the  fullest  degree  in  the  comparison  of  this  county  as  it  was 
in  the  ages  they  are  investigating,  and  what  it  now  is,  as 
it  lies  before  them  and  profiers  them  its  conveniences  and  its 
hospitalities.  When  they  consider  the  many  stagnant  periods 
of  history  and  the  many  gaps  and  deserts  that  shew  them- 
selves in  the  map  of  the  civilisation  of  mankind,  they  may 
well  appreciate  the  wondrous  transitions  that  here  have 
taken  place  within  the  last  five  hundred  years.  And  there 
will  be  many  to  whom  the  reflection  will  be  grateful,  that 
the  advance  has  been  not  only  in  the  conditions  of  material 
prosperity  but  in  the  intellectual  faculties  which  make  us 
active  and  earnest  in  such  pursuits  as  these,  and  in  the  moral 
qualities  which  are  demanded  from  us  by  the  development 
of  the  higher  nature  of  man.  The  mind  and  soul  of  our 
forefathers  were  in  harmony  with  the  work  they  had  to  do — 

"  To  them  was  life  a  simple  art 

Of  duties  to  be  done  : 
A  game  where  each  man  took  his  part, 

A  race  where  all  must  run  : 
A  battle  whose  great  scheme  and  scope 

They  little  cared  to  know  ; 
Content,  as  men-at-arms,  to  fight 

Each  with  his  fronting  foe." 

Thus  was  it  with  the  Men  of  Old.  Ours  is  another  world  : 
we  have  a  harder  task  and  a  heavier  burden  :  we  have  tlie 
responsibilities  of  an  enlarged  knowledge  and  a  more  enliglit- 
ened  conscience.  All  we  can  do  is  to  strive,  as  heartily  and 
as  constantly  as  we  can,  to  keep  alive  something  of  the 
simplicity  of  the  ancient  life,  and  combine  with  it  the  hope — 
and,  more  than  hope,  the  conviction — of  the  progress  of  the 
human  race,  and  our  thankfulness  to  the  Disposer  of  all 
events  that  he  has  cast  our  lot  in  this  happy  time. 


16 


OBSERVATIONS   ON   THE   HISTORY   OF  THOMAS 
EARL   OF   LANCASTER. 

BY    LOUD    UOUGHTON,    M.A.,    D.C.L.,    PRESIDENT. 

Ix  January  1850  I  made  a  comniuiiication  to  the  editor 
of  Notes  and  Queries  respecting  Thomas  Earl  of  Lancaster, 
coiisiu-german  to  King  Edward  II,  who,  having  been  taken 
in  open  rebellion  against  the  king  on  the  16th  March  1322, 
was  tried  and  condemned  in  the  presence  of  the  sovereign, 
and  executed  with  circumstances  of  great  indignity  on  the 
rising  ground  above  the  Castle  of  Pomfret,  which  he  at  that 
time  possessed  in  the  right  of  his  wife,  the  heiress  of  the 
De  Lacys.  He  seems  to  have  been  a  man  of  great  ambition 
and  of  restless  energy,  stirred  into  indignant  patriotism  by 
the  miserable  favouritism  of  the  king;  in  no  ways  superior 
to  the  rough  morality  of  his  class  and  time,  and  not  espe- 
cially recommending  himself  to  any  ecclesiastical  interest; 
yet  within  a  short  time  of  the  death  of  this  personage,  we 
find  him  an  object  not  only  of  the  great  admiration,  but  of 
the  religious  devotion  of  a  large  portion  of  his  countrymen. 
The  sentence  pronounced  against  him  was  formall}^  revoked 
by  Act  of  Parliament;  and  the  Priory  Church  at  Pomfret, 
which  claimed  to  have  his  body  buried  on  the  right  hand  of 
the  high  altar,  became  the  scene  of  a  series  of  miracles. 
There  is  a  record  in  the  Library  of  Corpus  Christi  College 
at  Cambridge,  "of  the  miracles  that  God  wroughte  for  Seint 
Thomas  of  Lancaster  :  wherefore  the  kino;  lete  close  the 
church  dores  of  Pountfret  of  the  Prioree,  for  no  man  shall 
come  therein  to  the  body  for  to  offeren."  The  veneration 
extended  to  London  and  became  so  prominent  that  a  Royal 
Proclamation  was  issued  denouncimx  and  thrcateninsf  the 
worshippers  of  the  effigy:  "Inimici  et  rebelli  nostri  fatue  ac- 
cedentes  cam  absque  auctoritate  Ecclesia3  Romana3  tanquam 
rem  sanctificatam  colunt  et  adsunt,  asserentes  ibi  fieri  mira- 
cula,  opprobrium  totius  Ecclesise,  nostri  et  vestri  dedecus,  et 
animarum  populi  predicti  periculum  manifestum,  ac  pernici- 
osum  exemplum  aliorum."  This  reverence  therefore,  how- 
ever produced,  was  of  a  national  and  unauthorised  character; 
but  within  five  weeks  after  the  accession  of  Edward  III  a 


HISTORY  OF  THOMAS   EARL  OF  LANCASTER.  1  7 

special  mission  was  sent  to  the  Pope  from  the  King,  implor- 
ing the  appointment  of  a  commission  to  institute  the  usual 
canonical  investigation  preparatory  to  the  canonisation  of  a 
Christian  hero.  In  June  of  the  same  year  a  king's-letter  is 
given  to  Kobert  cle  Weryngton,  authorising  him  and  his 
agents  to  collect  alms  throughout  the  kingdom  for  the  erec- 
tion of  a  chapel  on  the  hill  where  the  earl  was  beheaded. 
Three  years  later  (that  is  in  1330)  the  embassy  is  repeated, 
urging  the  attention  of  the  court  of  Rome  to  a  subject  that 
so  much  interested  the  Church  and  people  of  England ;  and 
in  the  April  of  the  following  year  three  still  more  important 
Envoys  were  sent  with  letters  to  the  Pope,  to  nine  Cardinals, 
to  the  Refeudary  of  the  papal  court,  and  to  the  three  nephews 
of  his  holiness,  entreating  them  not  to  give  ear  to  the  invec- 
tives of  malignant  men  who  have  asserted  that  the  Earl  of 
Lancaster  connived  at  some  injury  offered  to  certain  Car- 
dinals at  Durham  in  the  late  King's  reign.  It  is  affirmed 
that,  on  the  contrary,  the  Earl  defended  those  high  person- 
ages at  his  own  great  peril;  and  the  reiterated  demand  for 
his  sanctification  appeals  to  the  words  of  Scripture, "  Knock, 
and  it  shall  be  opened  unto  you." 

Of  this  strange  story  I  can  find  no  continuation  tiU  fifty- 
nine  years  later,  when  Walsingham,  the  Benedictine  monk 
of  St.  Albans,  chronicling  the  events  of  1390  (the  thirteenth 
year  of  Richard  II),writes,'7ioc  quoque  anno  sanctusThomas 
de Lancastria  canonizatus  est"  The  same  event  is  recorded 
by  John  Capgrave  with  the  discrepancy  of  one  year.  AVriting 
of  1389,  he  narrates  :  "And  this  same  year  was  Thomas  of 
Lancaster  canonised,  for  it  was  seid  commounly  that  he 
schould  nevir  be  canonized  onto  the  tyme  that  alle  the  juges 
that  sat  upon  him  were  ded,  &  all  her  issew." 

Notwithstanding  the  distinct  assertions  of  these  two 
ecclesiastical  historians,  the  festival  of  Thomas  of  Lancas- 
ter is  not  set  down  in  any  of  the  Salisbury  Service  books 
either  printed  or  in  manuscript.  Nor  does  his  feast  come 
among  those  which  Lyndwode  speaks  of  as  introduced 
in  later  years.  Butler  makes  no  mention  of  him  in  his 
Lives  of  the  Saints,  nor  can  I  find  any  notice  of  him  in  any 
Roman  haoioloov.  I  do  not  know  what  date  Mr.  Wrioht 
assigns  to  the  Office  of  St.  Thomas  of  Lancaster,  beginning 
"Gaude  Thoma  ducem  decus  lucerna  Lancastrie,"  printed 
in  the  volume  of  his  Political  Songs;  but  it  is  in  itself  an 

1SC4  3 


18       ON  THE  BADGES  OF  THE  HOUSE  OF  YORK. 

irrefragable  proof  of  the  popularity  and  extent  of  his  invoca- 
tion. Cardinal  Wiseman  kindly  promised  to  direct  some 
inquiry  u})on  this  dubious  point  of  sacerdotal  history  to  be 
made  at  Rome, — with  what  success  I  have  not  been  yet 
informed.  1  shall  be  glad  if  any  member  of  the  Association 
can  throw  any  light  on  these  historical  discrepancies,  which 
at  present  leave  us  with  an  English  saint  without  a  tradition 
of  piety  and  of  questionable  morals,  and  with  two  monastic 
Historians  who  have  hitherto  been  regarded  as  veracious 
chroniclers,  but  who  are  now  placed  in  flagrant  contradiction 
to  the  authority  of  their  Church  on  a  public,  important,  pro- 
fessional fact. 

A  stone  coffin  found  in  a  field  not  far  from  St.  Thomas's  Hill, 
near  Pomfret,  in  tlie  year  1828,  which  in  the  local  histories  has  been 
supposed  to  contain  the  bones  of  this  mysterious  personage,  is  still 
to  be  seen  in  the  pleasure-grounds  of  Lord  Houghton  at  Fryston 
Hall.  The  heavy  lid  was  removed  in  the  presence  of  Mr.  T.  Wright, 
Rev.  C.  Hartshome,  and  other  members  of  the  Archaeological  Associa- 
tion, and  the  bones  taken  out  and  examined.  They  were  of  unusually 
large  proportions,  especially  those  of  the  head.  They  were  afterwards 
restored,  with  due  respect,  to  their  ancient  resting-place. 


ON  THE  BADGES  OF  THE  HOUSE  OF  YORK. 

BY    J.    R.    PLANCHfi,    ESQ.,    ROUGE    CRQIX,    HON.    SEC. 

It  is  now  thirteen  years  since  I  had  the  honour  of  reading 
at  our  Lancashire  Congress  a  paper  "  On  the  Badges  of  the 
House  of  Lancaster,"  which  was  thought  worthy  of  being 
printed  in  our  Journal.  I  therefore,  with  peculiar  pleasure, 
avail  myself  of  our  meeting  in  this  county  to  offer  you  some 
oljservations  on  the  badges  of  the  house  of  York,  as  it  will 
complete,  as  far  as  I  am  at  present  able  to  do,  the  history  of 
the  badges  of  the  royal  family  of  England  from  the  reign  of 
Edward  HI  to  the  times  of  the  Tudors. 

In  the  year  1813  Sir  Henry  EUis,  then  Principal  Libra- 
rian at  the  British  j\Iuseum,  communicated  to  the  Society 
of  Antiquaries  An  Enumeration  and  Explanation  of  the 
Devices  home  as  Badges  of  Cognizance  by  the  House  of 


ON  THE  BADGES  OF  THE  HOUSE  OF  YORK.       1 9 

Yorh,  being  the  copy  of  a  memonindum  written  on  a  blank 
leaf  of  parchment  at  the  beginning  of  the  Digby  MS.  No.  82; 
the  handwriting,  in  Sir  Henry's  opinion,  being  contempo- 
rary with  Eichard  Duke  of  York,  father  of  Edward  IV.  The 
word  "  Explanation,"  however,  must  be  taken  cum  grano,  or 
at  any  rate  in  a  sense  very  different  to  the  one  in  which  I 
purpose  to  use  it  on  this  occasion.  The  memorandum  itself 
is  headed  much  more  correctly,  "  Thes  Ijen  the  Names  of  the 
Lordeshippes,  with  the  Bages  that  pertayneth  to  the  Duke 
of  Yorke";  and  the  "  Explanation"  is  limited  to  the  state- 
ment of  the  different  lordships  to  which  the  badges  belonged. 
As  far  as  it  goes  this  is  certainly  important ;  but  the  expla- 
nation which  we  desire,  is  not  only  to  what  lordships  they 
belonged,  but  how  they  originated,  and  what  they  typified. 

In  this  inquiry  I  shall  necessarily  have  to  retrace  some 
of  my  steps  when  discussing  the  origin  of  the  badges  of  the 
house  of  Lancaster,  and  must  therefore  request  the  indulg- 
ence of  our  older  associates  when  repeating  myself,  as  they 
may  fairly  consider  themselves  listening  to  "a  tale  twice 
told,"  which  may  be  "  in  the  second  hearing  troublesome." 
For  instance,  it  will  be  necessary  for  me  upon  this,  as  on  the 
previous  occasion,  to  preface  my  observations  on  the  badges 
themselves  with  a  few  words  upon  the  nature  of  badges 
generally,  and  I  shall  take  the  liberty  of  quoting  from  my 
former  paper  verbatim  et  literatim  : 

"The  word  'badge'  is  familiar  to  us  all,  in  its  ordinary  acceptation, 
as  a  mark  or  token  of  anything ;  but  its  etymology,  like  that  of  so 
many  heraldic  terms,  is  most  uncertain.  Mr.  Lower,  in  his  Curiosities 
of  Heraldry,  has  collected  the  principal  derivations  suggested  by  the 
philologists,  preferring  that  of  Johnson,  who  derives  it  from  the  Italian 
hajulo  (to  carry).  The  ]S"orman  term  for  it  is  much  more  explicit,  le 
cognoissance  (anglicised  '  cognizance');  and  in  many  instances  it  was 
probably  the  first  armorial  bearing  displayed  by  the  assumer  on  his 
shield  and  banner.  But  when  the  heraldic  escutcheon  became  more 
elaborately  charged,  convenience,  economy,  and  other  obvious  reasons, 
combined  to  render  it  necessary  to  distinguish  the  retainers  and  serv- 
ants of  royal,  baronial,  or  knightly  personages  by  some  simple  and 
striking  mark  of  the  family  to  which  they  belonged.  'Might  I  but 
know  thee  by  thy  household  badge,'  says  Chfford  to  the  Earl  of  War- 
wick in  the  second  part  of  Shakespeare's  King  Henry  VI.  This  house- 
hold badge  or  cognizance  (occasionally  also  called  an  '  impress')  was 
therefore  either  a  figui-e  selected  from  the  family  coat,  or  one  quite 


20       ON  THE  BADGES  OF  THE  HOUSE  OF  YORK. 

distinct  from  it,  bearing  some  obvious  allusion  either  to  the  name  of 
the  o\viiLT  or  to  one  of  his  principal  estates  or  offices  ;  and  whilst  the 
banner,  shield,  and  jupon  of  the  knights,  and  the  tabard  of  the  herald, 
di.spla3-ed  the  whole  armorial  coat,  the  badge  glittered  upon  the  standard 
and  pennoncelle,  and  on  the  sleeve,  back,  or  breast  of  the  soldier,  the 
domestic,  or  the  adherent ;  sometimes  on  a  ground  of  the  family  colours 
if  the  whole  dress  was  not  composed  of  them ;  and  in  later  times 
engraved  or  embossed  on  metal  plates  fastened  on  the  arms,  as  we  see 
the  badges  now  worn  by  firemen,  watermen,  postillions,  etc.  The 
occasional  use  of  the  crest  where  families  had  not  assumed  a  badge,  has 
caused  the  confusion  of  these  otherwise  distinct  ensigns ;  and  the 
modem  innovation  of  embroidering  the  sleeve  or  embossing  the  plate 
with  tlic  entire  coat  of  arms,  has  increased  the  difficulty  Avhich  besets 
the  .'Subject.  To  the  household  badge  or  cognizance  properly  belonged 
the  crie  de  guerre,  or  motto, — mot,  or  word  of  the  family, — now  most 
absurdly  placed  under  the  shield  of  arms  :  a  situation  which,  of  course, 
it  could  never  have  occupied.  The  object  of  both  badge  and  motto 
was  publicity  ;  and  herein  is  the  great  line  of  demarcation  between  this 
sign  of  company  and  the  occasional  and  purely  personal  decoration 
with  which  it  is  so  often  confounded,  namely  the  device  with  its  accom- 
panpng  legend  assumed  for  the  very  opposite  purpose  of  mystification, 
or  at  least  of  covertly  alluding  to  the  immediate  motive  or  sentiments 
of  the  bearers.  Both  the  badge  and  the  device  are  occasionally  termed 
'  a  rebus';  but  the  epithet  is  more  strictly  applicable  to  the  latter,  as 
it  was  in  fact  a  pictured  riddle,  or  '  painted  metaphor'  as  Dallaway 
calls  it ;  and  its  legend  was  emphatically  described  by  the  French  as 
Tame  du  devise,'  the  soul  or  spirit  of  the  device." 

The  extravagance  of  fancy  displayed  in  some  of  these 
cmhlematical  decorations  amounted  sometimes  to  the  ridi- 
culous. With  such,  however,  we  have  nothing  to  do  at  pre- 
sent, beyond  this  general  definition  which  is  necessary  for 
their  separation  in  your  minds  from  the  legitimate  object  of 
our  consideration,  the  household  badges  or  family  cogni- 
zances of  the  royal  line  of  York.  According  to  the  list 
l^rinted  by  Sir  Henry  Ellis  they  amount  to  ten,  viz. :  1,  the 
falcon  and  fetterlock;  2,  the  falcon  with  a  maiden's  head; 
3,  a  wliitc  rose;  4,  a  white  lion;  5,  a  black  dragon;  6,  a 
blue  boar ;  7,  a  white  hart ;  8,  the  sun  in  its  splendour ;  9,  a 
black  bull;  and  10,  a  wliite  hind.  This  catalogue  varies 
considerably  from  several  others  which  may  fairly  claim  an 
equal  autlioiity;  but  I  will  take  the  badges  nearly  iu  the 
order  I  find  llicm  in  the  Digby  M8.,  and  call  your  attention 


PI.  1 


J.R-Jobbias 


J.EJdHbmB. 


ON  THE  BADGES  OF  THE  HOUSE  OF  YORK.       21 

to  the  contradictions  and  omissions  as  the  occasions  for  their 
consideration  may  arise.  It  commences  thus  :  "  Furste  the 
dukcchyp  of  Yorke  with  the  badges  ben  the  fawcon  and  the 
fetturlocke";  and  here,  at  starting,  we  shall  find  reason  for 
qualifying  the  assertion  of  the  writer.  It  is  quite  clear  that  the 
flilcon  and  the  fetterlock  were  originally  two  distinct  badges 
borne  by  the  dukes  of  York ;  and  although  afterwards  con- 
joined, as  you  perceive  them  in  this  example^  (plate  1,  fig- 1), 
there  is  nothing  to  prove  their  connexion  otherwise  with  the 
city  or  duchy  of  York.  An  eagle  was  a  royal  cognizance  in 
England  from  the  time  of  Henry  II,  whose  mother  (Matilda) 
was  empress  of  Germany,  and  was  borne  as  a  personal  crest 
by  Edward  III.  We  learn  from  Froissart  that  there  was  a 
fcilcon  herald,  an  officer  of  arms  of  the  crown  in  1359  (the 
tliirty-third  year  of  the  latter  monarch's  reign);  and  one  of 
the  badges  of  Eichard  II  is  said  to  have  been  a  white  falcon. 
John  of  Gaunt,  duke  of  Lancaster,  bore  a  similar  badge  to 
that  assigned  to  his  brother  Edmund  of  Langley,  first  duke 
of  York,  viz.,  an  eagle  with  a  padlock, — not  essaying  to 
open  it,  as  it  has  been  incorrectly  described  in  order  to  sup- 
port a  popular  story,  but  merely  holding  it  in  his  beak.^ 
John  of  Gaunt  and  Edmund  of  Langley  having  each  married 
a  daughter  and  heiress  of  Peter,  king  of  Castile,  I  ventured 
to  suggest  in  my  former  essay  that  the  eagle  and  padlock 
and  the  falcon  and  fetterlock  might  be  found  to  have  some 
reference  to  these  Spanish  matches.  The  seal,  however,  on 
which  the  former  badge  appears,  is  circumscribed  only, 
"  Johannes  filius  Eegis  Dux  Lancastrie";  and  was  therefore 
executed  previous  to  his  marriage  with  Constance,  although 
the  document  to  which  it  was  appended  is  dated  the  28tli 
of  January  1375-6,  four  years  after  that  marriage  and  his 
assumj)tion  of  the  title  of  king  of  Castile.  At  what  period 
exactly  Edmund  of  Langley  assumed  the  fetterlock,  1  have 
not  yet  been  able  to  discover;  but  there  is  a  very  curious 
drawing  of  his  seal,  before  he  was  duke  of  York,  in  one  of 
Vincent's  MSS.  in  the  College  of  Arms,  in  which,  on  each 
side  of  his  shield,  is  a  bird,  which,  as  represented  in  the 
drawing,  it  might  be  hazardous  to  describe  to  an  ornitholo- 

'  From  a  valuable  book  of  standards  drawn  in  the  sixteenth  century  {temp. 
Henry  VIII  or  Edward  VI.  It  is  ascribed  in  the  volume  to  the  "Due  de 
Yorke,"  although  the  fetterlock  is  o])en. 

^  Vide  plate  32,  illustrative  of  the  Lancastrian  badges,  in  vol.  vi  of  the 
Journal  of  the  Association. 


22      ON  THE  BADGES  OF  THE  HOUSE  OF  YOEK. 

gist ;  but  I  believe  it  to  be  intended  for  what  a  herald  would 
term  "  a  folcon  close"  (that  is,  with  its  wings  folded),  and 
having  in  its  mouth  a  scroll  bearing  the  motto,  "Bon  espoier" 
{bonne  espoir,  good  hope).  The  seal  is  circumscribed,"  Sigil- 
lum  Edmundi  Filii  Regis  Anglie  Comitis  Cambridgie,"  and 
is  described  as  "  the  scale  of  Edmund  of  Langiey  5  sonne  to 
King  Edward  3rd,  before  he  was  duke  of  York,  to  a  treaty 
betwene  the  Frenche  and  English  nations."  As  this  seal 
has  never,  to  my  knowledge,  been  engraved,  or  even  noticed 
before,  I  have  great  pleasure  in  drawing  the  attention  of 
our  friends  to  it;  and  it  is  so  far  illustrative  of  our  subject 
that  it  shews  the  fetterlock  was  not  joined  with  the  falcon, 
at  any  rate  till  after  the  year  1362,  the  date  of  Edmund's 
creation  as  earl  of  Cambridge,  (fig.  2).  He  is  said  to  have 
built  Fotheringay  Castle  in  the  shape  of  a  fetterlock ;  and 
Dr.  Bell  suggested  that  the  badges  might  signify  "  feather  in 
gyve";  but  without  the  falcon  it  could  not  have  that  mean- 
ing. The  popular  story  about  the  badge  is  told  as  follows 
by  Camden  in  his  Remaines  concerning  Britcmie, — 

"  The  said  Edmund  of  Langiey  bare  also  for  an  impress  a  faulcon  in 
a  fetterlock,  implying  that  he  was  locked  up  from  all  hope  and  possi- 
bility of  the  kingdom  when  his  brethren  began  to  aspire  thereunto. 
Whereupon  he  asked  on  a  time  his  sons  when  he  saw  them  beholding 
this  device  set  up  in  a  window,  what  was  Latin  for  a  fetterlock; 
whereat,  when  the  young  gentlemen  studied,  the  father  said  :  '  Well, 
if  you  cannot  tell  me,  I  will  tell  you, — '  Hie,  heec,  hoc,  taceatis,'  as 
advising  them  to  be  silent  and  quiet ;  and  therewithal  said,  '  yet  God 
knoweth  what  may  come  to  pass  hereafter.'  This  his  great  grandchild, 
King  Edward  the  Fourth,  reported  when  he  commanded  that  his 
younger  son,  Richard  Duke  of  York,  should  use  this  device  with  the 
fetterlock  opened,  as  Roger  Wall,  an  herald  of  that  time  reporteth." 

As  this  is  a  fair  example  of  the  way  in  which  heraldry  has 
been  mystified  and  misrepresented  in  former  days,  I  must 
detain  you  a  few  minutes  while  I  take  this  story  to  pieces, 
and  shew  you  how  little  it  can  be  relied  on.  The  authority 
quoted  is  that  of  Pioger  AVall,  a  herald  of  the  reign  of 
Edward  IV,  who  asserts  that  Edward  told  that  anecdote  of 
his  great-grandfather  :  in  other  words,  Roger  Wall  said  that 
King  Edward  said  that  his  great-grandfather  said,  etc.,  etc. 
Now  grant  that  he  did  say  so, — which  is  a  great  deal  to 
grant, — how   docs   Edmund    of  Langley's   answer   to   his 


ON  THE  BADGES  OF  THE  HOUSE  OF  YORK.       23 

cliilclren  prove  that  he  had  assumed  that  badge  to  imply  that 
he  was  locked  up  from  all  hope  and  possibility  of  the  king- 
dom 1     Instead  of  asking  his  sons  what  was  the  Latin  for 
a  fetterlock,  suppose  he  had  asked  them  what  was  Yorkshire 
for  it.     I  am  inclined  to  think  a  better  derivation  might 
have  been  found.     In   the  Fromj)torium  Parvulorum  (a 
Latin  and  English  dictionary  of  the  fourteenth  century)  w^e 
find  langeleijn,  "  to  bind  together";^  and,  according  to  Mr. 
Halliwell,  langele  is  still  used  in  the  North  to  signify  hop- 
pling or  fettering  a  horse.^    Without  asserting  that  a  fetter- 
lock was   actuaUy  caUed  a  langel,  there   is  quite  enough 
similarity  of  sound  between  langeleyn  or  langele  "  to  bind  or 
fetter,"  and  Langley,  the  name  by  which  he  was  known,  to 
suggest  its  adoption  for  his  badge ;  for  while  the  device  was 
a  pictorial  riddle  or  puzzle,  the  badge  was  usually  a  painted 
pun,  and  sometimes  a  worse  one  than  ever  raised  a  good- 
natured  groan  in  a  modern  extravaganza  ;  the  object  being 
simply  to  typify  the  name  or  title  of  the  bearer.    The  falcon 
may  have  been  added  as  a  token  of  descent  by  his  grandson, 
Richard ;  the  said  falcon  being,  in  another  catalogue  of  equal 
authority,  described  by  itself  as  "falco  imagine  Ricardi  Ducis 
Ebor."     Edward  Plantagenet,  the  eldest  son  of  Edmund  of 
Langley,  who  succeeded  his  father  as  duke  of  York,  and  was 
slain  at  the  battle  of  Agincourt  in  1 41 4,has  left  us  no  example 
of  his  mode  of  bearing  this  family  cognizance;  but  in  his 
will  he  bequeathes  to  his  "  tres  amee  compagne  Philippe"  (his 
wife,  Philippa  de  Mohun)  his  red  and  white  tapestry  with 
garters,  lockets,  and  falcons ;  which  may  equally  mean  that 
the  lockets  and  falcons  were  embroidered  separately  or  toge- 
ther.^   Of  Ptichard  of  Coningsburgh,  his  second  son,  we  find 
no  badge  to  enlighten  us ;  but  on  the  seal  of  his  only  son 
Richard,  third  duke  of  York,  the  fetterlock  is  seen  without  the 
falcon  on  each  side  of  the  crest,  the  arms  being  supported 
on  the  dexter  side  by  a  falcon  with  bells.  (Fig.  3).     So  that 
actually,  when  we  come  to  examine  the  matter  strictly,  we 
have  no  authority  for  the  falcon  ivithin  the  fetterlock  before 

^  "Langelyd  (or  teyun  to  gedyr)";  colligatur.  "  Langelyn"  (or  bind  toge- 
ther) ;  colligo,  compedio.  ^^Compedio''  (to  shackle  or  fetter).  "■Com2)edis"  (a 
shackle  or  fetter). 

2  Dictionary  of  Archaic  and  Provincial  Words,  sub  voce. 

*  In  a  catalogue  of  the  crown  jewels  at  the  same  period  {tem2i.  Henry  V), 
Rot.  Pat.  V,  4,  i-l'l,  is  the  following  :  "  Item  11  pottes  galoners  d'argent  covertz 
signes  avec  vetter  lokkes."     No  mention  of  a  falcon.  ^''^AES 


24       ON  THE  BADGES  OF  THE  HOUSE  OF  YORK. 

the  reign  of  Edward  IV,  about  which  period  the  lists  appear 
io  have  been  compiled  which  are  quoted  with  so  much  con- 
fidence !  As  Edward's,  it  appeared  amongst  others  of  his 
badges,  with  the  lock  closed,  in  the  windows  of  a  house 
belonging  to  the  Chapel  Royal  at  Windsor,^  wdth  the  inscrip- 
tion, "Ex  Ducatvi  de  Yorke";  which  is  so  far  correct,  that 
both  the  falcon  and  the  fetterlock  had  been  borne  singly  by 
the  dukes  of  York ;  but  there  is  not  the  slightest  evidence 
tliat  they  had  any  reference  to  the  duchy.  The  order  of 
Edward  IV  that  his  son,  Richard  Duke  of  York,  should  bear 
the  same  badge  with  the  fetterlock  open,  was  clearly  to  dif- 
ference it  from  his  own  and  his  father's;  and  the  earliest 
authentic  example  is  in  the  gates  of  Henry  the  Seventh's 
Cliapel  at  Westminster. 

We  have  not  yet  done  with  the  falcon,  for  the  next  badge 
on  the  list  is  the  falcon  with  the  maiden's  head,  which  we 
are  told  pertained  specially  to  the  honor  of  Coningsburgh. 
"  The  bages  that  he  ber3rth  by  C'onysbrow  ys  the  fawcon 
with  a  maydinys  hedde,  and  her  here  hangyng  abowte  here 
shoulders,  with  a  crowne  about  her  nekke."  This  badge  is 
not  drawn  in  any  of  the  MSS.  at  the  College  of  Arms;  but 
it  is  to  be  seen  in  the  Somerset  Chapel  in  St.  George's, 
Windsor,  in  company  with  the  rose  and  other  royal  cogni- 
zances:^ not  precisely,  however,  as  described  above,  there 
being  no  crown  about  the  neck.  (Fig.  4.)  A  conceit  of  this 
description  appears  to  have  been  popular  in  the  fourteenth 
century.  Thebaut  d"Oranges,we  are  told  by  Menestrier,bore 
gules,  an  engle  or,  with  a  lady's  head  proper;  and  Edward 
the  Black  Prince  bequeathed  to  the  church  of  Canterbury  a 
hall  of  tapestry  of  ostrich  feathers,  with  a  border  paly  red 
and  black,  wrought  with  swans  with  ladies'  heads. 

The  Castle  of  Coningsburgh,  which  came  through  the  earls 
of  Warren  to  the  Plantagenets,  does  not  in  its  history  fur- 
nish us  with  any  clue  to  this  badge.  On  the  death  of  Maude 
de  Nereford,  the  second  wife  of  John,  last  Earl  of  Warren 
of  that  family,  and  on  whom  the  Castle  had  been  settled, 
with  other  property,  for  her  life,  it  passed,  according  to 
agreement,  to  Edmund  of  Langley,  then  only  six  years  old ; 
and  his  mother.  Queen  Philippa,  had  the  care  of  it  during 

•  Existing  in  Sandford's  time,  who  wrote  iu  the  reign  of  Charles  II.   {Genea- 
lofjical  Ilistorij,  p.  408,  note.) 
=*  Williment's  Regal  Heraldry. 


ON  THE  BADGES  OF  THE  HOUSE  OF  YORK.      25 

his  minority.  Whetlicr  this  be  another  instance  of  the  com- 
bination of  tlic  royal  falcon  with  some  other  cognizance,  or 
an  ancient  badge  of  the  Warrens,  it  is  not  possible  for  me 
to  say;  nor  when  it  first  appeared  amongst  those  of  the 
house  of  York.  The  only  example  that  I  am  aware  of  is 
before  you;  and  I  can  neither  indorse  nor  contradict  the 
assertion  that  it  represented  the  honour  of  Coningsljurgh.^ 

We  are  next  informed  that  "  the  bages  that  he  beryth  by 
the  Castle  of  Clifford  is  a  white  rose";  but,  as  usual,  no 
reason  why.  It  is  quite  clear  that  this  celebrated  cognizance 
of  the  house  of  York  did  not  originate  in  the  dispute  in  the 
Temple  Gardens,  so  dramatically  introduced  in  the  play  of 
Henry  VI;  nor  does  it  follow  that  Shakespeare,  or  whoever 
wrote  it,  intended,  as  Sir  Henry  Ellis  seems  to  think,  to 
represent  that  it  did  so.  In  my  former  paper  on  the  Lan- 
castrian badges  I  observed  that  there  is  not  a  line  through- 
out the  scene  which  can  be  taken  to  shew  an  intention  on 
the  part  of  the  author  to  represent  that  those  badges  were 
then  for  the  first  time  assumed.  Richard  Plantagenet,  as 
grandson  of  Edmund  of  Langley,  Duke  of  York,  naturally 
proposes  that  those  who  think  with  him  should  signify  their 
opinion  by  adopting  the  badge  of  his  house,  which  is  by 
accident  blooming  beside  him.  John  of  Beaufort,  a  descend- 
ant of  John  of  Gaunt,  Duke  of  Lancaster,  as  naturally 
selects  the  badge  of  his  family,  the  red  rose,  as  the  token  of 
adherence  to  his  side  of  the  question. 

The  scene,  if  entirely  the  invention  of  Shakespeare  (which 
has  been  disputed),  is  full  of  truth  and  character,  and  in 
any  case  testifies  rather  to  the  pre-existence  of  those  signs  of 
company  than  to  their  derivation  from  this  incident.  Roses, 
red,  white,  and  gold,  are  mentioned  as  ornaments  both  of 
dresses  and  furniture  possessed  by  various  members  of  the 
Plantagenet  family  from  the  time  of  Edward  I,  who  is  said 
to  have  given  for  a  badge  "  a  rose  gold,  the  stalk  vert." 
There  is  no  positive  authority  for  this  assertion,  which  is  to 
be  found  in  a  Harleian  MS.  (No.  304);  but  it  is  very  pro- 
l)al)le  tliat  the  white  and  red  roses  may  have  been  only 
chosen  as  differences,  as  you  will  find  was  the  case  with  the 

'  The  name  of  Fulco  or  Fulk  was  famous  in  the  family  of  Anjou ;  and  the 
falcon  may  have  been  a  very  ancient  cognizance  not  only  of  the  Plantagenets, 
but  of  the  earls  of  Warren,  who  also  descended  from  it.     The  badge  popularly 
attributed  to  that  house  is  an  escarboucle;  but  I  have  yet  to  learn  wherefore. 
18G4  ^ 


26       ON  THE  BADGES  OF  THE  HOUSE  OF  YORK. 

ostrich  feathers  wliich  are  blazoned  and  depicted  gold,  silver, 
and  ermine,  to  distinguish  the  king's  from  the  prince's  and 
the  duke  of  Lancaster's. 

Tenure  of  a  manor  by  presenting  a  rose  on  a  certain  day, 
was  also  a  common  custom  in  the  middle  ages.     Brooke 
House,  Langsett,  in  the  parish  of  Penistone  in  this  county,  is 
said  by  Beckwith,  in  his  edition  of  Bhimt's  Ancient  Tenures, 
to  have  been  held,  even  in  his  day  (he  died  in  1799),  by  the 
unseasonable  payment  of  a  snowball  at  midsummer  and  a 
rose  at  Christmas;  or,  as  he  presumes,  a  sum  of  money  in 
default.     We  have  no  evidence  of  the  tenure  of  Clifford 
Castle  by  this  sort  of  service ;  but  it  may  have  been  held 
by  the  annual  payment  of  a  white  rose,  although  the  fact 
has  not  transpired.     There  is  also  a  romantic  story  associ- 
ated with  the  family  of  Clifford  in  connexion  with  a  rose. 
Need  I  recall  the  popular  tradition  of  Eosamunda,  the  "  Rose 
of  the  World",  the  "filia  pulchra"  of  Walter  de  Clifford,  the 
favourite  of  Henry  H,  and  the  victim  of  Queen  Eleanor's 
vengeance  '?     The  mention  of  this  fair  enslaver  reminds  me, 
however,  of  the  labyrinth  in  which,  as  the  story  goes,  her 
royal  lover  endeavoured  to  conceal  her  from  the  verdant 
vision  of  his  vindictive  queen ;  and  I  must  take  care  not  to 
bewilder  you  in  a  maze  of  conjectures  through  which  I  have 
no  clue  to  lead  you  to  a  substantial  fact.     I  have  no  desire 
to  substitute  simply  a  modern  fiction  for  an  ancient  one. 
At  present  we  are  certainly  without  any  means  of  ascertain- 
ing the  origin  of  the  last  two  badges,  and  only  know  that 
they  are  reputed  to  be  those  belonging  to  the  castles  of 
Coninofsburgh  and  Clifford,  and  that  the  latter  came  into 
the  possession  of  the  house  of  York  by  the  marriage  of 
Richard  of  Coningsburgh,  son  of  Edmund  of  Langley,  with 
his  second  wife,  Maud,  daughter  of  Thomas  Lord  Clifford. 

The  fourth  badge  on  the  list  is  the  white  hou.  "The 
Ijagc  that  he  beryth  by  the  erldom  of  March  ys  a  white 
lion."  This  badge  is  frequently  to  be  seen  appended  to  the 
Yorkist  collar  of  suns  and  roses,  which  displaced  that  of  the 
S's  after  the  accession  of  Edward  IV,  and  could  only  have 
been  assumed  l)y  Richard,  son  of  Richard  of  Coningsburgh, 
by  his  first  wife,  Anne,  daughter  of  Roger  jMortimer,  and 
sister  and  ultimately  heir  of  Edmund  Earl  of  March,  who 
died  without  issue  in  1424,  when  the  earldoms  of  March 
and  Ulster,  and  the  lordships  of  Wigmore,  Clare,  Trim,  and 


ON  THE  BADGES  OF  THE  HOUSE  OF  YORK.       27 

Connausflit,  were  added  to  the  dukedom  of  York,  the  earl- 
doms  of  Cambridge  and  Ruthiud,  and  the  barony  of  Tindal ; 
which  honours  had  been  forfeited  l^y  the  treason  of  his  father, 
and  generously  restored  to  him  by  Henry  VI  in  the  fourth 
year  of  his  reign.  On  the  seal  of  Edmund  Mortimer,  Earl 
of  March,  his  crest  of  a  plume  of  feathers  issuing  out  of  a 
coronet,  is  supported  by  two  lions.  The  seal,  of  course,  is 
colourless,  and  1  am  not  aware  of  any  contemporary  paint- 
ing ;  but  Edward  IV,  in  virtue  of  this  descent,  took  for  sup- 
porters to  his  arms  two  white  lions;  and  we  cannot,  there- 
fore, doubt  that  the  white  lion  sejant,  guardant,  appendant 
to  his  livery  collar,  was  the  badge  of  his  earldom  of  March 
taken  from  an  heraldic  cognizance  of  the  Mortimers.  W^hencc 
they  derived  it,  or  whether  they  first  assumed  it,  is  beyond 
our  present  inquiry.  We  have  only  to  trace  its  origin  as  a 
badse  of  the  house  of  York,  and  it  is  clear  that  it  dates  from 
this  heirship  to  the  earldom  of  March  in  1424.  It  is  drawn 
here  holding  the  standard  of  the  Duke  of  York,  and  is 
blazoned  argent  armed  azure. 

The  same  date  and  origin  must,  of  course,  be  granted  to 
the  next  on  the  list,  that  of  the  black  dragon.  We  are  told, 
"  the  bages  that  he  beryth  by  the  erldom  of  Wolsf"  (Ulster) 
ys  a  blacke  dragon."^  This  must  have  been  an  assumption 
by  Richard  in  right  of  his  descent  through  his  mother,  Anne 
Mortimer,  from  the  De  Burghs,  earls  of  Ulster;  she  being 
daughter  of  Eoger  Mortimer,  son  of  Philippa  only  daughter 
of  Lionel  Duke  of  Clarence,  third  son  of  Edward  III  by 
Elizabeth  dauo-liter  and  heir  of  William  son  of  John  de 
Burgh,  who  died  in  the  lifetime  of  his  father,  Richard  de 
Burgh,  Earl  of  Ulster. 

Through  the  same  descent  the  house  of  York  derived  the 
sixth  badge,  that  of  the  black  bull.  William  de  Burgh's 
mother  was  Elizabeth  daughter  of  Gilbert  de  Clare,  sur- 
named  "  the  Red,"  Earl  of  Gloucester,  by  Joan  of  Acres, 
second  daughter  of  King  Edward  I,  and  eventually  coheir 
of  her  brother,  Gilbert  Earl  of  Gloucester  and  Hereford. 
We  therefore  read  in  the  list,  "  the  bages  that  he  beryth  by 
the  honour  of  Clare  ys  a  blacke  bolle,  rough ;  his  horns  and 
his  legs  and  members  of  gold."  In  the  "Act  of  Resump- 
tion," in  the  Parliament  Roll  svh  anno  1464,  is  an  exception 

^  "  A  white  wolf  is  another  badge  attributed,  in  a  Lansdown  MS.,  to  the  earl- 
dom of  Ulster;  probably  from  the  ancient  mode  of  spelling  it,  Holster." 


28       ON  THE  BADGES  OF  THE  HOUSE  OF  YORK. 

in  favour  of  Rauf  Vestynden,  of  £10  _29er  annum,  given  unto 
liini  for  the  o-ood  and  aOTeeable  service  he  did  the  kino-  in 
bearing  and  holding  of  the  king's  standard  of  the  bLack  bull. 

Of  the  dragon  I  have  not  found  any  authentic  represent- 
ation; but  we  have  here  (pi.  2,  fig.  1)  the  bull  supporting  a 
banner  on  which  is  another  celebrated  Yorkist  cognizance, 
"  the  white  rose  en  soleil,"  of  which  we  shall  have  to  speak 
presently, but  which  is  not  mentioned  in  the  catalogue  we  are 
examiuino:.  The  others  named  in  it,  which  we  have  still  to 
iiotice,  have  reference  entirely  to  the  family  of  Edward  111 
generally ;  and,  with  one  exception,  are  not  usually  included 
in  the  lists  of  badges  pertaining  specially  to  the  line  of  York. 

"  The  bages  that  he  beryth  by  King  Edwarde  is  a  blewe 
bore  with  his  tusks  and  his  cleis  and  his  members  of  golde." 
Of  course,  if  any  of  the  dukes  of  York  bore  this  badge 
simply  by  descent  from  King  Edward  III,  it  w^ould  be  com- 
mon to  the  issue  of  all  the  sons  of  that  sovereign;  but  we 
do  not  find  it  borne  by  any  other  of  his  descendants, 
Iiichard  Duke  of  Gloucester  (afterwards  Richard  III),  and 
brother  of  Edward  IV,  had  a  white  or  silver  boar  for  his 
badge,  and  also  used  two  for  supporters  to  his  arms,  obtain- 
ing from  his  enemies  the  nicknames  of  "  the  boar"  and  "  the 
hog"  from  that  circumstance.  But  this  badge  is  said  by 
Sandford  to  have  been  superinscribed  "  Ex  honore  de  Wind- 
sor," in  an  ancient  catalogue  of  badges  of  the  house  of  York; 
while  in  a  ]\1S.  in  the  College  of  Arms,  of  the  time  of  Eliza- 
beth, it  is  said  that  Richard  used  for  a  supporter  "  a  white 
boar,  which  he  had  by  the  dukedom  of  Gloucester."  These 
opposite  statements,  in  MSS.  which,  if  not  strictly  contem- 
poraneous, were  at  all  events  compiled  by  persons  living 
within  sixty  or  seventy  years  of  the  time,  sufficiently  prove 
that  no  certain  knowledge  of  the  origin  or  meaning  of  such 
devices  existed  even  amongst  the  heralds  of  the  fifteenth 
and  early  part  of  the  sixteenth  centuries ;  "  the  learned 
Gamden,"  as  he  is  most  justly  called,  being  the  first  writer 
on  these  subjects  who  examined  them  in  a  truly  critical 
sf)irit,  and  dissipated  much  of  the  mystery  and  fable  in 
which  they  had  been  enveloped  by  his  predecessors.  I  have 
certainly  entertained  an  opinion  that  the  boar  of  Richard  of 
York,  as  he  was  called  before  he  was  created  Duke  of  Glou- 
cester, was  assumed  to  symbolise  the  Latin  name  Ehora- 
cuni,  usually  abbreviated  Ehor.     But  agreeable  as  this  is  to 


ON  THE  BADGES  OF  THE  HOUSE  OF  YORK.       20 

my  theory,  I  sliull  not  be  guilty  of  warping  the  truth  to 
meet  it.  If  a  blue  boar  was  actually  the  badge  of  Edward  11 1, 
it  could  not  have  arisen  from  that  circumstance.  The  mis- 
fortune is,  that  the  list  in  which  it  is  so  described  is  not  an 
impugnable  authority.  There  is  also  this  fact  to  be  taken 
into  consideration.  A  blue  boar  was  the  well-known  badge, 
and  afterwards  crest,  of  the  De  Veres,  Earls  of  Oxford,  being 
a  play  upon  the  fLimily  name, — verves,  in  Latin,  signifying 
a  boar- pig;  and  we  can  scarcely  imagine  Edward  III  to  have 
assumed  a  badge  precisely  similar  to  that  of  one  of  the 
greatest  nobles  in  his  kingdom.  In  no  other  list  have  I 
seen  such  a  cognizance  attributed  to  Edward.  Philippa  de 
Coucy,  his  granddaughter,  married  Kichard  II's  great  and 
unworthy  favourite,  Robert  de  Vere,  Duke  of  Ireland  and 
Marquis  of  Dublin.  It  is  not  unlikely  that  the  crest  or  badge 
of  her  husband  should  have  appeared  in  conjunction  with 
those  of  her  mother's  illustrious  family,  and  have  been  in 
this  way  mistaken  for  a  badge  of  Edward  III.  It  is,  how- 
ever, idle  to  speculate  upon  the  cause  of  the  error,  if  it  be 
one.  All  I  can  say  is,  that  until  these  assertions,  ancient  as 
they  may  be,  are  corroborated,  I  shall  continue  to  doubt  the 
blue  boar  having  ever  been  a  badge  of  King  Edward  III,  or 
that  the  silver  one  of  Richard  of  York  had  anything  to  do 
with  the  honour  of  Windsor  or  the  dukedom  of  Gloucester. 

To  proceed.  "  The  bages  that  he  beryth  by  King  Richard 
ys  a  whyte  harte  and  the  sonne  shyning."  One  would  be 
first  inclined  to  ask  what  the  house  of  York  had  to  do  with 
King  Eichard  II,  for  he  is  the  king  alluded  to.  It,  however, 
appears  that  the  said  house  of  York  always  affected  a  great 
love  for  that  unfortunate  prince  who  had  named  Roger 
Mortimer,  Earl  of  March,  as  successor  to  the  throne  in  right 
of  his  mother  Philippa,  daughter  and  heir  of  Lionel,  third 
son  of  Edward  III ;  to  the  great  annoyance  of  the  descend- 
ants of  John  of  Gaunt,  the  fourth  son  :  and,  therefore,  as 
Richard  Duke  of  York  claimed  the  crown  in  virtue  of  his 
descent  from  the  former,  this  badge— or,  rather,  these  badges, 
for  they  are  two  distinct  devices — may  have  been  assumed 
by  him  as  inherited  with  the  kingdom  from  Richard  II 
through  jNIortimer.  You  see  them  here  depicted  together  on 
the  standard  of  Richard  II,  as  it  is  drawn  in  the  very  valu- 
able MS.  in  the  College  of  Arms  I  have  already  spoken  of. 
(Fig.  2.)   The  "  sun  of  York"  has  been  made  so  popular  anion 


^^- 


'Wiio'^ 


30       ON  THE  BADGES  OF  THE  HOUSE  OF  YOKK. 

US  by  Shakespeare,  that  it  is  ^^robably  the  l)est  known  of  any 
of  the  cognizances  of  that  family,  with  the  exception  of 
the  white  rose  with  which  it  was  latterly  combined  by 
Edward  IV,  as  you  perceive  it  in  this  banner  copied  from 
the  same  MS.,  and  sujDported  by  the  black  bull  of  Clare. 
"  The  sun  in  splendor,"  as  it  was  blazoned,  is  seen  alone 
upon  the  mainsail  of  the  vessel  in  which  Kichard  II  is  de- 
picted returning  from  his  Irish  expedition,  in  the  very  mag- 
nificently illuminated  ^Metrical  History  in  the  Harleian  Col- 
lection at  the  British  Museum  (No.  1319),  and  up  to  the  time 
of  the  battle  of  Mortimer's  Cross  could  only  have  been  borne 
Ijy  the  family  of  York  for  the  reason  given  in  the  catalogue ; 
but  in  consequence  of  the  remarkable  atmospherical  illusion 
of  three  suns  on  the  morning  of  that  conflict,  and  which  as 
the  day  advanced  resolved  themselves  naturally  into  one, 
Edward  IV  appropriated  this  badge  specially  to  himself  in 
commemoration  of  the  great  victory  of  which  this  phenome- 
non was  considered  the  happy  omen.  On  his  great  seal  the 
rose  and  sun  are  represented  separately,  one  on  each  side  of 
him ;  but  in  his  Dublin  groat  they  are  combined  as  in  this 
example  before  you.  Linked  together,  or  similarly  com- 
bined, they  formed  the  livery  collar  both  of  Edward  IV  and 
Richard  III ;  the  former  having  the  pendant  of  the  white 
lion  of  ]\Iarch,  and  the  latter  of  the  white  boar  of  York,  as 
1  shall  still  take  the  liberty  to  call  it.  Examples  also  exist 
of  this  coUar  with  the  pendant  of  the  bull  of  Clare,  on  the 
effigies  of  knights  who  may  have  been  personally  attached 
to  George  Duke  of  Clarence.  The  specimen  here  given  is 
from  the  effigy  of  Sir  Robert  Harcourt,  K.G.,  at  Stanton 
Harcourt.  (Fig.  3).  The  boar  may  be  seen  on  that  of  Sir  John 
Crosby  in  Great  St.  Helen's,  London. 

The  white  hart  was  the  favourite  coonizance  of  Richard  II, 
ducally  collared  and  chained  as  you  beheld  it  in  his  stand- 
ard, and  sometimes  ''lodged"  ix^  it  is  called  by  heralds,  under 
a  tree.  It  has  Ijeen  suggested  that  it  signified  "  rich  hart," 
the  old  Norman  form  of  Richard  ;  and  the  suggestion  is  by 
no  means  improbable.  Some  writers  have  considered  it  as 
derived  from  the  white  hind  borne  by  Richard's  mother, "the 
fair  maid  of  Kent";  but  he  bore  that  cognizance  also,  and 
without  any  alteration.  It  is  the  last  in  the  list  we  have 
been  examining.  "  The  bages  that  he  beryth  by  the  fayre 
maid  of  Kent  is  a  white  hynde";  and  it  may  be  seen  couchant 


ON  THE  BADGES  OF  THE  HOUSE  OF  YOKK.       31 

under  his  arms  on  the  north  front  of  Westminster  PTa]l,with 
a  coronet  round  its  neck  and  a  chain  attached  to  it  (fig.  4), 
as  the  hart  is  seen  in  the  other  example.  The  latter  was 
sometimes  crowned  as  well  as  ducally  collared.  I  need  not, 
however,  dwell  upon  these  badges  as  they  are  not  strictly 
those  of  the  family  of  York ;  unless,  indeed,  it  be  true, 
as  some  have  asserted,  that  a  white  hind  was  a  badge  of 
Philippa,  queen  of  Edward  III ;  in  which  case  that  cogniz- 
ance might  be  with  greater  right  borne  by  the  issue  of  her 
son,  Edmund  of  Langley. 

There  appears,  however,  upon  the  seal  of  Edward  Duke  of 
York  (fig.  5)  another  badge,  which  is  not  mentioned  in  the 
foregoing  catalogue,  and  one  which  is  invested  with  a  special 
interest  at  the  present  moment,  when  its  reappearance  is 
liailed  with  such  hearty  enthusiasm  throughout  these  domi- 
nions. I  allude  to  the  ostrich  feather  and  its  motto,  "  Ioh 
DiEN,"  which  since  the  reign  of  Henry  VII  has  been  exclu- 
sively appropriated  to  the  eldest  son  of  the  sovereign  and 
heir  apparent  to  the  crown.  Were  I  to  enter  into  the  history 
of  this  thrice-famous  device,  I  should  detain  you  here  for 
hours  without  being  able  to  clear  up  the  mystery  which  still 
surrounds  its  origin.  I  have,  however,  upon  this  occasion 
merely  to  speak  of  it  as  a  cognizance  which,  in  the  fifteenth 
century,  we  find  differently  tinctured,  borne  very  generally 
by  several  branches  of  the  royal  family.  In  the  Harleian 
MS.,  No.  304,  fol.  12,  we  are  told  that  "the  ostrich  feather 
silver,  with  the  pen  gold,  is  the  King's;  the  ostrich  feather, 
pen  and  all  silver,  is  the  Prince's ;  the  ostrich  feather  gold, 
the  pen  ermine,is  the  Duke  of  Lancaster's;  the  ostrich  feather 
silver,  the  pen  gobonne  {alias  compony,  or  composed  of 
alternate  squares  of  two  colours, — in  this  case  white  and 
blue),  is  the  Duke  of  Somerset's.  Strangely  enough  no 
mention  is  made  of  the  Duke  of  York;  but  that  Edward 
Duke  of  York,  eldest  son  of  Edmund  of  Langley,  and  slain 
at  Agincourt  in  1414,  not  only  bore  the  feather,  but  also 
placed  the  motto,  "  Ich  Dien,"  upon  the  scroll,  is  apparent 
from  his  seal,  on  which  it  appears  as  you  see  it  in  this  dia- 
gram. His  brother  Eichard  bore  the  feather  and  scroll  with- 
out the  motto,  and  so  did  his  son  Richard,  the  father  of 
Edward  IV.  Whether  the  feather  borne  by  the  house  of 
York  differed  in  tincture  or  metal  from  that  borne  by  the 
line  of  Lancaster,  we  have  no  coloured  example  to  inform 


3-2       ON  THE  BADGES  OF  THE  HOUSE  OF  YORK. 

us;  but  Sir  Harris  Nicolas,  in  liis  valuable  essay  on  this 
subject  in  the  ArchcEologia  (vol.  xxxi,  p.  309),  on  the  autho- 
rity of  j\Ir.  Charles  Winston,  states  that  "  in  the  window  of 
the  church  of  Nettleswell,  in  Essex,  there  were  formerly  (and 
which  were  apparently  placed  there  in  the  early  part  of  the 
reifT^n  of  Edward  IV)  some  remarkable  representations  of 
the  ostrich  feather,  namely  a  border  composed  of  five  rod 
and  five  blue  ostrich  feathers,  having  an  escroll  on  each." 
Now  the  colours  of  the  house  of  York  were,  in  the  fifteenth 
century,  murrey  and  blue  (murrey  being  a  dark  red,  like  the 
juice  of  the  mulberry,  whence  its  name);  and  it  is  exceed- 
ingly probable  that  the  dukes  of  York  bore  the  feathers  of 
their  family  colours,  as  we  find  the  Duke  of  Somerset  at 
that  period,  who  was  of  the  Lancastrian  family,  bearing  his 
feather  with  the  quill  componnee  of  argent  and  azure  (white 
and  blue),  the  family  colours  of  the  house  of  Lancaster. 

After  Edward  IV's  establishment  on  the  throne,  his  son 
Edward,  as  Prince  of  Wales,  bore  the  ostrich  feather  argejit; 
and  as  that  is  the  last  example  we  find  previous  to  the 
union  of  the  two  houses,  we  are  left  completely  in  the  dark 
as  to  the  colour  of  the  feather  borne  by  the  house  of  York, 
unless  we  are  to  consider  it  indicated  by  those  in  the  win- 
dow of  the  church  at  Nettleswell. 

Leland,  in  the  second  volume  of  his  Collectanea  (p.  619), 
gives,  "out  of  a  chart  of  the  genealogie  of  the  dukes  of 
York,"  the  badge  of  a  moon  excrescent,  in  the  centre  of 
which  a  lion  sejant."  I  have  not  found  such  a  cognizance 
in  any  other  list,  nor  have  I  met  with  any  example  of  it  in 
painting  or  sculpture.  A  crescent  was  a  very  ancient 
coo-nizance  of  our  Anfrlo-Norman  kinos;  but  I  am  inclined 
to  believe,  if  there  be  really  any  authority  for  the  above,  that 
this  was  a  badge  personal  to  Edward  Duke  of  York,  the 
husband  of  Philippa  de  Mohun.  In  later  times  we  have 
lienry  II  of  France  assuming  a  crescent  in  honour  oi Diana 
de  Poitiers. 

In  concluding  this  very  imperfect  paper,  I  have  to  apolo- 
gise for  the  little  that  I  have  been  able  to  do  in  elucidation 
of  its  subject.  The  truth  is,  that  from  mistaken  ideas  of  its 
origin  and  intention,  which  have  unfortunately  been  fostered 
by  the  writings  of  too  many  who  should  have  known  better, 
we  are  only  beginning  to  understand  heraldry.  Its  purpose 
was  to  identify  persons  and  property,  and  to  record  descent 


ON  THE  BADGES  OF  THE  HOUSE  OF  YORK.       33 

and  alliance,  and  no  modern  invention  a3»yet  has  been  found 
to  supersede  it.  For  this  reason  alone,  of  all  ancient  usages 
it  is  the  one  least  likely  to  become  obsolete.  Hundreds  of 
persons  may  be  entitled  to  the  same  initials,  may  possess 
precisely  the  same  names;  but  only  the  members  of  a  par- 
ticular family  can  lawfully  bear  certain  armorial  ensigns, 
and  the  various  branches  of  even  that  family  have  their 
separate  differences  to  distinguish  one  from  the  other.  On 
charges  simple  enough  at  the  time  they  were  adopted,  the 
most  preposterous  stories  have  been  founded;  and  the 
characters  which  were  originally  so  clear  that  those  who  ran 
might  read,  have  been  mystified  and  misrepresented  till 
they  are  no  longer  to  be  deciphered  by  the  light  we  have 
left  us.  An  unhappy  ambition  to  exalt  their  science  in  the 
eyes  of  the  general  public,  and  a  less  excusable  desire  to 
pander  to  the  vanity  of  those  who  had  inherited  ancient 
armorial  ensigns,  induced  the  heralds  of  the  middle  ages  to 
adopt  and  exaggerate  the  wildest  legends,  the  most  un- 
founded assertions,  if  they  could  by  any  possibility  be  con- 
nected with  the  charges  on  the  shield  or  the  badge  on  the 
standard.  With  the  increase  of  education,  the  absurdities 
became  more  and  more  apparent,  and  at  length  the  study  of 
heraldry  was  pretty  generally  abandoned  as  a  silly  and  use- 
less pursuit.  The  critical  spirit  of  archaeology  has  within 
the  last  twenty  years  done  much  to  disabuse  the  public  of 
this  prejudice;  and  although  it  may  be  some  time  before 
the  commonplace  sneers  at  heralds  and  their  art  are  dropped 
out  of  the  stock-in-trade  of  the  would-be  satirist,  the  curious 
and  important  information  to  be  derived  from  the  study  of 
armorial  devices  is  rapidly  becoming  appreciated  by  the 
historian,  the  genealogist,  and  the  biographer. 


1864 


34 


ON  THE  LITTLE   BRITISH  KlNGDOlAr  OF  ELMET 
AND   THE    REGION    OF   LOIDIS. 

BY    JOHN    JAMES,    ESQ. 

When  the  Rohulu  legions  had  been  withdrawn  from  our 
shores,  and  nearly  the  whole  of  the  country  lay  at  the  mercy 
of  the  Anglo-Saxons,  there  existed  in  the  heart  of  what 
is  now  the  West  Riding  of  Yorkshire,  a  little  state  called 
Elmet,  which  maintained  for  nearly  two  hundred  years  its 
independence.  It  was  probably  enclosed  on  aU  sides  by  the 
kingdom  of  Deira,  which  included  the  whole  of  the  other 
parts  of  Yorkshire.  This  Regiuncida  of  Elmet,  as  it  has 
been  called,  possesses,  for  many  reasons,  great  interest  both 
to  the  antiquary  and  general  inquirer  :  1st,  because  it  pro- 
bably remained  in  inhabitants,  religion,  and  manners,  much 
the  same  from  the  time  when  the  Romans  quitted  this 
country  until  the  year  616;  2ndly,  because  in  this  interval 
it  stood  like  an  oasis  hemmed  in  by  the  desert  of  Saxon 
Paganism.  From  the  time  that  Christianity  was  introduced 
into  Yorkshire  (probably  in  the  latter  part  of  the  second 
century),  its  pure  light,  it  may  be  believed,  never  afterwards 
became  extinguished;  nor  the  literature,  arts,  and  civilisa- 
tion, of  Rome  quite  lost  in  this  territory  of  Elmet,  though 
the  gross  darkness  of  heathenism  pervaded  for  a  long  period 
the  Saxon  rule  in  England ;  and  3rdly,  because  Leeds,  now 
the  capital  of  the  West  Riding,  was  most  likely  also  the 
capital  of  the  kingdom  of  Elmet. 

The  history  of  this  interesting  little  state  is  involved  in 
deep  obscurity,  for  very  few  ancient  notices  have  descended 
to  us  respecting  it. 

Lappenberg,  in  his  History  of  Encjland  under  the  Anglo- 
Saxon  Kings  (translated  by  Mr.  Thorpe),  states  that  Here- 
ric,  grandson  of  ^lle,  king  of  Northumbria,  was  poisoned 
in  Elmet  some  time  before  the  year  616;  and  that  about 
the  same  year  his  uncle  Edwin,  also  king  of  Northumbria, 
(which  included  the  province  of  Deira),  as  one  of  his  earliest 
deeds  on  ascending  the  throne,  "  conquered,  about  the  year 
616,  the  little  British  territory  of  Elmet,  which  had  existed 


THE    LITTLE    BRITISH    TERRITORY  OF  ELMET.  35 

as  an  independent  state."  We  are  also  informed  that  at 
this  time  Cereticus  held  the  sovereignty  of  Elmet.  Within 
a  few  years  after  this  conquest,  Edwin  was  converted  to  the 
Christian  faith  by  Paulinus,  who  then  j^reached  at  Dews- 
bury  and  throughout  these  parts. 

The  country  of  Loidis,  which  by  Thoresby  was  assumed 
to  be  the  same  as  the  district  of  Elmet,  is  mentioned  by  the 
venerable  Bede  ;  and  also  the  "  Wood  of  Elmet,"  as  here- 
after more  fully  stated.  But  the  most  curious  notice  of 
Elmet  is  contained  in  the  fragment  of  an  ancient  IMS. 
inserted  in  Camden's  Britannia,  and  containing  a  list  of  the 
Saxon  divisions  of  England  during  the  time  of  the  Hept- 
archy, before  England  was  divided  into  counties,  but  only 
into  several  small  partitions  with  their  number  of  hides. 
In  this  list  the  number  of  hides  possessed  in  Elmet  is  set 
down ;  but  it  is  far  from  certain  whether  these  were  all  that 
were  included  in  the  district  of  Elmet,  or  merely  repre- 
sented a  later  partition  carved  out  of  it.  At  this  point  the 
inquiry  naturally  arises.  What,  then,  were  the  extent  and 
bounds  of  the  ancient  kingdom  of  Elmet  1  The  subjoined 
remarks  are  offered  as  aids  in  answering  this  inquiry. 

As  to  its  extent. — From  the  ancient  MS.  inserted  in  Cam- 
den's Britannia,  we  find  that  Elmed-Setna  (that  is,  the 
inhabitants  of  Elmet)  possessed  or  occupied  six  hundred 
hides  of  land.  Wight-Gora  (which,  it  is  presumed,  stands 
for  the  Isle  of  Wight)  is  also  set  down  in  the  same  MS.  as 
consisting  of  the  like  number  of  hides ;  so  that,  taking  the 
hide  to  contain  the  same  measure  of  land  in  both  places,  we 
obtain,  from  the  known  area  of  the  Isle  of  Wight,  86,800 
acres,  or  about  a  hundred  and  thirty-six  square  miles.  But 
it  is  very  probable  that  the  district  of  Elmet  contained 
much  more.  Bishop  Kennet,  in  his  Parochial  Antiquities, 
observes,  "  the  word  '  hide'  was  originally  taken  for  a  horse ; 
and  what  Bede  calls  "familias,'  that  is,  as  much  land  as 
would  maintain  a  family;  for  his  Saxon  interpreter,  King 
Alfred,  calls  it  '  hydelander.'  The  quantity  of  a  hide  was 
never  expressly  determined;  sometimes  it  contained  one 
hundred  acres,  sometimes  eight  virgates  (one  hundred  and 
ninety-two  acres.  The  truth  seems  to  be,  '  hide,'  '  knight's 
fee,'  and  '  yardland,'  differed  in  different  places."  Now  it  is 
(juite  certain  that  in  the  Saxon  times  the  hide  contained 
more  land  in  the  sterile  or  uncultivated  lands  of  the  north 


36  THE  LITTLE    BRITISH    TERRITORY  OF  ELMET 

of  England  than  in  the  more  fruitful  districts  of  the  south  : 
for  instance,  it  appears  from  Domesday  Survey  for  some 
parts  of  Lancashire,  six  carucates,  or  six  hundred  acres,  made 
a  hide  of  land;  but  in  other  counties  the  hide  and  carucate 
were  mostly  the  same. 

The  district  of  El  met,  it  is  supposed,  took  its  name  from 
abounding  in  elm  trees.  As  will  hereafter  appear,  it  is  con- 
jectured that  it  included  within  its  bounds  at  least  the 
valleys  of  the  Wharfe  and  the  Aire,  and  probably  also  that 
of  the  Calder.  Any  one  traversing  these  valleys  cannot  but 
be  struck  with  the  large  remnants  now  existing  of  the  forests 
which  comjdctely  covered  their  slopes  in  the  days  of  our 
Saxon  forefathers.  In  Otley  Manor  alone  there  were,  at 
the  time  of  Domesday  Sui^ey,  coppice-wood  nine  miles  in 
length  and  nine  in  breadth.  The  Great  Wood  of  Farnley 
near  Leeds,  and  Bishop's  Wood  near  Sherburn,  and  nume- 
rous others,  are  vestiges  of  the  immense  forests  which  spread 
over  the  face  of  Elmet,  and  gave  security  and  independence 
to  its  inhabitants.  It  is  e^ddent,  therefore,  from  the  exist- 
ence of  these  immense  forests,  and  the  vast  tracts  of  moor- 
land lying  between  the  valleys,  that  a  very  extensive  tract 
of  country  would  be  required  to  support  six  hundred  families, 
supposed  to  constitute  the  population  of  Elmet;  for  a  family 
in  Saxon  times  had  often  a  large  number  of  dependents. 

From  all  these  considerations  it  will,  perhaps,  be  a  mode- 
rate estimate  to  allot  to  the  kingdom  of  Elmet  about  four 
hundred  square  miles, — or  say  twenty-five  miles  long  and 
eighteen  miles  broad.  In  corroboration  of  this  surmise 
Bede  states  that  the  island  of  Ely  (which  is  twenty-four 
miles  in  length  and  fourteen  in  breadth)  contained  in  his 
time  six  \m\Y\iQd famillas,  hides,  or  households;  and  it  was 
unquestionably  then  a  more  fertile  spot  than  the  country 
around  Leeds. 

As  to  its  hounds. — Thoresby,  in  his  Ducatiis,  observes  that 
"the  territory  about  Leeds, called  Elmet,  or  the  Rer/io  Loidis, 
which  seems  in  those  ages  (Saxon)  to  have  been  of  equal 
extent,"  was  undoubtedly  the  Sylva  ElmetcB  of  Bede,  and 
adds  that  he  durst  not  adventure  upon  the  task  of  defining 
the  boundaries  of  this  Regiuncida  of  Elmet.  What  Thoresby 
durst  not  adventure  upon,  it  may  appear  rash  to  attempt. 
The  following  hints  are,  however,  with  all  dilfidence  offered 
towards  solving  this  difficulty. 


AND  THE    REGION  OF  LOIDIS.  37 

Thorcsby  himself,  in  the  Ducatus  (p.  245,  2nd  edition), 
remarks  :  "  I  take  Shireburu  to  be  tlie  utmost  Hmits,  at  least 
in  this  topography,  of  the  ancient  Elnicd  Sctua,  or  the  iidia- 
bitants  of  Eimet,  as  I  take  the  word  to  signify."  Here,  then, 
we  have  the  authority  of  Thorcsby  for  assuming  Sherburn 
to  be  on  the  eastern  boundary  of  Elmet;  but  there  are  also 
other  reasons  for  this  opinion.  In  many  ancient  writings 
Sherburn  is  described  as  "  Sherburn  in  Elmef;  and  old 
Lambard,  in  his  Dictionary  (published  in  1577),  says,  "the 
territory  or  hundredth  about  Shireburn,  in  York,  is  called 
Elniete."  Again,  the  very  title,  "  Shireburn,"  denotes  the 
boundary  of  a  shire  or  district. 

Towards  the  north  it  is  not  unlikely  that  the  river  Wharfe 
formed  the  boundary.  Nowhere  can  the  monastery  of  "  the 
most  reverend  abbot  and  priest  Thudwulf,"  mentioned  by 
Bede  to  stand  in  the  "  Wood  of  Elmet,"  be  placed  more 
appropriately  than  at  Tadcaster;  for  there  or  thereabouts  a 
monastery  existed  in  the  Saxon  times,  the  only  one  in  that 
part  of  the  country  which  can  be  considered  as  included  in 
the  territory  of  Elmet.  That  this  territory  could  not  extend 
in  that  direction  further,  at  the  most,  than  Tadcaster,  may 
be  concluded  from  the  circumstance  of  York  beino^  the 
capital  of  Deira  from  the  time  of  its  subjugation  by  the 
Saxons,  and  that  the  district  between  the  Wharfe  and  the 
city  incontestably  belonged  to  it.  It  is  clear  that  the  country 
contiguous  to  Tadcaster,  towards  the  south,  belonged  to 
Elmet,  because  Berwick  in  Elmet  lies  in  that  quarter.  And 
here  most  likely,  from  the  remains  still  seen,  stood  the  royal 
viU  or  residence  of  the  later  kings  of  Northumbria,  men- 
tioned by  Bede  as  lying  in  the  country  called  Loidis. 

As  to  the  boundaries  of  Elmet  on  the  west  there  seems 
but  little  material  to  form  even  a  probable  opinion.  Lap- 
penberg  thinks  that  the  district  called  Cumbria  extended 
into  the  later  kingdom  of  Northumbria,  and  that  the  little 
state  of  Elmet  belonged  to  it.  This  conjecture — for  it  is 
only  one — does  not  seem  very  plausible,  for  the  voice  of 
history  is  plain  that  Elmet  was  an  independent  state  under 
its  own  king.  Besides,  Lappcnberg's  theory  would  require 
Craven  to  have  been  included  in  Cumbria,  and  the  evidence 
is  strong  that  it  belonged  to  Deira.  It  is,  however,  not 
improbable  that  the  state  of  Elmet  extended  on  the  west  to 
the  confines  of  the  Deanery  of  Craven  (about  twenty 


38  THE    LITTLE    BEITISH    TERRITORY  OF  ELMET. 

miles  from  Slierburii),  where  there  seems  to  have  existed, 
from  a  remote  period,  a  strong  line  of  demarcation. 

On  the  south  there  are  no  means  of  judging  of  the  situa- 
tion of  the  boundary -line.  Dr.  AVhitakcr,  by  including  the 
parish  of  Halifax  under  the  title  of  his  great  work,  appa- 
rently thought  that  it  formed  part  of  the  southern  boundary 
of  the  district  to  which  he  gave  the  name  of  "  Loidis  and 
Elmete."  Indeed,  his  work  includes  very  much  the  same 
country  as  that  ascribed  in  this  paper  to  Elmet.  Taking 
Slierburn  as  the  east  point,  Bingley  as  the  west,  the  breadth 
required  (eighteen  miles)  would  include  the  lower  portions 
of  the  valleys  of  the  Wharfe,  Aire,  and  Calder. 

The  town  of  Leeds  either  gave  the  name  to  the  country 
of  Loidis  mentioned  by  Bede,  or  took  its  name  from  it  as 
its  capital.  Let  us  now  consider  for  a  few^  moments  the 
question  of  the  state  of  Leeds  prior  to  the  Conquest. 
Thoresby  believes  that  Caer-Loid-Coit,  one  of  the  twenty- 
eight  British  cities  enumerated  by  Nennius,  was  Leeds, — 
not  Lincoln,  as  many  have  supposed;  and  adduces,  among 
other  good  reasons,  the  great  authority  of  Dean  Gale  for  this 
o])inion.  Dr.  Whitaker,  that  Prince  of  Topographers,  in  a 
note  to  the  passage  in  Thoresby,  says  :  "  On  a  cooler  consi- 
deration than  our  author's  partiality  to  the  subject  would 
allow  him  to  bestow  on  it,  I  cannot  but  think  that  Leeds 
has  a  fairer  claim  to  be  the  Caer-Loid-Coit  of  Nennius  than 
any  other  place." 

That  Leeds  was  a  very  important  place  in  the  Saxon 
times  is  satisfactorily  proved  by  Domesday  Survey,  for 
seven  thanes  held  it  of  King  Edward  the  Confessor  for  seven 
manors  valued  at  the  larc:e  sum  of  £6.  Besides  there  were 
there  a  church,  a  priest,  and  a  mill,  several  classes  of  occu- 
piers representing  a  considerable  population  for  the  age,  and 
many  other  indications  of  a  place  of  importance  :  in  fact, 
the  chief  town  of  the  district.  Singularly  enough,  the  Con- 
|ueror,  though  he  devastated  the  neighbourhood,  spared 
J^eeds;  and  hence  its  rapid  growth  soon  after,  whereby  it 
eventually  obtained  a  great  charter  from  the  Paganels,  its 
lords,  and  became  large  and  prosperous. 


( 


39 


ISUEIUM. 

BY  ANDREW  SnERLOCK  LAWSON,  ESQ. 

As  self-constituted  oedile  of  the  ancient  city  of  Isurium, 
in  which  office  I  hope  to  be  confirmed  by  your  suffrages  this 
evening,  I  offer  on  behalf  of  myself  and  my  brother  citizens 
a  welcome  warm  and  hearty  to  the  members  of  the  British 
Archreological  Association.  To  each  one  of  you  we  present, 
and  hope  that  you  will  take  full  advantage  of  it,  "  the  free- 
dom of  our  city."^  Sure  I  am  that  a  day  passed  within  our 
walls  will  convince  the  most  sceptical  amongst  you  that  the 
hrigands  of  modern  times  cannot  possibly  have  derived 
their  name  from  the  descendants  of  the  Brigantes,— that 
warlike  tribe  which  in  an  age  when,  as  Camden  says,  "  all 
right  was  in  the  longest  sword,"  had,  perchance,  not  quite 
so  clear  a  perception  of  the  difference  between  meum  and 
tuwn  as  has  fallen  to  the  lot  of  those  livins;  in  this  enlio;ht- 
ened  nineteenth  century. 

I  cannot  profess  to  bring  before  you  anything  in  the  shape 
of  novelty  in  my  description  of  our  old  ruins.  Much,  indeed, 
that  is  novel  has  been  conjectured  as  to  the  history  of  Isu- 
rium, and  many  authors  have  indulged  in  bold  flights  of 
fancy  constructed  upon  a  very  slender  foundation  of  facts. 
On  the  other  hand  we  have  much  solid  information  as  to 
the  discoveries  of  past  ages  in  Leland,^  in  Camden,  in  Stuke- 
ley,  in  Drake,  and,  coming  down  to  more  recent  times,  in 
Mr.  Wright's  Wanderings  of  an  Antiquary,  in  Mr.  Ecroyd 
Smith's  Reliquice  Isuriance,  and  in  the  History  of  Aldho- 
roiigh  and,  Boroughhridge,  a  useful  handbook  for  the  archse- 
ological  traveller,  published  by  our  local  bookseller.^  When 
sources  so  copious  in  lore  connected  with  Isurium,  are  open 

^  The  citizens  threw  open  their  pavements,  etc.,  free  of  charge,  to  the  mem- 
bers of  the  Association. 

^  Leland  wrote  his  Itinerary  in  1539;  his  poem  on  Prince  Edward  in  1543. 
(CampbeU's  Survey  of  Britain,  i,  .356,  note.)  He  calls  Isurium  the  "great  citte 
in  Wattelyng-street.''  ("  Ermine-street,"  Drake.)  Dr.  Stukeley  and  Gale  also 
wrote  on  Isurium. 

^  To  archseologists  how  invaluable  the  advice  of  Lord  Bacon  in  his  essay,  Of 
Travel,  to  a  young  man, — "  Let  him  carry  with  him  also  some  card,  or  book, 
describing  the  country  wherein  he  travelleth,  which  will  be  a  good  key  to  his 
inquiry."  This  is  a  safe  preservative  against  travellers  going  about  "hooded," 
to  use  Baconian  language.     {Of  Travel,  Essay  XIX.) 


40  ISURIUM. 

to  you,  I  cannot  but  feci  that  my  attempt  to  add  to  what  is 
already  within  reach  of  every  reader,  is  but  the  vain  effort 
of  "  gilding  refined  gold."  Whether  or  not  the  "  four  huge 
stones,'"^  long  ago  reduced  to  three,  "  very  rough  and  unpo- 
lished, and  placed,  as  it  were,  in  a  straight  line  one  from 
another,"  which  Camden  gazed  upon,  and  which  in  his  time 
were  called  "  the  Devil's  Bolts,"  w^ere,  as  a  learned  Professor^ 
of  whom  this  county  is  justly  proud,  believed,  the  vestibules 
of  the  great  Roman  camp  at  Isurium ;  Avhatever  their  origin,^ 
Roman  or  British ;  or  for  what  use  or  purpose  they  may 
have  been  designed, — I  must  forbear  to  inquire ;  for  we 
have  work  enough  with  what  is  intra-  without  touching  on 
what  is  extra-mural  at  Isurium. 

Some  thirty-three  years  ago  but  little  had  been  done  to 
excavate  the  treasures  deeply  buried  in  the  soil.  Disco- 
veries, indeed,  there  had  been,  such  as  those  described  by 
Mr.  Morris  in  a  letter  dated  from  "  Aldborough"^  (he  being 
vicar  of  the  parish),  July  31st,  1708,  in  which  he  cites  the 
undoubted  evidences  existing  in  his  day  of  the  Roman  colony 
which  peopled  the  once  proud  metropolis  of  the  Brigantes. 
Abundant  traces  of  wealth  and  luxury,  gems  of  art,  fictile 
ware  of  that  incomj)arable  perfection  of  which  we  can  shew 
you  not  a  few  exquisite  fragments,  coins  scattered  in  profu- 
sion, as  if  their  once  owners  never  knew  the  value  of  them, 
"  not  many  older  than  Claudius,  yet  some  of  Augustus 
Csesar";  and  some  "  twenty  little  polished  signet-stones  of 
diverse  kinds  and  cuts,"  with  other  vestiges  of  Roman  opu- 
lence,— were  written  of,  currente  ccdamo,  by  Mr.  Morris. 
But  I  fear  that  in  Mr.  Morris's  day  no  museum  acted  as 
custodian  to  these  glorious  relics  of  the  past;  no  archaeolo- 
gical association  protected  them  under  its  sheltering  wings; 
and  so  Isurium  was  rifled  and  despoiled,  and  scarce  the 
shadow  of  its  once  great  name  remains.  In  Domesday  Booh 
you  find  our  city  dwindled  down  into  J5?/rc;  and  afterwards 

^  "  Sore  woren  and  scalid  with  weather."     (Leland.) 

*  Phillips.     Excursions  in  Yorkshire,  p.  16. 

*  The  length  of  the  Roman  stadium  was,  Dr.  Smith  says,  606  feet  9  inches. 
By  an  admeasurement  made  Sept.  S.Oth,  1863,  the  distance  from  the  centre  of 
the  extreme  arrow  at  each  end  was,  in  a  straight  line,  568  feet;  but  the  middle 
existing  arrow  stands  out  of  the  line  12  feet.  We  may  fairly  suppose  that  the 
arrow  which  was  destroyed  equally  diverged  from  the  straight  line.  The  dif- 
ference would  he  readily  accounted  for  by  the  circuit  of  the  two  middle  arrows 
made  by  the  chariots. 

*  Drake's  Eboracnm,  pp.  28,  29. 


ISURIDM.  41 

you  trace  in  "Ealdburg"  and  "  AldboiTow"  that  the  anti- 
quity of  this  place  was  recognised  whilst  its  grandeur  had 
departed.  Camden  explains  Ealdhurg  as  signifying  "an 
old  burrough."  The  Borough  Hill  still  remains.  The  Elec- 
tion Barn  is  pointed  out.  The  warmth,  the  frenzy  of  our 
contests  here  are  not  obliterated  from  the  recollection  of  our 
older  burgesses.  But  the  old  burgh  and  the  still  more 
ancient  city^  are  equally  things  of  the  past :  "  the  silent 
stroke  of  mouldering  age"  had,  in  Camden's  time,  "left  few 
or  no  signs  remaining  of  a  city,  the  plot  thereof  being  con- 
verted into  arable  and  pasture  grounds."  And  of  the  borough, 
suffice  it  to  say  that  the  ruthless  legislation  of  modern 
reformers  consigned  it  to  a  well  known  schedule  in  the 
Reform  Bill  in  1832. 

"  The  old  walls"  of  Isurium,  writes  Mr.  Morris,  were  about 
four  yards  thick,  founded  on  large  pebbles  (cobbles  is  the 
modern  name  for  them),  "laid  on  a  bed  of  fine  clay,  now 
Vholly  covered  with  earth;  but  laid  open  by  such  as  want 
stones  for  building,  where  they  have  some  large  stones  of 
sandy  grit,  taken  from  a  rock  of  the  same  in  the  town."  In 
the  garden  at  Aldborough  Manor  we  have  some  portions  of 
the  city  wall  which  have  escaped  the  hands  of  the  destroyers, 
and  which  are  well  worthy  of  your  inspection.  The  outer 
face  of  these  quondam  defences  of  Isurium  must  have  pre- 
sented a  "  bold  front"  to  the  enemy ;  but  the  inner  portion 
was  merely  a  mass  of  rubble,  which  a  battering-ram^  would 
quickly  have  disposed  of.  These  walls  of  ours  encompass  a 
city  covering  about  sixty  acres  of  land,  forming,  as  Mr. 
Wright  observes,'^  "  an  oblong  rectangular  parallelogram." 
They  have  furnished  an  easily  and  inexpensively  worked 
quarry,  as  the  Colosseum  to  mediaeval  and  modern  Rome, 
for  the  supply  of  the  materials  for  wall-building,  etc.,  when 
Isurium  was  chiefly  in  the  hands  of  a  non-resident  propri- 
etor.    The  work  of  demolition  is  now,  of  course,  at  an  end. 

You  will  notice  at  two  diftercnt  points  in  your  survey,  in 

^  At  Silchester,  says  a  writer  in  the  Gentleman'' s  Magazine,  Oct.  1863,  the 
name  of  "  city"  is  still  religiously  preserved  to  its  deserted  site  by  the  neigh- 
bouring inhabitants  of  the  district. 

-  "  Ordnance  do  exceed  all  arietations  and  ancient  inventions."  (Lord 
Bacon's  Essay,  Of  Vicissitude  of  Things.) 

"  labet  ariete  crebro 

Janua,  et  emoti  procumbunt  cardine  postes." 

{yEneid  II,  4p.l-. 
^  Wanderings  of  an  Antiquary,  p.  245.  /C'^>- 

18(54  1^/ 

foof 


-J 


42  isurju^r. 

the  ^lanor  Gardens,  the  number  of  small  rooms  and  apart- 
ments,— whether  barracks  or  not,  we  cannot  pronounce, — 
closely  adjacent  to. the  city  wall.  From  these  we  have 
frathered  a  rich  harvest  of  interesting  relics.  The  inner  walls 
of  many  of  the  houses  were  decorated  with  a  stucco  which 
still  displayed  its  pristine  vivid  colours;  but  which,  like 
that  described  at  Nineveh,^  faded  away,  and  fell  to  pieces, 
when  exposed  to  the  air.  We  have,  however,  specimens  in 
the  "  ]\Iuseum  Isurianuni"  which  retain  their  original  colour 
to  this  day.^  I  should  not  omit  to  mention,  in  order  to 
explain  to  you  how  narrow  an  escape  from  total  destruction 
our  "  city  walls"  experienced  during  the  last  century,  that 
hlind  John  jMetcalfe,^  the  northern  "  Praefectus  Viarum,"  had 
an  eye  to  our  timeworn  fortifications  as  likely  to  afford  suit- 
al)le  materials  for  "backing  up"  the  present  road  leading 
from  Boroughbridge  to  Knaresborough.  This  project  of 
Vandalism  was  never  carried  out.  But  I  must  not,  like 
l\Ionkbarns  in  the  Antiquary,  set  about  an  Essay  on  Castra- 
metation;  and  therefore  we  will,  dismissing  these  "sermons 
in  stones,"  have  something  better  "  in  petto  for  our  after- 
noon cordial."^ 

W^e  now  come  to  those  tessellated  pavements  which  have 
justly  won  for  our  city  the  appellation  of  the  British  Pom- 
peii,— not,  indeed,  that  we  can  exhiljit  anything  approaching 
in  beauty  to  the  mosaic  picture  on  the  floor  of  the  tahUnum 
of  the  house  of  the  tragic  poet  at  The  Pompeii,  which  is 
described  by  Sir  William  Gell;^  but  I  think  we  may  lay 
claim  to  the  possession  of  Roman  pavements  which  are  not 
excelled  in  workmanship  and  perfection  by  any  discovered 
amongst  the  remains  of  the  Roman  cities  in  Britain.  I 
A^'ould  in\nte  you  to  look  closely  on  these  tessellw,^  so  often 
trodden  bv  Roman  feet,  and  to  notice  the  minute  care  with 
wliicli  the  whole  work  has  been  executed;  fully  demonstratmg, 
in  my  opinion,  the  great  antiquity  of  Isurium,  as  those  pave- 
ments bear  evidence  of  the  Augustan  sera  of  Roman  art  and 

^  Layard's  Nineveh. 

2  We  have  uncovered  a  good  section  of  these  "  frescoes  steeped  in  subterra- 
nean damps." 

^  Smiles's  Lives  of  the  Engineers.  *  Antiquary,  i,  171. 

"  Gell's  Fompeiana,  i,  174,  175. 

"  "  The  word  tessellcn  was  particularly  applied  to  the  pavements.  It  evidently 
comes  from  the  Greek  word  tessera,  four  (sided),  of  which  tessella  is  the  dimi- 
nutive, and  thus  signifies  a  diminutive  cube  or  die."  (Birch's  Ancient  Pottery 
and  Porcelain,  ii,  238.) 


TSUIUUM.  43 

civilisation.  The  pavements  which  are  now  laid  clown  in 
the  Hospitiuni  in  the  groinids  of  St.  Mary's  Abbey,  at  York, 
are  obviously  of  a  much  later  date  than  those  at  Aldborough. 
You  will  deduce  this  from  their  ruder  construction  and  less 
polished  and  finished  character.  No  vestiges  remain  of 
those  pavements  which  are  figured  in  Drake's  Ehovcwmn, 
and  portrayed  as  being  "  Roman  pavements  at  Aldburgh." 
When  Drake  wrote,  these  old  "  floors,"  as  some  of  our  vil- 
lagers would  term  them,  were  accounted,  no  doubt,  an 
encumbrance  upon,  rather  than  a  benefit  to,  the  householders 
on  whose  premises  they  were  discovered,  and  were  rooted 
out  as  worthless.  Nor  was  this  radical  cure  confined  to  the 
last  century.  I  remember  that,  a  very  few  years  ago,  a 
pavement  which  had  withstood  the  ravages  of  time  was 
doomed  to  annihilation  by  its  proprietor,  simply  because  the 
tenant  complained  of  the  damage  done  to  his  vegetables  by 
the  numbers  of  "curious"  travellers  invading  his  garden.^ 

Here,  perhaps,  I  might  mention  tliat  I  was  informed  dur- 
ing last  spring,  that  some  labourers  who  were  draining  a 
field  in  a  township  about  three  miles  to  the  west  of  Isurium, 
whose  name  ( Westivick)  will  recall  some  trace  of  the  possi- 
bility, to  say  the  least  of  it,  of  its  having  been  known  to  the 
Eomans  prior  to  the  Saxon  occupation,  found  a  quantity  of 
ashes, — there  having  been  obviously  an  ustrhmni  there, — • 
and  fragments  of  broken  urns ;  and,  as  one  of  them  told  me, 
several  (as  he  called  them)  "checked"  stones, — the  w^ord 
"chequered"  being  so  descriptive  of  our  Roman  pavements. 
1  saw  none  of  these  stones ;  but  it  is  no  great  stretch  of  the 
imagination  to  suppose  that  there  might  be  a  Roman  or 
Saxon  villa,  its  treasures  still  unexplored,  in  the  delightful 
situation  which  I  have  pointed  out. 

But  to  return  to  Isurium.  In  the  gardens  of  the  Ald- 
burgh Arms  (the  chief  Isurian  hostelry)  you  will  find  two 
pavements,  which  will  amply  repay  you  for  what  an  old 
writer  would  have  called  your  "  painfulle  peregrinations"  in 
journeying  to  our  metropolis.     The  pavement  first  brought 

^  A  similar  instance,  occurring  at  Bromham  in  Wiltshire,  is  thus  spoken  of 
anent  an  excursion  to  Bromham  from  Devizes,  of  the  members  of  the  Wiltshire 
Archaeological  Society,  in  the  pages  of  the  Gentleman  s  Maijazine  for  Oct. 
1863:  "The  party  next  visited  the  spot  on  which  a  llomau  tessellated  pave- 
ment formerly  existed,  but  which  has  lately  been  removed  by  an  anti-archteo- 
logical  farmer,  who  gave  the  stone  foundation  to  the  road  commissioners." 
(P.  482.) 


44  ISURIUM. 

to  liglit  was  disentombed  in  1832.  In  its  centre  is,  or  rather 
was,  the  figure  of  a  panther,  or  a  leopard,  reclining  beneath 
a  palm-tree.  "  The  picture,"  says  ]\Ir.  Wright,^  "  is  worked 
on  a  white  ground  with  tessersB  of  five  different  colours, — 
red,  yellow,  brown,  black,  lilac.  It  is  enclosed  in  a  border 
of  two  black  tessera?,  which  form  a  line,  serving  as  a  square 
frame  to  the  picture."  Great  artistic  skill  has  been  employed 
in  the  designing  this  pavement;  and  although  it  has  been 
mutilated  to  some  extent  by  pilfering  hands,  and  much 
injured  by  that  (not)  "sacred  green"  which  disfigures  its 
"  fair  colours,"  still  it  is  a  masterpiece  of  workmanship.  This 
pavement-  and  the  one  closely  adjacent  to  it  are  supported^ 
by  small  pillars  of  red  sandstone  (p/te), probably  surmounted 
by  large  grey  slates,  numbers  of  which  have  been  found  in 
the  vicinity  of  the  pavements.  The  concrete,  the  unequalled 
Roman  cement,  composed,  as  at  Corinium  and  elsewhere,  of 
"  a  mixture  of  pounded  bricks  and  lime,"  remains  almost  as 
imjicrvious  as  it  was  on  the  day  on  which  it  was  first  laid 
down.  The  hypocaust  kept  the  floor  warm  and  dry;  and 
the  heated  air  was  admitted  into  the  room  by  flue-tiles,  of 
which  you  will  see  a  specimen  on  one  side  of  the  very  per- 
fect pavement  hard  by  that  to  which  I  have  directed 
your  attention.  You  will  also  observe  more  distinctly  the 
method  of  heating  the  apartments  of  a  Roman  house  by  an 
inspection  of  what  were  the  thennce  of  Isurium,  at  each 
corner  of  which  were  flue-tiles^  conveying  warmth  into  the 
bath-room.  As  to  the  materials  of  which  the  tessellce  were 
often  composed,  I  would  refer  you  to  the  interesting  work 
on  Ancient  Corinium  (pp.  48-54)  by  Professor  Buckman 
and  Mr.  Ncwmarch. 

The  pavement  with  the  double  star  for  its  centre  will,  I 
am  sure,  aff"ord  you  much  enjoyment.  I  do  not  think — it 
may  be  my  Isurian  vanity — that  you  will  find,  taking  it 
"  for  all  in  all,"  its  equal  in  this  country.  Mr.  Wright^  has 
given  full  particulars  of  its  dimensions  and  of  its  component 
tesserae.     Mr.  Ecroyd  Smith  has  the  credit  of  bringing  to 


^  Wanderings  of  an  Antiquary,  pp.  236-7. 

"  These  pavements  are  called  sufipensarcc, — generally  floors  of  the  highest 
class  and  of  the  most  ornate  description. 

'  This  we  gather  from  the  "  sujiports"  standing  a  few  years  ago,  of  floors 
which  had  perished,  in  the  garden  of  the  Aldburgh  Arms. 

■•  From  the  prcefurnium. 

'  Wanderings  of  an  Antiquary,  pp.  238-9. 


isumuM.  45 

light  this  hidden  mosaic;  but  a  very  juvomlo  fossor,  the  son 
of  a  former  innkeeper,  was  the  first,  by  his  "  diggings,"  to 
give  Mr.  Smith  an  inkhng,  of  which  he  speedily  availed 
himself,  of  what  was  concealed  beneath  the  soil.  The  pave- 
ment is  no  longer  mouldy,  but  its  colours  are  as  bright  as 

ever. 

Again,  other  pavements  are  worthy  of  a  visit  from  you, 
especially  that  long  range  divided  only  Ijy  a  narrow  strip  of 
orchard  from  the  garden  of  the  Aldburgh  Arms,  in  which, 
at  the  furthest  extremity,  you  will  observe  the  headless 
figure  of  a  Roman  :  the  figure  closely  draped,  and  the  feet 
remain ;  and  under  the  left  elbow  six  Greek  letters, 

E\H 

E  a'  V 

made  of  tesseroD  of  glass,  are  still  visible.  What  may  be  the 
interpretation  of  these  disjointed  limbs  of  words,  I  venture 
not  to  guess;  but  Mr.  Wellbeloved,  the  talented  historian 
of  Eboracum,  assured  me  that  Greek  inscriptions  found  in 
this  country  were  so  extremely  rare  that  he  could  call  to 
his  recollection  but  one  other  instance,  and  that  was  of  an 
inscription  in  Greek  characters  pricked  upon  tin. 

One  word  more  on  the  pavements.  You  must  not  omit 
to  explore  the  wonders  of  the  "  ancient  Manor  House,"  over 
whose  door  you  will  trace  an  evidence  that  the  Muses  have 
not  quite  departed  from  Isurium.  The  Roman  milestone 
found  at  Duel  Cross,  on  the  road  between  Isurium  and  Ebo- 
racum— the  inscription  on  which  has  been  deciphered  by 
Mr.  Roach  Smith — will  be  seen  within  the  walls,  beneath 
whose  compass  are  preserved  "  the  Roman  works,  a  great 
curiosity."  The  Etrurian  pattern  of  mosaic  work  (op?6S  77iu- 
sivum)  is  also  well  worthy  of  a  visit ;  whilst  I  hope  that  our 
main  street  itself  may  yield  a  pavimental  stratum. 

But  the  Museum  Isurianum,  which,  after  your  visit,  will 
be  declared  to  be  "opened,"  embraces  a  vast  variety  of 
specimens  of  what  the  uninitiated  would  style  "  oddments," 
but  we  archaeologists  should  call  Roman  refinement  and 
proficiency  in  art.  This  Museum  has  just  been  transplanted 
from  its  former  habitat,  which  was  too  dark  and  confined. 
The  collection  which  it  contains  was  mainly  gathered  toge- 
ther by  my  late  father,  one  who  loved  archaeology  most 
ardently,  and  who  treasured  up,  like  a  true  Conservative, 
every  monument  of  Isurium  which  the  spade  disclosed  or 


4G 


ISUKIU-M. 


the  plough  upturned.  I  am  endeavouring  to  follow  in  his 
footsteps, — "proximus  at  longo  qui  proximus  intervallo." 
The  floor  of  the  JMuseum  is,  for  the  in(jst  part,  paved  with 
Roman  tesserae  brought  from  pavements,  many  of  them 
rapidly  decaying.  The  north-west  side,  running  parallel 
with  part  of  the  cases  wherein  our  antiquities  are  deposited, 
has  been  relaid  in  the  same  figures,  and  after  the  same  pat- 
terns, as  when  in  their  original  position  (in  situ).  Mr.Ecroyd 
Smith! s  Ed i(2uicB  Isuriame  fully  describes  the  chief  contents 
of  the  cases.  The  Samian  ware,  of  which  J\lr.  Birch  says, 
under  the  head  of  "Aretine  ware,"  that  it  is  "  of  a  bright 
red,  like  sealing-wax,  and  covered,  like  the  Greek  lustrous 
vases,  ^^^th  a  silicated  alkahne  glaze,"  is  one  of  the  leading 
features  in  our  Eoman  Pantechnicon.  The  specimens  are 
mostly  fragmentary,^  but  many  of  them  are  richly  moulded, 
bearing  upon  their  embossed  sides"^  well  executed  figures  of 
men  and  women,  animals,  etc. 

One  case,  you  will  notice,  is  devoted  to  bottoms  of  Samian 
pots  stamped  with  the  potters'  names.  I  have  recovered 
about  thirty  names  for  this  collection,  and,  on  comparing 
them  with  the  names  of  potters  given  in  the  works  of 
Mr.  Birch,^  and  of  Mr.  Wright,^  I  find  tlie  following  names 
of  professors  of  the  fictile  art  unrecorded  by  the  two  authors 
aforementioned,  viz.  :  1,  Bannus,  or  Bannuus  (Bannui  m.); 
2,  Borio  (Borio  m.) ;  3,  Balbinus  (F.) ;  4,  Crankinus  (Crank- 
ini)  ;  5,  Littera  (F.) ;  6,  Mamm, — perhaps  Mammoeus 
("  Mamm."  and  "  Mamm.  of") ;  7,  Ovetus  (F.).  Then  we 
have  some  names  slightly  varied  from  those  catalogued  in 
the  pages  of  Messrs.  Birch  and  Wright :  e.f/.,  we  have — 
1,  Arc.  Off.  (Mr.  Birch  gives  the  stamp  as  Arco  F.,  whilst 
the  potter  is  unmentioned  by  j\Ir.  Wright);  2,  one  potter's 

*  One  or  two,  probably  ciboria,  are  nearly  perfect.     ( Vide  Birch,  ii,  348.) 

2  J'ragments  of  potters'  names  appear,  in  one  or  two  instances,  on  these 
embossed  sides,  as  isi.     One  whole  name  appears,  ijianxi. 

=*  Birch,  ii,  409-15. 

■»  Wright's  Roman,  Celt,  and  Saxon,  4G7-74.  Names  of  Jirjnli  found  at  Isu- 
rium  on  the  bottom  of  pots  of  Samian  ware  : 


Albus  F. 

Balbinus  F. 

Laxtuc(a) 

Prise,  m. 

Aprilis  M. 

Burdo 

Lupiiii  m. 

Quint,  (m.) 

Arc.  off. 

Caletini 

Mamm. 

Rottali  m. 

Biturix 

Calvini  o. 

3Iamm.  of. 

Secund. m. 

B;uiiiu  ni.  (2) 

Carat i  m. 

j\Iarcelli 

Severini  m. 

Borilli  m. 

Crankini 

Malle(ci) 

Tascilli  m. 

Ditto,  off. 

Littera  F. 

Martini 

Vale(ri) 

Borio  iM. 

Luttcus  Fee. 

Ovetus  F. 

ISURIUM.  47 

stnmp  is  Calvini  o.  (Messrs.  Birch  and  AVright  have  it  as 
Calviiii  m);  3,  we  have  very  pLxinly  Car«ti  in.,  instead  of 
C'art'ti  m. ;  4,  our  legend  is  I.axtuc(a), — JMr.  Bircli  writes 
La.stuca,  the  name  does  not  occur  in  INFr.  Wright's  hst;  5, 
Mallrci  with  us,  is  Malh'ci  in  Birch  and  Wright;  G,  Kotta/i 
m.  is  Rott/ai  m.  in  the  useful  enumerations  to  which  I  have 
adverted.  These  differences  are  alluded  to  because,  in  each 
case,  our  pottery  is  most  clearly  lettered. 

Of  black  and  other  earthenware  we  can  exhibit  to  you 
cinerary  and  sepulchral  urns  found  in  excavations  outside 
our  walls.  One  light-coloured  funereal  vase  was  exhumed 
during  last  summer.  It  was  found  close  to  a  skeleton,  near 
the  original  Museum;  another  skeleton  had  an  urn  in  imme- 
diate proximity  to  it;  a  third  lay  urnless.  Some  fragments 
of  Samian  ware  were  scattered  about;  and  a  fine  coin  of 
Domitian^  (second  brass)  having  on  its  reverse  moneta 
AVGVSTi,  the  goddess  of  the  mint  with  her  attributes,  with 
s.c.  in  the  field,  was  added  to  my  cabinet.  You  will  notice 
an  unguen(ary  vase  (so  the  late  Dr.  Rigaud  pronounced  it 
to  be)  found  near  a  skeleton  in  a  field,  outside  our  walls, 
called  High  Briggates.  Another  urn,  of  a  reddish-brown 
colour,  from  our  Borough  Hill,  is  of  beautiful  design,  and 
almost  a  facsimile  of  one  which  finds  a  place  in  Drake's 
Ehoracum  (plate  xiii,  fig.  8),  amongst  "  Roman  curiosities 
found  at  York  and  Aldburgh."  Y^ou  will  not  pass  what  is 
apparently  a  Roman  garden  flower-pot^  unnoticed.  Next 
the  mortaria.  Of  these  vessels  we  have  one  or  two  almost 
unbroken,  and  many  fragments  which  illustrate  the  use  to 
which  this  species  of  fictile  ware  was  appHed.  You  will 
find  that  a  rough  surface  of  minute  pebbles,  with  which  the 
interior  of  these  mortaria  is  often  armed,  rendered  them,  as 
Mr.  Roach  Smith  tells  us,^  serviceable  "  for  triturating  sub- 
stances not  requiring  much  force,  such  as  the  hard  kind  of 
vegetables."  The  potters'  names,  or  rather  initials,  are  often 
stamped  on  the  rims  of  these  moi^taria.  The  same  remark 
may  be  used  as  regards  the  many  handles  of  Roman  am- 
liliorcB  found  at  Isurium.  One  Roman  amjjJiora,  in  full 
perfection,  is  an  ornament  to  our  Museum.    From  its  shape 

^  This  is  a  duplicate  coin  in  my  collection,     moneta  avgvsti  (first  brass^J^^ 
a  rare  reverse.      Vide  Akerman.  /^\t^ 

^  Ecroyd  Smith,  plate  xxxir;  p.  53  also.  /o^>"''' 

Aiitifiuitics  of  Richborough,  Rcculver,  and  Lymne,  pp.  G2-G4.        f^/  A, 


^-y. 


^T^^ 


48  isuiuuM, 

it  appears  to  have  been  fixed  in  the  earth.  It  resembles  an 
amphora  found  at  ]\Iount  Bures,  near  Colchester,  described 
in  Wright's  The  Celt,  the  Roman,  and  the  Saxon  (p.  222, 
fig.  2)."  We  have  heads  of  Eoman  jars.  We  have  stucco 
retaining  much  of  its  old  colouring.  We  have  a  case  of 
fragments  of  glass  which,  I  think,  you  will  not  hesitate  to 
pronounce  (I  tread  on  brittle  ground)  to  be  Roman.  We 
have  iron,^  on  which  time  has  so  indelibly  branded  its 
ravages,  that  I  confidently  ask  your  verdict  ujDon  it.  We 
have  a  varied  display  of  ornaments  characteristic  of  the 
Roman  era,  amongst  them  some  twenty  Fihulce — but  not 
one  of  them  is  like  that  described  by  the  poet,^  a  brooch  of 
gold — they  are  of  bronze,  and  we  have  them  both  bow- 
shaped,  and  circular  in  form.  Dr.  Smith,  in  his  Dictionary 
of  Greek  and  Roman  Antiquities,  under  the  head  oi  Fihida, 
says  "a  lady  sometimes  displayed  an  elegant  row  of  brooches, 
down  each  arm,  upon  the  sleeves  of  her  tunic,  examples  of 
which  are  seen  in  many  ancient  statues." 

We  have  armiUce,  in  bronze  ;  we  have  strigiles,  part  of  the 
necessary  furniture  of  the  Roman  bath-room ;  we  have  bronze 
styli;  we  have  hair-pins  (acus),  which,  at  Dorchester  (Durno- 
varia),in  the  Museum,  are  grouped  together  under  the  name 
of  5pm6e^— these  hair-pins  are  of  bone — the  same  word  serves 
for  the  hair-pins,  which  terminate  in  a  knob,  and  for  the 
needles  through  the  eye  of  which  there  was  a  passage  for  the 
thread,  of  which  we  possess  several.  The  mode  in  which 
the  Roman  ladies  fastened  their  hair  up,  by  means  of  these 
pins,  is  explained  by  Dr.  Smith,  and  may  be  gathered  from 
the  obverse  of  many  of  the  best  preserved  coins  of  the 
Roman  empresses  ;  we  have  an  host  of  articles  to  give  de- 
tails of,  each  of  which  would  require  a  small  "  hand-book  to 
the  Antiquities" — suftice  it  to  mention  a  cochlear,  in  every 
respect,  save  as  to  metal,  similar  to  that  found  at  Reculver 
by  ]\Ir.  Roach  Smith.  The  ingenuity  of  Roman  epicures 
must  have  been  taxed  in  the  invention  of  this  "  egg-and- 
snail-consumer." 

I  shall  not  leave  the  Museum  without  asking  you  to  cx- 

^  The  knives  and  scissors  from  Richborough  (Rutupise),  figured  in  The  Celt, 
the  Roman,  and  the  Saxon,  p.  342,  are  an  exact  counterpart  of  those  found  at 
Isurium. 

^  "  Aurca  purpuream  subnectit  fibula  vestem."     (Virgih) 

"  The  glass  hairf)ins  in  the  Dorchester  Museum  are  unique. 

*  Richborough,  Reculver,  and  Lymne,  plate  vii. 


ISURIUM.  49 

amine  the  Koman  tiles  and  bricks,  arranged  on  shelves  for 
your  inspection.  On  one  square  Ijrick,  you  will  read, 
stamped  very  legibly,  leg  ix  hisp.  On  a  flanged  tile,  you 
will  notice  the  impress  of  a  goat's  foot.  You  will  not  pass 
unnoticed  sundry  roof-tiles  found,  as  those  at  Dorchester, 
with  the  fastening  nails  still  attached  to  them.  You  will 
be  able  to  trace,  in  a  great  measure,  the  inscriptions  on  two 
sepulchral  stones,  which  we  have  placed  within  the  walls  of 
the  Museum.  A  grim  stone  idol,  supposed  to  be  Did,  the 
tutelar  deity  of  the  Brigantes,  after  whom,  perchance,  our 
Dewsbury — in  Camden's  time  Deusborrough^  was  named — 
must  be  the  last  attraction  which  I  will  ask  you  to  bear 
in  mind. 

A  word  or  two  upon  the  Roman  coins  found  at  Isurium, 
will  not  be  out  of  place.  They  range  from  the  time  of 
Nero  to  that  of  Magnus  Maxim  us.  We  have  silver,  plated, 
and  brass  or  copper  coins- -the  latter  very  frequent,  but 
(alas !)  no 

"  Little  eagles  wave  their  wings  in  gold." 

The  coins  are  not  found  hoarded  up — five,  I  believe,  is  the 
greatest  number  which  we  have  found  heaped  together. 
These  were  of  Antoninus  Pius,  Marcus  Aurelius,  and 
Faustina  the  younger  (if  my  recollection  is  accurate). 
Those  whom  I  address  will  agree  with  Addison,^  that  the 
intrinsic  value  of  an  old  coin  does  not  consist  in  its  metal, 
but  in  its  erudition";  and  further  will  not  "fancy  any 
charms  in  gold,  but  in  the  figures  and  inscriptions  that 
adorn  it."  Our  coins,  albeit  of  the  less  valuable  metals, 
contain  a  history  in  themselves ;  not  only  the  concisum 
argentum  in  titulos,  faciesque  minutas ;  but  also  the  '  se's 
concisum'  is  a  historical  epitome. 

Mr.  Ecroyd  Smith  gives  a  full  account  of  the  best  coins 
enshrined  in  our  cabinet  up  to  the  year  in  which  he  wrote 
— since  that  time  very  many  more  coins  have  been  accu- 
mulated, and  I  will  here  attempt  to  describe  a  few  of  them 
The  first  (in  seniority  !)  is  Ncro,^  of  which  we  have  a  silver 
coin,  better  rounded  than  most  of  his  denarii,  imp.  neiio 

^  "  It  resembles  Dui's  Burgh  in  sound."     (Camden.) 

^  Upon  the  Usefulness  of  Ancient  Medals. 

*  "  The  silver  coins  of  Kero  are  generally  ill  struck,  or  are  in  bad  condition. 
A  really  fine  and  round  denarius  is  seldom  met  with,  and  will  consequently 
brinir  a  high  price."     (Akerman,  i,  161,  note.) 

1864  7 


50  ISURIUM. 

CAES.  AVG.  pp — on  reverse,  a  figure  seated  with  . . .  .custo  (s). 
Of  Vespasiaii^  we  are  enriched  by  one  silver  and  three 
second  brass  effigies.  The  silver  denarius  has  on  the  exergue 
TRiPOi.  This  is  a  remarkable  coin.  Two  coins  (second  brass) 
are  oood  types  of  Eoman  coinage  ;  one  of  them  was  found 
about  six  feet  below  the  present  surface  of  the  ground  ; 
it  bears  upon  it  a  magnificent  head  of  this  emperor :  imp. 
CAES  VESPASIAN  AVG.  COS ;  reverse,  FOPtT.  Another  coin 
of  the  same  emperor  has  the  Konian  eagle,  standing  on  a 
globe  for  its  reverse.  Next,  we  have  two  (silver)  denarii 
of  Titus'^ — both  good  specimens — one  particularly  so,  having 
on  the  obverse,  imp.  titus  caes.  vespasian.  avg.  pm.  ;  on 
the  reverse,  an  (African)  elephant,  with  the  legend  trp.  ix. 
IMP.  XV.  cos  viii.  pp.  Of  Domitian  we  have  found  two 
(second  brass)  coins,  with  fine  heads ;  Moneta  Augusti  on 
the  reverses — one  of  them,  on  the  obverse,  has  imp.  caes. 

DOMIT.  AVG.  germ.  COS.  XII.  CENS.  P.P. 

We  hasten  onwards  to  Nerva,  of  whom  we  have  a  (second 
brass,  duplicate)  well  executed  profile  ;  reverse,  libertas 
PVBLICA.  Trajan  ofi'ers  us  two  capitally  defined  heads  (first 
brass);  but  neither  of  these  coius  approaches  to  the  unsur- 
passed specimen,  described  by  Ecroyd  Smith,  brought  to 
light  near  the  ustrinum.  We  have  three  (second  brass)  coins 
of  Hadrian  ;  the  heads  of  the  emperor  are  in  good  pre- 
servation ;  but  the  reverses  bear  signs  of  the  coins  having 
been  much  used.  As  in  the  Dorchester  Museum,  L.  ^Livs 
CAESAR  gives  us  a  very  fine  (second  brass)  medal,  with  a 
draped  female  figure  ;  the  reverse,  an  altar,  etc.  ;  on  the 
exergue  is  pietas  ;  in  the  field  "  s.  c."  We  have,  also,  a 
silver  denarius  of  the  same  emperor.  Antoninus  Pius, 
whose  coins  amounted,  when  Mr.  Smith  wrote,  to  "  silver 
(plated  and  much  worn)  1  ;  brass,  12  ;"  now  counts  silver, 
etc.,  3  ;  brass  (second)  18  ;  brass  (third)  1.  vicT.  parthia 
is  the  leo;end  on  the  reverse  of  one  of  the  silver  coins. 
One  of  the  second  brass  coins  bears  a  rare  reverse  {vide 
Akerman,  i,  270),  Britannia  ;  cos.  mi,  is  the  legend  s.  c. 

^  Vespasian  had  served  with  distinction  in  Britannia,  "  where  he  fought 
many  battles,  subdued  two  nations,  and  reduced  the  Isle  of  Wight.  His  son 
Titus  served  under  him,  as  a  tribune,  with  much  rei)Utation,  and  bravely  dis- 
engaged him  from  a  post  in  which  he  had  been  blocked  up  by  the  Britons." 
(S»etonius  in  Vespasian.,  cap.  iv,  etc.)  Vide  Campbell's  Hicrvey  of  Britain, 
1774,  ii,  297,  note. 

2  (jf  .<  Xitus  Vespasianus,"  Lord  Bacon  says,  "  we  read  he  was  one  of  the  most 
beautiful  men  of  his  age."     {Of  Beauty,  xliv.) 


ISURIUiM.  51 

on  the  exergue  ;  a  female  figure  sitting  on  a  rock.  Of 
Faustina  the  Elder,  two  beautiful  silver  denarii  have  been 
brought  to  me  :  one  reads  thus,  as  to  its  inscription,  on 
the  obverse,  diva  Faustina  ;  on  the  reverse,  avgvsta  ; 
"  Ceres  standing  holding  the  hasta  (or  a  torch)  and  ears  of 
corn  (vide  Akerman,  i,  173,  sect.  7). 

Next  in  order,  is  Marcus  Aurelius :  we  have  one  silver 
denarius,  with  m.  antoninvs  avg.  germ,  saiim.  on  the  ob- 
verse ;  and  piet.  avg.  trp.  xxxi  imp.  xiiii  cos.  hi.  p.p.  ;  "  a 
veiled  female  standing,"  on  the  reverse  (vide  Akerman,  i, 
281,  section  18).  We  have,  also,  one  (second  brass)  coin  of 
the  same  emperor.  Faustina  junior — five  second  Ijrass 
medallions,  on  one  of  them  (Akerman,  i,  291,  section  15) 
is  "a  female  figure  naked  to  the  waist,"  with  a  child,  genii, 
etc.,  etc.  Another  has  a  funeral  pyre,  with  the  legend 
(covse)  cratio  {consecixdio)  on  the  reverse;  and  s.  c.  in  the 
field.  Of  Lucius  Verus  I  have  a  laureated  head  (first  brass) 
vervs  avg.  armen.  ;  on  reverse,  a  female  figure  with  s.  c. 
Commodus,  two  silver:  one  with  rare  reverse  (vide  Akerman, 
i,  304,  section  6)  ;  one  (second  brass).  Crispina,  wife  of 
Commodus,  one  silver  medallion,  with  the  legend  crispina. 
avgvsta.  SejMmius  Severus  (silver),  one  coin  :  severvs 
AVG.  part.  max.  on  obverse;  reverse,  p.  m  t  R  p  viii.  cos.  vii. 
p.  p.  Julia  Au(justa=Ju\i(i  Domna — one  silver  coin.  Alex- 
ander  Severus  :  of  this  emperor  we  have  two  silver  coins. 

It  is  needless  for  me  to  speak  of  coins  of  the  later 
emperors — -these  abound  ;  but  the  monetarii  must  have 
been,  judging  from  their  coinage,  a  debased  race  ;  plated 
coins  supplanted  silver ;  first  and  second  brass  gave  place 
to  third  brass  miserably  executed. 

I  must  forbear  to  dwell  upon  our  noble  parish  church; 
in  the  outer  wall  of  its  vestry  is  a  figure  of  Mercury, 
of  whose  temple,  it  was  supposed,  remains  were  found 
beneath  the  garden  of  the  vicarage.  In  like  manner,  we 
must  omit  any  dissertation  on  the  Cross,  formerly  at 
Borouohbrido-e,  which  stands  before  our  infant  school.  The 
Koman  remains  being  the  chief  attraction  to  such  an  Asso- 
ciation as  ours,  have,  naturally,  engrossed  the  "  lion's  share" 
of  this  paper.  I  have  not  done  full  justice  to  the  subject. 
Come,  and  look  around  for  yourselves.  Never,  as  Ion 
can  avoid  it,  shall  it  be  said  of  Isurium,  "  the  very 
it  also  have  perished  !"     ("  Etiam  periere  ruinse.") 


23riti5lj  ^rcjecologiral  Association. 


TWENTIETH     ANNUAL     MEETING, 
LEEDS,     1863. 

OCTOBER    12th    TO    19th    INCLUSIVE. 


PATRONS, 

The  Earl  Fitzwilliam,  Lord  Lieutenant  of  the  County. 

His  Gkace  the  Lord  Aechbishop  of  York. 

The  Earl  of  Cardigan,  G.C.B. 

The  Earl  of  Harewood. 

The  Earl  of  Effingham. 

The  Earl  de  Grey  and  Ripon. 

The  Right  Rev.  Lord  Bishop  of  Ripon,  D.D.,  F.R.S. 

The  Lord  Londesborough. 


PRESIDSNT. 

The   Lord   Houghton,   M.A.,  D.C.L. 


VICE-PRESIDENTS. 


Hon.  and  Very  Eevebend  the  Dean  of 

York,  D.D. 
Very  Key.  the  Dean  of  Ripon,D.D.,F.S.  A. 
Wyi.  Aldam,  Esq.,  Frickley,  Doncaster. 
Eev.  James  Atiay,  D.D.,  Vicar  of  Leeds. 
■\V.  S.  Ayrton,  Esq  ,  F.S.A.,  Leeds. 
Edward  Baines,  Esq.,  M.P. 
George  S.  Beecroft,  Esq.,  M.P. 
Rev.  John  Bell,  A.M.,  Vicar  of  Roth  well. 
Rev.   Henry    Blane,   M.A.,    Rector   of 

Folk  ton. 
Sir  C.  Rouse  Bouohton,  Bart. 
Jaues  Brown,  Esq.,  M.P. 
Hugh  Culling  Eardley  Cuilders,  Esq., 

M.P. 
James  Copland,  M.D.,  F.R.S. 
Sib  Francis  Crossley,  Bakt.,  M.P. 
John  Crossley,  Esq.,  Major  of  Halifax. 
James  Farrer,  Esq.,  M.P. 
F.  H.  Fawkes,  Esq.,  Farnley  Hall. 
William  Edward  Forsteu,  Esq.,  M.P. 
George  Godwin,  Esq.,  F.R.S.,  F.S.A. 
Nathaniel  Gould,  Esq.,  F.S.A. 


John  Greenwood,  Esq.,  M.P. 

W.  D.  Haggard,  Esq.,  F.S.A. 

Rev.  C.  H.  Hartshorne,  M.A. 

Rev.  W.  G.  Henderson,  D.D.,  Grammar 

School,  Leeds. 
James  Heto'ood,  Esq.,  F.R.S.,  F.S.A. 
Rev.   Thomas   Hincks,  B.A.,   President 

of  Phil,  and  Lit.  Society,  Leeds. 
Roger  Hurst,  Esq.,  Mayor  of  Pontefract. 
H.     Meynell    Ingram,    Esq.,    Temple 

Newsam. 
George  Vere  Irving,  Esq.,  F.S.A.  Scot. 
T.  JuDsoN,  JUN.,  Esq.,  Mayor  of  Ripon. 
Andrew  S.  Lawson,  Esq.,  Aldborough. 
John  Lee,  LL.D.,  F.R.S.,  F.S.A. 
Rev.  W.  C.  Lukis,  M.A.,  F.S.A.,  Rector 

of  Wath. 
James    Garth    Marshall,   Esq,    M.A., 

Headingley. 
Rev.  J.  L.  Petit,  M.A.,  F.S.A. 
Thos.  J.  Pettigrew,  E^;Q.,  F.PuS.,  F.S.A. 
Richard    N.    Phlllipps,    Esq.,    F.S.A., 

Broom  Hall,  Sheffield. 


53 


Vice-Presidents— continued. 


Sir  J.  W.  Ramsdbn,  Bart.,  M.P. 

Colonel  J.  G.  Smyth,  M.P. 

Samuel  R.  Solly,  Esq.,  M.A.,  F.R.S., 
F.S.A. 

M.  \V.  Thompson,  Esq.,  Mayor  of  Brad- 
ford. 

Samuel  Waterhouse,  Esq.,  M.P. 


Geo.  Wkntwortii,  Esq.,  Woolley  Park. 
H.  W.  Wickuam,  Esq.,  M.P. 
Matthew  Wilson,  Esq.,  Eshton  Hall. 
Sir    J.    Gardner     Wilkinson,    D.C.L., 

F  R.S. 
Thomas  Wright,  Esq.,  M.A.,  F.S.A. 


GENERAL     COMMITTEE. 


George  G.  Adams,  Esq, 

George  Ade,  Esq. 

George  H.  Baskcomr,  Esq. 

W.  Harley  Bayley,  Esq.,  F.S.A. 

Wm.  Beattie,  M.D. 

Thomas  Blashill,  Esq. 

Thomas  Brand,  Esq. 

C.  E.  Davis,  Esq.,  F.S.A. 

J.  V.  GiBBS,  Esq. 

John  Gray,  Esq.,  Q.C. 

J.  0.  Halliwell,  Esq.,  F.R.S.,  F.S.A. 

Frederick  Greenwood,  E^q. 

Matthew  Harpley,  Esq. 

Gordon  M.  iliLLS,  Esq. 


R.  HoRMAN-FrSHER,  EsQ, 

Rev.  E.  Kkll,  M.A.,  F.S.A. 

Robert  Kell,  Esq. 

Edward  Levien,  Esq.,  M.A..  F.S.A. 

W.  Calder  Marshall,  Esq.,  R.A. 

George  Maw,  Esq.,  F.S.A. 

Peter  Murray,  M.D. 

Thomas  Page,  Esq.,  CE. 

Edward  J.  Powell,  Esq. 

J.  W.  Previte,  Esq. 

Rev  J.  RiDGWAY,  M.A.,  F.S.A. 

W.  F.  RooKE,  M.D. 

J.  H.  Stevens,  Esq. 

Wm.  White,  Esq. 


Vice-Presidents 


LOCAL    COMMITTEE. 

Thb  Members  of  Council  of  the  Literary  and  Philosophical  Society  of  Leeds. 
President — Rev.  Thomas  Hincks,  B.A. 

Rev.  Canon  Atlay,  D.D.,  Vicar  of  Leeds. 
William  Gott,  Esq..  Wyther  Grange. 

Treasurer — Henry  Oxley,  Esq. 

„  f,       ..     ■     f  Wm.  Sykes  \Vaed,  Esq.,  F.C.S. 

Honorary  Secretaries i^^^  O'Callaghan,  Esq.,  B.A. 

Honorary  Curator  in  Geology — J.  G.  Marshall,  Esq.,  M.A.,  F.G.S. 

„       ,       •     /7     7        (  T.  P.  Teale,  Esq.,  F.R.S.,  F.L.S. 
Honorary  Curators  in  Zoology  j  ^^^^  ^^^^^^^  ^^^^^^^^  j3_^_ 

Honorary  Curator  in  Antiquities  and  Works  of  Art,  etc. — Thomas  Nunneley,  Esq. 
Honorary  Librarian — Dr.  Heaton. 
Auditor — John  Rhodes,  Esq. 
Clifford  Allbutt,  Esq.,  M.D.  Joshua  Ingham  Ikin,  Esq. 

Charles  Chadwick,  M.D.  Christopher  Kemplay,  Esq. 

Rev.  C.  H   Collier,  M.A.  Thomas  Marshall,  Esq.,  M.A. 

Andrew  Faikbaien,  Esq.,  M.A.  John  Hope  Shaw,  Esq. 

Samuel  Hey,  Esq.  T.  W.  Stansfeld,  Esq. 

P.  O'Callaghan,  Esq.,  B.A.,  Cookridge  Hall,  Leeds — Hon.  Sec.  (Local). 
Henry  Denny,  P^sq.,  A.L.S.,  Museum,  Leeds — Assist.  Sec.  {Local). 


Treasurer — Thomas  Joseph  Pettigrew,  Esq.,  F.R.S.,  F.S.A. 
Honorary  Secretaries 


[J.  R.  Planche,  Esq.,  Rouge  Croix,. 
H.  Syer  Cuming,  Esq. 
[  Edward  Roberts,  Esq.,  F.S.A. 


Secretary  for  Foreign  Correspondence — Thomas  Weight,  M.A.,  F.S.A.,  Member  of 

the  Insiiiute  of  France. 

Palceographer — Clarence  Hopper,  Esq. 

Curator  and  Librarian — G.  R.  Wright,  Esq.,  F.S.A. 


54 


?3roccctitntjs  of  i\}t  (JTongrrss. 


Monday,  October  12,  1863. 

The  proceedings  of  the  Congress  commenced  by  a  meeting  of  the 
members  of  the  Executive  and  General  Committees  at  the  Rooms  of 
the  Literary  and  Philosophical  Society  of  Leeds,  when  arrangements 
were  made  for  the  reception  of  the  President  by  the  Mayor  and  Corpo- 
ration at  the  Town  Hall.  This  took  place  at  three  o'clock  p.m.,  after 
which  the  officers,  etc.,  accompanied  Lord  Houghton,  M.A.,  D.C.L.  (the 
President),  to  the  Victoria  Hall,  where  a  large  number  of  the  asso- 
ciates and  visitors  had  assembled.  Dr.  John  Lee,  F.R.S.,  F.S.A.,  the 
President  of  the  preceding  Congi'ess,  held  at  Leicester,  briefly  intro- 
duced his  successor  by  a  few  appropriate  and  complimentary  remarks. 

The  Mayor  then  addressed  Lord  Houghton  :  "  Permit  me,"  he  said, 
"  to  congratulate  your  Lordship  on  the  honour  and  dignity  which  have 
so  recently  been  conferred  upon  you  by  the  Queen.  I  hope  your  life 
will  be  long  spared,  and  that  along  with  life  you  may  have  good  health 
and  all  other  blessings,  so  that  you  may  fully  enjoy  this  distinction.  I 
also  hope  that  in  long  succeeding  years,  and  for  generations  far  forward 
in  the  vista  of  time,  the  name  of  Lord  Houghton  will  grace  and  dignify 
the  roll  of  aristocracy  in  this  kingdom.  Permit  me,  in  the  name  of 
the  Corporation,  to  welcome  you  as  President,  and  the  other  members 
of  the  Archaeological  Association,  to  this  town  ;  and  to  say  that  what- 
ever use  you  can  make  of  these  rooms,  we  place  them  entirely  at  your 
disposal.  Leeds  is  not  altogether  a  new  town.  It  deserves  notice  on 
account  of  its  great  manufactures  and  commerce ;  and  1  believe  you 
will  find  that  it  possesses  also  interesting  objects  of  research,  from  their 
antiquity." 

Lord  Houghton  then  commenced  his  address,  for  which  see  pp.  1-15 
ante.  At  the  conclusion  a  vote  of  thanks,  upon  the  motion  of  the 
Mayor,  seconded  by  the  Rev.  Dr.  Atlay,  Vicar  of  Leeds,  was  carried  by 
acclamation.     Lord  Houghton  acknowledged  the  compliment,  and  the 


PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  CONGRESS.  55 

meeting  adjourned  to  the  tcMe  cVhutc  at  the  Queen's  Hotel ;  and  in  the 
evening-  attended  a  conversazione,  to  which  the  members  and  visitors 
had  been  invited  by  the  Mayor  and  Corporation.  At  this  entertain- 
ment a  large  number  of  the  principal  inhabitants  of  Leeds  were 
assembled  to  meet  the  Association,  and  every  attention  rendered  to 
make  the  evening  agreeable. 

In  the  Civil  Court  arrangements  had  been  made  for  the  reading  of 
papers,  the  first  of  which  was  as  follows,  by  Dr.  P.  O'Callaghan,  the 
Hon.  Local  Secretaiy,  on — 

"  The  Mace  of  the  Boeough  of  Leeds. 

"  I  have  asked  permission  to  exhibit  on  this  occasion  the  mace,  or 
civic  sceptre  of  the  Leeds  Corporation  :  in  the  first  place,  because  most 
of  our  corporate  maces  are  relics  of  ancient  times  with  interesting  his- 
torical associations  ;  and  in  the  next  place,  because  the  history  of  this 
identical  mace  is  peculiar. 

"You  will  observe  that  it  bears  upon  it  an  engraved  inscription 
which  states  that  it  was  made  by  a  goldsmith  of  the  name  of  Maingee, 
ARTHUR  MAINGEE  DE  LEEDS  FECIT.  Well,  this  rcvored  emblem  of  muni- 
cipal loyalty  was  made  in  1694 ;  and  the  goldsmith  who  made  it,  the 
Wilkinson  or  Hurst  of  those  days,  was  hanged  for  high  treason  two 
years  afterwards.  The  circumstances  of  his  trial  and  execution  are  so 
extraordinary,  that  I  have  ventured  to  bring  them  under  the  notice  of 
this  meeting.  Mr.  Maingee  was  arraigned  at  the  summer  assizes  held 
at  York  ia  1G96,  before  the  Lord  Chief  Justice  Turton.  The  charge 
was  for  high  treason,  in  counterfeiting  the  lawful  coin  of  the  realm. 
The  chief  witness  against  Maingee  was  an  approver  of  the  name  of 
George  Norcross,  a  supposed  accomplice.  The  late  Mi".  Norrison 
Scatcherd,  of  Morley,  has  left  us  a  long  detailed  account  of  this  trial  in 
manuscript ;  and  from  this  document  it  would  appear  that  the  prose- 
cution was  conducted  as  much  by  the  Chief  Justice  who  tried  the  case, 
as  by  the  counsel  for  the  crown.  Norcross  proved  that  he  was 
employed  by  Maingee  as  a  clipper  at  5s.  a  day,  and  that  he  saw  him 
not  only  clip  the  sheets  of  base  metal  into  the  size  and  form  of  the 
intended  shilling  or  halfcrown  with  shears  ;  but  that  he  also  saw  him 
stamp  it  on  both  sides,  by  striking  it  heavily  with  a  forge  hammer  on 
a  balk  in  the  roof  of  his  house  (in  a  secret  chamber).  This  witness 
was  supported  in  his  statement,  by  a  man  and  woman  whose  stories 
were  very  incoherent.  For  the  defence,  Maingee  asked  the  cryer  to 
call  Captain  Burton ;  the  cryer  declined  to  do  so,  saying  that  he  was 
not  obliged  to  call  prisoners'  witnesses.  However,  on  Maingee's  paying 
him  for  this  duty,  Captain  Burton  was  called.  He  swore  that  he  had 
gone  with  a  person  accidentally  to  Leeds,  and  examined  the  prisoner's 
house,  and  that  he  did  not  believe  it  possible  that  base  money 


56  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  CONGRESS. 

have  been  made  in  the  manner  described  by  Norcross.  The  judge, 
addressing  wntness,  said,  '  Pray  tell  me.  Captain  Burton,  how  you  came 
to  go  to  Leeds  on  that  occasion,  I  am  coutident  you  must  have  been 
employed  by  Mr.  Maingee,  or  by  somebody  else.  Pray  what  is  your 
employment?'  Captain  Burton:  '1  am  comptroller  of  the  mint  in 
York.'  Judge  :  'A  very  pretty  man,  to  be  employed  in  the  king  and 
country's  service,  and  come  here  in  evidence  against  the  king,  and  en- 
courage rogues,  and  that  which  now  the  nation  grieves  under.  I  will 
promise  you  that  I  will  know  in  another  place,  how  you  came  hither.' 
Captain  Burton :  'My  lord,  I  had  not  come,  if  one  of  your  lordship's 
servants  had  not  told  me  you  sent  for  me.'  Judge :  '  Where  is  that 
oflBcer  ?  Let  him  be  found  immediately,  and  I'll  clap  him  by  the  heels, 
and  if  the  person  was  here  that  came  with  you,  I  would  do  as  much  for 
him.'  After  a  similar  examination  of  several  of  his  witnesses,  conducted 
in  this  manner,  Maingee  at  last  endeavoured  to  throw  discredit  on 
Norcross's  testimony,  by  proving  him  to  be  a  man  of  notoriously  in- 
famous character,  and  even  a  bigamist.  With  this  object,  Susanah 
Norcross  was  examined.  Susanah  :  'I  am  the  wife  of  George  Norcross.' 
Judge  :  '  Who  married  you  ? '  Wife  :  '  A  very  honest  gentleman,  my 
lord.'  Judge:  'What  was  he?'  Wife:  'A  Roman  CathoHc  priest, 
my  lord.'  Judge :  '  A  very  honest  gentleman  indeed.  Were  you 
maiTied  in  church  or  in  a  house?'  Wife:  'In  a  house,  my  lord.' 
Judge  :  '  Were  you  married  by  the  Book  of  Common  Prayer  ? '  Wife  : 
'No,  my  lord.'  Judge:  'Mr.  Maingee,  Avhoever  advised  you  to  bring 
this  woman  missed  the  matter.     She  has  done  you  hurt,  and  no  good.' 

"In  summing  up,  his  lordship  concluded  thus  : — '  Gentlemen,  if  you 
believe  what  has  been  proved  against  Mr.  Maingee  to  be  true,  you  are 
to  find  him  guilty.  But,  on  the  contrary,  if  you  believe  what  Maingee 
and  his  witnesses  tell  you,  and  discredit  the  evidence  for  the  king,  you 
are  to  find  him  not  guilty.  But,  as  far  as  I  can  see,  gentlemen,  it 
appears  otherwise.  But  it  is  not  I,  but  you,  who  must  be  his  judges 
in  this  case.     I  have  no  more  to  say  to  you,  gentlemen.' 

"  I  believe  you  will  all  agree  in  thinking,  that  his  lordship  had  said 
quite  enough.  The  juiy,  of  course,  under  such  direction,  brought  in  a 
verdict  of  guilty  ;  and  Maingee  was  sentenced  the  same  evening  (26th 
August)  to  be  drawn  on  a  hurdle  to  the  common  place  of  execution, 
and  there  to  be  hanged  as  a  traitor.  Maingee's  last  appeal  was  heart- 
rending in  the  extreme.  He  stood  up  in  the  dock,  holding  a  son  by 
one  hand,  and  a  daughter  by  the  other,  and  addressed  his  judge  in  the 
following  words : — '  I  beg  your  lordship  in  the  midst  of  justice,  to 
remember  mercy,  and  to  have  pity  on  my  poor  children.  These  are 
the  eldest  of  seven,  and  their  mother  is  lying  at  this  moment  at  the 
point  of  death,  after  child-birth.'  Judge:  'Mr.  Maingee,  you  should 
have  considered  the  loss  which  your  children  would  have  when  it  was 


PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  CONGHESS.  57 

in  your  power  to  prevent  it.  It  is  not  in  mine  now  to  shew  you  any 
favoiir.'  However,  urgent  applications  were  made  in  Maingee's  behalf 
to  the  government,  and  ho  was  actually  twice  reprieved.  But  in  the 
end,  the  chief  justice's  influence  prevailed,  and  the  unfortunate  jeweller 
was  executed  on  the  3rd  of  October  following.  Norcross  then  accused 
Alderman  Ibbetson,  Mr.  Blayds,  Mr.  Totty,  Mr,  Walker,  and  several 
other  respectable  burgesses  of  being  concerned  in  this  extensive  system 
of  coining  base  money,  and  selling  clippings  to  Maingee.  But  in 
these  cases,  his  testimony  was  unsupported  and  discredited,  and  the 
bills  were  throAvn  out  by  the  grand  jury.  After  this  break  down, 
Norcross  disappeared  from  Leeds.  It  was  reasonably  supposed  that 
Maingee  was  most  unjustly  convicted,  upon  such  disreputable  testi- 
mony, especially,  as  he  made  a  solemn  asseveration  of  his  innocence, 
after  receiving  the  sacrament,  on  the  morning  of  his  execution.  At 
the  same  time,  he  entirely  exonerated  those  fellow  citizens  who  were 
included  in  the  same  accusation  by  Norcross.  Maingee,  in  fact,  was 
universally  considered  a  murdered  man,  if  not  a  martyr. 

"Now  comes  a  curious  sequel  to  this  tragic  story.  It  happened  that 
it  became  necessary  to  pull  down  Maingee's  old  house  in  Briggate,  in 
1832,  just  one  hundred  and  thirty-six  years  after  his  execution.  The 
site  of  this  house  is  at  present  occupied  by  three  new  houses,  a  few 
doors  below  Kirkgate,  nearly  opposite  to  Green  and  Buck's,  the 
Grocers.  In  stripping  off'  the  roof  of  this  old  house,  the  workmen 
came  upon  a  small  secret  chamber,  and  on  the  floor  of  this  chamber 
they  found  these  two  pairs  of  shears  or  clippers,  the  very  tools 
\Adth  which  Norcross  swore  Maingee  and  himself  used  to  clip  the 
coins. 

"  Here  we  have  two  dumb  witnesses,  brought  forward  after  this  long 
lapse  of  time,  to  corroborate  the  discredited  evidence  of  this  approver 
of  infamous  reputation.  How  very  fortunate  for  the  worthy  Alderman 
Ibbetson,  Messrs.  Blayds,  Totty,  Walker,  and  Co.,  that  this  concealed 
chamber  was  not  more  carefully  examined  before  their  indictments 
were  quashed  by  the  grand  juiy  at  York.  For  it  is  otherwise  quite 
possible  (with  the  sanguinary  laws  by  which  forgeries  especially  were 
punished  in  those  days,  indeed,  even  up  to  the  present  century),  that 
Alderman  Ibbetson  and  several  other  respectable  burgesses,  before 
whom  this  identical  truncheon  was  often  borne  in  imposing  civic  pro- 
cession to  the  old  parish  church,  might  have  been  all  hanged  as  accom- 
plices of  the  unlucky  goldsmith. 

"  This  is  all  I  have  to  say  about  the  Leeds  mace.  Indeed,  I  ought 
to  apologise  to  your  lordship  and  this  meeting,  for  introducing  a 
subject  which  is  not  strictly  arclijsological.  But,  considering  the 
curious  circumstances  of  this  singular  trial,  and  its  local  associations, 

18G4  8 


58  PllOUEEDINGS  OF  THE  CONGRESS. 

and  especially  the  place  in  which  we  are  now  assembled,  I  trust  that 
it  will  not  be  deemed  altogether  inappropriate  or  iiuinteresting."^ 

The  President  humorously  observed  that  tbey  knew  the  occupation 
of  the  aldermen  in  Leeds  was  very  different  to  that  of  the  gentlemen 
to  whom  Mr.  O'Callaghan  had  introduced  them.  No  doubt  they  were 
busily  engaged  increasing  Her  Majesty's  coin,  but  it  was  by  industry 
in  a  better  imployment  than  clipping  it  with  their  hands.  They  were 
much  indebted  to  Mr.  O'Callaghan  for  his  paper. 

To  the  reading  of  this  paper  succeeded  the  follomng  communication 
from  ]\Ir.  Clarence  Hopper,  palaeographer  of  the  Association : — 

"  To  His  Hijliness   Oliver  Lord  Protector  of  England,   Scotland,  and 

Irelande. 

"  The  humble  peticion  of  y''  inhabitants  of  y®  towne  and  parish  of 
Leedes,  in  y*  county  of  Yorke,  whose  names  are  in  several  schedules 
hereunto  annexed  menconed,^ 

"  Sheweth — That  your  peticioners  doe,  in  all  sincerity  of  heart,  blesse 
y®  Lord  for  his  glorious  appearance  of  late  to  this  nation,  under  the 
conduct  of  your  Highness,  and  y*  great  good  hand  of  y'^  Almightie  hath 
bin  your  guardian  in  aU  your  upright  undertakings  for  y*^  prudent 
governing  of  this  commonwealth.  And  in  y^  first  place  wee  doe  cordially 
promise  our  endeavours  to  y*^  preservation  of  your  highness  and  y^  peace 
of  this  nation  against  all  petulant  or  common  adversaries  whatsoever 
to  our  reformacion.  Next  to  om-  present  greivances,  wee  declare, 
that  about  y^  second  yeare  of  y®  late  king,  y^  said  towne  and  parish 
being  a  place  of  much  trade  in  clothing,  was  made  a  corporacion,  con- 
sisting of  one  alderman,  nyne  burgesses,  and  twenty  assistants ;  but, 
by  reason  y*  patent  was  unduely  and  indirectly  procured  without  a 
general  consent  of  y^  clothiers  and  inhabitants,  divers  defects  and  im- 
perfections did  appeare  therein,  many  discontents  and  inconveniences 
did  happen  to  arise  amongst  y®  people,  and  did  occasion  divers  vexa- 
tions, suites,  differences,  and  troubles,  not  only  to  y®  great  damage  and 
prejudice  of  y^  clothiers  and  inhabitants,  but  also  to  y^  Commonwealth. 
For  appeasing  whereof,  it  was  agreed,  that  y®  said  patent  should  be  sur- 

^  A  writer  in  the  Gentleman's  Magazine  for  January  last,  under  the  signature 
*'  H."  from  Sheffield,  questions  the  justice  of  Dr.  O'Callaghan's  conclusion  as 
to  the  guilt  of  the  goldsmith.  The  finding  of  common  tools,  without  the  dis- 
covery of  dies,  coinF,  base  or  otherwise,  effects  of  hammering  on  a  balk,  etc.,  a 
hundred  and  thirty-six  years  after  the  occurrence,  can  scarcely,  he  thinks,  be 
deemed  sufficient  evidence  to  confirm  his  iniquity.  The  whole  appears  to  rest 
upon  the  value  of  the  testimony  of  the  principal  witness,  who  swore  to  having 
seen  the  operations  performed. 

^  Attaclied  are  the  several  schedules  alluded  to,  containing  autograph  signa- 
tures and  marks  of  five  hundred  persons  or  upwards.  The  petition  itself  is 
undated;  but  by  the  reference  signed  by  Thurloe,  and  inscribed  thereupon,  it 
would  appear  to  be  1  December,  1G5G. 


PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  CONGJIESS.  59 

rendered  and  a  new  charter  be  procured  for  a  corporation  consisting  of 
a  maior,  twelve  aldermen,  and  thirty  coraon  councell,  with  amend- 
ments for  y'=  defects  of  y^  former,  and  such  other  alteracions  and  addi- 
tions, as  should  be  thought  fitt.  In  pursuance  whereof  y**  said  aldermen, 
bui-gesses,  and  assistants  did  sm-render  y*^  said  patent,  and  pcticioned 
for  a  new  charter,  when  the  king  was  at  Nottingham.  But  y®  warres 
then  begun ;  nothing  was  acted  therein.  The  government  ceased  till 
1G4G.  At  which  time,  some  of  y*  present  governours,  contrary  to 
y*  forme  of  y^  said  patent,  tooke  upon  them  to  revive  the  said  govern- 
ment onely  by  one  exemplification  out  of  y®  chancery,  and  made  them- 
selves to  be  governours.  At  which,  y"  clothiers  and  inhabitants  being 
again  discontented,  divers  suites  and  differences  did  arise  by  theire 
oppressions  ;  untill  in  y*  year  1647,  for  ending  and  quietting  of  y''  same, 
it  was  agreed,  with  generall  consent,  that  a  new  charter  of  incoriDora- 
tion  should  be  procured,  consisting  of  a  maior,  twelve  aldei-men,  and 
a  comon  councel,  as  before,  to  be  elected  indifferently,  throughout 
y*"  whole  towne  and  parish,  vrhich  was  then  endeavoured,  but  not 
effected.  Since  y^  said  governours  doe  rule  and  act  illegally,  as  may 
appeare  by  theire  unjust  by-laws  and  ordinances  (whereby  they  op- 
presse  y*  poore  clothiers  and  much  prejudice  that  trade),  theire  un- 
lawful taxes  put  upon  the  people  and  other  theire  misscamages ; 
besides  theire  imprisoning  men's  persons  wrongfully,  taking  theire 
goodes,  thereby  enforceing  them  to  y^  obedience  of  theire  unjust 
demands,  to  y"  great  damage  and  disquiett  of  y^  inhabitants  and  dis- 
turbance of  y''  publique  peace,  as  by  an  inquisition,  remaining  now  in 
y*  Pettybagg  office,  and  otherwise  may  appeare. 

"  Your  peticioners,  therefore,  humbly  pray,  that  for  removing  of 
theire  oppressions  and  greivances,  and  for  y®  better  government  of  the 
saide  towne  and  parish,  your  Highness  will  be  gratiously  pleased  to 
call  in  y*^  said  patent,  and  to  grant  a  new  Charter  of  Incorporacion, 
consisting  of  a  maior,  twelve  aldermen,  and  thirty  comon  councell, 
to  be  indifferently  chosen  as  aforesaid,  and  power  joyntly  to  elect  a 
bui'gcsse  to  sitt  in  Parliament  with  such  alterations,  additions,  and 
clauses,  as  your  highness'  wisdom  shall  think  fitt. 

"  And  your  peticioners  shall  ever  pray,  etc. 

"  His  Highnesse  is  pleased  to  referre  this  peticion  to  the  considera- 
tion of  the  Councell. 

Jo.  Thdrloe." 

1st  December,  1656. 

Thanks  having  been  voted  to  the  authors  for  their  respective  papers, 
the  audience  joined  the  general  body  of  visitors,  and  participated  in 
the  festivities  which  had  been  so  bountifully  provided  for  them  by  the 
Mayor  and  Corporation.  The  proceedings  for  the  next  day  and  order 
of  business  having  been  announced,  the  party  broke  up  at  a  late  hour, 


60  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  CONGRESS. 

highly  gratified  by  the  generous  manner   in  which  they    had   been 
received  and  entertained. 


Tuesday,  October  13. 

The  Associates  and  Visitors  quitted  the  Queen's  Hotel,  Leeds,  at  9 
A.M.,  in  carriages  provided  for  the  excursions,  and  proceeded  first  to 
Adel,  where  they  were  received  by  the  Rev.  H.  Trail  Simpson,  Rector 
of  the  Church,  upon  which  Edward  Roberts,  Hon.  Sec,  made  the 
following  observations. 

"  Though  the  records  of  the  Church  of  St.  John  the  Baptist  at  Adel 
are  meagre,  and  the  church  itself  has  undergone  some  changes,  yet 
both  records  and  fabric  unite  in  leading  us  to  nearly  absolute  conclu- 
sions. Local  antiquaries,  however,  adduce  some,  so-called,  proofs  of  an 
earlier  origin  or  foundation  than  I  can  assent  to,  as  regards  the  present 
church ;  and  these  will  be  noted  as  I  proceed.  First  amongst  the  sug- 
gestions is  that  of  the  building  being  on  the  foundation  of  a  Roman 
temple.  That  it  might  have  been  the  site  of  a  temple  is  certamly  not 
impossible,  and  the  discovery  of  some  remnants  of  Roman  columns, 
which  are  now  in  the  possession  of  the  Rev.  Mr.  Simpson,  lead  inevitably 
to  the  conclusion  that  some  structure  of  importance  was  in  the  neigh- 
bourhood. The  vicinity  of  the  camp  or  station  of  Adelocum  (not  more 
than  three  or  four  hundi-ed  yards  to  the  north),  and  the  discovery  of 
foundations,  would  induce  the  belief  in  a  considerable  extent  of  build- 
ings. The  origin  of  this  belief  seems  to  have  been  derived  from  a 
statement  made  by  Thoresby  ;i  but  this  should  have  been  dispelled  by 
the  subsequent  history  published  by  Whitaker,^  whereia  he  refers  to 
and  examines  Thoresby's  error.  The  church  certainly  did  not  exist  at 
the  time  of  the  compilation  of  Domesday  Book,  not  that  its  omission 
from  that  document  affords  a  conclusive  proof,  but  because  the  deeds 
prove  to  the  contrary,  and  its  architecture  forbids  the  assumption.  It 
is  curious,  however,  to  see  that  in  so  small  a  church  there  are  several 
periods  of  architecture  in  its  constraction.  One  portion,  and  perhaps 
the  earliest,  is  the  plain  squared  Norman  walling, — this  has  been  sup- 
posed by  those  on  the  spot  to  be  Roman  masonry  taken  from  the 
adjacent  camp,  and  rebuilt  here.  It  is,  however,  different  in  shape  and 
tooling  from  Roman  ashlars,  and  is  quite  consistent  with  all  examples 
of  squared  Nonnan  masonry.  I  therefore  unhesitatingly  pronounce 
against  that  assumption — in  fact,  the  church,  excepting  much  later 
alterations,  presents  to  us  a  pure  specimen  of  late  Norman,  though  in 
several  stages.  Mr.  Whitaker  gives  views  of  the  chancel  arch,  and  its 
sculptured  capitals,  the  south  porch,  and  an  elevation  of  the  north  side 
of  the  church  ;  it  is  therefore  unnecessary  to  do  more  than  refer  to  his 

'  Topography  of  Leeds,  Lond.,  1715,  p.  161. 
*  Loidis  and  Elmete,  fo.  Leeds,  1810,  p.  176. 


PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  CONGRESS.  61 

])ublication.^  He  has  also  given  a  very  good  general  account  in  the  same 
work,  and  it  will  consequently  suffice  to  give  a  summary,  correcting 
such  matters  as  a  greater  study  of  media3val  antiquities  enables  one 
better  to  do  now  than  when  he  wrote  half  a  century  ago.^ 

"  Mr.  Whitaker  does  not  give  the  Domesday  entry  quite  correctly : 
I  therefore  transcribe  it  properly,  so  far  as  applies  to  this  manor : 
"  Terra  Comitus  Moritoniensis.  In  Adele  ipse  Aluuard  hb'  1  Man'  do 
1  caruc'  &  dimid'  ad  gld'  ubi  poss'  ee'  II  car.  Ricard'  lit'  &  wast  e' 
Silva  past'  1  leu'  Ig'  &  1  lat'  Totu'  man  1  leu  &  dimid'  Ig'  &  1  leu'  lat' 
T.  R.  E.  val'  X  sol'." 

"  The  next  valuation,  Pope  Nicholas's  Taxation,^  1292,  is  of  the 
church,  and  is  not  noticed  by  Whitaker  or  any  other  writer.  It  is 
therein  described  as  newly  taxed  at  £1.0,  the  ancient  tax  having  been 
£10  :  13  :  4. 

"That  the  present  structure  was  commenced  and  finished  in  the 
reign  of  King  Stephen,  I  have  no  doubt,  and  not  "before  the  year 
1100",  as  Whitaker  infers,Mn  forgetfulness,  apparently,  that  Kirkstall,  to 
which  abbey  William  Painell's  grains  apply,  was  not  founded  under  that 
name  for  more  than  half  a  century  later,  namely,  about  1154,  the  close 
of  Stephen's  reign.  This  William  PaineB,  the  date  of  whose  grant  is 
unknown,  recites  that  he  gives  the  lands  which  the  viUeins  gave  to  the 
church  of  Adel  on  its  dedication.^  This  does  not  lead  us  far,  though 
it  is  supposed  that  the  villeins'  gift  was  within  the  memory  of  living 
persons — the  deed  itself  is  not  preserved.  Allowing  Painell's  deed  to 
be  about  1180  or  1190  (and  the  similarity  of  the  seals  of  other  deeds 
whose  dates  are  nearly  fixed,  would  lead  to  about  that  date,  and  not 
earHer),  then  about  1150  or  1140  might  probably  be  the  Umit  of  the 
endowment.  Roger  Mustel,  who  held  lands  under  Painell,  also  granted 
lands  to  Kirkstall.  It  is  not  so  stated,  but  I  think  it  likely  that  he  was 
the  tenant  assenting  to  the  owner's  grant  of  the  same  lands:  about  1210. 
William  Mustel,''  the  son,  gave  all  the  soc  of  Adel  and  the  advowson  of 
the  church  to  Kirkstall.  In  1198,  the  church  is  mentioned  as  com- 
pounding with  the  abbey  of  Kirkstall  for  twenty  shillings,  in  lieu  of 
tithes  for  the  abbey  property  in  the  parish  due  to  the  rectory.'''  The 
Charter  of  Henry  II,  confirming  to  Kirkstall  all  their  lands,  makes  no 
mention  of  Adel — this  charter  is  undated.  The  evidence  on  the  other 
hand,  is  a  grant  of  Ralph  Paganel,  and  a  charter  of  confirmation  to  the 
priory  of  the  Holy  Trinity  of  York,  by  Pope  Alexander  II,  in  which 
this  church  is  mentioned ;  and  Whitaker  states,  that  this  priory  held 

^  Loidis  and  Elmete,  pp.  174-83. 

^  There  are  also  some  views  in  an  anonymous  work,  The  Churches  of  York- 
shire (Leeds,  1842-3),  pp.  34-38,  and  a  plan,  p.  33.  The  account  is,  however, 
taken  from  Whitaker.  ^.-.^ 

'\  Vol.  ii,  pp.  31),  299, 323b,  334b.        *  Loidis  and  Elmete,  p.  177.     ><fi£.5 
'•  Stevens,  Hist.  3Ionast.,  ii,  46.  /<^y\ 

^  lb.,  ii,  45;  Monasticon,  \,  549;  Burton,  Mon.  Ebor.,  288.  /^/    <■' 


Ji 


G2  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  CONGRESS. 

Adel  before  it  was  granted  to  Kirkstall.  The  date  of  this  charter  is 
given  as  between  108G  and  1087.1  Jt  is  incidently  mentioned,  that  the 
monks  of  Kirkstall  disputed  the  title  of  the  Holy  Trinity. 

"  If  this  proves  anything,  it  proves  too  much ;  for,  on  reference  to 
Sir  H.  Nicolas's  Chronologij,-  as  Avell  as  to  Mosheim,^  who  is  quoted  by 
Whitaker^  as  giving  Alexander's  death  in  1086-7,  I  find  that  Alexander 
II  died  in  1073,  which  would  be  before  the  Domesday  record  ;  and 
Whitaker  distinctly  states  that  the  church  did  not  then  exist.  If  any 
such  document  exists,  it  may  have  reference  to  an  antecedent  building, 
or  part  of  this,  which  may  have  been  erected  earlier  (and  a  piscina  of 
earlier  style  gives  some  foundation  to  the  opinion),  and  have  given  way 
to  a  more  ornate  building.  In  Pope  Nicholas's  Taxation,  Adel  paid  a 
pension  of  £6  :  13  : 4  to  the  Holy  Trinity  Priory.  The  value  is  now  up- 
wards of  £600. 

"  Whitaker  gives  a  list  of  the  rectors  from  1242  to  1809 — forty-one 
incumbents. 

"  The  church  consists  of  the  simple  early  form  which  small  parishes 
usually  adopted  in  Norman  times.  •  The  nave  internally  is  forty-seven 
feet  six  inches,  by  twenty-one  feet  six  inches.  The  chancel  is  twenty- 
five  feet  nine  inches,  by  eighteen  feet ;  the  walls  being  about  three  feet 
thick.  This  was  the  original  extent ;  for  there  is  no  appearance  of  a 
tower  or  sacristy.  The  nave  has  on  the  north  side  four  short  and  very 
narrow  deeply  splayed  windows  twelve  feet  from  the  floor  ;  the  south 
side  has  but  one ;  it  is  barely  probable  that  they  Avere  as  numerous  as  on 
the  opposite  side,  but  altered  when  the  porch  was  appended,  and  sub- 
sequently ;  there  are  no  signs  of  them  remaining.  The  large  windows  on 
the  south  side  are  of  three  lights,  and  were  inserted  in  lieu  of  the 
ancient  openings  many  centuries  later,  and  denote  the  period  when  the 
reading  of  the  service  by  the  congregation  began  to  be  of  importance. 
The  west  Avindows  are  modern,  and  contrast,  in  an  unusual  degree, 
with  the  ancient  parts  from  the  disparity  of  size.  The  chancel  had 
naiTOw  windows,  like  the  nave.  Two  on  each  side,  and  three  at  the 
end.  Two  of  the  latter  stiU  show  externally;  though  the  centre  is 
rei)laced  by  a  large  window.  The  roof  is  flat  inside,  and  has  probably 
replaced  an  old  roof  of  the  same  form  ;  but  panelled  and  not  plastered 
as  the  modern  one  is. 

^  Dugdale's  Monasticon  (1718),  p.  71,  states  that  "  Ralph  Paganel  gave  to  the 
Priory  of  Holy  Trinity  at  York,"  certain  endowments  including  the  church  of 
St.  John  at  Adel,  with  "consent  of  King  AVilliam  the  Comiueror  and  others," 
and  that  Pope  Alexander  {not  Alexander  11)  confirmed  all  the  grants.  The 
deed  itself  is  recited  at  p.  G82,  with  the  confirmation  in  the  fourteeuth  century. 
The  refoundation  by  Paganel  is  given  as  in  1089,  which  would  be  in  the  time  of 
Rufus. 

-  Chronology  of  History,  pp.  199,  208,  .39.3. 

^  Kcdes.  Hist.,  edit.  8vo.,  Lond.,  1845,  ii,  07(5. 

*  Loidis  and  Elmete,  p.  178.  Whitaker  admits  a  chronological  difficulty 
even  with  supposition  of  Alexander  being  alive  in  1086. 


PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  CONGRESS.  G3 

"  The  sculptured  cliancel-arch  and  its  supporting  shafts  form  its  chief 
attractions.  It  will  be  remembered  that  some  discussion  occuiTcd 
when  the  Association  viewed  a  similarly  sculptured  chancel-arch  at 
Avington.i  This  is  of  the  same  character,  but  not  ruptured  as  that 
was.  It  consists  of  three  orders,  or  sub-ribs,  sculptured,  the  first  or  in- 
most with  zigzigs  ;  the  second  with  a  ladder  raised  in  a  large  billet- 
shape  ;  the  outer  with  overlapping  heads — these  heads  all  differ  but 
tliree—  some  have  double  masks  ;  one  of  the  latter  being  reversed  ;  one 
is  devouring  another  ;  one  is  of  two  fish.  Each  stone  has  a  complete 
subject  as  usual.  On  the  chancel  side  there  is  no  sculpture  beyond 
the  commencement  at  one  springing,  but  abandoned  :  this  accords 
more  with  the  sculpture  on  the  porch.  The  capitals  have  sculptures, 
which  are  well  preserved,  and  have  amongst  them  Stephen's  badge  of 
the  centaur,  the  clothing  being  after  the  character  of  the  Bayeux 
tapestry  ;  and  the  baptism  of  Christ — this  is  an  allusion  to  the  dedica- 
tion of  the  chm'ch  to  Saint  John.  Tliis  kind  of  ornamentation  is  not 
uncommon,  and  some  of  about  the  same  period  have  been  figui^ed  ;  one 
at  Pitsford,  Northampton,^  occurs  in  Baker's  History.  The  west  door  of 
Bakewell  Church,  Derby,  has  a  rich  archway  with  two  series  of  heads. 
Two  of  the  neckings  of  the  shafts  at  Adel  have  carved  cables.  There 
are  some  similar  at  Petersfield,  Hants. 

"  The  exterior  has  the  original  Norman  string-courses  under  the 
windows  ;  but  they  have  been  cut  away  to  insert  the  more  recent 
windows  at  a  lower  level.  The  very  interesting  porch  and  corbel  tables 
have  been  the  subjects  of  much  controversy  and  speculation.  The 
latter  consists  of  a  not  unusual  arrangement  of  heads  as  supports  to 
the  table,  with  a  scalloped  notching  to  form  a  sort  of  arch  between  the 
heads,  but  the  singularity  is  in  the  buttresses  which  slightly  project 
and  extend  in  height  only  so  far  as  to  interfere  with  the  heads,  the 
arching  running  through  on  the  top  of  the  buttresses.  These  buttresses 
are  irregularly  placed,  and  most  likely  have  been  additions.  There  is, 
I  believe,  no  other  instance  of  this  kind ;  for,  where  buttresses  and  the 
corbel  tables  exist  in  the  same  building,  they  unite  in  forming  a  kind 
of  panel  or  recess,  and  the  corbels  or  heads  appear  to  support  the  pro- 
jection of  the  table.  The  west  wall  has  considerably  settled  outwards, 
and  the  gap  has  been  filled  up  in  such  a  manner  as  to  show  that  the 
settlement  has  been  subsequent  to  the  building  of  the  corbel  table  and 
the  buttresses. 

"  The  porch  has  the  same  character  as  the  chancel  arch,  and  has 
clearly  been  added  to  the  church  and  after  the  buttresses  ;  the  capitals 
of  the  shafts  are  sculptured,  and  three  of  the  four  orders  of  the  arch 
are   also  carved,  the  innermost  being  in  this   case  carved  with   aiii- 

^  Journal  of  the  Association,  vol.  xvi,  p.  58. 
2  Hist.  Northants,  ii.     Plate  of  doorways. 


64  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  CONGRESS. 

mals'  heads ;  but  here  they  are  all  nearly  ahke.  The  pediment  is  also 
tilled  with  sculptures  in  panels,  having  figures  emblematical  of  the 
Father,  Christ  and  the  Evangelists.  The  door  has  a  Norman  ring- 
handle  in  extraordinary  relief,  consisting  of  a  head  said  to  be  of  Satan, 
and  a  plain  ring,  knotted ;  the  head  is  that  of  an  animal  devouring  a 
human  form.  The  priests'  door  has  probably  been  inserted.  Inside  the 
porch  door  are  the  mortices  for  a  strong  bar,  leading  to  the  supposition 
that  the  church  had  been  used  in  troublesome  times  as  a  place  of  safety. 
The  distance  from  the  ground  and  narrowness  of  the  windows,  which 
are  not  more  than  six  inches  wide,  would  confirm  this  view. 

"  It  seems  to  me,  that  the  building  presents  appearances  which  war- 
rant us  in  belieraig  that  the  chm'ch  was  begun  about  the  year  1130  or 
1140,  and  that  it  was  either  stopped  in  its  progress  or  was  afterwards 
partly  pulled  down  and  the  corbel  table  added,  so  as  to  admit  of  some 
greater  ornament — the  settlement  at  the  west  end  had  probably  taken 
place,  and  the  addition  of  the  only  kind  of  buttress  then  in  use,  would 
necessitate  their  insertion  of  buttresses  elsewhere.  The  chancel  arch 
and  porch  were  then  sculptured  and  added.  The  bell  turret  is  a 
modern  addition,  in  lieu  of  a  modem  cot ;  the  sculpture  built  in  the 
west  gable  probably  had  no  prototype  there. 

"  In  the  vestry  is  a  part  of  a  pillar  piscina  (already  referred  to)  which 
is  certainly  earlier  than  the  church — it  may  have  been  a  part  of  a  pre- 
liminary chancel  on  the  first  founding  of  the  church. ^  There  are  also 
some  pieces  of  tlae  original  oak  roof-plates,  scalloped  like  the  extenial 
corbel  table,  and  a  chest  ii'on  bound,  apparently  of  the  fifteenth  century. 
There  are  some  stone  coffins  lying  in  the  churchyard  of  the  usual 
thirteenth  centmy  type,  and  in  the  coach-house  of  the  i^ectory,  and 
in  the  vestry,  several  portions  of  Roman  altars^  and  pillars,  and  a 
votive  stone  inscribed,  picked  with  a  point  in  a  rude  circle  round  a 
priapus,  priminus  mentla.  Under  the  north-west  corner  of  the  nave, 
just  vdsible  amongst  the  vegetation,  and  jutting  out  irregularly  from 
the  foundation,  is  what  appears  to  be  an  ancient  sculptured  slab ;  there 
are  indications  of  five  annular  bosses.  I  am  promised  by  the  rector 
that  this  stone  shall  be  extracted,  and  it  may  possibly  be  found  to  be 
similar  to  those  Celtic  incisings  which  have  been  the  subject  of  recent 
examination. "3 

From  Adel  the  party  proceeded  to  Farnley  Hall,  the  seat  of  F.  H. 
Fawkes,  Esq.,  to  inspect  his  fine  collection  of  pictui'es  and  other  ob- 
jects of  general  interest.  Here  the  Association  had  the  opportuuity 
of  viewing  several  master-pieces  of  ancient  and  modern  art,  among 
which   are  some   of   Turner's  fii'st  productions.      Mr.   Fawkes    most 

'  f«ee  ante,  p.  62.  ^  Two  of  these  are  figured  by  Whitaker,  p.  182. 

^  I  am  indebted  to  my  friend  R.  D.  Chantrell,  Esu.,  for  many  particulars 
of  the  state  of  the  church  before  the  restorations. 


PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  CONGRESS.  65 

courteously  accompanied  the  visitors  tliroug-h  the  Hall  and  several 
rooms,  all  abounding  with  costly  specimens  ol'  workmanship  and  curi- 
osity. Here  he  also  exhibited  numerous  fine  examples  of  carving,  the 
seal  of  the  Commonwealth,  a  watch  which  had  belonged  to  Oliver 
Cromwell,  a  di"inkiug-horn  manufactured  from  a  shoe  of  General  Fair- 
fiix,  etc.  Returning  thanks  to  Mr.  Fawkes  for  his  obliging  attention, 
the  Association  quitted  Farnley  Hall  and  proceeded  to  Hkley,  the 
Olicana  of  the  Romans,  and  inspected  the  church  and  crosses  to  bo 
found  in  the  churchyard,  which  will  be  particularly  described  by  Mr. 
T.  Wright  in  the  next  number  of  the  Journal,  accompanied  by  illus- 
trations. The  church  could  not  boast  of  an  antiquity  at  all  equal 
to  that  of  Adel,  it  being  in  the  first  pointed  style,  early  in  the  thirteenth 
century.  Mr.  Gordon  Hills  thought  a  portion  of  it  might  be  of  an  early 
period.  He  also  pointed  out  a  fragment  remaining  of  the  old  Roman 
wall,  establishing  its  claim  to  having  been  the  Olicana  of  the  Romans. 
The  weather  proved  unpropitious,  and  the  company  were  unfortunately 
hurried  in  their  inspection  of  this  place,  and  necessitated  to  make  their 
way  back  to  Leeds,  where,  after  having  refreshed  themselves  at  the 
table  d'hote,  a  meeting  was  held  at  the  Lecture  Room  of  the  Philoso- 
phical Hall  in  the  evening. 

W.  E,  FoRSTEK,  Esq.,  M.P.,  V.P.,  in  the  Chair. 

The  first  paper  read  was  by  Thomas  Wright,  Esq.,  M.A.,F.S.A.,  giving 
an  account  of  Anglo-Saxon  antiqtuties,  discovered  by  the  late  Lord 
Londesborough  at  Seamer  lime  quany,  near  Scarborough.  This  will 
be  printed  in  extenso,  and  appear,  with  illustrations  by  Mr.  Fairholt, 
in  the  Collectanea  Archceologica.  of  the  Association.  A  slight  discussion 
regarding  some  of  the  objects  of  jewellery  amongst  them  took  place, 
and  a  vote  of  thanks  to  Mr.  Wright  was  passed. 

Mr.  J.  R.  Planche,  Rouge  Croix,  Hon.  Sec,  was  then  called  upon  to 
deliver  his  paper  on  the  "Badges  of  the  House  of  York"  (see  pp.  18-33 
ante).  Thanks  were  voted  to  Mr.  Planche,  for  his  valuable  communi- 
cation, and  a  paper  read  by  Andrew  Sherlock  Lawson,  Esq.,  of  Aid- 
borough  Manor,  on  "Isurium,"  previous  to  the  visit  of  the  Association 
on  the  following  morning  (see  pp.  39-51  ante).  Thanks  were  voted  to 
Mr.  Lawson.  The  remainder  of  the  evening  was  occupied  in  the  exlii- 
bition  of  the  autographs  of  Richard  Duke  of  York,  the  father  of 
Edward  IV ;  also  of  Edward  IV,  by  Dr.  O'Callaghan,  refeiTcd  to  in 
Mr.  Planche's  paper  on  the  "  Badges  of  the  House  of  York."  The 
thanks  of  the  meeting  having  been,  on  the  motion  of  R.  N.  Philipps, 
Esq.,  F.S.A.,  V.P.,  seconded  by  Dr.  Lee,  V.P.,  voted  to  W.  E.  Forster, 
Esq.,  M.P.,  for  his  services  in  the  chair,  the  same  were  duly  and  elo- 
quently acknowledged  by  the  chairman,  and  the  proceedings  for  the 
following  day  announced,  upon  which  the  meeting  was  adjourned. 

{To  he  rontiuurd.) 
18G4  9 


66 


^roccctiinss   of  tjjc  9[s5ociatton. 


January  13,  1864. 
Nathaniel  Gould,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  V.P.,  in  the  Chair. 

The  Chairman  aBnounced  that  the  Council  had  that  day  the  honour 
of  enrolHng  George  Tomline,  Esq.,  M.P.,  of  Orwell  House,  Ipswich,  and 
Carlton  Terrace,  London,  in  the  List  of  Associates,  and  had  nominated 
him  to  the  Presidency  of  the  Congress  of  1864,  which  it  is  determined 
shall  be  held  at  Ipswich  in  the  month  of  August. 

Samuel  Waterhouse,  Esq.,  M.P.,  Hope  Hall,  Halifax, 
Gustavus  W.  Hamilton,  Esq.,  46,  Huskisson  Street,  Liverpool, 
William  Powell,  Esq.,  27,  Bucklersbury, 
Herbert  W.  Taylor,  Esq.,  2,  Wallbrook, 
were  also  elected  Associates. 

Thanks  were  voted  for  the  following  presents : — 
To  tlie  Society.    Proceedings  of  the  Eoyal  Society.     No.  59.     8vo. 

„  Archaeologia  Cambrensis.     No.  37,  Jan.  1864.     8vo. 

„  The  Journal  of  the  Canadian  Institute.     No.  47,  Nov. 

1863.    8vo. 
„  Proceedings  and  Papers  of  the  Kilkenny  Archaeological 

Society.     No.  41,  for  July  1863.     8vo. 
„  Twenty-seventh  Annual   Report  of  the  Art  Union  of 

London,  1863.     8vo. 
To  thePiiblisher.   Gentleman's  Magazine  for  January  1864.     8vo. 

Mr.  Gunston  exhibited  a  group  of  objects  recovered  towards  the  close 
of  1863,  from  the  mud  of  Dowgate  dock :  among  them  may  be  speci- 
fied the  following:  1.  Rude  handle  of  an  implement  fashioned  out  of 
the  distal  half  of  the  metatarsus  of  the  ox.  It  is  nearly  six  inches  long, 
the  lower  part  cut  to  fit  into  a  square  socket  and  receive  a  round  tang. 
2.  Bronze  implement  five  seven-eighths  inches  long,  with  spear-shaped 
blade,  round  stem  and  flat  disc  at  end — a  spatula  ?  3.  Knife  upwards 
of  seven  inches  long,  the  blade  and  tang  wrought  out  of  a  flat  piece  of 
iron,  perforated  with  two  round  holes  and  a  broad  loop  at  the  end.  A 
similar  knife,  but  with  its  bone  handle  stiU  remaining,  is  figured  among 


PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  ASSOCIATION.  67 

tlie  "  Roman  Utensils  and  Implements",  in  Mr.  Roach  Smith's  Cata- 
logue, p.  72.  4.  Finger-ring  of  brass,  sculped  with  a  bold  chevron 
round  the  hoop,  and  on  the  inside  are  cut  the  letters  vv.  v.  5.  Bone 
disc  an  inch  and  one-eighth  in  diameter,  engraved  with  a  five-petaled 
rose  within  a  triple-ring  border,  and  perforated  in  the  centre  for  a  stud 
or  rivet,  by  which  it  was  affixed  to  either  cloth  or  leather.  It  is  pro- 
bably an  example  of  the  ruell-hones  employed  as  decorations  for  head- 
dresses, belts,  and  bridles,  of  which  mention  is  made  in  The  Turnament 
of  Tottenham — 

"  A  gay  girdle  Tibbe  had  borrowed  for  the  nonce, 
And  a  garland  on  her  head  full  of  ricell-bones, 
And  a  brouch  on  her  brest  full  of  sapphyre  stones." 

Mr.  Irvine  exhibited  a  group  of  objects  found  in  excavating  for  the 
foundations  of  the  new  Foreign  Office.  Among  other  items  are  two 
iron  keys,  one  w^th  a  reni-formed  bow  of  the  end  of  the  fifteenth  cen- 
tury, the  other  with  a  spii"ing  bow  of  the  sixteenth  century ;  a  pewter 
spoon  of  Elizabethan  type,  but  probably  of  an  early  period;  and  a  leaden 
half-pound  weight  of  the  seventeenth  century.  This  weight  in  general 
aspect  resembles  one  of  the  time  of  Charles  I,  engi-aved  in  the  Journal, 
viii,  309,  but  differs  in  one  important  detail.  On  it  is  stamped  the 
"angel  and  scales"  of  the  Plumbers'  Company,  and  the  dagger  of  the 
City  of  London ;  but  instead  of  the  crowned  C  as  in  the  former  example, 
there  is  a  shield  charged  with  the  Cross  of  St.  George,  indicating  that 
the  weight  is  of  the  time  of  the  Commonwealth. 

Mr.  H.  Syer  Cuming  exhibited  a  leaden  two-pound  weight  on  which 
the  City  dagger  is  of  a  more  slender  make  than  the  foregoing,  and  has 
the  grip  annulated,  whereas  the  hilts  of  the  others  are  plain.  Date, 
second  half  of  the  seventeenth  century. 

Mr.  Gunston  also  exhibited  a  leaden  half-pound  weight  of  the  time 
of  Elizabeth,  bearing  on  its  face  two  stamps — viz.,  er  ensigned  by  a 
crown  or  coronet,  and  the  City  dagger.  It  was  lately  found  at 
Islington. 

The  Rev.  E.  Kell,  M.A.,  F.S.A.,  exhibited  what  he  considered  to  be 
a  bethrothal  ring,  of  silver  gilt,  found  in  November  1863,  in  lowering 
the  hill  to  form  the  new  cemetery  at  Ringwood,  on  the  road  leading  out 
of  that  town  to  Crowe.  It  is  a  guilloche  hoop,  with  the  device  of  a 
heart  flanked  by  quatre-foil  flowers,  the  arched  foot-stalks  of  which  issue 
from  the  top  of  the  heart.  This  device  brings  to  mind  the  emblem  of 
WilUani  Waynflete,  Bishop  of  Winchester  (1447-86),  given  in  the 
Journal  (x,  161),  but  the  ring  would  appear  to  be  rather  subsequent  to 
his  time.  For  a  notice  of  other  rings  with  the  device  of  a  heart,  see 
Journal,  xviii,  284. 

Mr.  Kell  also  produced  a  curious  bonboniere  of  brass,  two  inchesasd 
a  half  in  diameter,  the  sides  chased  with  rhombs,  scrolls,  flov 


68  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  ASSOCIATION. 

The  top  chased  with  a  dove  holding  a  branch  in  its  talons,  and  sur- 
rounded with  a  broad  margin  composed  of  eleven  square  slabs  of 
mother-of-pearl,  alternating  with  the  same  number  of  triangular  slabs 
of  black  tortoise-shell,  the  contrast  of  the  two  substances  forming  a 
brilliant  mosaic.     Date,  second  half  of  the  seventeenth  century. 

A  third  object  submitted  by  Mr.  Kell  was  a  fine  silver  medal  upwards 
of  three  inches  and  one-eighth  in  diameter,  of  Christian  Ludovic,  Duke 
of  Bi-unswick-Luneburg  in  Celle  (1648-1665).  Obv.  In  the  centre 
within  a  wreath  is  the  monogram  CL,  ensigned  by  a  coronet,  and  sur- 
rounded by  fourteen  shields,  charged  with  the  Arms  of  the  Provinces  of 
the  Duchy,  all  ensigned  like  the  monogram.  Lcr/eud — sixceee  et  cox- 
STAXTER  AXXO  1650.  Eev.  An  arm  issuing  from  the  clouds,  holding  a 
wreath  over  the  head  of  the  white  horse  of  Hanover,  beneath  which  is 
a  hilly  view  with  buildings,  cattle,  etc.  The  margin  on  each  side  the 
medal  is  neatly  decorated. 

Mr.  Cecil  Brent  exhibited  various  antiquities  discovered  in  the  neigh- 
bourhood of  Canterbury  towards  the  close  of  the  year  1863.  Among 
them  a  fine  and  perfect  lachrymatory  of  glass,  a  small  patera  of 
Samian  ware,  an  olla  of  grey  terra-cotta,  and  an  operculum  of  a  small 
mouthed  vessel  of  red  terra-cotta  with  a  central  perforation  thi'ough 
which  a  cord  was  passed  and  knotted  beneath  to  serve  as  a  handle. 

The  following  communication  from  the  Rev.  E.  KeU,  M.A.,  F.S.A., 
was  received  and  read,  in  relation  to  the 

AxciEXT  Site  of  Southampton. 

"  On  several  occasions  I  have  draAvn.  the  attention  of  the  members  of 
the  Association  to  the  contents  of  Saxon  bone-pits  in  Southampton,  as 
they  have  been  discovered  at  the  lower  end  of  St.  Mary's  Road,  forming 
a  continuation  of  the  Saxon  bone-pits  first  described  by  J.  R.  Keele, 
Esq.,  in  the  GoUedanea  Antigua  (vol.  4,  p.  58),  and  there  considered 
as  indicating  the  ancient  site  of  Southampton.^  I  have  now  to  add,  that 
in  February  last,  on  the  laying  of  the  foundation  of  two  houses  between 
the  Edinburgh  Hotel-  and  the  houses  in  St.  Mary's  Road,  formerly  de- 
scribed as  being  built  over  these  pits,  the  tops  of  other  bone-pits  of  the 
same  kind  were  uncovered.  I  had  the  opportunity  of  observing  the  ex- 
cavation for  the  foundation  of  these  buildings,  which  were  not  laid  deep, 
owing  to  the  elevation  of  the  contiguous  road ;  but  sufiicient  depth  was 
reached,  in  my  opinion,  to  shew  their  identity  as  Saxon  bone-pits.  One 
of  the  workmen  informed  me  that  seven  shillings  a  day  had  been  ob- 
tained by  extracting  the  bones  from  these  pits,  and  that  he  had  sold 
tips  of  fifty  or  sixty  deer  horns.  During  the  considerable  time  that 
this  piece  of  land  has  been  exposed  to  the  public  for  sale,  coins  have 
been  found   in  it;  and  among  them  a  sceatta,  of  which  a  notice  was 

*  Journal,  vol.  xiii,  p.  207;  vol.  xvi,  p.  333;  vol.  xvii,  p.  231. 
^  Formerly  called  the  Deanery  Inn. 


PEOCEEDINGS  OF  THE  ASSOCIATION.  69 

forwarded  by  me  to  the  Association.^  As  the  entire  portion  of  the  west 
side  of  St.  Mary's  Road  is  now  built  on,  no  farther  excavations  can 
there  be  made ;  but  it  is  not  improbable  that  similar  bone-pits  may  bo 
found  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  road  which  is  now  a  ploughed  field. 

"Besides  these  bone-pits,  large  collections  of  animal  bones  have  been, 
at  different  times,  found  indiscriminately  scattered  through  the  neigh- 
bouinng  district.  I  particularly  observed  five  years  ago,  when  the  por- 
tion of  the  public  land  before  South  Front  was  converted  into  a  park, 
that  large  quantities  of  animal  bones  were  gathered  up  from  the  ground 
by  the  inhabitants.  Mr.  John  Smith,  of  the  Ordnance  Survey  office, 
whose  residence  in  Southampton  carries  his  experience  back  to  an 
earlier  date  than  mine,  observed  fifteen  years  ago  similar  bone-pits  to 
those  described  by  Mr.  Keele  in  the  part  of  the  Hogland.  Persons  were 
employed  during  many  weeks  there  in  digging  up  the  bones.  Exact  in- 
formation of  the  site  of  the  bone-pits  described  by  Mr.  Keele  about  Bevois 
has  been  obtained  from  Mr.  Thomas  Seaford,  the  person  employed  by  the 
proj^rietor  of  the  field  (Capt.  Bradley),  from  1825  to  1833,  the  whole 
time  the  clay  was  excavated,  who  confirmed  Mr.  Keele's  account,  and 
added  sevei'al  interesting  particulars.  He  stated  that  on  digging  out 
the  clay,  the  labourers  came  to  as  many  as  six  or  eight  streets  from 
twenty  to  thirty  feet  wide,  several  of  which  crossed  each  other.  The 
gravel  on  the  surface  of  the  streets  was  from  four  to  six  iuches  thick, 
and  the  clay  under  the  streets  had  never  been  in  any  way  disturbed. 
They  often  obtained  four  or  five  cwt.  of  bones  in  a  day  when  they 
came  to  what  they  called  a  '  good  hole.'  Among  the  various  animal 
bones  were  those  of  the  deer,  the  ox,  the  sheep,  and  the  hog ;  fowl  and 
fish  bones,  oyster  and  mussel  shells,  etc.  They  found  only  the  tijps 
of  deer  horns — the  remainder  of  the  horn  having  been  worked  up  for 
articles  found  among  the  debris. 

"  Captain  Bradley  informed  me  he  had  observed  layers  of  oyster 
shells  put  over  some  of  the  pits.  He  had  also  remarked  loells  for  ^vater, 
which  were  sunk  deeper  than  the  pits  and  filled  with  bones,  etc.  He 
had  had  in  his  possession,  from  the  Saxon  cemetery,  two  or  three 
glass  vessels,  which  were  similar  to  those  figured  15  and  16  in  Aker- 
man's  Archceological  hidex,  as  belonging  to  the  Anglo-Saxon  period;  and 
also  a  large  torque  of  metal  silvered  over.  It  will  be  remembered,  that 
Mr.  Keele  has  given  in  the  paper  in  the  Collectanea  Antiqua  already 
referred  to,  a  description  of  the  Saxon  cemetery  on  the  site  of  Grove 
Street,^  and  that  our  former  Associate,  the  late  George  Atherley,  Esq., 
forwarded  to  our  Association  on  another  occasion  an  account  of  Saxon 
funereal  relics  found  in  that  vicinity.-' 

"  I  have  been  kindly  permitted  to  inspect  Capt.  Bradley's  collection 
of   sceattas  and   Saxon  coins,  obtained   by   him  personally  from   the 

^  Journal,  vol.  xviii,  p.  386.  ^  lb.,  vol.  iv,  p.  58.  '  Vol.  v,  162. 


70  PROCEEDINGS  OF  TPIE  ASSOCIATION. 

labourers  employed  io  digging  out  the  clay.  Of  them,  eleven  were 
found  in  a  little  box,  and  stQl  look  as  new  as  if  they  had  never  been 
used.  These  coins  form  a  considerable  addition  to  those  described  by 
Mr.  Keele  and  Mr.  Atherley  as  in  their  possession,  and  that  of  John 
Bullar,  Esq.,  and  of  Mr.  Whitchurch,  who,  as  a  coin  collector,  Capt. 
]3radley  informed  me  had  obtained  a  considerable  number.  Capt.  Bradley 
also  mentioned  that  before  he  commenced  the  collection  of  coins  from 
these  pits,  a  considerable  number  had  been  dispersed.  One  of  the  sceatta3 
above  described,  had  been  found  at  Hogsmount,  about  a  mile  from  this 
site,  and  bordering  Clausentum.  It  is  to  be  regretted  that  these  Saxon 
coins  and  relics  are  not  deposited  in  the  Museum  in  Southampton, 
where  they  might  be  accessible  for  general  use. 

"  When  the  transference  of  the  town  from  what  was  called  the  '  Old 
Hamptune'  to  the  new  took  place  there  are  no  records.  From  the 
numerous  sceattae  and  other  coins  dating  from  Otho  to  Aethelred  found 
in  these  pits  or  on  this  site,  the  old  town  may  have  been  occupied  soon 
after  the  Saxon  settlement,  and  was  in  existence  in  the  latter  monarch's 
reign  in  978.  The  dreadful  devastations  inflicted  on  the  old  town  by 
the  Danes  in  838,  860,  and  especially  in  080,  may  have  suggested  the 
desirableness  of  removing  the  population  to  a  superior  site  for  defence, 
such  as  that  afforded  by  the  high  land  on  which  the  castle  was  erected, 
and  on  which  the  present  fortifications  stand,  flanked  by  the  rivers 
Teste  and  Itchen. 

"  The  tradition  among  the  inhabitants  of  St.  Mary's,  which  Leland 
describes  as  existing  in  his  time,  of  the  removal  of  the  population  from 
the  old  to  the  '  New  Hamptune',  will  be  more  satisfactorily  accounted 
for  by  referring  it  to  a  sequence  of  this  last  Danish  attack  or  to  the 
Norman  era,  than  to  the  time  of  the  sacking  of  the  town  by  the  French 
pirates  in  Edward  Ill's  reign,  to  which  that  historian  ascribes  the 
change,  as  that  attack  by  the  French  was  undoubtedly  made  on  the 
new  town. 

"  The  erection  of  the  present  walls  of  Southampton  is  generally 
ascribed  to  the  latter  half  of  the  twelfth  century,  when  so  many  fortifi- 
cations were  raised. ^  The  castle  we  know,  from  a  political  engagement 
into  which  Stephen  entered  respecting  it,  existed  in  his  reign.  Sir 
Henry  Englefield  is  inclined  to  ascribe  a  greater  antiquity  to  the  walls 
than  the  Norman  era  y^  but  in  this  opinion  he  does  not  appear  to  have 
been  followed.  He  considered  tliat  the  very  ancient  edifices  now  called 
'God's  House'  and  'Canute's  Palace',  were  built  before  the  construction 
of  the  south  wall  of  the  fortifications — the  latter  edifice  being,  at  least, 
of  the  date  of  that  monarch's  reign.  Whatever  opinion  may  be  enter- 
tained respecting  the  contemporary  occupation  of  the  tongue  of  land 

'  Journal,  vol.  xii,  p.  .326. 

»  Eugleticld's  Walk  through  Sonthampton,  pp.  53  and  5G.     BuIIar's  Edition. 


PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  ASSOCIATION.  71 

on  which  the  present  fortifications  stand  during  the  Saxon  period,  of 
which,  from  the  absence  on  its  site  of  Saxon  coins  and  reHcs,  and  of  all 
historical  notice,  we  have  no  information ;  on  one  point  I  think  there 
can  be  no  doubt,  that  there  was  an  old  Saxon  town  on  the  site  of  the 
land  I  have  been  endeavouring  to  describe." 


Tlic  coins,  of  which  impressions  accompanied  the  preceding  commu- 
nication, consist  of  eleven  sceattae,  fourteen  Anglo-Saxon  pennies,  two 
Carlovingian,  and  one  Scottish  penny. 

The  sceattee  comprise  specimens,  if  not  entirely  similar,  yet  very  much 
resembling  Ruding,  Plate  l,No.  8  ;  Plate  2, No.  2,  two  specimens  ;  ditto, 
No.  6,  but  with  eight  circles  round  the  centre  instead  of  seven ;  ditto, 
No.  18 ;  Plate  26,  No.  10 ;  Hawkins,  Plate  3,  No.  44.  There  are  tw^o 
others,  both  having  a  dragon  on  the  reverse.  The  obverse  consists  of 
five  rosettes,  each  formed  of  a  large  pellet  surrounded  by  nine  smaller. 
One  of  these  circles  is  in  the  centre  of  the  field ;  the  others  within  the 
arms  of  a  cross  of  the  same  shape  as  on  the  reverse  of  a  coin  of  Ofia 
(Ruding,  Plate  5,  No.  34).  The  type  is  engraved  in  Smith's  Collectanea 
Antiqua,  vol.  ii,  PI.  XLiv.  Another  has  a  rude  profile-head  to  the  right ; 
and  on  the  reverse  a  Latin  cross  between  two  annulets.  The  types  of  one 
or  two  others  are  not  to  be  described  with  certainty  from  the  impressions. 

The  Anglo-Saxon  pennies  are  as  follow : 

1.  CuTHRED,  king  of  Kent,  798-805.  Ohv.,  -]-  cvthred  rex,  without 
portrait ;  in  the  centre  a  cross  with  a  wedge  in  each  angle.  Bev., 
~\-  PERHEARD  in  the  arms  of  a  tribrach  ;  a  wedge  in  each  angle.  Ruding, 
Plate  3,  No.  3. 

2.  Offa,  king  of  Mercia,  757-796.  Ohv.,  offa  rex,  in  two  lines  across 
the  field  ;  rev.,  a  moneyer's  name,  which  is  not  distinctly  legible  on  the 
impression  sent ;  in  the  centre  a  cross  botone,  with  small  pellets  or 
wedges  in  the  angles.  This  coin  appears  to  difi'er  from  any  published. 
The  obverse  resembles  that  of  Ruding,  PI.  6,  No.  26 ;  the  reverse  is 
something  like  the  first  coin  of  Offa  figured  in  Smith's  Collectanea  Anti- 
qua,  Plate  xxiii  of  vol.  i. 

3.  Coenvulf,  king  of  Mercia,  796-818.  Olv.,  -f  coenwlf  rex  m.  ; 
diademed  head  to  the  right,  llev.,  -j-  dvda  moneta  ;  in  the  centre  a 
cross  botone  upon  a  quatrefoil.     Ohv.,  Hawkins,  No.  73  ;  rev.,  No.  71. 

4.  Ohv.,  -\-  COENWLF  rex  m.  ;  head  to  the  right.  JRev.,  -\-  hereberht  ; 
in  the  centre  a  cross  crosslet.     Ruding,  PI.  6,  No.  3. 

5.  Ohv.,  -\-  COENWLF  rex,  Avithout  portrait ;  in  the  centre  M.  7?ev., 
seberitt  in  the  arms  of  a  tribrach  ;  a  pellet  in  each  angle.  Ruding, 
PI.  7,  No.  26. 

6.  BuRGRED,  king  of  Mercia,  852-874,  Ohv.,  -\-  byrgred  rex  ;  head 
to  the  right,  Rfv.,  -|-  tatel  moneta,  in  three  lines  across  the  field. 
Ruding,  pi.  8,  No.  16. 


72  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  ASSOCIATION. 

7.  Obv.,  BVBGRED  REX ;  head  to  the  right.  Bev.,  berhtiel(?)  moneta, 
in  three  Hues  across  the  field.     Ruding,  PL  8,  No.  20. 

8.  Uncertain  Archbishop  of  Canterbmy.  Obv.,  -\-  lvnninc  moneta  ; 
full-faced  head  of  an  ecclesiastic.  Bev.,  dorobernu  civitas,  in  four 
lines,  across  the  field.  Ruding,  PI.  13,  No.  3  ;  except  that  the  coin 
there  engraved  bears  the  name  of  Archbishop  Wulfred  (803-830).  From 
the  similarity  of  the  reverse  and  of  the  head  on  the  obverse,  there  can 
be  little  doubt  that  this  and  other  specimens,  which  bear  the  name  of 
the  moneyer  only,  belong  to  that  prelate.  A  coin  of  this  type,  and  of 
the  same  moneyer,  occurred  in  the  Devonshire  Collection. 

9.  Ethelbearht,  855-866.  Obv.,  H-  aethelbearht  rex  ;  head  to  the 
right.  Bev.,  -{-  baegmvnd  moneta  in  the  form  of  a  cross,  the  last  four 
letters  in  the  angles.     Ruding,  PI.  15,  No.  1. 

10.  Edward  the  Elder,  901-925.  Obv.,  -\-  eadweard  rex,  without 
portrait ;  in  the  field  a  small  cross.  Bev.,  wlfgar  mo.,  in  two  lines 
across  the  field.     Ruding,  PI.  17,  No.  30. 

11.  Obv.  as  No.  10.     Bev.,  wlfeard  mo.  ;  type  as  No.  10. 

12.  Obv.  as  No.  10.     Bev.,  grinvald  mo.  ;  type  as  No.  10. 

13.  Obv.  as  No.  10.     Bev.,  aethered  mo.  ;  type  as  No.  10. 

14.  Obv.  as  No.  10,  Bev.,  beornere  mo.  ;  type  as  No.  10.  The  last 
two  coins  are  something  less  in  diameter,  and  the  crosses  on  obv.  and 
rev.  are  larger. 

The  Carlovingian  coins  are  both  of  Charlemagne,  800-814.  1.  Obv., 
CAROLVS,  in  two  lines,  across  the  field.  Bev.,  medolvs  ;  in  the  centre  an 
ornamented  cross.  The  place  of  mintage  thus  indicated  is  uncertain. 
(See  Lelewel,  Numismatique  du  Moijen  Age,  vol.  i,  pp.  99-101.)  2.  Ano- 
ther coin  of  the  same  monarch.  Obv.  something  like  the  last ;  the  rev. 
is  undecipherable  in  the  impression  sent.  The  general  type  of  these 
two  coins  will  be  seen  in  Lelewel's  Plate  vi,  Nos.  4  and  5. 

The  remaining  coin  is  a  Scottish  penny,  which  appears  to  be  of 
William  the  Lion  (1165-1214),  of  the  type  of  Lindsay's  Plate  2,  No.  43. 

With  the  exception  of  the  piece  last  mentioned,  the  extreme  period 
over  wliich  the  coins  of  certain  attribution  in  this  parcel  extend,  is  not 
quite  a  hundred  and  seventy  years, — that  is,  from  a.d.  757  (the  first 
year  of  OSa)  to  a.d.  925,  the  last  year  of  Edward  the  Elder  ;  and  as  the 
reign  of  Offa  lasted  thirty -nine  years,  and  that  of  Edward  twenty-four 
years,  the  probability  is  that  the  range  is  considerably  within  these 
dates.  With  regard  to  the  coins  of  Edward  the  Elder,  it  is  indeed 
almost  certain  that  those  of  the  type  above  described  ai'e  of  the  earlier 
part  of  his  reign ;  because  in  the  great  hoard  discovered  at  Cuerdale  in 
1840,  the  bulk  of  the  English  portion  of  which  consisted  of  coins  of 
Alfred,  there  was  a  small  number  of  Edward  the  Elder,  which  com- 
prised specimens  of  the  type  in  question  and  of  that  with  the  head,  but 
not  a  single  example  of  the  varieties  with  buildings,  birds,  ornaments, 


PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  ASSOCIATION.  73 

etc.  (Ruding,  Plate  16,  Nos.  G  to  27.)  It,  therefore,  follows  that  the 
latter  formed  the  coinage  of  the  later  part  of  his  reign,  and  the  types 
which  were  found  in  company  with  the  coins  of  his  father  Alfred  were 
those  of  his  earlier  years. 

The  date  of  mintage  of  the  sceattne  cannot  be  accurately  stated.  These 
pieces,  from  the  occurrence  of  Roman  types  upon  some  of  them,  are 
evidently  the  link  between  the  Roman  coinage  and  the  Saxon ;  and 
they  were  most  probably  struck  during  a  period  of  about  two  centuries 
after  the  departure  of  the  Romans,  until  they  were  superseded  by  the 
Anglo-Saxon  penny.  The  tj^je  of  two  of  the  sceattae  which  have  been 
described,  seems  to  connect  them  with  the  coinage  of  Offa.  Those  on 
which  the  cross  appears,  or  the  type  of  which  is  cruciform,  of  course 
are  subsequent  to  the  introduction  and  establishment  of  Christianity. 
The  Scottish  penny  is  separated  from  the  latest  of  the  other  coins  by 
so  long  an  interval  that  it  seems  very  doubtful  whether  it  really  came 
from  the  same  deposit  as  the  others.  It  cannot  be  of  earlier  date  than 
11C)5,  and  probably  is  much  later,  as  William  the  Lion's  reign  lasted 
from  that  year  to  1214.     [J.  B.  B.] 

A  paper  "  On  the  History  of  Wakefield  and  Sandal  Castle,"  by 
George  Wentworth,  Esq.,  of  Woolley  Park,  was  read,  which  will  be 
printed  in  the  Journal. 

The  following  paper  by  H.  Syer  Cuming,  Esq.,  Hon.  Sec,  was  read : 

"  On  the  History  of  Slings. 

"  According  to  Lucretius — 

" '  Man's  earliest  arms  were  fingers,  teeth,  and  nails, 
And  stones  and  fragments  from  the  branching  woods.' i 

Such,  indeed,  would  seem  to  have  constituted  the  chief,  if  not  the 
only  weapons  of  offence  and  defence  possessed  by  man  in  his  primitive 
condition.  The  first  missile  was  a  stone  hurled  Inj  the  hand,  and  this 
ready  weapon  was  adopted  by  many  nations  of  antiquity.  Diodorus 
Siculus  (iii,  49)  records  that  the  only  arms  carried  by  the  Libyans  were 
three  spears  and  a  bagful  of  stones ;  and  even  among  the  Romans, 
the  accensi,  who  formed  the  lowest  rank  of  the  levis  armatura  or  light- 
armed  troops,  were  provided  with  no  other  weapons  than  stones,  which 
they  cast  with  the  hand.^  The  earliest  and  most  simple  mechanical 
means  devised  for  giving  an  increased  impetus  to  the  missile  was  the 
slinr/.  Pliny  (viii,  56)  ascribes  its  invention  to  the  Pha3nicians ;  Vcgetius 
(i,  16)  to  the  natives  of  the  Balearic  Isles ;  but  both  the  period  and 
country  of  its  origin  are  in  tnith  lost  in  the  night  of  antiquity.  The 
sling  was  used  by  many  ancient  nations.  Warriors  armed  with  it  are 
depicted  on  the  walls  of  Egyptian  buildings,  and  from  such  representa- 

^  De  Rencm  Natnra,  v,  12^2.  "  Vegetius,  De  Re  Militari,  i,  20. 


74  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  ASSOCIATION. 

tions,  it  would  appear  that  the  weapon  was  formed  either  of  leather  or 
plaited  cords  ;  and  that  it  was  charged  with  round  stones,  which  were 
canned  in  a  small  bag  suspended  from  a  belt  over  the  shoulder. 
Slings  made  of  cords  are  still  used  in  Egypt  to  drive  away  bu'ds  from 
the  com  fields. 

"  The  sling  was  a  favourite  weapon  with  the  Hebrews  ;  and  it  is 
recorded  in  the  Book  of  Judges  (xx,  16),  that  in  the  tribe  of  Benjamin 
"  were  seven  hundred  chosen  men  left-handed ;  every  one  could  sling 
stones  at  an  hair-breadth,  and  not  miss."  It  was  with  this  weapon  that 
David  went  forth  to  give  battle  to  Goliah,  the  terrible  giant  of  Gath ; 
and  it  is  asserted  that  the  Church  of  Dobersam  in  Mecklenburgh,  pos- 
sesses one  of  the  identical  stones  with  which  he  was  provided  on  this 
memorable  occasion.^  '  Slings  to  cast  stones '  are  particularly  men- 
tioned as  part  of  the  warlike  stores  collected  together  by  Uzziah  King 
of  Judah.2 

"The  sling  does  not  occur  as  an  Assyrian  weapon  on  the  earlier 
monuments  of  Nineveh,  although  it  appears  in  the  hands  of  a  van- 
quished people  :  but  in  the  sculptures  of  Konyunjik,  the  Assyrian 
soldiers  are  frequently  armed  with  slings,  which  seem  to  have  consisted 
of  two  ropes,  with  a  thong,  probably  of  leather,  to  receive  the  stone. 
The  warrior  grasped  the  sling  in  his  right  hand  and  swung  it  round 
his  head,  in  his  left  hand  he  held  a  second  stone,  and  generally  at  his 
feet  are  seen  a  heap  of  pebbles  ready  for  use.^ 

"  We  gather  from  Xenophon  {Anabasis,  iii,  3)  that  the  Persians  were 
expert  slingers,  using  veiy  large  stones,  and  so  well  practised  in  their 
art  that  they  could  annoy  their  enemies  whilst  out  of  the  reach  of  their 
darts  and  arrows.  And  the  same  author  says  of  Cyrus,  that  '  all  those 
he  disarmed,  of  the  several  nations  that  he  subjected,  he  obliged  to 
practise  the  sling,  counting  it  a  servile  sort  of  arms;  for  there  are  occa- 
sions when  slingers,  accompanied  with  other  forces,  are  of  very  great 
use ;  but,  when  a  force  consists  all  of  slingers,  they  are  not  able,  of 
themselves,  to  stand  against  a  very  few  men,  that  march  up  close  upon 
them  with  arms  proper  for  close  engagement.'^ 

"  Although  the  Greeks  were,  doubtlessly,  familiar  with  the  spJie^idone 
or  sling  at  a  very  early  period,  it  does  not  seem  to  have  ever  become  a 
favourite  weapon  with  them;  indeed,  it  would  appear  to  have  been  even 
looked  upon  by  some  with  contempt.  The  Acarnanians  were,  however, 
celebrated  in  early  times  for  their  skilful  use  of  the  sling,°  as  were  also 
the  ^tolians  and  AchiEans,  especially  those  who  dwelt  in  Agium,  Fairse, 
and  Dyme,  whose  slings  were  formed  of  three  thongs  of  leather.*^    The 

'  Nugent's  Travels  in  Gtrruany.  -  II  Chron.  26,  14. 

•'  Layard's  Nineveh  and  its  Remains,  3rcl  cd.,  ii,  341,  343. 
■*  Cyropce'lia,  b.  vii.     Ashley's  Translation,  London,  1803,  p.  291. 
'"  Thucydides,  ii,  81.  "  Livius,  xxxviii,  29. 


PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  ASSOCIATION.  75 

Syracusians  likewise  adopted  the  sling  as  a  military  weapon ;  for  Hero- 
dotus (vii,  158)  states,  that  when  the  Grecian  ambassadors  went  to 
sohcit  Gelon  to  aid  them  against  Xerxes,  the  monarch  offered  them, 
amono-  other  troops,  two  thousand  slingers.  Dionysius  describes  the 
splieiidnue  as  having  its  '  cup  not  hemispherical,  but  hemispheroidical, 
decreasing  to  two  thongs  at  the  ends.  Out  if  it  were  cast  stones,  or 
plummets  of  lead,  called  moluhdides,  or  moluhdinai  sphairai ;  having  an 
ornament  on  one  side,  and  the  word  AESAI  on  the  other.'  These  leaden 
pellets  weighed  from  eighteen  or  twenty  pennyweights  up  to  a  hundred 
drachms.  They  have  been  found  at  Athens,  Ithaca,  Marathon,  and  else- 
where. In  form,  they  are  much  like  an  oHve,  pointed  at  each  end.  They 
were  cast  in  moulds,  and  frequently  bear  the  figure  of  a  thunderbolt  or 
a  spear-head  ;  some  also  have  the  name  of  the  owner  on  them,  or  such 
words  as  DEIPA  {pierce),  AIMA  {slaughter),  AESAI  {take  this),  AFONIS, 
and  others.  I  exhibit  a  leaden  bullet  obtained  from  the  tomb  of  the 
Platseans  at  Marathon,  and  therefore  an  undoubted  relic  of  the  famous 
battle  fought  on  the  28th  of  September,  B.C.  490.  It  measures  one 
inch  and  seven-sixteenths  in  length,  and  weighs  one  ounce,  eight  penny- 
weights, thirteen  grains.  On  one  side  is  a  Greek  legend  arranged  in 
two  lines  thus  ^^f"^^ 

MION. 

"Virgil  (j^iieid,  ix,  587)  alludes  to  the  leaden  sHng  bullet  where 

he  says — 

" '  The  Tuscan  king 

Laid  by  the  lance  and  took  him  to  the  sling ; 

Thrice  whirl'd  the  thong  around  his  head,  and  threw 

The  heated  lead,  half-melted  as  it  flew."i 

"  Leaden  bullets  of  the  same  form  as  those  of  Greece  were  used  by 
the  Romans,  by  whom  they  were  termed  glans.^  They  frequently  bear 
devices  and  inscriptions,  such  as  fir.  for  firmiter  {throw  steadily),  feei 
for  feri  Boma  {strike,  0  Borne  !)^  fvgitivi  peritis  {fly  %vell?)  ital. 
{Italia),  GAL.  {Gallia),  etc. 

"  Bullets  of  stone  were,  however,  fai'  more  common  among  the 
Romans  than  the  leaden  gla7is  ;  and  our  Associate,  Mr.  C.  Warne, 
enables  me  to  lay  two  examples  before  you,  exhumed  on  spots  which 
abound  with  Roman  remains.  The  smallest  is  of  black  flint,  found 
with  a  portion  of  another  stone  by  Mr.  Warne  in  his  own  garden  at 
Ewell,  May  1862.  It  is  reduced  to  a  somewhat  spherical  form  by 
rough  tooling,  and  weighs  rather  over  seven  ounces.  The  larger  speci- 
men of  grayish  chert,  was  discovered  with  many  others  of  the  same 
character  at  Jordan  Hill,  near  WejTuouth,  Dorset,  the  presumed  site  of 
the  Roman  station  Clavinium,  weighing  three-quarters  of  a  pound,  and 
must  have  been  a  most  deadly  missile. 

^  Dryden's  Translation,  ix,  796-99. 
*  Sa.\\nst,Jufftirtha,6l;  Livius,xxxviii,  20,21,29.      ^  Inscript.  ap.Orelli,4932. 


76  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  ASSOCIATION. 

"  Besides  stones  and  leaden  bullets  the  Romans  employed  glans  of 
terra-cotta.  1  produce  an  example  of  well-baked  dark-grey  clay  of 
compact  texture ;  fusiformed,  two  inches  and  three-eighths  in  length, 
and  weighing  one  ounce  fourteen  pennyweights  eight  grains.  This, 
with  other  like  bullets,  was  found,  I  believe,  at  Nismes,  in  the  south 
of  France ;  and  its  material  brings  to  mind  what  Caesar  says  in  his  De 
Bello  Galileo  (v,  42)  :  'ferventes  fusili  ex  argilla  glandes  fundis.' 

"  The  Roman  FtinJa,  or  shng,  was  formed  of  leather ;  and  soldiers 
armed  with  it  are  seen  on  the  Trajan  column,  where  they  appear  carry- 
ing the  stones  in  the  sinus  of  their  pallium. ^  The  Funditores  were  a 
corps  attached  to  the  levis  armatura  or  light-armed  division  of  the 
army.2  They  were  unprotected  by  armour,  and  fought  alone  -with  their 
sunn's ;  their  duty  being  to  harass  the  enemy  at  any  point  to  which 
they  were  directed.  The  Funditores  were  generally  from  the  Balearic 
Isles.  They  were  considered  the  best  slingers,  equal  to,  if  not  surpass- 
ing, the  early  Hebrews  and  Achaeans  ;  and  their  slings,  unlike  those  of 
other  nations,  were  formed  of  a  kind  of  rush.^  Florus  (iii,  8)  and  Strabo 
state  that  they  had  three  kinds  of  slings,  some  being  large,  others  short, 
to  use  according  to  their  proximity  or  distance  from  the  foe ;  and 
Diodorus  says  that  one  kind  served  them  for  a  fillet,  another  for  a 
girdle,  and  the  third  was  carried  in  the  hand.  They  hui'led  stones  of  a 
much  larger  size  than  those  employed  by  other  nations ;  and  according 
to  Ovid  (ii,  V.  727),  they  also  made  use  of  leaden  bullets.  The  chief 
care  of  the  Balearic  parent  was  to  instruct  the  son  in  the  use  of  the 
sling ;  the  mothers,  it  is  said,  not  allowing  their  children  to  take  food 
until  they  had  brought  it  down  from  a  beam  with  this  favourite  weapon.* 

"  Besides  the  Funda,  the  Romans  had  what  they  termed  the  Fusti- 
halus,^  a  weapon  known  in  after  ages  by  the  name  of  staff-sling.  It 
consisted  of  a  stout  pole  three  or  four  feet  long,  with  the  receptacle  for 
the  stone  attached  to  one  end  :  it  was  whii-led  round  with  both  hands, 
and  cast  foi-th  bullets  of  a  large  size  with  terrible  force. 

"  We  have  good  grounds  for  believing  that  the  archaic  tribes  of  the 
Britannic  Isles  were  well  acquainted  with  the  sling ;  for  stones,  evidently 
intended  to  be  used  with  it,  have  not  unfrequently  been  found  in  the 
early  barrows  of  this  country  and  Ireland.  The  simple  loop-formed 
sling  was  denominated  arwestyr  by  the  Britons ;  but  both  they  and  the 
Hibernians  had  a  weapon  called  fon-davyl  by  the  former,  and  crami- 
tahhall  by  the  latter,  both  names  signifying  throwing-staff.  It  probably 
closely  resembled  the  lloman  ftistihalus,  and  is  certainly  the  instrument 
spoken  of  by  Davydd  ap  Gwylim  in  one  of  his  poems — 

" '  Thou  too,  slinger,  with  well-seasoned  wood,  wound  the  thief.' 

1  See  Bartoli,  Col.  Traj.,  i.  46.  ^  Livius,  i,  4.3.  »  gtrabo. 

*  Vegetius,  i,  16;  Strabo,  iii.  The  skill  of  the  Spanish  slingers  of  the  middle 
ages  is  alluded  to  by  Froissart,  iii,  307. 

*  Vegetius,  iii,  14. 


PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  ASSOCIATION.  71 

"  Tlic  sling  and  its  deadly  effects  are  frequently  alluded  to  in  Irish 
annals.  We  are  told  that  at  the  battle  of  Moy  Tuiredh,  fought  before 
the  Christian  era,  Balor  of  the  one  eye  was  slain  by  a  sling  stone  cast 
by  Kctlilcnn,  the  wife  of  the  Dagda.  Furbuidlie,  an  Ulster  prince, 
who  was  counted  one  of  the  best  marksmen  of  his  day,  killed  Meave, 
Queen  of  Connaught,  with  a  sling-stone  thrown  at  her  across  the 
Shannon,  while  she  was  enjoying  her  bath  near  Innis-Clothran.  From 
the  metrical  story  of  the  Tain-bo-Cuailgne,  or  great  cattle  raid  of  Louth, 
we  learn  that  Meabh,  also  a  Queen  of  Connaught,  was  pelted  with 
sling-stones  by  order  of  CuchuUin  when  he  and  Leathan  measured 
strength  together.  And  that  when  Cuchulhn  met  MacDalot  in  battle 
he  cast  his  sling-stone  with  such  force  and  precision  that  it  passed 
through  the  latter's  head,  driving  the  brains  out  at  the  back  of  the 
broken  skull.  The  Irish  ladies  seem  to  have  suffered  much  from  the 
slingers'  craft ;  and,  as  a  further  instance  of  the  fact,  reference  may  be 
made  to  the  dinnseanchus,  in  which  we  read  how  the  poetess  Dubh  was 
killed  by  a  sling-stone,  and  falling  into  the  Linn  or  dark  pool  of  the 
Liffey,  the  spot  was  called  after  her  Buhhltnn,  now  contracted  into 
Dublin. 

"  In  the  BooTi  of  Lismore  is  an  account  of  the  battle  between  Callachan 
Cashel  and  the  Danes,  fought  near  Limerick  about  the  year  a.d.  920, 
where  we  are  told  of  the  Irish  that — 'their  youths  and  their  champions, 
and  their  proud,  haughty  veterans,  came  to  the  front  of  the  battle  to 
cast  their  stones,  and  their  small  arrows,  and  their  smooth  spears  on  all 
sides,'  and  Giraldus  Cambrensis  says  of  this  brave  people,  that  they 
were  'very  dextrous  and  ready  beyond  all  other  nations,  in  slinging 
stones  in  battle,  when  other  weapons  fail  them,  to  the  great  detriment 
of  their  enemies.' 

"  Mallet  mentions  the  sling  as  an  ancient  Scandinavian  weapon  ;^  and 
we  may  therefore  conclude  that  it  was  also  used  by  the  Anglo-Saxons ; 
indeed,  in  some  MSS.,  we  see  sportsmen  engaged  in  bringing  down 
birds  with  it. 

"At  the  battle  of  Hastings,  Balistaru  or  slingers  formed  part  of  both 
the  Saxon  and  Norman  armies,  and  from  this  period  until  the  close  of 
the  fourteenth  century  they  constituted  an  important  element  in  every 
military  expedition. 

"  We  find  shngs  of  two  kinds  represented  in  MSS.,  the  most  simple 
consisting  of  a  cup  with  two  cords,  one  terminating  in  a  loop  which 
passed  round  the  fingers,  the  other  in  a  tassel  which  was  let  fly  when 
the  stone  was  discharged.  The  other  variety  was  the  staff-sling,  which 
we  have  ah-eady  seen  was  known  to  the  Romans  under  the  name  of 
fiistibalus,  and  to  the  Britons  under  that  of  fon-davyl.  In  the  middle- 
ages,  this  sling  seems  to  have  been  chiefly  employed  in  besieging  pities  ^'^'«^ 

^  Northern  Antiquities,  ed.  1847,  p.  16(5.  /^y    ■> 

R  ■ 


78  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  ASSOCIATION. 

and  in  naval  engagements,  the  soldiers  using  it  being  placed  in  the 

turret  of  a  fortress  or  the  topcastles  and  forecastles  of  vessels. 

"  In  the  Romance  of  liichard  Coeur  de  Lion  (fourteenth  century),  we 

read  of — 

"  ■■  StafF-slyngers  that  smyte  well.' 

And  we  are  also  told  of  Sir  Fulke  D'Oyley  that  at  a  siege  of  a  town  in 

the  Holy  Wars— 

'"Foremost  he  sett  his  arweblasteres, 

And  after  that  his  good  archeres, 

And  after  his  stafF-slyngers, 

And  other  with  scheeldes  and  with  speres.' 

"  Mention  is  made  in  the  Romance  of  King  Alexander  of — 
"'  Fiftene  thousande  of  foot  laddes 
That  sword  of  bucklers  hadde, 
Axes,  speres,  forkis,  and  slynges, 
And  alle  stalworthe  gadelynges.' 

"  These  sturdy  fellows  were  no  doubt  supposed  to  have  been  gathered 
from  the  peasantry  who  were  noted  for  the  use  of  the  sling  in  their 
feats  of  skill,  for  the  defence  of  their  flocks,  and  also  in  hunting.  Thus, 
in  the  metrical  tale  of  King  Edward  and  tlie  Shepherd  (fourteenth  cen- 
tury) the  rustic  exclaims — 

'"  I  have  slyngs  smort  and  good'; 

and  proudly  declares — 

"'The  best  archer  of  ilk  one 
I  durst  meet  him  with  a  stone, 

And  gif  him  lefe  to  shoot. 
There  is  no  bow  that  shall  laste 
To  draw  to  my  slyng's  cast.' 

"  In  a  poem  entitled  Knygldhode  and  Batayle,  written  about  the  com- 
mencement of  the  fifteenth  century,  it  is  said — 

"'  Use  eke  the  cast  of  stone,  with  slynge  or  honde  : 
It  falleth  ofte,  yf  other  shot  there  none  is. 
Men  harneysed  in  steel  may  not  withstande, 
The  multitude  and  mighty  cast  of  stonys ; 
And  stonys  in  efFecte  are  every  where. 
And  slynges  are  not  noyous  for  to  beare.' 

"  In  Barclay's  Eclogues,  1508,  a  shepherd  boasts — 

"'I  can  dance  the  raye;  I  can  both  pipe  and  sing, 
If  I  were  mery ;  I  can  both  hurl  and  sUng.' 

"And  old  Leland  in  his  J^mera/-//,  when  describing  the  Island  of  Port- 
land, tells  us — '  The  people  be  good  there  in  slyngging  of  stonys,  and 
use  it  for  defence  of  the  Isle.'^ 

'  A  rare  example  of  the  military  sling,  probably  of  the  latest  form,  is  pre- 
served in  the  Museum  at  Boulogne.     It  has  a  leathern  cup  for  the  stone,  and 


PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  ASSOCIATION.  79 

*'  But  in  spite  of  boast  and  encomium,  it  would  appear  that  at  tlio 
close  of  the  fourteenth  century,  the  sling,  as  a  military  weapon,  had 
been  almost  entirely  superseded  by  the  arctibalist,  arbalest  or  cross-boiu, 
a  lifi^ht  kind  of  which,  called  by  the  French  arbalete-d-jalot,  and  by  the 
English  ptrodd,  was  made  with  two  strings  with  a  square  piece  of  bone 
or  ivory  placed  between  them  for  discharging  stone  bullets ;  hence  the 
weapon  acquired  the  title  of  stone-bow,  a  name  rendered  familiar  by 
Shakespeare,  who,  in  his  Twelfth  Night  (ii,  4),  makes  Sir  Toby  Belch 
exclaim,  when  speaking  of  Malvolio — 

"  '0  for  a  stone-bow,  to  hit  him  in  the  eye  !' 

The  weapon  is  also  alluded  to  by  Beaumont  and  Fletcher — 

"  '  children  will  shortly  take  him 


For  a  wall,  and  set  their  stone-bows  in  his  forehead.' 

The  stone-bow  must  not,  however,  be  considered  an  European  inven- 
tion, for  the  natives  of  the  Dekkan  have  for  ages  employed  a  bow  pro- 
vided with  two  strings  and  a  cross-band  of  cloth,  for  shooting  pebbles. 
"  But  neither  slings  nor  prodds  could  keep  their  ground  against  the 
growing  use  of  fire-arms  ;  hence  Donne  says  in  his  poems  (p.  122) — 

"  *  Rams  and  slings  now  are  silly  battery, 
Pistolets  are  the  best  artillery.' 

"  Bidding  adieu  to  the  sling  of  the  old  world,  we  must  next  view  it 
in  the  hands  of  the  warriors  of  the  new.  The  records  of  the  discovery 
of  America  by  the  Northmen  in  the  beginning  of  the  eleventh  century 
make  mention  of  Shroellings  or  the  Esquimaux  being  armed  with  slings 
which  they  wielded  with  great  dexterity.^  And  Sir  George  Back  states 
that  the  P^squimaux  whom  he  visited  '  make  a  most  effective  use  of  the 
sling.'  The  weapon  has  also  been  observed  among  the  YoohuUij  of 
Nootka  Sound.  A  neatly-made  sling  has  been  discovered  in  an  ancient 
cemetery  atPachicamac  in  Peru;-  and  the  sling  is  still  numbered  among 
the  arms  of  the  Fuegians. 

"  The  sling  is  found  as  an  aboriginal  weapon  in  the  Sandwich,  Mar- 
quesas, and  Radack  Islands ;  and  also  in  the  Duke  of  York's  Island, 
New  Hebrides,  New  Caledonia,^  and  Tahiti ;  but  is  not  used  by  the 
New  Zealanders."^ 

to  it  is  attached  a  movable  piece  of  iron,  which  may  have  served  to  confine  the 
bullet  in  its  place  until  it  was  discharged.  The  side-straps  are  of  leather 
stamped  in  ridges,  and  coloured  alternately  red  and  yellow ;  and  to  these  are 
fixed  long  pieces  of  coarse  but  strongly  woven  sackcloth,  each  piece  terminat- 
ing with  a  ball  decorated  with  blue  and  red  worsted. 

^  Mallet's  Northern  Antiqiiities,  p.  :?5S. 

-  Pickering's  Races  of  Man,  London,  1850,  p.  13. 

^  Labillardiere's  Voyage  in  Search  of  La  J'erouse,  pi.  38,  contains  figures  of 
a  sling  from  New  Caledonia,  and  also  one  of  the  oval  stones,  and  the  oblong 
hiVii  in  which  the  stones  are  carried. 

•*  Pickering's  Itaces  of  Man,  p.  76. 


80  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  ASSOCIATION. 

"  Mr.  Ellis,  in  his  Pohjnesian  Researches  (i,  490),  when  describing  the 
native  ai'ms,  says :  '  The  most  dangerous  missile  was  the  uriti  or  stone, 
from  the  ma  or  sling.  The  latter  was  prepared  with  great  care,  and 
made  with  finely  braided  fibres  of  the  cocoa-nut  husk,  or  filaments  of 
the  native  flax,  having  a  loop  to  fasten  it  to  the  hand  at  one  end,  and  a 
■\\-ide  receptacle  for  the  stone  in  the  centre.  The  sling  was  held  in  the 
right  hand,  and,  armed  with  the  stone,  was  hung  over  the  right 
shoulder,  and  caught  by  the  left  hand  on  the  left  side  of  the  back. 
Wlien  thrown,  the  sling,  after  being  stretched  across  the  back,  was 
whirled  round  over  the  head,  and  the  stone  discharged  Avith  great  force.' 
"  I  place  before  you  three  fine  examples  of  Oceanic  slings,  viz.,  from 
the  Sandwich  Isles,  Tahiti,  and  Tanna,  of  the  New  Hebrides  group. 
That  from  the  first-named  locality  is  made  of  the  fibres  of  the  cocoa- 
nut  husk,  and  has  the  lateral  cords  of  a  quadrangular  form,  the  one 
terminating  in  a  long  loop  to  be  held  in  the  hand,  the  other  in  a  bunch 
of  fibres.  The  fold  for  the  stone  is  of  an  oblong-square  form  with  its 
surfaces  both  within  and  Avithout  knotted. 

"  The  sHng  from  Tahiti,  though  composed  principally  of  cocoa-nut 
fibi'e,  is  wrought  in  a  different  manner  from  the  Sandwich  Island 
weapon.  The  receptacle  for  the  stone  is  smooth  and  oviformed,  with 
a  slightly  raised  edge.  One  of  the  lateral  cords  is  round,  and  either 
made  of,  or  bound  with,  the  fibres  of  phormium  tenax ;  the  other  is  flat 
and  ending  in  a  small  loop  to  pass  round  the  fingers. 

"  The  third  specimen,  that  from  Tanna,  is  made  like  the  last;  but  the 
cord  which  is  provided  with  the  finger  loop  terminates  in  a  head,  bone- 
slider  and  tassel  of  human  hair,  some  of  which  is  short,  curly,  and 
black  ;  the  rest  long,  lank,  and  of  a  light-bro-\vn  and  gi'ey  colour,  the 
trophy  locks,  no  doubt,  of  slaughtered  enemies  ! 

"  The  foregoing  specimens  are  of  high  interest  as  comparatively 
modem  examples  of  a  most  primitive  implement  of  strife,  proving  as 
they  do  that  though  the  arbalest  and  hand-cannon  have  long  since 
driven  the  sling  from  the  battle-fields  of  Europe,  it  yet  finds  a  lurking- 
place  in  the  distant  islands  of  the  Pacific  Ocean,  where  the  warrior 
still  wields  it,  as  it  was  wielded,  when  the  earth  itself  was  young." 

A  short  time  prior  to  the  lamented  decease  of  our  most  excellent 
Associate  Mr.  C.  Ainslie,  he  transmitted  for  exhibition  an  interesting 
group  of  leaden,  or  rather  pewter,  objects  found  in  London  in  1862,  of 
which  the  following  is  a  brief  description:  1.  Lion-shaped  brooch  of  the 
early  part  of  the  fourteenth  century  recovered  from  the  Thames.  The 
king  of  beasts  is  represented  ptissant  gardant,  ci'owned,  and  the  tail 
brought  in  a  double  fold  over  tlie  back,  just  as  he  appears  on  some  of  the 
seals  for  the  recognizance  of  debtors  in  the  time  of  Edward  II  (see  PI. 
3,  fig.  1).  This  curious  brooch  may  be  typical  of  the  sign  Leo,  whose 
astral  influence  was  believed  to  extend  over  the  breast,  and  if  so,  it 


H.  3 


i@ 


^ 


J.RJohbinB. 


/0^" 

^ 

# 

PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  CONGRESS.  81 

must  be  regarded  as  an  amulet,  and  classed  with  the  zodiac  rings  de- 
scribed in  our  Journal  (xiii,  254,  310).  The  majority  of  media)val 
trinkets  had  probably  a  talismanic  or  religious  motive ;  hence  we  not 
nnfrequently  tind  the  busts  of  saints  and  martyrs  doing  duty  as  brooches, 
an  instance  of  which  occurs  in  the  next  specimen  from  the  Thames  (fig. 
2),  which  presents  the  face  of  an  ecclesiastic  with  pyramidic  mitre  with 
jewelled  titulus  and  circulus,  pearled  edge,  and  terminal  cross.  It  is, 
like  the  licm,  of  very  fine  workmanship,  and  contrasts  strongly  with 
the  clumsy  and  ignorant  efforts  of  the  modern  forger.  The  two  follow- 
ing objects  Mr.  Ainslie  suggested  had  served  the  double  purpose  of 
brooches  and  toothpick-cases  (figs.  3  and  4).  The  largest  was  exhumed 
in  Clerkenwell,  September  1862,  and  represents  a  sword-sheath  placed 
across  a  buckler,  the  mouth  of  the  former  being  sloped  off  just  as  we 
find  the  scabbards  on  monumental  effigies  of  the  thirteenth  and  four- 
teenth centuries,  and  the  face  of  the  buckler  is  divided  by  fine  lines 
into  many  squares  each  containing  a  boss,  and  the  edge  is  neatly 
pearled.  The  smaller  sheath  is  straight  across  the  mouth,  and  has  an  or- 
namented crampet,  chape,  or  boteroll,  but  is  unaccompanied  by  a  target. 
It  was  found  in  the  Thames.  The  concluding  object,  also  from  the 
Thames,  represents  a  "Tree  of  Life" — a  stately  palm  with  spreading 
branches  and  the  Serpent  of  Immortality  crawling  up  its  stem  (fig.  5). 
According:  to  tradition,  the  transverse  beam  of  the  Saviour's  Cross  was 
formed  of  palm-wood  ;  hence  the  tree  was  regarded  with  special  reve- 
rence in  the  middle-ages,  and  the  rehgious  nature  of  this  little  relic 
becomes  apparent. 

January  27th. 
George  Vere  Irving,  Esq.,  V.P.,  in  the  Chair. 

Thanks  were  voted  for  the  following  presents  : 

To  G.  Wentworth,  Esq.    Photograph  of  Heath  Old  Hall  near  Wakefield. 

„  „     Drawing  of  the  Arms  of  Heath  and  Dalston. 

„  „     Ditto  of  the  Earl  of  Warren. 

Tu  the  Societij.     Transactions   of  the  Leicestershire  Architectural  and 
Archaeological  Society.    Vol.  i.    Part  II.    Leicester,  18G3.    8vo. 

Mr.  Irvine  exhibited  the  upper  half  of  an  exceedingly  rare  example 
of  a  highly  embossed  tile,  one  of  the  few  which  have  been  discovered 
on  the  site  of  Whitland  Abbey,  Caermarthenshire,  South  Wales,  and 
of  which  mention  is  made  in  the  Gent.  Mag.,  Dec.  1839,  p.  597.  The 
tile,  when  entire,  measured  about  seven  inches  and  a  quarter  each  way, 
and  was  nearly  one  iiich  in  thickness ;  and  bore  in  the  centre  the  holy 
lamb  supporting  the  banner  of  the  cross  encircled  by  a  broad  band,  on 
which  are  arranged,  at  equal  distances,  four  shields  charged  as  follows  : 
1SG4  11 


82  PKOCEEDINGS  OF  THE  ASSOCIATION. 

1st,  a  bend ;  2nd,  two  bars ;  3rd,  a  clicvron ;  4tli,  a  cross.  Between 
the  shields  are  placed  a  peacock,  peahen,  dragon,  and  lion,  and  in  the 
spandrils  are  fleurs-de-lys.  On  the  back  of  the  tile  are  conic  hollows,  to 
permit  the  cement  to  take  a  firmer  hold  of  it.  Some  of  the  Whitland 
tiles  are  stated  to  be  glazed ;  but  the  moiety  now  produced  shews  no 
trace  of  glazing,  the  whole  being  of  a  dull  red  hue.  The  tiles  from 
this  abbey  are  undoubtedly  of  the  thirteenth  century ;  but  it  is  worthy 
of  note  that  in  several  churches  in  the  west  of  England,  as  at  St.  Decu- 
man's,  Somersetshire,  and  Westleigh,  Devonshire,  may  be  seen  some 
highly  embossed  tiles  of  a  very  late  sera ;  some  at  Tawstock,  in  the  last 
named  county,  bearing  the  initials  T.  W.  and  date  1708. 

Mr.  H.  Syer  Cuming  exhibited  an  encaustic  tile  of  the  end  of  the 
fourteenth  century,  stated  to  have  been  found  in  the  ruins  of  the  old 
Palace  of  Segontium,  Caernarvonshire,  North  Wales,  in  1832  or  1833. 
It  is  stamped  with  the  device  of  a  five-petaled  rose  within  a  circle 
formed  of  interlaced  straps  (like  that  on  a  tile  from  Duffield,  given  in 
the  Journal,  vii,  387),  the  device  being  in  flat  relief,  and  the  whole 
surface  covered  with  a  glaze  composed  of  protoxide  of  lead.  When  the 
face  of  a  tile  was  intended  to  appear  level,  and  of  two  colours,  the  device 
was  stamped  in  cavetto,  and  filled  with  white  clay ;  but  in  the  tile  now 
produced  the  field  is  the  sunken  portion.  Tiles  of  this  kind  are  of 
rather  rare  occurrence,  and  no  doubt  had  their  origin  in  the  highly 
embossed  quarries  of  an  earlier  period. 

Mr.  S.  Wood  exhibited  some  objects  discovered  at  Maidstone,  destined 
to  form  part  of  the  local  Museum :  1.  Encaustic  tile  of  the  time  of 
Edward  I,  measuring  about  five  inches  and  a  quarter  each  way,  and 
bearing  a  shield, —  ermine  or  gutte  (?)  in  chief,  three  hons  rampant, — 
said  to  be  the  arms  of  Aveling  of  Dover.  2.  Poly  chromic  gally-tile, 
one  of  a  set  of  four  to  the  pattern  ;  the  white  glazed  surface  painted 
with  flowers,  etc.,  in  blue,  orange,  yellow,  and  green,  in  a  similar  style 
to  the  specimens  described  in  the  Journal  (xviii,  375).  Date,  sixteenth 
century.  Both  these  tiles  were  found  Avith  others  in  pulling  down  an 
old  house  in  the  High-street.  3.  Small  iron  knife,  the  blade  stamped 
with  a  bunch  of  grapes  and  a  dagger,  the  ivory  handle  liaving  the  iron 
pommel  and  deep  ferrule  inlaid  with  gold.  Date,  sixteenth  century. 
Recovered  from  the  bed  of  the  river  Len,  a  small  stream  running  past 
the  Archbishop's  Palace  into  the  Medway  at  Maidstone.  4.  Black 
leather  shoe  with  high  heel  of  a  red  colour,  and  the  long  square  toe 
which  made  its  appearance  in  England  about  the  year  16G5,  and  was  at 
the  lieight  of  fashion  during  the  reign  of  William  and  Maiy,  to  which 
period  this  specimen  must  be  referred.  The  extreme  length  of  the  shoe 
is  ten  inches,  and  the  end  of  the  toe  nearly  an  inch  and  a  half  across. 
Found  at  the  same  time  and  place  as  the  abovcmentioned  tiles  and  the 
pewter  .spoon  described  in  the  Journal  (xix,  330). 


PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  ASSOCIATTON.  83 

Mr.  "Wood  also  exhibited  two  tliiu  gally-tilcs  (lour  forniiiig  the  set) 
bearing  a  geometric  pattern  of  Morisco  design,  the  iuterhiced  lathe- 
work  being  white  on  a  blue  field.  Date,  close  of  the  seventeenth  cen- 
tury. Found,  with  other  tiles  of  the  same  kind,  in  Bow-lane,  Cheap- 
side. 

Mr.  H.  Syer  Cuming  laid  before  the  meeting  a  gally-tile  of  precisely 
similar  design  to  the  above,  but  in  which  the  interstices  of  the  white 
lathe-work  are  painted  deep  blue,  red,  green,  and  yellow,  producing  a 
most  pleasing  and  rich  decoration,  perfectly  oriental  in  aspect.  It  is 
of  delft  manufacture,  and  of  rather  earlier  date  than  Mr.  Wood's  speci- 
mens. 

Capt.  Tupper,  F.S.A.,  transmitted  three  pseudo-antiques  professed  to 
have  been  recently  exhumed.  One  is  a  key  cast  in  cock-metal,  its 
octangular  bow  being  occujoied  by  a  cross.  The  rest  of  the  objects  are 
of  lead,  and  consist  of — 1st,  a  vesica-shaped  shrine  with  perforated 
lid  representing  an  angel ;  2nd,  shield-shaped  badge  with  an  equestrian 
knight  on  one  side,  and  the  date,  1020,  on  the  other  ;  3rd,  large  medal- 
lion with  a  similar  knight  on  one  side,  and  two  seated  figures  holding 
a  stafi"  between  them  on  the  opposite  ;  4th,  a  smaller  medalhon  with  a 
full  face,  crowned,  on  one  side ;  and  a  warrior  with  sword  in  left  hand, 
and  a  cross-staff'  in  right  hand,  on  the  reverse.  All  these  leaden  things 
have  loops  for  suspension,  and  bear  unmeaning  legends.  These  articles, 
Capt.  Tupper  says,  were  bought  by  a  friend  of  his,  last  Saturday,  of  a 
man  dressed  as  a  "navvy,"  at  Paul's  Chain,  in  which  locality  he 
declared  that  they  had  just  been  found  many  feet  from  the  surface. 

Mr.  Gould,  F.S.A.,  V.P.,  produced  a  badge  and  medallion  of  similar 
character  to  the  above,  which  he  had  purchased  of  a  "  navvy"  a  few 
days  since,  and  denounced  the  forger  in  strong  and  well-merited  terms. 

Mr.  Levien,  F.S.A.,  declared  that,  within  a  very  short  time,  enough 
of  such  rubbish  had  been  brought  to  the  British  Museum  to  fill  a  large 
wheelbarrow. 

Mr.  H.  Syer  Cuming  stated  that  the  objects  now  submitted,  like  all 
he  had  examined  at  other  places,  taste  strongly  of  the  nitric  acid  into 
which  they  are  dropped  hot  from  the  plaster-of- Paris  moulds  in  which 
they  were  cast ;  and  further,  that  it  is  a  fact  important  to  both  vendor 
and  purchaser  to  know  that  any  one  selling  these  forgeries  commits  an 
offence  against  the  law,  and  renders  himself  liable  to  prosecution  for 
obtaining  money  under  false  pretences.  Aiiicles  of  cock-metal  are 
rather  new  in  the  market.  Mr.  Irvine  said  he  recollected  a  place  in 
Clare  Market  as  long  as  fifteen  years  ago,  where  these  metal  keys  could 
be  purchased. 

]\Ir.  Geo.  Collins  exhibited  two  photographs  of  the  Bartlow  Hills, 
now  threatened  with  injury  from  a  proposed  line  of  railway.  The  Asso- 
ciation expressed  their  hope  that  by  the  representations  which  had  been 


84  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  ASSOCIATIOX. 

made  to  the  Directors  by  societies,  and  the  personal  efforts  of  otliers, 
deterioration  of  these  interesting  monuments  might  be  prevented. 

Mr.  J.  B.  Greenshields  of  Kerse,  Lesmahagow,  N.B.,  made  a  com- 
munication from  Mr.  Robert  Ferguson  of  Carlisle  (Dec.  22,  1863), 
relative  to  some  discoveries  recently  made  in  the  course  of  an  excava- 
tion on  the  south  side  of  that  city,  and  near  to  the  ancient  line  of 
Roman  way,  towards  the  south,  by  Old  Carhsle  and  Penrith.  They 
consist  of  Roman  relics  obtained  by  digging  the  foundation  of  a  house, 
and  present  a  large  cinerary  urn  measuring  twenty  inches  in  height, 
of  a  reddish  colonized  paste,  seen  on  plate  4,  fig.  1 ;  together  with  por- 
tions of  broken  Samian  ware,  fragments  of  other  pottery,  and  remnants 
of  glass  vessels.  These  are  shewn,  fig.  2  ;  and  among  them  will  be 
observ'^ed,  upon  the  bottom  of  a  portion  of  a  vessel  of  Samian  ware,  as 
it  is  generally  called, — a  name  which  seems  to  read  vaticon\tm.  It  has 
been  suggested  to  I'ead  this  as  vaticonis  in  (mami),  as  being  the  pre- 
sumed name  of  the  potter.  Such  a  name  has,  however,  not  yet  appeared 
in  any  of  the  lists  of  the  Roman  potters.  It  has  been  engraved  with  a 
pointed  tool.  The  place  where  these  objects  have  been  found  is  con- 
jectured by  Mr.  Ferguson  to  have  been  probably  one  of  the  extra-mural 
cemeteries  of  Luguvallium. 

A  second  "  find"  was  made  a  little  way  out  of  the  Old  City,  in  a  j^lace  to 
which  new  streets  are  now  extending ;  and  where  Mr.  Ferguson  thinks 
it  very  likely,  from  the  situation,  that  further  discoveries  wUl  be  made. 
Plate  5  exhibits  the  antiquities  here  found,  as  seen  in  sitit.  Fig.  1 
represents  a  cist  composed  of  a  block  of  stone  hollowed  into  the  shape 
of  a  trough,  in  which  was  deposited  a  large  cinerary  bottle,  or  jar,  of 
greenish  glass,  lying  on  one  of  its  four  sides,  with  a  small  vessel  and  a 
lamp  placed  at  its  mouth.  On  the  top  of  this  jar  were  lying  about  a 
dozen  small  iron  objects  which  were  at  first  presumed  to  be  images ; 
and  conjecture  was  carried  so  far  as  to  cause  them  to  be  considered  as 
metal  representations  of  Roman  Penates.  A  close  examination  of  them, 
however,  detected  their  real  nature  ;  and  the  Association  had  no  difi&- 
culty  in  regarding  them  simply  as  iron  nails  in  a  state  of  extensive 
oxydation,  with  portions  of  w^oody  fibre  attached ;  from  which  it  is  not 
unieasonable  to  conclude  that  some  wooden  case  or  covering  had  at 
an  early  time  been  placed  in  the  stone  cist,  enclosing  the  relics 
described.  On  the  same  plate,  to  the  left  (fig.  2)  is  the  stone  cover 
which  had  served  to  enclose  the  whole  ;  and  near  to  it  another  block  of 
stone,  hollowed  out  (fig.  3)  to  receive  in  an  irregularly  formed  circular 
hole  a  small  earthen  vase,  also  for  holding  incinerated  remains.  Examin- 
ation of  its  contents  presented  only  a  deposit  of  black,  greasy  earth, 
which  may  probably  be  the  remains  of  an  incremated  heart.  There 
was  also  a  stone  rudely  cut,  but  with  some  degree  of  spirit,  into  the 
figure  of  a  lion  (fig.  4)  devouring  a  bull  or  other  animal,  from  the  skull 


I').  4, 


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J.R.Johbjns. 


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■^v 


PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  ASSOCIATION.  85 

of  which  ifc  seems  to  bo  euj^aL^etl  in  lapping  its  blood.  Tiiis  figure  is  the 
same  on  both  sides  of  the  stone,  standing  lapright  on  its  base,  and 
measuring  about  sixteen  inches  in  length.  There  was  also  a  fragment 
of  a  monumental  inscription  (fig.  5)  containing  the  letter  M, — doubtless 
the  remains  of  D.  M.  (Dils  Manihus,  to  the  divine  Manes;  or  Deo  Maximo, 
to  the  great  god) ;  and  the  termination  Rivs,  belonging  to  some  Roman 
name,  as  Valerius,  Honorius,  etc. 

Plate  4,  fig.  3,  represents  the  large  green  vessel  removed  froin  the 
stone  ossuarium.  It  is  of  good  glass,  and  in  fine  preservation.  It  closely 
resembles  the  one  found  in  the  greater  barrows  at  Bartlow,  in  the 
parish  of  Ashdon,  Essex  ;  on  the  examination  of  which  a  particular  and 
most  excellent  account  will  be  found,  by  the  late  John  Gage  Rokewode, 
in  the  Archceologia  (xxvi,  pp.  300-317,  plate  xxxii,  fig.  I).  The  incine- 
rated bones  are  visible  through  the  glass  vessel,  which  measured  twelve 
inches  in  height  and  five  and  a  half  in  breadth.  On  the  bottom  is  a 
mark  consisting  of  the  letter  M  surrounded  by  two  circles.  Vessels  of 
this  description  are  not  common  in  this  part  of  England  ;  but  his  Grace 
the  Duke  of  Northumberland  has  a  specimen  found  in  Northumber- 
land, measuring  precisely  the  same  in  height,  but  only  three  inches  in 
diameter.  Fig.  4  on  the  same  plate  represents  the  lamp  of  a  cream- 
coloured  clay,  and  fig.  5  the  little  vessel  of  very  dark  clay,  both  of  which 
were  found  at  the  mouth  of  the  glass  vessel.  Another  vessel  (fig.  0) 
is  of  a  pale  brick-colour,  which  was  found  in  the  smaller  cist. 

Another  exhibition  made  consisted  of  the  lower  portion  of  a  Roman 
sepulchral  monument,  presenting  the  lower  part  of  apparently  a  female 
costume,  and  the  feet,  beneath  which  is  inscribed— 

D  M 
ANI  .  LVCILIE  .  VIX  .  AN  .  LV. 

It  may,  however,  probably  be  of  Annius  Lucilius,  who  lived  fifty-five 
years.  On  the  body  of  the  slab  is  the  well  known  leaf-like  ornament 
on  Roman  monuments  and  columns.  This  has  been  for  a  long  time  in 
the  possession  of  a  working  man,  and  before  that  was  lying  disregarded 
in  a  field.     (See  fig.  7.) 

Mr.  Planche,  Hon.  Sec,  communicated  the  following  particulars 
relating  to  the  discovery  of  a  Stone  Coffin  in  Ash  Chui'ch  next 
Sandwich : — 

"  In  the  fine  old  church  of  St.  Nicholas,  Ash,  so  W' ell  known  to  anti- 
quaries by  the  interesting  series  of  brasses  and  monumental  effigies 
it  contains,  considerable  restorations  have  recently  taken  place,  and 
the  high  chancel,  the  south  wall  of  which  was  in  a  dangerous  condition, 
underwent  a  thorough  repair  in  1862-3,  when  the  old  pews  were  re- 
moved and  open  seats  substituted  for  them.  The  north  transept  is 
now  being  proceeded  with,  and  the  organ  and  gallery  which  blocked 
up  the  large  window  there,  were  taken  down  in  the  month  of  December 


86  PEOCEEDINGS   OF  THE  ASSOCIATION. 

last,  witli  a  view  to  the  removal  of  the  former  to  a  more  appropi'iate 
situation,  the  seats  for  the  school-chikb-eu  being  at  the  same  time 
taken  up  to  be  replaced  by  others  similar  to  those  in  the  chancel. 
During  the  progi^ess  of  this  work,  the  Rev.  H.  S.  Mackarness  (the  pre- 
sent incumbent)  discovered  a  few  inches  beneath  the  soil,  under  the 
wooden  flooring  on  which  the  seats  had  been  placed,  what  appeared  to 
him  to  be  the  lid  of  a  stone  coffin,  and  the  labourers  having  carefully 
removed  the  earth  and  debris  above  and  around  it,  a  fine  stone  coffin  of 
the  thirteenth  century  was  speedily  brought  to  light,  the  lid  being 
sculptured  \vith  a  cross  planted  on  three  steps  or  grices,  and  therefrom 
designated  by  heralds  as  a  cross  degreced  or  degi"aded,  A  cross  thus 
placed  on  steps  is  occasionally  erroneously  called  a  cross  calvary ;  but 
that  designation  does  not  apply  to  the  steps,  but  to  the  form  of  the  cross 
itself,  which  has  perfectly  straight  Hmbs,  as  it  is  generally  represented 
in  paintings  of  the  Crucifixion.  Crosses  of  all  forms  are  found  planted 
on  grices  or  steps,  and  are  then,  as  we  have  stated,  called  crosses  de- 
greced or  degraded.  The  steps,  when  three,  are  said  by  some  imagina- 
tive heralds,  to  represent  the  three  great  Chinstian  "virtues — '  Faith, 
Hope,  and  Charity.' 

"  Being  at  the  time  of  this  discovery  on  a  visit  to  Mr.  Mackarness 
(my  son-in-law),  he  sent  for  me,  and  in  our  presence  the  lid  which  con- 
siderably overlapped  the  cofiin,  was  found  partly  displaced,  was  re- 
moved, and  it  became  apparent  that  the  coffin  had  been  opened 
and  its  contents  distui'bed  at  some  early  period.  The  skull  of  an  adult 
person,  retaining  several  of  the  teeth,  was  nearly  in  the  centre  of  the 
coffin,  and  the  leg  and  other  bones  at  the  head  mixed  up  with  large 
flint  boulders  and  rubbish  of  every  description.  Every  portion  of  the 
skeleton  that  remained  was  carefully  collected  and  buiied  on  the  spot, 
and  the  coffin  being  cleaned  out,  was  removed  into  the  molland  or 
north  chancel  adjoining.  It  measured  six  feet  two  inches  and  a  half 
in  length,  two  feet  two  inches  at  the  head,  and  one  foot  three  inches  at 
the  other  extremity,  and  is  ten  inches  and  a  half  deep  on  the  outside, 
and  about  nine  inches  inside.  An  arch  of  stone  is  formed  at  the  head, 
leaving  ca\dties  at  the  angles,  and  two  holes  have  been  made  in  the 
bottom  for  the  escape  of  the  gases.  The  lid  six  feet  ten  inches  long, 
by  two  feet  five  inches  and  a  quarter  at  the  top,  and  one  foot  six  inches 
and  a  quarter  at  the  bottom  is  sculptured  as  I  have  already  described, 
and  resembles  one  preserved  in  the  Guildhall  Museum,  London,  engraved 
in  vol.  viii,  p.  88,  of  ovoc  Journal,  Plate  16,  and  described  by  Mr.  Burkitt. 

"  With  respect  to  the  person  whose  remains  it  covered,  much  uncer- 
tainty exists.  Further  than  that  he  was  most  probably  an  ecclesiastic 
we  cannot  venture  even  a  guess.  The  transept  in  wliich  the  coffin  was 
found  was  formerly  known  as  the  Chapel  of  St.  Thomas  the  MartjT, 
and  was  converted  into  a  transept  proper  by  the  building  of  a  central 


PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  ASSOCIATION.  87 

tower  in  the  fifteenth  century.  At  what  time  the  desecration  of  this 
coflRn  took  place,  whether  at  the  period  of  such  aUeration  of  the  build- 
ing, or  at  a  much  later  one,  cannot  now  be  determined;  but  it  certainly 
was  not  visible  in  1G13,  when  Peter  le  Neve  made  his  Chui'ch  Notes ; 
nor  in  1 7G0,  when  the  Rev.  Bryan  Faussett  made  his.  If  not  discovered 
and  buried  within  those  periods,  we  must  go  back  to  the  fifteenth  cen- 
tury for  this  act  of  Vandalism.  At  that  period,  the  Chapel  of  St. 
Thomas  was  the  common  resting-place  of  the  important  family  of  St. 
Nicholas,  of  Ash,  and  continued  to  be  so  to  its  expiration  in  that  parish 
towards  the  close  of  the  seventeenth  century. 

"  The  first  intimation  we  have  of  this  fact  is  the  dii-cction  of  John 
St.  Nicholas  in  his  will,  dated  18  June  14G2  (2nd  Edw.  IV),  wherein 
he  desires  to  be  buried  in  the  chapel  of  St.  Thomas  the  Martyr,  in  the 
church  of  St.  Nicholas  at  Ash  ;  but  it  is  quite  probable  that  he  was  not 
the  first  of  the  family  interred  there.  Archbishop  Peckham  gave  the 
church  at  Ash  to  the  College  of  Wingham  in  1286 ;  and  it  is 
generally  imagined,  from  the  precise  similarity  of  the  arms  of  Peck- 
ham  to  those  of  St.  Nicholas,  that  they  were  one  and  the  same 
family.  But  whether  a  branch  of  the  Peckhams  took  the  name  of 
St.  Nicholas  from  their  place,  called  St.  Nicholas  Cout-t,  in  the  Isle  of 
Thanet,  or  a  St.  Nicholas  assumed  the  name  of  Peckham  as  early  as 
the  thirteenth  century,  has  not  yet  been  discovered.  It  is  not  unlikely 
that  either  a  Peckham  or  a  St.  Nicholas  was  a  priest  at  Ash  about  the 
time  of  the  gift  of  the  church  to  Wingham,  which  accords  with  the 
date  I  am  inclined  to  assign  to  this  coffin,- — the  receptacle,  no  doubt,  of 
the  remains  of  an  ecclesiastic.  We  have  no  record,  however,  of  that 
fact ;  and  as  far  as  my  present  researches  have  gone,  I  have  not  found 
any  St.  Nicholas  in  holy  orders.  There  was  a  Lawrence  de  St.  Nicholas 
attorney  for  Cardinal  Gale  in  the  reign  of  King  John  ;  but  there  is 
nothing  to  prove  he  was  a  priest,  nor  could  I  venture  to  assert  that  he 
was  even  a  member  of  the  Kentish  family. 

"There  is  one  circumstance  I  must  not  omit  to  mention.  Hams,  in 
his  History  of  Kent,  tells  us  that  the  rainister  of  Ash  informed  him  that 
a  stone  coffin  had  been  dug  up  at  Goshall  (a  manor  house  in  that 
parish,  vnthin  a  mile  of  the  chui-ch)  about  twelve  years  previous  to  the 
date  of  that  conversation  ;  which,  as  Dr.  Harris  published  the  fii'st 
volume  of  his  Hidory  in  1719,  we  may  presume  took  place  about  the 
beginning  of  the  eighteenth  century.  As  we  only  hear  of  the  discoveiy 
of  the  coffin,  and  no  particulars  either  as  to  its  form,  size,  ornamenta- 
tion, or  supposed  age,  or  of  what  became  of  it,  it  is  just  possible  it 
might  have  been  removed  to  the  church,  and  reburied  there  amongst 
the  St.  Nicholas'  who  were  once  the  possessors  of  Goshall  by  marriage 
with  an  heiress  of  that  family,  some  of  whom  also  lie  in  the  chancel 
adjoining.     In  those  days  the  impropriety  of  burying  a  stone  coffin 


88  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  ASSOCIATION. 

would  probably  not  have  occurred  to  them,  particularly  as  tliey  found 
it  in  the  earth  at  Goshall.  I  have  no  reason  for  assuming  that  the 
coffin  found  at  Goshall  was  removed  to  Ash  Church  ;  but  Avith  Han-is's 
account  before  me,  and  no  proof  that  the  one  just  discovered  was  placed 
there  before  1700, — the  flooring  above  it  certainly  not  being  two 
hundi-ed  years  old, — I  must  necessarily  pause  before  I  attempt  to  build 
a  theory  upon  what  may  be  altogether  a  wrong  foundation. 

"  The  walls  of  the  transept  in  which  the  coflBn  was  found,  exhibited, 
on  the  removal  of  the  organ  and  gallery,  numerous  proofs  of  having 
been  covered  with  fresco  paintings  ;  but,  unfortunately,  all  were  too 
much  dilapidated  to  admit  of  recognition,  or  deserve  copying.  The 
nuked  feet  of  a  figure,  and  the  lower  portion  of  a  red  robe,  were  visible 
on  the  east  wall.  Under  the  large  window  in  the  north  wall,  were  the 
remains  of  Avriting,  probably  texts ;  but  not  one  word  clearly  decypher- 
able.  A  border  consisting  of  a  black  band,  -sWth  white  or  yellow 
roundels  and  ovals  upon  it,  ran  along  this  side,  under  the  window, 
and  a  piece  of  the  old  glass  found  amongst  the  dehris,  had  a  similar 
border  upon  it,  fi'om  which  probably  the  one  on  the  wall  was  imitated. 
On  the  west  side  a  scroll  border  had  been  painted,  I  should  say,  at  a 
later  period.  In  other  places  black  lines  had  been  dra^vn  on  the  plaster 
to  give  the  idea  of  masonry,  which  were  curiously  enough  continued 
on  the  stone  abutments  themselves. 

Mr.  F.  J.  Baigent  transmitted  the  following  account  of  the 

Discovery  of  a  Leaden  Coffin  at  Bishopstoke,  Hants. 

"  On  Saturday  afternoon  (January  16th)  an  interesting  discovery 
was  made  by  some  labourers  whilst  procuring  gravel  for  the  purpose  of 
repairing  the  permanent  way  of  the  South- Western  Railway,  on  a  piece 
of  land  adjoining  the  railway  embankment,  about  a  mile  from  the 
Bishopstoke  Junction.  At  a  distance  of  between  five  and  six  feet 
below  the  surface  of  the  land,  which  had  been  for  many  years  used  for 
agricultural  purposes,  they  di-ove  their  pick  into  some  foreign  substance, 
which,  on  examination,  turned  out  to  be  a  piece  of  lead.  On  cleainng 
away  the  gravel,  a  leaden  cist  was  exposed  to  view,  the  lower  part 
somewhat  injured  by  the  pressure  or  falling  in  of  the  earth,  a  similar  pres- 
sure having  also  begun  to  take  effect  on  the  right  side  of  the  coffin.  On 
attempting  to  remove  the  lid  or  covering,  the  lead  weakened  by  cor- 
rosion, gave  way,  and  parted  into  several  pieces,  and  fragments  of  the 
metal  as  well  as  some  of  the  earth  fell  into  the  coffin.  The  pieces  of 
the  now  broken  lid  being  removed,  a  skeleton  was  exposed  to  view,  the 
lower  extremities  of  which  were,  however,  wanting,  and  may  probably 
have  perished  in  the  commencement  of  the  excavation,  as  it  was  into 
the  lower  end  of  the  cist  that  the  workmen  had  struck  their  pickaxes. 
The  sinking  of  one  side  of  the  lid  had,  however,  depressed  the  right 


PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  ASSOCIATION.  8.9 

ribs,  and  caused  a  more  early  decay  of  that  side  of  the  body,  'i'lic  left 
ribs  remained  undistui-bed.  Above  the  right  shoulder  were  fragments 
of  glass  vessels,  broken  in  all  probability  by  the  unskilful  opening  of 
the  coffin.  The  earth  having  been  cleared  away  from  the  sides,  the 
broken  cist  was  removed  with  some  care  to  a  workshop  about  a  quarter 
of  a  mile  below  the  station. 

"A  communication  of  the  circumstances  of  this  discovery  having  been 
made  to  me  by  the  railway  officials,  I  proceeded  to  Bishopstoke,  and 
on  entering  the  building  where  it  had  been  deposited  began  at  once  to 
arrange  the  pieces  of  the  lid,  and  of  the  lower  part  of  the  coffin,  and 
the  broken  portions  of  the  sides,  so  as  to  enable  me  to  make  an  exact 
sketch.  There  appear  to  have  been  three  or,  perhaps,  four  bottles,  or 
lackrymatories,  of  a  thin,  yellowish,  pale-green  coloured  sparkling  glass. 
Of  these  bottles  one  appears  to  have  had  straight  sides,  another  was  of 
a  form  somewhat  resembling  a  soda-water  bottle,  whilst  a  third  was  of  a 
much  more  globular  form,  and  the  glass  of  the  thinnest  description. 
There  were  no  traces  of  handles,  and  the  only  attempt  at  ornament  was 
a  single  and  double  line  or  ring  marked  upon  the  most  perfect  of  the 
three  necks.  These  rings  are  simply  scratched,  and  may  have  been 
turned  upon  a  lathe.  The  leaden  coffin  measured  five  feet  six  inches 
in  length  inside,  and  its  interior  breadth  was  sixteen  inches  or  sixteen 
and  a  half,  and  the  depth  at  the  sides  gave  nine  inches  and  a  half.  It 
was  of  uniform  width  throughout,  and  made  out  of  one  piece  of  lead  by 
the  corners  being  cut  out,  and  the  sides  and  ends  turned  up  and  lapped 
over  for  about  an  inch.  The  lid  was  made  in  a  similar  manner,  and 
was  lapped  over  the  top  of  the  coffin  to  the  depth  of  three  inches.  The 
lead  was  at  least  a  quarter  of  an  inch  in  thickness,  and  devoid  of  orna- 
ment. No  inscription  was  discernible,  and  after  a  careful  search  no 
coins  or  other  relics  could  be  discovered. 

"  The  skeleton  was  that  of  a  woman ;  the  bones  are  small  and  deli- 
cate. The  skull  was  much  broken,  and  pieces  evidently  gone  ;  the 
teeth  were  all  perfect,  regular  and  beautiful,  and  indicated  a  person  in 
the  prime  of  life.  The  lower  jaw-bone  was  unusually  narrow,  and  had 
follen  from  its  place,  and  rested  upon  the  thorax.  The  left  arm  crossed 
the  body  below  the  breast,  with  the  hand  bent  downwards.  The  carpus, 
the  metacarpal  bones,  and  the  phalanges,  were  all  undisturbed  in  their 
articulations,  and  the  same  remark  will  apply  to  the  vertebrae.  The 
left  scapula,  with  the  humerus,  remained  uninjured,  whilst  the  other 
was  partially  decayed.  The  femur  of  the  left  leg  was  lying  in  its  place, 
resting  in  the  socket  of  the  ilium,  though  not  quite  perfect  at  its  lower 
end.  No  other  portion  of  the  lower  extremities  remained,  nor  were 
there  any  traces  discernible  of  either  the  radius  or  the  ulna  oT  the  right 
arm,  or  of  its  hand,  though  it  seemed  pretty  evident  that  it  had  not 

been  placed  across  the  body,  but  was  laid  parallel  by  the  side  of  the 
1S64  12 


90  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  ASSOCIATION. 

coffin.  The  humerus  measured,  frora  the  superior  surface  of  the  head 
to  the  inferior  surface  of  the  pull}',  twelve  inches.  The  ubia,  or  the 
longest  of  the  two  bones  of  the  fore-arm,  was  eight  inches  and  a  half 
in  length.  The  left  femur,  fi-om  the  surface  of  the  head  to  the  lower 
part,  as  mutilated,  measured  thii-teen  inches  and  a  half;  though,  Avhen 
perfect,  its  measurement  to  the  inferior  surface  of  the  inner  cond3'le, 
was  probably  about  sixteen  inches  and  a  half. 

"  The  remains  are,  in  all  probability,  those  of  a  noble  Roman  lady, 
of  a  small  and  deKcate  frame,  snatched  away  from  her  friends,  at  an 
early  age  (not  more  than  twenty-five,  if  so  old).  The  grief  of  her  friends 
is  sufficiently  attested  by  the  broken  fragments  of  lachrymatories  placed 
Avithin  the  coffin  in  accordance  mth  the  Roman  usage.  More  than 
foui'teen  hundred  years  have  passed  away  since  these  remains  were 
consigned  to  the  earth,  to  be  rudely  disinterred  in  the  ninteenth  cen- 
tury, amid  puffing  locomotives  and  other  noises  attendant  upon  rail- 
way traffic. 

"  The  coffin,  when  discovered,  was  nearly  due  east  and  west,  the 
head  lying  to  the  west.  From  an  inspection  of  the  spot,  it  is  quite 
evident  that  there  had  also  been  a  coffin  of  wood,  in  which  the  leaden 
one  had  been  enclosed;  blackened  fragments  of  decayed  wood  being 
abundant  below  and  round  the  sides  of  the  place  where  it  had  been 
dug  out. 

"  As  a  large  portion  of  the  land  still  remains  undisturbed,  though 
marked  out  for  excavation,  it  is  not  unlikely  that  other  rehcs  may  be 
brought  to  light  in  the  immediate  neighbourhood  of  this  interment. 
In  1809  two  leaden  coffins,  void  of  ornament,  and  of  a  similar  construc- 
tion, were  found  in  a  Roman  tomb  at  Southfleet,  Kent.  Similar  coffins 
have  also  been  found  in  London^  and  at  York,  one  of  which  is  in  the 
museum  of  that  city,  and  another  in  that  of  my  deceased  friend,  our 
late  Associate,  Mr.  Bateman,  at  Yolgrave,  Derbyshire ;  but  I  am  not 
aware  of  any  previous  discovery  of  a  similar  character  in  this  county." 

The  Rev.  E.  KeU  also  transmitted  a  notice  of  the  same,  and  stated 
that  the  Lord  of  the  Manor,  R.  Chaniberlayne,  Esq.,  had  claimed  and 
taken  possession  of  these  interesting  relics. 

'  See  Journal,  vol.  ix,  p.  1G3,  and  plate  27,  fig.  2. 


91 


Antiquarian   Intclliofrnce. 

TiiK  CoTNS  OF  THE  Ancient  Britons  arranged  and  described.  By  John 
Evans,  F.S.A.,  F.G.S.,  Honorary  Secretary  of  the  Numismatic  So- 
ciety of  London ;  and  engraved  by  F.  W.  Fairbolt,  F.S.A.  8vo. 
J.  Russell  Smith. 

We  welcome  the  appearance  of  this  volume  as  supplying  a  long  felt 
desideratum  in  the  study  of  the  coinage  of  our  own  country.  The 
author  is  well  known  to  have  devoted  for  many  years  past  particular 
attention  to  this  branch  of  study,  and  has  produced  a  book  which  for 
the  first  time  has  arranged  these  memorials  of  the  early  inhabitants  of 
our  island  on  a  systematic  and  reasonable  basis.  Many  writers,  from 
Camden  down  to  the  present  times,  have  discussed  the  subject  of  the 
ancient  British  coinage  in  a  manner  more  or  less  fragmentary.  Cam- 
den and  other  early  writers  were  destitute  of  the  advantage  possessed 
by  students  of  our  own  day,  in  the  numerous  records  of  the  places 
where  British  coins  have  been  discovered.  In  some  instances,  how- 
ever, and  notably  in  that  of  Camden  himself,  principles  of  appropria- 
tion were  laid  down,  which  experience  has  proved  to  be  accurate ; 
while  in  other  cases,  writers  even  of  learning  and  research  have  so 
hampered  themselves  by  preconceived  notions  and  theories,  as  to  de- 
prive their  conclusions  of  all  value,  and  well  nigh  to  cast  ridicule  upon 
the  whole  subject. 

After  a  brief  recapitulation  of  the  different  wi'iters  who  have 
treated  of  the  ancient  British  coinage,  Mr.  Evans  discusses  the  ques- 
tion of  the  date  and  origin  of  the  coins.  He  shows  the  grounds  for 
concluding  (as  we  beheve  is  now  generally  admitted)  that  the  pas- 
sage in  Csesar  which  used  to  be  held  as  proof  that  no  coinage,  in  the 
proper  sense  of  the  term,  existed  in  Britain  at  the  time  of  his  invasion, 
has  been  misunderstood,  and  that  the  interpretation  put  upon  it  is  at 
variance  with  the  general  cuiTent  of  ancient  authority.  He  assigns 
the  earliest  British  coins  to  a  date  approximatively  from  two  hundred 
to  one  hundred  and  fifty  years  before  the  Christian  era ;  those  earliest 
examples  being  such  as  are  evidently  copied  from  the  still  earlier 
Gaulish  imitations  of  the  gold  stcder  of  Philip  II  of  Macedon.  On  this 
theory,  the  difiiculty  arising  from  the  greater  weight  of  these  uniuscribed 
coins,  as  compared  with  those  of  more  certain  attribution,  and  which, 
prima  facie,  would  have  led  us  to  consider  them  as  Gaulish  rather  than 
British,  in  a  great  measure  disappears  ;  and  this  view  is  strengthened 


92  ANTIQUARIAN    INTELLIGENCE. 

by  the  fact  tliat  the  recorded  discoveries  of  coius  of  the  type  iu  ques- 
tion have  rarely  taken  place  elsewhere  than  in  England. 

The  principle  adopted  by  Mr.  Evans  in  his  description,  is  that  of  a 
division  of  the  coins  into  two  classes  :  the  uninscribed  and  the  inscribed. 
In  some  cases  this  arrangement  separates  coins  of  types  closely  allied 
to  each  other,  as  for  example  No.  11  of  Plate  B,  from  ISTo.  13  of  Plate 
XIII,  and  No.  14  of  Plate  c,  from  No.  13  of  Plate  v.  But,  on  the  whole, 
it  is  perhaps  the  most  convenient  system  for  his  purpose. 

After  chapters  devoted  to  the  uninscribed  coins  in  gold,  silver,  cop- 
per, and  brass,  to  tin  coins,  and  those  of  mixed  metal  of  the  peculiar 
type  called  the  Channel  Island  type,  Mr.  Evans  proceeds  to  the  con- 
sideration of  the  coins  which,  from  the  inscriptions  they  bear,  are 
either  of  certain  attribution,  or  the  origin  of  which  may  be  conjectured 
with  more  or  less  probability.  The  variety  of  these  pieces  is  great,  and 
our  space  forbids  our  entering  upon  any  detailed  examination  of  them, 
which  indeed  would  be  hardly  intelligible  without  the  aid  of  the  illus- 
trative plates.  To  this  class  belong  the  numerous  types  in  the  three 
metals  which  bear  the  well  known  name  of  Cunobeline  ;  and  those 
with  the  much  vexed  inscription,  tasciovani,  tascio,  tascia,  etc.,  which, 
is  now  generally  admitted  to  be,  as  first  suggested  by  Dr.  Birch,  the 
name  of  a  prince,  the  father  of  Cunobeline.  There  are  other  coins 
bearing  the  names  of  reguli  or  chieftains,  of  whom  little  is  known  but 
what  is  supplied  by  their  coins.  Many  of  these  are  executed  with, 
spirit  and  delicacy.  They  are,  in  several  instances,  imitated  from 
Roman  coins  of  the  period  of  Augustus,  or  even  of  a  somewhat  earlier 
date,  as  for  example,  the  coins  reading  COM.  p  and  viR  rex  (Plate  i,  Nos. 
13  and  14,  and  Plate  ii.  No.  10),  the  resemblance  of  which  to  the  denarii 
of  the  Roman  consular  family  Crepusia,  is  too  close  to  be  a  mere  coin- 
cidence. In  these  pieces  there  is  a  good  deal  of  life  and  motion  in  the 
horse  and  his  rider;  and  it  is  pleasing  to  contemplate  in  these  monuments 
of  a  remote  age,  the  first  dawning  of  British  art ;  or  at  least,  if,  as  is 
most  probable,  the  coins  were  the  work  of  foreign  artists,  the  first  evi- 
dences of  British  appreciation  and  employment  of  art  where  it  was  to 
be  found. 

By  a  careful  induction  from  the  recorded  discoveries  either  of  hoards 
of  coins,  or  of  individual  specimens,  Mr.  Evans  has  arrived  at  a  geo- 
graphical classification  of  the  various  types.  As  far  as  our  own  experi- 
ance  goes,  which  however  is  vastly  inferior  to  his,  it  fully  bears  out 
his  arrangement ;  and  we  have  entire  confidence  that  it  will  be  amply 
confirmed  by  further  discoveries.  The  operation  of  our  absurd  law  on 
the  subject  of  treasure  trove,  and  the  unjust  claims  which  are  in  conse- 
quence made  to  objects  assumed  to  be,  but  which  really  are  not,  treasui'e 
trove,  oppose  immense  diflSculties  to  the  preservation  of  coins  and  other 
objects  of  antiquity,  and  to  the  accurate  record  of  the  places  of  their 


ANTIQUARIAN    INTELLIGENCE.  93 

discovery,  especially  in  instances  wliero  the  find  is  large,  and  of  luueii 
intrinsic  or  extrinsic  value. 

Ou  tlie  whole,  Mr.  Evans's  book  is  by  far  the  most  valuable  contri- 
bution to  numismatic  science  which  has  appeared  in  this  country  for 
many  years.  It  is  a  work  on  an  intricate  and  difficult  subject,  performed 
by  the  man  of  all  others  best  qualified  to  undertake  it.  The  plates  and 
woodcuts,  beautifully  executed  by  Mr.  Fairholt,  himself  well  known  as  a 
good  antiquary,  give  most  faithful  representations  of  nearly  four  hundi-ed 
of  the  coins  described  and  illustrated  in  the  text. 


Salisbury  and  South  Wilts  Museum. — It  was  with  much  regret,  that 
the  Treasurer  of  the  British  Archaaological  Association  was,  from  illness, 
unable  to  respond  to  the  invitation  of  our  Salisbury  friends,  whose  kindly 
reception  of  us  at  the  Congress  of  1858,  is  warmly  impressed  upon  our 
recollection,  to  be  present  on  occasion  of  the  opening  of  this  museum, 
the  ceremonial  of  which  took  place  on  the  27th  of  January  last,  under 
the  presidency  of  the  E-t.  Rev.  the  Lord  Bishop  of  Salisbury.  The 
formation  of  a  museum  in  such  a  locality,  and  pertaining  to  a  county  so 
rich  in  antiquarian  objects  of  the  greatest  interest,  must  be  patent  to 
all,  and  it  will  give  pleasure  to  learn  that  by  private  liberality  and  bene- 
volence, a  fit  and  proper  "local  habitation  and  a  name"  has  been  pro- 
vided for  it  at  Salisbury.  The  nucleus  of  the  museum  consists  of  objects 
exhibited  to  us  at  our  Congress,  the  results  of  discoveries  made  during 
the  excavations  for  the  drainage  of  the  city,  under  the  watchful  care  of 
Mr.  Brodie.  At  a  sale  of  these  antiquities,  some  of  which  have  been 
engraved  in  our  Journal,  a  subscription  was  entered  into  for  their  pur- 
chase, and  with  the  view  of  establishing  a  Local  Museum.  A  room  at 
the  Market  House  had  been  voted  for  their  temporary  deposit,  and  with 
other  articles  subsequently  acquired,  the  collection  was  thrown  open  to 
the  public  on  the  13th  of  June,  1861.  The  exhibition  of  these  relics 
proved  so  interesting,  and  were  found  to  be  so  illustrative  of  the  history 
of  Salisbury  and  its  neighbourhood,  that  various  presents  were  made  to 
enrich  the  collection,  and  at  so  rapid  a  rate  were  these  contributed, 
that  it  soon  extended  beyond  the  means  of  accommodation  obtained  for 
its  exhibition.  It  was  therefore  determined  to  purchase  a  building 
where  the  museum  could  be  appropriately  deposited,  and  under  the 
fostering  protection  and  support  of  several  individuals,  particulai-ly  of  the 
late  Dr.  Fowler,  who,  at  a  very  advanced  age,  acted  as  one  of  the  Vice- 
Presidents  of  our  Congress,  and  gave  us  the  benefit  of  his  knowledge  and 
varied  attainments,  determined  to  purchase  a  range  of  buildings  in  St. 
Ann  Street,  which  was  conveyed  to  Trustees  for  the  express  and  exclu- 
sive use  of  the  Museum.  The  whole  has  undergone  the  necessary  al- 
terations, gas  introduced  to  illuminate  the  rooms,  and  cases  obtained 
in  which  the  several  objects  of  what  is  justly  entitled  to  be 


94  ANTIQUARIAN    INTELLIGENCE. 

an  important  collection  are  arranged  and  deposited.  To  render  tlie  col- 
lection useful,  a  Descriptive  Catalogue  has  been  prepared  and  published 
by  the  Committee,  which  brings  the  whole  into  view  in  an  entire  form. 
This  catalogue  is  also  illustrated,  the  necessity  of  which  our  readers 
know  full  well  how  to  appreciate,  and  by  which  the  descriptive  matter 
is  rendered  intclhgible  to  all.  The  geological  collection  and  the  assem- 
blage of  the  fossils  of  the  district,  are  deserving  of  notice,  and  the  remains 
of  extinct  animals  formerly  the  inhabitants  of  this  locality  peculiarly 
interesting.  Dr.  Blackmore  has  done  justice  to  this  department,  and 
no  less  praise  is  due  to  Mr.  E.  J.  Stevens  for  the  attention  he  has  paid 
to  the  classification  of  the  flint,  stone,  bronze,  and  early  ii-on  implements. 
Objects  to  aid  in  their  illustration  obtained  from  uncivilised  nations 
are  placed  around  the  walls,  accompanied  also  with  examples  of  the 
skulls  of  different  tribes,  she-ndng  due  regard  to  ethnological  science. 
The  medieeval  collection  is  principally  derived  from  discoveries  made 
at  Salisbury,  and  the  early  arrow-heads,  pilgrims'  signs,  etc.,  are  well 
worthy  of  attention.  The  ancient  pottery  is  not  extensive,  but  there 
are  some  good  specimens  of  various  kinds  ;  whilst  of  the  mediaeval 
period  it  is  peculiarly  rich  and  specially  interesting.  Mr.  Osmond,  junior, 
and  Mr.  Nightingale,  have  attended  to  the  arrangement  of  the  seals, 
and  Mr.  Henry  Blackmore  to  the  collection  of  British  bu'ds.  There  is 
a  pair  of  bustards  of  magnificent  appearance.  To  crown  the  whole,  the 
Rev.  C.  L.  Tomlinson  has  arranged  the  minerals  in  a  veiy  praiseworthy 
manner. 

A  public  meeting  was  held  at  the  Council  House,  at  which  the 
Mayor,  John  Waters,  Esq.,  presided,  and  many  distinguished  indivi- 
duals united  with  the  Corporation  to  celebrate  the  inauguration.  The 
Lord  Bishop  of  Salisbury  responded  on  the  part  of  the  Directors  of  the 
Museum  to  the  remarks  made  by  the  Mayor,  and  pointed  out  in 
eloquent  terms  the  advantages  arising  from  such  an  establishment,  and 
congratulated  the  members  upon  the  municipal  guardianship  to  which 
it  was  to  be  subjected,  and  under  whose  care  it  was  secured  from 
spoliation  or  decay.  Lieut.-gcneral  Buckley,  M.P.,  detailed  the  liberal 
exertions  made  towards  the  establishment  of  the  Museum,  and  moved 
"  That  this  Meeting  is  desirous  of  expressing  the  deep  sense  they 
entertain  of  the  kindness  and  liberality  of  the  late  Dr.  Fowler  in  pur- 
chasing and  appropriating  to  the  use  of  the  Salisbury  and  South 
Wilts  Museum  the  very  handsome  building  now  about  to  be  opened  to 
the  public;  they  wish,  also,  to  present  to  Mrs.  Fowler  their  most 
cordial  and  grateful  acknowledgment  of  the  generous  manner  in  which 
she  has  shared  in  her  late  husband's  munificent  gift,  and  of  the  very 
valuable  aid  she  has  since  contributed  towards  the  enlargement  of  the 
Museum."  This  was  seconded  by  Mr.  Lambert,  whose  paper  on  the 
Sarum   Tonale,  has  appeared   in  our  Journal,'^  and  was  unanimously 

1  Vol.  XV,  pp.  302-305. 


ANTIQUARIAN    INTELLIGENCE.  95 

adopted.  In  the  purcliase  and  adaptation  of  the  buildings,  Mr.  Lam- 
bert stated  that  Dr.  Fowler  liad  expended  nearly  £700.  He  died  at 
the  advanced  age  of  ninety-seven,  being  at  that  time  the  Senior  Fellow 
of  the  Royal  Society  and  of  the  Societj'^  of  Antiquaries,  and  in  the 
possession  of  a  wonderful  memory,  and  most  highly  distinguished 
scientific  attainments.  The  Higli-Slieriff,  Mr.  Marsh,  M.P.,  and  others 
addressed  the  meeting;  several  subscriptions  were  announced  to  dis- 
charge the  expenses  incurred  by  the  fittings,  and  a  procession  was 
then  formed  to  proceed  to  the  opening  of  the  Museum,  which  was 
formally  handed  over  by  the  Bishop  to  the  Mayor  and  Corporation. 
In  the  evening  a  conversazione  was  held  at  the  Assembly  Rooms,  the 
Bishop  of  Salisbury  presiding,  where  a  loan  collection  had  been 
gathered  together,  containing  many  articles  of  interest.  At  this  meet- 
ing Lord  Osborne  made  some  excellent  remarks  "  on  the  Value  of 
Museums,"  and  papers  were  read  by  the  Hon.  and  Venerable  Arch- 
deacon Hai'ris  "  on  the  Ancient  Lake  Settlements  of  Switzerland  ;" 
"  on  the  N^ames  of  Places  in  the  Neighbourhood  of  Salisbury,"  by  the 
Rev.  W.  H.  Jones  ;  "  on  Obsolete  Punishments,"  by  Mr.  E.  T.  Stevens  ; 
"  on  the  Wiltshire  Dykes,"  by  the  Rev.  Mr.  Jones  ;  and  on  the  "  Sarum 
Hymnal  of  1525,"  by  Mr.  Lambert.  The  proceedings  terminated  with, 
the  performance  of  the  National  Anthem.  Our  good  wislies  attend 
this  useful  proceeding  on  the  part  of  the  Wiltshii'e  Antiquaries. 


Tessera!  Consulaees. — Our  learned  associate,  the  Rev.  John  McCaul, 
LL.D.,  President  of  University  College,  Toronto,  and  of  the  Canadian 
Institute,  has  lately  given  in  the  journal  published  by  the  Canadian 
Institute^  an  interesting  paper  on  those  relics  of  antiquity  known  under 
the  designation  of  tesserce  consulares.  They  consist  of  small  oblong 
pieces  of  ivory  or  bone  presenting  four  faces,  on  each  of  which  there  is 
an  inscription,  rendering  it  a  matter  of  some  difficulty  to  ascertain  the 
beginning  of  the  reading.  One  example,  given  by  Marini,'  has  six 
faces,  and  reads — 

PINITVS 

ALLEI 

SP  .  K  .  FEB  . 

TI  .  CL  .  CAES  .  ii 

C . CAEC 

COS. 

Dr.  McCaul  has  recorded  several  examples,  and  has  given  the  read- 
ings in  a  very  satisfactory  manner.  He  has  also  shewn  the  mode  in 
which  we  should  proceed  in  deciphering  these  interesting  subjects. 
Thus  we  find  generally  a  name  in  the  nominative,  which  he  says  is 
ahvays  of  a  man ;  then  in  the  genitive,  generally  of  a  man.  These  are 
followed  by  the  letters  s  .  p.,  with  the  day  of  the  month  and  the  names 

'  Toronto,  Nov.  lS(i3,  pp.  427-436.  -  Alti,  p.  822. 


96  ANTIQUARIAN    INTELLIGENCE. 

of  the  consuls,  whereby  the  year  is  indicated  or  can  be  ascertained.  In 
some  cases  the  month  only  is  inscribed,  and  the  day  omitted  ;  and  there 
are  instances  in  which  the  names  are  both  written  in  the  nominative. 
TVe  give  as  examples  rendered  by  Dr.  McCaul  the  follomng  : 

DIOCLES 

LONGIDI 

SP .  K  .  SEP  , 

CN  .  OCT  .  C  .  CVR. 

"Diodes  Longidii  (servus)  Sp.  kalendis  septembribus,  Cneio  Octa\io 
Caio  Curione."  Diodes  of  Longidius  (the  slave),  the  1st  of  September 
in  the  consulship  of  Cneius  Octavius  and  Caius  (Scribonius)  Curio,  i.e. 
A.D.c.  678,  or  B.C.  IG. 

PAMPHILVS 

SERVILI  .M.S. 

SPE  .  K . FEB  . 

C  .  CAES  .  M  .  LEP. 

"  Pamphilus  Servilii  Marci  serums,  Spe.  kalendis  Februariis  Caio  Csesare 
Marco  Lcpido."  Pamphilus,  of  Marcus  Servilius  the  slave,  the  1st  of 
February  in  the  consulship  of  Caius  (Julius)  Caesar  and  Marcus  (^mi- 
lius)  Lepidus,  i.e.,  A.u.C.  708,  or  B.C.  46.  In  this  instance,  it  will  be 
seen,  the  designation  of  slave  is  inscribed.  Of  freemen  the  two  sub- 
joined are  examples : 

FLORONIVS 

ROMAXVS 

SP  .  K  .  DEC. 

L  .  CAX  .  Q  .  FABR  .  COS. 

"  Floronius  Romanus  Sp.  kalendis  Deccmbinbus  Lucio  Caninio  Quinto 

Fabricio  Consulibus."    Florianus  Romanus,  the  1st  of  December  in  the 

consulship  of  Lucius  Caninius  and  Quintus  Fabricius,  i.e.,  A.u.C.  752,  or 

B.C.  2. 

C  .  NVMITORIVS 

NORBANVS 

SP  .  Ill .  K  .  FEB  . 

A  .  Lie  .  Q  .  CRET  .  COS. 

"  Caius  IN'umatorius  IN'oi'banus,  Sp.  tertio  kalendas  Februarias,  Aulo 
Licinio  Quinto  Cretico  Consulibus."  Caius  Numitorius  Norbanus,  the 
30th  of  January  in  the  consulship  of  Aulus  Licinius  (Nerva  Silanus) 
and  Quintus  (Cajcilius  Metellus)  Creticus,  i.e.,  A.u.C  760  or  a.d.  7. 

The  authorities  for  these  inscriptions  are  principally  to  be  found  in 
Mommsen,  Corpus  Inscriptiomtm  Latinarum  (Berlin,  1863)  ;  Cardinali 
iJiplomi  Imperiali  Yelletri  (1838),  and  MorcelU  delle  Tessere  degli  spetta- 
coli  Mom.  (Milan,  1827).  Sixty-two  of  these  objects  are  admitted  to  be 
genuine ;  but  of  these,  five  only  bear  the  names  of  freemen.  Of  the 
known  examples,  twenty-eight  are  regarded  as  "  suspected  or  false"; 
and  of  these,  four  or  five  are  in  the  British  Museum.  Borghesi  says  that 
counterfeits  were  not  known  before  the  commencement  of  the  eighteenth 
century.     The  letters  SP.  upon  them  have  occasioned  some  difficult}^ 


ANTIQUARIAN    INTELLIGENCE.  97 

and  a  contrariety  of  opinion  in  rcg'arcl  to  their  sig'nification ;  but  the 
cpigraphists  from  the  sixteenth  century  have  generally  adopted  the 
reading  as  spectatvs,  and  they  are  conceived  to  have  reference  to  gladi- 
ators ;  and  the  objects  themselves  have,  by  Maffei,  Fabretti,  Orsato, 
Marini,  and  others,  been  occasionally  named  tesserce  gladiatorice.  This 
would  seem  to  lead  us  to  a  knowledge  of  their  purpose,  namely  as  pre- 
sents to  the  gladiators  as  "  tried"  or  "  approved,"  and  therefore  allowed 
to  retire  on  the  specified  day  of  the  month  in  the  year  indicated  by  the 
specified  consuls.    To  support  this  interjiretation,  the  well-known  verses, 

"  Spectatum  satis,  et  donatum  jam  rude  quasris, 
M^cenas,  iterum  antique  me  includere  ludo." 

have  been   cited.     An  examination  of  the  subject,   and   the  various 

opinions  expressed  in  relation  to  their  use,  led  Dr.  McCaul  to  think 

the  iesserce  were  in  some  way  connected  with  money,  and  that  the  word 

SPECTATOR  might  be  taken  in  the  sense  of  "  examiner  of  money  "     He 

brings  many  authorities  derived  from  passages  in  ancient  ./riters,  to 

support  this  view,  which  are  well  worthy  of  attention.     His  opinion  is 

well  expressed  in  the  following  passage  : 

"  It  seems  not  improbable  that  these  tesserce  were  carried,  or  it  may 

be,  hung  round  the  neck,  by  those  who  acted  as  speciatorcs,  as  badges 

indicative  of  their  occupation  ;  and  that  the  inscription  shewed  that 

they  were  authorised  to  act  as  such,  having  been  approved  on  the  stated 

days  or  in  the  stated  months.     Thus  the  frequency  of  the  occurrence  of 

the  kalends,  the  nones,  and  ides,  seems  to  be  satisfactorily  accounted 

for ;  for  these  were,  as  is  well  known,  the  settling  days,  the  principal 

times  for  money  transactions." 

Wethill  Church. — An  Associate  communicates  the  intelligence  that 
Weyhill  Church,  a  building  assigned  to  the  transition  period  from  the 
Normans  to  the  early  English  style  of  architecture  (1175-1200),  has 
been  renovated  in  a  creditable  manner,  but  regrets  that  sufficient  atten- 
tion has  not  been  paid  to  the  preservation  of  the  memorials  of  the  dead, 
which  are  very  commonly  carried  away  by  the  contractors,  or  broken 
up  on  the  spot  for  the  sake  of  the  materials,  or,  as  it  sometimes  hap- 
pens, employed  to  form  a  paved  pathway  or  entrance  to  the  church. 

At  Weyhill,  the  rector  has  been  incapacitated  by  illness  from  taking 
any  active  part  in  the  restoration,  and  is  probably  unaware  that  the 
system  complained  of  has  been  carried  out  to  some  extent  in  his  own 
church.  Several  monumental  slabs  have  been  removed  from  the  church 
during  the  recent  alterations :  six  or  eight  of  these  large  slabs  (in  the 
finest  state  of  preservation)  are  laid  down  to  form  a  part  of  the  pave- 
ment of  the  church-yard.  One  of  these  commemorated : — The  Reverend 
Thomas  Mason,  S.T.P.  benefactor  and  rector  of  the  church,  who  died 
in  1649.     Another  one— Ranulf  Sanderson,  M.A.,  Fellow  of  Queen's 

College,  Oxford,   Prebendary  of  Salisbury,  rector  of  the  church  for 
18(34  13 


98  ANTIQUARIAN    INTELLIGENCE. 

thirty  years  and  a  benefactor,  who  died  in  1G79.  Another — the  Reverend 
and  learned  Joseph  Todhunter,  M.A.,  sometime  Fellow  of  Queen's  Col- 
lege, and  rector  of  Weyhill,  who  died  in  1 732.  Elizabeth,  the  wife  of 
the  Rev.  John  Lockton,  who  died  in  1781.  Edward  Noyes,  gentleman, 
who  died  in  1716.     William  Noyes,  gentleman,  1725,  etc. 


A.  Hexrt  Rhind,  Esq. — "We  rejoice  to  learn  that  the  late  Mr.  Rhind, 
of  Sibster,  whose  early  death  antiquaries,  and  especially  those  engaged 
in  Egyptian  researches,  must  deplore,  has  evinced  his  great  zeal  in  the 
pursuit  of  archfeology,  by  bequeathing  to  the  Society  of  Antiquaries  of 
Scotland : — 1.  His  valuable  library,  consisting  principally  of  works  of 
a  historical  and  archaeological  character,  numbering  about  fifteen  hun- 
dred volumes.  2.  A  sum  of  £400  for  the  puii^ose  of  carrj-ing  out  the 
systematic  excavations  of  early  remains  in  the  North-Eastern  Counties 
of  Scotland,  principally  of  Caithness,  Ross,  and  Sutherland.  3.  A  re- 
versionary interest  in  the  estate  of  Sibster,  which  it  is  supposed  may 
ultimately  be  worth  £7000,  for  the  purpose  of  endowing  a  chair  of 
archeeology  in  connexion  with  the  Society,  and  under  the  charge  of  the 
Council.  4.  The  copyright  of  his  work  entitled  "  Thebes  :  its  Tombs 
and  their  Tenants."  Beside  bequests  to  his  relatives,  Mr.  Rhind  has 
also  left  £7000  for  the  foundation  of  an  institution  at  Wick,  intended 
to  promote  the  industrial  training  of  young  women  in  the  shire  of 
Caithness,  and  £5000  for  the  endowment  of  two  fellowships  in  the 
University  of  Edinburgh.  At  a  meeting  of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries 
of  Scotland,  held  Nov.  30th,  1863,  Mr.  John  Stuart,  a  no  less  zealous 
and  able  antiquary,  gave  a  sketch  of  ]\Ir.  Rhind's  career,  and  paid  a  de- 
served tribute  to  his  munificence  towards  the  Society'.  A  portrait  of 
their  benefactor  is  to  be  placed  in  the  Society's  Museum,  to  which, 
during  his  hfe,  he  had  made  many  valuable  donations. 


Sculptured  Stones. — The  labours  of  the  Spalding  Club  and  their 
generous  contributions  to  archeology  have  been  already  alluded  to  in 
the  pages  of  our  Journal,  and  we  are  happy  to  announce,  that  the  So- 
ciety is  about  to  add  a  further  valuable  gift  to  antiquaries,  by  a  second 
volume  of  the  Sculptured  Stones  of  Scotland.  It  is  stated,  that  Mr. 
Thomson,  of  Banchory,  had  last  year  taken  with  him  photographs  of 
the  inscription  on  the  Newton  stone  to  Italy  and  Germany,  there  sub- 
mitting them  to  various  learned  men  who,  however,  failed  to  give  any 
satisfactory  solution  of  their  meaning.  The  most  probable  opinion  ap- 
pears to  have  been  that  given  by  Dr.  Davis,  of  Florence,  who  regarded 
them  as  Phoenician,  and  this  is  in  correspondence  with  that  given  by 
the  late  Dr.  Mill,  of  Cambridge. 


Lanarkshire  Antiquities. — The  attention  of  our  Associates  has  fre- 
quently been  called  to  the  antiquities  of  the  upper  ward  of  Lanarkshire, 
and  the  contributions  of  Mr.  G.  V.  Irving,  Mr.  Sim,  and  Mr.  Murray 


ANTIQUARIAN   INTELLIGENCE.  99 

together  with  various  ilhistrations,  arc  duly  recorded  in  the  pages  of 
this  Journal.  An  entire  work  on  the  subject  has  been  long  in  prepara- 
tion, the  archa3ological  and  liistorical  section  being  written  by  Mr. 
Irving,  the  statistical  and  topographical  by  Mr.  Murray.  It  will  be 
profusely  illustrated  by  maps,  views,  portraits,  etc.,  and  form  three 
elegant  volumes  in  4to  and  8vo,  to  be  published  at  Glasgow.  The 
4to  copies  are  large  paper,  of  which  a  few  only  have  been  printed  at 
the  price  of  five  guineas,  the  8vo,  three  guineas.  Subscribers  can  send 
their  names  to  T.  Murray  and  Son,  Glasgow;  Edmonston  and  Douglas, 
Edinburgh  ;  and  J.  Russell  Smith,  Soho  Square,  London, 


Bkixworth  Church. — This  church  rendered  familiar  to  our  Associates 
by  their  visit  to  it  at  the  Congress  of  1862,  and  by  Mr.  Roberts'  paper 
in  the  last  number  of  the  Journal,  is  noAV  undergoing  repair  and  restora- 
tion, of  which,  and  the  necessity  of  obtaining  subscriptions  to  aid  in 
the  work,  we  have  been  requested  to  make  known  to  our  members. 
The  Rev.  Mr.  Watkins  is  also  contemplating  a  work  on  this  church  and 
basilican  edifices  in  general,  to  which  the  attention  of  our  readers  is 
also  directed. 


Henry  the  Fifth. — Mr.  Saxe  Bannister,  who  drew  the  attention  of 
the  Association  to  some  unpublished  MS.  Lives  of  this  Sovereign, 
is  about  to  publish  a  work  in  four  volumes,  8vo,  entitled  "  Henry  the 
Fifth  in  Boyhood ;  as  Prince  of  Wales  ;  as  King  of  England  ;  Lord  of 
Ireland;  and  Heir  of  France."  It  will  be  printed  uniformly  with  the 
"  Treasury  Historical  Series",  and  at  the  same  price,  namely,  ten  shil- 
lings per  volume  to  subscribers;  non-subscribers,  fifteen  shillings.  Sub- 
scribers to  this  important  publication  should  send  their  names  to  the 
Editor,  24,  Museum  Street,  Bloomsbury. 


Roman  Antiquities  found  at  Bath. — Our  Associate,  the  Rev.  Pre- 
bendary Scarth,  whose  researches  in  this  department  of  archaeology 
are  well  known  to  om*  members,  and  whose  various  contributions  on 
the  subject  have  appeared  in  several  numbers  of  our  Journal,  proposes 
to  publish  a  woi^k  under  the  title  of  "  Aqu^  Solis,  Notices  of  Roman 
Bath."  It  is  intended  to  embrace  a  description  of  all  the  Roman  re- 
mains which  have  been  found  in  and  around  the  city  up  to  the  present 
time,  with  illustrations  of  the  vestiges  of  temples  and  other  structures  ; 
also  of  altars,  inscriptions,  tombs,  weapons,  and  implements,  personal 
ornaments  and  other  remains,  and  a  map  of  the  city  as  it  existed  at  the 
Roman  period.  It  vvdll  be  in  4to,  similar  to  Mr.  C.  R.  Smith's  Tiornan. 
London,  and  copiously  illustrated.  Subscribers  should  transmit  their 
names  to  R.  E.  Peach,  Bridge  Street,  Bath.  To  subscribers,  the  price 
is  one  guinea  ;  to  non-subscribers,  £1 :  5. 


Wentwood,  Castle   Trogy  and  Llanvair  Castle. — Our  mos 


'^y(?> 


100  ANTIQUARIAN    INTELLIGEls^CE. 

spected  associate,  Thomas  Wakcman,  Esq.,  ever  active  in  tlie  pursuit 
of  archaeology,  and  ever  accurate  in  liis  researches,  has  been  engaged 
with  Octavius  Morgan,  Esq.,  M.P.,  in  the  publication  of  Notes  on  Went- 
ivood  and  two  of  the  Castles  of  the  District,  specially  brought  under  the 
notice  of  the  Monmouthsliire  and  Caerleon  Antiquarian  Association. 
Conjecture  and  speculation  in  regard  to  the  appellation  of  Gwent, 
among  learned  Welshmen,  has  been  abundant.  Mr.  AVakeman  suggests 
that  the  eai-liest  settlers  in  this  part  of  the  country  were  a  tribe  of 
Celtic  Wends,  who  gave  their  name  to  the  land  which  they  occu[)ied, 
and  which  it  has  retained  to  the  present  time.  To  this  opinion  Mr. 
Morgan  is  disposed  to  give  his  assent,  and  he  has  endeavoured  to  shew 
that  there  were  such  a  people  as  the  Wends  in  Europe,  and  that  some 
of  them  were  of  Celtic  origin ;  that  they  settled  on  the  most  westerly 
part  of  the  continent  of  Europe,  over  against  Britain,  with  which  they 
had  great  intercourse  ;  that  the  earliest  traditions  and  belief  have 
always  been  that  Wales  was  peopled  by  a  migration  of  tribes  from 
Armorica,  and  that  the  early  historical  chronicles  tend  to  coiToborate 
such  tradition.  A  Survey  of  Wentwood,  a.d.  1271,  is  given,  and  has 
been  carefully  collated  from  four  diiferent  copies ;  and  also  a  Survey 
(55th  Henry  III)  from  the  Latin  version  in  the  possession  of  Lord 
Tredegar.  On  the  value  of  such  documents  no  observation  is  necessary. 
The  contribution  is  of  importance  in  Welsh  history,  and  we  trust  that 
the  health  of  our  associate  may  long  enable  him  to  pursue  such  useful 

inquiries.  

The  Suffolk  Congress  of  the  Association  is  to  be  held  at  Ipswich, 
commencing  Monday  Aug.  15,  and  terminating  on  the  20th.  Patrons — 
The  Earl  of  Stradbroke,  Lord  Lieutenant  of  the  county ;  and  the  Hon. 
and  Right  Rev.  the  Lord  Bishop  of  JSTorwich,  D.D.,  Bishop  of  the  diocese. 
President—  G.  Tomhne,  Esq.,  M.P.,  E.S.A.,  of  Orwell  Park,  Ipswich. 
Hon.  Local  Secretaries — B.  M.  Phipson,  Esq.,  architect;  and  J.  Had- 
dock, Esq.  Among  those  who  have  consented  to  act  as  Vice-Presidents 
on  this  occasion  may  be  named — The  Marquis  of  Bristol ;  the  Earl 
Jermyn,  M.P. ;  Rev.  Lord  Arthur  Hcrvey,  President  of  the  Bury  and 
West  Suffolk  Archaeological  Institute  ;  Lord  Alfred  Hervey,M.P. ;  Lord 
Rcndlesham  ;  Rear- Admiral  Sir  C  N.  Broke  Middleton,  Bart.,  High 
Sheriff"  for  Suffolk  ;  Charles  Austin,  Esq.,  High  Steward  of  the  Borough 
of  Ipswich  ;  H.  E.  Adair,  Esq.,  M.P. ;  J.  C.  Cobbold,  Esq.,  M.P. ;  Thos. 
Sutton  Western,  Esq.,  M.P.,  President  of  the  Essex  Archaeological 
Society  ;  Windsor  Parker,  Esq.,  M.P. ;  J.  T.  Miller,  Esq.,  M.P. ;  J.  A. 
Hardcastle,  Esq.,  M.P.  ;  the  Mayors  of  Ipswich,  Bury  St.  Edmunds, 
Colchester,  and  Bcccles,  etc.  Exhibitions  intended  to  be  made,  and 
papers  to  be  read,  during  the  Congress,  are  requested  to  be  made  known 
to  the  Treasurer  and  Secretaries  of  the  Association  as  soon  as  conve- 
nient, that  they  may  be  properly  inserted  in  the  programme  now  in 
course  of  preparation. 


THE    JOURNAL 


OF   THE 


33ntisl)  ^idjaeoloflical  association. 


JUNE    1864, 


ON  THE  WEAPONS  OF  THE  ANCIENT  TRIBES 

OF  YORKSHIRE. 

BY   U.   STER   CUMING,   ESQ.,   HON.  SEC. 

At  what  is  popularly  known  as  the  dawn  of  history,  the 
hills  and  glens  and  rich  pastures  now  constituting  York- 
shire, together  with  the  counties  of  Lancashire,  Durham, 
Westmoreland,  and  Cumberland,  were  peopled  by  the 
powerful  nation  of  the  Brigantes.  But  long  ere  the  Bri- 
gantes  began  to  play  their  part  in  British  history,  these 
several  lands  were  held  by  two  distinct  races  of  savages, 
whose  names  are,  perhaps,  irretrievably  lost,  but  whose 
social  condition  and  physical  characters  may  be  clearly 
discerned  by  those  who  inspect  the  records  of  the  tombs. 
The  earliest  of  these  two  most  ancient  races  had  long 
narrow  crania,  described  by  ethnologists  as  Kumbe- cephalic, 
whilst  the  second  or  succeeding  people  belonged  to  the 
Br  achy -cephalic  type,  whose  heads  were  longitudinally 
short  with  bulging  sides.^  However  much  these  two 
nameless  nations  differed  from  each  other  in  cranial  con- 
formation, they  yet  resembled  each  other  in  the  employ- 
ment of  wood,  horn,  bone,  and  stone,  in  the  manufacture 
of  implements  and  arms,  and  it  is  to  these  latter  in  parti- 
cular that  I  would  now  invite  attention,  as  offering  some 

^^  1  These   two    types   of  crania  are  delineated  in   the  late  Mr.  Eateman's 
Remarks  on  Barrows  opened  in  the  more  Hilly  Districts  near  Bakewcll  " 
(bee  Journal,  vol.  vii,  pp.  210-220.) 

1864  >  Ft  /  ^^ 


102  ON   THE  WEAPONS 

of  the  earliest  evidence  which  man  has  left  us  of  his  pre- 
sence in  Yorkshire.  The  weapons  of  the  pre-historic  ages 
consisted  of  clubs  and  maces,  single  and  double  axes,  and 
axe-hammers,  slings,  bows  and  arrow^s,  spears  and  darts, 
daggers  and  sword-clubs.  The  wooden  portions  of  these 
arms  have  perished,  but  their  bone  and  stone  heads  and 
blades  remain  as  faithful  witnesses  of  the  rude  art  of  the 
earlier  and  of  the  expert  manipulation  of  the  later  races 
of  the  Stone  Period.  1'he  great  majority  of  the  weapons 
of  this  remote  epoch  were  fabricated  of  silex,  being  either 
flint  or  hornstone.  The  most  archaic  examples  seem  to 
have  been  wrought  with  a  few  bloW'S  given  with  a  stone, 
producing  broad  conchoidal  fractures  over  the  whole  sur- 
face of  the  object,  little  attempt  being  made  at  obtaining 
symmetry  of  outline.  Ihe  later  implements,  on  the  other 
hand,  were  fashioned  by  repeated  strokes,  so  that  the 
whole  surface  and  edges  present  numerous  fine  undula- 
tions, the  outline  being  frequently  most  carefully  pre- 
served. The  flint  blades  found  in  such  profusion  at  Brid- 
lington, in  the  East  Riding,  may  be  cited  as  well  marked 
types  of  the  earlier,^  and  those  discovered  in  some  of  the 
Scarborough  barrows  as  examples  of  the  later  class  of 
such  relics. 

The  clubs  of  the  Britannic  savages  were  not  solely  of 
wood,  but  occasionally  of  stone,  like  the  meri  of  New  Zea- 
land, as  may  be  seen  by  a  reference  to  our  Journal?  But 
the  mace  would  seem  to  have  been  in  more  extensive  use 
than  the  stone  club,  at  least  if  we  are  right  in  regarding 
the  spheres  of  trap,  chert,  etc.,  as  mace-heads,  employed 
in  like  mode  as  the  "  slung-shot"  of  the  red  men  of 
America,  i.e..,  tied  up  in  leather  and  swung  at  the  end  of 
a  stout  wooden  haft.  Examples  of  presumed  mace-heads 
have  been  found  in  various  Yorkshire  barrows,  as,  for 
instance,  near  Pickering,  and  at  Daulby  in  the  North 
Hiding.^  Heavy  stones,  both  naturally  and  artificially 
perforated,  have  also  been  met  with  in  Yorkshire  barrows 
and  elsewhere,  which  were,  no  doubt,  suspended  by  thongs 
from  strong  poles,  and  wielded  like  the  military  flails  and 
morning-stars  of  the  middle  ages.  One,  measuring  four 
inches  in  diameter,  was  found  on  Daulby  AVarren  in  1852, 

'  See  Journal,  xviii,  ,377.  ^  lb.,  xv,  231. 

^  Bateman's  Ten  Years'  Digghvjs.,  pp.  213,  224,  236. 


OF  THE  ANCIENT  TRICES  OF  YOUKSIllRE.  103 

and  is  now  in   the   Bateman  Collection   at   Lombcrdalc 
House.^ 

Closely  allied  in  aspect  to  the  mace-head,  but  of  smaller 
size,  is  the  sling-bullet  of  flint,  chert,  sandrstone,  etc.,  of 
Avliich  so  many  examples  have  come  to  light.  One,  one  inch 
and  a  quarter  in  diameter,  of  flint,  is  shewn  in  the  cut  on 
p.  104,  discovered  by  the  late  Lord  Londesborough  in  a 
tumulus  on  Seamer  Moor,  near  Scarborough,  in  1848,  the 
opening  of  which  has  been  described  in  the  Journal  (iy,\0 1). 
It  is  just  possible  that  some  of  the  spheres  which  have 
been  considered  as  sling-bullets  may  have  served  as  lasso 
weights,  and  used,  like  the  Patagonian  throwing  balls,  in 
the  chase. 

The  axes  of  the  Stone  Period  are  of  two  distinct  types, 
the  one  decreasing  from  the  convex  edge  to  the  butt, 
wliich  was  driven  through  a  perforation  in  the  sides  of  the 
haft,  the  other  drilled  perpendicularly,  so  that  the  haft 
passed  up  its  middle.  Four  examples  of  the  first  named 
kind  are  delineated  in  plate  vi,  and  were  found  by  the 
late  Lord  Londesboroucrh  in  one  of  the  Seamer  Moor 
barrows.  They  are  of  flint,  measuring  from  three  inches 
and  five-eighths  to  four  inches  and  three-fourths  in  length, 
the  three  largest  being  very  well  wrought  with  keen  edges 
and  even  sides,  attesting  the  skill  and  patience  of  the 
ancient  denizens  of  Yorkshire.  The  majority  of  axe-blades 
found  in  this  county,  which  have  come  under  my  notice, 
have  been  fabricated  of  either  flint  or  chert,  but  Mr.  Bate- 
man, in  his  Ten  Years  Diggings  (p.  221),  mentions  a  beau- 
tiful one  of  green  basalt,  three  inches  and  a  half  long, 
being  exhumed  from  a  barrow  a  few  miles  from  Pickering 
in  1851. 

The  heavy  cutting  weapons  with  perforations  for  the 
reception  of  the  haft  may  be  divided  into  two  groups, 
namely,  axe-hammers  and  double  axes,  the  first  having  a 
moderately  sharp  edge  in  front,  and  a  blunt,  rounded,  or 
flattened  butt,  like  the  specimen  engraved  in  tlie  Journal 
(xvi,  295,  fig.  8) ;  the  second  being  fashioned  like  the 
classic  hipennis.  Both  varieties  are  generally  wrought  of 
grauwache  or  trap-rock.  •'  K  very  elegant  axe-head  five 
inches  long,  of  reddish  basalt,  beautifully  wrought,  with  a 
slight  moulding  round  the  angles,  and  a  perforation  for 

1  lb.,  231. 


104 


ON   THE  WEAPONS 


the  shaft,"  was  found  in  1850  in  one  of  the  numerous 
barrows  which  spread  for  miles  around  Pickering,  and 
specimens  formed  of  the  same  material  have  been  met 
with  in  other  grave-hills  in  the  North  Riding.^ 

Of  the  second  group,  or  double  axes,  there  is  a  fine 
example  given  in  plate  7,  fig.  1,  from  the  Huxtable  Col- 
lection.- It  measures  six  inches  in  length,  and  closely 
resembles  specimens  found  in  Denmark.  It  must  be 
assigned  to  the  close  of  the  Stone  Period,  when  arms  of 
stone  had  reached  their  highest  perfection  and  were  about 
to  be  superseded  by  those  of  bronze. 

Some  of  the  most  ponderous  of  the  stone  mauls  which  have 
from  time  to  time  been  brought  to  light  were,  in  all  pro- 
bability, wielded  by  the  warrior  as  well  as  the  artizan,  for 
we  know  that  heavy  hammers  were  used  in  deadly  strife 
even  as  late  as  the  sixteenth  century. 

The  principal  projectile  weapon  of  the  Stone  Period 
was  the  arrow,  the  flint  blades  pertaining  to  which  are 
met  with,  not  only  in  the  barrows,  but  scattered  widely 
over  the  broad  lands  of  Yorkshire.  Some  of  these  blades 
are  of  the  rudest  fabric,  like  those  found  at  Bridlington, 
and  in  the  barrow  near  Egton  in  the  North  Riding,  figured 
in  plate  6,  which  were  accompanied  by  a  lance-head,  jet 
necklace,  etc.  (fig.  2.) 

In  strong  contrast  with  the  above  are  the  beautiful 

examples  delineated  in  the 
subjoined  woodcut  ;  one  of 
which,  of  lozenge  shape,  is  two 
inches  and  three-quarters  high  ; 
the  other  measures  one  inch 
and  three-quarters,  and  has  a 
notch  on  each  side  the  base  to 
receive  the  cord  employed  in 
binding  it  on  the  split  end  of 
the  reed  shaft.  Both  blades 
were  discovered,  with  the  sling  bullet  before  mentioned, 
in  the  barrow  on  Seamer  Moor,  explored  by  Lord  Londes- 
borough  in  1848. 

The  main  difference  between  the  rude  arrow  blade  and 


Mb.,  227,  231,  237. 

'  It  is  much  to  be  regretted  that  the  precise  localities  of  the  Huxtable  speci- 
mens from  Yorkshire  are  unrecorded. 


Plate  6. 


ASTIQl'ITIES     FROM     SCARBOROUGH. 


PLATE  7. 


Di-amn  &  Engraved  ty  F.W  FairhoXt.T.  S.A. 
AUTIQUITLES    DISCOVERED   IN    YORKSHIRE, 


OF  THE  ANCIENT  TRIBES  OF  YORKSHIRE.  105 

rude  dart  and  spear  blades,  is  in  regard  to  their  size,  for 
they  are  all  spawls,  struck  from  a  core  or  spud  of  silex. 
One,  from  Egton,  is  shown  in  the  centre  of  the  jet  neck- 
lace on  plate  6,  fig.  2,  but  it  must  not  be  imagined  that 
the  primitive  inhabitants  of  Yorkshire  were  unable  to  pro- 
duce better  spears  than  this  almost  inartificial  blade,  for 
at  the  close  of  the  Stone  Period  the  ancient  flint  chipper 
manifested  great  perfection  in  his  art. 

Among  the  rarer  weapons  yielded  by  the  Yorkshire 
barrows  must  be  placed  the  flint  daggers,  of  which  exam- 
ples have  been  found  near  Pickering,^  and  one,  nine 
inches  in  length,  exhibited  in  the  Huxtable  Collection, 
plate  7,  fig.  2.  Similar  war-relics  have  been  met  with  in 
Derbyshire^  and  in  Ireland  ;  and  a  magnificent  leaf-shaped 
sword-blade  of  flint,  about  sixteen  inches  long  and  three 
inches  broad  at  its  widest  part,  may  be  seen  among  the 
Mexican  antiquities  in  the  British  Museum. 

At  the  commencement  of  this  paper  I  have  made  men- 
tion of  sword  clubs,  a  title,  probably,  new  to  many  of  our 
readers,  but  which  I  propose  to  be  accepted  as  the  designa- 
tion of  a  weapon  which  I  believe  was  as  common  to  the 
Britannic  savages  as  to  the  ancient  dwellers  in  the  vale  of 
Anahuac.  The  Mexican  miquahuilt  was  a  stout  staff",  deeply 
channeled  on  its  two  opposite  sides,  and  set  with  roundish 
blades  of  obsidian.  Now,  in  many  parts  of  Yorkshire  and 
in  other  counties,  numerous  roundish  flint  blades  have 
been  turned  up,  which  are  exactly  suited  for  insertion  in 
the  grooved  edge  of  a  wooden  staflf,  and,  I  doubt  not,  are 
really  the  remains  of  powerful  sword  clubs  resembling  the 
miquahuilt,  with  which  Acosta  declared  he  had  seen  the 
skull  of  a  horse  cleft  in  twain  by  a  single  blow. 

Hitherto  I  have  not  made  any  allusion  to  the  presence 
of  metal  in  the  Yorkshire  barrows  of  the  Stone  Period,  but 
it  will  be  necessary  to  point  to  a  few  instances  of  its  occur- 
rence. In  the  Ravenhill  tumulus  was  found  an  urn  con- 
taining calcined  bones,  arrow,  knife  and  axe  blades  of 
flint,  and  a  beautiful  bronze  pin,  one  inch  and  a  half  long.^ 
With  the  skeleton  and  oaken  coffin  exhumed  at  Gris- 
thorpe  were  some  flint  implements  and  a  rude  dagger- 
blade  of  bronze.^     A  bronze  dagger-blade  and  flint  spear- 

'  Batemaii's  Ten  Years'  Digghujs,  224,  228.  -  lb.,  52,  167. 

3  See  Journal,  vi,  3.  "  "  Gent.  Mac/.,  Dec.  1834,  p.  632. 


106  ON   THE  WEAPONS 

head  lay  by  the  side  of  the  skeleton  in  a  barrow  near  Caw- 
thorn  Camps,  opened  in  1849,^  A  fine  bronze  dagger-blade 
was  found  with  a  flint  implement  placed  by  the  side  of  a 
skeleton  in  a  barrow  some  miles  from  Pickering  in  185 1,^ 
and  in  the  same  year  a  bronze  dagger  and  stone  hammer 
were  found  in  a  barrow  at  Scambridge.^  Now  the  presence 
of  this  brazen  pin  and  the  brazen  daggers  must  not  be  re- 
ceived as  evidence  of  a  knowledge  of  the  working  in  metal 
by  the  archaic  races  of  the  Stone  Period  any  more  than 
the  presence  of  iron  adze  blades  among  the  tribes  of 
Oceania  are  evidence  of  a  knowledge  of  metallurgy  on 
their  part.^  In  both  instances  the  possession  of  metallic 
implements  are  due  to  intercourse  and  barter  with  a  people 
of  high  attainments,  well  practised  in  mining  and  chemi- 
cal operations,  and  in  working  and  casting  ores.  I  see  no 
valid  reason  for  doubting  that  the  gifted  people  who 
introduced  civilisation  to  the  Britannic  Islands  were  the 
Celtce,  and  that  the  brazen  arms  and  implements,  golden 
trinkets,  wrought  gems  and  vitreous  beads  and  baubles 
found  here  and  in  Ireland,  are  the  monuments  of  their 
skill,  taste,  and  refinement. 

With  the  advent  of  bronze  in  Britain  a  new  form  of 
crania  appeared — crania  totally  difl"ering  from  the  old 
Kumhe-cephalic  and  Brachj -cephalic  types,  and  bearing  a 
close  similitude  to  the  majority  of  English  heads,  being  of 
symmetrical  oval  contour  and  manifesting  a  far  superior 
intellectual  faculty  to  that  observed  in  the  skulls  of  the 
savages  of  the  Stone  Period. 

Of  the  defensive  arms  of  the  Celtse  few  relics  are  left 
beside  the  round  target  and  upright  shield  {tarian  and 
ysgivyd),  but  of  their  weapons  of  oflence  there  are  no  lack 
of  examples,  and  we  shall  find  that  Yorkshire  has  pro- 
duced some  highly  curious  and  instructive  types. 

Of  the  brazen  arrow  piles  I  do  not  remember  seeing  an 
example  from  this  county,  but  we  have  abundant  proof  that 

'  Ten  Years'  Diggings,  206.  «  lb.,  226.  ^  lb.,  231. 

*  Plane-irons  were  formerly  in  great  request  in  the  Sandwich  Islands,  the 
people  mounting  them  as  adze-blades  iu  the  manner  of  their  primitive  blades 
of  shell  and  stone.  The  English,  in  some  instances,  supplied  the  South  Sea 
islanders  with  iron  arms  made  in  imitation  of  the  native  weapons.  Capt.  Cook 
received  his  death-wound  from  an  iron  dagger,  copied  from  one  of  wood,  which 
he  had  presented  to  a  chief.  And  some  years  since  I  saw  at  Evans's,  in  IIol- 
born,  an  iron  7neri,  an  exact  likeness  of  those  of  basalt  employed  by  the  New 
Zealanders. 


Plate   8. 


ANTIQUITIES    FROM    BILTON. 


8  0 

ANTIQDITIES    FaOM    WESTOW. 


OF  THE  ANCIENT  TRIBES  OF  YORKSHIRE.  107 

the  Brigantes  were  well  provided  with  other  projectiles  in 
the  shape  of  darts  and  javelins,  and  also  with  powerful 
spears  and  lances  wherewith  to  make  the  deadly  thrust. 
In  plate  7,  fig-.  7,  is  delineated  a  dart  or  lance-head,  four 
inches  in  length,  derived  from  the  Iluxtable  collection. 
It  is  leaf-shaped,  the  conical  socket  extending  far  up  the 
centre  of  the  blade,  and  having  its  lower  portion  perfo- 
rated with  two  holes  to  admit  the  peg  or  rivet  which 
passed  from  side  to  side,  thus  securing  it  to  the  wooden 
shaft.  In  our  Journal  (v,  349)  will  be  found  an  account 
of  the  discovery  of  brazen  weapons  in  a  field  near  Bilton, 
in  the  East  Riding,  among  which  were  seven  spear-heads, 
two  of  them  being  shown  in  the  upper  group  in  plate  8, 
figs.  1  and  2.  The  first,  when  entire,  must  have  been  of 
very  elegant  shape,  and  judging  from  the  portion  that 
remains,  must  have  measured  full  sixteen  inches  in  length 
when  perfect.  The  second  spear  (fig.  8)  offers  an  inter- 
esting instance  of  a  brazen  weapon  decorated  with  incised 
lines.  Weapons  thus  decorated  are  not  uncommon  in 
Ireland,  but  are  of  great  rarity  in  this  country,  and  it  will 
be  perceived  that  the  Vandykes  on  the  present  specimen 
are  precisely  similar  to  those  found  on  the  lunuloe  and  other 
golden  trinkets  of  the  Hiberno-Celts.  Ere  this  beautiful 
spear-head  lost  its  point  it  must  have  measured  upwards 
of  eight  inches  in  length. 

With  the  seven  spear-heads  found  near  Bilton  were  also 
six  examples  of  the  so-called  socket  celts,  w^iich  I  have  on 
various  occasions  endeavoured  to  show  were  the  metallic 
butts  of  spear-shafts,  analogous  to  those  of  iron  seen  on 
African  lances.-^  Two  of  these  Bilton  butts  or  ferrules  are 
given  in  plate  8,  figs.  4  and  5.  Specimens  discovered  with 
a  variety  of  other  brazen  implements  at  Westow,  in  the 
North  Riding,  are  exhibited  in  the  lower  group  of  the 
same  plate  (figs.  2,  8,  9),  and  a  sixth,  from  the  Huxtable 
Collection,  is  engraved  on  plate  7,  fig.  5.  The  last  speci- 
men, as  well  as  that  from  Westow,  bears  a  tridental  device 
on  either  face,  and  this  same  device  has  been  found  to 
occur  on  examples  obtained  from  Norfolk,'^  Lancashire,*^ 
Hull,*  and  Tadcaster,  the  latter  being  the  famous  celt  with 
a  large  ring  through  its  side  loop  or  ear,  now  deposited  in 
the  British  Museum.^ 


'  See  Journal,  ix.  185;  xv,  235.  ^  lb.,  i,  59.  ^  n-,^  yjjj^  332. 

lb.,  ix,  1S5.  ^  Archceolojia,  xvi,  pi.  54. 


4 


108  ON   THE  WEAPONS 

Before  proceeding  to  other  arms,  it  is  worthy  of  men- 
tion that  in  the  Bateman  Collection  is  preserved  a  beauti- 
ful mould,  in  two  halves,  in  which  socketed  celts  were  cast, 
found  in  Cleveland;^  and  that  other  indicia  of  local  manu- 
facture are  seen  in  the  jet  or  spirt  found  with  the  brazen 
relics  at  Westow  (plate  8,  fig.  7).  Similar  excess  of  cast- 
ing metal  from  the  orifices  of  moulds  have  been  met  with 
in  this  country,  as  at  Harden,  Kent,^  and  Heathery  Burn 
Cave, Durham  ;^  and  the  fantastic  forms  sometimes  assumed 
by  the  spirt  have  given  rise  to  strange  ideas  as  to  what  it 
really  is. 

There  is  not  unfrequently  found  associated  with  the 
socketed  celt  an  object  denominated  by  the  Danish  anti- 
quaries imahtab,  under  the  supposition  that  it  is  the  instru- 
ment mentioned  in  the  Sagas  as  being  employed  in  batter- 
ing the  foemen's  shields ;  but  whether  it  was  really  used 
in  warfare,  is  still  a  very  doubtful  matter.  One  of  these 
axe-  or  chisel-shaped  relics,  with  the  sides  of  the  stem 
bent  round  to  form  a  socket,  occurred  among  the  brazen 
objects  from  Westow,  and  is  delineated  in  plate  8,  fig.  1  ; 
and  a  paalstab  of  superior  fabric,  with  cross-ridge  to  pre- 
vent its  splitting  up  the  handle,  is  described  in  the  Journal 
(xiv,  346).  This  specimen  was  ploughed  up  in  a  field  in 
Cundall  Manor,  in  the  North  Hiding.'^ 

The  cleddyv,  or  sword,  and  the  hidogan,  or  dagger,  were 
the  common  weapons  of  the  Celtic  soldier  in  every  part  of 
the  Britannic  islands;  and  the  examples  of  these  arms 
found  in  Yorkshire  present  no  great  difi'erence  from  those 
of  other  counties.  A  portion  of  a  cUddijv  is  shewn  among 
the  objects  from  Bilton  (plate  8,  fig.  2).  The  blade  has  a 
strong  mid-rib  extending  up  the  handle-plate  ;  the  latter 
being  perforated  with  six  holes,  through  which  the  rivets 
passed  in  securing  the  wooden,  bone,  or  horn  hilt  now  lost. 

Most  of  the  Yorkshire  daggers  that  I  have  more  parti- 
cularly noticed  consisted  of  blades  to  which  the  hilts  were 
secured  by  rivets;  but  in  the  group  of  celts,  chisels,  etc., 
from  Westow,  will  be  seen  a  portion  of  a  hidogait  of  rather 
elegant  form,  having  a  socket  into  which  the  haft  was 
driven.     (Plate  8,  fig.  6.)    Daggers  of  this  type  vary  from 

1  Journal,  xv,  235.  ^  lb.,  xiv,  259,  fig.  9.  ^  lb.,  xviii,  383. 

*  A  Brigantian  paalstab  found  together  with  a  ring  or  ferrule  at  Winwick, 
Lancashire,  is  also  engraved  in  the  JonrnaJ,  xv,  236. 


OF  THE  ANCIENT  TRIBES  OF  YORKSHIRE.  109 

four  to  twelve  inches  in  length,  and  are  more  frequently 
discovered  in  Ireland  than  in  this  country. 

The  brazen  sword  and  dagger  were  both  probably  car- 
ried at  the  side  of  the  warrior  in  a  gwain  or  scabbard ;  but 
so  far  as  England  is  concerned,  Yorkshire  is  the  only 
county  that  has  hitherto  produced  a  trace  of  such  an 
article.  On  June  12,  1861,  the  late  Mr.  Bateman  laid 
before  the  Association  an  unique  object  found  with  bronze 
swords  and  human  bones  at  Ebberston  in  the  North  Hid- 
ing, which  I  at  once  recognised  as  the  ferrule  of  a  sword- 
sheath,  identical  in  form  and  fabric  with  examples  ex- 
humed in  Ireland.  This  ferrule  has  an  oval  aperture  above 
to  receive  the  point  of  the  blade,  is  roundish  beneath,  and 
stretches  out  on  either  side  like  a  pair  of  horns,  with  bosses 
on  their  tips,  indicating  that  the  scabbard  spread  out  at 
the  base ;  and  probably  like  the  sheath  of  the  leaf-shaped 
swords  of  Africa,  contracted  above  and  again  expanded, 
in  conformity  with  the  contour  of  the  enclosed  weapon. 
For  a  more  detailed  account  of  the  Ebberston  relic,  I  must 
refer  my  readers  to  Journal,  xvii,  p.  321,  where  it  and  other 
illustrative  specimens  will  be  found  described  and  deline- 
ated. 

I  have  now  to  notice  one  of  the  most  formidable  weapons 
of  the  Celtic  armoury,  the  hvjjallt-arv,  or  battle-axe,  of 
which  two  distinct  types  are  found  ;  the  one  of  frequent 
occurrence,  the  other  of  such  exquisite  rarity  that  York- 
shire may  well  boast  of  having  produced  two  examples. 
The  common  form  of  war-axe  is  given  on  plate  7,  fig.  6; 
the  blade  of  which  may  be  compared  to  a  cheese-cutter  in 
shape,  with  a  broad  tang  for  insertion  into  the  wooden 
haft.  Similar  axes  of  iron,  mounted  in  the  way  just  indi- 
cated, are  met  with  in  Africa  at  the  present  day. 

Two  examples  of  the  second  type  of  battle-axe  will  be 
found  delineated  on  plate  7,  from  the  Huxtable  Collection. 
The  blades  of  both  present  pretty  nearly  the  same  contour, 
but  the  butts  and  sockets  differ  widely.  In  fig.  3  the  per- 
foration for  the  haft  is  simply  through  the  thickest  portion 
of  the  weapon  ;  and  the  obtuse  butt  extends  upwards  and 
downwards  for  some  distance,  and  can  have  been  of  little 
further  service  than  by  giving  weight  to  the  axe,  and 
affording  protection  to  the  head  of  the  wooden  shaft.  In 
fig.  4  we  see  the  socket,  consisting  of  a  cylindrical  tube 


110  ON   THE  WEAPONS,  ETC. 

with  full,  round  edges,  and  the  acummated  butt  set  on  a 
stout,  four-sided  stem  at  some  distance  from  the  socket. 

Among  the  ancient  Celtic  weapons  exhumed  from  the 
memorable  field  of  Bannockburn,  which  clearly  indicate 
that  a  battle  had  here  been  fought  centuries  before  the 
time  of  Bruce,  is  a  war-axe  engraved  in  AVilson's  Prehis- 
toric Annals,  p.  685.  It  is  of  l3ronze  with  a  core  of  iron, 
marking  it  to  belong  to  a  late  period  of  Celtic  history.  It 
is  of  the  cheese-cutter  form,  with  the  edge  greatly  broken, 
the  butt  set  on  the  end  of  a  stout  stem,  and  the  tubular 
socket  closed  above  with  a  conic  boss.  Its  height  is  four 
inches  and  three  quarters,  and  its  length  eight  inches  and 
a  quarter,  but  must  have  been  considerably  longer  when 
perfect. 

In  Worsaae's  Afhildninger  (plate  24)  are  two  brazen 
axes,  the  one  with  an  open  tubular  socket  and  pointed 
butt,  which  may  be  compared  with  the  Yorkshire  weapon 
(plate  7,  fig.  4)  ;  the  other  with  a  tubular  socket  closed 
above,  in  a  similar  mode  to  the  example  from  Bannock- 
burn. The  first  of  the  Danish  axes  weighs  full  seven 
pounds,  and  measures  fifteen  inches  in  length ;  the  second 
is  sixteen  inches  long  and  ten  across  its  edge.  The  latter 
is  cast  in  a  core  of  clay,  and  is  inlaid  in  parts  with  thin 
gold  plating.  The  Yorkshire,  Scottish,  and  Scandinavian 
axes  were  doubtlessly  the  arms  or  insignia  of  chieftains 
who  lived  towards  the  close  of  the  bronze  period. 

It  is  to  this  most  important  and  gloomy  epoch  of  British 
history  that  we  must  assign  the  remains  of  the  Brigantian 
chieftain,  his  steeds,  and  war-chariot,  discovered  in  one  of 
the  Arras  barrows  near  Pocklington  in  the  East  Biding. 
This  potent  Q\\^Y\oieQY[essedarius)  probably  flourished  about 
tlie  time  when  the  insatiate  lust  of  conquest  urged  the 
Roman  hosts  to  quit  their  continental  plunder,  and  seek 
fresh  spoils  among  the  tribes  of  Britain.  For  awhile  the 
winds  of  heaven  and  native  bravery  baflfled  the  mighty 
efl'orts  of  the  Caesars.  Nobly  did  the  Brigantes  withstand 
the  invading  foes  led  successively  by  the  Emperor  Claudius 
and  the  imperial  generals,  Ostorius  Scapula,  Petilius  Cere- 
alis,  and  LoUius  Urbicus,  whose  triumphs  are  celebrated 
on  medallions  of  Antoninus  Pius,  whereon  the  genius  of 
the  island  is  seen  seated  on  a  rock  with  her  shield  beside 
her,  in  moody  solitude. ^     The  rapacious  eagle  had  now 

*  See  Journal,  xiii,  248, 


ON  WAY-SIDE  CHAPELS.  Ill 

steeped  its  beak  and  talons  deep  in  the  crimson  gore  of  its 
victims,  its  wings  fluttered  exultingly  over  the  once  free 
domains  of  the  Brigantes,  and  their  chief  cities  and  strong 
places  were  garrisoned  by  the  veterans  of  the  sixth  legion, 
— that  legion  which  rejoiced  in  the  proud  and  triple  epi- 
thet of  "  Victrix^  Pia,  Fldelisy  The  glory  of  the  Brigan- 
tian  kingdom  had  passed  away,  the  power  of  its  people 
was  for  ever  broken,  and  in  time  their  broad  territories 
were  numbered  among  the  states  of  Maxima  Ccesariensis. 


ON   WAY-SIDE   CHAPELS    AND  THE   CHAPEL 
ON  THE  BRIDGE  AT  WAKEFIELD. 

BY    F.   R.   WILSON,    ESQ. 

The  name  of  Chapel  is  now  applied  to  all  small  eccle- 
siastical fabrics,  not  being  parish  churches,  that  are  used 
for  the  purposes  of  worship.  Before  the  Reformation  it 
more  especially  indicated  the  sacred  edifices  devoted  to 
prayer  only,  containing  no  baptismal  font,  and  possessing 
no  burying-ground.  These  were  sometimes  isolated, 
sometimes  annexed.  Kings  and  nobles  sometimes  pos- 
sessed oratories  incorporated  with  their  residences,  as  well 
as  isolated  chapels  in  their  court  yards;  and  abbots,  follow- 
ing their  example,  built  for  themselves  private  chapels 
within  the  confines  of  their  abbeys.  There  were  also 
chapels  annexed  to  conventual  and  cathedral  churches, 
such  as  Lady-chapels  and  chauntry  chapels  contained  in 
the  precincts  of  churches,  as  well  as  chapels  belonging  to 
colleges.  In  early  mediaeval  times  the  oratories  built  over 
the  graves  of  saints  were  called  chapels ;  and  the  struc- 
ture raised  over  the  site  of  a  miracle  was  also  known  by 
the  same  title. 

The  etymology  of  the  term  is  traced  to  the  memorable 
compassion  of  St.  Martin,  who,  when  a  youth  in  the  army, 
divided  his  raiment  with  a  beggar.  Butler,  citing  St. 
Sulpicius,  thus  records  the  circumstance : — 

"  One  day,  in  the  midst  of  a  very  hard  winter  and  severe  frost,  when 
many  perished  with  cold,  as  he  was  marching  with  other  officers  and 


]  1 2  ON  WAY-SIDE  CHAPELS 

soldiers,  he  met  at  the  gate  of  the  city  of  Amiens  a  poor  man,  almost 
naked,  trembling  and  shaking  for  cold,  and  begging  alms  of  those  that 
passed  by.  Martin,  seeing  those  that  went  before  him  take  no  notice 
of  this  miserable  object,  thought  he  was  reserved  for  himself.  By  his 
charities  to  others  he  had  nothing  left  but  his  arms  and  clothes  upon 
his  back,  when,  drawing  his  sword,  he  cut  his  cloak  in  two  pieces,  gave 
one  to  the  beggar,  and  wrapped  himself  in  the  other  half.  Some  of 
the  bystanders  laughed  at  the  figure  he  made  in  that  dress,  whilst 
others  were  ashamed  not  to  have  reheved  the  poor  man.  In  the  follow- 
ing night  St.  Martin  saw  in  liis  sleep  Jesus  Christ  dressed  in  that  half 
of  the  garment  which  he  had  given  away,  and  was  bid  to  look  at  it 
well,  and  asked  whether  he  knew  it.  He  then  heard  Jesus  say  :  '  Mar- 
tin, yet  a  catechumen,  has  clothed  me  with  this  garment.'  " 

A  portion  of  the  garment  so  generously  divided  by  the 
young  soldier,  "  la  chape  du  bienheureux  St.  Martin," 
was  held  in  great  veneration  as  a  relic  in  France  in  the 
early  ages  of  Christianity.  It  gave  the  name  of  capella 
or  chapelle  to  the  oratory  in  which  it  was  preserved ;  and 
when,  like  other  relics,  it  was  carried  into  the  field  of 
battle  by  its  royal  possessors,  it  was  guarded  in  a  tent 
which  was  distinguished  by  the  name  of  chapel  [chapelle, 
a  capa,  capella).  The  clerics  to  whose  charge  the  cape  was 
confided,  received  the  designation  of  chaplains.^  In  after 
times,  the  tent  in  which  mass  was  celebrated  in  military 
expeditions,  was  called  a  chapel,  and  eventually  the  term 
came  into  still  more  general  use,  and  the  denomination  of 
chaplain  was  applied  to  every  priest.  This  tradition  ap- 
pears to  have  led  to  the  practice  of  placing  a  relic  in 
every  place  consecrated  to  the  worship  of  the  Divine  Being; 
and  this  practice  is  quoted  as  the  origin  of  the  term.  Thus 
capella.,  according  to  Johnson,^  signifies  a  cabinet  to  con- 
tain holy  relics,  and  in  a  larger  sense  a  closet  or  chest  for 
the  repository  of  anything  valuable :  hence  it  came  to  sig- 
nify a  little  church  ;  for  no  church  or  chapel  could  be 
ordinarily  consecrated  without  having  the  relics  of  some 
saint  to  be  kept  therein. 

Modern  ecclesiastical  laws  recognise  but  five  classes  of 
chapels :  royal,  free,  collegiate,  of  ease,  and  private ;  al- 
though it  will  be  found  that  our  most  modern  work  upon 
the  subject^  subdivides  them  into  as  many  as  twenty-one : 

'  Guillaume  Durand,  ^  Eccles.  Laws,  mclxxxviii,  Pr. 

'  Dictionary  of  Architecture. 


AND  THE  CHAPEL  AT  WAKEFIELD  BRTDGE.  113 

collegiate,  domestic,  endowed  public,  episcopal  free,  guild, 
hermitage,  hospital,  mortuary,  parochial,  prison,  private, 
proprietory,  royal,  sacrament,  secular,  sepulchral,  union, 
votive,  way-side  chapels,  chapels  of  case,  and  saintes- 
chapellcs. 

The  particular  motive  or  feeling  that  called  into  exist- 
ence the  great  extension  in  the  number  of  chapels  was  the 
ancient  custom  of  making  pilgrimages.  Most  persons  made 
])ilgrimage  on  the  occasion  of  important  events  in  their 
lives,  such  as  recovery  from  an  illness,  or  the  loss  of  a  near 
relative ;  but  those  of  more  pious  tendencies  made  annual 
pilgrimages  as  a  matter  of  conscience.  Guilds  made 
annual  pilgrimages  to  chapels  in  the  vicinity  of  their 
boroughs  and  made  offerings.  Pregnant  women  fre- 
quently made  pilgrimages  ;  persons  about  to  undertake 
a  voyage  generally  visited  a  shrine  to  secure  intercession 
of  tlie  saint  for  their  safety ;  and  on  their  return,  they 
would  go  through  the  same  ceremony  to  return  thanks. 
At  last,  servants  and  young  people  generally  inconveni- 
ently resorted  to  the  prevailing  practice  to  avoid  the  ex- 
ecution of  their  proper  duties  ;  and  crowds  of  idle  persons 
wandered  about  the  country  upon  pretence  that  they  were 
pilgrims.  This  ultimately  led  to  the  custom  falling  into  dis- 
regard in  England,  but  not  before  it  had  created  a  demand 
for  numerous  way-side  chapels.  Hermitages  were  some- 
times built  by  the  road-sides  frequented  by  pilgrims  on 
their  routes  to  particularly  popular  shrines ;  and  in  occa- 
sional instances  they  were  the  objects  of  pilgrimages  them- 
selves. Way-side  chapels  were  also  frequently  placed  in 
the  approaches  to  bridges,  and  less  frequently  built  upon 
the  piers  themselves.  There  were  chapels  of  this  kind  on 
bridges  at  Elvet  in  Durham,  at  Exeter,  at  Newcastle,  and 
on  Old  London  Bridge  ;  and  there  are  still  chapels  on 
bridges  at  Barnard  Castle  over  the  Ouse,  and  that  which 
we  are  now  examining,  over  the  Calder,  at  Wakefield,  in 
Yorkshire.  Nash^  states  that  the  high  road  passed  through 
the  midst  of  the  chapel  at  Droitwich,  the  reading-desk 
and  pulpit  being  on  one  side  and  the  congregation  on 
the  other. 

Way-side  chapels  are  much  more  frequent  in  conti- 
nental countries  than  in  our  own.     Indeed,  in  travelling 

'  Collections  for  the  History  of  Worcestershire.     Lend.,  1799.     Fol. 


114  ON  WAY-SIDE  CHAPELS 

abroad,  the  pretty  way-side  chapels  and  crosses,  with 
peasants  kneeling,  serve  more  than  most  other  things  to 
remind  us  that  we  are  away  from  home.  In  Switzerland 
the  shingled  spires  of  road-side  chapels  built  on  the  cen- 
tral piers  of  bridges  cast  their  shadows  into  many  a  snow 
stream.  In  France  and  Italy  they  are  equally  numerous. 
They  are  of  much  diversity  of  form,  some  being  square  or 
oblong,  whilst  others  are  built  upon  triangular,  hexagonal, 
and  circular  plans.  There  are  numerous  examples  of 
chapels  built  of  two  stories  in  height,  as  at  the  gorgeous 
Sainte-Chapelle  at  Paris.  In  these  instances,  the  upper 
chapel,  which  was  on  a  level  with  the  principal  floor  of 
the  palaces,  contained  the  precious  relics,  and  a  gallery 
for  the  royal  family  to  pay  their  devotions  in ;  the  lower 
was  appropriated  to  public  worship.  When  a  chapel  was 
built  over  a  crypt,  this  disposition  was  reversed  :  the  crypt 
contained  the  relics  and  the  chapel  was  devoted  to  wor- 
ship. A  singular  example  exists  about  six  kilometres 
from  Mont  Louis,  called  la  Chapelle  de  Planes,  composed 
of  a  cupola  carried  upon  a  triangular  base  having  a  large 
semicircular  niche  thrown  out  from  each  plane.  This 
eccentric  plan  is  assumed  by  M.  Viollet-le-Duc  to  be 
emblematical  of  its  dedication  to  the  Trinity.  Another 
curious  example  of  an  isolated  chapel  exists  in  a  cemetery 
within  the  precincts  of  the  Abbey  of  Mont  Major,  near 
Aries.  This  is  built  upon  a  quatrefoil  formed  plan, 
having  a  porch  thrown  out  from  one  of  the  semicircles  to 
form  an  entrance :  it  is  surmounted  by  a  bell  turret.  The 
most  recent  of  French  way-side  chapels  is  that  built  upon 
the  spot  upon  which  the  Duke  of  Orleans,  eldest  son  of  Louis 
Philippe  met  with  the  accident  that  occasioned  his  death. 
The  most  remarkable  of  the  ancient  continental  way-side 
chapels,  however,  is  that  dedicated  to  Santa  Maria  de 
I'Epina,  built  upon  the  approach  to  the  Ponte  Nuovo 
over  the  Arno  at  Pisa.  It  is  built  of  the  rich  materials 
of  the  locality,  and  is  elaborately  ornamented  with  niches 
containing  statues.  Those  who  have  seen  it  radiant  with 
sunshine,  as  I  saw  it  on  the  quay-side,  will  need  no  reminder 
of  its  many  graces.  It  was  erected  circa  a.d.  1230.  Altera- 
tions and  renovations,  rendered  necessary  by  its  decay  or 
destruction,  have  been  made  in  successive  centuries.  A 
single  thorn,  said  to  be  from  the  Holy  Crown  of  Thorns, 


AND  THE  CHAPEL  AT  WAKEFIELD  BEIDGE.  1  1 5 

was  enslirincd  in  it,  and  tlie  way-side  chapel  of  St.  Mary 
of  the  Thorn  became  tlie  object  of  prayer  and  pilgrimage. 

Chapel  on  AVakefield  Bridge. — Those  who  look  upon 
tliis  chapel,  and  think  they  are  examining  ancient  w^ork,  are 
woefully  mistaken  :  the  ancient  beautiful  west  fa9ade  is 
now  built  up  as  the  front  of  a  boat-house  or  summer-house 
on  the  margin  of  a  lake  in  the  grounds  of  Kettlethorpeliall, 
two  miles  distant.  The  present  structure  is  modern,  save 
one  small  scrap  at  the  east  end,  the  ancient  chapel  having 
been  taken  down  as  far  as  the  cluster  of  mouldinirs  cor- 
belled  out  from  its  basement  which  abuts  against  the  fifth 
pier  of  the  bridge  and  this  built  upon  its  site,  1847.  I 
would  that  I  could  add  that  it  is  a  skilful  restoration,  but 
I  am  bound  to  point  out  that  the  tracery  of  the  three 
light  north  and  south  windows  is  wiry,  and  that  the  orna- 
mental parts  of  the  western  and  the  other  fronts  are  but 
clumsy  incorrect  imitations  of  the  ancient  work,  made 
witliout  either  sentiment  or  conservative  feeling:. 

Of  the  chapel,  we  have  various  notices.  Whittaker^ 
mentions  a  charter  (1357),  31  Edward  III,  relating  to  a 
rent-charge  of  £10  per  annum,  granted  by  that  monarch 
to  two  chaplains  to  perform  divine  service  daily  in  the 
chapel  of  St.  Marie,  then  newly  erected  on  Wakefield 
Bridge ;  and  on  this  charter  hangs  much  discussion 
among  local  antiquaries.     Leland  states  '? 

"In  this  towne  (Wakefield)  is  but  one  cliefe  church.  There  is  a 
chapel  beside,  where  was  wont  to  be  '  anachoreta  in  media  urbe,  unde 
et  aliquando  inventa  fecuuda.'     There  is  also  a  chapel  of  our  Lady  on 

Calder  Bridge,  wont  to  be  celebrated  'a  peregrinis.' These  things  I 

especially  notid  in  Wakefield.  The  faire  bridge  of  stone  of  nine  arches, 
under  the  which  rennith  the  river  of  Calder ;  and  on  the  est  side  of 
this  bridge  is  a  right  goodly  chapel  of  our  Lady,  and  two  cantuarie 
prestes  founded  in  it  of  the  fundacion  of  the  townesmen,  as  sum  say : . 
but  the  Dukes  of  York  were  taken  as  founders  for  obteyning  the  morte- 
mayn.  I  hard  one  say  that  a  servant  of  King  Edward  the  4's  father, 
or  else  of  the  Erie  of  Rutland,  brother  to  King  Edward  the  4,  was  a 
great  doer  of  it.  There  was  a  sore  battel  fought  in  the  south  fieldes  by 
this  bridge ;  and  j-n  the  flite  of  the  Duke  of  Yorke's  pai-tc,  other  the 
Duke  himself  or  his  sun  the  Erie  of  Rutteland,  was  slayne  a  little  above 
tlie  barres  beyond  the  bridge  going  up  on  Clyving  ground.  At  this 
place  is  set  up  a  crosse  m  rei  memonam." 

'  Loidis  and  Elmcte,  Lond.,  1816,  p.  289.  ^  itinerary,  i,  53;  vii,  44. 


116  ON  WAY-SIDE  CHAPELS, 

When  Defoe  passed  through  Wakefield,  the  chapel  was 
used  as  a  warehouse.  At  the  commencement  of  this  cen- 
tury it  was  converted  into  a  news-room  ;  and  it  has  been 
used  as  a  spice  shop,  guard  room,  and  for  other  menial 
purposes.  A  brass  plate  over  the  mantel  piece  in  the 
summer-house  at  Kettlethorpe,  tells  us  the  other  parti- 
culars of  its  history : 

"  This  :  structure  :  is  :  buUt  :  with  :  the  :  remains  :  of :  the  :  original 
west  :  front :  and  :  other  :  fragments  :  of  :  St.  :  Maries  :  chantry  :  which 
stood  :  on  :  Wakefield  :  Bridge  :  in  :  the  :  reign  :  of :  Ed.  :  III  :  about 
A.D.  :  1357  :  Restored  :  by  :  Edward  :  the  :  lY :  after  :  the  :  battle  :  of 
Wakefield  :  A.D.  :  1460  :  who  :  dedicated  :  the  :  chapel  :  to  :  the  :  me- 
mory :  of  :  his  :  father  :  the  :  Duke  :  of  :  York  :  it  :  was  :  defaced  :  by 
unseemly  :  repairs  :  a.d.  :  1794  :  On  :  the  :  restoration  :  of  :  the  :  chantry 
A.D. :  1847  :  the  :  ruins  :  were  :  purchased  :  by  :  the  :  Honorable  :  George 
Chappie  :  Norton  :  and  :  in  :  the  :  same  :  year  :  was  :  re-erected  :  by 
him  :  on  :  this  :  spot :  under  :  the  :  superintendance  :  of  :  William  :  Fox 
sculptor  :  Multos  :  que  :  per  :  annos  :  stat  :  fortuna  :  domus  :  et  :  ave 
numerantur  :  fsvorum." 

A  curious  feature, — I  can  scarcely  call  it  a  lamentable 
one, — of  this  so-called  restoration  is,  that  it  is  already  in 
rapid  decay.  Many  of  the  crockets  and  finials  are  off : 
others  are  only  hanging  on  metal  pins,  and  nearly  the 
whole  of  the  surface  or  crust  of  the  work  is  peeling  off: 
this  I  attribute  to  the  fact  that  Caen  stone  has  been  used 
in  its  reconstruction  instead  of  the  local  stone  of  which 
the  bridge  and  the  ancient  chapel  were  built,  or  of  some 
more  durable  stone  from  the  county  similar  to  that  em- 
ployed in  those  of  the  Yorkshire  abbeys,  that  have  best 
stood  the  test  of  time.  I  would  especially  bemoan  the 
treatment  of  the  alto-relievos  in  the  western  front.  There 
are  five  large  subjects  placed  in  niches  beneath  canopies, 
which  are  divided  from  one  another  by  buttressed  mul- 
lions,  the  whole  surmounted  by  battlements,  and  forming 
a  frieze.  In  the  original  sculptures  which  I  have  inspected 
at  Kettlethorpe  Hall,  I  see  the  drapery  of  the  figures  is 
formed  with  bold  severe  lines,  and  large  folds :  in  the  re- 
production its  folds  are  frittered  away  in  many  portions. 
The  subjects  represented  are: — 1.  The  Annunciation;  2. 
The  Holy  Nativity  ;  3.  The  Resurrection  of  our  Lord ; 
4.  The  Ascension  ;  5.  St.  Mary  crowned,  accompanied  by 
St.  Anne.^ 

'  For  the  hist  mentioned,  the  restorer  has  substituted  the  Descent  of  Tongues ! 


AND  THE  CHAPEL  At'wAKEFIELD  BRIDGE.  117 

The  chapel,  as  it  stands,  consists  of  two  chambers  one 
above  another,  the  foundations  of  which  are  built  on  an 
islet  in  the  River  Calder.     The  upper  chamber  is  level 
with  the  bridge  and  forms  the  chapel  proper.     The  lower 
chamber,  I  believe  to  have  been  the  sacristy :  and  I  ex- 
pect that  it   was  from  this  chamber  that  the  officiating 
priest  proceeded  to  the  altar.     I  am  borne  out  in  the  im- 
pression that  there  was  a  private  entrance  for  the  priest 
from  the  islet,  in  the  fact  that  a  doorway,  convenient  for 
that   purpose,  is   remembered    to    have  existed   where  a 
window  opening  is  now  formed  at  the  east  end.     This 
lower  chamber,  which  measured  sixteen  feet  wide  by  about 
nine  feet,  and  eight  feet  high  to  the  rafters,  was  enlarged 
in  the  recent  alterations  by  hollowing  out  a  recess  into  the 
pier.    The  old  masonry  and  the  old  confines  are  easily  dis- 
tinguishable, as  are  the  two  original  narrow  splayed  win- 
dow slits  on  the  north  and  south  sides  looking  upon  the 
river.     The  communication  between  this  and  the  upper 
chamber  consists  of  a  narrow  stone  spiral  staircase,  but  one 
foot  eight  inches  wide,  which  is  continued  up  to  the  roof 
of  the  chapel  and  terminates  in  a  bell-turret.    The  walls  of 
the  upper  chamber  or  chapel  are  only  eighteen  inches 
thick.      The  internal  measurement  is  forty-one  feet  six 
inches  by  sixteen  feet  ten  inches.     A  length  of  fourteen 
feet  six  inches  of  the  roof  at  the  east  end  is  enriched  with 
ornament  on  the  panels ;  but  no  trace  has  been  left  upon 
the  masonry  to  show  where  the  ancient  screen  or  division 
between  chapel  and  ante-chapel  existed.     Upon  the  beam 
of  the  principal  rafter  marking  the  division  in  its  new  roof, 
there  is  now  carved — 

"  VERBUM    CARO    FACTUM    EST.      GLORIA    IN    EXCELSIS  DEO," 

The  holy  water  stoup  has  been  replaced  by  a  font.  The 
one  scrap  of  ancient  work  still  to  be  found  in  the  chapel 
consists  of  portions  of  a  niche  at  the  north  side  of  the 
eastern  window,  the  chamfering  of  which  is  ornamented 
with  patera,  still  bearing  traces  of  colour.  Both  canopy 
and  pedestal  of  the  niche  are  new,  and  the  figure  has  dis- 
appeared. The  east  Avindow  and  three  of  those  at  the 
sides  are  filled  with  modern  stained  glass. 

The  external  appearance  of  the  fabric  is  that  of  a  low- 
oblong  building  with  buttresses  at  each  anefle,  terminating 

1804  l(j 


118  ON  WAY-STDE  CHAPELS, 

in  octagonal  docketed  pinnacles  with  finials,  splayed  ont 
from  one  of  the  piers  of  the  bridge,  and  rising  one  story 
above  it.     At  the  north-east  angle  the  roof-line  is  broken 
by  a  short  octagonal  turret.    The  east  end  has  a  five-light 
traceried  window.    The  north  sides  are  identical,  the  three 
large  rectangular-headed  windows  are  surmounted  by  a 
continuous  parapet   running   from  tlie  east  to  the  west 
angles  of  the  building,  consisting  of  a  series  of  panels  ter- 
minating in  finials,  most  of  which  are  now  falling  off.   The 
west  facade  has  three  small  doorways  with  two  panels  of 
the  same  dimensions  between  them,  each  of  which  is  sur- 
mounted by  ogee  arches  in  alto-relievo,  which  in  their 
turn  are  enclosed  in  gables  in  high  relief,  having  finials 
for  terminations.     The  spandrils  formed  by  this  arrange- 
ment are  filled  with   minute  flowing  tracery  panelling. 
This  enrichment  is  finished  with  a  frieze  divided  into  com- 
partments, to  correspond  with  the  doors  and  panels,  which 
contain  the  sculptures  I  have  described ;  and  the  frieze  is 
finished  with  a  battlemented  cornice,  the   mouldings  of 
which  are  already  mutilated.     There  is  not  a  stone  that 
by  any  device,  badge,  crest,  or  heraldic  ornament,  con- 
firms the  tradition    that  the   chapel   was  in  any  way  a 
memorial  of  a  battle,  or  of  the  royal  slain.     I  must  add 
that  the  ancient  front  set  up  at  Kettlethorpe  Hall,  proves 
that  the  architecture  of  the  original  fabric  is  of  a  similar 
character  and  period  to  the  west  front  of  York  Minster,  and 
to  parts  of  the  grand  pile  at  Beverley.     I  am  disposed  to 
believe  that  this  w^as  simply  a  way-side  chapel  lying  on  a 
well  frequented  route  between  the  numerous  Yorkshire 
abbeys  and  shrines.     A  welcome  sight,  I  have  no  doubt  it 
must  have  been,  to  the  eyes  of  those  who  trod  the  long 
narrow  bridge  over  the  Calder  by  day  or  in  the  dark,  and 
doubtless  there  were  but  few  strangers  who  would  pass  it 
without  entering  to  oflfer  up  a  prayer  for  the  safe  issue  of 
their  journey.     This  supposition  by  no  means  afl'ects  the 
possibility  that  the  edifice  was  originally  the  chauntry 
mentioned  as  newly  built  in  the  reign  of  Edward  III;  for 
the  late  chapel  may  have  been  built  on  a  former  founda- 
tion as  easily  as  the  present  structure  has  been  so  raised. 
It   should   be    observed  that  the  bridge  has  been  con- 
siderably widened.    The  eastern  side  on  which  the  chapel 
is  situated,  has  the  nine  ancient  chamfered  and  ribbed 


AND  THE  CHAPEL  AT  WAKEFIELD  BRIDGE.  1  1  9 

arches,  each  formed  of  the  segment  of  a  pointed  arch, 
while  the  opposite  side  has  as  many  modern  plain  semi- 
circular arches. 

Apart  from  the  absence  of  conservative  spirit  with  which 
the  rebuilding  has  been  handled,  the  three  thousand  pounds 
said  to  have  been  expended  in  the  work  have  not  been  al- 
together thrown  away.  The  fabric,  before  used  for  rough 
secular  purposes,  is  now  reclaimed  to  an  ecclesiastical  pur- 
pose, a  weekly  service  being  performed  in  it  every  Thurs- 
day evening.  An  effort  is  being  made  to  procure  a  curate 
for  the  especial  purpose  of  officiating  in  this  in  many 
respects  singular  little  structure.  Unless,  however,  some- 
thing is  done  at  once  to  preserve  the  masonry  and  carving, 
there  is  danger  of  speedy  obliteration  of  the  leading  fea- 
tures of  the  way-side  chapel  on  Wakefield  bridge.^ 

•  In  1843  Messrs.  Buckler  published  Remarks  upon  Way-side  Chapels,  with 
Observations  on  the  Architecture  and  Present  State  of  the  Chantry  on  Wakefield 
Bridge;  and  to  the  plans  and  illustrations  given  in  this  little  volume  the  reader 
is  referred.  He  will  there  find  a  north-east  view  of  the  chapel,  and  another  as 
seen  from  the  bridge,  from  drawings  by  Buckler  taken  in  1813  ;  together  with 
a  plan  of  the  chapel,  a  drawing  of  the  tracery  of  the  side  windows,  a  plan  of 
the  basement,  and  representations  of  the  sculpture  in  the  central  and  fifth 
compartments  of  the  west  front ;  a  comparative  description  of  the  New  College 
sculptures,  with  those  in  front  of  the  chapel  at  Wakefield,  the  subjects  being 
alike, — is  interesting  ;  and  the  several  engravings  of  the  chapel  are  enumerated, 
being  one  by  Cawthorn,  a  second  in  the  Vale  of  Bolton,  a  third  by  W.  H.  Toms, 
from  a  drawing  by  Geo.  Fleming,  1743;  and  a  fourth  by  Le  Keux,  published 
in  Whittaker's  Loidis  and  Elmete,  in  1816,  from  a  drawing  by  Thos.  Taylor. 
The  Messrs.  Buckler  regard  the  edifice  as  originally  belonging  to  the  reign  of 
Edward  II,  and  they  justly  condemn  the  too  hasty  and  incorrect  description 
penned  for  the  Beauties  of  England  and  Wales,  as  being  not  merely  worthless, 
but  mischievous,  "inasmuch  as  it  leads  those  who,  having  neither  eyes  nor 
understanding  of  their  own,  repeat  errors  which  the  most  ordinary  observation 
would  detect  and  set  aside."     (P.  46.) 


120 


SOME  ACCOUNT  OF  THE  TOWN  AND  MANOR 
OF  WAKEFIELD  AND  SANDAL  CASTLE. 

BY    GEORGE    WENTWOllTH,    ESQ. 

Although  no  evidence  is  in  existence  to  prove  that 
Wakefield  was  a  Roman  station,  it  yet  appears  from 
Camden  s  Britannia^  that,  in  1697,  between  Wakefield 
Outwood  and  Thorp  on  the  Hill  at  Lingwell  Gate,  were 
found  certain  clay  moulds  for  Roman  coins,  all  of  empe- 
rors in  whose  reigns  the  money  is  known  to  have  been 
counterfeited."^  In  the  year  1812,  Mr.  T.  Pitt  exhibited  to 
the  Society  of  Antiquaries  forty  Roman  coins,  found  in  an 
earthen  vessel  upon  the  estate  of  the  Marquis  of  Hertford, 
in  Wakefield  Outwood.  At  this  spot  a  considerable  quan- 
tity, amounting  in  weight  to  no  less  than  forty  lbs.,  had 
at  various  times  been  discovered,  and  they  proved  to  be 
of  Licinius,  sen.,  Constantinus  Maximus,  Crispus,  Con- 
stantinus,  jun.,  and  Constantius  11.^  In  1820  a  number 
of  clay  moulds  for  Roman  coins  were  found  at  the  same 
place,  and  presented  to  the  Society  of  Antiquaries  by 
Mr.  Pitt.^  In  March  1831,  Mr.  Wm.  Knight  also  exhi- 
bited some  Roman  coin  clay  moukls  found  at  Lingwell 
Gate,  which  place  takes  its  name  from  the  Ligones  quar- 
tered at  Olicana,  Ilkley,  and  Wall,  a  corruption  of  Vallum. 
The  substances  of  which  they  were  composed  were  unlike 
that  of  the  soil  of  the  place.  In  one  a  coin  was  found 
very  perfect  and  sharp,  which  would  lead  to  the  supposi- 
tion that  they  were  not  the  work  of  the  Roman  forgers, 
but  that  the  moulds  were  used  by  the  Roman  general  to 
coin  the  money  with  which  he  paid  his  troops.^  There 
have  also  been  coins  found  at  Alverthorpe,  which  is  about 
a  mile  and  a  half  from  Wakefield. 

From  the  above  evidence,  and  from  the  traces  of  a 
sunken  military  road  which  have  also  been  revealed,  it  is 
supposed  that  there  was  a  Roman  station  near  Wakefield, 
connecting  Cambodunum  with  Legeolium  and  Danum 
(now  Castleford  and  Doncaster).     It  appears  from  Domes- 

^  Gough's  Camden,  iii,  40.  ^  Archfcologia,  xix,  412. 

^  Archacologia,  xvii,  333.  *  lb.  xxiv,  349. 


WAKEFIELD  MANOR  AND  SANDAL  CASTLE.  121 

dmj  Book,  that  in  the  time  of  Edward  the  Confessor, 
whose  reign  commenced  a.d.  975,  it  constituted  one  of 
the  royal  demesnes.  The  name  is  given  in  that  record  as 
Wachefiekl,  and  it  appears  to  have  been  derived  from  the 
field  of  Wache,  its  possessor  probably  in  Saxon  times. ^ 
Domesday  Book  describes  it  as  follows :  "  In  Wacheficld 
(Wakefield),  with  nine  berewicks,  Sandala  (Sandal),  So- 
rebi  (Sowerby),  Werla  (Warley),  Feslci  (Fishlake),  Miclei 
(Midgely),  Wadcsnurde  (Wadsworth),  Crambetonsetun 
(Crosstone),  Lanfeld  (Langfield),  and  Stanesfelt  (Stans- 
field),  there  are  sixty  carucates  and  three  oxgangs,  and 
the  third  part  of  an  oxgang,  of  land  to  be  taxed ;  thirty 
ploughs  may  till  these  lands.  This  manor  was  in  the  de- 
mesne of  King  Edward.  There  are  now  there  in  the 
king's  hand  four  villanes,  and  three  priests,  and  two 
churches,  and  seven  sokemen,  and  sixteen  bordars.  They 
together  have  seven  ploughs,  wood  pasture  six  miles  long 
and  six  miles  broad  ;  value  in  the  time  of  King  Edward 
sixty  pounds,  at  present  fifteen  pounds.  Within  the 
manor  of  Wakefield  are  the  following  parishes :  Sandal 
Magna,  Woodkirk,  Dewsbury,  Emley,  Kirkburton,  and 
Halifax  (except  the  townships  of  Elland  cum  Greetland 
and  Southowram),  and  parts  of  the  parishes  of  Almond- 
bury,  Kirkheaton,  Iluddersfield,  Normanton,  and  Thorn- 
hill."  It  will  thus  be  seen  that  the  manor  of  Wakefield 
is  very  extensive,  including  that  of  Halifax,  and  stretching 
from  Normanton  to  the  boundaries  of  Lancashire  and 
Cheshire.  It  is  more  than  thirty  miles  in  length  from 
east  to  west,  and  comprises  more  than  one  hundred  and 
eighteen  towns,  villages,  and  hamlets,  of  which  Wakefield 
and  Halifax  are  the  chief.  The  two  churches  mentioned 
in  Domesday,  Thoresby  thinks,  without  doubt,  are  Wake- 
field and  Sandal  churches.  Dr.  Naylor  is  of  opinion  that 
the  old  Saxon  church  was  situated  at  the  north  end  of 
the  town,  and  probably  on  the  site  of  the  subsequent 
chapel  of  St.  John's,  in  St.  John's  Field  ;  and  Leland,-  in 
the  reign  of  Henry  VIII,  writes  thus :  "  The  principale 
chirch  that  now  is  yn  Wakefeld  is  but  of  a  new  Avork,  but 

^  Whitaker,  in  Loidis  and  Elmete  (p.  274),  thinks  the  name  nothing  more 
than  the  appellation  of  the  first  Saxon  possessor  combined  with  that^of 
estate.    It  was  common  at  the  time  when  the  villare  of  this  country  was 
thus  to  denominate  whole  townships  by  the  terminating  syllabic  "  field 

^  Itinerary,  i,  43. 


122  TOWN  AND  MANOR  OF  WAKEFIELD 

it  is  exceeding-  fixire  and  large."  He  further  remarks: 
"  Sum  think  that  wereas  now  is  a  chapelle  of  ease,  at  the 
otlier  ende  of  the  towne,  was  ons  the  old  paroch  church." 
This  appears  probable,  for  foundations  of  a  large  building 
and  gravestones  have  been  dug  up  near  the  proprietary 
school.  The  chapel  of  St.  John's  was  founded  by  one 
John  Locke,  and  we  are  informed  that  Thomas  Ryther  in 
his  will,  proved  in  1528,  bequeathed  the  sum  of  twenty 
])ounds  towards  the  founding  of  one  place  in  the  seminary 
there.  We  have  proof  that  this  chapel  was  in  existence 
in  32nd  Henry  VI,  and  that  an  anchorite  resided  there  in 
Leland's  time.^ 

It  is  probable  that  the  manor  of  Wakefield  was  granted 
in  the  reign  of  William  Rufus,  between  the  years  1091 
and  1097,  to  William  cle  Warren,  second  Earl  of  Surrey. 
It  has  been  asserted  by  some  writers,  that  it  was  granted 
to  William,  first  Earl  of  Warren,  but  this  does  not  appear 
probable,  as  Leland  says  that  "  at  the  time  of  the  Domes- 
day Survey  (1080),  Will,  de  Warenne  was  already  in  pos- 
session of  Conisbro',  with  its  numerous  and  valuable 
dependencies,  but  Wakefield,  as  we  have  already  seen, 
"  with  its  berewicks  and  its  soke,  was  yet  in  the  crown  ;" 
and  "  the  first  legal  act  by  which  it  can  be  proved  that 
the  family  were  seized  of  the  manor  of  Wakefield,  with  its 
dependent  lordships,  is  the  charter  of  William,  the  second 
Earl  of  Warren,  by  which  he  grants  to  God  and  St. 
Pancras  of  Lewis,  besides  other  churches,  the  church  of 
Wakefield,  with  its  appurtenances."  William,  the  first 
Earl  of  Warren,  standing  nearly  allied  to  the  Conqueror 
(viz.,  nephew  to  the  countess  his  great  grandmother),  ac- 
companied the  Conqueror  to  England ;  and  having  dis- 
tinguished himself  at  the  battle  of  Hastings,  obtained  an 
immense  portion  of  the  public  spoliation.  He  had  large 
grants  of  land  in  several  counties  ;  so  extensive,  indeed, 
were  those  grants,  that  his  possessions  more  resembled 
the  dominions  of  a  sovereign  prince  than  the  estates  of  a 
subject.  He  was  married  to  Gundred,  the  daughter  of 
the  Conqueror.  This  potent  noble  founded  the  priory  of 
Lewes,  in  Sussex,   and  endowed  it  with   the  church  of 

'  "  In  the  towne  is  but  one  chefc  chirch.  There  is  a  chapel  beside,  where 
was  wont  to  be  '■  anackoreta  in  medid  nrhe^  unde  et  ali<iuaiido  inoenta  fcBcunda.^ 
There  is  also  a  Chapel  of  our  Lady  on  Catdcr  Bridge  wont  to  be  celebrated  '  a 
peregrinis.''  " 


AND  SANDAL  CASTLE.  123 

Wakefield  and  Sandal  Magna,  with  other  lands  besides 
mentioned.  He  died  a.d.  1089,  and  was  buried  in  the 
chapter  house  of  his  priory  at  Lewes.  His  wife,  Gun- 
dred,  died  a.d.  1085,  about  three  years  before  him,  and 
was  also  buried  in  the  chapter  house  at  Lewes.^ 

This  great  earl  was  succeeded  by  his  son  William, 
according  to  Mr.  Hunter  (in  his  Deanery  of  Doncaster), 
between  the  years  1091  and  1097.  When  he  was  yet 
young  in  age,  and  new  to  his  possessions,  he  gave  the 
church  of  Conisbro'  and  all  its  dependencies,  with  the 
church  of  W^akefield  with  its  appurtenances,  to  his  father's 
monastery  of  Lewes.  The  date  of  donation,  about  which 
there  has  been  some  misconception,  is  to  be  collected  from 
the  names  of  the  witnesses,  among  whom  are  three  bishops 
named  Ralph,  Gundulph,  and  Walkeline.  These  bishops 
were  contemporary  in  their  respective  sees  only  during 
that  interval.  The  grant  is  very  extensive  both  in  new 
donations  and  in  confirmations  of  the  gifts  of  his  father : 
"Li  Eborasira  vero  dedi  eis  ecclesiam  de  Conyngeburg 
cum  aliis  ecclesiis  decimis  et  terris  et  omnibus  suis  appen- 
diciis,  et  ecclesiam  de  Wakfeld  cum  pertinentiis  suis."  In 
these  few  words  and  simple  terms  an  interest  is  conveyed 
which  in  these  times  would  be  estimated  too  low  at£  10,000 
per  annum.  We  may  observe  also  that  the  gift  of  the 
church  of  Wakefield  plainly  shews  that  Wakefield  had 
been  granted  to  the  AVarrens  before  the  time  of  Henry  I, 
as  by  some  antiquaries  had  been  supposed.  This  second 
earl  also  made  a  confirmation  of  the  church  of  Wakefield 
and  of  Sandal  Magna,  with  the  other  churches  granted  by 
his  father,  to  the  monastery  of  Lewes.  The  earl  was  slain 
in  the  Holy  Land  in  1147,  and  left  only  one  daughter,  his 
heiress,  who  survived  him  about  fifty  years.  As  Mr. 
Hunter  says,  this  great  lady  could  be  given  to  no  husband 
but  one  of  royal  extraction.  She  was  first  married  to 
William  of  Blois,  one  of  the  sons  of  King  Stephen,  who 
died  without  issue  in  1159.  She  was  afterwards  given  by 
Henry  II  to  his  half-brother,  Hameline,  an  illegitimate 
son  of  Geofi"rey  Earl  of  Anjou. 

There  are  several  deeds  of  this  earl  relating  to  Wake- 
field.    He  confirmed  the  gift  of  the  church  and  tithes  of 

'  For  particulars  relating  to  the  discovery  of  the  leaden  coffins  and  remains 
of  Gundrcda  and  the  Earl  of  Warren,  see  Journal,  vol.  i,  pp.  346-357,  and  vol. 
11,  pp.  104-108. 


124  TOWN  AND  MANOR  OF  WAKEFIELD 

it  to  the  monastery  of  Lewes ;  and  Thoresby^  remarks  that 
he  has  in  his  possession  the  transcript  of  the  charters  of 
tliis  Ilamcline  and  John,  earls  of  Warren,  to  their  bur- 
gesses of  AVakefield,  wherein  the  one  grants  them  liberty 
"  ut  capiant  in  ncmorc  nostro  de  Wakefield  mortuum  bos- 
cum  ardere";  the  other  is  a  grant  of  pannage,  or  liberty 
of  hogs'  feeding,  in  all  his  woods  there,  reserving  only 
a  rent  of  2d.  for  every  hog,  and  Id.  for  a  pig.  That 
there  was  an  immense  wood  upon  Wakefield  Heath  in 
ancient  times,  is  evident  from  these  deeds  ;  and  that  it 
was  well  stocked  with  trees,  is  evident  from  ancient  writ- 
ings, wherein  it  is  called  the  Mickle  Wood.  Thoresby 
mentions  he  had  heard  there  was  so  thick  a  wood  there 
formerly,  that  a  person  was  employed  in  directing  travel- 
lers over  that  very  place  where  now  is  the  full  road  between 
Leeds  and  Wakefield.  About  two  hundred  and  twenty 
years  ago  an  atlas  was  published  which  shews  that  all  the 
way  from  Wakefield  Outwood  to  Leeds  must  have  been 
one  thick  wood. 

To  Hameline,  fifth  Earl  of  Surrey,  succeeded  William 
de  Warren,  sixth  Earl  of  Surrey.  He  married  first,  Maud, 
daughter  of  William  Earl  of  Arundel,  and  secondly  Maud, 
daughter,  and  at  length  one  of  the  coheirs,  of  William 
Earl  of  Pembroke,  widow  of  Hugh  Earl  of  Norfolk.  This 
earl  confirmed  to  Lewes  the  gift  of  their  Yorkshire 
churches.  He  died  in  1239,  leaving  a  son  John,  who 
succeeded  him  as  seventh  Earl  of  Surrey,  and  was  married 
to  Alice,  daughter  of  Hugh  le  Brun,  Earl  of  the  Marches 
of  Acquitaine,  sister  by  the  mother  to  Henry  III. 

The  Court  Rolls  of  the  manor  of  Wakefield  begin  in  the 
year  1272,  in  the  time  of  John,  this  seventh  Earl  of  War- 
ren. They  are  in  the  possession  of  Mr.  Lumb  of  the  Rolls 
Office,  Wakefield  ;  and  I  may  justly  remark  that  in  few 
courts  will  be  found  rolls  so  well  preserved.^     The  court 

'  Ducatus  Leodiensis,  ed.  181G,  by  Whitaker,  p.  184. 

2  The  Court  Rolls  of  Wakefield  commence  as  early  as  the  reign  of  Edward  I, 
and  up  to  the  23rd  Edward  III  are  so  denominated ;  but  from  that  year  to  the 
.33rd  Edward  III  they  are  styled  as  of  the  court  of  the  Countess  of  Warren. 
Among  them  the  following  notices  of  presentations,  amercements,  etc.,  are 
worthy  of  record  : 

"1272.— Edward  I  began  to  reign  20  Nov.  1272. 

"  1297. — Wakefend.     St.  Edward  the  archbishop. 

"  Richard,  the  leper,  for  not  entering  nor  being  willing  to  be  grave-collector, 
6«.  8rf. 


AND  SANDAL  CASTLE,  125 

baron  of  the  manor,  which  is  held  in  the  Moot  Hall  at 
Wakefield,  holds  plea  for  recovery  of  debts  under  £5,  and 
in  matters  of  replevin.  AVithin  the  manor  are  held  four 
courts  leet,  or  sheriffs'  tours,  viz.,  at  Wakefield,  Halifax, 
Brighouse,  and  llolmfirth. 

"  1298. — On  the  Exaltation  of  the  Holy  Cross.    License  to  build  a  bakehouse. 

"  1308. — The  abbot  and  Convent  of  Fouuteyns  ought  to  repair  IJradley  Bridge. 

"1311. — Amercement  :  bread  sine  pondere.  licury  Marmyon,  sto2)ping  the 
road  in  North  Gate. 

"  1312. — Amercements :  for  drawing  blood  with  her  nails ;  for  placing  a  fish- 
lepe  in  the  dam. 

"  1314. — John  Boiling  and  Alice  his  wife  complain  of  Ingelland,  the  vicar 
of  Halifax,  for  detaining  a  gold  ring. 

"  Selling  beer  without  the  taster's  sanction. 

"  On  the  Feast  of  St.  James.  Alice  of  Skry  veyn,  prioress  of  Kirklecs,  against 
Richard,  the  priest  of  llerteshead,  for  seizing  her  cattle. 

"  The  abbot  of  Fountains  distrained  on,  and  thirteen  horses  taken,  for  not 
repairing  a  bridge  at  Bradley,     xls. 

"1324. — Annabil,  the  Badger,  for  selling  flour  mixed  with  dust;  and  nine 
others  for  the  same. 

"1325. — Robert  of  Burton,  priest,  for  pleading  in  the  Spiritual  Court,  126?. 

"  Robert,  the  priest  of  Sandal,  for  drawing  blood  of  Robert  the  ploughman. 

"  On  the  Feast  of  Hillary  an  ale-taster  elected  for  Stanley. 

"1326. — Twelve  jurors  at  Halifax  Court.  Monday  before  the  Feast  of 
St.  JMark  the  Evangelist,  present,  sworn  on  the  Articles,  that  the  prior  of  Lewes 
ought  by  right,  according  to  custom,  to  entertain  the  steward  et  receptorem  and 
all  bailifls  of  our  lord  the  Earl  (John  de  Warren,  eighth  earl)  when  he  comes 
to  Halifax  twice  a  year  to  hold  the  court  leet,  and  ought  to  find  for  them  and 
all  their  horses  all  necessaries  which  they  stay  for  their  said  lands. 

"  The  hospitallers  of  Newland  to  be  distrained  upon  to  answer  the  lord  for  a 
bakehouse. 

"1335. — Carrying  the  corn  growing  at  Sandal,  in  the  lord's  copyhold  land, 
to  land  he  holds  at  Newland  of  the  hospitallers  there. 

"1336. — The  abbot  of  Furness  for  not  repairing  a  bridge,  5s. 

"The  abbot  of  Founteyns  for  not  repairing  a  bridge  over  Keldar  (Calder),65.8c?. 

"  1450. — Playes  at  speres.     No  games  after  9  in  the  evening.     40c/. 

"1452. — The  miller  of  Wakefield  for  too  much  mulcture. 

"1463. — The  miller  at  Newmillerdam  for  taking  excessive  mulcture. 

"1476. — Wakefield.     For  Barking  Hollys  to  make  bird  lime. 

"  Halifax.  It  is  ordered  that  the  inhabitants  of  the  parish  of  Halifax  that 
nobody  carry  an  unreasonable  weapon,  as  a  sword,  an  axe,  or  a  bill,  or  a  spear, 
under  pain  of  forfeiting  the  same  weapon  to  the  lord,  and  paying  3s.  4d. 

"1495. — Presentment  of  a  common  scould. 

"1507. — Crigglestone.  The  farmer  of  New  Milldam  fined  Is.  each  for  keep- 
ing 40  cocks  and  hens. 

"1508. — Two  parties  fined  for  not  allowing  them  to  taste  their  ale. 

"1515. — The  bailiff  presents  for  not  selling  beer  to  poor  people  at  Norman- 
ton.     3s.  4d. 

"  Stanley.  Taking  oak  branches  and  holly  bark  for  sustaining  their  animals 
in  winter. 

"  1534. — Lister,  Richard,  and  Sele,  capellani  of  the  Chantry  of  the  Blessed 
Virgin  Mary  on  the  bridge  of  Wakefield,  for  license  to  have  to  themselves  and 
successors  the  land  and  buildings  near  the  Mill  dam,  lately  taken  from  the 
waste,  for  the  use  of  the  said  chantry.     12d. 

"  Robert  Gargi-ave  takes  of  the  lord,  for  the  use  of  the  church,  a  parcel  of 
land  in  the  j\Iiln  Royd,  called  Little  Stonyr,  as  it  lays  on  the  north  side  of  the 
Calder." 

1864  17 


ll!G  TOWN  AND  MANOR  OF  WAKEFIELD 

"What  the  spirit  of  this  great  Earl  John  was,  may  be 
collected  from  the  attack  which  he  made  upon  Sir  Alan 
le  Zouch  and  Roger  his  son,  in  the  king's  court  at  "West- 
minster, where  he  nearly  killed  one  and  wounded  the 
other  ;  and  his  memorable  answer  in  th.e  quo  tvarranto  pro- 
ceedings of  Edward  I,  which  has  been  so  often  pubHshed 
that  it  is  needless  to  repeat  it.  What  he  was  also  among 
his  neighbours  in  Yorkshire,  we  may  collect  from  what 
Mr.  Hunter  has  published  in  his  Deanery  of  Doncaster  con- 
cerning the  abbot  of  Roche's  granger  and  forester  at  Arm- 
thorpe ;  where  we  find  that  in  the  Elundred  Rolls  it  is 
alleged  that  William  de  Counchal  Alan,  son  of  the  chap- 
lain, and  many  others,  had  been  sent  by  Richard  de  Hey- 
don,  who  was  the  seneschal  of  the  Earl  of  Warren,  to  the 
grange  of  the  abbot  of  Roche  at  Armthorpe,  without  the 
liberties  of  the  said  earl,  and  there  took  brother  Richard, 
the  granger,  and  John,  the  forester  of  the  said  abbot, 
because  the  said  John  had  wounded  a  certain  wild  animal 
with  an  arrow  in  the  wood  of  the  said  abbot,  and  pursued 
it  within  the  limits  of  the  warren  of  the  said  earl.  The 
granger  and  the  forester  were  both  taken  to  the  Castle  of 
Coningsburg,  and  there  kept  until  the  abbot  came  thither 
and  paid  a  fine  of  £40  for  the  granger  ;  but  the  same  fine 
would  not  be  accepted  for  the  unfortunate  forester,  and  he 
was  kept  in  prison  for  a  whole  year.  In  the  same  record 
also  (the  Hundred  Rolls)  we  find  Richard  de  Heydon,  his 
seneschal,  charged  with  having  imprisoned  Beatrice,  the 
wife  of  WiUiam  Scissor  (Taylor)  of  Rotherham,  at  Wake- 
field, for  a  whole  year,  because  she  impleaded  the  earl  for 
a  tenement  at  Greasborough  ;  and  how  she  was  set  at 
liberty,  the  jury  knew  not.  From  another  part  of  the  same 
rolls  we  find  that  he  claimed  as  an  inheritance  from  his 
ancestors  a  free  chase  in  the  manor  of  Wakefield.  This 
was  in  1277.  In  the  Court  Rolls  of  the  manor  of  Wake- 
field, of  this  earl,  in  1298, 1  find  a  curious  licence  to  build 
a  bakehouse  in  Wakefield,  as  follows : 

"  Wakefend.  Johannes  Ceussing  habet  liccnciani  edificand.  unnm 
furnum  in  Botha  sua  sub  tali  forma  quod  dictus  reddit  inde  domino 
per  annum  vjs.  viijc/.  ad  tres  termiuos  videlicet  ad  festum  Sancti 
Micbaelis  ijs.  iijcZ.  ad  purificationem  beate  Marie  ijs.  iijcZ.  et  ad  eadem 
festum  Penteeoste  ijs.  ijtZ  ad  dictum  redditum  dictus  Johannes  obliga- 
vit  per  SB  et  hercdes  vel  successoribus  suis  omnia  tenementa  sua  in  villa 


AND  SANDAL  CASTLE.  127 

do  Wakefend  tarn  in  burgagium  quam  botliis  ad  dictum  ex  eis  tenend. 
si  contingat  non  potest  sufficiet  ad  dictum  redditum  sustenand.  et  quod 
perpetuus  comes  pro  tempore  fuit  possit  distringere  eadem  tenemonta 
pro  predicto  I'edditu." 

In  the  memory  of  many  people  now  living  in  Wake- 
field, there  was  an  old  bakehouse  standing  in  Westgate, 
which  probably  stood  on  the  site  of  the  one  here  re- 
ferred to. 

John,  the  seventh  earl,  died  in  1304,  and  was  succeeded 
by  John  the  eighth  and  last  Earl  of  Warren,  grandson 
of  the  former,  his  father  having  been  killed  in  a  tourna- 
ment in  1280.  To  this  earl  Edward  I  gave  his  grand- 
daughter, Joan  de  Bar,  in  marriage,  which,  however,  was 
not  a  happy  one.  He  obtained  a  divorce  from  his  wife 
Joan,  on  whom  he  settled  an  allowance  of  seven  hundred 
and  forty  marks  a  year,  and  she  appears  from  the  Wake- 
field Rolls  to  have  held  courts  at  Wakefield  after  his  de- 
cease. After  his  divorce  he  was  married  to  his  favourite 
mistress,  Maude  de  Neirford,  by  whom  he  had  two  sons, 
called  John  and  Thomas  AVarren,  and  on  these  sons  it 
was  the  desire  of  the  earl  that  Conisbro',  and  his  property 
north  of  Trent,  should  descend,  while  the  rest  was  left  to 
take  the  course  appointed  by  law,  and  become  annexed  to 
the  property  of  the  Earls  of  Arundel.  For  this  purpose 
he  conveyed  to  the  king  "  castra  et  villas  meas  de  Co- 
Tiingsburgh  et  Sandal,  et  maneria  mea  de  Wa/cefeld,  Hat- 
feld,  Thorne,  Sowerby,  Braithwell,  Fishlake,  Dewsbury, 
et  Halifax,"  This  charter  is  dated  on  the  Thursday  next 
after  the  feast  of  St.  Peter  and  St.  Paul,  9th  Edward 
II  (1316).  That  feast  day  is  on  the  29th  of  June  ;  and  on 
the  4th  of  August  following  the  king  reconveys  all  that 
had  been  passed  to  him  to  the  earl  for  life,  remainder  to 
Maude  de  Neirford  for  life,  remainder  to  his  sons  John 
and  Thomas  Warren.  However,  this  remarkable  disposi- 
tion did  not  take  place  in  the  way  which  he  had  intended, 
for  both  these  sons  died  before  him,  and  he  also  survived 
Maude  de  Neirford.  He  was  engaged  in  a  scandalous  in- 
trigue wdth  Alice  de  Lacy,  Avife  of  his  neighbour,  Thomas, 
Earl  of  Lancaster,  who,  on  the  Monday  before  Ascension 
Eve,  1317,  was  carried  off  by  violence  and  conveyed  to  a 
castle  of  the  Earl  of  Warren  at  Ileigate,  in  Surrey.  The 
Earl  of  Lancaster  proceeded  to  avenge  himself  by  laying 


128  TOWX  AND  MANOR  OF  WAKEFIELD 

siege  to  the  carl's  castles  in  Yorkshire  (Coningsburgh  and 
Sandal),  and  Sandal  was  demolished  by  him  in  revenge 
for  this:  bat  it  was  rebuilt  by  the  Earl  of  Warren  in 
1321.  In  the  year  1318  the  Earl  of  Lancaster  obtained 
a  grant  from  the  Earl  of  Warren  of  his  manor  of  Wake- 
field, probably  as  a  makepeace  for  the  offences  committed 
against  him  by  the  earl,  but  he  only  enjoyed  it  for  three 
years,  being  attainted  for  high  treason,  and  beheaded  at 
his  castle  of  Pontefract.  Thus  Warren  became  again 
possessed  of  his  manor  of  Wakefield.  He  died  in  13^7, 
and,  leaving  no  legitimate  issue,  the  manor  of  Wakefield 
came  into  the  possession  of  Joan  de  Bar,  the  earl's  former 
wife.  On  her  death,  in  the  33rd  Edward  III,  the  manor 
again  devolved  to  the  crown;  and,  in  1362,  Edward  III 
gave  his  fifth  son,  Edmund  de  Langley,  all  the  castles, 
manors,  and  lands  north  of  the  Trent,  formerly  belonging 
to  John,  Earl  of  Warren,  of  which  the  manor  of  Wakefield 
and  Sandal  castle  were  part.  Edmund,  however,  at  the 
time  of  the  grant  being  not  more  than  six  years  of  age, 
his  mother,  Queen  Philippa,  was  allowed  to  receive  the 
profits  for  his  education  and  that  of  her  other  younger 
children.  He  had  been  created  by  his  father  Earl  of 
Cambridge ;  but,  in  the  9th  Richard  II,  he  was  advanced 
to  the  title  of  Duke  of  York.  He  was  married  twice, 
first,  to  one  of  the  daughters  of  Peter,  surnamed  the  Cruel, 
King  of  Castile  and  Leon  ;  and,  secondly,  to  a  daughter 
of  Thomas  Holland,  Earl  of  Kent,  who  outlived  him. 
By  his  first  wife  he  had  two  sons  and  a  daughter. 

Edward,  his  eldest  son,  succeeded  to  the  manors  after 
his  father's  death,  and  was  slain  at  Agincourt  in  1415. 
Dying  without  issue,  his  estates  came  to  his  nephew, 
Richard,  Duke  of  York.  Sandal  castle  appears  to  have 
been  a  favorite  residence  of  his.  We  find  from  William 
of  Worcester,  that  the  lords  of  the  party  of  Lancaster 
were  laying  waste  his  lands  in  Yorkshire,  when  he 
hastened  to  Sandal  castle,  and  arrived  there  on  the  21st 
of  December,  1460.     The  battle  of  Wakefield^  ensued,  in 

'  This  battle  was  fought  upon  the  30  of  December,  1460,  and  was  indeed 
truly  a  fight  of  brother  against  brother ;  for  on  the  side  of  the  Yorkists  there 
fell  Sir  John  Harrington,  who  had  married  the  sister  of  the  Lord  Clifford, 
who  made  himself  but  too  conspicuous  on  the  side  of  the  Lancastrians.  Sir 
Thomas  (Sir  John's  father)  also  died  of  his  wounds  on  the  following  day.  As 
to  the  site  of  the  battle  of  Wakefield,  it  has  been  supposed  by  some  writers  to 


AND  SANDAL  CASTLE.  129 

which  he  lost  his  life.  By  his  death  the  manor  of  Wake- 
field again  came  to  the  crown  in  the  person  of  Edward  IV, 
who,  by  tlie  battle  of  Towton,  had  become  firmly  seated 
on  the  throne.  In  the  RotuU  Parliamentorum,  a.d.  1495 
(11th  Henry  VII),  we  find  a  resumption  by  the  king  of 
the  manors,  castles,  towns,  lordships,  etc.,  of  Wakefield, 
Hattefeld,  Sandhall,  etc.,  aforetime  granted  by  letters  pa- 
tent of  Edward  III  and  Richard  II  to  Edmund  Langley, 
late  Duke  of  York. 

The  manor  of  Wakefield  remained  in  the  crown  till 
1554,  when  it  was  united  to  the  Duchy  of  Lancaster; 
and  in  the  reign  of  Charles  I  it  was  granted  to  Henry, 
Earl  of  Holland,  who  was  beheaded  9th  of  March,  1649, 
by  sentence  of  the  High  Court  of  Justice  for  attempting 
to  restore  Charles  to  the  throne.  The  manor  was  then 
granted  by  the  parliament  to  Robert  Rich,  Earl  of  War- 
wick, who  gave  it  to  Sir  Gervase  Clifton  as  a  marriage 
portion  with  his  daughter.  Sir  Gervase  sold  the  manor 
to  Christopher  Clapham,  about  1657.  In  1700,  the  heiress 
of  Sir  Christopher  sold  it  to  the  Duke  of  Leeds,  in  whose 
family  it  remained  till  1826,  when  Sackville  Walter  Lane 
Fox  having  married  the  Lady  Charlotte  Osborne,  daughter 

have  been  fought  on  the  flat  meadows  called  the  Pugneys,  which  stretch  from 
the  Castle  to  the  banks  of  the  Calder ;  but  unluckily  for  those  who  have  ima- 
gined the  name  to  have  been  derived  from  the  Latin  fugna  (a  battle),  and 
therefore  indicative  of  the  exact  site  of  the  bloody  engagement,  Mr.  Lumb,  the 
Keeper  of  the  Rolls  Office  at  Wakefield,  has  discovered  that  the  fields  in  that 
direction  bore  the  name  of  Pukenalls  at  least  forty-seven  years  prior  to  the 
battle  of  Wakefield.  It  is  much  more  probable  that  the  battle  took  place  in 
front  of  the  Castle,  and  on  the  open  space  of  ground  which  is  even  at  the  pre- 
sent day  called  Sandal  Common.  The  spot  where  the  Duke  of  York  was  killed 
upon  the  green  is  about  four  hundred  yards  from  the  Castle,  close  to  the  old 
road  from  Barnsley,  now  called,  from  the  sign  of  a  public  house.  Cock  and 
Bottle  Lane.  It  is  a  triangular  piece  of  ground,  in  size  about  a  rood  or  ten 
feet,  with  a  fence  about  it  which  the  tenant  of  the  place  is  bound  by  his  lease 
to  maintain ;  and  it  has  ever  since  the  duke's  death  been  free  from  taxes. 
Camden  says  that  there  was  a  cross  erected  on  it  to  the  memory  of  the  duke, 
which  was  destroyed  in  the  civil  wars.  There  have  been  two  rings  found  on 
the  site  of  the  battle.  The  first,  on  the  inside,  bore  an  inscription,  '■'■  Pur  bon 
amour'";  and  outside  were  delineated  the  figures  of  three  saints.  Camden  gives 
a  print  of  it.  The  other  had  on  it  inscribed  the  letter  R,  and  very  probably 
belonged  to  the  Duke  of  York.  I  have  not  been  able  to  find  out  in  whose  pos- 
session they  are  now.  Between  the  river  Calder  and  a  place  called  Bcllevue 
there  have  been  found  a  (quantity  of  old  horseshoes,  which  very  probably  belonged 
to  some  of  the  horses  of  the  men  slain  in  the  battle  of  Wakefield.  The  spot 
where  the  Duke  of  Rutland  was  slain  still  goes  by  the  name  of  the  Fall  Ings, 
and  lies  on  the  left  hand  side  of  the  bridge  going  to  Heath.  There  was  an  old 
house  standing,  within  a  few  years  ago,  close  to  the  chapel  on  the  bridge ;  and 
there  was  a  tradition  that  the  Duke  of  Rutland  died  in  it. 


130  TOWN  AND  MANOR  OF  WAKEFIELD 

of  the  Duke  of  Leeds,  it  came  into  his  possession,  and  con- 
tinues in  it  at  the  present  time.  It  is  rather  a  remarkable 
circumstance  that  two  of  its  possessors,  Thomas,  Earl  of 
Lancaster,  and  Henry,  Earl  of  tlolland,  were  beheaded 
for  treason,  whilst  three  others  were  slain  in  the  battle 
field — such  is  the  eventful  history  of  the  possessors  of  this 
extensive  manor. 

Loland^  describes  Wakefield  as  a  very  "  quik  market 
towne,  and  neately  large,  wel  servid  of  fiesch  and  fische, 
both  from  the  se  and  by  ryvers,  whereof  dyvers  be  ther- 
aboute  at  hande,  so  that  al  vitail  is  very  good  and  chepe 
there :   a  right  honest  man  shal  fare  wel  for  two  pens  a 
meale."     He  also  informs  us  that  "  it  standith  now  al  by 
clothyng;"  this  has  now  given  way  to  a  flourishing  trade 
in  corn  and  wheat.     In  the  year  1735,  I  find  from  the 
Journal  Book  of  the  House  of  Com.mons,  that  a  petition 
was  presented  from  Wakefield  relating  to  the  bill  for  ex- 
plaining 7th  George  I  for  prohibiting  the  wear  of  printed 
calicoes.      The  bridge  over  the  Calder  would  appear  to 
have  been  built  about  the  6th  Edward  III,^  as  I  find  in 
that  year  that  "  Ballivi,  et  presbyteri,  homines  ville  de 
Wakfeld,  finem  fecerunt  cum  rege  per  quadraginta  solidos 
pro  quibusdam  Uteris  de  pontagio  habend."     Leland  also 
especially  notes  "  the  faire  bridge  of  stone,  of  nine  arches, 
under  the  which  rennith  the  ryver  of  Calder  ;  and  on  the 
est  side  of  this  bridge  is  a  right   goodly  chapel  of  our 
lady."     The  pointed  gothic  arch  is  still  preserved  on  the 
eastern  side  ;  a  few  years  ago  it  was  widened  and  made 
more  convenient.     An  extraordinary  legend  is  related  by 
Roger  de  Hoveden,^  which,  as  it  may  be  of  some  use  to- 
wards proving  the  antiquity  of  the  Wakefield  mills,  I  will 
here  transcribe:  "In  the  year  1201,  Eustace,  abbot  of 
Flaye,  came  over  into  England  preaching  the  duty  of  ex- 
tending the  Sabbath  from  three  o'clock  p.m.  on  Saturday 
to  sunrising  on  Monday  morning,  pleading  the  authority 
of  an  epistle  written  by  Christ  himself,  and  found  on  the 
altar  of  St.  Simon  at  Golgotha.     The  shrewd  people  of 
Yorkshire  treated  this  fanatic  with   contempt,   and   the 

^  Itinerary,  vol.  vii. 

2  On  the  date  of  construction  of  this  bridge,  see  Mr.  Wilson's  paper,  "  On 
Way-side  Chapels,"  ante. 

3  Annals,  Bohn's  edition,  translated  by  II.  T.  Riley,  vol.  ii,  p.  529. 


AND  SANDAL  CASTLE.  131 

miller  of  Walvclield  persisted  in  grinding  his  corn  after 
the  hour  of  cessation,  for  which  disobedience,"  says  the 
historian  gravely,  "  his  corn  was  turned  into  blood,  while 
the  millwhecl  stood  immovable  against  all  the  water  of 
the  Calder  ;  again,  in  145 "2,  we  find  the  miller  fined  for 
taking  too  much  mulcture." 

The  privilege  of  Soke  is  of  remote  antiquity,  and  has  at 
length  been  bought  oft"  by  a  rate  laid  on  the  town.  The 
free  grammar  school  at  Wakefield,  situated  in  Goody 
Bower,  was  founded  by  Queen  Elizabeth,  by  letters  pa- 
tent dated  19th  of  November,  in  the  thirty-fourth  year  of 
her  reign  (1592),  at  the  humble  suit  of  the  inhabitants  of 
the  town  and  parish.  Sir  Henry  Savile  was  the  chief 
agent  in  procuring  the  charter,  and  Mr.  George  and  two 
of  his  sons  were  the  principal  benefactors.  The  first  no- 
tice of  any  pavement  being  laid  in  Wakefield  that  I  can 
find  is  in  the  4th  Edward  III,  and  is  in  the  Calendarium 
RotuloTum  Faientium  ;  we  also  find  patent  rolls  granted 
for  the  paving  of  it  in  the  7th  and  10th  Edward  III.  In 
the  reign  of  Henry  III  we  find  the  name  of  Wakefield 
spelt  Wakefend  in  the  Court  llolls  ;  and  I  have  in  my 
possession  a  deed  from  German  Le  Mora  de  Wakefend  to 
John,  son  of  Philip  de  Alverthorp,  of  a  house  with  a  pool 
(cum  orto)  in  the  town  of  Wakefend,  between  the  house 
of  Adam  Kat  and  the  house  of  Gregory  de  Pontefract,  to 
be  held  of  the  earl,  to  pay  annually  three  pence  of  silver 
to  me  and  my  heirs,  and  three  pence  to  the  earl.  Sir 
Thomas,  then  steward  (that  is  of  the  Earl  of  Warren),  is 
the  first  witness.  We  find  among  the  witnesses  a  Philip 
the  mercer  and  Henry  the  mylur  (miller).  This  deed  is 
without  date,  but  may  without  doubt  be  referred  to  the 
latter  part  of  the  reign  of  Henry  III, 

Kirkgate  Street  is  now  the  longest  in  the  town,  and  I 
find  it  first  mentioned  in  1322,  in  a  grant  from  Thos. 
Orscony,  of  W^akefield,  to  John  Plarthill  of  a  burgage 
there.  From  the  chartulary  of  Monkbretton  Priory,  we 
find  that  the  monks  of  Bretton  w^ere  possessed  of  a  tene- 
ment called  Mason  Tliyng,  granted  to  them  in  the  reign 
of  Henry  VII,  Thomas  Tickhill  being  then  prior.  Some 
ancient  houses,  with  old  carved  figures  in  black  oak, 
probably  of  the  reign  of  Henry  VIII,  still  remain  in  tl 
street.     The  monks  of  Bretton  were  also  possessed 


132  TO^YX  AND  MANOR  OF  WAKEFIELD 

tenement  in  Westgate  (now  the  chief  street  of  the  town), 
called  nodes  Thyng,  granted  in  the  reign  of  Edward  IV, 
llich.  Ledes  being  then  prior.  I  may  notice  that  some  of 
the  grants  of  land  in  Wakefield  to  the  priory  of  Eretton 
in  the  chartulary,  which  is  yet  preserved  at  Woolley  in 
good  preservation,  are  beantifully  written,  and  the  letters 
beautifully  illuminated.  The  hospitallers  of  Newland 
were  possessed  of  a  small  property  in  Warren  Gate,  now 
called  Wren  Gate,  which  was  soke  free  ;  the  hospitallers 
were  invariably  free  from  paying  sokeage  dues.  In  the 
Court  lloll  of  AYakefield  of  1:326,  we  find  the  hospitallers 
of  Newland  presented  to  be  distrained  upon  to  answer  the 
lord  for  a  bakehouse  ;  and,  in  1335,  we  find  a  presentment 
for  carrying  the  corn  growing  at  Sandal  in  the  lord's  copy- 
hold land  to  land  he  holds  at  Newland  of  the  hospitallers 
there.  The  preceptory  of  Newland  laid  about  three  miles 
from  Wakefield,  and  was  given  to  the  order  by  Roger  de 
Peyteirn,  lord  of  the  manor  of  Altofts.  The  Bajulia  de 
Newland  has  been  printed  by  the  Camden  Society,  and 
four  of  the  names  of  the  preceptors  have  been  preserved : 
John  de  Thame,  Sir  John  de  Y\'yrkelee,  Thomas  Dokuray, 
and  Sir  Thomas  Newport.  It  was  valued  at  the  dissolu- 
tion, 26th  Henry  VIII,  at  £129  :  14  :  1 1  J.  The  site  was 
granted,  36  Henry  VIII,  to  Francis  Jobson,  Andrew  Dud- 
ley and  others.  In  1311  we  find  Henry  Marmyon  fined 
for  stopping  the  road  in  North  Gate.  In  North  Gate 
there  formerly  stood  a  fine  old  burgage  house  called  He- 
selden  Hall,  which  belonged  to  a  family  of  that  name  in 
the  reign  of  Edward  III.  Thomas  de  Heselden  in  that 
reign  \vas  appointed  bailiff  of  the  court  of  Wakefield.  In 
the  Loidis  et  Elmete  is  given  a  full  description  of  the 
painted  glass  in  the  windows  when  it  was  perfect.  The 
house  was  pulled  down  about  twelve  or  fourteen  years 
a^'-o.  It  was  bv  Wren  Gate  and  North  Gate  that  Sir 
Thomas  Fairfax  first  assaulted  the  town  at  the  siege  in  the 
time  of  the  civil  wars,  and  entered  the  town.  Pindar 
Fields,  which,  by  tradition,  are  said  to  have  been  the  site 
of  Pobin  Hood's  exploit  with  the  valiant  Pindar  George 
of  the  Green,  lie  at  the  east  end  of  the  town.  It  is  a 
curious  circumstance,  that,  in  the  Court  Rolls  of  the  manor 
of  Wakefield,  of  the  reign  of  Edward  II,  there  appears  a 
Robertus  liode  living  in  the  town,  and  having  business  in 


AND  SANDAL  CASTLE.  133 

that  court.  At  the  court  held  ou  Friday  next  after  the 
feast  of  8t.  Cutlibert,  in  the  9tli  of  Edward  son  of  Edward  : 
"  Amebil  Brodehegh  petit  versus  llobertum  Ilode  \iir/. 
de  una  dimidia  roda  terre  quani  dictus  Uobertus  eedem 
Amabil  demisit  ad  terminum  vi.  annorum  quam  ei  non 
potuit  warantizare."  I  venture  to  draw  attention  to  the 
circumstance,  that  in  a  parcel  of  deeds  in  my  possession 
of  Edward  Ill's  reign  relating  to  Coldhindley,  which  is 
about  eiglit  miles  from  Wakefield,  we  find  a  llobert  AVil- 
liam  and  Adam  Hode  mentioned. ^  It  will  be  remembered 
that  Barnsdale  Forest,  where  Robin  Hode  is  said  to  have 
lived,  lies  at  no  great  distance  from  Coldhindley. 

The  earliest  mention  I  can  find  of  the  Market  Cross  of 
AVakefield  (Crucem  fori)  occurs  in  the  6th  Henry  VI. 
The  Market  Cross  now  standing  was  built  about  one 
hundred  and  twenty  years  ago  by  public  subscription,  and 
is  a  handsome  structure,  of  the  Doric  order,  consisting  of 
an  open  colonnade  supporting  a  dome ;  a  spiral  staircase 
leads  to  a  spacious  room,  lighted  by  a  lantern  at  the  top. 
From  the  Calendar  ium  Rotulorum  Char  tar  um  we  learn  that 
William,  sixth  Earl  of  Warren,  procured  a  charter  in  the 
5th  King  John  to  hold  a  fair  at  Wakefield,  and  in  the 
5th  Edward  III,  John,  the  last  earl,  also  procured  one. 

When  the  manor  came  into  the  hands  of  the  crown  in 
the  time  of  Edward  II,  he  gave  it  into  the  custody  of 
Richard  de  Mosele ;  the  Earl  of  Warren  was  also  pos- 
sessed of  the  right  of  villenage,  by  which,  in  the  16th 
Edward  III,  he  granted  to  William  de  Sandal  of  Wakefield. 
In  the  1st  Edward  I  the  manor  and  its  tolls  were  let  to 
John  de  Amyas  for  £100  per  annum;  and  in  the  4th 
Edward  I  the  archbishop  and  prior  held  court  in  Wakefield 
"  de  valore  thelonio  pro  Johanne  Comite  Surrey  ;"  and 
in  the  sixth  of  the  same  reign  Elyas  de  Tyngewch  was 
bailiff  of  the  manor,  and  held  the  profits  of  the  forest  of 
Wliitlewode.  The  manor  had  its  full  share  of  suffering 
in  the  time  of  the  civil  wars,  when  the  town  was  taken 
by  Sir  Thomas  Fairfax  ;  and  in  1625,  and  in  1645,  we 
find  from  the  registers  that  the  plague  appeared. 

Sandal  Castle. — This  is  probably  of  earlier  date  than 
the  Conquest.  It  was,  as  already  stated,  demolished  by 
the  Earl  of  Lancaster  in  1317,  in  revenge  for  the  insult 

'  The  name  of  Robin  Hood  was  common  in  the  13th  and  14th  centuries. 
lSti4  18 


134  TOWN  A^'D  MANOR  OF  WAKEFIELD 

committed  upon  his  wife  Alice  de  Lacy,  but  rebuilt  by 
John,  Eciii  of  Warren,  in  1321.  There  is  an  inquisition 
yet  preserved,  without  date,  but  taken  in  the  time  of  the 
last  earl,  and,  as  it  seems,  with  a  view  to  its  alienation  to 
the  crown,  in  which  the  castle  is  mentioned,  which  is 
curious : 

"  Quod  D°"*  Joh'es  Comes  de  Warenne  tenet  castrum  de  Sandale  et 
totam  socani  de  Wakefield  de  Domino  Rege  in  capite.  Et  est  ib"  quod- 
dam  parcum  inclusum  in  quo  quidem  xxx  acr'  &  pastura  pro  feris  quae 
valent  per  an.  xvs.  Herbagium  dicti  parci  cum  fossato  dicti  castri 
valent  per  an.  -vjs.  viijfL  Est  ib"  quoddam  gardinum  cum  duabus  gran- 
o-iis  quae  valent  per  an.  in  lierbagio  x.s-.  Pastura  seperalis  de  Turnengs 
valet  vjs.  Sunt  ib"*  in  campo  vj  acr'  et  j  rod'  prati  qua?  valent  commu- 
nibus  annis  xsxjs.  iijf?.  per  acr'  vs.  Est  ibidem  vivarium  piscium  inclusum 
quod  eo  quod  pisces  in  eodem  moriuntur  est  nullius  valoris.  Est  ibidem 
quoddam  stagnum  molendini  quod  continet  iiij  acras  et  dimidiam  in 
aqua,  et  valet  per  annum  in  piscaria  xxxs." 

Here  are  some  curious  particulars,  for,  first,  it  appears 
there  was  a  fish  pond  valued  at  nothing,  because  all  the 
fish  died,  probably  on  account  of  some  mineral  impregna- 
tions ;  second,  the  meadow  ground  lay  in  open  field,  and 
was  worth  five  shillings  per  acre,  the  pasture  ground  was 
enclosed,  and  only  worth  one-tenth  of  that  sum  ;  lastly, 
the  fishery,  a  mill  pond  of  four  acres,  was  worth  almost 
one-third  more  per  acre  than  the  best  meadow  ground. 
The  demesnes  belonging  to  this  castle  were  never  of  any 
very  great  extent.  Richard,  Duke  of  York,  lay  at  this 
castle  before  the  battle  of  Wakefield  ;  and  it  seems  to  have 
been  of  some  note  in  the  reign  of  Richard  III.  John 
Wodrove,  receiver  of  Wakefield  for  Edward  IV,  had  a 
warrant  by  privy  seal,  dated  3rd  of  June,  2nd  Richard  III, 
for  an  allowance  of  such  sums  of  money  as  he  should  em- 
ploy in  making  a  tower  in  the  castle  in  Samerhall  or 
Sandal ;  and  also  a  warrant,  dated  the  same  month,  grant- 
ing him  a  tun  of  wine  yearly  for  the  use  of  the  said  castle. 
20th  of  June  following,  the  king  being  then  at  York,  as- 
signed the  manors  of  Ulverston  and  Thornham  in  support 
of  the  expenses  of  his  household  appointed.  lOth  of  Oc- 
tober following  orders  were  given  for  building  a  bake- 
house and  brewhouse  within  Sandal  Castle,  by  the  advice 
of  John  de  la  Pole,  Earl  of  Lincoln,  and  others  of  the 
king's  council  lying  therein.     This  John  Wodrove  made 


AND  SANDAL  CASTLE.  1  35 

liis  will  Gth  of  October,  1487  ;  the  portrait  of  him  and 
his  wife  lilizabetb,  with  his  coat  of  arms  (a  chevron  be- 
tween three  crosses  fitchee,  gules)  and  his  crest  (a  pelican 
on  a  helmet),  were  formerly  in  the  window  of  Wakefield 
old  church.  In  the  reign  of  Queen  Elizabeth,  wo  find 
that  the  fees  of  the  captain,  porter,  gunners,  and  footmen, 
in  Sandal  Castle  were  as  folloAvs  : 

"  The  lo'of  Waikfeld  and  the  castle  of  Sandal.  Captaine 
fee,  1 6 J.  p'  die  ;  porter  fee,  Sd.  p'  die  ;  guns,  6,  fee,  6c?. 
p'  die  ;  footemen  fee,  ^d.  p'  die." 

It  was  garrisoned  for  the  king  in  the  time  of  the  civil 
wars,  under  Colonel  Bonivant,  and  surrendered  after  a 
siege  of  three  weeks,  a  few  days  after  Pontefract  Castle. 
Boothroyd,  the  historian  of  Pontefract,  informs  us  that  the 
governors  of  Pontefract  and  Sandal  castles  were  accus- 
tomed to  light  fires  on  their  towers  as  a  signal  to  each 
party  that  good  news  had  been  received ;  and  on  the  30 
of  x\pril,  1646,  it  was  resolved  by  the  House  of  Commons, 
that,  being  an  inland  castle,  it  should  be  made  unten- 
able, and  no  garrison  kept  or  maintained  in  it ;  and  it  was 
completely  demolished.  The  moat  of  the  castle  may  yet 
be  traced  ;  and  I  understand  the  masonry  of  the  central 
keep,  or  round  tower,  is  yet  visible ;  and  there  are  several 
hewn  stones,  quite  fresh  and  square,  lodged  at  the  foot  of 
the  tree  at  the  bottom  of  a  broad  w^alk  which  appears  to 
have  crossed  the  drawbridge.  There  seems  to  have  been 
a  park  at  Wakefield  and  Sandal  Castle  from  very  early 
times.  From  the  inquisition  taken  in  the  time  of  John, 
the  last  Earl  of  Warren,  we  find  : 

"  Et  est  ibidem  quoddam  parcum  parvum  inclusum  in  quo  quideni 
XXX  acr'  &  pastura  pro  feris  qua3  valent  per  annum  xv5.  Herbag-ium 
dicti  parci  cum  fossato  dicti  castri  valent  per  annum  \]s.  viijcZ." 

Again,  in  the  2nd  of  Edward  III,  we  find  : 

"  Rex  confirmavit  Simoni  de  Baldreston  unam  placeam  terre  conti- 
ncntem  centum  et  viginti  acras  de  terre  in  Novo  Parco  de  Wakefekl 
vocatara  Stretliagh  quas  Johannes  de  Warenna  concessit  et  dedit  oidem 
Simoni  et  lieredibus  suis  do  corpore  suo  legitime  procreate  reddendo 
inde  per  annum  quadraginta,  &c.  Et  si  idem  Simon  obierit  &c.  tunc 
[)ost  mortem  ipsius  Simonis  remaneat  Williclmo  de  Skargill  et  liere- 
dibus suis  in  perpetuum." 

Simon  de  Baldreston  w^as  rector  of  Badsworth  in  1343, 
and  his  arms  still  remain  in  the  Avindow  of  Hadsworth 


136  HONOUR  AND  CASTLE  OF  PONTEFKACT. 

cliurcli.  In  tlie  5th  Edward  IV,  Sir  John  Saville  had  a 
grant  from  the  king  of  the  herbage  of  Wakefield  Park. 
Sir  Thomas  Wentworth  had  a  grant  from  Henry  VIII  of 
the  keepership.  In  the  1st  of  Queen  Elizabeth,  Henry 
Savill  is  mentioned  as  the  queen's  keeper  of  it,  there  being 
some  disputes  between  him  (the  plaintiff)  and  Anthony 
AVilson,  for  hunting  and  destruction  of  deer  there.  In 
the  2nd  of  Elizabeth  also  we  find  Sir  John  Tempest,  stew^- 
ard  of  the  lordship  of  Wakefield  and  constable  of  Sandal 
Castle,  disputing  with  Henry  Savill  in  the  court  of  Lan- 
caster for  the  office  of  keepership  of  the  game  in  the  New 
Park  of  Wakefield  and  Sandal  Castle  Park,  the  paling 
and  the  office  of  bow-bearer  there.  A  farmhouse  standing 
on  the  left  hand  side  of  the  Calder,  looking  up  the  stream, 
is  still  called  Lodge  Gate,  and  was  undoubtedly  an  entrance 
to  the  park,  Avhich  extended  over  the  neighbouring  Park 
Hills.     x\nother  gate  also  bears  the  name  of  Ueer  Gate. 


THE  HONOUR  AND  CASTLE  OF  PONTEFRACT. 


In  the  early  period  of  our  history,  we  find  that  the 
crow^n  derived  its  revenues  from  various  demesnes,  es- 
cheats, fines,  avoidances  of  church  dignities,  wardships, 
and  feudal  returns.  Many  other  sources  of  its  income 
might  be  mentioned,  but  one  of  them,  arising  out  of  the 
latter,  was  an  important  addition  to  those  payments  an- 
nually made  by  the  sheriff  to  the  Court  of  Exchequer. 
A  large  sum  issued  out  of  the  baronies  and  honours  that 
were  in  the  king's  hands,  under  whatever  title  they 
came  into  his  possession.  These  land-honours  and  baro- 
nies were  originally  created  by  enfeofment,  one  of  our 
most  ancient  tenures  of  land. 

If  we  desire  to  know  at  how  early  a  period  land  honours 
had  an  existence  in  the  seigniories  of  Europe,  we  must 
go  back  to  the  Longobardic  laws,  where  this  title  of 
tenure  is  recognised.  Without  showing  its  high  anti- 
quity, it  will  be  more  pertinent  to  the  present  subject  to 
state,   that,   like   most   of  our   feudal    grants,  the    term 


HONOUR  AND  CASTLE  OF  PONTEFRACT.  137 

HONOUR  was  introduced  into  England  by  the  Conqueror. 
It  is  recognised  in  the  charter  he  granted  to  the  abbot  of 
Komsey,  though  it  does  not  occur  in  the  Domesday 
Survey.  When  a  nice  distinction  is  attempted  to  be 
(h'awn  betwixt  a  barony  and  an  honour,  tlie  difference 
appears  to  be  that  a  barony  was  limited  to  one  county — 
it  usually  descended  unsevered  ;  whereas  an  honour  lay 
scattered,  and  its  lands  and  manors  were  frequently 
granted  away.  They  were  both,  however,  held  by  the 
same  customs,  such  as  homage  and  fealty,  military  service, 
scutage,  wardship,  and  the  other  modes  in  usage  at  tlie 
j)eriod. 

From  the  time  of  Henry  I  to  the  last  of  the  Planta- 
genets,  the  names  of  various  honours  in  England  occur 
on  the  Great  Roll  of  the  Pipe.  Amongst  those  most  fre- 
quently recorded  are  the  honours  of  Arundel,  Bouloigne, 
Chester,  Gloucester,  Moreton,  Eye,  Richmond,  Peverel, 
Lancaster,  Totnes,  Wermegay,  Striguil,  De  Vesey,  etc. 
Tliere  were  as  many  as  eighty-six  in  England.  When, 
however,  the  barons  and  magnates  no  longer  derived  any 
jurisdiction  or  regalities  from  feudal  custom  but  from 
parliamentary  writs,  which  mainly  obtained  their  power  in 
the  reign  of  Edward  I,  or  else  from  royal  ordinances,  which 
took  their  origin  in  the  reign  of  Richard  II,  and  which 
differed  from  a  statute,  inasmuch  as  this  was  a  standing 
and  the  other  merely  a  temporary  law ;  when  the  barons 
no  longer  derived  any  advantages  of  this  kind,  then  their 
possessions  ceased  to  be  called  honours.  It  was  not  until 
the  reign  of  Henry  VIII  that  any  new  ones  were  created, 
when  this  king  by  an  act  of  parliament  erected  Hampton 
Court,  Ampthil,  and  Grafton  into  this  dignity,  and 
abolished  their  commoner  name  of  manors.^ 

The  possessor  of  an  honour  was,  in  the  first  place, 
bound  to  perform  services  in  the  field  ;  but,  if  these  were 
not  required,  he  had  to  pay  for  the  profits  of  his  honour 
into  the  Exchequer,  on  the  same  terms  as  the  holder  of  a 
barony.  The  conditions  of  the  honour  of  Berkhampstead 
show  this  very  clearly.  Such  being  the  nature  of  an  ho- 
nour in  general,  that  of  Pontefract  in  particular  will  now 
claim  such  remarks  as  I  have  been  able  to  gather  relative 
to  its  earlier  history. 

1  Tyrrell,  iii,  p.  (Jo3.     Spcluuui,  sah  voce,  p.  3l!0. 


138  HOXOUR  AND  CASTLE  OF  PONTEFHACT. 

The  first  notice  of  it  that  occurs  is  in  the  Clause  Rolls, 
where  there  is  a  writ  addressed  to  AVilliam  de  Harecourt, 
in  the  loth  John  (1213),  desiring  him  to  pay  three  hun- 
dred marks  out  of  the  honour  of  Pontefract,  of  which  he 
then  had  custody,  to  the  works  of  Corfe  Castle.  By  tliis 
time  its  limits  must  have  been  sufficiently  defined.  In 
the  33rd  Henry  III  (1249)  it  is  again  mentioned,  so  that 
it  may  be  concluded  it  had  become  constituted,  like  Tickill 
and  llichmond,  as  one  of  the  great  seigniories  of  the 
north. 

On  the  death  of  Edward  de  Lacy,  42nd  Henry  III, 
amonsTst  the  estates  returned  to  the  crown  the  castle  and 
lionour  of  Poumfreite  are  included.  There  is  an  extent, 
which  shows  what  manors  the  honour  then  included,  but 
it  is  needless  to  enumerate  them.  It  is  remarkable  that 
at  this  early  period  the  better  sounding  name  of  Ponte- 
fract should  have  been  corrupted  into  the  one  now  more 
commonly  used.  The  castle,  being  the  head  of  the  ho- 
nour, its  descent  cannot  be  considered  separately ;  what- 
ever relates  to  one  must,  in  great  measure,  be  the  history 
of  the  other. 

I  have  commenced  with  a  description  of  the  distinctive 
difference  betwdxt  a  barony  and  an  honour,  but  I  must 
now  go  back  to  the  earliest  possessors  of  this  grand  fief, 
which  constituted  a  great  portion  of  their  territory. 

Ilbert  de  Lacy  must  be  regarded  as  the  founder  of  that 
building,  which  subsequently  became  the  scene  of  many 
of  those  events  which  have  conferred  upon  it  opprobrious 
repute  in  English  history.  He  flourished  between  1147 
and  1187,  a  time  when  huge  Norman  structures  were 
erected  by  their  owners  to  overawe  their  vassals,  and  to 
protect  themselves  from  invasion.  Judging  from  the  cha- 
racter of  the  position,  and  the  form  of  the  surrounding 
earthworks,  this  fortress  was  evidently  the  work  of  that 
great  earl  whose  devotion  and  services  had  attached  him 
to  the  Conqueror.  We  need  not  dwell  on  his  personal 
history,  further  than  by  stating  that  Ilbert  de  Lacy  had 
large  grants  of  land  made  him  by  William  I,  and  that, 
according  to  the  custom  of  his  age,  he  enriched  as  well  as 
founded  several  religious  houses.  Kirkstall  Abbey  and  St. 
Oswalds  still  exhibit  in   their  ruins  a  testimony  of  his  sa- 

i  P.  145. 


HONOUR  AND  CASTLE  OF  PONTEFRACT.  139 

cred  munificence.  The  castle  he  built  at  Pontefract  has, 
as  it  were,  by  the  just  vengeance  of  heaven  for  the  guilt 
it  witnessed,  passed  away,  and  left  but  slight  architectural 
vestiges,  but  the  remains  of  his  monastic  institutions  can 
yet  be  observed. 

Passing  on  to  his  descendants,  it  is  a  fact  worth  noticing 
that  his  son  Ivobert  built  the  castle  of  Clitlieroe,  whilst 
his  nephew  Tlobert  became  governor  of  Chateau  Gaillard. 
He  held  it  for  a  year  against  Philip  Augustus,  when  being 
compelled  to  surrender,  England  speedily  lost  her  pos- 
session of  Normandy.  He  died  in  1211.  One  of  his 
descendants,  Henry  de  Lacy,  who  built  the  castle  of  Den- 
bigh in  1292,  will  be  shortly  more  particularly  men- 
tioned. 

There  can  be  no  doubt  that,  in  consequence  of  the 
union  betwixt  his  daughter  Alicia  and  the  Earl  of  Lan- 
caster, many  additions  were  made  by  the  earl  to  the 
castle  of  Pontefract.  He  erected  the  castle  of  Dunstan- 
borough,  and  the  Expense  Roll  for  building  it,  in  the  8th 
year  of  Edward  II  (1315),  still  exists  amongst  the  archives 
of  the  duchy.  He  also  materially  repaired  at  the  same  time 
the  castle  of  Kenilworth.  These  facts  show  that  he  was 
evidently  fond  of  building,  and,  coupling  them  with  his 
ownership  of  the  vast  possessions  he  held  in  Yorkshire,  it 
is  reasonable  to  infer  that  he  greatly  increased  the  Norman 
building  of  Ilbert  de  Lacy.  Before,  however,  entering 
more  fully  upon  the  architectural  remains  now  existing, 
it  will  be  desirable  to  examine  the  early  history  of  this 
honour  and  its  appendages,  though  it  will,  in  some  mea- 
sure, interfere  with  that  chronological  order  which  it  is 
most  convenient  always  to  maintain.  The  following  notes 
respecting  the  descent  of  the  honour  and  castle  of  Ponte- 
fract will  succinctly  place  before  the  reader  those  facts 
connected  with  its  earlier  history  that  are  best  worth 
attention. 

Ilbert  de  Lacy  is  the  first  owner  of  this  grand  fief  of 
whom  we  have  any  account.  It  is  mentioned  in  the 
Domesday  Survey  as  Tateshall,  or  Tanshelf,  which  now 
forms  part  of  the  present  borough.  Manesthorpe,  Sil- 
chester,  and  Barnebi,  in  conjunction  with  Kirkebi,  con- 
stituted the  earl's  manor  in  this  part  of  Yorkshire.  On 
his  death  it  descended  to  liis  son  Robert,  called  Robert  do 


]  40  HONOUR  AND  CASTLE  OF  PONTEFRACT. 

Pontefract  by  the  Norman  historian  Ordericus  Vitalis.^ 
This  is  the  earliest  notice  that  has  occurred  of  the  name 
of  Pontefract,  which  seems  to  have  been  established  in 
the  year  1102.  Kobert  de  Pontefract  had  his  manors 
confirmed  by  William  Rufus,  and  he  completed  the  foun- 
dation of  St.  Oswald  at  Nostel,  which  had  been  com- 
menced by  his  father. 2  The  church  of  St.  Oswald  is 
mentioned  in  the  charter  of  Plenry  I  as  being  "juxta 
castellum  Pontisfracti,  in  loco  qui  dicitur  Nostla,  super 
vivarium  sita  est."^  It  is  to  be  gathered  from  the  signa- 
tures of  the  bishops  who  attested  this  charter,  that  the 
castle  of  Pontefract  was  therefore  in  existence  between 
the  years  1121  and  1131,  as  it  is  signed  by  Richard 
Bishop  of  Hereford,  who  ruled  the  see  during  this  in- 
terval. 

Robert  de  Lacy  being  banished  the  realm  by  Henry  I, 
and  also  his  son  Ilbert,  the  honour  of  Pontefract  was  con- 
ferred on  Henry  Traverse.  He  held  it  but  a  short  time, 
when  the  king  gave  it  to  Guy  de  la  Val.  This  person 
retained  it  till  the  reign  of  Stephen,  when  Ilbert  de  Lacy 
re-obtained  possession.  On  his  death  his  brother  Henry 
succeeded.  This  Henry  de  Lacy  obtained  from  the  crown 
a  grant  of  a  fair  for  Pontefract,  and  gave  the  inhabitants 
a  charter.  In  1147  he  amply  endowed  the  abbey  of 
Kirkstall,  and  was  a  great  benefactor  to  the  Cluniac 
monks  at  Pontefract.  Llis  son  Robert  de  Lacy  succeeded. 
It  is  to  this  member  of  the  family  that  the  erection  of 
Clitheroe  Castle  is  attributed.  He  was  buried  in  the 
abbey  of  Kirkstall,  in  1193.  Dying  without  issue,  his 
sister  Albreda  de  Lisours  became  seised  of  Pontefract. 
In  5th  Richard  I  her  nephew,  Roger  de  Lacy,  entered 
into  an  agreement  with  her,  by  which  he  became  possessed 
of  all  those  lands  at  Pontefract  which  had  belonged  to  his 
uncle  Robert.  In  1204  he  was  appointed  governor  of 
Chateau  Gaillard.  He  died  in  1211,  and  was  succeeded 
by  his  son  John,  \vlio  became  Earl  of  Lincoln."^  This  John 
de  Lacy,  dying  in  1240,  was  followed  by  Edmund  de 
Lacy,  who  built  the  house  of  White  Friars,  in  Pontefract. 
Henry  de  Lacy,  his  son,  who  succeeded  him,  in  1258,  in 

'  Order.  Vital.,  1.  xi,  c.  i;  1.  xi,  c.  2.     In  another  place  he  mentions  him  as 
Robert  Fitz  Ilbert  (1.  x,  c.  18). 
■  Dugd.  J/onast.,  vi,  p.  92.  ^  Qharta  apud  Dugd.  Monast.     lb. 

•*  Dugd.  Monast.,  v.,  p.  53U, 


HONOUR  AND  CASTLE  OF  PONTEFHACT.  141 

these  great  inheritances,  built  the  castle  of  Denbigh. 
His  son  being  drowned  in  a  deep  well  in  this  castle,  the 
honour  of  Pontefract  devolved  upon  his  daughter  Alicia, 
and  by  her  marriage  with  Thomas  Plantagenet,  nephew 
of  Edward  I,  the  vast  estates  of  the  De  Lacys  were  trans- 
ferred to  the  Earl  of  Lancaster. 

Amongst  the  documents  preserved  in  the  office  of  the 
Duchy  of  Lancaster,  is  a  roll  of  accounts  of  the  receivers 
of  Henry  de  Lacy  in  the  33rd  Edward  I,  from  which  we 
gather  the  following  particulars  relative  to  the  castle  of 
Pontefract  at  this  particular  period.  Alan  de  Smethton 
and  Oliver  de  Stanfeld,  the  receivers  of  the  castle,  state  in 
their  return  that  they  had  paid  the  constable's  fee,  being 
£6:  13:4  for  the  year;  and  73s.  4:d.  for  the  fee  and 
clothes  of  the  doorkeeper  of  the  castle  and  his  boy ;  and 
6s.  Sd.  for  clothes  for  the  watchman  for  the  year  ;  and 
6Gs.  Sd.  for  the  fee  of  the  chaplain  celebrating  the  mass 
of  the  Blessed  Virgin  in  the  castle  ;  and  25.  Sd.  in  lights 
for  the  chapel  of  the  castle  ;  and  I6d.  in  cultivating  and 
replacing  vines;  and  £'10  to  Master  Henry  the  mason, 
master  of  the  works.  Then  occur  various  repairs,  white- 
washing the  arms  of  the  garrison  of  the  castle,  and  29i', 
the  expenses  of  Welsh  hostages  ;  the  cost  of  bran  and  fat 
for  the  armour  ;  and  the  sums  paid  for  the  wine  within  the 
castle,  for  the  earl's  falcons  and  sparrowhawks,  and  oat- 
meal for  the  dogs.^ 

Upon  examining  the  remains  of  those  round  towers 
still  visible  at  Pontefract,  it  appears  that,  whilst  their 
foundation  may  belong  to  the  time  of  Thomas,  Earl  of 
Lancaster,  all  the  walling  above  the  set-oif  is  later.  The 
size  of  the  ashlaring  is  longer  than  their  breadth,  and  dif- 
ferent from  the  courses  beneath  them,  thus  evidently 
proving  the  upper  portion  of  the  towers  to  have  been  the 
work  of  some  later  owner.  It  is  not  unlikely  to  have 
been  done  by  Henry,  Duke  of  Lancaster,  who  died  in 
1362.  The  three  sieges  the  castle  of  Pontefract  under- 
went in  the  civil  war  of  the  commonwealth,  and  the  work 
of  demolition  ordered  by  the  parliament,  have  contributed 
to  that  deplorable  state  of  ruin  under  which  it  is  now  be- 
held. Originally  it  must  have  been  a  very  grand,  though 
never  a  very  extensive,  structure.     When  the  subterra- 

'  See  this  account  printed  in  the  Appendix. 
1864  19 


142  HONOUR  AND  CASTLE  OF  PONTEFRACT. 

nean  staircases  are  examined,  and  the  general  outline 
traced,  there  is,  in  truth,  little  more  to  say  about  the 
building.  It  is  difficult  to  show  the  real  intention  of  the 
mysterious  passages.  A  heated  imagination  Avould  at  once 
mark  them  as  places"  with  many  afoul  and  midnight  murder 
fed :"  but  the  more  practical  ideas  of  those  accustomed  to 
examine  these  singular  contrivances,  would  rather  ascribe 
their  intention  to  a  secret  means  of  passing  under  the  fosse, 
or  as  the  approach  to  a  well.  The  soft  nature  of  the 
stone  through  which  these  passages  are  cut  rendered  the 
work  easy.  One  of  these  passsages  exists  to  the  north,  or 
upper  portion  of  the  castle.  This  passage  descends  for 
several  feet  by  steps,  in  a  direct  line ;  at  the  bottom  it  ter- 
minates in  three  or  four  small  chambers,  hollowed  out  of 
the  solid  rock.  Some  portion  of  it  is  arched  over  with 
ashlars,  and  in  one  part  the  peculiar  heading,  which  may 
be  termed  Edwardian  shouldering,  is  observable.  Looking 
at  these  and  some  minor  features  in  connection  with  them, 
the  whole  work  seems  to  have  been  done  in  the  reign  of 
Edward  II,  and  most  likely  by  Thomas,  Earl  of  Lancaster. 
These  subterranean  passages  are  sufficiently  curious  in 
themselves  ;  but  when  looked  at  in  connection  with  others 
of  a  similar  kind  existing  in  Pontefract,  they  do  not  appear 
so  remarkable.  Two  others  exist  in  the  town ;  one  of 
them  is  a  winding  staircase,  below  the  street,  cut  witli 
great  care  ;  at  the  bottom  of  ninety  steps  it  ends  with  a 
well.  Close  by  is  a  subterranean  chantry  for  a  hermit 
priest ;  the  altar  still  remains  ;  it  scarcely  seems  large 
enough  for  the  anchorite  to  have  made  it  his  constant  re- 
sidence, and  therefore  he  must  have  constantly  descended 
into  this  crypt  to  perform  his  devotions.  This  latter 
chamber  was  discovered  whilst  making  a  sewer  a  few 
years  ago. 

The  names  of  several  of  the  towers  have  been  preserved, 
such  as  the  Hound  Tower,  Clifford  Tower,  the  Treasurer 
Tower,  Gascoygne's  Tower,  Swillington  Tower,  the  Red 
Tower,  the  Queen's  Tower,  the  King's  Tower.  All  these 
towers  have  been  assigned  in  old  plans  of  the  castle,  and 
their  position  may  be  seen  in  the  two  histories  of  the 
town.  The  site,  however,  can  now  only  be  traced,  as  they 
were  taken  down  in  1649.  In  an  account  that  has  been 
preserved  of  this  demolition,  it  appears  that  £777 :  4 :  6 


HONOUR  AND  CASTLE  OF  PONTEFRACT.  143 

was  expended  on  its  destruction,  whilst  the  materials  were 
sold  for  £1,779 :  17:4.  With  the  exception  of  the  long 
flights  of  steps  cut  out  of  the  solid  rock,  there  is  not  any 
remarkable  feature  of  architectural  interest  in  Pontefract 
Castle.  Originally  it  was  built  according  to  the  usual 
plan  of  a  Norman  castle.  There  was  a  keep  at  the  western 
end,  and  a  large  bailey  below  it.  The  towers,  already  men- 
tioned, were  built  at  nearly  equal  distances  in  the  curtain 
wall  of  the  enclosure.  There  was  a  barbican  and  draw- 
bridge at  the  south-west  angle,  and  the  whole  was  en- 
circled by  a  deep  fosse.  At  the  north-east  angle  there 
was  a  chapel,  served  by  five  priests,  who  are  returned  as 
prebends,  each  receiving  from  fifteen  to  twenty-six  marks 
annually.  This  building,  which  owes  its  erection  to  Ilbert 
de  Lacy,  still  retains  a  small  portion  of  masonry  belonging 
to  his  original  foundation.  It  is  observable  in  the  western 
side,  below  the  keep.  Several  views  are  in  existence, 
showing  the  appearance  of  the  castle  before  it  sufi"ered 
from  the  siege  and  subsequent  demolition  by  order  of  the 
parliament. 

Amongst  the  records  of  the  Duchy  of  Lancaster  is  a 
roll  of  household  expenses  of  Thomas,  Earl  of  Lancaster, 
of  the  7th  and  8th  Edward  II,  rendered  at  Pontefract,  on 
22nd  of  November  (1315),  by  the  hands  of  Henry  de 
Leicester,  his  receiver.  This  roll  gives  a  complete  insight 
into  the  earl's  mode  of  living,  and  shows  that  it  was  on  a 
scale  of  fijreat  majicnificence.  It  will  be  sufficient  to  off'er 
merely  a  short  analysis  of  it  in  the  present  memoir,  as  it 
may  be  considered  sufficiently  illustrative  of  the  domestic 
life  of  a  great  nobleman  in  the  middle  ages,  to  give  it 
more  minute  examination  on  some  other  occasion.  The 
officer  charges  himself  with  the  receipt  of  monies,  arising 
from  various  possessions  of  the  earl,  for  the  expenses  of 
the  "hospitium  comitis,"  or  household  expenses,  amounting 
to  £6,671:  17:  11,  including  £-124:12:9,  bemg  the  ar- 
rears of  the  preceding  account.  Then  comes  his  discharge 
of  £3,405 :  1  :  10  in  the  expenses  of  the  eaiTs  household, 
from  the  morrow  of  St.  Michael,  in  the  7th  Edward  II,  to 
the  morrow  of  St.  Michael,  in  the  eighth  year  of  the  same 
king's  reign,  namely,  "  inpanetria,  botelaria,  coquina  et 
marchanera,  et  omnibus  aliis  ilia  officia  tangentibus,  prcet^ 
einptiones  inferius  contentas;"  and  he  claims  allowy(§^;;;7'-^ 


*' 


144  HONOUR  AND  CASTLE  OF  PONTEFRACT. 

for  £'C)04:  17:  6i  expended  in  184  casks  and  one  pipe  of 
red  wine  and  one  cask  of  white  wine,  bought  this  year  for 
the  said  household.  There  was  expended  £280  :  17  :  0  in 
6,703  "  quartron"  and  seven  pounds  of  almonds;  3,425 
"  risorum  ;"  also  "  in  ficubus,  raccenis,  croco,  zinzibero, 
galanga,  gariofolo,  quybibes,  et  macis,  pipere  longo  et 
rotundo,  nucibus  de  muga,  pynis,  datis,  et  aliis  diversis 
speciebus  emptis  pro  botelaria  et  coquina,  et  pro  diversis 
confectionibus  pro  camera  domini  factis  hoc  anno."  There 
arc  also  allowances  for  barrels  of  sturgeon  and  stockfish  ; 
1,713  lbs.  of  wax,  with  vermilion  and  turpentine  (vermi- 
lone  &  terbintino),  bought  for  making  red  wax  ;  also 
the  costs  of  the  earl's  horses,  table-cloths,  towels,  etc.  The 
whole  of  this  head  of  allowance  amounts  to  £5,230  :  18  :  7|. 
Then  ensues  the  livery  of  cloth,  skins,  and  saddles;  "in 
duobus  pannis  de  scarleto"  for  the  earl  at  Christmas;  one 
russet  cloth,  "  pro  episcopo  Agdanensi ;"  seventy  clotlis, 
"  de  blueto  azures,"  for  the  knights.  This  head  of  al- 
lowance amounts  to  £1,079:18:3.  Then  follows  the 
allowance  for  purchase  of  horses,  fees,  gifts,  alms,  pur- 
chase of  jewels,  and  payments  of  debts,  amounting  to 
£1,207:  7:  llf.  The  whole  charge  of  the  costs  and  ex- 
penses being  £7,518:4:  lOj.  The  garderobarius  being 
in  surplusage  £856:6:  11^.  From  these  entries  it  is 
abundantly  clear  that  the  Earl  of  Lancaster  lived  in  a 
most  liberal  and  sumptuous  way,  spending  rather  more 
than  less  than  £100,000  a  year  according  to  the  present 
value  of  money. ^ 

There  have  been,  as  there  probably  ever  will  be,  great 
differences  of  opinion  as  to  the  justice  of  beheading 
Thomas,  Earl  of  Lancaster.  Those  who  hurried  on  this 
l)loody  deed  can  scarcely  find,  in  the  official  document  of 
his  arraignment,  words  sufficiently  strong  to  express  his 
misdemeanours  and  crimes.  On  the  other  side  he  was 
supported  by  a  large  number  of  the  nobility,  some  of 
wliom  shared  the  extreme  penalty  for  espousing  his  cause. 
The  popular  voice  was  also  raised  in  his  defence,  raised  un- 
availingly,  it  is  true,  but  yet  expressed  with  all  the  devout 
earnestness  of  those  who  regarded  him  as  a  martyr  and  a 
saint.     Removed  as  we  are  at  the  present  day  from  the 

'  This  is  evidently  the  same  account  that  is  printed  in  Fox's  History  of  Pon- 
tefract,  though  the  authority  is  not  there  given.     (P.  12].) 


HONOUR  AND  CASTLE  OF  PONTEFRACT.  145 

fear  of  baronial  oppression  or  royal  tyranny,  and  nntoiiched 
by  the  excitement  of  those  transactions  which  darkened 
the  close  of  Edward  II's  unhappy  reign,  as  time  leads  us 
further  onwards,  we  are  more  able  to  draw  dispassionate 
and  just  conclusions  from  what  is  past.  No  doubt  we 
have  many  corresponding  disadvantages.  The  secret 
springs  of  human  action  are  deranged  by  contradiction,  or 
actually  unknown.  Many  important  facts  are  altogether 
lost.  But  we  have  still  a  notice  of  the  chief  events  of  the 
time  left  for  our  consideration  ;  we  may,  therefore,  esti- 
mate their  influence  with  more  calmness  and  impartiality 
than  was  possible  at  the  period. 

Thus,  and  by  way  of  illustration,  we  must  recollect  that 
the  weakness  of  the  king,  his  incompetency,  his  excessive 
indolence  and  love  of  low  pleasures,  made  him  unfit  for 
business.  His  attachment  to  Gaveston,  and  his  aflection 
for  the  Despencers,  destroyed  the  natural  influence  which 
the  barons  ought  to  have  infused  into  his  councils.  His 
favouritism  rendered  him  contemptible  in  the  eyes  of  the 
people.  If  the  Earl  of  Lancaster  really  aspired  to  the 
throne,  of  which,  however,  there  is  no  proof,  these  cir- 
cumstances would  have  strengthened  his  cause.  No  doubt 
the  monarch's  imbecility  encouraged  him  to  check  his 
misgovernment  of  the  country.  In  the  confederacy  he 
led,  the  actors  were  all  alike  impressed  with  the  necessity 
that  existed  for  a  redress  of  the  national  grievances.  The 
earl  attempted  to  convene  a  meeting  at  Doncaster  for  this 
especial  purpose,  and  he  was  forbidden  to  attend  it  without 
the  king's  authority.  Similar  writs  were  issued  to  IJe 
Bohun,  Earl  of  Hereford,  who  had  married  Edward's 
sister,  as  well  as  to  others  of  the  nobility.  All  this  shows 
that  Thomas,  Earl  of  Lancaster,  was  not  led  by  the  hope 
of  merely  personal  aggrandisement.  Like  Simon  de  Mont- 
fort,  in  a  former  reign,  he  was  the  leader  of  a  popular 
cause,  and  he  became  the  instrument  by  which  reforms 
Avere  eventually  established.  The  turf  upon  Blacklow  Hill 
was  still  verdant  from  the  blood  of  Gaveston.  His  death 
continued  to  rankle  in  the  heart  of  Edward.  It  was  un- 
avenged. Though  the  favorite's  end  was  alike  cruel  and 
contrary  to  the  law  as  then  established,  few,  perhaps  none 
but  the  king  himself,  looked  upon  it  as  an  illegal  act.  Yet, 
without  question,  such  was  the  eagerness  for  Gaveston's 


14G  HONOUR  AND  CASTLE  OF  PONTEFRACT. 

death,  tliat  the  formal  proceedings  of  justice  were  set 
aside.  He  had  a  kind  of  judicial  trial,  but  the  officers  of 
justice  authorised  by  the  crown  were  not  summoned  to  it. 
He  was  condemned  witliout  the  full  assent  of  parliament. 
These  proceedings  must  always  leave  a  stain  upon  the 
Earl  of  Lancaster's  character.  Again,  he  has  been  ac- 
cused of  deserting  the  array  that  went  against  Scotland, 
and  of  holding  secret  communication  witli  Robert  Bruce, 
w^io  had  married  his  sister.  The  evidence  of  this  compli- 
city is  scarcely  strong  enough  to  enlist  belief,  and  therefore, 
in  this  respect,  he  may  fairly  be  entitled  to  an  acquittal. 

The  earl  lived  in  an  age  of  lax  morality,  and  his  enemies 
have  been  unsparing  in  the  obloquy  with  w'hicli  they  have 
loaded  his  memory.  Upon  inquiry  into  the  grounds  of 
their  accusations,  I  have  not  been  able  to  discover  a  single 
fact  authorising  such  charges.  On  the  contrary,  the 
high  reputation  he  obtained  immediately  after  his  death, 
shows  them  to  rest  on  no  sufficient  foundation.  In  throw- 
ing discredit  upon  these  vague  traditions,  we  must,  how- 
ever, beware  of  elevating  him  into  that  sacred  order  of 
men  who  were  deemed  fit  for  canonization.  Queen  Isa- 
bella certainly  believed  him  to  be  deserving  of  this  rew^ard, 
since  she  sedulously  besought  the  Pope  to  grant  it,  plead- 
ing, in  recommendation,  the  numberless  miracles  that 
were  wrought  at  his  tomb,  and  being  fully  impressed,  as 
people  were  in  the  middle  ages,  with  these  supernatural 
works. 

Taking  another  view  of  his  character,  which  is  of  a 
totally  different  kind,  and  one  in  which  remotely  we  must 
as  Englishmen  never  cease  to  feel  an  interest,  he  may  be 
regarded  as  one  of  the  great  assertors  of  public  liberty. 
He  both  furthered  its  cause,  and  perished  in  its  defence. 
Witness  the  part  he  took  in  framing  the  ordinances  "  for 
the  common  benefit  of  the  kingdom,  and  the  peace  and 
prosperity  of  all  the  people  in  general."  These  ordi- 
nances, published  in  1311,  consist  of  forty-one  clauses, 
and  occupied  as  much  as  sixty  days  for  their  discussion. 
They  contain  many  grave  articles,  such  as  the  responsi- 
bility of  the  king's  ministers  ;  the  assent  of  the  barons  in 
parliament  to  making  war  ;  the  power  of  granting  pardon  ; 
the  alteration  of  the  coinage  ;  and  the  maintenance  of  the 
great  charter,  besides  several  other  important  provisions. 


HONOUR  AND  CASTLE  OF  PONTEFRACT.  147 

The  great  principle  being  kept  throngliout,  that  all 
changes  and  all  authority  should  come  through  the  barons 
assembled  in  parliament.  Before  the  time  of  their  con- 
firmation the  king  made  a  secret  protest,  that,  if  they 
contained  anything  to  his  prejudice,  all  such  things  should 
be  looked  upon  as  not  receiving  his  sanction.  The  banish- 
ment of  Gaveston  was  one  clause  he  thus  secretly  refused 
to  confirm,  a  fact  which  will  serve  to  account  for  his 
hatred  of  the  Earl  of  Lancaster,  who  was  one  of  the  chief 
personages  who  thwarted  the  counsels  of  the  favourite.  In 
the  year  following  (1312)  Edward  wished  the  ordinances 
revised,  but  the  barons  refused  to  treat  with  the  new 
commissioners  on  the  subject. 

All  these  transactions  show  that  the  Earl  of  Lancaster 
was  a  man  of  noble  purposes,  naturally  averse  to  arbitrary 
power,  and  a  lover  of  liberty  in  the  true  and  rational 
sense  of  its  value.  He  might  have  imbibed  this  sentiment 
from  the  words  uttered  on  his  deathbed  by  his  father-in- 
law,  the  Earl  of  Lincoln,  who  solemnly  adjured  him  to 
maintain  the  independence  of  the  Church  from  the  op- 
pressions of  the  Court  of  Rome  (as  the  dying  earl  had 
himself  done  in  the  parliament  held  in  that  city  from 
which  he  derived  his  title) ;  he  adjured  him  to  free  and 
defend  the  people  from  unjust  exactions ;  to  devote  him- 
self to  the  honour  of  God  and  the  Church,  and  to  the 
liberation  of  his  country,  nor  fear,  said  the  dying  earl, 
that  adversities  will  come  upon  you  when  you  fight  for 
the  truth.  These  memorable  words  might  have  sunk 
deep  into  Lancaster's  heart.  We  know,  however,  that 
subsequently  they  were  acted  upon. 

Attempts  were  made  from  time  to  time  to  effect  a  re- 
conciliation between  the  king  and  the  confederate  barons, 
but  tliey  were  unavailing.  He  promised  to  observe  the  ordi- 
nances, and  he  assured  the  nobility  of  his  good  will.  The 
legates  from  Rome  tried  to  effect  a  reconciliation  betwixt 
them,  but  everything  was  in  vain.  The  queen  herself  me- 
diated, and  for  a  moment,  as  it  were,  friendship  was  re- 
newed. It  could  not,  however,  last  long,  for  the  king  was 
detected  in  breaking  its  conditions.  A  knight,  who  had 
once  served  the  Earl  of  Lancaster,  was  taken  near  Ponte- 
fract  with  a  blank  charter  under  the  royal  seal,  directed 
to  the  King  of  Scotland,  offering  him  any  conditions  he 


148  HONOUR  AND  CASTLE  OF  PONTEFRACT. 

pleased,  provided  he  could  compass  the  death  of  his  rela- 
tive. It  is  repugnant  to  our  natural  feeling  of  honour  to 
speak  of  treaties,  or  conventions,  of  ordinances  or  of  oaths, 
after  this  crowning  act  of  perfidy.  Yet,  even  after  this 
discovery,  other  meetings  were  arranged,  other  parlia- 
ments summoned,  and  other  discontents  temporarily  set- 
tled. There  could  not,  however,  exist  any  real  foundation 
for  a  permanent  friendship.  The  Earls  of  Lancaster  and 
Hereford  witnessed  with  continued  and  increasing  aver- 
sion the  influence  gained  over  the  king  by  the  two  De- 
spencers,  and  they  were  finally  driven  to  enter  into  that 
confederacy  which  led  them  to  live  or  die  for  their  de- 
struction. The  movement,  in  the  first  instance,  was  made 
against  these  two  noblemen.  A  parliament  decreed  their 
banishment,  and  the  barons  obtained  an  act  of  indemnity 
for  what  they  had  been  instrumental  in  passing.  Again 
did  Edward  receive  them  into  favour,  and  again  did  the 
Earl  of  Lancaster  oppose  them.  But  his  fortune  was  no 
longer  able  to  sustain  him  in  an  unequal  conflict.  De 
Bohun  fell  in  the  battle  at  Boroughbridge,  and  the  earl 
was  taken  prisoner.  A  series  of  articles  of  impeachment 
were  drawn  up.  The  process  was  exaggerated  and  diffuse  ; 
the  accusation  feebly  made;  and  the  sentence  unjust  and 
wickedly  executed. 

Are  these  statements  made  under  a  desire  to  shield  the 
guilty  and  palliate  the  crime  of  treason  1  The  Rolls  of 
Parliament,  and  the  wretched  king's  subsequent  conduct, 
will  show  how  the  earl's  accusers  endeavoured  to  repair 
the  wrong  they  had  committed.  The  self-reproaches  of 
the  monarch  proved  his  remorse. 

Too  late  the  parliament  annulled  the  sentence — too 
late  they  acknowledged  the  errors  they  had  committed. 
They  did  all  they  could  by  confessing  the  illegality  of 
their  proceedings  ;  they  admitted  the  error  of  constituting 
themselves  judges  in  a  case  where  they  had  no  right  to 
judge.  They  declared  their  fault  in  setting  aside  that 
provision  of  the  great  charter,  which  decrees  that  "  no 
one  shall  be  taken,  imprisoned,  disseised  or  outlawed,  nor 
banished,  nor  sent  to  prison  by  the  king,  excepting  by  the 
judgment  of  his  peers  and  by  the  law  of  the  land."  The 
parliament  revoked  their  judgment,  and  restored  to  the 
son  the  estates  and  honours  of  which  the  father  had  been 


HONOUR  AND  CASTLE  OF  I'ONTEFRACT.  149 

unjustly  deprived.  It  is  pitiable  to  contemplate  at  this 
moment  the  abject  state  of  the  king  in  consequence  of 
the  Eaii  of  Lancaster's  death.  He  was  keeping  his 
Christmas  at  York  the  year  following  it,  when  a  retainer 
of  his  late  noble  relative  was  taken  and  condemned  to 
die.  One  of  those  about  the  court,  knowing  he  had  for- 
merly occupied  a  similar  place  to  his  own,  being  touched 
with  compassion  at  his  fate,  offered  to  speak  on  his  behalf 
to  the  monarch.  He  had,  however,  no  sooner  begun  to  im- 
plore for  his  life,  than  Edward  broke  into  a  violent  passion, 
and  exclained,  "  Begone  !  wicked  and  malicious  detractors  ! 
you  can  plead  for  this  worthless  fellow,  but  none  of  you 
would  so  much  as  open  your  mouths  in  behalf  of  my 
cousin  of  Tiancaster,  who,  if  he  had  lived,  might  have  been 
useful  both  to  myself  and  to  the  whole  kingdom."  Whilst 
this  incident  proves  that  Edward  II  was  not  naturally 
cruel,  it  also  shows  that  he  repented  of  the  crime  he  had 
been  urged  by  his  advisers  to  commit. 

Thus,  like  some  tender  plant  transported  from  a  warmer 
clime,  did  the  pure  spirit  of  Lancaster  struggle  against 
the  storms  which  the  favoured  minions  of  the  court  had 
aroused ;  and,  as  this  faintly  rears  its  head  after  it  has 
once  been  taken  from  its  natural  soil,  drooping,  uncon- 
scious of  any  fostering  hand  to  shield  it  from  the  chilling 
blast,  and  fading  till  it  verges  upon  decay,  so  did  his 
noble  heart  vainly  contend  against  the  rude  shocks  of 
tyranny,  till  he  was  compelled  to  succumb  to  his  fate. 
Those  were  the  early  days  of  English  liberty.  The  seed 
was,  indeed,  sown,  but  the  plant  scarcely  reached  ma- 
turity. The  efforts  were  not,  however,  fruitless,  for  more 
genial  seasons  have  since  favoured  its  growth,  and  other 
ardent  lovers  of  our  common  country  have  succeeded  in 
raising  that  plant  which  the  Earl  of  Lancaster  watered, 
and  made,  as  it  were,  sacred  by  his  blood. 

After  this  fearful  tragedy,  it  might  be  supposed  that 
the  walls  of  Pontefract  could  never  again  become  so  deeply 
stained  by  crime ;  but  we  are  detained  by  the  recital  of 
other  deeds  less  unprovoked,  and  perhaps  more  atrocious. 
It  was  on  the  23rd  of  October,  1399,  that  Arundell,  Arch- 
bishop of  Canterbury,  acting  on  the  behalf  of  Henry  of 
Lancaster,  took  the  first  steps  for  deposing  King  Richard 
II.     He  began  by  charging  the  lords  spiritual  and  tem- 

1864  ""  20 


150  HONODE  AND  CASTLE  OF  PONTEFRACT. 

poral  to  keep  his  propositions  regarding  liis  dethronement 
a  profound  secret ;  and  this  nefarious  prehminary  of  the 
king's  disinheritance  might  have  been  directly  carried, 
had  not  Percy,  Earl  of  Northumberland,  put  some  ques- 
tions to  the  assembled  parliament,  which,  interfering  with 
the  projected  plan,  caused  it  to  be  deferred  a  little  longer. 
When  the  unhappy  monarch  tendered  his  resignation  of 
the  crown,  he  made  a  speech  to  the  parliament  which 
shows  that,  if  he  had  failed  to  discharge  them  with  ability, 
he  was  nevertheless  fully  conscious  of  the  duties  a  sove- 
reign owes  to  his  people.  He  declared  that  he  would 
rather  that  "  the  commonwealth  should  rise  by  his  fall, 
than  that  he  should  stand  upon  its  ruins."  So  that,  what- 
ever his  private  faults  may  have  been,  it  can  never  be 
truly  laid  to  his  charge  that  he  oppressed  his  subjects. 

In  the  deed  that  was  drawn  up  for  his  resignation,  there 
is  much  false  reasoning  and  sophistry,  many  strong  ex- 
pressions and  gross  misrepresentations  of  his  conduct. 
All  of  these  served  for  charging  him  with  misgovernment 
of  the  kingdom,  and  consequently  furnished  an  excuse  for 
hastening  on  measures  for  his  deposition.  We  must  come 
to  the  sequel,  since  it  is  impossible  to  pass  all  the  occur- 
rences in  review.  To  attempt  more  than  this  would  not 
only  be  undertaking  a  very  extensive  history,  but  one  re- 
lating to  a  period  when  we  have  most  scanty  materials 
for  the  purpose. 

At  the  parliament  already  mentioned,  which  held  its 
sitting  in  October,  it  was  decreed  that  the  king  should  be 
perpetually  imprisoned ;  that  a  place  should  be  selected 
that  would  be  unfrequented  by  any  concourse  of  people  ; 
that  none  of  his  friends  should  be  admitted  to  visit  him  ; 
and  that  he  should  be  under  secret  and  unknown  restraint. 
The  dungeons  of  "London's  lasting  shame"  were  deemed 
too  cheerful  for  the  captive  monarch.  Even  the  cold  for- 
tress of  Flint,  where  he  was  seized  by  the  usurper,  was 
too  comfortable  a  place  for  his  wasting  life.  The  council 
decreed  he  should  slowly  pine  away,  and  miserably  perish 
in  the  castle  of  Pontefract. 

The  accounts  that  have  descended  to  us  of  Eichard's 
death  are  vague  and   conflicting.^      It  is,  perhaps,  now 

'  It  is  manifestly  impossible  to  re-enter  here  upon  the  large  mass  of  contra- 
dictory evidence  that  has  exercised  the  ingenuity  of  so  many  of  our  historical 


HONOUR  AND  CASTLE  OF  PONTEFRACT.  1  ")  I 

hopeless  to  expect  that  we  shall  gain  any  fresh  informa- 
tion. In  its  absence,  we  must  carefully  examine  such 
as  has  been  handed  down.  Under  the  deficiency  of  any 
circumstantial  narrative  of  the  king's  last  few  days,  we 
must  accept  for  our  guidance  the  statement  of  those  persons 
who  took  a  leading  part  in  the  transactions  of  the  time. 
If  they  are  men  of  prudence  and  unbiassed  by  motives  of 
personal  ambition,  we  may,  witiiout  misgivings,  regard  the 
opinions  they  formed  about  passing  events  as  proper  to 
regulate  our  own.  Thus  it  has  been  stated  by  some  that 
Richard  was  brutally  murdered  by  Sir  Piers  of  Elxton,  and 
the  details  of  the  scene  have  been  so  often  copied  by  one 
writer  after  another,  that  this  story  has  gained  almost 
general  belief.  On  the  other  hand,  we  have  the  credible 
testimony  of  Archbishop  Scroop,  an  eyewitness  of  what 
was  passing  in  public  affairs.  From  his  elevated  position 
he  must  have  been  cognisant  of  what  measures  were 
adopted ;  whilst,  living  at  no  great  distance  from  Ponte- 
fract,  he  must  have  become  acquainted  with  what  was  ac- 
tually going  on.  By  way  of  palliating  the  mode  of  the 
king's  death,  it  has  been  stated  that  it  was  his  voluntary 
act.  But  there  is  no  reason  to  dispute  the  archbishop's 
statement,  who  positively  declares  that  Richard  lingered 
for  a  space  of  fifteen  days,  and  died  under  starvation.  He 
perished,  says  this  prelate,  by  hunger,  thirst,  and  cold  ;  he 
died  the  basest  death  any  one  in  England  had  ever 
undergone.  Doubtless,  if  divine  vengeance  would  follow 
this  holy  man's  excommunication,  those  who  instigated 
this  merciless  act  would  not  escape  a  just  reward  for  their 
guilt. 

The  attention  must  naturally  become  wearied  by  the 
recital  of  these  deeds  of  cruelty,  and  it  is  difficult  to  retain 
it.  Yet  again  we  are  compelled  to  listen,  and  to  shudder 
as  we  listen,  to  other  tragic  acts  that  stained  the  walls  of 
Pontefract  with  blood. 

The  next  noble  victim  who  suffered  a  violent  death  within 
the  castle  was  Anthony  Woodville,  the  gallantEarl  of  Rivers. 
He  was  the  most  accomplished  person  of  the  age,  himself 
an  author,  and  the  liberal  patron  of  that  illustrious  artisan 

inquirers  concerning  the  death  of  Richard  II.  The  question  is  full  of  difficulty, 
as  may  be  seen  upon  perusing  the  various  statements  adduced  in  the  Chronicque 
de  ia  Traison  et  Mort  de  liichart  deux  Itoy  Daigleterre,  published  by  the  His- 
torical Society  (Svo,  1846). 


152  HONOUR  AND  CASTLE  OF  PONTEFRACT. 

Avho  first  practised  the  art  of  printing  in  England.  No  os- 
tensible reason  has  been  assigned  for  his  execution,  and  it 
was  the  more  unjust  because  the  Protector,  afterwards 
Hichard  III,  hurried  Lord  Rivers  his  uncle,  and  his  half 
brother  Sir  Richard  Grey,  with  Sir  Thomas  Vaughan,  to 
the  scaffold  without  the  usual  form  of  a  trial. 

In  reviewing  the  three  great  tragedies  that  we  have 
witnessed  at  Pontefract,  we  must  have  been  struck  with 
the  immunity  under  which  these  flagrant  acts  of  barbarity 
and  injustice  were  perpetrated.  Even  the  person  of  the 
sovereign  was  as  little  respected  as  that  of  the  nobility. 
The  principles  of  sound  government  were  in  their  infancy. 
The  obedience  due  to  monarchical  power  was  little  re- 
garded, or  indeed  understood  ;  whilst  the  nobility,  on 
their  part,  coerced,  as  they  had  the  opportunity,  the  sove- 
reign and  their  vassals  alike.  There  was  no  real  security 
for  property  or  life.  The  exigencies  of  the  crown  excited 
it  to  violence,  and  the  fear  of  opposition  from  the  barons 
first  led  the  Plantagenets  to  appeal  to  the  people  in  their 
own  defence.  Thus,  step  by  step,  our  constitution  became 
formed  out  of  the  pressure  of  circumstances. 

Authority  gradually  became  vested  in  the  king  by  the 
assent  of  parliament.  Edward  III  defined  in  one  of  his 
statutes  the  crime  of  treason,  and  regulated  the  infliction  of 
punishment.  This  was  something  gained  for  the  cause  of 
justice,though,as  we  have  already  seen,  its  enactments  were 
often  defeated.  In  short,  if  we  look  to  the  rise  and  pro- 
gress of  our  present  liberties,  we  shall  perceive  everything 
continually  changing ;  some  faction  always  uppermost, 
misusing  its  power,  and  destroying  what  had  previously 
been  settled.  We  shall  perceive  the  government  weak 
and  insecure;  few  political  axioms  of  value  adopted  as 
the  standard  of  public  freedom.  By  a  free  discussion  of 
abuses,  the  Commons  began  to  establish  a  legitimate  in- 
fluence in  the  councils  of  the  realm,  and  to  this  cause, 
more  than  to  any  regal  enactment,  feudal  concessions,  or 
than  by  the  violence  of  popular  commotion,  may  be  attri- 
buted our  present  advancement.  All  the  civil  privileges  we 
enjoy  are  of  spontaneous  growth.  They  are  neither  the  effects 
of  anarchy  nor  of  special  legislation.  It  has  been  the  work 
of  ages  to  build  up  all  that  is  so  venerable,  so  wise,  so  prac- 
tical, and  so  just,  in  that  system  of  government  which  we 


HONOUR  AND  CASTLE  OF  PONTEFRACT.  153 

call  our  English  constitution.  It  is  based  upon  the  union 
of  three  <^reat  elements,  which  alternately  direct,  moderate, 
and  control  each  otlier,  and  so  long  as  a  true  equipoise 
exists  between  these  three  estates  of  the  realm,  we  shall, 
under  the  divine  auspices,  retain  that  amount  of  rational 
liberty  which  as  it  constitutes  our  glory,  so  is  it  the  envy  of 
other  nations.  But  when  once  a  constitutional  monarchy 
is  weakened  in  the  affections  of  a  people  and  overthrown 
by  violence;  when  once  the  supreme  judicature  and  dig- 
nity of  the  peerage  is  reduced  within  narrower  limits  and 
dishonoured ;  or  when  the  popular  voice,  which  represents 
its  grievances,  receives  no  sympathy  or  redress ;  when 
once  one  or  other  of  these  powers  is  overbalanced  by  the 
rest,  our  national  safety  is  endangered,  and  we  shall  fall 
amid  confusion  and  bloodshed ;  we  shall  be  cast  under  a 
tyranny  more  hateful  than  that  which  condemned  the  in- 
nocent victims  at  Pontefract  to  the  scaffold.  Those 
wretched  acts  may  be  renewed,  fresh  sacrifices  eagerly  de- 
manded, to  appease  the  leaders  of  rebellion  and  anarchy, 
and  the  prosperity  of  our  country,  no  less  than  the  do- 
mestic happiness  of  our  homes,  be  swept  away  in  one 
common  ruin. 


APPENDIX   A. 
A  similar  account,  23  and  24  'Edw.  I. 

"  Pontefractum.     Summa  summar'  tocius  recepte,  £1601  3s.  2d. 

"  De  quib'  computat  Y]li.  xiijs.  iiijcZ.  in  feodo  constabulary  p'  ann'. 
Et  \s.  in  robis  eiusdem.  Et  ijs.  iijV?.  in  luminar'  capelle  castri  p'  ann'. 
Et  vs.  et  \yl.  in  rota  put-ei  emendand',  hostiis,  serruris,  et  aliis  minutis 
infra  castrum  emendand'.  Et  ijs.  viiyl.  in  busca  prosternenda  p'  castro. 
Et  xxiijZi.  xvjs.  vijc?.  in  expensis  Wallensium  obsidum  p'  ann'  pra)ter 
focalia.  Et  viijZi.  iij'i.  ob.  in  radiis  valectorum  existent'  i'warnestur' 
castri  p'  obsidibus  Wallensibus  per  litteram  comit'.  Et  xZi'.  xijs.  \]d. 
datis  vij  paup'ib'  p'  ann'  videl't  p'  365  diebus  cuil'bet  in  die  jcL  per 
litteras  patentes  comit'  et  sic  de  anno  in  anno  quousq'  constabularius 
sup'  biis  aliud  babeat  in  mandatis.  Et  Ijs.  iiijc?.  ob.  in  domib'  infa 
castrum  cooperiendis  et  emendandis.  Et  xvjcZ.  vineis  coleudis  et  re- 
parandis." 


154  HONOUR  AND  CASTLE  OF  PONTEFRACT. 

APPENDIX    B. 

Roll  of  Receiver's  Accounts  of  the  Possessions  of  Henry  de  Lacy, 
Earl  of  Lincoln.     32,  33,  Ediv.  L 

"  Pontefr'.  Alanus  de  Smetliton  senior  et  Olivenis  de  Stanffeld 
receptor'  castri  Pontefracti  reddunt  compotum  smim  apud 
Pontefractum  quarto  die  Januarii  anno  R.  R.  E.  xxxiij"  coram 
D'no  W.  de  Nouy  et  M.  de  Silkeston,  videl't  ab  in  crastino 
S'c'i  ]\Iich'is  anno  R.  R.  E.  xxxij°  usq'  in  crastinum  S'ci 
Mich'is  anno  R.  R.  E.  xxxiij°. 

"  De  custodia  terre  et  heredis  Rob'ti  filii  Steph'i  de  Stelbrok,  n'l  quid 
comes  dedit  niatri  sue  una  cum  p'ceptis  et  maritagio  eiusdem  heredis. 

"  De  quib'  computi  vjli.  xiijs.  iiijd.  in  feodo  constabularii  p'  ann'.  Et 
Is.  in  robis  eiusdem.  Et  Ixxiijs.  iiijd.  in  feodo  et  roba  janitoris  castri 
et  garcionis  sui  p'  ann'.  Et  vjs.  vuy:l.  in  roba  vigilis  p'  ann'.  Et  sli. 
in  feodo  et  nobis  Alani  de  Smetbeton  senioris  p'  ann'.  Et  xls.  in  feodo 
servientium  liberiB  curise  p'  arm'.  Et  \xvjs.  viijtL  in  feodo  capellani  cele- 
brantis  missam  de  beata  virgine  in  castro  p'  ann'.  Et  ijs.  iij'i.  in  luminare 
capelle  castri  p'  ann'.  Et  iiijs.  solut'  monasterio  b'i  Joh'is  p'  luminare 
capella'  S'c'i  Nicb'i  et  S'c'e  Elene.  In  cereo  pascali,  nil  hoc  anno 
quia  de  cera  com'.  Et  xyjd.  in  vineis  colend'  et  rep'and'.  Et  xU.  in 
feodo  Mag'ri  Henr'  Cementar'  mag'ri  op'is  p'  ann'. 

"  Et  xxxiijs.  vijcZ.  ob'  in  domub'  inf 'a  cast'm  coop'iend'  et  emendand' 
cum  bord'  et  clan'  empt'  et  cendul'  fac'  p'  eisd'  et  cu'  emendac'o'e 
pontis.  Et  xviij7i.  xviijs.  in  vij  carratis  et  de  xxxrj  peciis  plumbi  p' 
majus  carratu'  empt'.  Et  xs.  in  d'co  plumbo  cariand'  de  Bradeford' 
usq'  pont'.  Et  xxiijs.  jcZ.  in  stipend'  uni'  plumbator'  fundant'  dom' 
plumbum  et  coop'ient'  wardrobam  com'  et  medietate'  magne  camere 
cu'  clauis  et  stagno  empt'.  Et  vijs.  iijd.  ob.  in  ollis  eneis  et  utensilib' 
Kgneis  castri  emendand'.  Et  vs.  ijcZ.  in  busca  p'st'nenda  p'  castro. 
Et  Ixs.  in  xl  q'z  sal'  empt'  p'  warnestura  castri.  Et  xxjs.  viij(i  in  d'c'o 
sale  cariando  de  Waynfleet  usq'  Beghale  p'  aquam  et  inde  usq'  pont' 
p'  t'ram. 

"  Et  iijs.  i^d.  in  armaturis  wamesture  castri  dealbandis.  Et  xxixg.  in 
expensis  Tuder  ap  Carewatli  Wallcnsis  obsidis  per  vj  septimanas  et 
Yor  Du  Wallensis  obsides  per  xiij  septimanas  et  vadiis  ij  garc'onum 
custodiensium  eosd'  p'  vij  septimanas.  Et  xxiijs.  in  una  roba  cum 
furura  e'p'  et  dati  dicto  Tudero  pra^cepto  comitis.  Et  vjs.  vd.  datis 
Yor  Du  Wallensi,  pra?cepto  comitis.  Et  xli.  xijs.  iiijcZ.  in  sustentatione 
vij  pauperum  p'  ann',  cuilibet  in  die  unu'  denar',  per  litteras  comitis 
patentes,  et  sic  de  anno  in  annu'  quousq'  comes  aliud  inde  prajcepit. 
Et  xxvs.  wujd.  in  vestura  et  calciatura  eo'dem  p'  ann'.  Et  xxd.  in  obla- 
cionibus  die  anniuersarii  Edmundi  dc  Lasci. 


CHICHESTER  CATHEDRAL.  155 

"  Idem  computant  Ixs.  viij'^.  in  vadiis  Joli'is  dc  fferro  custodis  arma- 
tura>  coiTiitis  p'  ann'.  Et  xvij(Z.  ob.  q'a  in  fiufure  et  piiiguedine  empt' 
pro  eisdem.  Et  xxvjs.  iiij(?.  q'a  in  mutis  factis  inf'a  cast'  p'  falconibus 
et  cspervaris  comitis.  Et  xxijs.  xd.  in  vadiis  Got'  de  Catlierton  custo- 
dis fi'alcon'  et  espervar'  com'  p'  xxviij  sept'as.  Et  Ixvs.  in  came  recentc, 
aucis,  gallis,  et  columbell'  p'  ij  ostoriis  vij  falconibus  et  ij  esp'ver'  com' 
p'  idem  temp'.  Et  xiiijs.  iijcZ.  in  vj  q'a  d'c'i  aveue  empt'  p'  sustenta- 
c'o'e  catulo'  comitis  inf'a  cast'm.  Et  xxxixs.  ob.  in  exp'ns'  Will'i  de 
Catlierton,  Petri  Falconar',  Rob'ti  de  Catherton,  Will'i  Bene  apud 
Pont'  p'  diu'sas  vices." 


CHICHESTER  CATHEDRAL. 

BY    GORDON    M.    HILLS,    ESQ. 

In  1861  I  had  the  honour  to  lay  before  the  Association 
some  remarks  upon  the  cathedral  and  other  buildings  of 
Chichester.  I  then  called  attention  to  the  prevalent 
opinion,  supported  by  the  authority  of  the  historians  Hay 
and  Dallaway,  that  the  north-west  tower  of  the  cathedral 
had  been  battered  down  in  1642  by  Sir  William  Waller, 
the  parliamentary  general.  I  endeavoured  to  show  that 
the  destruction  of  the  tower  could  not  have  taken  place  at 
that  time,  and  produced  arguments,  which  I  conceived 
were  conclusive,  against  attributing  its  ruin  to  the  rebel 
forces.  I  found  nevertheless,  that,  if  we  accepted  the 
evidence  of  King's  view,  we  might  believe  that  the  tower 
was  seen  in  ruins  a  very  few  years  after,  and  that  there 
was  no  doubt  of  its  being  in  that  condition  early  in  the 
next  century,  but  the  exact  period  at  which  the  ruin  took 
place  I  was  forced  to  leave  in  doubt.  This  point  I  am 
now  able  to  clear  up,  and  it  strikes  me  that  it  possesses  so 
much  importance,  that  the  Association  will  think  the  so- 
lution of  it  a  proper  addition  to  their  records. 

The  Rev.  C.  A.  Swainson,  canon  of  Chichester,  has  most 
obligingly  placed  in  my  hands  the  following  particulars. 
Amongst  the  archives  in  the  cathedral  chapter  room  is  a 
paper  in  the  handwriting  of  Dr.  Thomas  Hayley,  who  was 
prebendary  of  Heathfield  1704,  canon  residentiary  1712, 
and  dean  1755.  The  paper  is  entitled,  "  Copy  of  a  paper 
written  with  Dr.  Eede's  hand,  dated  August  14,  1 


15G  CHICHESTER  CATHEDIIAL. 

the  chapter  room  under  the  leases."  The  copy  is  as 
follows  :  "  An  account  of  Sir  Christopher  Wren's  opinion 
concerning  the  rebuilding  of  one  of  the  great  towers  at 
the  west  end  of  the  cathedral  church  of  Chichester  (one- 
third  part  of  which  from  top  to  bottom  fell  down  about 
■fifty  years  since),  which  he  gave  after  he  had  for  about 
two  hours  viewed  it  both  without  and  within,  and  above 
and  below,  and  had  also  observed  the  great  want  of  re- 
pairs, especially  in  the  inside  of  the  great  west  tower,  and 
having  well  surveyed  the  whole  west  end  of  the  said 
church  ;  which  was  in  substance  as  follows :  that  there 
could  be  no  secure  building  to  the  remaining  part  of  the 
tower  now  standing  ;  that  if  there  could,  and  it  were  so 
built,  there  would  be  little  uniformity  between  that  and 
the  other,  they  never  having  been  alike,  nor  were  they 
both  built  together,  or  with  the  church.  And  when  both 
were  standing,  the  west  end  could  never  look  very  hand- 
some ;  and  therefore,  considering  the  vast  charge  of  re- 
building the  fallen  tower  and  repairing  the  other,  he 
thought  the  best  way  was  to  pull  down  both  together,  and 
the  west  end  of  the  nave  of  the  church  between  both,  and 
to  lengthen  the  two  northern  aisles  to  answer  exactly  to  the 
two  southern,  and  then  to  close  all  with  a  well-designed 
and  fair  built  west  end  and  porch,  which  would  make  the 
west  end  of  the  church  look  much  more  handsome  than 
ever  it  did,  and  would  be  done  with  half  the  charge." 

The  date  of  this  report,  1684,  is  in  the  same  year  in 
which  Wren  was  constituted,  by  letters  patent  under  the 
great  seal,  comptroller  and  principal  officer  of  the  works 
in  the  castle  of  Windsor,  and  in  which  his  increasing  pro- 
fessional occupations  obliged  him  to  relinquish  the  chair 
of  the  Royal  Society. 

The  report  shows  that  the  tower  fell  about  fifty  years 
before,  i.e.^  about  a.d.  1634,  which  is  earlier  than  I  had 
supposed,  but  which  satisfactorily  demonstrates  that  the 
parliamentary  forces  have  been  wrongly  blamed  for  its 
loss.  We  also  learn  that  a  greater  share  of  calamity  has 
befallen  this  cathedral  than  the  others  which  have  been 
signalised  by  accidental  destruction :  Winchester,  Ely, 
Gloucester,  Worcester,  and  Norwich  have  each  suffered 
by  the  fall  of  a  tower  ;  but  Chichester  has  twice  undergone 
this  loss  and  peril.     Great  as  have  been  these  casual  cala- 


CHICHESTER  CATHEDRAL.  157 

mities,  we  see,  however,  that  it  has  escaped  another,  which 
the  great  arcliitcct  of  the  seventeenth  century  would  de- 
liberately have  inflicted  upon  it.  Wren  actually  pro- 
posed not  only  to  clear  away  the  ruins  of  the  fallen  north 
west  tower,  but  to  pull  down  the  corresponding  one  on 
south  west,  and  to  shorten  the  nave  by  one  arch,  i.e.^  so 
much  of  it  as  lay  between  the  towers,  which  would  also 
have  sacrificed  a  fine  piece  of  early  pointed  work  in  the 
western  porch.  To  compensate  for  the  loss  of  the  western 
towers,  and  about  twenty  feet  in  length  of  the  nave,  we 
were  to  be  furnished  with  a  "fair  built  west  end," of  his  own 
design,  in  executing  which  he  intended  to  harmonise  the 
north  and  south  aisles  at  their  ends,  or,  in  other  words,  to 
get  rid  of  the  beautiful  north  porch.  It  is  most  satisfac- 
tory to  think  that  the  dean  and  chapter  practised  greater 
economy  than  their  famous  architect  advised,  and  let  it 
alone  altogether  ;  hence  we  are  still  able  to  look  upon 
the  south  west  tower,  though  condemned  one  hundred  and 
eighty  years  ago. 

Another  piece  of  information,  also  of  some  interest,  we 
gather  from  Wren's  report,  viz.,  that  the  two  western 
towers  were  not  of  similar  design.  About  sixteen  years 
ago,  one  of  the  foremost  ecclesiastical  architects  made  a 
design  for  the  restoration  of  the  north  west  tower,  intending 
it  simply  to  correspond  with  the  south  west.  The  project 
was  not  proceeded  with  for  want  of  funds  ;  but  I  know 
that  amongst  the  authorities  it  was  also  felt  that  the  de- 
sign was  on  a  too  monotonous  principle.  The  testimony 
of  Wren's  report  proves  that  the  objectors  on  the  score 
of  monotony,  had  also  the  warrant  of  antiquity  on  their 
side. 

The  archives  of  Chichester  Cathedral  possess  a  great 
deal  of  information  of  much  value  and  authority  to  the  ar- 
chaeologist, but  of  which  very  little  is  known.  Chichester 
Cathedra?  in  its  capacity  as  an  ecclesiastical  corporation, 
represented  the  most  ancient  form  of  diocesan  government. 
Originally  founded  at  Selsey,  by  the  celebrated  St.  Wilfrid 
of  York,  and  subsequently  removed  to  Chichester,  it  seems 
from  the  first,  and  without  any  doubt  from  its  first  loca- 
tion at  Chichester,  to  have  been  a  society  of  secular  canons. 
In  the  chapter  house  of  the  cathedral  are  still  preserved 
the  constitutions  and  statutes  which  have  regulated  the 

1864  21 


158  CHICHESTER  CATHEDRAL. 

functions  of  the  various  members  of  the  cathedral  from  a 
very  early  period.  As  far  back  as  1192,  the  bishop  as- 
signed to  the  canons  separate  houses ;  and  parts  of  two  of 
the  houses  of  that  date,  or  immediately  after,  are  still 
perfectly  distinguishable  in  the  present  canons'  residences. 
The  statutes  for  the  regulation  of  the  canons  and  superior 
dignitaries,  made  in  1247,  are  still  in  existence,  with  ma- 
terials for  the  complete  history  of  all  the  changes  in  their 
numbers,  in  their  mode  of  living  and  duties,  -which  have 
occurred  to  the  present  day.  The  vicars  choral,  or  minor 
canons,  have  an  equally  well  preserved  history,  showing 
their  position,  first,  as  a  numerous  body,  the  appointees 
and  substitutes  in  the  choir  of  the  non-resident  canons ; 
then  their  incorporation  as  a  subordinate  body,  with  inde- 
pendent rights,  in  1334;  the  construction  of  complete 
dwellings  and  an  establishment  for  them  at  the  end  of  that 
century  ;  their  gradual  disuse  of  part  of  those  buildings  ; 
their  reduction  from  thirty-six  to  four  in  number ;  and 
their  present  tenure  of  so  much  as  now  remains  of  their 
ancient  buildings.  Though  I  scarcely  alluded  to  them  on 
the  former  occasion,  one  part  of  these  buildings  is  parti- 
cularly interesting,  from  its  very  perfect  condition,  and 
the  complete  authority  which  exists  for  its  identification. 
It  is  the  common  hall,  or  refectory  of  the  vicars'  choral, 
and  is  described  under  its  ancient  denomination  in  the 
lease  by  which  it  is  now  held  and  used  for  a  school  house. 
It  forms  a  part  of  the  eastern  continuation  or  wing,  which 
extends  from  the  south  side  of  the  cloister.  It  is  raised 
upon  a  vaulted  substructure,  and  forms  an  apartment 
thirty-five  feet  long  and  twenty-one  feet  wide  ;  though 
one  end  having  been  taken  out,  it  has  received  a  modern 
extension  perfectly  distinct  and  discernible  at  the  west 
end.  The  hall  was  originally  on  the  north  side  of  a  small 
cloister  court,  around  which  stood  the  dwellings  (part  of 
them  still  stand)  of  the  vicars  choral.  Two  flights  of 
stairs  ascended  from  the  cloister,  uniting  in  one  landing 
at  a  door  which  opened  in  the  south  side  of  the  hall,  close 
to  its  west  end.  Immediately  opposite  this  door,  fixed  in 
the  north  wall,  is  a  large  stone  water  tray,  sink,  or  lava- 
tory, of  handsome  workmanship.  The  hall  is  lighted  by 
two  windows  on  the  east  side,  and  between  those  on  the 
south  side  is  projected  outwards  a  space  which  opens  to 


CHICHESTER  CATHEDRAL.  159 

the  room,  so  as  to  form  a  pulpit.  In  this  recess,  it  is 
also  known,  were  kept  the  statutes  of  the  vicars  choral,  in 
a  chest.  The  original  timber  roof  remains, — a  simple  but 
ooocl  specimen  of  the  era  to  which  it  belongs.  The  ar- 
chitecture is  of  the  end  of  the  fourteenth  Century,  and 
therefore  agrees  with  the  date  1^394,  when  a  tenement, 
with  all  its  appurtenances,  called  the  Gyldenhall,  was 
granted  to  the  vicars'  choral  for  mansions,  habitations,  and 
gardens.  This  reference  to  the  Gyldenhall  constitutes 
another  point  of  interest,  and  one  requiring  some  more 
elucidation  than  I  am  yet  able  to  give.  I  alluded  formerly 
to  the  difficulty  of  determining  the  site  of  the  destroyed 
church  of  St.  Peter  juxta  Guildhall,  which  commences 
with  the  uncertainty  as  to  the  exact  site  of  the  Gyldenhall 
itself.  That  it  was  almost  on  the  same  site  as  the  vicars' 
hall  is  pretty  clear ;  and,  on  looking  lately  at  the  sub- 
structure of  the  vicars'  hall,  I  am  strongly  inclined  to  be- 
lieve that  a  part  of  the  Gyldenhall  is  still  to  be  found 
there.  The  main  part  of  the  substructure  is  not  older  than 
the  vicars'  hall,  but  one  bay  at  the  eastern  end  belongs  to 
a  much  earlier  age,  and  with  two  other  bays  equally  early, 
which  extend  outside  and  beyond  the  vicars'  hall,  it  forms 
a  vaulted  building  of  three  bays  in  length,  divided  by 
columns  into  two  avenues,  with  an  entrance  door  at  each 
end,  and  three  small  Avindows  on  each  side.  The  whole 
of  this  portion  is  of  the  end  of  the  twelfth  century,  and 
there  is  much  probability  that  it  is  the  substructure  of  the 
Guildhall.  Its  east  end  abuts  upon  the  South  Street  of 
the  city. 

I  was  lately  indulging  the  belief  that  some  part  of  the 
church  of  St.  Peter  juxta  Guildhall  had  been  discovered. 
About  two  years  ago,  a  house  was  rebuilt  in  the  South 
Street,  directly  opposite  what  I  have  just  been  speaking 
of.  It  was  then  found  that  a  large  part  of  the  house 
consisted  of  very  massive  walls,  of  great  antiquity,  but 
when  exposed  it  was  clearly  perceived  that  they  belonged 
not  to  a  church  but  to  a  secular  building,  of  at  least  three 
stories  in  height.  The  date  of  these  walls  is  the  same  as 
of  the  supposed  Guildhall,  viz.,  the  end  of  the  twelfth 
century,  and  it  appears  very  much  as  if  that  building 
must  have  extended  quite  across  the  street,  so  as  to  have 
been  connected  with  these  walls. 


160  CHICHESTER  CATHEDRAL. 

In  conclusion,  I  may  be  permitted  to  express  the  desire, 
in  which  I  am  sure  I  shall  find  numerous  supporters,  that 
so  valuable  a  mass  of  information  as  exists  among  the 
cathedral  archives,  may  be  placed  in  a  well-ordered  and 
accessible  condition.  The  precentor,  the  Rev.  INIackenzie 
Walcott,  has  lately  made  some  valuable  communications 
to  the  Gentleman  8  Magazine  as  to  the  contents  of  some  of 
the  papers  in  the  chapter  room.  What  we  thus  know 
increases  the  appetite  for  a  better  acquaintance  with 
them. 


IGl 


^rocccUincjs  of  tje  ^ssociattou. 


ANNUAL    GENERAL    MEETING. 

May  11. 

Nathaniel  Gould,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  V.P.,  in  the  Chair. 

The  Auditors  presented  the  following  report  and  balance-sheet  of  the 
Treasurer's  accounts  for  the  year  1863  : — 

"We,  the  Auditors  of  the  accounts  of  the  British  Archgeological 
Association  for  the  year  1863,  having  duly  examined  the  same  and 
inspected  the  vouchers,  have  to  report  that  the  receipts  have  amounted 
to  the  sum  of  £545  :  6  :  3,  and  the  disbursements  to  £478  :  0  :  7,  leaving 
a  balance  of  £67  :  5  :  8  in  favour  of  the  Association.  In  accordance 
with  the  practice  uniformly  sustained  by  the  Treasurer,  there  remains 
not  a  single  outstanding  account  against  the  Association — aU  demands 
for  the  year  are  discharged,  including  not  only  the  Quarterly  Journals 
for  the  year,  but  also  an  additional  part  of  the  Collectanea  ArcJmologica, 
upon  which  several  stibscriptions  are  due  to  the  Association.  The 
accumulation  of  papers  has  rendered  another  part  of  this  work  essential, 
and  it  will  be  speedily  submitted  to  the  subscribers.  Considering  the 
value  of  this  publication  and  its  importance  to  the  character  of  the 
Association,  it  were  to  be  desired  that  the  subscribers  to  it  should  be 
still  further  iacreased ;  and  those  Associates  who  have  not  yet  con- 
tributed to  the  success  of  the  work,  need,  we  are  assured,  only  to  be 
reminded  of  the  circumstance  to  induce  them  to  avail  themselves  of 
the  advantage  offered  to  them  in  the  attainment  of  it  at  a  very  reduced 
price  to  that  of  its  publication. 

During  the  past  year  there  have  been  admitted  fifty-six  new  asso- 
ciates, and  thirty  have  withdrawn, — an  unusually  large  number,  but  one 
which  it  appears  has  occurred  to  almost  every  other  Institution  dm"ing 
the  same  period.  By  death,  also,  the  Association  has  been  deprived 
of  ten  associates,  some  of  whom  had  been  in  the  Society  from  an  early 
period.  The  Council  have  also  submitted  to  us  the  names  of  ten  asso- 
ciates to  be  referred  to  the  Annual  General  Meeting  to  be  eragecLirom 


162  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  ASSOCIATION. 

the  list  for  non-payment  of  their  subscriptions,  a  measure  although 
painful  in  its  nature  we  conceive  to  be  absolutely  essential  to  the  well 
being  and  healthy  condition  of  the  Association. 

The  late  Congress,  held  under  the  able  Presidency  of  Lord  Houghton 
at  Leeds,  has  been  a  prosperous  one  to  the  Association,  and  a  judicious 
measure  has,  in  oui'  opinion,  been  adopted  by  confemng  on  all  donors 
on  the  occasion  of  a  certain  amount,  the  pri\'ilege  of  Membership  for  a 
given  period.  This  proposal  has  been  very  satisfactor-ily  received,  and 
has  added  to  the  ranks  of  the  Association  several  names  of  renown  in 
the  departments  of  literature,  art,  and  science. 

Viewing  the  steady  progress  of  the  Association  and  the  high  cha- 
racter it  has  attained  by  an  unde^aating  attention  to  the  objects  for 
which  it  was  instituted,  we  cannot  withhold  the  expression  of  our 
opinion  that  this  is  in  a  great  measure  to  be  attributed  to  the  uniform 
zeal  and  ability  with  which  its  affairs  have  been  conducted  by  the 
Treasurer,  who,  although  lately  suffering  severely  from  illness,  has  yet 
never  failed  to  exert  himself  for  its  prosperity.  We  trust  that  his  im- 
proved health  wiU  enable  him  to  be  present  at  the  next  Congress  at 
Ipswich,  for  which  preparations  are  now  being  actively  made,  and 
which  promises,  under  the  Presidency  of  George  Tomline,  Esq.,  M.P., 
F.S  A.,  to  be  attended  with  equal  success  to  that  of  the  past  year. 

T.  W.  Davies,  )  .    T, 

T  -\T  r^  \  Auditors. 

Joseph  Vines  Gibbs,  ) 

May  9tli,  1864, 

Associates  elected  1863  : 

T.  S.  Noble,  Esq.,  for  Yorkshire  Philosophical  Society 

James  Milligan,  jun.,  Esq.,  6,  North  John-street,  Liverpool 

Arthur  Cope,  Esq.,  58,  Euston-square 

Wm.  Ileury  Cope,  Esq.,  26,  Gloucester-crescent,  Regent's  Park 

J.  T.  Irvine,  Esq.,  Spring  Gardens 

E.  S.  Chandos  Pole,  Esq.,  Radburne  Hall  near  Derby 

Chairman  of  the  Library  Committee  of  the  Corporation  of  London 

J.  H.  Challis,  Esq.,  35,  St.  James's-place 

James  P'arrer,  Esq.,  M.P.,  Ingleborough,  Lancaster 

Rev.  Thos.  Barclay,  D.D.,  Principal  of  the  University  of  Glasgow 

Sir  Henry  Ilalford,  Bart.,  Wistow  Hall,  Leicester 

John  Whitehead  Walton,  Esq.,  21b,  Savile-row 

Robert  Bryce  Hay,  Esq.,  Spelthorne  Grove,  Sunbury,  Middlesex 

William  Ilolgate,  Esq.,  Penton  House,  Staines 

Thomas  Dod  Keighley,  Esq.,  9,  Holland  Villas-road,  Kensington 

J.  B.  Greenshields,  Esq.,  Kersc,  Lesmahago,  Lanark 

Douglas  P.  Ilindley,  Esq.,  Loughton,  Essex 

Richard  Wood,  Esq  ,  Clarksville,  Lower  Crurapsall,  ]\Ianchester 

Wm.  Edw.  Forster,  Esq.,  M.P.,  Barley,  near  Otlcy 

Miss  Ellen  Heaton,  6,  Woodhouse-square,  Leeds 

Andrew  Fairbairn,  Esq.,  M.A.,  Woodslcy  House,  Leeds 

Wm.  Beckett  Denison,  Esq.,  Burley,  Leeds 

Titus  Salt,  Esq.,  Mcthley  Park,  Leeds 


PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  ASSOCIATION. 


ig;3 


T.  Spencer  Stanhope,  Esq.,  Cannon  Hall  near  Barnsley 

Right  Hon.  the  Earl  De  Grey  and  Ripon,  1,  Carlton-gardens 

The  Earl  of  Ilarewood,  Ilanover-square 

James  Garth  Marshall,  Esq.,  M.A.,  Ileadingley 

John  Metcalfe  Smith,  Esq.,  Springfield  House,  Leeds 

Sir  Francis  Crossley,  Bart.,  M.P.,  Halifax 

S.  S.  Jackson,  Esq  ,  Brunswick-place,  Leeds 

Arthur  Marshall,  Esq.,  Ileadingley 

John  Darnton  Luccock,  Esq.,  North-street,  Leeds 

Lord  Londesborough,  Grimston  Park,  Tadcaster 

George  S.  Beecroft,  Esq.,  M.P.,  Kirkstall 

John  Smith,  Esq.,  Burley  House,  Leeds 

T.  W.  Stansfeld,  Esq.,  Adel  near  Leeds 

Edwin  Eddison,  Esq.,  Heading! ey 

John  Rhodes,  Esq.,  Potternewton  House,  Leeds 

James  D.  Holdforth,  Esq.,  Caley  Hall,  Leeds 

Edward  Baines,  Esq.,  M.P.,  Headingley 

Samuel  Lawson,  Esq.,  Kirkstall 

Richard  Horsfall,  Esq.,  Waterhouse-strect,  Halifax 

John  Crossley,  Esq.,  Halifax 

Arthur  Sherlock  Lawson,  Esq.,  Aldborough 

Rev.  W.  G.  Henderson,  D.D.,  Grammar  School,  Leeds 

Frederick  R.  Wilson,  Esq.,  Bondgate,  Alnwick 

Arthur  Sykes,  Esq.,  The  Manor,  Adle 

Samuel  Holdsworth,  M.D.,  Wakefield 

F.  A.  Leyland,  Esq.,  Halifax 

T.  Reseigh,  Esq.,  4,  Lombard-street 

John  Bellas  Rogers,  Esq.,  Barnes  Villa,  Barnes 

S.  Wayland  Kershaw,  Esq.,  B.A.,  9,  Park-terrace,  Brixton 

Clifford  W.  Chaplin,  Esq.,  Oxford  and  Cambridge  Club 

His  Grace  the  Lord  Archbishop  of  York,  D.D.,  Bishopsthorpe 

Capt.  George  Lane,  42,  Montpelier-square,  Brompton 

Samuel  Waterhouse,  Esq.,  M.P.,  Hope  Hall,  Halifax, 


Associates  Withdrai07i : 


M.A. 


Wm.  C.  Whelan,  Esq. 
Edw.  I'Anson,  Esq. 
Earl  of  Scarborough 
Rev.  Edw.  Egremont, 
Edward  Studd,  Esq. 
Arthur  Bass,  Esq. 
Sir  Henry  Stracey,  Bart., 
Daniel  Littler,  Esq. 
W.  H.  Black,  Esq.,  F.S.A 
John  Northmore,  Esq. 
H.  N.  Scaife,  Esq.,  R.N. 
Reginald  Scaife,  Esq. 
R.  F.  Graham,  Esq. 
John  Scott,  Esq. 
Charles  Pridham,  M.D. 


M.P. 


Thomas  Hodgkiu,  M.D. 
Capt.  Dumergue 
George  Gouldsmith,  Esq. 
William  Meyrick,  Esq. 
Rev.  J.  Gunn,  M.A. 
David  Tweedie,  Esq. 
J.  H.  Belfrage,  Esq. 
T.  R.  Kemp,  Esq. 
H.  S.  Mitchell,  Esq. 
F.  G.  West,  Esq. 
William  Enderby,  Esq. 
F.  H.  Taylor,  Esq. 
John  Stuart,  Esq. 
Henry  Keens,  E,sq. 
James  Ellis,  Esq. 


Associates  Deceased , 


E.  S.  Chandos  Pole,  Esq. 
William  Jones,  ^LD. 
Edw.  W.  Smythe  Owen,  Esq. 
Mrs.  Agnes  Steuart  Macuaghten 
Charles  Ainslie,  Esq. 


Robert  Hutchinson,  Esq. 
B.  Botfield,  Esq., IVLP.,F.R.S., F.S.A. 
Joseph  Gwilt,  Esq.,  F.S.A. 
George  R.  Corner,  Esq.,  F.S.A. 
William  Salt,  Esq.,  F.S.A. 


1G4 


PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  ASSOCIATION. 


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PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  ASSOCIATION. 


1G5 


Members  erased  for  Non-Payment  of  their  Subscriptions  : 

Edward  Clarke,  Esq.,  Chard,  Devon         .         .         .4  years  due 

Capt.  Philip  II.  Crampton,  Shrewsbury  .         .  4  ditto 

Francis  Goderich,jun.,  Esq.,  Sidney-place       .         .  4  ditto 

Henry  Gray,  Esq.,  Holly  Lodge,  Wandsworth  .  4  ditto 

Edward  Qreenall,  Esq.,  Grappea  Hall,  Warrington  4  ditto 

J.  James,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  llalton  Cottage,  Weudover  5  ditto 

J.  S.  Scott,  Esq.,  46,  Kensington  Park  Gardens       .  4  ditto 

A.  B.  Trevenen,  Esq.,  8,  Danes  Inn,  Strand     .         .  4  ditto 

Harrington  Tuke,  M.D.,  Manor  House,  Chiswick     .  .0  ditto 

Henry  Randal  Wotton,  Esq.,  Cavendish-square        .  4  ditto 


Donations. 

The  Right  Hon.  the  Earl  De  Grey  and  Ripon 

The  Lord  Londesborough    . 

The  Earl  of  Ilarewood 

Andrew  Fairbairn,  Esq.,  M.A, 

J.  Garth  Marshall,  Esq.,  M.A. 

James  Farrer,  Esq.,  M.P.    . 

William  Aldam,  Esq. 

Sir  Francis  Crossley,  Bart.,  M.P. 

Arthur  Marshall,  Esq. 

George  S.  Beecroft,  Esq.,  M.P. 

Edward  Baines,  Esq.,  M.P. 

W.  Beckett  Denison,  Esq.   . 

Titus  Salt,  Esq. 

J.  M.  Smith,  Esq. 

J.  Smith,  Esq.     . 

S.  S.  Jackson,  Esq. 

J.  D.  Luccock,  Esq.     . 

T.  W.  Stansfeld,  Esq. 

Edwin  Eddison,  Esq.  . 

John  Rhodes,  Esq. 

J.  D.  Holdforth,  Esq. 

T.  P.  Teale,  Esq.,  F.R.S.     . 

J.  Spencer  Stanhope,  Esq.  . 

Samuel  Lawson,  Esq. 

John  Crossley,  Esq. 

Rev.  Robert  Cornthwaite 

George  Wentworth,  Esq. 

P.  O'Callaghan,  Esq. 

Dr.  Heaton 

Thos.  Nunneley,  Esq.  . 

W.  S.  Ward,  Esq. 


£10 

0 

0 

10 

0 

0 

5 

0 

0 

5 

0 

0 

5 

0 

0 

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0 

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5 

0 

0 

5 

0 

0 

5 

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0 

3 

3 

0 

3 

0 

0 

2 

2 

0 

,    2 

2 

0 

2 

2 

0 

2 

2 

0 

2 

2 

0 

2 

2 

0 

2 

2 

0 

2 

2 

0 

2 

2 

0 

2 

2 

0 

2 

2 

0 

2 

0 

0 

2 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

£95 

12 

0 

The  thanks  of  the  meetins:  were  voted  to  the  Auditors. 

Also  to  the  President,  Vice-Presidents,  Officers,  and  Council,  of  the 

past  year ;  and  specially  to  the  Treasui-er  for  his  undeviating  and  most 

valuable  aid  to  the  Association. 

1864  22 


1G6 


PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  ASSOCIATION. 


A  ballot  was  taken  for  Officers  and  Council   for  the  ensuing  year, 
1S64-5,  and  the  following  duly  elected  : 

PEESIBENT. 

GEORGE    TOM  LINE,    M.P.,    F.S.A. 

VICE-PRESIDENTS. 

James  Heywood,  F.R.S.,  F.S.A. 
George  Vere  Ikvixg.  F.S.A.  Scot. 
T.  J.  Pettigreav,  F.R.S.,  F.S.A. 
I  Sir  J.  G.  Wilkinson,  D.G.L.,  F.R.S, 


Sir  Chas.  Roose  Bottghton,  Bart 
James  Copland,  M.D.,  F.R.S. 
George  Godwin,  F.R.S.,  F.S.A. 
Natuaniel  Gould,  F.S.A. 


TREASURER. 

T.  J.  Pettigbew,  F.R.S.,  F.S.A. 


SECRETARIES. 

J.  R.  Planche,  Rouge  Croix. 

Edward  Roberts,  F.S.A. 


n.  Syer  Ccming. 


Secretary  for  Foreign  Correspondence. 

T.  Wright,  M.A.,  F.S.A. 

Palaeographer. 

Clarence  Hopper. 

Curator  and  Librarian. 

George  R.  Wright,  F.S.A. 

Draftsman. 

Henry  Clarke  Pidgeon. 


COTTNCEL. 


Geo.  G.  Adams 
George  Ade 
Thomas  Blashill 
W.  D.  Haggard,  F.S.A. 
J.  0.  Halliwell,  F.R.S.,  F.S.A. 
Gordon  M.  Hills 
Lord  Houghton,  M.A.,  D.C.L. 
Thomas  W.  King,  F.S.A.,  York 
Herald 


John  Lee,  LL.D.,  F.R.S.,  F.S.A. 

Edward  Levien,  M.A.,  F.S.A. 

Wm.  Calder  Marshall,  R.A, 

Thomas  Page,  C.E. 

Rd.  N.  Philipps,  F.S.A. 

J.  W.  Previte 

S.   R.   Solly,  M.A.,  F.R.S.,  F.S.A. 

J.  W.  Walton 

C.  F.  Whiting 


Robert  Hannah. 


AUDITORS. 


William  Yewd. 


The  obituary  notices  of  members  deceased  during  1863,  by  the 
Treasurer,  were  laid  before  the  meeting,  and  directed  to  be  printed  in 
the  Journal. 

Thanks  were  then  voted  to  the  Chairman,  and  the  meeting  adjourned. 


PIIOCEEDINOS  OF   THE  ASSOCIATION.  1G7 

©Ijituarg  for  18G3. 

BY   T.    J.    PETTIGKEW,  ESQ.,  F.R.S.,  P.S.A.,  V.P.  AND    TREASURER. 

Edward  Saciii:verei,i-  Chandos  Pole,  Esq.,  of  Radbonio  Hall,  Derby, 
joined  the  British  Archasological  Association  at  the  Derby  Congress  in 
1851,  the  meetings  and  excursions  of  which  he  attended,  and  by  his 
agreeable  manners  essentially  promoted  the  hilarity  of  the  proceedings. 
He  was  born  on  the  1st  of  Mai-ch,  1 792,  succeeded  to  his  father's  estates 
in  1813,  and  in  1827  served  the  office  of  high  sheriff  of  Derbyshire. 
He  died  on  the  19th  of  January,  18Go,  in  the  seventy- first  year  of 
his  age. 

Mr.  Pole  was  descended  of  an  ancient  family  of  no  little  historic  im- 
portance, and  was  a  representative  of  the  great  house  of  Chandos  of 
Radborne,  and  a  younger  branch  of  the  Ferrars,  Earl  of  Derby,  claiming 
an  uninterrupted  descent  from  the  time  of  the  Conqueror.  In  the 
county  of  Derby  many  members  of  his  family  have  filled  the  most 
responsible  of  positions,  representing  it  in  parliament,  and  eminent  in 
atibrdiug  members  in  the  high  coui'ts  of  justice.  The  celebrated  Car- 
dinal Pole  was  descended  from  a  younger  branch  of  Ralph  De  la  Pole, 
one  of  the  judges  of  the  Court  of  King's  Bench  in  1452. 

Our  late  esteemed  Associate  entered  the  army,  and  served  under  the 
illustrious  Wellington  in  the  Peninsular  campaign.     He  received  his 
education  at  Harrow  and  Grreat  Mario w,  the  latter  being  in  his  day  the 
military  college.     He  received  his  first  appointment  in  the  army  as  en- 
sign of  the  1st  Regiment  of  Guards,  at  the  early  age  of  sixteen.     He 
served  in  the  Walcheren  expedition,  afterwards  in  Spain  and  Portugal, 
and  continued  in  the  service,  most  highly  esteemed  by  his  brother 
officers,  until  the  death  of  his  father,  when,  upon  succeeding  to  the 
family  property,  he  quitted  the  hne,  but  held  the  command  of  a  troop 
of  yeomanry  cavalry  in  his  county.     His  father,  in  1807,  assumed  by 
sign  manual,  as  representative  of  the  great  Sir  John  Chandos,  K.C, 
the  additional  sui'uame  and  arms  of  Chandos.     The  early  age  at  which 
he  entered  the  army,  his  military  pursuits,  and  subsequent  attention  to 
domestic  concerns  and  the  afiairs  connected  with  his  county,  were  not 
likely  to  offer  subjects  for  the  exercise  of  his  taste  in  archaeological 
pursuits ;  but,  as  connected  with  general  history,  he  felt  much  interest 
in  their  consideration,  and  highly  esteemed  our  Journal,  manifesting 
the  regard  he  felt  for  such  researches  also  by  subscribing  to  our  Cul- 
ledanea  ArcJueologica.     It  cannot  but  be  highly  gratifying  to  us  to  find 
that  his  eldest  son,  Edward  Sacheverell  Chandos  Pole,  who  married 
Lady  Anna  Carohna,  the  eldest  daughter  of  the  late  Leicester  Fitz- 
gerald Charles,  fifth  Earl  of  Harrington,  of  Elvaston  Castle,  has  ho- 
noured the  Association  by  placing  his  name  in  the  list  of  our  Associates, 
as  the  successor  of  his  most  worthy  and  highly  esteemed  father. 


168  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  ASSOCIATION. 

William  Jones,  Esq.,  of  Lower  Seymour  Street,  Portman  Square, 
but  recently  became  an  Associate,  having  been  admitted  only  in  18G2. 
He  was  born  in  1811,  and  died  at  the  age  of  fifty-two,  on  the  26th  of 
January,  18G3,  He  was  a  member  of  the  medical  profession,  admitted 
to  the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons  in  1834,  and  received  a  degree  of 
Doctor  of  Medicine  at  Aberdeen  in  1850.  He  was  an  ingenious  man, 
and  his  information  was  of  a  general  character.  We  had,  however,  but 
few  opportunities  of  seeing  him  ;  he  attended  two  or  three  of  our 
public  evening  meetings,  and  then  contributed  to  the  interest  of  our 
proceedings  by  liis  remarks.  He  published  a  professional  work  on  the 
Diseases  of  Women  in  1839,  and  was  known  as  the  inventor  of  the 
syphon  douche  in  1848. 

Edwaed  WiLLLiM  Smythe  Owen,  Esq.,  of  Condover  House,  Shropshire, 
was  the  only  son  of  E.  Pemberton,  Esq.,  and  succeeded  to  the  estates 
of  his  uncle,  Nicholas  Smythe  Owen,  whose  name  he  assumed,  in  1814. 
He  was  born  in  1794,  and  died  on  the  9th  of  April,  1863,  being  of  the 
age  of  sixty-nine  years.  He  was  a  deputy-lieutenant  of  Shropshire, 
and  served  the  office  of  high  sheriff  for  the  county.  His  wife  died  but 
a  short  time  prior  to  his  decease,  but  he  leaves  a  sister,  Letitia  Caroline 
Pemberton,  who  inherits  the  principal  part  of  his  property.  He  in- 
habited a  remarkable  and  interesting  house,  belonging  to  the  time  of 
Elizabeth,  which  he  generously  opened  on  cei-tain  days  to  the  public. 
We  were  unable  from  the  multiplicity  of  objects  demanding  our  atten- 
tion at  the  Shrewbuiy  Congress,  in  1860,  to  visit  this  mansion,  which 
I,  however,  had  afterwards  an  opportunity  of  seeing.  It  was  on  occa- 
sion of  this  congress,  and  by  the  interest  he  felt  in  archaeological  re- 
searches, that  he  was  induced  to  join  our  Association,  and  we  have  to 
lament  that  the  connection  proved  of  so  short  a  duration. 

We  have  to  record  the  decease  of  a  lady,  Mrs.  Agnes  Steuart  Mac- 
NAGHTEN,  whose  comiection  with  oui*  Association  dates  so  far  back  as 
the  Winchester  Congress  of  1845.  This  lady  had  great  pleasure  in  the 
study  of  antiquities,  a  taste  no  doubt  essentially  promoted  by  her  in- 
habiting Bittern  Manor,  near  Southampton,  the  ancient  Roman  Clad- 
SENTUJi.  Of  this  station,  and  of  the  numerous  Roman  antiquities  there 
discovered,  the  pages  of  our  Journal  afford  abundant  evidence.  On 
occasion  of  the  Congress,  ]\Irs.  Macnaghten  opened  her  mansion  to  the 
Association,  and  exliibited  her  collection  of  Roman  coins  derived  from 
the  spot, — a  spot  which  by  her  liberality  has  acquired  a  classic  celebrity 
and  interest,  and  of  which,  in  the  Transactioiis  of  the  Winchester  Con- 
gress, a  paper  by  Mr.  C.  Roach  Smith  will  be  found  descriptive  of  the 
Roman  remains  found  at  Bittera,  with  a  plan  of  the  station  and  illus- 
trations of  the  altars,   columns,  inscriptions,  coins,   etc.,   which  have 


PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  ASSOCIATION.  169 

• 

there  been  discovered.  These  arc  subjects  of  exceeding  interest,  mid 
among  the  inscriptions  occur  no  less  than  three  relating  to  the  usurper 
Tetricus,  raised  to  the  impeinal  dignity  by  tlie  legions  in  Gaul  towards 
the  close  of  the  reign  of  Gallienus,  and  exercising  the  sovereignty  of 
the  western  provinces  through  the  reign  of  Claudius  Gothicus  and  part 
of  that  of  Aurelian.  Mr.  Smith  in  this  communication  has  satisfac- 
torily shewn  the  interest  felt  by  our  late  Associate  in  the  antiquities  in 
her  possession,  and  demonstrated  the  conservative  spirit  by  which  she 
was  animated.  The  wall  has  been  preserved  by  her  care,  and  is  de- 
scribed by  Mr.  Smith  with  his  accustomed  power  and  felicity.  Mrs. 
Macnaghten  continued  with  us  until  her  decease,  on  the  28th  of  April, 
18G3.  As  one  of  our  earliest  friends,  we  must  feel  anxious  to  pay  this 
tribute  of  respect  to  her  memory  ;  and  we  feel  highly  gratified  in  being 
permitted  to  place  Mr.  Steuart  Macnaghten's  name  in  the  list  of  our 
Associates,  by  which  we  hope  to  be  enabled  to  continue  our  report  of 
any  discoveries  that  may  be  made  in  this  interesting  locality. 

Charles  Ro^v^fTREB  Ainslie,  Esq.,  is  a  name  familiar  to  our  Asso- 
ciates, being  from  1850  to  the  period  of  his  decease,  on  the  27th  of 
May,  1863,  a  frequent  contributor  to  our  Jotinial,  an  almost  constant 
exhibitor,  one  who  has  served  on  our  council,  and  otherwise  gi'eatly 
interested  himself  for  our  success.  He  was  born  in  1820,  and  conse- 
quently had  only  reached  his  forty-fourth  year  when  removed  from  us 
by  an  internal  complaint  of  a  malignant  character,  under  which  he  had 
for  some  time  past  laboured.  His  zeal  in  archasological  research  was, 
however,  sustained,  though  often  under  great  suffering,  and  the  closing 
communication  from  him  has,  indeed,  only  appeared  in  the  last  number 
of  our  Joutiicd,  being  one  of  no  little  interest  and  well  illustrated,  on 
objects  in  lead,  of  a  very  early  period,  found  in  London. 

Mr.  Ainslie  was  by  profession  an  architect,  and  studied  under  my 
lamented  friend  Sir  Charles  Barry,  to  whom  he  was  articled.  Mr. 
AinsHe's  first  communication  in  our  Journal^  consisted  of  an  account  of 
a  large  collection  of  arms,  principally  daggers  and  arrow  heads,  found 
in  the  Thames  whilst  digging  for  the  foundation  of  the  new  Houses  of 
ParKament.  He  also  exhibited  a  variety  of  keys  and  other  antiquities 
found  on  the  site  of  Eaton  Square,  some  of  which  have  been  figured  in 
our  pages.^  The  communication  referred  to  was  of  such  interest,  as  to 
induce  Mr.  Planche  to  make  remarks  upon  their  pecuKarities,  which 
are  also  printed.^  In  1853  Mr.  Auislie  exhibited  specimens  of  potteiy 
and  glass  obtained  in  London,  some  of  which  was  Roman.  In  1857 
Mr.  Ainslie  made  many  communications.  An  early  iron  padlock,  of 
pecuUar  construction,  found  in  Fleet  Ditch  ;^  some  ancient  glass 
found  also  in  London,  along  with  Saniian  ware,  in  Tower  Street  ;^ 

1  See  vol.  vi,  p.  Hi).  '^  lb.,  vi,  150.  =*  lb.  "  lb.,  xiii, 


1  70  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  ASSOCIATION. 

were  of  iiuguentarii,  lachrymatories,  part  of  a  wine  jug',  ribbed  bottles, 
etc.'  On  this  occasion  he  also  pi'oduced  one  of  forty  bottles  found  in 
a  cesspool  in  Cannon  Street,  and  proved  that,  although  they  were 
frequently  denominated  Roman,  they  could  not  ^vith  propriety  but  be 
refeiTcd  to  a  much  later  origin.  He  also  exhibited  a  British  gold  coin 
found  in  the  Thames,  near  London  Bridge,  identical  with  one  engraved 
in  Ruding,  pi.  1,  fig.  7.  A  collection  of  Saxon  pennies  was  also  exhi- 
bited from  Mr.  Ainslie's  cabinet,  belonging  to  the  reigns  of  Ethehed  II, 
Edward  I,  Canute,  and  Edward  the  Confessor,"  besides  various  others 
of  a  later  period.  In  the  same  year  he  also  exhibited  the  umbo  of  a 
Highland  target,  found  in  the  Thames  whilst  excavating  for  the  Houses 
of  Parliament.  Also  two  drinking  goblets^  of  the  seventeenth  century, 
found  in  Cannon  Street,  with  a  lustrous  coating  of  electrum  Britan- 
nicum,  occasioned  by  oxydation.  At  another  meeting  he  brought  for- 
ward two  gold  coins  discovered  at  Chinkford,  in  Essex,^  one  of  which 
was  a  well  known  type  of  Cunobehne ;  the  other  similar  to  a  Celtic 
gold  coin  exhibited  by  Mr.  W.  Calder  Mai'shall,  R.A.,  found  at  Erith. 
Mr.  Ainslie  also  produced  six  fine  and  perfect  keys  of  iron,  found  in  the 
Thames  at  Westminster,  the  earliest  being  of  the  thirteenth  century  f 
the  others  were  of  the  fifteenth  and  seventeenth  centuries.  He  Hke- 
wise  exhibited  a  fine  rapier,  of  the  time  of  Charles  I,  the  steel  pommel 
and  guard  of  which  were  richly  decorated  with  figures.  It  was  found 
in  Lincolnshire,  at  a  place  called  Bloody  Lane,  five  miles  from  Lowth, 
a  spot  traditionally  stated  to  be  the  site  of  a  rencontre  between  Crom- 
well and  the  Royalists.  The  last  communication  of  ]\Ir.  Ainslie  in  this 
year  was  in  relation  to  the  key  carried  by  Lord  Rochester,  as  chamber- 
lain to  Charles  II,  which  was  exhibited.  In  1858  our  deceased  member 
exhibited  two  other  British  coins, ^  reported  to  have  been  dug  up  in  St. 
James's  Park  :  one  was  of  gold,  and  figui-ed  by  Ruding ;  the  other  of 
silver,  like  to  one  also  in  Ruding.  In  1859  Mr.  Ainslie  exhibited  a 
charact  fermail  of  brass,  of  the  fourteenth  century,  found  in  the 
Thames,  with  a  singular  inscription,  probably  a  legend,  to  which  talis- 
manic  virtue  was  attached  in  the  Middle  Ages.''  He  also  exhibited  a 
fine  and  perfect  spur  of  the  time  of  Richard  III,  found  in  a  garden  at 
Hackney  in  1857  ;  from  its  ornamented  character  and  other  appear- 
ances, it  would  seem  to  have  been  used  at  some  tournament ;  it  had  a 
rowel  of  eight  points.  In  1861  Mr.  Ainslie  exhibited  other  objects 
from  the  Thames :  a  brass  spoon,  a  leaden  toy,  and  a  bone  handle  in 
form  of  a  female  figure.*^  During  the  excavations  for  the  Houses  of 
Parliament  many  objects  of  curiosity  were  discovered,  and  ISlv.  Ainslie 
obtained  some  curious  fragments  of  glass,  principally  of  stems  and 
bases  of  drinking  vessels,  supposed  to  be  of  Murano  fabric'     In  1862 

1  Journal,  xiii,  p.  226.  *  lb.,  p.  3.34.  ^  lb.,  xv,  p.  2G6. 

^  lb.,  p.  ii37.  '  lb.,  p.  335.  8  II).,  xvii,  p.  225. 

3  lb.,  p.  314.  »  lb.,  xiv,  p  346.  "  11).,  p.  235. 


PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  ASSOCIATION.  171 

a  fine  sovereign  of  Eliztibeth  was  found  among  the  debris  of  a  house  in 
Cheapside,  opposite  Bow  Church  ;  tlie  die  for  this  coin  was  cut  on  the 
queen's  sixty-seventh  birthday,  and  contrasts  strongly  with  the  old  and 
ugly  appearance  of  the  monarch  on  the  Strawberry  Hill  coin  in  the 
British  Museum.'  Mr.  Ainslie  also  exhibited  a  gold  crown  of  James  I, 
found  in  Bagnigge  Wells  Road,-  and  a  delicate,  probably  a  wedding 
ring  of  gold,  weighing  only  seven  and  a  half  grains,  having  stamped  on 
it  the  letter  v  or  A  reversed,  as  it  was  reported  to  have  belonged  to 
a  Lady  Arrol  (qy.  Errol).^  In  18G3  he  exhibited  a  silicious  cast  of  the 
interior  of  a  Gyphosoma  Konigi,*  found  in  making  an  excavation  at 
Westminster,  which  had  probably  been  employed  as  an  amulet  by  some 
ancient  inhabitant  of  Thorney  Island.  Two  iron  arrow  heads,  obtained 
from  the  Thames,  were  also  exhibited,  one  of  which  may  pertain  to  the 
Norman  era,  the  other  was  a  roving  or  flight  arrow  of  the  fifteenth  or 
sixteenth  century. 

Mr.  Ainslie's  last  communication,''  printed  in  the  March  number  of 
our  Jowiial  for  this  year,  has  already  been  alluded  to,  and  closes  a 
series  of  valuable  and  highly  interesting  objects  of  very  diversified 
character.  Mr.  Ainslie,  ever  attentive  to  the  occurrences  of  the  day, 
never  lost  sight  of  an  opportunity  to  obtain  whatever  might  prove  of 
interest  and  illustrate  antiquity,  and  in  the  course  of  his  reseai^ches 
had  amassed  together  a  considerable  collection.  I  know  not  how  far 
he  inherited  his  taste  for  such  researches  from  a  distinguished  relative, 
an  uncle.  General  Ainslie,  whose  collection  of  coins  and  work  relating 
to  them  is  well  known.  General  Ainslie  I  had  the  honour  of  knowins-: 
he  was  a  Fellow  of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries  and  a  Member  of  the 
Antiquaries'  Club,  at  the  meetings  of  which  I  have  had  the  gratifica- 
tion of  passing  with  him  some  pleasant  hours.  Particulars  in  regard  to 
]Mr.  Ainslie's  professional  works,  his  attention  having  been  principally 
devoted  to  ecclesiastical  architecture,  and  other  matters  of  interest 
of  a  private  nature,  I  should  have  been  glad  to  have  been  able  to  lay 
before  you ;  these,  however,  I  have  not  been  successful  in  my  endeavours 
to  obtain,  and  we  must  rest  satisfied  with  the  recollections  most  of  us  have 
of  his  agreeable  and  gentlemanly  deportment,  of  his  zeal  in  all  matters 
relating  to  antiquities,  and  the  facilities  he  always  aiforded  to  the  Associa- 
tion to  have  the  most  interesting  objects  of  his  collection  laid  before  us 
and  illustrated  for  the  information  of  the  Associates  at  large. 

Robert  Hutchison,  Esq.,  of  Cape  Coast  Castle,  became  an  Associate 

on  occasion  of  his  visit  to  this  country  in  1859.     His  father  was,  I 

believe,  consul  at  this  station,  and  he  himself  was  mayor,  and  exercised 

great  authority  in  his  country.     I  had  the  gratification  of  meeting  him 

on  two   or  three  occasions,  by  the   Idndness   of  oui*  most  esteemed 

^  Journal,  xviii,  p.  264.  -  lb.,  p.  280. 

'  lb.,  xviii,  p.  284.  •«  lb.,  xix,  p.  58.  '  lb.,  xx,  p.  80. 


1 72  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  ASSOCIATION. 

Associate  Dr.  William  Beattie,  and  he  was  induced  by  us  to  become  con- 
nected with  us  as  an  Associate.  His  information  was  of  a  very 
general  character,  and  he  appeared  to  me  to  be  a  good  obsei-ver. 
Highly  pleased  with  the  objects  of  our  Association,  he  made  to  me  a 
promise  of  a  communication  on  some  subject  of  African  antiquity. 
His  early  decease,  however,  at  an  age  not  exceeding  forty  years,  has 
deprived  us  of  this  satisfaction,  and  we  must  regret  his  loss.  He  had 
gone  into  the  Bush  at  the  head  of  his  Rifles  to  meet  and  check  the 
Ashantees  as  they  approached  the  frontiers,  and  there,  while  on  arduous 
duty,  he  was  seized  and  suddenly  cut  off  by  an  attack  of  dysenteiy. 
His  death  threw  a  dark  gloom  over  that  portion  of  the  Gold  Coast,  where, 
like  his  father,  he  had  been  for  many  years  a  most  liberal  and  un- 
wearied benefactor  of  the  native  race.  The  letter  which  announced 
his  death  added  that  the  town  of  Cape  Coast  was  "  fiUed  with  grief, 
which  found  expression  in  the  wildest  lamentations." 

I  have  now  to  call  your  attention  to  a  serious  and  unexpected  loss 
we  have  sustained  in  the  decease  of  our  late  President,  Beriah  Bot- 
FIELD,  Esq.,  M.P.,  F.R.S.,  etc.  The  obligations  of  the  Association  to 
that  gentleman,  especially  upon  occasion  of  his  presiding  over  us  at 
the  Shrewsbury  Congress  in  1860,^  are  well  known  to  most  of  our 
Associates ;  but  to  him  it  must  be  also  acknowledged  we  have  been  in- 
debted for  various  serv-ices  from  a  very  early  period  of  our  institution. 
In  1849  he  became  a  Life  Member  of  our  body,  and  from  that  time  we 
received  from  him  various  donations  to  assist  in  our  publications,  he 
also  serving  on  our  Council  and  as  a  Vice-President  during  the  years 
1850,  1851,  and  1852. 

Mr.  Botfield,  of  Decker  Hill,  Salop,  and  Norton  Hall,  Northampton- 
shire, was  born  March  5,  1807,  at  Earl's  Ditton  in  Shropshire,  and 
was  the  only  son  of  Beriah  Botfield  by  Chai^lotte  Withering,  daughter 
of  the  celebrated  botanist,  William  Withering,  M.D.,  F.R.S.  As  the 
particulars  of  his  family  history  have  been  given  by  himself  in  the 
pubhcation  of  the  Stemmata  Botevilliana,  privately  printed  in  1858, 
elegantly  illustrated,  and  forming  a  volume  of  204  pages  4to.,  with 
numerous  appendices  amounting  to  548  additional,  it  precludes  the 
necessity  of  any  particular  account  in  a  sketch  so  shght  as  must 
necessarily  be  the  case  in  an  Obituary  Notice  for  the  pages  of  our 
Journal.  It  will  be  sufficient,  therefore,  for  the  present  purpose  to  state 
that,  although  the  family  sprang  from  Slu'opshire,  Mr.  Botfield  repre- 
sented only  the  third  generation  of  those  of  his  name  who  owned 
Norton,     Geoffrey  and  Oliver  Botevyle  came  over  from  Poitou,  about 

'  For  "  Proceedings  of  the  Congress,"  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Botfield's  reception  of 
the  Association,  and  the  President's  concluding  address,  see  Journal,  vol.  xvii, 
pp.  41  et  seq. 


PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  ASSOCIATION.  1  73 

1200,  to  aid  King  John  in  his  wars  with  the  barons,  and  they  settled 
at  Botcvyle,  near  Church  Stretton.  John  Botcville,  or  Botfekle  de  la 
Innc,  commonly  called  John  o  Th'Inne  (the  inner  or  nearer  wood), 
became  founder  of  the  family  of  Thjamc,  the  head  of  which  is  now  the 
Marquis  of  Bath.  Thomas  Botfield,  the  grandfather  of  our  late  Asso- 
ciate, was  an  ingenious  man  of  the  middle  classes,  who,  having  suc- 
cessfully managed  the  Hawarden  Collieries  in  Flintshire,  subsequently 
worked  those  of  Dawlay,  Shropshire,  and  acquired  a  vast  fortune.  By 
his  wife,  the  daughter  of  Mr.  Baker  of  Worfield,  Salop,  he  had  issue 
three  sons,  Thomas,  William,  and  Beriah.  Thomas,  the  eldest,  was  a 
Fellow  of  the  Royal  Society,  bought  Hopton  Court,  near  Ludlow,  was 
High  Sheriff  of  the  county  in  1818,  and  died  in  1843.  William,  the 
second  son,  inherited  Decker  HUl,  near  Shiffnal,  managed  the  Old  Park 
Iron  Works  and  the  Collieries  of  Little  Dawlay,  was  also  High  Sheriff 
of  thft  county,  and  died  in  1850.  Beriah,  the  third  son,  father  of  our 
deceased  member,  inherited  Norton  Hall,  near  Daventry,  and  died  in 
April  1813,  leaving  an  only  son  by  his  wife,  Catherine  Withering.  Our 
late  Associate  succeeded  to  Norton  at  his  father's  death ;  to  Decker 
Hill  on  the  decease  of  his  aunt,  Mrs.  William  Botfield,  in  December 
1851 ;  and  to  Hopton  on  the  death  of  his  aunt,  Mrs.  Thomas  Botfield, 
in  August  1856.  The  entire  possessions  of  the  family  thus  passed  into 
his  hands.  The  acquisition  of  landed  property  by  the  Botfields  from 
1798  to  1858,  as  shewn  by  the  schedule  of  Mr.  Botfield's  estates,  is 
very  remarkable,  and  amounts  to  no  less  a  sum  than  £650,738  :  17  :  10. 

]Mi\  Botfield  received  his  education  at  Harrow,  under  the  Rev.  Wm. 
Drury,  and  ever  entertained  great  attachment  to  the  school,  endowing 
it  with  the  Botfield  Medal  for  Modern  Languages,  competed  for 
annually.  He  quitted  Harrow  in  1824  to  enter  as  gentleman  commoner 
at  Chi-ist  Chm-ch  CoUege,  Oxford,  taking  the  degree  of  B.A.  in  1828, 
and  that  of  M.A.  in  1847.  Here  his  taste  in  the  pursuit  of  science 
seems  to  have  been  raanifested,  as  he  was  particularly  attentive  to  the 
instruction  given  by  the  Professors  Buckland  and  Daubeny.  Whilst 
at  Harrow  he  ardently  engaged  in  a  search  for  curious  books,  and  he 
made  a  large  collection  of  botanical  works,  to  which  he  was  probably 
led  by  his  mother's  descent  and  the  celebrity  of  his  gTandfather,  Dr. 
Withering.  I  recollect  somewhere  to  have  seen  a  notice  in  regard  to 
his  having  printed,  at  a  very  early  date.  Memorabilia  Bofanica,  which 
however  I  have  never  seen,  and  it  may  consist  merely  of  the  titles  of 
the  botanical  works  he  had  brought  together.  No  evidences  of  his 
labom's  in  scientific  botany  are  to  be  found,  and  it  is  probable  that 
^^^J  gave  way  to  a  more  general  love  of  books  and  literature  in 
general,  which  continued  with  him  to  the  end  of  his  existence.  There 
are,  however,  few  scientific  societies  of  which  he  was  not  a  member, 
and   we    accordingly   find   him   a  Fellow   of  the   Royal   Society,   the 

18G4  23 


174  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  ASSOCIATION. 

Society  of  Antiquaries,  the  Linnjean  Society,  the  Geological  Society, 
the  Royal  Institution,  the  Royal  Society  of  Literature,  the  Roj-al 
Asiatic  Society,  tlic  Philobiblon  Society,  the  Zoological  Society,  the 
Society  of  Arts,  the  Royal  Irish  Academy,  the  Society  of  Civil 
Engineers,  besides  many  foreign  societies  having  the  same  objects.  He 
was  also  a  member  of  many  publishing  clubs  :  the  Roxburgh,  of  which 
he  was  treasurer,  the  Maitland,  the  Bannatyne,  the  Abbotsford,  the 
Surtees,  the  Camden,  the  Percy,  the  -^Ifiic,  the  Cheetham,  the  Hak- 
luyt,  etc.,  etc.  His  father,  we  have  seen,  died  at  an  early  period ;  and 
ere  Mr.  Botfield  attained  his  majority  he  had  the  misfortune  also  to 
lose  his  mother.  At  twenty-one  years  of  age  he  was  in  the  possession 
of  a  large  fortune.  With  great  means  and  zealous  in  collecting  works 
in  art,  science,  and  literature,  he  was  enabled  to  obtain  numerous  pro- 
ductions, and  it  is  not  astonishing  to  find  some  of  his  earliest  purchases 
possess  but  Uttle  merit ;  yet  in  his  collections  are  many  works  of  con- 
siderable merit  and  value,  and  by  esteemed  masters.  His  books  were 
principally  deposited  at  Norton  Hall,  near  Daventry,  Northampton- 
shire. His  own  publicatious,  taking  them  in  a  chronological  order, 
are  as  follows : 

1.  "Journal  of  a  Tonr  through  the  HigHands  of  Scotland  during  the 
Summer  of  1829."  12mo.  Norton  Hall,  privately  printed  in  1830. 
Illustrated  by  a  View  of  Edinburgh  from  the  Calton  Hill  and  of  the 
Cathedral  of  lona. 

2.  "  Stemmata  Botevilliana."  Lond.,  1843,  8vo  ;  second  edition  in 
1858,  4to.  Of  the  first  edition  thirty-five  copies  only  were  printed. 
The  illustrations  are  numerous  and  of  a  varied  character. 

3.  "  Catalogue  of  Pictures  in  his  possession  at  Norton  Hall."  8vo, 
Lond.,  1848. 

They  are  numerous,  and  many  are  of  the  Dutch  school.  In  the 
collection  may  be  mentioned  specimens  by  Both,  Annibale  and  Antonio 
Caracci,  Caravaggio,  Corregio,  Domcnichino,  Garofalo,  Carlo  and 
Agnese  Dolci,  Hombrook,  Van  Huysum,  Cornelius  Janssen  (portraits 
of  George  Villiers,  first  Duke  of  Buckingham,  and  Sir  George  Villiers, 
his  father ;  also  Prince  Rupert,  dated  1659),  Kneller  (a  portrait  of  the 
Duchess  of  Cleveland,  1684),  Lancret,  Landi,  Lely  (portraits  of  the 
Countess  of  Sufiblk,  Duchess  of  Grafton,  Countess  of  Ranelagh,  and 
Mrs.  Middleton),  Carlo  Maratti,  Metzer,  Van  der  Mculen,  ]\Iirevelt 
(portraits  of  Prince  Maurice  of  Nassau,  Francis  Lord  Bacon,  1620,  and 
his  wife,  set.  forty-two,  1620),  Van  der  Ncer,  Nctscher  (a  portrait  of 
Earl  Clarendon  as  Chancellor),  Pietro  Perugino  (the  Virgin  and  Infant 
Jesus,  of  which  an  etching  is  given),  Paul  Potter,  Sebastian  del  Piombo, 
Poelemburg,  Caspar  Poussin,  Raifaelle  (a  copy  of  La  Bella  Fornarina, 
in  the  Florence  Gallery,  by  Anna  Teerlink,  1844),  Giulio  Romano, 
Ruysdael,    Sassoferrato,    Del   Sarto,   David   Teniers,  jun.,   Tintoretto, 


PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  ASSOCIATION.  175 

Vandyck  (portraits  of  Margaret  Lemon,  liis  mistress,  as  Judith,  from 
the  Strawberry  Hill  Collection,  and  of  the  Countess  of  Portland,  ast. 
twenty-six,  from  Mr.  J.  Harman's),  Watteau,  Wieninx,  Wouvcrmaus, 
Wyuants,  Zuccarelli,  and  Zucchero  (portraits  of  Queen  Kathei-ine  Parr, 
Queen  Elizabeth,  Mary  Queen  of  Scots,  and  Sir  Francis  Walsinghani, 
from  the  Strawberry  Hill  Collection). 

By  English  artists  there  ai-e  works  by  Clint,  Coleman,  Davison 
(Kitty  Clive,  the  actress,  from  Strawberry  Hill),  Dawes  (the  Duke  of 
Cumberland,  1812),  Gainsborough,  Glover,  Hogarth  (Eatty  Fisher), 
Holme,  a  pupil  of  Sii"  J.  Reynolds  (portrait  of  Sterne),  Lancaster, 
Luni,  a  marine  painter  (forty-six  works  belonging  to  Devon),  Middle- 
ton  (portraits  of  William  Withering),  Morland  (Smugglers),  Nasmyth, 
Newbolt  (Roman  Views),  NoUekens,  Northcote  (portrait  of  W.  Pitt  as 
Chancellor  of  the  Exchequer),  Opie  (Gij)sy  and  Schoolmistress), 
Phillips  (portrait  of  Dr.  Buckland,  1839),  Romney  (Lady  Hamilton  as 
a  Shepherdess),  Stothard,  Stone  (portrait  of  Sir  Thomas  Gresham, 
1579),  Tiffin  (Caxton's  House  in  the  Almonry,  Westminster,  1847), 
Tucker  of  Exeter  (Views  in  Devon,  Norton  Hall,  etc.),  Webster 
(Maiiue  Pictures),  W.  E.  West  (Portraits  of  Loi'd  Byron  and  Teresa 
Guiccioli,  taken  at  Pisa  for  W.  Joy,  Esq.,  1822),  and  Penry  Williams 
(Scenes  in  Rome). 

By  anonymous  artists  there  are,  among  others,  portraits  of  Sir 
William  Dugdale,  William  Ingilby,  a  Parliamentarian  general.  Prince 
Charles  Stuart,  Henry  Rich  Earl  of  Holland,  John  Milton,  agt.  thirty- 
iive,  from  the  Strawberry  Hill  Collection,  King  Henry  VII  and 
Edward  VI  on  panel,  Lady  Jane  Grey,  Charles  II,  Earl  of  Pembroke 
and  Lady  Coventry. 

Of  water-colour  drawings  there  are  examples  of  Buckler  (the  monu- 
ments at  Christ  Church,  Oxon,  of  Cyril  Jackson  by  Chantrey),  C.  Land- 
seer  (Temptation  of  St.  Anthony),  Henry  Perry  (Carisbrooke  Castle 
Gateway) .  There  ai*e  also  miniatui-es  by  Petitot  of  Louis  XIV  and  Philip 
V  of  Spain,  from  the  collection  of  George  IV,  also  of  the  great  Conde. 

Of  ]\Ir.  Botfield  there  are  many  portraits  in  oil,  water-colour,  crayon, 
etc. :  at  eighteen  months  age  by  Engleheart ;  at  fourteen  years  by 
Gillespie  ;  at  twenty-one  and  at  twenty-three  by  Sir  WiUiam  Newton 
(the  latter  engraved)  ;  at  twenty-two  by  Chalon  ;  at  thirty-six,  as  be- 
longing to  the  Yeomanry  Cavalry,  and  at  thirty-eight,  as  Deputy- 
Lieutenant  of  Northamptonshire,  both  by  Middleton.  There  are  in  the 
Norton  HaU  Collection,  also,  several  portraits  of  different  members  of 
the  family  and  views  of  the  hall  and  grounds. 

4.  "  Bibliotheca  Hearniana :  Excerpts  from  the  Catalogue  of  the 
Library  of  Thomas  Hearne,  A.M.,  printed  from  his  own  Manuscript." 
8vo,  Lend.,  1848.     Privately  printed. 

5.  "Notes  on  the  Cathedral  Libraries  of  England."      8vo,  Lend., 


176  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  ASSOCIATION. 

1840.      Dedicated   to    the    present    Archbishop    of   Canterbury,    his 
master  at  Harrow. 

6.  "  A  Description  of  the  Discoveries  at  Borough  HiU,  the  ancient 
Bewnavenna,  near  Norton." 

7.  "  Some  Remai'ks  on  the  Prefaces  to  the  First  Editions  of  the 
Classics."  8vo,  Lond.,  1854.  Submitted  to  the  PhiJobiblon  Society. 
A  second  and  enlarged  edition  appeared  under  the  following  title  in 
18G1  :— 

8.  "  Prasfationes  et  Epistola?  Editionibus  Principibus  Auctonira 
Veterum  prcepositse."  Also  Avith  the  title:  "Prefaces  to  the  Fii-st 
Editions  of  the  Greek  and  Roman  Classics  and  the  Sacred  Scnptures." 
The  title-pages  bear  respectively,  Cantabrigige,  1861  and  London,  1861. 
Dedicated  to  the  King  of  Hanover.  This  is  a  valuable  contribution  to 
bibliography,  as  the  English  introduction  by  Mr.  Botfield  points  out 
the  history  and  uncertainty  of  the  early  manuscript  literature,  and  its 
transition  to  the  relatively  speaking  much  more  critical  and  certain 
printed  literature.  The  original  prefaces  cannot  but  be  of  the  greatest 
interest,  having  been  wa-itten  by  the  first  scholars  of  their  day.  The 
number  is  very  great,  being  little,  if  any,  short  of  one  hundred  and  fifty. 

9.  "  Historical  Account  of  the  Family  of  Thynne,  otherwise  Bot- 
field, by  Joseph  Morris."  8vo.,  Westminster,  1855.  This  is  from  the 
third  volume  of  the  Toiyograplier  and  Genealogist. 

10.  "Some  Account  of  the  First  EngKsh  Bible."  8vo,  Lond. 
Printed  for  the  Pliilobiblon  Society. 

11.  "  Catalogue  of  the  Books  of  Richard  de  Gravesend,  Bishop  of 
London,  1303."  8vo,  Lond.  The  bishop  was  consecrated  August  12, 
1280,  and  died  December  9,  1303.  This  was  also  for  the  Pliilobiblon 
Society,  and  gives  an  account  of  the  Roll  of  the  bishop's  effects  at  the 
time  of  his  decease.  It  measures  twenty-eight  feet  in  length,  and  is 
about  one  foot  in  width.  His  plate,  the  goods  of  his  chapel,  etc.  The 
whole  of  this 'should  be  printed,  for  some  of  the  articles  are  curious. 
Mr.  Botfield  thinks  it  the  first  exemplar  of  a  priced  catalogue  known. 
Its  value  amounted  to  £99 :  18  :  2,  which,  according  to  the  present 
value  of  money,  should  be  multiplied  by  fifteen.  The  total  projDcrty 
was  scheduled  towards  £3,000  of  the  money  of  that  period. 

12.  "Notes  on  Libraries."  These  were  printed  in  1855,  also  for  the 
Philobiblon  Society,  and  embrace  merely  those  of  the  Public  Library  of 
Norwich  and  the  Library  at  Blickling  Hall. 

13.  "  Bibliothcca  Menibranacea  Britannica,  or  Notices  of  Early 
EngHsh  Books  printed  upon  Vellum."     8vo,  London. 

14.  "  Catalogue  of  the  Minister's  Library  in  the  Collegiate  Church  of 
Tong  in  Shropshire,  with  some  Notices  of  that  Structm'e."  8vo, 
London,  1858. 

15.  "  Shropshire,  its  History  and  Antiquities  ;    an  Address  to  the 


PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  ASSOCIATION.  177 

British  ArchaDoIogical  Association  assembled  in  Congress  at  Shrews- 
bury, August  6,  18G0."  Printed  in  the  first  volume  of  tlie  Collectanea 
An-Jueologica  of  the  Association.     4to,  London,  18G2. 

Not  only  to  the  pages  of  our  Transactions  did  Mr.  Botfield  make 
contributions ;  others  from  liis  pen  are  to  be  found  in  the  Gentleman's 
Magazine,  the  PhilohiUon  Miscellany,  the  Archceologia  of  the  Society  of 
Antiquaries,  and  the   Roxburgh   Club.      To  the  latter  he  presented 
"Manners  and  Household  Expenses  of  England  in  the   Thirieenth 
and  Fifteenth  Centm-ics,  illustrated  by  Original  Records,     i.  House- 
hold Roll  of  Eleanor,  Countess  of  Leicester,  a.d.  12G5  ;  ii.  Accounts  of 
the  Executors   of  Eleanor,   Queen   Consort  of  Edward  I,  a.d.   1291  ; 
III.  Accounts  and  Memoranda  of  Sir  John  Howard,   first   Duke   of 
Norfolk,  A.D.  1462  to  A.D.  1471."     This  was  edited,  and  an  introduction 
written  by  the  late  T.  Hudson  Turner.     4to,  Lend.,  1841.     To  the 
Bannatyne  Club  he  presented  "  Original  Letters  on  the  Ecclesiastical 
Affairs  of  Scotland,"  and  to  the  Abbotsford  Club  "  The  Buke  of  the 
Order  of  Knyghthood,  translated  from  the  French  by  Sir  Gilbert  Hay." 
To  the  Maitland  Club  "  The  Historic  of  the  Kirk  of  Scotland,  1558- 
1637,  by  John  Row,  Minister."     For  the  Surtces  Society  he  edited 
"  Catalogues  of  the  Library  of  Durham  Cathedral,  at  various  periods, 
from  the  Conquest  to  the  Dissolution." 

Mr.  Botfield's  communications  to  the  Society  of  Antiquaries  consist  of 
"  On  the  Discovery  of  the  Remains  of  the  Priory  of  Austin  Friars  at 
Ludlow,"  read  before  the  society  in  February  1862,  and  printed  in  the 
thirty-ninth  volume  of  the  Archceologia,  pp.  171-184.     A  plan  of  the 
house,  together  with  engravings  of  various  fragments  and  paving  tiles, 
accompany  this  paper,  and  were  presented  to  the  society  by  Mr.  Bot- 
field.     His   attention  to  literature  led  to  his  association  with  many 
foreign  societies,  and  also  obtained  for  him  distinguished  honours,  re- 
ceiving a  gold  medal  from  the  King  of  Hanover  in  1850,  and  being  made  a 
Knight  of  the  Order  of  Albert  the  Brave,  by  King  Frederick  of  Saxony,  on 
presentmg  a  complete  collection  of  British  minerals  to  the  Royal  Museum 
of  Dresden,  and  also  the  civil  decoration  of  Leopold  of  Belgium  forthe  pre- 
sent of  a  collection  of  British  birds  to  the  Natural  History  Museum  at 
Brussels.    He  was  a  Deputy-Lieutenant  of  the  counties  of  Salop  and  of 
Northampton,  and  he  served  the  office  of  High  Sheriff  of  Salop  in  1831. 
In  1840  he  was  elected  member  of  Parhament  for  Ludlow,  and  again  re- 
turned in  1841.    At  the  election  in  1847  he  was  unsuccessful,  but  being 
soHcitod  by  his  former  constituents  in  1857,  he  again  stood  for  the 
borough,  and  represented  it  until  his  decease.    In  1858  he  mamed  Isa- 
bella, the  second  daughter  of  Sir  Baldwin  Leighton,  Bart.,  M.P.,  by  whom 
he  had  no  issue.    He  died  at  the  early  age  of  fifty-six,  on  the  7th  of  August 


1863,  at  his  mansion  in  Grosvenor  Square   (where  he  and  Mrs. ^^I^^^R/tN 
field  had  courteously  received  the  Association  prior  to  the  Shr*ip^ir(C~r^ 


178  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  ASSOCIATION. 

Congress),  leaving  a  large  property  (the  personalty  being  sworn  under 
£200,000),  of  wliicli  lie  was  the  sole  possessor.  This  he  bequeathed 
to  his  \y\£e  for  her  hfe,  subject  to  various  legacies  ;  but  the  greater  pai"t 
is  entailed  upon  the  second  son  (as  yet  unborn)  of  the  Marquis  of 
Bath,  and  fui-ther  upon  some  members  of  the  same  family,  the  families 
being,  as  shewn  in  the  Stemmata  BotevilUana,  distantly  connected  with 
Boteville  Thynnes  of  Longleat  in  Wilts.  The  trustees  are  the  Earl  of 
Powis  and  Sir  B.  Leighton,  Bt.,  M.P.  He  bequeathed  £2,000  Consols 
to  found  a  scholarship  from  HaiTOw  School,  to  be  held  for  three  years, 
at  one  of  the  universities  of  Oxford,  Cambridge,  London,  Durham, 
Ediuburgh,  or  Glasgow ;  made  numerous  bequests  to  about  one 
hundred  and  fifty  charitable  institutions,  to  the  clerks  in  his  iron  works 
and  coUieries,  his  servants,  etc.  To  sixteen  labourers  he  left  £3  each 
to  carry  him  to  the  grave ;  and,  ever  mindful  of  the  place  of  his  edu- 
cation, he  founded  a  scholarship  at  Harrow  of  £60,  to  be  held  for  three 
years.  He  directed  that  a  catalogue  of  his  books  should  be  completed 
within  twelve  months  of  his  decease,-  inspected  and  compared  at  stated 
periods  by  the  trustees.  All  serials  and  numbers  to  be  continued  ;  and 
these,  together  -wdth  his  MSS.,  prints,  pictures,  statuary,  arms,  and 
armour,  and  all  other  collections  to  be  held  and  enjoyed  by  the 
possessor  of  Norton  Hall. 

Joseph  Gwilt,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  was  one  of  our  earliest  Associates,  and 
served  as  a  member  of  our  council  during  the  years  1845  and  184G. 
His  professional  avocations  and  frequent  absence  from  Loudon  de- 
prived us  of  the  advantages  we  otherwise  might  have  enjoyed  from 
more  personal  intercourse,  for  his  information  was  of  a  very  varied 
character,  and  his  acquaintance  with  various  branches  of  knowledge  of 
no  mean  description.  Mr.  Gwilt  was  born  in  Southwark,  January  11, 
1784,  and  died,  at  Henley-on-Thames,  September  14,  1863,  at  the  age 
of  seventy-nine  years.  His  father  was  a  well  known  architect  and 
sui*veyor  in  the  county  of  Surrey,  and  among  the  buildings  of  his  erec- 
tion may  be  named  that  of  the  Horsemonger  Lane  Gaol  and  the  New- 
ington  Sessions  House.  Our  deceased  Associate  was  the  younger  son 
of  his  father,  his  elder  brother,  George,  being  also  an  architect,  an  As- 
sociate of  our  body,  of  whom  I  gave  an  obituary  notice  in  1856.  Both 
were  also  Fellows  of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries,  and  contributed  to  the 
Archceolorjia.  Mr.  Joseph  Gwilt  received  a  part  of  his  education  at  St. 
Paul's  School,  whence  he  was  taken  into  his  father's  office,  and  also 
admitted  a  student  at  the  Royal  Academy,  where  he  obtained  a  silver 
medal  for  the  best  drawing  of  the  tower  and  steeple  of  St.  Dunstan  in 
the  East.  As  an  architectural  author  he  is  well  known,  and  his  works 
may  almost  be  considered  as  the  text  books  of  the  present  day.  He 
possessed  a  profound  knowledge  of  mathematics,  and  as  early  as  1811 


PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  ASSOCIATION.  1  7.9 

put  forth  a  work  on  the  Eqnilihrmm  of  Arches,  a  second  edition  of 
which  appeared  in  182G,  and  a  third  in  1839.  He  visited  Rome  with 
professional  objects,  making  a  toui*  through  the  principal  cities  of  Italy, 
and  compiled  a  Catalogue  Ra!sonn6  of  the  chief  buildings,  classifying 
them  under  the  names  of  their  distinguished  architects.  This  cata- 
logue he  printed  in  1818,  under  the  title  of  Notitia  Arcldtectonica 
Italiana,  or  Concise  Notices  of  the  Buddings  and  Architects  of  Italy, 
and  was  preceded  by  a  short  essay  on  civil  architecture,  and  an  intro- 
ductory view  of  the  ancient  ai'chitccture  of  the  Romans.  As  a  tra- 
velling hand-book  this  work  may  still  be  found  of  utility.  In  1821  he 
printed  Cursory  BemarJcs  on  the  Origin  of  Caryatides,  which  he  addressed 
to  our  old  friend,  the  late  Mr.  John  Britton,  for  whom  he  entertained 
great  esteem.  This,  however,  was  not  published,  but  the  principal  part 
of  its  contents  afterwards  appeared  in  his  introduction  to  Chambers's 
Civil  Architecture.  These  labours  may  be  said  to  have  led  to  his  prin- 
cipal performance,  presently  to  be  noticed,  the  JEncyclopcedia.  He  made 
a  design  for  ncAV  London  Bridge,  and  being  disappointed  in  his  expec- 
tations in  regard  to  this  structure,  and  calling  in  question  the  proceed- 
ings which  had  taken  place  in  regard  to  it,  he  printed  a  pamphlet, 
entitled.  The  Conduct  of  the  Corporation  of  the  City  of  London  considered 
in  respect  of  the  Designs  suhmitted  to  it  for  Rehuilding  London  Bridge,  in 
a  Letter  to  Geo.  Holme  Sumner,  Esq.,  M.P.,  hy  an  Architect.  The  deci- 
sion in  regard  to  the  bridge  had  been  left  by  the  corporation  to  the 
three  architects  of  the  Woods  and  Forests,  and  their  selection  fell  to  the 
production  of  Mr.  Gwilt,  the  first  premium  being  awarded  to  him,  but 
he  failed  to  reap  his  expected  reward  for  his  success,  in  being  entrusted 
with  the  building  of  the  bridge. 

In  the  same  year  he  published  an  ingenious  work  On  the  Trojection 
of  Shadows,  a  second  edition  of  wliich  appeared  in  1824,  under  the  title 
of  Sciagraphy ;  or.  Examples  of  Shadoivs.  This  is,  I  believe,  the  first 
work  of  the  kind  that  had  appeared  in  England  on  this  subject,  though 
works  on  the  same  had  issued  from  the  pen  of  French  artists.  Mr. 
Gwilt  ^\Tote  in  the  following  year  A  Historical,  Descriptive,  and  Critical 
Account  of  the  Cathedral  Church  of  St.  Paid,  London,  being  the  substance 
of  a  paper  read  before  the  Architects'  and  Antiquaries'  Club.  It  subse- 
quently appeared  in  Pugin's  Public  Duihlings  of  London,  for  which  work 
he  also  wrote  accounts  of  St.  Stephen's,  Walbrook,  St.  Mary,  Wool- 
noth,  St.  Martin-in-the-Fields,  and  St.  James's,  Westminster.  In  1824 
he  published  a  sheet  engraving,  giving  a  "  Comparative  View  of  the  Four 
Principal  Modern  Churches  in  Europe ;"  and  in  1825  commenced  his 
8vo  edition  of  Sir  W.  Chambers's  Treatise  on  the  Decorative  Part  of 
Civil  Architecture,  with  notes  and  a  preface  on  Grecian  architectm'C. 
A  translation  of  the  Architectiire  of  Vitruvius  had  for  many  years  en- 
gaged Mr.  Gwilt's  attention,  and  he  put  it  forth,  together  with  a  Life 


180  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  ASSOCIATiOK 

of  Vitruvius,  in  1826.  In  the  same  year  he  published  Uiuliments 
of  Architecture,  Practical  and  Theoretical,  giving  also  a  Cursory  View  of 
Ancient  Architecture,  a  Dictionary  of  Terms,  etc.,  which  were  afterwards 
embodied  in  his  Encyclopedia. 

Not  only  was  his  attention  bestowed  upon  architecture,  he  was  hke- 
wise  engaged  upon  an  Ordinary  for  Sii'  Harris  Nicolas,  to  accompany 
his  Boll  of  Amis  of  Peers  and  Knights  in  the  Beign  of  JEdivard  II.  His 
accuracy  in  regard  to  this  Ordinary  has  been  questioned  by  Mr.  J. 
Gough  Nichols  •^  the  coats  are  explained  in  modern  terms ;  the  old 
blazon  translated  into  new ;  the  definitions  having  been  determined  by 
references  to  authorities  interpreted  by  niodena  principles  and  practice. 
Mr.  Nichols  conceives  that  Mr.  Gwilt  had  not  from  a  study  of  the  an- 
cient Rolls  imbibed,  in  a  sufficient  degree,  the  spirit  in  which  coat 
armour  was  originally  developed,  nor  had  he  made  himself  acquainted 
with  the  early  mode  of  differencing  ;  he  therefore  placed  in  his  Ordinary 
under  several  heads,  instead  of  under  one,  such  coats  as  are  either 
identical  and  vary  only  in  their  differences,  or  are  very  intimately 
cognate  and  allied,  and  should  therefore  be  exhibited  under  one  view, 
whereby  the  early  ramifications  of  armoury  might  receive  most  im- 
portant and  instructive  illustration.- 

As  a  proof  of  the  versatility  of  Mr.  Gwilt's  genius  and  his  great  assi- 
duity, I  may  mention  that,  in  1829,  he  published  Budiments  of  a 
Grammar  of  the  Anglo-Saxon  Tongue ;  and  in  1835  a  Treatise  on  the  Art 
of  Music  (for  he  was  an  accomplished  musician),  which  appeared  in  the 
EncyclojJoedia  Mctropolitana.  In  1837  he  printed  a  small  work,  em- 
bodying however  much  historic  and  other  information,  Elements  of 
Architectural  Criticism,  for  the  Use  of  Sttidents,  Amatetirs,  and  Be- 
viewers,  in  which  he  severely  criticised  the  modem  German  school  of 
architecture,  and  on  this  subject  he  farther  contributed  several  articles 
in  the  Foreign  Quarterly  Beview.  The  Elements  were  inscribed  to  the 
late  Mr.  C.  R.  Cockerell.  The  crowning  work  of  Mr.  Gwilt's  archi- 
tectural labours  is  to  be  found  in  his  Encyclopoidia  of  Architecture,  Eis- 
torical,  Theoretical,  and  Practical,  Illustrated  with  iipioards  of  one  thou- 
sand Engravings  on  Wood,  hy  B.  Branston,  from  Eraivings  hy  John 
Sebastian  Choilt,  son  of  ISIr.  Gwilt,  This  first  appeared  in  1842.  Its 
value  is  too  well  known  to  need  any  remark  from  me  on  this  occasion. 
A  second  edition  was  demanded  in  1845,  a  third  in  1851,  a  fourth  in 
1854,  and  a  fifth,  in  a  cheaper  form,  in  1859.  In  1842  Mr.  Gwilt  also 
contributed  to  Professor  Brande's  Dictionary  of  Literature,  Science,  and 
Art,  the  articles  relating  to  architecture  and  music.  Mr.  Gwilt  also 
projected  a  National  Gallery  for  the  site  of  Trafalgar  Square,  on  the 

'  Herald  and  Genealogist,  Nov.  1863. 

^  Mr.  Nichols  gives  several  illustrations  confirmatory  of  his  view  of  the  sub- 
ject. 


PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  ASSOCIATION.  181 

ground  now  occupied  by  tlie  asphalted  area  and  fountains.  His  last 
literary  labour  was  published  by  Mr.  H.  G.  Bohn,  and  consisted  of  an 
edition  of  Peter  Nicholson's  Frinc'tples  of  Architecture. 

As  a  practical  architect  Mr.  Gwilt  is  known  by  the  erection  of  a 
church  at  Lee,  near  Lewisham  ;  the  approaches  to  Southwark  Bridge ; 
Mai'krec  Castle,  near  Sligo,  the  seat  of  a  dear  friend  of  mine,  lately 
deceased,  Mr.  E.  J.  Cooper,  F.R.S.,  late  M.P.  for  Sligo,  whose  contri- 
butions to  astronomical  knowledge  are  universally  admitted  to  have 
been  of  the  highest  order,  and  with  whom  no  doubt  Mr.  Gwilt  became 
acquainted  through  the  Royal  Astronomical  Society,  of  which  both 
were  active  members  ;  the  Byzantine  church  of  St.  Thomas  at  Charlton, 
near  Woolwich ;  the  additions  and  alterations  to  the  hall  of  the 
Grocers'  Company,  of  which  body  he  was  the  regularly  appointed 
surveyor.  He  held  also  a  similar  appointment  to  the  Wax  Chandlers' 
Company,  and  he  was  architect  to  the  Imperial  Insurance  Company. 
In  addition  to  these  lucrative  appointments,  he  also  held  that  of  one  of 
the  surveyors  of  the  sewers  in  the  county  of  Surrey,  succeeding  his 
father  in  the  office.  The  government  frequently  sought  his  aid,  and 
he  often  gave  evidence  and  advice  on  committees  and  commissions  on 
subjects  of  importance,  with  which  he  was  well  acquainted.  There 
remains  only  to  be  noticed  a  design  he  made  for  Sir  T.  M.  Wilson  for 
building  purposes  on  the  Hampstead  Heath  estate,  which,  had  it  been 
carried  out,  would  have  displayed  to  great  advantage  Mr.  Gwilt's 
powers  and  acquirements  ;  but  an  opinion  being  generally  entertained 
as  to  such  a  measure  causing  to  the  public  a  deprivation  of  a  spot 
beneficial  for  air  and  recreation,  prevented  its  being  put  into  practice. 
The  changes  in  his  neighbourhood  (he  being  a  resident  in  Abingdon 
Street,  Westminster),  occasioned  by  the  building  of  the  new  Houses  of 
Parliament  in  1854,  induced  Mr.  Gwilt  to  quit  his  abode  and  seek  re- 
tirement. His  very  extensive  library  was  sold  by  auction,  and  he 
withdrew  from  the  active  business  of  life.  He  had  married,  in  1808, 
Louisa,  third  daughter  of  Samuel  Brandram,  Esq.,  a  well  known  and 
highly  respected  merchant,  by  whom  he  had  several  children,  some  of 
whom  have  distinguished  themselves  in  their  several  professions,  in  the 
law,  the  army,  and  in  architecture. 

George  Richard  Corner,  Esq.,  was  an  Associate  from  the  com- 
mencement of  our  establishment.  He  attended  the  first  Congress,  and 
manifested  his  taste  for  antiquarian  research  and  regard  for  our  body 
by  frequent  contributions.  He  was  the  eldest  son  of  a  solicitor  well 
known  in  Southwark,  and  himself  practised  the  law.  He  was  bom  in 
the  parish  of  Christ  Church,  Blackfriars,  and  educated  at  a  private 
seminary  known  as  Gordon  House,  Kentish  Town.  His  father  died 
when  he  was  young,  and  he  had  to  contend  with  many  difficulties,  the 
18G4  24 


182  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  ASSOCIATION. 

family  being  numerous — six  children,  iouv  of  whom  were  boys,  and  all 
following  their  father's  profession.  Our  late  member  was  the  eldest ; 
the  next,  Arthur  Bloxam  Corner,  was  her  Majesty's  coroner  and  at- 
torney in  the  Court  of  Queen's  Bench,  and  died  in  18(51  ;  the  third, 
Richard  James  Corner,  was  of  the  Inner  Temple,  and  Cliief  Justice  of 
her  Majesty's  settlements  on  the  Gold  Coast,  and  joint  author,  with  the 
preceding,  of  a  legal  work  known  as  Gorner^s  Croivn  Practice,  published 
in  1844 ;  the  fourth,  Charles  Calvert  Corner,  was  for  some  time  an 
Associate  of  our  body,  and  died  in  1861.  Mr.  Comer's  taste  for  the 
study  of  antiquities  exhibited  itself  at  an  early  period,  and  his  favourite 
pursuit  consisted  in  the  examination  of  ancient  documents,  thereby 
illustrating  history.  His  zeal  and  ability  led  to  his  advance  in  his  pro- 
fession, and  he  was  appointed  vestry  clerk  to  the  parish  of  St.  Olave, 
Southwark,  and  he  rendered  services  to  this  locality  of  no  little  value. 
In  1833  he  was  elected  a  Fellow  of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries,  and  to 
this  society  he  made  many  communications,  some  of  which  have  been 
printed  in  the  Arclieeologia.  In  1834  he  furnished  information  in  re- 
gard to  the  "  Discovery  of  some  Roman  Remains  (pottery,  lamps,  etc.) 
found  in  the  parish  of  St.  Olave  ;"^  and  he  marked  the  distinctions  be- 
tween the  three  manors  of  Southwark,  not  previously  made  by  any  of 
the  local  historians.  These  were  the  Guildable  Manor,  granted  to  the 
citizens  of  London  by  Edward  III ;  a  manor  of  the  Archbishop  of  Can- 
terbury, afterwards  called  the  King's  Manor ;  and  the  Great  Liberty 
Manor,  which  belonged  to  the  monastery  of  Bermondsey.  In  the  reign 
of  Edward  VI  these  two  were  acquired  by  the  City  of  London. 

The  following  year  he  exhibited  to  the  Society  of  Antiquai'ies  an 
ancient  sword  and  spear  head,  found  in  the  Thames,  near  Limehouse  f 
and  in  1850  he  communicated  extracts  fi'om  the  churchwardens'  ac- 
counts of  the  parish  of  Eltham,  in  Kent,'  where  at  that  time  he  resided. 
These  contain  many  curious  items,  and  the  ecclesiastical  objects  re- 
ceived elucidation  from  the  notes  of  Mr.  Gage  Rokewode. 

In  1854  Mr.  Corner  communicated  an  account  of  excavations  on  the 
site  of  Roman  buildings  at  Keston,  near  Bromley,  Kent,  made  by  him, 
Mr.  Lemon,  and  Mr.  Akerman,  discovering  foundations  of  buildings 
under  two  arable  fields.  In  addition  to  walls  of  gi'eat  extent,  various 
coins  were  found  of  Clodius  Albinus,  Carausius,  Allectus,  Claudius  Go- 
thicus,  Victorinus,  and  Constantius  Magnus ;  varieties  of  ridge,  flue, 
and  drain  tiles,  some  ornamented  with  patterns  ;  bones  of  animals  and 
pottery,  including  some  Samian  ware,  among  which  was  a  colander. 
Drawings  of  this  discoveiy,  by  ]\fr.  Fairholt,  accompany  the  paper, 
which  is  drawn  up  with  much  ability.* 

In  the  same  volume''  he  also  gives  an  account  of  the  Abbot  of  Walt- 

'  ArcliDcolopjia,  xxv,  G20.  -  lb.,  xxvi,  4K2.  ^  Il>.,  xxxiv,  51-65. 

■>  lb.,  xxxvi,  l:iO,  128.  '•'  lb.,  pp.  4(10-417. 


PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  ASSOCIATION.  183 

ham's  house  in  the  parish  of  St.  Mary-at-Hill,  London.  This  building 
was  unknown  to  Stow,  but  it  is  mentioned  in  Malcolm's  Londin'mm 
liedli-icum,^  where  it  is  stated  that  the  parish  purchased  the  abbot's 
kitchen,  and  erected  the  south  aisle  of  the  parish  church  on  the  site  in 
1501.  Mr.  Corner  traces  the  property  from  the  first  abbot  in  1177, 
and  gives  various  deeds  relating  to  the  same  of  much  interest. 

In  185G  and  1857  he  contributed  observations  on  the  remains  of  an 
Anglo-Norman  building  in  the  parish  of  St.  Olave,  Southwark,  hitherto 
assumed  to  have  been  the  hostelry  of  the  prior  of  Lewes,  but  now  be- 
lieved to  have  been  the  manor  house  of  the  Earls  of  Warren  and 
Surrey,  in  Southwark.*  This  is  an  elaborate  paper,  supported  by  do- 
cumentary evidence,  of  which  it  would  be  difficult  to  make  an  abstract. 
All  interested  in  the  subject  must  refer  to  the  paper  for  the  very  satis- 
factory information  it  contains.  In  1860  he  supplied  notices  of  John, 
Lord  Stanhope  of  Harrington,  comprising  particulars  relating  to  the 
character  and  career  of  one  of  Elizabeth's  courtiers,  and  serve  to  illus- 
trate some  letters  previously  laid  before  the  society  by  Earl  Stanhope 
and  Mr.  Almack.* 

Mr.  Corner's  last  communication  to  the  Society  of  Antiquaries  has 
not  yet  been  printed.  It  is  descriptive  of  four  ancient  paintings,  on 
vellum,  belonging  to  Mr.  Selby  Lowndes,  representing  the  courts  of 
law  in  session,  the  officers  in  full  costume.  His  illustrations  are  co- 
pious, and  facsimiles  of  the  di-awings  are  being  printed  on  the  Conti- 
nent in  coloured  lithography. 

To  the  Sussex  Archaeological  Society,  in  1852,  Mr.  Corner  made  a 
valuable  communication  "  On  the  Custom  of  Borough  English,"  as  ex- 
isting in  that  county,  printed  in  their  Transactions^ 

To  the  Transactions  of  the  Surrey  Archaeological  Society  he  also 
contributed  a  paper  "  On  the  Anglo-Saxon  Charters  of  Fridwald, 
-Alfred,  and  Edward  the  Confessor  to  Chertsey  Abbey,"  a  valuable  ad- 
dition to  those  published  by  J.  M.  Kemble,  Esq.,  in  his  Codex  Biploma- 
ticus  JEvi  Saxonici;-^  also  a  paper  "  On  the  History  of  Horselydown," 
read  at  that  place  in  October  1855.*'  This  communication  is  illustrated 
by  two  exceedingly  interesting  plates,  one  being  a  plan  of  the  date  of 
1544,  in  the  possession  of  the  governors  of  St.  Olave's  Grammar 
School ;  the  other  from  a  picture  at  Hatfield  House,  by  G.  Hoffnagle, 
belonging  to  the  Marquis  of  Salisbury,  and  supj^osed  to  represent  a,  fete 
at  Horselydown  in  1590.  Also  a  contribution  of  a  collection  of  ancient 
wills  relating  to  Southwark,  among  which  are  those  of  Alwin  Child,  the 
founder  of  the  monastery  of  St.  Saviour,  Bermondsey;  John  Gower 
the  poet,  and  several  of  the  families  of  Burcestre  and  Mackyng.'' 

'  Vol.  iv,  417.  *  Vol.  vi,  pp.  1G4-I8i>. 

-  Archa-ologia,  xxxviii,  37-45,  400-417.  ■"'  Vul.  i,  i>i).  ll-'JG. 

^  lb.,  xxxviii,  389-404.  '"'  lb.,  pp.  l-JCJ-lTi). 

'   lb.,  pp.  190-202. 


184  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  ASSOCIATION. 

At  a  meeting  of  the  Surrey  Archceological  Society  at  Lambeth 
Palace,  Mr.  Corner  prepared  a  paper  relating  to  Elias  Ashmole  and  his 
possessions  in  South  Lambeth  ;^  and  on  another  occasion,  in  1853,  he 
compiled  some  notices  of  the  ancient  inns  of  Southwark — the  Tabard, 
the  George,  the  White  Hart,  the  Boar's  Head,  and  others."  He  is  said 
also  to  have  drawn  up  a  list  of  the  members  of  Parliament  for  South- 
wark from  the  earHest  time,  with  historical  and  biographical  notices. 
It  was  printed  in  a  local  newspaper,  called  The  South  London  Journal, 
which  1  have  not  been  able  to  see. 

The  Collectanea  Topographica  et  Genealogica  contains  also  communi- 
cations from  Mr.  Corner  :  abstracts  of  sundi'y  deeds  relating  to  houses 
in  the  parishes  of  St.  Sa\aour  and  St.  Olave,  Southwark,  formerly 
called  the  Dolphin  and  Bear  Taverns,  at  the  foot  of  London  Bridge,  with 
notices  of  the  families  of  Lake  and  Middleton  of  Southwark ;'  also  some 
particulars  of  the  Abbot  of  Battle's  Inn,  in  the  parish  of  St.  Olave  and 
of  the  manor  of  the  Maze,  in  the  same  parish  and  of  some  of  the  owners 
of  that  manor.^ 

Mr.  Corner  also  gave  an  elaborate  account  of  the  Grammar  School 
of  St.  Olave  and  St.  John,  in  Southwark,  in  the  Gentleman's  Magazine,^ 
together  with  a  plate  of  the  school  and  the  seal  of  1579  belonging  to 
it".  To  the  Gentleman's  Magazine  Mr.  Corner  also  contributed  an 
obituary  notice  of  Henry  Aston  Barker,  the  inventor  of  panoramas,  of 
which  he  gives  a  very  interesting  account.'' 

1  must,  however,  now  draw  your  attention  to  the  contributions  he 
made  to  our  JournaL  In  chronological  order  I  commence  with  vol.  ii, 
p.  97,  which  relates  to  the  exhibition  of  a  curious  iron  instrument  used 
for  striking  forged  papal  bulls.  The  obverse  of  the  die  gives  the  title 
of  Pope  Pius  II.  The  instrument  and  the  medal  are  both  represented 
in  the  Journal.  In  vol.  iii,  p.  348,  we  have  an  interesting  discovery  in 
the  Borough  of  a  curious  archway  found  upon  uncovering  a  part  of  an 
ancient  bridge  in  Kent  Street.  It  consists  of  a  single  early  pointed 
arch  of  stone,  similar  to  the  oldest  part  of  the  old  London  Bridge,  and 
has  a  span  of  nine  feet,  and  is  in  height  six  feet.  A  cut  is  given  in  the 
Journal  from  a  dra's\'ing  by  Mr.  A.  Newman.  Vol.  iv,  p.  78,  presents 
to  us  the  tracing  of  an  incised  slab  in  Matlock  Church,  Derbyshire,  in 
memory  of  Anthonie  Woolley  and  Agnes  his  wife.  It  is  an  interesting 
object  in  regard  to  costume,  illustrating  a  passage  in  the  Taming  of  the 
Shrew,  and  is  of  the  fifteenth  century. 

In  vol.  xiii,  p.  235,  a  notice  is  given  of  an  iron  coffer  of  the  sLxtcenth 
century,  decorated  with  devices  in  gold.     It  has  a  very  complicated 

'  lb.,  vol.  ii,  pp.  18-26.  ^  y^i,  ^^  pp_  4.5.(51. 

2  lb.,  pp.  50-81.  *  Vol.  viii,  p.  247-262. 
«  Vol.  for  1836,  pp.  15,  16,  137-144. 

^  See  also,  on  this  establishment,  my  paper  in  the  Journal,  xiv,  pp.  313-315. 
^  Vol.  for  1856,  p.  515. 


PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  ASSOCIATION.  185 

lock,  with  six  bolts,  and  was  probably  usud  to  secure  some  deed  or 
document  of  importance,  cash  or  jewellery  of  value.  It  belongs  to  the 
time  of  Henry  VIII. 

lb.  p.  203  gives  the  representation  of  a  Saxon  spear  or  gar  (pi.  31, 
fig.  1)  found  in  the  Tlianics,  and  is  a  very  fine  example. 

lb.  p.  23G  gives  an  account  of  two  Italian  medals  in  lead,  one  pre- 
senting the  profile  of  L.  Junius  Brutus,  the  other  of  Seneca,  probably 
ideal  portraits. 

lb.  p.  245  records  three  deeds  relating  to  the  Ashraole  property  at 
South  Lambeth ;  one  is  a  release  to  Mr.  Dugdalc  in  trust  for  Mr.  A. ; 
the  second  is  also  a  release,  and  the  third  a  conveyance  from  Elias 
Ashmole  to  Sir  John  Dugdale  and  Mr.  Thursby  for  Elizabeth  Ash- 
mole's  jointure  of  lands  in  South  Lambeth.  These  are  interesting,  as 
the  mansion  now  known  as  the  turret-house  was  formerly  the  museum 
of  the  Tradescants,  and  was  probably  built  oiiginally  by  Ashmole  to 
receive  his  collection  now  at  Oxford. 

lb.  p.  253  relates  the  particulars  of  the  finding  of  eight  metal  spoons 
in  London  at  different  times,  of  different  shape,  and  of  different  metal. 
One  in  latten  belonged  to  the  time  of  Elizabeth,  to  which  time  also 
four  others  may  be  assigned. 

lb.  p.  254  contains  a  notice  of  the  finding  of  a  water  jar  of  red  earth 
at  a  considerable  depth,  when  preparing  for  the  foundation  of  the 
church  of  the  Pilgrim  Fathers,  in  New  Kent  Road. 

lb.  p.  312  gives  the  representation  of  a  Western  African  ring,  used 
exclusively  by  those  of  high  rank,  cut  out  of  fine  silver,  and  stamped 
in  a  peculiar  manner. 

lb.  p.  321  details  particulars  of  coins  and  pottery  from  the  New  Kent 
Road,  among  which  were  some  portions  of  Samian  ware,  also  a  rare 
tradesman's  token  of  London,  not  in  the  Beaufoy  Collection. 

lb.  p.  325  gives  an  account  of  a  wedding  dress  of  the  reign  of 
George  II,  a  matchless  example  of  the  period.  Also  a  hair-pin  and  ear- 
rings of  the  same  period,  composed  of  small  beads  of  mother-of-pearl 
sewed  on  frames  of  gilt  brass. 

lb.  p.  330.  Mr.  Corner  exhibited  a  fausse  montre  of  fine  gold,  and 
silver  thread  woven  on  silk. 

In  vol.  xiv,  p.  90,  there  is  the  copy  of  a  deed,  belonging  to  the 
Cordwainers'  Company,  relating  to  property  near  the  site  of  the  Globe 
Theatre,  Bankside.  A  Peter  Shakspeare  is  one  of  the  witnesses  to 
this  instrument. 

lb.  p.  281  describes  a  morocco  purse,  resembhng  in  type  the  money- 
bag of  not  less  than  2000  years  antiquity. 

lb.  p.  337  gives  a  description  and  illustration  of  a  very  rare  and  in- 
teresting object,  a  Roman  flower  vase,  found  in  Southwark.        /^KR//^ 

lb.  p.  344  relates  the  particulars  of  a  beautiful  bowl  of /^S^'^IiHI 
turbo  shell  of  tlie  close  of  the  sixteenth  century. 


^k 


186  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  ASSOCIATION. 

In  vol.  xvi,  p.  329,  is  an  account  of  nineteen  objects  brought  from 
Gibraltar  of  various  kinds,  some  Egyptian,  in  porcelain  and  in  bronze. 
Other  antiquities  of  an  archaic  character  were  procured  in  Sicily,  etc. 

In  addition  to  the  numerous  papers  in  our  Journal,  and  other  works, 
Mr.  Corner  arranged  a  quarto  volume  on  the  estates  of  the  united 
parishes  of  which  he  was  vestry  clerk,  denominated  the  "  Rental  of 
St.  Olave  and  St.  John,  Southwark,"  which  was  printed  in  1838,  and 
again  in  1851.  His  life  will  be  seen  to  have  been  one  of  great  industry; 
but  it  remains  to  be  told  that,  towards  the  close  of  his  life,  he  feU  into 
difficulties,  occasioned,  I  believe,  by  family  misfortunes,  and  he  died  at 
Camberwell,  on  the  31st  October,  1863,  at  the  age  of  sixty-two  years. 
He  had  married  in  1828,  and  has  left  a  widow  with  two  sons  and  two 
daughters.  His  habits  were  social,  and  his  manners  kind  and  agree- 
able. He  will  be  long  remembered  by  his  Associates  and  friends,  and 
his  loss  resetted. 


■^o' 


William  Salt,  Esq.  was  also  one  of  the  earliest  members  of  our 
Association,  having  made  a  donation  of  ten  guineas  at  the  Congress 
held  at  Canterbury  in  1844.  At  this  time  no  regular  subscription  was 
required  of  the  Associates,  and  the  sum  was  intended  to  go  towards  a 
fund  to  promote  excavations  in  search  of  antiquities,  and  also  to  aid  in 
the  preservation  of  ancient  buildings.  Mr.  Salt  was  subsequently 
a  constant  reader  of  our  Journal,  and  a  contributor  to  the  Collectanea 
Archceolocjica.  K"o  one  knew  better  how  to  estimate  the  value  of  such 
publications,  and  he  evinced  this  by  directing  liis  attention  to  the  com- 
piling Itineraries  of  our  kings  on  an  enlarged  scale  of  that  published 
by  Mr.  T.  Duffus  Hardy  for  the  reign  of  King  John,  printed  in  the 
Arch(Bologia}  and  those  by  the  Rev.  C.  H.  Hai-tshorne  of  Edward  I 
and  Edward  II  in  our  Collectanea  Arclueologica.^  Mr.  Salt  printed  an 
Itinerary  of  Henry  III,  and  it  is  a  valuable  acquisition  to  histoi^ical 
students,  and  has  supplied  materials  for  various  papers  printed  in  the 
archo3ological  journals.  He  also  contemplated  and  was  engaged  upon 
a  new  arrangement  of  the  wills  proved  in  the  diocese  of  Lichfield,  with 
indexes  to  the  same.  In  the  same  dii-ection  he  was  induced  to  make 
large  collections  of  ancient  proclamations,  broadsides,  and  private 
Acts  of  Parliament,  and  of  these  he  made  most  liberal  and  costly  gifts 
to  the  library  of  the  British  Museum,  and  to  that  of  the  Society  of 
Antiquaries. 

Upon  referring  to  the  minutes  of  the  proceedings  of  the  Society  of 
Antiquaries,  I  find  that  in  December  1852  Mr.  Salt  presented  two 
valuable  volumes  of  proclamations,  one  belonging  to  the  reign  of  Queen 
Elizabeth,  the  other  to  that  of  James  I ;  in  February  1853  acts  and 
ordinances  about  the  time  of  the  Civil  War,  and  forty  more  proclama- 

'  Vol.  xxii,  pp.  124-160.  -  Vol.  i,  pp.  113144;  vol.  ii,  pp.  115-i;36. 


PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  ASSOCIATION.  187 

tions  ;  in  May  1855  two  proclamations  of  the  Protector  Cromwell,  one 
dated  March  20,  1654,  "  A  Declaration  of  His  Highness  the  Lord 
Protector  in\dting  the  People  of  England  and  Wales  to  a  Day  of 
Solemn  Fasting  and  Humiliation,"  the  motive  of  this  being  stated  to 
be  for  the  "common  and  notorious  sins  so  boldly  and  impenitently 
practised  amongst  us,  together  with  the  present  rod  of  an  exceeding 
and  unusual  drought";  the  other  of  May  9  following,  setting  apart 
Tuesday  the  23rd  of  this  present  May  for  a  "  publique  day  of  thanks- 
giving for  the  peace  concluded  between  this  Commonwealth  and  that 
of  the  United  Provinces,  and  for  the  late  seasonable  rain."  In 
December  1855  Mr.  Salt  made  a  donation  of  another  volume  of  pro- 
clamations, consisting  of  twenty-three  deficient  in  the  Society's  col- 
lection, besides  a  variety  of  broadsides,  many  of  which  are  very  scarce 
and  valuable.  In  May  1856  he  presented  three  hundred  and  seventy- 
three  more  proclamations,  scarcely  any  of  which  were  in  the  Society's 
collection;  and  in  May  1857  Mr.  Salt  prevailed  upon  Messrs.  Eyre  and 
Spottiswoode,  the  Queen's  printers,  to  present  to  the  Society  a  series 
of  royal  proclamations  of  the  reigns  of  George  II  and  III,  the  only 
copies  they  had,  being  about  one  hundred  in  number,  and  wanting  to 
complete  the  Society's  collection.  By  these  presents  and  Mr.  Salt's 
generosity  the  Society  now  possesses  a  most  valuable  collection,  which 
has  been  ably  arranged  by  Mr.  Robert  Lemon,  F.S.A.,  of  Her 
Majesty's  State  Paper  Office. 

Mr.  Salt,  in  1852,  called  the  attention  of  the  Society  to  a  descrip- 
tive account,  illustrated  by  numerous  drawings,  of  the  church  of  St. 
Radegunde  at  Tours,  in  the  department  of  the  Loire  in  France,  by  the 
Rev.  J.  L.  Petit,  M.A.,  F.S.A.,  a  church  interesting  from  the  excava- 
tions in  the  rock  connected  with  it,  and  to  which  the  early  character 
of  the  building  itself  gives  the  stamp  of  antiquity.' 

Mr.  Salt  was  the  third  son  of  John  Stevenson  Salt,  a  banker  in 
Lombard  Street,  and  of  Weeping  Cross,  Stafford,  and  of  Sarah  Steven- 
son, whose  father  was  a  banker  at  Stafford,  and  also  in  London.  He 
was  born  October  29,  1808,  and  sent  to  school  at  Dr.  Morris's  at 
Brentford,  near  Ealing,  in  1815.  Here,  however,  he  remained  only  ten 
years,  being  withdrawn  in  consequence  of  the  great  panic  in  the 
commercial  world  in  1825,  to  render  assistance  to  his  father  in  this 
emergency.  He  was  found  so  competent  and  so  useful  that  he  was 
not  permitted  to  return  to  school,  and  thus  he  commenced  business 
at  an  earlier  age  than  was  originally  intended.  His  connection  with 
Stafford  induced  him,  in  1844,  to  print  a  supplement  to  Dr.  Hai-wood's 
edition  of  Sampson  Erdeswicke's  Survey  of  Staffordshire,  and  for  many 
years  he  was  engaged  upon  a  new  edition  of  Shaw's  History  of  Stafford- 

^  See  Proceedings  of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries,  vol.  ii,  p.  216. 


188  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  ASSOCIATION. 

shire.  On  this  he  expended  great  labour  and  no  inconsiderable  cost, 
having  copies  made  of  all  documents  in  the  public  archives  relating  to 
the  county. 

It  was  in  1842  that  Mr.  Salt  was  admitted  a  Fellow  of  the  Society  of 
Antiquaries,  and  I  had  the  pleasure  of  serving  on  the  Council  with 
him  of  that  society.  He  was  of  most  amiable  manners,  modest,  and 
unassuming  throughout  his  career,  and  never  failing  to  support  any 
laudable  object  by  his  personal  services  and  the  aid  of  his  purse.  In  a 
letter  fi-om  a  hiffh  authoritv,  and  bv  one  who  knew  him  well,  his  life 
is  alluded  to  as  "  not  like  the  rushing  roar  of  a  torrent,  leaping  over 
obstacles  and  attracting  attention  and  admiration  by  its  stormy 
grandeur,"  but  as  rather  "  like  a  silver  stream  gliding,  often  unseen, 
through  lonely  places,  fertilising  and  beautifying  whatever  it  touched. 
His  goodness,  like  the  sunshine,  penetrated  into  dark  places."  This  is 
only  deserved  eulogy,  and  many  have  to  deplore  his  decease.  He  was 
a  liberal  benefactor  to  many  charitable  institutions,  and  he  belonged  to 
various  societies,  among  which  should  be  mentioned  the  Royal  Society 
of  Literature,  in  which  he  took  much  interest.  Mr.  Henry  Salt,  the 
well  known  Abyssinian  and  Egyptian  traveller,  was  related  to  our  late 
member,  who  died  at  his  house  in  Park  Square  East,  Regent's  Park, 
on  the  6th  of  December,  1863,  at  the  age  of  fifty-five  years. 


189 


|3roccctiincj5  of  tlje  Congress. 

(Continued  from  p.  G5.) 


Wednesday,  October  14. 

At  an  early  hour  the  Association  assembled  to  pi'oceed  by  special 
train  to  Boroughbridge  and  Aldborougli,  wbere  tliey  were  most  courte- 
ously received  by  Mr.  Lawson.  The  examination  of  those  remarkable 
monuments  commonly  known  as  "  The  Devil's  Arrows,"  formed  the 
first  object  of  attention,  and  excited  the  usual  amount  of  astonishment. 
They  are  commonly  regarded  as  Druidical  remains,  and  are  three  in 
number,  formed  of  coarse  rag  or  millstone  grit  common  in  the  north  of 
England,  and  capable  of  resisting  the  effects  of  time  in  a  remarkable 
degree.  On  the  immediate  spot  tliis  stone  is  not  met  with,  but  masses 
of  it,  in  detached  portions,  are  to  be  found  at  Plumpton,  about  ten 
miles  distant,  and  from  this  locality  it  is  reasonable  to  suppose  the  ma- 
terial of  these  erections  was  obtained.  The  difficulties  attendant  upon 
the  removal,  transit,  and  elevation  of  such  bodies  must  have  been  very 
great.  A  fourth  stone  has  been  frequently  mentioned,  but  it  no  longer 
presents  itself  as  an  obelisk ;  it  is  recollected  as  having  been  used  as  a 
foot  bridge  over  the  river  Tut.  A  good  view  of  them  is  given  in  Mr- 
Ecroyd  Smith's  Eeliqum  Isuriance  (pi.  i).  The  space  between  the 
northern  and  central  stones  is  one  hundred  and  ninety-eight  feet,  whilst 
the  distance  from  the  central  to  the  southern  stone  is  no  less  than  three 
hundred  and  twenty  feet.  The  fourth  stone  must  have  stood  on  the 
farther  side  of  the  central  stone  ;  it  had  been  displaced  in  the  expecta- 
tion of  finding  treasure  beneath,  supposed  to  have  been  there  bmied. 
Art  has  had  little  to  do  in  regard  to  their  form,  they  however  taper 
upwards ;  grooves  or  flutings,  conjectured  to  have  been  rain-worn 
channels,  are  apparent,  and  towards  the  base  they  exhibit  traces  of  the 
operation  of  the  celt  or  other  instrument  employed  at  a  very  early 
period. 

Of  similar  material  to  that  which  constitutes  "  The  Devil's  Ai-rows," 
is  a  mass  of  gritstone,  of  the  height  of  eighteen  inches,  fashioned  into 
18(54  '  ^  25 


190  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  CONGRESS. 

a  human  shape,  and  conjectured  to  be  an  ancient  British  idol,  scarcely 
to  be  surpassed  in  ugliness  by  any  other  relic.  It  was  found  among 
ancient  foundations  in  digging  a  cellar  iipon  the  old  line  of  road  from 
Iseur  to  the  Arrows.  Plate  ii  in  Mr.  Ecroyd  Smith's  work  gives  a  re- 
presentation of  this  object.  Boroughbridge  Old  Hall  was  visited,  in 
the  grounds  of  which  are  many  fragments  taken  from  York  Minster 
after  the  serious  conflagration  of  that  edifice. 

Quitting  Boroughbridge  the  Association  proceeded  to  Aldborough, 
and  were  engaged  during  a  period  of  three  hours  in  inspecting  the 
various  pavements  and  other  interesting  Roman  remains  of  this  loca- 
lity. The  Association  ure  under  infinite  obligations  to  Mr.  A.  S. 
Lawson  (whose  father  was  chiefly  instrumental  in  the  discovery  and 
preservation  of  the  Roman  remains)  for  his  assistance  in  inspecting 
these  objects,  and  obtaining  facilities  from  all  around  to  pursue  their 
investigations.  The  reader  is  referred  to  Mr.  Lawson's  interesting 
paper,  printed  in  the  Journal  (pp.  39-51,  ante),  for  particulars  relating 
to  their  histoiy,  discovery,  etc.  Mr.  Lawson's  richly  stored  museum 
of  antiquities  preserved  at  Isurium,  constituted  an  object  of  the  highest 
interest  to  the  Association ;  the  manner  in  which  they  are  arranged, 
and  the  care  with  which  they  are  preserved,  are  deserving  of  all  praise  ; 
added  to  these  considerations,  must  be  mentioned  the  facilities  af- 
forded by  Mr.  Lawson  for  their  examination,  entitling  him  to  the 
special  thanks  of  all  antiquaries.  The  party  having  duly  inspected 
these  treasures  were  conducted  by  Mr.  Lawson  to  a  tent,  where  a  most 
bounteous  collation  was  presented  to  them.  Mr.  E.  Levien,  F.S.A., 
proposed  the  health  of  their  host,  with  thanks  for  his  elegant  enter- 
tainment, which  was  responded  to  by  Mr.  Lawson,  expressing  his  hope 
that  at  the  next  visit  to  the  site  of  Isurium  the  members  would  find 
many  more  remains  of  that  ancient  city  exhumed.  The  Association 
then  arranged  for  their  return  to  Leeds,  where  an  evening  meeting 
was  held  in  the  lectiu'c  room.  Lord  Houghton,  President. 

His  lordship  not  having  been  able  to  join  the  Association  in  their 
excursion  during  the  day,  said  he  understood  the  excursion  had  been  a 
most  satisfactory  one,  and  Mr.  Lawson  had  exhibited  the  greater  part 
of  the  antiquities  and  all  that  the  time  would  allow.  The  society  had 
taken  care  to  convey  to  Mr.  Lawson  their  gi'ateful  sense  of  the  care 
with  which  he  had  preserved  the  antiquities,  and  they  were  much 
struck  with  the  ability  and  discrimination  with  which  he  had  dis- 
charged the  important  functions  he  had  undertaken. 

A  letter  from  Mr.  Pcttigrew,  the  Treasurer  of  the  Association,  ad- 
dressed to  the  President,  was  read,  expressive  of  his  deep  regret  at 
being  unable  to  attend  the  Ccmgress  from  the  continuance  of  his  severe 
illness ;  and  in  a  postscript  made  known  to  the  Association  that  the 
man  commonly  known  as  "  Flint  Jack,"  the  celebrated  forger  of  anti- 


PIIOCEEDINGS  OF  THE  CONGRESS.  1.01 

quities,  had  been  brought  before  the  magistrates  at  Bridlington,  and 
committed  to  prison  for  stealing  jet  wherewith  to  fabricate  his  seals. 
The  Chairman  then  moved  the  following  resolution,  which  was  unani- 
mously adopted  : — "  That  the  deep  regret  of  this  meeting  be  expressed 
to  T.  J.  Pettigrew,  Esq.,  F.R.S.,  F.S.A.,  Treasurer  of  the  British  Ai-- 
chajological  Association,  that  his  continued  severe  illness  should  have 
deprived  the  Congress  at  Leeds  of  his  presence  and  great  assistance, 
and  that  it  is  sincerely  hoped  ere  long  he  may  be  restored  to  his  usual 
health  and  strenti^th." 

Tlie  Rev.  C.  H.  Hartshorne,  M.  A.,  then  read  his  paper  "  On  the 
Honour  and  Castle  of  Pontefract."     (See  pp.  186-155,  ante.) 

The  Chairman  moved  a  vote  of  thanks  to  Mr.  Hartshorne  for  his 
very  interesting  paper.  He  regretted  that  the  lecturer  had  not  dwelt 
at  greater  length  on  the  architecture  of  the  castle,  some  portions  of 
which  still  existed,  and  had  been  the  scenes  of  important  events  in 
history.  There  was,  amongst  other  portions,  the  chapel  in  which,  in 
the  time  of  Henry  VIII,  the  Archbishop  of  York  was  murdered  at  the 
altar.  As  to  the  name,  he  thought  it  was  quite  clear  that  Pontefract 
was  a  translation  of  the  popular  and  original  name  Pomfret,  which 
meant  broken  bridge.  There  being  no  river  or  bridge  at  Pomfret 
made  it  difficult  for  them  to  see  how  there  could  be  a  broken  bridge. 
The  ancient  name  of  the  place  was  Kirkby,  and  the  name  of  Pomfret 
was  given  to  it  by  Robert  de  Lacy.  Whether  he  gave  it  that  name  in 
consequence  of  having  a  castle  of  the  same  name  in  Noi-mandy — which 
he  thought  was  the  real  reason — or  in  consequence  of  a  bridge  over  the 
Aire  two  or  three  miles  off  having  been  broken  down,  it  was  not  for 
him  to  determine. 

The  vote  of  thanks  having  been  seconded  and  carried,  the  Chairman 
proceeded  to  read  a  paper  "  On  the  History  and  Canonization  of 
Thomas  of  Lancaster."  (See  pp.  16-18,  ante.)  Thanks  were  aw^arded 
to  the  noble  Chairman  for  Iris  interesting  communication  ;  and  the 
proceedings  were  brought  to  a  close  at  a  late  hoiu'  by  the  reading  of  a 
long  and  elaborate  paper  by  the  Rev.  Scott  F.  Surtees,  "  On  the  Lo- 
cality of  Hengist's  last  Battle  and  Burial  Place,"  in  which  the  author 
endeavoured  to  show  by  local  nomenclature  that  Hengist  was  slain 
near  Conisborough  Castle,  about  six  miles  from  Doncaster,  and  that 
the  event  took  place  in  the  year  488.  He  alluded  to  numerous  places 
called  by  names  associated  with  Saxon  nomenclature,  and  correspond- 
ing with  the  names  of  Hengist,  and  of  those  who  accompanied  him, 
among  which  was  a  place  called  Hengist's  Wood.  He  confii'med  his 
opinion  by  various  references  to  the  public  records,  and  adduced  a 
mass  of  circumstantial  evidence  in  support  of  it.  At  the  conclusion  of 
the  paper  IMr.  Planche  said  he  felt  convinced  that  the  existence  of  such 
a  person  as  Hengist  was  altogether  mj'thical,  and  had  no  foundation 


192  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  CONGRESS. 

but  in  tradition.  He  was  inclined  to  tliink  that  the  names  which  had 
been  mentioned  were  founded  on  tradition  rather  tlian  on  fact.  Mr. 
Phihpps  and  others,  however,  dissented  from  Mr.  Planche's  views,  and 
regarded  the  coincidence  of  names  so  great  as  to  afford  good  evidence  in 
support  of  the  opinions  of  Mr.  Surtees.  Tlianks  were  voted  to  Mr. 
Surtees  for  his  learned  communication. 


Thursday,  October  15. 

The  Association  quitted  Leeds  by  the  Great  Northern  Railway,  pro- 
ceeding to  the  Knkgate  Station,  where  they  were  met  and  received  by 
Dr.  Holdsworth,  the  mayor,  and  the  town  council  of  Wakefield,  on 
then-  way  visiting  the  chapel  on  the  bridge,  the  old  houses  in  Kirkgate, 
etc.,  the  parish  church,  and  the  town  hall. 

Mr.  J.  R.  Wilson,  of  Alnwick,  architect,  briefly  explained  the  prin- 
cipal parts  connected  with  the  chapel,  for  which  in  extenso  the  reader 
is  referred  to  pages  111-119,  ante,  for  the  paper  read  by  him  at  the 
town  hall. 

Of  the  old  houses  in  Earkgate  Street,  known  as  the  Six  Chimneys, 
Mr.  George  Wentworth  has  presented  photographs  to  the  Association. 
No  authentic  documents  relating  to  them  are  known.  The  period  to 
which  they  belong,  however,  is  evident  from  their  structure,  and  their 
origin  must  be  assigned  to  the  reign  of  Henry  VIII  or  to  that  of  Eliza- 
beth. It  was  not  an  unfrequent  practice  of  that  period  to  embellish 
buildings  with  figures  bearing  the  prevalent  costume  of  the  day.  The 
Six  Chimneys  present  these  objects  :  on  the  eastern  front  there  are  four 
figures,  near  to  the  cornice,  carved  in  oak,  and  one  on  each  side  of  the 
original  entrance.  The  figures  are  much  decayed,  but  one  of  them 
exliibits  a  short  tunic,  with  a  belt  round  the  waist,  with  skirts  falling 
in  puckered  folds  a  little  above  the  knee.  It  has  a  round  cap  similar 
to  those  worn  in  the  reign  of  Henry  VIII.  In  Lower  West  Gate  is 
another  old  house,  chiefly  composed  of  wood  and  plaster.  It  is  the 
only  one  of  this  kind  now  standing  in  that  part  of  the  town.  The 
carving  on  the  horizontal  tie  beam  of  the  third  gable  to  the  right, 
would  lead  us  to  assign  it  to  the  Tudor  age.  Mr.  Fennell,  on  the  part 
of  George  Wentworth,  Esq.,^  gave  a  brief  historical  description. 

At  the  town  hall  an  official  reception  was  given  to  Lord  Houghton 
and  the  Association,  and  a  large  number  of  curiosities  and  objects  of 
antiquity  had  been  collected  together  for  inspection.     By  the  kindness 

'  The  Association  have  to  express  their  deep  regret  at  the  decease  of  their 
highly  respected  memljcr  at  the  early  age  of  thirty-two,  oa  the  7th  April  last. 
He  took  a  deep  interest  in  the  proceedings,  as  the  present  Journal  and  future 
ones  will  amply  demonstrate. 


TEOCEEDINGS  OF  THE  CONGRESS.  1.93 

of  Mr.  Fennell  drawings  of  the  most  important  liave  been  made,  and 
will  bo  laid  before  the  Association  and  illustrated  in  the  Juurnal.  Dr. 
Holdsworth,  the  mayor,  after  expressing  the  gratification  which  the 
Corporation  experienced  in  receiving  so  learned  a  body  of  gentlemen  at 
Wakefield,  contratulated  Lord  Houghton  upon  the  distinguished 
honour  which  the  Queen  had  conferred  upon  him — an  honour  no  less 
an  acknowledgment  of  his  distinguished  literary  attainments  than  of 
his  consistent  political  career.  He  referred  to  the  noble  lord's  connec- 
tion with  Wakefield  as  a  neighbour,  and  to  his  readiness  on  all  occasions 
to  assist  in  the  educational  efforts  of  the  town.  Lord  Houghton,  in 
responding,  thanked  the  Corporation,  on  behalf  of  the  Association,  for 
their  kind  reception,  and  expressed  their  regret  that  they  could  not  re- 
main longer  there.  The  wealth,  the  credit,  and  the  position  of  his 
family,  he  added,  were  mainly  owing,  not  only  to  their  residence  in 
Wakefield,  but  to  the  honest  trade  they  pursued  there  in  old  times,  and 
in  which  they  contributed  much,  he  believed,  to  the  prosperity  of  the 
borough.  That  was  an  origin  of  which  no  Englishman  should  ever  be 
ashamed,  and  of  which  every  Englishman  ought  to  be  proud.  It  was 
from  the  commercial  classes  that  justly  sprung  the  best  portion  of 
their  nobility,  and  it  was  thus  that  all  classes  in  England,  the  highest 
to  the  lowest,  were  always  intimately  connected,  and  a  man  felt,  when 
elevated  to  any  other  class,  that  he  had  lost  nothing  of  the  privileges 
of  the  class  from  which  he  was  elevated.  Mr.  Wilson  then  read  his 
paper  "  On  the  Wayside  Chapel  on  the  Bridge  over  the  Calder."  Mr. 
O'Callaghan  exhibited  the  sign  manual  of  Richard  Duke  of  York,  who 
was  killed  at  the  battle  of  Wakefield.  Thanks  were  voted  to  the  Mayor 
and  Corporation,  Mr.  Wentworth,  Mr.  Wilson,  Mr.  Taylor,  and  Mr. 
Fennell,  and  the  party  left  for  Pontefract,  at  which  ancient  borough 
they  received  a  most  cordial  welcome.  The  Old  Hall,  commenced  as 
a  palace  for  the  Harewood  family  but  never  completed,  was  visited ;  it 
remains  as  a  ruin.  The  ruins  of  the  church  and  castle  were  also  in- 
spected. Lord  Houghton  and  the  Rev.  Mr.  Hartshorne  pointing  out 
and  dwelHng  upon  the  principal  features  of  these  buildings.  A  paper 
"  On  Harewood  Castle,"  by  John  Jones,  Esq.,  was  transferred  over  for 
reading  at  Leeds  on  the  following  evening. 

The  party  then  adjourned  to  the  to\\Ti-hall,  where  a  sumptuous  col- 
lation had  been  prepared  by  the  kind  attention  of  the  President,  tlie 
Mayor,  and  the  Corporation.  Various  complimentary  speeches  Avere 
delivered  by  Lord  Houghton,  Mr.  Waterhouse,  M.P.,  Mr.  Titus  Salt, 
the  Mayor,  and  others.  The  Mayor  in  eulogistic  terms  proposed  the 
health  of  "  Lord  Houghton,  the  President,"  who  had  been  the  repre- 
sentative of  that  borough  for  twenty-five  years,  and  whom,  although  he 
had  been  elevated  to  the  peerage,  they  could  still  recognise  as  a  neigh- 


bour   and   friend.     Lord    Houghton    observed   that   during  the 


M 


194  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  CONGRESS. 

period  he  had  been  associated  with  that  borough,  he  had  witnessed 
many  interesting  scenes  in  that  hall.  There  he  was  first  elected  a 
member  of  Parliament,  now  about  a  quarter  of  a  century  ago.  Since 
that  time  there  had  been  great  mutations  of  empires,  and  great  his- 
torical events  in  the  world;  they  had  seen  the  fall  of  ministers,  changes 
of  governments,  deaths  of  good  men  in  whom  they  were  interested,  the 
loss  of  many  friends,  and  many  other  things  had  occurred  which 
were  beyond  their  circuit  to  inquire  into.  During  that  period  he  had 
seen  in  that  hall  many  different  assemblies,  met  for  different  objects, 
but  hitherto  no  such  event  had  occurred  as  the  arrival  of  a  literary  and 
philosophical  society  in  that  town,  to  be  entertained  by  the  Mayor  and 
Corporation.  He  was  sorry  the  elements  had  not  been  propitious ; 
but  he  should  be  glad  if  anything  had  happened  to  obliterate  the 
memory  of  the  darkness  and  damp,  and  that  they  would  carry  away 
with  them  some  warm  feeling  towards  the  borough  of  Pontefract ;  for 
no  town  in  England  Avas  more  worthy  of  the  attention  of  such  a  society 
than  that  most  ancient  borough.  ArcliEeology,  instead  of  making  the 
best  of  everything,  now  made  the  worst  of  everything,  and  the  open- 
ness of  Mr.  Hartshorne's  statements  had  very  much  diminished  the 
personal  respect  he  had  for  him.  He  thought  he  might  have  con- 
cealed the  fact  that  there  were  larger  castles,  but  he  told  it  out  with 
an  archaeological  truth  which  might  be  very  virtuous,  but  was  rather 
discreditable.  There  might  have  been  fortresses  greater  than  theirs, 
but  thej^  would  all  agree  with  him  that  there  was  hardly  one  that  had 
gone  over  so  varied  a  space  in  British  history,  or  which  illustrated  in 
such  a  singular  manner  the  changes  of  our  constitution,  our  manners, 
our  habits,  our  religion,  and  our  laws.  In  conclusion,  the  noble  lord 
proposed  the  health  of  his  predecessor  in  the  office,  Dr.  Lee,  who  re- 
turned thanks  for  the  compliment,  and  referred  with  satisfaction  to  the 
change  of  public  opinion  respecting  archceological  pursuits.  Formerly 
people  regarded  them  with  suspicion,  but  now  they  were  welcomed  by 
corporations  and  civic  authorities  wherever  they  went.  They  felt 
greatly  obHged  to  the  Mayor  and  Corporation  of  Pontefract  for  their 
kindly  reception,  and  he  begged  to  propose  their  healths.  The  Mayor 
having  briefly  responded,  Mr.  Philipps  proposed  "  The  Borough 
Members,"  and  Mr.  Waterhouse  retui'ned  thanks,  humorously  defend- 
ing the  Corporation  from  the  censure  which  the  noble  President  had 
cast  upon  them  in  his  inaugural  address,  respecting  their  neglect  of 
the  castle,  which,  he  said,  belonged  to  the  Duchy  of  Lancaster,  and 
not  to  the  borough.  Mr.  Alderman  Moxon  stated  that  the  castle  be- 
longed to  the  Duchy  of  Lancaster,  but  if  the  opportunity  offered,  the 
Coi'poration  would  be  ready  to  purchase  it  and  present  it  to  the  town. 
The  proceedings  were  then  brought  to  a  close,  and  the  party  re- 
turned to  Leeds. 


PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  C0NGKES8.  195 

The  Evening  Meeting  was  held  in  the  lecture  room  of  the  Philo- 
sophical Society. 

The  Mayor  of  Leeds  in  the  Chair. 

Mr.  Gordon  M.  Hills  read  a  paper  on,  and  exhibited  a  large  ground- 
T)lan  of  Fountains  Abbey,  to  be  visited  on  the  morrow.  This  commu- 
nication, with  illustrations,  will  appear  in  the  Collectanea  Arclmologica. 
Mr.  O'Callaghan  read  the  following  paper,  "  On  an  Ancient  Canoe 
discovered  at  Giggles  wick." 

"  I  beg  leave  to  direct  the  attention  of  the  members  of  the  Archa30- 
ogical  Association  to  an  ancient  canoe,  which,  is  placed  upon  the  top 
of  one  of  the  ethnological  cases  in  the  inner  vestibule  of  our  hall.  It 
is  one  of  our  most  recent  and  interesting  acquisitions,  and  one  of  the 
most  valuable  to  us  from  its  local  associations.  It  was  accidentally 
discovered  on  the  25th  of  May  of  this  year,  by  a  man  of  the  name  of 
Joseph  Taylor,  of  Gigglesmck,  in  this  county,  when  employed  in  drain- 
ing land  belonging  to  Mr.  William  Hartley.  The  place  in  which  it 
was  found  is  called  '  The  Tarn,'  in  the  township  of  Giggleswick.  It  is 
close  to  the  margin  of  a  drained  lake,  which  used  to  be  called  '  Giggles- 
wick Tarn.'  This  Tarn  is  noticed  by  Whitaker  in  his  History  of 
Craven,  and  he  says  'the  lake  is  partly  natural  and  partly  artificial.' 
It  had  been  diminished  by  repeated  drainings  from  an  extensive  sheet 
of  water  to  the  size  of  a  small  lake  frequented  by  fishermen,  even 
within  the  recollection  of  old  people  still  living.  Early  in  this  century, 
however,  it  was  entirely  drained  and  converted  into  cultivated  land. 
But  as  it  was  wet  and  spongy  soil,  Taylor  had  been  obliged  to  cut  a 
deep  trench  through  it,  to  drain  it  effectually.  In  making  this  trench, 
the  workmen  came  upon  several  trunks  of  old  trees,  and  when  this 
ancient  boat  made  its  appearance,  it  was  taken  for  one  of  these  trees. 


This  mistake  was  unfortunate,  as  it  was,  in  consequence,  not  so  care- 
fully disinterred.  However,  it  is  notwithstanding  tolerably  perfect. 
It  was  foimd  lying  on  the  rock,  underneath  a  depth  of  six  feet  of  soft 
laminated  clay.      It  is  roughly  formed  from  the  scooped  trunk  of  a 


196  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  CONGRESS. 

tree.  It  is  eight  feet  five  inches  in  Kngth,  two  feet  in  extreme  breadth, 
and  one  foot  seven  inches  within  the  sides ;  outer  depth  one  foot  nine 
inches ;  inner,  one  foot  four  inches.  It  is  flat-bottomed,  with  upright 
sides  ;  stem  and  stern  very  rudely  fashioned.  Attached  to  one  of  the 
sides  was  a  triangular  piece  of  timber,  fastened  by  wooden  pins  to  the 
outer  side  of  the  gunwale,  running  nearly  its  whole  length ;  a  similar 
piece  of  wood  had  fallen  from  the  other  side,  and  was  broken  into 
several  fragments.  It  was  at  first  supposed  that  these  pieces  of  timber 
might  have  been  used  as  lee  or  weather  boards,  but  as  they  were  not 
moveable,  I  concluded  that  they  were  intended  to  give  more  bearing  or 
stability  to  this  very  unsteady  vessel ;  possibly  their  upper  flat  surfaces, 
being  flush  with  the  gunwale,  may  have  sei'ved  the  purpose  of  seats, 
and  occasionally  of  tables  or  shelves  for  fishing  gear.  There  were 
no  traces  of  rowlocks,  and  the  probability  is  that  this  cranky  boat  was 
propelled  by  a  single  paddle  or  pole.  A  piece  of  roughly  made  plank 
is  fastened  over  the  tafirail,  which  looks  very  Hke  a  seat.  There  is 
also  a  similar,  but  narrow  piece  of  plank  fastened  across  the  upper 
part  of  the  bows,  as  if  to  prevent  the  splitting  of  the  open-gi'ained 
pine  wood.  About  ten  feet  from  the  head  of  this  boat,  an  ancient 
curious  iron  grappling  was  tm'ned  up,  and  for  several  weeks  I  con- 
cluded that  it  must  have  been  this  boat's  anchor.  I  had  even  -^nntten 
to  some  archiBological  friends  to  announce  the  startling  discovery  of  an 
ancient  British  canoe,  with  an  anchor  actually  made  of  iron.  How- 
ever, I  began  to  doubt  the  facts,  and  I  communicated  with  the  work- 
man who  found  the  interesting  relics,  and  the  enigma  was  at  once 
solved  by  his  stating  that  there  was  a  difference  of  three  feet  of  level 
between  the  boat  and  this  grappling,  the  latter  being  only  three  feet 
or  less  below  the  surface.  The  ring  to  which  these  grappling  irons  are 
fastened,  with  well  forged  eyes,  is  three  inches  in  diameter,  and  the 
grapplings  which  hang  from  the  ring  are  eighteen  inches  long,  and 
hooked  at  the  disengaged  ends.  It  is  very  probable  that  it  belonged 
to  a  boat  of  much  later  date." 

After  a  short  discussion,  dii'ected  principally  to  the  best  mode  of 
preserving  the  ancient  boat,  a  paper  "  On  Weapons  of  the  Ancient  Tribes 
of  Yorkshire,"  by  Mr.  H.  Syer  Cuming,  was  read  (sec  pp.  101-111 
ante).  With  tlianks  to  the  authors  of  the  papers,  and  to  the  ]\Iayor 
for  presiding,  the  meeting  terminated. 


{To  be  continued.) 


197 


|3rocfcti{ncj5  of  tjje  Association. 


Wednesday,  February  10. 

Nathaniel  Gould,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  V.P.,  in  the  Chair. 

The  following  Associates  were  elected  : — 

Jolin  Westby  Gibson,  Esq.,  Wan-en  Street,  Pentonville. 
John  Cordy  Wootton,  Esq.,  Ealing. 

Thanks  were  given  for  the  following  presents  : — 
To  the  Society.     Proceedings  of  the  Royal  Society.     No,  60.     8vo. 
To  the  Aiithor.     Account  of  inscribed  stones  in  the  sepulchral  monu- 
ment, called   ]\Iane   Nelud,    at    Lochmariaker,    in   the    depart- 
ment of  Morbihan,  Brittany,  by  Samuel  Ferguson,  Q.C.     8vo. 
To  the  Puhlisher.     Gentleman's  Magazine  for  Feb.     8vo. 

The  Chairman  called  attention  to  the  practice  of  "nawys"  offering 
coins  for  sale  as  "just  having  been  found",  which  have  never  been 
exhumed  in  England,  and  produced  some  of  copper  asserted  to  have 
been  discovered  at  Dowgate  Hill.  Among  these  are  two  Greek  coins, 
one  being  of  Antiochus  XII,  King  of  Syria  (?),  the  other  of  Syracuse  ; 
others  are  Roman,  viz.,  first  brass  of  Anlus  Yitellius  (an  Italian  cast  of 
the  sixteenth  century)  ;  second  brass  of  Caracalla,  struck  for  Perinthus 
in  Thrace,  the  rev.  bearing  Hercules  and  the  Moenalian  stag;  first  brass 
of  Severas  Alexander,  minted  in  his  third  consulship;  and  a  small 
Byzantine  coin  of  the  tenth  century,  displaying  two  heads  on  either 
side.  Thus,  if  we  believe  the  vender,  in  one  spot  have  been  discovered 
genuine  Greek  and  Roman  coins  differing  more  than  a  thousand  years 
in  date,  and  accompanied  by  an  Italian  forgeiy  of  the  sixteenth  centmy.^ 

Mjc.  Gunston  exhibited  the  following  objects  recently  discovered  on 
the  site  of  the  Steelyard : — 1.  Small  steel  slider  in  shape  of  a  shield 
charged  with  a  doe's  head  erased,  on  a  wreath,  between  the  letters 
R .  R.  At  the  back  is  a  ring.  Date,  late  sixteenth  century.  2.  Seal 
of  bi'ass,  the  hexangular  stem  terminating  in  a  round  loop.  It  is 
engraved  with  one  of  the  many-armed  de\dces  so  frequently  met  with 
on  the  merchants'  signets  of  the  fifteenth  century ;  the  legend  giving 

^  For  materials  for  such  "  finds,"  see  Journal,  xvi,  324. 
1864  26 


198  PllOCEEDlNGS   OF  THE  ASSOCIATION. 

the  name  of  the  owner — s  .  mLDEBR(am(Z)  adidey  spliqrod.  3.  Brass 
ferule,  probably  part  of  a  penner  or  ink-horn  of  a  merchant,  the  base 
graven  with  his  monogram.'  4.  Oval  seal  of  brass,  the  slender  stem 
terminating  in  a  flat  perfoi'ated  trefoil.  The  dc\'ice  is  the  Pleiades,  and 
the  trinket  probably  not  only  served  the  purpose  of  a  signet,  but  was 
carried  about  the  person  as  a  sort  of  amulet  or  badge  of  good  luck  by 
some  marines,  the  "  seven  stars"  having  been  ever  held  in  reverence 
by  those  who  dared  the  dangers  of  the  deep. 

Mr.  Gunston  produced  a  Perpetual  Almanac  of  lead,  of  the  size  of 
half-a-crown,  found  in  the  mud  of  the  Fleet  river.  On  one  side  is  the 
calendar,  contained  in  a  square  di\'ided  into  forty-five  compartments, 
with  a  long  space  at  the  lower  corner  with  the  maker's  name — w.  foster. 
On  the  opposite  side  are  directions  arranged  in  twelve  lines — "  March 
13,  the  first  month;  Ap.,  the  second,  etc.  ;  and  Feb.,  the  last.  Ob- 
serve what  day  of  the  week  March  enters  upon :  for  all  such  dayes 
stand  under  every  month  for  ever.  The  other  week  dayes  follow  in 
order."  The  matters  on  both  sides  of  this  piece  are  incuse,  and  it 
appears  to  have  been  struck  towards  the  close  of  the  seventeenth 
century. 

Mr.  H.  Syer  Cuming  remarked  that,  "although  the  period  of  the 
invention  of  perpetual  almanacs  is  undecided,  we  have  good  evidence 
of  their  use  in  the  sixteenth  century,  when  they  were  not  only  made 
as  distinct  tablets,  but  were  frequently  graven  on  other  articles,  sword- 
blades,  watch-cases,  walking-staves,  etc.  In  the  Museum  of  Scottish 
Antiquaries  at  Edinburgh,  is  a  curious  pocket  sun-dial,  with  a  perpetual 
almanac,  with  this  announcement  on  the  back — '  This  table  beginneth. 
at  1572,  and  so  for  ever.'  " 

Mr.  Gunston  further  contributed  a  stout  piece  of  board  twenty-one 
inches  long  by  five  and  a  half  wide,  with  a  handle  fixed  towards  the 
lower  end,  which  gives  the  object  the  aspect  of  a  plasterer's  gigantic 
float,  the  back  carved  with  astronomical  symbols.  It  is  divided  into 
four  compartments.  In  the  upper  is  a  man  seated  at  a  round  table  on 
which  is  laid  a  long  narrow  board  which  he  examines  with  the  aid  of  a 
pair  of  compasses.  On  an  arc  above  appear  the  sun,  moon,  stars. 
Mercury,  Jupiter,  Venus,  and  Saturn,  and  in  the  top  spandrils  are 
cherubs'  heads.  In  the  next  and  longest  panel  are  the  sun,  earth, 
moon  and  earth,  with  the  explanatoiy  words — SON  ECLIPS,  NOR  POL,  syd 
POL,  &  MAEN  ECLIPS.  On  one  side  of  the  great  sun  stands  a  man  holding 
a  bent  tube  in  a  bucket,  and  on  the  other  a  man  placing  his  eye  to  what 
looks  veiy  hke  a  theodolite.  In  the  third  panel  is  a  large  crown  and 
date  1719,  and  the  lowest  compartment  has  a  coat  of  arms  in  a 
cartouche-shield,  supported  by  nude  figures,  but  the  bearings  are  cut 
through  to  permit  the  insertion  of  the  handle,  which  would  seem  to  be 

'  For  notice  of  merchants'  seals,  see  Journal,  xiv,  342. 


PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  ASSOCIATION.  199 

an  addition  not  contemplated  by  the  original  sculptor.  The  devices 
and  legends  are  coloured  red  and  green,  and  on  the  edge  of  the  board 
are  burnt  the  initials  N  .  n.  Though  this  carving  may  have  been 
executed  by  N.  B.  in  1719,  it  is  in  all  likelihood  a  reminiscence  of  a 
much  earlier  design.  In  a  discussion  which  ensued  between  Mr. 
Gunston,  Mr.  Burnell,  Mr.  Roberts,  and  Mr.  Cuming,  the  general  im- 
pression appeai-ed  to  be  that  the  float  was  originally  without  a  handle 
and  had  been  a  sign-board. 

Mr.  "Wood  called  attention  to  three  aprons  of  elegantly  embroidered 
Indian  muslin,  intended  to  be  worn  with  the  enormous  hoops  of  the 
time  of  George  II.  They  are  each  three  feet  in  length,  the  widest  five 
feet  and  the  others  four  feet  six  inches  across  the  bottoms.  The  largest 
is  decorated  with  seven  perpendicular  bands  of  stripes  round  which 
flowering  plants  are  twined,  the  whole  wrought  in  darning-stitch.  This 
apron  is  edged  with  narrow  Valenciennes  lace.  The  second  specimen 
is  wrought  throughout  in  darning-stitch  with  a  sort  of  lattice  pattern  of 
tendrils  with  an  eyelet-hole  rosette  at  each  intersection.  It  is  edged 
with  a  deep  furbelow  worked  like  the  rest  of  the  muslin.  The  third 
apron  is  powdered  with  little  bean-pods  and  leaflets  in  chain-stitch.  In 
the  early  part  of  the  eighteenth  century,  the  apron  became  an  essential 
item  of  costume  of  every  belle  of  fashion.  It  was  at  fii^st  short  and 
wide,  but  gradually  increasing  in  length,  nearly  reached  the  ground 
by  the  middle  of  the  reign  of  George  II.  In  No.  7,  of  The  Gicaifs  Inn 
Journal,  1752,  a  lady  is  made  to  say  that  "short  aprons  are  coming 
into  fashion  again;"  and  one  style  of  decorating  this  article  of  attire  is 
indicated  in  a  Receipt  for  Modern  Dress,  pablished  in  1753 — 

"  Furl  off  your  lawn  apron  with  flounces  in  rows, 
Puff  aud  pucker  up  knots  on  your  arms  and  your  toes." 

Mr.  Wood  also  produced  a  portion  of  a  deep  festooned  flounce  of  a 
dress  of  a  Lady  Asliley,  of  the  time  of  George  II.  It  is  of  Indian 
mushn  worked  in  chain-stitch  with  tendrils,  sprigs,  etc. 

The  Rev.  E.  KeU,  F.S.A.,  in  reply  to  an  inquiry  regarding  the  find- 
ing of  a  leaden  coffin  detailed  at  the  previous  meeting,  observed  that 
Mr.  Baigent  having  already  communicated  an  excellent  account  of  the 
discovery  of  the  leaden  coffin  at  Barton  near  Bishopstoke  station, 
Ha,nts,i  there  was  no  occasion  to  add  more  to  that  valuable  state- 
ment ;  but  having  had  also  an  opportunity  of  viewing  the  coffin  soon 
after  its  discovery,  he  had  brought  with  him  a  small  fragment  of  the 
lead  of  the  cofiin  for  their  inspection,  and  a  piece  of  glass  of  one  of 
the  vessels,  of  which  there  were  two,  whose  forms  can  be  pretty  accu- 
rately discerned.  The  glass  was  marked  with  spiral  lines,  and  appears 
to  have  been  of  the  late  Roman  period.     It  was  described  as  being 

^  Journal,  sec  ante,  pp.  88-90. 


200  PEOCEEDINGS   OF  THE  ASSOCIATION. 

found  near  the  neck  of  the  skeleton.  One  of  these  vessels  was  about 
tliree  inches  and  a  half  in  height  and  three  and  three-quarters  in  cir- 
cumference ;  the  other  three  and  three-quarters  in  height  and  six 
in  cii'cumference.  There  was  the  bottom  of  another  vessel,  of  which  the 
form  could  not  be  ascertained.  There  appeared  in  it  an  incrustation  of 
some  reddish  matter.  The  skeleton  was  that  of  a  young  female  appa- 
rently of  about  twenty.  The  teeth  (of  which  only  one  was  missing) 
retained  the  enamel.  A  branch  of  a  shrub  might  have  been  deposited 
on  the  left  side  from  the  dark  or  carboniferous  appearance  of  that  part  of 
the  contents.  The  coffin,  which  from  the  appearance  of  the  soil,  seemed 
as  if  it  had  been  enclosed  in  a  shell  of  elm  or  other  wood,  was  six  feet  one 
inch  long,  ten  inches  deep,  and  one  foot  nine  inches  broad.  The  lead  was 
one-eighth  and  one-sixteenth  of  an  inch  thick  It  was  cut  out  of  the  sheet, 
not  cast.  The  hd  lapped  over  the  coffin,  and  was  not  soldered.  It  bore 
no  traces  of  ornament.  In  its  general  appearance  it  may  be  said  to 
resemble  the  leaden  coffin  found  in  Haydon  Square,  Minories,  described 
in  the  Journal,  ix,  161-7;  and  also  of  one  which  was  found  with  human 
relics  in  Camden  Gardens,  Bethnal  Green,  and  placed  in  1862  in  the 
British  Museum.  It  recalled  to  mind  also  a  leaden  coffin  found  in  1839 
in  the  south  aisle  of  Romsey  Abbey,  at  the  depth  of  five  feet  under  the 
foundations  of  a  building  anterior  to  the  present  abbey  church.  The 
seams  of  that  coffin  were  folded  over  each  other,  and  welded — no  solder 
being  used.  The  oak  shell  mouldered  to  dust  on  being  exposed,  and 
every  part  of  the  body  had  disappeared  except  a  scalp  mth  a  beautiftd 
head  of  hair  belonging  to  the  lady,  which  had  a  jilaited  tail  about 
eighteen  inches  long.^  It  was  considered  that  this  coffin  was  Roman, 
and  supposed  that  Romsey  Abbey  Church,  like  that  at  Christchiirch 
and  Winchester  Cathedral,  stood  on  the  foundations  of  Roman  places 
of  worship.  Barton,  near  Bishopstoke,  where  the  leaden  coffin  was 
found,  is  about  five  furlongs  from  the  Roman  road  which  runs  between 
Winchester  and  Clausentum. 

Mr.  Kell  exhibited  drawings,  made  for  him  by  Mr.  J.  D.  Smith,  of 
the  coffin  and  of  the  glass  vessels,  and  also  of  the  several  portions  and 
the  form  which  the  fragments  might  be  presumed  to  have  presented 
when  entire,  having  much  of  a  Saxon  aspect. 

Mr.  T.  Wright,  F.S.A.,  doubted  if  the  glass,  as  far  as  could  be  judged 
by  the  drawings,  be  strictly  what  we  call  Saxon.  The  great  glass- 
works of  the  later  Roman  period  appear  to  have  been  on  the  banks 
of  the  Rhine  and  in  the  north  of  Gaul,  and  they  seem  to  have  been  con- 
tinued into  the  Frankish  period.  In  the  purely  Roman  period,  he  had 
no  doubt  that  a  great  majority  of  the  glass  vessels  used  in  this  country 
were  made  in  the  island,  but  he  has  always  suspected  that  the  glass  we 
find  in  the  early  Saxon  graves  was  brought  from  the  Continent,  and 
from  these  glass-works  on  the  Rhine  and  in  the  north  of  France,  from 

^  See  Spence's  Essay  on  Romsey  Abbey,  p.  GO. 


PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  ASSOCIATION.  201 

the  identity  between  the  Anglo-Saxon,  Frankish,  and  early  German 
glass.  The  gradual  transition  from  the  Roman  glass  to  that  found  in 
the  graves  of  the  Allcmanni,  the  Franks,  and  the  Anglo-Saxons,  is 
traced  very  distinctly  in  the  glass  vessels  found  on  some  of  the  Roman 
sites  on  the  Continent;  and  ho  thought  that  this  glass  found  at  Bishop- 
stoke  may  be  late  Roman  glass,  imported,  perhaps,  from  the  Continent. 
Several  characteristics,  as  exhibited  in  the  drawings,  seemed  to  justify 
this  opinion.  At  the  same  time  there  is  no  doubt  that  leaden  coffins 
have  been  found  in  Anglo-Saxon  cemeteries.  There  was  certainly  one, 
and  he  thought  more,  found  in  the  great  cemetery  of  Osengall,  in  the 
Isle  of  Thanet,  opened  &st  by  the  cutting  of  the  railway  from 
Minsterley  to  Ramsgate,  and  afterwards  more  carefully  explored  by 
the  late  Mr.  Rolfe,  The  leaden  coffins  were  found  by  the  railway- 
excavators,  and  the  contents,  he  believed,  were  dispersed,  but  they 
were  always  looked  upon  as  Roman  interments  of  a  very  late  date,  and 
as  proofs  of  the  continued  existence  in  tliis  island  of  a  mixture  of 
Roman  and  Saxon  population.  The  coffin  from  Bishopstoke,  he  should 
judge,  is  not  correctly  drawn,  as  it  is  much  shallower  than  any  leaden 
coffins  he  ever  saw. 

]\Ir.  H.  Syer  Cuming  said  that  after  a  careful  examination  of  the 
portion  of  one  of  the  glass  vessels  found  at  Barton,  he  felt  convinced 
that  it  was  of  Roman  or  Romano-British  origin  of  a  rather  late  era. 
The  paste  is  somewhat  peculiar  in  character,  having  neither  the  decided 
green  of  the  majority  of  the  Roman  vitrea  met  with  in  this  country, 
nor  of  that  colourless  variety  occasionally  seen,  but  of  an  intermediate 
hue  which  may  be  likened  to  very  pale  oHve  oil.  Many  minute  air- 
bubbles  are  scattered  through  its  substance,  and  other  features  de- 
serving of  notice  are  its  thinness,  and  the  wavy,  streaky  lines  which 
decorate  the  exterior  surface,  and  which  may  have  constituted  a  close 
spiral  round  the  body  of  the  vessel. 

The  Rev.  Mr.  Kell  exhibited  a  Hght-coloured  flint  celt  lately  found 
at  Botley,  Hants,  not  unlike  in  colour  (probably  derived  from  having 
been  imbedded  in  a  gravelly  soil)  two  specimens  from  the  same  county 
to  be  seen  in  the  British  Museum.  The  celt  at  Botley  was  found  when 
digging  up  the  roots  of  an  old  tree. 

Mr.  Irvine  exhibited  prints  of  pavements  at  Mr.  Andrew  Lawson's 
Museum,  at  Aldborough,  visited  by  the  Association  at  the  late  Con- 
gress, and  of  the  principal  pavements  at  Leicester  also  inspected  by  the 
Association  in  1862.  Mr.  Irvine  also  exhibited  the  photograph  of  a 
Roman  pavement  in  the  south-west  corner  of  Dorchester  within  the 
walls  hitherto  und  escribed.  The  character  of  this  pavement  is  almost 
Gothic  in  its  character. 

Mr.  W.  H.  Forman  exhibited  a  satyr's  mask  of  bronze  with  eyes  and 
teeth  of  silver,  which  Mr.  H.  Syer  Cuming  remarked  was  to  be  regarded 


202  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  ASSOCIATION. 

as  a  fine  example  of  Toreutic  work,  an  art  which  probably  had  its  origin 
in  Asia,  practised  from  a  remote  to  a  comparatively  late  period  in 
Egypt,  held  in  high  esteem  by  both  Greeks  and  Romans,  and  which 
must  be  considered  the  parent  of  the  damaskeen  of  the  middle  ages. 
Mr.  Forman's  specimen  (see  plate  9,  fig.  1)  is  wrought  of  that  peculiar, 
light-coloured  Corinthian  metal  distinguished  in  ancient  times  by  the 
title  of  candidum,  and  was  evidently  cast  in  a  mould,  and  tooled  up  with 
the  ccelum  or  graving  tool.  It  is  of  the  same  age  as  the  Medici  and 
Warwick  marble  vases  assigned  to  the  Alexandnan  period.  Mr.  For- 
man's mask  had  formed  the  enrichment  of  the  base  of  the  handle  of  a 
massive  vase,  to  which  it  was  attached  by  solder.  According  to  Pausa- 
nias,  the  discovery  of  the  art  of  uniting  metals  by  this  means  is  due  to 
Glaucus  of  Chios,  who  flourished  about  four  hundred  and  ninety  years 
before  the  Chi"istian  tera. 

Mr.  Cuming  exhibited  another  example  from  his  own  collection  (fig.  2) 
with  silver  eyes,  presumed  to  represent  the  infant  Bacchus.  It  seems 
to  have  been  affixed  beneath  the  handle  of  a  vessel  by  the  joint  means 
of  fine  iron  pins  and  solder,  possibly  the  hollesis  of  Pausanias.  Pliny 
calls  one  kind  of  solder  '■^ plunibum  argentarium" i^  anothei"  santerna, 
composed  of  borax,  nitre,  and  copperas,  pounded  with  a  little  gold  and 
silver  in  a  brazen  mortar ;-  but  we  have  much  to  learn  before  we  can 
identify  the  particular  kinds  employed  in  ancient  times.  This  speci- 
men was  discovered  at  Cum^ ;  and  the  general  asjoect  of  the  counte- 
nance brings  to  mind  the  full-faced  busts  on  some  of  the  early  Greek 
coinage.  To  the  foregoing  Mr.  Cuming  added  a  beautiful  bust  of  the 
young  Bacchus  (fig.  '6)  found  in  Rome  during  the  seventeenth  century. 
It  has  been  broken  fii-om  the  centre  of  a  votive  cUpeus,  and  may  be  com- 
pared with  examples  given  in  Beger's  Thesaurus  Brandenburg  (p.  242). 
and  La  Chausses  Grand  Cabinet  Bomain  (p.  37,  fig.  2).  Behind  the 
head  spreads  a  vine  leaf;  across  the  brow  is  afro7itale,  or  vitta  ;  and  on 
either  side  the  face  hangs  a  bunch  of  gi'apes,  like  a  cluster  of  round 
curls.  It  is  wrought  of  that  dull,  bro'v\Ti  variety  of  bronze  termed  hejja- 
tizon,  which  difiered  httle  in  hue  from  the  metal  employed  by  the 
cinque  cento  artists  of  Italy.  The  sockets  of  the  eyes  of  this  head  of 
Bacchus  are  now  void,  but  had  formerly  been  filled  with  silver. 

The  ceguipondium  of  the  statera,  when  bust-shaped,  has  freqiaently 
silver  eyes ;  and  figures  of  animals  have  likewise  been  found  similarly 
adorned,  the  presence  of  which  metal  as  an  inlay,  in  whatever  form  it 
may  appear,  generally  marks  the  object  to  be  of  an  early  and  superior 
fabric." 

Mr.  H.  Burden,  of  Blandford,  exhibited  one  of  the  bronze  ears  of 

some  large  vessel  such  as  the  oJienum,  cortina,  lebes,  or  hydria,  requiring 

a  strong  handle  for  suspension  over  the  hearth  or  removal  fi'om  place 

to  place.     It  is  of  bold  and  elegant  design,  representing  a  full-faced 

'  IIi.st.  Nat.,  xxxiv,  17,  s.  48.  -  lb.  xxxiv,  12;  xxxv,  5. 


ri  9. 


PI. 10. 


J.R.  Joiiijus. 


PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  ASSOCIATION.  203 

female  bust  with  a  collar  of  eleven  leaves  depending  from  a  beaded 
cii'clet :  on  either  side  project  animal  heads,  and  above  is  a  stout  ring 
to  receive  the  ansa  of  the  vessel.  This  fine  piece  of  work  is  certainly 
not  later  than  the  first  centuiy  of  the  Christian  era,  and  was  exhumed 
at  Hod  Hill,  Dorset,  March  1st,  1862  (see  Plate  9,  fig.  4). 

Mr,  H.  Syer  Cuming  communicated  the  following  notices  I'especting 

some 

"Early  Lance-Heads  of  Iron. 

"  In  several  volumes  of  our  Journal  representations  are  given  of 
mediaeval  paintings,  sculptures,  etc.,  in  which  lances  of  different  kinds 
are  introduced  ;'  but,  so  far  as  I  remember,  no  actual  examples  of  such 
weapons  have  been  laid  before  us  of  a  later  date  than  Anglo-Saxon 
times,  until  we  arrive  at  the  sixteenth  century,  of  which  period  we  have 
been  shewn  some  good  specimens.  Mr.  Gunston  now  exhibits  to  us 
the  head  of  an  early  English  war-lance  lately  found  in  clearing  out  the 
mud  at  Queenhithe,  the  lUiJa  Beginai  of  ancient  documents  (see  plate  10, 
fig.  1).  Tliis  rare  and  curious  weapon  diifers  essentially  in  character 
from  the  spears  and  lances  employed  by  the  Teutonic  tribes,  the  blade 
being  remarkably  thin  and  lozenge-shaped,  measuring  nearly  two  inches 
and  three-eighths  across  the  cusps,  and  having  a  four-sided  stem  of 
considerable  length,  to  which  no  doubt  a  little  gonfanon,  or  banderolle, 
was  once  attached.  The  great  advantage  of  the  long  stem  was  that 
the  head  of  the  weapon  could  not  be  cut  off  by  the  swords  of  the  cavalry, 
wliich  might  be  done  if  it  were  short,  or  the  wooden  shaft  unprotected 
by  metal.  Lozenge-formed  lance-heads  are  met  with  in  illuminations 
and  other  works  of  the  twelfth  and  thirteenth  centuries ;  and  I  think 
we  may  safely  ascribe  Mr.  Gunston's  example  to  the  reign  of  Edward  I 
(1272-1307). 

•  "  The  present  seems  a  fit  opportunity  to  record  the  discovery  in  the 
Thames,  near  London  Bridge,  in  1848,  of  another  early  war-lance  of 
great  rarity.  I  regret  to  say  that  the  relic  here  referred  to  was  sold 
with  a  lot  of  refuse  iron,  and  therefore  probably  lost  for  ever ;  but  I 
have  fortunately  preserved  its  form  in  a  rough  sketch,  by  which  it  will 
be  seen  that  the^  blade  was  an  equilateral  lozenge,  about  four  inches  in 
width  and  height,  surmounting  a  stout  stem,  a  small  portion  of  which 
alone  remained  when  I  examined  the  specimen  (fig.  2).  I  regard  this 
lance-head  as  of  somewhat  prior  date  to  that  of  Mr.  Gunston's  ;  and 
what  invests  it  with  peculiar  interest  is  that  it  is  identical  in  outline 
with  the  '  true  holy  lance'  preserved  in  the  monastery  of  Kickart,  a  few 
leagues  from  Erivan  in  Armenia,  and  traditionally  reported  to  have 
been  brought  hither  by  St.  Matthew.  A  copperplate  of  this  famous 
weapon  (see  fig.  8)  is  given  in  Tavernier's  Persian  Travels,  vol.  ii, 
p.   13.     We  may  pre.sume  that   this  engraving  represents  the  lance- 

1  See  V,  373;  vi,  123;  vii,  138;  ix,  8;  xi,  304;  xiii,  114;  xiv,  333. 


204  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  ASSOCIATION". 

head  of  its  full  size ;  and  if  so,  it  is  rather  smaller  than  the  one  from 
the  Thames,  being  but  two  inches  and  three-eighths  across  the  cusps. 
The  blade  is  perforated  near  its  centre  with  a  cross  pattee,  the  badge 
assigned  to  the  order  of  Knights  Templars  by  Pope  Eugcnius  111(1145- 
53)  ;  and  I  suspect,  notwithstanding  the  story  about  St.  Matthew,  that 
this  lance  was  borne  by  a  member  of  the  fraternity ;  and  that  it,  as 
well  as  its  likeness  from  the  Thames,  really  the  work  of  the  middle 
of  the  twelfth  century. 

"  The  '  holy  lance'  in  Armenia  is  distinct  in  form  from  that  bearing 
the  same  designation  at  Nuremberg,  and  of  which  the  ecclesiastics  of 
that  city  have  published  a  representation,  together  with  many  other 
sacred  relics.'  In  this  weapon  the  long,  narrow,  sharp,  pointed  blade 
has  a  cross-piece  at  the  bottom  which  stretches  out  on  either  side  of  the 
fluted  socket  which  extends  some  distance  up  the  blade.  Both  the 
socket  and  cross-piece  remind  ns  strongly  of  the  lance-heads  found  in 
some  of  the  later  Frankish  graves,  which  are  from  eighteen  to  twenty 
inches  in  length ;  and  therefore  agree  pretty  well  with  the  holy  relic  at 
Nuremberg,  which  measures  nineteen  inches  and  three  quarters. 

"  But  how,  it  may  be  asked,  comes  there  to  be  at  the  same  moment 
a '  true  holy  lance'  in  Armenia  and  Nuremberg,  and,  we  might  add,  also 
at  Rome  and  Paiis  ?  I  believe  the  explanation  may  be  found  in  this 
way.  In  the  middle  ages  the  Passion  of  our  Lord  formed  a  favourite 
religious  pageant  with  the  monks,  and  of  course  required  suitable 
dresses  and  accessories  to  give  it  due  effect.  The  Roman  centurion,  or 
St.  Longinus  as  he  is  frequently  styled,  needed  a  lance  at  the  cruci- 
fixion ;  which  weapon,  whether  it  were  employed  in  Italy  or  France, 
Germany  or  Armenia,  acquired  the  name  of  '  the  holy  lance,'  and  came 
at  length  to  be  regarded  as  the  veritable  blade  which  pierced  the 
Saviour's  side.  We  have  a  famihar  instance  in  our  own  country  of  how 
a  weapon  may  obtain  a  credit  and  renown  to  which  it  has  no  sort  of 
right.  I  allude  to  a  dagger  belonging  to  the  Fishmongers'  Company, 
which,  though  no  older  than  the  sixteenth  century,  is  affirmed  to  be  the 
very  one  worn  by  Sir  William  Walworth  at  Srnithfield  in  the  year  1381. 
The  weapon  doubtlessly  acquired  its  title  from  being  carried  by  the 
mimic  knight  in  the  City  pageant,  just  as  the  old  lances  became  '  holy' 
fi'om  being  borne  by  the  personator  of  St.  Longinus  in  the  sacred  dramas 
of  the  monks. 

"  Returning  to  the  before  mentioned  lances,  I  would  observe  in  con- 
clusion that  I  consider  the  one  preserved  at  Nuremberg  to  be  the 
earliest,  and  probably  dating  from  the  tenth  century.  Next  in  age  are 
the  lozenge-shaped  blades  from  the  Thames  and  in  Armenia,  which 
seem  to  be  of  the  twelfth  century  ;  and  latest  of  all  is  the  example  from 
Queenhithc,  which  is  certainly  of  the  time  of  our  first  Edward." 

L  0\  ^1^^      '  ^"^P^^*^  ^^  Hone's  Everi/  Day  Book,  ii,  430. 


THE    JOURNAL 


OF   THE 


BritisI)  ^icl)aeolocjical  ^ssiotiation. 


SEPTEMBEE    1864. 


ON   THE  KOMAN  EOADS   INTERSECTING 
THE  PARISH   OF   HALIFAX. 

BY    F.    A.    LEYLAND,    ESQ. 

The  parish  of  Halifax  is  possessed  of  considerable  interest 
both  in  a  picturesque  and  an  archaeological  point  of  view ; 
constituting  as  it  does,  for  the  most  part,  the  western  por- 
tion of  Brigantia  proper,  and  having  for  its  confines  in  that 
direction  the  mountains  of  Lancashire  known  in  Roman 
times  as  the  Pennine  Alps.  The  physical  character  of  the 
parish  is  extremely  hilly,  with  deep  valleys  and  gorges  inter- 
secting it  in  various  directions.  Many  of  the  hills  are  of 
considerable  elevation  above  the  sea-level ;  and,  clothed  with 
their  native  heather,  bear  upon  their  lofty  summits,  worn 
and  Ijlack  with  age,  huge  blocks  and  masses  of  rock  known 
as  millstone-grit.  From  these  rugged  and  barren  elevations 
the  eye  wanders  over  landscapes  of  surpassing  beauty,  diver- 
sified on  every  hand  with  hill  and  vale,  with  river,  wood, 
and  crag, — the  natural  features  of  a  bold  and  impressive 
scenery  of  the  grandest  type.  One  of  the  most  imposing  I 
remember  to  have  seen  in  this  immediate  neighbourhood,  is 
obtained  from  a  point  on  an  ancient  road  from  C'ambodu- 
num  to  Colne.  Here  the  tourist,  having  followed  the  road 
from  Soyland,  surveys  from  that  point  on  the  long  cause- 
way near  the  top  of  Hathershclf  Scout,  a  landscape  of  unu- 
sual interest.     Far  below,  at  the  foot  of  the  hill,  rests  the 

•     1864  27 


206  ON    THE    ROMAN    ROADS 

village  of  j\[ytholmroyd,  with  the  river  Cakler  flowing  over 
its  weir,  and  gliding  past  the  picturesque  crags  of  Hatlier- 
shelf.  On  the  left  of  the  valley  lie  the  wooded  gorges  and 
fertile  slopes  of  Erringden,  bounded  by  the  heath-clad  moors 
of  Sowerby.  On  the  right  of  the  valley  the  fair  pastures, 
halls,  and  farmsteads,  of  Warley  and  JMidgley  stretch  towards 
Hebdcn;  and  above  them  repose  the  moors  of  ]\lidgley  and 
AVadsworth,  with  the  height  of  Camp  End,  which  marks  the 
course  of  the  Eoman  road  from  Ilkley  to  j\Janchester.  Mid- 
way, and  far  up  the  valley,  on  its  rounded  hill,  tumbling  to 
decay,  stands  the  ancient  town  of  Heptonstall,  with  its  vene- 
rable church  tower  rising  slightly  above  the  houses  which 
seem  to  encircle  it.  Beyond,  and  in  the  far  distance,  the 
view  is  bounded  by  the  grand  and  solemn  heights  of  Black 
Hamilton  and  Boulsworth. 

There  are  few  districts  in  En2;land  that  can  boast  of  a 
greater  number  of  the  most  enchanting  views  of  ever  varpng 
interest,  than  this  parish  afl"ords  almost  at  every  turn  on  the 
courses  of  our  ancient  roads;  and  as  these  generally  take 
the  highest  ground,  they  command  a  wide  extent  of  country, 
and  keep  the  valleys  in  view.  Such  is  the  general  physical 
character  of  the  parish  of  Halifax ;  and  one  which  possesses 
no  common  interest  for  the  painter,  the  poet,  and  the  tourist. 
But  to  the  archaeologist  it  is  invested  with  a  very  peculiar 
interest, — an  interest  arising  from  the  fact  of  the  district 
being  intersected  by  a  number  of  ancient  roads  coming  from, 
and  pointing  in  the  direction  of,  places  celebrated  in  British 
or  Pioman  history,  and  possessing,  for  the  most  part,  the 
requisite  claims  to  a  very  great  antiquity. 

In  July  18G1  1  read  a  paper  on  this  subject  before  a  local 
society,  the  Geological  and  Polytechnical  of  the  West  Riding, 
and  in  that  paper  I  reviewed  the  difficulties  of  various  kinds 
which  oljstructed  the  inquiry.  It  is  scarcely  necessary  to 
repeat  them  on  the  present  occasion;  but  I  may  say  that  if 
on  the  one  hand  there  is  much  to  perplex  and  depress,  there 
is  on  the  other  much  to  encourage  and  sustain  in  the  pur- 
suit of  an  inquiry  so  replete  with  interest.  And  this  inte- 
rest was,  perhaps,  never  more  keenly  felt  than  at  the  present 
day,  when  the  ceaseless  activity  of  commercial  progress,  the 
needs  of  an  increased  population,  and  the  necessity  which 
exists  for  improved  means  of  transit  from  place  to  place, 
involve  that  continual  change  which  is  fast  obliterating  the 


INTERSECTING  THE    PARISH  OF  HALIFAX.  207 

few  rcmainiiia"  iiKiterial  traces  of  the  earlier  inhabitants  of 
the  country.  But  if  the  difficulties  in  the  way  of  the  inquiry, 
which  arise  from  these  causes,  are  great,  they  are  increased 
by  the  perplexities  and  contrary  opinions  of  the  eminent 
men  who  have  written  on  the  subject;  for  with  regard  even 
to  the  courses  of  the  four  great  roads  which  are  known  to 
have  crossed  the  island  from  several  points  ever  since  the 
Saxon  times,  scarcely  any  two  antic[uaries  are  agreed,  and 
one  learned  author^  declares  it  would  require  no  little  space 
barely  to  state  the  various  routes  through  which  different 
writers  have  carried  these  roads.  As  to  those  of  the  parish 
of  Halifax,  no  relia])lc  information  can  be  obtained  from  our 
local  histories;  and  this,  I  think,  has  arisen  from  the  de- 
fective mode  of  observation,  in  the  pursuit  of  this  inquiry, 
adopted  by  their  respective  writers.  With  so  little,  there- 
fore, to  direct  me,  I  felt  myself  placed  under  the  necessity 
of  keeping  strictly  in  view  the  various  data  recognised  on 
all  hands  as  requisite  for  the  authenticity  of  British  or  Roman 
roads  in  general.  I  had  long  observed  that  the  parish  of 
Halifax  was  intersected  by  roads  of  great  antiquity;  that 
their  direction  lay  to  and  from  ftir  distant  places, — places 
known  to  have  been  Eoman,  if  not  British  towns;  that  por- 
tions of  their  pavements  were  of  peculiar  construction,  and 
of  heavy  materials ;  that  names  were  attached  to  them,  and 
way-side  crosses,  which  indicated  a  long  existence ;  and  that 
they  were  distinguished  more  or  less  by  tumuli,  earthworks, 
and  other  evidences  of  a  remote  origin.  In  addition  to  this, 
the  parish  of  Halifax  was  surrounded  by  no  fewer  than  nine 
Roman  towns,  to  and  from  several  of  which  these  roads  evi- 
dently led,  namely,  Eboracum,  Isurium,  Olicana,  Coluna,  Coc- 
cium,  Mancunium,  Cambodunum,  Dauum,  and  Legiolium; 
known  in  modern  times  as  York,  Aid  borough,  Ilkley,  Colne, 
Ribchester,  Manchester,  Slack  near  Stainland,  Doncaster, 
and  Castleford.  And  what  is  also  remarkable,  we  find  that 
the  geographical  position  of  the  parish  of  Halifax  is  so  per- 
fectly central  in  the  midst  of  these  Roman  towns  and  sta- 
tions, that  if  the  outlines  of  the  parish  are  marked  in  their 
true  position  on  an  accurate  map,  and  perfectly  straight 
lines  are  drawn  from  town  to  town,  they  will  one  and  all 
intersect  the  parish.     (See  plan  on  plate  11.) 

Corresponding  also  with  these  lines,  and  so  far  as  the  in- 

'  Eburacum,  p.  154. 


208  ox    THE    ROMAN    ROADS 

equalities  of  the  hilly  country  I  have  described  will  allow, 
are  to  be  found  as  many  ancient  roads,  either  untouched  at 
intervals  along  their  respective  courses  by  modem  renova- 
tion, or  coinciding  with  the  present  turnpikes.  The  first  of 
these  to  which  I  shall  draw  your  attention  is  that  known  as 
the  second  iter  of  Antonine ;  but  as  there  can  be  little  dif- 
ference of  opinion  as  to  its  original  course,  it  will  not  be 
necessary  to  detain  you  long  upon  it.  As  the  measurements 
of  the  distances  of  the  stations  upon  this  road  are  made  by 
the  horizontal  line,  without  regard  to  inequalities  of  surface, 
we  are  compelled  to  take  an  undeviating  course  over  the 
country  in  order  to  keep  in,  even  with  the  corrected  numbers 
of  the  Itineixiry.  This  we  can  easily  do  by  following  the 
long  beaten  track  which  for  the  most  part  still  exists,  and 
has  at  intervals  on  its  line  the  necessary  evidence  of  an  age 
anterior  to  the  Saxon  times.  By  adopting  this  method  we 
shall  relieve  the  inquiry  from  much  of  the  conjectural 
with  which  it  has  been  invested,  especially  by  Watson,  who 
with  singular  indifference  to  the  numbers  of  the  Itinerary, 
and  in  utter  disregard  to  the  simple  principle  of  the  straight 
course  invariably  adopted  by  the  Koman  authorities  in  the 
formation  of  their  roads,  takes  this  iter  from  Slack  to  beyond 
Wakefield,  where  he  unites  it  with  the  Ermine-street  from 
Doncaster  to  York.  This  he  apparently  does  to  avoid  both 
Cleckheaton  and  Kirklces,  the  former  of  which  might  have 
contested  with  Slack  the  claim  to  the  site  of  Cambodunum, 
answering  as  it  does  very  well,  in  its  distance  from  Calcaria, 
the  uncorrected  numbers  both  of  Eichard  and  Antonine; 
and,  on  the  authority  of  Dr.  Richardson,  having  had  fixed 
and  heavy  remains  of  the  Roman  times  found  there.  But 
in  doing  this  Watson  departs  wholly  from  the  chrect  route, 
and  extends  the  distance  from  York  to  Manchester  consi- 
derably beyond  even  the  extended  numbers  of  the  corrected 
Itinerary. 

The  first  station  upon  the  iter  from  Eboracum  towards 
Macunium,  or  Mancunium,  is  Calcaria;  and  the  distance  of 
nine  miles,  the  measure  of  the  Itinerary,  requires  no  cor- 
rection. In  a  direct  line  from  Tadcaster,  and  at  the  distance 
of  a  stage  from  it,  we  have  Wall  Flat,  near  Leeds,  where 
Thoresby  marks  a  camp.  From  this  point,  and  at  the  space 
of  about  twenty-two  miles,  the  uncorrected  distance  of  the 
Itinerary  from  Calcaria,  we  reach  Cleckheaton,  where  the 


INTERSECTING    THE    PARISH  OF  HALIFAX.  209 

remains  of  the  Roman  town  were  found,  and  of  wliicli 
Dr.  Richardson  gave  a  satisfactory  account  to  Hearne.^  The 
coins  and  foundations  of  houses  discovered  at  this  place 
were,  no  doubt,  the  last  remains  of  the  Roman  town,  which 
had  escaped  the  changes  to  which  ev(3ry  long-inhabited  place 
is  subject.  From  the  name,  which  is  Saxon,  we  may  rightly 
infer  that  the  town  w^as  the  centre  of  a  population  in  Saxon 
times,  as  it  has  been  ever  since ;  and  that,  during  the  revo- 
lution of  centuries,  every  trace  of  its  original  form  and 
character  had  been  obliterated.  From  Cleckheaton  the  road, 
forming  the  present  highway,  runs  by  Clifton  to  Brigliousc, 
where  the  river  was  crossed  by  a  ford  which  is  still  pointed 
out;  and  later,  though  still  in  remote  times,  by  a  bridge 
which  gave  name  to  the  village.  At  this  place  the  railway 
and  station  have  entirely  altered  the  immediate  neighbour- 
hood; but  Gooder-lane,  though  considerably  raised  above 
its  former  level,  represents  the  true  direction  of  the  road. 
From  Brighouse  the  present  turnpike  is  formed  upon,  and 
in  some  places  runs  by  the  side  of,  the  iter  through  Rast- 
rick.  The  original  road,  for  some  distance  towards  Fixby, 
is  still  remembered  by  old  people  as  in  a  line  with  the 
modern  highway.  At  Rastrick,  actually  in  the  churchyard, 
but  close  by  the  road,  is  the  base  of  a  way-side  cross  of 
Saxon  work;  and  in  the  neighbourhood  of  the  iter,  Roman 
relics  and  sepulchral  urns  have  been  found.  From  this  point 
the  road  passes  by  Castle  Hill,  Ridge  End,  and  Lindley 
Moor,  to  Slack,  where  the  site  of  Cambodunum  has  been 
fixed  by  the  general  consent  of  antiquaries. 

At  Slack  numerous  Roman  remains  have  been  found.  An 
altar,  dedicated  to  Fortune,  was  first  accidentally  seen  by 
Watson  in  a  farmyard  in  the  township  of  Staiuland.  The 
inscription  upon  it  was  to  the  eff'ect  that  Caius  Antonius 
Modestus,  centurion  of  the  sixth,  victorious,  pious,  and  faith- 
ful legion,  had  consecrated  it  to  Fortune,  and  had  thus  dis- 
charged his  vow  faithfully  and  willingly.  This  altar  was 
found  by  the  side  of  a  building  at  Slack,  wdiich  proved  to  be 
a  hypocaust.  Further  investigation  laid  bare  the  evidences 
of  a  Roman  station.  Innumerable  Roman  bricks  and  frag- 
ments of  tiles,  inscribed  with  the  words  coh  .  iii .  bre.  (co- 
hors  quavta  Bretonum),  in  commemoration  of  the  fourth 
regiment  of  Britain  or  Britons;  and  a  hypocaust,  with  re- 

'  See  Lelaad's  Ilinerarij,  vol.  ii,  p.  148. 


210  ON    THE    ROMAN    ROADS 

mains  of  adjacent  rooms,  were  brou£2;ht  to  light.  (Sec  plate 
12,  representing  the  hypocaust,  now  in  the  garden  of  the 
late  B.  Haigh  Allen,  Esq.,  Greenhill,  Huddersfield.)  Even 
at  the  present  day  the  plough  is  continually  turning  up  por- 
tions of  brick  and  tiles  broken  into  fragments,  while  the  grey 
stone  fences  on  the  land  are  here  and  there  relieved  by  the 
bris^ht  red  of  the  Eoman  brick.  The  discoveries  hitherto 
made  at  Slack  shew  satisfactorily  enough  that  the  station 
there  was  garrisoned  at  one  time  by  Eoman  troops,  and  that 
the  buildings,  so  far  as  we  at  present  know,  were  mostly 
constructed  by  and  for  the  special  use  of  a  hardy  and  vete- 
ran soldiery.  The  encampments  which  surrounded  it  also 
show  that  it  was  essentially  a  military  post.  Everything  as 
yet  discovered  is  of  the  rudest  description.  Not  a  sculpture 
nor  a  fragment  of  the  simplest  moulding  belonging  to  a 
building,  not  a  mosaic  or  tesselated  pavement,  not  the  least 
portion  of  Samian  ware,  or  even  an  inferior  kind  of  pottery, 
and  I  believe  not  a  single  personal  ornament,  has  yet  been 
brought  to  light  at  Slack.  We  have  to  wait  for  the  evi- 
dences which  distinguish  a  Eoman  municipal  town,  in  the 
shape  of  those  elegant  relics  of  classical  art  which  are  found 
at  many  places  on  the  respective  iters  of  Antonine,  And 
certainly  the  station  at  Slack  is  destitute  of  the  true  features 
of  Eoman  castrametation.  I  think  there  can  be  little  doubt, 
from  this  fact,  that  the  position  was  originally  a  British 
stronghold;  and  that  it  was  wrested  from  its  brave  but  un- 
taught defenders,  and  subsequently  occupied  by  a  Eoman 
force.  No  doubt  the  importance  of  the  remains  at  Slack, 
together  with  the  fact  of  its  being  on  the  direct  line  from 
Eburacum  to  Mancunium,  entitles  it  to  the  preference  over 
Almondbury  or  Greetland  as  the  site  of  Cambodunum ;  and, 
indeed,  if  the  learned  Camden  had  drawn  upon  some  accu- 
rate map  a  straight  line  from  York  to  Manchester,  and  with- 
out any  material  deviation  had  fallowed  the  route  thus 
indicated,  he  might  have  anticipated  by  two  centuries  the 
subsequent  discoveries  at  Slack;  or  if  the  equally  learned 
and  far  more  reliable  Horsley  had  adopted  the  same  method, 
neither  Watson  nor  Whitaker  would  have  had  the  opportu- 
nity of  contending  for  the  honour. 

The  iter  at  Slack  passes  the  station  by  Outlane,  and  for- 
ward by  Eedlane  Dyke  to  Castleshaw;  thence  to  Manchester, 
having  for  a  great  part  of  the  distance  the  original  construe- 


INTEESECTING    THE    PARISH  OF  HALIFAX.  211 

tlon  of  the  road  easily  distiiigiiishiilJe.  At  Rastrick  the  iter, 
like  some  British  track,  throws  off  a  branch  which  runs  l)y 
Elland  Lower  Edge  to  Brow  Bridge  and  Lindwell  in  Greet- 
land.  It  was  on  the  lingula  of  land  near  the  latter  place, 
called  Thick  Hollins,  where  the  celebrated  altar  which  has 
created  so  much  interest  was  seen  by  Camden  at  Bradley 
Hall,  on  his  visit  to  Sir  John  Saville  in  the  August  of  1599, 
that  Horsley  was  induced,  in  the  absence  of  the  subsequent 
discoveries  at  Slack,  to  fix  upon  as  the  site  of  Cambodunum. 
The  altar  w\as  "  dedicated  by  Titus  Aurelius  Aurelianus  to 
the  god  of  the  states  of  the  Brigantes,  and  of  the  deities  of 
the  emperor,  on  behalf  of  himself  and  his,  in  grateful  remem- 
brance of  the  success  of  their  undertaking."  The  altar  was 
thus  dedicated  at  the  beginning  of  the  third  century,  about 
the  time  that  Severus  with  his  sons  Antoninus  Caracalla  and 
Septimius  Geta  subdued  the  Caledonians,  In  addition  to 
this  relic  of  pagan  devotion  there  were  found  on  the  spot, 
and  in  other  places  thereabout, "  divers  foundations  of  houses 
and  some  Eonian  coins,  and  squared  and  thick  stones  with 
iron  nails,  in  the  earth,  in  divers  places  of  the  ground."  The 
late  learned  author  of  the  Deanery  of  Doncaster^  has  disco- 
vered in  the  Bodleian  the  manuscript  volume  relating  to  the 
affairs  of  the  manor  of  Wakefield,  from  which  my  extract  is 
taken,  and  which  also  contains  an  account  of  Camden's  visit 
to  Bradley  and  the  discoveries  at  Thick  Hollins.  Mr.  Hunter, 
in  a  communication  to  the  Ai'chceologia,^  employs  the  record 
to  prove,  in  this  particular  instance,  the  veracity  of  Camden, 
which  had  been  called  in  question  by  Watson  and  others, 
as  to  the  alleged  discovery  of  the  altar  at  Greetland.  By 
means  of  the  same  record,  eulogising  the  sound  j  udgment  of 
Horsley  in  his  selection  of  this  lingula  for  the  site  of  a 
Roman  station,  in  the  absence  of  any  knowledge  of  the  altar 
of  Aurelianus  having  been  found  there,  he  makes  an  attempt 
to  revive  and  substantiate  the  claim  of  Greetland  to  the  site 
of  Cambodunum.  The  remains  brought  to  lioht  at  Thick 
Hollins  clearly  shew  that  a  Roman  station  occupied  the  spot 
where  they  w^ere  discovered;  but  I  do  not  thiidv  the  claim 
of  Greetland  to  the  site  of  Cambodunum  can  be  sustained. 
Our  lingula,  while  possessing  the  natural  requisites  for  a 

'  South  Yorkshire  ;  the  History  and  Topoqraphy  of  the  Deanery  oj 
By  Joseph  Hunter.     2  vols.  fol.     Loud.,  lskS-3L 
-  Vol.  xxxii,  pp.  lG-24. 


212  ON    THE    ROMAN    KOADS 

Eoman  military  post,  in  the  command  it  gives  of  the  valley, 
whose  river  flows  at  its  base,  is  also  in  sight  of  the  camp  at 
Lee  Hill,  ^^•hich  is  within  a  short  distance  of  Slack;  and, 
indeed,  the  horizon  is  bounded  by  Holestone  Moor,  which 
rises  immediately  above  it.  If  I  may  be  allowed  to  offer  a 
conjecture,  I  should  say  it  is  much  more  likely  that  the 
Greetland  station  was  connected  with  the  fortress  at  Slack 
as  a  subordinate  outpost.  The  valley  of  the  Calder  was  too 
distant  to  have  been  within  the  immediate  reach  of  the  gar- 
rison at  Slack,  and  hence  the  necessity  of  a  detachment 
at  some  point  having  direct  command  of  the  valley  which 
formed  the  course  of  the  principal  stream,  and  still  within 
sight  of  the  main  stronghold.  There  is  every  reason  to 
believe  that  a  road  led  from  Lee  Hill  to  the  station  at  Thick 
Hollins,  as  the  traces  of  such  a  way  still  exist.  At  one 
point  the  road  is  known  as  the  Old  Lane,  and  the  remainder 
of  the  line  has  been  used  from  time  immemorial.  It  is 
scarcely  possible  that  two  such  stations  could  have  existed 
so  near  each  other  at  the  same  time,  without  the  means  of 
communication ;  and  the  ancient  road  at  present  between 
them  takes  the  most  direct  route  for  the  accomplishment  of 
the  object.  The  station,  therefore,  at  Thick  Hollins  com- 
manded the  valle}^,  while  the  more  important  one  at  Outlane 
defended  the  mountain  pass;  and  their  comparative  proxi- 
mity enabled  the  outpost,  on  a  signal  given,  to  obtain  rein- 
forcements from  the  garrison  at  Slack  in  a  very  short  time. 
Indeed,  there  can  be  little  doubt  that  the  supposed  Cambo- 
dunum  was  the  centre  of  the  neighbouring  defences,  having 
a  sufficient  force  in  times  of  revolt  to  supply,  whenever 
attacked,  the  various  posts  of  observation  with  which  it 
might  be  connected. 

Little  now  remains  at  Thick  Hollins  to  arrest  the  atten- 
tion or  excite  the  interest  of  the  antiquary.  The  enclosing 
and  levelling  of  the  waste  have  obliterated  every  trace  of 
Roman  castrametation ;  if,  indeed,  the  usual  defences  were 
ever  needed  on  a  site  so  well  protected  from  sudden  assault 
by  the  natural  strength  of  the  position.  It  is  more  than 
probable  that,  on  the  discovery  of  the  altar,  and  especially 
the  coins  in  the  reign  of  Elizabeth,  being  noised  abroad,  the 
cupidity  as  well  as  the  curiosity  of  the  inhabitnnts  would 
be  excited,  and  an  eager  search  would  follow,  in  which  every- 
thing remaining  that  c(juld  be  turned  to  account,  either  for 


INTERSECTING  THE    PARISH  OF  HALIFAX.  213 

building  purposes  or  personal  advantage,  would  be  at  once 
removed. 

On  a  visit  which  I  paid  to  this  place  rather  more  than  a 
year  since,  the  remains  of  several  of  the  "  laws,"  or  rough, 
stony  hillocks,  mentioned  in  the  Bodleian  MS.,  and  under 
one  of  which  the  altar  was  found,  were  still  in  situ.  There 
was  also  a  long  slip  of  rough  ground,  which  seemed  to  indi- 
cate the  site  of  a  line  of  houses,  broken  into  hills  and  hol- 
lows, and  consisting  of  loose  stones,  amongst  whoso  inter- 
stices the  roots  of  dwarf  hollins  had  entwined  themselves. 
The  debris  consisted  of  such  loose  rubbish  and  unwrought 
stones  as  always  remain  after  the  removal  of  buildings  whose 
available  materials  have  been  transported  to  other  sites  for 
subsequent  use.  On  a  still  more  recent  visit  to  this  place  I 
found  that  the  work  of  continued  enclosure  had  completely 
broken  up  and  levelled  even  these  very  faint  traces  of  the 
station,  and  that  out  of  the  usable  materials  a  new  fence 
was  in  course  of  erection ;  but  the  remainder,  consisting  of 
several  cartloads  of  small  stones,  had  been  removed  to  a 
hollow  place,  where  there  is  a  pool  which  is  said  not  to  be 
dry  in  the  longest  drought.  I  noticed  that  this  portion  of 
the  debris,  though  only  recently  exhumed,  had  at  some 
former  period  been  long  exposed  to  the  weather,  as  they 
were  worn  and  grey  with  age ;  and  amongst  them  I  observed 
some  which  had  been  burnt  and  cracked  by  the  action  of 
fire.  Such  are  the  remains  of  the  station  at  which  Titus 
Aurelianus  dedicated  his  altar,  and  of  the  site  on  which 
Horsley  placed  the  Cambodunum  of  Antonine.  By  what- 
ever name  the  station  at  Thick  Hollins  was  known  in  Roman 
times,  there  certainly  was  no  other  point  between  Cleck- 
heaton  and  Blackstonedge  on  this  branch  iter,  which  com- 
manded the  same  extent  of  the  valley  through  which  the 
Calder  flows,  and  at  the  same  time  kept  in  view  the  lofty 
ridge  at  whose  base  lie  the  remains  of  the  station  at  Slack. 

The  interest  which  has  always  been  felt  in  the  inquiry  as 
to  the  true  site  of  Cambodunum,  and  the  controversy  it  has 
at  all  times  created  amongst  the  learned,  will,  I  trust,  excuse 
the  length  of  time  I  have  engaged  your  attention  upon  it. 
Horsley,  in  the  pursuit  of  this  inquiry  in  the  neighljourhood 
of  Greetland,  on  reaching  Rastrick  followed  the  branch  iter, 
which  retained  its  pavement  all  the  way  to  Littleborough 
at  the  beoiniiinfr  of  the  last  century.     In   some  parts  it 

18G4  =>  ^  *^  28 


214  ON    THE    ROMAN    ROADS 

retains  it  yet,  and  in  others,  portions  of  it  may  still  be  seen 
in  the  fences  which  adjoin  the  renovated  trust.  Passing 
Linwell,  the  hamlet  mentioned  in  ihc  Bodleian  ]\IS.  as  in 
existence  in  the  reign  of  Elizabeth,  the  road  corres]ionds 
with  the  present  highway,  and  runs  l)y  Greetland  Wall  Nook, 
Abbot  Eoad,  and  Inink  Cross.  Indicia  of  ancient  construc- 
tion are  still  visible  between  the  latter  point  and  Ripponden 
Bank,  where,  owing  to  a  modern  divergence,  we  have  the 
old  road  undisturbed.  Descending  the  slope  of  the  hill  to 
the  village  of  Ripponden,  the  road  enters,  for  a  short  dis- 
tance, a  portion  of  another  ancient  way,  which  it  meets  at 
this  point,  from  Colne  to  Slack.  So  convinced  was  Horsley 
that  he  was  upon  a  Roman  iter  between  Rastrick  and  Rip- 
ponden, that  he  employed  Mr.  Angier  of  Denton,  a  gentle- 
man well  versed  in  such  questions,  to  search  about  the  latter 
place  for  a  Roman  station.  Angier  was  favourably  circum- 
stanced for  the  work,  being  stationed  as  a  preacher  in  the 
district,  and  knowing  the  neighbourhood  well.  He  was 
father-in-law  to  the  celebrated  Presbyterian  minister,  Oliver 
Heywood,  and  a  man  of  considerable  attainments.  His 
search,  however,  was  fruitless ;  and  the  learned  author  of  the 
Britannia  Romana  did  not  live  to  see  the  doubt  which 
hung  over  the  Greetland  altar  removed.  Our  road,  passing 
from  Ripponden,  runs  by  the  Old  Lane,  where,  within  the 
last  few  months,  the  ancient  pavement  has  been  removed ; 
thence  by  Swift  Cross  Spa,  and  enters  the  Ilkley  and  Man- 
chester road'  at  Westgate  Head,  in  the  township  of  Soyland. 
The  road  from  Olicana  to  Mancunium,  which  has  created 
so  much  controversy,  crosses  through  the  parish  of  Halifax 
from  north-east  to  south-west.  The  iter  enters  the  parish 
at  Cockhill,  in  the  township  of  Ovenden.  From  this  point 
to  Hunter's  Hill  very  slight  evidences  remain  to  indicate  its 
direction.  On  the  12th  March,  1834,  I  formed  one  of  a 
number  of  gentlemen  (being  myself  the  junior  of  the  party) 
who  traced  this  road  from  Cockliill  to  Mount  Tabor,  in  the 
township  of  Warley.  There  were  present,  among  others,  the 
late  Mr.  Crabtree,  the  author  of  the  history  which  bears  his 
name;  the  late  Mr.  E.  N.  Alexander,  who  was  at  that  time 
preparing  materials  for  a  history  of  Halifax,  larger  than  any 
that  had  been  hitherto  published,  but  wdiicli  he  did  not 
live  to  complete;  and  the  late  Mr.  Watkinson,  of  Halifax, 
Avho,  on  the  verge  of  eighty,  was  the  cicerone  of  the  party. 


INTERSECTING  THE    PARISH  OF  HALIFAX.  215 

There  were  also  with  us  the  late  Mr.  W.  F.  Ilolroyd,  and 
our  esteemed  townsman,  Mr.  William  Craven.  J\lr.  Watkin- 
son,  always  interested  in  these  inquiries,  had  in  his  youth 
gone  over  the  llkley  road,  from  the  Oveudcu  side  of  the 
parish,  with  Watson,  the  author  of  the  quarto  history  of 
Halifax ;  and  the  old  guide,  who  had  pointed  out  the  way, 
was  still  livino-  in  the  neii^hbourhood  of  Cockhill.  There  is 
an  interestino-  note  in  the  Lansdown  MSS.  on  the  course  of 
this  road,  by  Warburton  the  herald.  From  llkley  he  says 
that,  "  liavino^  crossed  the  river  Wharfe,  it  ascended  to  and 
crosses  Eumbold's  Moor,  near  to  the  Ulack  Knowle,  and  then 
crossing  the  Addinghani  road  appears  again  near  to  Morton 
Ilighgate,  from  which  place  it  disappears  until  it  comes  to 
Hains worth  Shaw  upon  Harding  Moor,  where  it  crosses  the 
way  that  leads  from  Bingiey  to  Epworth,  taking  its  course 
on  the  inside  of  the  Bounder  Stones,  and  so  by  Eilarcam ; 
and,  crossing  the  wall,  appears  again  in  the  field  of  Thomas 
Horsfield,  near  to  the  Wear  Stones,  little  west  of  the  high- 
road to  Halifax;  and  from  thence  crosses  Denholme  Edge, 
where  it  was  met  in  digffing^  the  foundations  of  a  barn."  He 
says  also,  in  the  same  note,  "  that  he  was  further  informed 
by  the  neighbouring  inhabitants  that  it  was  continued  by 
Stubden,  Foreside,  Warside,  Hunter's  Hill,  and  over  Cold 
Edge,  a  little  to  the  east  of  Midgley  to  Swilland,  and  by  the 
Baitings  to  Littleborough."  The  personal  survey  of  1834, 
which  I  made,  besides  several  other  visits  and  inquiries, 
will  enable  me  to  extend  the  information  of  Warburton; 
but  I  regret  to  say  that,  unless  some  unexpected  light  is 
thrown  upon  the  subject,  some  portions  of  the  road  between 
Denholme  and  Hunter's  Hill,  or  Cold  Edge,  is  decidedly  lost. 
The  iter,  however,  undoubtedly  enters  the  parish  of  Haliftix 
in  the  vicinity  of  Foreside,  agreeably  to  Warburton's  note ; 
and  John  Ambler  of  that  place,  farmer,  pointed  out  to  me 
the  place  from  which  he  had  removed  the  pavement.  A 
faint  streak  of  lighter  green  was  visible  some  years  since  in 
this  field,  running  in  the  direction  of  Cockhill.  At  this 
place  the  road  enters  the  Lord's  Allotment,  where  it  was 
faintly  visible  across  the  common,  much  broken  up  and  scat- 
tered over  with  disjointed  stones.  It  was  here  that  the  old 
guide  informed  us  that  within  his  own  recollection  the  pave- 
ment was  entire.  The  names  of  the  individuals  who  have 
from  time  to  time  met  with  and  broken  up  the  pavement, 


216  ON   THE    ROMAN    HOADS 

with  the  situations  in  which  they  were  formed  from  tlic 
Lord's  Allotment  to  Hunter's  Hill,  have  been  recorded;  and 
on  these  authorities  a  good  part  of  the  way  is  known. 

At  Hunter's  Hill  there  are  remains  of  earthworks,  but  so 
broken  up  and  disconnected  as  to  be  all  but  unintelKgible. 
I  suspect  they  are  the  vestigia  of  an  encampment,  or  inter- 
mediate station,  like  the  one  at  Littleborough,  mentioned 
by  AVhitaker,  on  the  same  iter.     The  distance  from  Ilkley 
to  Manchester  by  this  route  is,  in  round  numbers,  say  thirty- 
nine  miles.     This  distance  seems  to  have  been  divided  into 
three  stages  of  thirteen  miles  each ;  so  that  we  have,  at  the 
termination  of  the  first  stage  from  IManchester,  the  station 
at  Littleborough;  and  at  the  same  distance  from  the  latter 
we  have  the  supposed  station  at  Hunter's  Hill;  while  from 
the  last  place,  and  at  an  equal  distance,  the  third  stage  is 
formed  at  Ilkley.     The  road  passes  from  Hunter's  Hill,  and 
is  seen,  slightly  sunk  below  the  surface,  crossing  the  corner 
of  a  field  belonging  to  Mr.  Robt.  Woodhead  of  Luddenden. 
The  road  having  reached  Cold  Edge  accompanies  on  one 
side  the  present  turnpike  for  some  distance,  and  from  this 
point  to  Littleborough  it  is  for  the  most  part  still  used.    The 
late  Mr.  King,  of  Luddenden,  informed  me  in  1849  (then  in 
his  eightieth  year),  that  his  grandfather,  who  lived  to  an 
advanced  age,  had  travelled  the  whole  distance  from  Lud- 
denden to  ilkley  by  the  old  road ;  that,  beginning  on  the 
Sowerby  side  (by  which  we  shall  have  to  retrace  our  steps), 
the  road  took  by  Fincle-street,  near  the  bottom  of  which 
there  was  a  paved  ford  over  the  river  Calder ;  thence,  through 
the  fields,  the  road  ascended  by  Magson  House,  and  forward 
by  Grey  Stones  to  Newland  Gate ;  thence  by  Clougli  Head, 
Tower  Hill,  Sentry  Edge,  Houghton  Tower,  Balkram  Edge, 
where  there  is  a  camp,  and  Hunter's  Hill.     From  this  point 
the  road  went  throug^h  the  vales  of  Lower  Ing-s  and  Skirden, 
and,  ascending  by  Cockle  Hill,  went  forward  to  Denholme 
Gate,  and  over  Rumbles  Moor  to  Ilkley.     This  is  exactly 
the  route  taken  by  Warburton.    But  the  recollections  of  this 
family  go  back  to  a  date  anterior  to  his  survey ;  for  they 
state  that  in  the  youth  of  the  elder  King's  father,  the  road, 
though  passable,  was  in  many  places  in  a  ruinous  and  broken 
up  condition.      Warl)urton   found   several   portions  of  it 
enclosed.     From  Cold  Edge  the  road  passes  by  Tower  Hill, 
where  an  interesting  discovery  was  made,  some  years  since. 


INTERSECTING  THE    PARISH  OF  HALIFAX.  217 

of  a  nimibcr  of  British  cinerary  urns.  I  described  and  illus- 
trated several  of  them  in  a  work  entitled  RdlquuB  Antiqace 
Eboraccnscs,  a  quarto  work  publislied  at  liCeds  in  the  year 
1852.  The  following  extract  from  the  article  will  explain 
the  nature  of  the  discovery :  "  They  were  found  in  quarry- 
ing on  Tower  Hill ;  but  owing  to  the  nature  of  the  opera- 
tions, and  the  unlooked-for  discovery  of  relics  by  the  people 
employed,  it  is  believed  that  many  similar  remains  were 
demolished.  On  one  occasion  an  urn,  bleached  by  the  tem- 
pests of  an  entire  winter,  was  observed  to  protrude  half  its 
own  bulk  from  the  stratum  of  soil  in  which  it  had  been 
originally  eml)eddcd.  The  curiosity  of  the  labourers  was 
excited,  and  the  relic  was  removed.  It  was  found  to  con- 
tain fragments  of  human  bones;  and  as  these  were  supposed 
to  have  belonged  to  an  infant  foully  disposed  of,  the  circum- 
stance was  soon  noised  abroad,  and  the  true  nature  of  the 
interment  explained."  I  saw  some  fragments  of  this  urn. 
It  had  been  constructed  of  sun-baked  clay,  and  lined  with 
moss  and  the  fibres  of  plants,  which,  when  the  urn  had  fallen 
to  pieces,  firmly  adhered  to  the  contents.  It  had  been  thir- 
teen or  fourteen  inches  high,  and  formed  apparently  by  the 
hand.  Within  a  few  yards  of  this  urn,  another  containing 
bones  and  ashes  was  subsequently  found,  but  so  decomposed 
as  to  preclude  the  possibility  of  its  entire  preservation. 
Near  the  same  place  a  smaller  urn  was  discovered  in  the 
dark  soil  peculiar  to  the  locality.  This  contained  bones  and 
ashes,  and  had  a  small  clay  vessel  placed  within  it,  resem- 
bling the  one  found  in  a  similar  situation  at  Upleaton,  and 
in  the  possession  of  the  late  Dr.  Young  of  Whitley.  During 
the  winter  of  1848  there  was  a  fall  of  earth  into  the  quarry 
at  Tower  Hill.  The  soil  thus  precipitated  impeded  the 
progress  of  excavation,  and  a  still  larger  urn  was  brought  to 
light ;  but  amongst  the  debris  there  were  observed  numerous 
fragments  of  other  cinerary  urns  and  numerous  human 
relics.  Two  of  the  urns  found  on  Tower  Hill  are  in  the 
possession  of  Mr.  J.  S.  Stott  of  this  town.  No  doubt  this 
was  the  site  of  a  primeval  cemetery  as  well  as  a  military 
post. 

From  Tower  Hill  the  road  passes  by  Camp  End  to  New- 
land  Gate,  where  it  crosses  another  ancient  road  which,  to 
say  the  least,  has  ever  since  the  Saxon  times  passed  through 
this  parish  from  Doncaster  to  Ribchester.     From  Newlands 


218  ON  THE    EOMAN    ROADS 

the  road  passes  to  Grey  Stones,  where  Daniel  Garnet,  in  the 
month  of  June  1861  (then  in  his  ninetieth  year),  gave  me 
rehaljle  information  about  the  condition  of  the  road  from 
Grey  Stones  to  Hunter's  Hill  in  one  direction,  and  to  S<nv- 
erby  in  another,  near  seventy  years  ago,  Aljout  that  time 
he  was  surveyor  of  the  highroads  in  the  district,  and  remem- 
bered them  before  their  renovation.  By  his  assistance  I  was 
enabled  to  lay  down  the  road  accurately  on  an  Ordnance 
]\Iap,  at  a  portion  below  Grey  Stones  where  it  has  been 
enclosed,  and  where  I  could  still  distinouish  it  as  a  line  of 
liofhter  o-reen  than  the  other  grass  in  the  field.  From  this 
point  the  road  passes  at  the  back  of  Magson  House,  1  have 
in  my  possession  a  Roman  coin  found  in  the  inside  of  a 
human  skull  that  had  been  turned  up  by  the  spade  in  the 
brow  of  the  hill  just  above  the  road  at  the  back  of  the  house. 
It  is  a  denarius  of  Septimius  Geta,  having  the  head  of  the 
emperor  and  the  inscription,  pvblivs  septimivs  geta  c.esar; 
on  the  reverse,  a  female  figure  in  the  stola  with  a  sceptre  in 
her  right  hand  and  a  spear  in  her  left,  with  the  inscription, 
providentia  deorvm.  This  may  probably  have  been  Cha- 
ron's customary  fee,  which  by  some  accidental  change  in  the 
position  of  the  head  had  found  its  way  into  the  cranium. 
From  Mao'son  House  the  road  descended  to  the  river  Calder, 
and  crossed  it  by  the  ford  already  mentioned,  near  the 
bottom  of  Fincle-street,  Fincle-street  has  still  its  pavement 
entii-e, — perhaps  its  original  one, — for  a  good  portion  of  the 
way,  Warburton's  route  from  this  point  is  the  correct  one  : 
that  is,  through  Sowerby  to  Mill  Bank  and  Foxon,  or  more 
properly  Foss'n-lane,  in  Soyland,  where  it  also  crosses  the 
Slack  and  Colne  road.  From  Foss'n-lane  the  iter  takes  a 
straight  course  to  Baitings,  where  Warburton  marks  a  camp 
on  his  map;  and,  forming  for  some  distance  the  modern 
highway,  makes  a  divergence  at  Blackcastle  Clough,  which 
it  enters  upon  the  Devil's  Causeway, — a  pavement  said  by 
the  people  never  to  have  been  laid  by  human  hantls  ! 

From  Blackcastle  Clough,  a  deep  and  rugged  mountain 
pass,  the  road  ascends  to  the  summit  of  Blackston  Edge, 
where,  in  the  July  of  1G42,  Col.  Rosworm  threw  up  those 
defences  against  the  Earl  of  Newcastle's  threatened  approach, 
which  still  remain,  and  which  are  shewn  on  the  six-inch 
Ordnance  Map,  The  road  thence  descends  to  Littleborough, 
where,  on  the  same  map,  it  is  put  down  as  the  "  Old  Pack- 


IMTERSECTING  THE    PARISH  OF  HALIFAX.  21.0 

liorse  road."  The  pavement  from  ]>lackcastle  Clougli  to  the 
crest  of  the  hill,  which  commands  a  scene  of  indescribable 
grandeur  and  extent,  is  almost  entirely  covered  by  a  thick 
carpet  of  heather,  which,  on  being  torn  up,  discloses  the 
pavement  entire,  shewing  indisputable  marks  of  great  anti- 
quity.   The  llklcy  iter  passes  out  of  the  parish  at  this  point. 

There  are  other  ancient  roads,  to  two  of  which  I  have 
alluded  in  the  course  of  my  paper;  but  the  limited  time  at 
your  disposal  will  not  permit  me  to  enter  further  upon  them 
now.  I  may,  however,  briefly  state  that  one  of  these  has 
stretched  across  the  country,  and  intersected  our  parish,  as 
I  have  previously  said,  from  Doncaster  to  Ribchester,  at  least 
from  the  Saxon  times.  It  has  upon  it  the  ancient  towns  of 
Wakefield, Dewsbury, Halifax,  and  Burnley,  at  regular  stages; 
and  still  retains,  as  between  Doncaster  and  Wakefield,  the 
names  of  the  street  at  Street  Houses  and  Tong-street;  and 
between  the  latter  place  and  Dewsbury  the  name  of  Osset- 
street,  together  with  other  evidences  of  a  higher  antiquity. 
The  other  road  from  Slack  to  Colne,  mentioned  by  the  two 
Whitakers,^  for  the  greatest  part  still  remains;  and  the 
pavement  of  the  long  causeway  in  the  township  of  Sowerby 
is  extremely  interesting.  In  addition  to  these  there  are 
other  roads  crossing  the  parish,  having  claims  to  great  anti- 
quity, but  the  account  of  which  I  must  defer  to  another 
opportunity. 

I  fear  I  have  laid  too  great  a  tax  on  your  time  and  patience 
by  the  length  of  my  remarks ;  but  I  trust  the  interest  w^hich 
invests  the  subject,  carried  as  it  is,  like  the  roads  themselves, 
far  beyond  the  liounds  of  the  parish  they  intersect,  will  palli- 
ate, however  imperfectly  done,  the  modus  operandi  of  the 
inquiry. 

^  History  of  Manchester,  by  John  Whitaker;  2  vols.  8vo.,  Lend.,  177.3.    His- 
tory of  the  Parish  of  Whalley,  by  Thos.  Whitaker;  4to.,  Lond.,  1818. 


220 


HARE  WOOD  CASTLE. 

BY    JOHN    JONES,    ESQ. 

Harewood  Castle  is  one  of  those  remarkable  strnctiircs 
occasionally  found  in  the  northern  counties,  presenting  an 
odd  mixture  of  convenience  and  magnificence,  with  cautious 
designs  for  protection  and  defence.  It  cannot  boast  of  the 
same  historical  reputation  as  Conisborough,  Pontefract,  or 
Knaresborougii.  It  occupies  little  or  no  place  in  our  national 
history.  Its  walls  have  not  immured  a  king,  nor  has  a 
prince's  blood  been  shed  within  its  precincts.  Like  the 
neighbouring  castle  of  Spofforth,  it  appears  to  have  been 
re-erected  as  a  noble  residence  for  the  lord  of  the  manor.  Its 
early  history  is,  therefore,  somewhat  involved  in  obscurity. 
Camden,  wdio  passed  through  this  part  of  Yorkshire  about 
the  year  1582,  states  there  was  a  castle  here  in  very  early 
times.  He  says  :  "Afterwards  the  river  runs,  between  the 
banks  of  limestone,  by  Harewood,  where  I  saw  a  handsome 
and  well  fortified  castle,  which  has  often  changed  its  lords 
by  the  vicissitudes  of  time.  It  formerly  belonged  to  the 
Curceys ;  but  came  by  their  heiress,  Alice,  to  Warin  Fitz- 
Gerald,  who  married  her;  whose  daughter  and  coheiress, 
]\Iargery,  was  given  in  marriage,  with  the  fine  estate  belong- 
ing to  her,  to  Baldwin  de  Rivers,  Earl  of  Devon,  who  died 
before  his  father ;  afterwards  to  Falcasius  de  Brent,  by  favour 
of  King  John,  for  his  good  services  in  pillaging.  But  upon 
the  death  of  Isabella  de  Rivers,  Countess  of  Devon,  mthout 
issue,  this  castle  fell  to  Robert  de  Lisle,  son  of  Warin,  as 
kinsman  and  coheir.  Lastly,  by  the  family  of  Aldborough, 
it  came  to  the  Rithers."^ 

Such  is  Camden's  account,  and  its  correctness  has  been 
signally  verified  by  various  documents  which  have  passed 
through  my  hands.^  From  this  statement  it  appears  that  a 
castle  existed  at  Llarewood  in  early  times,  certainl}^  prior  to 
the  reign  of  King  John ;  and  although  no  date  is  fixed,  it  is 

^  Britannia^  Gough's  cd.,  vol.  iii,  p.  7. 

^  We  embrace  this  opportunity  to  refer  our  readers  to  Mr.  Jones's  History 
and  Antir/vAtiefi  of  Ilarevjood,  i^uhUahed  by  Sinipkin  &  Co.  The  Avork  is  well 
illustrated,  and  contains  also  topographical  notices  of  the  parish  and  neigh- 
Ijourhood. 


HAEEWOOD  CASTLE.  221 

not  at  all  improbable  that  the  original  l^iiildirio-  was  erected 
during  the  reign  of  Stephen,  who  granted  permission  to  the 
barons  to  erect  castles,  and  during  whose  short  reign  of 
eighteen  years  upwards  of  eleven  hundred  of  them  were 
built  in  various  parts  of  the  kingdom.  The  present  ruin 
presents  no  architectural  evidences  which  would  lead  us 
back  to  this  j)eriod;  but  Mr.  King,  in  his  History  of  British 
Castles,  gives  the  drawings  of  two  windows  which  formerly 
existed,  but  which  unfortunately  have  disappeared.  I  see 
no  reason  to  doubt  these  drawings;  and  if  so,  the  style  of 
their  architecture  evidently  points  to  the  Norman  and  the 
Norman  transition  period,  and  strengthens  Camden's  state- 
ment, that  a  castle  existed  here  in  early  times.  Although 
the  present  ruin  is  referred  to  a  much  later  date,  it  is  ex- 
ceedingly probable  that  some  portion  of  the  original  castle 
is  incorporated  in  the  present  building,  as  many  parts  of  the 
walls  of  the  main  body  exhibit  certain  peculiarities  in  their 
construction  wdiicli  may  be  deemed  of  considerable  anti- 
quity. The  present  edifice  is  supposed  to  have  been  chiefly 
built  about  the  reign  of  Edward  I  or  II,  and  probably  com- 
pleted in  the  reign  of  Edward  III,  if  any  regard  is  to  be 
paid  to  the  style  of  architecture,  and  if  any  inferences  are  to 
be  drawn  from  the  peculiar  ornaments  in  various  parts  of  it. 
The  arms  of  Aldburgh  over  the  entrance  outside  appear  to 
indicate  who  was  the  imj^rover,  if  not  the  rebuilder,  of  a 
considerable  portion  of  it.  Sir  AVilliam  de  Aldburgh,  of  Ald- 
burgh in  Eichmondshire,  having  married  Elizabeth,  the  only 
daughter  of  Eobert  Lord  de  Lisle,  about  the  year  1327,  the 
castle  and  manor  of  Harewood  were  conceded  to  him  by  fine 
by  his  brother-in-law,  Eobert  Lord  de  Lisle  of  Eougemont. 
Having  made  Harewood  his  chief  residence,  he  set  about 
rebuilding  and  restoring  the  castle.  The  arms  of  Baliol, 
king  of  Scotland,  are  also  placed  over  the  entrance  portal  in 
conjunction  with  Aldburgh,  and  every  historian  who  has 
treated  of  the  castle  seems  to  have  been  puzzled  with  them. 
King,  Grose,  and  Whitaker,  have  imagined  that  Baliol  was 
entertained  here  when  driven  out  of  his  kingdom,  and 
that  they  were  put  up  to  commemorate  the  visit.  In  my 
researches  I  found  several  extracts  which  have  materially 
aided  in  unravelling  this  point.  In  the  Harleian  MSS.,  vol. 
805,  fol.  5,  it  is  stated,  "  William  Aldburgh,  messenger  of 
Edward  Baliol,  king  of  Scotland."     This  was  a  post  of  high 

18G4  29 


222  HAREWOOD  CASTLE. 

rank  and  trust  in  those  clays.  Other  passages  in  the  same 
MSS.  prove  that  the  familt/weve  on  terms  of  great  intimacy 
with  him,  and  they  seem  to  have  clung  to  the  monarch  in 
his  adversity  as  well  as  in  his  prosperity.  After  Baliol  had 
conceded  all  riaht  to  the  Scottish  crown,  he  came  and 
resided  at  Wheatley,  near  Doncaster,  and  here  Sir  A\'illiam 
was  a  close  attendant  upon  the  quondam  king;  and  in  1362 
he  gave  lands  at  Willy  Haye  to  the  monastery  at  Beauvale, 
in  Nottinghamshire,  for  the  soul  of  his  lord,  Edward  Baliol, 
king  of  Scotland.  The  arms  of  Baliol  were  thrice  repeated 
in  the  chapel;  and  from  the  will  of  Dame  Margery,  relict  of 
Sir  AVilliam  de  Aldburgh,  I  find  that  the  monarch's  arms 
were  engraved  in  conjunction  with  their  own  upon  many  of 
their  articles  of  plate  and  furniture.  All  these  circumstances, 
then,  go  to  prove  that  there  was  an  intimacy  of  the  closest 
kind  existing  between  them,  and  that  the  arms  of  the 
monarch  were  thus  used  not  merely  to  commemorate  a  com- 
plimentary visit,  but  as  evidences  of  a  friendship  which  had 
existed  through  the  \acissitudes  of  many  years, — the  same 
through  evil  report  and  good  rej)ort, — a  friendship  which 
appears  to  have  been  mutually  appreciated  and  valued. 
This  connexion  also  accounts,  in  some  measure,  for  the  com- 
parative tranquillity  which  Harewood  and  its  immediate 
neighbourhood  enjoyed  during  the  frequent  incursions  of  the 
Scots  at  that  period.  In  the  Dodsworth  MSS.  (vol.  xxviii, 
fol.  115)  I  find  :  "  Eccles.  de  Pannall  ad  nihil  taxatur  quia 
Scoti  ibi  hospitabantur,  et  combusserunt  in  recessu  suo." 
This  took  place  within  a  few  miles  of  Harewood,  and  it  is 
reasonable  to  conclude  that  they  vvould  naturally  spare  the 
mansion  and  manor  of  one  who  was  in  the  service  of  their 
own  sovereign.  Between  the  coats  of  arms  over  the  entrance- 
jDortal  is  the  Predestinarian  motto  of  the  Aldljurgs,  "  Vat  sal 
be  sal,"  in  old  monastic  characters.  Sir  William  died  with- 
out male  issue,  leaving  two  daughters,  between  whom  his 
estates  were  divided, — Elizabeth  married  to  Sir  Richard  Red- 
man, and  Sybil  married  to  Sir  William  Ryther.  The  Rythers 
were  a  numerous  and  important  family,  residing  at  Ryther 
Castle  in  this  county ;  and  the  Redmans  belonged  to  Red- 
man and  Levens  in  Westmoreland. 

It  is  a  singular  fact  that  after  the  marriage  of  these  co- 
heiresses,  the  Rythers  and  Redmans,  during  eight  descents 
of  the  one  and  nine  of  the  other,  seemed  to  have  lived  on 


HAREWOOD  CASTLE.  223 

such  amieal)le  terms  that  they  not  only  kept  the  estate  un- 
divided, but  they  appear  to  have  inhabited  the  castle  alter- 
nately. The  last  two  inhabitants  of  the  castle  were  James 
Ryther  and  his  son  and  heir  Koljert  Kyther.  The  former 
was  an  esquire  to  the  body  of  Queen  Elizabeth,  and  a  warm 
and  attached  friend  to  Lord  Burghley,  the  celebrated  states- 
man ;  and  the  latter  retired  from  Hare  wood  in  the  year  1620. 

How  or  by  what  means  the  castle  was  dismantled,  I  have 
not  been  able  precisely  to  discover.  One  account  says  posi- 
tively that  it  was  done  in  the  civil  wars ;  another  states  that 
the  whole  of  tlie  castle  buildin&s  were  demolished  durino- 
the  reign  of  Charles  I,  but  is  silent  respecting  the  manner 
in  which  they  were  destroyed.  That  it  was  dismantled,  I 
think  must  be  apparent  from  the  fact  that  it  was  habitable 
in  1630;  and  in  1657,  when  Sir  John  Cutler  became  the 
purchaser  of  the  estate,  it  was  uninhabitable,  and  in  a  de- 
cayed state.  The  condition  of  the  neighbouring  towns  and 
villages  during  this  period  quite  corroborates  this  opinion. 
This  part  of  Yorkshire  was  the  scene  of  severe  struggles 
between  the  Royalists  and  Parliamentarians;  and  by  an 
order  issued  26th  Feb.  1646,  a  larQ-e  number  of  castles  in 
Yorkshire  were  dismantled,  and  made  untenable;  and  as 
this  work  of  demolition  took  place  a  few  years  after  the  last 
occupant  of  Hare  wood  Castle  had  left  it,  it  is  highly  pro- 
bable that  this  castle  formed  one  of  the  number  thus  de- 
stroyed. 

Before  proceeding  to  a  description  of  the  castle,  two  of  its 
later  lords  must  be  briefly  noticed.  Lord  Straflbrd  and  Sir 
John  Cutler.  The  manor  and  estates  of  Gawthorp  and  Hare- 
wood  came  into  possession  of  Thomas  Wentworth,  Esq.,  in 
1580,  by  marriage  with  Margaret,  daughter  and  heii'ess  of 
Sir  William  Gascoigne,  who  inherited  the  Redman  moiety 
by  descent,  and  the  Ryther  moiety  probably  by  purchase. 
This  Thomas  Wentworth,  Esq.,  was  grandfather  of  the  great 
and  unfortunate  Earl  of  Strafford,  who  was  delighted  to 
retire  from  the  bustle  and  turmoil  of  public  life  to  his 
secluded  manor  at  Gawthorpe.  ]\Iauy  of  his  letters  are  dated 
from  this  place,  and  for  years  it  formed  his  favourite  retreat. 

Lord  Strafford's  son  subsecjuently  recovered  his  fsither's 
confiscated  estates;  but  in  consequence  of  the  misfortunes 
of  the  family  during  the  civil  wars,  this  manor  was  sold,  and 
Sir  John  Cutler,  a  London  merchant,  became  the  purchaser. 


224  HAREWOOD  CASTLE. 

Sir  John  was  a  remarkable  man,  who  had  been  created  a 
baronet  by  Charles  II  for  his  important  services  in  aiding 
the  Restoration.  Pope  has  satirised  him  in  his  Moral 
■Essays}  and  Maude  also  in  his  Verheia ;  and  I  must  add 
that  the  traditions  respecting  his  penuriousness  and  miserly 
habits  are  still  in  existence  among  the  old  people  in  the 
village.  The  satire  of  Pope  is  exceedingly  bitter,  and,  if 
founded  on  fact,  would  stamp  Sir  John  Cutler  as  one  of  the 
basest  and  most  loathsome  characters  that  ever  lived.  His 
memory  has  been  heaped  with  obloquy  and  calumny  by 
parties  who  have  reiterated  statements  without  once  endea- 
vouring to  investigate  their  veracity.  I  must  refer  you  to 
the  History  of  Harewood  for  the  facts  which  I  have  brought 
forward  in  vindication  of  Sir  John  Cutler's  character ;  they 
are  too  lengthy  to  introduce  into  this  paper.  Suffice  it  to 
sav  that  Pope's  charges  are  untrue,  unjust,  and  utterly  false. 
One  feature  in  Sir  John  Cutler's  character  I  cannot  pass 
over  unnoticed.  The  love  and  encouragement  of  science  are 
indubitable  marks  of  a  liberal  mind,  and  he  gave  a  noble 
instance  of  it.  In  1664  he  founded  a  lectureship  at  Gresham 
CoUege,  and  endowed  it  with  £50  j9e?'  annum,  settling  it 
upon  Professor  Hooke  for  life.  The  Royal  Society  elected 
him  a  member  "  in  evidence  of  the  great  sense  they  have  of 
his  generosity,  which  they  have  more  reason  to  value  as 
being  the  first  donation  they  have  been  entrusted  with  of 
the  kind,  and  which  they  hope  will  prove  a  leading  example 
to  others." 

From  its  present  remains,  the  castle  appears  to  form  a 
right-angled  parallelogram,  having  its  sides  in  the  direction 
of  the  cardinal  points  of  the  compass.  Two  lofty  square 
towers  on  the  south-east  and  north-east  angles  form  import- 
ant appendages.  Both  of  these  contained  four  storeys  of 
rooms,  and  reached  to  a  height  of  upwards  of  a  hundred  feet, 
commanding  from  their  elevated  position  a  most  extensive 
look-out. 

Two  other  towers  seem  to  have  existed, — one  on  the  north 
side,  over  the  entrance-portal,  and  a  corresponding  one  on 
the  south  side.  The  principal  entrance,  and  in  fact  the  only 
one,  was  upon  the  north  side,  leading  from  the  level  of  the 
;ound  inwards  into  a  sort  of  porch  forming  the  basement 
tower.    This  portal  was  high  enough  for  a  man  to  enter 

'  Epist.  III. 


HAKEWOOD  CASTLE.  225 

« 

upon  horseback,  and  was  defended  by  a  portcullis,  the  groove 
for  which  is  at  present  in  an  excellent  state  of  preservation. 
Inside  of  this  there  was  another  formidable  door,  apparently 
of  similar  dimensions,  and  constructed  as  the  outer  one. 
This  led  into  the  great  hall,  fifty-five  feet  long  by  twenty- 
nine  feet  broad,  the  stone  seats  round  which  are  still  exist- 
ing where  the  lord  of  the  manor  met  his  vassjds  and  held 
his  courts,  both  manorial  and  judicial.  Bondgate  still  exists, 
a  cluster  of  cottages  near;  and  about  half  a  mile  distant  is 
Gallows  Hdl,  which  is  not  only  traditionally  preserved 
among  the  people,  but  is  marked  as  such  upon  an  old  map 
in  the  Estate  Oftice. 

The  most  singular  feature  in  the  great  hall — and,  indeed, 
in  the  whole  castle — is  a  recess  in  the  upper  part  of  the 
south  wall.^  It  has  all  the  appearance  of  a  most  elaborate 
tomb;  and,  in  ftict,  has  been  described  as  such  by  all  the 
earlier  writers.  Dr.  Whitaker  was  the  first  to  contradi(;t 
this  statement,  and  in  this  respect  he  is  most  assuredly  cor- 
rect. He  says  :  "  If  it  is  a  tomb,  whose  is  it  ?  Certainly 
not  the  supposed  founder  of  the  castle,  for  he  was  buried  in 
the  parish  church.  Besides,  who  ever  dreamt  in  those  days 
of  beincr  interred  in  unconsecrated  earth  ?     Or  what  heir 

O 

would  have  permitted  so  incongruous  a  circumstance  in  a 
scene  of  conviviality  V  The  original  slab  has,  however,  been 
removed,  and  instead  of  a  stone  cofiin  nothing  appears  but 
a  mass  of  solid  grout  work ;  while  instead  of  kneelino-  figures 
of  priests  or  children  beneath,  appears,  on  a  sort  of  frieze,  a 
light  and  elegant  enrichment  of  vine-leaves  and  grapes. 
From  this  last  circumstance,  combined  with  its  situation 
near  the  head  of  the  table,  it  is  undoubtedly  an  ancient  side- 
board. 

Over  the  entrance-portal  was  the  portcullis-room,  com- 
municating by  an  inner  staircase  with  the  great  hall,  the 
rooms  over  it,  and  also  with  the  chapel  or  oratory.  This 
chapel  is  richly  ornamented  with  the  arms  of  the  following 
ftxmilies  :  Sutton,  Aldburgh,  Ixiliol,  Thweng,  Bordesley,  Con- 
stable, Ross,  and  Vipont.  The  arms  of  Aldburgh  and  Baliol 
are  several  times  repeated  in  the  chapel.  Glover,  in  his 
Survey,  mentions  many  more,  but  they  have  all  disappeared. 
He  has  carefully  delineated  the  following  :  Kyther  with 
quarterings,  Totheby,  Fortibus  Earl  of  Albemarle,  Aldburgh, 

'  Engraved  in  AVhitaker's  Loll. is  el  Elmete,  p.  165. 


226  HAREWOOD  CASTLE. 

ft 

Lord  de  Lisle,  Fitzwilliam,  Bellerve,  and  Eedman.  He  dis- 
tinctly states  that  most  of  these  were  painted  on  wood, 
glass,  or  metal,  and  to  have  had  the  proper  blazonings; 
whereas  those  at  present  existing  are  all  in  stone,  and  not 
emblazoned  at  all.  Under  the  western  part  of  the  hall  was 
the  dungeon,  lighted  only  with  one  small  light ;  while  under 
the  entrance  there  seems  to  have  been  a  solitary  cell  for 
refractory  or  condemned  prisoners,  and  an  inner  prison  not 
lighted  at  all.  The  recess  and  steps  into  the  dungeon  are 
still  remainino;,  and  evidences  of  the  door  into  the  inner 
prison  also. 

It  is  superfluous  to  particularise  the  various  rooms  in  the 
buildino; ;  but  there  is  one  remarkable  feature  which  must 
not  pass  unnoticed. 

By  means  of  passages  in  the  walls  every  part  of  the  castle 
was  accessible.  These  passages  pervade  the  whole  building, 
and  formed  no  unimportant  part  of  its  econom}^  By  means 
of  them  escape  could  be  made  to  any  part  of  it  in  time  of 
danger.  There  appear  to  have  been  three  sallyports, — one 
on  the  north,  communicating  with  the  principal  staircase; 
one  on  the  south,  communicating  with  the  great  hall  and 
the  room  over  it,  in  a  capital  state  of  preservation ;  and  one 
at  the  west,  apparently  communicating  with  the  kitchen. 

The  last  remarkable  feature  about  the  castle  is  the  roof. 
Over  the  great  central  room  there  are  manifest  marks  of  a 
high  ridged  roof  having  been  let  in,  but  beneath  the  parapet 
wall  which  surrounded  it.  This  roof  was  so  arranged  as  to 
leave  sufficient  room  for  an  external  platform  on  each  side 
upon  the  leads,  defended  by  an  inner  and  outer  parapet,  and 
aflbrding  abundant  security  for  moving  about  in  all  direc- 
tions on  the  leads  or  platform.  This  arrangement  was  for 
the  purpose  of  defence  from  attack,  and  fitted  for  placing 
engines  of  war,  or  even  cannon,  which  after  the  time  of 
Edward  III  were  often  used,  and  not  unfrequently  placed 
on  the  tops  of  high  buildings.  In  the  fortieth  year  of 
Edward  III  (a.d.  1367)  a  license  was  granted  to  "AVillielmus 
de  Aldljurgh,  miles,"  to  crenellate  "mansum  manerii"  at 
"  Harwode."  From  this  it  is  evident  that  the  roof  was  em- 
battled, as  in  Norman  buildino-s.  Between  the  towers  at 
the  east  end  are  the  remains  of  a  projection  issuing  from  the 
roof,  from  which  boiling  lead  and  other  missiles  might  be 
hurled  upon  the  besiegers  in  the  event  of  any  attack. 


HAKEWOOD  CASTLE.  227 

In  givinor  this  sketch  of  the  history  and  description  of 
Hiirewood  Castle,  1  have  refrained  from  even  referi-ing  to 
many  celebrated  men  associated  with  it.  Chief  Justice 
Gascoigne  was  born,  lived,  died,  and  buried,  almost  beneath 
the  shadow  of  its  walls;  and  his  associations  were  of  a  most 
intimate  character  with  the  lords  of  Hare  wood  Castle.  It 
has  been  a  pleasure  and  a  delight  to  me,  and  a  relief  from 
the  sterner  duties  of  my  profession,  to  hunt  out  and  treasure 
up  mementoes  of  this  great  man ;  and  it  is  a  reproach  to 
our  national  biography  that  no  life  worthy  of  him  has  yet 
appeared. 

The  earlier  lords  of  Harewood  were  of  regal  descent.  I 
have  by  me  a  genealogy  compiled  by  Wm.  de  Rythre,  Esq., 
of  Dublin, — himself  not  only  an  ardent  antiquary,  but  pro- 
bably the  last  male  descendant  of  the  Rythers  lords  of  Hare- 
wood, — shewing  clearly  the  descent  of  the  lords  of  Harewood 
from  Orgar,  the  father  of  Elfrida,  as  well  as  from  King  Alfred. 

This  connexion  or  identification  of  the  old  Saxon  monarchs 
with  the  lords  of  Harewood,  is  an  element  of  no  inconsider- 
able interest  in  our  local  antiquities,  and  I  feel  sure  will  be 
regarded  so  by  this  society.  Many  writers  have  held  that 
Athelwold  was  really  lord  of  Harew^ood  in  Yorkshire,  and  my 
own  researches  first  rendered  this  doubtful ;  but  even  granting 
that  I  have  succeeded  in  dispelling  the  illusions  of  those  who 
had  poetically  clung  to  the  impression  that  Harewood  was 
associated  with  the  murder  of  Athelwold  by  King  Edgar, 
A.D.  959,  it  must  yet  be  conceded  that  the  historic  ruin 
remains  invested  with  that  species  of  interest  which  is  sug- 
gested by  the  fact  of  its  having  been  for  centuries  the  baro- 
nial residence  of  the  posterity  of  Edulph,  son  and  heir  of 
Orgar,  brother  of  Elfrida,  and  husband  of  Elfwina,  grand- 
daughter of  Alfred. 


228 


ON    CROMLECHS. 

BY    THE    REV.    W.    0.    LUKIS,    M.A.,    F.S.A.  ;     FELLOW    OF    THE    KOTAL 
SOCIETY  OF    XORTUEKN    ANTIQUAKIES,  COPENHAGEN. 

I  PROPOSE  confining  my  few  remarks  upon  cromlechs  to 
two  points  simple  in  themselves,  which  3'et,  as  it  seems  to 
me,  have  not  received  sulHcient  attention  : 

I.  That  all  cromlechs,  of  whatever  form,  are  the  stone 
chambers  of  sepulchral  mounds  or  barrows  which  still  exist 
or  have  existed. 

II.  That  the  classification  of  these  monuments  adopted  by- 
some  distinguished  archaeologists  has,  in  my  humble  opinion, 
no  foundation  in  fact,  but  has  been  introduced  by  viewing 
them  in  the  light  of  their  dilapidated  and  imperfect  condi- 
tion. 

I.  My  first  proposition  would  have  startled  antiquaries 
and  archaeologists  of  the  last  and  early  part  of  the  present 
century.  We  can  bear  to  hear  it  in  these  days  without 
immediately  putting  ourselves  into  an  attitude  of  defence  to 
do  battle  for  favourite  theories  respecting  Druids'  altars  and 
the  bloody  channels  upon  their  inclined  stones.  The  spade 
and  the  sieve  have  scattered  to  the  winds  all  opinions  of 
their  having  been  erected  as  altars  for  religious  worship,  and 
for  the  performances  of  oblations  and  sacrifices.  A  compa- 
rison of  denuded  chambers  with  those  still  to  be  met  with 
buried  beneath  the  earthen  or  stony  mound,  has  served  to 
reveal  their  true  construction  and  uses.  A  man  who,  in  the 
present  day,  will  gravely  maintain  that  these  monuments 
were  not  sepulchral  chambers,  but  altars  for  human  sacrifice, 
runs  great  risk,  if  not  of  being  immolated  on  a  cap-stone, 
yet  of  being  pulled  to  pieces  and  thoroughly  pounded  and 
smashed  on  the  altar  of  his  own  rearing,  by  archaeological 
gentlemen  who,  however  amiable  and  gentle  they  may  appear 
on  occasions  like  the  present,^  are  somewhat  merciless  when 
they  can  catch  an  unlucky  propounder  of  improljable  and 
strano-e  doctrines  wanderino-  within  tlie  limits  of  that  domain 

^  -  ••11* 

which  they  are  pleased  to  consider  legitimately  their  own. 
The  day  is  cjuite  gone  by  for  speculations  as  to  their  uses. 

1  Read  at  the  Leeds  Congress. 


CROMLECHS.  229 

The  qiiestioii  to  be  determined  now  is  as  to  their  original 
construction  ;  i.e.,  wliether  they  are  to  be  classed  in  two 
grand  divisions, — those  whieh  were  buried  under  mounds, 
and  those  which  were  always  exposed  to  view  as  we  see 
them  now. 

I  have  no  hesitation  in  saying  that  I  adhere  to  the  first 
view,  and  that  there  never  was  such  a  thing  as  a  cromlech 
per  se,  apart  from  its  original  covering  of  earth  or  small 
stones.  I  speak  here,  of  course,  of  stone  chambers,  recesses, 
cists,  or  other  receptacles  of  the  dead,  artificially  constructed. 
I  cannot  tell  you  how  it  has  come  to  pass  that  so  many  have 
become  denuded,  though  I  will  say  how  some  have  become 
so ;  and  perhaps  it  may  not  be  difficult  to  assign  satisfactory 
reasons  for  others  having  lost  their  covering.  I  will,  there- 
fore, start  with  this  proposition,  that  all  cromlechs,  com- 
monly so  called,  are  the  stone  chambers  of  sepulchral  mounds 
or  barrows  which  exist  or  have  existed. 

I.  First  of  all,  common  sense  would  lead  to  this  opinion ; 
for  the  intention  of  cromlech  builders  was,  no  doubt,  to  con- 
struct a  sepulchral  vault  in  which  the  revered  remains  of 
relatives  and  friends  might  have  a  safe  resting-place.  It 
was  a  rude  attempt,  on  their  part,  to  form  side-walls  and  a 
roof  capable  of  sustaining  a  vast  weight  of  earth,  at  a  period 
when  the  art  of  building  both,  with  small  stones  cemented 
together,  was  unknown.  (The  arched  roofs  of  New  Grange 
and  other  similar  tombs  belong  to  a  later  and  trans- 
itional period.)  It  might  be  objected  that  in  doing  this 
they  sometimes  employed  stones  which  were  needlessly 
large;  but  I  think  we  may  fairly  assume  that  they  were 
obliged,  more  or  less,  to  build  with  the  materials  which  came 
to  hand ;  and  that  the  gigantic  labour  bestowed  upon  some 
of  the  sepulchres  was  a  true  measure  of  the  influence,  dig- 
nity, and  power,  which  the  deceased  individuals  or  chieftains 
had  exercised  during  life,  and  of  their  people's  affectionate 
remembrance  of  the  departed. 

Archaeologists  have  stated  that  the  cromlech  was  the  tomb 
of  the  rich  man,  and  the  simple  tumulus  of  the  more  lowly. 
I  will  admit  this  to  be  so  for  the  sake  of  the  argument, 
although  I  do  not  believe  it  to  be  strictly  true.  If,  then, 
the  cromlech  of  the  rich  man  was  originally  constructed 
without  an  earthen  covering,  if  the  winds  and  rains  of 
heaven  had  free  access  to  the  interior  through  the  interstices 

1864  30 


230  CROMLECHS. 

of  the  side  and  roofing-stones,  then  it  follows  that  the  rich 
niiin's  body  was  not  so  well  cared  for  as  that  of  the  moi'e 
lowly;  for  the  one  was  protected  from  the  elements, — to  say 
nothing  of  depredations  from  hostile  tribes  and  wild  beasts, — 
and  the  other  was  not;  the  one  was  a  perfect  and  durable 
construction,  the  other  a  most  imperfect  and  unstable  one. 

1  imagine  that  this  view  of  exposed  stone  chambers  has 
been  adopted  on  the  supposition  (although  it  has  been  no- 
where so  stated)  that  the  side-stones  forming  the  walls  were 
partially  backed  with  earth,  and  that  the  interior  of  the 
cromlech  was  filled  in  with  earth,  at  the  time  of  the  inter- 
ment; but  this,  we  know,  was  not  the  case  in  the  Channel 
Islands,  and  I  believe  I  may  add,  from  personal  investiga- 
tion, in  Brittany.  It  is  said  by  Mr.  Worsaae  to  have  been 
so  in  Denmark.  Upon  no  other  consideration,  I  think,  can 
this  be  maintained.  There  is  every  reason  to  suppose  that 
the  interior  was  a  chamber  tenanted  only  by  the  mortal 
remains,  with  the  usual  accompaniments  of  earthen  vessels, 
arms,  implements,  and  trinkets,  of  the  deceased.  It  was,  in 
fact,  a  dark,  hollow  tomb,  capable,  in  the  case  of  the  larger 
kind,  of  being  entered  at  pleasure  by  mourning  relations,  or 
attached  followers,  for  the  purpose  of  making  offerings  to 
the  dead,  or  of  additional  interments. 

II.  In  the  next  place  many  of  these  chambered  tumuli 
still  exist  nearly  in  the  same  state  in  which  they  were  origin- 
ally constructed.  They  are  found  in  Brittany  and  other 
countries.  In  Great  Britain  and  in  the  Channel  Islands  they 
are  to  be  seen  in  a  more  or  less  dilapidated  condition,  but 
bearing  ample  evidence  of  having  been  covered  with  earth 
or  small  stones.  In  these  instances  there  can  be  no  doubt 
as  to  their  original  construction,  and  as  to  their  having  been 
the  chambers  of  tumuli. 

Mr.  Thomas  Wright  has  written  very  clearly  and  ably  on 
this  point,  and  I  cannot  forbear  quoting  his  remarks :  "  There 
is  one  class  of  barrows,  and  those  usually  large  ones,  which, 
when  found  in  this  island,  all  antiquaries  seem  to  agree  in 
ascribing  to  the  Britons, — mounds  which  contain  a  rude 
chamber  of  rough  stones,  often  of  colossal  dimensions.  In 
the  greater  number  of  instances  the  superincumbent  mound 
has  been  removed  either  for  the  sake  of  the  earth,  or  in  the 
belief,  prevalent  during  the  middle  ages,  that  treasure  was 
contained  under  it;    and   the   massive  chamber  of  rough 


CROMLECHS.  231 

stones  alone  lias  been  left  standing.  Groups  of  large  stones 
arranccd  in  this  manner  have  been  found  scattered  over 
various  parts  of  the  Jiritish  islands,  as  well  as  in  other 
countries.  Our  antiquaries  have  applied  to  them  the  name 
of '  cromlechs';  and  have  given  to  them  every  sort  of  aljsurd 
explanation,  the  most  general  of  which  was  that  which  made 
them  Druids'  altars.  But  recent  researches  have  left  no 
room  for  doubt  that  they  are  all  sepulchral  chambers  denuded 
of  their  mounds.  In  fact,  they  have  been  found  with  their 
original  (coverings  in  the  Channel  Islands,  in  Brittany,  in 
Ireland,  and  in  England."^ 

Mr.  Wright  then  describes  the  discovery  of  one  of  these 
chambers.  About  the  year  1800,  at  Lanyon,  in  the  parish 
of  Maddern  in  Cornwall,  "the  farmer  to  whom  the  land 
belonged  had  often  cast  a  longing  eye  to  what  appeared  an 
immense  heap  of  rich  mould,  and  at  length  resolved  to  clear 

it  away,  and  spread  it  over  his  field When  they  had 

carried  away  about  a  hundred  cartloads,  the  labourers  came 
to  a  great  stone,  and,  not  knowing  what  this  might  be,  they 
removed  the  surrounding  earth  more  carefully,  and  thus 
brought  to  light  a  large  cromlech  formed  by  three  upright 
stones,  making  three  sides  of  a  sepulchral  chamber  covered 
with  a  massive  cajjstone."- 

In  the  year  1839  a  cromlech,  now  called  the  "  Pouque- 
laye,"  in  the  island  of  Jersey,  was  uncovered,  and  the  stones 
laid  bare.  It  is  formed  by  eight  upright  supporters  and  a 
massive  covering  stone.  This  denudation  is  greatly  to  be 
deplored,  as  the  stability  of  the  erection  has  been  grievously 
endangered,  and  it  may  some  day  share  the  fate  of  so  many 
others.  Numberless  well  known  instances  of  similar  acts  of 
ignorant,  shall  I  not  say  wanton,  demolition  might  be  added. 
The  utterly  ruinous  condition  of  so  large  a  number  of  these 
monuments,  is,  no  doubt,  owing  to  their  having  lost  that 
which  was  the  keystone  of  their  stability,  viz.,  their  outer 


covermg. 


It  is  a  remarkable  circumstance  that  no  distinct  allusion 
is  to  be  found  in  An^-lo-Saxon  documents,  to  cromlechs  as 
visible  stone  structures.  The  late  Mr.  Kemble  was  much 
struck  by  this,  and  endeavoured  to  account  for  it  by  observ- 
ing that  the  Anglo-Saxons  must  have  "  attached  no  special 
importance  to  them."     In  vol.  xiv  of  the  Journal  of  the 

'  Celt,  Roman,  and  Saxon,  pp.  ."lO-l.  '  Ibid.,  p.  51. 


232  CROMLECHS. 

Archogological  Institute, "  On  Notices  of  Heathen  Interments 
in  the  Codex  Diplomaticus"  he  remarks  :  "  I  think,  when 
we  bear  in  mind  how  very  numerous  and  widely  spread  over 
all  England  were  the  stone  beds,  circles,  dolmens,  and  the 
like,  that  the  very  rare  notices  of  them  in  these  documents 
is  strange  and  unintelligible.  Although  it  does  occur,  and 
more  frequently  than  is  generally  supposed,  it  yet  bears  no 
projiortion  at  all  to  the  number  of  references  w^hich  was 
made  to  barrows.  I  must  confess  that  this  appears  to  me 
to  prove  that  the  Saxons  attached  no  special  importance  to 
these  stone  structures,  and  did  not  look  upon  them  as  any- 
thing peculiarly  sacred  or  extraordinary  :  not  more,  in  short, 
than  they  did  any  single  stone,  or  set  of  stones,  of  great  size 
and  venerable  antiquity.  To  these  we  know  they,  in  common 
with  all  Teutonic  populations,  did  devote  a  civil  and  reli- 
gious observance ;  but  I  can  find  very  few  indications  that 
the  Saxons  saw  any  difference  between  the  cromlechs  and 
any  other  stones;  nothing,  at  any  rate,  to  shew  that  they 
considered  them  with  any  peculiar  reverence." 

Instead  of  leading  to  Mr.  Kemble's  conclusion,  this  absence 
of  allusion  to  cromlechs  affords  a  fair  negative  proof  of  that 
for  which  I  am  contending,  viz.,  that  these  structures  were 
hid  from  sight  in  the  barrows.  "  There  is,"  he  adds,  "  as  far 
as  I  know,  only  one  very  definite  allusion  to  a  cromlech,  or 
rather  to  a  stone  kist,  which,  as  it  stands  in  a  boundary,  was 
of  course  ('?)  above  ground,  and  probably  resembled  the 
magnificent  structure  at  Coldburn  in  Kent,  which  is  planted 
on  a  hill  lookino;  far  and  wide.  The  allusion  occurs  in  the 
boundary  of  Ceoselden  (Chiselden)  in  Wilts, — "  of  "Sam  ^orne 
on  ^a  stancysten  on  Holaucumbe."  Mr.  Kemble  assumes 
that  this  structure  was  "  of  course"  above  ground,  as  he  does 
also  with  reo-ard  to  that  at  Coldburn.  Now  as  "  Holau- 
cumbe"  means  literally  "the  hollow  hill,  the  hill  with  a 
cavity  or  chamber  in  it,"  it  is  clear  that  the  allusion  is  not 
to  a  visible  stone  structure,  but  to  a  chambered  tumulus, — 
a  tumulus  that  was  known  to  contain  a  stone  cist. 

It  is  to  be  observed,  by  the  way,  that  almost  all  the  more 
important  stone  chambers  are  in  long  barrows  :  e.  g.,  in  Brit- 
tany there  are, — the  tumulus  of  Helen,  300  feet  in  length, 
near  Locmariac[ucr ;  the  Butte  de  Cesar,  400  feet  long;  and 
Gavr'  Innis,  about  100  feet  long;  besides  others  of  which  I 
have  no  measurement.     These  contain  gigantic  chambers. 


CROMLECHS.  233 

In  Wiltshire  there  arc, — the  long  barrow  at  West  Kennct, 
322  feet  in  length,  near  Silbiuy  Jlill;  and  two  other  long 
LaiTows,  of  smaller  dimensions,  on  the  downs  to  the  south 
of  it,  containing  chambers;  the  long  barrow,  188  feet  in 
length,  on  Tidcombe  Hill,  which  I  examined  in  1845,  and 
found  to  contain  a  stone  chamber,  which  had  been  over- 
thrown by  some  earlier  explorer.  At  Rockley,  near  Marl- 
borough, is  a  smaller  long  barrow  with  a  chamber;  Lam- 
hill  barrow,  IGO  feet  long,  contains  two  stone  chambers;  at 
Luckington  a  long  barrow  contains  a  chamber;  Lugbury, 
180  feet  long,  near  Littleton  Drew,  has  a  stone  chamber.  At 
West  Amesbury  there  was  a  long  barrow  with  a  chamber; 
and  at  Monkton,  near  Avebury,  there  was  another;  but  both 
these  have  been  entirely  and  ruthlessly  swept  away.  In 
Gloucestershire,  Uley  barrow  is  a  long  cairn,  120  feet  in 
length;  and  its  chambers  are  constructed  like  those  of  Honey 
Littleton,  near  Bath,  another  long  barrow,  107  feet  in  length. 
At  Nymsfield  near  Uley,  Boxwell,  Avening,  Gatcombe,  and 
Duntesbourne  Abbots,  in  the  same  county,  are  long  barrows 
or  cairns  with  chambers.  In  Yorkshire,  in  the  parish  of 
Sprotborough,  near  Doucaster,  is  a  long  barrow,  130  feet  in 
length,  now  partially  destroyed,  in  which  were  two,  if  not 
more,  stone  chambers.  In  the  Channel  Islands  the  chambered 
tumuli  are  all  circulcir;  and  so  are  the  remarkable  ones  of 
New  Grange  and  Dowth,  in  Ireland. 

II.  I  will  now  pass  to  my  second  proposition,  namely, 
that  the  classification,  etc. 

A  classification  has  been  proposed  by  the  distinguished 
and  learned  author  of  a  series  of  articles  on  "  British  Remains 
on  Dartmoor,"  printed  in  the  Journal  of  this  Association.^ 
He  divides  them  into  five  kinds  : 

1.  Cromlech  proper,  or  a  single  cap-stone  supported  on 
three  upright  slabs. 

2.  Cist-cromlech,  or  a  single  cap-stone  on  four  pillars. 

3.  Many-pillared  cromlech,  where  a  single  cap-stone  is 
sustained  by  more  than  four  suj^porters, 

4.  Chamber-cromlech ;  i.e.,  a  chamber  formed  by  four  large 
side-stones  supporting  a  roof  of  large,  flat  l)locks. 

These  four  kinds  belouij  to  his  first  o^rand  division,  and 
are  stone  chambers  which  he  supposes  were  never  covered 
with  a  mound  of  earth.     "  I  know  of  none"  {i.e.,  cromlechs 

'  Sir  Gai'dner  Wilkinson,  vol.  xviii,  1862. 


234  CROMLECHS. 

of  these  four  kinds)  "  that  have  been  covered  by  a  tiimiihis 
or  mound  of  earth,  of  whicli  they  formed  the  chamber. 
Such  cromlechs  within  a  tumuhis  are  distinct  from  these, 
and  I  have  chassed  them  under  the  head  of  "  subterranean 
chambers."^ 

5.  The  fifth  kind,  which  alone  belongs  to  his  second  grand 
division,  and  includes  those  which  had  been  covered  with 
earth  or  stones,  he  calls  "  subterranean  chambers,"  and  con- 
siders them  to  be  improperly  styled  cromlechs.  It  is  thus 
described :  "  A  chamber  lined  with  large  upright  slabs, 
covered  with  a  roof  of  one  stone,  and  having  a  passage  lead- 
ing into  it,  formed  in  like  manner  of  upright  slabs  covered 
by  large  lintels.  Over  it  has  been  raised  a  tumulus  of 
earth,"  etc. 

This  classification  I  must  venture  to  pronounce  most  un- 
satisfactory, and  to  have  had  no  real  existence  in  ancient 
days;  and  I  will  add  that  I  imagine  it  to  have  been  sug- 
gested to  the  mind  of  the  distinguished  author  by  the  pre- 
sumption that  the  monuments  themselves  are  now  as  they 
were  originally  constructed,  or  nearly  so  ;  i.e.,  that  some 
were  covered  with  a  mound,  and  others  were  not.  But  I 
have  given  reasons  in  the  foregoing  for  supposing  that  this 
was  not  the  case,  and  could  not,  in  the  very  nature  of  the 
thing,  have  been  the  case;  and  I  will  now  shew  that,  in  more 
than  one  of  the  classes  proposed  by  Sir  J.  Gardner  Wilkin- 
son, he  has  fiillen  into  error. 

I.  His  first  class  is  opposed  by  the  chamber  of  the  Tumiac, 
a  gigantic  tumulus  in  Brittany,  which,  although  answering 
to  his  definition  of  a  "  cromlech  proper,"  is  nevertheless 
buried  in  a  mound.  It  is  also  opposed  by  the  cromlech  at 
Lanyon,  whose  discovery  in  a  mound  and  denudation  I  have 
mentioned  before. 

Ti.  His  third  class  is  opposed  by  the  small  cromlech  on 
L'Ancresse  Common,  Guernsey,  which  has  a  single  cap-stone 
borne  on  six  supporters,  and  was  originally  buried  in  a 
mound.  The  "  Pouquelaye,"  in  Jersey,  consists  of  a  cap-stone 
nearly  sixteen  feet  long  by  thirteen  feet  wide,  supported  by 
eight  upright  stones,  which,  when  I  saw  it  in  1839,  was 
being  uncovered  by  the  removal  of  the  tumulus. 

Then  in  the  case  of  the  fifth  kind,  the  definition  of  a 
subterranean  chamber"  is   illustrated    bv  reference   to  a 

^^^.-— ""- -<!/^  '  Joumnl  o{  British  Archucological  Association,  March  1862,  p.  47. 


CROMLECHS.  235 

Guernsey  sj)eeimen  ;  but  the  illustration  does  not  accord 
■with  the  definition,  for  the  cromlech  Du  Tus,  instead  of 
having  its  western  chamber  covered  by  one  large  stone,  has 
in  fact  three  large  roofing- stones,  and  the  passage  leading 
into  it  is  covered  by  four  others.  In  fact,  the  western 
chambers  of  all  the  large  cromlechs  of  the  Channel  Islands 
were  roofed  with  more  than  one  stone.  The  cromlech  at 
L'Ancresse,  Guernsey,  has  five  large  stones  ;  the  Creux-des- 
Fees  has  two  stones,  the  Trepied  has  three  cap-stones.  These 
are  the  principal  Guernsey  cromlechs.  The  Couperon,  Jersey, 
has  four  such  stones.  The  cromlech  discovered  by  my 
father  in  the  island  of  Herm,  in  the  year  1838,  has  two 
covering  stones;  a  second,  discovered  by  him  in  1841,  has 
three;  and  a  third,  discovered  by  him  in  1842,  has  three 
covering  stones.  The  western  chamber  of  the  long  barrow 
at  West  Kennet,  in  AVilts,  is  covered  by  two  stones  ;  and  if 
we  pass  into  Brittany,  we  shall  find  very  many  similarly 
constructed. 

The  truth  is,  there  is  no  need  for  any  such  classification, 
which,  as  I  have  said,  arises  from  a  consideration  and  com- 
parison of  them  in  their  partially  demolished  and  imperfect 
state  :  e.g.,  it  cannot  be  confidently  atiirmed  that  many  of 
those  which  have  now  a  single  cap-stone  supported  by  three 
uprights,  had  not  originally  the  open  side  closed  in  by  a 
fourth  stone.  All  such  stone  chambers,  whether  called  cist, 
kistvaen,  dolmen,  or  cromlech,  are  or  were  "  subterranean" 
in  the  sense  of  having  been  enclosed  in  a  mound.  They 
should  be  classed  in  two  divisions  only  :  i.  Simple  chambers, 
which  will  include  all  which  were  formed  by  a  single  roof- 
ing stone  supported  by  three  or  more  side-stones;  and 
II.  Chambers  with  passages  or  covered  ways  leading  into 
them  ;  but  such  classification  must  not  be  made  without 
reference  to  the  fortn  of  the  tumulus,  whenever  it  can  be 
ascertained,  because,  as  I  have  stated,  these  chambers  had 
originally  no  existence  apart  from  the  covering  mound. 

Now  here  I  end  my  brief  remarks  upon  the  construction 
and  classification  of  cromlechs  ;  and  I  will  close  A\dth  a  word 
or  two  on  the  iiomendature  relatinsf  to  these  monuments. 

British  archaeologists  have  been  accustomed  to  apply  the 
word  "cromlech"  to  these  denuded  chambers  ;  but  it  would 
be  very  desirable  if  the}"  could  agree  to  get  rid  of  it  alto- 
gether, for  two  reasons  :  i.  Because  it  is  inexpressive,  and 


28  G  CROMLECHS. 

originated  in  a  misconception,  ii.  Because  both  the  Danish 
and  French  antiquaries  interpret  it  each  in  a  different  way 
from  the  British  :  the  former  applying  it  to  the  entire  struc- 
ture ill  its  perfect  condition, — tumuhis,  chamber,  and  outer 
circle  of  stones  (which  they  call  steendysser);  the  latter  to  a 
circle  of  stones  only. 

A  generally  recognised  nomenclature  is,  no  doubt,  as 
desirable  in  archaeology  as  in  all  branches  of  natural  history; 
and  the  want  of  it,  with  respect  to  these  monuments,  gives 
rise  to  some  inconvenience,  if  not  to  mistakes.  The  attempts 
which  have  been  made  by  our  archaeological  ancestors  to 
interpret  the  word,  and  shew  its  application  to  these  struc- 
tures, prove  how  inexpressive  and  inapplicable  it  is  :  e.  g., 
what  idea  does  "  inclined  or  bending  stone"  convey  ?  In 
fact,  it  has  been  a  question  long  in  dispute,  whether  the 
bending  alluded  to  the  foim  and  ^josition  of  the  roofing 
stone,  or  to  the  body  of  the  pagan  worshipper;  some  anti- 
quaries leaning  to  the  one  view,  and  some  to  the  other. 

Now  it  seems  to  me  to  be  very  evident  why  these  cover- 
ing stones  should  be  inclined  :  i.e.,  why  there  should  be 
ample  head-room  allowed  for  a  person  standing  in  the  inner 
chamber,  and  so  small  a  height  in  the  passage,  gradually 
diminishing  from  the  inner  chamber  to  the  outer  extremity 
of  the  passage.  The  inner  chamber  usually  occupied  the 
centre  of  the  tumulus,  in  the  case  of  round  tumuli,  where 
there  was  a  greater  covering  of  earth ;  and  as  the  depth  of 
the  earth  diminished  in  the  slope,  until  it  died  away  at  the 
outer  circumference,  so  it  was  necessary  that  the  covered 
way,  roofed  with  rough  stones,  should  be  accommodated  to 
the  diminishing  depth  of  the  superincumbent  earth.  In  the 
L'Ancresse  cromlech,  on  the  hill,  the  height  of  the  entrance 
was  barely  three  feet,  whereas  in  the  inner  chamber  the 
height  w\as  at  least  seven  feet.  And  that  this  was  the  real 
construction  is  further  evident  by  the  different  relative 
heights  of  the  side-walling  stones  of  the  passage  and  of  the 
inner  chamber. 

We  could  understand  the  meaning  of  the  word  "  crom- 
lech," and  it  w^ould  be  far  more  applicable,  if  it  were  derived 
from  the  Welsh  cromen,  a  "  dome"  or  "cupola,"  i.e.,  a  domed 
stone  or  vault ;  but  it  is  not  very  probable  that  it  was  so 
derived. 

The  Danish  application  of  the  word  is  certainly  nearest 


CROMLECHS.  237 

to  ilio  tnilii;  nnJ  if  it  must  be  retained,  then  nntiqiinries 
should  ngrce  to  employ  it  in  the  same  sense.  If  not,  the 
word  "  tiimuliis"  is  siifHciently  comproliensive  to  eml)race  all 
these  structures  ;  and  cliamhered  and  nncJiamhered  tumuli 
would  designate  the  two  great  classes  into  which  all  such 
sepulchres  might  be  divided.     Thus  : 

I.  Chambered       (  Round  \  a.  Without  covered  ways  or  passages, 
tumuli  (.  Long-    >  h.  With  covered  wajs  or  passages. 


II.  Unchambered 


5  Roun 
(.  Lonf 


'} 


I  will  merely  add  this  further  remark,  that  there  are  so 
many  other  most  interesting  and  remarkable  features  con- 
nected with  these  wonderful  works  of  our  Celtic  forefathers, 
that  it  would  be  quite  out  of  the  question  to  attempt  to 
touch  upon  them  in  the  necessarily  limited  period  tliat 
should  be  occupied  by  any  one  paper  on  occasions  like  the 
present.  They  are  deserving  of  the  careful  attention  of 
archaeologists,  as  tending  to  throw  great  light  upon  the 
physical  energy,  indomitable  perseverance,  extraordinary 
mechanical  skill,  religious  feelings,  ceremonial  observances, 
and  so  on,  of  these  peoples.  There  are  the  rude  engravings 
which  are  found  on  many  of  these  monuments,  and  which 
are  now  properly  claiming  the  notice  of  archaeologists,  the 
importance  of  which  cannot  be  over-estimated.  There  are 
the  side-chambers,  or  subsequent  additions  to  the  original 
construction,  evidencing  a  long  period  of  tribal  settlement; 
and,  where  carefully  investigated,  altered  habits  and  burial 
customs.  There  are  a  number  of  other  points  which  time 
does  not  allow  me  even  to  mention;  so  that  I  feel  sure  you 
will  agree  with  me,  that  we  are  all  still  mere  babes  in  the 
knowledge  of  these  matters.  My  object  has  been  to  endea- 
vour, if  j)ossible,  to  lay  a  solid  foundation  on  which  to  erect 
a  superstructure  of  information  which  will  guide  us  clearly 
and  unmistakably  in  the  always  difficult  task  of  unraveling 
the  truth  when  it  lies  concealed  in  the  darkness  of  a  pre- 
historic age.  If  I  have  succeeded  in  convincing  you,  as  I 
feel  convinced  myself,  that  this  foundation  is  well  laid,  I 
shall  be  satisfied  with  my  humljle  labours. 


1864  31 


238 


IProccftituss  of  tlje  Congress, 

{Continued  from  p.  \dCi.) 


Friday,  October  16. 


This  day's  proceedings  coinineneed  with  an  excursion  to  Ripon  and 
Studley  Royal  by  special  train,  which,  with  upwards  of  a  hnndrcd 
members  and  visitors,  arrived  at  Ripon  at  IO5  a.m.  The  chapel  of  the 
Hospital  of  St.  Mary  Magdalene  was  the  first  object  of  attraction.  This 
ancient  chapel  was  btiilt  in  1132,  and  enlarged  in  the  fifteenth  century. 
It  was,  however,  always  of  very  diminutive  proportions,  and  used  as  a 
place  of  worship  by  an  adjoining  hospital  for  lepers.  It  was  subse- 
quently devoted  to  a  lay  sisterhood,  and  is  now  appropriated  to  the 
hospital  for  six  poor  women.  The  annual  income  was  £40  originally ; 
but  the  property  upon  which  it  is  dependent  has  so  increased,  that  it 
is  now  stated  to  amount  to  £1,400.  The  chapel  contains  one  of  the 
four  high  altars  of  stone  to  be  met  with  in  this  county.  In  front  of  the 
altar  is  an  Anglo-Roman  tessellated  pavement  in  a  fine  condition. 
There  is  also  a  strong  ancient  chest  deposited  near  the  chancel,  which 
contains  Dean  Waddilove's  wooden  bell.' 

From  this  chapel,  the  party,  under  the  guidance  of  Mr.  C.  E.  Davis, 
proceeded  to  the  cathedral,  where  they  were  received  by  the  Very  Rev. 
Dr.  Goode,  Dean  of  Ripon,  who  expressed  his  regret  that  the  west  end 
of  the  nave  was  obstructed  by  the  temporary  wood-work  erected  to 
enclose  the  nave  for  purposes  of  divine  worship  during  the  restoration 

^  A  writer  in  JVotes  and  Queries  (Nov.  28,  1863)  states  that  he,  with  three 
or  four  others,  lingered  behind  to  examine  the  chest,  and  that  through  a  hirge 
hole  in  the  lid  they  noticed  the  bell,  which,  on  opening  the  chest,  they  found 
to  be  of  wood.  A  lady  of  the  party  thereupon  related  to  them  a  story  as  fol- 
lows :  "  Having  been  present  at  the  recent  re-opening  of  the  church,  she  saw 
this  bell,  and  on  inciuiring  its  history  was  informed  by  a  woman  living  near, 
that  a  dignitary  of  the  church  of  Ripon  being  in  want  of  a  dinner-bell,  took 
one  of  the  bells  of  this  little  church  for  that  purpose,  and  had  the  wooden  bell 
hung  up  in  its  place  !"  It  is  difficult  to  explain  how  it  came  to  be  mixed  up 
with  the  name  of  Dean  Waddilove,  who  was  living  within  the  last  twenty 
or  thirty  years. 


PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  CONGRESS.  239 

of  tlio  clianccl  now  in  progress.  Mr.  Davis,  however,  contrived  to  point 
out  the  pecuHarities  of  the  architecture  and  the  principal  features  of 
the  building.  This  was  said  to  have  been  founded  at  the  time  of  the 
Conquest ;  but  the  Society  having  recently  visited  Ely  and  Winchester 
cathedrals,  which  Avere  no  doubt  of  that  period,  the  members  would 
agree  with  him  that  there  was  nothing  at  Ripon  which  could  be  regarded 
as  of  that  date.  He  assigned  the  principal  part  of  the  building  to  the 
years  1154  to  1187,  during  the  time  of  Roger,  Archbishop  of  York, 
who  was  a  large  benefactor  to  it.  Throughout  the  building  the  capitals 
had  hollows  underneath  to  produce  a  square,  which  was  very  unusual 
in  Norman  columns,  and  was  not  met  with  in  the  south  of  England. 
The  transept  was  of  the  same  date  as  the  nave ;  but  he  thought  it  was 
designed  at  a  different  time.  The  roof  was  modern  ;  but  formerly  was 
fiat,  as  at  Peterborough.  Some  of  the  windows  had  been  filled  up  to 
give  additional  stability  to  the  tower.  In  IGGO  a  spire  fell,  and 
destroyed  the  original  roof.  It  was  said  the  tower  fell,  but  he  did  not 
believe  it ;  and  that  it  was  only  felt  necessary  to  strengthen  the  tower, 
or  intended  to  construct  a  larger  one,  as  was  seen  at  Worcester.  At 
the  same  date  the  screen  was  erected,  and  it  was  a  beautiful  work 
worthy  of  careful  examination.  He  pointed  out  where  he  thought  the 
extent  of  the  original  church  terminated.  The  building  went  on  gradu- 
ally enlarging  from  1284.  Taking  the  party  into  the  choir,  Mr.  Davis 
said  the  east  window,  which  was  perhaps  one  of  the  most  beautiful  and 
admii-ably  designed  in  England,  was  erected  from  1230  to  1250.  He 
had  been  led  to  understand  that,  in  restoring  the  fabric,  it  was  intended 
to  raise  the  height  of  the  eastern  gable  and  pinnacles ;  but  the  Dean 
said  the  gable  and  pinnacles  were  only  to  be  restored  to  the  original 
height.  After  giving  a  minute  account  of  the  salient  points  in  the 
interior  of  the  choir,  which  he  did  most  clearly,  notwithstanding  that 
it  was  all  in  confusion  through  the  builders'  operations  which  were 
going  on,  Mr.  Davis  added  that,  about  1300  the  choir  was  tolerably 
perfect;  but  in  1319  there  was  an  incursion  by  the  Scots,  and  the  win- 
dows and  roofs  were  destroyed.  In  1459  the  edifice  was  very  much 
decayed,  and  an  indulgence  was  granted  to  raise  the  funds  for  its  repair. 
It  was  said  in  1512  the  church  was  in  ruins  ;  but  he  believed  the 
remark  only  referred  to  the  unfinished  state  of  the  north  aisle. 

St.  Wilfred's  Needle  in  the  crypt  beneath  the  eastern  end  of  the 
nave,  which  Mr.  Davis  said  had  existed  from  before  the  Conquest,  and 
the  Bone  House,  were  visited ;  and  after  some  remarks  on  the  exterior 
of  the  eastern  end  of  the  church,  which  Mr.  Davis  said  was  the  most 
beautiful  part  of  it,  and  like  to  which  there  was  nothing  in  any  other 
church,  he  held  up  to  particular  admiration  the  Perpendicular  work  at 
the  west  end,  which  he  considered  as  the  richest  iu  its  way  to  be  met 
with  in  England. 


240  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  CONGRESS. 

The  inspection  of  the  cathedral'  being  concluded,  the  party  proceeded 
to  Studley.  The  weather  being  fine,  a  most  enchanting  scene  presented 
itself  J  and,  after  an  inspection  of  Fountains  Hall  (now  occupied  as  a 
residence,  and  formerly  connected  with  the  abbey),  they  entered  the 
ruins,  and  were  most  coui'teously  received  by  the  Earl  and  Countess  de 
Grey  and  Ripon,  who,  with  Lady  Adene  Cowper,  Mr.  Sydney  Osborne, 
Capt.  Smith,  and  others,  accompanied  the  associates,  attending  minutely 
to  the  very  lucid  description  given  by  Mr.  Gordon  M.  Hills,  which  will 
appear,  with  a  large  plan  and  appropriate  illustrations,  together  with 
the  paper  read  at  the  previous  evening's  meeting,  in  the  next  part  of 
the  Collectanea  Archceoloyica.  More  than  two  hours  having  been  ex- 
pended in  this  interesting  examination.  Dr.  Lee,  on  the  part  of  the 
Association,  expressed  their  thanks  to  the  architects,  ]\Ii'.  Gordon  Hills 
and  Mr.  Davis,  for  their  discourses ;  and  also  specially  to  the  Earl  do 
Grey  and  his  Countess  for  their  kind  permission  to  view  the  grounds, 
and  the  honour  of  their  attendance. 

The  Earl  acknowledged  the  compliment,  and  said  that  he  felt  highly 
gratified  in  receiving  the  Association.  He  had  naturally  studied  a  good 
deal  the  history  of  that  abbey  ;  but,  notwithstanding,  Mr.  Hdls,  in  his 
able  illustration,  had  raised  many  questions  of  very  great  interest  and 
importance.  He  felt  a  deep  interest  in  that  beautiful  and  magnificent 
building ;  and  he  was,  perhaps,  not  unnaturally  proud  of  what  he 
believed,  at  all  events,  to  be  one  of  the  most  beautiful  abbeys  in  the 
country. 

The  party  then  returned  to  Ripon,  and  thence  to  Leeds.  An  evening 
meeting  was  held  at  the  Rooms  of  the  Philosophical  Hall,  the  President 
in  the  chair,  when  Mr.  John  Jones  read  a  paper  on  Harewood  Castle 
(see  pp.  220-227  ajite)  ;  and  Mr.  O'Callaghan  delivered  the  following 
remarks : 

On  Historical  Autographs. 

*'  I  believe  it  will  bo  generally  admitted  by  all  who  are  qualified  to 
form  an  authoritative  opinion  on  the  subject,  that  our  national  history 
is  very  incomplete,  and  that  some  of  the  most  important  events  in  its 
annsds  are  shrouded  in  obscurity  and  mystery.  The  chief  cause  of  this 
undoubted  fact  is  that  the  materials  for  the  compilation  of  a  detailed 
and  reliable  record  are  too  widely  disj)ersed,  and  often  so  difficult  to 
decipher,  that  the  average  life  of  man  would  make  but  a  small  portion 
of  the  time  absolutely  required  for  the  accomplishment  of  such  an 

'  Notwithstanding;  the  disadvantages  under  which  the  cathedral  was  seen,  it 
is  jet  hoped  that  .Mr.  Davis  will  be  able  shortly  to  render  the  Association  a 
satisfactory  statement  in  regard  to  this  sacred  and  interesting  edifice.  Draw- 
ings have  been  made  with  this  view,  and  will,  it  is  hoped,  be  submitted  to  our 
readers. 


PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  CONGRESS.  241 

undertalcing.  I  believe  that  such  a  work,  to  bo  made  availablo  at  all 
times  for  satisfactory  reference,  must  bo  the  production  of  the  united 
labours  of  several  competent  scholars  prosecuting  their  special  researches 
in  separate  directions. 

"  About  a  hundred  and  sixty  years  ago  the  royal  historiographer  to 
King  William  III,  Thomas  Rymer,  a  native  of  Northallerton  in  this 
county,  published  his  voluminous  and  valuable  work  called  the  Faidcra. 
Since  that  time  until  the  year  1858  no  systematic  attempt  had  been 
made  to  examine  and  collate  the  early  records  and  documents  in  our 
national  repositories.  These  treasures  arc  now  undergomg  a  diligent 
revision  by  order  of  the  Government,  under  the  direction  of  the  Master 
of  the  Rolls ;  and  they  are  from  time  to  time  compiled  into  volumes, 
printed,  and  given  to  the  public.  But  this  great  national  work  is 
necessarily  confined  to  the  official  documents  in  the  Government 
archives  ;  so  that,  useful  and  valuable  as  this  compilation  undoubtedly 
is  as  a  work  of  reference,  it  is,  after  all,  little  more  than  an  extension 
of  Rymer's  work,  which  only  included  treaties  and  conventions,  as  its 
title  indicated.  A  thorough  acquaintance  with  the  manners  and  customs, 
the  arts  and  the  literature,  and  the  moral  condition  of  society  through 
its  various  jihases,  in  the  lapse  of  centuries,  cannot  be  acquired  without 
an  examination  and  study  of  contemporary  documents,  and  especially 
those  of  a  private  and  domestic  character.  Without  such  materials  it 
is  impossible  for  the  historian  to  trace  the  motives  of  human  actions, 
to  view  the  times  of  which  he  undertakes  to  write,  as  they  were  seen 
by  those  who  lived  in  them ;  or  to  form  a  correct  estimate  of  contempo- 
rary opinion.  Under  such  disadvantages  he  will  be  led  too  often  by 
his  individual  feelings  and  prejudices  to  philosophise,  as  he  calls  it,  or 
to  generalise, — that  is,  to  classify  and  arrange  facts  in  accordance  with 
his  own  peculiar  theories.  His  dreamy  ideas  will,  therefore,  be  too 
often  visionary,  and  his  conclusions  absolutely  false.  Most  valuable 
collections  of  the  materials  to  which  I  have  referred,  especially  in  illus- 
tration of  modern  history,  have  been  brought  within  our  reach  during 
the  present  century.  For  instance,  the  Paston  Letters,  Sir  Henry  Ellis's 
three  Series  of  Letters,  Burke's  Ejnstolary  Illustrations  of  English  History, 
the  great  French  work,  the  IsograjjJiie,  or  fac-simile  transcripts  of  letters 
taken  chiefly  from  the  Bibliotheque  Imperiale ;  and  our  own  English 
works,  in  fac-simile,  by  the  Netherclifts  ;  The  liutland  and  Losehj  Pajjers, 
and  the  interesting  correspondence  of  the  Fairfaxes.  But  perhaps  no 
single  work  to  which  I  could  allude  in  this  hurried  sketch  has  done  so 
much  for  the  illustration  of  the  most  obscure  period  of  the  history  of 
England,  as  the  able  and  learned  work  of  our  respected  secretary, 
Mr.  Thomas  Wright.  I  mean,  of  course,  in  relation  to  the  manners, 
customs,  and  sentiments,  of  the  people  of  this  country  dui-ing  the  middle 
ages. 


242  PllOCEEDlNGS  OF  THE  CONGRESS. 

"  For  the  purpose  of  procuring  materials  for  such  a  reliable  work  as 
I  have  been  referring  to,  no  source  of  information  should  be  overlooked. 
Not  only  the  government  repositories  and  the  ecclesiastical  and  muni- 
cipal archives  should  be  consulted,  but  likewise  the  unexploi'ed  mines 
in  the  muniment  rooms  of  our  old  nobility  and  gentry,  and  the  curious 
treasures  in  private  collections.  The  historian  will  thus  ascertain  very 
often  that  a  single  letter,  even  a  short  entry  in  a  bill  of  expenditure, 
will  obHge  him  to  confess  his  mistaken  estimate  of  the  character  of 
some  illustrious  personage,  or  of  the  cause  which  he  had  previously 
assigned  to  some  important  historical  event. 

"  In  illustration  of  these  observations  I  have  ventured  to  bring  under 
the  notice  of  this  learned  assembly  a  few  documents  and  lettei's  selected 
from  my  own  collection,  and  which  I  am  not  without  hope  may  be 
found  generally  interesting  on  this  occasion.  The  first  document  which 
I  shall  submit  to  your  notice  is  the  oldest  in  my  collection.  It  is  an 
official  attestation,  called  in  old  law-language  a  '  Vidimus.'  That  is,  it 
certifies  that  it  had  seen  our  King  Heniy  III  performing  an  act  of  alle- 
giance and  homage  to  Louis  IX  of  France  (Saint  Louis)  in  the  year 
1259.  I  have  not  been  able  as  yet  to  find  any  detailed  record  of  this 
important  event.  Hume,  and  those  who  foUow  him,  make  no  allusion 
to  it.  Neither  Rymer  nor  Speed  notice  it.  The  President  Henault, 
the  famous  French  annalist,  simply  mentions  the  ocemTence,  but  gives 
us  no  pai'ticulars.  Nangis,  in  his  voluminous  folio  work,  the  Annals  of 
St.  Louis,  tells  us  that  Henry  of  England  came  over  to  Paris,  with 
several  nobles  and  prelates,  in  1259  ;  that  he  was  hospitably  enter- 
tained on  that  occasion  by  the  King  of  France,  and  that  he  gave  gene- 
rous gifts  of  gold  and  silver  articles  to  several  of  the  religious  houses 
in  Paris.  But  the  chronicler  says  that  he  could  not  learn  any  particu- 
lars of  the  business  transacted  on  this  occasion,  as  he  could  find  no  docu- 
ments or  other  materials  from  which  he  could  obtain  such  information. 
It  is  written  upon  paper,  and  signed  by  Boniface,  Ai'chbishop  of  Canter- 
bury ;  Godfrey  de  Kinton,  Archbishop  of  York,  and  treasurer  to  the 
king  ;  Benedict  de  Gravescnd,  Bishop  of  Lincoln  ;  Simon  de  Wanton, 
Bishop  of  Norwich  ;  Henry  de  Wingham,  Bishop  Elect  of  London  ; 
Robert  de  Clare,  Earl  of  Gloucester ;  William  de  Fortibus,  Earl  of 
Albemarle ;  Peter  de  Montfort,  son  of  Simon  de  Montfort,  Speaker  of 
the  first  House  of  Commons  ;  John  de  Baliol,  Baron  of  Galloway,  the 
founder  of  Baliol  College,  Oxford ;  and  John  Lord  Mansell,  the  Lord 
Keeper." 

Amongst  the  other  ancient  MSS.  exhibited  by  Mr.  O'Callaghan  was 
a  letter  from  King  John  of  France,  when  a  prisoner  of  Edward  the 
Black  Prince  in  Windsor  Castle  ;  letters  from  Charles  V,  son  of  the 
above  ;  Charles  of  Orleans,  Henry  VII,  Henry  VIII,  Mary  Queen  of 
Scots,  Admiral  Blake,  etc. 


PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  CONGRESS.  243 

Mr.  T.  Wright,  in  the  absence  of  the  anther,  read  Mr.  John  James's 
paper  "  On  tlie  Little  Briti.sli  Kingdom  f)f  l<]lmet  and  the  Region  of 
Loidis"  (see  pp.  34-38  ante)  ;  after  which  the  Rev.  C.  Lukis  read  a 
paper  "  On  Cromlechs"  (see  pp.  228-237  a7ite).  Upon  these  several 
papers  observations  were  made ;  and  the  meeting,  after  voting  their 
thanks  to  Mr.  Jones,  Mr.  O'Callaghan,  Mr.  James,  and  the  Rev.  Mr. 
Lukis,  adjourned  at  a  late  honr. 


Saturday,  Octohgr  17. 

By  an  early  train  the  Association  proceeded  to  Kirkstall  to  view  the 
remains  of  the  Abbey,  under  the  guidance  of  Mr.  Edward  Roberts,  who 
briefly  referred  to  the  history  of  the  edifice  ;  reserving  a  full  account, 
with  illustrations,  to  be  given  in  the  publications  of  the  Association. 
He,  however,  pointed  out  with  great  clearness  its  architectural  arrange- 
ments ;  he  indicated  all  the  points  of  interest  in  the  church,  the 
aisles,  the  transepts,  choir,  large  cloister,  with  the  hospitium,  chapter 
house,  refectory,  abbot's  house,  workshops,  etc.  The  general  character 
of  the  structure,  he  said,  was  like  that  of  Fountains  Abbey,  and  there 
had  never  been  any  gTcat  departure  from  the  original  plans.  In  the  large 
cloister  there  is  a  very  distinct  echo,  which  was  strikingly  manifested 
during  the  time  Mr.  Roberts  was  speaking  in  the  place,  his  words  being 
repeated  with  singular  distinctness.  In  various  parts  of  the  ruins  there 
are  deep  cuttings,  which  Mr.  Roberts  said  were  the  drains ;  and  in 
referring  to  the  sanitary  arrangements,  he  described  them  as  being  of 
so  perfect  a  character  as  to  put  the  people  of  this  generation  to  the 
blush. 

Retui'ning  to  Leeds  from  Ku-kstall,  a  General  Meeting  was  held  at 
the  Philosophical  Hall, 

Lord  Houghton,  President,  in  the  Chair, 

who  said  the  agreeable  task  devolved  upon  him  of  returning  their  best 
thanks  to  the  Mayor  and  Corporation  of  Leeds  for  the  manner  in  which 
they  had  received  the  Association  on  Monday  last,  and  for  the  conti- 
nued assistance  the  Mayor  and  Coi'poi'aticm  had  given  them  dm-ing 
their  residence  in  the  borough.  He  hoped  that,  at  the  same  time,  the 
visit  of  the  Association  to  Leeds  would  prove  beneficial  to  the  inhabit- 
ants themselves  by  tending  to  direct  their  attention  to  the  objects  for 
w^hich  the  Society  was  instituted, — the  acquisition  of  facts  for  the 
foundation  of  truthful  history.  While  actively  engaged  in  the  laudable 
and  honourable  pursuit  of  acquiring  wealth,  it  would  afford  a  delightful 
means  of  recreation  to  study  the  relics  of  past  ages,  and  to  assist  in 
collecting  materials  from  the  store  which  the  neighbourhood  ofi'crs,  and 


244  TROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  CONGRESS. 

by  wliicli  additional  light  maybe  thrown  on  the  history  of  fonncr  times. 
There  had  been  read  to  them  some  papers,  and  if  time  had  allowed 
there  would  have  been  others,  respecting  the  history  and  antiquity  of 
Leeds  and  the  neighbourhood  ;  but  he  hoped  enough  had  been  read  to 
them  to  stimulate  them  to  future  inquiry  in  reference  to  the  great 
archaeological  treasures  which  they  possessed  in  the  town  and  neigh- 
bourhood, and  which  he  was  sure  they  would  avail  themselves  of.  In 
a  lai^ge  town  like  that  they  saw  many,  by  means  of  their  own  intelli- 
gence and  skill,  accumulating  wealth  which  would  be  a  comfort  and  an 
honour  to  their  famiHes  in  time  to  come ;  yet  those  commercial  pur- 
suits tended,  to  some  extent,  to  distract  the  attention  fi'om  pursuits 
such  as  those  carried  on  by  that  Society.  But  he  had  found,  in  the 
course  of  a  somewhat  extensive  experience,  that  it  was  the  men  who 
had  most  to  do,  who  had  most  time  to  spare.  He  always  found  that  it 
was  the  idle  man  who  had  no  time  for  anything ;  and  therefore  it  was 
no  reason  that,  because  they  were  industrious  in  their  own  pursuits, 
they  should  not  also  be  industrious  in  others.  He  would  suggest  to 
them  to  cultivate  pursuits  of  an  archaeological  character ;  and  he  was 
sure  they  would  find  in  that  society  a  channel  from  which,  on  the  one 
hand,  to  derive  much  information,  and  on  the  other  hand  the  Society 
would  be  glad  to  receive  from  them  all  the  information  which  they 
could  impart.  Intercourse  with  that  Society  would  enable  them  to 
pursue  their  researches  in  a  more  methodical  manner  than  they  could 
if  alone ;  and  when  occasion  arose  they  would  be  told  plainly,  some- 
times disagreeably,  that  things  they  thought  remarkable  were  not  at 
all  so,  but  had  been  discovered  long  ago.  Those  were  incidents  com- 
monly met  with  in  the  pursuit  of  truth ;  not  only  archaeological  truth, 
but  truth  in  all  the  pursuits  of  life.  Archaeology  was  the  true  founda- 
tion of  history,  and  it  behoved  them  to  study  it  with  a  will,  and  to 
endeavour  to  attain  success.  Again  he  returned  to  the  Mayor  and 
Coi'poration  his  thanks  for  the  kind  manner  in  which  they  had  received 
the  Association,  and  placed  at  theii'  disposal  that  magnificent  Town 
Hall. 

Mr.  R.  N.  Philipps  seconded  the  proposition,  and  described  the 
pleasure  he  had  felt  in  visiting  that  locality.  They  had  taken  short 
trips  from  Leeds,  and  had  walked  on  pavements  which  the  Romans  of 
old  had  laid,  and  had  been  in  the  abodes  which  were  occupied  nearly 
two  thousand  years  ago.  They  had  seen  the  neighbouring  castles,  and 
that  morning  had  visited  the  Abbey  at  Kirkstall ;  and  they  could 
almost  fancy  that  in  the  rustling  of  the  leaves  which  were  now  falling 
in  the  autumn  breeze,  they  could  hear  the  sigh  of  a  mighty  spirit  of 
bygone  times  lamenting  over  the  desolation  which  now  pervaded  that 
scene  of  ancient  magnificence. 

The  acknowledgment  having  been  carried  with  acclamation,— 


PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  CONGRESS.  245 

The  Mayor  (Mr.  J.  O.  March)  said  that  the  Corporation  received 
with  a  very  hi<-li  do^tve  of  satisfaction  the  .sentiments  which  had  been 
expressed,  which  tliey  regarded  not  merely  as  a  com])hment,  but  as  a 
sincere  expression  of  their  feehngs.  He  assured  tlie  Association  that 
the  Corporation  esteemed  it  a  privilege  and  honour  to  receive  that 
Society,  as  it  aflbrded  to  the  people  of  Leeds  an  opportunity  of  enjoying 
the  association  of  the  learned  gentlemen  composing  that  Society.  The 
Corporation  would  feel  amply  rewarded  if,  on  leaving  the  town,  the 
Association  retained  feelings  of  respect  for  it ;  and  he  hoped  that 
though  there  was  a  murky,  smoky  atmosphere,  the  Association  had  dis- 
covered that  the  inhabitants  had  retained  somethino-  of  old  Enu'lish 
hospitality.  He  thanked  the  Association  for  the  compliment  just  paid 
to  the  Corporation ;  and  he  proposed  that  thanks  be  given  to  Lord 
Houghton  for  the  valuable  services  he  had  rendered  during  the  sittings 
of  the  Association  in  Leeds. 

Alderman  Kitson  seconded  the  proposition,  and  said  they  would  bo 
glad  to  be  favoured  with  another  visit  from  the  Association  at  an  early 
date. 

Lord  Houghton  responded  to  the  vote,  and  cordially  wished  the  town 
every  prosperity. 

Thanks  were  then  voted  to  the  Archbishop  of  York  and  Earl  Fitz- 
mlHam,  the  patrons  of  the  Congress  ;  to  the  Rev.  Dr.  Hincks,  the  Pre- 
sident, and  Council  of  the  Philosophical  Society,  for  the  use  of  their 
Hall ;  to  Peter  O'Callaghan,  Esq.,  Secretary,  and  Mr.  H.  Denny,  Assist- 
ant Secretary ;  to  the  ladies  and  gentlemen  who  have  so  Hberally  enter- 
tained the  Association  ;  to  the  Archbishop  and  clergy  ;  to  the  authoi'S 
of  papers  ;  to  the  Council  of  the  Leeds  Club ;  to  the  Officers  and  Com- 
mittee of  the  Association,  etc. 

It  was  then  announced  that  in  the  afternoon  the  party  would  proceed 
to  Halifax  ;  and  on  Monday  pay  a  visit  to  York,  to  which  they  had 
been  most  kindly  invited  by  the  Right  Hon.  the  Lord  Mayor,  the  Dean 
and  Chapter  of  the  Minster,  and  the  President  and  Council  of  the 
Yorkshire  Philosophical  Society,  whose  extensive  Museum  it  was  their 
especial  object  to  inspect.  ^ 

Quitting  Leeds,  therefore,  by  the  Great  Northern  Railway,  the  Asso- 
ciation entered  upon  their  excursion  to  Halifax ;  on  their  arrival  pro- 
ceeding to  the  Town  Hall,  where  they  were  most  coui'teously  received 
by  John  Crossley,  Esq.,  the  Mayor,  and  other  members  of  the  Corpo- 
ration, who,  having  expressed  their  satisfaction  at  receiving  the  Asso- 
ciation, and  named  the  objects  proposed,  to  be  visited,  conducted  the 
members  and  visitors  to  partake  of  an  elegant  luncheon  that  had  been 
prepared. 

Thanks  having  been  returned   for  thi.s   hospitality,  a  meeting  was 
1864  32 


246  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  CONGRESS. 

held  in  the  Council  Room,  wliero  Mr.  F.  A.  Leyland  read  a  paper  "  On 
the  Roman  Roads  which  intersected  Halifax."  (See  pp.  205-210  avfr.') 
Thanks  having  been  voted  to  the  author  for  his  most  excellent  paper, 
and  the  careful  exactness  of  the  map  by  which  it  was  illustrated,  the 
Association  proceeded  to  inspect  the  celebrated  Halifax  Gibbet,  the 
axe,  manacles,  etc.,  belonging  to  which  had  been  previously  exhibited 
by  Mr.  F.  Lumb,  deputy  steward  of  the  lord  of  the  manor  of  Wakefield, 
on  occasion  of  the  visit  paid  to  Wakefield,  where  they  had  been  pre- 
sei-ved. 

The  gibbet  is  enclosed  with  ivy-covered  walls,  and  situate  in  Gibbet- 
lane.  The  place  where  this  engine  of  torture  and  of  death  once  stood 
is  now  marked  by  a  grassy  mound.  Mr.  Leyland  stated  that  that  relic 
of  the  gibbet  consfituted  the  scaffold  on  which  the  stem  sentences  of 
their  customary  law  were  executed.  The  capital  punishments  were 
effected,  as  they  would  be  aware,  by  an  axe  made  to  slide  in  the  grooves 
of  two  upright  posts  placed  apart  a  little  more  than  the  width  of  the 
axe.  This  w^as  rather  fixed  in  a  heavy  wooden  stock  by  means  of  two 
l)olts  which  passed  through  the  holes  in  the  upper  part  of  the  axe.  The 
first  person  who  was  executed  was  Richard  Bentley  of  Sowerby,  who 
was  beheaded  on  the  20th  March,  1541  ;  and  the  last  two,  John  Wilkin- 
son and  Anthony  Mitchell,  on  the  30th  April,  1650.  Watson  states 
that,  of  the  number  who  underwent  capital  punishment  at  that  gibbet, 
five  were  executed  in  the  last  six  years  of  Heniy  YlII,  none  in  the 
reigns  of  Edward  and  Mary,  twenty-five  in  the  reign  of  Elizabeth,  seven 
in  the  reign  of  James  I,  ten  in  the  reign  of  Charles  I,  and  two  during 
the  interregnum  ;  but  those  figures  were  not  correct,  as  some  names 
had  been  added  to  Watson's  list.  Those  remains  had  been  for  many 
years  so  completely  buried  under  a  mound  of  earth  as  to  be  forgotten  ; 
and  when  the  trustees  of  Halifax  purchased  it,  the  plot  of  land  received 
the  name  of  "  Gibbet  Hill."  In  levelling  the  rubbish,  the  scaffold  had 
lieen  brought  to  hght;  and  at  the  I'equest  of  parties  interested,  the 
remains  had  been  preserved.  The  thanks  of  archfeologists  were  due  to 
the  trustees  for  the  interest  they  had  taken  in  the  preservation  of  those 
remains.  On  a  later  occasion,  when  the  site  of  the  scaffold  was  destined 
to  be  used  for  tlie  extension  of  waterworks.  Major  Waterhouse  of  Hali- 
fax, the  hon.  Member  for  Pontefract,  with  that  public  spirit  which  dis- 
tinguished his  mayoralty,  at  his  own  expense  protected  it  from  further 
injuiy.  Mr,  Leyland  then  drew  attention  to  the  pillory,  remarking  that 
persons  were  punished  in  it  who  were  accused  of  blasphemy  ;  and  the 
last  person  who  was  remembered  to  have  been  punished  by  it,  was 
pilloried  in  the  Market  Place,  and  afterwards  pelted  with  rotten  oranges 
and  ejjgs. 

The  company'  then  proceeded  to  inspect  the  People's  Park,  for  whirii 
the  town  is  indebted  to  the  liberality  of  Sir  Eras.  Crossley,  Bart.,M.P., 


'    PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  CONGRESS.  247 

after  which  the  Association,  under  the  able  guidance  of  tlio  Mayor  and 
Mr.  Leyhuid,  inspected  the  parish  churcli,  an  account  of  which,  it 
is  hoped,  may  appear  in  a  future  number  of  the  Juantal.  Tlie  first 
church  was  built  in  Saxun  times,  and  remained  till  about  12G0,  when 
another  edifice  was  erected  on  tlie  site  ;  the  north  wall  of  the  nave 
of  the  Saxon  church  being  incorporated  with  the  building,  and  existing 
to  the  present  time,  and  in  all  probability  prescribing  the  length  of  the 
first  church.  About  1450,  dviriug  Dr.  Wilkinson's  vicarage,  the  church 
was  considerably  enlarged,  the  choir  being  added  at  that  time.  The 
windows  on  each  side  of  the  choir  are  remarkable  for  their  geometrical 
leading,  and  were  regarded  by  all  present  as  beautil'ul.  The  other 
points  of  interest  connected  with  the  sacred  edifice  having  been  pointed 
out,  the  Mayor  and  Mr.  Leyland  were  thanked  for  their  kind  attention, 
and  the  excursionists  returned  by  the  Lancashire  and  Yorkshire  Rail- 
way to  Leeds. 


Monday,  October  19. 

This  day  was  set  apart  as  an  addition  to  the  Congress  by  the  very 
kind  invitation  of  the  Yorkshire  Philosophical  Society,  and  the  obliging 
attention  of  the  Right  Hon.  the  Lord  Mayor  of  York  and  the  dignitaries 
of  the  Minster.  By  special  train  the  Association  arrived  at  York  by 
10|  A.M.  ;  and  according  to  the  arrangements  made  by  the  managers  of 
the  Philosophical  Society,  the  following  route  was  as  far  as  practicable 
pui'sued,  though,  frona  the  number  of  objects  to  be  examined  within  a 
limited  time,  the  attention  of  the  ruembers  became  necessai'ily  some- 
what divided : 

"  From  the  Railway  Station,  by  the  New  Bridge,  to  the  Museum  and 
grounds  of  the  Yorkshire  Philosophical  Society.^ 

"  St.  Leonard's  Hospital — Roman  wall  and  multangular  tower — 
antiquities  in  the  Hall,  Council  Room,  and  Library — remains  of  St. 
Maiy's  Abbey — The  Great  Gateway  and  its  appendages — The  Hosjji- 
tium — British,  Roman,  Saxon,  and  medieval  antiquities. 

"  Return  over  the  New  Bridge — the  walls — Micklegate  Bar — the 
churches  of  the  Holy  Trinity,  St.  Mary  Bishophill,  Younger  and  Elder — 
the  Old  Baile.  Cross  by  the  New  Walk  Ferry— The  Castle— Clifford's 
Tower  and  the  Chapel — the  walls  to  Walmgate  Bar  and  the  Red  Tower. 

"  In  Walmgate  :  St.  Margaret's  porch,  removed  from  St.  Nicholas's 
Church,  without  Walmgate  Bar — the  porch  of  St.  Henys's  Church. 

^  Our  readers  are  referred  to  a  condensed  descriptive  account  of  the  anti- 
quities contained  in  the  Museum  of  the  Yorkshire  Pliilosophical  Society,  drawn 
up  by  an  original  member  oi'  the  Association,  and  a  contributor  to  our  Journal, 
tlic  late  Rev  Charles  Wellbeloved  ;  a  fourth  edition  of  which  was  published  in 
IbGl,  with  additions  by  the  llev.  J.  Keurick. 


248  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  CONGRESS. 

In  Fosssrate  :  Hall  of  Merchant  Adventurers.     In  Pavement :  Cliurch 
of  All  Saints,  with  tower,  ancient  knocker. 

"  In  SpuiTiergate  :  St.  Michael's  Chm-ch.  In  Coney-street :  The 
George  Inn — St.  Martin's  Church,  stained  glass — The  Mansion  House 
and  Guildhall  —  the  Corporation  records  and  regalia — St.  Helen's 
Church." 

The  crypt  of  the  Minster,  by  the  kind  permission  of  the  Dean  and 
Chapter,  was  lighted  for  inspection  by  the  members  of  the  Association 
at  2.30 ;  and  the  Vestry,  with  Archbishop  Zouch's  Chapel  (containing 
the  records  of  the  archbishopric),  the  choir,  and  Chapter  House,  were 
open  to  the  visitors.  The  Minster  Library — MSS.  and  early  printed 
books — remains  of  the  palace  of  Archbishop  Roger, 

Several  objects  of  antiquarian  interest,  not  included  in  the  above 
route,  were  mentioned  as  worthy  of  attention  :  Cloisters  of  the  Hospital 
of  St.  Peter,  in  St.  Leonard's  Place,  under  the  portico  of  the  Theatre — 
vaults  of  the  King's  Manor,  on  the  origiual  site  of  the  Chapter  House 
of  St.  Mary's  Abbey — remains  of  the  Abbot's  Lodgings  in  the  Wilber- 
force  School  for  the  Blind — Royal  arms  and  those  of  Lord  Strafford. 

The  church  of  St.  Michael-le-Belfrey  in  the  Minster  Yard — College 
of  St.  William,  formerly  occupied  by  the  choristers,  near  the  east  end 
of  the  Minster — The  Bedern,  Goodramgate,  formerly  occupied  by  the 
vicars  choral — the  church  of  All  Saints,  North-street,  stained  glass. 

On  these,  it  is  to  be  hoped,  communications  will  be  at  some  future 
time  received,  and  appear  in  the  Journal. 

The  party  were  received  by  the  Rev.  J.  Kenrick,  M.A.,  F.S.A.,  the 
Curator  of  Antiquities  in  the  Museum  of  the  Yorkshire  Philosophical 
Society,  at  which  they  had  arrived,  having  crossed  the  river  Ouse  by 
a  bridge  of  great  architectural  beauty,  recently  erected  by  a  member  of 
the  Council  of  the  Association,  Thomas  Page,  Esq.,  in  the  style  of  the 
new  Westminster  Bridge  by  the  same  eminent  engineer.  Mr.  Kenrick 
conducted  the  members  through  the  Museum,  pointing  out  the  prin- 
cipal objects  in  antiquities,  especially  Roman,  worthy  of  attention. 
They  then  visited  the  ruins  of  St.  Leonard's  Hospital,  on  the  right  of 
the  entrance  to  the  Museum  gardens.  The  foundation  of  this  religious 
house  has  been  ascribed  to  the  Anglo-Saxon  king,  Athelstan,  who, 
returning  from  a  successful  expedition  against  the  Scots  in  9oG,  granted 
a  piece  of  ground  to  some  poor  monks  that  they  might  build  a  hospital, 
which  lilvcwise  he  endowed.  The  existing  remains  of  this  interesting 
establishment  are,  the  ambulatoiy,  the  chapel,  and  entrance-passage. 

Adjoining  St.  Leonard's  Hospital  a  portion  of  the  old  city  wall  was 
noticed.  Thence  the  party  proceeded  to  a  structure  of  great  archaeo- 
logical interest,  the  Multangular  Tower,  a  Roman  woi'k  of  about  the 
middle  of  the  third  century,  when  it  formed  one  of  the  angle  towers  of 
the  walls  of  Eburacum  ;  and  next  the  niins  of  St.  Mary's  Abbey,  which 


PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  CONGEESS.  249 

the  Yorkshire  Society  only  a  few  years  ago  rescued  from  destruction 
by  enclosing  it  within  their  beautiful  grounds  ;  this  magnificent  relic 
of  a  once  powerful  monastery  having  been  left  in  such  an  unprotected 
state  that,  as  one  gentleman  present  acknowledged  he  had  done  in  his 
youth,  boys  were  wont  to  provide  stones  for  the  formation  of  "  rock- 
cries"  from  the  ruins  of  the  abbey.  Mi-.  E.  Roberts  pointed  out,  in  a 
portion  of  the  rvdns,  a  curious  pillar,  which,  architecturally,  he  described 
as  a  mass  of  contradictions.  He  expressed  the  opinion  that  the  build- 
ing of  which  it  had  formed  part  was  erected  about  1210-1220,  and  that 
it  had  been  worked  up  with  some  elaborately  carved  stone  of  fifty  years 
later.  Some  of  the  sculptures  about  the  bases  of  the  pier  are  almost 
as  pure  and  classical  as  Roman.  Mr.  Roberts  suggested  that  the  Early 
English  arch  in  the  Museum  originally  spanned  this  opening ;  and  on 
a  subsequent  measurement  he  stated  that  this  appeared  to  have  been 
the  fact,  for  not  only  did  the  arch  correspond  in  width,  but  each  rib 
also  fitted  exactly.  This  confirmed  him  in  the  view  he  had  at  first 
taken  of  the  piers,  namely  that  some  sculptured  stones  of  Norman  work 
were  adapted  to  the  Early  English  building ;  and  this  singular  com- 
bination was  one  of  which  he  had  met  with  no  other  example. 

The  Hospitium,  in  which  are  displayed  a  vast  collection  of  fragments 
of  Roraan  pottery,  and  many  other  antiquities  of  Anglo-Saxon,  Anglo- 
Norman,  and  other  periods,  discovered  near  York,  was  next  visited ; 
and  the  remarkable  tessellated  pavement  presented  by  Sir  George 
Wombwell,  Bart.,  and  found  at  Ou.lston,  near  Easingwold.  Its  present 
length  is  twenty-three  feet ;  but  it  had  originally  extended  to  thirty- 
six  feet,  and  had  evidently  been  the  floor  of  a  corridor  in  a  Roman  villa. 

Passing  across  the  Ouse,  the  party  entered  the  Castle  yard,  and 
visited  Clifford's  Tower,  so  called  after  the  first  governor.  Mr.  H. 
Webster,  the  deputy  governor  of  the  Castle,  courteously  gave  a  history 
of  the  tower.  It  was  said  to  have  been  erected  in  10G8  by  William  the 
Conqueror,  and  was  intended  as  a  fort  to  pi-otect  the  city  walls.  Round 
the  upper  portion  it  was  fortified  with  cannon,  which  remained  until 
1684,  when  the  magazine  and  all  its  contents  were  blown  up  by  the 
soldiery.  It  was  in  this  tower  that,  in  1190,  no  less  than  fifteen  hundi'cd 
Jews  destroyed  themselves,  dreading  that  the  persecuting  spirit  which 
then  animated  the  public  mind  against  that  unhappy  people,  and  which 
had  exliibited  itself  in  most  brutal  cruelties  in  the  south,  would  extend 
towards  the  northern  parts  of  the  kingdom. 

The  Guildhall  was  the  next  place  visited ;  and  Mr.  Roberts,  in  ex- 
planation, stated  that  it  was  generally  believed  the  building  was  of  the 
date  of  Henry  V ;  but  if  the  windows  were  to  be  taken  as  an  original 
part  of  it,  the  hall  must  have  been  built  at  least  a  reign  later,  the 
pillars  and  roof  being  still  later.  The  windows  had  been  restored, 
probably  about  the  time  of  Queen  Anne  or  of  the  early  Geoi-ges.     The 


250  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  CONGRESS. 

west   window   appeared    to   belong   to   tlie   end   of   the    seventeenth 
century. 

The  party  Avere  then  conducted  to  the  Mansion  House,  where  the 
Lord  Mayor  (Mr.  W.  F.  Clarke)  and  the  Lady  Mayoress  received  them 
in  the  State  Room.  The  insignia  and  the  gold  and  silver  plate  of  the 
city  were  exhibited,  and  examined  with  interest.  Considei-able  curiosity 
was  felt  in  the  "cap  of  maintenance"  presented  by  Richard  II  to  the 
first  lord  mayor,  when  he  gave  to  the  city  its  corporate  charter.  This 
cap  is  still  worn  by  the  mace-bearer  on  state  occasions,  and  its  unique 
and  dilapidated  condition  never  fails  to  create  a  reverent  smile.  The 
members  of  the  Society  were  afterwards  entertained  by  the  Lord  Mayor 
in  the  Mansion  House,  with  a  sumptuous  luncheon ;  at  the  conclusion 
of  which  Dr.  Lee,  on  behalf  of  the  Society,  retiimed  their  most  respect- 
ful and  grateful  thanks  to  his  Lordship  and  the  Lady  Mayoress  for  the 
admirable  manner  in  which  they  had  received  them.  They  had  done 
all  in  their  power  to  show  the  curiosities  of  the  city,  and  had  provided 
them  also  ■ndth  a  most  sumptuous  and  elegant  repast.  The  reception 
the  Society  had  met  AV'ith  wherever  they  had  gone  in  Yorkshire  had 
been  most  gratifying  and  satisfactory. 

The  Lord  Mayor,  in  reply,  said  it  had  given  his  wife  and  himself 
great  pleasm"e  to  receive  the  Society,  his  only  regret  being  that  the 
time  was  so  short ;  but  if  they  were  ever  to  go  to  York,  and  make  that 
city  their  head-quarters,  he  was  certain  they  should  do  all  in  their  power 
to  receive  them  worthily. 

The  party  concluded  their  inspection  by  a  visit  to  the  ciypt  of  the 
Cathedi'al,  where  the  Dean  joined  them.  The  time  for  the  examination 
of  the  Minster  was  so  limited,  that,  -with  the  advantage  of  the  Hghting 
of  the  crypt,  by  the  kindness  of  the  Dean  and  Chapter,  that  part  of  the 
budding  was  resorted  to  as  if  by  common  consent ;  Mr.  John  Brown, 
author  of  an  elaboi'ate  work  on  the  Minster,  acting  as  gTiide.  Mr. 
Roberts  having  been  appealed  to  for  his  opinions,  premised  that  he 
could  only  give  those  he  had  formed  from  a  short  inspection  of  the 
remains,  not  having  j^repared  himself  for  a  critical  account  by  a  study 
of  the  works  of  Professor  Willis  and  Mr.  Brown.  He,  however,  pointed 
out  the  exquisite  late  Xoeman  piers,  the  arches  and  arch-ribs  of  which 
have  been  destroyed  for  the  lowering  of  the  floor  of  the  choir.  The 
former  level  of  the  Norman  choii-  was  about  sixteen  or  seventeen  feet 
above  the  floor  of  the  crypt.  The  outer  wall  of  the  crypt,  that  is,  beyond 
the  portion  which  ]VIr.  Brown  had  pointed  out  as  a  Saxon  walling,  he 
found  to  be  a  very  perfect  and  beautiful  Early  English  plinth,'  apjjear- 
ing  to  be  about   the   date  1190.     This    is   remarkable  for  having  a 

'  This  i)linth  Mr.  Brown  describes  in  his  History  as  Norman.  Professor 
Willis  inters  it  to  lie  the  work  of  Arokbishop  lloger,  circa  12UU;  but  he  still 
calls  it  part  of  the  Nouman  cathedral. 


PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  CONGRESS.  251 

mason's  mark,  so  far  as  lio  was,  by  tlio  li,<.-l,t  of  a  sino-lo  candle,  able  to 
see,  on  tlie  outer  face  of  every  stone  of  the  work.  Some  of  those  were 
quite  different  from  any  others  loiown,  and  will  form  a  subject  for  future 
consideration. 

The  remains  of  Saxon  steps  from  the  choir  to  the  nave,  in  the  centre 
of  the  crypt,  were  examined,  and  Mr.  Roberts  pointed  out  the  resem- 
blance to  the  descriptions  given  of  the  early  basilica  in  the  account  of 
Brixworth  Church  (aeeJonrnaJ,  vol.  xix,  p.  285  ct  seq.).  These  steps  un- 
doubtedly led  from  the  "  Confession"  to  the  nave  in  the  centre,  while  the 
ascents  from  the  nave  to  the  choir  were  at  the  sides.  Tlie  former  plan 
(NoiJMAN)  of  the  Minster  was  undoubtedly  of  the  basilican  character, 
and  terminated  at  the  end  by  apses. 

Thus  satisfactorily  terminated  the  Leeds  Congress. 


252 


^roccctimcjs  of  tljc  dissociation. 


February  24. 
Nathaniel  Gould,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  V.P.,  in  the  Chair. 

The  following  were  elected  associates  : 

Donald  NicoU,  Esq.,  Oaklands  Hall,  West  End  Park. 
William  Collins,  M.D.,  1,  Albert-square,  Regent's  Park. 
Rev.  F.  Hudson,  Bridge  House,  Caledonian-road. 

Thanks  were  voted  for  the  following  presents  : 

To  the  Aidlior.  The  Coins  of  the  Ancient  Britons  arranged  and  de- 
scribed by  John  Evans,  F.S.A.,  F.CS. ;  and  engraved  by  F.  W. 
Fairholt,  F.S.A.  Lond.,  1864.  8vo. 
„  „  Brief  Description  of  the  Towti  of  Hadleigh  in  the  County 
of  Suiiblk ;  its  History  and  Antiquities.  By  E.  Levien,  M.A., 
F.S.A.     Hadleigh,  1853.     12mo. 

To  the  Society.     The  Joui^nal  of  the  Royal  Dublin  Society.     No.  XXX. 
July  1863.     8vo. 
„         „     Proceedings   of  the    Society  of  Antiquaries   of   Scotland. 
Vol.  IV.     Part  2.     Edinb.,  1863.     4to. 

Mr.  H.  H.  Bumell  exhibited  fifteen  brass  pins,  varying  ia  length  from 
one  inch  and  three-eighths  to  five  inches  and  a  half,  stated  to 
have  been  found  on  the  paper  on  which  they  now  are,  in  a  cellar  on  the 
northern  bank  of  the  Thames,  in  excavating  for  the  foundations  of  the 
South  Eastern  Railway  bridge.  Most,  if  not  all,  of  these  pins  have 
solid  globose  heads. 

Mr.  H.  Syer  Cuming  exhibited  two  brass  pins  recovered  from  the 
mud  of  the  Thames  some  years  since.  One  is  little  less  than  two  inches 
and  a  half  in  length,  the  other  full  seven  inches  and  tliree  quarters  long. 
The  heads  of  both  are  formed  vni\\  spiral  wire ;  the  shortest  being 
glofeQsc,  the  other  somewhat  flattened.  ]\lr.  Cuming  stated  tliat  quan- 
tities' of  such  early  pins  as  those  now  produced  liave  been  found  in  and 


Vl 


PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  ASSOCIATION.  253 

along  the  banks  of  the  river,  some  of  them  measuring  upwards  of  a 
foot  in  length.  These  great  pins  may  have  been  cnn ployed  in  securing 
I  lie  wide-spreading  head-dresses  of  the  juiddlc!  ages,  and  fastening  the 
I'lids  of  the  pillow-case, — a  use  not  quite  obsolete  in  the  time  of  Swift, 
who  speaks  of  "  corking  pins"  for  this  purpose  in  his  Directions  to  Ser- 
vants. 

The  title  of  "  pin-money"  for  the  allowance  made  by  a  husband  to  a 
wife  for  her  own  special  use,  shews  the  important  place  which  this  little 
implement  hold  in  the  domestic  economy  of  the  middle  ages ;  and  yet 
as  an  article  of  foreign  commerce  pins  are  not  mentioned  in  our  statutes 
till  1483.  Stow  assigns  their  first  manufacture  in  England  to  the  year 
1543 ;  and  they  seem  then  to  have  been  so  badly  made  that  in  the 
thirty-fourth  year  of  King  Henry  VIII  (1542-3),  Parliament  enacted 
that  none  should  be  sold  unless  they  be  "  double-headed,  and  have  the 
headdes  soudered  faste  to  the  shanke  of  the  pynne,"  etc.  This  act 
appears  to  have  produced  no  good  effect,  for  in  the  thirty-seventh  year 
of  the  same  reign  it  was  repealed.  After  reciting  the  former  one,  the 
act  of  repeal  goes  on  to  state  :  "  At  which  tyme  the  pymiers  playnly 
promised  to  serve  the  kynge's  liege  people  wel  &  sufficiently,  &  at  a 
reasonable  price.  And  for  as  much  sens  the  makying  of  the  saide  act 
there  hath  ben  scarcitee  of  pynnes  within  this  realme  that  the  kynge's 
liege  people  have  not  ben  wel  nor  competently  served  of  such  pynnes, 
nor  ar  like  to  be  served,  nor  the  pynncrs  of  this  realme  (as  it  doeth 
nowe  manifestly  appere)  be  hable  to  serve  the  people  of  this  realme 
accordyng  to  their  saied  promise.  In  consideration  whereof  it  maie 
please  the  kyng,  &c.,  that  it  maie  be  adjudged  &  demed  from  hens- 
forth  frustrated  and  nihilated,  &  to  be  repealed  for  ever." 

The  pin-makers  of  former  days  seem  to  have  been  a  body  somewhat 
difficult  to  please,  of  whom  Guillim^  writes  :  "  The  Society  of  Pinners 
and  Needlers  how  ancient,  or  whether  incorporated,  I  find  not ;  but 
only  that  in  the  year  1597  they  petition'd  the  Lord  Treasurer  against 
the  bringing  in  of  foreign  pins  and  needles,  which  did  much  prejudice 
these  callings." 

Pennant,  in  his  description  of  old  London  bridge,  states  that  "most 
of  the  houses  were  tenanted  by  pin  or  needle-makers,  and  economical 
ladies  were  wont  to  drive  from  the  St.  James'  end  of  the  town  to  make 
cheap  purchases."  This  fact  may  account  for  the  vast  quantity  of  early 
pins  which  have  been  recovered  from  the  Thames  near  the  site  of  the 
venerable  structut-e. 

Mr.  Pettigrew  sent  for  exhibition  some  fine  specimens  of  silver  brac- 
teates,  presented  to  him  by  Mrs.  Kerr,  who  had  obtained  them  during 
her  late  tour  in  Germany  ;  and  upon  Avhich  Mr.  Cuming  read  the 
following  paper : 

'  Display  of  Heraldry,  snh  "  Honour  Civil,"  p.  17. 
1864  33 


2.34  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  ASSOCIATION. 


NuMMi  Beacteati. 

"  Much  vmcertainty  attends  the  origin  and  antiquity  of  the  bracteate 
coins,  or  spangle-money ;  a  species  of  mediceval  currency,  which  may 
be  briefly  described  as  exceedingly  thin  discs  of  metal  stamped  in  a  die, 
so  that  the  device  appears  in  relief  on  the  face,  and  incuse  on  the  back. 
This  curious  class  of  coinage  must  not  be  confounded  with  other  ancient 
moneys  produced  in  a  similar  way,  such  as  that  of  the  Graeco-Italian 
cities,  Caulonia,  Crotona,  Metapontum,  Posidonia,  Sins,  Sybaris,  and 
Tarentum  ;  a  few  of  the  denarii  of  the  Furia  family,  and  some  of  the 
copper  of  the  Indo-Sassanian  princes  ;  nor  with  the  results  of  accidents 
of  every  age  and  country,  where  a  blank  has  been  placed  by  mistake 
above  a  perfect  coin  in  the  die,  thus  receiving  only  the  ohv.  or  rev.  in 
cameo  and  intaglio.  The  mimmi  bradeati  is  distinct  from  all  such  incuse 
pieces,  and  their  origin  must  be  sought  for  in  a  different  direction. 

"  The  use  of  ancient  money  for  personal  decoration  greatly  prevailed 
in  early  times  amongst  the  Teutonic  tribes  of  Scandinavia,  more  espe- 
cially in  Denmark,  where  we  find  pendants  formed  of  the  gold  coins  of 
Constantino  the  Great,  Leo,  Anastasius,  Justinianus,  and  some  of  the 
later  eastern  emperors,  as  also  the  Kufic  money  of  the  kaliphs.^  The 
value  and  rarity  of  such  pieces,  and  the  fact  that  but  one  side  could  be 
exliibited  at  a  time,  seem  to  have  suggested  to  the  northern  goldsmith 
to  imitate  them  in  bracteates  of  both  gold  and  silver.  The  first  copied 
the  obv.  of  ancient  money  as  well  as  his  rude  skill  would  permit,  and 
then  tried  his  hand  at  new  devices  and  combinations.  Thus  we  meet 
with  palpable  exceptions  of  Roman  types  surrounded  by  Runic  legends  ; 
but  the  majority  of  bracteates  manifest  original  design,  some  repre- 
senting intercoiled  serpents,  though  large  profile  busts  were  evidently 
the  favourite  subjects."  We  know  full  well  that  in  early  times  rings 
and  other  personal  ornaments  served  the  purpose  of  die-sti*uck  currency; 
and  the  transition  from  the  bracteate  trinket  to  the  bracteate  money  is 
so  simple  and  obvious  that  we  are  warranted  in  believing  the  first  to 
have  been  the  parent  of  the  second, — a  belief  strengthened,  if  not  con- 
firmed, by  the  fact  that  trinket-bracteates  are  far  more  numerous  in 
Denmark  than  in  any  other  country  ;  and  that  it  is  here  that  some  of 
the  earhest  spangle-money  is  met  with,  some  of  which  dates  as  far  back 
as  the  middle  of  the  eleventh  century,  if  not  even  earlier.  Oliger 
Jacobaeus,  in  his  Catalogue  of  the  royal  collection  at  Copenliagen  (tab. 
xl),  gives  engravings  of  silver  bracteates  with  profile  crowned  busts, 

^  For  a  notice  of  pendants  formed  of  coins,  see  Journal,  xvii,  324. 

*  A  fine  Danish  bracteate  of  gold,  with  profile  bust,  was  discovered  in  the 
parish  of  St.  Giles,  Oxon,  which,  though  certainly  not  later  than  the  commence- 
in  ent  of  the  tenth  century,  has  frequently  been  cited  as  2i  touch-piece  of  Edward 
the  Confessor.     (See  Gent.  Mag.,  Aug.  179G,  p.  639.) 


PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  ASSOCIATION. 


259 


Item  in  braceletts      .... 

Item  2  twilles  of  purle 

Item  4  paire  of  plaine  boothose  at  \0d.  per  paire 

Item  4  paire  of  wrought  boothose  at  25.  the  paire 

Item  1  fustion  wascote 

Item  2  guilJed  brushes 

Item  4  small  gilded  brushes 

Item  3  brushes 

Item  2  haire  heade  brushes 

Item  7  heath  brushes 

Item  2  dossen  and  halfe  of  broade  twill  tape 

Item  4  dossen  of  narrow  twill'd  incle 

Item  5  remland  of  felitinge 

Item  1  paire  of  boothose  toppes 

Item  14  cawles  and  stowmachers 

Item  for  handkercher  buttons 

Item  2  silke  cawles    . 

Item  8  walnott  purses  at 

Item  26  yeardes  of  tynsile  reben 

Item  10  yeardes  of  small  tynsell  reben 

Item  2  imbrothered  and  one  plaine  purse,  and  a 

gloves  in  a  walnott  shell 
Item  2  yeardes  of  narrow  lomeworke 
Item  1  wrought  purse  with  suite  for  a  weoman 
Item  1  velvet  purse  and  suite 
Item  3  girdelles  for  childeren 
Item  1  silver  and  gold  cawle 
Item  2  coper  cawles 
Item  18  velvett  and  sattan  maskes 
Item  7  tafitie  maskes 
Item  15  garnish  of  silver  and  gold 

remiand  lace 
Item  14  dressinges  and  skewers 
Item  3  pendantes 
Item  8  bodkins 
Item  1  box  of  spangles  and  bewgles 
Item  1  lb.  10  oz.  of  white  threade  at  8s.  per  pound 
Item  4  oz.  of  course  white  threade 
Item  2  swedling  beltes  ... 

Item  2  lb.  5  oz.  of  aulcume  purle 
Item  2  oz.  of  silver  and  gold  purle  at  4s.  per  ounce 
Item  3  ruffes  .... 

Item  1  dossen  and  the  halfe  of  shirtbands    . 
Item  1  dossen  of  handcuffes 
Item  in  wires,  curies,  rebarters  and  rowles   . 
Item  3  dossen  of  bondgrases 
Item  5  paire  leather  bodges 
Item  13  Steele  stickes 
Item  10  smoothing  irons 


paire  of 


handker  buttons,  and  2 


4 

0 

G 

3 

4 

8 

0 

2 

6 

1 

8 

2 

0 

1 

0 

8 

4 

0 

3 

9 

2 

8 

2 

0 

2 

0 

2 

4 

2 

8 

I 

8 

2 

0 

3 

4 

8 

4 

0 

6 

10 

0 

5 

0 

6 

2 

0 

1 

6 

5 

0 

2 

4 

3 

0 

1 

2 

6 

8 

8 

2 

6 

13 

0 

1 

0 

1 

6 

3 

0 

8 

0 

7 

6 

10 

0 

3 

0 

3 

4 

1 

0 

5 

0 

2 

G 

3 

4 

260 


PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  ASSOCIATION. 


4 

6 

2 

11 

10 

2 

0 

10 

6 

0 

5 

9 

1 

0 

1 

4 

8 

0 

9 

2 

4 

0 

5 

0 

1     0 

0 

14 

0 

5 

0 

6 

0 

1 

0 

4 

0 

5 

0 

3 

0 

Item  3  dossen  of  fine  cardes 

Item  3  dosseu  and  half  of  corse  matteris 

Item  5  amber  ringes 

Item  white  paper  halfe  a  reame 

Item  2  lb.  of  licoresse 

Item  1  lb.  of  worme  soede 

Item  1 1  oz.  of  browne  mace 

Item  in  small  sinymond  and  ginger 

Item  14  oz.  of  pepper 

Item  1  q'r  of  a  cwt.  and  9  lb.  of  white  starch  at  24s.  per  cwt 

Item  22  lb.  of  powder  blewe  at  ^kI.  per  lb 

Item  12  boxes 

Item  muster  seede  in  Peeter  Cottans  handes,  which  he  sold 

and  hath  money 
Item  1  drawinge  table 
Item  1  cubberte  at     . 
Item  2  litle  tables 
Item  6  stowles 
Item  2  lowe  stowles  . 
Item  6  sett  worke  cushinges 
Item  2  wainscott  chaires 
Item  3  throwne  chayres  and  1  wanded  chaire 

Some  total     30  17     5." 

A  discussion  ensued  upon  the  meaning  of  several  of  the  terms  cm- 
ployed  in  the  foregoing  inventory,  and  upon  the  comparative  costliness 
of  clothing  with  that  of  the  prices  of  the  present  day,  having  regard  to 
the  rate  of  wages  and  the  price  of  corn. 

Mr.  George  Wentworth  transmitted  a  photograph  and  account  of 

Heath  Old  Hall. 

"  It  is  situated  a  Httle  to  the  north-east  of  one  of  the  most  beauti- 
ful  villages  in  Yorkshire  (Heath),  and  is  built  upon  a  steep  ascent 
on  the  southern  bank  of  the  Calder.  From  authentic  documents 
now  in  the  possession  of  its  owner,  Colonel  Smyth,  it  is  ascertained  to 
have  been  erected  hj  John  Kaye  (usually  described  as  of  Oakenshaw), 
a  son  of  the  heiress  of  Dodsworth.  His  wife's  arms  quartered  with 
those  of  Kaye  (which  were  two  bendlets  sable),  and,  carved  in  stone, 
may  still  be  seen  over  the  principal  entrance.  The  Hall  and  lands 
adjacent  were  purchased  of  the  Kayes  by  Dame  Mary  Bolles,  who  was 
created  a  baronctcss  in  her  own  right.  This  Lady  Bolles  was  one  of 
the  dauerhters  of  William  Witham  of  Ledstone  in  Yorkshii^c.  She  was 
married  twice,  first  to  Thomas  Jobson  of  Cudworth,  and  secondly  to 
Thomas  Bolles  of  Asbarstone  in  the  county  of  Nottingham.  In  the 
time  of  the  civil  wars  Heath  Hall  was  in  her  possession  ;  and  it  is  said 
that  the  day  before  the  capture  of  Wakefield  by  Sir  Thomas  Fairfax, 


PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  ASSOCIATION.  2G1 

May  21,  1G43,  General  Goring  and  other  ofTiccrs  liad  been  spending  a 
very  jolly  evening  at  lloatli  Hall,  amusing  themselves  with  bowls  and 
other  sports  ;  ami  that  they  drank  so  freely  on  the  occasion  as  to  be 
incapable  of  properly  attending  to  the  defence  of  the  town  when  the 
enemy  approached  early  in  the  morning. 

"  Dame  Mary  BoUes  died  the  5th  day  of  May,  1GG2,  at  Heath  Hall, 
being  above  eighty  years  of  age.  Tradition  affirms  that,  previously  to 
her  death,  she  left  strict  injunctions  that  the  room  in  which  she 
breathed  her  last  should  be  walled  up  for  ever.  If  common  rumour 
speaks  true,  this  injunction  was  scrupulously  observed  for  a  period  of 
fifty  years  after  her  decease.  It  was  subsequently  opened ;  and  such 
was  the  eiFect  produced  upon  the  departed  lady,  that  the  villagers  say 
she  has  never  been  able  to  rest  in  her  grave  since.  She  was  buried  in 
the  south  choir  of  the  parish  chui'ch  of  All  Saints,  Ledsham,  where 
there  is  a  stately  monument  in  white  marble  ei-ectcd  to  her  memory. 
She  is  represented  on  the  monument  in  her  winding-sheet.  The 
inscription  on  it  is  as  follows  :  '  Here  under  lyeth  interred  the  body  of 
the  Right  Worshipful  Dame  Mary  Bolles,  of  Heath  Hall  in  the  county 
of  York,  Baronetess,  one  of  the  daughters  of  William  Witham  of  the 
worshipful  and  ancient  family  of  the  Withams  of  Leadstone  Hall  in 
the  county  aforesaid,  Esq.,  who  married  to  her  first  husband,  Thomas 
Jobson  of  Cudworth  in  the  said  county,  Esq.,  by  whom  she  had  issue, 
Thomas  Jobson,  Esq.,  and  Elizabeth,  who  married  Thomas  Sherre- 
brooke  of  Oxon  in  the  county  of  Nottingham,  Esq.  The  said  Dame 
Mary  Bolles  had  to  her  second  husband  Thomas  Bolles  of  Asbarstone 
in  the  county  of  Nottingham,  Esq.,  by  whom  she  had  issue,  Anne,  who 
married  the  right  worshipful  Sir  William  Dalston  of  Dalston  in  the 
county  of  Cumberland,  Knight  and  Baronet ;  and  Mary,  who  married 
Thomas  Lcgh  of  Adlington  in  the  county  of  Chester,  Esq.  The  said 
Dame  Mary  Bolles,  being  above  eighty  years  of  age,  departed  this 
mortal  Ufe  at  Heath  Hall  aforesaid,  the  5  day  of  May,  in  the  year  of 
our  Lord  1662.' 

"  The  benefactions  of  Lady  Bolles  were  considerable,  particularly  to 
Wakefield.  Her  datighter  Anne  having  married  Sir  William  Dalston, 
Heath  Hall  and  the  adjacent  lands  passed  into  the  possession  of  the 
family  of  that  name,  and  became  their  chief  seat  for  many  genei-ations. 
The  arms  of  the  Dalstons  were,  argent  a  chevron  engrailed  between 
thi-ee  daws'  heads  erased  saUe,  beaked  or.  Crest,  out  of  a  ducal  coronet 
a  falcon's  head  proper.  Sir  Wilham  had  a  son,  Sir  John,  who  also  had 
a  son,  Sir  Charles,  possessor  of  Heath  Hall,  married  first  to  Susan, 
daughter  of  Sir  Erancis  Blake  of  Ford  Castle  in  Cumberland  ;  and 
secondly  to  Ann,  third  daughter  of  Sir  Michael  Wentvvorth  of  Woolley, 
Knight,  and  relict  of  Sir  Lionel  Pilkington  of  Stanley.  Both  the  mar- 
riage settlements  of  Sir  Charles  are  preserved  at  Woolley,  and  also 
1864  31 


2G2  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  ASSOCIATION. 

several  letters  of  Lady  Ann  Dalston.  Lady  Ann  survived  her  husband, 
Sir  Charles,  and  was  married  thirdly  to  John  Maude,  commonly  called 
'  Lawyer  Maude,'  of  Alverthorpe  near  Wakefield.  She  died  on  the 
loth  August,  17(>4,  at  Chevet,  and  was  buried  in  the  church  of  All 
Saints  at  Wakefield.  The  Ualstons  were  also  connected  by  marriage 
with  the  Kamsdens  of  Byram  as  well  as  with  the  Wentworths.  Sir 
George  Dalston,  the  last  of  the  Dalstons  who  had  Heath,  left  no  male 
issue,  but  only  a  daughter,  Elizabeth,  married  to  Captain  Theobald 
Dillon.  At  her  decease,  leaving  no  issue,  agreeably  with  the  will  of  her 
father,  Sir  George  Dalston,  the  Hall  came  to  his  nephew,  Francis  Fau- 
quier, Esq.,  and  his  heirs  male  ;  in  default  of  such  to  William  Fauquier, 
Esq.,  whose  sou  William  sold  it  to  the  Hon.  John  Smyth,  grandfather 
of  the  present  possessor,  J.  G.  Smyth,  Esq. 

"  The  style  of  the  architecture  of  the  Hall  appears  to  be  Elizabethan. 
Within  the  memory  of  many  persons  now  living,  this  ancient  mansion 
was  tenanted  by  a  sisterhood  of  French  nuns  of  the  order  of  St.  Bene- 
dict, who,  to  escape  the  terrible  evils  of  intestine  war  at  a  time  when 
the  whole  continent  of  Europe  was  convulsed,  left  their  native  land  and 
sought  retirement  in  this  sequestered  spot.  Eight  individuals  of  this 
religious  order  lie  buried  in  the  adjacent  village  churchyard  of  Stork- 
thorpe." 


March  9. 
James  Copland,  M.D.,  F.R.S.,  V.P.,  in  the  Chair, 
Thanks  were  given  for  the  follo\ving  presents  : 

To  the  Society.     Proceedings  of  the  Royal  Society.     No.  61.     8vo. 

„  „  Proceedings  and  Papers  of  the  Kilkenny  and  South- 

East  of  Ireland  ArchtBological  Society.     No.  42.     8vo. 

„  „  Journal  of  the  Archaeological  Institute.     No.  79.     8vo. 

To  the  PtMisher.     Gentleman's  Magazine  for  March.     8vo. 

Mr.  Wm.  Powell  exhibited  a  pint  vessel  of  the  form  of  the  old  bellar- 
mine,  but  destitute  of  ornament ;  the  character  of  glaze  indicating  it  to 
be  of  the  seventeenth  century.     It  was  found  at  Deptford,  Feb.  1804. 

Mr.  Cuming  has  a  galonier,  thirteen  inches  and  a  half  high,  of  the 
same  contour  as  the  above,  also  of  the  seventeenth  century.  Such 
vessels  as  these  were  frequently  called  "Dutchmen,"  from  the  Low 
Countries  being  their  place  of  manufacture.     (See  Journal,  x\a,  356.) 

Mr.  John  Taylor  exhibited  a  Danish  brooch  of  the  tenth  century, 
found  in  Quart  Pot  Lane,  Noi-thampton.  It  is  of  brass,  but  in  all  other 
respects  precisely  similar  to  one  of  white  metal  engraved  in  the  Journal 
(xviii,  226,  fig.  8).     One,  probably  from  the  same  mould,  is  sketched 


PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  ASSOCIATION.  2G3 

in  the  Ueports  of  the  SuflTolk  Archaeological  Society,  and  was  found  in 
that  county  .it  Tckliiio'worth  (?). 

Mr.  C.  Urcnt  exhibited  a  circular  brooch  of  lead,  one  inch  and  five- 
eighths  in  circumference,  lately  discovered  in  the  Steelyai'd,  presenting 
tlic  peculiar  character  of  both  sides  equally  decorated  in  low  relief, 
(hough  with  different  designs.  The  device  on  the  front  consists  of  a 
central  knob  surrounded  by  thirteen  pellets  enclosed  by  a  hoop  of  rays, 
from  which  emanate  a  star  of  ten  points  with  a  pellet  between  each  ; 
the  whole  bordered  by  a  double  circle  of  rays  like  the  hoop  in  the 
middle  of  the  held.  The  back  of  the  brooch  has  on  it  a  large  cross 
pattee  resembling  the  crosses  on  some  of  the  money  of  Edward  the 
Confessor,  and  between  each  limb  is  a  crosslet,  the  whole  verged  by 
three  circles  of  rays.  The  pin  moved  between  staples,  and  had  its  point 
held  by  a  curved  piece  cast  with  the  rest  of  the  trinket.  This  rare 
relic  belongs  to  the  first  half  of  the  eleventh  centuiy,  and  differs  consi- 
derably in  design  from  the  circular  leaden  brooches  engraved  in  the 
Journal  (ii,  312). 

Mr.  Irvine  exliibited  a  claw-hammer  of  iron,  both  the  head  and  lonor 
socketed  stem  being  annulated  in  a  very  ornamental  manner ;  the  latter 
having  a  broad,  spiral  band  half  way  down,  and  a  fillet  near  the  base, 
inscribed  STEPHEN  WALLIS. 

Mr.  H.  Syer  Cuming  produced  a  claw-hammer  similar  to  the  above, 
but  of  rather  more  robust  make,  and  having  a  nafne  on  the  fillet,  too 
much  injured  by  rust  to  be  read  with  certainty.  It  was  recovered  from 
the  Thames  in  1849.  These  decorated  hammers  are  considered  to  have 
been  wrought  about  the  end  of  the  sixteenth  or  early  part  of  the  seven- 
teenth century,  and  probably  for  the  service  of  the  tapestry  hangers  or 
"  upholders,"  who,  from  the  time  of  Henry  VII,  formed  part  of  the 
royal  household.  The  duty  was  pei-formed  by  six  yeomen  of  the  guard, 
and  the  title  of  "yeomen  hangers"  was  retained  long  after  tapestry 
ceased  to  be  employed. 

Mr.  Irvine  exhibited  a  pocket  solarium,  or  ring-dial,  of  brass,  of  like 
kind  to  those  described  in  Mr.  Cuming's  paper,'  and  bearing  the  maker's 
name,  i .  hancock.  It  was  found  in  the  parish  of  Chilfrome,  Dorset. 
It  seems  that  such  horoloyla  were  called  by  some  "journey- rings";  for 
thus  writes  Herman  in  his  Vuhjaria  (1520)  :  "There  be  jorney-rynges 
and  instruments  lyke  an  hangynge  pyler,  with  a  tunge  lyllyng  oute,  to 
know  what  time  of  the  day."  The  large  ring-dial  of  silver  of  Charles  I, 
was  made  by  M.  De  la  Main.-  The  small  example  of  brass  in  Mr. 
Cuming's  cabinet  is  by  T.  Ruth ;  and  such  solaria  continued  in  use 
down  to  the  middle  of  the  reign  of  George  III,  the  latest  manufacturers 
being  Messrs.  Proctor  of  Milk-street,  Sheffield. 

Mr.  BlasluU  exhibited  a  pair  of  pendants  composed  of  brass,  each 

'  Journal,  xix,  71.  ^  lb.  xi,  230. 


264  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  ASSOCIATION. 

consisting  of  a  perpcndiculai'  chain  of  round  links,  from  which  diverge 
two  chains  for  the  support  of  a  lunate  bar,  to  which  are  linked  seven- 
teen delicate,  flat,  perfox^ated  drops,  calling  to  mind  the  Itiirch  attached 
to  the  ear-rings  and  other  trinkets  of  the  Egyptian  ladies.  Across  the 
lunate  is  a  wii'c,  on  which  slide  two  little  hollow  hemispheres.  These 
elegant  pendants  are  stated  to  have  been  found  in  the  Thames ;  but  it 
may  be  a  question  whether  they  be  not  of  oriental  origin,  forming  por- 
tions of  a  head-ornament  of  the  seventeenth  century. 

Mr.  Gunston  exhibited  three  curious  badges  found  in  London.  The 
cai'liest  is  of  the  thirteenth  centuiy,  and  was  dug  up  in  Moorfields.  It 
is  a  small  heater-shaped  shield  of  copper,  charged  on  either  side  with 
three  lions  passant,  and  has  a  loop  at  one  edge,  near  the  upper  comer. 
The  examples  displaying  these  arms,  enumerated  in  Mr.  H.  Syer 
Cuming's  paper,  "  On  Heraldic  Badges"  (read  May  27, 1863),  have  the 
lions  on  one  side  only,  indicating  that  it  was  the  visible  portion ;  but 
both  fields  of  the  present  specimen  were  evidently  exposed  to  view,  and 
the  little  escutcheon  was  probably  suspended  to  a  bugle,  possibly  of  the 
royal  huntsman.  The  straps  of  the  borstal  and  wdrral  horns  are  deco- 
rated with  plaques  of  heraldic  devices. 

The  second  specimen  was  found  in  the  Thames,  and  is  a  sleeve-badge 
of  latten,  engraved  with  the  arms  of  France  and  England  quarterly, 
ensigned  by  an  open  crown  or  coronet.  It  has  two  perforations  on 
each  side,  and  one  at  the  base,  to  admit  the  studs  or  rivets  by  which  it 
was  fixed  to  the  doublet  of  a  royal  retainer  of  the  fifteenth  century. 

The  third  is  a  medallion-badge  of  copper  thinly  plated  with  gold, 
found  in  1803  at  Shoreditch.  Ohv.,  lam'eled  bust  to  the  left  in  armour, 
with  the  initials  T.  R.  on  the  shoulder,  and  inscribed  GEOKGIVS  li.  rex.  ; 
rev.,  a  gentleman  in  the  act  of  drawing  an  arrow  at  a  stag,  the  two 
figures  divided  by  a  palm  tree.  It  has  a  little  loop  at  the  edge  for  sus- 
pension, and  was  doubtlessly  worn  as  a  badge  by  a  member  of  some 
toxophilite  society. 

Mr.  H.  Syer  Cuming  made  the  following  remarks : 

On  Archers'  Badges. 

"  From  an  early  period  the  successful  ai'cher  seems  to  have  been 
rewarded  with  some  sort  of  badge  ;  diifcring,  however,  considerably  in 
intrinsic  value  and  design ;  and,  at  least  in  one  instance,  of  anything 
but  a  suitable  character.  Hansard,  in  \\\ii  Book  of  Arclicry  (p.  115), 
speaking  of  the  target,  says  :  '  The  smallest  possible  honour  arises  from 
hitting  the  corners  within  the  circles  ;  and  the  person  who  does  this  is 
presented,  by  very  ancient  custom,  with  a  horn  spoon,  which  he  must 
•wear  in  the  button-hole  of  his  coat  until  won  from  liim  by  the  next 
-^  archer  who  plants  an  ai-row  in  the  same  division  of  the  target.'  What- 
vpVver  may  have  been  the  origin  of  tliis  strange  custom,  it  certainly  was 


^ 


Y7 


PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  ASSOCIATION.  2G5 

not  intended  as  a  mark  of  contempt ;  but  tlie  spoon  was  really  given 
and  accepted  as  an  honourable  ensign. 

"  Of  more  costly  material  and  more  appropriate  design  than  the  fore- 
going was  the  prize  offered  by  the  '  Sherif  of  Notyngham'  for  the  best 
shot,  as  recoi'ded  in  the  Mery  Geste  of  liohi/n  Hodc  : 

'  A  ryght  good  arrow  he  shal  have, 
The  shaft  of  sylver  white, 
The  head  and  fethcrs  of  riche  red  gold, 
In  England  is  none  lyke.' 

A  silver  arroiv  has  long  been  the  favourite  form  of  prize  awarded  to 
the  skilful  toxophilite,  and  that  of  Miisselburgh  claims  special  notice. 
This  ancient  badge  is  about  a  foot  in  length,  was  originally  gilt,  and 
from  it  depend  several  medals  and  escutcheons,  the  earliest  being  of 
gold,  and  inscribed  with  the  following  lamentation  : 

'  When  Ardrosc  was  a  man 

He  could  not  be  peald  ; 
At  the  old  sport  he  wan, 

When  Ardrose  was  a  man. 
But  now  he  neither  may  nor  can. 

Alas  !  he  is  faild. 
When  Ardrose  was  a  man 

He  could  not  be  peald.' 

"  Another  plate  displays  the  arms  of  Johnston  of  Elphinston,  with 
the  motto  '  Guid  them,'  and  the  date  1603.  If  the  prize  were  won 
three  years  in  succession  by  the  same  individual,  it  appears  to  have 
been  the  property  of  the  winner ;  one  of  the  shields  appended  beai-ing 
record  that  '  This  arrrow  has  been  3  tyms  wine  by  Robert  Dobie  of 
Stonihill,  and  now  gifted  by  him  till  the  town  of  Musselburgh,  1049.' 
The  silver  arrow  of  Musselburgh  continued  to  be  contended  for  by  the 
Koyal  Company  of  Scottish  archers  as  late  as  the  first  quarter  of  the 
eighteenth  century. 

"  In  olden  times  there  were  other  devices  besides  spoons  and  arrows 
offered  as  prizes  for  good  archery.  The  Bernal  Collection  contained  a 
beautiful  badge,  silver-gilt,  representing  a  cross-bow  set  with  stones  ; 
having  on  it  four  figures,  the  principal  one  being  St.  Sebastian,  the 
patron  of  archers.  It  is  inscribed  with  the  following  dates  and  letters, 
1551,  A.p.  1554,  A. p.  ;  and  donavit,  15G5,  This  relic  is  stated  to  have 
been  worn  by  the  captain  or  marshal  of  a  fraternity  of  toxophilites. 

"  One  of  the  favourite  sports  of  the  archer  was  shooting  at  the  pop- 
injay ;  and  it  seems  that  a  representation  of  the  bird  was  adopted  as  a 
prize  in  the  sixteenth  century,  for  the  Hon.  Robert  Curzon  has  a  silver- 
gilt  badge  of  this  form  depending  from  a  chain,  and  attached  to  it  a 
plaque  bearing  the  winner's  name,  Willem  van  Hoorn,  1592.    This  bird 


2G6  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  ASSOCIATION. 

is  crowned,  and  measures  seven  inclies  in  length.  A  curious  mention 
of  this  mark  is  made  by  Sir  Robert  Dallington  in  his  Vleiv  of  France 
in  1598.  He  says  :  '  Concerning  their  shooting  with  the  crosse-bowe, 
it  is  used,  but  not  very  commonly.  Once  in  a  yere  there  is  in  each  city 
a  shooting  \vith  the  peece  at  a  popinjay  of  wood  set  upon  some  high 
steeple  ;  as  also  they  doe  in  many  places  of  Germany.  He  that  hitteth 
it  downs  is  called  '  The  King'  for  that  year,  and  is  free  from  all  taxe. 
Besides,  he  is  allowed  twenty  crownes  towards  the  making  of  a  colla- 
tion for  the  rest  of  the  shooters.  And  if  it  happen  that  tlu-ee  yeres 
together  he  carry  the  prize,  he  is  free  from  all  taxe  and  imposition 
whatsoever  all  his  life  after.' 

During  the  Commonwealth,  archery,  like  other  sports  and  pastimes, 
suSered  an  eclipse  in  England,  but  again  shewed  itself  in  full  vigour  at 
the  Restoration ;  and  in  the  year  1676  Sir  Edward  Hungerford,  vidth 
others,  contributed  towards  a  silver-gilt  badge  weighing  twenty-two 
ounces,  to  be  worn  by  the  marshal  of  the  Frateraity  of  Bowmen,  which 
in  honour  of  Katherine  of  Braganza  bore  the  legend,  eegix^  Cathakin.e 
SAGiTTAKii,  with  the  figure  of  a  man  about  to  let  fly  his  arrow.' 

Of  more  humble  material  than  the  foregoing  badges,  but  still  of  singu- 
lar interest,  is  the  example  I  now  produce,  representing  the  horn-bow  of 
classic  contour,  measuring  three  inches  and  seven-eighths  from  tip  to 
tip,  and  charged  with  a  barbed  and  feathered  arrow  three  inches  and  a 
half  long ;  both  being  wrought  out  of  a  stout  plate  of  brass,  which 
appears  to  have  been  gilt,  and  suspended  by  a  steel  ring  passing 
tlirough  the  shaft  just  below  the  nock.  The  bow  is  drilled  at  each  end 
to  permit  medals  or  escutcheons  to  be  hung  to  it,  in  like  way  as  they 
hang  to  the  Musselburgh  arrow.  This  rare  toxophilite  bauble  is  of  the 
seventeenth  century,  and  was,  like  the  cross-bow  of  the  Bernal  cabinet, 
worn  by  the  chief  of  a  fraternity. 

"  With  this  badge  I  also  exhibit  an  archer's  hat-button,  or  stud,  of 
about  the  same  age.  It  is  of  brass,  seven-eighths  of  an  inch  in  dia- 
meter ;  and  seemingly  represents  the  slouched  hat  of  the  seventeenth 
century,  the  flat  crown  crossed  by  a  barbed  and  feathered  arrow.  This 
little  rehc  did  not,  perhaps,  indicate  the  rank  of  the  wearer,  but  was 
rather  the  cognisance  of  the  fraternity  to  which  he  belonged.  It  was 
dug  up  in  the  Temple  in  1845,  and  in  all  probability  is  from  the  hat  of 
one  of  the  attorneys  or  proctors  whose  shooting  matches  are  celebrated 
by  Sir  William  D'Avenant  in  his  poem  entitled  The  Lour/  Vacation  in 
London,  in  which  he  says  : 

*  Each  with  solemn  oath  agree 
To  meet  in  Fields  of  Finsburie  : 
With  loynes  in  canvas  bow-case  tyde  ; 
Whose  arrows  stickc  with  mickle  pride. 

'  Strutt's  Sports  and  Pastimes,  ed.  1838,  p.  C9. 


PllOCEEDINGS  OF  THE  ASSOCIATION.  2G7 

With  hats  piti'd  up,  ami  bow  in  hand, 
All  day  most  fiercely  there  they  stand, 
Like  ghosts  of  Adam  IJell  and  Clymme, — 
Sol  sets  for  fear  they  '11  shoot  at  him.' 

Finsbury  Fields  was  tho  most  famous  shooting-ground  north  of  tlio 
Thames  ;  but  tlio  archers  also  practised  at  Spitalfields,  Shorcditch, 
Islington,  Hoxton,  Shacklewell,  and  Pancras  ;  and  in  the  south  of 
London  in  St.  George's  Fields  and  Newington  Butts.  From  some  of 
these  localities  the  best  marksmen  received  tlie  mock  titles  of  earls  and 
marquises;  and  the  place  of  discovery  of  Mr.  Gunston's  medallion- 
badge  brings  to  mind  the  designation  of '  Duke  of  Shoreditch'  bestowed 
on  one  Barlow  by  King  Henry  VIII ;  which  name  was  long  afterwards 
granted  or  assumed  by  those  well  skilled  in  the  art  and  mystery  of  the 

'  peculiar  weapon  of  our  land, 

Graceful  yet  sturdy  bow.'  " 

Mr.  Blanche  read  a  paper  on  an  eflfigy  of  one  of  the  Markenfiold 
family  in  Ripon  Cathedral,  which  will  be  printed  and  illustrated  in  the 
next  Journal. 


March  23. 
T.  J.  PetticxEew,  Esq.,  F.R.S.,  F.S.A.,  V.P.,  in  the  Chair. 

Hartley  W.  Burgess,  Esq.,  16,  Walbrook  ; 

J.  A.  Bone,  Esq.,  Monument  Chambers,  Fish-street  Hill, 

were  elected  associates. 

Thanks  were  voted  for  the  following  presents  : 

From  the  Architectural  Museum.  Report  and  Correspondence  relative  to 
the  Formation  of  a  National  Museum  of  Architecture.  Folio. 
1863. 

From  the  Institute.    The  Canadian  Journal  for  Jan.  1864.   No.  49.   8vo. 

Mr.  Baigent,  in  a  letter  to  the  Treasurer,  dated  Winchester,  Feb.  23rd, 
1864,  communicated  as  follows  : 

"Yesterday  I  went  to  see  some  human  remains  which  had  just  been 
discovered,  or  rather,  I  should  say,  disturbed  by  the  frost,  which  had 
caused  a  portion  of  an  embankment  to  give  way,  bringing  down  with 
the  chalk  soil  two  or  three  skeletons,  and  leaviug  others  half  exposed 
to  view.  The  interments  were  not  many  feet  below  the  surface  ;  and 
the  bodies  were  laid  in  rows,  all  lying  east  and  west,  with  tlic  arms 
bent  over  the  chest,  the  hands  as  in  the  attitude  of  prayer.  I  saw  some 
beautiful  teeth,  together  with  the  fragments  of  a  skull  of  uimsual  thick- 
ness, and  nearly  all  the  bones  that  pertain  to  the  human  skeleton. 
The  bodies  were  all  buried  Avithout  coffins.     One  skull,  though  some- 


2G8  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  ASSOCIATION. 

what  injured,  was  so  remarkably  fine  as  to  induce  me  to  make  a  rough 
sketch  of  it,  which  I  transmit  for  the  Association.  It  presents  the 
profile  of  a  part  of  a  skull  found  with  other  human  remains  upon  a  por- 
tion of  land  near  the  Railway  Station,  Winchester,  formerly  the  site  of 
the  church  and  cemetery  of  St.  Anastasius.  The  chui'ch  of  St.  Anas- 
tasius  is  mentioned  in  my  paper  on  the  parish  church  of  Wykc,  pub- 
lished in  the  Journal  for  September  18G3.  This  church  was  united  to 
that  of  Wyke  in  the  fifteenth  century ;  and  though  I  have  seen  innu- 
merable wills  from  the  year  1500, 1  have  in  no  single  instance  met  with 
an  injunction  on  the  part  of  a  testator  to  be  buried  in  the  churchyard 
or  cemetery  of  St.  Anastasius.  This  induces  me  to  believe  that  it  had 
ceased  to  be  a  place  of  sepulture  more  than  three  hundi'cd  and  fifty 
years  ago.  I  have  frequently  come  across  charters  mentioning  this 
burial-ground.  In  one  now  before  me,  without  date,  but  from  the  style 
of  writing  as  well  as  the  name  of  one  of  the  attesting  witnesses,  may 
be  assigned  to  about  the  year  1280,  is  described  a  certain  tenement 
granted  to  Simon  Draper,  as  being  '  ex  apposito  cimiterii  Sancti  Anas- 
tasii:  " 

Mr.  Pettigrew  and  Mr.  Cuming  regarded  the  skull  as  decidedly 
Saxon  ;  and  the  Chairman  embraced  this  opj)ortunity  to  lay  before  the 
meeting  the  greater  portions  of  the  radius  and  uhaa  of  the  left  forearm 
sent  to  him  by  Mr.  Baigent,  who  had  received  them  from  a  labourer 
who  had  exhumed  a  quantity  of  human  remains  from  the  spot  above 
mentioned.  These  bones  are  of  a  delicate  and  slender  textui'c,  but  of 
perfect  formation  ;  and  were,  he  conceived,  part  of  the  body  of  a  Roman 
female  who  had  been  buried  without  a  coffin,  but  having  at  her  wrist  a 
bronze  armilla.  As  the  flesh  decomposed,  the  ornament  fell  into  con- 
tact with  the  bones  which  it  encircled,  and  to  which  it  had  given  a 
deep  tinge  of  green,  precisely  such  as  has  been  found  upon  bones  found 
in  a  copper  mine,  a  specimen  of  which  from  Llandudno  (in  a  drawing 
by  Miss  Fennell)  the  Chairman  exhibited.  The  armilla  is  devoid  of 
ornament,  if  we  except  a  few  lines  at  the  extremities.  It  has  preserved 
its  elasticity,  and  altogether  presents  an  interesting  specimen  of  sepul- 
chral interment.^ 

Lord  Boston  exhibited  an  alto-relievo  of  gypseous  alabaster,  five 
inches  and  three  quarters  high  by  seven  inches  wide,  being  a  portion 
of  the  predella  of  an  altar-piece.  The  subject  is  allegorical  of  life  and 
death.  An  almost  nude  genius  is  seated  on  the  ground,  resting  its 
right  arm  on  a  skull,  and  holding  a  shell  in  the  left  hand,  in  which  he 
seems  to  be  catching  two  balls,  one  half  the  size  of  the  other.  At  the 
feet  stands  a  gilded  egg-shaped  vase,  from  which  dark  blue  clouds  of 

'  At  the  late  Congress  a  radius  and  ulna,  having  no  less  than  seven  similar 
Jirmilla),  were  seen  in  the  museum  at  Colchester  Castle,  belonging  to  the  Rev. 
.Mr.  Pollexfen.    Another  specimen,  with  one  armilla,  is  in  the  Ipswich  Museum. 


PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  ASSOCIATION.  2G9 

incense  arise.  iVt  tlie  opposite  side  ol"  the  tableau  gi'ows  a  gilded  lily 
with  tall  green  leaves,  whilst  broad-pointed  red  and  green  leaves  are 
on  the  ground.  The  field  i.s  of  a  light  blue  tint,  contrasting  well  with 
the  colourless  figure  and  skull.  This  rare  example  of  polychroniic 
seulpturo  is  of  the  close  of  the  sixteenth  century  ;  of  French  workman- 
ship, manifesting  a  strong  Italian  bias  ;  and  may  possibly  be  the  remi- 
niscence of  a  design  by  the  Venetian  painter  and  medtdist,  Giovanni 
]ioldu,  who  flourished  about  the  middle  of  the  fifteenth  century.  It  is 
protected  by  a  frame  of  cai'ved  oak  adapted  to  the  purpose.  The  upper 
part  consists  of  two  arches  with  "  nail-head"  mouldings  ;  between 
them  is  a  grotesque  mascaron,  and  the  spandrils  are  filled  with  devices. 
The  interior  of  each  arch  represents  a  clam-shell.  The  side-jambs  are 
decorated  with  arabesques ;  the  whole  being  the  production  of  a 
Netherland  artist  of  the  second  half  of  the  sixteenth  century.  Lord 
Boston  states  that  he  purchased  the  alto-relievo  in  its  frame,  some 
years  back,  at  Aylesbury,  but  could  learn  nothing  of  its  history. 

Mr.  H.  Syer  Cuming,  in  support  of  the  French  origin  of  Lord  Boston's 
sculpture,  produced  a  mutilated  effigy  of  Asia  holding  in  her  right  hand 
the  sun  in  its  glory,  and  having  the  folds  of  her  robe  marked  %vith  red 
and  green  pigments  similar  to  those  employed  on  the  foliage  accompa- 
nying Lord  Boston's  allegoric  sculpture.  This  figure  belonged  to  a  set 
of  the  foul'  quarters  of  the  globe,  wrought  of  gypseous  alabaster,  in 
France,  towards  the  close  of  the  sixteenth  century.  When  entire  it 
must  have  measured  more  than  six  inches  in  height ;  but  in  the  Gerd. 
Mag.  for  May  1832,  p.  401,  are  engravings  of  Europe  and  America, 
which,  with  their  pedestals,  are  said  to  be  tw^enty  inches  high.  Com- 
plete sets  of  such  statuettes  arc  now  of  much  rarity,  and  the  notions 
respecting  them  exhibit  singular  ignorance.  Mr.  Cuming's  Asia  has 
been  pronounced  a  Saxon  idol  of  the  sun ;  and  the  Europe  and  Amei'ica 
in  the  Gent.  Mag.  are  described  as  representations  of  Isis  and  Osiris. 
For  other  French  figures  of  gypseous  alabaster  the  reader  is  referred 
to  tliis  Journal  (ix,  196,  and  x,  382)  ;  and  for  paintings  on  this  sub- 
stance, vol.  xviii,  280. 

The  Rev.  E.  Kell,  F.S.A.,  exhibited  the  drawing  of  a  piece  of  sculp- 
ture from  Netley  Abbey,  representing  a  wolf's  head  resting  on  its  foot. 
It  has  a  pecuharly  grotesque  expression,  and  is  appai'cntly  the  work  of 
the  thirteenth  or  fourteenth  century. 

In  connexion  with  the  strange  and  monstrous  forms  carved  in 
churches,  the  Chairman  had  forwarded  an  extract  from  the  works  of 
St.  Bernard,  where  the  saint,  denouncing  the  architectural  fancies  of 
the  Cluniac  monks,  asks  :  "  Again,  in  the  cloisters,  what  is  the  meaning 
of  those  ridiculous  monsters,  of  that  deformed  beauty,  that  beautiful 
deformity,  before  the  veiy  eyes  of  the  brethren  when  reading  ?  AVhat 
are  disgusting  monkeys  there  for,  or  ferocious  lions,  or  horrible  cen- 
1864  35 


270  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  ASSOCIATION. 

ftiurs,  or  spotted  tigers,  or  fighting  soldiers,  or  huntsmen  sounding  the 
bugle '?  You  may  sec  there  one  head  with  many  bodies,  or  one  body 
with  numerous  heads.  Here  is  a  quadruped  wnth  a  serpent's  tail ; 
there  is  a  fish  with  a  beast's  head  ;  there  a  creature,  in  front  a  horse, 
behind  a  goat ;  another  has  horns  at  one  end,  and  a  horse's  tail  at  the 
other."  ^  The  foregoing  might  almost  pass  for  a  commentary  on  the 
frieze  at  Adderbury  Church,  Oxon. 

Mr.  T.  Wright  made  some  observations,  and  stated  that  he  was  now 
engaged  on  a  work  of  some  extent,  on  the  subject  upon  which  he  had  in 
the  Journal  of  the  Association  formerly  contributed  some  notices.- 

Mr,  Clarence  Hopper  made  the  following  communication  on 

Two  Passages  in  the  Life  of  Bogo  de  Clare. 

"  There  are  two  incidents  in  the  life  of  Bogo  de  Clare  slightly  alluded 
to  in  our  Journal,^  which  I  think  are  worthy  of  more  especial  notice, 
as  the  Itinerary  of  that  individual  has  been  so  ably  commented  upon  by 
the  Rev.  Mr.  Hartshorne.  In  the  quotation  from  the  Rolls  of  Parlia- 
ment the  whole  of  the  facts  are  not  given  ;  and  there  is  a  little  opaque- 
ness about  the  story  of  the  fine  of  £10,000,  which  would  correspond 
with  an  almost  fabulous  sum  in  the  present  time,  and  if  inflicted  could 
scarcely  have  been  paid  in  full.  The  truth  is,  that  in  the  allegation  the 
damages  were  fixed  in  a  kind  of  fictitious  ratio,  as  may  be  found  in 
some  of  our  modern  courts  of  law. 

"  I  will  not  trouble  you  with  the  barbarous  jargon,  called  Latin, 
employed  in  our  law  courts  in  the  reign  of  Edward  I ;  but  endeavour 
to  give  you,  as  nearly  as  possible,  a  succinct  narrative  of  the  evidence 
as  inscribed  upon  the  coram  rcge  Roll  of  the  18th  of  that  monarch's 
reign,  from  which  it  appears  that  the  prior  of  the  Holy  Trinity  in 
London,  and  Bogo  de  Clare,  were  attached  to  answer  to  our  sovereign 
lord  the  king ;  Peter  de  Chanel,  the  king's  seneschal ;  Walter  de  Fane- 
court,  the  king's  marshal ;  Edmund  Earl  of  Cornwall,  and  the  abbot  of 
Westminster,  upon  this  ground,  that  when  the  said  earl  had  come,  at 
the  king's  mandate,  to  this  parliament  at  London,  and  was  passing 
through  the  middle  of  the  greater  hall  at  Westminster,  where  eveiy- 
body  of  the  kingdom  and  peace  of  oui'  lord  the  king  ought,  and  has  a 
right,  to  pm'sue  his  ease  and  business  lawfully  and  peaceably,  free  from 
any  citations  or  summonses,  the  aforesaid  prior,  at  the  procurement  of 
the  said  Bogo  de  Clare,  on  the  Friday  next  before  the  feast  of  the 
Purification  of  the  Blessed  Virgin  in  this  year,  did,  in  the  hall  afore- 
said, serve  a  citation  upon  the  aforesaid  eai'l,  that  he  should  appear  at 
a  certjiin  day  and  place  before  the  Archbishop  of  Canterbury  ;  wherein 

'  Bcrnardi  Opera,  lib.  i,  col.  526. 
-  Sec  Journal,  vol.  iv,  pp.  203-216.  ^  Vol.  xviii,  p.  75,  1862. 


PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  ASSOCIATION.  271 

it  was  charged  that  it  was  to  the  manifest  contempt  and  disparagement 
of  our  lord  the  king,  in  the  sum  of  ten  thousand  pounds,  and  lo  ilie 
injury  and  infringement  of  the  privilege  of  the  aforesaid  church  of  the 
abbot,  granted  thereunto  by  the  court  of  Rome,  that  the  place  afore- 
said should  be  altogether  exempt  from  the  jurisdiction  of  archbishojis 
or  bishops,  by  liberties  granted  to  him  and  his  church,  and  to  the 
damage  of  the  said  abbot  in  one  thousand  pound??,  and  to  the  manifest 
prejudice  of  the  office  of  the  said  seneschal  and  marshal,  and  to  them 
no  small  damage,  since  to  their  office,  and  to  no  other,  does  it  pertain 
to  make  summonses  and  attachments,  and  also  to  the  damage  of  the 
aforesaid  carl  in  £5,000,  and  thereupon  produces  suit,  etc. 

"  And  the  prior  and  Bogo  put  in  their  appearance ;  and  the  prior 
acknowledged  that  he  did,  as  was  alleged,  serve  the  citation  upon  the 
said  earl  on  the  day  and  place  named  ;  but  declared  his  ignorance  that 
the  place  was  exempt,  and  was  not  aware  that  it  was  to  the  prejudice 
of  the  king  or  his  officers,  and  threw  himself  upon  the  king's  mercy. 
The  facts  being  manifestly  acknowledged,  the  aforesaid  prior  and  Bogo 
were  committed  to  the  Tower  of  London,  to  be  there  kept  in  custody 
at  the  king's  pleasure. 

"  We  may  easily  conjecture  that,  with  a  short  term  of  '  durance  vile,' 
and  by  the  payment  of  a  mitigated  fine,  so  powerful  and  influential  a 
citizen  as  Bogo  de  Clare  soon  escaped  this  little  difficulty. 

"  But  he  does  not  appear  to  have  been  able  to  keep  himself  out  of 
hot  water ;  for  in  Hilary  term,  21  Edw.  1,  we  find  him  again  before 
the  court,  being  attached  to  answer  to  one  John  de  Waleys,  clerk,  con- 
cerning this,  that  when  the  said  John,  upon  Sunday  in  the  feast  of 
Trinity  last  past,  in  the  peace  of  our  lord  the  king,  and  on  the  part  of 
the  archbishop  of  Canterbury,  had  entered  the  house  of  the  aforesaid 
Bogo,  in  the  city  of  London,  and  then  and  there  had  brought  down 
some  letters  of  citation  to  be  served,  certain  of  the  family  of  the  afore- 
said Bogo  did  cause  the  said  John,  by  force  and  against  his  will,  to  eat 
the  same  letters  and  the  seals  appended  thereunto ;  and  then  and  there 
did  imprison,  beat,  and  evilly  intreat  him,  against  the  peace  of  our 
lord  the  king,  and  to  the  damage  of  the  said  John  of  £20,  and  also  in 
contempt  of  our  lord  the  king  of  £1,000;  and  therein  produces  suit,  etc. 

"  We  are  left  in  the  dark  upon  the  point  for  whom  these  letters  of 
citation  were  intended,  but  doubtless  they  were  meant  for  Bogo  him- 
self (a  man  of  sufficient  wealth  and  importance  as  to  command  a 
number  of  knights  and  clerics  amongst  his  retainers),  or  some  near 
connexion  of  his  family.  However  this  might  be,  this  unlooked-for 
meal  of  sheepskin  and  wax  not  agreeing  with  the  digestion  of  the  said 
John  de  Waleys,  he  forthwith  brings  his  action  against  the  master  of 
the  house,  who  appeared  and  defended  the  suit.  Bogo  puts  in  his  plea 
that  he  is  not  bound  to  answer  the  said  John  de  Waleys,  for  that  in  his 


272  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  ASSOCIATION. 

complaint  he  did  declare  that  certain  of  the  family  of  the  said  Bogo  had 
made  the  said  trespass,  but  named  no  distinct  individuals  as  is  wont ; 
neither  doth  he  shew  that  those  persons  did  it  by  his  order ;  so  that 
the  said  Bogo  being  neither  the  principal  actor  nor  mover  of  the 
offence,  sues  for  judgment  in  his  favour.  De  Waleys  being  mterro- 
gated  if  the  said  Bogo  either  did  or  instructed  any  trespass,  repUes  in 
the  negative ;  but  says  that  the  offence  was  committed  by  some  of  the 
family,  of  whose  names  he  is  totally  ignorant. 

"The  king  adjudges  that  the  trepass  being  an  egregious  outrage 
upon  holy  mother  church,  and  an  open  violation  and  contempt  of  the 
king's  sovereignty,  ought  not  to  pass  unpunished,  in  order  to  repress 
so  ill  an  example  to  future  times ;  and  that  he  ought  to  be  accountable 
for  any  transaction  which  transpired  under  his  roof,  and  at  the  hands 
of  those  who  fed  at  his  table.  Whereupon  all  the  family  of  Bogo  de 
Clare  were  brought  up,  excepting  Henry  de  Brabant,  John  Dunham, 
Roger  de  Burnham,  and  some  others,  who  had  escaped  and  fled  beyond 
the  seas.  And  the  jurors  having  examined  divers  knights  and  clerics, 
and  others  of  the  family  of  the  said  Bogo,  find  that  it  was  done  without 
his  cognisance,  precept,  or  assent.  And  as  by  the  law  of  England  he 
was  not  bound  to  reply  before  the  principal  actors  of  the  misdoing  were 
convicted,  he  was  bailed  to  answer  at  the  king's  pleasure  when  the  real 
perpetrators  of  the  offence  might  be  discovered.  In  the  interim  the 
above  named  delinquents  were  outlawed,  and  writs  issued  to  the  various 
sheriffs  for  their  apprehension.  The  result,  however,  was  a  natural 
one.     The  affair  passed  over,  and  Bogo  de  Clare  was  acquitted." 

Mr.  C.  H.  Luxmoore,  F.S.A.,  exhibited  an  amphora-shaped  Morocco 
water-bottle  of  earthenware,  richly  painted  with  arabesque  designs  in 
bright  blue,  yellow,  and  green,  upon  a  blueish-white  glaze. 

Mr.  Cuming  stated  that  he  had  a  deep  bowl,  a  dish,  and  small  bottle, 
of  the  same  fabric,  which  seems  to  be  a  reminiscence  of  that  ancient 
ware  which  in  mediaeval  times  gave  birth  to  the  majolica,  or  faenza,  of 
Italy.  The  examples  possessed  by  Mr.  Luxmoore  and  Mr.  Cuming 
were  all  made  in  Fez,  regarding  the  modem  pottery  of  which  place 
Sir  Arthur  de  Capell  Brooke  says  in  his  SJcetches  in  Spain  and  Morocco 
(ii,  92)  :  "  The  ware  is  coarse,  and  in  some  of  the  articles  the  glazing 
is  very  tolerable ;  while  others  appear  without  any,  and  as  if  heat  had 
not  been  employed  to  fix  the  colours  :  the  red,  in  particular,  in  some 
does  not  seem  to  have  been  burnt  iu,  but  to  have  been  dropt  on  after- 
wards, like  seahng-wax  (which  it  resembles  a  good  deal),  according  to 
the  pattern  required." 

Mr.  W.  Powell  called  attention  to  four  forgeries  of  first  brass  Roman 
coins  in  cock-metal,  professed  to  have  been  discovered  in  deep  excava- 
tions in  the  neighbourhood  of  Dowgate  Hill,  What  pretends  to  be  the 
earliest  is  of  Caligula,  bearing  on  the  reverse  the  effigies  of  his  three 


PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  ASSOCIATION.  273 

sisters,  ApTippiiia,  Drusilla,  and  Julia.^  The  next  is  of  Cliiudius ; 
reverse,  a  triiimplial  areli  crowned  by  a  fij^nrc  of  Drusus  on  liorsebaek, 
tbe  original  having  been  struck  on  the  institution  of  the  equestrian 
games  in  honour  of  the  birthdays  of  Drusus  and  Antonia,  the  emperor's 
parents.  The  two  remaining  pieces  are  from  a  Paduan  forgery  of  the 
sixteenth  century,  bearing  on  the  obverse  the  bust  and  names  of  Septi- 
mius  Severus  ;  and  on  the  reverse  a  standing  figure  holding  a  spear  in 
the  I'ight  hand,  and  resting  the  left  on  a  shield.  Legend,  Divi  M  rii 
F  .  P  .  M  .  TRP .  mi .  cos  .  II .  p  .  p.  These  four  pieces  were  cast  in  sand- 
moulds  by  the  same  family  who  have  too  long  supplied  the  market  with 
pseudo-antiques  in  lead,  and  have  lately  turned  their  attention  to  cast- 
ing keys,  etc.,  in  cock-metal.  Towards  the  close  of  last  year  they 
forged  four  Koman  daggers  of  bronze  {I.e.  cock-metal),  three  of  which 
are  in  the  provinces,  the  other  still  remaining  in  London. 

Mr.  J.  T.  Irvine  laid  before  the  meeting  five  sestertii  found  in  a  bank 
of  earth  near  the  Roman  villa  at  Winford  Eagle,  Dorsetshire.  One  is 
of  Nerva,  one  of  Trajan,  and  the  rest  of  Hadrian.  They  are  all  much 
worn,  indicating  that  they  were  long  in  circulation.  Mr.  Irvine  also 
exhibited  seven  small  brass  coins  discovered  in  Dorchester,  consisting 
of  the  following  emperors  :  Gallienus,  Carausius,  Claudius  Gothicus, 
Tetricus  I  and  II,  Constantinople  under  Constantine  the  Great,  and 
Gratian. 

Mr.  Irvine  further  exhibited  four  Roman  coins,  the  property  of 
Mr.  John  Taylor  of  JSTorthampton,  discovered  in  the  ruins  of  a  villa  in 
the  parish  of  Dunston.  They  are  as  follow  :  two  small  brass  of  Carau- 
sius, the  reverse  of  one  bearing  a  centaur  to  the  left  (leg  .  ii)  parth. 
Mmted  at  London.  This  difiers  in  some  respects  from  coins  of  the 
same  type  and  legend  given  by  Stukeley.  The  other  piece  displays  on 
its  reverse  a  standing  figure  of  Pax,  and  is  struck  over  a  coin  of  Tetri- 
cus the  Elder,  whose  legend,  imp  .  c .  te,  occupies  the  place  of  the  word 
AVG.  Stukeley  has  given  a  nearly  similar  coin  of  Carausius,  struck 
upon  one  of  Victorinus,  the  letters  victor  being  behind  the  effigy  of 
Pax.  The  two  other  Dunston  coins  are  of  Constantine  the  Great,  a 
second  brass,  reverse,  soli  invicto  comiti  ;  and  a  thii'd  brass,  reverse, 
BEATA  TRANQVILLITAS,  and  an  altar  inscribed  VOTIS  xx.  Both  of  these 
coins  were  minted  at  Treves. 

Mr.  S.  Wood  exhibited  four  small  brass  Roman  coins  of  the  fom*th 
centmy,  viz.  of  Constantine  the  Great,  Constantinople,  "  Urbs  Roma," 
and  Constans.  Though  of  common  type  they  are  of  interest  from  their 
good  state  of  preservation.  They  were  found  in  Merionethshire  in  an 
urn,  which  also  contained  about  seventeen  hundi'cd  pieces  of  money. 

Mr.  C.  Brent  exhibited  a  portion  of  a  bronze  frieze  bearing  an  ele- 
gantly draped  pi-ofilc  figure  of  a  priestess,  to  the  left ;  her  right  arm 

'  i\Ir.  Cumiug  has  an  early  Italian  cast  of  this  rare  coin,  in  bronze,  of  remark- 
able thinness. 


274  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  ASSOCIATION. 

raised,  and  her  left  hand  grasping  a  portion  of  her  robe.  It  is  of  tho 
time  of  Hadrian,  when  an  archaic  spu-it  pervaded  works  both  of  stone 
and  metal.  This  fine  bronze  was  stated  to  have  been  found  in  Moor- 
fields.  Mr.  Brent  also  laid  before  the  meeting  a  mitred  bust  of 
St.  Thomas  witliin  a  canopy,  part  of  which  is  broken  away ;  and  a 
Thomas'  bell  inscribed  CA:iiBA  thome.  Both  are  of  pewter,  of  the  four- 
teenth century,  and  lately  exhumed  on  the  site  of  the  Steelyard,  Upper 
Thames-street.     Some  of  the  Canterbury  bells  bear  the  legend,  SANCTI 

TOMAES. 

Mr.  Gunston  exliibited  a  vicran,  or  token  of  presence,  found  in  Moor- 
fields.  It  is  of  white  metal,  rather  larger  than  the  present  halfpenny  ; 
and,  from  the  sharpness  of  the  devices,  appears  to  have  been  cast  in  a 
metal  die,  in  like  way  as  the  papal  bulls.  Obverse, — within  a  circle  of 
twenty-four  annulated  pellets  the  Agnus  Dei  supporting  the  banner  of 
the  ResuiTection  by  its  left  foot,  and  turning  the  head  back  to  survey 
it.  The  cruciferous  banner  held  by  the  Holy  Lamb  on  the  Wliitland 
tile  of  the  thirteenth  century,  described  at  p.  81  ante,  has  three  tails ; 
and  a  three-tailed  banner  is  also  held  by  the  Lamb  on  the  moutoiis 
struck  by  our  Edward  III  for  his  Anglo-Gallic  possessions  ;  but  in  the 
present  instance  three  tails  float  at  once  from  the  cross-staff ;  and  it  is 
also  note-worthy  that  the  figure  is  mthout  a  nimbus,  Hke  the  Agnus 
Dei  in  Chartres  Cathedral,  of  the  thirteenth  century,  given  in  this 
Journal  (x,  351).  Reverse, — a  cross  with  very  broad  ends  extending  to 
the  edge  of  the  piece ;  and  between  each  limb,  in  the  centre,  are  three 
annulated  pellets  ;  and  in  the  margm  foui'  similar  pellets.  This  merau 
is  of  the  fourteenth  century,  and  probably  appertained  to  an  Easter 
festival,  the  device  being  typical  of  the  Paschal  Lamb.  (For  some 
notice  of  tokens  of  presence,  see  Journal,  i,  206.) 

Mr.  H.  Syer  Cuming  exhibited  two  French  jettons,  or  abbey-pieces,  of 
the  fourteenth  century,  of  brass,  both  displajang  inscribed  effigies  of  the 
Agnus  Dei.  The  banner  borne  by  one  of  the  figures  has  three  tails,  and 
the  staff"  terminates  in  a  cross  potent.  Legend,  hvxte  .  BIEX .  movton. 
Reverse,  a  cross  fleury  within  a  quatrefoil,  delatok  .  svi .  novmes.  The 
banner  held  by  the  Lamb  on  the  other  jetton  has  but  two  tails,  and  the 
staff"  ends  in  a  cross  pommee.  Legend,  getbs  .  sans  .  falir  (cast  without 
mistaJce).  Reverse,  a  cross  potent  with  a  fleui'-de-lys  between  each 
limb.  GETES  .  BIEN  .  SAGEM  (cast  right  tvisehj).  The  Agnus  Dei  in  the 
reliquary  of  about  the  end  of  the  fifteenth  century,  engraved  in  this 
Juiirual  (x\aii,  397),  supports  a  cruciferous  banner  with  two  tails. 


275 


^nttqunrtan    Entcllignicc, 


Addenda  to  the  "^des  Hartwellian^."  By  Admiral  W.  H,  Smyth, 
K.S.F.,D.C.L.,  F.R.S.,F.S.A.,  etc.  London,  1804  4-to.  Privately 
printed. 

In  a  former  volume  of  the  Journal  (vii,  pp.  444-52)  we  have  given  a 
notice  of  the  ^des  Hartwellian^  by  Admiral  W.  H.  Smyth,  and  we 
have  now  the  gratification  of  announcing  the  appearance  of  a  volume  of 
Addenda.  This  cannot  but  be  interesting  to  our  readers  from  the  rela- 
tion it  bears  to  our  late  President,  Dr.  John  Lee,  LL.D.,  F.R.S.,  F.S.A., 
etc.,  the  owner  of  the  Hartwell  domain.  It  is  appropriately  and  affec- 
tionately addressed  to  Dr.  Lee  by  the  author,  who  has  entered  con 
amore  into  all  those  objects  and  pursuits  which  have  for  so  long  a  time 
formed  the  objects  of  the  worthy  Doctor's  pursuits,  tending  to  the 
advancement  of  science,  the  progress  of  human  knowledge,  and  the 
happiness  of  mankind.  The  particular  notices  in  relation  to  the 
climatic  phenomena  of  Hartwell,  the  illustrations  of  its  geology,  its  con- 
tributions to  palteontology,  and,  above  all,  the  astronomical  observa- 
tions which  have  emanated  from  its  Observatory,  give  additional  inte- 
rest to  the  archaeological  and  historical  subjects  treated  of  in  this 
handsome  volume,  alike  creditable  to  the  generosity,  the  taste,  and  the 
learning,  of  the  possessor  of  the  mansion  and  the  author  of  the  work. 

The  first  chapter  contains  a  chorographical  nomenclature,  in  which 
Admiral  Smyth  contends  for  his  original  suggestion  as  to  the  appella- 
tion of  Buckingham  ;  deriving  it  from  the  British  live,  Saxonised  into 
hoc  or  hue,  bearing  allusion  to  the  forests  of  beech  trees  which  distin- 
guish the  county ;  and  he  has  enriched  his  pages  in  regard  to  local 
nomenclature  by  a  very  extensive  collection  of  archaisms  stiU  lingering 
among  the  peasantry  in  various  parts  of  Buckinghamshire.  Among 
these  the  following  will  be  esteemed  by  our  readers  as  apparently  new 
or  the  most  rare  : 

"Bitnam,  an  angle  or  turning  in  a  wood. 

Boddle,  weeds  in  corn. 

Bottom,  low  or  depressed  ground. 

Bremel,  the  bramble  or  blackberry  bush. 

Caddow,  a  name  for  a  jackdaw. 

Clavvers,  bur-weeds  in  corn. 


276  A^'TIQUARIAN    INTELLIGENCE. 

Dredge,  a  mixture  of  oats  and  barley. 

Flam,  a  low,  marshy  place  nc^v  a  stream. 

Fog,  the  aftermath,  or  second  crop  of  grass. 

Freani,  land  which  has  been  worked  too  much. 

Gis-ground,  untilled  green  sward. 

llartston,  a  homestall  where  harts  are  congregated. 

Hirste,  a  branch  or  bough. 

Hor-mead,  a  boundary  meadow. 

Jurnut,  the  earth-bunium,  or  pig-nut. 

Kirnmel,  a  tub  for  household  purposes. 

Little-worth,  an  enclosed  homestead,  a  small  farm. 

Mestling,  mixed  corn  of  wheat  and  rye  sown  together. 

Porioig<ile,  a  tadpole. 

Pucjgens,  the  husks  of  barley. 

Rowens,  the  second  mowing  of  grass  for  hay. 

Skip,  a  chaff-basket. 

Souse,  broth  and  vegetables  given  to  farm-labourers. 

Spinne}/,  a  shaw  or  woody  plot,  a  streamlet. 

Stuhbings,  relics  of  the  harvest. 

Stoarth  or  swatch,  the  fall  of  grass  at  each  cut  of  the  mower's  scythe. 

Thiller,  a  term  denoting  the  shaft-horse." 

The  arcbaBological  additions  to  the  jEdes  since  their  publication  are 
not  numerous,  but  carry  no  little  interest.  Intelligence  of  the  principal 
discoveries  of  recent  date  has  already  been  given  to  antiquaries  by 
J.  Y.  Akernian,  Esq.,  late  Secretary  of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries, 
through  the  pages  of  the  Archceologia  (vol.  xxxiv,  pp.  21-32).  This  is 
a  paper  of  importance,  treating  of  a  question  still  in  dispute  among 
some  antiquaries.  Remains  were  found  in  a  pit  of  the  description 
commonly  knoAvn  as  latrince,  or  rubbish-holes,  until  the  inquiries  by 
Dr.  Diamond  at  Ewell,  near  Epsom,^  dissipated  that  idea  as  well  as  that 
of  their  having  been  wells,  by  demonstrating,  from  the  natui-e  of  their 
contents,  that  they  had  been  devoted  to  the  purpose  of  sepulchral  inter- 
ment. Mr.  Akerman  having  received  intelligence  of  similar  structures 
in  the  Isle  of  Thanet,  and  having  consulted  the  pages  of  Bartoli,' 
wherein  is  described  the  construction  of  a  particular  kind  of  columba- 
rium discovered  on  the  Aventine  Hill  in  1692,  was  weU  prepared  to 
examine  some  pits  in  the  village  of  Stone  near  Aylesbury,  and  has 
satisfactorily  shewn  that  they  belong  to  a  mode  of  sepulture  frequently 
resorted  to  by  the  Roman  possessors  of  Britain  ;  a  mode  of  all  others, 
after  cremation  has  been  employed,  most  likely  to  secure  the  remains 
from  vnolation  or  desecration,  and  occupying  only  a  very  limited  space 
for  their  destined  purpose. 

The  spot  at  which  the  discovery  was  made  is  at  a  considerable  height 
above  the  Vale  of  Aylesbury,  where,  a  few  years  since,  some  labourers 

'  Archaiologia,  xxxii,  451.  *  Qji  ^ntichi  Sepolcri.    Roma,  1768.  Fol. 


ANTIQUARIAN    INTELLIGENCE.  277 

fountl  several  human  skeletons,  with  the  remains  of  oxen,  etc.  This 
had  at  one  time  been  the  site  of  a  cemetery  ;  and  along  with  the  skele- 
tons and  bones  of  the  ox  were  found  also  a  horse-shoe  and  various 
weapons  establishing  the  Teutonic  character  of  the  interaicnts. 

Prevaously  the  Rev.  J.  B.  Reade  had  found  in  the  orchard  of  the 
Vicarage  a  large  Saxon  bronze  fibula,  which  was  exhibited  to  the  Society 
of  Antiquaries,'  with  a  portion  of  coarse  cloth  still  adhering  to  the 
fragment  of  the  acus ;  from  which  it  may  reasonably  be  presumed  to 
have  been  buried  along  with  the  body  of  the  wearer.  The  limits  of 
the  cemetery  have  not  been  determined.  It  probably  embraced  the 
southern  portion  of  the  vicar's  garden ;  and  on  the  north  side  of  the 
road  various  relics,  both  Roman  and  Saxon,  have  occasionally  been 
discovered.  Skeletons  with  spear-heads,  knives,  umbos  of  shields,  urns 
containing  incremated  bones,  etc.,  have  been  brought  to  light ;  and  in 
one  instance  the  workmen  came  upon  a  pit  no  less  than  twenty-seven 
feet  deep,  in  which,  at  fifteen  feet  from  the  surface,  an  urn  was  disco- 
vered. The  remains  are  clearly  those  of  two  different  people.  Of  their 
precise  age  it  would  be  difficult  to  pronounce  :  a  difficulty  increased  by 
the  discovery  of  what  the  workmen  regarded  as  an  old  well,  abandoned 
and  filled  up,  on  the  left  of  the  road,  and  upon  the  site  of  the  County 
Lunatic  Asylum. 

1^0  relics  had  hitherto  been  found  upon  this  spot ;  and  Mr.  Aker- 
man  and  the  Rev.  Mr.  Reade  determined  upon  an  exploration.  At 
the  depth  of  eight  feet  a  stratum  of  hard  blue  stone,  a  foot  thick, 
occurred,  and  through  this  a  circular  hole  had  been  made.  Immedi- 
ately beneath,  a  chamber  six  feet  three  inches  in  diameter  was  disco- 
vered ;  and  from  this  many  fragments  of  cinerary  ui'ns  of  a  dark  slate- 
colour,  some  containing  bones,  human  and  of  some  large  animal,  and 
portions  of  burnt  oak  and  beech,  were  obtained.  The  shaft  of  the  pit 
was  continued  through  the  chamber  eleven  feet,  to  another  stratum  of 
rock ;  and  beneath  this  there  was  a  second  chamber,  foui'  feet  four 
inches  in  diameter,  containing  similar  relics  with  the  addition  of  the 
skull,  teeth,  the  horn  of  an  ox,  a  portion  of  the  skin,  tanned  and  pre- 
served by  the  action  of  sulphurous  acid  of  the  blue  clay  below  ;  together 
with  wood  burnt  and  unbui'nt,  and  partially  destroyed.  There  were 
twelve  urns  of  different  sizes  and  forms ;  two  bronze  rings,  probably 
armilloB,  rude  in  their  construction,  and  two  inches  and  three-quarters 
diameter ;  and  a  wooden  bucket  with  iron  hoops  and  elects  for  the 
handle,  which,  however,  could  not  be  found.  The  edges  of  the  staves 
of  the  bucket  were  connected  together  by  wooden  pins.  The  bucket  and 
urns  ai"e  represented  in  the  accompanying  woodcuts  (Nos.  1  and  2) 
on  the  next  page. 

Some  of  the  urns  had  been  baked  in  what  is  called  "  smother-kilns," 

'  See  Archceoloqia,  vol.  xxx,  Appendix,  p.  545. 
1864  ■  3() 


278 


ANTIQUARIAN    INTELLIGENCE. 


of  which  the  first  account  was  given  in  this  Journal  (vol.  i,  p.  3)  by 
!Mr.  C.  Roach  Smith,  from  a  discoveiy  made  by  the  late  E.  T.  Artis, 
Esq.  These  vessels  bore  no  potter's  name,  like  to  those  found  by 
Dr.  Diamond  at  EweU ;  and  Mr.  Akerman  concluded  that  the  Roman 
inhabitants  of  this  spot  and  their  immediate  successors,  whether  a  tribe 
of  Franks  or  Saxons,  were  of  a  humble,  though  not  of  the  humblest 
grade.  Other  vases  found  about  fifty  yards  from  this  spot,  would 
appear  to  mark  out  this  place  as  having  been  a  common  burial-ground 
of  the  Roman  or  Romanised  inhabitants. 


Ko.  1. 


No.  2. 


From  the  foregoing  statements  we  learn  that  Stone  has  been  pro- 
ductive of — 

1.  In  the  Vicarage  garden  a  large  dish- shaped  fibula  having  a 
Christian  emblem.^ 

2.  In  the  turnpike  road  seven  human  skeletons  regularly  interred, 
one  of  which,  in  a  semicircular  grave,  had  stones  placed  over  the  whole 
of  the  body.  Another  had  an  obliterated  coin  of  Magnentius  and  a 
fragment  of  the  skull  of  an  ox. 

3.  In  the  sand-pit  a  skeleton  with  spear,  knife,  umbo  of  shield,  and 
an  urn  at  the  feet ;  a  cinerary  imi  filled  with  biumt  bones,  and  an 
inverted  and  empty  urn.  Traces  of  fire  around  were  distinctly  ti-aced, 
and  several  fragments  of  cinerary  urns. 

4.  In  the  shaft  twenty-seven  feet  deep,  an  urn  at  fifteen  feet,  and 
stones  at  the  bottom  bearing  evidences  of  fire. 

5.  On  the  field,  the  site  of  the  County  A.sylum,  a  pit  containing  in 
the  upper  chamber  about  a  dozen  cinerary  urns  containing  human  and 
animal  bones,  wood  burnt  and  unburnt,  and  at  the  bottom  a  portion  of 
tanned  skin,  a  piece  of  wood  with  a  square  hole  in  the  middle,  and  a 
wooden  bucket  made  of  oak,  but  the  handle  wanting.  Here  were  also 
found  portions  of  the  bones  of  an  ox,  some  other  animal,  the  core  of 
the  horn  of  a  goat,  and  the  phalanges  of  some  young  quadruped  ;  two 
bi'onze  armillse ;  an  iron  disc,  about  an  inch  in  diameter,  with  a  spike 
on  each  side  ;  the  handle  of  an  amphora,  and  a  few  fragments  of 
Samian  ware. 

6.  Fifty  yards  north-west  of  the  pit,  and  only  two  feet  from  the  sur- 


Engraved  in  the  Archceoloyia,  xxx,  p.  545. 


ANTIQUARIAN    INTELLIGENCE.  279 

face,  a  double-handled  nrn  ;  a  smaller  one  with  a  single  handle,  and  a 
small  one  of  dark  clay.  Thirty  yards  south-west,  various  fragments  of 
cinerary  urns  of  a  coarse  fabric  ;  and  near  to  tliis  spot  two  coins  in 
middle  brass,  one  of  them  Domitian  :  rev.,  Spes  walking ;  the  other  of 
Vespasian, — rev.,  an  altar  between  the  letters  s  .  c. 

In  addition  to  these  archssological  memoranda  connected  with  this 
locality,  Admiral  Smyth  states  that  in  1854  an  aureus  of  Nero,  with  a 
sedent  Salus  on  its  reverse,  was  discovered  in  Kingsey  Field  near  Twy- 
thorpe.  In  April  1858  a  second  brass  (Probus),  on  the  north  side  of 
Hartwell  House,  bearing  a  galeated  figure,  inscribed  virtvs  avg.  as  its 
reverse;  and  must  have  been  struck  a.d.  279.  The  present  Vicar  of 
Stone  (the  Rev.  Dr.  Booth,  F.R.S.)  in  1862  discovered  some  human 
remains,  together  with  two  iron  spear-heads,  in  the  Stone  sand-pits ; 
and  a  third  brass  coin  of  Claudius  Gothicus  was  also  picked  up  at  the 
red  sand-pit  near  Peverel  Court,  on  the  8th  Nov.  of  the  same  year. 
Hoards  of  coins  have  occasionally  been  met  with  ;  and  Dr.  Lee,  in 
digging  trenches  for  the  planting  of  trees  between  the  church  and 
mansion  of  Hartwell,  came  upon  a  collection  of  silver  coins  consisting 
of  about  two  thousand  four  hundred  crowns,  half-crowns,  shillings,  and 
sixpences  of  Edward  VI,  Philip  and  Mary,  Elizabeth,  James  I,  and 
Charles  I.  To  the  latter  reign  the  greater  number  pertained.  On 
another  occasion  a  gold  angel,  which  had  been  used  as  a  touch-piece 
for  the  cui'e  of  the  e\i\,  was  discovered. 

The  second  chapter  of  the  ^des  is  devoted  to  the  geology,  clima- 
ture,  and  husbandry,  around  Hartwell,  continued  from  the  previous 
volume  ;  based  on  the  investigations  of  the  late  Dr.  Fitton  and  Sir 
Hemy  De  la  Beche  by  Mr.  Warrington  Smyth,  F.R.S. ,  inspector  of 
the  mineral  property  of  the  Crown.  A  plate  of  the  geological  featui^es 
of  the  manor  is  given  ;  and  another  of  the  sections  of  strata,  and  the 
representation  of  a  pleurophilis  serratus  in  a  fossil  state.  Other  fossil 
monsters  have  been  met  with,  and  are  preserved  in  the  Hartwell 
Museum. 

Having  noticed  the  phenomena  observable  in  the  several  months  of 
the  year,  the  author  proceeds  to  treat  of  the  husbandry,  and  gives  an 
engraved  plate  of  the  farms  around  Hartwell.  In  the  consideration  of 
this  subject,  the  Admiral  enters  upon  a  defence  of  birds,  and  expresses 
his  gratification  at  finding  the  best  farmers  are  not  to  be  reckoned 
among  the  bitterest  foes  of  the  feathered  race.  The  decree  in  the  24th 
Henry  VIII,  to  extirpate  rooks,  crows,  etc.,  is  given.  A  list  of  the 
innocuous  birds  of  the  district  amounts  to  no  less  than  eighty-four 
species,  by  whose  habits  and  exertions  much  protection  is  afibrded  to 
vegetation. 

The  general  sodality  of  Hartwell  at  the  Conquest ;  the  notice  of  tlie 
Hampdens,  so  intimately  connected  with  the  manor  of  Hartwell,  has 


280  ANTIQUARIAN    INTELLIGENCE. 

afforded  opportunity  to  introduce  many  interesting  testamentaiy  docu- 
ments,   inventories,   etc.,  preserved    among   tlie    family  muniments ;' 
notices  of  the  Lees  of  Quarendon,  establishing  the  cori'elatiou  of  the 
houses  of  Morton,  Claydon,  and  Quarendon  ;  of  Sir  George  Lee,  Piince 
Fredei'ick  and  the  Princess  of  Wales  ;  the  Lees  of  Cohvorth,  etc.  ;  the 
whole  forming  a  very  varied  and  valuable  chapter.     It  introduces  us  to 
several  subjects  interesting  to  antiquaries.    The  now  desecrated,  chapel, 
the  birthplace  of  St.  Osyth,  is  figured  in  the  accompanying  plate  (14) 
as  it  appeared  in  1 828.     The  nave  is  forty  feet  in  length  by  twenty  in 
breadth,  the  chancel  twenty-one  feet  by  thirteen,  and  the  aisles  forty 
feet  by  nine.     To  the  exertions  of  Ai'chdeacon  Bickersteth,  urged  by 
the  local  archaeological  society,  its  present  state  is  owing,  else  it  would 
assui'edly  have  been  razed  to  the  ground.    The  degradation  of  the  build- 
ing is  well  displayed  in  the  views  here  given  (plates  15  and  16)  ;  and  we 
learn  that  the  interior,  in  1828,  showed  a  clerestoried  nave  with  lateral 
aisles  ;  a  chancel  with  vestiges  of  a  gable  roof,  though  without  any  tiles  ; 
the  fittings  gone,  and  the  area  strewed  with  monumental  debris.    Before 
1858  the  spoil  had  been  carried  off  by  cartloads  ;  not  a  monument  or 
inscription  remained,  the  Early  English  portion  of  the  architectui'e  was 
destroyed,  and  the  very  walls  wei'e  gone..     The  appearance  of  its  roof- 
less arches,  as  shewn  in  the  plates,  will  excite  much  regret.     There 
had  been  a  costly  sarcophagus  of  Sir  Henry  Lee,  and  also  his  statue 
in  gilt  armour,  decorated  with  the  insignia  of  the  garter  ;  near  to  this  a 
fine  altar-tomb  with  the  recumbent  figures  of  his  father  and  mother 
are  reported  to  have  excited  the  admiration  of  the  late  Sir  Francis 
Chantrey,  who,  it  is  said,  told  Lord  Nugent  that  he  had  borrowed  his 
first  idea  for  the  exquisite  sleeping  sisters  (the  Robinsons)  in  Lichfield 
Cathedral  from  the  latter.     Lord  Nugent,  who  had  taste  for  the  arts, 
was  desirous  of  removing  these  monuments  to  his  seat.  The  Lillies,  in 
the  neighbourhood  ;  and  Dr.  Lee  also  offered  to  remove  them  to  Hart- 
well,  to  be  preserved  in  the  chapel.     The  archdeacon  of  that  day  made 
opposition  to  these  proposals,  and  the  result  has  been  the  total  destruc- 
tion of  these  interesting  monuments.     The  inscriptions  upon  them, 
together  with  drawings  of  the  heraldic  devices  in  the  stained  glass 
windows  which  lit  the  elegant  little  chancel,  are,  however,  among  the 
treasures  in  the  British  Museum  (Lansdown  MS.  874),  taken  by  Nicho- 
las Charles,  Lancaster  Herald,  1611.     These  are  engraved,  and  the 
anns  of  Sir  Anthony  Lee,  as  restored  by  Sir  Charles  Young,  Garter,  in 
Admiral  Smyth's  volume. 

The  museum  at  Hartwcll  House  has  been  enriched  since  the  pubh- 
cation  of  the  ^des.  It  has  also  been  deprived  of  some  of  its  orna- 
ments, occasioned  by  the  liberality  of  Dr.  Lee,  who  has  presented  to  the 

'  For  view  of  the  Hartwcll  muniment  room  of  the  time  of  Elizabeth,  see 
Joxcrnal,  vol.  vii,  p.  449, 


PliATE    14. 


Plate  15. 


QUARENDON     CllAl'EL.         IKTEEIOE. 


ri-ATi;    1G. 


ANTIQUARIAN    INTELLIGENCE. 


281 


Society  of  Antiquaries  the  relics  obtained  by  him  in  excavations  made 
at  Ithaca. 

At  the  sale  of  the  collection  of  Sig.  Athanasi,  Dr.  Leo  became 
the  purchaser  of  a  beautiful  head  of  Pentelic  marble,  with  the  hair 
gracefully  represented,  and  one  ear  invisible.  It  is  in  half-relief  out  of 
the  marble,  in  the  best  style  of  Greek  art,  and  is  believed  to  have 
belonged  to  the  frieze  of  the  Parthenon.     Admiral  Smyth  and  Mr. 


- '''IT 


'MMmm^ 


I  lull 


Bonomi  have  always  regarded  it  as  a  representation  of  the  youthful 
Hebe,  torn  from  the  eastern  pediment.  As  it  was  considered  to  be  of 
greater  archa3ological  value  in  its  proper  place.  Dr.  Lee  most  readily 
yielded  to  the  solicitation  of  Mr.  C.  F.  Newton,  keeper  of  the  Greek 
and  Roman  antiquities  in  the  British  Museum  ;  and  through  his  friend, 
Professor  Owen,  Dr.  Lee  offered  it  to  the  Trustees  of  the  Museum  for 
their  acceptance.  Admiral  Smyth  had  it  photographed,  and  a  copy  of 
this  is  herewith  presented  to  our  readers. 

It  remains  to  state  that  the  chapter  relating  to  the  museum  is  parti- 
cularly interesting  in  regard  to  Egyptian  antiquities,  some  of  which  are 


282  ANTIQUARIAN    INTELLIGENCE. 

admirably  drawn  by  Mr.  Bonomi ;  the  analogies  of  Egypt  and  Mexico  ; 
and  on  findings  in  North  Africa. 

Sketches  in  the  vicinity  of  Hartwell  afford  fine  subjects  for  the 
Admiral's  discursive  pen,  and  introduce  us  to  some  old  acquaintances 
among  the  Papers  of  the  Architectural  and  Archaeological  Society  for 
the  county  of  Buckingham,  Proceedings  of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries, 
The  United  Service  Journal,  etc.,  concerning  "  Cold  Harbours,"  "  The 
Pursuit  of  Archgeology,"  "The  Advantages  of  Rubbings  from  Inscrip- 
tions," "  Rehcs  found  near  Aylesbury,"  "  On  a  double-faced  Brass  in 
Stone  Church,"  "  On  the  Desecration  of  Sacred  Edifices,"  "  The  Sieges 
of  Boarstall  ;  a  Tale  of  the  Civil  War,"  etc.,  with  which  our  readers  are 
already  well  acquainted.  In  the  article  on  Boarstall,  however,  reference 
is  made  to  a  volume  exliibited  by  Dr.  Lee  at  one  of  the  evening  meet- 
ings of  our  Association,  of  which  a  description  will  be  found  in  vol.  xv, 
p.  89.  It  is  an  Arabic  version  of  Cardinal  Bellarmin's  Bottrina  Christi- 
ana, used  by  the  celebrated  Arabic  professor  in  the  University  of  Cam- 
bridge, Mr.  Abraham  "Wlielocke,  and  containing  a  permission  to  pass 
and  repass  the  town-gates  of  Cambridge  at  his  pleasure,  signed  by 
Cromwell  and  others.  As  fac-similes  of  the  writings  are  now  given  by 
the  kind  permission  of  Dr.  Lee,  they  have  been  transferred  to  our  pages 
to  illustrate  the  reference  above  given. ^  (See  plate  17.)  Admiral  Smyth 
gives  some  particixlars  relating  to  the  Arabic  professor ;  and  a  notice 
of  him  will  also  be  found  in  Mr.  Pettio-rew's  Bibliotheca  Siissexiana 
(vol.  i.  Part  II,  p.  61).  He  was  the  first  Arabic  and  Saxon  professor 
in  the  University. 

An  Appendix  comprising  a  list  of  Admiral  Smyth's  varied  contribu- 
tions to  art,  science,  and  literature,  completes  the  Addenda  to  the 
-(Edes  ;  and  with  the  most  respectful  and  heartfelt  good  wishes  to  the 
owner  of  Hartwell  and  his  learned  historiographer,  we  bid  them  adieu. 


"Winchester  Citt  Cross. — The  High  Cross  of  Winchester,  a  work  of 
the  fifteenth  century,  has  been  for  many  years  in  a  state  of  great  dila- 
pidation and  decay.  The  upper  portion  of  it  has  wholly  disappeared, 
three  of  the  four  statues  with  which  it  was  adorned  are  gone,  the  carved 
work  is  greatly  decayed,  and  there  is  every  appearance  of  its  shortly 
becoming  ruinous  in  all  parts,  unless  it  be  speedily  repaired.  Measures 
are  now  taking  for  the  complete  restoration,  in  its  present  position,  of 
so  interesting  an  object  of  antiquity  in  a  city  of  such  historical  celebrity 
as  the  ancient  capital  of  Wessex.  A  committee  has  been  formed  con- 
sisting of  the  members  of  the  Town  Council  and  many  of  the  principal 
inhabitants  of  the  city.  Mr.  Geo.  Gilbert  Scott  has  furnished  plans  for 
the  restoration  of  the  Cross,  and  has  undertaken  to  superintend  the 

^  An  error  occurs  in  regard  to  one  of  the  signatures,  which,  instead  of  John 
Cooke,  should  have  been  Tho.  I.  Cooke. 


/ 


Plate  17. 


ICt'7» 


»*    ^t^^#/^to<Wir^i  W^  «.«^  o«^ 


"^^'Km 


m-  2Ji  ofW--  ^^//  ■  /  y 


Fac-Simii.e  of  Whelocke's  Pass. 


ANTIQUARIAN    INTELLIGENCE.  283 

execution  of  them.  He  proposes  to  retain  as  much  of  the  original 
structure  as  may  be  found  practicable,  and  to  restore  the  whole,  as 
nearly  as  possible,  to  what  he  believes  to  have  been  its  original  state. 
The  sum  of  £G00  will  be  required  to  complete  the  work.  Subscriptions 
will  be  received  by  W.  W.  Bulpett,  Esq.,  Treasurer ;  Mr.  Chas.  Bailey, 
Town  Clerk  ;  or  at  either  of  the  banks  in  the  city. 


Winchester  Records. — We  have  great  satisfaction  in  recording  that, 
by  the  unanimous  vote  of  the  Town  Council  on  May  5th,  it  was  decided 
to  do  all  that  can  possibly  be  done  towards  the  preservation  of  the  city 
muniments,  making  them  virtually  accessible  to  the  antiquary  and 
historian.  Mr.  F.  J.  Baigent  of  Winchester,  our  esteemed  associate, 
has  undertaken  the  task  of  arranging  and  sorting  this  mass  of  archives, 
the  accumulation  of  nearly  six  centuries, — a  work  of  much  labour,  and 
no  little  difficulty.  Mr.  Baigent's  well-known  anxiety  for  the  preserva- 
tion of  ancient  records  alone  could  have  prompted  him  to  venture  upon 
such  a  task,  the  accomplishment  of  which  wiU  reflect  much  credit  upon 
the  city  of  Winchester. 


Yorkshire  Antiquities.— The  Rev.  John  Kcnrick,  M.A.,  F.S.A.,  the 
curator  of  antiquities  of  the  Yorkshire  Philosophical  Society,  who  so 
ably  conducted  the  members  and  visitors  of  the  Association  over  their 
interesting  museum  at  the  late  Congress,  is  preparing  for  publication, 
in  one  volume  8vo.  (price  7s.  6d.),  a  selection  of  papers  on  subjects  of 
archaeology  and  history  communicated  to  the  Yorkshii-e  Philosophical 
Society.  The  profits  arising  from  the  sale  of  this  work  will  be  devoted 
to  the  purchase  of  books  for  the  library  of  the  Society,  and  names  of 
subscribers  should  be  sent  to  W.  S.  Dallas,  Esq.,  Museum,  York. 


Waterford  Roll. — The  Rev.  James  Graves,  A.B.,  M.R.I.A.,  the 
zealous  Secretary  of  the  Kilkenny  and  South-East  of  Ireland  Archajo- 
logical  Society,  is  about  to  publish  an  illuminated  charter  roll  of  Water- 
ford,  temp.  Richard  II.  It  will  form  a  4to.  volume,  printed  on  tinted 
paper,  having  nineteen  plates  in  chromo-zincography,  including  an 
ancient  view  of  the  city  of  Waterford.  The  price  to  subscribers  wiU 
be  £1,  and  names  should  be  sent  to  the  Rev.  J.  Graves,  Ennisnag 
Rectory,  Stoneyford,  Thomastown  ;  or  to  E.  Clibborn,  Esq.,  Royal  Irish 
Academy,  Dublin,  where  tracings  from  the  roll  may  be  seen.  The  roll 
is  of  great  interest  and  beauty,  comprising  all  the  early  charters  and 
grants  to  the  city  of  Waterford  from  the  time  of  Henry  II  to  Richard  II, 
including  Edward  III  when  young,  and  again  at  an  advanced  age.  A 
fuU  length  portrait  of  each  king  whose  charter  is  given,  adorns  the 
margin.  We  strongly  recommend  this  ancient  and  almost  unique  work 
of  art  to  the  attention  of  our  associates. 


284  ANTIQUARIAN    INTELLIGENCE. 

Jewish  Coinage. — Mr.  Frederick  W.  Madden  of  the  British  Museum 
is  about  to  pubHsh,  by  subscription  (price  one  guinea),  a  history  of  the 
Jewish  coinage  and  of  the  money  in  the  Old  and  New  Testament.  It 
will  form  one  volume,  in  royal  8vo.,  and  be  illustrated  with  two  hundred 
and  forty-four  woodcuts  and  a  plate  of  alphabets,  by  F.  W.  Fairholt, 
F.S.A.  To  those  intei'ested  in  biblical  numismatics  this  work  will  be 
truly  acceptable,  as  hitherto  infoi'mation  on  the  siibject  is  only  to  be 
obtained  by  a  diligent  search  for  articles  dispersed  in  various  journals 
and  dictionaries  often  difficult  to  be  obtained. 


Early  English  Text  Society. — A  few  members  of  the  Philological 
Society,  anxious  to  continue  the  publication  of  early  English  texts, 
have  formed  a  committee  to  collect  subscriptions  for  printing  early 
English  MSS.  They  propose  to  put  forth  an  8vo.  series,  commencing 
with  three  tracts  of  the  date  of  1220-1230, — Si  Sciret,  a  fanciful  piece 
on  the  text.  Si  sciret  Patermilias ;  Hali  Meidenhad ;  and  The  Wooing  of 
our  Lord,  or  Wohung  of  ti7-e  Louerd, — to  be  edited  by  the  Rev.  0.  Cock- 
ayne, M.A.  This  to  be  followed  by  four  early  English  alliterative 
poems,  three  of  which  are  still  inedited,  by  Richard  Morris,  Esq.  The 
texts,  printed  by  Austin  of  Hertford,  are,  as  far  as  possible,  to  have  the 
expansions  of  all  contractions  in  MSS.  in  italics.  The  subscription  is 
one  guinea  per  annum,  to  be  paid  into  the  London  and  Birmingham 
Bank,  or  to  the  Hon.  Sec,  H.  B.  Wheatley,  Esq.,  53,  Berners-street. 

St.  David's  Cathedral. — From  reports  put  forth  by  Mr.  C  G,  Scott, 
R.A.,  relating  to  the  restoration  of  this  cathedral,  the  committee 
earnestly  solicit  further  contributions  for  the  thorough  reparation  of 
the  tower  and  the  restoration  of  the  choir,  to  which  the  sums  already 
subscribed  are  inadequate.  Subscriptions  may  be  sent  to  Charles  Allen, 
Esq.,  Tenby,  Hon.  Sec,  and  to  the  bankers  at  Carmarthen  and  Brecon. 


Russian  Ethnology. — ]\ii'.  T.  De  Pauly  has  put  forth  propositions  to 
publish  an  ethnological  description  of  the  various  nations  and  peoples 
comprised  in  the  vast  empire  of  Russia.  It  is  published  under  the 
patronage  of  the  government,  and  dedicated  to  the  Emperor  Alex- 
ander II.  The  illustrations  are  from  sixty-two  exquisitely  coloured 
dra\vings  representing  the  costumes  and  types  of  the  different  nations 
and  peoj^les  described.  The  letter-press  is  in  French ;  and  a  limited 
number  of  copies  will  be  printed,  the  price  of  which  in  Russia  will  be 
two  hundred  silver  roubles,  equal  to  £35  sterling ;  but  copies  may  be 
obtained  of  Mr.  Booth,  Regent-street,  for  twenty  guineas. 


THE    JOURNAL 


OK    THE 


35ritisl)  ^rtI)acolo3ical  !3l^5;otiatioiu 


DECEMBEE    18G4. 


ON  AN  EFFIGY  OF  ONE  OF  THE  MARKENFIELD 
FAMILY   IN   RIPON   CATHEDRAL. 

BY  J.  K.   PLANCHB,  ESQ.,   ROUGE    CROIX,  HON.  SEC. 

In  the  cathedral  church  of  St.  Wilfrid,  Ripon,  is  the  effigy 
of  a  IvDight  in  armour  of  complete  steel,  and  displaying  all 
the  characteristic  features  of  the  military  equipment  of  the 
commencement  of  the  fifteenth  century.  There  may  be  seeii 
the  j)ointed  bascinet  with  its  chain  neck-piece  or  camail, 
the  globular  breastplate  uncovered  by  the  jupon  and  en- 
graven with  the  owner's  armorial  ensigns.  Attached  to  it  is 
a  skirt  composed  of  horizontal  bands  of  steel,  well  known  to 
the  student  of  military  costume  as  distinctive  of  a  particular 
period  terminating  as  nearly  as  possible  with  the  reign  of 
Henry  V ;  and  if  more  -were  required  to  fix  the  precise  date 
of  the  execution  of  this  effigy,  I  might  point  to  the  sacred 
monogram  sculptured  on  the  front  of  the  bascinet, — a 
fashion  of  wdiich  w^e  have  so  many  examples,  all  of  the  first 
quarter  of  the  fifteenth  century.  Amongst  those  best  known 
from  their  having  been  engraved  in  various  popular  works, 
I  may  mention  Lord  BardoLf's  effigy  in  Stothard's  Monu- 
mental Effigies,  with  the  monogram  t.h.s.  ;  Duke  of  Somer- 
set (Gough's  Sepulchral  Monuments),  Wimborne  Minster, 
with  the  words  lESU  marcy  ;  an  effigy  of  the  VV  ilcote  family 
at  Northleigh,  Oxfordshire  (Skelton's  Illustrations  of  Ancient 
Arms  and  Armour),  i.h.s.  nazaren';  and  that  of  a  kniglit 

18f)4  37 


286  ON  AN    EFFIGY  OF  ONE 

in  Bake  well  Cliurcli,  Derbyshire,  wliicli  displa5's  the  same  as 
the  latter.  The  fashion  seems  to  have  been  at  its  height 
about  1424.  The  head  of  the  effigy  reposes,  as  usual,  on  a 
tilting-helmet  surmounted  by  its  crest,  which  has  unfortu- 
nately received  so  much  injury  that  it  is  difficult  to  form 
even  a  guess  at  it.     It  may  have  been  horns  or  ears. 

The  effigy  at  Ripon  is  thus  described  by  Mr.  AValbran  in 
his  excellent  Guide:  "  In  the  aisle  of  the  north  transept  was 

formerly  the  chantry  of  St.  Andrew This  chapel  was 

also  the  burial-place  of  the  Markenfields  of  Markenfield,  near 
this  city  (Ripon);  but  no  other  memorial  now  remains  in  it 
except  a  fine  altar-tomb  of  Sir  Thomas  Markenfield,  a  war- 
rior of  the  time  of  Richard  II;  and  Dionisia,  his  wife, daughter 
of  Sir  William  Fitzwilliam  of  Emley.  He  is  vested  in  a  suit 
of  complete  armour,  and  wears  a  collar,  which,  on  being 
recently  cleaned,  exhibits  the  design  of  a  park-pale  and  a 
stag  couchant  above  the  elongated  but  depressed  pales  in 
front.  His  arms  {argent)  on  a  bend  (sable),  three  bezants, 
are  sculptured  on  his  breast  and  on  the  hilt  of  his  richly 
decorated  sword,  as  well  as  repeated  impaling  Fitzwilliam^ 
and  Minot  in  a  series  of  fifteen  shields  graven  round  the 
tomb,  commemorative  of  the  alliances  of  his  powerful  and 
illustrious  race." 

Before  I  make  any  observations  on  the  effigy  itself,  I  will 
trouble  you  with  a  few  upon  this  powerfid  and  chivalric 
race  of  the  Markenfields,  who,  o-ivinsf  them  due  credit  for  the 
possession  of  the  influence  and  gallantry  attributed  to  them 
by  Mr.  Walbran,  have  certainly  received  scant  justice  at  the 
hands  of  the  historian,  as  the  name  is  unmentioned  in  any 
of  the  chronicles,  as  far  as  I  liave  been  able  to  discover, 
down  to  the  period  at  which  this  remarkable  effigy  appears 
to  have  been  executed.  In  vol.  i.  of  the  MS.  collections  of 
John  Charles  Brooke,  Somerset  Herald  a.d.  17.94,  there  are 
a  few  meagre  and  genealogical  notes  respecting  the  family 
of  Markenfield;  and  in  No.  91  of  the  same  collection  is  a 
more  perfect  pedigree,  founded,  it  would  appear,  on  official 
documents  and  family  papers,  which,  together  with  a  more 
detailed  account,  is  to  be  found  in  a  volume  marked  C.  17 
of  the  same  collection.  From  this  latter  source  I  have 
gathered  the  following  information. 

'  This  statement,  Mr.  Walbran  informs  nie,  is  an  error  inadvertently  left 
uncorrected  in  the  second  edition  of  his  book. 


OF  THE    MAPiKENFlELD  FAMILY.  287 

Mr.  Brooke  commences  Ijy  stating  tliat — "  In  Domesday 
Book,  in  the  lands  belonging  to  William  de  Percy,  we  find 
the  following  mention  of  this  place,  'i.e.,  Markinfidd.  "In 
the  manor  of  Merchefeld  (Merkenfield),Grim  hath  five  caru- 
cates  of  land,  which  payeth  to  the  geld  (or  taxes)  where 
may  be  three  carueates.  Now  Berulfus  holds  it  of  William 
de  Percy.  He  himself  {(i.e.  William  de  Percy)  hath  these 
two  villeins  with  two  carncates.  In  the  time  of  King 
Edward  (the  Confessor)  this  place  was  valued  at  twenty 
shillings,  now  at  ten  shillings.' " 

The  first  person  of  the  name  of  Markenfield  who  occurs 
was  Simon  de  ]\larkenfield,  whose  son  Eoger  held  one  caru- 
cate  of  land,  in  Monketon,  of  Henry  de  Hamerton,  29th  of 
Edward  I ;  which  king,  in  the  33rd  of  his  reign,  granted  to 
the  said  Eoger  and  John  his  brother  free  warren  in  all  their 
demesne  lands  in  Markenfield  in  the  county  of  York.^  By 
Maud  his  wife,  who  after  his  death  confirmed  to  the  monks 
of  Fountains  one  acre  of  land,  of  which  one  half  laid  in 
Scortebuttes,  and  the  other  at  Dunheved  in  Markenfield,  he 
had  issue  William  his  heir,  whose  son.  Sir  John  de  Marken- 
field, was  returned  as  lord  of  the  manors  of  Markington 
and  Erryholme  in  Richmondshire,  and  a  moiety  of  the  manor 
of  Brotherton,^  To  this  Sir  John,  Henry  de  (Mark- 
ington '{),  3rd  of  Edward  II,  gave  one  messuage,  etc.,  and 
the  fourth  part  of  one  mill  which  Isabel  de  Studley  held  in 
Grantley.  To  which  deed  was  witness  William  de  Clother- 
ham  and  others.^  To  Sir  John  succeeded  in  this  manor 
Sir  Andrew  de  Markenfield,  his  son,  who  in  his  father's  life- 
time possessed  the  manor  of  Scruton  in  Richmondshire  (9th 
of  Edward  11).^  On  the  18th  of  August  he  was  impleaded 
by  William  de  Milton,  archbishop  of  York,  because  he 
entered  his  chase  of  Thornton  and  his  warren  at  Rij)on  and 
Monkton.  He  acknowledoed  the  aforesaid  chase  and  war- 
ren  to  be  the  right  of  the  archbishop.  He  had  issue  Sir 
Thomas  Markenfield,  knight,  who,  by  the  daughter  and 
heir  of  Minott,  had  issue  another  Sir  Thomas.  Sir  Thomas 
de  Markenfield,  knight,  lord  of  Markenfield,  Eryholme,  Scru- 
ton, etc.,  was  living  in  the  43rd  of  Edward  III;  married 
Dionisia,  relict  of  Sir  Henry  Soothill  of  Soothill  near  Wake- 
field, knight,  who  had  in  jointure  the  manor  of  Darton  in 

'  Charter,  33  Ed.  I.  «  Nom.  Villar.,  9  Ed.  II,  1316. 

=*  Dodsworth's  MS.  *  Nom.  Villar. 


288  ON  AN   EFFIGY  OF  ONE 

the  wapentake  of  Staiucross.  They  had  issue  Sir  John,  who 
succeeded  Thomas,  Robert,  and  Peter,  who  all  three  died 
without  issue ;  Joan  married  to  Sir  Roger  Ward,  knight,  and 
Elizabeth  to  William  Calverley  of  Calverley,  Esq.  (1429). 

Of  Sir  John,  his  son,  there  is  little  mention.  He  married 
Margaret,  daughter  of  John  Midleton;  had  issue  Isabel, 
married  to  Sir  John  Mauleverer  of  Allerton  Mauleverer,  knt.; 
Marger}',  married  to  John  Midleton;  and  John,  a  son,  who, 
by  Margery  daughter  of  John  Hopton  of  Swillington,  had 
issue  Sir  Thomas,  John,  \\'illiam,  Robert,  Joan,  and  Ann. 
Sir  Thomas  Markenfield,  knight,  son  and  heir,  was  lord  of 
Markenfield  and  all  the  ancient  estates  belonoingr  to  the 
family.  He  was  a  person  of  high  renown  in  his  time,  and 
an  active  supporter  of  the  interest  of  the  house  of  York  in 
this  county,  in  opposition  to  the  Lancasterian  party,  during 
the  unhappy  wars  of  those  two  families,  for  which  he  was 
amply  rewarded  by  Richard  HI  upon  his  accession  to  the 
throne.  In  the  year  1485  (third  of  that  reign)  he  served 
the  office  of  high  sheriff  of  the  county  of  York,  and  had  a 
privy  seal  directed  to  the  Treasurer  and  Chamberlain  of  the 
Exchequer  for  an  assignment  of  £340  by  taile  or  tallies, 
upon  the  receipt  of  his  baillywicke.^  Soon  after,  he  had  an 
annuity  of  one  hundred  marks  granted  to  him  by  the  king, 
during  his  life,  payable  out  of  the  revenues  of  Middleham ; 
and  lastly,  a  grant  of  divers  manors  and  lordships,  viz.  of 
Glutton  and  Farnham,  South  Brent,  Stratton,  Yevilton,  Spyk- 
ington,  and  Chilyngton,  all  in  the  county  of  Somerset,  and 
amounting  in  value  to  the  yearly  sum  of  £101,  to  be  held 
by  him  and  his  heirs  male  by  knight's  service,  paying  to  the 
king  yearly  the  sum  of  £7  :  3.-  He  married  Eleanor, 
daughter  of  Sir  John  Conyers  of  Sokeburn  in  the  county 
palatine  of  Durham,  knight,  by  whom  he  had  issue.  Sir 
Ninian,  his  heir;  Thomas,  who  married  Elizabeth,  daughter 
of  John  Lord  Scroop  of  Upsall;  Christopher,  who  died 
young;  and  a  daughter  Anne.  He  died  May  1,  a.d.  1487, 
and  lies  buried  with  Eleanor  his  wife,  who  died  5th  of  June 
1483,  in  Ripon  Cathedral.  Upon  their  tomb  are  their 
effigies  in  alabaster,  with  an  inscription,  from  which  we  learn 
he  was  also  Seneschal  of  Ripon  and  of  lvirkl)y  Malzerde. 

Sir  Ninian  Markenfield  of  JMarkenfield,  knight,  son  and 
heir   of   Sir  Thomas,    married    two    wives.     First,    Anne, 

>  narleiiUi  MSS.,  No.  433. 


OF  THE    MAUKENFIELD  FAMILY.  289 

daughter  of  Sir  William  Gascoignc  of  Gawtliorpc,  knioht,  by 
Margaret,  his  wife,  daughter  of  Henry  Percy,  third  Earl  of 
Northumberland ;  secondly,  Eleanor,  sister  of  Henry  Earl  of 
CHimberland,  and  daughter  of  Henry  Lord  C'lifford,  who  sur- 
vived him,  and  remarried  with  Sir  John  Constable  of  Hal- 
sham,  in  Holdernessc,  knight.  By  the  first  he  had  issue, 
Thomas,  who  succeeded  him;  Alice,  married  to  Robert 
Mauleverer  of  Arncliffe  and  Wothersome,  Esq.;  Eleanor  to 
Robert  Aske  of  Aughton,  Esq.;  and  Anne  to  Sir  Christopher 
Conyers  of  Sokeburne  in  Durham,  knight.  Sir  Ninian  died 
in  the  20tli  Henry  VHI,^  seized  of  the  manors  of  Marken- 
field  and  Aysmonderby,  held  of  the  Earl  of  Northumberland 
as  of  his  barony  of  Spofforth,  by  knight's  service;  of  the 
manor  of  Romandby  held  of  the  Archbishop  of  York  as  of 
his  manor  of  North  Allerton,  by  knight's  service;  and  of 
certain  lands  and  tenements  in  Ripon,  Bondgate,  Monkton, 
Thorj),  Grantley,  Evaston,  Markington,  Unthank,  Thornton, 
and  Shaw,  held  of  the  said  archbishop  as  of  his  manor  of 
Ripon,  by  knight's  service;  of  the  manors  of  Scruton  and 
Erryholme ;  and  messuages  in  Newsam,  Unthank,  Lening, 
Newton,  Erlby,  Earley,  Dalton,  and  Holme,  which  were  held 
of  the  honour  of  Richmond  (by  what  service  the  jurors  know 
not);  and  that  Thomas  Markenfield  was  his  son  and  heir. 

Sir  Thomas  JMarkeniield  of  Markenfield,  knight  (son  and 
heir  aforesaid),  married  Margaret,  daughter  of  John  Norton 
of  Norton  Conyers,  Esq.,  by  Anne  his  wife,  daughter  and 
heir  of  William  Ratcliff'e  of  Skipton  in  Craven,  Esq.,  and 
sister  to  that  famous  arch-traitor,  Richard  Norton, — a  fatal 
marriage  to  this  family,  as  will  be  hereafter  shewn.  By  her 
he  had  issue,  Thomas,  his  heir,  and  died  in  the  fourth  year 
of  King  Edward  VI,  seized  of  the  same  manors  as  his  father 
held  under  the  Earl  of  Northumberland  and  the  archbishop; 
but  which  had  now  all  passed  into  the  king's  hands  by  con- 
veyance to  him  from  Henry  Percy,  seventh  earl,  and  Robert 
Holgate,  archbishop  of  York ;  and  of  various  other  property 
in  Bishop's  Monkton,  Markington,  Grantley,  etc.,  etc. 

Thomas,  his  son  and  heir,  had  livery  of  his  father's  inhe- 
ritance in  the  second  year  of  the  reign  of  Queen  Elizabeth, 
but  enjoyed  the  ancient  patrimony  of  his  ancestors  but  a 
short  time ;  for  the  northern  insurrection  breaking  out  under 
the  command  of  Thomas  Percy,  Earl  of  Northumberland, 

'  Escheat,  sub  anno. 


290  ON  AN    EFFIGY  OF  ONE 

and  Charles  Nevile,  Earl  of  Westmoreland,  under  a  pretence 
of  defending  the  ancient  Catholic  religion,  this  Thomas,  at 
the  instigation  of  his  uncle,  Eichard  Norton,  who,  with  his 
sons,  was  a  principal  agent  in  the  rebellion,  and  the  bearer 
of  their  superstitious  standard  painted  with  the  cross  and 
the  five  wounds  of  our  Saviour,  en2:a2;ed  in  the  cause,  which 
proving  unsuccessful,  he  was  taken  by  Thomas  Earl  of  Sus- 
sex, attainted,  and  executed  in  the  twelfth  year  of  Queen 
Elizabeth  along  with  his  uncle  Norton,  Christopher  and 
Marmaduke  Norton  his  sons,  and  many  other  gentlemen  of 
distinction ;  wdiereby  all  his  large  estate  was  forfeited  to  the 
crown. 

The  following  is  a  copy  of  a  letter  sent  by  this  Thomas 
Markenfield  to  Francis  Earl  of  Shrewsbury  when  Lord  Pre- 
sident of  the  North,  which  shows  his  power  in  the  county  at 
that  time,  and,  we  may  add,  his  treachery  : 

"  Pleaseth  it  y'  L'dship  to  be  advertized  that  according  to  y"^  L'd- 
shipp's  letter  directed  for  a  view  &  muster  of  my  servants  &  tenants,  I 
have  viewed  &  mnstered  them ;  whereof  I  have  in  readiness  30  able 
men  with  horse  and  harness,  with  20  able  footmen  with  harness,  to 
attend  upon  y"^  L'dshipp  at  an  hours  warning.  And  thus  I  beseech  our 
L'd  God  preserve  y'^  L'dshipp  in  health  with  the  increase  of  much 
honour. 

"From  Markinfield  the  9th  March  1557. 

"  y  L'dshipps  ever  at  com'andment, 

"  Thomas  Markingfield." 

He  married  Isabel,  daughter  of  Sir  William  Ingleby  of 
Ripley,  knight,  Treasurer  of  Berwick,  by  Anne  his  wife, 
daughter  of  Sir  William  Mallory  of  Studley,  knight ;  but 
what  children  he  left  does  not  appear,  though  it  is  jDrobable 
he  had  issue,  as  the  name  still  remains  in  the  parts  adjacent 
to  Ripon,  but  in  a  low  degree;  and  one  William  Marken- 
field of  Markington  cum  Wallowthwayt,  disclaimed  any 
right  to  arms  at  the  visitation  of  the  county  of  York  by 
Sir  William  Dugdale  in  1665,^  as  probably  not  being  able, 
or  willino;,  to  connect  himself  with  the  old  stock. 

The  family  estates  were  chiefly  granted  away  by  Queen 
Elizaljcth  to  sundry  persons,  viz.  Thomas  Calverley,  second 
son  of  Sir  William  Calverley  of  Calverley,  knight ;  Henry 
Anderson,  Thomas  Bayerton,  Nicholas  Brooke,  and  Perceval 
Gunston.'^ 

'  C.  40.  Coll.  Arm.  -  Pat.  Rolls  17  and  19  of  Elizabeth. 


OF  THE    MARKENFIELD  FAMILY.  291 

Markcnfield  ]Iall  is  in  the  manor  of  jNfaikiiioton,  Avliicli 
manor  belonged  in  Brooke's  time  to  William  Aislabie  of 
Studley,  Esq.  Sir  Fletcher  Norton  bought  the  Hall,  together 
with  eiolit  hundred  acres  of  land,  of  Francis  Duke  of  Ijridjx- 
water,  for  £10,000;  and  in  right  of  the  Hall  claimed  the 
manor  there,  and  refused  to  answer  to  Mr.  Aislabie's  court 
at  Markington.  They  were  engaged  in  a  Chancery  suit 
concerning-  it  in  1779,  which  seems  to  have  terminated'  in 
Sir  Fletcher  Norton's  favour,  as  in  1790  William  Norton, 
Lord  Grantley,  appointed  a  game-keeper  for  the  manors  of 
Markcnfield,  Hewick,  and  Evaston.  The  old  house  had,  as 
early  as  that  period,  been  converted  into  a  farm ;  but  it  was 
embattled,  and  had  the  remains  of  an  old  chapel  attached  to 
it,  ornamented  with  coats  of  arms. 

In  Dugdale's  YorhsJiire  Arms  (MS.,  College  of  Arms),  p. 
134,  is  a  drawing  of  the  effigy  in  question,  and  beneath  it 
sketches  of  the  coats  of  arms  as  they  appeared  on  the  altar- 
tomb  at  that  period  (28th  March  16G5),  "ex  parte  boreali 
ejusdem  tumuli."  Six  shields  :  1,  fretty,  a  canton;  2,  an 
eagle  displayed,  impaling  five  fusils  in  fess;  3,  three  water 
bougets ;  4,  a  blank ;  5,  a  cross  pattee  flory ;  6,  a  bend.  "  Ex 
parte  australi,"  six  shields  :  1,  a  bend;  2,  a  lion  rampant  de- 
bruised  by  a  bend  dexter;  3,  on  a  canton  a  fleur-de-lys ;  4,  on 
a  bend  three  bezants  (Markcnfield) ;  5,  a  fess ;  6,  Markcnfield 
impaling  three  helmets, — Minott.  "Ad  caput  tumuli,"  three 
shields  :  1,  a  saltier;  2,  a  chevron;  3,  three  w^ater  bougets. 
As  there  are  no  colours  marked  I  presume  they  had  lost  all 
traces  of  painting  and  gilding  as  early  as  Dugdale's  time ; 
and  as  we  have  no  account  of  the  coats  of  arms  in  the  old 
chapel  at  Markcnfield,  the  identification  of  several  upon  the 
tomb  will  be  a  matter  of  difficulty.  First,  however,  we  will 
speak  of  the  effigy.  Sir  Thomas  de  Markcnfield,  to  whom 
it  is  appropriated,  was  living  in  1369,  the  forty-third  year 
of  the  reign  of  Edward  III.  This  is  the  only  date  furnished 
us  by  Brooke ;  but  he  appears  to  have  been  one  of  the  wit- 
nesses in  the  celebrated  Scrope  and  Grosvenor  controversy 
(12th  of  Richard  11,1389),  being  at  that  time  in  the  fortieth 
year  of  his  age.  Richard  II's  calamitous  reign  terminated 
by  his  deposition  in  1399,  at  which  period  Sir  Thomas  ]\Iark- 
enfield  would  only  have  been  fifty.  It  is,  therefore,  very 
probable  that  he  was  living  in  the  reign  of  Henry  IV,  if  not 
of  Henry  V;  and  it  is  very  unfortunate  that  ]\Ir.  Brooke, 


292  ox  AN    EFFIGY  OF  ONE  OF 

who  evidently  had  taken  great  pains  to  collect  all  the  inform- 
ation he  could  respecting  this  fomily,  should  have  appa- 
rently failed  us  at  the  precise  moment  when  we  should  have 
been  most  grateful  for  his  assistance.  "  Of  Sir  John,  his 
son"  (i.e.,  the  son  of  the  said  Sir  Thomas  de  Markenfield, 
there  is,"  he  tells  us,  "  little  mention";  and  he  only  records 
his  marriage  with  ^largaret,  daughter  of  John  Middleton, 
and  his  issue  by  her  of  two  daughters  and  a  son,  John,  who 
succeeded  him.  Sir  John  must,  however,  have  been  dead 
in  or  before  the  14th  of  Henry  YI,  as  in  the  2^ost  mortem 
inquisition  of  that  year,  on  the  decease  of  John  Duke  of 
Bedford,  the  great  Eegent  of  France,  "  John  de  jMarkyng- 
field,"  son  of  Sir  John  (for  he  is  not  styled  "  militis")  was 
found  to  have  held  three  knights'  fees  in  Scorton  and  Erynn 
under  that  illustrious  personage.  There  can  be  little  doubt, 
therefore,  that  Sir  John  Markenfield,  son  of  Sir  Thomas, 
flourished  during  the  reign  of  Henry  V,  the  period  to  which 
all  the  details  of  the  costume  in  which  the  effigy  is  repre- 
sented decidedly  point. 

The  interest  we  have  in  identifying  the  person  thus  de- 
picted to  us  "  in  his  habit  as  he  lived,"  centres  in  the  remark- 
able, and,  as  far  as  my  experience  extends, unique  collar  which 
the  faithful  pencil  of  our  esteemed  associate,  the  Eev.  Charles 
Lukis,  Eector  of  Wath,  has  enabled  me  to  submit  for  your 
inspection.  (See  plate  18.)  Mr.  Walbran,  who  describes  it  as 
"  exhiljiting  the  design  of  a  park-pale  and  a  stag  couchant 
above  the  elongated  but  depressed  pales  in  front,"  does  not  in 
any  way  allude  to  its  signification.  It  is,  however,  identical 
Avith  the  seal  of  the  bailey  or  bailiff  of  Derby,  distinguished 
from  that  of  the  borough  and  town  of  Derby,  in  which  the 
stag  is  only  depicted  couchant  amongst  shrubs  and  trees,  as 
may  be  seen  in  the  visitation  of  the  county,  a.d.  1634,  marked 
C.  33,  Coll.  Arms.  But  what  is  more  interesting  to  us  is 
the  fact  that  the  stag  imparked  appears  to  have  been  a  badge 
of  Henry  Earl  of  Lancaster,  Hereford,  and  Derby,  afterwards 
King  Henry  IV;  and  may  be  seen  on  that  most  interesting- 
memorial  of  Henry's  visit  to  Venice,  which  we  have  so  long 
erroneously  considered  as  the  gravestone  of  his  antagonist, 
Thomas  de  j\lowbray,  Duke  of  Norfolk,  who  died  in  exile  in 
that  city.  To  my  friend  and  brother  officer,  William  Court- 
■J5>^,  Somerset  Herald,  we  are  indebted  for  the  dissipation 
o£'^is  error.     During  his  tour  in  Italy  last  autumn  he  dis- 


.■^\ 


ft^ 


^m^^ 


w 
THE  FAMILY  OF  MARKENFTELD.  203 

covered  in  tlie  library  at  Venice  indubi table  proof  of  this 
fact ;  and  it  is  now  perfectly  clear  that  the  stag  "  lodged," 
as  it  is  heraldically  termed,  in  a  park,  \\  liich,  under  the  im- 
pression that  the  sculpture  had  reference  to  the  Duke  of 
Norfolk,  could  only  be  sup])osed  a  variation  of  the  badge  of 
the  white  hart  of  liichnrd  II,  is  the  cognizance  of  the  Earl 
of  Derby;  and  we  find  it  here  appended  to  a  collar  of  park- 
pales  on  the  neck  of  a  knight  e(|ui])ped  in  armour  of  the 
reign  of  that  very  Earl  of  Derby  as  Henry  IV,  or  at  latest 
of  his  chivalric  son. 

The  question  then  naturally  arises,  Why  is  such  a  deco- 
ration found  about  the  neck  of  this  effigy "?  If,  as  we  are 
told,  the  figure  represents  Sir  Thomas  de  Markenfield,  who 
was  a  warrior  of  the  time  of  Richard  II,  are  we  to  con- 
sider this  collar  and  pendant  significative  of  his  loyalty 
to  that  unfortunate  monarch,  or  of  his  attachment  to  the 
household  or  cause  of  Henry  Bolingbroke  ?  That  it  is  not 
one  of  those  cognizances  of  Richard,  "  a  la  guise  des  cerfs 
blancs,"  which  were  so  pertinaciously  worn  by  his  devoted 
adherents,  I  think  we  may  rest  satisfied.  In  every  ex- 
ample of  them  we  meet  with,  on  Richard's  own  robe  in 
his  effigy  in  Westminster  Abbey,  in  the  celebrated  picture 
at  Wilton,  in  the  sculpture  at  Westminster  Hall,  and  various 
other  places,  the  white  hart  of  Richard  is  seen  either  simply 
collared  and  chained,  or  "  lodged,"  as  it  is  termed,  under  a 
tree ;  never  imparked,  or  encircled  by  pales,  as  it  is  repre- 
sented in  the  arms  of  the  bailiff  of  Derby,  the  memorial 
stone  of  Henry  IV,  and  on  this  effigy.  We  must  therefore 
conclude  either  that  we  have  here  a  livery  collar  of  the  house 
of  Lancaster,  of  which  we  have  as  yet  been  ignorant,  or  that 
the  person  on  whose  effigy  it  appears  bore  some  office  speci- 
ally connected  with  the  town  of  Derby ;  and  I  acknowledge 
that  I  incline  to  the  former  opinion.^ 

Let  us  examine  the  evidence  afforded  us  by  the  shields  of 
arms  still  remaining  on  the  tomb.  They  are  fifteen  in 
number,  as  Mr.  Walbran  correctly  states,  and  present,  it 
would  seem,  much  the  same  appearance  as  they  did  nearly 
two  hundred  years  ago  when  they  were  drawn  by  Dugdale. 
The  fourth  on  the  north  side  was  a  blank  in  his  day;  and, 
as  I  have  already  mentioned,  if  ever  they  were  painted,  all 

'  If  I  am  correct  in  this  supposition,  it  is  remarkable  in  another  point  of 
view ;  for  we  find  his  great-grandson,  the  next  !^ir  Thomas,  a  strenuous  parti- 
san of  the  opposing  house  of  York,  and  muuiticentlj  rewarded  for  his  support 
by  King  Richard  III.  , 

18t)4  38 


ff 
294  ON  AX    EFFIGY  OF  ONE  OF 

traces  of  colour  roust  even  then  have  been  lost.  The  first 
shield  on  the  north  side  is  fretty  with  a  canton,  which  I 
should  certainly  set  down  for  the  coat  of  Middleton  (argent 
fretty  sahle,  a  canton  gules),  but  for  a  drawing  by  Glover, 
Somerset  Herald,  in  his  Collections  (marked  B.  Coll.  Arms), 
where  I  find,  or  fretty  sahle,  a  canton  gules,  for  the  arms  of 
Marcliington, — the  difi'erence  being  in  the  metal  of  the  field 
only  :  and  Sir  John  de  ]\larkenfield  was  returned  as  lord  of 
Markinoton  in  the  reign  of  Edward  II.  Still  I  believe  the 
arms  on  the  tomb  to  be  intended  for  those  of  ]\Iiddlcton, 
Sir  John  de  Markenfield,  second  of  that  name,  son  of  Sir 
Thomas,  to  whom  the  tomb  is  attributed,  ha\dng  married, 
as  I  have  stated,  Margaret,  daughter  of  Sir  John  J\Iiddleton. 
The  second  shield  is  also  a  most  important  one.  It  presents 
us  wdth  an  eagle  displayed, — no  doubt  for  Soothill,  gules  an 
eagle  disj^layed  argent, — impaling  five  fusils  in  fess.  Here 
again  the  absence  of  colour  involves  us  in  speculation;  but 
at  the  same  time  we  have  the  clearest  evidence  that,  if  Sir 
Thomas  de  Markenfield  married  Dionisia,  relict  of  Sir  Henry 
Soothill,  the  lady  could  not  have  been  a  daughter  of  Sir 
AVilliam  Fitzwilliam  of  Elmley,  as  in  lieu  of  five  fusils  in 
fess,  the  impalement  would  have  been  lozengy.  In  the 
pedigrees  of  Fitzwilliam  at  the  College  of  Arms,  compiled 
by  Segar  and  Brooke,  the  daughter  of  Sir  William  Fitzwil- 
liam of  Elmley  (or  Sir  John,  according  to  Segar),  who  mar- 
ried Sir  Henry  Soothill,  is  in  every  instance  called  Joan; 
and  Brooke,  in  his  pedigree  of  Markenfield,  though  he  sets 
down  the  wife  of  Sir  Thomas  as  Dionisia,  relict  of  Sir  Henry 
Soothill  of  Soothill,  knight,  avoids  stating  whose  daughter 
he  considered  her  to  be.  The  arms  of  Markenfield  impal- 
ing those  of  Fitzwilliam  were  certainly  to  be  seen  in  the 
chancel  window  of  Darton  Church;  and  we  are  told  that 
Dionisia  had  the  manor  of  Darton  in  Dover;  but  they  may 
be  as  late  as  the  reign  of  Henry  YIII,  when  Thomas  Soot- 
hill had  married  Margaret  Fitzwilliam.  And  here,  where 
tliose  arms  should  specially  appear,  we  find  a  difi"erent  coat, 
which  may  be  that  of  Percy  or  of  half  a  dozen  other  families, 
as  any  one  may  see  by  turning  to  an  ordinaiy  of  arms ;  to 
say  nothing  of  the  daughter  of  Sir  William  Fitzwilliam  being 
named  Joan,  and  not  Dionisia.  Mr.  Walbran  informs  me 
that  the  fusils  on  the  shield  at  Kipon  are  surmounted  by 
three  roundels,  which  must  in  that  case  have  been  omitted 


ri.)8. 


EFFIGY     IN     RIP  ON    CATHEDRAL. 


W.CLukis.dpl* 


J  RJobhins 


THE  FAMILY  OF  MARKENFIELD.  295 

by  Dugclalc.  This  should  lead  its  to  a,  more  direct  conclu- 
sion; but  in  none  of  our  ordinaries  can  I  find  such  a  coat. 
Five  fussils  in  fcss  arc  seen  with  martlets,  mullets,  lozennjes, 
and  other  charoes  in  chief:  but  I  can  discover  none  with 
roundels,  nor  do  I  perceive  in  the  Soothill  pedigree  a  name 
to  which  I  could  attribute  the  coat. 

The  third  shield,  on  which  are  three  water  bougets,  is 
undoubtedly  that  of  Eoss.  The  fourth  is  unfortunately  a 
blank,  and  was  so,  as  I  have  stated,  in  Dugdale's  time,  thus 
leaving  out  a  link  of  the  chain.  The  fifth,  a  cross  patee 
fleuree,  may  be  claimed  by  several  families,  Latimer,  Copley, 
or  Ward.  Joan,  daughter  of  this  Sir  Thomas  de  Marken- 
field,  let  us  remember,  married  Sir  Koger  Ward.  The  sixth 
is  a  simple  bend,  which  may  be  Scrope. 

On  the  opposite  side  the  first  shield  presents  us  again 
with  the  bend.  The  second  displays  a  lion  ramj^ant  de- 
bruised  by  a  bend  dexter  ;  perhaps  Sutton  or  Slingsby,  some 
ancient  seals  of  the  latter  family,  drawn  in  Glover's  Collec- 
tions, displaying  this  coat.  The  third  is  drawn  by  Dugdale 
as  a  plain  shield  with  a  canton  charged  with  a  fleur-de-lys.  I 
consider  this,  however,  to  be  meant  for  the  arms  of  Methara, 
quarterly  azure  and  argent,  in  the  first  quarter  a  fleur-dc- 
lys  or.  The  fourth  presents  the  arms  of  Markenfield.  The 
fifth  a  fess  which  we  cannot  venture  to  speculate  upon ;  and 
the  sixth,  Markenfield  impaling  three  helmets  crested  with 
fleur-de-lys, — Minott.  At  the  head  of  the  tomb  are  three 
shields  :  the  first  charged  with  a  saltier  (Nevil '?) ;  the  second 
with  a  chevron  (Stafi'ord '^) ;  and  the  third  with  the  water 
bougets  of  Ross. 

Supposing  I  have  made  a  happy  guess  at  some  of  these 
very  doubtful  coats,  we  are  still  very  far  from  arriving  at  a 
satisfactory  conclusion  respecting  either  the  decoration  of 
the  knight  or  the  lineage  of  his  lady.  As  usual  in  these 
early  pedigrees,  though  we  may  trace  with  tolerable  accu- 
racy the  male  line,  the  wives  are  most  provokingly  omitted. 
Until  we  come  to  the  first  Sir  Thomas  de  Markenfield,  father 
of  the  Sir  Thomas  whose  efligy  we  are  now  discussing,  there 
is  not  one  match  recorded.  His  great-grandfather.  Sir  Koger, 
is,  indeed,  said  to  have  left  a  widow  named  Maud ;  but  of  her 
family  we  are  in  total  ignorance ;  and  we  have  not  even  the 
Christian  names  of  the  "wives  of  Simon,  William,  or  the  first 
Sir  John  who  lived  in  the  reign  of  Edward  II. 


29 G        ON  AN    EFFIGY  OF  ONE  OF  THE    MARKENFIELDS. 

Were  it  not  for  the  capricious  mode  prevalent  in  the 
middle  ages,  we  might  hope  that  these  shields,  nncoloured 
as  they  are,  would  lead  to  a  discovery  of  some  of  the  alli- 
ances of  the  early  lords  of  Markenfield;  but  no  rule  appears 
to  have  been  observed  in  these  heraldic  decorations.  Beyond 
the  fact  that  there  was  some  connexion  between  the  families 
whose  arms  are  sculptured  on  a  monument,  we  have  no 
means  of  deciding  what  that  connexion  must  have  been  but 
by  a  laborious  search  amongst  the  fine  rolls  and  inquisitions, 
or  the  discovery  of  some  long  hidden  family  muniments. 
The  notes  which  I  have  now  the  pleasure  of  laying  before 
you,  extracted  from  J\Ir.  Brooke's  MSS.,  are  the  more  valu- 
able as  there  is  scarcely  any  mention  of  the  f^imily  of  Mark- 
enfield in  Mr.  Whitaker's  History  of  Eichmondshire,\7heve, 
nnder  their  manor  of  Scruton,  I  naturally  looked  for  some 
important  information.  Nor  do  I  find  any  notice  of  them 
in  Mr.  Hunter's  histories  of  Doncaster  or  of  Hallamshire ; 
and  the  name  is  only  once  casually  mentioned  in  Whitaker's 
edition  of  Thoresby's  History  of  Leeds. 

Having  called  attention  to  this  subject,  some  of  our  friends 
in  the  latter  hospitable  town  or  its  neighbourhood  may,  per- 
haps, assist  us  with  local  information  of  greater  importance. 
In  the  meanwhile  I  shall  neglect  no  opportunity  of  pursuing 
this  inquiry,  and  endeavouring  to  arrive  at  the  true  history 
of  the  remarkable  collar  and  pendant  which  has  hitherto 
unaccountably  escaped  illustration  by  either  the  pen  or  the 
pencil.  

Since  the  above  was  in  type,  Mr.  Walbran  has  kindly  sent 
me  the  following  information  :  On  taking  up  the  pavement 
of  the  choir  a  few  weeks  ago,  a  fragment  of  the  monument 
on  which  the  head  of  the  female  effigy  had  rested,  was  found, 
having  still  on  the  side  nearest  to  the  male  figure  an  object 
like  a  stag's  horn ;  evidently  part  of  the  crest,  which  appears, 
from  an  example  of  the  time  of  Edward  VI,  to  have  been 
"  a  hind's  head."  Mr.  Walbran  also  discovered  among  the 
rubl)ish  a  thin  piece  of  stone  with  the  arms  of  Minott  sculp- 
tured upon  it,  viz.,  three  helmets,  two  and  one. 


21)7 


DISCOVERY  OF  ROMAN  REMAINS  IN  LONDON. 

BY    TilOMAS    ULASUILL,    ESQ. 

In  September  18G3,  while  excavating  for  the  foimclation 
of  a  new  warehouse  in  Dunstan's  Hill,  City,  a  number  of 
remains  of  Roman  and  mediaeval  character  were  met  with ; 
and  the  attention  of  the  Association  was  called  to  them  by 
a  letter  to  T.  J.  Pettigrew,  Esq.,  Treasurer,  from  Edward 
Falkener,  Esq.,  for  whom  the  building  was  being  erected. 

The  soil  consisted  in  part  of  a  few  feet  of  gravel  overlying 
the  London  clay,  sloping  down  rapidly  towards  the  south. 
The  lower  part  of  the  site  appeared  to  have  consisted,  at  a 
remote  period,  of  a  creek  running  up  from  the  river;  and 
there  were  remains  of  piles  and  planking  at  depths  below 
the  level  of  high  water.  The  tide  flowed  into  this  portion, 
of  the  ground  while  the  excavations  were  in  progress.  At 
a  point  about  twenty-five  feet  from  the  line  of  frontage  was 
found  a  well  lined  with  chalk  laid,  in  regular  courses,  each 
about  six  inches  deep ;  the  average  diameter  of  which  was 
three  feet  two  inches,  and  its  total  depth  six  feet  ten  inches. 
About  a  foot  in  depth  of  the  bottom  of  the  lining  was  com- 
posed in  part  of  red  bricks.     (See  plate  19,  fig.  1.) 

As  to  its  date  there  exists  no  positive  evidence,  the  sole 
contents  being  a  quantity  of  animal  bones  of  various  degrees 
of  blackness,  and  two  or  three  pieces  of  iron  and  jDottery  of 
modern  manufacture.  The  chalk  linins;  was  consistent  in 
appearance  with  that  found  in  wells  of  Roman  construction ; 
but  it  seemed  clear  from  a  careful  examination,  that,  when- 
ever it  might  have  been  made,  it  had  been  cleaned  out,  and 
partially  underpinned  with  brickwork,  probably  in  the  seven- 
teenth or  eighteenth  century.  Some  bricks  had  also  been 
inserted  in  the  chalk  lining.  Near  the  top  were  holes  left 
in  the  courses  of  chalk,  as  if  for  the  insertion  of  a  strong 
cross-timber. 

A  culvert  (fig.  2)  built  with  bricks  of  similar  kind  ran 
near  it  from  the  northward,  where  there  were  springs ;  and 
being  quite  free  from  dirt  and  deposit,  it  had  probably  been 
used  for  the  conveyance  of  water,  but  it  did  not  join  the 
well. 


298  DISCOVERY  OF  ROMAN    REMAINS    IX    LONDON, 

A  few  j)lain  tiles  were  laid  between  the  courses  of  chalk, 
and  they  may  have  been  inserted  during  repairs;  but  it 
seemed  equally  j)robable  that  they  formed  part  of  the  ori- 
ginal construction,  and  in  that  view  it  would  not  be  of  great 
antiquity.  The  well  being  in  the  middle  of  one  of  the  rooms 
intended  to  be  made  in  the  basement,  and  about  ten  feet 
higher  than  its  floor,  could  not  be  preserved. 

The  remains  of  distinctly  Koman  character  comprised  the 
neck  of  an  amphora,  and  the  foot  of  another,  composed" of 
red  clay ;  pieces  of  wall-plaster  marked  with  a  brown  hue ; 
parts  of  flue-tiles  of  different  kinds  ;  several  fragments  of 
red  Samian  ware,  some  of  them  having  interesting  orna- 
ments in  relief ;  also,  pieces  of  grey  and  dark-coloured  jDot- 
tery.  Upon  one  fragment  was  a  good  representation  of  a 
stao^  in  relief.  Others  were  scored  with  lines  and  marked 
with  dots. 

At  the  extreme  north-eastern  boundary  of  the  ground,  and 
under  a  portion  of  the  ancient  wall  of  St.  Dunstan's  church- 
yard, was  found  a  mass  of  concrete  and  a  cavity,  which 
seemed  to  have  been  moulded  upon  a  wooden  coflin,  and 
contained  some  human  remains.  Few  of  the  bones  were  in 
good  preservation;  but  a  large  portion  of  the  lower  jaw, 
having  some  fine  teeth,  was  well  preserved.  The  concrete 
was  of  great  hardness,  and  contained  portions  of  pounded 
brick.  Some  roofing  tiles,  similar  in  shape  to  the  ordinary 
Italian  tiles,  were  laid  in  a  slightly  arched  form  over  the 
grave.  Their  length  averaged  one  foot  four  inches  and  a 
half,  and  the  width  about  twelve  inches  and  three-quarters. 
The  sides  were  turned  up,  forming  flanges  about  an  inch  in 
height ;  and,  when  laid  in  their  proper  position  upon  a  roof 
they  would  require  to  have  narrow  covering  tiles  placed 
over  the  flanges  of  adjoining  roof-tiles,  to  prevent  the 
passage  of  water.  None  of  tliese  were  found,  and  it  was 
evident  that  the  large  roofinsj  tiles  had  been  used  with  the 
object  of  affording  additional  protection  to  the  grave.  They 
were  made  of  the  coarse  red  earthenware  of  which  the  ordi- 
nary Eoman  tile  or  brick  usually  consists  ;  and  though  irre- 
gular in  shape,  and  very  thick  and  heavy,  they  would,  no 
doubt,  form  a  good  roof  covering.  To  enable  them  to  be 
fitted  into  each  other,  pieces  were  cut  out  of  them  at  the 
points  of  contact,  and  the  width  at  the  lower  end  was  less 
by  about  an  inch  than  at  the  upper  end. 


PI    19. 


"^^^tS?;:  t^ma 


1 

_3_.    3'  - V 


•f. 


IT 


i><^Ny^/y' 


'-1- 


'•^5<'= 


5^: 


:..)> 


Well  fbmubimcLer  OyBwMing  at-  <9'  Dunsf-ari.s-  -Hilly,  fijfy. 


IloTnoiTvTde£,-fbrming  oovering  to  a,-  Growa  irv  ConcreteA 


TJ  TvdLe^r     S  iob  6/ 


.V  ,;  ,v  I  p     •/«  "'  B  e.  u.  b    S  i  ', 


Ujip  e/r    S  vde/ 


Section  o-F  !BU'it/ 


T.  RLaflhilL,  li.. 


jRjQtkas 


HUT-CIRCLES  OP  EAST    SIDE  OF  DARTMOOR.  29.9 

One  mediaeval  tile,  four  iiiclies  square,  having  a  red  ground 
with  yellow  lines,  forming  a  good  fret-pattern,  was  found  ; 
also  a  portion  of  a  tile  in  gi-een  and  yellow  colours  on  a 
coarse,  whitish  ground,  which  was  probably  of  the  seven- 
teenth century. 

The  whole  of  these  are  now  in  j\lr.  Falkener's  possession. 


REFERENCES    TO    PLATE    19. 

Fig.  1. — Section  of  the  well,  shewinc;  the  bricks  and  plain  tiles  as  they  occurred 
in  the  chalk  lining;  also  the  brickwork  which  was  found  below  the 
chalk,  and  appeared  to  have  been  used  in  underpinning  the  sides  of 
the  well. 

Fig.  2. —  The  brick  culvert  or  conduit  in  its  position  with  respect  to  the  well. 

Fig.  3. — The  upper  surface  of  one  of  the  rooting  tiles.  This  and  the  next  figure 
shew  the  tiles  as  they  would  be  laid  with  respect  to  each  other  upon 
a  roof,  and  not  in  the  positions  in  which  they  were  discovered. 

Fig.  4. — Side-view  of  the  tiles. 

Fig.  o. — Under-surface  of  one  tile.  The  parts  cut  away  to  fit  the  tiles  to  each 
other  are  shewn  upon  this  and  the  preceding  figure. 

Fig.  6. — Cross-section  of  one  of  the  tiles. 


ON  THE   HUT-CIRCLES  OF   THE   EASTERN   SIDE 

OF   DARTMOOR. 

BY    G.   WAREINO    ORMEROD.    ESQ.,  M.A.,    F.G  S. 

The  remains  known  as  "  hut-circles,"  that  now  exist  on 
the  eastern  side  of  Dartmoor,  are  situated  for  the  most  part 
on  the  high  and  unenclosed  moors,  at  elevations  varying 
from  about  a  thousand  to  fourteen  hundred  feet  above  sea- 
level.  They  are  all  upon  "  the  granite";  and  this,  I  l)elieve, 
is  also  the  case,  though  I  cannot  speak  with  certainty,  with 
the  hut-circles  situate  on  the  western  and  southern  sides  of 
the  moor.  But  I  believe  that  in  one  or  two  cases  the  remains 
are  found  at  lower  levels  on  the  western  than  on  the  side 
which  is  the  immediate  subject  of  this  paper.  Though  par- 
taking of  one  common  character,  the  hut-circles  vary  slightly 
in  size  and  style.  In  all  the  interior  walls  consist  of  long 
slabs  of  granite  set  on  end  perpendicularly,  and  so  placed  as 
to  touch  each  other  at  the  base.  In  the  interior  of  the 
smaller  and  the  most  numerous  class  of  huts  the  earth  comes 


300  ox  THE   HUT-CTRCLES 

close  to  the  upright  stones ;  but  occasionally,  in  some  of  the 
larger  huts,  a  row  of  flat  granite  slabs,  with  the  surface  level 
with  the  ground,  is  placed  against  them.  The  exterior,  in 
most  cases,  is  composed  of  irregular  blocks  of  granite  placed 
roughly  against  the  upright  stones.  In  some  cases  the 
exterior  has  been  built  up  carefully,  the  granite  being  laid 
in  horizontal  courses.  Upright  slabs,  the  jambs  of  the  former 
entrances,  often  remain;  and  the  opening  generally  faces 
from  south-east  to  south-west.  The  heii^fht  of  the  slabs  form- 
ing  the  interior  varies  from  about  two  to  six  feet.  Several 
liuts  that  differ  from  the  general  form,  will  be  described 
when  the  places  at  which  they  are  situate  are  noticed.  The 
vicinity  of  Cawsand  Beacon,  about  three  miles  to  the  south- 
east of  Okehampton,  is,  I  believe,  the  most  northerly  point 
to  which  the  huts  extend.  A  few  exist  near  Taw  JNlarsh, 
almost  opposite  to  Belstone  Tor,  at  the  south-west  base  of 
Cawsand ;  but  I  have  no  knowledge  of  any  to  the  west  of 
that  place.  From  near  Cawsand  the  huts  extend  along  the 
eastern  side  of  the  hills  of  the  Dartmoor  district  almost  to 
Eippon  Tor,  near  Ashburton,  a  distance  of  about  twelve 
miles;  and  from  near  Grim spound  they  can  be  traced  along 
the  north  side  of  the  watershed  of  the  Dart,  through  the 
central  valley  of  Dartmoor,  to  the  well  known  remains  at 
Merivale  Bridge  and  the  huts  on  the  west  of  the  moor.^ 

On  the  summit  of  Cawsand  (1,792  feet  above  sea-level) 
there  are  the  remains  of  a  kistvaen,  some  circles,  and 
"pounds,"  and  cairns;  but  I  have  not  seen  any  huts,  and 
believe  that  none  have  been  traced,  on  this  elevated  spot. 

To  the  south  of  Cawsand,  immediately  after  crossing  the 
brook  forming  the  north-west  boundary  of  the  parish  of 
Throwleigh,  on  the  top  of  the  rising  ground,  I  am  informed 
that  a  few  huts  exist,  but  have  not  been  able  to  find  them. 
Near  Shellstone  Tor  (1,145  feet  above  sea-level),  a  little 
more  to  the  south,  four  huts,  varying  in  inside  diameter  from 
30  to  33  feet,  can  be  seen,  and  several  have  been  destroyed. 
To  the  south  of  Shellstone,  on  Endsworthy  Hill  (in  the  year 
1858),  fourteen  huts  remained,  varying  in  diameter  from 
23  to  36  feet.     Several  had  been  then  recently  destroyed  in 

^  In  the  Journal  of  the  Association  for  June  1862  (vol.  xviii,  plate  7),  Sir 
J.  Gardner  Wilkinson  has  drawn  a  most  excellent  example  of  a  large  hut-circle 
near  Castor,  Dartmoor;  and  on  plate  8  of  the  same  paper,  the  hut-circles  above 
Merivale  Bridge.  These  arc  all  referred  to  bj?  Mr.  Ormcrod  in  the  present 
communication. 


\ 


R.  20. 


I.RJobtiDS.. 


OF  THE    EASTERN    SIDE  OF  DARTMOOR.  301 

enclosing  land,  and  the  soil  about  these  did  not  appear  to 
differ  from  that  of  the  adjoining  moors,  and  no  remains  had 
been  discovered.  One  hut  on  Endsworthy  Common  differs 
from  the  general  ]:»lan  in  having  an  inner  chandler.  (Sec 
plate  20,  fig.  1.)  The  dividing  wall  does  not  extend  in  a 
line  from  side  to  side,  but  is  turned  back  at  the  ends,  form- 
ing an  obtuse  angle.  The  foundation  of  this  wall  is  still 
perfect  from  end  to  end,  and  there  is  not  any  trace  of  a 
doorway.  At  a  short  distance  from  this  hut  there  is  a  (j^uad- 
rilateral  enclosure  (fig.  2)  divided  by  cross-walls  into  three 
compartments,  respectively  11,  25,  and  17  feet  long  and 
19  feet  wide.  This  is  the  only  enclosure  of  this  description 
that  I  have  observed  on  the  moor.  The  remains  of  old 
en  closure- walls,  called  "track-lines,"  are  tolerably  perfect 
near  these  last  mentioned  huts.  Between  Endsworthy  and 
the  North  Teign,  distant  about  one  mile,  I  believe  no  huts 
exist. 

Between  the  North  and  South  Teign,  on  Teigncombe  and 
the  adjoining  commons,  there  is  the  largest  group  of  huts 
that  exists  on  the  east  side  of  the  moor.  These  remains  of 
an  old  village  are  situate,  for  the  most  part,  on  the  easterly 
side  of  a  "  track-line"  that  runs  from  near  the  North  Teign 
at  Bat  worthy  Enclosure,  by  Kestor  Rock  (1,417  feet  above 
sea-level),  to  near  Middleton,  almost  overhanging  the  South 
Teign.  On  Shuffle  Down,  the  hill  lying  to  the  west,  oppo- 
site this  "  track-line,"  are  the  circles,  stone-avenues,  and  kist- 
vaen,  described  l)y  Sir  J.  G.  Wilkinson,^  and  by  myself  in 
the  Transactions  of  the  Plymouth  Institution.^  Two  huts, 
some  "  track-lines,"  and  two  pounds, — one  nearly  semicircu- 
lar (fig.  3),  the  other  nearly  triangular  (fig.  4), — lay  beyond 
these  remains.  They  are  very  imperfect,  and  are,  I  believe, 
the  most  westerly  remains  of  this  description  in  this  part 
of  the  moor.  Between  the  supposed  Druidical  remains  and 
the  "track-line"  passing  by  Kestor  Rock,  very  few  huts 
occur.  To  the  north  a  few  huts  were,  until  recently,  to  be 
seen  on  the  moor  between  the  western  wall  of  the  enclosure 
of  Batworthy  Farm  and  the  marsh  by  the  North  Teign.  I 
am  not  aware  if  any  huts  now  stand  in  the  enclosed  lands 

'  ^dQ  Journals  for  1860  and  1862,  vol.  xvi,  pp.  101-132;  vol.  xviii,  pp.  22-53, 
111-133. 

^  Account  of  certain  supposed  British  and  Druidical  Remains  in  the  Parishes 
of  Chagford,  Gidleigh,  and  the  adjoining  Part  of  the  Forest  of  Dartmoor. 

1857-8.     P.  20, 

18G4  39 


302  ON    THE    HUT-CIPX'LES 

of  that  farm ;  but  from  their  existing  on  two  sides,  and  the 
remains  of  adjoining  "track-lines"  pointing  across  the  farm, 
there  is  a  strong  probability  that  such  has  been  the  case ; 
and  that,  like  the  stones  from  the  neiohbourino-  stone- 
avenues,  they  have  been  used  to  form  the  enclosure-walls. 
There  is  apparently  only  one  original  opening  from  Dart- 
moor in  the  "track-line"  extendino-  from  the  North  Teio-n 
by  Kestor,  and  this  is  by  a  road  which  enters  from  the  moor 
between  two  walls  near  Bat  worthy  Enclosure,  and  leads  to 
the  entrance  of  the  outer  court  of  the  remains  known  as 
"  The  Round  Pound"  (fig.  5),  the  chief  dweUing  of  the  vil- 
lage, and  then  taking  a  slight  sweep  to  the  north,  runs  along 
the  side  of  the  hill  above  the  North  Teis^n  to  near  the  modern 
enclosures  at  Brimpstone  Down,  where  it  ceases,  the  stones 
having  been  removed.  No  huts  adjoin  this  road;  but  seve- 
ral are  situate  a  short  distance  from  it,  and  are  approached 
by  what  may  be  termed  private  roads  between  two  walls. 
Another  road  runs  parallel  to  this  at  a  distance  of  about  a 
quarter  of  a  mile  to  the  south,  near  the  traces  of  an  old 
quarry,  and  passes  down  amongst  the  huts  to  near  the 
modern  enclosures,  and  w^as  possibly  a  continuation  of  the 
steep,  rough  way  now  known  as  Teigncombe  Common  Lane. 
There  are  in  this  village  the  remains  of  thirty-one  huts, 
measuring  from  .9  to  36  feet  in  diameter. 

The  Eound  Pound  appears  to  have  been  the  most  import- 
ant building.  It  consists  of  two  enclosures, — the  outer,  in 
form  an  irregular  triangle;  the  inner  circular,  and  placed 
near  the  northern  anoie  of  the  triano'le.  The  wall  of  the 
outer  enclosure  has  fallen,  and  lies  a  confused  mass  of  stone 
about  6  feet  in  diameter.  The  inside  measure,  from  the 
apex  of  the  triangle  to  the  centre  of  the  base,  is  about  95  ft. 
There  appear  to  have  been  two  entrances,  one  on  the  south 
side,  and  the  other  at  the  western  angle;  the  last  opening 
upon  the  road  from  the  moor  above  mentioned.  The  inner 
diameter  of  the  circular  enclosure  is  about  34  feet.  The 
wall,  where  perfect,  is  about  5  feet  in  thickness.  The  inte- 
rior is  formed  in  the  same  manner  as  the  walls  of  huts,  by 
slabs  of  granite  set  on  end,  of  from  3  to  6  feet  in  length, 
and  12  to  18  inches  in  width.  Care  has  been  taken  wdth 
the  outside  casing, as  large  stones  are  laid  for  a  foundation; 
and  above  these  smaller  stones  are  laid  flat,  in  irregular 
courses,  and  the  casing  has  gradually  been  diminished  in 


OF  THE    EASTERN    SIDE  OF  DARTMOOR.  303 

the  upper  part.  The  entrance  (2  feet  wide)  is  clearly 
marked  by  two  jambs  at  the  south-east.  An  aperture,  4  feet 
wide,  exists  on  tlie  south-westerly  side ;  Ijut  this  is  a  recent 
breach  in  the  wall.  The  space  between  the  circular  hut  and 
outside  wall  was  divided  into  six  courts  by  walls  apparently 
about  3  feet  wide;  and  a  hut,  10  feet  in  diameter,  occupies 
the  northern  angle  of  the  triangular  enclosure.  A  triangular 
space,  which  appears  to  have  been  subdivided,  was  formed 
in  one  of  the  southerly  courts  by  a  wall  taken  diagonally 
from  the  dividing  to  the  outer  wall. 

The  Square  Pound  (fig.  G)  is  situate  about  80  yards  to 
the  south-east  of  the  Round  Pound ;  and  most  of  the  stones, 
except  the  foundations,  have  been  removed.  It  consists  of, 
firstly,  a  triangular  court  containing  about  500  scjuare  yards, 
which  has  its  entrance  between  a  hut-circle  15  feet  in  dia- 
meter, and  the  western  side  of  a  quadrilateral  enclosure 
measuring  on  the  north-westerly  side  98  feet,  on  the  north- 
easterly 77  feet,  on  the  south-easterly  95  feet,  and  on  the 
south-westerly  83  feet.  This  enclosure  has  its  entrance 
about  the  centre  of  the  north-easterly  side  of  the  triangular 
enclosure  which  leads  into  a  court  measuring  about  50  feet 
on  each  side,  with  a  detached  hut  of  9  feet  diameter  in  the 
centre.  An  inner  court  of  about  50  by  30  feet  is  entered 
from  this  court;  and  two  enclosures  lay  between  these  and 
the  outer  wall  on  the  north-west  side;  and  one  enclosure, 
having  a  hut  12  feet  diameter,  at  the  south-easterly  end, 
between  the  inner  court  and  the  north-east  wall. 

At  Prenchbere  and  Thornworthy,  above  the  left  bank  of 
the  South  Teio-n,  there  are  a  few  huts.  On  the  rio'lit  hank 
of  the  South  Teign,  opposite  Thornworthy,  at  Methcrell,  there 
are  six  huts  measurinsf  from  23  to  30  feet  in  diameter, — five 
of  the  usual  description,  the  sixth  having  the  Avails  built 
with  horizontal  layers  of  stone.  Distant  from  the  last  huts 
about  half  a  mile,  by  the  sides  of  a  small  feeder  of  the  South 
Teign,  near  Fernworthy,  there  are  ten  huts  measuring  from 
15  to  32  feet.  The  only  peculiarity  to  be  specially  noticed 
is  the  situation  of  a  hut,  1 5  feet  in  diameter,  placed  nearly 
in  the  centre  of  a  quadrano^ular  enclosure  measuring  about 
48  by  93  feet. 

The  remains  of  huts  can  be  seen  near  "  The  Greywethers," 
on  the  banks  of  the  East  Dart,  about  a  mile  and  a  half  from 
Fernworthy,  and  will  be  noticed  hereafter. 


304  OX  THE    HUT-CIKCLES 

The  next  site  of  huts  on  the  eastern  side  of  Dartmoor,  is 
near  Ridge  Lea,  on  the  eastern  side  of  Hurson  Ridge,  distant 
about  one  mile  from  Fcrnworthy.  A  few  scattered  and 
very  dilapidated  huts  and  walls  there  occur;  and  many 
traces  of  old  enclosures  extend  alons;  the  Ridg-c  towards  its 
termination  at  the  old  beacon  at  King's  Boen,  above  New- 
house.  Near  Lakeland,  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  brook  to 
Ridge  Lea,  there  are  four  huts  measuring  from  19  to  25  feet 
in  diameter;  and  at  a  short  distance  on  Bushdown,  near  the 
Moreton  and  Tavistock  road,  two  more  huts,  of  18  and  21 
feet  diameter,  occur.  After  an  interval  of  about  half  a  mile, 
the  remains  of  old  enclosures  are  seen  on  the  northerly  end 
of  Shapley  Down,  above  Moor  Gate.  Two  circles  stand  in 
the  enclosures,  measuring  25  and  26  feet  in  diameter;  and 
another,  also  inside  the  enclosures,  adjoins  this  eastern  bank 
or  wall;  and  on  the  outer  side  of  that  bank  there  are  two 
semicircular  enclosures, — a  form  of  very  rare  occurrence, — 
and  from  these  a  view  of  the  sea  off  Teignmouth  and  the 
Ness  at  Shaldon  is  obtained. 

At  Bovey  Combe  Head,  a  valley  sloping  to  the  east,  near 
the  summit  of  the  hill,  in  a  very  commanding  situation,  there 
are  some  curious  and  extensive  remains  of  a  character  very 
similar  to  that  of  the  Round  Pound  (fig.  7).  The  chief 
remains  consist  of  the  foundations  of  a  circle  about  25  feet 
in  diameter,  contained  within  an  outer  wall  that  may  be 
regarded  either  as  an  irregular  circle  or  a  square  with  the 
angles  rounded  off.  The  circle  is  not  in  the  centre  of  the 
external  enclosure,  being  distant  from  it  37  feet  at  the 
nearest,  and  63  at  the  most  distant  point.  The  outer  enclo- 
sure, like  that  of  the  Round  Pound,  has  been  divided  into 
courts.  Four  dividing  walls  can  be  traced  from  the  inner 
to  the  outer  enclosure  on  the  north-easterly  side;  but  the 
ruins  are  not  sufficiently  perfect  to  show  if  the  remaining 
part  of  the  enclosure  was  divided.  About  40  feet  from  the 
outer  wall,  on  the  south  side,  a  wall  runs  about  340  feet  in 
length ;  and  below  it,  at  the  distance  of  1 8  feet,  a  parallel 
wall,  about  70  feet  distant  from  the  easterly  end,  there  is  a 
hut  occupying  the  whole  of  the  space  between  the  lines; 
and  at  their  westerly  ends  there  are  traces  of  a  strong  build- 
ing having  the  north-easterly  angle  rounded  off,  and  the 
other  angles  rectangular.  The  interior  is  circular.  This 
stands  at  the  commencement  of  a  road  between  two  walls 


OF  THE    EASTERN    SIDE  OF  DARTMOOR.  305 

leading  upon  the  moor.  A  hut  also  is  placed  at  the  entrance 
from  anotlier  pai't  of"  the  enclosure  to  the  moor. 

From  Hookner  Tor,  near  these  remains,  and  the  summit 
of  the  hill,  an  extensive  view  is  ol)tained  over  Dartmoor.  In 
the  valley  below  there  is  the  Headland  Tin  Mine,  and  in  the 
east  that  of  Vitifer.  The  hill  between  is  deeply  furrowed 
by  the  open  tin- workings  of  an  unknown  period,  locally 
known  as  that  of  "  The  Old  Men."  Seen  over  these  work- 
incjs,  distant  about  three  miles,  is  Bellevert  Tor,  iin  insulated, 
conical  hill ;  and  between  Vitifer  and  this  tor  the  country 
is  studded  with  huts,  to  which  attention  will  be  directed  in 
a  later  part  of  this  paper.  • 

Near  to  Headland,  in  a  cross  valley,  is  the  well-known 
Grimspound.^  The  enclosure,  according  to  a  very  exact 
map  made  by  Mr.  A.  C.  Shillibeer  in  1829,  contains  4  acres. 
The  fallen  wall  covers  1  rood  and  3  perches.  The  enclosure 
is  not  circular  :  the  diameter  from  north-east  to  south-west 
is  nearly  500  feet,  and  the  cross  diameter  nearly  470  feet. 
In  some  parts  portions  of  the  original  wall  still  remain ;  but 
in  most  places  it  has  fallen,  and  forms  a  rough  bank  of  stone. 
A  modern  horse-track  from  Headland  to  Manaton  passes 
through  the  enclosure;  but  the  original  entrance  is  appa- 
rently on  the  south-east  side.  There  are  within  the  enclosure 
sixteen  single  huts;  three  double  huts,  or  two  adjoining; 
and  three  triple  huts.  They  are  all  small,  varying  from  6  to 
12  feet  in  diameter.  There  are  also  a  few  small  enclosures; 
and  part  of  the  brook  Grimslake  has  been  diverted  so  as  to 
run  through  the  lower  part  of  the  enclosure.  Grimspound 
lies  in  the  hollow  of  a  very  narrow,  deep  valley;  and  is  so 
completely  overlooked  and  commanded  on  three  sides  by 
rapidly  rising  ground,  that  it  cannot,  as  has  been  suggested, 
have  been  designed  for  purposes  of  defence.  A  few  huts 
lay  near  Grimspound,  to  the  south,  on  the  hill-side. 

On  Hamildon  Down  there  are  several  barrows  ;  but  I  have 
not  seen,  or  been  informed,  of  the  existence  of  any  huts 
either  on  that  hill,  or  in  this  district,  between  Grimspound 
and  Honey  Bag  Tor,  near  AViddicombe,  in  the  moor,  distant 
about  two  miles. 

At  Honey  Bag  Tor,  as  I  was  informed  by  the  late  Dr. 

'  The  reader  is  here  referred  to  Sir  Gardner  Wilkinson's  paper,  "  On  British 
Remains  on  Dartmoor,"  in  the  eighteenth  vohime  of  this  Journal;  and  for  an 
accurate  view  of  Grimspound,  on  plate  2,  fig.  li),  as  seen  when  visited  by  that 
learned  antiquary. 


306  ON   THE    HUT-CIRCLES 

Croker  of  Bovey  Tracey,  there  are  foundations  of  huts  ;  but 
I  have  not  myself  seen  them.  At  a  short  distance  from  that 
phice,  near  Tor  Hill,  and  opposite  to  Eippon  Tor,  there  are 
a  few  huts  and  enclosures  arranged  according  to  a  very 
regular  plan.  An  old  road  passes  near  the  centre  of  the 
enclosures.  There  are  six  huts  measuring  from  15  to  24  feet; 
but  the  chief  feature  is  a  double  enclosure  of  nearly  a  semi- 
circular form,  being  the  only  example  of  this  description 
Avith  which  I  am  accpuxinted  (fig.  8).  The  diameter  of  this 
inner  semicircle,  measured  along  the  bank,  is  15  feet;  the 
averaoje  width  between  the  inner  and  outer  banks  is  21  feet. 
INIr,  Eowe,  in  a  paper  printed  in  the  Transactions  of  the 
Plymouth  Institution  (1830),  in  speaking  of  his  visit  to  this 
place,  says :  "  The  western  side  of  the  hill,  looking  towards 
Widecombe,  has  some  erect  circles  of  stone,  closely  set,  in 
the  act  of  being  demolished  for  repairing  the  road !"  Dr. 
Croker  informed  me  that,  within  his  memory,  huts  existed 
near  the  point  where  the  road  to  Bovey  Tracey  turns  off 
from  the  Chagford  and  Ashburton  roads  at  Swallerton  Gate. 
These  have  now  been  all  destroyed.  At  Eippon  Tor,  I  believe, 
the  hut-circles  on  the  eastern  side  of  the  Dartmoor  district 
cease. 

It  will  probaljly  have  been  noticed  that  the  huts  have 
been  described  as  lying  in  groups.  Such  is  almost  always 
the  case.  A  solitary  hut  is  very  rarely  seen.  The  first  group 
extends  from  near  Shilstone  Tor  to  Endsworthy;  the  second 
lies  between  the  North  and  South  Teign,  and  extends  to 
Fernworthy;  the  third  reaches  from  Hurston  Eidge  to  Bovey 
Combe  Head  and  Grimspound  ;  and  the  fourth  from  Honey 
P3ag  Tor  to  Eippon  Tor.  These  are  separated  by  breaks  in 
the  country;  and  their  boundaries  are  not  governed  by  those 
of  either  parishes  or  manors,  or  of  the  Forest  of  Dartmoor; 
and  at  each  of  them  there  is  one  dwellino;  of  a  character 
superior  to  the  rest.  In  the  first,  "  the  hut  with  a  chamljer, 
and  the  neighbouring  quadrangular  enclosure";  in  the  second, 
"the  Eound  Pound  and  nearly  adjoining  Square  Pound"; 
in  the  third,  "the  strong  enclosure  at  Bovey  Combe  Head"; 
and  in  the  fourth,  "the  large  double  semicircle." 

Before  concluding,  it  will  not  be  foreign  to  the  purpose  of 
this  paper  shortly  to  mention  the  situations  of  huts  on  the 
remaining  portions  of  Dartmoor  with  which  I  am  acquainted. 

Following  the  East  Dart   from    near  the  Greywethers' 


OF  THE    EASTERN    SIDE  OF  DAiiTMOOR.  307 

circles,  huts  can  be  traced  along  its  banks  to  Hartland  ;  and 
at  Ringliill  Farm,  near  Post  Bridge,  there  were  many  huts. 
Between  Vitifer  Mine  and  the  East  Dart,  on  Pistil  Mii-e,  and 
from  Riddon  to  Bellevert  Tor,  they  are  numerous  ;  and  they 
arc  seen  at  Yar  Tor,  near  the  confluence  of  the  East  and  West 
Dart.  Between  the  East  Dart  and  Cherrebrook,  from  Ijellc- 
vert  Hill  to  Lakehead  Hill,  and  at  Archerton,  and  to  the  west 
of  the  Cherrebrook  at  Smith's  Hill,  Newtakc, the  huts  occur; 
and  they  can  also  be  seen  between  Whistman's  Wood  and 
Two  Bridoes  on  the  West  Dart.  These  are  all  on  the  north 
watershed  of  the  river  Dart.  Between  Two  Bridges  and 
Merivale  Bridge  on  the  Walkham  river,  on  the  west  of  Dart- 
moor, distant  about  three  miles,  I  am  not  aware  of  the  exist- 
ence of  any  huts.  They  are  seen  at  the  supposed  Druidical 
remains  at  Merivale  Bridge,  which  have  been  frequently 
described  ;^  and  to  the  north,  at  Cock's  Tor  and  Lint's  Tor, 
on  the  same  stream.  To  the  south  of  Merivale  Bridge,  on 
the  western  branch  of  the  Plym  (according  to  Mr.  liowe), 
they  occurred  to  the  south  of  Hessary  Tor,  at  Black  Tor  near 
Stanlake,  and  Sheep's  Tor;  at  Shangle  Moor,  near  the  junc- 
tion of  the  above  stream  with  the  East  Plym ;  at  Shaver- 
combe  Head,  on  the  central  ridge  of  the  southern  -pnit  of 
Dartmoor,  about  1,600  feet  above  sea-level;  and  near  Erme 
Springs  in  the  same  district.  The  huts  in  the  central  valley 
of  Dartmoor,  and  on  the  west  and  south  sides,  like  those  on 
the  eastern,  also  lie  in  groups. 

Al  thou  oh  these  hut-circles  extend  over  so  large  an  area 
of  country,  many  inquiries  have  not  enabled  me  to  discover 
the  slightest  local  tradition  either  as  to  their  date,  or  the 
persons  who  erected  them,  or  the  purposes  for  which  they 
were  built.  One  point,  however,  in  connexion  with  them 
must  strike  the  eye  of  the  geologist,  namely,  that  there  are 
traces  of  "  tin  streaming," or  of  "  the  workings  of  the  old  men," 
or  of  both,  near  to  every  group  of  huts.  Where  the  traces 
of  searching  for  tin  ore  are  extensive,  the  huts  are  many; 
where  it  is  otherwise,  the  huts  are  few.     The  huts,  too,  are 

•  Antiquarian  Investigations  in  the  Forest  of  Dartmoor,  Devon.  By  Samuel 
Rowe,  B.A.  In  Transactions  of  the  Plymouth  Institution,  1830,  p.  179. — Plans 
of  Ruins  at  Merivale  Bridge.  By  Major  Hamilton  Smith.  In  the  t^ame,  p.  212. 
— Tamar  and  Tavy.  By  Mrs.  Bray.  1836,  vol.  i,  p.  140. — Perambulations  of 
Dartmoor.  By  Rev.  Samuel  Rowe,  A.M.  184S,  p.  182. — On  the  Rock-Basins 
of  Dartmoor  and  some  British  Remains  in  England.  By  Sir  Gardner  Wilkin- 
son, D.C.L.,  F.R.S.  Journal  of  Archceological  Association,  vol.  xvi,  pp.  101-132; 
and  vol.  xviii,  pp.  22-53,  111-133. 


308  CROSSES  AT  ILKLEY  AND  COLLI XGH AM. 

rarely  absent  from  traces  of  "tin  streaming."  The  only 
places  within  my  knowledge  where  they  are  conspicuously 
so,  are  on  the  upper  waters  of  the  streams  rising  in  the  central 
morass  of  Dartmoor  (where  one  single  hut,  near  Fur  Tor,  is 
tlie  only  one  known),  and  on  the  cultivated  land  in  the  lower 
valleys.  In  the  latter  case,  even  if  they  had  once  existed, 
they  would  long  ago  have  been  applied  to  the  purposes  of 
walling  when  the  enclosures  were  made.  In  the  former,  had 
they  been  erected,  they  would  most  probably  have  still 
existed  ;  but  as  the  upper  waters  of  the  Teign,  Dart,  and 
Tavy,  are  within  a  short  distance  of  the  huts  at  Greywethers, 
Hartland,  Whistman's  Wood,  and  Lint's  Tor,  and  could  have 
been  easily  "  streamed"  from  thence,  it  is  probable  that  even 
those  exposed  spots  would  be  preferred  by  the  tinners  (if 
such  w^ere  the  inhabitants)  to  the  dreary  and  inclement  cen- 
tral waste  of  Dartmoor. 

Remains  very  similar  to  those  above  mentioned  exist  in 
other  parts  of  the  United  Kingdom,  and  have  been  described 
by  various  authors ;  but  as  this  memoir  is  strictly  confined 
to  the  huts  of  the  Dartmoor  district,  no  comparison  has  been 
made  with  those  existing  elsewhere. 


THE    MONUMENTAL    CROSSES    AT    ILKLEY 
AND    COLLINGHAM. 

BY   T.    J.    PETTIGREW,  ESQ.,  F.R.S.,   F.S.A.,  V.P.  AND    TKEASUBER. 

During  the  Congress  of  the  Association  held  at  Leeds  iu 
the  autumn  of  1 863, under  the  presidency  of  Lord  Houghton, 
it  was  arranged,  in  the  course  of  one  of  the  excursions,  to 
pay  a  visit  to  Ilkley-on-the-AVharfe,  the  modern  represent- 
ative of  the  Roman  town  of  Olicana ;  and  no  little  interest 
was  excited  by  the  remains  of  three  early  crosses  which  are 
now  preserved  in  the  churchyard.  The  weather  proved  un- 
propitious  for  their  examination ;  but  by  the  kind  attention 
of  the  Rev.  John  Snowdon,  M.A.,  Vicar  of  Ilkley,  Mr.  Gor- 
don Hills,  and  Mr.  Edward  Roberts,  they  were  well  inspected 
and  discoursed  upon.  These  monuments  are  not  only 
^  )ortant  in  themselves, but  in  connexion  with  other  similar 
sses  which  are,  or  were,  found  scattered  over  this  county. 


CROSSES  AT  ILKLEY  AND  COLLINGHAM.  309 

as  at  Collingliam,  also  "  on  the  Wharfe,"  and  supposed  to 
occupy  tlic  site  of  a  Roman  station  at  Dewsbuiy,  and  at 
Leeds  itself,  where  fragments  of  such  crosses  had  l)ccn  used 
as  building  materials  in  the  old  parisli  church;  and  formed 
the  subject  of  an  excellent  paper  by  an  early  associate  of 
our  body,  read  before  one  of  the  local  societies. 

The  most  remarkable  of  the  fragments  now  arranged  at 
Collingham,  and  fragments  obtained  from  Leeds,  will  be 
sufficient  to  give  a  good  notion  of  their  general  character ; 
although  their  present  condition,  produced  by  time  and  ill 
usage,  is  such  as  to  have  been  most  unfavourable  to  the 
photographer  whose  aid  has  been  sought  to  render  the  ob- 
jects as  accurately  as  possible. 

Our  learned  associate  Mr.  Thomas  Wris^ht  has  well  stated 
that  it  has  been  the  custom  to  term  all  monuments  of  this 
kind,  of  which  a  certain  number  still  remain  in  the  northern 
districts  of  England,  ritnic.  The  word  n<?ie,  in  the  various 
Teutonic  and  Scandinavian  dialects,  meant  simply  an  alpha- 
betical character,  and  could  not  properly  apply  to  one  which 
was  only  ornamented  with  scroll-work,  etc.;  so  that  the 
term,  as  frequently  applied,  is  not  quite  a  correct  one. 
Moreover,  there  are  two  distinct  alphabets  of  runes,  Anglo- 
Saxon  and  Norse,  differing  much  from  each  other,  and  gene- 
rally belonging  to  two  different  historic  periods,  as  they  are 
the  work  of  two  different  peoples.  Norse  runic  inscriptions 
are  found  on  monuments  in  the  Isle  of  Man  and  in  the 
north  of  Scotland  ;  but  all  the  runic  inscriptions  hitherto 
found  within  the  limits  of  the  ancient  kingdom  of  North- 
umbria  belong  to  the  Anglo-Saxon  alphabet  and  the  Anglo- 
Saxon  language.  Where  their  age  can  be  discovered,  they 
are  found  to  date  from  the  early  ages  of  Christianit}^  among 
the  Northumbrian  Angles ;  in  fact,  the  cross  which  formerly 
stood  at  Dewsbury  is  said  to  have  commemorated  Pauliuus 
himself,  the  apostle  of  the  Northumbrians,  and  his  preaching 
in  this  locality. 

It  has  been  clearly  shown  that  these  crosses  are  sepulchral 
monuments.  A  larger  cross  appears  to  have  been  placed 
at  the  head,  and  a  smaller  one  at  the  foot,  of  the  grave  of 
the  distinguished  dead.  One  of  the  Collingham  crosses  pos- 
sesses a  great  historical  interest,  for  it  had  around  its  base  a 
runic  inscription  in  Anglo-Saxon  alliterative  verse,  which 
has  been  deciphered  with  great  skill  and  ingenuity  as  follows: 


1864 


'lO 


310  CROSSES  AT  ILKLEY  AND  COLLlXdHAM. 

-\-  CEdilblit'd  this  settee  CEdilblaed  this  set 

ajftacr  ginifa3,  after  her  nephew, 

ymb  Auswini  cyning,  after  Auswini  the  king, 

gicegaed  der  saule.  pray  for  the  soul. 

Auswini  was,  no  doubt,  St.  Oswin,  king  of  Northumhria, 
who  reigned  from  a.d.  642  to  G50,  and  was  murdered  by 
his  rival,  Oswin,  Bede  informs  us  that,  when  he  saw  that 
it  was  in  vain  to  contend  against  his  more  powerful  anta- 
gonist, he  sought  concealment  at  a  jjlace  called  Goetlingum, 
trusting  to  the  gratitude  of  one  of  his  earls  named  Hun- 
wald,  to  whom  he  had  been  a  great  benefactor  ;  but  Hun- 
wald  betrayed  him,  and  he  was  murdered  there.  The  scene 
of  this  murder  has  always  been  supposed  to  be  Gilling,  near 
Kichmond,  in  Yorkshire ;  but  there  are  not  wanting  good 
reasons  for  identifying  the  "  set  Gjctlingum"  of  Bede  with 
Collingham,  and  for  considering  this  to  have  been  the  cross 
which  stood  at  the  head  of  King  Oswin's  grave  there,  w^hencc 
his  body  was  afterwards  removed  to  Tynemouth.  The 
king's  aunt,  ^thelblsed,  to  whom  he  owed  this  memorial, 
was  perhaps  a  princess  who  had  embraced  the  religious  life, 
but  of  whose  name  we  have  no  other  record.  This  cross 
may,  therefore,  be  considered  as  dating  from  soon  after  the 
middle  of  the  seventh  century. 

The  crosses  at  Ilkley  are,  perhaps,  as  ancient,  or  nearly  as 
ancient,  as  those  at  Collingham,  but  unfortunately  we  have 
as  yet  less  assistance  in  tracing  their  history.  They  have 
not  been  treated  respectfully  ;  for  two  of  them  were  used, 
but  a  few  years  ago,  as  stile  and  gate-posts  to  the  church- 
yard. The  most  perfect  has  been  long  erect  in  the  middle 
of  the  churchyard.  The  basement  stone,  on  which  it  stands, 
is  buried  under  the  ground ;  and,  if  it  were  uncovered, 
would  probably  be  found  to  bear  a  runic  inscription  similar 
in  character  to  that  discovered  at  Collingham.  On  one  side 
of  this  cross  the  symbols  of  the  evangelists  are  represented 
in  so  many  compartments,  under  the  form  of  human  figures, 
each  with  the  head  of  the  animal  which  was  his  symbol.  On 
the  other  side  is  the  figure  of  our  Lord,  with  figures  of  mon- 
strous animals  underneath.  The  other  crosses  of  the  Ilkley 
group  are  much  broken  and  defaced ;  but  on  one,  two  human 
figures  facing  each  other,  and  figures  of  animals,  may  be 
traced. 

In  1838  some  fragments  of  crosses  were  discovered  in  the 


PL  21. 


JRJoLtinB 


CROSSES  AT  ILKLEY  AND  OOLLINGHAM.  311 

walls  of  the  belfry  and  clerestory  of  the  old  j^arish  church 
of  Leeds.  They  have  been  regarded  as  belonging  to  diffe- 
rent dates,  extending  from  a  period  between  the  seventli 
and  tenth  centuries,  and  originally  employed  as  sepulchral 
memorials.  They,  when  put  together,  can  be  made  to  form 
four-sided  columns  of  stone,  tapering  from  the  base  to  the 
summit ;  and  in  some  cases,  if  not  in  all,  may  be  looked 
upon  as  terminating  in  a  cross  formed  of  a  sej^arate  stone 
mortised  into  the  shaft.  Of  the  height  of  those  to  which 
the  Leeds  fragments  appertain,  it  is  now  not  possible  to  form 
any  precise  estimate,  crosses  of  this  description  having  been 
found  to  vary  from  three  to  eighteen  or  twenty  feet. 

The  Leeds  fragments,  of  different  dates,  may  be  taken 
satisfactorily  to  indicate  the  existence  of  a  religious  establish- 
ment on  the  site  of  the  old  parish  church  at  an  early  period. 
From  the  life  of  St.  Gildas,  who  flourished  in  the  fifth  cen- 
tury, Mailoc,  his  brother,  is  noticed  as  having  been  a  per- 
son distinguished  by  the  extent  of  his  learning,  and  renowned 
for  his  piety.  He  is  considered  to  have  built  a  monastery 
at  Luihes  in  the  district  oiEhnail,  which  may  perhaps,  with- 
out any  great  violence  of  propriety,  be  read  Luides  and 
Ehned,  i.e.,  Leeds  and  Elmet.  Leaving,  however,  this  con- 
jecture to  be  rejected  or  established  by  future  researches,  it 
may  be  remarked  that,  in  the  neighbourhood,  are  also  to  be 
found  similar  monuments;  for  we  learn  that  in  Kaistrick 
churchyard  the  base  or  shaft  of  a  cross,  2  ft.  4  ins.  high, 
tapering  from  about  2  ft.  8  ins.  to  2  ft.  1  in.,  and  from  2  ft. 
4  ins.  to  1  ft.  10  ins.,  with  the  socket  in  which  the  cross  was 
fixed;  at  the  top,  13  ins.  by  10,  and  9  ins.  deep.  Three 
sides,  the  northern,  southern,  and  eastern,  are  divided  into 
two  panels  by  a  vertical  line  having  simple  fret-work,  scrolls, 
and  foliage ;  whilst  the  remaining,  or  western  side,  may  pro- 
bably have  an  inscription,  but  such  has  not  yet  been  sought 
for.  On  Hartshead  Moor  also,  adjoining  to  the  church,  there 
is  a  shaft  of  a  cross  commonly  known  as  "  Walton's  Cross." 
This  presents  similar  characteristics,  a  fret- work  with  device 
of  a  cruciform  shape  in  a  circle  with  scrolls  and  birds.  These 
will  be  found  to  correspond  with  the  crosses  at  Ilkley,  ap- 
pearing almost  as  the  work  of  the  same  hand. 

The  Ilkley  crosses  are  represented  on  plate  21,  figs.  1,  2, 
3,  as  they  appear  at  the  present  time.  Fig.  1  stands  on  a 
pedestal,  and  is  8  ft.  in  height  by  1 6  ins.  square  at  the  base, 


312  CROSSES  AT  ILKLEY  AND  COLLIXCHAM. 

tapering  upwards.  At  the  upper  part  of  one  of  the  faces  of 
the  column  there  is  a  representation  of  a  figure  with  a 
nimbus, — prol)al)ly  that  of  the  Saviour  or  one  of  the  Evan- 
geHsts ;  though  this  can  scarcely  be  the  case,  as  the  symbols 
of  these  are  conjectured  to  be  represented  on  the  eastern 
face  in  oblong  compartments, — human  figures  in  flowing 
robes,  each  with  the  head  of  the  animal  which  is  his  symbol 
surrounded  by  a  glory,  and  holding  the  book  of  his  gospel. 
Thus  St.  John,  the  uppermost,  has  the  head  of  an  eagle; 
St.  Luke,  the  next,  that  of  a  bull ;  St.  Mark  that  of  a  lion ; 
and  St.  IMatthew,  as  usual,  as  a  human  figure.  This  symbol- 
isation  is  rather  unusual ;  but  there  are  not  wanting  instances 
in  which  the  Evano-elists  have  been  so  treated.  The  figure 
alluded  to,  and  presumed  to  be  that  of  the  Saviour,  repre- 
sented in  the  plate,  would  seem  to  have  had  an  inscription 
above  his  head.  The  figure  is  followed  by  apparently  two 
animals  whose  lower  extremities  are  intertwined  and  knotted 
together  so  as  to  form  some  monstrous  animal.  'J'he  lower 
figure  cannot  be  made  out.  The  spiral  scrolls,  foliage,  etc., 
need  no  description. 

Fig.  2  shows  the  fret-work  more  sharp  and  apparent,  and 
some  of  the  scroll-pattern  here  given  is  of  an  elegant  form. 

Fig.  3  has  suffered  most  from  time  and  other  injury.  The 
figures  represented  would  appear  to  be  those  of  animals ; 
but  it  is  impossible  to  assign  them  to  any  known  species,  or 
to  any  ordinary  representations  of  fabulous  animals. 

Fig.  4  represents  some  of  the  fragmentary  portions  form- 
ing one  of  the  three  or  four  crosses  at  Collingham.  One  of 
these  crosses  is  about  5  ft.  high,  and  has  on  each  side  three 
figures,  presumed  to  be  those  of  saints,  in  arches  ranged  one 
above  another,  the  lowest  series  being  separated  from  the 
upper  by  a  band  of  scroll-work  following  the  line  of  the 
arch.     The  figures  are  sculptured  full-faced  and  in  profile. 

The  portions  of  the  CoUingham  cross  here  given,  it  will 
be  seen,  do  not  fit  in  exact  correspondence,  nor  does  the 
ornamentation  agree  in  regard  to  continuity.  They,  however, 
display  the  kind  of  ornamentation  employed,  exhibit  difie- 
rent  kinds  of  fret-work  panels,  convoluted  scrolls,  interlacing 
knots,  ribbon-pattern,  etc.  On  the  lower  part  may  also  be 
traced  figures  monstrously  distorted  and  interwoven  w^ith 
each  other,  foliage,  fruit,  etc.  At  the  base  are  inscriptions 
in  runic  characters,  reading — 


CTtOSSES  AT  ILKLEY  AND  COLLINGHAM. 


313 


AUSWINIC 
YNINGGIC. 

The  upper  portion  of  the  cross  presents  a  limb  of  the  head 
of  a  cross,  having  knot-work  at  the  sides  of  it.  A  sinij)le 
fret  np})ears  on  the  narrow  side,  and  on  the  front  there  are 
interlaced  branches  with  fruit  and  foliage.  Behind  the  knot 
following  this  division  are  traces  of  an  inscription,  which  has 
been  rendered — 

+  (EDILBL/ED 

The  fragments  constituting,  it  is  believed,  only  a  portion 
of  what  were  met  with  upon  the  demolition  of  the  old  parish 
church  of  Leeds,  when  placed  together,  as  shown  in  plate  21, 
fig.  5,  forms  a  cross  with  circle,  having  an  interlaced  pattern 
in  each  of  the  four  limbs  of  the  cross  and  a  boss  in  the  centre. 
This  has  been  conjectured  to  have  formed  one  of  the  corners 
of  an  altar,  the  sides  of  which  may  have  been  ornamented 
with  similar  work;  an  example  of  which,  having  no  less 
than  fi.ve  crosses  at  the  top,  is  in  San 
Ambrogio,  at  Milan;  the  workmanship 
of  which,  however,  has  been  assigned  to 
so  early  a  period  as  the  sixth  or  seventh 
century.  In  general  aspect  it  may  be 
compared  to  the  one  at  Nevern.^  The 
knots  in  the  limbs  of  the  cross  brino'  to 
mind  those  on  the  sepulchral  slab  on  the 
cross  at  Braddan,  Isle  of  Man,  assigned  to 
the  tenth  century  ;^  and  on  a  fragment  at 
Bakewell,  Derbyshire.^    Two  of  the  sides 


Bakewell. 


Nevera. 


of  the  shaft  of  the  example  under  consi-   "^ " 

deration  present  some  singular  features. 

They  are  divided  into  panels  which  are  severally  occupied 

with  interlaced  ribbon-work  and  figures.     With  one  of  the 


See  Journal,  i,  145. 


-  See  Journal,  i,  148. 


3  lb.,  ii,  303,  fig.  8. 


o 


14  CROSSES  AT  ILKLEY  AND  COLLINGHAM. 


effigies  are  seen  the  fore-legs  of  an  animal,  seemingly  a  lion 
(fig.  6);  and  if  so,  perhaps  St.  Mark  may  have  been  intended. 
The  lowest  panel  in  the  same  side  is  filled  with  a  standing 
figure  (fig.  7)  habited  in  a  mantle  open  in  front  so  as  to 
exhibit  an  under  garment.  A  bird  is  on  the  shoulder,  just 
as  we  find  in  old  paintings  and  sculptures,  representing  a 
dove  standing  on  the  shoulders  of  the  saints  Basil  the  Great, 
Cunibert,  David,  Gregory  the  Great,  Hilary  of  Aries,  Peter  of 
Alcantara,  Peter  Celestin,  Severus  of  Eavenna,  and  Thomas 
of  Aquin.  The  date  of  the  Leeds  monument  of  course  for- 
bids the  imasre  beino;  that  of  either  of  the  Peters  or  Thomas 
of  Aquin ;  but  it  is  not  impossible  that  it  may  represent 
Pope  Gregory  the  Great,  who  was  popular  in  England,  no 
less  than  twenty-five  churches  having  there  been  dedicated 
to  his  honour ;  and  that  of  Frithelstock,  Devon,  to  him  con- 
jointly with  St.  Mary.  In  the  church  of  Notre  Dame  de 
Chartres  is  a  thirteenth  century  statue  of  Pope  Gregory 
with  the  Holy  Spirit  on  his  right  shoulder,  and  holding  a 
cross-stafi'  in  his  left  hand;  which  may  be  the  object  held 
by  the  figure  in  the  Leeds  relic,  which  in  the  engraving 
has  the  appearance  of  a  sword.  The  upper  figure  on  the 
other  side  of  this  cross  (fig.  8)  seems  to  be  the  Saviour 
with  the  dove  descending  on  him.  The  second  effigy  (fig.  9) 
wears  an  ample  cloak  of  many  folds,  and  holds  a  volume  in 
the  hand  ;  whilst  the  lowest  panel  displays  a  most  curious 
subject,  not  easy  to  explain,  though  it  may  have  reference 
to  the  final  judgment  (fig.  10).  The  principal  figure  appears 
to  have  wings  spreading  from  the  hips,  and  with  the  hands 
upraised  grasping  the  hair  and  dress  of  a  female  whom  he 
is  dragging  down  or  supporting  horizontally  upon  his  head. 
Beneath  are  seen  pincers,  spear,  and  hammer,  the  well  known 
emblems  of  the  passion  of  our  Lord.  The  scroll-work  on 
other  parts  of  the  shaft  is  of  elegant  character,  and  such  as 
is  met  with  on  fonts,  etc.,  down  to  the  middle  of  the  twelfth 
century.  It  is  a  difficult  matter  to  fix  the  exact  age  of  the 
Leeds  cross,  but  it  is  in  all  probability  a  work  of  the  eleventh 
century. 


315 


THE  NINE  WORTHIES  OF   THE   WORLD, 

IN    ILLUSTRATION  OF  THE    PAINTINGS    IN  AMBErvLEY  CASTLE. 

15Y  J.  H.  PLANCUfi,  ESQ.,   ROOGE    CROIX,  HON.  SEC. 

"  The  Nine  Worthies  of  the  World,"  or  "  the  Nine  Worthy 
Conquerors,"  as  they  are  sometimes  called,  are  alluded  to  by 
so  many  popular  authors,  Shakesj)eare  included,  that  they 
are  tolerably  familiar  to  even  the  general  reader ;  and  most 
antiquaries  are  aware  that  the  heralds  of  the  sixteenth  and 
seventeenth  centuries  have  assigned  to  each  of  these  worthy 
personages  a  coat  of  arms  with  as  much  gravity  as  they 
have  to  Adam,  Noah,  and  other  antediluvian  celebrities. 
But  the  arms,  and  even  the  names,  of  the  Conquerors  differ 
in  nearly  all  the  lists ;  and  it  is  quite  evident  that  the  painters 
and  illuminators  who  introduced  either  the  portraits  or  the 
arms  of  the  "  Nine  Worthies"  in  the  decoration  of  a  building 
or  the  ornamentation  of  a  manuscript,  allowed  themselves 
pretty  considerable  latitude  in  the  selection  of  their  author- 
ities ;  if,  indeed,  they  did  not  give  free  rein  to  their  imagina- 
tions, and  set  the  authorities,  such  as  they  were,  at  defiance. 

Mr.  John  Gough  Nichols,  in  the  second  part  of  his  new 
serial, TAe  Herald  and  Genealogist,  for  November  1862,  gives 
us  several  of  these  lists  and  variations,  in  conjunction  with 
some  remarks  on  the  monument  to  Robert  Duke  of  Nor- 
mandy in  Gloucester  cathedral,  upon  which  the  arms  of  one 
set  of  "Nine  Worthies"  are  depicted.  There  are  several 
others,  however,  which  he  has  not  noticed,  particularly  those 
in  Favine's  Theatre  d'TIonneur,  a  translation  of  which  was 
published  in  1623;^  and  one  in  a  German  book  of  arms  pub- 
lished at  Nuremberg,  by  Paul  Fursten,  in  1657,^  which  con- 
tain some  curious  varieties.  The  latter  commences  with 
the  "  three  good  Jews," — Prince  Joshua,  King  David,  and 
Judas  Maccabseus ;  followed  by  the  "  three  good  heathens," 
Hector  of  Troy,  Alexander  the  Great,  and  Julius  Coesar ;  and 
concludes  with  the  "  three  good  Christians,"  the  Emperor 
Charlemagne,  King  Arthur,  and  Duke  Godfrey  de  Boulogne. 

'  Theatre  d'llonneur  et  de  Chevalrie,  par  Andrieu  Favine.  Fol.  Paris,  1G20. 
— Theater  of  Honour  and  Knighthood.     Fol.     London,  1623. 

-  Das  erneurte  Teutsche  Wappcribuch.  Zufinden  bey  Paulus  Fursten,  Kunst- 
handler  in  Nuruberg,  1657.     Erster  Theil.  i. 


316  THE    NINE  WORTHIES  OF  THE  WORLD. 

These  names  accord  with  those  in  the  most  commonly 
received  Hsts;  hut  the  arms  assigned  to  them  differ  widely 
from  any  mentioned  by  j\lr.  Nichols,  as  do  also  those  given 
by  Fa  vine.  To  wit.  The  coat  of  Joshua  in  the  German 
Waj^j^enhuch  is  engraved,  azure,  three  bulls'  heads  caboshed 
argent,  langued  gules;  totally  unlike  any  other  that  I  have 
seen  assigned  to  that  worthy.  Favine  begins  his  list  with 
Jason,  who  bore  gules,  semee  of  teeth,  out  of  which  issued 
the  heads  of  men  armed  with  helmets  argent,  a  golden 
fleece  in  pale,  horned  azure.  He  admits,  however,  that  other 
romancers,  as  he  contemptuously  calls  them,  set  down  in  the 
first  place  Joshua,  whom  they  make  to  bear,  or,  a  lion's  head 
erased  gules} 

King  David's  usual  coat,  azure,  a  harp  or,  is  difi'erenced 
in  the  German  book  by  a  border  parte-crennellee  argent  and 
gules;  or,  as  Favine  blazons  it,  argent  diapered  giiles.  Judas 
Maccabseus,  in  the  German  list,  in  lieu  of  two  or  three  ravens, 
as  in  other  catalogues,^  displays,  sahle,  a  lion  rampant  or; 
in  chief,  the  word  Maccabee  in  Hebrew  characters  :  while 
Favine  gives  two  entirely  difi'erent  coats  for  the  same  per- 
sonage :  1,  or,  a  basilisk  sahle,  membered  and  crowned  gules; 
and  2,  or,  a  rocky  mountain  sahle  charged  with  an  anchor, 
in  pale  argent,  on  the  stock  of  which  the  word  Maccabaeus 
in  Hebrew  characters.  At  the  same  time  he  tells  us  that 
the  princes  of  Medon,  of  the  family  of  Judas,  bore,  synople 
{i.e.,  vert  or  green),  a  ship  armed  and  fretted  argent. 

Hector,  in  the  Wapi^enhuch,  has  a  very  remarkable  coat, 
sahle,  semee  of  trefoils  slipped  argent  on  a  bend  sinister  or, 
three  lions'  paws  of  the  first.  Favine  assigns  to  him,  or,  a 
lion  gules,  seated  in  a  chair  sahle  (others  say  j)urpure),  hold- 
ing in  his  pa^^^s  a  halberd  argent,  the  stafi"  azure,  the  lion 
lano'ued  and  armed  of  the  last.^ 

Alexander  the  Great,  in  the  Waijpenhuch,  bears,  sahle  a 
grifiin  segreant  or.  Favine  says,  or  a  lion  gules,  langued  and 
armed  azure.^ 

'  The  coat  of  Joshua,  in  MS.  L.  8,  Coll.  Arm.,  is  given  as,  fretty  orand  argent, 
a  wyvern  salle.  In  another  iMS.  in  the  same  library,  marked  "  J\I.  5,"  the  arms 
of  the  "  Nine  Worthies"  are  given  nearly  all  different,  and  with  crests.  They 
have  been  printed  by  IMr.  Nichols. 

-  Or.,  three  ravens  sable.  L.  8,  Coll.  Arm.  Gerrard  Legh  "  two."  And  azure, 
a  lion  passant  or,  with  a  man's  head  in  a  red  hat.     M.  5. 

'  A  similar  coat  is  appropriated,  in  L.  8,  to  Alexander  the  Great;  while  to 
Hector  is  assigned,  sable,  two  lions  combattant  or. 

'  Or,  three  hells  gules.    M.  5,  Coll.  of  Arms. 


THE   NINE  WORTHIES  OF  THE  WORLD,  317 

Julius  Caesar,  argent,  a  douljlc-lieacled  eagle  sahle,  beaked 
and  membcrcd  or.  Faviiie  blazons  the  field  or,  and  the  eagle 
crowned  and  armed  (juJe,'^. 

Charlemagne  has  in  l)oih  lists  accorded  to  him  the  ordi- 
nary coat,  viz.,  the  Empire  dimidiated  with  France  ancient. 

King  Arthur,  in  the  Wapj^cnhuch,  has,  r/ulc.%  three  crowns 
or,  two  and  one,  instead  of  in  pale ;  while  Favinc  makes  the 
crowns  thirteen  in  number,  four,  four,  four,  and  one;  but 
adds,  "  a  mere  fable."^ 

Godfrey  of  Boulogne,  Jerusalem,  impaling  sable  a  lion 
rampant  or.  Favine  omits  the  impalement;  and,  not  con- 
tent with  the  list  he  has  given  on  the  authority  of  these 
"  romancers,"  favours  us  with  one  of  his  own,  as  follows  : — 
Joshua,  Gideon,  Sampson,  David,  Judas  Maccabreus,  Alex- 
ander the  Great,  Julius  Csesar,  Charlemagne,  and  Godfrey. 
Gideon  and  Sampson  being  substituted  for  Hector  and  King 
Arthur;  and  gives  to  Joshua  for  arms,  azure,  a  sun  or;^  to 
Gideon,  sable,  a  fleece  ai^gent,  a  chief  azure  guttee  de  larmes ; 
to  Sampson,  gules,  a  lion,  gisant,  or,  within  an  orb  or  border 
argent  semee  of  bees,  sable;  and  to  David,  azure,  a  lion  or. 

Shakespeare  only  names  five  of  his  nine  worthies  in  the 
masque  that  terminates  Love's  Labour  Lost ;  but  amongst 
those  five  we  find  Hercules  and  Pompcy,  who  do  not  ap]:)car 
in  any  of  the  other  catalogues.  Gerard  Legh  substitutes 
Guy  Earl  of  Warwick  for  Godfrey  de  Boulogne ;  and  on  the 
tomb  of  Robert  Earl  of  Gloucester  we  find  King  Edward  the 
Confessor  displacing  either  Jason  or  Joshua. 

I  have  been  led  to  this  subject  by  the  recent  examination 
of  a  very  interesting  series  of  ancient  paintings  on  jDanel  in 
Amberley  Castle,  Sussex,  adjoining  the  church,  now  under 
restoration  by  our  valued  friend  and  associate,  JMr.  Gordon 
Hills.  Dallaway,  in  his  Raj^e  of  Arundel,^  slightly  notices 
these  relics  of  mediaeval  art  in  the  following  words  :  "A 
very  curious  room  is  still  preserved,  with  a  covered  ceiling 
of  wainscot,  and  entirely  painted  by  Theodore  Bernardi. . . . 
The  side  panels  exhibit  a  series  of  female  figures  with  escut- 
cheons of  arms,  supposed  to  be  illustrative  of  Flemish  pro- 
vinces," He  does  not  mention  the  number;  but  eight  are 
still  in  existence,  and  a  fragment  of  a  ninth ;  and  1  think  I 
shall  be  able  to  prove  to  you  that  these  figures  were  intended 

'  Gerard  Legh  also  says  thirteen,  "  .3,  3,  .3,  3,  and  1." 
-  So  Sylvanus  Morgan.  '  Hist.  Western  Sussex,  voL  ii,  Part  I. 

1864  41 


318  THE    NINE  WORTHIES  OF  THE  WORLD. 

by  the  artist  to  represent  the  "  nine  worthy  women/'of  whom 
much  less  is  known  than  of  the  nine  worthy  gentlemen 
aforesaid. 

Mr.  Nichols  has  not  even  aUiKlcd  to  the  ladies ;  and  it  will 
be,  therefore,  my  agreeable  duty  to  introduce  you  to  them, 
premising  that  there  is  still  more  difference  of  opinion 
respecting  their  names  and  arms  than  we  have  found  exist- 
in  o-  in  the  cataloo-ues  of  the  men, 

John  Feme,  in  the  first  part  of  his  Blazon  of  Geiit^^y,  en- 
titled "  The  Glory  of  Genorisity"  (ed.  1586),  at  p.  157  favours 
us  with  the  names,  and  at  p.  221  presents  us  with  engravings 
of  the  arms  of  nine  estimable  fair  ones.  The  information  is 
conveyed  in  a  supposititious  dialogue  between  Paradin,  a 
herald,  and  Sir  Torquatus,  a  knight,  whom  I  certainly  cannot 
admit  to  be  a  mirror  of  chivalry,  as  he  most  ungallantly  ex- 
claims upon  the  first  mention  of  them,  "  What !  have  you 
found  worthies  amongst  women  ?  I  never  heard  thereof 
before  !"  Paradin  proceeds  to  enlighten  him  by  reciting  the 
following  list,  commencing  with  three  heathens, the  first  being 
no  less  than  a  goddess,  viz.,  Minerva,  who,  he  tells  us,  bore 
"  on  a  crystal  shield  the  head  of  that  Fury  Gorgon,  Medusa, 
proper."  The  second,  "  Semiramis,  queen  of  Assur"  (Assyria), 
also  called  queen  of  Babylon  and  Ascalon,  "  did  bear,  azm^e, 
a  dove  argent."  The  third,  "  Tomyris,  queen  of  Scythia,  did 
bear,  azin^e,  Jupiter's  thunderbolt  or,  shafted  and  winged 
argent!'  We  then  have  three  Jewesses, — Deborah  (whom 
he  calls  "Debbora,  judge  of  Israel"),  he  says,  "did  beare, 
azure,  the  letter  than,  Hebrew,  argent";  2,  Jahel,  the  Kenite, 
"  did  beare,  argent,  six  nails  gides";  3,  "  Judith,  lady  of  Be- 
thulia,  "  did  beare,  azure,  a  chieftain's  head  coupee  between 
two  swords  reversed  barreways,  argent ;  hilts,  pomels,  and 
neufs  (?)  or."  The  last  three  are  Christians  and  sovereigns  : 
1,"  Maude,  empress  of  Almaigne,  inheritrix  to  the  kingdome 
of  England,  duchesse  of  Normandy  and  countesse  of  Anjou, 
did  beare  in  a  feelde,  gules,  two  lions  passaunt  gardaunt  or"; 
2, "  Elizabeth,  heyre  of  Castile,  wife  to  Ferdinando  the  fifthe, 
kinge  of  Arragon,  did  beare  impaled,  as  you  see,  with  Arrago' 
the  coat  of  Castile,  viz.,  a  castell  or";  3,  Johan,  queene  of 
Naples  (and  sister  to  Ladislaus,  king  of  Hungarie),  did  beare 
impaled  with  the  coate  of  Naples"  (Bourbon  branch,  France 
ancient,  a  la])el  of  three  points  gules),  "  barry  eyght  peeces 
argent  and  gules,"  Hungary. 


THE    NINE  WOKTHIES  OF  THE  WORLD.  311) 

So  far  John  Fcrne;  but  in  Paul  Furstens  Wapioenhuclb, 
before  mentioned,  we  find  the  arms  of  another  set  of  nine 
worthy  women,  varying  considerably  both  in  names  and  in- 
signia. "  The  three  good  Jewesses"  are,  here,  Estlier,  Judith, 
and  Jael;  the  "three  good  heathens"  are,  Lucretia,  Vcturia, 
and  Virginia;  and  the  "three  good  Christians,"  Helena, 
Bridget,  and  Elizabeth.  To  Esther,  queen  of  King  Ahasue- 
rus,  the  German  herald  has  kindly  accorded  azure,  a  castle 
or;  and  as  the  castle  is  depicted  with  a  large  archway 
between  two  towers,  it  is  2:)robably  intended  to  represent  the 
King's  Gate  in  which  Mordecai,  the  Jew,  persisted  in  sitting, 
to  the  great  annoyance  of  Haman.  To  Judith  is  given, 
gules,  a  bend  sinister  argent,  charged  with  a  singular  instru- 
ment, something  resembling  an  ancient  catclipole,  sahle. 
Whether  intimatina;  or  not  that  she  had  availed  herself  of 
such  means  to  secure  the  head  of  Holofernes,  I  cannot  pre- 
tend to  say;  but  the  chieftain's  head  between  two  swords, 
assigned  to  the  lady  of  Bethulia  by  Feme,  is  to  my  mind  a 
much  more  creditable  heraldic  escutcheon.  Jael  displays, 
argent,  a  pile  transposed  gules ;  three  characters  (which  I 
cannot  positivel}^  identify  in  any  alphabet,  but  believe  to 
be  incorrectly  drawn  Hebrew),  two  in  chief  and  one  in 
base,  all  countercharged.  The  six  nails  assigned  to  her 
by  Feme  are,  again,  infinitely  preferable.  Lucretia,  the 
chaste  wife  of  Collatinus,  bears,  sahle,  on  a  bend  sinister 
argeiit  two  objects,  which  I  will  not  undertake  to  describe, 
gides.  I  know  nothing  to  which  they  bear  the  least  simili- 
tude. A  dagger  would  certainly  have  had  more  point  in  it. 
Veturia,  the  mother  of  Coriolanus,  displays,  gules,  a  bend 
sinister  or,  surmounted  by  another  of  the  first  charged  with 
the  Eoman  letters  s.  P.  Q.  k.  of  the  second.  Virginia,  that 
celebrated  Roman  maiden,  bears,  party  per  bend  sinister 
azu7'e  and  gules,  in  chief  a  dove  with  wings  displayed  argent. 
The  Empress  Helena  of  course  bears  the  double-headed 
eagle  of  the  Empire,  sahle,  in  a  field  or,  charged  on  the  breast 
with  an  escutcheon  gules,  a  plain  cross  argent;  and  with 
these  arms  are  impaled  what  the  herald  has  assigned  to  her 
for  her  own  or  paternal  coat,  gules  three  crowns  or.  Bridget 
(St.  Bridget,  or  St.  Bride,  I  presume ;  but  as  there  are  two 
of  that  name  in  the  Roman  calendar  I  cannot  undertake  to 
say  which)  displays,  party  per  bend  gules  and  azure,  over 
all  a  lion  rampant  argent,  impaling  azure  three  crowns  or. 


320  THE    NINE  WORTHIES  OF  THE  WORLD. 

Rather  a  startling  circumstance  if  the  worthy  lady  were  the 
virgin  St.  Bridget,  the  patroness  of  Ireland,  commemorated 
by  the  venerable  Bede;  for  she  was  married  only  to  the 
church.  The  other  Bridget,  foundress  of  the  monasteries  of 
the  Bridgitines,  died  July  23rd,  1373,  and  was  a  widow; 
but,  notwithstanding  the  heraldic  anomaly,  I  believe  the  holy 
recluse  of  Ulster,  who  was  as  much  venerated  in  Germany 
as  in  her  native  land,  is  the  Bridg;et  of  this  cataloo-ue  of 
female  worthies.  The  ninth  is  Elizabeth,  queen  of  Hungary, 
presenting  us  with,  azure,  a  lion  rampant,  barry  gules  and 
argent,  which  is  Thuringia;  impaling  barry  argent  and  gules 
for  Hungary. 

I  have  been  particular  in  detailing  all  these  heraldic  ab- 
surdities, at  the  risk  of  being  tedious,  because  each  of  the 
above  lists  differs  not  only  from  the  others  very  considerably, 
but  still  more  from  that  one  which  I  beheve  the  painter  of 
the  Amberley  Castle  panels  to  have  partially  adopted,  and 
which  is  to  be  found  in  Andrew  Favine'sT/icrt^re  d'llon^ieur, 
immediately  following  his  catalogue  of  the  nine  male 
worthies,  under  this  heading,  "  Of  Nine  worthy  Ladies  added 
to  these  Nine  famous  and  worthy  Men  of  the  World." 

"  The  same  romancers,"he  observes,"  have  added  or  coupled 
with  these  '  Nine  Worthies,'  nine  other  as  worthy  and  illus- 
trious women;  ladies  of  high  deserving,  whom  the  poets 
term  '  women- warriors,'  and  by  the  name  of  Amazons,  of 
whom  you  may  here  behold  the  arms  and  names  according 
as  I  find  them  to  be  by  them  recorded  : — 1,  j\Iartliesia,  or 
Marpesia,  who  bore,  by  their  saying,  gules,  a  griffin  argent, 
laugued  and  armed  of  the  same,  crowned  with  a  laurel 
wreath  or.  2,  Lampedo  bore  parti  :  i,  sable,  three  queens' 
heads  crowned  a  V antique,  or,  with  a  border  of  the  same; 
II,  azure,  three  bars  wavy  or,  3,  Orythia,  azure,  a  swan 
argent,  membered  gules;  a  canton  charged  with  the  first 
part  of  Lampedo  (viz.,  the  three  queens'  heads  in  a  border 
of  the  same).  4,  Antiope.  The  full  or  entire  arms  of  the 
first  part  of  Lampedo  (viz.,  the  three  queens'  heads  in  a 
border,  as  before);  which  declared  that  she  ought  to  march 
second  amongst  the  Amazons.  5,  Penthesilia,  azure,  a  bend 
sable  charged  with  the  first  part  of  Lampedo  (the  queens' 
heads  again),  and  six  grillets  (grelots)  argent,  three  and 
three.  6,  jVIinthia,  azure,  three  arm-chairs  or,  two  in  chief 
and  one  in  point.     7,  Hippolita,  or,  a  lion  azure,  armed  and 


THE    NINE  WORTHIES  OF  THE  WORLD.  321 

langucd  gules,  holding  in  Ids  fore-paws  the  shiekl  of  Antiopc 
(the  three  queens'  heads,  as  before).  8,  Theuca,  argent,  an 
eagle  sable,  armed  and  langued  gules,  charged  on  the  breast 
with  the  head  of  an  ancient  queen  or.  9,  Thamaris,  gules, 
three  leopards  naissant  o;  langucd  and  armed  vert,  two  in 
chief  and  one  in  point ;  the  shield  semee  of  trefoils  pierced 
a7'ge7it." 

But  as  dissatisfied  with  the  list  of  ladies  as  we  have  seen 
he  was  with  that  of  the  gentlemen,  M.  Favine  adds  :  "  They 
should  have  placed  in  rank  amongst  these  famous  ladies  the 
queens  so  highly  renowned  for  prowess.  Semiramis,  of 
whom  we  have  emblazoned  the  arms  in  the  first  book  and 
first  chapter;  and  Tomyris,  who  bore,  sinople  '{i.e.,  vert)'  a 
lion  evire  '  [i.e.,  emasculated)'  as  one  would  say,  sans  vileniey 
argent,  crowned  with  laurel  or,  within  a  border  crenellee  or 
and  gules,  charged  with  eight  trefoils  argent." 

He  does  not  appear  to  have  been  aware  that  Tomyris  is 
identical  with  Thamaris,  queen  of  the  Massagetse,  and  con- 
cjueror  of  Cyrus  the  Great,  whom  he  has  just  named  as  in- 
cluded in  the  list,  but  with  a  very  difi'erent  coat  of  arms;  or 
that  Semiramis  was  to  be  found  in  the  catalogue  of  his  pre- 
decessor, John  Feme.  I  shall  not,  however,  stop  to  com- 
ment on  the  caprices  of  Favine  or  his  contemporaries;  nor 
on  the  false  heraldry  and  obscure  blazon  of  many  of  the 
coats  of  arms  so  absurdly  appropriated  to  gods,  goddesses, 
and  real  or  imaginary  personages  of  ancient  or  prehistoric 
times.  The  whole  thing  is  beneath  criticism,  and  only  im- 
portant to  antiquaries  as  a  warning  not  to  be  misled  by  the 
appearance  of  names  and  arms  at  variance  with  any  they 
may  have  been  accustomed  to  associate  with  the  "Nine 
Worthies,"  male  or  female.  For  our  Association,  however, 
at  the  present  moment,  Favine's  information  has  a  special 
interest  as  illustrating  the  curious  paintings  in  Amberley 
Castle,  The  female  figures  are  all  either  in  armour,  or  regally 
crowned  and  attired.  Three  out  of  the  five  which  have  been 
photographed,  display  shields  (see  plate  22)  charged  with 
ladies'  heads.  So  also  do  two  of  the  three  remaining  figures, 
of  which  Mr.  Gordon  Hills  has  favoured  me  with  a  descrip- 
tion ;  the  third  bearing  the  remarkable  coat  of  "  three  arm- 
chairs" (fig.  6),  which  Favine  gives  as  the  arms  of  Minthia. 
That  these  pictures,  therefore,  were  intended  to  represent 
the  nine  worthy  ladies,  principally  queens  of  the  Amazons, 


322         THE  NINE  WORTHIES  OF  THE  WORLD. 

according  to  the  lists  we  find  in  Fa  vine;  but  with  some 
variations  suggested  by  the  fancy  of  the  artist,  or  in  com- 
pliance with  the  directions  of  his  employer,  there  cannot  be 
the  least  doubt. 

A  lady  in  full  armour,  with  a  magnificent  helmet,  bears 
on  her  shield  (fig.  1),  gules,  three  female  heads  proper  within 
a  bordure  or  semee  of  human  hearts.    Now  Lampedo,  cpeen 
of  the  Amazons,  is  said  to  have  borne,  sahle,  three  queens' 
heads  or  within  "a  border  of  the  same';  which  would  be  bad 
heraldry,  or  is  at  any  rate  incorrect  blazon ;  and  the  painter 
might  have  improved  on  his  authority.    But  under  this  por- 
trait the  name  of  Cassandra  has  been  deciphered,  with  a 
few  other  words,  which  render  it  probable  that  it  was  meant 
to  represent  that  celebrated  prophetess.    Her  name  does  not 
appear  in  any  of  the  lists  I  have  seen ;  but  she  would  cer- 
tainly be  more  in  place  in  a  catalogue  of  illustrious  ivomen 
than  Minerva ;    though  why  she    should   be  in   complete 
armour,  and  bear  the  arms  assigned  to  the  majority  of  the 
Amazons,  the  artist  himself  could  alone  inform  us.     A  lady 
crowned,  and  holding  a  sceptre,  carries  no  shield ;  but  in  the 
spandrils  in  the  upper  angles  of  the  frame  are  two  escutcheons 
(fig.  2)  displaying  each  ten  hawks'  bells  (grelots)  vdthin  a 
bordure  of  ladies'  heads ;  and  we  have  seen  that  Penthesilia, 
queen  of  the  Amazons,  who  is  said  to  have  been  slam  by 
Achilles,  bore  the  three  queens'  heads  differenced  by  six  gre- 
lots argent,  three  and  three.    Here  the  grelots  are  ten,  or  and 
in  a  field  azure,  and  the  heads  are  also  increased  in  number, 
and  placed  in  a  border  gules.     At  the  end  of  the  second 
line  of  the  nearly  obliterated  description,  Mr.  Gordon  Hills 
has  distinctly  made  out  the  word  Babylon,  but  without  any 
context  by  which  we  can  judge  of  its  reference  to  the  por- 
trait.   It  is,  therefore,  possible  that  this  figure  may  be  meant 
for  the  great  Semiramis,  queen  of  Babylon,  whom  the  painter 
has  included  in  his  series;  and  to  whom  he  has  assigned, 
not  the  dove  argent,  according  to  Feme  and  Favine,  but 
arms  resemblino^  those  invented  for  Penthesilia.     The  third 
photographed  figure  bears  a  shield  (fig.  3)  on  which  arc  the 
three  queens'  heads  only ;  and  we  are  told  that  Antiope  bore 
those  arms,  that  is,  the  full  arms  of  the  first  part  of  Lampedo. 
The  other  two  ladies  (figs.  4,  5)  have  on  their  sliields  lions 
rampant ;  one  bearing  her  lion  in  a  field  or,  between  three 
human  hearts.     I  do  not  find  in  Favine's  list  any  that  I  can 


•v 


4 


8 


■WC-  Snulh.iuli. 


THE    NINE  WORTHIES  OF  THE  WORLD.  323 

exactly  compare  with  tliem ;  but  one  may  have  been  in- 
tended for  Tliamyris,  to  wliom  "the  romancers"  have  assigned 
leopards,  and  Favine  a  lion,  crowned  with  laurel  within  a 
border  of  trefoils ;  and  we  may  witli  equal  confidence  assert 
that  it  may  be  intended  to  represent  any  one  else. 

With  the  three  remainino^  fioures  we  shall  have  less  diffi- 
culty.  One  is  described  in  armour,  but  not  crowned,  hold- 
ing three  large  quills  or  pens  in  the  right  hand,  a  sword  erect 
in  the  left;  on  her  shield  (fig.  G)  she  bears,  gules,  three  arm- 
chairs 07\  As  I  have  before  observed  to  you,  here  (read- 
ing aziu^e  for  gules)  is  the  coat  given  to  a  lady  named 
Minthia  in  Favine, — a  name,  I  suspect,  either  misprinted  or 
altered  by  the  old  French  romance  writers  from  Mirina, 
an  Amazon,  mentioned  by  Strabo  (l)ook  xii)  and  Diodorus 
Siculus  (book  iii),  and  included  in  Zedler's  list  of  forty- 
eight  of  these  striking  beauties,  wherein  is  no  mention  of 
Minthia.^  The  inscription  beneath  this  figure  appears  to 
have  been  in  English,  as  about  the  middle  of  it  can  distinctly 
be  read  "  also  he."  The  next  figure  is  not  in  armour,  but 
richly  attired,  and  holds  a  bow  and  arrow  in  her  left  hand. 
On  her  shield  are  the  identical  arms  given  in  Favine's  list  to 
Hippolita,  the  famous  queen  of  the  Amazons,  and  wife  of 
Theseus,  viz.,  07',  a  lion  azure,  armed  and  langued  gvles, 
holding  in  his  fore-paws  a  small  shield  gules,  charged  with 
the  three  female  heads  so  often  mentioned  as  the  arms  of 
Lampedo  and  Antiope  (fig.  7).  This  bears  an  inscription 
commencing  |l] ere..- and  at  the  end  of  the  first  line  appears 
to  read  Cijame...  The  third  is  a  figure  in  armour,  crowned, 
holding  a  spear  in  one  hand,  and  a  sword  in  the  other, 
point  downwards.  Her  shield  (fig.  8)  is  divided  per  pale ; 
the  dexter  half  gules,  the  three  ladies'  heads  as  before; 
the  sinister  azure,  twelve  billets  or.  Should  the  former 
figure  prove  to  be  Cassandra,  this  may  possibly  have  been 
intended  for  Lampedo;  but  with  such  evidence  as  I  have 
given  you  of  the  caprice  and  excessive  imagination  of  the 
authors  and  artists  of  this  period,  it  is  idle  to  conjecture. 

'  I  also  believe  Theuca  in  Favine's  list,  to  be  intended  for  the  warlike  Teuta, 
wife  of  Agron,  king  of  Illyria,  who,  after  the  decease  of  her  husband,  assumed 
the  sovereign  power  B.C.  231.  (Dion  Cassius,  Polybius.)  Both  names  may, 
however,  be  discovered  in  some  of  the  old  French  romancers.  There  is  a  Minthe, 
daughter  of  Cocytus,  mentioned  by  Ovid,  who  was  transformed  by  Proserpine 
into  the  herb  called  "mint";  but  there  is  no  probability  that  she  is  the  worthy 
JMinthia. 


324  THE    NINE  WORTHIES  OF  THE  WORLD. 

The  fragment  of  the  ninth  panel  presents  us  only  with  a 
hand  holding  a  sword  erect.  The  portion  on  which,  no 
doubt,  the  shield  was  painted  has  disappeared,  unfortunately, 
with  the  rest  of  the  figure ;  but  it  is  satisfactory  to  know 
that  there  were  nine  of  these  paintings  at  any  rate,  let  the 
ilhistrious  personages  they  were  intended  to  represent  be 
Mdiom  they  may.-" 

The  remarkable  bearings  of  the  three  female  heads,  of  the 
three  arm-chairs,  and  of  the  lion  holding  in  his  paws  "  the 
shield  of  Antiope,"  undoubtedly  prove  that  the  painter  must 
have  worked  from  some  catalogue  of  "  worthy  women"  very 
closely  resembling  that  given  by  Favine.  The  whole  pur- 
port of  this  paper  is,  I  repeat,  to  caution  antiquaries  against 
placing  any  dependence  on  the  integrity  or  congruity  of 
any  series  of  "  worthies,"  masculine  or  feminine,  which  they 
may  accidentally  discover.  It  would  appear  as  if  nearly 
every  waiter  who  noticed  the  subject  selected  his  own 
favourite  notorieties,  and  invented  for  them  such  armorial 
insignia  as  his  imagination  dictated;  transposing  even  the 
most  popular  coats,  as  in  the  case  of  Hector  and  Alexander 
the  Great,  without  reason  or  compunction. 

Sacred  or  profane  history,  Holy  Scripture,  heathen  mytho- 
logy, or  mediaeval  romance,  afforded  an  ample  choice  of  heroes 
and  heroines  to  authors  of  all  tastes  and  professions;  and 
the  confusion  engendered  by  this  emharras  de  richesses  has 
been  "  worse  confounded"  by  the  gross  folly  of  that  class  of 
heralds  it  has  been  so  often  my  painful  duty  to  denounce  as 
the  mystifiers  and  degraders  of  a  science  as  useful  as  it  is 
ornamental, — a  science,  the  very  soul  of  which  is  truth,  as 
its  primary  object  is  personal  identification, — a  science,  the 
laws  of  which,  by  whomsoever  they  were  laid  down,  are  so 
ingeniously  and  nicely  constructed,  that,  as  in  the  game  of 
chess,  the  slightest  false  move  is  instantly  discernible  to  the 
eyes  of  an  expert.  Amongst  the  many  services  rendered  to 
arcliBeology  by  the  labours  of  this  and  similar  associations, 
you  cannot  be  surprised  if  I  look  with  pride  and  pleasure  on 
the  assistance  given  to  the  progress  of  a  true  knowledge  and 
appreciation  of  that  particular  branch  with  which  I  have  the 
honour  to  be  oflicially  connected. 

'  It  is  possible  that  enough  may  yet  be  deciphered  of  the  inscriptions  beneath 
these  curious  paintings,  to  enable  us  to  make  out  a  fresh  list  of  nine  female 
■worthies. 


325 


Proccctimtjs  of  tjjc  Association. 


April  13. 
T.  J.  Pettigrew,  F.R.S.,  F.S.A.,  V.P.,  in  the  Chair. 

The  Rev.  Thomas  Anderson,  MA.,  of  Felsham,  Suffolk,  was  elected 
an  associate. 

Thanks  were  voted  for  the  following  presents  : 

To  the  Society.     Proceedings  of  the  Royal  Society.     No.  62.     8vo. 
„  „  Archteologia  Cambrensis.     April  1864.     8vo. 

„  „  Fiihrer  in  dem  Museum  des  Vereins  zur  Erforschung 

Rheinischer  Geschichte  und  Alterthiimer  in  Mainz.  Mainz.  1863. 
8vo. 
To  the  Puhlisher.     Grentleman's  Magazine  for  April  1864.     8vo. 
To  Admiral  Smyth  and  Dr.  Lee.     Addenda  to  the  ^des  HartwellianaD. 
4to.     1864.     Privately  printed. 

Mr.  T.  Blashill  exhibited  the  head  of  a  flight  or  roving  arrow  nearly 
one  inch  and  three-eighths  long,  of  the  type  engraved  in  the  Journal 
(vol.  xvi,  p.  266,  fig.  2).  It  was  found  embedded  in  an  oaken  rafter 
during  the  restoration  of  Tarkhill  Church,  Herefordshire,  the  roof  of 
which  is  of  the  fifteenth  century.  The  Rev.  T.  H.  Bird,  to  whom  the 
blade  belongs,  suggests  that  it  had  been  shot  at  a  deer  in  the  forest, 
and' entering  a  tree,  became  overgrown  by  new  wood.  In  this  Journal 
(v,  3)  mention  is  made  of  an  arrow-head  found,  in  1848,  embedded  in 
St.  Edmund's  Oak  ;  and  there  are  several  records  of  extraneous  bodies 
being  met  with  in  the  very  hearts  of  old  trees.  When  an  oak  was  cut 
down  in  Wingfield  Park,  Cumberland,  a  large  deer's  horn  which  had 
been  fixed  to  it  with  iron  cramps,  was  discovered  embedded  in  its 
centre ;  and  in  1816,  in  an  elm  felled  at  Smallberry  Green,  was  found 
a  gold  ring  engraved  on  the  inner  side  with  the  motto,  "  Constancy  is 
a  noble  vertu."  In  the  Leverian  Museum  was  a  "horseshoe  partly 
enclosed  by  the  spur  of  an  ash-tree  which  grew  round  it";  and  "  part 
1864  42 


32G  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  ASSOCIATION. 

of  the  tliigli-bone  of  a  large  quadraped  enclosed  in  the  solid  body  of  an 
oak,  which  was  discovered  in  the  centre  of  the  tree  upon  splitting  it." 

Lord  Boston  exhibited  a  curious  trinket  appertaining  to  the  Order  of 
the  Annunciation  ;  "  the  knot  of  Savoy,"  wrought  of  fine  gold,  riveted 
to  a  field  of  red  Sardinian  carnclian,  set  in  a  gold  frame  like  a  seal- 
mount  of  about  a  century  and  a  half  old.  It  was  probably  worn  by  a 
knight  of  the  order  as  a  badge  of  office ;  in  the  same  way  as  the  cham- 
berlain wore  the  golden  key,  and  the  herald  his  little  escutcheon. 

In  illustration  of  the  device  on  this  trinket,  Mr.  H.  Syer  Cuming 
produced  a  jetton  of  the  fifteenth  century,  displaying  two  knots  accom- 
panied by  a  rose  flanked  by  the  letter  M  (the  emblem  and  initial  of 
the  Virgin  ]\Iary)  ;  the  letter  S,  for  Savoy,  being  repeated  foui'  times 
on  the  margin  of  the  little  piece.  Mr.  Cuming  also  called  attention  to 
some  copper  and  silver  coins  issued  by  Sardinian  sovereigns  for  Pied- 
mont, on  which  "the  knot  of  Savoy,"  or  the  "Annunciation,"  as  it  is 
likewise  called,  appears  singly  and  -wrought  on  the  collar  of  the  order ; 
and  in  every  instance  of  the  same  peculiar  convolutions  as  the  one  on 
Lord  Boston's  trinket.  The  militaiy  order  of  the  knights  of  the  Annun- 
ciation was  founded  in  the  year  1355  by  Amadous  VI,  Count  of  Savoy, 
in  memory  of  Amadeus  I  and  his  noble  defence  of  Rhodes  Avhen  that 
island  was  attacked  by  the  Turks.  The  collar  of  the  order  is  decorated 
with  golden  knots  and  the  letters  F  .  E  .  E .  t.,  the  initials  of  the  words 
fortitudo  ejus  Rhodum  tenuit ;  and  to  it  hangs  a  plaque  with  the  scene 
of  the  Annunciation.  The  reigning  prince  is  always  the  sovereign  of 
the  order. 

Mr.  Pidgeon  exhibited  a  singular  mask  of  hard  red  terra-cotta  covered 
with  a  dull,  dark  green  glaze  composed  of  protoxide  of  lead  and  prot- 
oxide of  copper,  which  had  formed  the  lip  of  a  vessel  found  at  Sil- 
chester,  Hants,  the  property  of  His  Grace  the  Duke  of  Wellington. 
The  visage  is  long  and  somewhat  narrow,  the  widely  separated  nose 
and  chin  sharp,  and  the  eyes  formed  by  concentric  circles.  In  character 
it  may  be  compared  with  the  head  of  the  equestrian  knight  of  the 
lavatorium,  of  the  twelfth  century,  found  at  Win  wick,  near  Warring- 
ton, in  1840,  and  described  in  this  Journal  (xiv,  91),  of  which  Mr.  H. 
Syer  Cuming  now  produced  a  full-sized  coloured  drawing. 

IVIr.  Blashill  exhibited  the  neck  and  spout  of  a  lavatorium,  represent- 
ing a  human  bust,  closely  resembling  in  style  of  art  and  design  the 
example  from  Silchester.  The  eyes  are  annular  ;  the  sharp,  up-turacd 
nose  displays  long  nostrils  ;  the  projecting  chin  is  pointed,  the  ears 
large  and  round,  and  the  right  hand  rests  on  the  cheek.  The  paste  of 
which  it  is  composed  is  of  a  greyish  hue,  the  glaze  is  a  bright  green. 
This  bust  is  in  all  probability  a  portion  of  an  equestrian  figure  of  the 
twelfth  or  thirteenth  century,  and  was  lately  exhumed  in  the  Steelyard. 

Mr.  H.  Syer  Cuming  also  exhibited  a  portion  of  an  eai'then  vessel  of 


PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  ASSOCIATION.  327 

a  litjflit  drab  colour,  covered  with  a  green  glaze,  and  bearing  a  fnll-faced 
bust  in  bas-relief.  The  face  is  a  long  oval,  with  annular  eyes  and  pro- 
minent pupils  ;  the  hair,  if  it  be  intended  for  hair,  consisting  of  twent}'- 
four  short  rays.  The  front  is  covered  Avith  a  knobbed  pectoral.  This 
rare  fragment,  which  is  of  unusual  thinness,  may  be  assigned  to  the 
twelfth  or  thirteenth  century,  and  was  recovered  from  the  Thames  in 
1850. 

An  example  of  the  boggle,  or  image-mug,  of  superior  fabric,  assigned 
to  the  commencement  of  the  fourteeiith  century,  is  engraved  in  this 
Journal,  iii,  C3. 

Mr.  Luxmoore  exhibited  a  lady's  watch  one  inch  and  three-sixteenths 
diameter,  and  rather  under  three-quarters  in  thickness.  The  gold 
case  is  set  with  two  hundred  turquoises  arranged  in  eight  concentric 
circles  with  a  single  one  in  the  middle  ;  bringing  to  mind  the  jeweled 
cup  of  Queen  Elizabeth  engraved  in  the  Journal  (v,  143).  In  the 
centre  of  the  gold  face  is  a  Tudor  rose  of  crimson  and  green  translucid 
enamel ;  and  on  the  margin  are  crimson  and  blue  leaves  and  fruit  of 
the  same  material.  The  hours,  in  Roman  numerals,  are  of  black 
enamel ;  no  minutes  are  indicated ;  and  the  barbed  hand  is  of  steel. 
The  plates,  wheels,  and  pillars,  are  of  brass  ;  the  axes  and  balance-wheel 
of  steel,  the  latter  protected  by  a  foliated  gilt  cock.  A  further  point  to 
observe  is,  that  it  has  a  cat-gut  in  place  of  the  more  modern  chain.  On 
it  is  engraved  the  maker's  name,  J.  H.  Ester.  This  costly  trinket  is  of 
the  close  of  Elizabeth's  reign,  and  worthy  of  having  been  her  property. 
In  the  Bernal  Collection  was  a  pear-shaped  watch,  of  parcel-gilt  silver, 
made  by  J.  H.  Ester.  Lady  Sophia  Des  Vceux  has  a  jeweled  and 
enameled  watch  also  by  J.  H.  Ester ;  and  Lady  Fellows  has  a  gold 
tulip-shaped  one  of  about  the  same  age  as  the  foregoing,  inscribed 
Henry  Ester.  In  the  Ashmolean  Museum  is  a  circular  gold  watch  set 
with  turquoises,  having  a  gold  chain  formed  of  lockets,  with  bi'aids  of 
hair  and  other  mementoes,  which  is  said  to  have  belonged  to  Queen 
Elizabeth. 

The  Rev.  C.  H.  Hartshorne  exhibited  the  signet-ring  of  the  cele- 
brated Csesar  Borgia.  This  remarkable  object  of  Italian  art  is  of  gold 
slightly  enameled,  bearing  the  date  of  1503.  Round  the  inside  of  the 
ring  is  the  motto,  "Fays  ceque  doys  avien  que  pourra."  A  box  di'ops 
into  the  front  having  on  it  borgia  in  letters  reversed,  and  round  it  the 
words  "  Cor  unum,  una  via."  At  the  back  of  this  is  a  slide,  within 
which,  it  is  related,  he  carried  the  poison  he  was  in  the  habit  of  drop- 
ping into  the  wine  of  his  unsuspecting  guests.  The  signet  is  contained 
in  an  elegantly  chased  silver  box  surmounted  by  a  jewel.  Tliis  jewel 
has  been  obtained  from  the  collection  of  the  late  Bishop  of  Ely. 

Mr.  Clarence  Hopper  exhibited  two  copperplate  engravings  entitled 
"An  Ej^e  Catechisme,"  pasted  on  oak  panels  measuring  sixteen  inches 


328  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  ASSOCIATION. 

and  a  half  in  heiglit  by  eleven  inches  and  a  quarter  wide.  The  first  is 
inscribed  at  the  top  thus :  "  Dedicated  to  His  Royal  Highness  the 
Prince  of  Wales.  By  his  most  dutifull  servant  James  Dymock,  a  Clergy- 
man." The  second  is  inscribed,  "  Published  ^vith  Allowance  For  Mr. 
Tui'ner  at  the  Lamb  in  Holbouni  1688,  by  J.  Dymock  a  Clergy-man." 
Both  prints  are  divided  into  twenty-five  compartments.  The  first 
gives, — "The  Commandements,"  "Our  Loi'd's  Prayer,"  "Theological 
Vii'tues"  (Faith,  Hope,  Charity),  and  "  Cardinal  Virtues"  (Prudence, 
Justice,  Fortitude,  Temperance).  The  second  plate  displays — "The 
Sign  of  the  Cross,"  "  The  Trinity,"  "  The  Creation  and  Fall  of  Angels," 
"  The  Creation  of  Man  and  other  material  Things,"  "  The  Fall  of  Man," 
"  The  Incai'nation  of  our  Lord  declared  by  an  Angel,"  "  The  Birth  of 
om*  Savior,"  "  The  Death  of  our  Savior,"  "  Christ's  glorious  ResuiTcc- 
tion,"  "  Christ's  triumphant  Ascension,"  "  The  Holy  Ghost  descending 
upon  the  Apostles  in  fiery  Tongues,"  "  The  Catholick  Church  triumph- 
ant, mihtant,  suffering,"  "The  Seven  Sacraments,"  "  Baptism,"  "  Con- 
firmation,""Euchrist," "Penance,"  "Extream-Unction,"  "Holy-Order," 
and  "Matrimony."  The  lowest  line  of  pictures  are  of — "Death," 
"Resurrection,"  "The  general  Judgment,"  "Hell,"  and  "Heaven." 
Some  of  the  subjects  are  curiously  illustrated  :  thus  the  fifth  command- 
ment shows  us  Abraham  with  his  son  Isaac  on  the  altar ;  the  sixth, 
Joseph  and  his  mistress  ;  and  the  ninth,  David  and  Bethsheba.  In  the 
sixth  illustration,  of  the  Lord's  Prayer,  the  Devil  is  placing  the  nozzle 
of  a  pair  of  bellows  to  the  ear  of  a  gentleman.  The  Prince  of  Wales  to 
whom  this  "  Eye  Catechisme"  is  dedicated  was  the  old  Pretender ;  and 
"  Mr.  Tm'ner"  was  possibly  a  relative  of  Anthony  Turner  the  Jesuit, 
who  was  executed  at  Tyburn  in  1679.  Mr.  Hopper  states  that  these 
rare  engravings  came  from  an  old  Romish  chapel  at  Reading. 

Mr.  Thomas  Taylor  transmitted  through  Mr.  George  Wentworth  a 
transcript  of  a  deed  of  the  last  Earl  of  WaiTen,  exhibited  at  the  late 
Congress  when  assembled  in  the  Town  Hall  of  Wakefield.  It  is  a 
charter  confirming  to  John  Gap'egrave  and  his  heirs  a  "  toft"  and  its 
appurtenances  in  the  town  of  "  Wakefend"  (Wakefield),  which  had 
been  previously  taken  by  Gayi'egrave  from  John  of  Doncaster,  the 
seneschal,  in  reward  for  services  rendered  to  the  Earl  of  Warren.  The 
witnesses  to  the  deed  are,  Reynald  the  Fleming,  John  of  Doncaster, 
Henry  de  la  Warde,  John  de  Amyas,  Thomas  Alein,  William  de  Lok- 
wode,  and  others.  It  bears  date,  Sandal,  Sept.  24,  seventh  year  of  the 
reign  of  Edward  son  of  King  Edward.  The  seal,  which  is  unfortunately 
bi'oken,  but  of  which  an  excellent  drawing  by  Miss  Fennell  was  exhi- 
bited, is  attached  by  a  silken  tape.  On  the  obverse  the  earl  is  repre- 
sented as  armed  and  mounted  on  a  horse  richly  trapped  and  covered 
with  the  arms  of  Warren  (cheeky  or  and  azure).  On  the  reverse  are 
the  same  arms  suspended  in  a  forest.    Fragments  of  a  legend  or  inscrip- 


PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  ASSOCIATION.  329 

tion  on  both  sides  of  the  seal  still  remain.  In  Manninf^  and  Bray's 
Surrei/  there  is  an  engraving  of  a  seal  of  the  same  earl,  but  of  the  date 
3rd  Edward  III,  whieh  is  stated  to  be  in  the  possession  of  Mr.  Astlo 
(vol.  i,  p.  275).  Also  in  Vincent  on  Brooke  (p.  524)  a  seal  of  the  date 
11th  Edward  III  is  mentioned  wherein  the  same  earl  styles  himself 
"  knight." 

Mr.  Gr.  Wentworth  also  transmitted  a  deed  of  William  the  second 
Earl  of  Warren  and  Isabel  his  Countess,  which  has  been  printed  by  the 
Rev.  Joseph  Hunter  in  his  paper  on  the  Pontcfract  Chart ulary. 

Mr.  C.  Faulkener,  F.S.A.,  exhibited  a  dagger  ploughed  up  in  a  field 
at  Doddington,  Oxon.  It  has  a  tapering,  single-edged  blade,  thick  at 
the  back,  like  some  of  the  Anglo-Saxon  knives  ;  and  the  small  guard 
and  pommel  are  of  a  round  form,  the  latter  being  somewhat  concave, 
having  been  set  \\4th  stone,  glass,  or  ivory,  in  the  manner  of  the  pom- 
mel of  the  Highland  hidcuj.  The  tang  is  broad,  with  three  perforations 
through  it  filled  with  tubes  which  have  either  been  set,  or  received 
stout  cyhndrical  pegs  of  ivory,  by  which  the  faces  of  the  grip  were 
secured,  and  which  was  further  strengthened  on  the  two  opposite  sides 
by  strips  of  copper  decorated  with  diagonal  channels.  This  weapon  is 
in  all  probabihty  as  early  as  the  time  of  Edward  I,  from  whose  reign  to 
that  of  James  I  the  dagger  was  almost  constantly  worn  by  the  side  as 
the  companion  of  the  sword.  Mr.  Faulkener' s  example  may  be  com.- 
pared  with  a  dagger,  temp.  Edward  III,  in  Skelton's  Meijrick  (ex,  1), 
but  is  certainly  of  older  date. 

Mr.  Irvine  exhibited  a  curious  comb  carved  out  of  bone,  found  with 
an  iron  spear-head  at  Ham  Hill,  Somersetshire.  Nearly  similar  combs 
have  been  met  with  in  Scotland ;  but  this  is  stated  to  be  only  the 
second  instance  of  such  an  example  being  brought  to  light  in  England. 
It  will  be  noticed,  with  other  similar  antiquities,  in  a  future  Journal. 

The  Rev.  George  Cardew  sent  a  brief  notice  of  the  discovery  of 
human  skeletons  and  various  ancient  remains  at  Helmingham  and  its 
neighbourhood,  the  particulars  of  which  will  be  given  in  a  fiiture 
Journal,  together  with  the  Proceedings  of  the  Congress  held  at  Ipswich, 
when  the  spot  was  visited  by  the  Association,  and  the  skeletons  observed 
in  situ. 

The  Rev.  C.  H.  Hartshorne  gave  a  slight  notice  of  excavations  made 
in  his  parish  at  Holdenby,  near  Northampton ;  the  discovery  of  nume- 
rous skeletons,  quantities  of  Roman  pottery,  fibulas,  etc.,  which  will  form 
the  subject  of  a  paper  for  a  future  meeting. 


330  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  ASSOCIATION. 

April  27. 

Lord  Houghtox,  M.A.,  D.C.L.,  President. 

Robert  Fergusou,  Esq.,  of  Morton,  near  Carlisle, 
George  Leslie,  Esq.,  Birchfield  Lodge,  Edge  Lane,  near  Liverpool, 
John  Brighouse,  Esq.,  34,  George  Street,  Hanover  Square, 
were  elected  associates. 

Thanks  were  voted  for  the  follo^ving  presents : 

To  the  Atdhor.  A  Chronological  Numismatic  Compendium  of  the 
Twelve  Caesars,  arranged  by  S.  C.  Bagg,  Esq.,  folio,  ]864. 

„  ,,         Framlingham  Castle.  A  paper  read  before  the  Suffolk 

Institute  of  Archaeology,  by  R.  M.  Phipson,  8vo,  1859. 

„  ,,         Account  of  further  Explorations  at  Locmariaquer,  in 

Brittany,  by  S.  Ferguson,  Q.C.    Dublin,  1863.    8vo. 

Mr.  Gunston  exhibited  a  fine  example  of  Miserecorde  or  Misericordia, 
discovered  in  the  Steelyard.  It  is  of  the  earliest  type,  and  may  be 
assigned  to  the  fourteenth  century.  The  iron  pommel  is  of  the  exact 
form  of  that  of  a  sword  engi'aved  in  the  Journal  (i,  336),  which  has 
been  attributed  to  the  thirteenth  century;  the  guard,  2|  inches  across, 
is  slightly  deflected  and  knobbed  at  the  ends ;  the  blade  is  quadrangu- 
lar, a  section  forming  a  rhomb ;  the  weapon  is  foui^teen  inches  in 
length,  and  in  a  good  state  of  preservation.  The  Misericorde  was 
known  as  far  back  as  the  reign  of  Edward  II.  Sir  S.  Meyrick  says  : 
"  The  best  reason  that  has  been  assigned  for  the  name  of  Misericorde 
has  been  the  peculiar  use  of  the  weapon,  which  is  to  obhge  a  van- 
quished antagonist  to  cry  for  mere)/,  or  receive  his  death  wound.  It 
was  worn  with  the  sword  in  jousts- d-outrance,  and  sometimes  in  other 
mortal  encounters,  instead  of  the  dagger,  being  better  calculated  to 
pierce  through  the  apertures  of  the  armoui'  than  that  weapon,  its  dis- 
tinguishing characteristic  being  a  long  narrow  blade."  The  earliest 
Misericorde  in  the  Meyrick  Collection  is  of  the  time  of  Henry  VI,  the 
blade  being  three-sided ;  the  same  form  of  blade  is  also  met  with  in 
the  reign  of  Henry  VIII.  In  the  sixteenth  century  the  blade  of  the 
Misericorde  was  not  unfrequently  channeled  and  perforated  to  hold 
poison ;  two  examples  so  made,  of  the  age  of  Henry  VIII  and  Eliza- 
beth, are  at  Goodrich  Court.  In  a  collection  of  armour  exhibited  at 
the  Gothic  Hall,  Pall  Mall,  was  an  old  English  Misericorde  graven 
with  the  date  1605  and  the  following  lines : 

"  Ask  me  not  for  schame. 
Drink  lis  and  by  ane." 

Mr.  Gunston  also  exhibited  a  baskct-hiltcd  stiletto  of  the  time  of 
Henry  VIII,  recovered  from  the  mud  of  the  Fleet  River  in  1863.    The 


PROCEEDINOS  OF  THE  ASSOCIATION.  331 

pommel  is  a  thick  disc  of  iron  with  a  square  knob  at  the  top,  such  as 
gave  name  to  the  Dague  a  roHlle.  The  two-ctlgetl  blade  is  strengthened 
on  either  side  by  a  sharp  prominent  rib  passing  down  the  centre, 
a  small  portion  of  which  is  cut  away  next  tlie  guard  on  the  blade  to 
permit  the  thumb  to  rest  against  it,  the  weapon  being  designed  for  the 
left  hand  as  an  accompaniment  of  the  sword, 

Mr.  Gunston  exhibited  a  small  oblong  square  piece  of  copper,  appa- 
rently impressed  with  a  bookbinder's  stamp  of  about  the  year  15G5. 
The  device,  a  hclmeted  profile  bust  to  the  right,  within  a  circle,  sur- 
rounded by  foliage :  found  in  Moorfields.  Also,  a  brass  admission 
ticket  to  the  Physic  Gardens,  Ainsterdam,  designed  for  the  memljers 
of  the  Guild  of  Surgeons  of  that  place,  and  granted  to  P.  Van  Suuren, 
whose  name,  together  with  a  skull  and  cross-bones,  is  engraved  on  one 
side  of  the  piece.  On  the  other  side  is  a  vase  of  flowers  dividing  the 
date  1684  and  the  legend  hortvs  medicvs.  Tickets  with  this  device 
and  legend  sometimes  bear  the  arms  of  Amsterdam  on  the  opposite 
side.  It  seems  to  have  been  the  practice  to  cast  the  Hortus  jMedicus 
tickets  very  thick,  so  that  they  could  be  sawed  in  half,  leaving  a  plain 
field  in  which  the  name  of  the  recipient  could  be  inscribed,  as  in  the 
present  example,  which  has  been  mistaken  for  a  ticket  for  the  Physic 
Gardens,  Chelsea. 

Mr.  Gunston  produced  also  a  Dutch  tobacco-box  of  the  time  of 
William  III,  of  brass,  seven  inches  long  by  one  seven-eighths  wide. 
Round  the  sides  are  engraved  a  large-horned  buck  followed  by  three 
does.  On  the  top  and  bottom  are  engraved  passages  of  Scripture  in 
the  Ideographic  manner :  that  on  the  lid  is  from  the  Lamentations  of 
Jeremiah,  v,  16,  17,  and  that  on  the  base  from  Psalm  h,  11,  12  (erro- 
neously put  12,  13).  Ideographic  legends  date  from  the  days  of  the 
Pharaohs,  but  it  is  hardly  known  that  this  mode  of  expressing  lan- 
guage was  occasionally  resorted  to  in  a  solemn  spirit  as  late  as  the 
eighteenth  century.  Mr.  Cuming  has  A  Curious  Hieroghjphich  Bihle  ; 
or  Select  Passages  in  the  Old  and  Neiv  Testaments,  12mo ;  London : 
printed  for  J.  Hodgson,  in  George's-court,  St.  John's-lane,  Clerken- 
well,  1786. 

Mr.  Taylor  transmitted  a  little  badge  of  St.  Michael— a  cast  in  brass, 
with  a  loop  at  the  back  for  attachment  to  the  hat  either  of  a  Knight  of 
the  Order,  or  else  of  a  Pilgrim  to  the  Archangels'  Church  in  Nor- 
mandy. The  figure  is  represented  with  expanded  wings,  completely 
clothed  in  armour,  the  breast-plate  globose  and  the  tassels  of  five 
lames  falling  half-way  down  the  thighs.  The  saint  holds  a  round 
buckler  charged  with  a  cross  in  his  left  hand,  and  raises  his  sword 
with  his  right  to  strike  a  four-footed  winged  dragon.  He  places  his 
left  foot  on  the  creature's  neck,  and  on  a  bank  to  the  right  are  three 
flowers  springing  from  one  stem,  emblematic  of  the    Holy  Trinity. 


332  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  ASSOCIATION. 

This  relic  is  of  about  the  end  of  the  fifteenth  century,  and  was  ex- 
humed at  Moulton  Pai-k,  near  Northampton,  a  hunting- seat  of  the 
Ena:lish  kinsrs. 

Mr.  Baskcomb  exhibited  a  portion  of  a  scarf  or  neck-cloth  stated  to 
have  been  worn  by  Charles  I  on  the  morning  of  January  oOth,  1648. 
It  is  of  fine  cambric,  measuring  seven  and  a-quarter  inches  from  hem 
to  hem,  and  beautifully  worked  in  variously-arranged  squares  of  pattern 
exactly  agreeing  in  style  with  the  embroidery  on  the  shirt  now  placed 
by  Mr.  Henry  Blackburn  in  the  South  Kensington  Museum,  which  is 
said  to  be  one  of  the  two  worn  by  the  King  on  the  day  of  his  death, 
and  long  preserved  by  the  descendants  of  the  Lord-keeper  Coventry." 
The  remaining  part  of  the  scarf  produced  by  Mr.  Baskcomb  is  in  the 
possession  of  a  Mrs.  Hawkins,  in  whose  family  it  has  been  an  heir-loom 
from  time  out  of  mind. 

Mr.  H.  Syer  Cuming  exhibited  a  heart-shaped  mortuary  locket  of 
King  Charles  I,  of  silver,  one  side  being  engraved  with  a  cherub's 
head,  the  other  with  a  flambant  heart  wounded  with  an  arrow,  a  drop 
of  blood  flowing  from  the  wound  ;  and  flanked  by  palm-branches,  the 
emblems  of  martyrdom.  Above  are  the  initials  of  the  original  owner, 
A.  G.,  conjectured  to  have  been  the  Rev.  Arthur  Gifford,  rector  of 
Biddeford,  Devonshire,  who  sufiered  severely  in  the  royal  cause,  and 
whose  brother,  Colonel  John  Gifibrd,  was  a  distinguished  soldier  in  the 
king's  army.  Around  the  edge  of  the  trinket  is  inscribed  "My  hert 
doe  rest  within  thy  brest."  In  the  Gent.  Mag.  for  Feb.  1794  (p.  122), 
description  is  given  of  a  cavalier's  locket  inscribed  "  In  this  brest  my 
hert  doth  rest."  These  lockets  differ  in  some  respects  from  those 
already  mentioned  in  the  Journal  (xi,  234 ;  xvi,  294)  ;  but,  like  them, 
were  doubtlessly  employed  as  receptacles  for  relics  of  the  monarch, — a 
portion  of  his  hair,  or  a  bit  of  cloth  or  chip  tinged  with  his  blood, — for 
that  such  things  were  prized  even  as  amulets,  is  shown  by  Mr.  Petti- 
grew  in  his  Medical  Sttperstitions  (p.  150).  Mr.  Cuming  also  exhibited 
an  impression  of  a  mortuary  signet  of  Charles  I,  of  rather  rude  execu- 
tion, bearing  a  profile  of  the  monarch  to  the  left,  and  the  words  royal 
MAETYR.  ]\Ir.  Forman  has  a  small  brass  button  with  a  profile  of  the 
king  circumscribed  royal  m. 

The  Rev.  T.  A.  Holland,  of  Poynings,  Hurst  Piei^oint,  Sussex, 
transmitted  a  signet  ring,  bearing  the  arms  and  cipher  of  Henrietta 
Maria,  one  of  two  examples  formerly  in  the  possession  of  the  late 
David  Stuart  Erskine,  Earl  of  Buchan,  Mr.  Holland's  grand-uncle. 
The  seal  is  precisely  similar  in  design,  but  of  rather  larger  size  than 
that  given  in  the  Journal,  xvii,  224,  and  is  engraved  on  a  slab  of 
carneHan  set  in  gold,  not,  however,  the  original  mounting,  which  was 

"  That  the  king  wore  two  shirts  at  the  day  of  his  death  is  manifest  by  Her- 
bert's Memoirs.    See  Journal,  xi,  230. 


PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  ASSOCIATION.  333 

of  a  mucK  more  delicate  description.     The  Earl  of  ]?uchan  always  con- 
sidered his  ring  as  appertaining  to  ^[ary  Stuart. 

Mr.  H.  Syer  Cuming  called  attention  to  the  fiict  that  we  were  now 
acquainted  with  at  least  four  distinct  signet-rings  displaying  the  arms 
and  cipher  of  Henrietta  Maria.  First,  the  beautiful  trinket  belonging 
to  Miss  Hartshorne,  in  which  the  device  is  cut  on  an  oval  sapphire,  and 
of  which  an  account  appeared  in  the  Journal  (xviii,  277);  secondly,  a 
group  of  three,  perhaps  four,  lozenge-shapod  signets,  which  may  be 
distinguished  as  the  Buchan- Wiseman  ring,  the  Buchan-Holland  rin"-, 
the  Fielder  ring,  the  stone  of  which  is  held  in  the  bezel  by  twelve 
clamps,  and  an  anonymous  ring,  in  which  the  signet  is  fixed  in  the 
bezel  by  four  clamps,  without,  indeed,  this  be  one  of  the  Hol^Tood 
ectypes  of  glass  brought  to  our  notice  by  Mr.  Vera  Irving  in  1855 
(see  Journal,  xi,  76).  It  has  been  suggested  that  the  oval  signet  was 
worn  by  the  Queen  during  the  King's  lifetime,  and  that  the  lozenge 
form  indicates  her  widowhood.  But  grant  that  the  two  forms  of  jewels 
mark  two  periods  of  the  Queen's  career,  the  question  still  remains. 
How  comes  there  to  be  so  many  similar  ones  of  the  lozenge  type  ?  is 
there  hut  one  original  among  them,  and  all  the  rest  ectypes  of  the  Queen's 
own  trinket,  or  were  several  of  the  same  kind  made  to  serve  some 
special  purpose  ?  At  present  the  question  is  in  obscurity.  In  relation 
to  the  duplication  of  icings  connected  with  the  wife  of  our  first  Charles, 
it  may  be  well  in  this  place  to  quote  a  passage  from  Miss  Strickland's 
Lives  of  the  Queens  of  England  (viii,  101)  :  "Whilst  in  Holland  she  had 
a  great  many  rings,  lockets,  and  bracelet-clasps  made  with  her  cipher ; 
the  letters  H.  M.  R. — Henrietta  Maria  Begina — in  very  delicate  filagree 
of  gold,  curiously  contained  in  a  monogram,  laid  on  a  ground  of 
crimson  velvet,  covered  with  thick  crystal,  cut  like  a  table  diamond, 
and  set  in  gold.  These  were  called  "the  Queens  pledges,'"  and  were 
presented  by  her  to  any  person  who  had  lent  her  money,  or  rendered 
her  any  particular  service,  with  an  understanding  that  if  presented  to 
her  Majesty  at  any  future  time  when  fortune  smiled  on  the  royal 
cause,  it  would  command  either  repayment  of  the  money  advanced,  or 
some  favour  from  the  Queen  that  would  amount  to  an  ample  equiva- 
lent. Many  of  these  interesting  testimonials  are  in  existence,  and,  in 
families  where  the  tradition  has  been  forgotten,  have  been  regai'ded  as 
amulets  wliich  were  to  secure  good  fortune  to  the  wearer.  One  of 
these  royal  pledges,  a  small  bracelet-clasp,  has  been  an  heirloom  in  the 
family  of  the  author  of  this  life  of  Henrietta,  and  there  is  a  ring,  with 
the  same  device,  in  the  possession  of  Philip  Darrell,  Esq.,  of  Cales-hiU, 
in  Kent,  which  was  presented  to  his  immediate  ancestor  by  that 
Queen." 

Mr.  Irvine  exhibited  a   three-quarter  full-sized   portrait  of  Prince 
Rupert,  painted  in  oil  upon  paper  spread  on  panel,  measuring  seveu- 
1864  43 


334  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  ASSOCIATION. 

teen  inclies  high  by  eleven  and  a-half  wide.  The  luxuriant  hair  falls 
over  the  forehead  and  about  the  shoulders  ;  round  the  neck  is  twisted 
a  white  cravat,  and  the  slashed  sleeve  displays  the  white  shirt  beneath. 
;Mr.  Irvine  purchased  this  picture  of  an  inmate  of  Lane's  Almshouse, 
Ludlow,  Salop,  May  3ist,  1859,  but  could  learn  nothing  of  its  history. 
It  may  have  been  given  by  the  Prince  to  one  of  his  numerous  friends 
during  his  sojourn  at  Ludlow  Castle  as  Lord  President  of  Wales, 
which  office  he  filled  from  the  year  1679  to  his  death  in  1G82.  At 
Hampton  Court  is  a  portrait  of  Prince  Rupert  when  a  boy,  by  Mytens, 
and  another  young  likeness  of  him  in  armour  holding  a  baton  may  be 
seen  in  Pinkerton's  Medals  of  Enijland  (PI.  xiv,  9).  Earl  Craven  has 
a  full-length  picture  of  the  Prince  by  Vandyck,  and  portraits  of  him 
were  also  executed  by  Gerard  Honthorst,  Dobson,  and  Lely,  some  of 
which  have  been  engraved  by  De  Jode,  C.  Knight,  Hollar,  &c.  One 
of  the  rarest  of  engraved  portraits  of  the  Prince  is  that  in  a  military 
habit  executed  by  himself  in  mezzotinto,  and  signed  Bujj.  p.  fee.,  1656. 

Mr.  Gordon  M.  Hills  read  some  observations  relating  to  Chichester 
Cathedral.     (See  pp.  155-160  ante.) 

The  remainder  of  the  evening  was  occupied  in  the  reading  of  a  paper 
"  On  the  Hut-Circles  of  the  Eastern  Side  of  Dartmoor,"  by  G.  Wareing 
Ormerod,  Esq.,  M.A.     (See  pp.  299-308  ante.) 

ANNUAL  GENERAL  MEETING. 
!Mat  11th. 
Nathaniel  Gould,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  V.P.  in  the  Chair. 
For  an  account  of  the  proceedings  see  pp.  161-188  ante. 


Mat  25. 
T.  J.  Pettigrew,  F.R.S.,  F.S.A.,  V.P.,  in  the  Chair. 

Steuart  Macnaghten,  Esq.,  of  Bittern  Manor,  near  Southampton, 
J.  Kirke,  Esq.,  of  the  Middle  Temple,  and  32,  Harley-street, 
Rear- Admiral  Sir  G.  N.  Broke  Middleton,  Bart.  C.B.,  of  Broke  Hall, 
were  elected  associates. 

ThanBs  were  voted  for  the  following  presents  : 
To  the  Author.     The  Art- Workman's  Position.      By  A.  J.  B.  Beresford 

Hope,  Esq.     1864.     8vo. 
To  the  Societij.     Proceedings   of  the  Royal  Society.     No.  63.     Aprd, 
1864.     8vo. 

„     Journal  of  the  Canadian  Institute.    No.  50.    March,  1864. 
8vo. 


PilOUEEDIJs^GS  OF  THE  ASSOCIATION.  335 

To  the  Societij.  ProoeccHrifrs  and  Papers  of  the  Kilkenny  and  S.E.  of 
Ireland  Archaeological  Society.     No.  43.     January  18G4.     8vo. 

To  the  Publisher.     Gentleman's  Magazine  for  May,  18G4.     8vo. 

To  the  Bev.  E.  KeU,  M.A.,  F.S.A.  Plaster  Casts  of  Saxon  Coins  and 
Sceatta)  found  at  Southampton,  and  described  in  the  Journal  of 
the  Association  for  March,  18G4. 

The  Chairman  communicated  to  the  meeting  that  the  Council  having 
received  information  that  a  portion  of  the  Castle  Wall  at  Southampton 
was  threatened  with  demolition  by  a  builder  who  had  purchased  the 
property,  a  letter  was  directed  to  be  addressed  to  the  Town  Council 
expressive  of  their  regret  at  such  an  intention,  and  hoping  that  means 
would  be  taken  to  avert  the  same,  it  being  a  historical  memorial  of 
great  interest,  and  viewed  by  the  Association  at  their  Congress  in  1855. 
A  letter  in  reply  from  the  Town  Clerk  had  been  received,  stating  that  no 
funds  were  possessed  by  the  Corporation  which  could  legally  be  devoted 
to  the  purchase  of  the  wall,  but  that  the  communication  should  be  laid 
before  the  Town  Council  at  their  next  meeting;.! 

Mr.  Edward  T.  Stevens,  of  Salisbury,  made  the  following  interesting 
communication  to  the  Treasurer  on  a  recent  discovery  of  flint  imple- 
ments in  the  drift : — 

"  It  is  with  great  pleasure  that  I  am  able  to  announce  the  discovery, 
within  the  last  week,  of  no  less  than  five  very  well  defined  and  charac- 
teristic flint  implements,  by  Mr.  James  Brown  of  this  city.  These 
specimens  were  all  derived  from  the  drift  which  occurs  at  Hill  Head 
near  Fareham, — a  deposit  extending  for  miles  along  that  part  of  the 
coast.  The  implement-bearing  character  of  these  beds  was  first  deter- 
mined by  Mr.  Brown  in  May,  1863,  and  between  that  time  and  the 
November  following  he  placed  four  admirably  finished  implements 
from  this  locality  in  our  Museum.  The  series  was  increased  by  subse- 
quent discoveries  to  nine,  and  now  five  more  have  been  added  ;  so  that 
in  less  than  twelve  months  Mr.  Brown  has  himself  collected  fourteen 
flint  implements  from  this  one  deposit.  Mr.  Evans,  F.S.A.,  found  one 
on  the  same  line  of  coast  in  March  last ;  and  Keeping,  the  well-known 
geologist,  collected  three  (?)  at  a  somewhat  later  date.  Yet  it  must  be 
borne  in  mind  that  it  was  in  consequence  of  the  information  derived 
fi^om  Mr.  Brown  that  Mr.  Evans,  Mr.  Prestwich,  and,  within  the  last 
week.  Sir  Charles  Lyell,  have  visited  this  Hampshire  di-ift,  and  have 
pronounced  upon  the  importance  and  the  genuine  character  of  the  dis- 
covery. 

"  Mr  Brown's  fine  series  contains  examples  of  nearly  all  the  kno^vn 
types.  There  is  an  absence  of  mere  flakes  ;  but  the  implements  ai-e 
more  carefully  finished,  they  bear  greater  evidence  of  design  and  of 

•  The  Association  will  rejoice  to  learn  that  the  property  has  been  purchased 
by  the  Corporation,  and  this  monument  of  antiquity  thereby  preserved. 


336  FKOCEEDINGS  OF  THE  ASSOCIATION. 

liuman  forethought  than  is  usually  the  case.  It  is  interesting  to  note 
that  the  specimens  hitherto  found  on  the  Brown  Down  side  of  Hill 
Head  ai'C  of  a  more  rude  character  ;  and  should  future  discoveries 
establish  this  as  a  fact,  it  may  show  that  an  equal  expertness  in  the 
manufacture  of  such  implements  was  not  shared  by  the  entire  popula- 
tion at  this  remote  period,  but  was  possessed  in  a  greater  or  less  degree 
by  an  individual  or  a  tribe  here  and  there.  The  four  specimens  found 
by  Dr.  Blackmore  at  Fisherton  Anger  confirm  this  view  ;  for  they  all 
possess  a  striking  family  likeness,  not  so  much  as  to  form  or  type,  but 
as  to  comparative  skill  in  the  manufacture. 

"  Among  the  implements  so  recently  found  by  Mr.  Brown  are  three 
peculiarly  interesting  specimens.  One  is  chipped  down  to  a  working 
point,  and  was  evidently  intended  for  use  in  the  hand  unmounted.  This 
rude  hand-hatchet  was  probably  used  adze-wise,  and  must  have  been 
well  adapted  for  such  a  purpose  as  chumping  out  the  previously  charred 
interior  of  a  tree,  with  the  view  of  making  it  into  that  form  of  canoe 
which  the  Americans  call  a  '  dug-out.'  The  maker  (probably  also  him- 
self the  user)  of  this  implement  studied  his  comfort,  and  before  expend- 
ing labour  npon  it,  he  selected  a  flint  with  a  if: ell-rounded  end,  which 
has  been  preserved,  and  which  served  as  the  handle.  Examples  occur 
of  rounded  eocene  pebbles  having  been  thus  turned  to  account  by  the 
drift  workmen.  Mr.  Brown's  specimen,  however,  is  apparently  made 
from  a  flint  obtained  direct  from  the  chalk.  How  singular  it  is  that 
this  hint  given  by  Nature  was  not  taken  by  the  man  of  the  drift  age  ! 
Although  he  selected  now  and  then  a  rounded  pebble,  he  does  not 
appear  in  any  case  to  have  himself  ruhhed  down  the  inequalities  of  the 
flints  he  used, — an  art  carried  to  great  perfection,  at  a  later  period,  by 
the  Celtic  and  other  races.  Such  an  implement  as  this  from  Hill  Head 
must  be  peculiarly  convincing  to  those  who,  from  not  ha\'ing  directed 
their  attention  to  this  early  branch  of  archasology,  are  at  all  inclined  to 
be  sceptical  about  the  human  workmanship  of  these  objects.  Not  only 
is  there  evidence  of  design  in  the  selection  of  a  suitable  shape  in  the 
raw  material,  but  each  successive  chip  removed  by  the  fabricator 
l)rought  the  flint  into  a  form  which,  whilst  it  tapers  ofi"  to  a  good  work- 
ing point,  still  preserves  the  central  ridge  so  requisite  for  strength. 
Another  specimen  is  made  of  coarse  greensand  chert,  a  material  (so 
far  as  I  am  aware)  not  hitherto  noticed  as  employed  in  the  manufacture 
of  these  drift  implements.  It  is  probably  unique.  A  third  implement 
among  those  so  recently  found  is  interesting  as  regards  its  form  ;  but 
it  would  be  difficult  fully  to  convey  my  meaning  in  words, — suffice  it 
that  one  end  is  peculiarly  thinned  out,  in  which  respect  it  greatly 
resembles  a  specimen  obtained  by  Dr.  Blackmore  from  Porte  Marcade. 
This  may  have  reference  to  some  mode  of  momiting  the  implement ; 
and  should  further  discoveries  of  this  type  be  made,  it  may  add  a  fomiih 


PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  ASSOCIATION.  337 

gToup  to  the  classification  proposed  by  Mr.  Evans  in  liis  most  valuable 
pajDer  recently  ])ublislied  by  the  Society  of  Antiipiaries. 

"  The  Hill  Plead  series  possesses  one  great  advantage — all  the  speci- 
mens have  been  found  by  Mr.  Brown  himself,  or  by  his  friends  Mr.  and 
Mrs.  Bell.  As  there  has  been  no  purchasing,  so  there  is  no  chance  of 
a  single  forgery  among  them.  Mr.  Brown,  with  most  praiseworthy 
liberality,  has  placed  the  entire  series  in  our  Museum. 

"  The  recent  discoveries  at  Hill  Head  and  at  Fishcrton  Anger  have 
brought  many  of  our  leading  geologists  and  archajologists  to  Salisbury, 
and  among  them  Sir  Charles  Lyell,  who,  during  the  three  days  of  his 
stay,  made  a  careful  examination  of  the  drift-deposit  at  Fisherton  ;  and 
upon  which,  I  trust,  he  will  give  the  public  the  benefit  of  his  valuable 
opinion.  He  also  spent  some  hours  at  the  Museum ;  and  I  state  it 
upon  his  authority,  that  the  Fisherton  drift-beds  have  furnished,  up  to 
the  present  time,  more  species  of  mammalia  than  any  otlLcr  single 
local'dij ;  whilst  two  animals  (a  pouched  marmot  and  a  lemming)  have 
not  been  found  elsewhere.  The  presence  of  these  two,  moreover,  affords 
evidence  of  the  arctic  character  of  the  climate  which  prevailed  during 
the  deposition  of  these  beds. — Salisbury,  April  20,  1864." 

Mr.  S.  Wood  exhibited  a  Roman  lamp  of  about  the  commencement 
of  the  Christian  sera,  formed  of  reddish  brown  terra-cotta,  and  brought 
from  Alexandria  by  Lieut.  Waghorn.  The  body  is  four  inches  and  a 
half  diameter,  and  bears  in  relief  a  lion  sejant,  raising  its  right  paw, 
and  placed  on  a  cable-band,  which  gives  the  device  all  the  aspect  of  a 
heraldic  crest.  The  edge  of  the  perforated  handle  is  reeded,  and  the 
onixcB  slightly  channeled  at  its  junction  wdth  the  margin  of  the  lamp. 
On  the  base  is  stamped  the  name  of  the  potter,  c  .  ivkdra  .  r  (^ie.,  fecit). 

A  second  exhibition  by  Mr.  Wood  was  a  quart  bellarmine  of  about 
the  year  1600.  It  is  decorated  with  the  usual  bearded  mask,  and  on 
the  body  are  the  arms  of  Amsterdam.  It  was  recovered  from  the 
Thames  at  All  Hallows  Wharf,  April,  1864. 

Mr.  Wood  also  exhibited  a  Jmslier-cJiotam,  or  seal  of  purity,  to  suspend 
to  meat  as  a  voucher  that  the  animal  had  been  killed  according  to  the 
Jewdsh  custom.  It  is,  Hke  all  such  signets,  of  lead,  and  has  lost  the 
tin  loop  by  which  it  was  attached  to  the  carcass.  Though  old,  this  seal 
cannot  be  considered  ancient;  and  was  exhumed  about  ten  years  since 
at  Peckham,  Surrey. 

Mr.  H.  Syer  Cuming  produced  perfect  examples  of  the  JcasJier-chotam, 
and  stated  their  mode  of  manufacture  to  be  thus  :  a  little  rod  of  lead, 
slightly  swelling  at  the  extremities,  is  passed  through  the  perforated 
ends  of  a  broad  fold  of  tin  ;  and  each  bulb  being  placed  in  a  die,  is 
stamped  with  a  brief  legend  in  Hebrew  characters ;  the  more  common 
formulge  on  the  one  disc  being,  "  Sanction  of  the  ecclesiastical  board  of 
the  holy  congregation,"  and  "Pure  for  the  Zebi,"  or  hart,  i.e.,  Israel. 


338  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  ASSOCIATION. 

The  letters  on  the  discs  at  the  opposite  extremity  of  the  bars  are  marks 
changeable  at  intervals,  so  as  to  prevent  imitations,  like  the  stamps  of 
the  Goldsmiths'  Company  and  initials  on  the  Bank  of  England  notes. 
The  knowledge  respecting  these  "  seals  of  purity"  is  so  limited  that  it 
is  well  to  call  attention  to  them  ;  for  when  the  little  discs  are  broken 
from  the  rods,  and  properly  "  doctored",  they  are  passed  off  as  ancient 
Hebrew  coins,  for  which  goodly  sums  have  been  obtained. 

Lord  Boston  transmitted  a  trinket  of  similar  seal-like  aspect  to  that 
described  at  p.  326  ante;  but  the  de\4ce  on  the  bezel,  though  a  knot,  is 
very  dissimilar  to  the  lacci  d' amove  of  the  Order  of  the  Annunciation  of 
Savoy.  The  present  trinket  is  entirely  of  gold  ;  the  cords  convoluted 
so  as  to  produce  a  figure  of  oo  laid  lengthways,  ydi)i  a  lozenge  in  the 
centre,  having  a  loop  at  each  angle,  and  therefore  bearing  a  close 
resemblance  to  the  links  of  the  collar  of  the  Order  of  the  Bath.  The 
knot  upon  this  trinket,  and  the  links  of  the  collar  of  the  last  named 
order,  are  composed  of  two  cords.  The  links  of  the  collars  of  the  orders 
of  the  Garter  and  St.  Patrick  likewise  consist  of  the  same  number ;  but 
they  produce  four  loops  with  the  four  ends  differently  arranged. 
Another  double-corded  knot  is  that  of  Wake,  which  is  identical  with 
the  "true  lover's  knot"  upon  the  Anne  Boleyn  clock,  as  may  be  seen  in 
this  Journal  (iv,  390).  The  Bourchier  and  Lacy  knots  are  also  of  com- 
plex character.  The  best  known  simple  corded  knots  are  the  lacci 
cVamore  of  Savoy  already  noticed ;  that  of  the  extinct  order  of  "  The 
Knot  of  Naples,"  consisting  of  a  figure  of  8  with  the  ends  spreading 
from  the  middle  on  either  side  ;  and  the  Stafford  knot,  which  is  reni- 
formed,  the  ends  rising  at  each  side  of  the  convex  upper  part,  as  shown 
in  the  Joivrnal  (iv,  389).  Lord  Boston's  trinket  is  probably  a  badge  of 
office  worn  by  a  brother  of  some  order  of  knighthood  about  the  com- 
mencement of  the  eighteenth  century. 

Mr.  Irvine  exhibited  three  interesting  examples  of  bookbinding : — 
1st,  "  A  Paradice  of  Prayers,  containing  the  Pm'ity  of  Devotion  and 
Meditation.  Gathered  out  of  all  the  Spirituall  Exercises  of  Lewes  of 
Granado  :  and  EngHshed  for  the  Benefit  of  the  Christian  Reader. 
Ascendat  oratio,  descendat  gratia.  At  London.  Printed  by  J.  R.  for 
Mathew  Law,  and  are  to  be  sold  at  his  shop  in  Paules  Chm-chyard, 
neere  unto  Saint  Austines  Gate.  1605."  16mo.  English  binding  of  the 
period,  in  brown  calf ;  the  sides  and  back  richly  tooled  all  over  with 
bold  floral  scrolls  in  gold.  The  edges  of  the  book  are  gauffre  with  a 
guilloche.  The  two  clasps  which  closed  the  covers  are  lost.  2nd,  one 
side  of  a  small  8vo.  book-cover ;  French  binding  of  the  seventeenth 
century,  in  bright  green  vellum ;  the  margin  delicately  tooled  in  gold 
with  a  peculiar  pattern,  one  of  the  devices  resembling  St.  Catherine's 
Wheel.  3rd,  small  pocket- case  for  instruments,  etc.,  covered  with  red 
morocco  inlaid  with  black  and  fawn-coloured  leather  enriched  with  gold 


PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  ASSOCIATION.  33 D 

tooling-,  and  secured  by  a  gold  lock.  Date,  early  part  of  the  eighteenth 
century. 

Bookbinding  with  inlays  of  coloured  leather  occurs  as  far  Ijack  as  the 
middle  of  the  sixteenth  centurj^,  and  was  used  in  England  as  late  as 
the  last  quai-ter  of  the  eighteenth  century.  Mr.  Cuming  has  a  very 
small  almanack  for  the  year  1791,  both  the  binding  and  the  case  in 
which  the  book  is  contained  being  covered  with  red,  blue,  green,  and 
fawn-coloured  leather  mth  gold  tooling  much  resembling  Mr.  Irvine's 
example.  It  is  curious  to  observe  that  some  of  the  pocket-books  made 
by  the  natives  on  the  shores  of  the  Gambia  ai-e  of  red  leather  inlaid 
with  green,  and  decorated  with  blind  tooling. 

Mr.  C.  H.  Luxmoore,  F.S.A.,  exhibited  a  crescent-shaped  axe  wifli 
broad  dorsal  beak  of  a  halbcrt,  both  blades  being  decorated  with  bold 
perforations.  It  is  of  the  time  of  EHzabeth,  and  was  found  in  a  field  at 
Barnet. 

Another  exhibition  by  Mr.  Luxmoore  was  a  small  pouch  of  strong 
leather  mounted  in  brass,  and  made  to  hold  a  flint  and  amadou,  a  steel 
being  riveted  to  its  lower  edge.  It  is  accompanied  by  a  clasp-knife 
employed  for  slicing  the  areca-nut.  The  pouch  is  probably  of  Afghan 
fabric,  but  similar  receptacles  are  used  in  various  parts  of  India. 
Mr.  Cuming  has  a  small  Chinese  pouch  of  the  same  tj-pe,  the  leathern 
flap  of  which  is  decorated  in  its  front  with  rosette  boss,  and  the  steel 
stamped  with  the  maker's  name. 

Mr.  Gunston  announced  that  on  May  1  there  were  discovered,  in  dig- 
ging a  trench  at  the  corner  of  Grove-street,  Southwark,  two  skeletons ; 
and  between  them  the  remains  of  an  earthen  oUa  which  had  been  filled 
with  small  brass  coins,  five  hundred  and  fifty-four  of  which  he  had 
secured ;  which  consisted  entirely  of  rude  imitations  of  the  imperial 
money  of  the  second  half  of  the  third  centmy,  some  bearing  the  busts 
and  names  of  Victorinus,  Tetricus  I  and  II,  and  Claudius  Gothicus.  It 
is  difficult  to  decide  who  are  intended  by  the  profiles  on  many  of  these 
pieces,  the  legends  being  as  uncouth  as  the  lineaments.  Two,  of  very 
barbaric  fabric,  with  heads  encircled  by  spiked  crowns,  have  on  the 
reverse  square  devices  closely  resembling  those  seen  on  the  early  Saxon 
sceattas.  This  "  find"  of  coins  forms  a  strong  contrast  to  that  made  in 
1862  at  Bryndedwydd,  near  Corwen,  Merionethshire,  when  the  one 
thousand  seven  hundred  pieces  appear  to  have  all  been  perfectly 
genuine,  and  of  which  examples  were  laid  before  the  Association  by 
Mr.  Wood  at  a  former  meeting. 

The  Rev.  George  Cardew,  M.A.,  attended  the  meeting,  and  gave  a 
description  of  discoveries  he  had  recently  made  at  Hclmingham  in  Suf- 
folk, mentioned  at  a  previous  meeting.  He  detailed  with  great  preci- 
sion the  particulars  attending  his  various  examinations,  and  indicated 
the  localities  in  which  the  several  antiquities  were  discovered.     The 


G. 

Greenshields 

Ko. 

64. 

8vo. 

No. 

51. 

8\ro. 

340  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  ASSOCIATTOX. 

various  mediaeval,  Roman,  and  Romano-British  antiquities  were  exhi- 
bited and  examined,  and  dra\vings  together  with  photographs  of  many 
of  the  skeletons  laid  before  the  meeting. 

Thanks  were  voted  to  Mr.  Cardew  for  his  excellent  discourse,  and 
for  his  obliging  attention  in  bringing  up  the  antiquities  for  examination 
at  the  meeting. 


June  8. 
T.  J.  Pettigrew,  F.R.S.,  F.S.A.,  V.P.,  in  the  Chair 

Thanks  were  voted  for  the  following  presents  : — 

To  the  Author.     Annals    of    Lesmahagow.       By   J 

Edinburgh,  1864.     4to. 
To  the  Socictij.     Proceedings  of  the  Royal  Society. 
„  „         Jouraal  of  the  Canadian  Institute. 

„  „         Lecture  delivered  before  the  Architectural  Museum, 

by  Cardinal  Wiseman  on  the  Prospects  for  Good  Architecture 
in  London.     London,  1864.     8vo. 
,,  ,,         Memoir  of  A.  H.  Rhind,  of  Sibster,  by  John  Stuart, 

Sec.   of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries  of  Scotland.     Edinburgh, 
1864.     4to. 
To  the  PiMisher.     Gentleman's  Magazine  for  June,  1864.     8vo. 
To  IE.   Boherts,  Esq.     Catalogue   of  the    Colchester   Museum.      Col- 
chester.    8vo. 

Lord  Boston  exhibited  some  Stuart  memorials  which  had  long  been 
in  the  possession  of  his  Lordship's  family.     They  consisted  of: — 

1.  The  great  seal  of  King  Charles  I,  in  yellow  wax.  Ohv.,  enthroned 
efl&gy  of  the  raonarch,  on  the  right  hand  a  lion  holding  a  banner 
charged  with  the  cross  of  St.  George,  on  the  left  the  unicorn  with  the 
banner  of  St.  Andi'ew  above  the  royal  arms.      Legend,  carolvs  dei 

GRATIA  .  ANGLLS  .  SCOTIA  .  FRANCIS  .  ET  .  HIBERXia;  .  BEX  .  FIDEI  .  DEFENSOR. 

Rev.,  Equestrian  effigy  in  armour  to  the  left,  beneath  a  greyhound 
courant ;  in  the  distance  a  view  of  London.  Legend  the  same  as  on 
ohv.  Mr.  H.  Syer  Cuming  remarked  that  this  great  seal  was  of  im- 
portance, not  only  as  illustrative  of  histoiy  and  art,  but  also  of  topo- 
graphy, displaying  a  picture  in  rehef  of  London  in  the  first  half  of  the 
seventeenth  centmy.  Conspicuous  is  the  Old  London  Bridge,  with  its 
southern  gate  with  traitors'  heads,  and  its  long  line  of  dwellings  lead- 
ing to  the  northern  side  of  the  Thames,  across  which  is  seen  various 
edifices  with  St.  Paul's  Cathedral  towering  in  the  midst.  Mr.  Cuming 
produced  a  fine  silver  medal  commemorating  King  Charles's  return 
from  Scotland  after  his  coronation  in  June,  1633,  the  rev.  of  which 


PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  ASSOCIATION.  341 

shows  a  view  of  London  like  that  upon  the  seal,  but  with  the  addition 
of  a  portion  of  Bankside,  Southwark.  Tliis  piece  is  badly  engraved  in 
The  384  Medah  of  England,  xvi,  2. 

2.  A  signet  ring,  the  gold  hoop  decorated  with  narrow  lines  of 
translucent  given  enamel,  and  set  with  a  square  crystal  facetted  at  the 
edges,  and  the  table  beautifully  sculptured  with  a  minute  profile  bust 
of  Henrietta  Maria.  There  are  good  grounds  for  believing  that  this 
trinket  was  a  present  from,  the  Queen  to  Henry  Rich,  Earl  of  Holland, 
who  conducted  her  Royal  Highness  to  England,  when  she  became  the 
bride  of  Charles,  and  fell  a  martyr  in  the  cause  of  his  sovereign  in 
1648.  For  comparison,  Mr.  Cuming  placed  with  this  ring  one  of  the 
marriage  medals  of  Charles  and  Henrietta,  and  a  silver  jetton  engraved 
by  Simon  de  Pass,  on  both  of  which  the  profiles  of  the  Queen  closely 
resemble  the  minute  portrait  in  Lord  Boston's  signet. 

3.  Letter  addressed  to  the  Vice-chancellor  of  Cambridge  by  the 
Chancellor,  James  Duke  of  Monmouth : — 

"  Mr.  Vice-chancillor  and  Gentlemen, 

"  His  Maj^^  haveing  taken  notice  of  y"  hberty  w*^"*  severall  persons  in 
holy  orders  have  taken  to  weare  their  haire  and  perriwigs  of  an  nu- 
usuall  and  unbecoming  lenght,  hath  commanded  me  to  lett  you  know 
that  he  is  much  displeased  therewith :  and  strictly  injoyns  y^  all  such 
persons  as  professe  or  intend  y*^  study  of  divinity,  doe  for  y*^  future 
weare  their  haire  in  a  manner  more  suitable  to  y"  gravity  and  y"'  so- 
briety of  their  profession,  and  y*^  distinction  which  was  allways  main- 
taned  between  y®  habitts  of  men  devoted  to  y^  ministry  and  other 
persons. 

"And  whereas  his  Majesty  is  inform'd  y*  y^  practice  of  reading 
sermons  is  generally  taken  up  by  y*  preachers  before  y^  University, 
and  therefore  sometimes  continued  even  before  himself,  his  Maj*''  hath 
commanded  mee  to  signify  to  you  his  pleasure  y*  y^  said  practice 
which  tooke  beginning  with  y''  disorders  of  y"  late  times,  be  wholy 
layd  aside,  and  y*  y®  foresaid  preachers  deliver  their  sermons  both  in 
Latine  and  English  by  memory  and  without  booke,  as  beeing  a  way  of 
preaching  which  his  Maj*^  judges  most  agreable  to  y^  use  of  all  forraign 
churches,  to  y^  custom  of  y*^  University  heretofore,  and  y®  nature  and 
intendment  of  that  holy  exercise :  And  y*  his  Maj*'''*  command  in 
y"  premises  may  be  duly  regarded  and  observed  his  fui'ther  pleasure  is 
y*  y^  names  of  all  such  ecclesiastick  persons  as  shall  weare  their  haire 
as  heretofore  in  an  unfitting  immitation  of  y®  fasshion  of  laymen,  or 
y  shall  continue  y*  present  supine  and  slothfull  way  of  preaching,  be 
from  time  to  time  signified  to  me  by  y*'  Vice-chancellor  for  y"  time 
being,  upon  paine  of  his  Maj^"'  displeasure. 

"Haveing  in  obedience  to  his  Majesty's  will  signified  thus  much 

1864  44 


342  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  ASSOCIATION. 

unto  you,  I  sliall  nott  doubt  of  y''  ready  complyance,  and  y'^  ratlicr 
because  his  Maj^  intends  to  send  y^  same  injunctions  veiy  speedily  to 
y^  University  of  Oxford,  whom  I  am  assured  you  will  equall,  as  in  all 
other  excellences,  soe  in  obedience  to  y^  King,  especially  when  his 
Maj*'"*  commands  tend  soe  much  to  y*  honour  and  esteamc  of  y'  re- 
nowned UniA^ersity  whose  welfare  is  so  heai'tily  desired,  and  shall 
alh\'ayes  be  indeavourcd  by 

"  Mr.  Vice-chancellor  and  Gentlemen, 

"  Your  loveing  Freind  and  Chancellor, 

"JSTewmarkctt,  Oct.  y«  S'\  1674  "  Monmouth." 

As  the  Duke  of  Monmouth  succeeded  the  Duke  of  Bxickingham  as 
Chancellor  of  the  University  of  Cambridge  in  1674,  the  above  letter 
may  be  regarded  as  one  of  his  first  acts  in  connection  with  his  new 
dig-nity. 

Lord  Boston  also  exliibited  an  oval  miniature  of  James  Fitz-James, 
Duke  of  Berwick,  son  of  James  II,  by  Ai'abella  Churchill,  sister  of  the 
Duke  of  ]\Iarlborough.  There  is  a  striking  resemblance  in  feature  and 
expression  to  the  younger  portraits  of  his  father.  He  is  rather  fair- 
complexioned,  the  flowing  wig  of  lightish  brown  hue,  the  end  of  the 
point-lace  cravat  hangs  over  the  gilt-edged  steel  armour  and  partly 
obscures  the  blue  scarf  which  crosses  the  breast  from  the  left  shoulder. 
This  beautiful  miniature  is  painted  in  water-colours  on  the  back  of  a 
playing-card  (the  seven  of  Diamonds),  and  its  rarity  and  value  may 
be  estimated  by  the  fact  that  no  portrait  of  the  Duke  of  Berwick 
occurred  in  the  Strawberry-hill  and  Bernal  Collections,  the  Manchester 
Exhibition  of  1857,  nor  the  Loan  Collection  at  South  Kensington  in 
1862.  Drevet,  in  1693,  engraved  a  portrait  of  the  Duke  after  a  paint- 
ing by  Gennari ;  and  prints  of  him  in  armour  have  been  produced  by 
Champmartin  and  Harding,  the  latter  in  Coxe's  Memoirs.  There  are 
other  engraved  portraits  by  Ponce,  Vangelisty,  &c.  James  Duke  of 
Berwick,  was  born  at  Moulins  in  1670,  and  killed  at  the  siege  of  Phihps- 
burg  in  1734. 

The  Rev.  E.  Kell,  F.S.A.,  exhibited  a  watch  seal  of  brass  of  the  first 
half  of  the  seventeenth  century,  found  in  digging  in  a  garden  in 
Grosvenor-square,  Southampton.  The  face  is  incised  with  a  round 
shield  charged  with  the  letters  J.  E.  H.,  ensigned  by  a  ducal  (?) 
coronet,  and  flanked  by  laurel  branches. 

Mr.  Kell  further  contributed  a  leaden  dump  rather  larger  than  a 
halfpenny,  found  in  the  Castle  grounds,  Southampton,  and  bearing  on 
one  side  a  large  profile  bust  to  the  right,  and  on  the  other  the  efiigy  of 
a  cock.  Mr.  H.  Sycr  Cuming  stated  that  the  device  on  this  piece 
indicated  that  it  was  cast  for  the  purpose  of  shying  at  leaden  cocks  at 
Shrovetide,  a  juvenile  game  long  since  obsolete,  and  which  was  a 


PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  ASSOCIATION.  343 

mimic  of  tlie  manhj  sport  of  cock.sqmiUnr/,  or  throwing  at  tlic  living 
bird,  the  dump  being  the  equivalent  of  the  cocJcstde,  or  stick.  Dumps 
for  this  game  are  of  no  great  rarity,  but  the  leaden  capon,  biddy,  or 
cock  has  become  very  scarce.  Mr.  Cuming,  however,  exliibited  a  small 
but  perfect  example  recovered  from  the  Thames  in  1855,  and  the 
stand  with  rudiments  of  the  two  feet  and  tail  of  a  larger  specimen, 
also  obtained  from  the  Thames  in  1846.  In  Hone's  Every-dwy  Book 
(i,  253,  254),  under  the  head  of  "shying  at  leaden  cocks"  maybe 
found  several  interesting  particulars  relating  to  these  casts. 

Mr.  C.  Brent  exhibited  three  objects  in  pewter  lately  found  in  the 
Steelyard :  1st,  lower  part  of  a  sheath  resembling  the  examples  de- 
scribed at  p.  81  ante ;  2nd,  sign  of  "  our  Lady,"  a  demi-figuro  of  the 
Virgin  crowned  and  sceptred,  accompanied  by  the  infant  Jesus ;  both 
resting  within  the  crescent  moon  of  the  Apocalypse  (xii,  1)  ;  3rd,  the 
applique  ornament  of  a  relic  frame.     Round    the  circular  opening  is 
the  legend,  "Ave  Maria  gratia  plena;'  each  word  being  divided  by  an 
acorn.    Above  is  a  singular  device,  two  winged  human-headed  dragons 
holding  a  frame-saw  between  them,  with  which  they  are  dividing  a 
heart.    This  group  is  ensigned  by  an  open  crown  ;  the  rest  of  the  orna- 
ment  is  rich  tabernacle-work.    Date,  late  fourteenth  century,    A  further 
exhibition  by  Mr.  Brent  was  the  upper  part  of  a  httle  skeleton  admi- 
rably wrought  in  white  metal.     It  was  purchased  of  a  man  who  said 
that,  as  he  was  passing  a  churchyard  in  the  City  Road,  he  saw  it  fall 
from  a  cart  of  earth  that  was  being  carried  away.     The  e^gj,  thou'>-h 
small,  is  too  heavy  for  suspension  about  the  person  ;  and  probably  con- 
stituted one  in  a  group  of  a  "  Dance  of  Death,"  a  work  of  the  sixteenth 
centuiy.     This  relic  is  a  valuable  addition  to  the  memento  mori  tokens 
already  described  in  this  Journal  (xvi,  344;  xvii,  G9). 

Mr.  Taylor  transmitted  a  fine  and  well-made  spcar-blade  of  grey 
flint,  five  inches  and  three-quarters  long  and  two  inches  and  three- 
eighths  across  the  widest  part.  On  either  side,  about  two  inches  from 
the  base,  are  two  slight  notches  to  receive  the  thong  by  which  the 
blade  was  bound  into  the  split  end  of  the  oaken  shaft.  This  weapon 
was  found  at  Norton,  near  Daventiy,  Northampton,  Aug.  18G3,  and  is 
an  exact  counterpart  to  one  exhumed  at  Carshalton,  Surrey,  enoraved 
in  Skelton's  Meijricic  (xlvi,  5). 

Mr.  S.  Wayland  Kershaw  made  the  following  communication  on  an 
ancient  tomb  in  St.  Patrick's  Cathedral,  Dubbn  :  "  Duiing  the  restora- 
tions now  being  carried  forward  in  St.  Patrick's  Cathedral  there  has 
been  discovered  the  tomb  of  an  ecclesiastic  beneath  the  stone-work  of 
the  high  altar ;  and  which,  from  its  style  of  art,  may  fairly  be  assigned 
to  the  first  half  of  the  thii-teenth  century.  The  tomb  is  of  great  length, 
wrought  of  soft  and  rather  dark  coloured  stone  :  the  recumbent  effi^'-v 
bemg  that  of  a  man  with  shaven  crown,  hands  reverently  folded,  and 


344  rilOCEEDINGS  OF  THE  ASSOCIATION. 

clothed  in  a  dalmatic  reaching  to  the  knees,  beneath  which  is  seen  the 
alb,  both  garments  being  sculptured  in  long  folds.  The  tomb  is  placed 
on  firm  masonry  only  a  short  distance  from  the  ground,  wliilst  the  arch 
above  is  budt  so  close  to  the  figure  that  the  greatest  care  is  required  to 
avoid  striking  the  head  against  it  when  bending  over  to  examine  the 
carving.  On  October  10, 1863,  the  interesting  ceremony  of  opening  this 
ancient  sepulchre  took  place  in  the  presence  of  Mr.  Guiness,  his  archi- 
tect, and  a  few  other  persons,  and  on  removing  a  portion  of  the  upper 
middle  part  the  skeleton  of  the  inmate  was  seen  in  good  preservation, 
but  nothing  was  found  to  indicate  either  his  name  or  rank.  That  he 
must  have  been  an  ecclesiastic  of  much  consequence  seems  certified  by 
his  place  of  burial  beneath  the  high  altar ;  and  our  thoughts  naturally 
turn  towards  John  Comyn,  the  first  English  archbishop  of  DubHn,  Avho 
erected  the  cathedral  in  1191  ;  and  to  William  Fitzguy,  the  first  dean 
of  St.  Patrick  ;  but  in  the  total  absence  of  emblem  and  letters  on  the 
tomb,  we  have  scarcely  ground  even  for  conjecture  as  to  who  the 
individual  was  whose  ashes  have  lately  been  brought  to  light  after  an 
interment  of  upwards  of  six  hundred  yeai's."  The  foregoing  remarks 
were  accompanied  by  well  executed  drawings  of  the  efl&gy  with  its  low 
vaulting,  a  Norman  window,  and  a  portion  of  the  west  aisle  of  the 
cathedral. 

Mr.  S.  W,  Kershaw  also  exhibited  four  MSS.,  of  the  reigns  of 
Edward  I,  II,  and  IV,  He  remarked  that  the  above  chiefly  related  to 
grants  of  land,  and  were  remarkable  as  examples  of  beautiful  caligraphy. 
K'o.  1  bears  the  date  of  1479,  and  is  a  grant  of  land  at  Luton  to  William 
Durnand.  No.  2,  a  grant  of  land  to  Michael  de  Hubetone,  in  the 
parish  of  Luyton,  in  the  hamlet  of  Westhide. 

Mr.  S.  Wood  exhibited  a  silver  badge  or  ticket  rather  above  two 
inches  and  one-eighth  high,  and  weighing  twelve  pennyweights  forty- 
four  grains.  It  bears  in  relief  a  three-quarter  bust  of  Shakespeare, 
evidently  derived  from  the  Stratford  monument.  It  is  included  within 
a  cartouch  border,  across  the  lower  pai-t  of  which  is  a  label  upon  which 
is  scratched  the  date  1557.  This  date  is  repeated  in  the  otherwise 
void  back.  The  general  aspect  of  this  badge  will  not  permit  its  assign- 
ment to  an  earlier  period  than  the  reign  of  George  II. 

IMr.  George  Vere  Irving  exhibited  two  objects  of  jet  from  Lanark- 
shire,— one  being  the  half  of  a  broad  ring,  concave  on  the  outside,  and 
convex  within,  which  gives  it  the  aspect  of  the  mouth  of  a  small  vase ; 
found  April  8, 1864,  at  Auchlochan,  Lesmahagow,  in  the  locality  where 
spear-heads  of  bronze  and  early  vessels  have  been  discovered ; — the 
other,  found  in  the  garden  of  Newton  House,  is  a  four-sided  bead,  the 
faces  incised  with  eyelet-holes.  A  bugle  of  the  same  substance,  met 
with  in  Biggar,  is  engraved  in  the  Journal  (xvii,  112). 

The  Rev.  J.  H.  Pollexfen,  M.A.,  laid  before  the  meeting  some  Roman 


PPvOCEEDINGS  OF  THE  ASSOCIATION.  345 

* 

antiquities  dug  up  a  few  days  since  at  Colchester.  A  cinerary  urn  of 
the  ordinary  jar-shape,  eight  inches  and  one-eiglith  in  width,  six  inches 
and  three-quarters  in  height,  and  seven  inches  and  live-eighths  across 
the  mouth,  was  found  in  the  cemetery  near  the  Lexden  Road.  It  was 
filled  with  earth,  which  had  probably  fallen  in,  and  among  which  were 
several  articles.  A  small  urn  or  cup  of  grey  terra-cotta,  remarkable  for 
its  thinness  and  unusual  contour,  which  may  be  compared  with  a  vessel 
figured  in  the  Journal  (ii,  p.  134,  fig.  2).  With  it  was  also  a  very  fine 
and  perfect  mirror  perforated  around  with  circular  holes,  like  to  that 
also  engraved  in  the  Jourmd  (v,  lo8)  ;  a  bronze  key  ;  several  pieces  of 
glass  of  a  green  colonr,  three  of  which  appear  to  have  once  been  a 
twisted  hair-pin  with  a  button  at  each  end,  and  to  have  been  distorted 
by  the  action  of  fire  ;  two  dice,  the  larger  one  having  a  plug,  and  the 
interior  showing  a  groove  on  the  side  opposite  the  six,  as  though  it  had 
been  loaded  with  a  metal  wire  ;  a  small  glass  lachrymatory  ;  and  spiral 
rods  of  blue  and  white  glass.  Mr.  Pollexfcn  also  described  a  rare  medal- 
lion of  glass,  resembling  in  some  degree  those  employed  by  the  Romans 
as  decorations  to  costly  vessels,  the  idea  of  which  was  long  retained  by 
the  Venetian  craftsmen  of  the  middle  ages. 

Mr.  Augustus  Goldsmid,  F.S.A.,  exhibited  a  beautiful  misericonle  of 
the  middle  of  the  sixteenth  century.  The  ponderous  hilt  of  chiseled 
iron,  parcel-gilt,  displays  boldly  designed  masks  and  other  devices ; 
among  which,  on  one  side  of  the  deflected  cross-guard,  is  a  lion  rampant 
between  the  incised  letters  V.  E.  The  highly  ridged  blade  is  full  of 
small  perforations  to  contain  poison,  and  closely  resembles  that  of  a 
misericorde  of  the  time  of  Elizabeth,  given  in  Skelton's  MeyricJc  (cxiii, 
14),  which  has,  however,  the  addition  of  sen'ated  edges. 

Mr.  Goldsmid  further  produced  a  Highland  claymore,  the  hilt  and 
blade  of  different  periods,  but  well  fitted  together.  The  fist-guard  and 
pommel  are  of  the  time  of  Charles  I,  wrought  of  chiseled  iron,  with 
scrolls,  figures,  etc.  The  long  finely  tempered  blade  has  three  channels 
on  each  side  ;  each  channel  stamped  with  the  maker's  name,  Andrea 
FEEARA.  In  Skelton's  Meijrich  (ciii,  2)  is  a  coutelas  of  the  early  part  of 
the  sixteenth  century,  with  andrea  ferara  stamped  on  the  channeled 
blade  ;  and  it  is  there  noted  that,  "  at  the  close  of  this  century  and 
beginning  of  the  next,  blades  of  this  maker  became  highly  prized  in 
Scotland,  and  whenever  procured  were  fitted  with  basket-hilts."  An 
Andrea  Ferara  blade  with  fist-guard  of  the  time  of  James  II,  is  given 
in  Skelton  (Ixv,  16)  ;  and  Mr.  J.  B.  Greenshields  mentions^  several 
weapons  by  this  maker  still  preserved  in  Scotland. 

Mr.  Cecil  Brent  exhibited  a  dagger  of  the  time  of  Elizabeth,  lately 
recovered  from  the  Thames  opposite  the  Temple.  The  ends  of  the 
cross-guard  ai-e  deflected  towards  the  blade,  and  it  has  a  small  rmg 

*  Annals  of  Lesmahago:  Edinburgh,  1864,  4to.,  p.  38. 


346 


PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  ASSOCIATION. 


projecting  from  one  side  at  the  grip.     The  blade  is  highly  ridged  down 
the  centre  on  either  side,  and  bears  the  motto — 

"  Strike  and  spare  not, 
Fight  and  feare  not." 

Ml*.  Gordon  HiUs  submitted  a  portion  of  an  implement  foimd  in  the 
moat  of  Desmond  Castle,  Adai"e,  Ireland,  the  property  of  Jjord  Dun- 
raven,  Much  speculation  has  been  expended  on  this  object,  which 
seems  to  be  part  of  the  stock  of  a  light  kind  of  cross-bow  :  the  cusp  on 
the  under  edge  bringing  to  mind  a  latch  of  the  time  of  James  I,  given 
in  Skelton's  Meyriclc  (xcv,  10).  The  convexity  of  the  upper  surface, 
however,  favom's  the  idea  that  it  appertains  to  a  prodd  of  the  seven- 
teenth century.  It  is  constructed  of  three  stout  lamincn  of  bone  of  the 
elk  pegged  together,  and  is  of  a  neat  fabric. 

Mr.  G.  R.  Wright  exhibited  a  massive  silver-gilt  clasp  of  a  cope,  the 
centre  being  an  engraved  shield,  charged  as  follows  :  barry  of  five 
pieces,  the  letters  I.H.S.  in  base;  and  ensigned  with  an  open  crown 
or  coronet.  The  sides  are  discs,  one  seven-eighths  inches  diameters, 
decorated  with  open  convex  foliates  appliques,  each  having  a  promi- 
nent table  crystal  in  the  middle  in  cloissonee  setting  surrounded  by 
rays.  This  noble-looking  clasp  was  purchased  in  Iceland  and  is 
apparently  a  work  of  the  seventeenth  century,  though  evidently  a 
reminiscence  of  a  much  earlier  period. 

The  Rev.  J.  G,  Gumming,  of  Mollis,  transmitted  an  impression  of 
the  signet-ring  of  Stephen  Gardiner,  Bishop  of  Winchester,  who  died 
in  1555,  the  property  of  Mr.  Gardiner  Jackson,  in  whose  mother's 
family  it  has  been  a  heirloom  for  centuries.  The  trinket  is  of  solid 
gold,  the  oval  bezel  graven  with  a  shield  charged  as  follows  :  Party  per 
fess,  a  pale  counter- changed,  on  the  second,  fourth,  and  sixth  a 
griffin's  head  erased  ;  no  colours  of  course  being  indicated.*  Difi'erent 
branches  of  the  Gardiner  family  seem  to  have  borne  gi-iffins'  heads 
combined  with  other  devices.  Guillim  gives  the  arms  of  Richard 
Gardiner,  D.D.,  and  Canon  of  Christ  Church,  who  died  1670,  as — 
sable,  a  chevron  ermine  between  two  griffin's  heads  erased  in  chief,  and 
a  cross  formee  in  base  or.  The  Gardiners  of  Hampshire  bear — or  on  a 
chevron  (jules  between  three  griffins'  heads  erased  azure,  two  lions 
counter-passant  of  the  field.  The  ai-ms  of  Viscount  Gardiner  are — 
argent  on  a  chevron  gules,  between  three  griffins'  heads  erased  azure, 
an  anchor  crest,  with  a  piece  of  cable  between  two  lions  chevron-wise 
or.  Mr.  Gardiner  Jackson's  relic  is  an  important  record  of  how  the 
griffin's  heads  were  marshaled  in  the  Bishop's  shield.     Another  ring, 

'  Mr.  Cuming  has  a  MS.  of  "  The  Armes  of  all  the  Mayors  of  London,"  end- 
ing in  1710,  in  which  the  shield  of  Richard  Gardiner  of  Exning,  Suffolk,  1478, 
is  delineated  as,  per  fess  anjetU  and  sable,  a  pale  countercharged,  but  without 
'th<i.  griffins'  heads. 


PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  ASSOCIATION.  347 

winch  belonged  to  Stephen  Gardiner,  and  was  found  in  his  cofrm  in 
Winch(!ster  Cathedral,  is  in  the  possession  of  tlie  Dean  of  WinchcBtcr. 
It  is  of  gold,  set  with  an  oval  plasma,  on  which  is  engraved  in  intaglio 
a  profile  head  of  Minerva,  on  either  side  of  the  bezel  is  a  sqJaro 
facetted  ornament  set  with  small  rubies. 

Mr.  Burgess  exhibited  a  circular  box  of  silver,  about  an  inch  and  five- 
eighths  in  diameter  and  three-quarters  of  an  inch  deep.  On  the  cover  is 
engraved  a  tulip,  and  the  interior  of  the  box  bears  four  stamps,  viz.,  the 
leopard's  head,  the  lion,  the  initial  (the  assay  letter  for  the  ycarlG8G-7), 
and  a  heart-shaped  shield  charged  with  R.  S.  and  a  star,  indicating  the' 
box  to  be  the  work  of  Richard  Staylcy,  a  goldsmith  of  Covent-garden. 
This  box  was  exhumed  some  six  years  since  near  Deptford  Creek. 

Mr.  H.  Syer  Cuming  produced  a  silver  box  bearing  the  same  stamps 
and  similar  in  aU  respects  to  Mr.  Burgess'  specimen,  save  that  the 
tulip  on  the  cover  is  larger,  and  not  included  in  a  circle.  On  the  un- 
derside of  the  bottom  of  the  box  is  engraved  the  letters  A.  K. 

Mr.  E.  Roberts  announced  that  he  had  received  a  communication 
and  a  sketch  from  the  Rev.  H.  Simpson,  Rector  of  Adel,  in  Torkshii-e, 
giving  a  description  of  the  sculptured  stone  in  the  foundation  of  the 
church  (vide  p.  64  ante),  and  has  since  been  taken  out.  It  is  sculp- 
tured on  both  sides,  and  is  siipposed  by  Mr.  Simpson  to  represent  the 
sun  on  one  side  and  the  moon  and  its  quarters  on  the  other.  A  request 
has  been  made  for  either  the  stone  or  casts  to  be  sent  for  exliibition 
and  examination. 

Mr.  E.  Roberts  gave  an  account  of  the  mediaeval  discoveries  recently 
made  at  Guildhall  while  pulling  down  the  upper  portion  for  the  pur- 
pose of  restoring  the  roof.     These  consist  of  the  doorways  and  part  of 
the  walls  of  the  turrets,  of  Reigate  firestone ;    the  various  building 
stones  which  had  been  used  by  Su-  Christopher  Wren  on  adding  to  the 
walls  after  the  gTeat  fire,  and  amongst  which  were  chalk,  Reigate  stone, 
Ketton   stone,    Tadcaster ;    amongst   these   were   many   arch   stones, 
which  had  induced  Mr.  Charles  Baily  to  think  that  the  hall  had  ori- 
ginally had  stone  ribs  from  pillar  to  pillar,  as  at  Mayfield.  Mr.  Roberts 
said  he  had,  in  consequence,  carefully  examined  these  materials,  and 
found  that  they  had  belonged  to  a  vaulted  building,  for  every  stone 
was  rebated  on  both  sides,  and  one  stone  was  a  four-way  key-stone 
with  the  four  ribs  showing ;   he  therefore  differed  from  Mr.  Baily,  and 
stated  that  the  stone  had  been  used  indiscriminately  from  adjacent 
buildings  after  the  fire.     After  pulling  down  a  considerable  portion  of 
the   gables,  part  of  the  original  walls  was  uncovered,   and  a  small 
portion  of  the  coping,  with  the  projection  chopped  off,  and  some  tiles 
(which  he  had  not  seen)  are  said  to  have  been  found  in  the  wall  im- 
mediately under   the   coping.      In  the  walls  were  several  pieces  of 
melted  lead  which  had  run  in  at  the  time  of  the  fire.    A  plain  gargoyle 


348  PEOCEEDINGS  OF  THE  ASSOCIATION. 

was  found  in  the  north  walh  One  of  the  side  windows  had  been 
opened,  and  showed  a  two-light  good  early  perpendicular  window.  It 
had  been  concealed  inside  and  out  with  Roman  cement,  as  are  all  the 
other  side  windows  by  the  cement  panelling  of  a  century  since. 

He  referred  to  the  drawing  of  the  ancient  roof,  as  given  by  Smith  in 
Ancient  Carpentry,  and,  after  adverting  to  the  absence  of  the  power  to 
draw  mediaeval  works  till  within  the  last  fifty  years,  showed  how  Smith's 
drawing  might  be  erroneous  in  principle.  The  Report  of  Mr.  Digby 
Wyatt  and  himself  to  the  Corporation  of  London  on  this  subject  was 
laid  on  the  table,  but  he  had  no  hand  in  the  sketch  bearing  Mr. 
TVyatt's  initial,  which  pm^orted  to  show  what  the  original  of  Smith's 
roof  might  have  been  ;  nor  in  the  drawing  signed  by  the  city  architect, 
and  he  expressed  his  fears  that  if  that  was  to  be  taken  as  the  basis  of 
the  contemplated  restoration,  the  CoriDoration  would  not  only  be  dis- 
appointed, but  the  work  would  be  as  far  removed  from  a  restoration  as 
if  they  had  carried  out  the  ideas  of  the  late  City  Architect,  as  it  was 
in  opposition  to  every  principle  of  mediaeval  construction." 

!Mr,  Clarence  Hopper  read  the  following  paper : — 

"  On  Clocks  axd  Watches  belonging  to  Queen  Elizabeth.     • 

"  The  introduction  of  watches  into  this  country,  and  a  catalogue  of 
the  early  English  watchmakers,  is  yet  an  un^vrntten  chapter  in  otu* 
history .2  It  is  supposed  that,  as  a  continental  invention  of  time-keep- 
ing, they  found  their  way  into  England  about  the  reign  of  King  Heniy 
the  Eighth,  but  did  not  come  generally  into  use  until  the  time  of 
Elizabeth,  and  then  only  amongst  the  more  fashionable  and  wealthy 
members  of  society. 

"  Some  of  the  watches  introduced  at  this  date  were  of  an  oval  shape, 
and,  coming  from  Nuremberg,  bore  the  appellation  of  Nuremberg 
eggs.  Others,  retaining  the  oblong  shape,  were  octangular,  but  they 
soon  after  appeared  in  a  moi^e  modified  and  convenient  shape,  the 
round  but  thick,  heavy  time-keepers  of  the  sixteenth  and  seventeenth 
centuries.  These  were  more  highly  ornamented  than  our  present 
watches  ;  some  of  elaborate  pierced  work,  others  studded  with  precious 
stones,  or  highly  finished  with  pictures  in  enamel  both  on  the  inner 
and  outer  cases,  while  an  additional  protective  case  covered  the 
exterior ;  the  bow  was  a  swivel,  so  that  it  might  readily  be  turned 
whilst  hanging  at  the  girdle,  to  examine  the  time.  As  the  manufactm-e 
became  more  developed,  they  were  made  much  smaller,  so  as  to  be  set 

'  For  an  account  of  Guildhall,  see  Journal,  vol.  viii,  pp.  83-94. 

*  By  a  French  author  who  wrote  a  treatise  entitled  L' Excellence  de  VHorlo- 
fjerie,  published  at  Geneva,  1G89.  The  invention  of  portable  watches  is  attri- 
buted to  the  Chinese ;  thence  to  have  been  introduced  into  Germany  and  France, 
and  so  into  our  own  country. 


PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  ASSOCIATION.  34.0 

in  the  heads  of  walking-sticks,  the  clasp  of  a  bracelet,  or  worn  as  a 
ring  or  pendant,  and  enriched  with  the  most  costly  jewels. 

"The  Clockmakers'  Company  have  formed  a  small  collection  illus- 
trative of  the  different  asras  of  watch- work,  and,  in  a  few  antiquarian 
collections,  may  be  seen  unique  specimens  of  the  earliest  watches 
known  to  be  extant. 

"  I  remember  to  have  examined  with  much  interest  one  in  the  atelier 
of  Mr.  Roskell,  an  eminent  goldsmith  in  Liverpool.  It  was  cpiite  a 
hobby  of  the  elder  Mr.  Roskell  to  collect  specimens  of  ancient  watch- 
Avork,  and  to  put  them  in  going  order.  Amongst  them  I  recollect  to 
have  seen  one  in  the  shape  of  a  small  death's  head  of  silver,  with  a 
ring  in  the  summit  of  the  skull,  for  suspension  by  the  girdle,  the 
lower  jaw  opening  to  examine  the  dial ;  also  a  watch  said  to  have 
belonged  to  one  of  the  pilgrim  fathers,  perhaps  an  appendage  to  one 
of  the  emigrants  in  the  Mayflower,  found  in  the  backwoods  of  America. 
Another  of  most  elaborate  workmanship,  having  three  massive  cases 
all  in  gold,  each  case  highly  embellished  with  chasing  and  figures  in 
relievo,  the  outer  case  having  been  originally  studded  Avith  large 
diamonds  round  the  rim,  but  at  this  time  deficient. 

"  From  the  absence  of  any  wills  of  watchmakers  in  the  Elizabethan 
period  and  the  commencement  of  the  reign  of  James  I,  I  think  a 
conclusive  inference  may  be  drawn,  that  at  first  the  Avatch  was  an  im- 
ported article,  and  that  afterwards  the  artists  employed  in  construct- 
ing them  were  exclusively  foreign,  who  found  it  doubtless  a  lucrative 
occupation  in  this  country.  At  any  rate,  the  earliest  work  at  all  upon 
the  subject  is  as  late  as  the  middle  of  the  seventeenth  century,  and  not 
until  the  close  did  Denham  publish  his  work  upon  horology,  which 
went  through  many  editions,  entituled  the  Artijicial  Clochnaher. 

"  Had  watches  been  an  article  of  common  wear,  one  would  oftener 
have  anticipated  the  finding  some  mention  of  them  in  wills  or  bequests 
to  favourite  relatives  or  friends.  The  earliest  testamentaiy  mention 
of  a  watch  that  I  am  aware  of  occurs  in  the  will  of  Archbishop  Parker, 
which  is  written  in  Latin,  and  bears  date  April  5,  1575,  wherein  he 
makes  the  following  bequest  to  the  Bishop  of  Ely : — 

" '  I  give  to  my  reverend  brother  Richard,  Bishop  of  Ely,  my  stick 
of  Indian  cane  which  hath  a  watch  in  the  top  of  it.' 

"  Thomas  Hummiuges,  citizen  and  barber  surgeon  of  London,  in  his 
will,  proved  1008,  bequeaths  'to  my  sister  Johns  my  brasse  watch 
gilded  within  with  gold,  and  a  case  to  it  gilded  likcAvise.' 

"  Phillip  Skippon,  will  proved  1G60,  makes  a  bequest  of  *  my  great 
silver  watch  Avith  the  clock  and  the  silver  chain  thereat.' 

"Amongst  the  neAV  year's  gifts  to  Queen  Elizabeth,  in  the  fourteenth 
year  of  her  reign,  is  one  given  to  her  by  the  Earl  of  Leicester,  described 
as  '  one  armelett  or  shekell  of  gold  all  over  fairly  garnished  with  rubies 
1864  4.') 


350  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  ASSOCIATION. 

and  diamonds,  having  in  the  closing  thereof  a  clock,  and  in  the  fore- 
part of  the  same  a  fair  lozengie  diamond,  without  a  foyle,  hanging 
thereat ;  a  round  jewell  fully  garnished  with  diamonds  and  a  pearl  pen- 
dant weighing  11  oz.  qrt.  di  and  farthing  gold  weight.  In  a  case  of 
purple  velvet  all  over  embrordered  with  Venise  gold  and  lined  with 
green  velvet.' 

"  In  the  same  year  we  find  another,  thus  described  : — 

"  'Item,  a  juell  being  a  crysollote  garnished  with  gold  flagon  fashion, 
the  one  side  sett  with  two  emeraldes,  the  one  of  them  a  little  cracked, 
three  diamonds  and  two  sparkes  of  tiu'quesses  ;  thother  side  having  in 
it  a  clocke,  a  border  about  the  same  flagon  of  golde  garnished  with  viij 
table  rubies  and  four  diamonds,  the  foot  garnished  with  four  small 
poynted  diamonds  and  12  sparkes  of  rubyes  and  four  very  Uttle 
pearles  pendant  with  three  great  perles  also  pendente.  The  mouth  of 
the  said  flagon  made  with  five  pillars,  a  man  standing  thereon,  and 
every  pillar  set  with  a  little  diamond,  a  little  emerald  and  little  ruby 
and  6  little  perles  upon  the  same  pillars ;  the  same  flagon  hangeth  at 
a  chain  of  gold  having  iiij  knotts  with  two  small  diamonds,  the  peece 
also  hanging  at  a  knobbe  having  three  little  sparkes  of  diamonds  and 
three  very  httle  pei-les.' 

"  In  the  20th  of  Elizabeth,  presented  her  by  the  Earl  of  Leicester : 
A  tablet  of  gold,  being  a  clock  fully  furnished  with  diamonds  and 
rubyes  about  the  same,  6  bigger  diamonds  pointed,  and  a  pendant  of 
gold  diamonds  and  rubies  very  small,  and  upon  each  side  a  losengie 
diamond  and  an  appell  of  golde  enameled  green  and  russett. 

"  In  the  2ord  of  her  reign,  also  presented  to  her  by  the  Earl  of 
Leicester,  Master  of  the  Horse  :  A  chayne  of  gold  made  like  a  pair  of 
beades  containing  8  long  pieces  fally  garnished  with  small  diamonds 
and  four  score  and  one  smaller  pieces  fully  garnished  with  like 
diamonds,  and  hanging  thereat  a  round  clocke  fullie  garnished  with 
diamondes  and  an  appendant  of  diamonds  hanging  thereat. 

"  In  the  same  yeai-,  presented  to  the  Queen  by  the  Lord  Russell : 
Item,  a  watche  set  in  mother  of  pearle  with  three  pendantes  of  gold 
garnished  with  sparkes  of  rubies  and  an  opaU  in  everie  of  them  and 
three  small  pearls  pendent*. 

"  Also,  in  the  same  year,  the  gift  of  ]\Ir.  Edward  Stafford  a  little 
clocke  of  gould  with  a  crystaU  garnished  with  sparkes  of  small  dia- 
monds, sparkes  of  rubies  and  sparkes  of  emeralds,  and  furnished  on 
the  backside  with  other  diamonds,  rubies,  and  other  stones  of  small 
value, 

"  In  the  20th  of  Elizabeth,  presented  by  the  Lord  Russell :  A  ring 
of  golde,  called  a  paramadas,  sett  with  yj  small  diamonds,  and  gar- 
nished round  about  with  small  rubies  and  two  sparcks  of  ophalls,  and 
in  the  same  backcside  a  dyall. 


PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  ASSOCIATION.  351 

"  The  following  is  an  inventory  taken  from  an  authentic  record  of 
the  watches  and  clocks  in  the  possession  of  Queen  Elizabeth : 

"queen  Elizabeth's  clocks  and  watches. 

"  '  Item  a  watche  of  golde  sett  with  small  rubies,  small  diamondes, 
and  small  emerodes,  with  a  pearle  in  the  toppe  called  a  buckctt,  want- 
inge  two  rabies. 

" '  Item  a  clocke  of  golde  conteyningc  in  the  border  four  table  dia- 
mondes and  two  very  small  rocke  rubies,  havinge  on  thone  side  foure 
table  rubies  and  sixe  small  diamondes ;  and  on  thother  side  eleven 
table  diamondes,  whereof  the  one  is  more  bigger  then  the  residue.  On 
the  one  side  a  man  sitting  aslepe  with  a  childe  before  him. 

" '  Item  a  clocke  or  tablett  of  golde  garnished  on  th'one  side  with 
five  faire  diamondes  and  one  faier  rubie  ;  and  on  th'other  side  five  faier 
rubies  and  one  faier  emei'od  ganiished  with  lij  litle  diamondes  and  liij 
litle  rubies,  with  a  pearle  pendant  at  it. 

"  '  Item  one  clocke  of  golde  curiously  wrought  and  fullie  furnished 
with  diamondes,  rubies,  emerodes,  and  opalls,  havinge  in  the  middes 
thereof  a  beare  and  a  ragged  staffe  of  sparkes  of  diamondes  and  rubies. 

"  '  Item  one  clock  of  gold  curiously  wrought  with  flowers  and  beastes 
with  a  queene  on  the  toppe  on  th'one  side ;  and  on  the  other  side  a 
beare  and  a  ragged  staff  of  sparkes  of  diamonds,  fulhe  furnished  with 
diamonds  and  rubies  of  sundry  sortes  and  bignes ;  one  emerodc  under 
it,  a  faier  table  diamond  with  a  ragged  staff  in  the  foyle  thereof,  and  a 
faier  rubie  under  it  squared  ;  and  a  pearle  pendaunt  on  either  side  of 
the  clocke. 

"  '  Item  one  clocke  of  golde  wrought  like  deyses  and  paunseyes,  gar- 
nished with  little  sparkes  of  diamonds,  rubies,  and  emerodes,  and  eight 
small  pearles  on  the  border,  and  a  pendant  acorne. 

"  '  Item  one  clocke  of  gold  curiously  wrought  with  small  sparkes  of 
stones,  having  on  th'one  side  a  horse  bearing  a  globe  with  a  crowno 
over  it. 

"  '  Item  one  clocke  of  golde  with  a  George  on  botb  sides,  garnished 
with  sparkes  of  diamondes  and  a  pendant  of  opalls. 

"  '  Item  a  litle  watche  of  christall  slightly  garnished  ^\^tll  golde. 

"  '  Item  one  litle  clocke  of  golde,  th'one  side  being  agate  with  a  mouse 
on  the  toppe  and  heddes  round  about  it. 

"  '  Item  one  litle  watche  of  golde  garnished  on  the  border  with  very 
small  sparkes  of  rubies  and  emerodes  with  christall  on  both  sides,  and 
a  pearle  pendant  garnished  with  golde  like  a  flesh-flye. 

"  '  Item  one  rounde  clocke  of  golde  enameled  with  a  man  on  horse- 
backe,  and  divers  colors  aboute  it. 

"  '  Item  a  watche  of  golde  garnished  with  three  small  diamondes  and 
eight  sparkes  of  rubies,  with  a  very  little  peai"le. 


352  PROCEEDIXGS  OF  THE  ASSOCIATION. 

"  *  Item  one  litle  clocke  of  golde  enameled  of  the  History  of  Time. 

"  '  Item  a  litle  watche  of  golde,  th'one  side  with  a  frogge  on  the  topp, 
tli'other  side  gjirnished  with  small  garnets  like  a  pomegranate. 

"  '  Item  one  litle  clocke  sett  in  eliotropie  and  garnished  with  golde. 

" '  Item  a  litle  watche  of  golde  enameled  with  sundry  colors  on  both 
sides  alike. 

"  '  Item  a  litle  watche  of  chi'istall  slightlie  garnished  with  golde,  with, 
her  Ma'ties  picture  in  it. 

"  '  Item  one  diaU  of  christall  slightly  garnished  witli  golde. 

"  '  Item  one  faier  flower  of  golde  fully  garnished  with  rubies  and  dia- 
mondes  enameled  on  the  backside  with  a  man  and  a  scripture  aboute 
him,  ha^nug  a  watche  in  it  and  a  pearl  pendant. 

" '  Item  one  flower  of  golde  fully  garnished  with  emerods  of  sondrie 
bignes,  and  sparkes  of  emerods  and  rubies,  wdth  three  antique  women 
and  five  litle  perles  with  a  watche  or  clocke  therein. 

"  '  Item  a  watche  of  agatte  made  like  an  egg  garnished  with  golde. 

"  '  Item  one  clocke  garnished  with  golde,  beinge  round  and  sett  with 
6  table  diamoudes  and  6  rubies  in  the  same  border,  and  gai'nished  with 
xvij  diamoudes  on  th'one  side  and  8  diamonds  and  one  rubie  on  th'other 
side  lacking  two  pearles. 

" '  Item  an  hower  glass  sett  in  golde  with  6  emerods,  3  turquesses, 
two  rubies,  and  xv  small  diamoudes  with  6  pei^les.' 

"  Shakespeare  makes  allusion  to  watches  more  than  once  in  the  Tem- 
pest. He  makes  Sebastian  to  say,  "  Look  !  he  is  winding  up  the  watch 
of  his  wit,  and  by  and  by  it  will  strike."  In  Tivelflli  Nujlit, — "  I  frown 
the  while,  and  perchance  wind  up  my  watch,  or  play  with  some  rich, 
jewel."  Again, — "  Since  when  my  watch  hath  told  me  toward  my 
grave  I  have  travelled  but  two  hours."  And  in  Renry  the  Foicrth, — "And 
leav'st  the  kingly  couch  a  watch-case  or  a  common  'larum-bell." 

The  Association  then  adjourned  to  Wednesday  November  23rd. 


Wednesday,  Nov.  23. 

George  Godwin,  Esq.,  T.R.S.,  F.S.A.,  V.P.,  in  the  Chair. 

The  Chairman  addressed  the  meeting  upon  the  success  of  the  late 
CongTess  at  Ipswich,  and  the  great  attention  paid  by  the  President, 
George  Tomline,  Esq.,  M.P.,  by  whicli  the  objects  of  the  Association 
had  been  full}'  carried  out.  He  adverted  also  to  the  losses  the  Society 
had  sustained  during  the  vacation  by  the  decease  of  His  Grace  the 
Duke  of  Newcastle,  K.G. ;  Hudson  Gurney,  Esq.,  F.R.S.,  F.S.A.  ;  and 
the  Right  Hon.  Thomas  Erskine ;  obituary  notices  of  whom  would  be 
laid  before  the  annual  meeting. 


PROCEEDINGS  OF  TIfE  ASSOCIATION.  353 

The  following  associates  were  elected : 

His  Grace  the  Duke  of  Cleveland,  Raby  Castlo 

Lord  Hennikcr,  M.P,  Grafton-street 

Hon  and  Rev.  Fred.  De  Grey,  Copdock  Rectory,  Suffolk 

Hugh  E.  Adair,  Esq.,  M.P.,  Ipswich 

Geo".!"  C'  t'T'  '' 'r'  ""T""^^*""  ''^^*"^'  ^^^^^^'-"  ''-^^-^^^ 
treorge  L.  E.  Bacon,  Esq.,  Ipswich 

Rev^  Henry  Canham,  B.C.L.,  Waldingfield,  Woodbridge 

(-.  H.  E.  Carmichacl,  Esq.,  Trin.  Coll.,  Oxon 

John  C.  Cobbold,  Esq.,  M.P.,  Ipswich 

F.  Corrance,  Esq.,  Parham  Hall,  Suffolk 

F.  M.  Drummond  Davies,  Esq.,  Middle  Temple 

Rev  Albert  Cook  Daymond,  College,  Framlingham 

Mark  Dewsnap,  Esq.,  M.A.,  Barnes  Common 

J.  P  Fitzgerald,  Esq.,  Boulye  Hall,  Woodbridge 

Rowland  Fothergill,  Esq.,  Hensol  Castle,  near  Cowbridge  Gla- 

morganshire 
William  Gilstrap,  Esq.,  Fornham  Hall,  Bury  St.  Edmunds 
Augustus  Goldsmid,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  Es.sex  Court,  Temple    ' 
Edward  Grimwade,  Esq.,  Henley-road,  Ipswich 
John  Hodgson  Hinde,  Esq.,  Stetting  Hall,  Stocksfield 
Rev.  H.  A.  Holden,  D.C.L.,  Ipswich 
Captain  Horrex,  11,  Royal  Crescent,  I^ottino-  Hill 
William  P.  Hunt,  Esq.,  Ipswich 
John  Johnston,  Esq.,  ^"ewcastle-on-Tyne 
John  Kelk,  Esq.,  80,  Eaton  Square 

Hector  McLean,    Esq.,    Camworth   House,    Camworth,    Lan- 
arkshire 

Wellwood   Maxwell,   Esq.,   M.A.,    Glenlee   Park,   near   Gallo 
way,  N.B.     ■ 

Rev.  Thomas  Mills,  M.A.,  Stutton  Rectory,  Suffolk 

The  Venerable  Aixhdeacon  T.  J.  Ormerod,  M.A.,  RendenhaU 

Rectory,  Harleston 
Rev.  William  Pnrton,  M.A.,  Stottesdon,  near  Bewdley 

fe.  Wdton  Rix,  Esq.,  Beccles 

Rev.  J.  P.  Sill,  M.A.,  Wetheringsett,  Suffolk 

Captain  Wardell,  Albemarle  Street 

Robert  Webb,  Esq.,  6,  Manor  Terrace,  East  India  Road 

Godfrey  Wentworth,  Esq.,  Woolley  Park,  Wakefield 

Sterling  Westhorp,  Esq.,  Ipswich 

Presents  to  the  Library. 

From  the  Institution.     Smithsonian  Contributions  to  Knowledge      Vol 
xiii,  4to.     Washington,  1864.  ° 


354  PllOCEEDlNGS  OF  THE  ASSOCIATION. 

From  the  Institution.     Smithsonian  Miscellaneous  Collections.     Vol.  v. 
8vo.     "Washington,  1864. 
„  „     Smithsonian  Report  for  1862.     8vo.     Washington,  1863. 

From  tJie  Societij.     Reports  and  Papers  of  the  Architectural  Societies 
of  the  County  of  York,  Diocese  of  Lincoln,  Archdeaconry  of 
Northampton,  County  of  Bedford,  Diocese  of  Worcester,  and 
County  of  Leicester.     1863.     8vo.     Vol.  vii.  Part  1.     Lincoln. 
„  „     Sussex  Archaeological  Collections.    Vol.  xvi.    8vo.    Sus- 

sex, 1864. 
„  „     Proceedings    of    the    Society   of    Antiquaries,    London. 

Vol.  i,  No.  8;  Vol.  ii,  Nos.  1  to  5.     8vo.     London,  1861-3. 
„  „     Proceedings   of  the  Royal  Society.     Nos.   65-68.     8vo. 

London,  1864. 
„  „     ATcha3olog-ia  Cambrensis.     Nos.  39  and  40.     8vo.     Lon- 

don, 1864. 
„  „     Lordship  of  Gower  in  the  Marches  of  Wales  from  the 

Cambrian  Ai'diteological  Association,  by  G.  G.  Francis.     Sup- 
plemental voh     London,  1864.     8vo. 
From  the  Institute.     The  Canadian  Journal.     Nos.   52,  53.     Toronto, 
1864.     8vo. 
„  „     The  Ai'chseological  Journal.     Nos.  80,  81,  82.     1863-4. 

Lond.     8vo. 
From  the  Museum.    Report  of  the  Architectural  Museum  for  1863-4.  8vo. 
From  the  Society.    Journal  of  the  Royal  Dublin  Society.  No.  31.  Dublin, 

1864.     8vo. 
From  the  Publisher.     Gentleman's  Magazine  for  July,  August,   Sept., 

Oct.,  and  Nov.,  1864.     8vo. 
From  the  Commission.     Rapport  sur  I'Activite  de  la  Commission  Impe- 

riale  Archeologique  en  1862.     St.  Petersburg.     4to. 
From  the  Authors.     The  Upper  Ward  of  Lanarkshire.     The  ArchjEolo- 
gical  Section  by  G.  Vere  Irving ;  the  Statistical  and  Topogra- 
phical by  Alexander  Murray.     3  vols.  8vo.     Glasgow,  1864. 
From  Mrs.  Kerr.     La   Seine  Inferieure,  Historique  et  Archeologique. 

Par  M.  I'Abbe  Cochet.     Paris,  1864.     4to. 
From  the  Atdhor.     On  the  Golden  Armillse  in  the  Museum  of  the  Kent 
Archaeological  Society.     By  Edw.  Pretty,  E.S.A.     8vo. 
„  „     On  some  Peculiar  Features  in  the  Ecclesiastical  Sculp- 

tui-ed  Decorations  of  the  Middle  Ages.     By  Mr.  Page  Smith. 
Lond.,  1864.     12mo. 
„  „     Reminiscences  connected  with  Oak  Paneling  now  at  Gun- 

grog.     By  Morris  Chas.  Jones.     Welshpool,  1864. 
„  „     Notes  respecting  the  Family  of  Waldo.     By  the  same. 

y»<^y^'TpnLl)r.  lee.     Ancient   BibHcal   Chronogt^ams.     By   W.    Ii.    Black. 
•    \iond.,  1864.     8vo. 


PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  ASSOCIATION.  355 

From  tliG  Author.     Waifs  and  Strays  of  North  Humber  History.     By 
the  Rev.  Scott  F.  Surtees.     Lond.,  18G4     12ino. 

„  „     The  Teutonic   Name-System.     By  R.  Ferguson.     Lond., 

18G4.     8vo. 

„  „     A  Corner  of  Kent.    By  J.  R.  Planche,  Esq.    Lond.,  18G4. 

8vo. 

Mr.  T.  Wright,  F.S.A.,  exhibited  some  pieces  of  Greek  Saraian  ware 
from  Tarsus  in  CiHcia,  and  pointed  out  their  exact  resemblance  to  the 
red  Samian  pottery  of  the  Romans  found  in  Britain  and  GauL  He  also 
read  a  letter  from  Mr.  James  Thompson  of  Leicester,  announcing  that, 
under  the  direction  of  the  Leicestershire  Society,  important  excavations 
had  been  commenced  at  the  mass  of  Roman  masonry  in  that  town, 
known  as  the  "  Jewry  Wall." 

Mr.  Syer  Cuming  laid  before  the  meeting  a  variety  of  pseudo- 
antiques,  cast  in  cock-metal,  and  repeated  his  caution  to  the  members 
on  the  frauds  continued  to  be  practised  on  an  extensive  scale.  Those 
previously  referred  to  were  of  lead,  but  their  sale  has  been  greatly 
checked  by  the  notices  given  in  this  Journal.  It  would  appear  that  in 
1863  the  old  plaster  of  Paris  moulds,  with  others,  have  been  employed 
to  produce  articles  in  a  different  material.  Cock-metal  is  composed  of 
two  parts  copper  and  one  part  lead,  and  melts  at  a  low  degree  of  tem- 
perature. Mr.  Cuming  exhibited  various  specimens — spear-heads, 
daggers,  medallions,  thumb-rings,  socketed  celts,  &c.,  and  some  of 
which  have  been  moulded  from  originals. 

Ur.  Brushfield  to  the  Treasurer  : — 

"Chesliire  Asylum,  Nov.  1,  1864. 

"  In  vol.  xix  of  the  Journal  of  the  British  Archaeological  Association 
is  an  extremely  interesting  article  by  Mr.  Wright  on  "  Roman  En- 
graved Stones  found  at  Uriconium  ;  and  believing  that  a  notice  of 
similar  intaglios,  discovered  at  another  Roman  station,  may  be  of 
interest  to  the  Association,  I  enclose  impressions  of  six  which  have 
been  discovered  at  various  times  at  the  station  of  Petriana,  on  the 
great  north  wall  of  Hadrian,  They  came  under  my  notice  in  the  early 
part  of  the  year,  when  they  were  exhibited  during  a  lecture  on  the 
Roman  wall,  delivered  before  our  local  Archasological  Society,  by  the 
Rev.  E.  R.  Johnson,  one  of  the  Minor  Canons  of  Chester  Cathe- 
dral, whose  father  owns  the  estate  on  which  the  station  of  Petri- 
ana is  situated,  the  station  itself  having  been  the  site  of  a  kitchen 
garden  for  many  years  to  his  residence,  Walton  House,  and  in  the 
course  of  the  ordinaiy  delving  operations  these  intaglios,  with  many 
other  miscellaneous  antiquities,  have  been  discovered. 

"  No.  1  is  an  excellent  specimen  of  a  Gnostic  seal.  It  is  engraved  on 
a  sardonyx,  and  represents  a  bearded  head  helmeted,  the  helmet 
terminating  in  a  hand  resembling  one  figured  in  plate  13  of  Walsh's 


856  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  ASSOCIATION. 

Essay  on  Aiicient  Coins,  &c.  At  the  back  is  the  head  of  an  animal, 
like  a  ram  minus  the  horn,  from  the  upper  part  of  which  issues  a  ser- 
pent. These  two  last,  taken  conjointly,  have  a  strong  resemblance  to 
the  head  of  an  antlered  stag.  The  whole  is  borne  on  two  birds'  legs. 
In  Mr.  S.  Cuming's  paper  on  'Gnostic  Amulets,'  in  vol.  viii  of  the 
Journal,  occurs  the  following  description  of  a  seal  very  similar  to 
this: — "One  fancy,"  he  says,  "was  to  form  a  bird-like  creature,  by 
combining  together  the  neck  and  head  of  a  horse,  the  head  of  a  ram 
for  the  rump,  and  the  pouting  breast,  consisting  of  a  human  mask,  the 
face  of  a  person  suffering  under  disease ;  the  legs  were  those  of  the 
ibis.'     This  seal  now  exhibited  was  found  in  1799. 

"No.  2.  A  Gnostic  seal  engraved  on  a  sardonyx,  found  in  1817,  re- 
presents a  cross,  the  upper  limb  of  which  consists  of  a  profiled  head, 
whilst  the  termination  of  the  others  are  flattened  out.  Springing  from 
the  base  on  either  side  is  a  palm  branch.  It  was  found  in  its  original 
setting,  and  when  first  discovered  presented  all  the  appearances  of  a 
plain  signet-ring,  but  some  time  afterwards  the  stone  became  detached 
from  its  setting,  and  then  only  was  it  ascertained  that  the  back  of  it 
was  engraved.  In  the  late  Mr.  T.  C.  Croker's  Catalogue  of  Rings,  &c., 
in  the  possession  of  Lady  Londesborough,  No.  149  is  the  agate  setting 
of  a  Gnostic  ring,  the  front  of  which  has  the  fig-ure  of  an  Abraxas, 
whilst  the  back  part  is  engraved  with  cabalistic  characters. 

"  No.  3.  A  winged  nude  dancing  figure,  holding  in  one  hand  fruit  (?). 
The  seal  is  of  red  composition,  and  was  found  in  1854,  and  is  the  best 
specimen  of  the  whole  series. 

"  No.  4.  Also  of  red  composition.  A  semi-draped  male  figure  in 
profile,  bearing  on  his  shoulders  a  crook,  to  which  is  suspended  a  gar- 
ment and  a  small  animal  (rabbit  or  hare  ?).     It  was  found  in  1846. 

"  No.  5.  The  most  rudely-engraved  of  the  series  ;  apparently  a  male 
figure  in  profile,  bearing  in  either  hand  an  implement  or  weapon.  Can 
it  be  a  rude  figure  of  Mercury  with  his  caducous  ?  It  was  found  in 
1862,  and  is  engraved  on  '  Glasparten.' 

"No.  6,  found  in  18-52,  and  engraved  on  bloodstone,  represents  a 
quadriga  with  human  figure,  and  is  very  similar  to  one  represented  in 
a  medieval  setting  in  C.  H.  Smith's  Collectanea  Antiqua,  vol.  iv,  pi.  19. 

"  The  originals  are,  I  believe,  still  in  Mr.  Johnson's  possession.  The 
most  interesting  of  them  are,  undoubtedly,  the  Gnostic  seals  (both  of 
which  were  found  set  in  rings),  comparatively  few  of  which  have  been 
found  in  England,  although  common  on  the  Continent;  and  yet  the 
fact  of  finding  two  of  this  class  at  a  small  station  at  the  extreme  limit 
of  the  Roman  dominions,  will  serve  to  shew  the  general  prevalence  of 
the  Gnostic  heresy.  The  identification  of  them  with  the  site  is,  there- 
fore, of  especial  value. 

"  Some  of  them  have  been  engraved,  but  give  very  imperfect  repre- 


PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  ASSOCIATION.  357 

mentations  ;  for  instance,  in  Bi-uce's  Wallet-Booh  of  the  Roman  Wall 
(at  p.  234)  is  an  enj^ravinp;'  of  the  two  Gnostic  seals,  tlie  representation 
of  No.  1  giving  no  idea  of  tlie  peculiarities  of  tlie  original,  whilst  that  of 
No.  2  shows  a  rude  ornament  in  place  of  the  profiled  head. 

"  With  these  I  also  send  the  impression  of  a  Gnostic  seal  in  my  pos- 
session, the  peculiarity  of  which  is  the  helmeted  covering  heing  formed 
of  a  duplicated  head ;  the  Chima)ra  being  composed  of  four  human 
heads  without  the  introduction  of  any  other  animal  form. 

"P./S. — In  vol.  iv  of  the  Journal  (at  p.  31(5)  is  an  engraving  of  '  a  gold 
Roman  ring  with  an  intaglio  in  onyx  of  Jupiter  Serapis,  found  between 
1710  and  1720  at  Wroxeter,"  which  Mr.  Wright  docs  not  mention  in 
his  paper. 

Lord  Boston  exhibited  a  portrait  of  Henrietta  Maria,  a  painting  in 
oil  upon  paper,  spread  on  an  oval  panel  eight  inches  high  by  six  inches 
and  a  half  wide,  attributed  to  Sir  Peter  Lely,  but  bearing  a  close 
resemblance  to  one  of  Vandyck's  pictures  of  the  queen.  It  represents 
the  royal  lady  to  the  waist,  tui'ning  somewhat  to  the  left ;  the  com- 
plexion inclining  to  dark,  with  a  slight  blush  on  the  cheeks  ;  the  lips 
fuU  and  ruddy ;  the  hair  a  deep  brown,  and  arranged,  as  usual,  in  curls 
over  the  forehead.  The  back  hair  is  wreathed  with  pearls  ;  a  circle  of 
the  same  is  about  the  neck,  and  pearls  also  depend  from  the  eai's.  The 
white  satin  dress  is  made  so  as  to  greatly  expose  the  bosom,  and  has  a 
lozenge-shaped  jewel  in  front,  and  jewelled  buttons  confine  the  sleeves. 
Across  the  right  shoulder  is  cast  a  deep  amber  coloured  scarf.  This 
picture  is  believed  to  have  been  presented  by  the  queen  to  Henry  Rich, 
Earl  of  Holland,  whose  daughter,  Frances,  married  William  Paget,  Earl 
of  Uxbridge ;  and,  by  the  alliance  of  Sir  Edward  Irby  with  the  Lady 
Dorothy  Paget,  it,  with  other  regal  gifts  and  mementoes,  passed  into 
the  possession  of  Lord  Boston's  ancestor. 

Mr.  H.  Syer  Cuming  exhibited  an  old  and  rather  scarce  etching, 
"printed  for  R.  Wilkinson,  No.  58,  Cornhill,"  entitled  "The  Marriage 
OF  THE  King,"  in  which  Cardinal  Richelieu  is  represented  uniting  the 
hands  of  the  Due  de  Chevreuse  (proxy  for  Charles  I)  and  Henrietta 
Maria,  whose  train  is  supported  by  a  boy  holding  the  torch  of  Hymen. 
Behind  the  duke  stand  the  Earls  of  Holland  and  Carlisle  and  two  other 
gentlemen  ;  the  opposite  side  of  the  piece  being  occupied  by  a  group  of 
ladies,  etc.,  and  the  steps  of  the  altar  in  front  are  sti'ewed  with  flowers. 
This  plate  explains  the  intimacy  of  the  queen  with  the  Earl  of  Holland, 
which  was  so  suddenly  broken  in  1641. 

Mr.  J.  R.  Blanche,  Hon.  Sec,  read  a  paper  on  "  The  Nine  Worthies 
of  the  World."     (See  pp.  315-324). 


1864  46 


358  PROCEEDINGS  OF   THE  ASSOCIATION. 

Wednesday,  Dec.  14. 
James  Copland,  M.D.,  F.R.S.,  V.P.,  in  the  Chair. 

The  following  were  elected  associates  : 

William  Whincopp,  Esq.,  Woodbridge 
Rev.  Thomas  Finch,  B.A.,  Morpeth 
John  Harker,  M.D.,  Lancaster. 

Thanks  were  voted  for  the  follo\ving  presents : 

To  the  Society.     Proceedings  of  the  Royal  Society.    No.  69, 18G4.    8vo. 
„  ,,  Proceedings  of  the  Kilkenny  and  S.E.  of  Ireland  Archas- 

ological  Society.     iN'o.  44,  April  1864.     8vo. 
To  the  PuUisher.     The  Gentleman's  Magazine  for  Dec.  1864.     8vo. 
To  the  Author.     Canadian  Archajology.     By  Stanley  C.  Bragg.     Mont- 
real, 1864.     8vo. 
„  „     Archseologia  Americana.     By  the  same.     1864.     8vo. 

Mr.  Bedder  exhibited  a  bronze  statuette  of  Mars,  three  inches  high, 
said  to  have  been  found  in  London.  It  wears  a  helmet  representing 
the  head  and  neck  of  a  cock, — a  bird  sacred  to  the  god  of  war.  The 
arms,  legs,  and  feet,  are  nude ;  but  the  body  is  protected  by  a  lorica- 
moulded  to  the  form  of  the  person,  and  below  it  is  a  cinctus,  or  kilt, 
falling  scarcely  half  W' ay  down  the  thighs.  The  surface  of  the  bronze  is 
sHghtly  eroded.  Mr.  H.  Syer  Cuming  considered  it  to  be  of  early 
Etrascan  fabric,  and  produced  a  Mars  equipped  in  like  manner,  and 
closely  resembling  it  in  j^ose,  with  the  exception  of  the  right  arm,  which 
is  more  elevated,  and  probably  in  the  act  of  casting  a  spear.  The  left 
hand  has  grasped  a  clipeus.  This  finely  patinated  effigy  measures  three 
inches  and  a  half  in  height,  and  was  found  in  Italy  previous  to  1854,  in 
which  year  it  w'as  added  to  Mr.  Cuming's  collection.  An  Etruscan 
Mars  of  still  ruder  workmanship  than  the  foregoing,  found  in  Somer- 
setshii^e,  is  engraved  in  this  Journal  (xviii,  394). 

Dr.  Kendrick  exhibited  an  ancient  axle-tree  found  at  Haydock,  and 
Mr.  Cuming  a  bone  washer  of  ?  wheel  from  the  Thames  ;  both  of  which 
will  be  figured  and  described  in  a  future  number  of  the  Jotuiial. 

]\Ir.  Warren  exhibited  a  variety  of  fibula^  &c.,  from  Suffolk,  which 
will  appear  in  a  future  number. 

Mr.  Carmichael  called  attention  to  a  legend  in  Irish  characters  on  the 
square  base  of  a  cross,  which,  with  several  other  I'elics,  is  set  up  in  the 
sloping  bank  of  the  plantation  through  which  the  House  of  Friars'  Carse 
is  approached.  None  of  the  antiquities  there  are  thought  to  be  actu- 
ally in  situ,  but  are  believed  to  have  all  been  brought  from  neighbour- 
ing places  in  Dumfriesshire  many  years  ago  by  a  former  owner.  The 
inscription,  which  is  preceded  by  a  cross,  forms  a  square  on  the  upper 


PROCEEDIXGS  OF  THE  ASSOCIATION.  359 

surface  of  tlic   pliiilli,  and  tlio  first  thi'ec  words  are  clearly  oka  j-ro 
ANiMA.     The  uame  of  the  person  is  far  less  distiuct,  but  seems  to  be 

COMERGIIIE    DE    lA  .  .  II  ? 

The  Rev.  E.  Kell,  M.A.,  F.S.A.,  made  the  following  communica- 
tion : — 

"During  the  last  five  or  six  years,  in  removing  gravel,  sand,  and 
clay  from  the  lower  declivity  of  the  hill  leading  into  Old  Shirley  from 
New  Shirle}^,  Hants,  the  labourers,  for  a  space  of  ground  of  from  400 
to  500  yards  square,  have  been  continually  meeting  with  skeletons  of 
different  ages  and  sexes.  This  has  been  more  particularly  observed 
within  the  last  year  or  two,  w' hen  a  large  quantity  of  clay  and  sand  was 
required  for  the  erection  of  the  large  washhouses  and  icehouse  situated 
on  the  opposite  side  of  the  road  of  the  West  India  Company.  During 
this  removal  between  100  and  200  skeletons  have  been  disinterred, 
some  of  which  were  placed  one  above  the  other.  There  were  neither 
coffins,  nor  signs  of  clothes.  The  larger  part  of  the  ground  was  till 
lately  covered  with  trees.  I  have  reason  to  conjecture  that  this  burial- 
place  must  have  been  the  cemetery  of  the  old  church  of  Shirley,  which, 
according  to  Wilkes'  History  of  Hampsliire,  was  destroyed  probably  in 
the  fifteenth  century.  The  record  of  it  in  the  middle  of  the  sixteenth 
century  being  that  it  w^as  "  olim  destrncfa.^'  Shirley  is  mentioned  in 
Domesday  as  containing  a  church,  a  mill,  and  a  fisheiy.  In  1340  it 
was  an  independent  parish  and  rectory.  Its  ancient  boundaries  are 
now  only  conjectured.  The  present  Shirley  Chui'ch  is  modern,  and, 
according  to  the  foregoing  authority,  New  Shirley  is  '  an  ecclesiastical 
district  carved  out  of  Milbrook  parish.' 

"Mr.  W.  B.  Baker,  of  Old  Shirley,  informs  me  that  several  persons 
have  heard  the  late  road-surveyor  Osmond  speak  of  having  assisted  in 
removing  stones  as  building  materials  from  this  ground  to  Milbrook 
to  repair  Milbrook  church. 

"Among  other  things  found  in  this  cemetery  were  fragments  of 
stone,  a  cross  made  of  brass,  a  small  cannon  ball,  and  a  bell.  The  bell, 
herewith  exhibited,  has  two  double  rings  incised  round  its  exterior,  and 
a  good  deal  of  silver  in  its  composition.  It  was  obtained  by  the 
innkeeper  from  the  finder,  who  put  a  handle  and  clapper  to  it,  and 
engraved  on  it  T.  J.,  Sherley.  It  is  of  Warner's  make,  and  from  its 
fine  tone  may  be  looked  upon  as  having  formed  a  portion  of  a  musical 
peal." 

Mr.  E.  Roberts,  F.S.A.,  called  the  attention  of  the  meeting  to  the 
similarity  of  the  appearance  of  the  Shirley  cemetery  to  that  of  Hel- 
mingham,  as  displayed  by  the  Rev.  G.  Cardew,  visited  by  the  Associa- 
tion in  August  last,  remarkable  for  the  Avoody  nature  of  the  site. 

Dr.  Kendrick  made  the  following  communication  on  the  discovery 
of  Roman  brine  pans  at  Northwich,  Cheshire : — 


360  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  ASSOCIATION. 

"  In  August  last  I  engaged  in  a  search  at  Northwich,  about  eleven 
miles  from  Warrington,  where,  in  excavating  for  a  graving-dock  on 
the  banks  of  the  river  Weaver,  the  workmen,  at  the  depth  of  ten  feet 
below  the  present  surface,  found  at  least  four  leaden  cisterns  or  pans 
used  during  the  Roman  era  for  the  extraction  of  bi'ine  from  the  natural 
salt.  Unfortunately  only  one  of  the  pans  is  now  entire,  the  others 
having  been  broken  up  and  sold  for  old  metal  by  the  workmen.  One 
fragment  which  I  brought  away  bears  on  it  in  large  letters  the  word 
DEV^,  most  probably  intended  for  the  ancient  name  of  Chester,  and 
indicates  that  the  Northwich  Salhia:  belonged  to  that  to■\^^l.  The  per- 
fect brine  pan  (now  in  the  Warrington  Museum)  is  of  an  oblong 
square  form,  being  three  feet  five  and  a-half  inches  long,  by  two  feet 
three  and  a-half  inches  in  breadth,  inside  measure.  The  depth  is  four 
and  a  half  inches,  and  the  lead  about  three-eighths  of  an  inch  in  thick- 
ness. It  appears  to  have  been  cast  in  its  present  form,  since  there  are 
no  signs  of  its  having  been  turned  up  at  the  cornei's.  The  upper  edge 
is  thicker  than  the  bottom  or  sides,  forming  a  rim  to  add  strength  to 
it.  The  inner  surface  of  the  bottom  of  the  vessel  is  thickly  scored  by 
the  teeth  of  a  rake  used  to  reraove  the  dross  so  often  deposited  in  the 
process  of  evaporation.  External!}*  the  bottom  bears  traces  of  a  coat- 
ing of  soot,  probably  from  a  wood  fire,  as  half-consumed  wood  was 
found  underneath  the  pan  when  discovered.  At  each  end  of  the  vessel 
is  a  hole  in  the  side,  apparently  for  the  purpose  of  fixing  it  to  a  wooden 
framework,  and  in  one  of  the  longest  sides  is  an  inscription,  device,  or 
numerals  in  relief,  composed  of  what  looks  like  three  c's  with  three 
upright  strokes  on  either  side,  thus,  lii  CCC  in,  followed  by  a  segment  of 
a  circle  of  cable  ornament,  &c." 

Dr.  Silas  Palmer,  F.S.A.,  Local  Secretary  for  Berks,  communicated 
to  the  Treasurer  that  he  had  been  invited  to  view  the  works  now  being 
canned  on  at  Silchester,  at  the  expense  of  His  Grace  the  Duke  of 
Wellington,  by  the  Rev.  J.  G.  Joyce  of  Strathfieldsaye,  who  for  the  last 
fortnight  had  been  actively  engaged  in  his  researches,  of  which  a  daily 
register  is  preserved,  specifying  all  particulars  as  to  the  persons  em- 
ployed, the  objects  discovered,  etc.  A  plan  has  also  been  made  of  the 
northern  side,  displaying  the  course  of  the  road  passing  through  the 
ancient  city,  dividing  it  into  two  portions.  A  difference  in  the  colour 
of  the  wheat  and  other  crops  has  ever  shown  where  the  original  houses 
stood,  and  where  the  streets  were  marked  out.  The  foundations  of  the 
locaUty  are  being  now  displayed.  Some  of  the  rooms  are  of  consider- 
able size,  paved  with  common  red  tesseree,  whilst  others  have  alternate 
squares  of  white  and  red  tesserae  ;  and  in  one  other  room  there  was 
seen  an  imperfect  floor  having  some  centre  ornament,  radiating  from 
which  are  portions  of  white  tesseree  forming  a  stellated  pattera,  which 
has  unfortunately  been  much  injured.     Hitherto  little  to  reward  the 


PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  ASSOCIATION.  3G1 

labourers,  bcj'ond  some  bones,  nails,  fraq'ments  of  pottery  ;  flange,  roof, 
and  paving  tiles  (one  of  which  bears 'the  impression  of  a  dog's  foot)  ; 
coins  of  Gratian,  Constantino,  Allectus,  Carausius,  etc.,  have  been  dis- 
covered. The  work  is  being  carried  on  with  great  care,  and  the  diary- 
well  kept.  Plans  and  drawings,  as  they  become  necessary,  are  pre- 
pared. The  Duke  of  Wellington,  to  wbom  the  property  belongs,  has 
shewn  great  anxiety  for  its  perfect  developinent ;  and  he  lias  pur- 
chased the  late  Mr.  Barton's  collection,  to  which  is  to  be  added  every- 
thing that  may  be  found,  or  may  be  purchased  from  former  explorers, 
the  Duke  intending  to  preserve  a  museum  on  the  spot.  Many  of  the 
antiquities  belonging  to  Mr.  Barton's  collection  have  been  already 
figured  in  this  Journal  and  in  the  volume  of  the  Gloucester  Congress; 
and  the  Association  place  every  confidence  in  the  zeal  of  their  Local 
Secretary  to  forward  to  them  accounts  of  futm'o  discoveries  as  they 
may  occur. 

The  Rev.  E.  D.  Bolton  of  Ipswich  transmitted  two  singular  vessels 
of  red  terra-cotta,  of  clumsy  fabric  ;  the  one  of  a  cylindrical  form,  about 
three  inches  and  five-eighths  high,  and  four  inches  diameter  at  top  and 
bottom  ;  the  other  somewhat  globose,  three  inches  and  a  half  high,  and 
three  inches  and  five-eighths  diameter  at  its  greatest  bulge.  The  first 
is  stamped  all  over  with  what  looks  like  a  wafer-seal, — a  star  of  eight 
rays  wdthin  a  circle  ;  a  diamond,  heart,  and  spade.  The  globose  vessel 
with  twelve  perpendicular  bands  of  the  stellar  device,  crosses,  triangles, 
spades,  hearts,  clubs,  and  the  letters  i.  T.,  which  may  be  the  initials  of 
the  maker.  Each  band  is  divided  from  its  neighbour  by  a  broad  line 
of  stamping,  and  the  interior  bottom  impressed  with  the  stars.  ]\Ir. 
Bolton  states  that  he  obtained  possession  of  these  bizarre  objects  full 
thirty  years  since,  in  the  parish  of  Eye,  Suffolk ;  but  beyond  tliis  knows 
nothing  of  their  history.  The  presence  of  the  hearts,  diamonds,  spades, 
and  clubs,  is  suggestive  of  some  connexion  with  card-play ;  and  these 
vessels  may  have  been  employed  as  pools  by  some  itinerant  sharper 
whose  tricks  at  rural  fairs  are  not  quite  forgotten  in  our  day. 

Lord  Boston  exhibited  a  curious  panegyric  upon  William  III,  written 
within  a  woodcut  border,  twelve  feet  seven-eighths  of  an  inch  high,  by 
seven  feet  five-eighths  wide,  in  the  centre  of  the  upper  part  of  which 
is  a  disc  surrounded  by  scroll-work,  ensigned  by  a  baron's  coronet, 
and  on  either  side  a  bold  foliated  scroll,  including  a  kneeling  cupid. 
The  side-borders  and  base  are  likewise  foUated  scrolls  upon  which  birds 
are  placed,  the  whole  design  being  coloured  and  gilt.  The  centre  of 
the  piece  is  painted  a  deep  brown  or  black,  and  on  it  is  inscribed  the 
following  in  white  and  gold  letters  : — 

"  A  true  encomium  on  King  William  y""  Z^ 
Humbly  presented  to  the  Right  Ilonourable 
William  Lord  Paget,  written  by 
Josh.    . .  owes  late  lieutenant." 


3G2  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  ASSOCIATION. 

Mr.  Blasliill  read  a  paper,  "On  Four  Early  English  Coffin-Slabs 
from  Herefordshire  and  the  Border,"  illustrating  the  same  by  dra^\-ings 
of  the  objects.     These  will  be  refeiTed  to  in  a  future  Journal. 

Mr.  J.  T.  Irvine  addi'essed  a  letter  to  Mr.  E.  Roberts,  F.S.A.,  Hon. 
Sec,  expressing  his  fears  that  notwithstanding  the  efforts  that  had 
been  made  by  the  Association,  Mr.  G.  G.  Scott,  and  others  to  preserve 
the  ancient  and  interesting  church  of  Okeford  Fitz-Payne,  near  Bland- 
ford,  Dorset,  it  would  meet  with  destruction.  He  trusted,  therefore, 
the  Association  would  persevere  in  recommending  its  restoration. 

The  meetings  were  then  adjourned  over  to  Jan.  11,  1865. 


363 


INDEX. 


Adel  Churcli,  remarks  on,  60 

sculptiirofl  foundation-stone  of,  347 

jVAcs  IlartwelliiiniP,  Addenda  to,  noticed,  275-282 
AlNSl.lE  (C.I,  antiquities  exliiliitod  by,  8U,  81 
■  oliituiu-y  notice  of,  l(j'.i-171 


Aldborouyli,  pi-ints  of  ijaveuients  at,  exhibited,  201 

Almanac,  a  perpetual  one,  in  lead,  found  in  the 
Fleet  river,  l'J8 

Alto-relievos  in  alabaster  exhibited,  2C8-9 

Annual  General  Mbetino  for  18(53.  Proceed- 
ings of,  auditors'  report,  election  of  associates; 
associates  withdrawn,  deceased,  erased  for  non- 
payment of  subscriiiliiins;  donations,  election  of 
officers,  council,  and  auditors,  for  18t;i,  lUl-lUG 

Aprons  embroidered,  exhibited,  1;)9 

Archers'  badges,  remarks  on,  2()4-20~ 

Arrow  found  in  an  oaken  rafter,  325 

Ash  Church,  on  discoveiies  at,  by  Mr.  Planclie,  85-88 

Astronomic  symliols  carved  on  a  board,  11)8 

A-vle-tree  found  at  Haydook,  358 


B. 

Badges  found  in  London,  2G4 
Baigent  (J.  J<\)  on  a  leaden  coffin  found  at  Bishop- 
stoke,  88-90 

examination  of  Winchester  records,  283 

on  the  discovery  of  skeletons  at  Winches- 
ter, 207-8 
Basiccomb  (G.)  exhibits  neckcloth  of  Charles  I,  332 
Bedder  (J.)  exhibits  a  bronze  statuette  of  Mars 

found  in  London,  358 
Bartlow  Hills,  photographs  of,  presented,  83 
Bergne  (J.B.I  on  coins  found  at  Southampton,71  -73 
Berwick  (Duke  of),  miniature  of,  exhibited,  342 
Blashill  (T.I  exhibits  brass  pendants  found  in  the 
Thames,  2114 

a  flight-arrow   found  in   an 

oaken  rafter  of  the  fifteenth  centtu-y,  325 

a  portion  of  a  lavatoi'ium  from 

the  Steelyard,  320 

•  on  four  Early  English  coffin-slabs  from 


Herefordshire  and  the  border,  302 
Bogo  de  Clare,  on  two  passages  in  his  life,  270-72 
Bolton  (Kev.  E.  D.)  exhibits  two  pieces  of  singu- 
larly marked  pottery,  301 
Bonboniere  cliased,  exhibited,  07 
Bone  comb  fotuid  in  Somersetshire,  329 

instrument  found  in  the  moat  of  Desmond 

Castle,  340 
Bookbinder's  stamp,  a.d.  1525,  exhibited,  331 
Bookbinding,  specimens  of,  exhibited,  338-339 
BosTiiN  (Lord)  exhibits  an  alio-rclievo  of  gypseous 
alabaster  of  French  workmanship,  208-9 

a  trinket  representing  the 


"  knot  of  Savoy,"  320 
knighUiood,  338 


ria,  357 


Boston  (Lorii)  exhibits  Stuart  memonnls,  310-2 
miuiutiue  of  Duke  of  Ber- 
wick, 312 

■  a  portrait  of  Henrietta  Ma- 
broadside    panegj'ric    on 
William  111,301 
Botfielo  iBeriah),  obituary  notice  of,  172-78 
Box,  engraved  silver  one  exhibited,  347 
Bracteates  exhibited  by  Mrs.  Kerr,  253 
liiass  pendants  found  in  the  Thames,  264 
Brent  (Cecil)  exhibits  antiquities  from  Canter- 
bury, 68 
^ bone  pins  and  other  anti- 
quities from  the  Steelyard.  257-03 

•  figure  of  a  bronze  priestess 


found  in  Moorlields,  273 

—  pewter  objects   from-  the 


Steelyard,  343 


•  dagger,  temp.  Eliz.,  345 


■  of  some  order  of 


Brixworth  Church,  proposed  history  of,  by  Mr.  Wat- 
kins,  911 
Brusiifield  (Dr.)  on  Roman   intaglios  found  at 

Petriana,  on  the  Great  Wall  of  liadrian,  355 
Brunswick-Lunenburg,  silver  medal  of,  exhibited,68 
Burgess  (H.)  exhibits  engraved  silver  box,  347 
BuRNELL  (H.  H.)  exhibits  various  brass  pins  found 
in  a  cellar  in  tlae  north  bank  of  the  Thames,  252 


Ctesar  Borgia,  ring  of,  exhibited.  327 

Canterbury,  Itoman  antiquities  found  at,  exhibited, 

68 
Cardew  (Eev.  G.)  exhibits  antiquities  from  Helm- 

ingham,  3211-39 
Carlisle.  Roman  antiquities  found  at,  84-5 
Carmichael  (C.  H.  E.)  on  an  inscription  from 

Dumfriesshire,  358 
Chapman,  inventory  of  the  goods  of  a  Yorkshire, 

257-00 
Charles  I,  neckcloth  of,  exhibited,  332 

mortuary  locket  exliibited,  332 

great  seal  of,  exhibited.  340 

signet-ring  of,  exhibited,  341 


Chichester  Cathedial.  remarks  on,  155-00 

Claw-hammer  found  in  the  Thames,  203 

Clucks  and  watches  belonging  to  Queen  Elizabeth, 

347-52 
Cock-metal,  psoudo  antiques  in,  355 

throwing,  ancient  dmnp  used  for.  342 

Coffin-slabs  from  Herefordshire  und  the  border,  362 
Coins  forged  in  cock-metal  exhibited,  272 
Colchester,  Roman  antiquities  found  at,  344-45 
Collins  (Geo.)  presents  photographs  of  the  Bart- 
low Hills,  83 
Congress  held  at  Leeds,  52-05,  189-100,  238,  251. 
Patrons,  officers,  and  committees,  52, 53 :  Mayor's 
address  to  the  Association,  54  ;   lyjrd  Houghton's 
reply,  ib. ;  convereazione,  55 ;  Mr.  O'Callaghan's 


364 


INDEX. 


paper  on  the  mace  of  the  Borough,  ib. ;  Mr.  Hop- 
pers  paper  on  the  petition  of  the  Borough  to 
UUver  Ci-omweU,  1050,  5» ;  excui-sion  to  Aiiel,  CO ; 
^Ir.  Koberts'  description  of,  G0-C4 ;  visit  to  Kani- 
ley  Hall,  04 ;  recepliun  at  by  Mr.  Knwkes,  0.5  ;  to 
Ukley,  ib.;    crosses  at,  ib.;    Mr.  Gordon   Hills' 
remarks,  ib. ;  evening  meeting,  ib. ;  Mr.  T.Wright's 
paper  on  Anglo-Saxon  jewellery  found  near  Scar- 
borough, ib. ;  Mr.  Plauche's  paper  on  the  badges 
of  the  house  of  York,  ib.;  Mr.  O'Callaghau's  ex- 
hibition of  historical  autographs,  ib.;  excui-sion 
to  Boroughbridge  and  Aldborough,  189  ;  the  De- 
vil's arrows,  ib. ;  ancient  British  idol,  190;  recep- 
tion at  Aldboi-ough   by  Mr.  Lawson,  ib. ;    his 
museum  inspected,  ib. ;   entertainment  at,  ib. ; 
evening  meeting  at  Leeds,  ib. ;  letter  from  the 
Treasurer,  and  resolution  thereupon,  101 ;   Mr. 
Hartshome's  paper  on  the  Honour  and  Castle  of 
Pontefract  read,  ib.;  remaiks  on  by  the  Presi- 
dent, ib.;    Lord   Houghton's  paper  on  Thomas 
Earl  of  Lancaster  read,  ib. ;  the  Kev.  Mr.  Surtees' 
paper  on  the  locality  of  Hengist's  last  battle  and 
burial-place  read,  ib.;  remarks  on,  ib. ;  excursion 
to  Wiiketield,  192  ;  reception  by  Dr.  Holdswoith, 
ib. ;   inspection  of  the   Wayside  Chapel  on   the 
bridge,  ib. ;   paper  on  by  Mr.  F.  K.  Wilson,  ib. ; 
old  houses  in  Kirkgate-street,  description  of,  by 
Mr.  G.AVentworth  and  Mr.  Fenuell,  ib. ;  meeting 
at  the  Town  Hall,  193 ;  exhibilious  at,  ib. ;  ad- 
dress of  the  Mayor,  ib.;  reply  to  by  Lord  Hough- 
ton, ib. ;  proceed  to  Pontefract,  ib. ;  reception  by 
the  Mayor  at  the  Town  Hall,  ib. ;  entertainment 
at,  ib.;  inspection  of  the  Castle  and  Church,  ib. ; 
Lord  Houghton's  remarks,  194;  evening  meeting 
at  Leeds,  195 ;  exhibition  and  explanation  of  large 
plan  of  Fountains  Abbey  by  Mr.  Gordon  M.  Hills, 
ib.;    Mr.  O'Callaghan's  paper  on  ancient  canoe 
discovered  at  Giggleswick,  ib. ;  discussion  on,  190 ; 
Mr.  Cuming's  paper  on  the  weapons  of  the  ancient 
tribes  of  Yorkshire  rciid,  ib.;    excursion  to  Kipon 
and  Studley  lioyal,  238  ;  inspection  of  the  chapel 
of  St.  Marj-  Magdalene,  ib.;   proceed  to  Ripon 
Cathedral  and  reception  by  the  dean,  ib. ;  Mr. 
C.  E.  Davis's   remarks   on,   239;    St.   Wilfrid's 
needle,  ib. ;   Fountjiins  Hall  inspected,  240 ;  re- 
ception by  Earl  de  Grey  and  Eipon,  ib. ;    Mr. 
Goi-don  Hills's  explanations,  ib.;  Evening  Meet- 
ing at  Leeds,  ib.;  paper  by  Mr.  O'Callaghan  on 
historical     autographs,    240-242;    Mr.    .James's 
paper  on  the  little   British  kingdom  of  Elmet 
and  the  region  of  Loidis  read,  243 ;  excursion  to 
Kirkstall,  and  inspection  of  the  abbey,  ib.;  re- 
marks by  Mr.  Roberts ;  meeting  at  the  Philoso- 
phical Hall;    Lord  Houghton's   address,  243-4; 
thanks  to  the  mayor  and  corporation  of  Leeds, 
244 ;   the  mayor's  reply,  245 ;    thanks  to  Lord 
Houghton,  Archbishop  of  Y'ork,  and  Earl  Fitz- 
Tvilliam,  ib. ;  to  the  officers  of  the  Philosophical 
society,  clergy  of  the  diocese,  authors  of  papers, 
council  of  the  Leeds  club,  officers  and   Com- 
mittees of   the  Association,  ib. ;    excureion    to 
Halifax,  and  reception  at  the  Town  Hall  by  John 
Crossley,  Esq.,  the  Mayor,  and  the  Corporation, 
elegant    luncheon,    ib. ;    paper  on   the   Roman 
roads  intersecting  the  parish  of  Halifax,  read  by 
Mr.  F.   A.   Leyland,  240;    examination   of   the 
Halifax  gibbet^  ib.;  'Mr.  Leyland's  remarks  on, 
ib. ;  visit  to  the  People's  Park  and  the  parish 
church,   247;    return   to  Leeds;    departure  for 
York,  ib.;  arrangement  of  objects  to  be  visited, 
248;  examination  of  antiquities  in  the  Yorkshire 
Philosophical   Society's  Museum,   ib.;    explana- 
tions by  Rev.   Mr.   Kenrick,  ib.;    visits   to   St. 
Leonard's  hospital,  ib. ;    the  old  city  wall,  ib. ; 
the  multangular  tower,  ib.;    Mr.  Roberts's    re- 
marks, 249  ;  the  hospitium,  exhibition  of  Roman 
pottery,  pavement,  (fee,  ib. ;  the  castle,  Clitt'ord's 
Tower;  description  given  by  the  governor,  ib.; 
proceed  to  the  Guildhall,  ib. ;  Mr.  Roberts's  re- 
marks on  its  age,  ib. ;    reception  by   the  Lord 
Mayor    and    Lady    Mayoress    at    the    Mansion 
House,  250;  elegant  entertainment  at,  ib. ;  view 
of  the  regalia  and  plate  of  the  City,  ib. ;  visit  to 
the  Crypt  of  the  Cathedral ;  observations  on  by 


the  Dean,  Mr.  Brown,  and  others,  ib. ;  conclusion 

of  tlie  Congress,  251 
Cope,  silver-gilt  clasp  of,  exhibited,  346 
CoKNER  (G.  R.)  obituary  notice  of,  181-86 
Cromleclis,  remarks  on,  228-37 
Cuming  (H  S.)  exhibits  a  two-pound  weight  of  the 

city  of  liOndon,  67 

on  the  history  of  slings,  73-80 

exhibits  an  encaustic  tile  of  the  fourteenth 


century,  82 


a  gully  tile,  83 


83 


on  the  manufacture  of  fictitious  antiquities, 
•  weapons  of  the  ancient  tiibes  of 


Yorkshire,  101-11 

remarks  on  perpetual  almanacks,  198 

•  glass  vessels  found  in  a  coffin 

Roman  bronze  images  with 


at  Bishopstoke,  201 


silver  eyes,  202 


252 


-  early  lance-heads  of  iron,  203-4 
brass  pins  found  in  theThames, 

pin-money,  253 

silver  braoteates,  254-257 

■  exhibits  a  galouier,  202 

■  a    claw-hammer   found    in    the 


Thames,  263 

on  archers'  badges,  264-67 

allegorical  alto-relievos,  269 

^-^ p(_ittery  with  arabesque  designs,  272 

French  jettons  with  Agnus  Dei ,  274 

jetton  with  "  knot  of  Savoy,"  326 

■  earthen  vessel,  very  thin,  and  glazed. 


found  in  the  Thames,  327 

mortuary  locket  of  Charles  T,  332 

signet-rings  of  Henrietta  Maria,  333 

seals  of  purity,  337,  338 

■  cock  throwing,  342 


■  exhibits  engraved  silver  box,  347 

■  on  pseudo-antiques  in  cock-metal,  355 
-  exhibits  etching  of  the  espousals  of  Chas.  I 


and  Henrietta  Maria,  357 

■  a'  statuette  of  Mars,  358 


on  a  bone  washer  of  a  wheel,  358 

CuMMiNG  (Rev.  J.  G.)  exhibits  impression  of  the 
signet-ring  of  Stephen  Gardiner,  Bishop  of  Win- 
chester, 346 


D. 

Dagger  found  at  Doddington,  329 
Danish  brooch  of  the  tenth  century  exhibited,  262 
Dorchester,  Roman  pavement  at,  201 
Roman  coins  found  at,  273 


Dorsetshire,  Roman  coins  found  at,  273 

Dowgate    Dock,  antiquities    in    bone  and  metal 

found  at,  67 
DuRDEK  (H.)  exhibits  Roman  bronze   ear  of    a 

large  vessel,  202 
Dutch  tobacco-box,  temp.  William  III,  exhibited, 

331 

E. 

Early  English  Text  Society,  proposal  of  works  for 

the,  284 
Earthen  vessel,  remarkably  thin  and  glazed,  from 

the  Thames,  327 
Edward  I,  II,  and  IV,  deeds  of  exhibited,  344 
Elmet,  on  the  kingdom  of,  34-38 
Evans  (J.)  on  the  coins  of  the  Ancient  Britons, 

91-93 
Eye  Catechisme  exhibited,  327 


F. 

Famley  Hall,  visit  to,  64 

Faulkener  (C.)  exhibits  a  dagger  found  at  Dod- 
dington, 329 

Feroi.son  (Robert)  on  Reman  Antiquities  found 
at  Cariisle,  84,  85 


INDEX. 


365 


Fictitious  anUqultlea,  on  the  making  of,  83 

TTT"!     '^rZ ; lemjirks  on,  1\I7 

flint  cult  found  at  Jiotloy  oxiiibited  201 

- —  impKnu-iitH  in  tlio  drift,  disciov'iTv  of  ^q^  7 


O. 

Gardiner  (Stephen)  bishop  of  Winchester  his 
signet  nng,  310  "uoioi,    um 

Goorgo  II,  tloiinco  of  Lady  Ashley's  dress  in  tlu, 
roign  of,  exhibited,  l;»ii  ^       ^^^  '"  ""^ 

GoLDSMiD  (A.)  cxliibits  a  niisericordia,  815 

7,  rrr;  ; Ingliland  elavi'noro,  ih. 

Gould  (N.)  remarks  on  fictitious  autiouities  107 

Gkeknshields  (J.  B.)  transniits  an  account  of 
luiinan  antiquities  found  at  Carlisle  8i 

Guildhall,  uiedifoval  discoveries  at.  347 

roof  of,  318 

^Z^e'j^:!"'^  "'''"^  '^""•^"'"^^  ^""<»  ■»' 

Eliz.,  found  a"tIslington,~G?'''"^'°""''  '•'''^'''  «'' 
•  antiquities  from    the 

a  poi-petual  ahnauac 

,  :    ;         ~~7" a    broad  sword  with 

astronomical  symbols,  l'J8 

3     badges    found    in 


r. 


llklcy.  visit  to,  C5 

-— - —  Hipulehnil  crosses  at,  ib. 

'IThirely'sH^^'"'''  '""'-•"1'"""  i".  from  Dumfrios- 
Irvine  (J.  T.)  exhibits  iron  keys,  spoons,  weights 
_^c^m':;f;f""''    '^^   '-"Sations  ofSffo 

Wales,  HI  ■""  ''""bossed    tile    from    8. 


borough,  L'dl 


prints  of  pavements  at  ^Vld- 

nicntat  Dorchc^:^-,^'"'^'^'"^  "'  ^'"""'»  P"^"" 
—  an  iron  daw  hammer,  203 
■  a  jiocket  Solarium,  ib. 
,-,, ,  ,,     ,     r>  -""man  coins  found  at  Win- 

tord  l-aglo,  Doi-setshiie,2r3 


Chester,  ih. 


site  of  the  Steelyard,  l!)7 


of  lead,  198 


London, 261 


ston,  ib. 


■ Oor- 

Dun- 

~7T        71~ ZT  curiouB  bone  comb  found  In 

Somersetshire,  329 

" portraitof  I'rinco  nupert,333 

—  specimens    of    bookbinding, 


338,  340 


a    merau    found    in 

~ a  miserioordia,  330 

1  ..    f       1  •  T-,     77, "■    Ijasket-headed    sti- 
letto found  in  the  Fleet  river,  33o 

~x     7T-~:    '•     T ^'■^"^  of  copper  as  a 

bookbmder  s  stamp,  a.d.  152D,  331 

a   tobacco-box,  temp. 


Moortields,  27-i 


„(•  Ai    <■    ,  r,i T  °"  ''^°  threatened  demoIiUon 

ot  Okeford  Church,  362 

Irving  (G    V.)   e.Khibit8  objects  in  jet  found  in 

Lanarksliiro,  314 
Isurium,  observations  on,  39-51 


W.  &  M.  Ill,  ib. 


on  discovery  of  skele- 


tons  and  antiquities  in  South wark,  330 
GwiLT  (Joseph)  obituary  notice  of,  '178-181 


H. 

Halifax,  on  Boman  roads  intersecting,  205-219 
Harewood  Castle,  Mr.  Jones  on  o.joTooy 
Hartsiiorne  (C  H  )  on  the  Hono-ur'and  Castle  of 

Pontefrat-t,  13G-lo5 

exhibits  signet  ring  of  Cfesar  Borgia,  327 

———announces  discovery  of  Boman  remains 

m  Ivorthampton,  320 
Helmingham,  antiquities  from  exhibited,  329  339 
Hennetta  Mana,  signet  ring  of,  exhibited,  332 

IT         ^7~7777~T- remarks  on,  333 

Henry  V,  MS.  lives  of,  remarks  on,  90 

HiglJand  claymore  exliibited,  3-15 

Hills  (Gordon  M.)  on  sepulchral  crosses  at  Ilk- 

' Chichester  Cathedral,  155-160 

exlaibits  a  bone  insti-ument  found  at  Des- 
mond Castle,  340 

Holland  (Kev.  J.  A.)  exhibits  signet  ring  of 
Hennetta  Maria,  332  ^ 

Hopper  (Clarence)  on  a  petition  from  the 
borough  ol  Leeds  to  Oliver  Cromwell  in  10.50    58 

IG20  25r20cr'''^'''°''^  °^  "  ^'°''^^^"'°  cW'inan, 
two  passages  in  the  life  of  Bogo  de  Clare, 


J. 

James  (John)  on  the  kingdom  of  Elmet  and  tho 

region  of  Loidis,  34-38 
Jettons,  French  ones,  having  tho  Agnus  Dei,  271 
Jewish  coinage,  work  on  by  Mr.  Madden,  281 
Jones  (John)  on  Harewood  Castle,  220-227 
(W.1I.)  obituarj'  notice  of,  108 


Kell  (Rev  E.)  exhibits  a  betrothal  ring  found  at 

Kingwood,  67  '' 

a    bonboniere,    elegantly 


chased,  ib. 


.     ,     .    ^  a  silver  medal  of  Christian 

l^udovic,  Duke  of  Brunswic-Lunenberg.  68 

on  the  ancient  site  of  Southampton,  63-73 

— tmnsmits  an  account  of  lloman  remains 

found  at  Bishopstoke,  90 
— -  on  leaden  coffins  found  at    Bishopstoke 

and  the  glass  contained  tlierein,  190, 200 

exhibits  a  large  flint  celt,  201 

~;      ~ :: drawing  of  a  sculptured  wolfs 

head  from  Netley  Abbey,  269 

watch  seal  found  at  Southamp- 
ton, 342 


ing,  26 


270-272 

■ —  exhibits  an  eye  catechisme,  327 

— on    clocks    and    watches    belonging    to 

Queen  Ehzabeth,  347-352  b    b    >-" 

HouonxoN    (Lord)    Inaugural    Address    at    the 

Leeds  Congi-ess,  1-15 
■ —  on  the  history  of  Thomas  Earl  of  Lan- 

c&st6r,  lo-lo 

— reply  to  the  Mayor  of  Leeds,  54 

Hutchison  (Robert)  obituary  notice  of,  171  170 
1864  '     " 


-  leaden  dirnip   for   cock  tlirow- 

on  the  discovei7  of  skeletons  on  the  site 
of  Old  Shirley,  359 
Kendhick  (Dr.)  exhibits   an  axle-tree  found  at 
Haydock,  358 

remarks  on  Eoman  brine-pans  found  at 

^  Nantwich,  359 

IvEnii  (Mi-s.l  exhibits  silver  bracteates,  253 
Kershaw  (S.  W.)   on  an  ancient    tomb    in    St. 
Patrick's  Cathedral,  343,  344 

-J-; exhibits  four  ancient  deeds,  314 

Knighthood,  trinket  belonging  to  some  order  of,  338 


Lanarkshire  antiquities,  history  of,  by  Mr.  Georgo 
Xere  Irving  and  Mr.  A.  Murrav,  98,  99 

I —  obj.'cts  in  jet  found  in,  344 

Lancaster,  Thomas   Earl  of,  observations  on,  by 
Lord  Houghton,  lG-18 

47 


366 


IKDEX. 


Lance-heads  of  iron,  paper  on  early  examples  of, 

208-4  .        „„  ., 

Lawson  (A.  S.)  on  Tsiinum,  39-51 
Leaden  coffin  found  nt  Bishopstoke,  88-90 

objects  found  in  London,  80 

Leeds    Congiess.      Inaugmal   address    by   Lord 

Houghton.  1-15  ,     .  ^ 

Levlakd   (F.  a.)  on  Eoman  roads  intersecting 

Halifax,  205-219 
Loidis,  on  the  region  of,  34-38 
LcKis  I  Rev.  W.  C.)  on  Cromlechs,  228-237 
LUXMOOKE  (C.  H.)  exhibits  an  nmiihora,  272 
. . . a    lady's    watch,  temp. 


Eliz.,  327 


tal  character,  339 


leather  pouch  of  Orien- 


Pontefi-act,  on  the  Honour  and  Castle  of,  13G-55 
Potteiy,  singularly  marked,  found  at  Eye,  301 
Powell  (W.)  exhibiu  a  glazed  earthen  vessel  found 
at  Deptford,  202 

forged  coins  in  cock-metal,  272 


Prince  Rupert,  portrait  of,  exhibited,  333 
Pseudo-antiques  exhibited,  83 
remarks  on,  ib. 


M. 


McCaitl  (Rev.  J.)  on  tessera;  consulares,  95-97 
Macnaghten  (Mi-s.  Agnes  Stuart)  obitnaiy  notice 

of,  168,  109 
Maidstone,  tiles  and  other  antiquities  from,  ex- 
hibited, 82 
Mars,  a  bronze  statuette  of,  exhibited,  358 
Merau  found  at  Moorfields,  exhibited,  274 
Merionethshire,  Roman  coins  found  in,  273 
Misericorde  found  in  the  Steelyard,  exhibited,  330 

exhibited,  345 

Monmouth  t  Duke  of),  letter  to  theVice-Chancellor 

of  Cambridge,  341-2 
Monstrous  fonns  cai-ved  in  churches,  269 
Moorfields,  Roman  bronze  priestess  found  at,  273 


N. 

Kantwich,  Eoman  brine-pans  found  at,  359 
Netley  Abbey,  sculptured  wolfs  head  from,  269 
Korthamplon,  Danish  brooch  found  at,  262 

Roman  coius  found  at  Dunston,  273 

notice  of  the  discovery  of  Roman  an- 
tiquities in,  329 
Noiton,  speai'-blade  of  flint  found  at,  343 


O. 

Oaken  rafter,  arrow  found  in,  325 
Obituary  Isotices  for  1863, 167-188 
O'Callaghan  (P.)  on  the  mace  of  the  borough  of 
Leeds,  55-57 

exhibits  historical  autographs,  65 

historical  autographs,  240-42 

Offa,  rare  coin  of,  found  at  Southampton,  71 
Okeford  Church,  threatened  demolition  of,  362 
Old  Heath  Hall,  observations  on,  260-62 
Owen  (E.  W.  Smythe),  obituary  notice  of,  168 


Palmer  (Dr.  S.)  views  excavations  making  at  Sil- 

Chester,  360 
Pettiorew  (T.  J.)  notice  respecting  the  Salisbury 

Museum,  93-95 

obituary  notices  for  1803,  by,  167-188 

— — —  exhibits  ulna  and  radius  of  a  Roman  lady 

found  with  a  bronze  armilla  at  Winchester,  208 
•  transmits  observations  of  St.  Bernard  on 


Publications,  notices  of.— Evans  on  the  Coins  of 
the  Ancient  Britons,  91-93 ;  Dr.  M'Caul  on  Tes- 
seriE  Consulares,  95-97 ;  Histoi7  of  Lanarkshire 
Antiquities,  98-99  ;  on  Brixworth  Church,  by  Rev. 
Mr.  Watkins,  99  ;  Lives  of  Henry  V  by  Mr.  Ban- 
nister, ib. ;  Roman  antiquities  at  Bath,  by  Rev. 
Prebendao'  Scarth.ib.;  Wentwood  Castle,  Trogy, 
and  Llanvair  Castle,  by  Mr.  O.  Morgan  and  Mr. 
AVakeman,  99, 100;  Addenda  to  A'Mes  Hartwelli- 
anse,  by  Admu-al  Smyth,  275-282 


Rhind  (A.  H.I,  notice  of,  98 

gift  to  the  Society  of  Antiquaries  of  Scotland, 


ib. 

Ring,  a  betrothal  one  found  at  Ring\vood,  67 
Roberts  (E.)  on  Adel  Church,  00-04 
on  sculptured    foundation-stone  of  Adel 

Chui-ch,347  „  „,- 

medieval  discoveries  at  Guild  Hall,  347- 


348 


■  Shirley  Cemeteij,  359 


Roman  remains  found  at  Bishopstoke,  88-90 

antiquities  found  at  Carlisle,  84,  85 

—  Colchester,  .344-5 


—  brine  pans  found  at  Xantwich,  359 

—  bronze  ear  of  a  large  vessel,  202 

—  mask  of  Satyr  with  silver  eyes,  exhibited,  201 

—  bronze  priestess  found  in  Mooi-fields.  273 

—  coins  found  at  Winford  Eagle,Dorsetshire,273 

. Dorchester,  ib. 

Dunstan,  ib. 

■  Merionethshire,  ib. 


intaglios  found  at  Petriana,  on  the  Great 


Wall  of  Hadrian,  355 

lamp  of  Christian  era  exhibited,  337 

pavement  at  Dorchester,  201 

-  roads  intersecting  Halifax,  205-219 
■  and  Saxon  fibula;  found  in  Sutlblk,  353 


the  carving  of  monstrous  forms  in  churches,  269 
—  remarks  on  the  threatened  destruction  of 


the  Castle  Wall  at  Southampton,  335 
Pewter  objects  found  at  the  Steelyard,  343 
PiDGEON  (H.  C.)  exhibits  mask  of  terra-cotta  found 

at  Silchester,  326 
Pin-money,  remarks  on,  253 
Pins,  brass  ones  found  in  a  cellar,  252 
Planche  (J.  R.)  on  the  badges  of  the  house  of 

York,  18-33 
on  a  stone  coflSn  found  at  Ash  Church,  85- 

88 
Pole  (E.  S.  Chandos),  obituary  notice  of,  107 
Pollexfen  (Rev.  J.  H.)  exhibits  Eoman  antiquities 

found  at  Colchester,  344-45 


Russian  ethnology,  work  on,  284 
S. 

St.  David's  Cathedral,  restoration  of,  284 

St.  INIichael,  badge  of,  exhibited,  331 

St  Patrick's  Cathedral,  ancient  tomb  found  in,  343-4 

Salisbury  and  South  WUts  Museum,  notice  respect- 
ing, 93-95 

Salt  (William),  obituary  notice  of,  186-188 

Sandal  Castle,  remarks  on,  120-136 

Savoy,  knot  of,  exhibited,  326 

. on  a  jetton,  ih. 

Sculptured  stones,faither  publication  on  announced, 
98 

Seal  of  purity  exhibited,  337 

Shakespeare  badge  exhibited,  344 

Shirley  (Old),  skeletons  and  bcU  found  on  the  site 
of,  359  ,  .     .^ 

Silchester,  fonnation  of  a  museum  of  the  antiquiUes 
of,  by  the  Duke  of  Wellington,  300 

mask  of  teiTa-cotta  from,  326 


Slings,  histoi-y  of,  73-80 

Southampton,  on  the  ancient  sit«  of,  68-73 

coins  found  at,  69-73 

Castle  Wall  threatened  with  demoli- 


tion, 335  .     . 

Southwark,  discovery  of  skeletons  and  antiquities 

at,  339 
Steelyard,  antiquities  from  the  site  of,exhibited,  197 

antiquities  from,  exhibited,  257,  263 

Stevens  (E.  T.)  on  discovery  of  flmt  implements  at 

Salisbui-y,  335-37 
Stiletto,  a  basket-headed  one  found  m  the  fleet 

River,  330 


INDEX. 


3G7 


Rtono  poffin  fouml  nt  Ash  Chnrcli,  ftS-gfl 
Sutlulk.     I'ruiiustil  Congrt'ss  by  tho  Association  in 
18t)-l,  lOU 

T. 

Tarsus,  Greok  Sftminn  wnio  fi'om,  355 

Taylor  (Joliii)  exliibits  a  Danisli  brooch  of  the 

loth  pentui-j',  202 
spear-blado  of  grey  flint 

found  at  Norton,  3l:i 

badge  of  St.  Michael,  331 

(Tlios.)  exliibits  deed  and  seal  of  Earl  of 

Warren,  328 
Tesserte  Consularea,  rmiarks  on ,  05-97 
Tile,  an  embossed  one  from  Soutli  Wales,  81 
TUPPEE  (Capt.  A.  C.)  exhibits  pseudo-antiques,  83 


W. 

Wakefield,  on  the  town  and  manor  of,  120-136 

wayside  ehapel  of  111-11!) 

Warren  (Earl),  deed  and  seal  of  exhibited,  328,  329 

(J.)  exhibits  lloman  and  Saxon  libule, 

fomid  in  Sutlblk.  358 

Watch  seal  found  at  Southampton,  3-13 

temii.  Kliz.,  exhibited,  327 

Waterford  lloll,  proposed  ])ublication  of,  283 

Wayside  chapels,  remarks  on,  111-119 

Weight  of  two  pounds  of  the  City  of  London  ex- 
hibited, G7 

Wellington  (Puke  of)  making  excavations  at  Sil- 
chester,  and  forming  a  Museum  of  Antiquities, 
3C0 

Wentwood  Castlo,  Tropry  and  Llanvair  Castle, 
notice  of,  by  Mr.  0.  Morgan  and  Mr.  T.  Wakeman, 
99,100 


WKNTVi-onTii  (O.)  on  tho  town    and   manor   of 

Wakefuld  and  Sandal  Castle,  120,  IMii 

Olil  Heath  Hall,  2i;0-202 

exhibila  deed  <,f  Kurl  of  Warren,  329 

Wcyhill  Chureh,  on  tho  n^Htonilion  of,  97 

Will  1-1,  bone  washer  of,  found  in  the  Tliaraea,  358 

William  111,  jianegyrie  on,  3f;2 

Wilson    (F.  l{.)   oh    Waketield    Waysido    Chapol. 

111119  '     ' 

Winchester,   discovery   of  skeletons   and   cofflnei 

at,  207,  208 
city  cross,  and    proposed  resloratioa 

of,  282 
records,  examination  and  arrangement 

of,  by  Mr.  I''.  ,J.  15ai(,'ent,  283 
Wood  (S.)  exhibits  antiipiities  from  Maidstone,  82 

gully  tiles  found  in  Ltjndon,  83 

embroidered  aprons,  199 

•  roman  coins  found  in  Merio- 

-  a  seal  of  purity,  337 

•  lloman  lamp  of  Christian  mra, 

'  a  Shakespeare  badge,  3U 

WuioHT  (G.  R)  exhibits  silver-gilt  clasp  of  a 
cope,  310 

(T.)  on  Anglo-Saxon  jewellery  found  at  Scar- 
borough, 05 

glass  found  in  a  cofBn  at  Bishopstoko, 

200 

Greek  Samian  ware  fi-om  Tarsus,  355 


nethshiro,  273 


337 


Y. 

York,  on  the  badges  of  the  house  of,  18-33 

Yorkshire  antiquities,  notices  of,  28 

weapons  of  the  ancient  tribes  of,  lOl-IH 


ILLUSTRATIONS. 


1,  2.  Badges  of  the  House  of  York,  21 

3.  Leaden  objects  found  in  London,  80 

4,  5.  Roman  remains  found  at  Carlisle,  84 
6.  Antiquities  from  Scarborough,  104 

7. Y'orkshh-e,  105 

8. Biltim  and  Wcstow,  107 

9.  Roman  bronzes,  202 

10.  Ancient  lances,  203 

11.  Roman  roads  intersecting  Halifax,  207 

12.  Hj'pocaust  discovered  at  Slack,  210 

13.  Bracteate  coins,  254 


M. 
15. 
10. 
17. 


Quarendon  Chapel  (exterior  view),  280 

(interior  view),  ib. 

Ruins  of,  ib. 


Fac-simile  of  a  pass  given  by  Oliver  Cromwell 
to  Abraham  Whelocke,  282 
IS.  Klliiry  in  Ripon  cathedral,  295 
r.l.  licmiin  remains  at  St.  Dunstan's  Hill,  299 

20.  I'laus  of  hut  circles  on  Dartmoor,  301 

21.  Crosses  at  llkley  and  Collingham,  311 

22.  Heraldic  bearings  on  paintings  found  at  Amber- 

ley  castlo,  322 


WOODCUTS. 


Arrow  heads  and  sling  Bullet,  104 
Ancient  canoe  found  at  Giggleswick,  195 
Saxon  bucket  found  at  Aylesbmy,  278 
Saxon  pottery  ditto,  ib. 


Supposed  ancient  head  of  Hebe,  281 
Cross  at  Nevem,  313 
Ditto  at  Bakewell,  ib. 


ERRATA. 

Page  09,  line  15,  after  "  Bevois"  add  "  Street." 

„     69,    „     17,  et  passim,  for  "  Bradley,"  read  "  Bradby." 

„   121,    „      9,  fur  "  Wadesnurde,"  read  "  Wadeswurde." 

„   124,    „    41,  ct  passim,  for  "  Wakefend,"  read  "Wakefcud." 

„   125,    „     37,  38,  for  "  muleture,"  read  "  multure." 

„  129,    „    46,  49,  for  "  Duke  of  Rutland,"  read  "  Earl  of  Rutland." 

„   133,   „     52,  for  "  thelonis."  read  "  theldnii." 

„  139,  ,,  8,  for  "  his  nephew  Robert,"  read  either  "  his  great-grandson  Roger,"  or  "  his  great-great- 
grandson  Roger,"  according  as  "  his"  bears  reference  to  Robert  de  Lacv.  or  his  father 
Ilbort  de  Lacy,  who  flourished  between  a.d.  1147  and  1187.  The  correction  may  be 
deduced  from  the  account  of  Roger  de  Lacy,  towards  the  foot  of  page  140. 


„  149,  „  42,  for' 
„  169,  „  17,  for ' 
„  183,  last  line,  for  "  mackyng,"  read  "  mockyiig.' 


Arundell,"  read  "  Arundel.' 

Charles  Rowntrce  Aiuslio,"  read  "  Charles  Ainslie  of  Rowntree." 


Mil 


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