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The gift of ^L i^<)n.C...r.^.,^,J^ \£ .
THE
J O IT R N A I
CIjSTCI^N^TI
nrn
iij I
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EIL HlSIill
PUBLISHING COMMITTEE :
J. P. JUDGE, A. d WETHERBY,
G. W. HARPER. J. W. HALL, Jr..
R. B. MOORE.
^olxjm:e I.
APRIL, 187 8, TO JANUARY, 187 9.
FTJBLISHEr) B"^ THE SOCIETY.
CTNCINNAT I :
PRINTED By'jaMES BARCLAY, 269 VINE STREET
INDEX TO VOLUME I.
Page.
Bees, Note on, by V. T. Chambers, 52
Birds, Observations on, by Frank W. Langdon, 110
Birds, A Revised List of, by Frank W. Langdon, 1G7
Boulder, A Large One in Southern Oiiio, by S. S. Scoville, M.D., 50
Cincinnati Society of Natural History, 4
Deformities of Some Tennessee Helices, by A. G. Wethekby, 154
Description of New Species of Pupa, by C. R. Judge, 30
Description of a New Genus, and Eleven New Species of Fossils, by
S. A. Miller, 100
Description of Eight New Species of Fossils, bj^ S. A. Miller, 129
Description of Four New Species of Fossil Shells, by R. P. Whitfield, 137
Description of a New Familj^ of Lower Silurian Crustacea, by A. G.
Wetherby, 162
Description of New Forms of Fossil Annelids, by E, O. Ulrich, . . ... 87
Description of New Genera, and Species of Fossils, bj' S. A. Miller
and C. B. Dyer, 24
Fossil Annelids, Observations on, by E. O. Ulrich, 87
Hyalina milium. Note on, * 23
Hymenoptera, on the Tongue of, by V. T. Chambers, 40
Hymenoptera, Note on the Paper, " on the Tongue of," by V. T. Cham-
bers, 161
Journal, The, 1
Lamellibrancbiate Shells of the Hudson River Group, Remarks on, by
R. P. Whitfield, 137
Lepidoptera, Catalogue of, b}'^ Charles Dury, 12
Lower Silurian Fossils, Classified List of, by John Mickleborough and
A. G. Wetherby, . . 61
Mound Builders of the Little Miami, by S. S. Scoville, M. D., 128
Notice to Societies and Collectors, 59
Officers, List of, 2
IV INDEX.
Pagk.
Prehistoric Momnnents of tiie Little Miaii)i Valley, with a map, by
Charles L. Metz, M. D., 119
Proceedings of the Society, . . . . .53, 109, 159
Pronuba Yuccasella (Riley), and Habits of some Tineina,by V. T. Cham-
bers, . . 141
Pupa cincinnatieiisis, Description of, by Charles R. Judge, 39
Rain and Snow, Annual Fall for forty-two years, by R. B. Moore, 57
Report of Committee on Geological Xomenclature, 193
THE JOURNAL
Mil icim OF iTiii iism
VOL. 1.
CINCINNATI, APRIL, 1878.
No. 1.
THE JOURNAL.
The Ciuciunati Societ}- of Natural Histoiy, organized for the pur-
[)Ose of advancing Science, and diffusing knowledge, at last finds itself
located iu its own building, with a sufficient annual income to enable
it to do earnest work in promoting the objects for which it was estab-
lished. As one of the important means for accomplishing such work
is the publication of its proceedings, in permanent and authoritative
form, the Societj^ has determined to publisli a quarterly journal, under
the title of " The Journal of the Cincinxati Society of Natural
History." It is proposed that each number shall be issued as nearly
quarterh' as ma}' be found practicable, and that four numbers shall
constitute a volume.
The Journal will contain a full report of the proceedings of the So-
ciety', all valuable papers read before or prepared for it, critical notices
of scientific books and publications, etc.
One of the most fruitful sources of doubt in the determination of de-
scribed species, in the various branches of Natural Science, is to be
found in the too frequent habit of publishing the written diagnosis,
without any suitable figures by which the absolute identity of the thing
described can be determined. Eecognizing this, it has been decided
that all descriptions of new species shall receive proper illustration,
either by wood-cut, lithographic plates, or such other, methods as may
appear best adapted to the character of the object to be illustrated. '
It is coufidentl}' believed that this step will encourage investigation
and careful work, and that with the large store of unexplored material,
and of undescribed species in the department of paleontology in this
immediate vicinity, there will be no scarcitj' of original matter witii
which to sustain the publication and justifv the undertaking.
('incinnati Society of Natural Historj,.
LIST OF OFFICERS
Since the Ovyanization of the Society.
Dr. John A. Warder,
Dr. W.H. MrssEY,
Dr. W. H. MussEY,
V. T. Chambers,
Ludlow Apjones,
Horatio Wood,
Presiden ts.
1870-75 Samuel A. Miller, 1875-7(3
1876-77 R. B. MoORE, 1877-7S
First Vice-Presidents.
1870-76 John M. Edwards, 1876-77
1877-78
Second Vice-Presidents.
1871-72 Samuel A. Miller, 1872-75
1875-76 George W. Harper, 1876-78
Ludlow Apjones,
L. M. HosEA.
Ludlow Apjones,
John M. Edwards,
Prof. J. F. Judge,
Corresponding Secretaries.
1870-71 L. S. Cotton, 1871-75
1875-77 John W. Hall, Jr., 1877-78
Recording Secretaries.
1870-71 Rev. R. E. Hawley, 1871-73
1873-74 William Colvin, 1874-75
1875-78
Robert Broavn, Jr.
Dr. J. H. Hunt,
Treasurers.
1870-70 Horatio Wood, 1870-75
1875-76 S. E. Wright, 1876-78
J)r. H. H. Hill,
J. C. Shroyer,
Librarians.
1871-74 John M. Edwards,
1876-78
1874^76
Dr. F. P. Anderson,
R. B. Moore,
Custodians.
1870-70 John M. Edwards, 1870-73
1873-77 Dr. J. H. Hunt, 1877-78
Curators of Mineralogy.
Dr. Edward S. Wayne, 1870-71 Dr. R. M. Byrnes,
Horatio Wood,
Miss M. J. Pyle,
Paul Mohr, Jr.,
Curators of Botany.
1870-71 William Owens,
1872-73 John Hussey,
1874-76 Davis L. James,
(hirators of Paloiontology.
Samuel A. Miller, 1871-74 John W. Hall, Jr.,
E. O. Ulrich, 1877-78
1871-78
1870-72
1873-74
1876-78
1 874-
List of Officers.
Curators of Conchology.
Dr. II. H. Hill, 1871-72 Dr. Charles A. jNIillkr, 1872-7"i
Prof. A. G. Wetherby, 1875-78
Curafors of Entornologij.
Lucius Curtis, 1871-72 A. G. Wetherby. 1872-7H
V. T. Chambers, 1873-74 A. G. Wetherby, 1874-7.3
George W. Harper, 1875-7(3 John W. Shorten, 1S7(>-7s
Curator of Ichthyology.
Prof. D. S. Young, 1873-78
Candors of Comparative Anatomy.
Prof. W. H. MusSKY, 1873-75 Prof. A. J. Howe.
187.r)-7s
Curator of Archaeology.
Dr. H. H. Hill, 1874^78
Curator of Ornithology.
Charles Dury, 1874-78
Curator of 3IathematiGs and Astronomy.
Prof. Ormond Stone, 1876-78
Curator of Chemistry and Physics.
Prof. R. B. Warder, 1876-78
Curator of Herpetology.
Dr. August J. Woodward, 1877-78
Curator of 3£eteorology.
S. S. Bassler, 1877-78
Curator of Microscopy.
Y. T. Chambers, 1877-78
Charles Dury,
Taxidermist.
1870-74
S. E. Wright,
Dr. J. H. Hunt,
Trustees.
1875-78 Julius Dextek, 1875-78
187.5-76 E. B. Moore, 1*76-78*
Cincinnati Society of Natural History.
CINCINNATI SOCIETY OF NATURAL HISTORY.
The Cincinnati Societ}' of Natural Histoiy was organized, and a
Constitution adopted, on the 19th da^- of Januaiy, 1870, at No. <>
West Foui'th street, in the cit^^ of Cincinnati. The following persons
were enrolled as original members : Dr. F. P. Anderson, Ludlow Ap-
jones, Robert Brown, jr., Dr. R. M. B^a-nes, J. B. Chickering, Robert
Clarke, Lucius Curtis, V. T. Chambers, Julius Dexter, Charles Dur3\
C. B. Dyer, John M. Edwards, Dr. H. H. Hill, R. E. Hawle}^ Dr. W. H.
Mussey, R. C. McCracken, Dr. C. A. Miller, S. A. Miller, Dr. William
Owens, Henr}^ Probasco, J. Ralston Skinner, Dr. John A. Wardei*, Dr.
E. S. Wayne, Dr. E. Williams and Horatio Wood.
The Societ}' was regularl}' incorporated on the 20th day of June,
1870, as shown by Church Record Book, No. 2, page 633, of the Records
of Hamilton count}', Ohio.
On the 2d day of Februar}', 1870, the Society' met, and proceeded
to elect permanent officers, Mr. John M. Edwards having presided at
the preliminary meetings. Dr. John A. Warder was elected president,
which office he continued to fill, b^' re-election, to the satisfaction of
the members, until April 6, 1875. Dr. W. H. Mussey was elected first
vice-president, and was continued in the office until April 6, 1875.
Mr. Ludlow Apjones was elected corresponding and recording secre-
tary, and served as such until the regular election, held April 4, 1871.
Mr, Robert Brown, jr., was elected treasurer ; Dr. F. P. Anderson,
custodian ; Dr. Edward S. Wa^^ne, curator of mineralogy ; and Mr.
Horatio Wood, curator of botan}-.
The membership of the Society increased very rapidly, and during
the summer arrangements were perfected for renting room No. 41
College Building, on Walnut street, above F'ourth street, at one hun-
dred dollars per year. The Societ}' held its first meeting in College
Building, on the evening of October 4, 1870. At this meeting, Mr.
Robert Brown, jr., resigned the office of treasurer, and Mr. Horatio
Wood was elected to fill the vacancy ; Prof. John M. Edwards Avas
elected custodian in place of Dr. ¥. P. Anderson; and Mr. Charles
Dur}' was elected taxidermist. The Society held meetings regularly
every mouth, and at the meeting held March 8, 1871, had the pleasure
of knowing that the trustees of the Cincinnati College had remitted
the rent, and consented to the occupation of room No. 41 College
Jiuilding, free of charge, save such as would be incurred for light and
fuel, until such time as the trustees might find it necessary to use the
room for other purposes.
At the annual meeting, held on the evening of April 4, 1871, the
Treasurer rei)orted that the total receipts of the Society to that date
Cincinnati Society of Natural History. 5
amounted to $1G0 00, and that there had been expended $165 17,
leaving a balance due the Treasurer of $5 17. The library was re-
ported as containing thirty-five volumes. Previous to this meeting
there had been procured for the Society five upright cases, all of which
the custodian reported were well filled b}^ the specimens of Natural
History, which had been donated hy members of the Society. At this
meeting the officers were elected for the 3'^ear, with the following changes :
Mr. Ludlow Apjones was elected second vice-president; Mr. L. S. Cotton
was elected corresponding secretary, and continued to be re-elected
annually, and served until April 6th, 1875; Rev. R. E. Hawley, as re-
cording secretary, in which position he served for two years. Mr.
Horatio Wood was elected treasurer, and was continued in the office
until he declined to serve longer, April 4, 1875. Dr. H, H. Hill, ac-
cepted the position of libi'arian, and was re-elected April 2, 1872, and
April 1, 1873. Prof. John M. Edwards was elected custodian, and
was continued in the position for two 3^ears. Dr. R. M. Byrnes was
elected curator of mineralogy, which position he has held to the pres-
ent time. The fine collection and careful arrangment of the minerals
in the possession of the Society bear witness to the intelligent and
faithful work of this officer. Mr. Samuel A. Miller was elected cura-
tor of palteoutology, and was subsequently re-elected and continued
in the curatorship until April 7, 1874 ; Dr. H. H. Hill, curator of
conchology, who was re-elected the following year ; Mr. Lucius Cur-
tis, curator of entomology, who was continued in office until April 1,
1873 ; Dr. William Owens, of botan^^ ; and Mr. Charles Dury, taxi-
dermist, who was twice re-elected, and continued in office until the
position was abolished in April, 1874, and the curatorship of ornitho-
logy instituted.
The donations of specimens in the various departments of Natural
Science, being numerous at every meeting, it was found necessary to
provide additional cases for preserving the collections. At the meeting-
held June 6, 1871, five new upright cases, uniform with those previ-
oush^ in the possession of the Society, were procui'ed.
At the meeting held September 5, 1871, the Society received from
the Western Academy of Natural Science, three hundred and fifty-one
dollars in mone3', 265 volumes of books, and the relianant of its
collection, being all of its propert}^ and effects of every kind then
remaining. The mone^^ was invested, and has remained at interest
since that time. Mr. S. A. Miller read a paper on the " Silurian Island
of Cincinnati," which was published the next da3^ in the Cincinnati
Elnquirer.
At the meeting held on the second da}" of Januar}^, 1872, the Society
received from Mr. Robert Buchanan, 111 volumes from hislibrarj^ and
three upright cases with drawers, containing fossils, shells and minerals.
6 Cincmnati Sociefji of yaf.iiral History.
This donation was a valuable acquisition to the Society, and was
])rought about through the generosity of Mr. Probasco and nine other
gentlemen, who presented Mr. Buchanan with one thousand dollars as
a partial compensation for his parting with his collection. The Society'
elected Mr. Robert Buchanan an honorary member at the meeting held
the following month.
The Society assembled, for the February meeting, in rooms 46 and
48 College Building, which had been kindly placed at its disposal b}'
the trustees of the Cincinnati College, and which the Society contin-
ued to occupy until it was able to purchase a building, and removed
to 108 Broadway.
On the Sth da}'^ of March, 1872, at a regular meeting, Messrs. Rob-
ert Clarke, U. P. James, George Graham, I). E. BoUes, John L. Talbot.
S. T. Carle_y, and Robert Buchanan, surviving members of the Western
Academy of Science, were duly elected to life membership in this
Societ3^ in pursuance of the arrangement made at the time of receiving
the donation from the Western Academy. Mr. S. A. Miller read a
])aper on the " Geological History of this Locality, from the Tertiary
period to the present time," — which was published in the Cincinnati
Enquirer of the succeeding day — and was continued at a subsequent
meeting of the Society, and published in the same paper on the 17th
day of June following.
At the annual meeting held April 2, 1872, the report of the Treas-
urer showed the receipts to have been, from dues of members for the
preceding year, $385, and from the Western Academy of Natural Science,
$.351 45. Mr. Samuel A. Miller was elected second vice-president,
which position he continued to hold until the April meeting in 1875;
and Miss M. J. Pyle was elected curator of botany.
At the meeting held June 4, 1872, Dr. Charles A. Miller was elected
curator of conchology, in place of Dr. H. H. Hill, who resigned; and
Mr. A. G. Wetherby was elected curator of entomology, instead of
Mr. Lucius Curtis, who had also resigned.
The Society exhibited a large collection of specimens at the Cincin-
nati Industrial Exposition, held during the months of September and
October of this au'd the following year. At both Expositions the dis-
play made by this Society attracted much notice, and the section de-
voted to its use was generally well attended by visitors.
At the meeting held November, 1872, Prof. W. H. Mussey presented
to the Society a large number of skeletons, of domesticated and wild
vertebrate animals. He had previously shown his generosity to the
Society b}' contributing books, minerals and other valuable specimens,
and has continued to be one of its most steadfast and liberal benefac-
tors down to the [) resent time.
At the annual meeting, held April 1, 187.3, it appeared from the
Cincinnati Society of Xataral History. 7
Treasufer's report that tliere were 117 members of the Society, that the
(lues collected for the year amounted to $110 36, that the expenses had
been $;}2-l 93, and that there remained in the Treasury the sum of
$122 12, not including the funds received from the Western Acatlem^- of
Science. At this meeting, Mi*. John M. Edwards was elected recording-
secretary; Mr. R. B. Moore, custodian, which position he continued to
till until elected president, April 3, 1877; Dr. Charles A. Miller, curator
of conchology, vvho was re-elected the following year; Mr. V. T. Cham-
bers, curator of entomology; Mr. John Hussey, curator of botany; Dr.
D. S. Young, curator of ichthyology, a position he has held ever since;
Prof. W. H. Mussej', curator of comparative anatomy, who was re-elected
the following year. At this meeting, a resolution was adopted providing
for a committee to take charge of a building fund, having for its basis
the promise of a contribution of $100 00 annually for five years' from
Mr. -Julius Dexter, and of $25 00 per year for a like period from Prof.
A. J. Howe, and Mr. Ludlow Apjones, and of the sum of $10 00 for a
like period from Mr, A. E. Tripp and Mr. Horatio Wood. At the time
of the writing of this article, the Treasurer's books show that Mr. Julius
Dexter, and Mr. Horatio Wood, have each of them paid up the entire
subscription ; that Dr. Howe, and Mr. Tripp, have each paid three install-
ments, and Mr. Ludlow Apjones two installments, of their respective
subscriptions.
At the meeting held Ma}- G, of this year, Mr. Charles H. Browning
presented to the Societj^ a magnificent collection of marine shells and
coi'als, collected by his father, Lieut. R. L. Browning, U. S. Navy.
At the meeting held August 5, 1873, Mr. S. A. Miller read a criti-
cism on that part of the first volume of the Ohio Geological Survey,
relating to the Cincinnati Group of Rocks, and its fossil contents, which
was published in the Cincinnati Enquirer on the seventh day of the
month.
The annual meeting in 1874 ^vas held April 7th, when it appeared,
from the report of Mr, R. B. Moore, the custodian, that the Society had,
in its collection, fort}'- five hundred specimens of minerals, two thou-
sand paUeontological specimens, five thousand shells, six thousand
I)otanical specimens, four hundred entomological specimens, two thou-
sand archaeological specimens, and one hundred each of anatomical,
ichthyological and ornithological specimens, making a grand total of
twenty thousand two hundred specimens. He also reported that the
library contained about one thousand volumes. The Treasurer's report
showed that the Societj' had received during the j'ear: members' dues,
$553 95; interest, $21 08; while it had expended $456 34, leaving in
the treasury the sum of $fi40 81. The report further showed that there
had been collected of the subscriptions to the building fund, $315 00
and interest accrued on the same, $11 47; making the total building
8 Cincinnati Society of Xatural History.
fund .$32(3 47. At this meeting, Mr. William Colviu was elected reeord-
iug secretary; Mr. John M. Edwards, librarian, who Avas re-elected the
following j^ear ; Mr. John W. Hall jr., curator of palaeontology, iu
which position he was continued until April 3, 1877 ; Mr. A. G.
Wetherb3% curator of entomology; Dr. H. H. Hill, curator of archae-
ology, and has been continued in the position ever since ; and Mr.
Charles Dury, curator of ornithology, who continues to fill the curatoi'-
ship.
No election for curator of botany having been made at the annual
meeting^ Mr. Paul Mohr, jr., was elected . to the position. ^lay 5.
and was re-elected the succeeding year.
Mr. Charles Bodman was elected a member of the Society at the
meeting held September 1, 1874.
The Society received a letter at the meeting held December, 1874,
from a lady, eighty years of age, containing a present of $200 00, and
signed, " A Friend of Science.'' It was ascertained, however, that the
generous donor was Mrs. Abbe Warren, residing at No. 299 George
street, iu Cincinnati.
At the meeting held April 6, 1875, it appeared from the Treasur-
er's report that the receipts from members' dues were $558 30 ; from
Mrs. Abbe Warren, donation $200 00; and interest on invested funds,
$26 08; which, added to the balance in the treasury from the previous
year, amounted to $1,025 19. The expenditures for the year amounted
to $531 46, leaving a balance of $493 73 ; of this latter sum $400 00
had been placed at interest. In addition to this, the sum of $351 45.
which was received from the Western Academy, was safely invested,
and further that the building fund had during the j-ear been increased
by collection of subscriptions, and accrued interest, to the sum of $499 85 ;
making a total of all funds to the credit of the Society, $1,345 03, At this
meeting, Mr. S. A. Miller was elected president; Mr. Horatio Wood
was elected second vice-president; Mr. L. M. Hosea, correspouding
secretary, to which office he was re-elected the next year; Dr. J. F.
Judge, recording secretary, in which office he has been continued to
this time; Dr. J. H. Hunt, treasurer; Prof A. G. Wetherby, curator
of conchology, in which position he has since remained; Mr. George
W. Harper, curator of entomology ; and Prof A. J. Howe, curator of
compai'ative anatomy, since which time he has been annually re-elected
to the position.
At the meeting held May 4, 1875, the president, Mr. S. A. INI i Her.
read a " Review of the Glacial Theory, as presented in the Ohio Geologi-
cal Survey," which was published in the July number of the Cincinnati
Quarterly Journal of Science.
Prof A. G. Wetherby read a paper, entitled " Descriptions of Lepi-
dopterous Larva% with remarks on their habits and affinities." at the
Cincinnati So.cietji of Natural History. 9
meeting held October 5th, 1875, which was published in the Cincinnati
Quarterly Journal of Science^ for the same month. Prof. A. G. Weth-
erby read, at the meeting lield December 7, 1875, a paper on the "Vari-
ations in form as exhibited by Strepomatidai, with descriptions of new
species," which was published in the month of January following, un-
der the title of '' Proceedings of the Cincinnati Society of Natural His-
tory." It is the only publication the Societ}^ has ever issued. At va-
rious times attempts have been made by members to have the Society
definitely adopt the policy of a regular publication of its transactions,
but without success, until the last, which has resulted in the present
undertaking of publishing a journal of the Society quarterly, which is
designed to embrace the proceedings of the Societj^, ^nd such original
papers of value as raa}^ be prepared for the Society by its members or
others.
The next annual meeting was held April 4, 1876. The Treasurer's
report showed that the receipts for the previous year had been, from
members' dues, $347 54; from interest, $45 08; the expenditures
amounted to $415 95, leaving a cash balance of $102 40. The build-
ing fund was reported as $555 63. At this meeting. Prof. W. H.
Mussey w^as elected President; Mr. John M. Edwards, first vice-presi-
dent; Mr. George W. Harper, second vice-president, who was in the
succeeding year re-elected; Mr. S. E. Wright, treasurer, and continues
in office to this time; Mr. J. C. Shroyer, librarian, who was re-elected
the following April; Mr. J. W. Shorten, curator of entomology; and
Mr, Davis L. James, curator of botau\'.
Prof. A. G. Wetherby, read a paper at the meeting held June 6, on
the "Tulotoma," which was subsequentl}- published in the Quarterly
Journal of Conchology., Leeds, England.
At the meeting held October 3, Prof. Ormond Stone was elected
curator of mathematics and astronomy, and Prof. R. B. Warder, cura-
tor of chemistry and physics, each being re-elected at the annual
. meeting the following year.
At the 'meeting held March 6, 1877, Dr. August J. Woodward was
elected curator of herpetology, and re-elected at the annual meeting the
next month.
At the meeting held on April 3, 1877, the Treasurer's report showed
the financial condition of the Society to be as folloAvs :
Cash in the Treasury, April 4, 1876, $102 40
Received from Members' dues, 654 00
For Life Membership, 50 00
For Interest to credit of General Fund, 42 25
$848 65
Expenditures during the year, .... $350 02
Balance in the Treasury, $498 63
10 Cincinnati Society of Natvral History.
Building Fund, April 3, 1877.
Balance in Fund April 4, 187G, $55.5 63
Received Subscriptions, 200 00
Received Interest, 46 37
Total Building Fund, . . . . . . $802 00
Total Funds.
Bearing Interest, or held in Cash, Ajiril 3, 1877.
General Fund, $644 13
Endowment Fund, 551 45
Life Membership Fund, 50 00
Building Fund, . . • 802 00
$2,047 58
At this meeting, Mr. K. B. Moore was elected president; Mr. V. T.
Chambers, first vice-president; Mr. J. W. Hall, jr., corresponding sec-
retarjr; Dr. J. H. Hunt, custodian; Mr. O. E. Ulrich, curator of palae-
ontology. Dr. A. J. Howe read a paper on the " Life of John Hunter,"
which was subsequently published in pamphlet,
Mr. S. S. Bassler was elected curator of meteorolog}', and Mr. V. T.
Chambers, curator of microscopy, at the meeting held June 5, 1877.
Prof. A. J. Howe read "A Biographical Sketch of Baron Cuvier," at the
meeting held Aug. 7, which was afterwards published in pamphlet;
and on the 2d of October, he read another paper, on " American
Archneology," which was also published in pamphlet.
Mr. Charles Bodman, who was elected a member, September 1, 1874,
died on the 10th day of May, 1875, leaving a will containing a bequest
to this Society of fiftj^ thousand dollars, which sum should have been
paid to the Society at once, but the payment was delayed until the six-
teenth day of July, 1877, depriving the Society of about two years'
interest. There were no conditions or limitations attached to the
bequest, and, consequently, when the money was received, it was abso-
lutely at the disposal of the Society. The Society had previously ap-
pointed a board of trustees, one of whom is the treasurer, to receive
the money, and make such investments as the Society should direct.
The ti-ustees, previous to entering upon the discharge of tlieir duties,
gave satisfactory bonds for the faithful performance of the trust.
About eleven thousand, five hundred dollars was invested in the pur-
chase and repairing of the property on the corner of Broadway and
Arch streets, in the month of October following. The collection and
other property of the Society was at once transferred from the rooms,
46 and 48 College building, to the new premises.
The Society held its first meeting in its own building, on November
(), 1877. At this meeting tlie following ri'solutiou was unanimously
adopted :
Cincinnati Society of Xatuval History. 11
'■'■Resolved, that the members oftho Cincinnati Society of Natural His-
tory tender the trustees oftlie Cincinnati College our heartfelt thanks
for their genei'osity and kindness in furnishing this Society a room in
their building, free of charge, since the organization of this institu-
tion."
The balance of the beiiuost from Mr. Charles Bodman has been pro-
perl}- invested in bonds and mortgag-es, and the Society- now finds itself
at home, in its own building, in affluent circumstances, and prepared to
commence in earnest work for the advancement of" science, and the
diffusion of knowledge.
At the meeting held January 1, 1878, the Mechanics' Institute sent
to the Cincinnati Society of Natural History a written proposition to
donate the collection of minerals in its possession, known as the McClue
Collection, which offer was accepted, and the collection was transferred
to the Society's building. Prof. Claypole read a description of a new^
fossil, Gl3'ptodendron Eatonense, which will appear in the American
Journal of Science and Arts for April.
At the meeting held on February 5th, 1878, the Society author-
ized the publishing committee to publish a journal quarterly, to con-
tain the proceedings and transactions of the Societ3\ This arrange-
ment, if permanently maintained, will be of great importance to the
Societ}^ and to students of natural science ever\-where.
In view of the fact that the proceedings of this Society, as hereto-
fore made public through the newspapers, have contained only meagre
notices of the many donations and kindnesses of persons not members
of the Society, and that several members have borne a large share of
the labor necessary in arranging, classifying, and taking care of the
collection in the Rooms of the Societ3% and in making the necessary
arrangements for its display at the Cincinnati Exposition without any
compensation, an honorable mention of their names at this time will
not be regarded as out of place. It will, however, be impracticable to
attempt to enumerate all of them here, but in a brief way to express
the obligations of the Society to those whose names have appeared in
the foregoing pages. The Societj^ is also under many obligations to
Major A. S. Burt, of the U. S. Army; Mr. John Robinson, Mr. Julius
Dexter, Dr. E. S. Wayne, Hon. J. S. Gordon, Hon. T. A. Corcoran, the
Cincinnati Zoological Societ3', and the Smithsonian Institution, for val-
uable contributions to its collections and library. Dr. H. H. Hill, Dr.
R. M. Byrnes, Prof. A. J. Howe, Mr. R. B. Moore, and Dr. D. S. Young,
among others, are also deserving of especial thanks for the many
services rendered the Society.
The Cincinnati Societ}' of Natural History is a charitable institution,
devoting all its energies to the advancement of science and free educa-
tion. The rooms are kept open to the public, so that all the advan-
12 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.
tages of the museum may be enjoyed as well by those who are not mem-
bers as by those who contribute annually the sum of five dollars to-
ward its maintenance. In no event can any one profit by membership,
beyond the nominal privilege of voting for the officers, and participat-
ing in the work of the Society.
CATALOGUE OF THE LEPIDOPTERA,
Observed in the vicinity of Cincinnati, Ohio, including Diurnals,
Sphingida', -ZEgeridre, Z3'gjBnid3e, Bombycidse, Noctuidae, Phakenida)
and Pyralidffi. By Charles Dury.
To Prof. A. R. Grote, of Buffalo, New York, Mr. W. H. Ed-
wards, of Coalburg, W. Va., and Mr.. H. Strecker, of Reading, Pa., m3'
thanks ai'e due for valuable aid in determination of specimens ; and to
Prof, A. G. Wetherby, of Woodburn, Mr. Chas. G. Siewers, of Newport,
K}'., and Mr. L, R, Freeman, who have reared and captured some of
our rarest and least known species, and Mr. F. W. Langdon, E. Mills,
Harold B. Wilson, Joseph <Sc Davis, L. James, C. B. Dyer, L. Curtis,
and others, for specimens,
PAPiLioNiDiE (Swallow-Tailed Butterflies).
1 Papilio ajax, Linn., common.
2 Papilio ajax, var Walshii, Ed., common.
3 Papilio ajax, var Telamonides, Feld., common.
4 Papilio ajax, var Marcellus, Bois., common,
5 Papilio philenor, L,, common.
f> Papilio asterias, F., common.
7 Papilio troilus, L., common.
8 Papilio turnus, L., abundant.
9 Papilio turnus, var glaucus, abundant.
10 Papilio chresphontes, Cram., not common.
PlERID^.
11 Pieris protodice, B. & L., abundant.
12 Pieris protodice, var Vernalis, Ed., rare.
13 Pieris rapse, L., very abundant.
14 Anthocharis genutia, Bois, very rare.
15 Callidrj'as eubule, L., rare (extralimital).
16 Colias cfesonia, Stoll, rare,
17 Colias eurytheme, Bois, not common.
18 Colias philodice, Godart, common.
19 Terias nicippe, Cram., common •
iO Terias lisa, B. & L., not common.
Catalogue of the Lepidoptera. 13
Nymph ALiD^.
21 Danais archippus, Fabr., abundant
22 Argynnis iclalia, Druiy, very rare.
23 Argynnis cybele, F., abundant.
24 Argynnis aphrodite, F., not abundant.
25 Agynnis bellona, F., rare.
26 Euptoieta claudia Cram., not abundant.
27 Phyciodes harrisii. Scud,, not common.
28 Pbyciodes n3'cteis, Doub., common.
29 Pliyciodes tharos, Drury, abundant.
30 Grapta interrogationis, F., common.
31 Grapta interrogationis, var umbrosa Lint, common.
32 Grapta comma, Harris, abundant.
33 Grapta comma, var Dry as, Ed., common. .
34 Grapta progne, Cram., common.
35 Vanessa antiopa, Linn., common.
36 Pj'rameis atalanta, L., abundant.
37 Pyrameis huntera, Drur}', common,
38 P3'rameis cardui, Linn., common.
39 Junonia lavinia. Cram., rare (extralimital).
40 Limenitis Ursula, F., abundant,
41 Limenitis disippus, Godt., abundant.
42 Apatura Celtis, Bd., abundant.
43 Apatura clj^ton, Bd., common.
Satyrid.^;.
44 Neonympha eurj^tris, F., abundant.
45 Debis portlandia, F., rare.
Lycanid^,
46 Thecla halesus. Cram., very rare.
47 Thecla humuli. Haw., common,
48 Feniseca tarquinius, F., A'^ery rare.
49 Chrysophanus thoe, Bd. & Lee, not common
50 Chrj'sophanus araericana, d'Urban, abundant.
51 L3^c8ena pseudargiolis, B. & L., common.
52 Lycsena pseudargiolis, var violacia, Edw., common.
53 Lj'csena lygdamas, Doub,, very rare.
54 LyciBna comyntas, Godt., abundant.
Hesperid^.
55 Ancylox}^pha numitor, F.
56 Pamphila zabulon, Bois & Lee, common.
57 Pamphila huron, Edw., rare.
14 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.
58 Pamphila peckius, Kirby, common.
59 Pamphila cernes, B. & L., common.
60 Pamphila verna, Edw., not common.
60^ Amblyscii'tes vialis, Eclw., rare.
61 P^M'gus tessellata, Scud., rare.
62 Philisora catuUus, Cram., common.
63 Eudamus pjdades. Scud., rare
64 Eudamus bathj'llus, Ab. & Sm.
65 Eudamus tit3n'us, Fabr., abundant.
Sphingid^ (Hawk Motlis).
66 Sesia axilaris, Grote, rare.
67 Sesia marginalis, Grote, common.
68 Sesia thysbe, Fabr., common.
69 Thyreus abbotii, Swain, rare.
70 Th3''reus nessus. Cram., rare,
71 Deidema iuscripta, Harris, rare,
72 Deilephila lineata, Fabr., abundant.
73 Darapsa choerilus. Cram., rare.
74 Darapsa myron, Cram., common.
75 Choerocampa tersa, Linn., rare.
76 Philampelus satellitia, Linn., not common.
77 Philampelus achemon, Drury, rare,
78 Macrosila Carolina, Linn., abundant,
79 Macrosila quinquemaculata, Steph., common.
80 Macrosila chionanthe, Sm. & Ab„ rare.
81 Macrosila jasminarum, Le Conte.
82 Sphinx cinerea, Harris, common.
83 Sphinx kalmese, Sm., rare.
84 Sphinx sordida, Hiibn., rare.
85 Sphinx hylaeus, Drury, common,
86 Sphinx plebia, Fab., common,
87 Sphinx plota, Strecker, rare.
88 Ceratomia quadricornis, Hiib., rare.
89 Daremma uudulosa. Walk.
90 Smerinthus exctecatus, Sm., common,
91 Smerinthus astjdus, Drury, rare.
92 Smerintlius myops, Sm., rare.
93 Smerinthus geminatus, Say, common.
94 Smerinthus, modestus, Harris, rare.
95 Smerinthus juglandus, Ab. & Sm., common,
JEgauid.*:.
96 -(Egaria exitiosa. Say, common.
97 jEgaria tipuliformis, Linn., common.
Catalogue of the Lepidoptera. \h
98 Alypia octomaculata, Fab., common.
V>9 Psychomorpha epiminis, Druiy, uot common.
100 Eudryas grata, Fab., not rare.
101 Eudryas unio, Hiibn., rare,
102 Glaucopis fulvicollis, Hiib., common.
BoMBYCIDjE.
103 Hypropepia fucosa, Hiib., common.
104 Euphanessa mendica, Walker, common.
105 Utetheisa bella, Linn, abundant.
106 Callimorpha interrupto-marghiata, Beaur., common.
107 Callimorpha lecontei, Bois., common.
108 Callimorpha vestalis, Packard, common.
109 Arctia virgo, Linn., rare.
110 Arctia parthenice, Kirby, rare.
111 Arctia phalerata, Harris, common.
112 Arctia phj-lira, Drur}^ verj' rare.
113 Arctia decorata, Saun., rare.
114 Arctia persephone, Grote, rare.
115 Arctia arge, Drur}^, rai'e.
116 Pyrrarctia Isabella, Smith, common.
117 Leucarctia acrea, Smith, abundant.
118 Spilosoma virginica, Fabr., common.
119 Hypantria textor, Harris, common.
120 Hj^pantria cunea, Harris, common.
121 Euchates collaris, Fitch, common.
122 Ecpautheria, scribonia, Stoll, not common.
123 Halesidota carye, Harris, not common.
124 Halesidota tessellaris. Smith, common.
125 Orgyia leucostigma, Harris, common.
126 Lagoa crispata. Pack., rare.
127 Limacodes scaphea, Hai'ris, rare.
128 Limacodes fasciola, Doub., common.
129 Limacodes spinuloides, H — S., rare.
130 Euclea quercicola, H — S., rare.
131 Euclea monitor, rare.
132 Parasa chloris, H — S., common.
133 Empretia stimulea, Clem., rare.
134 Phobetrum pithecium, Smith, rare.
135 Ichthyura inclus^, Hiib., common.
136 Datana ministra, Drury, common.
137 Datana perspicua, G. & R., common.
138 Datana integerrima, G. & P., common.
16 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.
139 Datana angusi, Grote, not common.
140 Gluphisia trilineata, Packard, common.
141 Nadata gibbosa, Smith, common.
142 Edema albifrons, Smith, rare.
143 Das3dophia anguina, Ab, & Sm., rare.
144 Ccelodas^'S unicornis. Smith, rare.
145 Coelodasj^s cinereofrons, Pack., rare.
146 Coelodasys biguttatus. Pack., rare,
147 Lochmicus biundata, Walk., rare.
148 Lochmseus unicolor, Pack., rare.
149 Cerura cinerea, common.
150 Apatelodes torrifacta, Ab. & Sm., rare.
151 • Telea pol3^pliemus, Linn, common.
152 Troptea luua, Linn, common.
153 Samia cecropia, Linn, common.
154 Callosamia promethea, Drury, common.
155 Callosamia angulifera, Cat., not common.
156 Citheronia regalis, Fab., rare.
157 Eacles imperialis. Drury, common.
158 Hj^perchirea varia, Walk., common.
159 Dryocampa rubicunda. Fab., common.
160 Adelocephala bicolor, Harris, not rare.
161 Anisota pellucida. Smith, rare.
162 Anisota stigma. Smith, very rare.
163 Gastropacha americana, Harris, rare.
164 Tolype velleda, Stoll, rare.
165 Clisiocampa americana, Harris, common.
166 Xyleutes robinia;, Harris, common.
NOCTUID^.
167 Pseudothj^atii-a cymatopheroides, Grote, rare.
168 Pseudothyatira expultrix, Grote, common.
169 Habrosyne scripta, Grote, rare.
170 Charadra deridens, G. & R., rare.
171 Apatela occidentalis, Grote, common.
172 Apatela morula, Grote, common.
173 Apatela lobelias, Grote, abundant.
174 Apatela spinigera, Grote, rare.
175 Apatela connecta, Grote, rare.
176 Apatela americana, Harris, common.
177 Apatela rubricoma, Grote, not common.
178 Apatela luteicoma, Grote. common.
179 Apatela noctivaga, Grote, rare.
180 Apatela siiperans, Grote, rare.
Catalogue of the Lepidoptera. 17
181 Apatela afflicta, Grote, rare.
182 Apatela clarescens, Grote, not common.
183 Apatela hamamelis, Grote, rare.
184 Apatela dissecta, Grote, rare.
185 Apatela vinnula, Grote, not common.
186 Apatela lithospila, Grote, rare.
187 Apatela xyliniformis, Grote, rare.
188 Apatela oblinita, Grote, abnndant.
189 Jaspidea lepidula, Grote, common.
190 Jaspidea teratophora, H — S., common.
191 Cerema cora, Hiibn, very rare.
192 Microcoelia diphteroides, Guen., rare.
193 Microcoelia obliterata, Grote, rare.
194 Microcoelia fragilis, Guen., rare.
195 Agrotis baja, S. V., common.
196 Agrotis normauiana, Grote, common.
197 Agrotis c. nigrum, Linn, common.
198 Agrotis bicarnea, Grote, common.
199 Agrotis subgothica, Haw., common.
200 Agrotis herilis, Grote, common.
201 Agrotis plecta, Linn, common.
202 Agrotis badinodis, Grote, common.
203 Agrotis messoria, Harris, common.
204 Agrotis velleripennis, Grote, rare.
205 Agrotis gladiaria, Morr., common.
206 Agrotis annexa, Tr.^ common.
207 Agrotis j'psilon, Rott., common.
208 Agrotis sancia, Hiibn., common.
209 Agrotis clandestina, Hartis, common.
210 Agrotis brunneicollis, Grote, rare.
211 Agrotis alternata, Grote, rare.
212 Agrotis cupida, Grote, rare.
213 Agrotis lubricans, Grote, rare.
214 Agrotis incivis, Guen., rare.
215 Agrotis prasina, S. V., rare.
216 Mamestra adjuncta, Guen., common.
217 Mamestra subjuncta, Grote, common.
218 Mamestra legitima, Grote, rare.
219 Mamestra lorea, H — S., rare.
220 Mamestra renigera, Grote, rare.
221 Mamestra laudibillis, Grote, rare.
222 Mamestra beami, Grote, rare.
223 Dianthoecia meditata, Grote, abundant.
224 H^'ppa xylinoides, Guen., common.
18 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.
225 Hadena loculata, Morr., rare.
226 Hadena devastatrix, Grote, rare.
227 Hadena sputatrix, Grote, not common.
228 Hadena apamiformis, Grote, rare.
229 Hadena cariosa, Guen., rare.
230 Hadena cristata, Grote, ver}- rare.
231 Hadena mactata, Grote, rare.
232 Hadena miselioides, Guen., common.
233 Hadena modica, Grote, common.
234 Hadena arna, Grote, rai-e.
235 Hadena chalcedonia, Hiibn, rare.
236 Perigea xanthioides, Guen., common.
237 Perigea luxa, Grote, common.
238 Dipterygia scabriuscula, Linn., common.
239 Homohadena badistriga, Grote, rare.
240 Actinotia ramulosa, Grote, rare.
241 Lapigma frugiperda, Guen., common.
242 Lapigma frugiperda, var. obscura, Reiley, common.
243 Prodenia commelinse, Guen., rare,
244 Prodenia ornithogalli. Guen., common.
245 Trigonophora periculosa, Grote, rare.
246 Euplexia lucipara, Steph., common.
247 Nephelodes violans, Guen., common.
248 Tricholita semiaperta, Grote, rare.
249 Gortyna sera, Grote, not common.
250 Gortyna nitela, Guen., common.
251 Gortjma nebris, Guen, common.
252 Gortyna cerussata, Grote, not common.
253 Gortyna rutila, Guen., rare.
254 Scoleocampa liburna, Grote, not common.
255 Plat^^senta atricilata, Grote, rare.
256 Heliophila harveyi, Grote, rare.
257 Heliophila pliragmitidicola, Grote, common.
258 Heliophila unipuncta. Haw., common.
259 Heliophila pseudargyria, Grote, common.
260 Caradrina miranda, Grote, rare.
261 Caradrina grata, Hiibn., common.
262 Pyrophila p3'ramidoides, Grote, common.
263 Pyrophila glabella, Morr., ver^^ rare.
264 Orthodes C3'nica, Guen., common.
265 Orthodes necors, Grote, common.
266 Graphiphora incerta, Hufn., rare.
267 Choephora fungorum, G. & R., rare.
268 Ipimorpha pleonectusa, Grote, rare.
Catalogue of the Lepidoptera. 19
269 Orthosia helva, Grote, common.
270 Orthosia ferruginoidos, G. <fe R., common.
271 Encirroedia pampina, Gnen., rare.
272 Scoliopteryx libatrix, Guen., abundant.
272^ Lithophane petulca, Grote, rare.
273 Lithophane bethnnei, Grote, rare.
274 Lithophane ciuerea, Reile}', rare.
275 Cuculia asteroides, Guen., rare.
276 Cranibodes talidiformis, Gnen., rare.
277 Nolaphana malana, Grote, common.
278 Aletia argillacea, Hubn., rare.
279 Ingura abrostoloides, Guen., rare.
280 Plusiodonta compressipalpis, Guen., common.
281 H3'psoropha hormos, Hiibn., rare.
282 Telesilla cinereola, Grote, common.
283 Plusia jerea, Green, common.
284 Plusia th3^atiroides, Guen., rare.
285 Plusia precationis, Guen., Common.
286 Chloridea rhexiffi, West, common.
287 Lygranthoecia lynx, Grote. rare.
288 . Lygranthoecia arcifera, Grote, common.
289 L3'granthoecia spraguei, Grote, rare.
290 L\'granthQ3cia marginata, Grote, rare.
291 Heliothis armiger, Hlibn., common.
292 Pj-rrhia experimens, Grote, common.
293 Taracha aprica, Hiibn., common.
294 Taracha candefacta, Hiibn., rare.
295 Taracha erastrioides, G. & R., common.
296 Cham^'ris cerintha, Treits, common.
297 Eustrotia carneola, Grote, common.
298 Eustrotia apicosa, Grote.
299 Eustrotia muscosula, Grote, common.
300 Eustrotia musta, Grote, common.
301 Spragueia leo, Grote, common.
302 Galgula hepara, Guen., common.
303 Galgula subpartita, Guen., common.
304 Drasteria erechtea, Hiibn., abundant.
305 Euclidea cuspida, Guen., common.
306 Parthenos nubilis, Hiibn., common.
307 Catocola epione. West, common.
308 Catocola agrippina, Streck, rare.
309 Catocola lacrymosa, Guen., not common.
310 Catocola viduata, Guen., rai'e.
311 Catocola desperata, Guen., not rare.
20 Cincinnati Societij of Natural History.
312 Catocola retecta, Grote, common.
313 Catocola flcbilis, Grote, not common.
314 Catocola robinsonii, Grote, abundant.
315 Catocola levettei, Grote, not abundant.
316 Catocola insolabilis, Guen., abundant.
317 Catocola angusi, Grote, rare.
318 Catocola residui, Grote, common.
319 Catocola obscura, Streck, common.
320 Catocola obscura, var simulatilis, Grote, common.
321 Catocola tristis, Edw., rare.
322 Catocola unijuga. Walk., rare.
323 Catocola JTinctura, Walk., rare.
324 Catocola amatrix, Hiibn., common.
325 Catocola cara, Guen., abundant.
326 Catocola coccinata, Grote, rare.
327 Catocola ultronia, Guen., common.
328 Catocola parta, Guen., common.
329 Catocola marmorata, Edw., rare.
330 Catocola ilia, Guen., common.
331 Catocola' innubens, Guen., common.
332 Catocola innubens, var. flavidalis, Grote, rare.
333 Catocola innubens var. scintillans, G. & R., common.
334 Catocola cerogoma, Guen., not common.
335 Catocola neogoma, Guen., common.
336 Catocola subnata, Grote, not common.
337 Catocola piatrix, Grote, common.
338 Catocola pahtogoma, Guen., common.
339 Catocola palteogoma, var. phalanga, Grote, common.
340 Catocola habilis, Grote, common.
341 Catocola nebulosa, Edw., not common.
342 Catocola antinympha, Hiibn., rare.
343 Catocola serena, Edw., not common.
344 Catocola illecta. Walker, rare.
345 Catocola polygama, Guen., common.
346 Catocola cratsegi, Saund., rare.
347 Catocola amasia, West., rare.
348 Catocola grynea, Cram., common.
349 Catocola fratercula, G. & R., rare.
350 Catocola minuta, Edw., common.
351 Catocola arnica, Hiibn., common.
352 Catocola linella, Grote. rare.
353 Allotria elonympha, Hiibn., rare.
354 Spiloloma lunilinea, Grote, common.
355 Panopoda rufimargo, Hiibn, rare.
Catalogue of the Lepidoptera. 21
356 Panopoda carnicosta, Guen., rare.
357 Eemigea hexastylus, Harve^y, common.
358 Celiptera frustulum, Gueu., common.
359 Parallelia bistriaris, Hiibn., common.
360 Trama arrosa, Harvey, rare.
361 Eutoreuma tenuis, Grote, common.
362 Zale horrida, Hiibn, rare.
363 Homoptera lunifera, Hiibn., rare.
364 Homoptera edusa,"Drur3^, common.
365 Homoptera saundersii, Beth., common.
366 Homoptera lunata, Drury, common.
367 Homoptera calcanthata, Ab. and Sm., rare.
368 Homoptera penna, Morr., rare.
369 Homoptera uuiliueata, Grote, rare.
370 Homoptera umbripennis, Grote, rare.
371 Homoptera undularis, Drury, common.
372 Phalffinostola larentioides, Grote, common.
373 Homop3'rallis discalis, Grote, common.
374 Homopyralis tactus, Grote, common.
375 Homopyralis tantillus, Grote, rare.
376 Pseudoglossa denticulalis, Harvey, common,
377 Epizeuxis americalis, Guen., common.
378 Megachyta lituralis, Hiiljn.
379 Litognatha litophora, Grote.
380 Pitj-plita pedipilalis, Guen., common.
381 Zanclognatha laevigata, Grote, common.
382 Zanclognatha marcidlilinea, Grote, rare.
383 Philometra longilabris, Grote, rare.
384 Philometra serraticornis, Grote, rare.
385 Rivula propiuqualis, Guen., rare.
386 Palthis asopialis, Guen., common.
387 Phalsenophana rurigena, Grote, common.
388 Renia discoloralis, Guen., common.
389 Renia belfragei, Grote, not common.
390 Tetanolita lixalis, Grote, rare.
391 Tetanolita plenilinealis, Grote, rare.
392 Bleptina caradrinalis, Guen., common,
393 Bomoiocha maualis, Walk., rare.
394 Bomoiocha albalienalis, Walk., rare.
395 Bomoiocha sordidula, Grote, rare.
396 Bomoiocha profecta, Grote, rare.
397 Bomoiocha bijugalis. Walk., rare.
398 Bomoiocha perangulalis, Harvey, rare.
399 Hypena humuli, Harris, common.
22 Cincinnati Society of ITatural JFTistor//.
400 Platypena scabra, Fabr., rare.
401 Heterogrjtmma indivisalis, Grote, rare,
402 Tortricodes bifidalis, Grote, rare.
Phal^nid^.
403 Plemria fluviata, Hiibn., common.
404 Pterophora atrocolorata, Grote, rare.
405 Pterophora diversilineata, Hiibn., common.
406 Phabalapteryx latirupta, Walk., common.
407 Rheumaptera lacu strata, Pack., common.
408 Odezia albavittata, Guen., not common.
409 Heliomata cycladata, Grote, very rare.
410 Heterophelps triguttata, H — S., common.
411 Hsematopis grataria, Guen., common.
412 Lythria snoviaria, Pack., rare.
413 Semiothisa ocelliuata, Guen., common.
414 Semiothisa notata, Guen., rare.
415 Calothysanis amaturaria, Pack., common.
416 Corycia vestaliata, Guen., common.
417 Acidalia puuctofimbriata, Pack., rare.
418 Acidalia quadrilineata, Pack., rare.
419 Acidalia nivosata, Guen., common.
420 Acidalia enucleata, Guen., common.
421 Acidalia persimilata, Grote., rare.
422 Dyspteris abortivaria, H — S., rare.
423 Eucrostis chloroleucaria, Pack., rare.
424 Synchlora rubivoraria, Reiley, rare.
425 Synchlora rubrifrontaria, Pack., rare,
426 Aplodes latiaria, Pack., rare.
427 Geometra iridaria, Guen., rare.
428 Anisoptei-yx vernata, Steph., rare.
429 Hybernia tiliaria, Harris, rare-
430 Amphidasis coguataria, Guen., rare.
431 Paraphia subatomaria, Guen., rare.
43.2 Paraphia deplaniwia, Guen., rare.
433 Tephrosia canadaria, Guen., common.
434: Cymatophoi-a crepsucularia, Pack., abundant,
435 Cymatophora pampinaria, Pack., abundant.
436 Bronchelia hortaria, Guen., not common.
437 H^'peritis nyssaria, Guen, rare.
43'8 Nematocampa filamentaria, Gvuni., common-
439 Angerona crocataria, Guen., abundant.
440 Antepione depontanata, Pack., rare..
Catalogue of the Lepidoptera. 23
441 Autepione sulphurata, Pack., rare.
442 Metrocampa perlata, Guen., rare.
443 Endropia h^-pocharia, H — S., not common.
444 Endropia filinearia, Pack., not common.
445 Endropia pectinaria, Guen., common.
446 Endropia obtusaria, Guen., rare.
447 Endropia plumbaria. Pack., rare.
448 Engonia, alniaria, Hiib., rare.
449 Caberodes confusaria, Guen., common.
450 Drepanodes puber, G. and R., common.
451 Metanema inatomaria, Guen., rare,
452 Tetracis crocollata, Guen., not common.
453 Entrapela transversata. Pack., abundant.
Pyralid^.
454 Pyralis fariualis, Harris, Abundant.
455 Pantographa lineata, G. & R., rare.
456 Asopia olinalis, Guen., common.
457 Asopia costralis, Fabr., common.
458 Botjs flaA'idalis, Guen., common.
459 Botj's langdonalis, Grote, not abundant.
460 Botj's quinque-linealis, Grote, common.
461 Botj's gentilis, Grote, abundant.
462 Botys marculenta, G. & R.. common.
463 Bot3's plectilis, G. & R,, not rare.
464 Botys penitalis, Grote, not abundant.
465 Botys illibalis, Hubn., common.
466 Bot^-s ventral is, G. & R., rare.
467 Desmia maculalis. West, abundant.
468 Nomophila noctuella, S. V., common.
469 Crambus exsiccatus, Zeller, common.
470 Crambus vulgivagellus, Clem., not rare.
471 Crambus laqueatellus, Clem., not common.
472 Cryptolechia schliiegeri, Zellei', not common.
473 Galleria cereana, Fabr., common.
474 Conchylodes platinalis, Guen., common.
475 Omphalocera cariosa, Led., rare.
Htalina milium. — Previous to December, 1876, Hyalina milium,
Morse, had not been recognized as existing in this vicinit3^ At the
time named, Mr. William Doherty found specimens of it near New-
port, elvntucky, and other collectors have since found it at several
places on the North side of the Ohio, near Cincinnati.
24 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.
CONTBIBUTIONS TO PALEONTOLOGY.
By S.. a. Miller and C. B. Dyer.
Blastophycds, n. gen.
[Ety. — Blastos, a bwd ; phukoa, sea weed.j
Plant having a bilobate form, with a protuberance or bud-like at-
tachment at the junction of the branches. This protuberance is longi-
tudinally' rugose in the typical species, while the branches are smooth
It would seem, however, that the genus should include both smooth
and rugose species. We regard this protuberance at tlie junction of
the branches, as of generic importance, and wholly separating it from
all other known genera of sea plants. Whether it is considered a bud,
shoot, frond or spore, it certainly evinces that the fossil can not be re-
garded as the rhizoma or root of another genus, and proves that it is
in truth the representative ot a sea plant.
Blastophycus diadematus, n. sp. (Plate I., figs. 1 and 2.)
[Ety. — Diadematus, diademed.]
The general form of the plant is subovate, with a bud-like attach-
ment at the larger end, covering the junction of the branches. The
two branches forming the subovate part of the fossil are smooth, and
appear to have been round in all the specimens examined. They unite
beneath the bud, and gradually swell in size as they curve and form
the larger end of an ovate figure, and then decline in size as the^' ap-
proach each other toward the smaller end of the figure, and finally
lose themselves in the slab without' again uniting.
The bud-like attachment resting upon the junction of the branches
is somewhat hemispherical, with a small conical elevation on the top,
from which numerous furrows radiate to the suiTounding margin. It
varies from the general hemispherical shape, b}' being slightlv pro-
longed toward the interior of the plant, where the spaces between the
furrows are correspondingly enlarged. The furrows curve a little, and
the spaces between them are slightl.y rugose. The diameter of this
attachment, in ten different specimens examined, was found to vary
but little from half an incli, and the height measured a little less than
half as much.
The specimens figured are from the collection of C. B. Dyer, who
has another one nearly twice as long as the one illustrated. They
were found at Cincinnati, in the lower part of the Cincinnati Group.
Trichophycus, n. gen.
[Ety. — Trichos, hair; phukos, sea weed.]
This genus of plants consists of simple l)rauches or stems having
Contributions to Pala'ontoloyy. 25
diagonal or longitudinal markings, as if made by the folding down of
hair-like filaments. The markings readily distinguish it from all other
genera of Silurian plants.
Trichopycus lanosus, u. sp. (Plate I., figs. 3 and 4.)
[Etj .—Lanoms, -woolly.]
Plant consisting of a round, flexuous stem, having an enlargement
or spheroidal swelling at one end, and being covered with diagonal and
longitudinal lines, as if made by the folding down of hair-like filaments.
Figure 3 illustrates well the appearance of the fossil and the enlarge-
ment at one end. Figure 4 represents part of three specimens lying
together on a slab.
The specimens figured are from the collection of C. B. Dyer, and
were found in the upper part of the Cincinnati Group, in Warren coun-
t}', Ohio.
RusoPHYCUs ASPER, u. sp. (Plate I., fig. 5, natural size; fig. ca,
magnified view.)
[Ety. — Asper, rough.]
This plant consists of long stems, flattened on the upper side, or hav-
ing a longitudinal depression, which gives to them a subangular out-
line. The surface is made very rough b}^ numerous papillae, many of
which are transversely elongated. The stems are found thrown across
each other in various directions, but none of them have been observed
to branch. We are inclined to think, however, that it is a branching
fucoid, though it maj' reall}'' be, as observed, composed only of simple
stems.
It is so easily distinguished by its surface markings, from all other
species in this genus, that no comparison with ^ny of them is neces-
sary. We iDrefer to refer the species to this genus, rather than coin a
new name for it, though we are free to sa}- that, in our opinion, it is
separated by generic differences from such forms as R. pudicus, and
B. hilohatus.
The specimen figured is from the collection of C. B. D^-er, and was
found at Cincinnati, in the lower part of the Group.
LiCROPHTCUS FLABELLDM, U. Sp. (Plate II., fig. 4.)
['Ety .—Flabellum, a fan.]
This species consists of numerous ver}- long slender branches, spring-
ing from a common root or stem. Sometimes the branches appear to
be Ijing together in a bundle, and at other times the^^ are spread out
like a fan. All of these little branches are transverseh' wrinkled. In
one instance, where the root appeared to be about \ of an inch in di-
26 Cincinnati Society of Natural History,
ameter, these little branches, about a line or a little less in diameter,
radiated off so completely covering the surface, that at the distance of
about three inches from the point of radiation, sixtj'^-eight were counted
in a quadrant. Sometimes they radiate from the root or stem in ever}'
direction so as to almost cover a circular space. After the branches
leave the root they remain single, and seem to fade away in the slab at
the distance of two, three or four inches, though there is little or no
apparent diminution in size until at the point of disappearance.
The specimen figured is from C. B. Dyer's collection, and was found
in the upper part of the Cincinnati Group, near Lebanon, Ohio. It
shows the branches in a bundle before spreading, and about fifteen
branches gently flowing off to the left, while the remainder continue in
the fascicular condition, until they pass from view in the slab. Mr.
S. T. Carley, of Bantam, Clermont county, Ohio, has a number of very
fine specimens collected in that locality, from which part of the fore-
going description was drawn.
The definition of the genus is broad enough to include this species,
though it is so different from any that have been defined that no com-
parison with any of them is necessary.
MoNTicuLiPORA CALCEOLUS u. sp. (Plate I,, fig. 11, natural size; fig.
llrt, magnified view of the cells.)
[Ety.— Cwiceo^MS, a little shoe.]
This little coral, so far as our observation has extended, is alwaj'S
found in the shape of a little wooden shoe. For the purpose of describ-
ing it, we will regard the upper end, as shown in the figure, as the
anterior, and the lower as the- posterior ; and from the assistance fur-
nished by a longitudinal microscopic section, kindly prepared for our
use by Dr. J. H. Hunt, we are enabled, as we think, to define the man-
ner of its growth.
We may suppose a single embryo from an egg, or in the form of a
ciliated animalcule, floating free in the waters of an ocean ; then be-
coming a simple bryozoon, and secreting a single, calcareous, cup-
shaped cell, and forming for itself an epithecal covering for its base."
It now increases b^'^ gemmiparous reproduction, each little bryozoon
attaching itself b}' a point to the parental extension of the epithecal
covering, and gradually enlarging its cup-shaped cell by the side of its
parent. We now have the commencement of this coral at the upper
side of the anterior end. This method of growth at once forms a con-
cave base, which is prolouged into a circular expanding cup. The
bryozoa upon the lower side, instead of attaching themselves bj' a
mere point to the epithecal covering now secrete this material for part
of the side of each cup, and thus form each individual cell into a little
Contributions to Pala'ontoloriy. 27
horn-shaped cavit}', upon the concave side of which other bryozoa at-
tach. The result of this method of growth is the extension of the ex-
panding cup-shaped basal cavit}-, formed b}' the multiplicity^ of brj-ozoa,
into a circular-hoi'n shaped cavit}', with the mouth at the posterior end
as shown in the illustration.
The epitheea is thin and concentricall}' wrinkled. The corallites are
subequal in size, the larger ones collected into groups. They are thin
walled and arranged in diagonal lines, somewhat like the arrangement
in IfonticuUpora quadrata. The calices are hexagonal, pol3^gonal, round
or otherwise variable in form (though the hexagonal ones seem to be the
most common), and measure from 8 to 12 in the space of a line. The
larger calices are sometimes gathered into tubercles, while other speci-
mens are free from these elevations. Specimens vaiy from l-5th to
3-5ths of an inch in length, and from l-6th to l-3d of an inch in width,
and appear to have always been free from attachment to other sub-
stances.
This species we separate from all others by its form and method of
growth. We regard it as belonging to the class brj^ozoa, because regu-
lar calcareous partitions or tabulae are not found in the microscopic
sections, and because we believe its method of growth was gemmipar-
ous, and that each animal resided in a separate cell. It ma}^ be that
the genus Monticulipora belongs to the true polyp corals, and if so, it
may be that our species should be arranged in a new genus, but we
prefer to leave it in this genus rather than attempt to found another
without special study of all the Silurian forms.
This species is not uncommon on Mount Auburn, at an elevation of
about 400 feet above low-water mark at Cincinnati.
Agelacrinds septembrachiatus, n, sp. (Plate I., fig, 9,)
[Ety, — Septem, seven; bracMa fits, haying arms.]
This species is founded upon a single specimen, which was found in
the upper part of the Cincinnati Group, near Waynesville, Ohio, and is
now in the collection of C. B. D^^ er. Onl}^ a small part of the disk is
visible, between the closely wrapped arms, where it appears to be com-
posed of very small almost granular plates.
There are seven very long, strong arms, curved sinistrally, with the
smaller ends drawn under as if in the effort of hugging ^'•et more closely
together. The plates are about three times as long up and down
through the arms as they are in the direction of the length of the arms
or across the arms, and they alternately interlock with each other.
It is distinguished from A. vorticellatus by having seven instead of
five arms, and moreover the arms are comparatively longer and strong-
er. It is a rare and anomalous species.
28 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.
Glyptocrinus angularis, n. sp. (Plate I., tig. 10.)
[Ety. — Angularis, angular.]
The depression of the interradial spaces gives to this species, when
not compressed, a strongl}^ angular outline, the angular appearance of
which is increased, by the peculiar downward angular extension of the
basal plates below the junction of the column with the bod}'. The
radial plates are marked by a strong ridge, which connects them to-
gether, and which serves to ornament the surface and increase its an-
gularit3\ The surface is further ornamented by the convexity of the
interradial plates, which are sometimes produced into a conical form.
Sub-basal pieces small, pentagonal, and wider at the junction with
the column than high. Basal pieces hexagonal, the two lower faces
resting between the sub-basals, the two sides joined by the basal
pieces themselves, and the two upper sloping sides supporting the
first radials. Each basal plate is possessed of an angular or wedge-
shaped tubercle, which projects below the point of union between the
column and sub-basal plates. The first radial plates are a little larger
than the basals, heptagonal, and wider than long. The second radials
are smaller than the first, hexagonal, and wider than long. The third
radials are about the same size as the second, hexagonal, and support
on the two upper sides the secondary radial series. The first secondary
radial is hexagonal, and longer than wide. The second secondary
radial is heptagonal, and supports upon each of the upper sides a
series of brachial pieces, the first two of which form part of the walls
of the bod}^
The interradial spaces have a hexagonal plate resting between the
upper sloping sides of the first radials, which is followed b}' two plates
upon its upper sides, and these by three plates in a row between the lower
part of the first secondar}- radial plates, and above these about a half
dozen small plates fill the narrow termination of each space. Onlj^ two
plates are observed — one above the other — in the inter secondary radial
spaces, and none have been observed in the interbrachial spaces. The
azygos interradial space, or anal area, is filled with a range of elevated
plates, resting directly upon one of the basal plates, and extending to
the top of the body, between which and the adjoining radial series on
each side there are several smaller plates.
The arms are moderately long, round upon the outside, and composed
of very short plates, bearing long strong pinnules. The vault is covered,
at the top of the second brachial pieces, with a plate composed of nu-
merous granular pieces, much resembling that of Q. decadactylus.
The column is small and round at the body. Height and breadth
of the body subequal.
This species is readilj' distinguished from all others, b}' its general
Contributions to Palceontology. 29
angular form, peculiarly prolonged basal pieces, and the absence of the
usual sculptured ornamentation of the plates.
The specimen figured was found b}- E. Eeinhardt, and is now, as
well as those from which the description was drawn, in the collection
of C. B. Dyer.
Pal^aster SIMPLEX,* u. sp. (Plate I., fig. fi.)
[Ety. — Simplex, simple, plain.]
Pentagonal; rays longer than the diameter of the body, and uni-
formly tapering. The marginal plates rapidly diminish in size, from
the body, toward the points of the rays, and change from a somewhat
oblong shape to a nearly globular form as the}' approach the tips of
the rays. The marginal plate, at the junction of the rays, is remark-
ably large and somewhat angular-ovate in form; the smaller end extends
up between the adjoining marginal plates, which it supports on the
upper sloping sides, while the larger end extends into the angle formed
by the junction of the adambulacral plates. Only nine marginal plates,
in addition to the one at the junction of the ra^-s, are preserved on a
single side of an}^ ray in the specimen collected, but as the raj's to
this point have gradually contracted to less than half the width at the
bod}^, it is presumed that they extended but little farther.
There are twent3^-two somewhat oblong adambulacral plates, ar-
ranged with their length across the raj^s, and their breadth in the
direction of the length of the rays, between the oral plates and the
end of the ninth marginal plate.
There are ten oral plates formed by the junction of the adambulac-
ral rows, each one of which has an irregular, somewhat elliptical form,
with a triangular extension into the oral opening.
No ambulacral plates are visible, and the ambulacral groove is so
exceedingly narrow, that it could not have contained more than a
single row of ambulacral ossicles.
The dorsal surface, madreporiform tubercle, and outer limits of the
rays unknown, and likewise the ambulacral ossicles, though some
small pieces of crinoidal matter in one of the raj's ma}^ represent some
of them.
The description is founded upon the ventral side of a single speci-
men, collected by W. J, Stevens, of Lebanon, in the upper part of the
Cincinnati Group, near Eaysville, Ohio, and now belonging to S. A.
Miller's collection. The diameter of the bod}^ is about two fifths of
an inch; length of a ray from the bod}^ to the ninth marginal plate,
about half an inch; thus indicating the greatest distance from the tip
••■■ The description of this species was read by S. A. Miller, before the Society, at
the January meeting, 1877.
30 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.
of one YSiy to the tip of another, in a perfect specimen, to be about
two inches.
It is distinguished from other species by the narrowness of the am-
bulacral furrow, by the absence -of any plates between the oral plates
and the plate at the junction of the marginal plates, and by the pecu-
liar form and position of the junctional plates.
Pal^asterina speciosa, n. sp. (Plate I., fig. 7, dorsal view.)
[Ety. — Speciosus, beautiful.]
Pentagonal; rays obtuse at their apices; greatest distance from
point to point about 2|^ inches; breadth of bod}' between ra^^s abont
1^ inches, and distance from tip of ray to next adjoining tip on either
side about 1^ inches.
The marginal plates are small and somewhat hemispherical, near the
termination of the rays, they graduall}^ enlarge and become square, and
then rectangular as they approach the disk, until at the narrowest part
of the disk or body of the fossil they are twice as long as wide. There
are about 50 marginal plates between the apex of one ray and the next
one adjoining, or in a perfect specimen of this size about 250.
The back or dorsal side is covei'ed with numerous plates (probabi}'
in a complete specimen of this size there would be 1,000 or more), which
are very prominent in the center or somewhat conical, and seem to
have been joined together with deeply serrated edges. The plates
have from three to eight of these indentations, which give them a beauti-
ful star-like appearance.
The ambulacral grooves are narrow and deep, as shown b}' the sharp
ridges on the back of the specimen. The small dorsal plates which
cover the ambulacral pieces are exfoliated in some places, and show two
rows of ambulacral plates coming evenl}^ together, and forming the
sharp ridge.
This specimen was collected by W. C. Baruhart, on Twin Creek,
near Winchester, in Preble county, Ohio, in the upper part of the
Cincinnati Group. It was sold to J. W. Hai'vey, and by him sold to
C. B. Dyer, who placed it in his collection.
Pal^asterina appkoxijiata, -n. sp. (Plate I., fig. 8.)
[ISity .—Approximatus, near to; from its resemblance to P. sjieuiosa.]
Pentagonal; ra3's more slender than in P. speciosa; greatest dis-
tance from point to point in the specimen figured 1.15 inches, and
bi-eadth of the body ^ inch ; another specimen from the collection of
Mrs. M. P. Haines, of Richmond, Indiana, measures from point to point
2.5 inches, and has a breadth of bodv of 9-lOth inch.
Contributions to Palaeontology. 31
The marginal plates have about the same form, and are about as
numerous as they are in P. speciosa. The adambulacral plates are
arranged with their length across the rays. The oral plates are very
prominent. The space between the marginal plates and the oral ones
is filled. with numerous small pieces. The ambulacra! grooves are
narrow. Ambulacral ossicles unknown.
The dorsal side is covered with small conical pieces, which give it
a coarsely granular appearance. The madreporiform tubercle is
prominent, conical and longitudinally striated.
This species is distinguished from P. speciosa by its narrower rays,
more contracted bod}-, and smaller dorsal plates.
We have examined two specimens belonging to Mrs. Haines, which
were found in the upper part of the Cincinnati Group, near Richmond,
Indiana, one of which shows the dorsal side and madreporiform
tubercle, and the other the ventral side, from which part of the fore-
going description was drawn. The specimen figured shows the ventral
side, and was collected by D. R. Anderson, near Waynesville, Ohio, in
the upper part of the Group, and is now in the collection of C. B. Dj^er.
Protaster flexdosus, n. sp. (Plate II., fig 1, dorsal side; fig. lo,
ventral view).
[Ety. — Flexuosus, full of turnings.]
The disk is composed of very thin, small plates, the order of arrang
ment of which is not determined. The specimens examined difi'er in
size, and show the disk varying in diameter from :| to | an inch. The
rays were very flexuous when living, and are found winding and turn-
ing and thrown in diflerent directions, in difi'erent specimens.
Four series of plates are seen upon the dorsal side of each ra}' near
the disk. The two inner series form an angular ridge, each plate is
concave at the uniting surface, the arrangement is alternate, and the
appearance, therefore, of the top of the ray, is something like the al-
ternate arrangement of two series of hour-glasses. The outer series, or
marginal plates, are spinous, the spines directed toward the point of
the rav. A weathered ray shows three series of pores — one row be-
tween the inner series of plates, and one between the marginal plates
and inner series, upon each side of the ra^'. The plates are a little the
longest in the direction of the length of the ra}^ and in this direction
there are about four to the line. The rays cross the disk on the dorsal
side, and unite near the center of it, but the specimen figured, Plate
II., fig. 1, has this part of the rays removed. Plate II., fig. la, illus-
trates the ventral side of a specimen, which is too indistinct to show
the arrangement of the plates. Small pieces, showing the ventral side
32 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.
of the rays, from other specimens, have two rows of spines springing
from the marginal plates on each side of the ra^-s.
This species has l^eeu found at different elevations from near low-
water mark in the Ohio river to the top of the hills at Cincinnati.
The specimens figured, as well as the fragments from which the fore-
going description was drawn, are in the collection of C. B. Dyer.
PALiEASTER SPiNULosus, u. sp. (Plate IL, fig. 12, dorsal side; fig. 126,
ventral side; fig. 12a, magnified view of the madreporiform tubercle.)
[Ety. — Spmulosus, full of spines; from the spines on the adambulacral plates ]
Pentagonal; rays longer than the diameter of the bodj^; marginal
plates globular near the apices of the ra.ys, but lengthened toward the
junction with the body. Six of these plates measure from the body on
a ray three tenths of an inch. Two wedge-shaped plates form the
junction of the marginal plates with the body.
Adambulacral plates a little smaller than the mai'ginal pieces, and
possessed of two or three spines to each plate. These spines taper to
a fine point, and are longer than the diameter of the plates. The
oral pieces are not determined. The ambulacral plates have their great-
est length across the raj's, and are possessed of a sharp ridge in the
middle which seems to be connected at one end with the adambulacral
pieces.
The dorsal side is covered with plates united by angular extensions.
They are of unequal size, and strongly tuberculated or spinous.
The madreporiform tubercle on its upper face is an oblate spheroid,
much depressed, and marked by fine radiating striae, which become
more numerous by intercalation, without bifurcation.
So far as our observation has extended, the madreporiform tubercle
in paljeozoic asteroidea has the same form in specimens belonging to
the same species, but is difl'erent in diff'erent species. It will, at
least, be regarded, as of specific importance, in each genus. The
specimen figured was found at Cincinnati, and is in Mr, Dj-er's collection.
Cyclocystoides MAGNUS, u. sp. (Plate II., fig. 8, natural size; fig. 8a,
magnified view.)
[^ty .—Magnus, large ]
A flat circular body, of which only a ring, composed of twenty plates.
is known. Eight specimens have been examined, which differ very
little in size. One measured 9.10 inch in diameter, and 'the interior
of the ring a little more than ^ inch.
The ring, though composed of twenty plates, may be divided into
two parts, an outer rim and an inner or submarginal one. The outer
rim is thin and bears upon the upper surface, two, three or four scars.
Contributions to Pakuontology. 33
to each plate. Each scar consists of a central mammillary elevation,
surrounded b}- an elevated ring, which resembles the attaching base
for a spine; but there is some evidence that the inner rim was pierced
forming a connection between the canal surrounding the mammillary
elevation and the interior of the disk, anct we have no idea
that the animal had spines upon this rim.
The inner or submarginal rim does not appear on the upper surface
to have ever been connected from plate to plate, but to consist of twen-
ty disunited pieces. The interior of this inner rim has a semicircular
groove, which was the place of connection with the interior disk. The
upper surface of the inner or submarginal rim, in good specimens, is
strongh' tuberculated.
In other words, we would describe this ring as consisting of twenty
somewhat quadrangular plates, having a semicircular groove on the
interior side, an elevated inner rim, disconnected on the upper surface,
but probably united b}^ a tubular channel, and strongly tuberculated,
and an outer marginal rim, having mammillary elevations, surrounded
by canals which are connected with the semicircular groove on the in-
terior side by small pores penetrating the inner rim.
The specimen figured was found in the upper part of the Cincinnati
Group, near Morrow, Ohio, and is now in Mr. Dyer's collection.
Cyclocystoides minus, n. sp. (Plate II., fig., 5.)
['E.iy.— Minus, small.]
This is a flat circular ring, composed of nineteen plates. .The speci-
men is weather-worn, and pressed a little out of shape, and is in Mr.
Dyer's collection. The groove on the interior side of the plates is
distinct. The outer rim is destroj'ed, and a groove is left on the inner
rim, where the pores, which connected the outer rim with the interior
semicircular groove, are quite distinct. The specimen is about 3-lOths
of an inch in diameter, and was found near Morrow, Ohio, in the upper
part of the Cincinnati Group.
Cyclocystoides parvus, n. sp. (Plate II., fig. 6.)
[^.ty— Parvus, little.]
This species consists of twenty-six marginal plates, and is about
four tenths of an inch in diameter. It is a weather-worn "specimen,
from Mr. D3^er's collection, and is pressed a little out of its circular
form. Only enough of the interior part of the ring is preserved, to
enable us to count the plates. It was found near Morrow, Ohio, in
%e upper part of the Cincinnati Group.
.■}4 Cincinnati Society of Xatural History.
Cyclocystoides mundulus, n. sp. (Plate II., fig. 7.)
[Ety. — Mundulus, neat, trim.]
This species consists of thirty-two marginal plates, and is a little
less than one half inch in diameter. It is from Mr. Dyer's collection, and
is somewhat weather-worn. A magnifier shows radiations, from a
subcentral elevation to the interior side of the ring, which, no doubt,
belong to the ornamentation of the interior disk. The surface markings
of the outer rim are not preserved. It was found near Morrow, Ohio,
in the upper part of the Cincinnati Group.
Cyclocystoides bellulus, n. sp. (Plate II.. fig. 10, natural size;
fig. lOo, magnified view.)
[Ety.— 5e«;'?»s, beautiful.]
The specimen from which the following description is drawn, has
been injured upon one side, so that all the marginal plates can not be
counted; fourteen plates are distinct, and the injured space is of the
length of four plates; we suppose, therefore, that it consisted of eigh-
teen plates, forming a circle, the diameter of which is about six tenths
of an inch. The outer rim is thin, and attached to the inner rim in a
groove. It is ornamented by two, three, or four scars to each plate.
These scars consist of elliptical, mammillary elevations, surrounded
by a shallow canal. The inner rim is strongly tuberculated, and at
the disconnected joints, each piece is striated about two thirds of the
wa}^ from the margin to the middle of the rim. This rim appears to
have had a tubular canal, as well as a semicircular groove, upon the
inner and outer side. Pores are distinctly- observed passing from the
canal surrounding the mammillary elevations upon the outer rim,
through the inner rim to the inner semicircular groove.
This species is distinguished from C. magmis, not only by the num-
ber of the marginal plates, but by the shape of the mammillai-y eleva-
tions, and ornamentation of the outer rim. It was found at Cincinnati,
Ohio, and is in Mr. Dyer's collection.
In 1851, attention was first called to these fossil bodies by Prof.
James Hall, in Foster and Whitney's Report on the Lake Superior
Land District. He described and figured a specimen found in the
Hudson River Group, having twenty-nine plates, without proposing
any name for it. In 1858, Billings and Salter, in Canadian Organic
Remains, Decade 3, founded the genus CyclocystoideSj and figured and
described from the Trenton Group of Canada, C. halli, having 36 mar-
ginal plates, and C. davisi., from the Upper Llandovery rocks of Eng-
land, having 48 or 49 marginal plates. In 1865, Prof Billings figured
and described, in Paheozoic Fossils, Vol. I., C. huronensis, having 60
marginal plates, and found on Lake Huron, in the Hudson River
Contributions to Palaeontology. 35
Group. In a paper published in 1806, and now forming part of the
Twent^'-Fourth Annual Report on the New York State Museum of
Natural History, Prof. James Hall named the species described b}'
him in Foster & Whitney's Report, C. anteceptus, and described and
figured C. Salferi, having 2G marginal plates. These four species are
all that have been describ d heretofore.
We have described one species, C. parvus, having the same number
of marginal plates possessed by C. sulteri^ but the species must be
widely ditfereut from each other. C. salteri is much the largest, and
had two rows of plates on the out side of the inner rim, which were
surrounded by a granulose border, and is otherwise quite distinct
from C. parvus,
From all the specimens, which we have examined, we are led to infer,
that in each of the species, which we have described above, the sub-
marginal rim was perforated by a tubular canal, and was grooved upon
the outside and upon the inside; that from a central or subcentral
point, some kind of a radiated structure, extended into the groove on
the inside of the submarginal rim, and was connected by pores to the
marginal riiii; the marginal rim consists of the same number of plates
as the submarginal, which were inserted into the groove and possessed
little channels connected with the pores that penetrated within. We
are not sure, however, that we are able to throw any light upon the
fossil, beyond the descriptions and illustrations furnished above, and
we have taken the occasion to refer to the literature upon the subject,
because we have been unable to find indicated-in our specimens either
the structure pointed out by Billings and Salter or b}' Prof. Hall.
Cod ASTER PULCHELLUS, u. sp. (Plate II., fig. 13, natural size; 13«.
magnified view of the summit).
[Eiy—Pulchellui^, beautiful, little ]
This species is small, smooth, and obpja-amidal. The point of at-
tachment to the column is very small. There are three basal pieces,
each one of which is elevated in the middle, and depressed on the uni-
ting sides; this makes the base somewhat triangular. One of the
basal plates is pentagonal, and the other two are hexagonal. The
pentagonal plate has two upper sloping sides. The hexagonal plates
have three upper sides, the middle ones being a little concave, and
each supporting a radial plate, while the other three radials are sup-
ported between the upper sloping sides of the basal plates.
There are five radial plates, each one of which is sharpl}^ angular in
the middle. This gives the fossil, above the basal plates, a marked
pentagonal form. Two of the radials are pentagonal, the others are
hexaaonal.
36 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.
The summit is more or less convex in different specimens. From the
central pentagonal opening-, five double series of pseudoambulacral
pieces radiate to the angles of the pentagon. The number of pieces
seem to difl^er from fourteen to twenty or more in a single series, in
difterent specimens. A line of depression, commencing at the angle,
of the central pentagonal opening, separates each double series. The
pseudoambulacral pieces are removed from two of the rays and reveal
a long single piece or frame, extending from the angle of the central
pentagonal opening, to the angle of the pentagon, which has a ridge iu
the middle that separated the two series of pseudoambulacral plates.
The specimen illustrated was collected by Mr. Dyer, in the upper
part of the Niagara Group, at Waldron, Indiana.
EucALYPTocRiNus TDBERCULATUS, u. sp. (Plate II., fig. 9 and 9a.)
i^iy .—Tubercitlattis, tuberculated ]
The general form of the body is obconical, with a slight constric-
tion at the top of the first radial plates. The whole surface is strong-
1}^ tuberculated. Basal plates not observed. The first radial plates
are hexagonal and longer than wide. The upper end of each of these
plates is like the upper end of the first radials in E. crassus, but the
lower end is prolonged below the point of junction, with the column
instead of gently curving over into the pit for the column, or having a
truncated appearance, as in the latter species. The second radials are
somewhat quadrangular^ the width at the base being a little the great-
est. Three of the third radials are hexagonal, the other two are pen-
tagonal. The sides difl"er ver^^ little in length. The first supraradials
are either hexagonal or pentagonal, and about two thirds as large as
the third radial. The second supraradials are much smaller, and sup-
port on the upper sides a small triangular plate, upon which the first
arm-plates rest. The first interradials are large, nine or ten sided
plates. The two lower sides rest upon the first radials, the next two
are enclosed between the second radials, the next two between the third
radials, the two upper sloping sides between the undersides of the first
supraradials, and the two upper sides support two smaller interradials,
which are long and narrow, and extend up as high as the fourth or fifth
pair of arm-plates. This description applies to the two ten-sided in-
terradials, the other three have only nine sides, as shown by Plate II.,
fig. 9, and difi'er in supporting one supraradial instead of two. The
inter supraradial plate is single, has nearh- the form of the two upper
inter-radials when united, and reaches nearly as high upon the arm-
plates.
This species, in general form, resembles E. crassus, but is readily
distinguished by its large tubercles, and prolonged first radial plates.
Contributions to Palaeontology. 37
It is more strongly tubereulated tliJin E. coilatus, from which it is dis-
tinguished by its general form, as well as b}" the form and arrange-
ment of the plates. Plate II., fig. 9a, represents the form and strongly
tubereulated appearance of the species. Fig. 9 shows the plates of a
slightly compressed specimen, from which most of the tubercles have
been removed.
The specimens illustrated were collected by C. B. Dyer, in the upper
part of the Niagara Group, at Waldron, Ind., and are now in his col-
lection.
MiCRospoxGiA, n. gen.
[Ety.— JZ/A-ros, small; spongia, sponge.]
A free calcareous sponge, destitute of an epitheca. The texture is
finely porous, without large canals or openings on the surface. Spi-
cules (?) verv minute aud needle-shaped.
MiCROSPONGIA GREGARIA, U. sp. (Plate II., fig. 2.)
l^iy .—Gregarucs, belonging to a flock ]
This is a small gregarious, globular, calcareous sponge, free and hav-
ing no epitheca. Its structure is fibrous or minutely porous, and very
compact. Weather-worn specimens show the fibrous structure, which
is well illustrated in the figure. Microscopic sections, prepared b}^ Dr.
J. H. Hunt, reveal what we suppose to be spicules. They are minute
needle-shaped bodies. This species is sometimes found in clusters,
though it is by no means a common fossil. Specimens collected, vary
in diameter, from less than one eight to more than one half an inch,
and have been found at Cincinnati, and in the upper part of the Group.
The specimen illustrated is from the collection of C. B. Dj'er.
Spirifera (?) AVALDRONENSis, u. sp. (Plate II., fig. 36, dorsal; fig. 3c,
ventral; fig. 3a, basal; and fig. 3, cardinal view.)
Shell subquadrate and moderately ventricose; hinge line rather long-
er than the width of the shell; surface smooth or showing only concen-
tric lines of growth.
Ventral valve somewhat p3'ramidal, with the apex, extending beyond
the hinge area and truncated b}- a circular foramen; arcuate below the
umbo, and curving rapidly to the base; area curving to the dorsal
valve, and becoming linear in the extension of the hinge line.
Dorsal valve highh' elevated in the middle, and rapidly descending to
the margins, except at the cardinal angles, where it is flattened to pro-
duce the extension of the hinge line; apex incurved.
The interior is unknown, and the triangular fissure, which should
mark the ventral valve, if the species is a true Spirifera, has not been
observed.
38 Cincinnati Society of JSTatural History.
The specimen fignred is from tlie collection of Mr. Dyer, aud v^'■as
collected in the upper part of the Niagara Group at AValdron, Indiana.
CoNULARiA f ORMOSA, u. sp. (Plate I., fig. 12, natural size; fig. 12a.
magnified view of a portion of the surface showing tlie tubercles.
[Ety. — Formosus, beautiful-]
This species in general form is pyramidal, somewhat quadrangular,
angles furrowed, and sides somewhat rounded as in C. trentonensis.
The surface is marked b}^ rounded furrows, separated by obliquely
transverse ridges, extending from each angle of the shell diagonalh'
towards the moutb, and meeting those from the opposite angle in the
middle of each side. These ridges are ornamented with small nodes
or tubercles at the junction with the strise, which cross the furrow on
the side toward the apex of the shell. The rounded furrows are
crossed by stri;i3, which are about twice as numerous as the transverse
ridges, and which terminate on the ridge toward the mouth of the shell
in a small tubercle. The longitudinal stri;^ do not cross the transverse
ridges, nor are they continued in straight lines on the opposite sides
(the magnified view is erroneous in this respect), but on the contrary
the striae, which cross the furrows, commence at the ridge toward the
apex, at a point between the tubercles, and crossing the furrow toward
the mouth terminate'^at the tubercles.
This species is readily distinguished from C. trentonensis, which it
most resembles in general form, by the tubercles on the transverse
ridges. Even badly exfoliated specimens may be distinguished b}' the
aid of a pocket magnifier.
The specimen illustrated is from the collection of C. B. Dyer, aud
was found in the upper part of the Cincinnati Group, near Versailles.
Ind., by Dr. W. H. H. Hunter. Another specimen, showing very promi-
nent tubercles, was collected b}^ Dr. C. A. Miller, on the top of the hill.^
near the city of Cincinnati, and is now in S. A. Miller's collection.
Spirorbis cincinnatiensis, n. sp. (Plate I., fig. 13, magnified
nearly 7 diameters.)
The shell is discoidal, and consists of more than one volution. The
diameter of the specimen figured, is a little less than a line, aud is
magnified to six lines, to show the markings more distineth". It is
slightly compressed at the aperture, which appears to have been round
originall3^ The tube is round, except on the interior face, where it
appears to be depressed, as if for another volution, which is not visi-
ble, in our specimen. The surface is marked by closely crowded, fine,
transverse lines until the}' approach the aperture, when they become
somewhat diagonal in their direction, and are followed by seven more
Contributions to Paloiontolocjy. 39
•listant, coarser striae, before reaching tlie aperture. The specimen fig-
ured is from the collection of C. B. Dyer, and was found near the
top of the hills at Cincinnati, Ohio.
Walcottia, n. gen.
This genus consists of long, tapering, rugose, flexuous bodies, worm-
like in form, but composed apparently of fucoidal matter. The fossils
taper to a point at one end, and are enlarged at the other, or present
the appearance of suddenly' bending down and entering the rock.
We are uncertain whether this fossil is of animal or vegetable origin;
though, we think it is possible that it is the long lost borer of Silurian
age, which has left so many holes in the corals and the rocks. The
generic name is in honor of Mr. C. D. Walcott, the distinguished
3'oung geologist of Trenton Falls, New York.
Walcottia rugosa, n. sp. (Plate II., figs. 11 and 11a.)
Y&ty ■—Rugosu,'!, rugose.]
This species consists of a slender, tapering, flexuous body, evenly
rugose on each side. From the middle of the back, strong ridges run
off, diagonally inclined toward tlie tapering end. These ridges are in
pairs, one upon each side of the body, and form an angle at their junc-
tion on the top of the fossil.
The two specimens figui'ed are on a slab, from the collection of C. B.
D3'er, which appears to have been penetrated in several places by what
are commonl}' called worm holes. Plate II., fig. 11, represents a
specimen just entering one of these iron rust, or worm holes,
while the balance of the bod}' is in relief on the slab. Plate II.,
fig. llcf, represents part of the body of a specimen, one end
of which appears to be lost in a worm hole, and the other not yet
emerged. A specimen in S. A. Miller's collection, represents a track
from one worm hole to another, 1^ inches apart. The track curves
from one side of a direct line to the other, and has every appearance
of having been made \)y such an object as fig. 11 represents. It was
found in th€ excavation for Columbia Avenue, about 150 feet above
low water mark, and Mr. Dyer's specimen was found near the top of
the hills, at Cincinnati.
Pupa cixcinnatiensis, n. sp.
By Chas. R. Judge.
Shell delicate, minute, shining, translucent, nearly colorless, smooth,
very faintly marked b}^ the strite of growth, and by numerous micro-
scopic wrinkles; apex obtuse ; whorls 4^ to 5, convex separated by a
deeph' impressed suture ; aperture semi-oval, having in the right hand
4:0 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.
portion of the peristome a slight fold, slightly contracting the aper-
ture at the margin ; peristome simple, heavily thickened near the mar-
gin, the callus extending over the parietal wall;
aperture contracted by five prominent dentacles
seated on the callus, one prominent on the parietal
wall, two on the columella, the lower being the
smaller of the two, and two on the other portion
of the peristome, more deeply seated in the throat,
and occasionally one or two A^er}- minute rudiments
on the peristome. Length 1.56, diam. .84 mill.
This shell is found on both sides of the Ohio
River, near Cincinnati, stationed in deep beds of
damp leaves, in woods, somewhat close to the
ground. It may most easily' be mistaken for Pupa
pentodon, but is much smaller and proportional-
ly broader, and its aperture is obstructed by a less number of denta-
cles than are usually seen in specimens of the latter species.
There are specimens in my own cabinet, and in the collections of
Jas. Lewis, M. D., Mohawk, N. Y., and of the Cincinnati Society of
Natural Histor3\
Read before the Cincinnati Society of Natural History, January- 2,
1877.
ON THE TONGUE {LINGUA) OF 802IE HY3IEN0PTERA.
By V. T. Chambers.
What do bees eat ? And how do the}' eat it ?
One would think that with the patient study and observation that
these little creatures have received since first— it may be in Paleolethic or
some previous caudate period — man tasted honey, these questions ought
long ago to have been definitely settled. Over a century ago, Reaumer
wrote : " II est etonnant que ceux qui ont etudie les abeilles, n'a}' ent
pas ete detenuines par un infinite de faits, a chercher la bouche dont
nous verront de voir la position ;" and thereupon he proceeded to settle
it, as he no doubt supposed, for all time; but it is by no means settled
yet. A long list of great names in entomology and microscopy might
be made, it is true, of those who agree with Reaumer and Savigny, or
at least who follow them, as to the structure of a bee's tongue, and con-
sequently as to its mode of feeding, and the nature of its food to some
extent. With the question as to what a bee eats we have nothing now
to do except in so far as it affects the question of its mode of feeding,
and therefore bears upon the structure of the mouth parts, which is
the question for our present consideration.
On the Tongue (Lingua) of some Hymenoptera. 41
" II est etounant"' that this matter is not yet generally understood
and agreed upon among Entomologists and Apiculturists, and it is
still more astonishing what a mass of contradictory statements maj-
be compiled from works of the highest authority upon the subject,
and I plead this as my excuse for venturing to differ with some of the
magnates of Entomology and Microscopy, and venturing upon the
publication of my own observations on the subject; observations
which may be repeated ia a very little time, by any one who can
catch a bee, and which when made will leave no doubt whatever in
the observer's mind as to what the structure is, whatever may be his
opinion as to how the structure is used. But before proceeding to
detail ni}' own observations, let us first consult what has been written
b}'^ others, by way at least of sliowing how much confusion and differ-
ence of opinion exists on the subject. Thns Dr. Carpenter — than
whom no higher authority in Microscopy is recognized — states that
the tongue is a muscular organ, though Reaumer had long before
stated that it does not contain a single muscle, being operated by the
muscles of the menium to which it is in part attached, and by its own
elasticit}'; Cuvier also calls it membraneous and not muscular; Hogg
[Microscope), says that it is cylindrical; Kirby and Spence say
that it is flat; while Reaumer shows correctly that it is neither exactly,
but is something between the two; Cuvier states that the larvie of
bees feed on " honey and the fecundated farina of flowers,"' and " that
the perfect insect likewise subsists on hone3^" Yet Frederick Smith,
perhaps the greatest living authority on Hymenoptera, states that he
has taken the perfect insect in the act of feeding on bee bread, and
some persons say that nectar is never found further back in the intes-
tines than the honc}', or sucking stomach, where they contend it is
converted into lioney, and is then disgorged, and that the adult bees
never eat honey at all.
Savigu}^ seems to be regarded as the first who denied that the tongue
was a sucking tube ; and yet, if I remember right, he does not in so
many words deny it, but when commenting on the statement of La-
mark, that the tongue is a tubular sucking instrument, b}' means of
which the bee feeds, he states, in substance, that Lamark had not in
vestigated the matter with sufficient care, and then proceeds to demon-
strate the pharynx, epipharynx, and hypopharynx, under the labrum.
There can, however, be little doubt that he regarded the aperture under
the labium as the opening through which food passed into the oeso-
phagus.
Newport (Art. Insecta, in the Cyclopedia of Anatomy and Physi-
ology) states, that " the maxilhe and labium are the only organs of the
Apidof employed in feeding ;" that " in the true Jpklce, which sub
sist entirely upon honey, they (the maxilhe) are drawn out to a great
42 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. ,
length, and with the labium beneath form a tube through which the
aliment is conveyed to the mouth, as in the hive and humble bees;"
also that " when the maxillae are extended to form a sucking tube with
the labium, they are a little separated at their base, and inclose between
them the cavity of the mouth, within which is a soft fleshy body, the
lingua or true tongue, situated anterior to and serving as a valve to
the phar^^nx." Again, he states that the lal)ium " is the part employed
in gathering honey. In Apis, Bombtis, and Anthophora, it is a long,
tapering and muscular organ, formed of an immense number of short
annular divisions, and densely covered throughout its whole length
with long erectile hairs. It is not tubular, but is solid ;" also, that
''the manner in which the honey is obtained, when the organ (labium)
is plunged into it at the bottom of the flower, is by lapping or a con-
stant succession of short and quick extensions and contractions of the
organ, which occasions the fluid to be accumulated upon it, and ascend
along its upper surface" (wh}' not its under surface too?) "until it
reaches the orifice of the tube formed by the approximation of the
maxillae above, and the labial palpi and this part of the ligula below.
At each contraction apart of the extended ligula is drawn within the
orifice of the tube, and the honey with which it is covered ascends into
the cavity of the mouth, assisted in its removal from the surface of the
ligula by the little bunch of hairs with which the elongated second
joint of each labial papus is furnished. From the mouth the honey is
passed on through the pharynx into the oesophagus, by a simple act of
deglutition as in other animals."
Burmiester, on the other hand, states that the tongue is a pierced
sucking instrument, and that the office of the so called sucking or honey
stomach is simply to become inflated as a receptacle for the air which
is drawn back out of the tube in the act of sucking. On the other hand
again, Kirby and Spence, Dr. Carpenter, Shuckard and many others, state
just as positively that the tongue is not pierced at all, and that the in-
sect does not feed by suctiou. Reaumer, while admitting that it seems
to be pierced, gives his reasons (derived from observing bees eat syrup
on a glass, and other observations, not from dissections) for conelud-
ino' that it is not pierced, and states that if it is pierced the aperture
must be too small for use as a sucking tube. Previous to these ob-
servations, Reaumer, following Swammerdam, had believed that bees
fed by suction through the tongue. After that he and Shuckard also
believed that the nectar arose along the outer surface of the tube through
the hairs with which it is clothed, after having just been lapped up by
its terminal portion, until it reached "a sort of tube," formed by clos-
ing the labial palpi jjaraglossic and maxilliv around the tongue. Kjrby
and Spence proposed to call the Ilymenoptera, Lappers, from their mode
of feeding, as distinguished from suctorial and mandibulate insects;
On the Tongue [Lingua) of some Hymenoptera. 43
and lastly, Rev. INIr. Wood, in " Homes without Hands," states that the
hone}' or sucking stomach " seems to discharge no other office tlian that
of a vessel in which the juice can be kept while the bee is at work;"
that " it is composed of an exceedingly delicate membrane, that seems
incapable of exerting any influence on the substance contained in it;''
notwithstanding which the nectar is, "during the short sojourn," while
the bee flies home, "converted into honey, a substance quite unlike
that from which it is formed ;" an office very diff"erent from that suggested
by Burmiester, as before stated; while Ileaumer had long before sug-
gested a similar office for — not tlie sucking stomach, which lies in the
abdomen, but for what he calls the " membraneous sack," which lies in
the tongue itself. Mr. Wood further states that the bee first laps up
the nectar with the tongue, from which it then scrapes it off with its
mandibles. Prof. Huxley (anatomy of invertebrates) calls the bee's
mouth, "partly mastacatory, partl}^ suctorial, or rather lapping."
These are the principal authorities to which I have now the means of
reference. The recent publications of Brants, Menier and others I have
not seen. Reaumer, Savignj', Newport, Kirby and Spence, and Carpen-
ter, etc. ! — one is almost compelled by such an arraj- of authority to dis-
believe his own eyes. Yet surely there is enough discrepancy in the ac-
counts above mentioned, to authorize one to trust his own careful inves-
tigations, and to suspect that perhaps thei'c has been already something
too much of trusting to authority-, and of rei)etition of unverified ob-
servations. And before proceeding to detail my own observations, ]
desire to call attention to what appears to me to be unreasonable and
inconsistent in the observations of these authorities. I have given
their views condensed, and in' my own language generally, because the
quotations would have required more space than I have to spare.
All recent authorities agree that, under the labrum, is what Savigny
calls the epiphar\'nx; and under that, what he calls the hypophaiynx;
and that under this, and closed by it, is the '' os" or opening into the
oesophagus, the trne pharynx. The correctness of this statement is
easil}^ demonstrated by the dissection of a bee. These organs are
very delicate and pretty, especially in the hive bee, and their form
varies, if not with the species, at least often with the genus and famil}-.
It will be admitted by all, that in so far as the bee's food consists of
solid or semi-solid matter, as pollen, or bee bread, it must, at least
usually,, be triturated by the mandibles, which close immediately
before the pharynx, and must enter the oesophagus by it. Has a bee
more thau one opening into the oesophagus? It appears to be both a
mandibulate and a suctorial insect. Is it really so? The majority' of
authors above referred to, deny that it is suctorial, alleging that all
food enters by the opening under tne labrum. Burmiester and some
others admitting the existence of the structure under the labrum
44 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.
assert also that the tongue is a tii))iilar sucking iustruineut, but they
do not explain how matters imbibed through it get into the (jesopha-
gus: and so, on the other hand, Reaumer and others, who deny that
the tongue is a sucking tube, assert that the "membraneous sack which
surrounds the tongue, is at times inflated with honey or nectar," which
they say enters the oesophagus at the pharynx ; but fail to explain
how it advances from that point forward into the membraneous sack
in the tongue. Let us look at the difficulties which face us, if the
tongue is not a sucking tube; that just alluded to — the presence of
nectar in the membraneous sack of the tongue, far in advance of the
pharynx, at which the food enters — is one of them. Another is, bow
does the nectar rise along the outside of the tongue to the phar^-ux?
Says Reaumer, giving figures of the position of the tongue, "■ it is lapped
up." Certainly, not as a dog laps, laps the bee; a dog can make a
spoon of its tongue, which extends only far enough bej'ond the lips to
dip up water, which it throws back into the mouth. A bee can not
make a spoon of its tongue, which tapers to a point, and is sometimes,
when fully extended, more than four times as long as the head ; and
besides, the little opening under the labrum, could never, from its
position, catch a drop, if by chance one could be thrown that wa}'.
Certainly, the bee does not lap in this sense, and the term " lai:)pers" is
inapplicable. Besides, the quantity of nectar which it would ordina-
rily lind in the nectary of a flower, would be too small for this sort of
lapping, and in a little flowret of a thistle, or iron-weed (veronia),
there is no room/or any m,ovement of the tongue, other than a vertical
one, when the tongue is inserted and withdraicn. I have man}' times
watched bees of various species on these and other composita^: the
tongue is frequently withdrawn from one flowret and inserted in an-
other adjoining it, but is motionless whilst in the flowret. But the
lapping theory is aided, or is sought to be, by what may be called the
capillary theory; that is, it is supposed that the nectar, after being
lapped up by the hairy apical part of the tongue, ascends through
the hairs of the outer surface till it reaches the maxilla% labial palpi,
etc., as before observed, and then ascends through what Reaumer calls
a " sort of tube, made by the juxtai)nsition of these organs." Reaumer
ligures a tongue with the tip bent under so that the upper part of the
hairy surface is applied to a drop of honey on a piece of glass;
and again, with its position reversed so that the honey would run
down from the tip, but up the apical part of the tongue; but even as
ligured, the hone}' would still have to ascend perpendicularly a little
way before it would reach the "sort of tube" formed by the maxilla*
tongue, etc., as aforesaid, and evidently after it reaches that '' sort of
tube," it could only ascend through it by capillary attraction; be-
cause the upper end of the tube is also oj^eu. there is no way of ex.
On the Tongue [Lingua) of some Ilymenoptera. 45
hausting it of air, and suction is out of the question; and after, by
capillaiy attraction, the tluid had ascended to the upper end of the
"sort of tube," it still has a little distance to ascend to the labrum
without assistance of any kind, because the upi)er or hinder end
of the niaxillne does not quite extend as far back as the labrum. This
phrase, "sort of tube," itself indicates that Eeaumer, and those who
use it after him, had no very definite idea of the thing or its mode of
action. It is not thus that one writes of a thing that he has seen and
examined and understood; but with vague ideas that a thing is or
must be something like a tube, one may write of it as a " sort of tube."
Again, in i)robing the depth of many flowers (since bees do not habitu-
ally find honey ready made on pieces of glass), a bee would find it im-
possible to bend its tongue as figured b3' Reaumer, and would be
compelled to extend its tongue to its full extent, and then, as every
one who has examined a bee's tongue has seen, and as Reaumer
himself tells us, not only the maxilla? palpi and paraglossa? stand out
from it, but the very hairs themselves do so. Where is the '' sort of
tube" formed by these organs then ? Reaumer further tested the mode
of feeding by holding a bee in his fingers whilst he placed a drop (it
could not have been much larger than a pin-point) of honey on its tongue
near the tip wdien he found that it spread upwards. A more inconclu-
sive experiment he could hardly have tried, as we shall conclude when
we consider the diflticulty of making an accurate observation with a
lens under the circumstances, the minute size of the drop, and the
fact that it must, if large enough to spread at all, spread more or less
in every direction. But Reaumer does not tell us that he ever found
a particle of nectar on the outside of the tongue of a bee just taken
from a flower. Has Siwy one else '? It seems, to me at least, that if
the nectar was taken in this way the tongue would be constantly
smeared with it, and the hairs agglutiuatcd to its surface. All of
Rcaumer's experiments on this matter were made on bees in most
unnatural conditions, and in the cases where he and others have ob-
served bees lapping, or more properl}' toping, the surfaces of flowers
large enough to admit of thi.s movement of the tongue, is it not
probable that they were gathering pollen instead of nectar? But the
la])ping theory, and the Iheor}' which for want of a better name I shall
call the "sort of tube" theory, if they explain satisfactorily the mode
in w-hich the honey bee and allied species gather nectar fail utterly
when a}:^plied to the Acutilingiies, Andrena, Augochlora, Halictus, etc.
In these the tongue proper — the hairy tongue — is very short, while
behind it is a long, smooth mentum, with the basal joints of the
maxilhie closing tightly on it — there is no tube, nor " sort of tube,"
there. If the fluid ascends externally, it must after leaving the tongue
ascend without the aid of lap])ing, or of capillary attraction, or any
46 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.
aid whatever, this smooth surface, and again behind it the smooth
basal parts of the trophi before it I'eaches the labium. Even in the
hive and humble bees, there is a narrow, smooth place along the upper
surface at the base of the tongue where the hairs are absent, and
the fluid can there derive no aid from them in ascending. Reaumer's
experiment in coloring the honey seems to me equally inconclusive.
The mode suggested in "Homes without Hands," that of scraping ofl[' the
nectar by the mandibles, I do not understand. I do not see how the
tongue can, with its peculiar mode of articulation, be brought into a
position in which the nectar can be scraped off so as to remain on the
inner side of the mandibles next to the pharynx, and if once placed
there it seems to me that it would naturally flow away from the
pharynx toward the base of the mandibles, or down over the other
organs of the mouth.
There are other reasons for supposing that the bee is a suctorial as
well as a chewing insect. The sucking stomach it has in common
with the suctorial orders, lepidoptera and diptera, though less devel-
oped than in those orders; those are not honey-making orders of in-
sects. If the object of this organ is, as Burmiester states, to withdraw
the air from the oesophagus and tube, it should be present in all these
sucking instruments, and need not be looked for in those which do not
feed by suction. But if, as Rev. Mr. Wood suggests, its sole office is
to convert nectar into honey, it is strange that it should be more de-
veloped in orders that do not make honey than in bees. Prof. Owen
(Anatomy of Invertebrates) states that "Hunter made experiments to
determine the function of the apendiculated crop. ' I kept a fly,' he
says, 'for twelve hours without food, and then gave it milk, and killed
it, and found no milk in the crop, but it had got through almost the
whole tract of the intestines: here the animal had immediate occasion
for food, therefore the milk did not go into the crop.' Another time,
Hunter killed his flies after they had drunk their All, and fountl the
crop full, as well as the stomach and intestines. He suspects, there-
fore, that the crop serves as a reservoir, and ' that when there is more
food than what is immediately necessary, then it is thrown into the
crop to be used in future.' The result of Hunter's flrst experiment,
and the absence of the crop in the flea and some other suctorial in-
sects, negatives the idea of Burmiester, that the crop in hymenoptera,
lepidoptera, and diptera, promotes the suction of food by the voluntary
power of self-expansion, if even the structure justiffed the idea; but
on the contrary, they prove it to be a receptacle of nutriment."
But the fact that the sucking stomach is used to store food for the
future use of the insect itself, does not prove that its object is the
elaboration of lione^', and is not inconsistent with Reaumer's sugges-
tion that this is the office of the membraneous sack; and though Hun-
On the Tongue (Lingua) of some Ilymenoptera. 47
ter's exptM-iraents seem to negative Biirmi ester's suggestion of the
office of the sucking stomach, tliey have no bearing on the structure of
a bee's tongue. Again, the tongue is terminated by what Reauraer calls
a "button," but wliich is really a flap or sucker-like expansion of the
tube, which we shall see, further on, does exist, whatever may be its
office. Its use in a sucking instrument can be perceived, but what is
its use in a lapping one ? Besides, as stated by Reaumer, the tongue
certainly does seem to be tubular. One not accustomed to the appear-
ance of objects under the microscope, would certainly pronounce it
tubular. How is this appearance to be explained, if it is illusory ?
Some hairs have been called tubular, and this has been said to be an
incorrect interpretation; yet it is in one sense correct, for the hair is
tubular though the tube is filled with the " pith." A glass rod some-
times appears to be tubular, but this is an illusion caused b3' refraction.
This can not cause the appearance of the bee's tongue, because though
not flat, it is not cylindrical, and does not refract the light sufficiently^
to produce the illusion. If the tongue is not tubular, no explanation
of its tubular appearance has been given. The extensible maxillae of
the beetle, Chauliognothus pennsf/lvanicus, De Gur., present a nearly
analogous structure; they are membraneous, cylindrical, and clothed
with hairs very much as in the bee's tongue, but there is no appear-
ance of a tube, simply because there is no tube.
In the bee's tongue there is an appearance of a tube. It can not be
an optical illusion arising from refraction. In fact nothing is easier-
of demonstration than that it is really a tube. Reaumer came very
near demonstrating it, but he stopped just at the critical point in his
observation. As stated by him, and as observed by ever}- one, who
has ever observed a bee's tongue, when the tongue is extended to its
full extent by pressure upon the mentura, the outer envelope of the
tongue, which we shall call after Reaumer, the "hairy sheath ," opens
along its lower surface, from the base to about the opical third of its
length, in the hive and humble bees, but, almost to the apex in Zylo-
copa Carolina, and through this opening there protrudes, what Reau-
mer calls the "Membraneous Sack," and, in bees just taken from
flowers, this sack is, as observed by Reaumer, usually full of nectar.
Reaumer mentions, that he could see the nectar flow down into it, from
the direction of the mentum. If he had pressed the tongue in the
other direction, from the apical part towards the base, he would have
seen, at least I have seen, the nectar flow in the other direction, along
the slightly grooved upper surface of the mentum, beneath a mem-
brane, which is in fact a continuation of the " hairy sheath, " back
under the labrum , thus jyroving a direct communication between the
opening under the labrum, and the membraneous sack, and showing
Ihat the membraneous sack is a prolongation of the oesophagus, or at
48 CincmnaU Society of Natural History.
least is continuous ivith it. But having extended the tongue, so that
the saek protrudes as above described, Raaumsr observed, as we may
also, along the lower portion of the sack, something which Reaumer
calls a '"line extending along the whole length of the tube. "' It looks
like a whitish or nearly colorless rod or tube, and in fact is a tube.
If we observe closely the mouth parts of an}^ of the higher Ilymenop
terad (bees and hive or fossorial wasps), we shall see just before the
mentum (of most authors, labium of Kirby and Spence), and in fact
connected with it by a more transpai'cnt portion of membrane, a
piece which has not, so far as I know, received any name as a dis-
tinct part of the tongue, being considered as a part of the mentum.
In fact it is a prolongation of that organ along its lower surface,
though seeming to be separated from it by a more-transparent part, and
it is placed just before the base of the labial palpi, each of which is af-
fixed to a similar prolongation of the mentum. On each side it rises,
curving around the base of the tongue, like a little horn, and in some
species these little horns almost meet on top: a membrane continuous
with the hairy sheath of the tongue passes over them, and back under the
labrum, as before stated; and in the short-tongned wasps ( Vespidce,
EmunidcB, Crahronidoi., and sonie others), on pressure upon it, fluids
are seen to flow backwards and forwards between the mentum and the
tongue, thus proving that a communication exists between them, sim-
ilar to that above described for the bees. But in the wasps the tongue
is not tubular; it is a sack capable of being inflated by either air or
fluid coming from the mentum. Dr. Packard, in the Guide, mentions a
Polistes.^ observed by him, in which the tongue was a barrel-shaped organ,
seeming to have a hole or slit at its apex, — that is the appearance of the
tongue in the short-tongued wasps, when not fully extended. When re
tracted the tongue is not inflated, and folds down on each side of a median
line and in expansion passes through the barrel-shaped form, which looks
as if it was open at the end, to the form of a furcate inflated sack, and
the appearance of the opening at the apex is seen to be caused by the
fold at the furcation. But in most wasps and bees the little piece that
I have mentioned in front of the mentum, besides the ascending horn-
like projection around each side mentioned above, has also a little
tooth projecting in front on its lower surface, and attached to this
tooth, or rather as a continuation of it, is the colorless rod, Reauraer's
line along the length of the tongue, above mentioned. This is found
in both the long and short tongued bees {Apis, Bombus, Zylocopa.
Jlegachile, Osmia, Coelioxys, Epeolus, Nomada, Augochlora, Halictus
and Colletes (and in the long-tongued wasps [Amophila, Odynerus.
Tachytes, etc.) It is a colorless, corneous projection from the under
surface of the little piece in front of the mentum, not in itself tubular.
y)ut in the bees forming a tube by curving up its sides until they meet
On the Tongue (^Lingua) of some Hymenoptera. 49
above. In Amophila, and the other Avasps, the tongue can not be said
properly to be tubular, as the hairy sheath is imperforate at its apex,
antl the colorless rod only curves up its sides towards the base, forming
what may be called a trough near the base, while towards the apex
the}' are not curved up, but widened out, giving to the tongue its
furcate-spatulate form, and split up at its apex (the rod I mean) into
many little forks, bifurcate and trifurcate, resembling minature hay
forks. When the specimen has been macerated in alcohol or glycerine,
the hair}' sheath may be readily scraped off, and the structure of the
rod shown as above. In the bees, on the other hand, the sides of
the rod curve up throughout its entire length, forming by their
coalescence above a distinct tube. In CoUetes, and some of the short-
tongued bees, and in most (all?) of the long-tongued bees, this rod sud-
denl}' dilates at its apex, but instead of spreading out into the spatu-
late form of Amophile, the dilated part also curves up its sides, and
forms the sucker-like expansion or disk at its end — the "button" af
Reaumer. In the Acutilingues, however, it narrows all the wa}- to the
apex, and there is no "button." In all (so far as I have examined), the
sides do not coalesce above at the base, so that the tube there opens in-
to the membraneous sack, by an unclosed slit along its upper surface.
Its apex perforates the hair\- sheath at its apex; or, perhaps, I would
describe it more correctly' by saving that the hairj' sheath is open
along its whole under surface, simpl}' closing around the sack and
tube, not including the tube at the apex, attached to it near the apex,
and opening beneath, to allow it to pass out for the greater portion of
its length, when fully extended. The tongue therefore consists of the
hair}^ sheath, to which is attached along its inner surface, the membrane-
ous sack, which is itself continuous with the oesophagus, and which is
attached to the tubular rod. Along the upper surface of the sack, im-
mediately beneath the hairy sheath, pass two parallel trachea, each of
which supplies the basal part of the membraneous sack with a num-
ber of minute ti'acheal ramifications, which may have something to do
with* the change of the nectar into honey, if that change takes place in
the sack, instead of in the sucking stomach. Reaumer was A'ery near
the demonstration of the presence of the tube. He said that the tongue
seemed to be tubular, but instead of dissecting it, he trusted to observa-
tions on its mode of feeding, — generalljMn non-natural circumstances —
and convinced himself, b}' reasoning thereupon, that the tongue is not
tubular, or that if it is, its orifice is so small that it can be of no prac-
tical use. I will add here that the perforation in the tongue of the hive
bee, at its narrowest part immediateh' before the apex, measures about
1.500th of a line, and that of the pharynx is ver\' little largei"; and a con-
tinuous flow of fluid through the tube, it seems to me, would All the oeso-
phagus much more quickly, and would more quickly exhaust the little
50 Cincinnati Societi/ of Natural History.
nectary of a plant than any of the modes of lapping, scraping, or capil-
huy attraction before mentioned. Not having seen the nectar ascending
from the nectar}' through the tube — an almost impossible observation, —
I am not prepared to state positively that this is the bee's mode of
feeding. All that I assert positively is, that the tongue contains a
tube capable of being the instrument of imbibition, and that it ap-
pears to me to be far more reasonable that liquid food is imbibed
through it than that it is carried back to the pharynx on the out-
side of the tongue, in any way that has been as yet suggested. Solid
food of course could not be taken in this way except such minute
grains of it as might be found floating in the fluid, and imbibed with
it. And yet, I possess a specimen of the separated tube, mounted for
microscopic observation, in which a large part of the tube is filled
with minute pollen grains and other debris. In man}^ of the smaller
bees, hoyfQxeY [Andrenidoi, e<c.),the perforation of the tube, at its apex
does not exceed 1.1000th of a line, and it is difficult to perceive how the
bee's wants can be supplied through such a tube: 3'et we have seen that
it is equally difficult to understand how, after passing the short, hairy
tongue proper {lingua), its fluid food can ascend the smooth outer sur-
face of the remainder and much longer portion of the mouth organs,
before it reaches the labium; and the basal joints of the maxillie are
so closel_y fitted to the mentum, and the formation of the palpi is such
that the formation of Reaumer's "sort of" tube is here seen to be an
impossibility.
But to return to Reaumer, I have stated that he was near the
demonstration of the tube. If while "the membraneous sack and line
along the length of the tongue" (that is the tubular rod) were pro-
truded, he had, with a needle or two, separated the rod from its base,
and had scraped off" the adhering remains of the sack, and had then
placed the rod on a glass slip of the microscope, in a drop of water,
under a thin cover glass, and observed it through the microscope, its
tubular nature would at once have been demonstrated by the contained
air bubbles, which, under a little pressure, he might have seen chase
each other to and fro in the tube, and out at either end; and if still
incredulous, he might, after removing the thin cover glass, and placing
the glass slip with the tube upon it, still in the drop of water, under a
dissecting microscope; have held the tube steadily b}^ placing a
finger of the left hand on it, and with a small scalpel or knife blade, in
the other hand, pressed against the end of the finger holding the tube
in its place, he might have succeeded in makin^i transverse sections of
the tube itself, which would have removed all remaining doubt. By
simply cutting the tube, or the tongue, across, and holding one piece
of it in the forceps, its' structure will be perceived.
There is, however, one remaining subject of uncertainty. The tube.
On the Tongue (Lingua) of some Hymenoptera. 51
when examined with a power of fifty or more diameters, appears to be
denseh^ clothed internally with long flue hairs. Sometimes I have seen
in it two parallel rows of air-bubbles, almost contiguous, and seeming
to be separated only by a thin partition of fine hairs, and the inter-
pretation that I at first gave to this appeai^ance, was that the under
surface of the tube was clothed internally with short fine hairs conver-
ging towards a median line, and pointing toward the apex. Some
transverse sections of a humble-bee's tongue exhibit this appearance
almost conclusively. I am not, however, fully convinced, that this is
the true interpretation of that which certainly is seen.
B
Transverse Section of a Bee's Tongue.
A, upper surface; B, lower surface; c, orifice of tube; d, tubular rod; e, membraneous sack,
not inflated; /, vacant spaces; (7, connection of hairy sheath and tubular rod below.
In accordance with the usual custom, I have called one part of the
mouth organs the mentum. Entomologists generally, so far as I am
acquainted with the literature of the subject, call that part mentum^
and that which J have called, as we call it in common parlance, the
tongue, they call labium. Kirby and Spence, however, suggest that
the part usually called the mentum, is really homologous with the
labium of other insects, and should receive that name; and they
were led to this conclusion by the belief, that " if the matter was
carefully investigated, " the tongue would be found to be attached to
the upper surface of the head (at the mandibles, as I understand them),
and not to the mentum. The researches above detailed, lend a par-
tial confirmation to this view; for, as we have seen, the tongue is a
compound organ, the tubular rod being a prolongation of the little
piece before mentioned, which is placed before and connected with
the mentum, while the hairj- sheath and sack are continuous with
the ossophagus, which passes along the upper side of the head,
between the mandibles and under the labrum. I have now before
me, a specimen in which the tube having been separated from
the mentum, the liaiiy sheath membrane has been removed along
the upper surface of the mentum and head behind the mandi-
bles, back to the occipital foramen, exhibiting the phar3nx closed
by the Iwpopharynx in the membrane; the epipharynx (Savigny)
being removed with the "labrum. In the hive-bee, the pharynx is
52 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.
so accuratel}' closed hy the hypopharynx, that it is decidedly more
difficult of demoustration, than the tubular nature of the tongue.
Note upon the Habit of some Bees of Slitting the Corolla with
THE Tongue to Reach the Nectary.
That humble bees frequently pierce the corolla of flowers, near its
base, with their proboscis, which they then insert into the opening thus
made, has been long known, and frequentl}' mentioned. In the cor-
respondence, in Nature, if I am not mistaken, frequent reference to it
will be found. Indeed, I believe it is the usual way taken by these
bees to reach the nectary, when the corolla is too long for the tongue
to reach the nectary from the mouth of the corolla, unless, indeed, the
flower is a very large one, large enough for the bee to enter its mouth
and reach the nectary in that way.
It ma}' be that the same practice by hive bees {A^iis mellijlca) is
also well known, and likewise, I may have heretofore seen an account
of it, but if so, it has escaped my memory ; and as it may be news to
some of our members, besides myself, I take this opportunit}' to record
an observation on the subject, which I made a day or two since.
A large bush of Weigelia rosea was literally covered with flowers
in all stages, from the unopened buds, to those that were withered and
ready to fall, and great numbers of bees swarmed over them, humble
bees, hive bees and mason bees, and sweat hQQ's{Andrenidai) were there
in abundance. The older flowers were each pierced near the base by
a longitudioal slit, made by hive or humble bees, which previously
visited them, and wheneA'er one of these bees alighted on one of these
flowers, it, without attempting to enter the corolla, went immediately' to
the base of the flower, and inserted its proboscis into the slit already
made; or, if the flower was a fresh one, having no slit, it proceeded
immediately to make one. This was instantly eflected, without trouble,
by the humble bees, but seemed to give the hive bees some trouble —
probably because the blades of the maxilhe, which are used to make
the slit, are weaker ur more flexible than in humble bees. Of the
numerous hive bees observed, only a single one attempted to enter the
mouth of the corolla, and it came out without going further than just
within the opening. On the other hand, the mason bee and Andrenida
went, in every instance, straight into the mouth of the flower, and never
attempted either to make a slit or to use one that was alread}^ made.
Yet one of these mason bees [Megachile) was fulh' as large as the hive
bees.
THE JOURNAL
wawi iiEi! Ill wwii ami
VOL. 1.
CINCINNATI, JULY.
No. 2.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY.
The auniial meeting of the Society was
reading the annual reports, the following
ensuing year:
President, ....
1st Vice-President,
2d Vice-President, .
Corresponding Secretar}-, .
Recording Secretary,
Treasurer, ....
Librarian, . . . • .
Custodian, . . . •
The following are the Curators elected
Curator of Mineralogy,
Paleeontolog}',
Conchology,
Entoniolog3\
Botany, ....
ComparatiA'e Anatomj^, .
Ornithology,
Archffiolog}', . . . .
Astronomy and Mathematics,
Chemistry and Physics, .
Herpetology,
Meteorology, . . . .
Microscop}',
held April 2d, 1878. After
officers were chosen for the
V. T. Chambers.
, Prof. J. F. Judge.
L. S. Cotton.
. J. W. Hall, Jr.
Florien Giauque.
, S. E. Wright.
J. C. Shroyer.
, Dr. J. H. Hunt,
for the same term :
Dr. R. M. Byrnes.
E. O. Ulricb.
Prof A. G. Wetherby.
J. W. Shorten.
D. L. James.
Prof A. J. Howe.
Charles Dury.
Dr. H. H. Hill.
Prof. Ormond Stone.
Prof R. B. Warder.
F. W. Langdon.
Prof G. W. Harper.
F. Eckstein.
54 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.
On motion of Prof. Stone, it was resolved that the incoming Presi-
dent be requested to deliver an address before the Society at the close
of his term of office.
On motion of Dr. Howe, the following preamble and resolution were
adopted :
"Whereas, there being a prevailing opinion in the Societj' that its
interests can be served, and the public entertained by a series of lec-
tures, to be delivered by members of the society, in the library room
of its building; therefore, be it
" Hesolved, That a committee of three be appointed by the chair to
consider the expediency of such a course, and if thought feasible, to
carry the idea into execution as early as practicable."
The chair stated its intention of naming the committee at a future
time.
The following was unanimously adopted:
Besolved^ that the special thanks of the Society are due, and are
hereby tendered, to the retiring President, for his attention to the in-
terests of the Society during his term of office.
The following donations were received by the Society' :
From Chas. Dury, skin of purple grakle, a mounted American wid-
geon, six specimens of Vivipara intertexta, Sa^^, egg of California
quail, also of herring-gull, four spiders, a centipede, and a beetle.
From Zoological Society of Cincinnati, five species of exotic birds.
From Chicago Academy of Science, Annual Address of the President.
From Zoological Societ_y, Fourth Annual Kepoi-t.
From St. Louis Academ^^ of Science, Transactions.
From Frank J. Thompson, egg of emu.
From F. W. Langdon, mounted specimen of pin-tail duck.
From Reading Society of Natural Science, Annual Report, by E. H.
Ruffner.
From publishers, Canadian Entomologist, and Annual Report of the
Entomological Society of Ontario.
From Rev. Murray Baile}', ovum of conch-shell.
From Dr. A. E. Ileighway, an Indian bow-case and quivei\
The Society met May 7th, 1878, President Chambers presiding.
After the approval of the minutes, Mr. M. D. Burk was elected a
member.
Piof. Jas. T. Whitaker read a paper on "Life a Form of Motion,"
which has since appeared in pam|)hlet.
On motion, by Mr. S. A. Miller, it was ordered that each member bo
entitled to one copy of the Journal.
Proceedimjs of the Society. 55
Mr. Mickleborough exhibited a fine collection of Star Fishes and
Echinoderms, arranged in a handsome case.
Dr. John A. Warder made some remarks on the earl}' blooming of
many plants this season.
Donations were acknowledged as follows:
From a lady, specimens of branchipus vernalis.
From Chas Dur}', two eggs of the murre, and one Qg^ of the thick-
billed guillmot.
From J. F. James, fifteen specimens of mounted plants, and three
eggs of the quail.
From John Mickleborough, twelve specimens of Pterina insueta, 4
specimens of Murchisonia gracilis, a specimen of Poteriocrinus pol}'-
dactylus.
From J. W. Shorten, a snake.
From Mrs. H. B. Moorehead, thirty species of English shells.
From J. G. Browne, one tooth of fossil elephant.
From Dr. Heighwa}^ one scimiter, from South America.
From Prof. O. Stone, Proceedings of the Cincinnati Observatory.
From the St. Louis Academy of Science, its proceedings.
From H. B. Banning, "The Fur-bearing Animals, etc., of the North
west."
From the Entomological Society of Ontario, its Annual Report.
From Academy of Science, Philadelphia, its proceedings.
From Minnesota Academy of Natural Science, the Bulletin of the
Societ}^
The Society met June 4th, 1878, the President in the chair. The
minutes were read, amended and approved.
Mr. J. M. Harper was elected to regular membership.
Two papers b}' S. S. Scoville, M.D., of Lebanon, O., were read:
One describing a large boulder, the largest in Southern Ohio; the other
on certain earth works in that vicinit}^, belonging to the age of the
Mound Builders.
Prof. Ormond Stone made some remarks on double stars, and obser-
vations being made upon them.
After this, a lively discussion arose concerning the boulder described
by Dr. Scoville, and boulders in general, glacial action, and related
matters.
Prof. Wetherby called attention to the Cionella morsei, Doherty,
and said that it was only a sj'uonym of C. suboylindrica.
Mr. E. 0.. Ulrich, read b}' title the descriptions of three new genera,
and eleven new species of fossils.
56 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.
The donations were as follows :
From G. W. Homslier, one large and one small stone ax, twenty-
three arrow heads of stone, one stone bark-peeler, two perforated orna-
ments, and one whistle.
From J. W. Hall, Jr., one heron, and two lepidopterous insects.
From Dr. O. D. Norton, a photograph illustrating the Darwinian
theory.
From E. O. Ulrich, specimens of four new species of fossils from the
Cincinnati Group.
From Dr. D. S. Young, two towhee finches, and one butcher bird.
From Dr. Wm. Knight, one cocoon of a lepidoptera.
From Mr. Langdon, two eggs of mocking bird.
From J. W. Shorten, a large number of specimens of scA-eral species
of Coleoptera.
From F. B. Plympton, of the Cincinnati Commercial, a copy of
" Voyage of the Challenger," by Sir Wyville Thompson.
From Chas. Dury, a razor-billed auk.
From the Historical Society of Cincinnati, "Crystallization of Salt
from Salt Lake, Utah."
From R. B. Moore, a lot of alive fresh-water shells for the Aquarium.
From E. O. Ulrich, specimens of goldfish.
A LARGE BOULDER IN SOUTHERN OHIO.
By S. S. ScoviLLE, M.D., Lebanon, Ohio.
About two and a half miles southeast of Lebanon, Warren County,
Ohio, may be seen a boulder, which, for size, we venture to say, is the
largest found in Ohio so far to the South. Prof. Orton, in his reports^
mentions a large one, but it is much less in size, and further to the
North. Our rock is situated in latitude 39° 25' 4", and longitude,
saj^ 84° 6'. It seems to be a quartoze granite. In shape, it might
be considered an irregular ovoid. Upon quite a careful measurement,
we find the dimensions as follows: length, 21 feet; width, 16 feet;
height above ground, 8 feet. Indications show that it extends at least
4 feet beneath the ground. It would most likely cube 14 feet. Supposing
the weight to be 190 lbs. to the square foot, and we would have for the
entire weight of this stone, 521,360 lbs., oi- something more than 200 tons.
The rock rests upon ground sloping 3 or 4 degrees towards the north. It
lies within what may be i-egarded as a belt of boulders, which extends,
say 2 miles north and south, and 1 mile in width. Within this belt
are found numerous rocks, from 300 to 40,000 lbs. in weight.
Annual Precipitations of Rain and Jlelted Snow.
57
Anrnial Precipitations of Pain and Melted Snow, in inches and
hnndredths of an inch, for a period of 42 years^ from
1835 to 187G inclusive, with other 3Ieteoro-
loc/ical data. By E. B. Mooke.
Eooms of "Cincinnati Society of Natural History," Cincinnati,- Lat. 39° 6', N.
Long. 84° 26' W. Elevation above Tide, 597 ft.; above low water Ohio River, 167 ft.
Yeak.
£
p
.-=■
2
>-.
bi
j_;
>
6
03
"5
^
1 a;
1.75
1
1.86
<
3.37
7.57
7.34
2.46
<
6.54
2.32
O
4.35
o
6.61
a;
o
3.20
1
1835
3.82
52.15
1836
2.97
4.34
4.18
4.54
9.01
2.14
7.42
5.54
4.77
3.71
4.41
4.36
57.39
1837
0.80
3 43
3.70
2.00
3.79
4 38
3.83
5.91
3 14
4.16
2.52
5.05
42.71
1838
1.90
1 64
56
4.74
8.57
7.55
2.47
3.76
0.71
3.55
3.12
0.85
39.45
1839
4.56
2.75
2.69
2.38
4.46
1.96
2.97
0.")6
3.24
0.13
2.20
1.72
29.62
1840.
1.13
4.68
3.62
4 78
6.08
6.S4
4.45
3.73
1.56
4.74
2.50
3.20
47.34
1841
5.56
0.82
2.34
4.75
2.16
1.51
5.33
2.71
2.94
2 46
4.92
5.56
41.05
1842.
2.75
6.09
3.02
2 97
3.04
5.67
2.35
4.22
2.95
1.90
3.76
2.57
41.29
1843.
3.51
3.54
2 97
6.15
3.54
4 52
2.92
5.89
6.73
4.16
4 26
3.00
51.22
1844
3.10
1.04
4.50
3.13
7.00
6.16
3.50
3.65
1.26
4.32
3.18
1.10
41.94
1845
3.03
1.66
5.46
1.08
1.89
11.50
3.06
6.88
7.51
2.03
1 .68
0.60
46.38
1846
3.53
3.20
2.26
3.51
5.17
7.53
3.93
6.10
2.50
2.19
4.26
9.25
53.52
1847
4.71
406
5.37
2.12
4 30
7.63
8 25
3.20
3.87
9.57
3.95
8.15
65.18
1848
4.58
2.81
6.72
55
5.13
1.86
6.95
3.90
1.53
3 62
2.60
943
49.68
1849
6.48
2.04
4.70
3.65
3.61
4.90
8.90
4.41
2.68
3.86
2.42
5.32
52.97
1850
5.20
6 28
6.62
4.27
1.86
5.00
30
7.20
2.22
1.05
2.54
6.22
54.76
1851
0.65
6.15
3.04
1.80
3.30
2.10
3.25
2.. 55
0.43
2.60
3.25
3.37
32.49
1852
2.03
5.20
5.16
5.80
3.15
5.25
2.05
4.35
4.15
2.75
4.57
9.89
54.35
1853
1.53
5.14
2.14
7.70
2.21
1.90
4.81
2.16
4,70
3.78
3.30
0.73
40.10
1854
4.10
5.57
8.33
2.97
7.29
4.84
2 32
3.18
2.12
301
3.66
3 38
50.69
18.55
3.71
1 58
3 66
3.05
5.24
8.10
4.35
4.25
2.98
1.31
5.22
3.28
47.00
1856
1.00
2.49
1.51
0.72
1.23
2.24
3.43
0.61
3.62
1.74
2.09
2.19
22.87
1857
0.54
1.98
0.76
2.72
5.53
3.08
2.50
2.92
0.75
4.92
5.36
3.82
34.88
1858 . . .
2 06
1.74
1.05
4.34
8.32
5.09
3.01
7.97
0.85
4.66
2.57
6.41
48.67
1859
2.57
5.92
4.38
7.53
2.32
3.22
1.24
3.79
2.10
1.27
4.45
3.75
42 54
1860. ..
1.43
1.56
0.41
5.31
3.68
1.55
7.96
0.92
4.33
1.28
3.53
1.85
33.81
1861 ....
2.57
1.81
2.U8
3.88
5.91
3.80
3.62
7.10
2.94
3.73
3.63
1.09
42.19
1862.. .
4.74
2.36
5 84
6.30
3.82
3.02
3.00
1.49
0.93
0.80
3.97
3.01
38.78
1863 ...
5 55
3.05
4.37
2.13
2.84
3.11
3.21
2.99
3.10
3.85
2.05
3.80
40.05
1864 ...
1.85
0.99
0.90
2.43
2.34
3.43
1.25
3.42
8.04
2.90
3.40
2.94
34.50
1865.. ..
2.45
2.43
4.43
3.89
7.72
2.59
7.77
2 26
5 76
0.86
0.56
3.89
44.58
1866 ..
2.74
1.26
5.06
2.03
0.94
4.44
6.94
2 75
10.55
1.85
3.06
1.98
43.60
1867....
1.41
3.56
2.71
2.74
3.80
3.73
1.60
1.57
0.47
2.05
2.20
3.07
28.91
1868... .
3.72
0.57
4.87
2.72
6 09
5.60
1.21
4.04
7.19
1.22
1.70
2.07
41.60
1869....
1.60
2.51
5.06
2.87
5.93
3.60
5.3«i
1.20
3.20
2.75
3.30
2.46
39.84
1870...
5.33
1.55
3.26
1.59
1.74
4.84
2.38
0.58
0.30
2.77
1.50
2.17
28.03
1871
2.34
3.53
3 75
1.23
4.56
2.04
4.30
5 22
1.08
0.98
3.40
3.31
35.64
1872. ..
0.85
1.75
1.59
5.56
2.48
3.20
8.00
3.19
1.39
2.61
1.00
0.89
.32.54
1873 . .
2.15
2.69
1.96
2.13
2.95
3.12
2 84
3.02
1.68
2.64
2.14
5.46
32.78
1874
3.37
4.40
3.03
5.23
1.15
2.25
3.47
1.05
1 69
0.98
4.42
2.34
33.38
1875.. ..
1.70
1.23
3.37
0.88
2.82
4.93
9.49
2.64
4.85
2.87
3.80
3 19
41.04
1876 .
9.49
3.05
2.92
3.10
507
3.75
3.26
3.51
1.25
4.24
6.67
4.34
6.91
4.09
6.38
3.73
3 17
3.08
4.21)
2.86
2.36
3.21
88
3.55
52.62
Meaii.5.
42.51
\
58 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.
For 1856, being exceptionally low, those taken at College Hill are
given for comparison. January, 1.588; February, 2.340; March, 0.655;
April, 1.158; May, 2.390; June, 1.525; July, 0.325; August, 0.426;
September, 2.710; October, 1.218; November, 3.118; December, 3.580.
Total, 21.043.
Quantities for seasons and periods : Winter, 9.70; Spring, 11.50;
Summer, 12.16; Autumn, 9.15. From 1835 to 1840, 44.26; 1840 to 1845,
44.57; 1845 to 1850, 53.57; 1850 to 1855, 46.48; 1855 to 1860, 39.19;
1860 to 1865, 37.86; 1865 to 1870, 39.70; 1870 to 1875, 32.44; and for
1875 to 1877, 46.83. If divided in seven year periods, would be as
follows : 1st, 44.29 ; 2d, 49.90; 3d, 47.49; 4th, 37.75; 5th, 39.03; 6th,
36.58. The greatest amount in any one year, 1847, was 65.18; the
next greatest was in 1836, 57.39. The least amount in any one 3*ear,
1856, was 22.87; and the next least amount was in 1839, 29.62. The
greatest amount in any one quarter was in 1847, the last quarter, -21.67;
the next greatest amount in one quarter, was June, July and August,
in 1845, 21.44. The least amount in ixwj one quarter, April, May
and June, of 1856, was 3.46; and August, September and October,
of 1862, was 3.22. The greatest amount in any one mouth, June, 1845,
was 11.50; the next greatest, September, 1866, 10.50. The least
amount in any one month, October, 1839, was 0.13; the next least,
September, 1870, 0.30. The greatest amount of rainfall, August 21,
1861, was 3.35 in two hours; the greatest snowfall, January 15, 1863,
was 21 inches.
The annual amount of snow varies from 7.1 up to 50, and occurs in-
variably in December, January and Februar}^ and generally in Novem-
ber and March. Means, November, 1.7; December, 6.3; Januar}^ 5.6;
Februar}', 6.2; March, 2; Total, 21.8. The precipitations are well
distributed through the seasons, having occurred every month during
the series, 10 winter, 9 spring, 4 summer, and 13 autumn months, have
been less than 1 inch, while 10 months have been over 9 inches, 11
over 8 inches, 30 over 7 inches, 59 over 6 inches, 104 over 5 inches, leaving
254 months receiving from 1 to 5 inches. Temperature: Januar}^,
32.10°; February, 34.10°; March, 42.35°; April, 54.30°; May, 63.60*^:
June, 72°; July, 76.26°; August, 74.50°; September, 66.30°; October,
53.50°; November, 41.60; December, 34.50°; Winter, 33.73°; Spring,
53.08°; Summer, 74.25°: Autumn, 54.13°; Total, 53.80°. Extreme
changes of temperature, 1859, Deceml)er 6th, 52° in 24 hours, and
December 31st, 1863, 55° in 14 hours. Mean aA^erage annual temper-
atures range from 51° to 56° and varies from 18° below to 110°
above.
To Societies and Collectors. 59
The results herein embodied were obtained from the collections of
Mansfield, Drake, Ra^', Lea, Harper, Phillips, Farmers' College, and U.
S. Signal Service Office, Cincinnati. While those of Prof. Harper are
preferred as means, those of R. C. Phillips, civil engineer, Ibr a portion
of the same time, arc of special interest, taken at lower elevation, and
more nearly central in lower plane of the city ; they aA^erage higher,
owing to locality. This series, taken at elevations not materially dif-
ferent from this room, maj' be considered reliable., and as Jflling a
want, that of uniformity, not likel}' to occur again, as they will be
regularly and uniformly taken and properl}- arranged hereafter. Our
city, situated at intersection of longitudinal and transverse valleys, its
lower plane mostly surrounded by an amphitheatre of hills, has local
and eddying currents, with an atmosphere heavily charged at times
from the consumption of soft, bituminous coal. These occasionally
effect locally, both radiation and condensation; while changes and va-
riations of both temperature and precipitations are great, the averages
are verj' nearly the means, 43.3 inches, for the whole Ohio Valley, 214,-
000 square miles; the indications are secular changes in a series of j'cars,
but until we have more full and complete reports from other districts,
for comparison with our own, the great problem of what ratio of less
precipitations, with all its pai-amount influence on agriculture, com-
merce and manufactures, remains unsolved. In the cause of Science
and Philanthropliy, we cheerfully accord our best efforts toward a full,
complete and reliable meterological record.
TO SOCIETIES A]^D COLLECTORS.
The Cincinnati Societ}' of Natural Historj^ is very desirous of
making exchanges in all its departments. Every society of this
character soon accumulates a large quantity of good material, in dupli-
cate, which become a burden instead of a benefit, unless thei'C is some
systematic way of disposing of the surplus stock. We desire to ofter,
at the present time, either to private collectors or public institutions,
the following exchanges : —
1. Palaeontology. — It is well known that the Cincinnati Group, Lower
Silurian, as it is exposed at and near this locality, contains the best
preserved specimens that can be obtained anywhere. Several hundred
species have alread}^ been described, and we have any amount of
material for description in the future numbers of this Journal. We
BO Cincinnati Society of Natural History.
can send about one linnclred and lifty species from this unrivaled
locality; all of them will be thoroughly identified and properly labeled.
In each collection will be sent vertical and longitudinal sections, for
microscope, of several species of the " corals." We have, also, in this
department, perfect casts, in duplicate, of the celebrated fossil horn
cores of the Bison latifrons (Leidy); the original cores belong to us.
They were found in Adams county, in 1869, in coarse gravel, fifteen
feet below the surface; they each have a portion of the skull attached,
one portion showing a part of the brain cavity. The dimensions are
as follows: length of right core, 2 feet, 8 inches; length of left core, 2
ft., 7 inches; breadth of forehead, 1 ft., 4 inches; spread of cores in
direct line, 6 ft., 1 inch; circumference at base, 20^ inches; circum-
ference at 24 inches from base, 9^ inches; weight, 32 and 34 lbs.
They are of moderate curvature, deeply corrugated, nearly perfect, in
a good state of preservation, and have been most successfully molded.
They are offered in exchange, at the nominal value of twenty dollars.
Books or specimens of natural history will be received in exchange, at
above rate.
2. Mineralogy. — In this department we have a very large and valu-
able collection of duplicates. Pei-sons desirous of making exchanges
would greatly assist in "making up a box" by sending a list of what
is desired, and also inclosing with application, a list of what they can
furnish. This suggestion applies equally to all the departments.
3. CoNCHOLOGY. — We have a good selection, in duplicate, of marine
shells. Our list of land and fresh-water shells is quite complete,
especially so from this locality. They will be carefully named.
4. Books. — In our library, we have a \evy large number of New-
berry's Ohio Geological Survey, complete in 4 vols., with maps: Vol.
I,, Geology; Vol. I., Palaeontology; Vol. II., Geology; Vol. II., Pala?on-
toloo■3^ Also, Ohio Agricultural and Centennial llejjorts ; 1 set
Pennsylvania Geological Reports ; 2d report, by Leidy; 1 seiCuvier's
Animal Kingdom., 3 vols.
We have some specimens in entomology, archtBology, and botany.
We desire specimens for these departments, as also for microscop}^
ichthyology, herpetology, and comparative anatomy in general.
Persons wishing to exchange will please communicate with the
corresponding secretary, J. W. Hall, Jr., 108 Broadway, who will
promptly hand the matter over to the proper curator.
List of Lov-er Silurian Fossils, Cincinnati Gro^ip. 61
A CLASSIFIED LIST OF LOWER SILUBIAN FOSSILS,
CINCINNATI GROUP.
By John Mickleborough and A. G. Wetherby.
ANIMAL KINGDOM
SUB-KINGD03IS:
1. VERTEBRATA. L. rere^eftro?. joints of the backbone, or spine.
2. ANXULOSA. L. annulus, a ring.
3. ANNULOIDA. L. annulus ; Gr. eidos, form.
4. MOLLUSCA. L. mollis, soft.
5. MOLLUSCOIDA. L. mollis ; Gr. eidos.
6. CCELE^^TEEATA. Gr. koilos, hollow ; enteron, intestine. '
7. PROTOZOA. Gr. protos, first ; zoon, animal.
The remains of vertebrate animals have not yet been found in this
formation. The other sub-kingdoms are well represented.
SUB-KINGDOM ANNULOSA. .
Class Crustacea. L. crusta, a crust or shell.
Sub-Class Entomostraca. Gr. entoma, an insect ; ostrakon, shell.
Order Trilobita. Gr, treis, three ; lobos, lobe.
Genus Calymmene, Brongniart. Gr. Icelcalymmene, concealed. Named
on account of the uncertaiut}' of its zoological affinities.
1 Cah'mmene senaria, Conrad. L. senarius, six.
2 Christyi, Hall.
Genus Acidaspis, Murchison. Gr. aids, akidos, a point or barb-; as]3is,
a shield.
3 Acidaspis Cincinnatiensis, Meek.
4 ceralepta, Anthony. Gr. keras, a horn ; leptos, slender.
5 crossota, Locke. Gr. krossotus, fringed.
6 O'Nealli, S. A. Miller.
7 anchoralis, S. A. Miller, L. anchoralis, anchor-like.
Genus Asaphus, Brongniart. Gr. a, not ; saphes, certain. Referring
to the uncertain zoological relations of these crustaceans.
8 Asaphus gigas, DeKay, Gr. gigas, a giant.
9 megistos, Locke. Gr. megistos, greatest.
62 Cincinnati Society of Natural Histov]).
Genus Geraurus, Green. Gr. keras, horn ; oura, tail.
10 Ceraiirus Icarus, Billings. Mythological name.
11 perforator, Billings. L. pet\ through ; foro, I bore.
12 pleurexanthemus, Green. Gr. ^Zeura, side; ex, out; anthos,
a flower or ornanieutation.
Genus Dalmanites^ Emmerich. Named in honor of Dalmau.
13 Dalmanites breviceps, Hall. L. brevis, little; caput {cepi), head.
14 Carleyi, Meek.
15 callicephalus, Hall. Gr. kallos, beauty; kephale, head.
16 Achates, Billings. Mythological name.
Genus Proetus, Steininger. Gr. pro, before; efos, a year.
17 Proetus parviusculus, Hall. L. diminutive o^ parvus, small.
18 Spurlocki, Meek.
Genus Lichas, Dalman. Mythological name.
19 Lichas Trentonensis, Conrad.
Genus Triarthrus, Green. Gr. treis, three; arthron, a joint.
20 Triarthrus Becki, Green.
Genus Trinucleus, Lhwyd. Gr. treis, three; nucleus, kernel.
21 Trinucleus cencentricus, Eaton. L. con, together; centrum, the
centre.
22 bellulus, Ulrich. L. hellulus, diminutive of bellus, pretty.
Order Phyllopoda. Gr. phullon, a leaf; 2)ous, podos, a foot.
Genus Beyrichla, McCoy. Named in honor of M. Beyrich.
23 Beyrich i a falcigera, Hall and Whittield. !,. falx, a scythe; f/ero,
I carry.
24 oculifera, Hall. L. oculus, an e3^e; fero, I carry.
25 regularis, Emmons. L. regularis, formed into bars.
26 ciliata, Emmons. L. cilium, the eye-lash, hence fringed.
27 Chambersi, S. A. Miller.
28 Duryi, S. A. Miller.
29 Richardsoni, S. A. Miller.
30 striato-marginata, S. A. Miller. L. stria, a ridge; maryo,
the margin.
31 Ciucinnatiensis, S. A. Miller.
Order Ostkacoda. Gr. Ostrakon, a shell.
Genus Leperditia, Renault. Gr. lepis, a scale; dis, dittos, double.
32 Leperditia cylindrica. Hall. L. cylindrus, a cylinder.
33 Byrnesi, S. A. Miller.
34 minutissima, Hall. L. minutissimus, smallest.
List of Lower Silurian Fossils, Cincinnati Group. 63
Genus Cythere, Muiler. Gr. Kutliere, surname of Venus.
35 C^'there Cincinuatiensis, Meek.
36 irregularis, S. A. Miller. L. irregularis, irregular.
INCERTA SEDES.
Genus PlumuUtes, Barrande. Ij. jjlumula, dim. ol plu ma, a feather.
37 Plumulites Jamesi, Hall and Whitfield.
Note. — This genus has been referred to the Cirripedia.
Genus Anomaloides, Ulrich. Gr. anomalos, irregular; eidos, form.
38 Anomaloides retieulatus, Ulrich. L. reticulatus, net-like.
Class Annelida. L. annellus, a little ring; Gr. eidos, form.
Order Errantia. L. erro, I wander.
Genus Walcottia, Miller and Dyer. Proper name.
39 Walcottia rugosa, Miller and Dyer. L, ruqosus, wrinkled.
Genus Nereidavus.^ Grinnell. L. Nereis [idis), mythological; avus,
ancestor.
40 Nereidavus varians, Grinnell. L. varians, changing.
Genus Eotrojihonia^UlYiQh. Gr. eos, early; Trophonia, a genus of ex-
isting annelids.
41 Eotrophonia setigera, Ulrich. L. seta, a bristle; gero, I carr3^
Genus Protoscolex, Ulrich. Gr. ^^roios, first; skolex, a worm.
42 Protoscolex Coviugtonensis, Ulrich.
43 simplex, Ulrich. L. simplex, simple.
44 ornatus, Ulrich. L. ornatus, ornamented.
45 tenuis, Ulrich. L. tenuis^ slender.
Genus ScoUthus, Haldemau. Gr. skolex, a worm; Utiios, a stone.
46 Scolithus linearis, Haldemau. L. linearis, linear.
Note. — Scolithus has sometimes been placed in the vege-
table kingdom. The borings, or tracks, called Helmin-
thites, b}^ Salter, are the only record of their existence.
Order Tubicola. L. tuba, tube; colo, I inhabit.
Genus Conchicolitts, Nicholson, L. concha, a shell; coloi^l inhabit.
47 Conchicolites corrugatus, Nicholson. L. corrugo, I wrinkle.
48 flexuous, Hall. Jj. Jlexuosus, tortuous.
49 minor, Nicholson. L. minor, less.
50 striatellus, Nicholson. L. stria, a ridge.
64 Cincinnati Society of ITaiural History.
Geuus SerpuUtes, Nicholson. L. serjmla, a little snake.
51 Serpulites Jamesi, Nicholson.
Genus Spirorhis, Swainson. L. spira, spire; orhis, a circle.
52 Spirorbis Lovelandensis, James.
53 Cincinnatiensis, Miller and Dj^er.
Genus Tentaculites, Schlotheim. L, tentacula, feelers.
54 Tentaculites Sterlingensis, Meek and Worthen.
55 Richmondensis, S. A. Miller.
56 tenuistriatus, Meek and Worthen. lu. tenuis, slender; stria,
a ridge.
Note. — Prof. Nicholson and others regard Tentaculites as
TuMcolous Annelides, Avhile M. Barrande assigns this
genus to the Pteropoda.
SUB-KINGDOM ANNULOIDA.
Class EcniNODEKMATA. Gr. echinos, a hedgehog; det^ma, skin.
Order Crinoidea. Gr. l-rinon, a 111}^; eidos, form.
Genus Glyptocrimis, Hall. Gr. yhqjtos, sculptured; krinon.
57 Gljqjtocrinus decadactylus, Hall. Gr. deka, ten ; daktulos, a finger.
58 Baeri, Meek.
59 Dyeri, Meek.
60 D^^eri, var sublevis, S. A. Miller. L. sub, somewhat; levis
smooth.
61 sub-globosus, Meek. L. sub, somewhat; globosus, spherical.
62 O'Nealli, Hall.
63 Parvus, Hall. L. jyarvus, little.
64 Fornshelli, S. A. Miller.
65 ShaflTeri, S. A. Miller.
66 angularis, Miller and Dyer. L. angularis, angular.
Genus Heterocrinus, Hall. Gr, heteros, irregular; krinon.
67 Heterocrinus constrictus. Hall. L. constrictus, contracted.
68 constrictus var. compactus, Meek. L. com^:)oc^Ms, compact.
69 exilis, Hall. L. exilis, thin.
70 exilis var. exiguus, Meek. L. exiguus, small, or slender.
71 simi)lex, Hall. L. simplex.^ simple.
72 simplex var. grandis, Meek, L. grandis, large.
73 juvenis, Hall. Jj. juvenis, JO^xng.
74 heterodactylus, Hall. Gr. heteros, irregular; daktulos, a
lino-er.
List of Lower Silurian Fossils, Cincinnati Group. 65
75 Heterocrinus laxus, Hall. L. laxits, loose.
76 sub-crassus, Hall. L, sub, somewhat; crassus, thick.
Genus Anomalocrinus, Meek and Worthen. Gr. anomalos, irregular;
Tcririon.
11 Auomalocriuus incurvus, Meek and Worthen. L, in, in; curvus,
curved.
Genus Poteriocrinus, Miller. Gy. looter ion, a wine cup; krinon.
Sub-genus Dendrocrinus, Hall. Gr. dendron, a tree; krinon.
78 Poteriocrinus Cincinnatiensis, Meek.
79 Dyeri, Meek.
80 pol3aIact\du§, Shumard. Gr. polus, manj^; daktidos, a finger.
81 posticus, Hall. L.pos^ic«s, behind.
82 Casei, Meek.
83 caduceus, Hall. L. cadicceus^ a herald's stafi'.
Order Cystoidea. Gr. Jcustis, a bladder; eidos, form.
Genus Lepocrinites, Conrad. Gr. lepis, a scale; krinon.
84 Lepocrinites Moorei, Meek.
Genus Agelacrinites, Vanuxem. Gr. agele, crowd; krinon.
85 Agelacrinites Cincinnatiensis, Eoemer.
86 pileus, Hall. L. pileus.^ a felt hat.
87 vorticellata. Hall. L. vortex, whorled.
88 Holbrooki, James.
89 septembrachiatus. Miller and Dyer. L. septem, seven;
brachiatus, armed.
Genus iic7ie/iocrmMS, Hall. Gr. Zetc^ew, lichen; krinon.
90 Lichenocrinus, Dyeri. Hall.
91 crateriforrais, Hall. L. crater, a bowl; forma, form.
92 tuberculatus, S. A. Miller.
Genus anomalocystites, Hall. Gr, anomalos, irregular; kustis.
93 Anomalocystites balanoides, Meek. Gr. ioZonos, an acorn; eidos.
Genus Ilemicystites, Hall. Gr. hemi, half; kustis.
94 Hemicystites stellatus, Hall. L. stellatus, star-shaped.
95 granulatus, Hall. L. granmn, a grain.
66 Cincinnati Society of Ifatural History.
Genus Cyclocystoides, Billings and Saltei'. Gr. kuMos, a circle; kus-
tis, a bladder; eidos.
96 Cj'clocystoides raagnus, Miller and Dyer. L. magnus, great.
97 minus, INIiller and Dyer. L. 7mnus^ less.
98 parvus. Miller and Dyer. L. parvus, small.
99 mundulus. Miller and Dyer. L. mundulus, neat.
100 bellulus, Miller and D3"er. L. bellulus, beautiful.
Order Asteroidea. Gr. aster, a star; eidos, form.
Genus PaZoea^^er, Hall. Gr. ^aZrtio.s-, ancient; aster.
101 Pala?aster Dyeri, Meek.
102 granulosus, Hall. L. granum, a grain.
103 incomptus, Meek. L. iticomptas. unadorned.
104 Jamesi, Dana.
105 Shafferi, Hall.
106 simplex, S. A. Miller. L. simplex, simple.
107 Clarki, S. A. Miller.
108 spinulosus, Miller and Dyer. L. sjnnulosus, full of little
spines.
Genus PalcBasterina., McCoy. Gr. j^ctlaios, ancient; aster, a star.
109 Paheasterina approximata, Miller and Dyer. L. ajjproximatus,
near to.
110 speciosa, Miller and Dyer. L. speciosus, strikingl}' beau-
tiful.
Genus Stenaster, Billings. Gr. stenos, narrow; aster.
111 Stenaster grandis. Meek. L. grandis, large.
Order Ophiukoidea. Gr. ophis, a serpent; oiira, tail; eidos.
Genus Protaster, Billings. Gr. protos, first; aster.
112 Protaster granuliferus, Meek. L. granum, a grain; fero, I bear.
113 flexuosus, Miller and Dyer. L,. flexKosiis, tortuous.
SUB-KINGDOM MOLLUSCA.
Class Cephalopoda. Gr. kephale, a head; pons, a foot.
Order Tetkabranchiata. Gr. tetra, four; bragckia, a gill.
This orderis divided into two divisions, ISfautilidae and Ammon/-
tidae. The Cephalopoda of the Cincinnati epoch belong to the ftxmily
Nautilidne. The following table from Woodward is an interesting ex-
hibit of ancieiit and moileru forms of the two families.
List of Lower Silurian Fossils, Cincinnati Group. 67
Nautilid^. Ammonitid^.
Shell straight in . . Orthoceras . . Baculites.
bent on itself in . Asoceras . . Pt^^choceras.
curved . . . Cyrtoceras . . Toxoceras.
spiral . . . Trochoceras . . Turrilites.
discoidal . . Gyroceras . . Crioceras.
discoidal and produced in Lituites . . Ancyloceras.
involute in . . Nautilus . , Ammonites.
Famil}' Orthocerafidoi. Gr. orthos, straight; keras, a horn.
Geuus Orthoceras, Breynius. Gr. orthos, keras.
114 Orthoceras amplicameratum, Hall. L. amjplus, large; camera,
an arch.
115 Carleyi, Hall and Whitfield.
116 Duseri, Hall and Whitfield.
117 juuceum, Hall. Jj. junceus, ViY\\%\\.
118 Ortoni, Meek.
119 turbidum, Hall and Whitfield. L. turbidus, disturbed.
120 Byrnesi, S. A. Miller.
121 Duryi, S. A. Miller.
122 Fosteri, S. A. Miller.
123 Halli, S. A. Miller.
124 Harperi, S. A. Miller.
125 Mohri, S. A. Miller.
126 transversum, S. A. Miller. L. trans, across; verto, I turn.
127 Cincinnatiensis, S. A. Miller.
Genus Ormoceras, Stokes. Gr. ormos, a chain or necklace; keras, a
horn.
128 Ormoceras tenuifilum, Hall. L. tenuis, fine; filmn, a thread.
Genus Endoceras, Hall. Gr. endon, within; keras.
129 Endoceras annulatum, Hall. L. annulatus, ringed.
130 approximatum, Hall. L. ad, proximo, I come near.
131 proteiforme, Hall. Gr. proteuo (protos), to be first; /orma.
132 subcentrale, Hall. L. sub, centrum, centre.
133 magniventrum, Hall. L. magniis, great; venter, belly.
Family Gomphoceratidoe. Gr. gomjthos, a club; keras.
Genus Gomphoceras, Sowerby. Gr. gomphos; keras.
134 Gomphoceras eos, Hall and Whitfield. Gr. eos, dawn.
Family Phragmoceratidce. Gr. phragmos, a partition; keras.
68 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.
Genus Phragmoceras,'&Yodev\^. Gr. phragmos ; keras.
135 Phragmoceras Hector, Billings. Mythological.
Family Lituitidce. L. litmcs, a trumpet.
Genus Trocholites, Conrad. Gr. troches, circular; lithos, a stone.
136 Trocholites ammonius, Conrad. L. Ammon, a name of Jupiter.
Fossil named from resemblance to the horns on the statue.
Family Trochoceratidce. Gr. trochos, a wheel; keras. ,
Genus Trochoceras, Barrande. Gr. trochos ; keras.
137 Trochoceras Baeri, Meek and Wortheu.
Famil}^ Cyrtocerafidce. Gr. kurtos, curved; keras.
Genus Cyrtoceras, Goldfuss. Gr. ^-wr^os, curved; keras.
138 Cyrtoceras Vallandighami. S. A. Miller.
139 magister, S. A. Miller. L. magister, a leader.
140 ventricosum, S. A. Miller. L. ventricosus, bulging out.
141 amoenum, S. A. Miller. L. amoeniis, charming.
Class Gasteropoda. Gr. gaster, stomach; j^ous, j^odos, foot.
Order Prosobranchiata. Proson, before; bragchia, a gill.
Family Muricidm. L. murex, muricis, a shell-fish.
Genus Fusispira, Hall. Jj.fusus, a spindle; S2)ira, a spire.
142 Fusispira^ subfusiformis, Hall. L. sub, fusus, forma.
143 • terebriformis, Hall. L. terebra, an angnv; forma.
Order EniPHiDOGLOssA. Hhipis, rhip)idos, a fan; glossa, tongue.
Family Bellerophontid^. M^'thological.
Genus Bellerophon, Montfort. M3-thological.
144 Bellerophon bilobatus, Sowerby. L. bis, twice; Gr. lobos, a lobe.
145 Mohri, S. A. Miller.
Genus Bucania, Hall. Gr. bukane, a trumpet.
146 Bucania expansa, Hall. L. expansus, spread.
147 bidorsata, Hall. L. bis, twice; dorsum, ridge.
148 costata, James. L. costatus, ribbed.
Genus Carinaropsis, Hall. L. carina, a keel; Gr. opsis, appearance.
149 Carinaropsis patelliformis, Hall. lu. patella, dish; forma.
List of Loicer Silurian Fossils, Cincinnati Group. 69
Genus Cyrtolites, Conrad. Gr. kurtos, curved; lithos, stone.
150 Cyrtolites earinatus, S. A. Miller. L. carina, a keel.
151 corapressus, Conrad. L. conipressus, pressed.
152 Dyeri, Hall.
153 ornatus, Conrad, L. ornatus, adorned.
154 elegans, S, A. Miller. L. eleyans, beautiful.
155 magnus, S. A. Miller. L. magaus, great.
Genus J/icroceras, Hall. Gr. micros, small; keras, horn.
156 Microceras inornatum, Hall. L. inornatus, unadorned.
157 luinutissimuni, Ulricli. L. rninutissimus, least.
Famil}' Pleurotornariidce. Giv. pleuron, side; tome, notch.
Genus MtircMsonia, D'Archiac. Named in honor of Sir R. J. Mur-
chison.
158 Murchisonia augustata, Hall. L. augustus, narrow.
159 Milleri, Hall.
160 gracilis, Hall. L. gracilis, slender.
161 Ijellicincta, Hall. It. bellus, \:>veUy; cinctus, handed.
162 perangulata, Hall. L. ^jer, through ; angulus, angle.
163 uniangulata, Hall. L. unus, one: an'/uluj.
164 decurta. Hall. L. decurtus, cut short.
Genus Pleurotomaria, De France.
165 Pleurotomaria ambigua, Hall. L. amhiguus, doubtful.
166 carinata, -lames. L. carina, a keel.
167 Halli, S. A. Miller.
168 sub-conica, Hall. L. sub; conus, a cone.
169 subtilstriata, Hall. L. subtilis, fine; stria, a ridge.
170 tropidophora, Meek. Gr. tropis, tropidos, a keel; phero,
I bear.
171 Ohioensis, James. (For trilineata, which was pre-occupied.)
Genus Trochonema, Salter. Gr. trochos, circular; neraa, a thread.
172 Trochonema umbilicatum, Hall. L. umbilicus, the navel.
Genus Baj^histoma, Hall. Gr. rapho, I sew; tome, a notch.
173 Raphistoma lenticulare, Conrad. L. lenticularia, like a lentil.
174 planistria, Hall. Jj. planus, even; stria.
Family Turbinidw. L. turbo, a top.
Genus Cyclora, Hall. Gr. kuklos, a circle; L. as, oris, mouth.
175 Cyclora ? Hoffmani, S. A. Miller.
70 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.
176 C3'clora miuuta, Hall. L. mimitus, small.
177 parvula, Hall, L. parvulus, dim. of parvus, small.
178 depressa, Ulrich. L. depressus, depressed.
Genus Cyclonema, Hall. Gr. huklos, a circle; nema, thread.
179 Cyclonema bilix, Hall. L. bilix, a double thread,
ISO conicum, S. A. Miller. L. conus, a cone.
181 liuctuatum, James. Jj. Jluctuatus, waved.
182 Montrealensis, Billings.
183 percarinatum, Hall. h. per, carina.
184 Phsedra, Billings. Mythological.
185 pyramidatum, James. L. pyramidatus, pyramidal.
186 varicosum, Hall. L. varicosus, full of veins or ridges.
187 ventricosum, Hall. L. ventricosus, swollen.
188 minus, James. L. minor, less.
189 transversum, Ulrich. L. transversus, transverse.
Genus Ilolopea, Hall. Gr. holos, entire; ope, aperture.
190 Holopea paludinaformis, Hall. h. paludina, a river snail ;/o>•mr^
191 obliqua, Hall. L. obliquus., awry.
Class Petropoda. Gr. pteron, a wing; pous, podos^ a foot.
Order Thecosomata. Gr. theke, a sheath; soma., body.
Family Conulariidcc. L. conulus, a little cone.
Genus Conularia. L. conulus.
192 Conularia papillata, Hall. L. papilla.^ a nipple.
193 Trentonensis, Hall.
194 formosa, Miller and Dyer. L. formosus, beautiful.
Class Lamellibranchiata. L. lamella, a plate; Gr. bragchia, gill.
Division Asiphonata. Gr. a, not; sijyhon., a tube.
Family Ambonychiidoe. Gr. ambon, the umbone; onuchs, :i tnk)n.
Genus Ambonychia, Hall.
195 Ambon^'chia costata, James. L. costatus, ribbed.
196 Casei, Meek and Worthen.
197 bellastriata, Hall. L. bellus, pretty; .stria, a ridge.
198 obtusa, Hall. L. obtusus, blunt.
199 radiata, Hall. L. radiatus, having ra^'s.
200 retrorsa, S. A. Miller. L. retrorsus, turned back.
List of Lower Silurian Fossils, Cincinnati Group. 71
Genus Anomalodonta., S. A. Miller. Gr. nnomalos, irregular; odous,
odontos, a tooth.
201 Auomalodouta gigantea, S. A. Miller. Gr. gigas, large.
202 alata, Meek. L. alatus, winged.
Family Arcidm. L. area, a chest.
Genus, J/e^rt»«6o;uV(, Billings. Gr. megas, great; ambon (L. umbo).
203 Megambonia, Jamesi, Meek.
Genus Tellinomya., Hall. Gr. telline, a shell-fish; niyax, a mussel.
204 Telliuomya Cincinnatiensis, Hall.
205 gibbosa, Hall. L. gibbosus, humped.
206 Hilli, S. A. Miller.
207 levata, Hall. L. levatus, polished.
208 obliqua, Hall. L. obliquus, awry.
209 pectunculoides, Hall. L. pectiinculus, dim. pecten., a small
scallop; Gr. eidos, form.
210 cingulata, Ulrich. L. cingulus, a girdle.
Genus Cyrtodonta, Billings. Gr. kurtos, curved; odous., a tooth.
211 Cyrtodonta (Cypricardites) Hindi, Billings.
Family Trigoniidoi. Gr. treis, three; gonia, an angle.
Genus Lyrodesma, Conrad. Gr. lura, a lyre; desma, ligament.
212 Lj'rodesma planum, Conrad, L. ^jZo«m.s, even or flat.
213 Cincinnatiensis, Hall.
214 postriatum, Conrad. L. ^:>os^, after; s^rir?, a ridge.
Division Siphonata, Gr. siphon, a tube.
Family CyjJrinidos. Gr. Kupris, Venus.
Genus Cycloconcha, S. A. Miller. Gr. kuklos, circle; kogche^ a mussel.
215 Cyclocoucha mediocardinalis, S.. A. Miller. L. medius, the middle;
cardinalis, relating to tlie hinge.
Genus Cypricardites, Conrad. Gr. Kupris, Venus; kardia, heart.
216 C3'pricardites carinata. Meek. L. carina, a keel.
217 Hainesi, 8. A. Miller.
218 Sterlingensis, Meek and Worthen.
219 sub-truncata, Hall. L. sub, somewhat; truncatus, cut off".
220 ventricosa, Hall. L. ventricosus, swollen, inflated.
221 quadrangularis, Whitfield. L. quatuor, four; anguliis, corner.
72 CiiicinnaU Society of Natural Hhtory.
Genus CUdophorns, Hall. Gr. kleis, a bolt; phero^ I bear.
222 Clidophorus fabiilus, Hall, \j.fahxda, a small bean.
223 planulatus, Conrad. L. ^ZanitZa, a small plane.
224 major, Ulrich. L. major, greater.
Family Anatinidoi. L. anatinus, pertaining to a duck.
Genus Cunearaya, Hall and Whitfield. L. cxneus, a wedge; Gr. mi/ax^
a mussel.
225 Cuneamya Miamiensis, Hall and Whitfield.
226 scapha, Hall and Whitfield. L. scapha, a skiff.
227 curta, Whitfield. L. curtus, cut off.
228 ampla, Ulrich. L. amplus, large.
Family Pteriniidce. Gr. pteron, a wing.
Genus Pterlnea, Goldfuss.
229 Pterinea demissa, Conrad. L. demisstis, lowered.
230 insueta, Conrad. L. insuetus, unusual.
231 corrugata, James. L. corrugatus, wrinkled.
232 Welchi, James.
Family Mytiliidoi. L. mytilus, a mussel.
Genus Anodontopsis, McC'oy. Gr. a, not; odous, a tooth; ops/g, ap-
pearance.
233 Anodontopsis, Milled. Meek.
234 unionoides, Meek. L. unio, a pearl; eidos, form.
Genus modiolojysis, Hall. L. modiolus, a small measure; o;js/.v, appear-
ance.
235 Modiolopsis anodontoides, Conrad. Gr. a, not; odous, eidos.
236 Cincinnatiensis, Hall and Whitfield.
237 concentrica, Hall and Whitfield. L. con; centrum, the center.
238 curta, Hall. L. curfus, shortened.
239 faba, Conrad, lu.faba, a bean.
240 modiolaris, Conrad. L. modiolus, a measure.
241 nasuta, Conrad. L. iiasutus, long nosed.
242 pholadiformis, Foster and Whitney. Gr. p)holas, a borer:
forma .^ form.
243 terminalis, Hall. L. ^erm/»r<Z/cS, pertaining to the boundary.
244 truncata, Hall. L. truncatus, cut short.
245 .Versaillesensis, S. A. Miller.
List of Lover Silnrian Fossils, Cincinnati Grovp. 73
Family, Orthonotidce. Gr. orthos, straight; L, 7iota, a mark.
Genus, Orthonota, Conrad.
2-46 Oi'thonota plioladis, Conrad. Gr. pholas, a boring mollusk.
Genus Orthodesmn, Hall and Whitfield. Gr. orthos, straight; desma,
ligament.
247 Orthodesma contractum. Hall. L. contractus, contracted.
248 parallelum, Hall. L. paraUelus, parallel.
249 rectum. Hall and Whitfield. L. rectus, straight.
250 curvatum, Hall and Whitfield. L. curvatus, curved.
251 Mickelboroughi, Whitfield.
252 subovale, Ulrich. L. sub, somewhat; ovalis, oval.
Genus Sed(jirickia, McCoy. In honor of Prof. Sedgwick,
253 Sedgwickia compressa. Meek. L. compressus, pressed.
254 divaricata, Hall and Whitfield. L. divaricatiis, spread apart.
255 fragilis, Meek. L. fragilis, fragile.
256 neglecta. Meek. L. ueglectus, slighted.
257 lunulata, Whitfield. L. lunula, a small moon.
Family Cardiomorphidae, Hall. Gr. kardia^ a heart; morphe, form.
Genus C ardiomorpha, De Koninck.
258 Cardiomorpha obliquata, Meek. L. obliquatus^ awry.
SUB-KINGDOM MOLLUSCOIDA.
Class Brachiopoda. Gr. brancMon, arm; pous, podos, foot.
" These arms were formerly supposed to take the place of feet. They
are, however, essentially breathing organs; consequently the term Bran-
rJiiobranchiata (arm-breathers) has been proposed for the erroneous
one of Brachiopod'i. (arm-footed)." — W^oodward.
Prof. E. S. Morse has furnished evidence, from a study of the em-
bryonic forms of the Brachiopoda^ to show that this class is nearly
related to the Annelida,
Order Arthropomata. Gr. arthron, a joint; j^orna, a lid or cover.
Family Orthidce. Gr. oi tlips, straight.
Genus Or this, Dalman,
259 Orthis bellula, James, L. bellulus, beautiful.
260 borealis, Billings, L. borealis, northern.
74 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.
261 Orthis centrilineata, Hall. L. centrum, centre; Uneatus, lined.
262 Clj^tie, Hall. Mythological.
263 costata, Hall. L. costatus, ribbed.
264 testiulinaria, Dalman. L. testudo, a tortoise.
265 testudinaria var. c^'clus, James. Gr. kuJclos, a circle.
0(36 var. jugosa, James. L. Jm^/o^^s, mountainous.
267 var. multisecta. James. L. multus, mucli ; sectus, cut.
268 emacerata, Hall. L. emaceratus, thiu.
269 var. Meeki, S. A. Miller.
270 dichotoma. Hall. Gr. dicha, asunder; temno, I cut.
271 disparilis, Conrad. L. dispariUs, dissimilar.
272 Ella, Hall.
273 erratica. Hall. L. erro, I wander.
274 fissicosta, Hall. L. fissits, split ; casta, a rib.
275 insculpta, Hall. L. insculptus, engraven.
276 Morrowensis, James.
277 occidentalis. Hall. L. occidentalism western.
278 orthambonites. Pander. Gr. orthos, straight; cimhon (L.
umbo), umbone.
279 pectinella, Hall. Jj. pecten, ii com]:).
280 Jamesi, Hall.
281 perveta, Conrad. L.^^erre^^M^, very old.
282 plicatella, Hall. L. plico, I fold.
283 retrorsa, Salter. L. retrorsus, turned back.
284 sinuata, Hall. L. sinaatus, curved.
285 subquadrata, Hall. L. sub, quadratus, square.
286 triplicatella, Meek. L. tris, three; pZ^'co, I fold.
287 (Z3'gospira?) sectastriata, Ulrich. L. sectus, cut ; stf'i,i,
ridge.
288 biforata, Schlotheim. L. biforus, having two openings.
289 biforata, var. 13'ux, Von Buch. L. lyux, a l^'nx.
290 var. laticostata, James. L. latirs^ broad; costa^ a rib.
291 var. dentata, Pander. L. den tat us, toothed.
292 var. acutilirata, Conrad. L. acutus^ sharp; lira, a ridge.
293 var. crassa, James. L. cimssus, thick,
294 var. cypha, James. Gr. kuphos, bent.
295 var. acuminata, James. L. acuminatus, shaii?ened.
NoTK. — The opinions of the ablest Palaeontologists were
received in making most of the varieties here noted.
O. jjrofundo-sulcata,X)wen; 0. injtaia, James; O. pro-
longata, James, and O. annieana, James, are con-
sidered sj-nonyms of species above named.
List of Loii.-er Silurian dossils, Cincinnati Group. 75
Family BJiynchoneUidce. Gr. rlmgchos, a beak.
Genus Ji?iynchonella, Fischei*.
296 Rli3-uchoiiella capax, Courad. L. cajuix, large.
297 dentata, Hall. L. dei,is, a tooth.
298 perlamellosa, Whitfield. L. per ; lamella, a thin plate.
Family Spiriferidoi. L. spira, a spire ; fero, I carr3\
Genus Tremafospira, Hall. Gr. frema, a foramen; spira.
300 Trematospira quadriplicata, S. A. Miller. L. quatuor, four; ^^Z/co,
I fold.
301 granulifera, Meek. L. granum^a, gvix.\n\fero.
Genus Zygospira. Hall. Gr. zugon, a 3'oke; L. spira.
302 Zygospira Ciucinnatieusis, James._
303 modesta, Say. L. modestus, small.
304 modesta rar. Kentuckyensis, James.
305 Headi, Billings.
306 concentrica, Ulrich. L. concentricus, having a common
center.
Family StrophomenidcB. Gr. strojihos, bent; ynene, crescent.
Genus Strophomena., Rafinesque.
307 Sti'ophomena alternata, Conrad. L. alternus, alternating.
308 Alternata, var. alternistriata, Hall. L. alternus; striatns, ribbed.
309 var. fracta, Meek. L. f range, I break.
310 var. loxorhytis, Meek. Gr. loxos, oblique; rhutis, wrinkle.
311 var. nasuta, Conrad. L. nasutus, long nosed.
312 squamula, James. L. sqnamula, a little scale.
313 declivis, James. L. declivis, sloping.
314 Philomela, Billings. Mythological.
315 tenuiiineata, Conrad. L. tenuis, fine; lineatus, lined.
316 rhomboidalis, Wilckens. Gr, rhombos, a rhombus ; eidos.
317 Ulrichi, James.
Note. — S.tenuistriata,Sowerhy; S. rugosa, Hisinger; and
S. gibbosa, James, are considered synonj^ms of S.
rhomboidalis.
Genus Strep)torhynclius^ King. Gr. streptos, twisted ; rhugchos, beak.
318 Streptorhynchus piano convexus, Hall. L. planus.^ even ; con-
vexHs, convex.
319 planumbonus, Hall. L. jjlamis; umbo, the umbones.
320 filixtextus. Hall. L.^/?/iim, a thread; textus, ^\o\eB.
76 Cincinnali Society of Natural History.
321 Streptorhjnchus sulcatus, DeVerneuil. L. sulcatus, furrowed.
322 sinuatus, Emmons. L. sinuatus, curved.
323 nutans, James. L. nuto, I bend.
324 subtentus, Conrad. L. sabtentus, somewhat distended.
325 Hallianus, S. A. Miller.
Note. — 8. neglectus, James, is regarded as a synonym of
S. Jilixtextus, Hall; S. elongatns, James, and S.
vetust'us, James, oi! S. 2^i'-^'>i^umbonus, Hall; S. x>licaius.
James, and *S'. apiJroxiniatus, James, of S. subtextub^
Conrad.
Genus Leptwna, Dalman. Gr. leptos, straight or narrow.
326 Leptrena sericea, Sowerby. L. sericeus, silken.
327 var. aspera, James, L. asper, rough.
Order Lyopomata. Gr. liio, I loosen; poma, a lid.
Family Craniidce. Gr. kranos^'a helmet.
Genus Crania, Retzius.
328 Crania Dyeri, S. A. Miller.
329 Loelia, Hall. Mythological.
330 multipunctata, S. A. Miller. L. multics^ many ; punyo, I
puncture.
331 scabiosa, Hall. L. scabiosus, scabby.
332 reticularis, S. A. Miller. L. reticulum, a little net.
333 parallela, Ulrich. L. parallelus, parallel.
334 percarinata, Ulrich. L. per, through ; carina, a keel.
335 socialis, Ulrich. L. socialis, associated.
Genus Schizocrania, Hall and Whitfield. Gr. schizo, I separate;
Tcranos.
336 Schizocrania filosa, Hall. L. jilum, a thread.
Genus Pholidops, Hall. Gr. plioleo, I bore; ops, appearance.
337 Pholidops Cinciunatiensis, Hall.
Family Discinidce. L. dis, asunder; scindo, I split.
Genus Discina, Lamark.
338 Discina tenuistriata, Ulrich. L. tenuis, fine; stria, a ridge.
339 sublamellosa, Ulrich. L. sub, somewhat; lamella^ a smalj
plate or seal.
List of Lower Silurian Fossils, Cincinnati Group. 77
Genus Trematis, Sharpe. Gr. trema, a foramen.
340 Trematis millepunctata, Hall. L. mille, a thousand; pungo, I
puncture.
341 punctostriata, Hall. h. pungo; ^^r^'a, a ridge.
342 terminalis, Conrad. L. terminalis, pertaining to the bound-
ary.
343 Dyeri, S. A. Miller.
Family LingtUida\ L. lingula, a little tongue.
Genus Lingitla, Brugiuere.
344 Lingula Covington ensis, Hall and Whitfield.
Genus Lingulell'U, Salter.
345 Lingulella attenuata, Sowerby. L. attennatus, thin.
340 Norwoodi, James.
347 riciniformis, Hall. L. ricinus^ a tick; forma.
348 Van Horni, S. A. Miller.
349 Cincinnatiensis, Hall and Whitfield.
Genus Leptohulus, Hall. Gr. leptos^ thin; obolus, a coin.
350 Leptobulus lepis, Hall. L. lejns, a scale.
Class PoLYZoA. Gv. 2>olus, many; zoon, an animal.
Order Gymnolcemata. Gr. gumnos, naked; Zomo^, throat.
Famil}^ EscharicUe. Gr. eschara, a grate.
Genus Ptilodyctia, Lonsdale. Qtv. ptilon, a feather; dictuon,^ net.
351 Ptilodyctia acuminata, James. L. acuminatus^ sharpened.
352 elegantula. Hall. L. elegans, beautiful.
353 emacerata, Nicholson. L. emaceratus, reduced.
354 falciformis, Nicholson. L. falx, a sickle; forma.
355 fenestelliformis, Nicholson. L. fenestella, a little window;
forma.
356 fragilis, Billings. Li. frag His. fragile.
357 flagellum, Nicholson, \j.flagellmn, a whip or young branch.
358 fiexuosa, James. L. fexuosus, winding.
359 granulosa, James. L. grannni, a grain.
360 Hilli, James.
361 maculata, Ulrich. L. maculatus, spotted.
362 nitidula, Billings. L. nitidulus, somewhat shining.
363 parallela, James. L. parallelus, parallel.
364 perelegans, Ulrich. L. ^e?*, through ; eZegra^s, elegant.
365 plumaria, James. L. pluniarius, resembling feathers.
366 Shafteri, Meek.
78 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.
Genus Helopora, Hall. Gr. helos, a uail; poros. a pore.
367 Helopora arctipora, Nicholson. L. arctus^ narrow; poros.
368 dendrina, James, Gr. dendron, a tree.
369 Meeki, James.
370 pai'vula, James. L. parvulus.^ very small.
371 tenuis, James. L. tenuis, slender.
Family Tuhuliporida\ L. tuhulus, a little tube; poros.
Genus Ceramopora, Hall. Gr. keramos, a tile; poros.
372 Ceramopora alternata, James. L. alternatus, alternating.
373 ? Beani, James.
374 incrustans, Hall. L. inc7'ustanSy incrusting,
375 irregularis, James. L. irregularis^ irregular.
376 Nicholsoni, James.
377 Ohioensis, James.
Genus Cyclopora, Prout. Gr. kuldos.^ a circle; poros.
378 Cyclopora Jamesi, Prout.
Geuus Callopora, Hall. Gr. ^v^ZZos, beautiful; poros.
379 Callopora Cincinnatiensis, Ulrich.
Family Crisiidce. Gr. krisis, a dividing.
Genus Alecto, Lamouroux. Mj^thological.
380 Alecto auloporoides, Nicholson, Gr. aulos, a tube; ])oros, eidos.
381 arachnoidea, Hall. Gr. arachne, a spider's web; eidos.
382 confusa, Nicholson. L. confusus, disorderly,
383 frondosa, James. Li.frondosus, like a leaf.
384 nexilis, James. L. nexilis, wreathed.
Genus Tlippothoa.^ Lamouroux. Mythological.
385 Hippothoa inflata. Hall. L. inflates, inflated.
386 delicatula, James. L. delicatnlus, delicate.
Family Reteporidce. Gr. rete, a net; /^oros^ a pore.
Genus Retejjora, Lamark.
387 Retepora angulata. Hall. L. atujulatus, having angles.
SUB-KINGDOM CCELENTERATA.
Class Polypi. Gy. polus, many; pous, podos, foot.
Order Alcyonaria. Mj^thological.
Family GraptolitidcB. Gr. grapho^l write; lithos, a stone.
Genus Graptolithus, Linnjeus.
388 Graptolithus gracilis, Hall. L. gracilis, slender.
List of Lower Silurian Fossils, Cincinnati Group. • 79
Genus Cliinacograptus, Hall. Gr. kliniax, a ladder; grapJio.
389 Climacograptus typicalis, Hall. Gr. tupikos, typical.
390 bicornis, Hall. L. bicornis, having two horns.
Genus Jfegalogrtiptus, S, A. Miller. Gr. viegas, greaf; fjrapho.
391 JMegalograptus Welchi, S. A. INIiller.
Genus Dictyograptus, Ulrich. Gr. dictiion, a net; grapho.
392 Dictyograptus reticulatus, Ulrich. L. reticulatus. reticulated.
Order Zoantharia. Gr. zoon, an animal; anthos, a flower.
Famih^ Cyathophyllida;. Gr. kuathos, a cup; phullon, a leaf.
Genus PaUeophyllum, Billings. Gv. palaios, ancient; phullon.
393 Pala^ophyllum divaricans, Nicholson. L. divarico, I spread.
Genus Strep)telasma, Hall. Gr. strejjho, I twist; elasma, a plate.
394 Streptelasma corniculum, Hall. L. corniculus, a little horn.
Family Favositidm. Jj.favus, a honey-comb.
Genus Alveolites^ Laraark. L. alveolus, a hollow A'essel.
395 Alveolites granulosus, James. L. granulosus, full of granules.
Genus, Choitetes, Fischer. Gr. chaite.^ a bristle.
396 Chsetetes approximatus, Nicholson. L. ad; proximo, I come near.
397 Briareus, Nicholson. Mythological (a giant with a hundred
arms).
398 calyculus, James. L. calyculus, a little bud.
399 Cincinnatiensis, James.
400 clavacoideus, James. L. clava, a club; Gr. eidos, form.
401 clathratulus, James. L. clathra, a grate.
402 corticaus, Nicholson. L. cortex, bark.
403 crustulatus, James. L. crustula, dim. of crusta, a crust.
404 Dalei, Edwards and Haime.
405 delicatulus, Nicholson. L. delicatus, slender.
406 discoideus, James. Gr. diskos, a disk; eidos, form.
407 Fletcheri, Edwards and Haime.
408 filiasa, D'Orbigny. Probabh' not found iu this group.
409 frondosus, D'Orbign}^ L. /rowcZosM^, full of leaves.
410 gracilis, James. L. gracilis, slender.
411 Jamesi, Nicholson.
412 l^xoperdon, SaA'. Gr. lukos, a wolf; perdo, to break wind.
Note. — This species, lycoperdon, formerly, included many
corals which are now described under other specific
names.
80 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.
413 Chffitetes mammulatns, Edwards and Haime, L. mamma, a teat.
414 Newberryi, Nicholson.
415 nodulosus, Nicholson. L. nodus, a knot.
416 O'Nealli, James.
417 Oi'toni, Nicholson.
418 papillatus, McCoy. L. papilla, a nipple.
419 pavonia, D'Orbigny. L. paro, or pavonia, a genus of re-
cent polyps.
420 petechialis, Nicholson. L. petechiale, a small spot.
421 petropolitanus, Pander. Gr. petros^ a stone; L. politus^
adorned.
422 pulchellus, Edwards and Haime. L. ^j?<ic^e???<«, beautiful.
423 quadratus, Rominger. L. quadratics, quadrate.
424 rugosus, Edwards and Haime. L. rugosus, wrinkled.
425 sigillaroides, Nicholson. L. sigillum, a seal; eidos.
426 subpulchellus, Nicholson. L. sub; pulchellus, beautiful.
427 calceolus, Miller and Dyer. L. calceolus, a little shoe.
428 compressus, Ulrich. L. compressus, compressed.
429 subglobosus, Ulrich. L. sub, somewhat; glohosus, round.
430 granuliferus, Ulrich. L. granura, a grain ; fero, I bear.
431 rectus, Ulrich. L. rectus., straight.
432 venustus, Ulrich. L. venustus, graceful.
Genus DeKayia, Edwards & Haime. Proper name.
433 DeKayia rainuta, Ulrich. \j. minutus, vamuiQ.
434 aspera, Edwards and Haime. L. asper, rough.
435 aspera var. attrita, Nicholson. L. attritus, rubbed.
Genus Columnopora, Nicholson. L. columna, a column; poros, a pore.
436 Columnopora cribriformis, Nicholson. L. cribrum, a sieve; forma.
(Houghtonia) Huronica, Rominger.
Genus Favistella, Hall. L.faous, a honey-comb; stella, a star.
437 Favistella stellata, Hall. L. stellatus, starred.
Genus Favosites, Lamark. Jj.favus.
438 Favosites Gothlandica. Lamark.
Genus Stellipora, Hall. L. stella, a star; poros.
439 Stellipora antheloidea, Hall. Gr. anthele, a flower; eidos.
440 polystomella, Nicholson. Gr. poZ^s, many ; stoma, a month.
441 plana, Ulrich. L. jdanus, even.
List of Loiver Silnrian Fossils, Cincinnati Group. 81
Genus Tetradium, Dana. Gr. tetradeion, four.
442 Tetradium minus, Safford. L. minus, less.
443 columnare, Hall. L. columna, a column.
Family PoritidcB. Gr. j^oros, a pore.
Genus Protarea, Edwards and Haime. Gr. j^ofos, first; araios, porous.
444 Protaroa vetusta, Edwards and Haime. L. vetustus, old.
Family 3fineporidce. L. nu'lle, a thousand; Gr. ^9o/'o.9.
Genus Fistulipora, McCoy. L.fstula, a pipe; Gr. poros, a pore.
445 Fistulipora flabellata, Ulrieh. L. Jlabellum, a fan.
446 robusta, Ulrieh. L. robustus, strong.
447 Vmultipora, James. L. multus, many; Gr. poro.s\
Genus Crateripora, Ulrieh. Gr. Tcrater, a cup; poros.
448 Crateripora erecta, Ulrieh. L. erectus, erect.
449 lineata, Ulrieh. L. lineatus.^ lined.
450 expansa, Ulrieh. L. expansus, expanded.
SUB-KINGDOM PROTOZOA.
Class Rhizopoda. Gr. rhiza, a root; pious, jjodos, a foot.
Order Spoxgida. Gr. sjioggos (L. sjjongia), a sponge.
Genus Astylospongia.^ Eoemer. Gr. a, not; stulos, a pillar; spoggos.
451 Astylospongia foveolata, James. Jj. fovea, a pit; latus, broad.
452 tumida, James. L. tumidus, swollen.
Genus Jficro.'ijJongia^ Miller and Dj^er. Gr. miki'os., small; sjjoggos,
a sponge.
453 Microspongia gregaria, Miller and D3er. L. gregarius, of a flock.
Genus Stromatopora, Goldfuss. Gr. stroma, spread out; poros.
454 Stromatopora papillata, James. L. papilla, a teat.
455 Lj'oni, James.
456 Cincinnatiensis, James.
IXCERTA SEDES.
457 Paseeolus, Billings, lu. 2)asceolus, a purse.
458 Claudei, S. A. Miller.
459 Darwini, S. A. Miller.
l>!oT:E.—Pasceo?Ks has been referred by some authorities to
the Sponges, and by others to the Cystidians.
82 Cincinnati Society of Natural Historij.
VEGETABLE KINGDOM.
SVB-KINGDOMS:
I. PHCENOGAINIIA. Gr. p/ta«?io, I appear; gamos, marriage; also
called Flowering Plants.
II. CRYPTOGAMIA. Gr. kniptos, hidden; yamos; also called
Flowerless Plants,
The geological record of the Cincinnati epoch has not furnished any
evidence of the existence of Phoenogamous plants.
SUB-KINGDOM CRYPTOGAMIA.
Class AcKOGENS. Gr. akros^ the summit; (jennao, to produce.
Order Equisetace^e. L. equus, a horse ; seta, stitf hair.
Genus SphenophyUum, Brongniart. Gr. sphen, wedge-shaped; phnllo)i,
a leaf.
460 SphenophyUum primsevum, Lesquereux. L.^jr/mHA% first; cevum^
age.
Order LYCOPooiACEiE. Gr. lukos, a wolf; pons, jyodos^ foot.
Genus Psilophyton, Dawson. Gr. psilos, naked; phuton, a plant or tree.
461 Psilophyton gracillimura, Lesquereux. L. yracillimus, most slen-
der.
Genus Protostigma^ Lesquereux. Gr. protos, first; stigma, a dot.
462 Protostigma sigillaroides, Lesquereux. L. sigillum, a seal;
eidos, form.
Class Thallogens. Gr. thallos, a green branch; gettnao, to produce.
Order Alg^:, L. alga, sea weed.
Genus Buthotrephis, Hall. Gr. buthos,t\iQ depth of the sea; trejyho, I
grow.
463 Buthotrephis gracilis, Hall. L. gracilis, slender.
464 gracilis var. crassa, Hall. L, crassus, coarse.
465 ramulosa, S. A. Miller. L. ramulosus, full of little boughs.
466 succulosa, Hall. L. .s^^c'c^.s-, juice, from the succulent branches.
Genus Palaiophycus, Hall. Gr. palaios, ancient; phukos, a sea weed.
467 Pahvophj'cus tubuhire, Hall. L. tubnhis, a little tube.
List of Loicer Silurian Fossils, Cincinnati Group. 83
Genus Ru.sophycus^ Hall. Gr. rusos, wrinkled; j)hHkos.
468 Rusopli^a^us bliobatum, Hall. L. bis, twice; Gr. lobos, a lobe.
469 pudicum, Hall. L. pudicus, Anrtuous or unadorned.
470 asperum, Miller and D^-er. L. asper, rough.
Genus Blastophycus, Miller and Dyer. Gr. hlastos, a bud; phukos.
471 Blastopbycus diadematum, Miller and Dyer. L. diadematus,
wearing a diadem.
Genus Trichophycus, Mill.er and Dj-er. Gr. thrix (gn. trichos), hair;
phukos.
472 Trichoph^'cus lanosuni, Miller and Dyer. L. lanosus^ wooU}'.
Genus Licrophycus^ Billings.
473 Licrophycus flabellum, Miller and Dyer. Jj. Jlabelluni, a fan.
Genus Conostichus, Lesquereux. Gr. konos, a cone; stichos, a row.
474 Conostichus truncatus, Ulrich. L. truncatus, cut short.
Genus Arthraria, Hall. Gr. arthron, a joint.
475 Arthraria biclavata, S. A. Miller. L. bis, twice; clava, a club.
Kullipores — These were algce having calcareous secretions. They
differ from corals in having no pores or cells.
ADDENDA.
19 a Lichas Harrisi, S. A. Miller.
108 a PaliBaster longibrachiatus, S. A. Miller. L. longus, long;
brachiatus, armed.
84 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.
CLAS SI FI C ATI ON.
ANIMAL KINGDOM:
SUB -KINGDOMS : I. VERTEBRATA ; 11. ANNULOSA
III. ANNULOIDA ; IV. MOLLUSCA ; V. MOLLUS-
COIDA ; VI. CCELENTERATA ; VII. PROTOZOA.
ANNULOSA.
Class Crustacea ; Sub-Class Entomosteaca.
I. Order Triloblta ; Genera Calynimene, Acidas2ns, Asaphus, Ce-
raurKS, Dalmanites, Proetus, Lichas, Triart/irus, Trmucleus.
II. Order Phyllopoda ; Genus Beyrichia.
III. Order Ostracoda ; Genera Leperditia, Cythere.
Class Annelida.
I. Order Errantia ; Genera Walcottia, Nereidavus.^ Eotrophonia^
I'rotosGolex, S eolith us.
II. Order Tubicola ; Genera ConchicoUtes, Serpulites^ Spirorbis,
Tentaculites.
ANNULOIDA.
Class ECHINODERMATA.
I. Order Crinoidea ; Genera Glyptocrinus, Heterocrinus, Anomalo-
crinus, Poteriocrinus.
II. Order Cystoidea ; Genera Lepocrinites., A gelacri7iites, Licheno-
crinus, Anomalocystites, Hemicystites., Clyclocystoides.
III. Order Asteroidea ; Genera Palceaster, Pala'sferina, Steuaster.
IV. Order Ophiuroidea ; Genus Protaster.
MOLLUSCA.
Class Cephalopoda ; Division Nautilid^.
I. Order Tetrabranchiata.
Famil}' Orthoceratidoi ; Genera Orthoceras^ Endoceras.
Famil}' (iomphoceratidoe, ; Genus Gomplioceras.
Family Phragmoceratidoi ; Genus Phrafjnioceras.
Family Lituitidoi ; Genus Trocholites.
Family T'rochoceratidoi ; Genus Trochoceras.
Family Cyrtoceratida' ; Genus Cyrtoceras.
Lint of Lower Silurian Fossils, Cincinnati Group. 85
Class Gasteropoda.
I. Older Pkosobkanchiata.
Family MuricidcB ; Genus Fusispira.
II. Order Rhiphidoglossa.
Family Belter ophontidce ; Genera Bellerophon. Buoania, Carin-
aropsis, C'yrtolite.s, Microceras.
Family Pleurotomariidos ; Genera Murchisonia, Pleurotomaria,
Trochonema, Raphistoma.
Family Turbinidce ; Genera Cyclora, Cjiclonema.^ Holopea.
Class Pteropoda.
III. Order Thecosomata.
Family Conulariidoi ; Genus ComUaria.
Class Lamellibranchiata.
Division x\_siphonata.
Family Ambonychiidoi ; Genera Amhonychia, Anomalodonta.
Famil}' J. re iV/rc ; Genera 31 eg ambonia, Tellinoniya, Cyrtodonta.
Family Trigoniidm ; Genus Lyrodesma.
Division Siphonata.
Family Cyprinid(H ; Genera Gycloconcha, Cypri cardites, Ciido-
phorus.
YsivciWy Anatanidoi ; Genus Cuneamya.
Family Fteriniidw ; Genus Pterinea.
Family' Mytiliida; ; Genera Anodontopsis, Modiolopsis.
Famil}'' Orthonot.ida' ; Genera Orthonotjt, Orthodenma, Sedg-
vnckia.
Family CaritiomorpJiidrp; Genus Cardiomorpha.
MOLLUSCOIDA.
("lass Bkachiopoda.
I. Order Arthropomata.
Family Orthidm ; Genus Orthis.
Family BhynchonelUdo' ; Genus Bhynchonella.
Family Spiriferido', ; Genera Trematospira, Zygospira.
Family Strojjhovienidfi' : Genera Strophomena, Streptorhyn-
chiis, Leptnma.
II. Order Lyopomata.
Famil}^ Craniidcc ; Genera Crania, Schizocrania, Pholidops.
Family Discinido' ; Genera Discina, Trematis.
Family Lingnlidn- ; Genera Lingula, JAngrdella, Leptobvliis.
86 Cincinnali Society of Katiiral II iatory.
CHaSS POLYZOA.
III. Order Gymnolcemata.
Family Escharidoe; Genera Ptilodyctia Ilelopora.
Familj'^ Tubuliporidce; Genera Ceramopora, Cyclopora, Calto-
pora.
Family Crisiidoi; Genera Alecto, Hippothou.
Famil}' Reteporidoe ; Genus Betepora.
(^CELENTERATA.
Class Polypi.
I. Order Alcyonakia.
Family Graptolitidoi; Genera Graptolithus, C'Uiaaeoyraptus^
31 eyalograp tics, Die ty ograp tiis.
II. Order Zoantharia.
Family Cyuthophyllidd;; Genera Pulwophyllum, Streptelasma.
Fsimily JFavosit idee; Geneva Alveolites, Chcetetes, DeKayia^ Co-
Imnnbpora^ Faoistella, Favosites, Stellipora, Tetradiuin.
Family Poritidce; Genera Protarea?
Famil}' Millepoiv'dce; Genera Pistulipora, Crateripora.
PROTOZOA.
Class Rhizopoda.
Order Spongida; Genera Astylospo/u/ia, 3Iicrosponyia, Sfromato-
pora^ Pnseolvsf
VEaETABLE KINGDOM:
SUB KINGDOMS: 1. PHCENOGAMIA; II. CRYPTOGAM lA.
CRYPTOGAMIA.
Class ACROGENS.
I. Order Ec^uisetace^ ; Genus Sphenophylluin.
II. Order Lycopouiaoe^e, Genera Psilophytoit. Protostiyma.
Class Thallogens.
III. Order Alg^e; Genera Buthotrephis, Pulaophycus, liasophy
cits, lilastophyciis, TricophycKs, Licrophycifs, Cottostichus,
Arfhraria.
Observations on F'ossil Annelids. 87
OBSERVATIONS ON FOSSIL ANNELIDS, AND DESCRIP^
TIONS OF SOME NEW FOIUIS.
By E. O. Ulrich.
Somewhat more thau a 3'ear ago, the palteontologists iu the vicinity
of Cincinnati were considerably disturbed b}^ the announcement then
made, that fish jaws had been discovered in lai-ge numbers in rocks of
the Cincinnati group. Two of the collectors here sent specimens of
the supposed fish jaws to Dr. Newberry*, and in a letter to me, he
stated that he considered them to be identical with Pander's Cono-
donts. In the Ohio PalcHonfology, Vol. 11. , we find that Dr. Newberry
attempts to solve the m3'stery surrounding the Conodonts by advan-
cing tlie theory that they were the teeth of CYclostomous fishes, and
compares them with the teeth of 3Iyxin.e and Bdellostuma, to which
lie considers them to bear great similarity.
Pander and Agassiz considered the Conodonts to be the teeth of
small Selachians.
Prof. E. S. Morse, one of the best living autliorities on the structure
of invertebrate animals, said they bore a strong resemblance to the
teeth of mollusks, and might have belonged to the progenitors of some
of our living forms.
Prof W. Stimpson, one who had given special attention to the Crus-
tacea^ after examining a large number of Conodonts, gave the opinion
that the}' might very well be the lingual teeth of mollusks, but the}'
could not have formed the dentition or spinous armament of an}' Crus-
tacean.
Prof. Owen {Falceontology^ p. 116) discusses their structure and af-
finities at considerable length, and concludes that "they have most an-
alogy with the spines, booklets, or denticles of naked mollusks or anne-
lids."
Dr. Newberry (Falceontology of Ohio, Vol. IT., p. 42), gives very good
reasons for exclnding the theory, that they are the teeth of sharks.
He however truly remarks that after excluding that theory, the range
of possibility in their affinities is still very great. They may as sug-
gested by Owen and Morse, be the teeth of mollusks, for they strongly
resemble them in their peculiar and varied forms, and their chitonous
composition. After a study of their inferior margins no doubt can be
entertained, that they were implanted in soft tissue, like the teeth of
mollusks or the hooks of annelids.
In support of the view that they belong to the Annelida, we find an
article in the American Journal of Science and Arts, by Mr. G. Griu-
nell, of Yale College Museum, iu which that gentleman states that he
had received a number of specimens from Cincinnati. After an exam-
88 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.
ination he concluded that they were the hard chitonous parts (hooks)
of annelids. He coins for them the generic name, JSfereidavus, from Ne^
reis, an existing genus, and to which he considers them probably re-
lated.
Through the kindness of Prof. Wetherby, I have been enabled to ex-
amine several species of the genus JVeries, and among them the Nereis
jjelagica, Lin,, a species esi>ecially mentioned by Mr. Grinnell, and found
a striking resemblance between their jaws or hooks, and the little Con-
odonts that are so common in our rocks.
On account of the great diversity of opinion with regard to the zoolo-
gical affinities of these remains, which have been expressed by un-
doubted authorities, it would be rash for rae to assert that they are the
chitonous jaws of annelids. They present so little from which accur-
ate conclusions can be drawn, and for that reason all the theories that
have been advanced to solve the enigma are based on some points, of
which they give a possible, and in some cases an altogether probable
explanation. Without, then, going farther into the merits of the above
theories, we will, for the present, accept the one which seems to aftbrd
the most probable explanation, and assume that the Conodonts and
Nereidavus are the booklets of species of annelids.
In that case, we can easily imagine that the ocean beneath which
the Cincinnati group was deposited, at times swarmed with innumer-
able worms, which have, so far as we at present know, left no traces of
themselves excepting their jaws, tracks, and possibl}^ a few rude im-
pressions of their bodies.
Whei'e the number is so great of one group of these annelids, we
can scarcely suppose that it was the only one existing, but it stands
more to reason to suppose that other groups flourished, which had no
parts capable of being fossilized, and therefore left no traces excepting,
perhaps, their burrows ; and still others again, possibly large groups,
which the i)ahieontological collector has as 3'et not unearthed, but some
of which he will undoubtedly bring to light in the future. The iirst
evidences that we have of vermes, are from the Huronian group. These
were named ArenlcoUtes, hj Salter, and are simpl}'' circular holes, ap-
pearing in twos on the surface of sandstones, and bearing much resem-
blance to the burrows of the worm Arenicola. The next we find in
JSTereidavus and the Conodonts, which have been found in nearly all the
formations from the Trenton to the Coal Measures.
In the Cincinnati group, we find that besides the Nereidavus, Miller
and Dyer have described, in the first number of the Journal of the
Cincinnati Society of Natural History, another form, for which the}'
erected the Genus Walcotia, and named W. riir/osa. The fossils to
which they attached this name are casts, which are not very rare in
the quarries about Cincinnati, having short lint-ar depressions diverg-
Dhservafions on Fossil Annelids. 89
iiig from a median line in a backward direction, the depressions
probabl}' representing the casts of the pedal appendages. This genus
I believe will be found to be nearly related to 2^'ereidacus, if not iden-
tical with it, but this can not be ascertained from the material col-
lected to the present time. The next evidences recorded are from the
Carboniferous of Illinois, from where Meek and Wortheu described
their Anthrncerpes typus ; these gentlemen at first referred the genus
to the Jfi/riapoda, but afterwards admitted its afflnites with the worms.
This, I believe, is the entire list (if we except ScoUlhus, which are
considered to be worm burrows b}' some paljieontologists) of the re-
corded genera and species of worms found in the American Paljeozoic
rocks, and all must admit that it is a very short one, but I propose to
lengthen it somewhat b}- adding several forms. The circumstances
under which the^' were found, are as follows: About two months ago,
while geologizing back of Covington, in company with Mr. Dickhaut,
we discovered a spot in which great numbers of the minute brvozoan
Arthoclema tenuis, James, and two specimens of Arthocleyna shafferi.
Meek, were found almost in their original perfection. Associated with
these, and well preserved, were numerous specimens of Serpulites disso-
littiis, a verj' frail species, described b}^ Billings, from the Trenton rocks
of Canada.
That these fragile fossils are found in such a state of preservation,
shows conclusively that the strata were deposited rapidly and under
very favorable circumstances. Having ascertained this fact, we need
not be surprised at finding fossils, which, under less favorable conditions
would have been totally' destroj'cd, or preserved only in unrecognizable
fragments.
The fossils alluded to are described below, and I believe they can not
be referred to any other class of animals than to the true worms.
I have determined the following new genera and species. Protoscolex,
n. g., with four species: The P. covingtonensis, simjilex, ornatus,
and tenuis; Eotrophonia.i n. g., with one species, E. setigera.
Protoscolkx, u. g.
Bod}'^ ranging from a medium to a great length, of nearly uniform
width throughout its length ; body divided transversely by more or less
narrow, simple or papillated segments. Anterior and posterior ends
obtuseh' pointed, and, probably because the specimens are fossil, are
not distinguishable from each other. No setse or appendages of anj-
kind.
Tj'pe, P. coixingtonensis.
Protoscolex covingtonensis, n. sp. (Plate IV., fig. 2.)
Body long and A'ery slender, of uniform width, the chitonous sub-
90 Cincinnati Society of JSTatural Ilistori/.
stance composing the segments, quite thick, so as in some instances to
resist compression ; extremities terminating rather abruptly.
Segments smooth, verj^ narrow, of equal width on all parts of the
bod}^ strongly convex, and from twelve to fourteen in the space of one
line.
. Length of body A'ariable according to age, and in a specimen having
a diameter of one third of a line, the length is one and one eighth
inches. The usual width, however, is a little more than one half of a
line.
This is a neat species, and several fine specimens have been obtained
of it, south of Covington, at an elevation of about 100 feet above low
water mark.
Protoscolex ornatum, n. sp. (Plate IV., fig. 1.)
Bod}' long, slender, of uniform width, with the two extremities
obtusel}' pointed or rounded.
Segments having a width equaling one eighth that of the body in the
compressed condition, about nine occupying the space of one line; the
entire body is ornamented with from one to two rows of small papilla?
on each segment, arranged respectively in either one row running across
the body in the median line of a segment, or one row near each edge of
the segments.
The entire length of the species is doubtful, no specimen having been
found that is positively known to be complete. The largest specimen
examined is 2^^ inches in length, and it is possible that this was the
entire length, since one extremity shows the original termination very
well, while the other extremity, which appears to be somewhat con-
tracted, but it is too much contorted for satisfactory determination,
would seem to be the other termination.
The wider and papillated segments in these species will amply serve
to distinguish it from the P. covinfffonensis.
Locality and Position. — Same as the last.
Protoscolex tennis, n. sp. (Plate IV., fig. 3.)
Body very long and exceedingh^ slender, of uniform width. Ex-
tremities tapering gradually and pointed. Annulations obscure'
smooth, somewhat convex, with about four in the space of one line.
This species reaches a length of six inches, with a breadth of one
half a line. The smallest complete specimen seen is a little more than
two inches in length, and has a width of about one fourth of a line.
This form is easily distinguished from any of the preceding, by its
proportionally greater length and wider segments. The latter are
usually very obscure, which is not so in the others.
Locality and Position. — Same as the last.
Observations on Fossil Annelids. 91
Protoscolex simplex, n. sp. (Plate IV., fig. 4.)
Body of medium length, slender; of nearly uniform width; divided
into segments, having a width equal to one third that of the body;
the segments are smooth, slighth' convex, and are a little wider near
the middle of the body than they are near the ends.
Anterior? extremit\' sub-conical, and like the posterior end is
composed of a small segment of the body; the latter extremity is more
obtuse than the former.
Several specimens of this species have been found, and among them
one found by Mi-. Dickhaut and the author, which appears to be a
complete individual. No markings can be seen in any of the specimens
by which the anterior and posterior extremities could be positivel}'^
determined.
It would be difficult to confound this species with any of the others
herein described; it is distinguished from P. covingtonensis, which
it resembles mostly, b}' the greater length, much more narrow, and
convex segments in that species.
Locality and position. — Same as the last.
Associated with the above described forms were, what can scarcely
be considered otherwise than the setae of marine worms. They were
found in considerable numbers, and well preserA'ed, while of the ani-
mals to which they belonged not another trace was observed. It is
probable that they belonged to several species, but I will class them
under one name, since the differences observed in different specimens
are not sufficient for satisfactory determination.
I propose for the specimens the name
EoTROPHONiA SETiGERA, u. gcu. et sp. (Plate IV., fig. 5.)
The animal was provided with three series of tufts of setse, one
probabh" on the back, and one on each side. A single tuft on each side
very likel}', was situated at the junction of each segment, as in Tro~
phonia. Each segment appears to have been about one line wide, since
the setae tufts are placed at that distance apart.
The tufts are composed of from twenty to forty or more hairs, all
directed obliqueh' outwards, and, if the direction was the same as in
the existing species, Trojphonia affinis, forwards. The setae are about
two lines in length, and the two side series are from three fourths of a
line to one line apart.
The length of the entire animal is unknown.
92 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.
DESCRIPTIONS OF SOME NEW SPECIES OF FOSSILS,
FliOM THE CINCINNATI GEO UP.
By E. O. Ulrich.
Incerta Sedes.
Anomaloides, n. gen.
The above geueric name is proposed for the reception of certain hol-
low, compressed, conical bodies, having much of the form of the rays
of the Asteroidea. Upon examination, however, they are found to have
no surface which can be called either ventral or dorsal, since they are
composed uniforaily of elongated, cylindrical, spine like bodies, which
are placed parallel with each other, and perpendicular to the surface.
The fragments from which this descripMon is taken are in all so pecu-
liar, and so different from anything heretofore known, that it Avould be
exceedingly difficult, and probably premature for me to attempt to
point out the affinities of the genus from the specimens at hand. At
present, however, I believe thej^ are to be looked for in the Echinoder-
mata.
Anomaloides reticulatus, n. sp. (Plate IV., figs. 6, Qa and 6b.)
The thirty-five fragments before me were found on a spot about two
feet square, and it may be possible that they all belonged to one indi-
vidual, but that seems scarcely probable. They ai'e all hollow, and the
envelope is composed of an aggregation of sub-cylindrical or rather
club-shaped stems, which are placed parallel with each other, and per-
pendicular to the surface; their inner ends are acutely pointed, while
that end which shows on 'the exterior surface is rounded, and with a
minute pit on the top, for the articulation of two very fine and small
spines. The distribution of these club-shaped plates is very regular,
being arranged in curved or flexuous transverse, and diagonally inter-
secting lines; and on account of their cylindrical form, there are a great
number of interstices, which may be referable to pores, analogous to
those in the Asteroidea.
Two of the specimens are compressed, conical in form ; one is two
inches in length, and the greatest breadth is three-fourths of an inch ;
its two edges run nearly parallel for about one and one-fourth of an inch,
from where it tapers rapidly to a point. These specimens may repre-
sent rays. Another specimen appears to be part of a disk, and judg-
ing from its form it seems possible that it was supplied with three such
rays, as those described. Two other fragments were observed, in which
Description of Some ISFew SjJecies of Fossils. 93
some small specimens of Bellerophon bilobatus were found within the
envelope of plates.
Locality and Position. — From the Cincinnati Group at Covington,
K3^, at an elevation of about 275 feet above low water mark in the
Ohio river. Found bv Mr. H. Dickhaut and the author.
TUBULIPORID^.
Genus Callopora, Hall.
Callopora cincinnatiensis, n. sp. (Plate IV,, figs. 8, 8a and %h.)
Polyzoary growing, usually in solid, though sometimes hollow
branches, that do not bifurcate equallj^ but at variable distances send
off short spurs, and are digitate at their extremities.
Cells very small, not contiguous, with the intertubular space thick,
and occupied b}' from one to three rows of subangular interstial tubuli ;
cell apertures circular, about eight occupj'ing the space of one line, and
are generally separated once and a half times their diameter. Surface
presenting no maculae nor regular tuberosities, but is sometimes raised
into low monticules, with no particular arrangement.
In longitudinal sections, the tubules are seen to have somewhat
flexuous walls, and to be nearlv vertical in the middle of the polyzoary;
they then gradually bend outwards, so as to make an angle of forty-
five degrees with the surface. In the intercellular tubuli, the dia-
phragms aie quite numerous and close, while in the true tubes they
are few and remote.
This species is the only recorded representative of the Genus Callo-
pora in the Lower Silurian. The genus is, however, well represented
in all the strata from the Niagara to the Coal Measures. There is no
form in the Cincinnati group with which C. cincinnatiensis could be
confounded, unless it be with a certain vai'iety of ChcBtetes fletcheri, in
which there are a great number of intertubular cells; they are readily
distinguished by the smaller and circular cell apertures in this species;
the cell mouths in C. fletcheri are angular, and the intertubular cells
are not so numerous; the growth in the two forms is also very difl^'erent.
Locality and Position.— This is a very rai'e species,and but few speci-
mens of it have been found. The specimens examined were found by
Mr. Fred. Braun and the author, in the Cincinnati Group, at Cincinnati
O.
Ch^tetes vexustus, n. sp. (Plate IV., figs. 7 and la.)
Pol^'zoar}^ composed of large, hollow branches, bifurcating at variable
distances, and sometimes irregularly thickened; branches growing
from a broad expansion, which is covered on the lower side by a heavy
94 Cincinnati Soeieti/ of Natural History.
and strongly wrinkled dermatic crust. Branches from 3 to 10 lines iu
diameter, the inner or inferior side lined with a very thick epitheca;
the substance of pol^^zoary surrounding the hollow part from 1 to 3
lines in thickness.
Surface smooth, or carrj'ing low, broad monticules, distant from each
other about 1|- lilies; their summits occupied b}' large maculiv, con-
sisting of from 30 to 80 minute tubuli. Tubules arranged in regular,
alternating series, about six in the space of one line, with apertures
I'homboidal in outline, and in the perfect state, slightly raised and
arched. Intertubular spaces thin, and almost completely destitute
of minute cells, excepting the cellulose maculse before mentioned.
Sections show tubules prostrate at first, and then bending rectangu-
lar to the surface. Diaphragms in these, straight, and generally twice
the diameter of a tube apart. Diaphragms in the minute tubes close
together.
This species is very distinct from any species of the genus heretofoi'e
described. From C. jamesi, to which it bears some resemblance, it is
distinguished by the regular arrangement of its cells, and the cellulose
maculiB; the latter are not represented in that species.
Locality and Position. — In the lower part of the Cincinnati Group,
at Covington, K}'., from low water mark to 100 feet above that
elevation. It is also found at Frankfort, K}'.
Ptilodictya perelegans, n. sp. (Plate IV., figs. 16 and 16a.)
Folyzoary frequentl}^ and alternately branched, sharp edged, the
branches being acutely elliptical in cross section, about one quarter of
a line in thickness centrally, and one and a quarter line wide. Cells
covering the surface on both sides, with the exception of a rather broad
non celluliferous border lining the branches. The bases of the cells on
the two aspects of the frond are separated by a thin laminar axis.
Cell-mouths circular, with a conspicuously elevated rim, arranged in
transverse rows, as well as in very regular intersecting diagonal lines,
which form an angle of about thirty degrees with the sides of the
branches; about seven cells in the space of one line measuring both
longitudinally and transversely.
Intertubular spaces quite as wide as the cell-openings, and orna-
mented, when perfectly preserved, by slightly raised and flexuous
lines. The non-poriferous border occupies, on each side, about one
seventli of the entire width of a bi-ancli, and is marked with very fine,
and but slightly waved striae, the direction oi' which forms an angle of
about fifteen degrees with the mnrgin of the branches.
This beautiful species is allied to 1'. (Stictopora) elegantula, of Hall,
))ut that species does not branch so fro(\u('ntly, has the cell-mouths
Description of Some Xew Species of Fossils. 95
vtil, and larger, while the iutertubular species are thinner than they
are in this species; the direction of the striae On the non-poriferous
margin of Hall's species, forms a much larger angle with the edge of
the branch than it does in P. ^jereZer/ro?.?.
Locality and Position. — In the upper part of the Cincinnati Group,
near ( "larksville, O. Type specimen found b}' Mr. F. Fornshell.
OPHIUROIDEA.
Protastekina, n. gen.
Rays five, slender, flexible, and extending much beyond a circular
and minutely granular disk, which is provided with short, slender, and
outwardly directed spines ; iuner ra}^ pieces regularly alternating, of
an hour-glass shape, and interlocking along the median line, which is
therefore not straight but zigzag; outer ray pieces elongated, directed
obliquely outwards, so as to partly overlap each other; two rows of
large pores between the inner and outer ray pieces; in the type species
these pores appear to have been occupied b}^ loosely-fitting, sub-pvra-
midal plates, some of which have a deep depression in the top, as
though they were perforated; their true nature, however, is very un-
certain. Oral pieces ten, each pair being formed bj- two of the outer
raj" pieces.
Type, P. fmbriata.
This genus is allied to Protaster, of Forbes, but differs from it in the
following particulars :
1. The disk of Protaster is composed of distinct imbricating plates,
which carry no spines.
2. The inner ray pieces do not interlock, but are set opposite to
each other, with the impressed mesial line straight.
3. The oral plates are formed by the extension of the inner ray
ossicles, and not of. the outer ray pieces.
4. That genus has four rows of pores, while in Protasterina there
are but two rows.
The rays of Tjieni aster, of Billings, bear some resemblance to those of
Protasterina, but in that genus there is no disk, and the ambulacral
ossicles are set opposite to each other, while the two rows of pores are
situated within those pieces. Mr. Billings placed his genus with the
Asteroidea, while Protasterina clearly has the characters of theOphiu-
roidea.
Protaster fijibriata, n; sp. (Plate IV., fig. 9, da, 9b and 9c.)
Disk of medium size, circular. Dorsal side of disk, and rays to mar-
gin of disk, covered with a granular integument. Ventral surface of
96 Cincinnati Society of Ifafural History.
disk provided with a large number of outwardly directed, short and
slender spines. Oral pieces ten, sub-rhomboidal in outline, arranged
in pairs, each pair being formed of two of the marginal series of ray
plates ; on the lower inner edge there are five spines, and extending
from each pair, over the mouth, is a bundle of rather long ones.
Rays apparently very flexible, contracted towards the mouth ; six
series of plates are exposed on the ventral side of each ray. The two
middle series alternate regularly, and interlock along the mesial line;
they are about twice as long in the direction of the ray, than measur-
ing transversely; each piece is contracted in the middle on the inner
side to admit the wide ends of the two pieces immediately opposite, and
on the outer side to form a pore like impression, between them and the
outer series of plates; four of these plates in each range of each ray
are included within the disk, and the series terminate abruptly at a dis-
tance of one and a half lines from the inner end of the oral plates; from
the margin of the disk to the extremity of the ray there are about six-
teen pieces in each range. The pores mentioned above, are occupied by
a series of loosely fitting, obtusel^^ conical or pyramidal plates, some of
which distinctly show a deep depression in the top, and may have been
perforated. Outer or marginal pieces flat, placed on edge, and directed
obliquely outward so as to overlap each other; the two free edges, /. e.,
the one toward the point of the ra3^s, and the one seen on the A^entral
surface, are lined with from ten to twelve short club-shaped spines,
varying somewhat in length. The marginal and middle series of plates,
articulate by means of corresponding prolongations from the sides of
the plates. These prolongations arise from near that end of the plate
which is directed towards the mouth.
Dorsal side of rays composed of two rows of alternating and inter-
locking plates, which near the disk are wQvy deepl}^ sculptured, and
about as wide as long, becoming gradually less excavated, and longer
in proportion to the width, toward the point of the raj^s; on each side
they articulate with the upper edge of the oblique marginal series of
plates.
Breadth of disk, .60 inch; breadth of arm at margin of disk, .16 inch;
length of same from oral plates, .88 inch. This species is related to
Protaster flexuosus. of Miller and D\^er, described in the first num-
ber of this Journal.
Locality and Position. — The specimens examined are in the cabinet
of the author, and were found by him at an elcvatioh of 100 ft. above
low water mark in the Ohio river, at Covington, K}'.
DISCINID^.
Genus Discina.
DisoiNA TENuisTiMATA, u. sp. (Plate IV., fig. 10.)
'Shell under medium size, thin and circular,
Description of Some Xeir Species of Fossils. 97.
Upper valve depressed convex, with the apex placed about three
fourths of the semi-diameter fi-om the posterior margin. Lower valve
flat or slightly convex, with the apex ceutral; foraminal impression or
slit narrow and well defined, extending from the center of the valve
about two thirds of the distance to the margin.
Surface of both vah^es marked by very fine and sharp concentric
striae, which are somewhat irregular, since a number of them are
branched, two or more running into one. All the striae show through
the shell on the interior. No radiating lines were observed.
Diameter of lower valve, 1 c. m.; length of foraminal slit, 3 m. m. ;
width of same, .5 m. m. ; height of upper valve, 2 m. m.
This shell resembles Discina circe, Billings, but difters from that
form in having the lower valve quite flat, the apex of the upper valve
nearer the center, and in being much more finely striated, twenty-six
of the concentric striae occupying the space of 4 m. m., while in that
species there are not half that number in the same space.
Locality and Position. — Found in the lower part of the Cincinnati
Group, back of Covington, Ky., at an elevation of one hundred and
fifty feet above low water mark at Cincinnati, Ohio.
I
Discina sublamellosa, u. sp. (Plate IV., fig. 11.)
Shell above the medium size, extremely thin, nearl}^ circular, or
sometimes broadl}^ oval, the length ranging in that case to one fourth
greater than the breadth.
Upper valve much depressed, with the apex varj-ing in its position,
from nearh' marginal, to one sixth the length of the valve from the
posterior margin ; a low and broad mesial ridge is observed, running
in a.curved direction, from near the anterior margin to the apex, the
line being deflected toward the left lateral margin.
Lower valve not observed.
Surface of dorsal valve, ornamented by rather strong, lamellose, con-
centric striaj, with from six to seven in the space of five millemeters;
some of the specimens also show a few heavy, radiating lines, placed
on the low mesial ridge.
Length of medium sized specimen, 13 m. m. ; width a little less; the
convexity can not be exactly ascertained, since all the specimens
examined are somewhat compressed, but I do not doubt, that it is less
than 3 m. m.
Discina circe, of Billings, is remotely related to this form, but the
nearly marginal apex, the strong and few concentric lines, and the
heav}' radiating striie, as well as the mesial ridge in D. sublamellosa,
will serve to distinguish them.
Locality and Position. — In the Cincinnati Group, near Covington,
98 Cincinnati Societij of NafAiral History.
Ky., at an elevation not exceeding 125 feet above low water mark at
(Jincinuati, O.
CRANID^E.
Genus Crakia, Retzins.
Crania parallela, n. sp. (Plate IV., fig. 13.)
Shell under medium size, sub-rectangular in outline; upper valve
quite convex, with the apex placed generally about one fourth the
length of the valve, from the posterior margin.
Surface marked, according to age of the specimen, b}^ from seven to
fifteen parallel, raised lines, crossing the shell from side to side; these
lines are generally uuiforiu, but sometimes a few stronger ones are
placed among them; with a magnifier, the shell is seen to be covered
with minute tubercles, a line of them always cresting each of the
parallel striiB; these tubercles form regular longitudinal rows, giving
to the surface the appearance of being striated in the direction from
the anterior to the posterior margin.
Under valve unknown.
The impressions of the anterior muscles are nearly united in a
transversely sub-elliptical scar; posterior abductor scars distant, not
well defined in the specimens observe 1.
Length of large specimen, 7 m. m. ; width, 5 m. m. ; convexity of upper
valve, 1.5 m. m.
In the rectangular outline, it is not unlike Crania multijninctata.
Miller, but the distinct puncta, and the absence of other surface
markings on that shell, will serve to distinguish them.
Locality and Position. — I found the specimen on slabs of cr^-staline
limestone, at Covington, Ky., at an elevation of 100 feet above low
water mark at Cincinnati, 0.
Crania percarinata, n. sp. (Plate IV., fig. 12.)
Shell under medium size, ovate to sub-circular in outline. Upper
or dorsal valve very convex, the apex usuall}- situated about one third
of the length of the shell from the posterior margin ; margins thickened.
Surface marked by three strong carina, close together, running longi-
tudinally across the middle of the shell, with greatest prominence at
the center, and becoming gradually less strong toward the ends; some-
times there is another ridge near the lateral margin.
Crossing the shell laterally' are fine, thread-like striiv, which cuive
backward and forward, very much like the striae in Jfurchisonia; near
the margin of the valve are a few, slightly stronger concentric lines.
Ventral valve unknown.
The interior of the dorsal valve shows the anterior impressions of
Descrijjfion of Some JSfew Species of Fossils. 99
the muscles to be nearl}' united, and situated near the center; the
posterior pair are wideh' separated, and placed near the margin.
Length of specimen, 6 m. m. ; breadth, 5 m. m. ; convexity of upper
valve, 2 m. m.
The peculiar surface ornamentation of this species will distinguish
it from all the others found within the Cincinnati rocks.
Locality and Position. — Found associated with C jjarallela, at
Covington, Ky.
Crania socialis, n. sp. (Plate IV., fig. 14.)
Shell small, outline varying from subquadrate to subovate, and from
two to three times as wide as long; Dorsal valve very convex, or some-
times nearly flat on the top, with the shell immediately surrounding
the margin almost vertical, thereby imparting to the valve an angular
appearance; apex nearlj^ marginal, quite constant in its position, not
prominent. Frequently found adhering to crinoid columns.
Surface, with from four to seven strong corrugations or ridges, run-
ning parallel with the length of the shell, which in most cases corre-
spond with the annulation of the crinoid stem to which it is attached.
No markings were observed on the interior of this valve, excepting
the corrugations, which show through from the exterior.
Length of medium sized specimen, 2.5 m. m. ; width, 6 m. m.; convex-
ity, 2 m. m.
This form is apparentl}^ gregarious in its habits, one specimen of
crinoid stem before me, from the collection of Mr. E. B. Moore, having
more than twent}' specimens crowded within the space of one inch. It
differs from Crania scabiosa, Hall, to which it is most nearly related, in
form, and position of the apex, as well as in the surface markings.
Locality and Position. — Found most common in the lower 200 ft. of
the Cincinnati Group, though ranging to about .350 above low water
mark at Cincinnati.
TRINUCLEID^.
Genus Trinucleus.
Trixucleus bellulus, n. sp. (Plate IV., fig. 15.)
Body small, nearly flat, and symmetrical. Cephalic shield about
three times as wide as long, subquadrate, with a distinct thoracic rino-
at the base, which is straight, with the posterior angles acutely ano-ular
or slightly rounded, and without any long spines ; glabella prominent
pyriform and produced posteriorh', into a long spine, reaching to the
pygidium; cheeks not as prominent as the glabella, triangular, and
finely punctate; marginal fillet wide, markod in front by from three to
100 Cincinnati Society of N'atural History.
four rows of deep, rounded pores or punctures: the rows increase Tdv
implantation as thej^ approach the po-terioi- lateral margins, where
they number from six to seven.
The thorax consists of six articulations; axial lobe depressed, cou-
A'ex, narrow, and carr^'ing on each side between the segments two rows
of minute punctures; lateral lobes flat, and three times as wide as the
central lobe; pleurae straight, and furrowed on the outer half.
Pygidium small, acutely semi-elliptic, being about four times as wide
as long, and broadly rounded in outline behind, with a raised and
thickened margin; axial lobe verj'' small, and composed of four ob-
scurely defined segments; lateral lobes each with three segments.
Length of largest known specimen, 6 m. m. ; length of cephalic shield,
3.5 m. m. ; breadth of do., 7 m. m. ; length of thorax, 1.25 m. m. ; breadth
of do., 4.5 m. m. ; length of p^^gidium, .75 m. m. ; breadth of do., 4 m. m.
This pretty little species is related to T. concentricus, of Eaton, but
may be readily distinguished by its small size, the absence of the long
spines from the posterior angles of the shield, and the presence of four
rows of punctures on the sides of the middle lobe of the thorax, as well
as b}^ the differences in the cephalic shield, which is comparativeh'
much longer, more rounded in front, and not straight, but curved back-
wards at the base in that species. It might be urged, that the speci-
mens from which the description was drawn, are the young of Eaton's
species, but 1 have compared them with 3'oung specimens of T. con-
centricvs, and found that the difterences stated are constant in both
the 3^oung and mature stages.
Locality and Position. — Found in the lower part of the Cincinnati
Group, back of Covington, Ky., at an elevation of 100 feet above low
water mark at Cincinnati.
DESCRIPTION OF A NEW GENUS AND ELEVEN NEW
SPECIES OF FOSSILS,
With Remarks upon others well known, from the Cincinnati Group.
By S. A. Miller.
Ptilodictya magnifica, n. sp. (Plate III., fig. 1, natural size, fig. 1«,
magnified view.)
[l&iy .—Magnijicm, magnificent.]
This polyzoar}' consists of a thin, explanate, tuberculated frond,
which rapidly and irregularly expands from the neck, that evidently con-
nected it to a flattened base, which was attached to some other object.
Description of a yew Genus and Eleven New Species. 101
Tire neck is striated longitudinalh', terminates with a rounded point,
at tlie base, and is prolonged as a central axis for a distance into the
frond. The upper part of the frond possesses no central axis. The
lower part of the neck is not celluliferous, farther up small distant
cells appear between the strite, these, as we ascend become larger and
more numerous, and finally, when the neck may be said to assume the
character of a central axis, the cells upon it are arranged between per-
pendicular, elevated stride, into rows, which intersect each other diagon-
ally'. These perpendicular striie, however, do not extend to either side
of the axis, nor beyond it.
Both sides of the frond are alike celluliferous and tuberculated. The
presence of the tubercles destroys the regularity and diagonal
arrangement of the cells, which commence at the top of the neck,
and hence they are found, on different parts of the frond, arranged
crosswise, more or less sharply diagonal, or curving to accommodate
themselves to the irregular order and dispersion of the tubercles. The
cell mouths are not uniform in shape, many of them are elliptical or
somewhat diamond shaped, others are round or oval. The walls be-
tween the cell mouths are moderately thick. The cells will number
from eight to twelve in a line. The edges of the frond are sharp and
perforated, bj- the apertures of minute cells, for a short distance from '
the neck. Above this part, however, the cells appear to preserve their
size, almost or quitt to the margin.
The tubercles are conical, dispersed without order, and usually
about a line distant from each other. The summits are solid, or
occupied by very minute cells.
The neck and central axis are each about a half line in diameter;
the remainder of the frond, between the tubercles, has only about
twice the thickness of ordinary foolscap paper. The specimen figured
has a length of 1 6-10 inches, and a width of nearly an inch, but it is
not complete either in its length or width. Another specimen, havino-
about the same length, and uniformh- expanding from the neck up-
ward for a short distance, has a width of 6-10 inch at the distance of
6-10 inch from the point of the neck; above this, the expansion is not
so rapid, and at the distance of an inch, the width has only increased
to f inch.
The specimen figured is from the collection of Mrs. M. P. Haines,
of Richmond, Indiana, and was found in the upper part of the Cincin-
nati Group. I have collected specimens of the same species, on the
tops of the hills, at Cincinnati. The range of the species may, there-
fore, be considered as co-extensive with the upper half of the Group,
though good specimens ma}" be \evy rare.
Bases of Ptilodictya, having nearly the form of bases of Heteroa-imcs^
radiately lined from the point of attachment outwards, are frequently
102 Cincinnati Society of JVatural Histonj.
collected, at various elevations, in the Cincinnati Group. Thei-e is
some difference in the appearance of these bases, but all seem to have
the radiating striae. The striae, on the neck of this species, evinces,
that it was possessed of one of these flattened bases, but we are unable
at the present time to determine whether it was one of the coarser or
finer lined ones.
Pal^aster longibrachiatds, n. sp. (Plate 3, fig. 4.)
[Ety.—io7ififi6r«cAia<iw, having long arms -1
Pentagonal; rays more than twice as long as the diameter of the
body, and tapering to an acute point at the apices; breadth of the body
between ra^^s, about six tenths of an inch; length of rays, about one
and three tenths inches.
The marginal plates are small, spheroidal, yery gradually enlarging
from the tip of the rays toward the bod}^ and much resembling a
string of small beads gradually swelling in size. Thirt^'-two marginal
plates are visible, in the specimen illustrated, on one side of a ray, and
a perfect specimen would probabl}^ show two or three more. Two
marginal plates form the junction of the rays instead of one, as in
other species. In this respect, it agrees y^\t\\ Stenuster, but the arms
show adambulacral plates, for which reason we regard it as a Paloeas-
ter. The adambulacral plates, toward the point of the rays, are of the
same form, but a little larger than the marginal plates; near the body,
however, the marginal plates are the largest. No adambulacral piece
is visible within four plates of the two junctional pieces. The ambu-
lacral groove is exceedingly narrow.
Dorsal suriace and madreporiform tubercle unknown.
The specimen illustrated was found near Clarksville, in the upper
part of the Cincinnati Group, and now belongs to the collection of Mr,
J. H. Harris, of Waynesville, Ohio.
Pal^aster clarkei, n. sp. (Plate III., fig. 5.)
Pentagonal; rays half the leogth of the diameter of the body, and
rapidly tapering to a point. Marginal plates not very distinctly shown
in the specimen, but probably do not exceed half a dozen on each side
of a ray. Three series of interlocking pieces are shown, upon the dor-
sal side of each ray, between the marginal plates.
Length of a ray, l-loth of an inch; diameter of the bod}^ 2 loths of au
inch; and greatest distance from the apex of one ray to that of anoth-
er, 4-15ths of an inch.
The madreporiform tubercle and ventral side unknown.
This very small Palicaster was found on Vine street Ilill, in Cinciu-
Descrijytion of a iVev/' Genus and Eleven Xew Species. 103
nati, b\' Robert Clarke, Esq., in 184:6, and was b3'him recently donated
(with a large collection of shells, minerals and fossils) to the Cincin-
nati University'. It is the smallest species known from our rocks, and
quite distinct in every feature shown. The specific name is in honor
of the collector.
Glyptocrinus dyeri, var. subl^vis. (Plate III., fig. 2.)
[Ety. — subhei-is, somewhat smooth.]
The beautiful specimen illustrated, and from which this description
is drawn, agrees in every substantial particular, except as to surface
markings, with G. dyeri; Prof. Meek found only from nine to eleven
pieces, in each secondary- radial series, in the G. dyeri., but other speci-
mens have shown fourteen or fifteen pieces. The variety under con-
sideration shows as many pieces as the latter specimens. It bears no
evidence on the surface of ever having been sculptured. The plates
are smooth, with a slightlj' elevated line at the junction of the pieces.
It is distinguished from G. dyeri, only bj^ the absence of the radi-
ating costte which ornament the plates. If these have been defaced, then
the varietj- must fail. The appearance of the specimen, however, is
against such a supposition.
The specimen was broken, at the top of the vault, into two pieces.
The fracture was afterward filled with carbonate of lime, and the two
pieces as thoroughly cemented together as if the specimen had never
been broken. A ridge around the specimen marks the place of the
fracture, and has every appearance of the elevations on some specimens
of septaria.
The specimen belongs to the collection of Mrs. M. P. Haines, and
was collected near the top of the Hills, in Eden Park, in the Cit}^ of
Cincinnati.
Cyrtolites MAGNUS, u. sp. (Plate III., fig. 10.)
[Ety.— 3fag7ius, large.]
Shell consisting of three or more volutions, very gradually increas-
ing in size and rolled in the same plane. Each outer volution em-
braces one third or more of the inner one. Dorsal side sharp and
well defined. Greatest convexity of each whorl near the inner side,
which is sub-angular. Transverse section of a whorl sub-triangular.
Umbilicus alike on either side, rather wide and deep, and showing
about one third of each inner turn.
The surface of the shell, in the specimen examined, has been too
much eroded to determine the external markings.
The greatest diameter of the shell is 1 1-lOth inches; convexity
104: Cincinnati Society of J^fatural History.
about 3-lOths of an inch, though it was probabl}' expanded more at the
aperture, which is not preserved in our specimen.
The description is founded upon a single specimen collected hy Mrs.
Warren Shumard, in the upper part of the Cincinnati Group, near
Richmond, Indiana, and presented by her to Mrs. M. P. Haines, from
whom it was received for definition and illustration.
MuRCHisoNiA MULTiGRUMA, n. sp. (Plate III., fig. 3; fig. 3«, basal
view. )
[Y.iy.—Multigrumus, much heaped up .]
Shell medium size or rather large; turbinate above, with about five
angular whorls; apical angle from 75 deg. to 80 deg. ; base of the shell
very much produced, and forming the wall of the left side of the aper-
ture. Body whorl constitutes more than half the shell.
Surface of the upper whorls apparently smooth — at least no mark-
ings have been determined on them; base of the body whorl marked
with coarse, backward-curving stria?, which terminate in the columellar
lip or wall of the aperture.
No umbilicus.
This species is not uncommon in the upper part of the Cincinnati
Group, ten miles east of Ma^'sville, Kentuck}^ I collected it, also, at
Versailles and Richmond, Indiana, though good specimens are rare.
It most resembles Safford's M. sinnnerensis, and with the latter, and
31. milleri, M. jjei'angulata^ and 31. soroi'cula^ forms a closely-linked
group. The whorls in 3f. samnerensis are gently concave on the
upper side, and banded below the suture, while in our species, the
upper face of the whorls is plane to the suture. The base of the shell
in our species is more produced, and the body whorl more strongly
marked with backward-curving stria? than Safford's species.
Ambonychia retrorsa, n. sp. (Plate III., fig. 6. )
['Ety. —Betrorstis, turned back.]
Shell small, equivalve, ver}- convex and rajndly bending from the
front backwai'ds. Very high in the umbonal region, and rapidly sloping
in all directions, most rapidl}^, however, toward the front. Beaks point-
ed, incurved, and rising high above the cardinal margin. Anterior
side truncated, and rounding rapidl}^ into the base below; basal margin
prolonged and rounded posteriorly; posterior margin moderately con-
vex. Hinge line straight, and rapidly descending posteriorly. Surface
of each valve ornamented with about fifty-five fine radiating costa\
Lengtli of the specimen illustrated, from the points of the beaks, to
the most extended part of the basal margin posterioi'ly, about fifty-three
Description of a Xev--< Genus and Eleven New Sj^ecies. 105
one-huudredths of an inch; length of the cardinal line about thivt}^ oue-
hundredths of an inch; convexit}- about thirty one-hundredths of an
inch.
This shell is distinguished from other species by its high incurved
beaks, closely truncated, anterior margin, and numerous radiating costre.
The specimen illustrated was collected by Mr. George L. Vallandig-
ham, at one of the quarries on the hills back of the city of Cincinnati.
Cyrtoceras am(exu3I, n. sp. [Plate III., fig. 8.]
[Ety — Amcemts, pleasant, welcome.]
Shell large, gentlj^ arched, and verj' gradually tapering; section
slighth' elliptical, the dorso-ventral diameter being a little more than
the transverse. Body chamber contracted toward the front. Septa
moderately arched. In the specimen figured, the body chamber is fol-
lowed by six thin chambers before reaching what appear to represent
the mature size; another specimen shows only five of these thin cham-
bers between the bod}- chamber and the mature sized shell chambers.
Where on the back of a shell the septa are nearl}^ 2-lOths of an inch
distant, the transverse diameter of the shell is 1 3-lOths inches, and
the dorso-ventral diameter 1 5-10 ths inches. Measuring on the side, how-
ever, the transverse diameter of the shell is equal to the thickness of
almost nine shell chambers. Siphuucle small, and situated very close
to the margin on the dorsal or outer side of the shell. Outer shell and
surface unknown.
The specimen illustrated has a dorso-ventral diameter of 1 4-lOths
inches, and transverse diameter a little over 1 2-lOths inches. It con-
tains twenty three chambers, including the thin ones, between the
body chamber and the broken end in a length of 2^ inches.
I collected the specimens at Richmond, Indiana, in the upper part of
the Cincinnati Group, and near the top of the blufl^s which abut the
river.
Angellum, n. gen.
[Ets.—Agiyos, a pail ; ellics, diminutive.]
Shell equivalved, elongated from the cardinal line toward the base
and sub-cylindrical ; umbones prominent ; beaks incurved over the
cardinal line ; more or less winged posteriorly ; surface marked by
concentric lines.
Surface of the shell, hinge line and muscular impressions not
determined.
Several casts of the interior have been found in the upper part of the
Cincinnati Group, not referable to any genus known to the author; they
are quite perfect, and seem to deserve a name, but it is not without
106 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.
some doubt and hesitation that we have ventured upon proposing a
new generic appellation.
Angellum cuneatdm, u. sp. (Plate III., fig. 11.)
['Ety .—Cuneatws, wedge-shaped.]
Shell medium size, equivalve, much elongated from the cardinal line
to the base, middle part sub-cylindrical, where width and depth are
sub-equal; lower half wedge- shaped ; umbones high, angular, and
prominent anteriorl}^; beaks acuminate and incurved over the cardinal
line; hinge line straight, short, and nearly at right angles to the longer
axis of the valves. The cast is a little convex on the anterior side,
where there is some evidence of a bj'ssus, and slightl}- winged on the
posterior margin. Surface marked by concentric lines.
The specimen illustrated I collected in the upper part of the Cincin-
nati Group, at Richmond, Indiana.
Cythere irregularis, n. sp. [Plate III., fig. 7, dorsal view; fig. 7a,
side view, ventral margin uppermost.]
[Ety. — Irregularis, irregular.]
Valves smooth, or minutely granular, highly convex anteriorl}^, and
rapidly declining to the posterior end. Ventral margin forming a
broad curve. Dorsal margin slightly depressed at the sulci in the
valves. Deep sulcus in the middle of each valve extending from the
dorsal margin halfway across the valve. Small sulcus near the pos-
terior end of each valve extending about half way across the middle
part of the valve.
Ant^-ior end of the shell subreniform. Posterior end rounded and
wedge-shaped- Narrow border all around the margins of the valves.
No visible eye-tubercle.
Length of a large specimen, 0.17 inch; height, 0.10 inch; convexity.
0.10 inch.
This species is distinguished by its subreniform anterior end, wedge-
shaped posterior, and deep central sulci.
The honor of first collecting and calling attention to this peculiar
form belongs to Mr. George L. Vallandigham, who found it near the
top of the hills at Cincinnati, associated Avith Cythere cincinnatiensis.
He collected several specimens, and presented them to the author for
illustration and description.
LiCHAs iiARUisi, n. sp. (Plate III., fig. 9.)
The specimen illustrated shows the under side of the pygidium
Descviptioii of a 2ieir Genus- and Eleven JSfew Species. 107
part of eleven thoracic articulations, and part of the head and hypos-
toina.
The glabella appears to be broad, very moderately convex, and sep-
parated by a furrow from smaller posterior and lateral lobes.
The length of eleven thoracic articulations, and the pygidium, is two
and six tenths inches; length of thorax, one and four tenths inches;
length of pygidium, one and two tenths inches. The estimated length
of the head is eight tenths of an inch. The diameter of the middle
lobe of the body, at the head, is one and fifteen hundredths inches; at
the pygidium, seven tenths of an inch. The lateral lobes, at the
pvgidium, have a diameter of eighty-five one-hundredths of an inch.
From tliese measurements, we infer a perfect specimen will have a
length and breadth each of more than three inches. Middle lobe of
the thorax broadl}^ convex; lateral lobes depressed; margins falcate.
Pygidium transversely, somewhat elliptical; margin deeply lacini-
ated; axis marked by two articulations, the anterior one narrow, and
the posterior one long and terminating in a point. There is a line
marking a partial division of the latter, near the anterior part, into
two articulations. The lateral lobes are each composed of three articu-
lations; the posterior one somewhat pear-shaped; middle one slighth^
expanded in the central part, and broadl}' rounded below; anterior
one more expanded in the middle, and more sharply rounded below.
The surface strongly pustulose, corresponding punctures showing on
the under side of the crust; striated band on the margin of the under
side, covering half the lateral lobes.
This species is remarkable for its large size, and broad, middle,
thoracic lobe, which rapidly contracts toward the pygidium.
The specimen illustrated was found in the upper part of the Cincin-
nati Group, near Waj-nesville, Ohio, and is now in the collection of
Mr. I. H. Harris, in whose honor we have proposed the specific name.
Fragments, of what is supposed to be the same species, have been
found near the top of the hills at Cincinnati.
Pholidops ciNCiNNATiENSis, Hall, 1859. (i3th Re]j. of Regents, etc.,
p. 92.)
During the past year, Mr. George L. Vallandigham has collected sev-
eral specimens of this species, showing both A^alves, and as the ventral
valve has never been described we propose now to define it.
It has about the same size and form of the dorsal valve, but has a
little less convexity, and not quite as mau}^ sub-imbricating lines of
growth. The apex is directly opposite the apex of the dorsal valve.
Immediately in front of the apex, the valve is pierced by a small, round
aperture.
108 (Hncimiati. Societi) of JS/'atural Hisforii.
It differs from the dorsal valve, iu that it possesses this aperture, is
a little less convex, the apex a little more depressed, the imbricating
lines a little less distinct, and numbering only four or five instead of
six or seven.
The following is the definition of the genus by Prof. Hall, founded
upon the dorsal valve:
"Shells small, patelliform; apex sub-central, excentric or terminal.
Surface marked by concentric lamellaj of growth, which are more
expanded on the posterior side. Interior a shallow, oval cavity, with
bilobed muscular impressions; the margin flattened or slightly de-
flected, and entii'e."
Twelve species have been described, ranging from the Trenton to
the Hamilton Group, as follows : One from the Trenton, one from the
Hudson River, one from the Cincinnati, two from the Niagara, one
from the Lower Helderberg, two from the Oriskany, one from the
Schoharie, and three from the Hamilton Group.
When Prof. Hall established the genus, he regarded these fossils as
reall}^ univalve, like Patella. He said, however, in Paleontology of
New York, Vol. III., p. 489, that it is not easy to determine whether
these small shells are bivalve brachiopods, or univalve, like Vapulus.
Later, in 1867, Paloiontology of New York, Vol. IV., pp. 31,
413, Plate III., he showed that these fossils are bivalve brachiopods,
but he had found no evidence of a foramen in either valve. Our
specimens clearly show an aperture for a minute pedicle fibre of at-
tachment, and prove that the substance of the shell of the ventral valve
did not attach to any other object. We think this fact should remove
the fossil from the famil}^ Craniidm, but on account of the calcareous
character of the shell, we are not prepared to place it in the Discinida',-
ER RA TA:
Page 95, 3d line from bottom, for Protaster, read Protastekina.
P.age 102, 12th line from bottom, for J. W. Harris, read I. W. Harris.
THE JOURNAL
ciniTi icim i iicm iism,
VOL. 1.
CINCINNATI, OCTOBER.
No. 3.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY.
The Cincinnati Societ}- of Natural History held its regular monthly
meeting, Juh' 2, 1878, — President V, T. Chambers in the Chair. The
minutes were read and approved.
The following named persons, having been previousl}' proposed,
were unanimoush' elected to regular membership: C. G. Lloyd, Colum-
bia Street, Newport, K}'. ; Dr. (.has. S. JMetz, and Charles F. Lowe,
Madisonville, Ohio.
L. S. Cotton, Esq., having briefly called attention to the advantages
to be derived from the meetings of scientific bodies in our city, offered
the following resolution, which was unanimouslj^ adopted:
Besolved, That a Committee of three be appointed to confer with
other Societies and the authorities of this city, to obtain their co-oper-
ation in extending an invitation to the American Association for the
Advancement of Science to \io\& lis? annual meeting for 1879 at Cin-
cinnati, and to report to this Societ}' at its next meeting. The Chair
named the following members as such Committee, L. S. Cotton, R. B.
Moore, and Julius Dexter.
Donations were acknowledged as follows: Flint Arrow heads, from
Dr. J, J. Temple; one pair moccasins, one bullet pouch, one bow and
one oi'uamented quill, all taken from a Comanche brave killed in New
Mexico, from Dr. H. Ludington ; two pamphlets from Hon. M. Saj'ler; a
fine stalactite, from a Cave near the C. S. R. R. Bridge over the Ken-
tuck}' River, by E. A. Ferguson ; Eggs of Carolina Dove, Lapland Plo-
ver, and Carolina Rail, from Charles Dur^' ; Report upon Forrestr}..
1877, bv F. B. Hough, from Department of Agriculture; Report of the
Central Park Menagerie, New York, 1877 ; Monthly Weather Reports
from War Department.
110 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.
Society met August 6th, 1878, — President Chambers in the Chair.
Dr. J. A. Warder read a paper on "The Variation of Leaves."
Prof, A. J. Howe, one on " Harve}' and the Circulation of the
Blood ;" and Dr. C. L. Metz, a paper with a map, on the " Prehistoric
Monuments of the Little Miami Valley."
Dr. How6, from the Committee on Course of Lectures, reported pro-
gress.
A resolution was adopted inviting the American Association for
the Advancement of Science., to meet in this city in 1879.
The following donations were received: Eight specimens of Pentri-
mites robustus, and one of P. loyriformis, from Charles Dur}'; one stone
ax, from E. O. Ulrich; two hundred and fort^'-one foreign botanical
specimens from Prof. E. S. Wa3'ne; a bird's nest with eggs, from Dr. H.
H. Hill; three specimens Ilemiptera, from J. W. Shorten; one pair of
very old moccasins, made of bark thread, found in Saltze's Cave, near
Mammoth Cave, K}^; also specimens of eyeless crabs from Judge
Alfred Yaple.
OBSERVATIONS ON CINCINNATI BIRDS.
By Frank W. Langdon.
Since the publication of " A Catalogue of the Birds of the vicinity
of Cincinnati,"* by the writer, numerous additional facts relating to
the Ornithology of this locality have been brought together, the more
important of which form the subject of the pi'esent paper.
With respect to the various sourc3s from which these additions
have been derived, especial acknowledgments are due to Mr. Charles
Dury, of Avondale, vvell known for his varied accomplishments as a
naturalist and collector, who has kindly placed at my disposal a series
of notes, embracing interesting observations on upwards of fifty species
of Ohio Birds. Want of space will prevent the reproduction here of
iSIr. Dury's notes in full, and I have, therefore, selected chieflj' those
relating to species not previously recordetl here, or of especial interest
for other reasons.
Mr. John W. Shorten, of Cincinnati, jNIr. Edgar R. Quick, and Dr,
Rufus Raymond, of Brookville, Ind., and the several other naturalists
elsewhere mentioned, have contributed notes and information ot value.
In the numbering and arrangement of the species, the following
notes correspond to the oi'iginal catalogue.
'' A Catalogue of the Birds of the vicinity of Cincinnati, with notes, by Frank W.
Langdon. Salem, Mass., Naturalist's Agency. April, 1877.
Observations on Cincinnati Birds. Ill
3. TuRDUS PALLASi, Cab. — Hermit 77iritsh. — Mr. Duiy uotes a nest
and eggs of this species taken here by Mr. G. Holterhoff', May 10, 1877.
This is a fact of much interest, as considerabl}- extending the southern
limit of its breeding range; the southernmost record previous to this
being Massachusetts, where it is oul^^ occasionall}' found breeding,
according to Baird, Brewer and Ridgway, in " North American Birds."
4. TuRDDS SwAiNSONi, Cab. — Olive-backed Thrush. — This species,
previously given hy me as " not common," I have since found abundant
in woodland for a fetv daj'^s, in tne latter part of September, 1877.
They were quite sh^^, and sought refuge in dense thickets at the
slightest alarm, but when all became quiet, they would re-appear and
resume their occupations of bathing in a small stream near by, and
seai'ching for insects along its banks.
7. MiMUS POLYGLOTTUS, Boic. — Mocking Bird. — The Mocking bird
may fairly be considered a regular, though rare, Summer resident with
us, as several instances of its breeding here are reported to me ; in
some cases the young being taken and reared as cage birds.
13. PoLioPTiLA c^RDLEA, Scl. — Blue-gray Gnatcatcher. — Two nests
observed near Madisonville, early in May, 1878. One contained five
fresh eggs, on May 7th, and differs from a nest taken by Mr. E. E.
Quick, at Brookville, Ind., in lacking the soft, cotton}' lining ; its
interior being composed of fine grasses and hair. Both are beautiful
structures, built on the upper side of a limb, and covered externall}'
with lichens like the nest of the humming bird. Their situation
varies from twelve to fifty feet from the ground.
14. LoPHOPHANES BicoLOR, Bp. — Tufted Titmouse. — This species is a
constant resident with us, but much more conspicuous in its habits
during the Fall and Winter, and therefore apparently more numerous
at those seasons. One was recentl}'^ observed by me to alight on a
small tree-trunk and deposj^t something from its bill in a crevice ; and
on examination I found a good-sized chunk of walnut kernel therein,
which remained for two or three da3^s, until wanted, I presume. Dr.
Bachman, quoted by Baird, Brewer and Ridgway, relates a similar
habit of a specimen kept in confinement by him, and it seems probable
that the habit of hoarding food may furnish this and allied species
with a considerable portion of their Winter sustenance.
15. Parus atricapillus, L. — Black-capped Titmouse or Chicadee. —
Mr, Dur}^ notes two specimens of this Titmouse, taken by himself in
the Winter of 1872-3. It is easily overlooked, as it bears a close resem-
blance to our common Chicadee (P. Carolinensis), which, with good
reason, is by some authorities considered as merely a southern variet}*
of atricapillus.
22. Troglodytes aedon, V. — House Wren. — Referring to this species,
112 Cincinnati Society of Natural. History.
Mr. Duiy writes that it '• has always beeu very cominoa until the iu-
troduction of imported sparrows." — " Only a few seen in Avondale in
1877." Mr. Walter Douglass, of Mt. Auburn, lells me that, in 1875, he
took three nests, containing respectively, eight, six, and five eggs ; in
1877, however, he did not see a single specimen.
Its distribution, even before the introduction of the European spar-
row, must have been extremelv local, as my own identification of the
species rests upon a single specimen taken several years ago at
Madisonville.
Alauda arvensis, Linn. — European Skylark. (Not previously re-
corded.) — Mr. Armin Tenner tells me that this species has become
acclimatized in the suburbs of Cincinnati, and that in June, 1877, he
found its nest containing 3^oung. As Mr. Tenner was familiar with the
species in Europe, there can be no doubt of the correctness of his iden-
tification, and the birds therefore, is as much entitled to a place in our
fauna as is the European sparrow or any other imported species.
30. Protonotaria citr^a, Bd. — Prothonofary Warbler. — Several
specimens obtained at St. Marv's Reservoir (130 miles north of Cin-
cinnati) by Mr. Dury, who also took a nest containing one Qgs,- Al-
though probably a migrant with us, it has not yet been identified in
this vicinit3^
31. Helmitherus vermivorus, Bp. — Worm-eating Warbler. — Ad-
ditional specimens observed. One in June, 1877, b}^ Mr. Dury, which
contained an Qgg ready to lay*; others in August, 1877, and in Ma}- and
June, 1878, at Madisonville.
36. Helminthophaga peregrtna, Cixh.— Tennessee Warbler. — In 1877
I found this species literally abundant at Madisonville, from Sept. 8th
to 30th, and stragglers were seen until after the 15th of October. Mr.
Dury also observed it in large numbers at Avondale. His experience
coincides with my own as to its comparative rarity previous to 1877.
In Ma}' of the present year I took several additional specimens, but
it could not be said to be abundant. Its sharp, shrill song, at this
season, resembles that of the Cerulean Warbler, but is more energetic,
and merel}^ a repetition of one or two notes, without the peculiar ter-
mination of the song of the latter species. Its usual note in the Fall is
a faint " tchip,'' but I have occasionally taken it in full song at that
season.
37. Dendroeca iESTiVA, Bd. — Summer Warbler, Yellow Warbler. —
A common Summer resident, and, with the exception of D. coronata,
the first warbler seen in the Spring; making its appearance about the
middle of April. A nest discovered on the 2d of June, was situated ten
or twelve feet from the ground, in a Quince tree, and contained four
well-grown 3^oung which completely filled the nest. These young, when
Observations on Cincinnati Birds. 113
fledged, were of a soiled whitish color beneath, which soon became
tinged with j-ellowish; above ash}^ green, the primaries and secondaries
darker, margined with yellowish. B3' the 7th of June, they were able to
follow the parents in search of food.
40. Dendroeca c^rulea, Bd. — Cerulean Warbler. — Young taken
while following their parents through the tree-tops earl}' in Jul}', 1877.
41. Dendrceca coronata, Gr. — Tellow-rmnped Warbler. — A very
common migrant. Specimens taken as early as March 4th, when small
streams were frozen over, and as late as November 29th, during a brisk
snow storm. A few individuals may Winter here occasion all}', as many
do in Southern Illinois according to Mr. Ridgway.
49rt. Dendrceca dominica, var. albilora, Ridgway. — White-broived
Tellow-throated Warbler. — Specimens of D. dominica., from Madison-
ville, sent to Mr. Ridgway for examination, are pronounced by him to
be var. albilora. So far as known, the typical dominica is confined to
the West Indies and South Atlantic coast of the U. S. ; var. albilora
to the Mississippi Valley.
53. Dendrceca finds, Bd. — Pine-creeping Warbler. — Taken by Mr.
E. R. Quick, at Brookville, Ind., in May, 1878.
55. SiuRUS Navies, Coues. — Short-billed Water Thrush. — Taken
May 10th (1878), at Madison ville. This specimen flew up from a
marshy tract in a wheat field, and when first startled, uttered a curious
note resembling the '■'■ iveep-iuit'''' of the Solitary Sandpipei", but more
subdued.
58. Oporornis formosus, Bd. — Kentucky Warbler. — This species
has been present in unusual numbers during the past two seasons
(1877 and '78). It has, heretofore, beeu considered as'rather a rare
bird, but is a regular Summer resident, and doubtless breeds here,
although its nest and eggs have not j'et been discovered. Dense
woods, with an undergrowth consisting chiefly of Spicewood bushes^
are its favorite, and so far as my observation goes, its only resorts
during the Summer. Its song closely resembles that of the Golden-
crowned Thrush (S. auricapillus), but lacks its characteristic sharjj-
ness, the notes being full and rounded.
64. Mtiodioctes canadensis, And. — Canadian Fly-catching Warb-
ler. — Taken in September, 1877, at Madisonville.
66. Pyranga rubra, V. — Scarlet Tanager. — The previously ex-
pressed opinion that this species probably breeds here, has been con-
firmed, its eggs having been taken at Gleudale by Mr. Bonsai Porter,
from whom I have obtained a specimen.
69. Tachycineta bicolor, Cass. — White-bellied Swallow. — By an
error this species was marked as breeding in my original catalogue.
This I desire to correct, as I am only positive of its occurrence here in
114 Cncinnati Society of Natural History.
the Spring. Mr. Dury, however, notes several nests and eggs taken at
St. Mary's Reservoir, where it breeds in " snags and stumps."
76. ViREo PHiLADELPHicus, Cass. — Brotherly-love Vireo. — Taken at
Madisonville, in September, 1877. I am indebted to Mr. J. W, Shor-
ten for another specimen taken in the Spring of 1876, at the same
localit}'.
79. Vireo solitarids, V. — Blue-headed or Solitary Vireo. — Speci-
mens in the collections of Mr. Dury and Dr. R. M. Byrnes.
82. CoLLURio LUDOViciANUS, Bd. — Loggerheoxl Shrike. — This species
appears to be more common than usual this season. Two nests have
been taken at Valley Junction, by Mr. Harrj- Hunt, and one at Madi-
sonville by Mr. William Settle, to whom I am indebted for specimens.
These nests each contained six young, which were probably hatched
about the third week in April. An adult specimen in my collection
appears to represent the tjqDical ludovicianns, and does not ditter ap-
preciably in color from a Florida example, but the bill of the latter is
considerabl}' larger, in accordance with the laws of Geographical Vari-
ation as elucidated by Allen.*
86. ^GOiTHUS LiNARiA, Cab. — Red-x>oll Linnet. — This and the fol-
lowing species were taken by Mr. Darj-, at Avondale, during the win-
ter of 1869-70.
90. Plectrophanes lapponicus, Selby. — Lapland Longspur. — A
single individual, taken by Mr. Wm. H. Whetsel, at Madisonville, Dec.
11th, 1877, is now in my collection. It has also been taken by Mr.
Dury, at Avondale, as above stated.
93. CoTURNicuLUS PASSERiNUS, Bou. — Yellow-winged Sparrow. — Spe-
cimens taken by Mr. Durj', who states that it is a rare Summer resident
in this vicinit3^
95. Melospiza lincolni, Bd. — Lincoln's Finch. — Included in " Cata-
loo-ue Birds Cincinnati" on authority of Dr. Wheaton, who gives it as
a migrant in his list of the "Birds of the. State, 187-1." By an over-
sio-ht, however, the quotation marks were omitted in the catalogue, and
I take the present opportunity to make the proper correction. It has
yet to be identified here.
103. ZoNOTRiCHiA LEUCOPHRYS. Bp. — White-crowned Sparrow. — Mr.
Dury notes the occurrence of this species in nnmbers during Christ-
mas week.^ 1877.
107. EusHzA AMERICANA, Bou. — Black-throated Buntiny. — Dr. Ivirt-
land, in 1838 {Ohio Geological Survey)., considered the occurrence of
this bird in Ohio as "doubtful." It is now one of our most abundant
Summer residents, and its monotonous song may be continuall}' heard
* See " Geoffraphieal Variation in North American Birds," by J. A. Allen.— Proc.
Boston Soc Nat. History, vol. xv., p. 212, June 19, 1872.
Observations on Cincinnati Birds. 115
along fences and hedge-vows, from daylight to dusk, and occasionally
even at midnight.
112. PiPiLO ERYTHROPHTHALMUS. Vieillot. — Towliee Finch, Ground
Robin. — Mr. O. M. Meyncke, of Brookville, Ind., informs me that
several instances of the nesting of this species in bushes, have come
under his observation. He also found one nest situated on the top of
a stump about six feet high, overgrown with parasitic vines.
113. DoLiCHONTX oRTZivoRUS, Sw. — BoboUnk. — Present in limited
numbers for a few daj's in Ma}^ 1878.
121. CoRVUS coRAi, Linn. — ^«ye?i.--Dr. Rufus Haymond, in a list
of the "Birds of Franklin Co., Ind." (Ind. Geol. Report, 1869), says:
" The Raven was once numerous in this section, yet now so rare that I
have seen but one during the past twenty years." — In Atwater's His-
tory of Ohio (1838), the Raven is mentioned as a constant resident of
the State.
1-46. CoLAPTES ADRATUS, Sw. — Goldeu-ivinged Woodpecker, Flicker.
— Unusually abundant during the Fall of 1877. A beautiful albino has
been taken at Valley Junction, by Mr. Harry Hunt, and is now in his
collection. It is of a delicate cream color, but the red nape shows
plainlv, and the pectoral crescent obscurely.
147. CoNDRUS CAROLiNENSis, Kuhl. — Carolina Paroquet. — Mr.
Joseph Settle tells me that Paroquets occurred in large numbers near
Madisonville, during the Summers of 1837, '38 and '39. Few were
seen in 1840, and none after that year. He describes them as a "green
bird," appearing in flocks, like Blackbirds, making a loud, chattering
noise, and destroying a considerable amount of fruit. Mr. Dury notes,
on the authorit}^ of Giles Richards, Esq., their occurrence in large
numbers at Matson's Mills, near Venice, Butler Co., Ohio; Mr. Rich-
ards pointing out the identical sycamores in which they had nested
many years ago.
148. Strix flammea, L. var. Americana, Coues. — Barn Owl. — Mr.
Dury's collection contains two specimens taken here; the only positive
record of its occurrence in Ohio.
151. Otus vulgaris, var. wilsonianus, Less. — Long-eared Owl. —
Full fledged 3'oung of the year taken by Mr. Dury, at Avondale, in
July, 1878 — the first evidence of the breeding of this species in this
vicinit}^ The stomach of this specimen contained portions of a
Robin and two beetles (Cojrris Carolina).
Syrnium cinereum. And. — Great Gray Oirl. — Identified by Mr.
Dury in Clark Co., Ohio.
157. CiRCCs cyaneus, Lacep. var. hddsonius, Ridgway. — Marsh
Haiok. — Mr. Shorten has in his possession an adult female of this
species, taken near Covingtun, Ky., in November, 1877.
116 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.
158. Nauclerus fukcatus, Vig. — Swallow-tailed Kite. — A single
specimen recorded by Dr. Hayinond, in his list of the Birds of
Franklin Co., Ind., 1869. (Indiana Geological Report).
167. BuTEO PENNSYLVANicus, Bp. — Broaci-wingecl Hawk. — The
stomach of a specimen of this Hawk taken at Madisonville, in April
1877, contained the greater portion of the skeleton and hair of a small
Wood-mouse (Arvicola austerus), a lizard (Eumeces?) about six
inches long, and ten or twelve small beetles, with numerous elytra of
the same. I have also dissected two or three individuals of this
species whose eyes were infested with numerous parasitic worms, about
three-quarters of an inch in length, which were found in the region of
the nictitating membrane, or third eyelid,
168, Archibuteo lagopus, Gr. var. Sancti-Johannis, Ridgwa}'. —
Rough-legged Buzzard, Black Hawk. — Mr. Dury mentions a speci-
men taken near Clifton some years ago.
175. Zenaidura CAROLiNENSis, Bou. — Turtle Dove. — A nest of the
Carolina Dove was discovered on the ground in the Little Miami
" bottoms," May 5, 1877, by my brother, Clifford C. Langdon. It
contained one young bird and an Q^g. The nesting of this species
on the ground is very unusual in wooded sections, but is said to be of
frequent occurrence on the Western plains, owing to the absence of
trees. ( Vide North American Birds, B. B. & R. vol. iii., p. 384-6).
179. Ortyx viRGiNiANus. Bp. — Quail. — " Bob White " was pro-
tected by law in Ohio, from Januar}^ 1, 1876, until November 15, 1877 —
nearly two years; and consequently appeared in unusual numbers
during 1877, This law was a result of the exertions of the Cuvier
Club of Cincinnati, and is the one at present in force, allowing the
taking of Quail during only six weeks in the year (November 15
^ to January 1).
184. -32GIAL1TIS MELODUS, Cab. — Piping Plover. — Chiefl}' confined
to the seacoast and Great Lakes. One specimen taken on the Ohio
River, near Cincinnati, l\y Mr. Durj-.
194. Ereunetes pusillus, Cass. — Semipalniated Sandpiper. — I am
indebted to Mr. Shorten for three specimens of this species, taken by
him on the Little Miami, near Madisonville, May 25, 1878 — the first I
have seen from this localit}-. Two of these are females, and present
the curious anomaly of being larger and brighter colored than the
male — peculiarities so characteristic of the Phalaropes.*
Whether the duties of incubation are performed by the male, as in
the latter group, would be an interesting subject for investigation.
'■■• See "Biography of Wilson's Phalarope," by E. W. Nelson,— BuUetiii of the Xuttall
Orn. Club, April, 1877,— Also foot-note by J. A. Allen, ibid. p. 42.
Observations on Cincinnati Birds. 117
214. Tantalus loculator, L. — Wood Ibis. — In view of the rarity of
this species here, the following account of its occurrence by Dr. Ha^^-
mond merits repetition: — " These large and curious birds occasionally
visit the "Whitewater Valley in the month of August. Some years ago.
I kept one (which had a broken wing) about six weeks. In that time
it became very tame, learned its name and would come when called.
We fed it upon living fish, which it would swallow with amazing
rapidity-, except catfish, which required labor and time to dispose of
It died from having eaten a Mackerel which had been placed in a basin
to soak."*
218. Ardea candidissima, Gmelin. — Little White Egret. — Mr. Dury
notes the capture of a specimen on the Reading Eoad, near Avondale,
several years ago.
211. Nyctiardea grisea, Steph. var. N^>via, Allen. — Night Heron .^
Qua-bird. — A fine male of this species, taken near Covington, Ky., in
April, 1878, has been placed in the museum of this Society through the
kindness of J. W. Hall, Jr. It is a bird of very unusual occurrence in
this vicinitj', although exceedingly abundant in many localities, East
and North, during the breeding season, and a common resident in the
Southern States. It is said to breed in some parts of Ohio, and its
rarit}'^ in this portion of the State is doubtless owing to absence of the
swampy w^oods which are its favorite breeding resorts.
223. Ardetta ExiLis, Gr. — Least Bittern. — Through Mr. Shorten, I
learn that a specimen of this diminutive Heron was picked up alive in
the streets of Cincinnati, in September, 1877.
221. Grus americanus, Ord. — Whooping Crane. — Additional speci-
mens of this magnificent bird are reported; one, in the collection of
Mr. Lucius Curtis, taken near Cartilage (Dar}'); another, taken May
30, 1877, at West Elkton, Preble county, Ohio, by Dr. W. C. Robert-
son (Shorten).
236. — Anser albifrons. Gm. var, Gambeli, Cones. — American
White-fronted Goose. — Specimen shot near Miamitown, Ohio (Dury).
261. Pelecanus trachyrhynchus. Lath. — White Pelican. — Of occa-
sional occurrence on the Ohio river during the migrations, and I learn
of the capture of three or four specimens in as many years. Dr. J. H.
Hunt has seen a specimen in the gray or immature plumage, taken at
the mouth of the Great Miami.
262o. Graculus dilophus, var. floridanus. Cones. — Florida Cormo-
rant. — Mr. Dury has favored me with an exceedingly interesting ac-
count of the former abundance of this species at St. Mar^-'s Reservoir,
in which he saN^s: " On the south side of the Reservoir, about seven
* Indiana Geol- Survey, 1869.— Birds of Franklin Co., page 229.
118 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.
miles from Celina, was the 'Water Turkey' Rookery. Here I used to
go to shoot them, with the natives who wanted them for their feathers;
I have helped kill a boat load."
" One season 1 climbed up to their nests and got a cap full of eggs.
The nests were made of sticks and built in the forks of the branches.
The trees [which were all dead] were mostly oaks, and covered with
excrement. I found from two to four eggs or young to a nest. The
3'oung were queer little creatures — looked and felt like India rubber.''
" The old birds flew around in clouds, and made their croaking notes,
indicative of their displeasure at my presence." " Some of the trees
had ten or twelve nests on them." "As the timber has rotted and
blown down, the birds have become less and less numerous."
The above circumstances occurred during the month of June, 1867,
since when, as Mr. Dury states, these birds have rapidly decreased in
numbers. The man^' specimens examined b}' him were, without excep-
tion, var. Jloridanas.
My own observation of the species in Ohio is limited to a, single
specimen found floating in the Reservoir late in October, 1874,
when its comrades had probably migrated. It has also been tolerably
well identified on both Miamis during the migrations.
The St. Mary's Reservoir, alluded to in the foregoing notes, is a
point of much interest, ornithologically, and a brief account of its
main features may not be out of place in this connection.
This Reservoir, which is in realitj^ a flooded wilderness, is an arti-
ficial body of water, eight miles in length,' by irom two to four miles in
breadth, covering an area of about 17,000 acres of original forest and
prairie in nearly equal proportions. It Is situated about one hundred and
thirt}^ miles north of Cincinnati,- in Mercer and Auglaize counties,
and supplies the Miami Canal.
The construction of the Reservoir was begun in 1838, and completed
about the 3'ear 1815, hy throwing two parallel banks of earth, about
eight miles apart, across a shallow vallej' lying east and west. It re-
ceives its principal suppl}' from two small streams flowing through
this valley, and its situation is such that one of these streams eventu-
ally reaches Lake Erie, through the Si. Marys and Maumee rivers,
while the other finds its way into the Ohio river by way of the Wabash.
It is at once apparent that the creation of a body of water of this size,
so peculiarly situated, and in a region possessing no natural lakes,
can not fail to materially affect the bird-fauna of a large portion of the
State, and although not, technically speaking, within the scope of the
present paper, I have included some of Mr. Dury's observations at that
locality, as possessing a special interest.
July 6, 1878.
The Prehistoric Monuments of the Little Miami Valley. 119
THE PBEHISTORIC MONUIIENTS OF THE LITTLE
MIAMI VALLEY.
By Charles L. Metz, M.D, •
The aboriginal earthworks in this vicinity are so rapidly becoming
more and more indistinct, from the effects of continued cultivation, the
elements, the leveling of man}^ for building sites, and the carting
away of others for the purpose of making fills and grades, that in a
few more years their sites will be obliterated and forgotten.
This has determined me to prepare a chart, giving the location of
the works, and mounds, in Columbia township, and of those in An-
derson and Spencer townships, situated near the Little Miami River.
The}' are principally situated in Groups, and are marked respec-
tively, A, B, C and D, on the chart.
Group A.
Is situated partly in section 9, and parth^ in section 15, Columbia
township, Hamilton count}-, Ohio, one mile west of Plaiuville sta-
tion, on the Little Miami Railroad, and on the second bottom or plateau
of the Little Miami river, on a narrow sandy ridge of a reddish color.
This ridge has an elevation, averaging from 10 to 25 feet above the
general level of the plateau on which it is situated. It lies between
the Wooster Turnpike, and the Little Miami Railroad and River,
elevated about 200 feet above the latter. On this ridge the principle
work of this group is situated.
Commencing at the east end of the ridge, and in a wood known as
" Stites Grove," we find an earthwork (Group A, No. 1) consisting of a
circle, central tumulus, and an oval-shaped tumulus impinging on the
outer southeast edge of the circle. The following extract, from an ar-
ticle entitled " The Mound Builders," b}- Mr. Florien Giauque, pub-
lished in the Harvest Home Magazine, August, 1876, describes this
work as follows: " In the grove known as the ' picnic woods,' owned bj-
Mr. Charles Stites, of Columbia, and on the top of this ridge, there is a
circular enclosure, made b}' a ditch, and an earthen embankment out-
side of and immediately adjoining this ditch, and no doubt made of the
material which was taken from it. From the bottom of this ditch to
the top of the embankment, the present height is about 5|^ feet; the
diameter of the ditch from deepest cut on either side is 75 feet; the
enclosing embankment, from crest to crest, is 105 feet; and the diameter
of the entire work from outside to outside is about 145 to 150 feet. On
the east, this embankment is enlarged into a regular mound, about 48
feet in diameter, and about 6 feet high above the adjacent ground. At
the southeast part of the enclosure, there is left an entrance way
120 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.
about 10 feet wide — that is, tliere is here neither ditch nor embankment
— this entrance faces and is about 40 feet away from the edge of the
terrace or bluff, which is here quite steep, and about 100 feet* (estima-
ted) hi^h above the river, whicli is here quite near the foot of the bluff.
The edge of the terrace and ridge coincide here."
The ridge to the east of this work slopes genth^ until it reaches the
general level of the plateau. On this slope numerous relics are found.
The above described work was explored by Mr. Giauque and others,
and several fine relics were found. The finding of one he describes as
follows :
" One of the trenches was begun about the north of the mound, and
the writer (Mr. Giauque), while working here, hardly a foot below the
surface of the mound, and about 7 feet from the centre of it, found a
very fine relic. It is a tube 6 inches long, a little less than an inch in
diameter, made of crinoidal limestone, highly polished, though some-
what coated and discolored in places by the oxide of iron which has
collected on it during its long burial. The hole extends entirelj''
through from end to end, but grows rapidly smaller near one end, being
about f ths inch in diameter most of the distance, and about 3-16ths of an
inch at the smaller end. This relic is in fact a cjdinder for about A^
inches of its length, to a diamond shaped perforation."
I have measured the circumference of some of the larger trees grow-
ing on this work; an oak has 9| feet, beech 8^ feet in circumference on
the central tumulus, maple 6 3-10 feet, an oak 6 7-10 in circumference.
North west of this work, and about 200 feet distant, at the foot of the
sand ridge, and on the general level of the plateau, is a mound (Group
A, No 2), which has been recently explored. Its diameter east to west
is 45 feet, elevation 7 feet. An oak tree on its^western slope has 8 7-10
feet, and a beech on its eastern slope 5 feet of a circumference. An
interesting account of the exploration of this mound, by Mr. Giauque,
was published in the Harvest Home Ifagazine, in the article from which
I quoted above. The circumstances of the exploration are of considera-
ble interest to the archaeologist, and I make the following extracts
from Mr. Giauque's article:
* * "About 11 feet from the outside, and 2 feet above the original
surface, the shovel hitlierto working pretty freely in clayey sand,
struck the first big stone. It was a flat limestone, possibl}' brought
from the neighboring hill, about half a mile awa}', as there were none
nearer, and it was much reddened and softened by fire, the fossil shells
in it being whitened, or more nearl}^ calcined than the other parts.
This, together with charcoal and ashes, pieces of bone, pieces of bowl-
■■= The blufTis here 200 feet high.
The Prehistoric Jlonuments of the Little Miami Valley. 121
der broken b}' fire, Avere ver}'- encouragiug indications of a 'find.'
Further digging showed that the rock struck was a , part of a stone
arch, rudel}' made of undressed limestone. * * *
" That part of the arch first found was removed, and under it was
found a skeleton, the tibia (shin bone) being the first part of it dis-
covered. The arch was then entirel}^ uncovered, the earth removed be-
tween it and the skeleton, and the skeleton taken out. * * If the
mound had been divided into four parts, by drawing a line through its
centre from north to south, and another similarly from east to west, the
arch would have been entirely within the northwest section of the
mound, and the skeleton which it covered, lay with its head neai'ly
towards the northeast (N. E. E.) Perpendicular sections of the mound,
as dug away that day, showed from the bottom upwards.
" 1. The skeleton resting on or near the original surface, which was a
sand}' clay, quite compact and hard.
" 2. About a foot of sandy earth, possibly hiixed with ashes, but no
charcoal nor pieces of bowlder nor bone; and especially in places where
the rock above had relieved it from pressure, quite loose and soft.
" 3. The arch, hitherto so called for convenience, but perhaps hardl}-
entitled to the name. This was made, as, has been said, of undressed
but flat limestone, averaging about 20 to 30, and 6 to 8 inches in length
and breadth; 4 inches in thickness, and approximately most of them
being about a medium between these extremes; the arch was about 7
feet long, and 5|- or 6 wide; its highest part being in a line with, and
directly over, the body, and arching downward on either side till its
edges on the right and left of the skeleton nearl}^ reached the clay on
which the skeleton lay. But the stones were not set up on edge, so
that the structure, while really an arch in form, was probably' not self-
sustaining. * * * It contained three layers of stone, one over the
other, making about a foot in thickness.
" 4. A thin la^^er of sandy earth, about one inch on the highest part,
and increasing in thickness toward the sides.
"5. Charcoal and ashes, the charcoal not plenty, nor in large pieces,
this indicating that the fire had burned out before being covered up
with earth. This fire was hot enough to color all the top rocks, as
mentioned of the first one found.
" 6. A layer of sand, about 15 inches thick, with pieces of fire-cracked
bowlder, burnt limestone, and pieces of human bones, much decayed
— or were they partially burned ?
"7. Another layer of charcoal and ashes similar to the one below,
about fths of an inch thick.
" 8. Claj^ey sand to the top, so soft as to be shoveled without loosen-
ing with a pick, and nowhere over 2^ feet thick, * * No ornaments
or implements of any kind were found in this mound."
122 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.
West and to the south of this tumulus, and on the same continuous
sand rid^e mentioned above, are four or five elevations or tumuli,
with an average height of three to four feet, being from two to three
hundred feet apart (Group A, No. 3), The ridge is here under cul-
tivation, numbers of relics, flint chips, and broken bowlders, are
ploughed up on this ridge.
Northwest of those tumuli, and on the general level of the plateau,
\ mile distant, is a mound (Group A, No. 6), which has a circumference
at base of 200 feet, and an elevation of 7 feet; it is as yet unexplored,
but cultivated annuall}'.
Four hundred j^ards to the northeast of this mound, and at the junc-
tion of the Wooster and Madison turnpikes, can yet be traced a circular
work, which has a circumference of 600 feet (Group A, No. 7). 20 3'ears
ao-o, I am told by an old settler, that the circle had an elevation at that
time of three feet,and that there was a mound four feet high in the centre;
at present it is almost obliterated. Its northern side in places has an ele-
vation of eight to twelve inches. On the south and eastern side, the
work can be traced by the 3'ellow color of the soil. The northeast side
is occupied by the Madison turnpike.
Continuing on to the southwestward of the small tumuli, and along
the previously descril)ed sand ridge, we come to what is known as the
" Pottery Field" (Group A, No. 4). Here the ridge slopes gently to the
south and southeast,^ with an elevation of from 60 to 80 feet above the
level of the Little Miami river. This field is a plateau of about four
acres in extent, sloping back to the higher ground. On this plateau,
fragments of pottery are found in great abundance, Flint chips, arrow
points, broken bowlders, burnt limestone, and the shells of the fresh-
water muscles (unio) are found all over the surface. Human remains
have been found in the adjoining ravines, and on the slopes; the graves
were isolated and shallow, and the method of burial was not uniform.
Bones of various wild animals are also found.
Two hundred yards north of the pottery field are several small tum-
uli (Group A, No. 5); the largest has a circumference at base of about
100 feet, height 5^ feet; this mound has been dug into, but not_vet ex-
plored. The pottery field, and also the tumulus (Nos. 4 and 5) are sit-
uated in section 9, Columbia township, in what is known as Ferris'
woods, in "Still Home Hollow." The largest trees on the potter}^ field
measure as follows: A walnut, 15-^ feet in circumference; an oak, 12
feet in circumference; a maple, 9^- feet in circumference; and an ehn
12 feet in circumference.
A quarter of a mile farther west, in section 15, on the estate of
Joseph Ferris, and just southeast of the family' homestead, is a circular
work, with an inside ditch and a central elevation. Its circumference is
The Prehistoric 3Iomnnents of the Little Iliami Valley. 123
about 200 feet; diameter from east to' west, about 65 feet. This work
is almost obliterated. It is distant from the river half a mile, and ele-
vated above it about 80 feet (Group A, No. 8).
Group B.
The works comprising this group are situated, part in Sects. 15 and
21, Columbia township, and part in Sects. 14 and 20 of Spencer town-
ship. Immediatel}- south of Red Bank station, L. M. R. R.. commences
a gravely ridge, having an average elevation of about 40 to 50 feet above
the general level of the surrounding plateau, and extending in a south-
westerly direction for thi-ee fourths of a mile along the course of the
Wooster turnpike. On this ridge, and on the estate of Dr. O. IM. Lang-
don, we have a tumulus (Group B, No. 1) and a circular excavation.
The tumulus has an elevation of nine feet,and a circumference of 200 feet
at base. It has not been explored, and is covered with young forest
trees. 300 yards southwest of this tumulus, is the circular excavation
(Group B, No. 2). Its diameter north to south is 40 feet, east to
west 44 feet, depth 7 feet. An old settler related that 50 years ago re-
mains of stakes or palisades could be seen surrounding this excava-
tion. The southeast slope of the ridge near this excavation, is
covered with huge conglomerate masses, under which are two small
caves (Group B, two asterisks) — no evidence exist about them as to their
having served as habitations.
Half mile west of this ridge is an elevated plateau sloping to south-
ward, until it coincides with the first bottom of the Little ^Nfiami River.
On this plateau, at its highest elevation just south of the Little Miami
Railroad, and at the junction of Oak and Elmwood Avenues of the
Linwood Land Go's, subdivision, was a mound (No. 3, Group B), re-
centljr removed in the grading done by the Laud Co. The superinten-
dent of the grading, informs me that there were two circular layers of
human remains, one near the general level of the ground, and one
three feet above the lower one; he gives its height as eight feet, and its
circumference at base of 200 feet. The Hon. Judge Cox states to me
that this mound was enclosed by a circular work that had a diameter
of 800 feet. /
South of this mound, distant 200 3-ards, was a mound which was ex-
plored 50 years ago (si-te marked b}'^ an asterisk). My informant, Mr-
Riggle, remembers that in a kind of a stone coffin, as he describes it,
were two skeletons lying side by side, with their feet to the east, and
that their faces were covered with laj-ers of mica.
The five acres west of those mounds, are known as the " Indian Burj--
ing Ground" (Group B, No, 4), now subdivided into lots by the
Linwood Land Co. The square bounded by Elmwood, Walnut, Oak
and Maplewood avenues, covers the greater part of the ancient ceme-
124 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.
tery, and iin excavation made any where within or near those boundaries
will reveal human remains. The inhumation was usually at length,
with head to east.
A short distance east of the Linwood Station, on the south side of
the railroad, can yet be seen a portion of a mound remaining. This
mound was removed to make way for the L.M.R.E. (Site marked by
an asterisk.) Many relics were found in grading down these mounds,
and leveling the ground over the cemetery, and are in the collections
of Dr. H. H. Hill, and J. J. Hooker, of Cincinnati, and of the writer
and others.
The hill northwest of Red Bank station, and distant about two hun-
dred 3^ards from it, has an elevation of about 150 feet. This hill is
terraced on its eastern and southern slope; the terraces are five in
number, and are undoubtedly the work of human hands. On the top
of this hill is a mound (Group B, No. 5); its present elevation is about
four feet, and has not been explored.
Southwest of this mound, and at about the same elevation known
as " Linwood Hill," distant about 400 yards, is the site of a mound
(marked by an asterisk, Group B); it has been graded down. I could
learn nothing positive as to its dimensions; the Anderson house occu-
pies its site. Still farther westward, a quarter of a mile distant, and
at the same elevation on the Land Company's propert}", is a mound
(Group B, No. 6) four feet high, and a circumference of 150 feet. It
has not been explored.
One half mile north of Red Bank station, on the second bottom or
plateau of Duck Creek, immediately southwest of the western end of
the Cincinnati & Eastern Railroad trestle, is a mound eig'ht feet high?
and 200 feet in circumference at base (Group B, No. 7). It lias not been
explored, but is cultivated annually. Half mile to the northwest of
this mound is another, with an elevation of five feet, and circumference
of about 175 feet. It is on the same level as the foregoing one, and on
the lands of the Dr. Duncan estate (Group B, No. 8).
Group C.
Is located altogether in Anderson township, and principally along
the Batavia turnpike, commencing at Dry Run, and at a point where the
turnpike crosses it. Coming west on the first bottom of the creek, and
but a few yards distant from it, on the north side of the turnpike, is a
mound. Its present height is eight feet; circumference at base, 250
feet. It is of very regular shape (Group C, No 1), and well preserved.
Ascending to the second plain or bottom of the river valle}', which
here has an elevation of thirty to forty feet above the first bottom,
and is formed of drift gravel extending along towards the south-
west for three quarters of a mile, and running back to the base of the
The Prehistoric Jlonuments of the Little Miami Vallei/. 12.)
hills. On this plain, and on the north side of the turnpike, in a line
with the first mound described above, are three mounds about 200 feet
apart (Group C, Nos. 2, ;^, 4). Nos. 2 and 3 have an elevation of about
four feet. No. 4 has an elevation of ten feet, with a circumference of
250 feet at base. Neither of these have been explored; Nos. 2 and 3
are cultivated annually. South of the turnpike, and on the same level,
are two mounds (Group C, Nos. 5 and 6); the largest, No. 6, has a
height of five feet, and No. 5 a height of three and one half feet above
the general level of the plain.
Four hundred _yards southwest of the last two mounds, and on the
same level, on the lands, of the Martin e.^tate, is situated the " big
mound." This is the largest mound in this vicinity, and in the county.
Its present elevation is about 39 feet, with a circumference of 625 feet
at base (Group C, No. 7). It has been cultivated for the last thirty
years, with the exception of the last two years, and is now overgrown
with blackberry bushes. It was at one time covered with forest trees;
a large oak on its top had a diameter of four feet; this I have from re-
liable authoritv- It has not been explored; the proprietor desires to
let the dead rest, as he expresses it.
West of this mound, 300 yards distant, is a small mound annually
cultivated, and now about three feet high (Group C, No. 8); north
of this last mound, and on the first bottom of the Miami River, are the
remains of a mound, this was cut away in the building of the turnpike
(its site is marked by an asterisk). Bones and relics were found at
the time, but I could learn nothing more than that fact. Continuing
westward we reach the Odd Fellows' Cemetery at Newtown ; in
this cemeterj' is a mound (Group C, No. 9), with an elevation often
feet; circumference at base 210 feet; it has not been explored. 300
yards northwest of this mound, on the Plainville road, was a mound; it
has been recently removed, its material being used for the purpose of
making a fill on the road. It contained bones, charcoal, etc., but not
much attention was given it by its destroyers. It had a height of about
seven feet, and a circumference of 150 feet (Group C, No. 10). Directly
in front of the old M. E. Church, in Newtown, was a mound; it was re-
moved, and the material used in the construction of the Plainville road
(site marked by an asterisk). 3-4 mile south of Newtown, on the Clough
Creek, Newtown road, on the lands of Col. Jewett, is a mound 15 feet
high, and a circumference at base of 225 feet; it has not been explored
(Group C, No. 11).
Mound No. 12, of this Group, is situated half a mile east of the Union
Bridge, on the Batavia turnpike, and immediately in front of the old
Turpin homestead. It has been much reduced in size; its present ele-
vation is ten feet; its circumference, 175 feet at base.
126 Cincinnati Societij of Natural Hiatory.
Group D.
Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, of this Group, are situated in Ar)flerson to^viiship,
and on the lands of Mr. Michael Turner. Nos. 6, 7 and 8, of this group,
are on the opposite side of the river, in Sections 29, 28, 23, 22, of Colum-
bia township. No. 1 is the largest and most interesting work in the
Miami Valley. An extract from an article b}^ T. C. Dale, or Day, in
The Antiquities of the Miami Valley^ published in the November
number of the Monthly Chronicle, in 1839, is as follows : "The site
of this stupendous fortification, if we may so call it, is a few rods to the
right of the road leading from Newtown to Milford, and about midway
between them. It is situated on a ridge of land, that juts out from the
third bottom of the Little Miami, and reaches within 300 ^^ards of its
bed. From the top of the ridge to low-water mark, is probabl}'
100 feet. It terminates with quite a sharp point, and its sides are
very abrupt, bearing evident marks of having once been swept by
some stream of water, probably the Miami. It forms an extremity of
an immense bend, curving into what is now called the third bottom, but
which is evidently of alluvial formation. Its probable height is fort^'
feet, and its length about a quarter of a mile before it expands out, and
forms the third alluvial bottom. About 150 yards from the extreme
point of this ridge, the ancient workmen have cut a ditch directh'
through it. It is thirty feet in depth, its length, a semi-circular
curve, is 500 feet, and its width at the top is eighty feet, having a
level base of forty feet.
At the time of its formation, it was probabl}^ cut to the base of the
ridge, but the washing of the rains has filled it up to its present
height. Forty feet froni the western side of the ditch is placed the
low circular wall of the fort, which describes in its circumference an
area of about four acres. The Avail is probably 3 feet in mean height,
and is composed of the usual brick cla^y, occasionally intermixed with
small fiat river stone. It keeps at an exact distance from the top of
the ditch, but approaches nearer to the edge of the ridge. The form of
the fort is a perfect circle, and is two hundred yards in diameter. Its
western side is defended with a ditcli, cut through the ridge in the same
raann^" as the one on the eastern side. Its width and do]:)th is the
same, but its length is greater by two hundred feet, as the ridge is that
much wider than where the other is cut through. The wall of the
fort keeps exactly the same distance from the top of this ditch as of
the other, viz., forty feet. Its curve is exactly the opposite of that of
the other, so as to form two segments of a circle. At the southeastern
side of the fort there is an opening in the wall thirty-six yards wide;
and opposite this opening is one of the most marked features of this
wonderful monument. A causeway extends out from tlie ridge about
The Prehistoric 3Ionuments of the Little Miami Valley. 127
300 feet in length, and 100 feet in width, with a gradual descent to the
alluvial bottom at its base.
The material of its construction is evidently a portion of the earth
excaA^ated from the ditches. Its eas,y asceut and breadth would induce
the belief that it was formed to facilitate the entrance of some ponder-
ous vehicle or machines into the fort. To defend this entrance thev
raised a mound of earth seven feet high, forty wide and seventy-five
long. It is placed about 100 feet from the mouth of the causeway-, and
is so situated that its garrison could sweep it to its base. The whole
area of the fort, the wall and causewa}', are covered with large forest
trees, but there is not a tree growing in either of the ditches, and there
are but a few low underbrush on their side.
At present the circular wall is almost leveled, but can be readilv
traced b}' the color of the soil, and the large number of flat river stones.
The ditches can be easily recognized. The mound is still prominent.
It measures now, height 5^ feet, diameter 25 j-ards, circumference
75 3^ards. The causeway is cut through by the C. & E. R. R., the for-
est cut away, and the soil cultivated annually.
No. 2 of this Gi'oup is a large, circular embankment, with a diameter
of about 125 j-ards. The material forming the embankment is evident-
ly taken from within the enclosure. This work is a |)erfect circle, with
an opening or gateway thirty feet wide to the south. It is about 300
yards distant from the first work of this Group. Two hundred j^ards to
the south of this circle are two mounds, No. 4 on chart being the larger.
It has a circumference at base of 250 feet, and an elevation of twelve feet.
One hundred and fifty 3'ards east of these mounds is another of very
regular shape (Group D, No. 5, on chart); height, four feet, circum-
ference, 150 feet. No. 6 of this Group is a small mound, situated in
Section 22, Columbia township, on an elevated ridge known as Grave-
lotte, on the estate of T. R. Biggs. It is situated in a corner of a large
embankment. Its height is 3 feet, circumference 150 feet. No. 7 of
this group is located in section 29, Columbia township, ^ofa mile west
of Camden, just south of the Wooster turnpike. It is now only one
third its former size, it being partly removed in the construction of
the Wooster turnpike. Its present dimensions are, height nine feet,
diameter seventy feet. In the southeast corner of Section 29. at the vill-
age of Camden, and 300 feet east of the south line of Mr. Galloway's resi-
dence, is the corner of an embankment which extends east and south to
the river. It extends fths of a mile east, until it reaches the bank of the
river, which is here about 40 feet high, the other running south until it
reaches the edge of the gravel ridge, and then runs east to the river.
It incloses from 800 to 1000 acres of ground. This embankment, 50 years
ago, was six feet high and twelve feet wide. It is now scarcelv trace-
128 Cincinnati Society of JSTatural History.
able, and is best discoverable in spring time, and just after ploughing,
when it can be readily traced across the fields b}' tlie peculiar color of
the soil.
In Section 30, Columbia township, on the lands of Mr. K. Bonham,
is a mound, 8 feet high, and 200 feet circumference at base. In Sec-
tion 34, on Norwood Heights, is located a mound that commands an ex-
tensive view of the surrounding country. Its height is nine feet, cir-
cumference 200 feet. It was probably a mound of observation.
Other mounds and earthworks will doubtless be discovered in this
vicinity, as the forests are cut down, and the ground cleared; and those
described and located in the present paper are but a few in the long
chain of works extending up along the course of the Little Miami and
the East Fork valleys.
In conclusion, I would say that to Mr. Ohas. F. Low, Mr. Archer, of
the Marietta & Cincinnati R.R., and to Mr. W. R. Kemper, my warm-
est thanks are due for their assistance in preparing the accompanying
chart, and to Mr. F. W. Langdon, who kindly assisted me in carrying-
out investigations. To the archtieologist a complete and speedy exam-
ination of this whole valley is of the utmost importance.
Madi?onville, Hamilton Co., O., August 7, 1878,
THE MOUl^D BUILDEES ON THE LITTLE MIAMI.
By S. S. ScoviLLE, M.D.
In this communication, we call attention to some of the traces of
this people, which may be observed along the Miami, from Foster's
Crossing to Waynesville. At the former place, on the west side of the
river, we have an P^arthwork. At Deerfield, or South Lebanon, may
be seen another, with adjacent mounds. One mile above South
Lebanon, mounds are found which yielded lately some magnificent
copper axes, and other interesting relics. In the vicinity of Morrow
are mounds. At Fort Ancient, we have an Earthwork that rivals in
oraudeur anything to be found in Southern Ohio. Opposite this work,
we have a terraced roadway, which may ])c traced for a quarter of a
mile or more. Above Fort Ancient, two or three miles, and on east
side of river, a terrace may be observed on the side of the hill. Above
Frceport, two miles, on east side of the river, is to be seen the site of a
town or dwelling place. Here, pottery was manufactured. Nearl}^ a
hundred human skeletons have been found and fragments of potter3'
are abundant. Mounds are found here. Between Freejwrt and
Waynesville is an Earthwork. At the latter place are numerous
mounds.
Eight JSfew Species of llolocystlles from the Niagara Gronp. 120
DESCEIPTION OF EIGHT NEW SPECIES OF IIOLO-
CY8TITES FROM THE NIAGARA GROUP.
By S. a. Miller.
Prof. James Hall, of New York, iu 1864, founded the geuiis IIolo-
cystites, and described four new species, and referred two previously de-
fined ones to the new genus. The next .year, Winchell and Marcy de-
scribed another species. All these were casts.
The genus was defined as follows: " Body elongate, sub-c^'lindrical,
elliptical or sub-ovate, composed of numerous (six or more) ranges of
comparatively large plates, or of alternating series of large and small
hexagonal or polygonal plates; apertures at or near the summit, out of
them central or sub-central, the other eccentric; supported on a short
pedicel; sessile arms, none; free arms, unknown; no evidence of pecti-
nated rhombs."
We now propose to define eight new species of Cystideans, and refer
them to this genus. Thej' are all well preserved, and show fully the
characters of the plates.
The following characters are possessed in common by these species,
to wit: free arms, surrounding an ambulacral orifice; a mouth, eccen-
tric or removed to the side; and all the plates of the body poriferous.
Calling the side upon which the mouth is situated the ventral side, it
will be noticed that the dorsal side is alwa^'S the most ventricose.
Some of the species possess a third openiaig. which is called the anal
aperture, and in three species, at least, this is found between the mouth
and ambulacral orifice. All the species were possessed of columns,
except, probably, H. hrauni. We have illustrated part of the section
of a column, showing the radiating lines upon the face of the plates,
and two roots. One of the roots is coiled around a column, and ter-
minates without branching, showing that it may have been a floater;
the other terminates in clumsy branches. This genus would, therefore)
seem to include species that were sessile, floating, or which possessed
a column, and attached b}' branching roots to foreign objects. We
have other roots, columns, and undescribed species from the same
rocks, that ma^' be illustrated in a future number of the Journal, and
throw further light upon the subject.
The remarkable perfection of the specimens and their scientific import-
ance, will justif}^ a short statement of the history of their discover^-.
The credit of first discovering them is due to the zealous and indefati-
gable palii?ontologist, Mr. Fred. Braun. More than a year ago, he
collected a number of specimens in the lower part of the Niagara Group,
in Jefferson countj', Indiana. They were found less than seventy-five
130 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.
feet above known exposures of the Hudson River Group. Last summer,
Mr. Braun and I collected, near Osgood, in Ripley County, Indiana,
within less than thirty feet of the Hudson River Group (top of the
Cincinnati Group) several species of these large Cystideans.^ with many
roots and columns, • As soon as opportunity occurs for illustrating
these, more of them will be described. Later, Prof. A. G. Wetherby
collected, near Osgood, several species in the same range, and within
30 feet of the Lower Silurian rocks. We are not informed as to the
place where Dr. Washburn found his specimen, farther than it was
some distance below the range of the Waldron beds. The plates of
Cystideans^ from the same range of rocks, at Dayton, Ohio, have been
known for many years.
. Associated with these Tlolocystites^ in Ripley County, Indiana, I
collected Lichenalia concentrica.^ Calymene niagarensis^ Orthoceras
annulatam, Atrypa reticularis, having the same characters as the
Waldron specimens, and other fossils of the Niagara Group. I have
been unable to find any indications of the existence of the JMedina or
Clinton Group, at au}^ of the exposures examined, and from the ob-
servations made, and fossils collected, am fully convinced that the Ni-
agara Group rests directly upon the Hudson River Group of rocks, all
the way from Dayton, Ohio, in the meandering course of the exposure
across the south-eastern part of the State of Indiana, to the Ohio river.
It is true, that I have not traced out the line of junction of these two
Groups the whole distance, nor the greater part thereof, but I have seen
exposures, where the Groups come together, and have collected fossils
in the rocks of both Groups, at a great many places near the line of
junction. Moreover, the rocks have never suffered much disturbance,
and have a very uniform westerly and north-westerl}^ dip. In short, I
have the utmost confidence in the correctness of the view expressed,
notwithstanding the statement, which has been made, to the effect, that
the Clinton Group intervenes. Certainly no one will have any doubt
about the age of the rocks in which these fossils were collected.
HoLOCYSTiTES BRAUNi, u. sp. (Plate v., fig. 1, natural size.)
The species is founded upon a single specimen, half of which is
buried in a slab.
The body is elongate-subovatc, apparently sliglitly constricted imme-
diately above the junction with the column. The part of the column
preserved is very large, and there are some appearances that render it
possible that it is all preserved; that the species was sessile and rested
close upon its support; and that the apparent constriction is caused b}^
the expanding support or flange.
The basal (?) plates are, in part, anchylosed, which prevents a correct
Eight JSTew Species of Jlolocystitcs from the Nincjara Group. 131
detevmiuation of the miiiiber. Above these, the first range consists of
more than twenty plates. The number cannot be exactly ascertained,
but four undisturbed plates, shown in the illustration, cover g-ths of an
inch, whore the circumference of the specimen is 3^ inches. The plates
are longer than wide, var}- much in width, are somewha twedge shaped,
and arranged alternately; two of them are hexagonal and the other two
are pentagonal. The second range consists of the same number as the
first. Nine plates, in place, extend If inches, where the circumference,
if preserved, would be 3^ inches or more. These plates have no uui-
formit}^ in shape or size; they ai-e longer than wide, and A^ary from
pentagonal to heptagonal. Above the second range the plates are not
disposed with any regularity; they differ in size from -Jth to fths of an
inch, and vary, in form, from a triangle to a nonagou. If the plates
were placed in ranges, there would be about ten between the basals and
the first arm base or tentacle. Two strong arm bases are shown on the
specimen. The apertures are unknown. The plates are perforated by
numerous pores, having no order in their arrangement. The specimen
has a length of 3 inches; diameter in the middle, If inches, and at the
base ^ths of an inch.
Collected by Frederick Braun, Esq., in whose honor the specific name
is proposed, in the lower part of the Niagara Group, in Jefferson County,
Indiana.
HoLOCYSTiTES WETHERBYi, u. sp. (Plate V. figs. 2, 2a, 26.)
Body sub-globose, or somewhat obovate ; summit depressed convex ;
greatest diameter above the middle and at right angles to a line passing
through the mouth and ambulacral orifice. The ambulacral orifice is
surrounded b}' at least four arms (the specimen does not show the arm
bases distinctly). The mouth is on the summit, but little removed
from the ambulacral orifice. The other openings, whicli appear upon
the summit, and are shown in the illustration, served some purpose
not understood. The body is surrounded by four ranges of sixteen
plates each. The two middle ranges are composed of hexagonal plates;
the other two seem to be composed of both pentagonal and hexagonal
plates; the plates are longer than wide. The plates upon the summit
are not determined. There is a row of basal plates below the four
ranges, composed, probably, of only eight plates, but the lines are too
indistinct to allow them to be traced.
Each plate of the bod}' is perforated with small holes, arranged in
pairs, but we have been unable to detect any order in the arrangement,
except so far as their arrangement in pairs is concerned. The anal
aperture, if it existed, is unknown.
One of the supposed arms or tentacles is lying upon the summit of
132 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.
the specimen illustrated. It has a lengtli oi'oiie fourth of an inch, and
tapers to an obtuse point. There are twenty-five distinct annulations
shown upon it. The magnitied view is intended to show these annula-
tions. The column was evidently small.
Length of specimen one and six tenths inches; lengtli of four ranges
of plates on the anterior side, one and one tenth inches; breadth of
same plates, eight tenths of an inch; greatest circumference, four
inches; greatest diameter, one and four tenths inches.
Collected hy Prof A. G. Wetherby, in whose honor the species is
named, in the lower part of the Niagara Group, in Riple_y County,
Indiana.
HoLoCYSTiTES ORNATUS, n. sp. (Plate v., figs, 3, 3a, 3/>.)
Body somewhat obovate, depressed on the anterior side. There are
eight hexagonal plates in the first range; four of these on the anterior
side are twice as long as wide; the others are nearly as wide as long.
These plates are very much constricted, which indicates that the body
was possessed of a small column. The fossil rapidly enlarges at the
second range, which consists of eight plates, varying in form from
pentagonal to heptagonal. The plates do not seem to be disposed in
any determinable order above the second range, though if arranged in
courses, there would be about ten between the column and the arm
plates; neither have they any regularit}' in form or size. The ambu-
lacral orifice is situated upon the summit, near the posterior margin; it
is somemhat elongated, surrounded by seven plates, and four (possibly
five) arm bases. The mouth is situated upon the summit, two plates
distant from the ambulacral orifice; part of it is broken away in our
specimen, but it seems to have been surrounded by five plates. A
small anal opening exists in the top of a pustule between the ambula-
cral orifice and the mouth. The pustule is situated on the right side
of the plate, adjoining the mouth and close to an arm base, being nearly
in the centre of the summit.
The surface is very strongly granulose, or pustulose, and each plate
is perforated by numerous pores. The pores open upon the summit of
the granules, and where the granules are worn off", the plates show the
pores, in pairs, passing tlirough to the interior.
Length of specimen, one and five eighths inches; greatest diameter,
a little over an inch.
Collected by Frederick Braun, Esq., in the lower part of the Niagara
Group, in Jefferson County, Indiana,
HoLoCYSTiTES PEKLONGUS, n. sp. (Plate v., figs. 4, 4rt.)
[VAy.—perloimus, very long.l
Body very long, sub-cylindrical, and very gradually enlarging from
Eight New Species oj Tlolocystites from the jSFicKjara Group. 133
the coliuim upward about one third the length of the bodj'. Summit
rounded; central part covered with a large hcptagonal plate; five plates
abutting this central one are pentagonal and gradually slope off in all
directions; the other two form part of the margin of the ambulacral
orifice. The ambulacral orifice is situated on the left side of the sum-
rait, at the margin; it is sub-elliptical in outline and surrounded by
five free arms. The thickening of the plates around this orifice gives
the fossil the appearance of a slight prolongation to the left. The
mouth is situated upon the anterior side two plates distant from the
central one, at the apex, and separated by two plates from the ambu-
lacral orifice. It is sub-(!lliptical and surrounded b}' five plates. The
body is covered with fifteen or more irregularly disposed ranges of
plates. The plates vary greatly-, in size and shape. A range of large
plates, eight in number, surrounds the body above the middle; part or
all of these have nine sides ; the next range below seems to be com-
posed of twenty pentagonal plates, but the anterior side of the speci-
men examined is injured so as to prevent us from certainly ascertain-
ing the number. The plates in other ranges vary in number, size and
shape, so that we may sa}' the plates, in the fifteen ranges, vary from
seven in one range to twenty in another, and in form, from a triangle
to a nonagon. The illustration shows their appearance on the posteri-
or side.
The surface is strongly granulose and each plate is perforated with
numerous pores. The pores open on the summit of the granules. No
anal aperture. Column unknown.
The specimen illustrated has a length of four inches, and it would
require one or more ranges of plates to complete it down to the column.
The circumference, immediately below the mouth, where the plates are
all preserved, is three and eight tenths inches; the diameter from the
anterior to the posterior side nearl}^ an inch, and the transverse diam-
eter one and three tenths inches.
Collected by Prof. A. G. Wetherby, Frederick Braun, and the author,
in the lower part of the Niagara Group, in Ripley County, Indiana.
Hoi.oCYSTiTES GLOBOsus, u. sp. (Plate v., figs 5, 5a, 56.)
Bod}' sub-globose. Basal pieces, apparently seven, but I am by no
means certain that this is correct. Between the basals and the first
range, on the posterior side, three small plates appear to be inserted,
two of which are pentagonal, and the other triangular. The body is
covered, between these pieces and the arms, with four ranges of eight
plates each. In the first range, part of the plates are pentagonal, the
others hexagonal; in the other three ranges the plates ai'e hexagonal.
The ambulacral orifice is situated at the apex, and is surrounded by
134 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.
six plates arranged within four arm bases. The plates surrounding
the orifice are narrow, pentagonal or hexagonal, and elevated so as to
support the arm bases. Between the arm bases on the one hand, and
the plates surrounding the ambulacral orifice and the first range below
the arm bases on the other, a small pentagonal plate fills the area;
these four plates with the four arm basals make eight plates in this
range. The mouth is situated two plates distant from the ambulacral
orifice, and just without a line drawn from one arm base to the next
adjoining.
The body is quite veutricose, near the base on the posterior side,
and is slightly swollen below the mouth, on the anterior side.
The surface is slightly granulose. All the plates are poriferous. No
anal aperture.
The specimen illustrated is about one and one fourth inches in
length, and about an inch in diameter. The greatest diameter is found
in a line drawn from the left side to the right, cutting a line at right
angles, passing through on the right side of the mouth and left side of
the ambulacral orifice.
Collected by Frederick Braun, Esq., in the lower part of the Niagara
Group, in Jeff'erson County, Indiana.
HoLocYSTiTES pusTULosus. u. sp. (Plate VI., figs. 1, la.)
{"Eiiy .—pustidosus, full of pustules.]
Body somewhat obovate, and obscurely triangulated toward the
summit. It is covered by numerous, somewhat irregularly disposed
convex plates, which differ much in size and shape, and constitute
about ten ranges; the larger plates approach the summit.
The ambulacral orifice is situated in the central part of the summit,
directly in the rear of the mouth, and is surrounded by five strong arm
bases.
The mouth is situated in a depressed area near the margin of the
summit.
A small anal aperture is situated between the mouth and the ambu-
lacral orifice, at the foot of an arm base, and to the right of a line
drawn from the center of the mouth to the center of the ambulacral
orifice.
Surface marked by strongly convex plates, covered b}- many pus-
tules, and perforated by numerous pores. The pores open upon the
summit of the pustuU-s, and where the pustules are worn oft", the pores
may be seen in pairs, passing to tiie interior.
Length of specinion, two and two tenths inches; circumference, five
and nine tenths inches; diameter from the anterior to the posterior
Eight Neio Species of Holocystites froui the N^iayara Group. 135
side, one iiud uiac teutlis inches; and transverse diameter about the
same.
Collected by Dr. R. R. Washburn, in the middle or lower part of the
Niagara Group, a few miles from Waldrou, Indiana.
HoLOOYSTiTES PLEXUS, u. sp. (Phxte YI., figs. 2, 2a.)
[Ety.— •fZeM"s, full, large.]
Bod}' large and sub-cyliudrical. The upper part only of our speci-
men is preserved, and the right side of it is somewhat injured. The
summit is convex and covered with large plates. One capping the
apex is hexagonal; bounded on two sides, hy plates reaching the am-
bulacral orifice, on two sides, by two large plates, supporting part of
the arm bases, and on the remaining tvvo sides, hy two plates con
stituting part of the first range below the summit.
The ambulacral orifice is large, sub-pentagonal, and surrounded by
five strong arm bases. It is situated upon the left side, at the margin
of the summit, which is prolonged, in that direction, so as to produce
a concave side on the left, below the arm bases, and to give the opposite
or right side of the body a longitudinal convexity. The arms seem each
to have rested upon three plates, and if this supposition is correct, the
orifice is surrounded by ten pentagonal plates. Five plates fill the
spaces between the larger plates supporting the arm bases and the
first range of plates below the summit, one of which is described above
as capping the apex, and another forms part of the mouth. A small
anal aperture is visible, at the foot of the arm base, posterior to the
mouth, and nearl}' in a line from the posterior part of the mouth to
the upper part of the ambulacral orifice. The mouth is surrounded
b}^ five plates, and is separated from the ambulacral orifice, by a pen
tagonal plate, which, on one side, constitutes part of the mouth, and
which is supported, upon two sides, by the adjacent plates forming
the rear part of the arm bases, and upon the other two sides, b}' two
plates, each of which forms part of the ambulacral orifice as well as
part of the support for the arm bases.
The first range of plates below the arm bases passes up over the
right side of the summit, having an inclination to the body of the fos-
sil of about forty-five degrees. This range consists of eight large pen-
tagonal plates, one of which forms the lower part of the mouth. The
plates, in the next three i-anges, are large, but seem to become more
numerous, and to vary in form and size. The injury to the right side
above mentioned, prevents us from accurately determining the number
and form of the plates in these ranges.
The surface is slightly granulose, and all the plates are poriferous.
The circumference of the specimen at the lower part of the second
136 Cincinnati Societij of Natural History.
range of plates below the arm bases is 5^ inches ; the diameter from
the anterior to the posterior side, 1 85-lOOths inches; transverse diame-
ter, or diameter from the left to the right side one and one half inches.
Collected by Frederick Braun, Esq., in the lower part of the Niagara
Group, in Jefferson County, Indiana.
HoLoCYSTiTES ELEGANS, n. sp. (Plate VI., figs. 3 and 3«,)
{TS.iy.—Elegam, elegant.]
Body quite irregular in shape; from the column toward the summit,
it is somewhat obconoidal, with one side much more rapidly expanding
than the other; approaching the summit it becomes sub-quadrate-
The summit is moderately convex. The body is covered by numerous
olates, which, if regularly disposed, would constitute not less than ten
ranges. They are so closely anchylosed, in our specimen, that they
can not be accurately counted. Some of the ranges, and particularly
those surrounding the sub-quadrate part of the body, must contain at
least twenty plates, and probably more. ISone of the plates are very
large.
The ambulacral orifice is very large, and situated a little anterior to
the central part of the summit. It is surrounded by eight plates, five
of which suppoi't arm bases.
The mouth is situated near the anterior edge of the summit, a little
to the left of a line drawn through the middle of the bod}'. No anal
aperture discovered.
The surface is granulose and all the plates are poriferous. In addi-
tion to the minute pores which penetrate all the plates, there are a
number of large circular openings irregularly dispersed over the sum-
mit, sides and posterior part, down to the column. Some of these
openings are found at the junction of two or more plates, in other cases
an opening passes through the central part of a single plate. None of
of them seem to be pectinated, and we are at a loss to determine what
function should be ascribed to them, or what name they should bear.
The round apertures, upon tlie summit of //. Wetherbiji, seem to
be of the same character, but as tliey are not so numerous and are con-
fined to the immediate locality of the larger apertures, their functions
may have been different.
Length of specimen one and one half inches; circumference five and
one tenth inches; diameter from the anterior to the posterior side oae
and six tenths inches; transverse diameter one and one half inches.
(Collected by Frederick Braun, Esq., in the lower part of the Niagara
Group, in Jefferson County, Indiana.
LamelUbrdnchiate Sliells on the Hudson Eicer Group. 137
REMARKS ON SOME LA3IELLIBRANCHI ATE SHELLS
OF THE HUDSON RIVER GROUP ^ WITH DESCRIP-
TIONS OF FOUR NEW SPECIES.
By R. p. Whitfield.
I lately received from Prof. J. Mickleboroiigli, of Cincinnati, Ohio,
several examples of Lamellibranchiate shells, collected from the softer
clay layers of the Hudson River Group, in the vicinity of Clarksville,
Clinton Co., Ohio, with a request that I would determine their specific
relations.
On examination, I find some of them presenting features of con-
siderable interest, as showing the great degree of compression, or dis-
tortion, they have iindergoue, during the consolidation of the material
in which they were imbedded; and showing, what appears to me, proof
of the great amount of vertical compression, or shrinkage, which had
taken place in some of the softer la3'ers of the formation before they
became finally fixed or hardened. Sufficient, as the examples show, to
produce an imperfect slaty lamination through the substance of the
fossils.
One of the examples referred to, is a large specimen of Cypricar-
dites Sterlingensis{?) M. & W., which in its pei-fect uncompressed con-
dition, must have had a thickness, measured through the body of the
valves, of at least one and one fourtli inches, which has been reduced
by compression to eleven sixteenths, or little more than half an inch.
The specimen has been imbedded in the shale with the plane of the
valves corresponding to the plane of stratification, thus bringing the
compression nearly or quite vertical to the longer axis of the shell,
thereb}^ reducing the thickness to nearl}^ one half its original dimen-
sions, without materially distorting or altering the general outline of
the shell; presenting in this condition, features, which would, under
ordinary circumstances, be considered as of specific importance. All
parts of the shell are proportionally reduced in one direction, while re-
taining their normal characters in the other. Other examples in the
collection sent, seem to have been imbedded in an opposite direction to
the one above mentioned; and these have been compressed in the
direction of the longer axis of the shell, thus reducing the length of
the shell veiy materially, while the thickness and height retain their
normal proportions. Lamellibranchiate shells are particularlj'- liable
to this kind of distortion, especially when imbedded in argillaceous or
shal}- rocks, and require the exercise of considerable judgment in
determining their specific relations, as they are liable to present A-ery
different characters, even when specifically identical. Where the
138 Cmcinnati Society of Natural History.
pressure is oblique to the axis of the shell, it is readily detected.
Among those sent for identification, I find the following new forms,
which are sufficiently marked to be characterized as species:
Ctpricardites quadrangularis, n. sp. (Plate VI., fig. 5.)
Shell rather above a medium size, somewhat quadrangular in out-
line and very erect, with prominent, incurved and sub-central beaks
which overhang the proportionally large ligamental areas. Height of
the shell, in the example used, slightly greater than the length in an
anterior and posterior direction. Cardinal line short, less than half as
long as the shell below. Valves moderately convex, and apparently
quite prominent along the distinctly' angular umbonal ridge; regu-
larly convex anterior to the ridge, and slightly flattened on the postero-
cardinal slopes. Anterior margin rounding from tlie hinge extremity
to the postero-basal angle, with a nearly regular curvature; and from
this point to the posterior extremity of the hinge has been nearly ver-
tical, the border having only a slightly convex outline. Surface of the
valves marked by closely arranged concentric lines of growth, which
form slight undulations of the surtace by their irregularity.
This species differs from any other of the Genus yet noticed, in the
extremely erect form, prominent beaks and quadrangular aspect of
the outline. The example used in description has been obliquely
crushed, distorting the shell in such a manner as to shorten the right
valve on the anterior side of the umbonal ridge, and the left valve
on the posterior side; the entire length prol)ably having been some-
what reduced, while the height has not been materiall}^ changed.
Other individuals of the species may probably show the height and
length to be nearly equal, or the length may possibly slightly exceed
the height. The prominent beaks, elevated more than one fifth of the
entire height of the shell above the hinge, together with the short
cai'dina! line is a rather marked feature. In the general aspect, the
species has much the appearance of the forms referred to the genus
Anodontojjsis, McCoy. But the existence of a distinct and well marked
cardinal or ligamental area at once places it with Cypricardites.
Formation and locality: In the soft shales of the upper part of the
Hudson River Group, Clinton Co., Ohio.
CuNEAMYA cuRTA, u. sp, (Plate VI., figs. 6, 6a.)
Shell of medium size, rotund or sub-globose in general form, and
abruptl}'- cuneate posterior to the umbonal ridge when viewed from
above. Height and length sub-equal iu the example used, which shows
evidence of considerable shortening by compression. Valves very ven-
tricose, prominent on the umbones, with large closely incurved beaks,
situated very near to the anterior end of the shell, but yet not quite
LamelUhranchiate Shells on the Hudson liiver Group. 139
terminal. Cardiual line two thirds as long as the entire length of the
valve in its present shortened condition, and margined by a VQvy dis-
tinct and proportionally wide escutcheon like area of lanceolate form.
Margin of the shell arcuate from the anterior extremity- of the hinge, in-
cluding the anterior and basal bordei-s, the latter more sharply rounded
in the unnaturally shortened condition of the specimen, than the an
terior, while the posterior is somewhat more extended and again re-
curved to the extremit}' of the hinge just below the cardinal line. An-
terior en,d of the shell marked by a rather large and distinct lunule.
Surface marked only by concentric lines of growth, which are grouped
to form slight undulations on the surface of the shell. Were it
not for the distinctly formed lunule and escutcheon, we should
be inclined to place this species under the genus Leptodomus, McCoy;
but these characters readily distinguish it from the more typical forms
of that genus, and ally it strongl}' with Cuneamya, from which it differs
only in the extreme shortness of the shell. This has, however, been pro-
duced, to a considerable extent, hy compression in the longer axis of the
valves; and we should judge from the evidence furnished by the speci-
men, that this shortening has been equal to nearly one third of its pres-
ent length. The rounded form and great rotundity of the valves are
prominent features, and will serve to distinguish from any other
described form.
Formation and locality: Found in the soft shales of the upper part
of the Hudson River Group, in Clinton Co., Ohio.
Orthodesma mickleboroughi, n. sp. (Plate VI., fig, 7.)
Shell of medium size, trapezoidal or sub-rhomboidal in outline, with
angular, ventricose valves, which are twice as long as high. Beaks
small, not very prominent, situated not more than one fifth of the entire
length of the shell from the anterior end, incurved, approximate and
sharply angular on the back. Cardinal line about three fourths as
long as the shell, and distinctly arcuate; anterior end short, the point
of greatest length being but little below the cardinal line, and the
margin below this point directed obliquel}' backward, at an angle of
from forty-five to fifty degrees with the cardinal line, to its junction
with the basal margin; basal line sub-parallel to the cardinal line, and
broadly sinuate at, or just posterior to, the middle of its length. Pos-
terior end obliquel}' truncate, rapidly receding from the extremity of
the hinge to the sharply rounded postero-basal angle. Posterior um-
bonal ridge prominent, angular throughout, but becoming more de-
cidedl}' so near the beak and at the postero-basal angle, causing a
downward projection of the shell margin; anterior umbonal ridge
rounded, but quite defined; cardinal slope abrupt and slightly concave,
140 Cincinnati Society of Nutiiral History.
becoming nearly vertical along the nmboes. Body of the valve broadl}'
sinuate between the anterior and posterior umboual ndges, and tlie
anterior end abruptly stopping.
Surfoce of the shell marked by numerous, distinct, concentric undu-
lations, with the appearance of fine, radiating lines, which seem to haA'e
formed elongated pustules along the posterior umbonal ridge in the
more advanced stages of growth.
This species is a very marked one in its general form and rhom-
boidal outline, as well as in the general expression of the surface. It
IS closely related to Orthodesma contracta, Hall sp., from this same
horizon, but may be readily distinguished by the shorter anterior end,
more angular beaks, and by the longest point of the anterior extremit}'
being situated near the cardinal line, instead of below the middle of
the shell, as in that species.
Formation and localit}^: In the Hudson River Group, at Cincinnati,
Ohio. The specimen was found near the top of the hills back of the
city, about 360 feet above low water mark of the Ohio river.
Sedgevtickia (?) LUNULATA, u. sp. (Plate VI., figs. 8, 8a.)
Shell small, irregularly sub-ovate in outline, and quite veutricose;
with large, tumid, sub-central beaks: length equal to about once and a
half the height. The hinge line on what we have considered the posterior
side, is straight, and almost half as long as the entire length of the
sh6ll, but without any appearance of an escutcheon, and showing, to a
slight degree, evidence of an external ligament, extending nearly its
entire length. On the opposite (anterior) side of the beaks, the cardi-
nal line slopes rapidly toward the base, contracting the height of this
side to about half that at the beaks, and is deeply excavated, forming
a very large and deep lunular cavit3^ below which the extremity- is
narrowly rounded to the basal line. Base nearly straight along the
middle and for half the length of the shell, and rounding abruptlj' to the
hinge on the larger (posterior) end.
Surface of the shell marked by rather large, concentric undulations,
which become strongly developed as they approach the margins of the
lunule; and also by finer intermediate lines of growth.
This species is undoubtedly congeneric with those forms described
by Prof. Meek, from these same rocks, and referred with doubt to
the genus Sedgewickia, McCo}', but we do not think them generical
with the typical forms of that genus as illustrated b}' its author, tak-
ing the earliest species given; but as we know of no established genus
to which they are more nearly related, and as they are not sufficiently
well defined to afford a clear generic diagnosis, we prefer to place this
one under the same generic designation, provisionally, i-ather than
On Pronuba Yuccasella. 141
attempt to form a new group ou insufficient material. We are, hoAvever.
quite confident, that when properl}' understood tliey will form a very
distinct genus.
Formation and locality: Found in the soft shales of the upper part
of the Hudson River Group, in Clinton Co., Ohio.
OJS- PBOXUBA YUCCASELLA {RILEY), AND THE
HABITS OF SOME TINEINA.
By V. T. Chambers.*
In the Transactions of the St. Louis Academy of Science, vol. 3, p.
568, which I have just received, is a paper which perhaps requires
some response from me. It is entitled " Further Remarks on Pronuba
yuccasella, and on the pollenization of yucca," and is from the pen of
m}' friend, Mr. C. V. Rile}", State Entomologist of Missouri, and chief of
the U. S. Entomological Commission, popularl}' known as the " Hopper
Commission," and like other things, from the same distinguished source,
is marked by ability and accuracy, as well as by a somewhat ex cathedra
enunciation of opinion. I will not, however, quarrel with him for
that; he is the founder of the very interesting genus and species, Pro-
nuba yuccasella, and naturally enough seems to feel a sort of paternal
solicitude for his scientific progeny; and woe betide the unluckj^ wight
who ventures to trespass on this, his own peculiar demesne, as others
beside I, and notablj^ Prof Zeller and poor Mr. Boll, have feelingly
discovered, even in this verj- paper in the St. Louis Transactions. In-
deed, in consideration of the punishment meted out to Prof Zeller and
Mr. Boll, I ought, perhaps, to thank Mr. Riley for letting me off with
simply, as it were, an admonitor}- spank. But enough of this badinage.
Entomologists ai-e said to be a peculiarl}^ waspish people, the aculeate
h3'meijoptera of mankind. Do but look at one, and the barbed aculeus
shows its threatening point. Lest, therefore, Mr. Riley should misap-
prehend the spirit in which I write, and be tempted to administer some-
thing more than an admonition, I desist.
In his 5th Report, as State Entomologist, Mr. Riley describes Pro-
nuba yuccasella as " having the front wings uniforml}^ silvery white."
In vol. 3, of the Bulletin of the U. S. Geological and Geographical Sur-
ve}^ of the Territories, I have mentioned the occurrence in Colorado of
numerous specimens having the wings more or less spotted with black;
and in the paper in the St. Louis Transactions, before mentioned, Mr.
Riley denies that the spotted specimens belong to Pronuba, and states
♦[Read at the November, 1877, Meeting of the Cincinnati Society of Natural History.]
142 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.
that they belong to the species described by me, before that time, as
Hyponomeuta dpunctella.
I found the specimens, spotted and unspotted, abundant when in
Colorado, but I have none now in my collection. Of the many speci-
mens observed by me then I kept but twenty-five, and on my return to
Kentucky I found all of these but six ruined. These six I, through
Dr. Hagen, donated to the Cambridge Museum, and at mj^ request, Dr.
H. submitted them to Mr. Riley for examination, who, admitting that
a single female belongs to P. yuccasella, assigns the other five to M.
Spunctella, as before stated. I am not, therefore, prepared now to as-
sert positively that these five belong to P. yuccasella. I am, however,
very confident that whatever the}^ are, they are not H. SjncncteUa.
To refer these five, and all of the numerous spotted speci-
mens observed bj" me in Colorado, to 5pwnctella, would be to assert for
that species, hitherto not observed to vary at all, a greater amount of
variation than I have asserted to exist in P. yuccasella. The Colorado
specimens referred by me to P. yuccasella, and by Mr. Riley to H.
opunctella, varied in the number of black spots on the wings from
to 13 ; and when all were present were arranged as in figure 1; but
there was no variation whatever in the jyosition of any spot. Of the
six specimens now in the Cambridge Museum, and which have recently
been inspected bj'^ Mr. Riley, one is unspotted, and is admitted to
be P. yuccasella ; of the remaining five, one has a single spot, another
has three spots, and the others are immaculate, as I learn from Dr.
Hagen. I do not know the position of the spots in the two specimens;
but when all the spots are present, at least in all the specimens ex-
amined by me in Colorado, which had the thirteen spots, their position
was invariably as shown in fig. 1. No. 3 is the spot which is most
often present. Nos. 6 to 13 inclusive are next in the frequency- of thc4r
occurrence, whilst Nos. 1, 2, 4 and 5, are frequently absent. The num-
ber of the spots is thus very variable, but their position, when present,
is constant; but a large proportion of the specimens were immaculate,
H. Spunctella was described by me from eight specimens received
from Texas, and these are the only extant specimens. Mr. Riley
has seen one of these eight, and has identified the five Colorado
specimens with it, either by comparison with this one, or by compari-
son of them with my description of this species. In these eight speci.
mens I observed no variation whatever in either the number or posi-
tion of the spots, which are represented in fig. 2, A comparison of figs.
1 and 2 shows at a glance the difference in the positions of the spots.
iVo. 3 is the only spot which is common to the tivo species. No specimen
of //. Spunctella, seen as yet, has any spot but the five, and all of them
have the five located as in fig. 2, and thus it has none of the thirteen
On Pronuba Yuccasella. 143
spots of the Colorado specimens, except No. 3, while none of the Col-
orado specimens have an}' of the spots of opunctellu, except No. 3, even
when the spots number as many as thirteen.* So the eight specimens
scarcely varied as to size, while the Colorado specimens range from
less than six lines in expanse of wings, to ten or more. The species
thus resemble each other, and other Hyx)onomeutidcv, in being white
with black spots, which are sometimes absent from the wings of the
Colorado specimens; the}' differ in the number and position of the
spots, in the fact that //. 5punctella is constant in this respect, while
the Colorado specimens are exceedingly variable, not only as to the
spots, but as to the size. No inference that the insects belong to the same
species can be drawn from the fact that spot No. 3, at the end of the
disc, is common to both; because it is common, not only to them, and
numerous other species of Tineina, but also to many species of widel}-
separated families of Heterocera; and this remark likewise applies to
the row of spots around the apex (6 to 13, fig. 1), which, however, are
absent iu all the specimens o^ 52Junctella. It is, therefore, evident to
me, that Prof. Rile}- is iu error in referring the five Colorado specimens
to SpuncteUa. Is he equally wrong in denj'ing that they belong to
P. yuccasella^ This question, however, can not be answered by argu-
ment, or by assertion, but only b}' examinations of specimens made; it
may be by those "other "observers," invoked \>j Prof. Zeller, for the
study of Pronuba. I hope to have the opportunity to satisfy myself at
least about it in Colorado next Summer, but until then must defer
an}^ attempt at a solution of the diflScult}-. Situated as I was, in Col-
orado, I could not, and did not, attempt to preserve an}^ large collec-
tion of any one species, though in the case of this, the most abundant
species that I found there, many were observed; of the comparatively
few that I kept, man}^ were destroyed before I reached home.
I have seen traces oi Pronuba larvae in seed pods of yuccas at var-
ious places in Colorado, but the only place where I collected the imago
was on theplains^ about nine miles north of Colorado Springs, and thence
to five miles east of the mountains. It was there that I took the speci-
mens referred by Mr. Riky to opunctella. Both the spotted and un-
spotted forms were found there, in great abundance, always in company
with each other — always in the flowery of the yuccas, never elsewhere —
never engaged in feediny, always quietly reposing on the inside of the
perianth. I observed them as the}^ sat in the flowers, and saw no
difference in their appearance, or in their position in repose, nor in
their mode of flight when disturbed. I took man}- specimens in collect-
ing bottles, killed them, and examined the neuration of the wings of
* The sketch then made is now before me. It is unquestionably the wing oi P. i/uccasella;
but unfortunately my notes do not show whether or not it was one of the spotted specimens.
144 Cincinnati Society of jSfatnral History.
one specimen, which must have happened to be a Pronuha; manj- of
the specimens showed the unmistakable palpi of the female P.
yuccasella. M}"^ specimens were not all examined however with equal
care, and it is possible that a more careful examination of every one of
the numerous specimens might have shown that there were some speci-
mens of a Hyponomeuta among them. I did, however, make a careful
examination of many specimens, because as soon as I saw the spotted
form it occurred to me just as it did to Mr. Riley, can it be a Hypo-
nomeuta? I will not deny the, possibility that I may have been too easily
convinced that it was not; and, as already stated, the point can only
be settled by observation, not by argument. What, then, it may be
asked, is the force of the facts above referred to in italics ? I do not
pretend that the}' are conclusive of the question, especially when op-
posed to the positive statements of so competent an observer as Prof.
Riley. Nevertheless, those facts, and many others j^et to be mentioned,
do have a bearing on the question, and their bearing will be readily ad-
mitted b}^ all who are familiar with the habits of the Tineina, and the
extent to which unity of habit obtains among species of man}' genera,
Hyponomeuta among them. Calling attention, therefore, to the
sentences above, in italics, I will add that my collection was made in
that neighborhood during the Spring and Summer, during which time
the greater part of each day was spent in collecting; that at the place
where these species were taken, there was no vegetation other than
cacti, grass and yucca. From three to five miles distant, on the moun-
tains^ were willows, poplars, oaks, and pines. This wooded region was
ni}' daily collecting ground, but occasionally I wandered out on to the
plains. In this wooded region I took many other species, among them
Anesychia mirusella., Cham., and Harpalyce (Cham. nee. Streph.) tor-
tricella, species allied to Hyponomeuta, but never a specimen of Pro-
nuba yuccasella., nor of the spiecies referred by me to that species,
and by Mr. Biley to Hyponomeuta Spunctella, Cham. This is not sur-
prising as to P. yuccasella^ because this was not the locality in which it
might be expected to occur; but it is surprising if Mr. Riley is right
in refering them to Hyponomeuta, because it was just the locality
where one might exjoect to find Hyjyonqmeuta.* But, on the other hand,
out on the plains, three to five miles awa}' from the wooded region,
where there was no vegetation but grass, cacti, and yucca, in the
flowers of yucca, in company with P. yuccasella, and bearing a resem-
blance so close to it as to require great care and discrimination to dis-
tinguish them, are found the specimens which Mr. Rile}' refers to Hy-
ponomeuta 5pu,nctella. There is nothing surprising in finding P. yuc-
■' And where in fact other species oi hyponomeuta were found.
On Pronuba Yuccasella. 145
casella there, because thtvt is just the place, and the circumstances and
the time when it should be expected to appear. But it is very surpris-
ing if the species is a Hyponomeuta, because, for reasons presently to
be given, that was just the place and the circumstances in which it
ought not to be expected. And j^et, if Mr. Riley is right, and the six
specimens seen b}' him being the criterion, not only is a Hyponomeuta
found there, in the very domicile of P. yuccasella, hut in numbers Jive
to one greater than P. yuccasella itself! — and greatly more numerous
than any other species icas found anywhere in Colorado! But wh}^,
it ma}^ be asked, ought not we to expect to find a Hyponomeuta in
such place and circumstances.
I have alluded above to the unit}' of habit among species of this genus.
Every species of it, of which the larva is known, feeds as larva on ex-
ogenous vegetation, is gregarious, and makes much web, Everj' col-
lector of these and other Tineina, knows that the place to look for a
moth is about the food plant of its larva. I was collecting them daily
at a time when I could scarcely have failed to find the web and larvae
if they had been there. No trace of either was ever seen in the wood-
ed region, nor was a single specimen of the imago found there; nor
was an}^ trace of the web or larva found on the plains where the moth
was so abundant. If the larva feeds on either j^ucca, cacti or grasses, it
can not be gregarious, nor make a web (which I must certainly have
found had it existed); and, besides, if it feeds on either of these classes
of endogenous vegetation, it is the only species of this (or I may say
of an 3' other well limited and established genus of Tineina, such as Hy-
ponomeuta) which feeds on an endogen, while all the other species feed
on exogens, and is, besides, the only recorded instance of a Hypono-
meuta ever seen in a flower of any color! If these specimens, then, be-
long to Hyponomeuta, th^y differ tola coslo in habits and habitat, both
as larva and imago, from ever}^ other known species of the genus, and
not only so, but they violate the unity of habit which prevails so largely
among species of so many genera of Tineina; and, already closel}' allied
in structure and ornamentation to Pronuba yuccasella, it further
mimics it in habit and habitat! A most astonishing case of mimicry'.*
But Mr. Riley proceeds: " The spots on Hyponomeuta are very vari-
able, while some individuals of opunctella are immaculate, when at
first sight the}- might be mistaken for Pronuha'"' He has not been
particularly happy in the construction of this sentence. It lacks his
* Mr. Riley gives the expanse of the wings of P. yuccasella 1 in. for the male, and .90 for
the female. My Colorado specimens ranged from six to ten lines: twenty specimens, male and
female, of the immaculate and undoubted P- yuccasella, taken by me in yucca flowers, in
Kentucky, range from ten twenty-fourths of an inch to twenty-one twenty-fourths of an inch.
Curious that the imitation should extend not only to the habit, habitat and ornamentation,
but even to the variation in size!
146 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.
usual perspicuity, aucl leaves one in doubt whether it is meant to say
that all Ilyponomeutd are very variable, or only that Spunctella is so.
Either way I must dissent from the statement. The species of Hyi^o-
nomeuta are not verj' variable in the number, and certainly not in the
position of the spots. The Colorado species (if it is a Hyponomeuta)
is an exceptional case. Some variability no doubt exists, as it does in
almost all species (alwaj^sin deference to Prof. Riley, excepting P. yuc-
casella). But when we consider the great number and small size of
the spots in Hyponomeuta, the wonder is that there is not more varia-
tion, especially as to the position and size of the spots. In England
three allied species of the genus are found feeding on the same plant
{euonymus), yet there is no difficulty in distinguishing them. On the
other hand, F. yuccasella is a single species of a somewhat anomalous
genus, and notwithstanding the light which has been shed upon it b^^
Mr. Riley, " dark lanthoru," much no doubt 3-et remains to be chroni-
cled by " other observers." and I should much sooner expect a wide
range of variation in such an extraordinary creature, than in any spe-
cies of the well known Hyponomeuta.
But let us return to our alleged (by Mr, Rile}') 5punctella. We
have seen where and under what circumstances it was found. How
came it there? Its presence in such nuiyihers, and under all the circum-
stances, these could not have been accidental. No doubt one frequent-
ly meets with a single specimen, or with a few specimens of a species at
a considerable distance from any known food plant of the species; but
then such specimens are as likely to be found in one place as in anoth-
er; and are not found in great numbers, and only in the flowers of a
single plant, and in company with a species which so closel}- resembles
them; and, besides, such cases are sporadic, not epidemics as in the
case we are discussing. The presence of such numbers of the supposed
Hyponomeuta, five to one more numerous than P. yuccasella itself, in a
particular localit}', in the flowers of yucca, in company with the so-close-
ly-resembling Pronuba, and in the absence of every other species, and
at such a distance from every kind of vegetation upon which allied
species of Hyponomeuta feed, either in the larvse state, or as imago, in
the absence too of all evidence that it feeds in any of its states upon
yucca flowers, and even occupying the same position in repose in the
flowers that the true Pronuba does, calls for some explanation diflerent
from that which might be satisfactory, if it Avas an instance of the
chance happening of one or of a few specimens under ordinary circum-
stances. So also the total absence of the species in all of its states
from the wooded region, when by every analogy drawn from the his-
tory of kin(b'ed species, it might be expected to occur, and the absence
. of all evidence that its food plants and habits as to footl difler trom
On Pronuha Yuccasella. 147
those of kindred species calls for a like explanation. What explana-
tion can be offered? Does it aid in the fertilization of the flowers? Mr.
Riley has hitherto claimed for P. yuccasella alone, the office of marri-
age priest to the yuccas.. Does the larva feed in any way upon the
plant? With all Mr. Rile3-'s diligent observations upon yucca-feeding
insects, he has failed to discover this larva, notwithstanding the abund-
ance of the imago. Does the imago feed in the flowers? There is no
evidence conducing to establish the fact. In no instance was it ob-
served feeding, but always quietly reposing, like P. yuccasella, in the
same position with it, and in company with it within the perianth. Was
it there for protection? And does it again return to the wooded region
where nobody ever saw it, to oviposit, where its invisible larvse feed on
invisible leaves, construct invisible webs, and in time produce moths
which are never seen except in the flowers of the 3'ucca, miles away?
But Mr. Rilej^ has foreseen the difficult}-; he has foreseen the neces-
sity of accounting for the presence of the Hyponomeata in yucca
flowers, with P. yuccasella, and under all the circumstances above de-
tailed. His explanation is that " white moths are naturally attracted
to white flowers, and it is rash to assume, without careful examination,
that all white moths found in j-ucca flowers are Pronuha^ I have made
no such assumption in so many words. If I have made any assumption,
it extends no further than these particular moths. But, in point of
fact, no white moths, other than these (including the true Pronuba)
ever have been found there; that is a fact, not an assumption. "White
moths are naturally attracted," etc., no doubt, if they are attracted at
all. "Naturall}-" explains this phenomenon in the same wa}' that the
word " gravitation" explains why a stone falls. It is a word to cover
our ignorance of a vera causa, and to my mind, the sentence just quoted
from 3Ir. Rile}^ reads much more like a deduction from some theory of
•'protective resemblance," or mimicry, than like an induction from
observed facts; and whatever may be true of other moths, I assert,
without hesitation, as to the Tineina, that white moths are not natur-
all}' attracted to white flowers; exactly the reverse is the case. It is
a most extraordinary circumstance to find a lohite moth of this family
in a v^hite flower, or on a flower of any kind. If Mr. Riley is right
in referring these specimens to Hyponomeuta, it is the first recorded
instance in which a Hyponomeuta has ever been found in a flower,
white or colored. Na}^, further, excepting these Colorado species,
and the European Anesychia decemg^ittella (to which I shall
refer again further on), two, or at most three, species, no white
moth of the family Tineina has ever been recorded as being found
on or in a white flower. If a single such instance occurs, I have
not been able to find a reference to it. But, again, Blastobasis gigan-
148 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.
tella, Cham., is a large and conspicuous white moth, found within a
few miles of the place where these specimens were taken, and found
only upon the yucca, but always resting on the green leaf Ijlades?
never in the white flowers.
Coleophora argentella, Cham., and Coleophora histrigella, Cham.,
are large, showy, silvery-white moths, found in the wooded region near
where these specimens were taken, and at the same time. Why are
thev not naturally attracted to the white flowers ? So as to Coleo-
phora hasistrigella, C. artemesicolella, O. sparsipulvella and Buccula-
trix staintonella, all found in that same region, all white moths, but
none of them ever found on white flowers. The fact is, the Tineina do
not frequent flowers. In the course of ten years of active collecting,
and of observations on this family, I have been frequently impressed
with this fact; and as to the great majority of species, I have been led
to doubt gi-eatly whether the}' feed at all in the imago state. The few
species that do frequent flowers, so far from seeking flowers of their
own color, exhibit a marked contrast with the color of the flowers on
which they are found. Coleophora. sparsijyulvella above mentioned, is
found occasionally on the Krown flower heads of Helianthus. Gly-
phipteryx montiselUt., which is bronzy-gray, mottled, with white and
bright metallic tints, also feeds on the flowers of Helianthus. In
the Mississippi valle}^ the purplish-bronze Adela bella is found on the
white flowers of Celastrus scandens; the purplish-bronze Butalis flavi-
frontella,* B. mctutella, a.nd Coleophora corruscipennella, are found
on the white flowers of asters. Out of more than eight hundred sjyecies
of Tineina already known in this country^ these just named are the
only species that have ever been found on flowers of aiiy color. Pro-
nuba yiiccasella is the onlj^ white moth that has been found in this
countr}^ on a ivhite flower, unless Mr. Kiley is right in referring the
specimens found by me to Hyponomeuta. The only other white moth
found in this country on flowers is Coleophora sparsipulvella^ above
mentioned, and that is found, not on a white flower, but on the brown
flower head of Helianthus. In every other instance, the moth is of a
purplish-bronze color, contrasting strongly- with the white flower. It
is the dark moths that are attracted to the wliite flowers, so far as
there is any natural attraction in the case. I have mentioned Anesy-
chia decern guttella, a European species. It is sometimes found in
England on the flowers, and sometimes on the \ea\es of Lithospermum.
The moth is whiteish, marked with black. I do not know the color of
the flowers of the Lithospermum. It makes no diff"erence what their
color may be; the insect does not frequent them because of their color,
* Since this was written, I have also taken this species on flowers oi white clover.
Ou Pronuha Yvccasclla, 149
but because Lithos'permum is the food plaut of the larva, just as Pro-
nuba yuccasella frequents the yucca flowers — not because they and it
are alike white, but because it there deposits its eggs, and liA^es there
in the larval state. Thus there is not in the whole family of Tineinn
a single instance where a white moth is naturally attracted to a flower
because it is white.
Thus far, these remarks apply only to American species. Let us
now look to Europe. Running over the five hundred and ninety species,
described as British, by Mr. Stainton, in the Insecta Britannica,
vol. 3, in which notes of the habits of the species are also given, only
fourteen have been fotmd on flowers of any kind. Anesychia decem-
yuttella above mentioned, is one of these, and is the only white one in
the number; and we have just seen how and whj^ it frequents the
flowers of Lithosjyermuni. Of the remaining thirteen, three are brown-
ish golden species of 3Iicropteryx, a genus known in this country only
by a single little known and doubtful (?) species (J/. j)oniivorella,
Pack.) Two are greenish bronze species of Asychna, a genus not 3-et
found in this country; two belong to Coleophora; both are of a green-
ish-bronze hue, and indeed, one of them, (J.fabriciiella^ has been rec-
ognized by Prof. Zeller as indentical with our flower-visiting species,
C, corruscipennella, Clem., above mentioned; two of them belong to
Glyphi'pteryx, and are related to our G. mo7itisella, mentioned above as
found on Helianthiis, in Colorado; and three of them belong to Adela
— greenish or golden-bronze species, allied to our A. bella, above men-
tioned, as being found ou Celastrus; while the remaining species
belong to JSfematois, closelj^ related in ornamentation, and otherwise to
Adela.
Thus, out of about one thousand four hundred species of Tineina
described from this country and Great Brtain, only twenty-two, includ-
ing P. yuccasella (and twenty-three, if Mr. Eiley is right as to my
Colorado species), have been found on flowers of any kind; of these
twenty-three, only four are white species; three of these four are found
on white flowers; two of these, P. yuccasella and Anesychia decem^ut-
tella, frequent these flowers, not because of color, but because they are
the food of the larv?e, and the remaining species referred by Mr. Rile^^
to Hyponomeuta^ seems to be the only " white moth which is naturall}'
attracted to white flowers." Truly it is a most provoking insect; if it
is a Hyponomeiita, I suggest for it the specific name paradoxica, since
it can not be dpiinctella. If it frequents flowers of yucca, because it is
white, and is naturally attracted by this color, it is the sole species out
of fourteen hundred which does so! If the larva feeds on yucca, it (if
it is a Hyponomeuta) violates all the analogies and the unity of habit
so prevalent in the genus and family, and is the o\~\\y member of the
150 Cincinnati Society of Natural Tlisfory.
family that feeds on an eiidogcii, is not gregarious, and makes no web.
At any rate, I fear that the statement that " white moths are naturally
attracted to white flowers," is a " rash assumption, made without suffi-
cient examination," at least so far as the Tineina are concerned. On the
contrary, the inevitable conclusion is, that very few Tineina visit flowers
at all; that a very few of these are white, that a great majority are of
dark hues, contrasting strongly with the colors of the flowers on which
they are found, and that they all belong to the following genera: 3Ii-
cropteryx, Adela^ Nematois, Butalis, Gtyphipteryx, Coleophora, and
Asycfma, and visit the flowers to feed thereon, in the imago state, and
that to these, we may add, Anesychia decemgutteha and Pronuba
yuccasella, which visit them to oviposit, and which feed thereon as larvae.
Must we add our paradoxical species, which visits them in greater
numbers than all the rest, for some unknown purpose, which it is to be
hoped Mr. Rile}' will explain? Further, it is well known to all collec-
tors of Tineina, that the moths may be looked for, with certaintj' as to
finding them, at the proper time, about the food plant of the larva, and
not elsewhere; that the abundance of the imago about a plant, especi-
ally when it is as conspicuous elsewhere by its absence, as it is thereby
its presence, is almost conclusive that it feeds in some way on that
plant ; and that when the species of a genus, and a fortiori a famil}-
are numerous, and have similar habits; when, for instance, as in Hypo-
nonieiita, the}' are gregarious in the larva? state, feeding on exogenous
vegetation, and making webs, a species making no web, feeding on an
endogen, with solitary larvae, would to sa}' the least of it, be regarded
as an anomaly, if not a lusus naturm. Certainly it would be a most
wonderful creature if, in addition to these things, it mimicked in orna-
mentation, size, habit and habitat the species in whose habitat and
company it is found, as closel}'^ as this species mimics Pronuba yuc-
casella.
On the other hand, if the species has the larval habits of Ilypono-
meuta., that is, is gregarious, makes webs, and feeds externally on
exogens, then its presence in such numbers, and under all the circum-
stances, in the yucca flowers, with P. yuccasella.^ and miles awa}' from
all exogenous vegetation, is no less anomalous and surprising. If the
specimens belong to Hyponomeuta, tin-}' are hedged round with inex-
plicable difllculties, which all vanish if they belong to Pronuba. The
above remarks, as to the habits of Tineina.^ are not assumptions.
They are well established facts, known to all students of the group.
Neither can it be pretended that they are hasty generalizations, made
without sufficient examination ; for the relations of the Tineina to
plants have received as much attention probably from specialists, as
those of any other group of equal value among insects.
On Pronuha Yuccasella. 151
I have alluded above to the contrast between the ornamentation of
the species above named, and that of the flowers which they frequent;
but I do not wish to be understood as taking the position that there is
no such thing as protective resemblance (the word mimicry seems ob-
jectionable) among insects. Every field entomologist knows that in-
stances are common when the resemblance of an insect to its surround-
ings must in some degree protect it from its enemies, provided it has
enemies of such kind as to make it need such protection, and provided
those enemies have no better means of detecting its presence than poor
human eyes afford, even when disciplined by 3'ears of habit and prac-
tice. Neither do I want to place myself in opposition to such natural-
ists as Wallace, Bates, Belt, Trimen, and a host of lesser lights who ad-
vocate some phase or other of a protective theor}^ as connected with the
evolution of species. It will not do, however, to assume because there is
resemblance that there is necessarily protection from enemies in an}-
given case, unless we know what the enemy is, and that the protec-
tion is necessary-, and just how the resemblance operates to protect the
species; and. we have no reason to suppose that the species under dis-
cussion have any enem}^ from which they derive protection, either by
their residence in yucca flowers, or by their resemblance to Pronuha
yuccasella. It is a rash assumption that they frequent the flowers for
protection, since there is no evidence that they have any enemy from
which such protection is necessar}^; and since, if there is such an enem}-,
they would be exposed freely to its depredations; if they have the lar-
val habits of Hypononieuta on the first emergence of the imago from its
pupa skin, in its web, in the wooded country, before it betakes itself
to the pliins and the yucca for protection; and, again, on its return to
oviposit there. It must be a remarkable development of instinct which
teaches a Hijponomeuta to forsake en masse the locality where the fe-
male oviposits, and the larva feeds, and betake itself to another habitat
because it is white, and the flowers are white. Indeed, I find it diffi-
cult to believe that this species can have the larval habits of Hypono-
meuta; and equally difficult to believe that a Hyponomeuta can diff'er
so widel}' in habit and habitat from all other species of the genus for
the sake of protection, or for any other reason. Beside, I find nothing
in the natural history of Tineina to support any phase of a theory of
mimicr}^ or protection resemblance, whatever may be found in any
other group of animals. Some dark-colored, nocturnal species, which
hide in out-of-the-way places in jdaylight, may, thereb}^, escape some
enemies, to fall perhaps into the jaws of others which love darkness like
themselves. But gi-eat numbers of them are brilliant, gaily-colored lit-
tle creatures, loving the sun light, resting upon palings, walls, trees and
leaves, as if they sought to display their gay colors by the contrast.
ir)2 Cincinnati Societij of Natural History.
The species of Hyponomeuta are white, adorued with small black spots
to set off their white ground color to greater advantage, like the patch "
of an Elizabethan dame, or a modern belle, and contrast strongly with
the dark surfaces of palings, and the bark of trees, where they a,re usu-
ally found resting. Neither can it be claimed for many of the gaily
colored Tineina that they have any such means of protection as a dis-
agreeable smell or taste, since man}'^ of them fall victims to predacious
Diptera, saltatorical spiders, and larvje of Hemerobious and Chrysoioa^
which frequent the same localities and prey upon them.
But I have gone much more fully into this subject than I intended.
It is not my purpose in what I have written to attempt to establish
by arguments from analog}'' what is properl}?^ matter ofoccular demon-
stration. But the facts that I have alluded to, and the conclusions
drawn from them, seem to me to have a bearing on the question, and
as manj' of them have not heretofore been published in a connected
form, I have taken advantage of Prof Rile3^'s paper, not for purposes
of controversy, but as a text for these remarks on the habits of these
little moths.
There are, however, one or two other points in Prof, Rile3''s paper,
apart from the identification of these species, to which I wish to allude.
Dr. Baird has somewhere (I write now from memory) advanced the
theory or hypothesis, that the birds of the West are larger, with
greater development of peripheral parts, and greater depth or inten-
sity of color, than the equivalent species in the Eastern States; and Dr.
Packard, in Hayden's Report, for 1873, had suggested that the same
rule applied to insects; and in a paper in the JSiUletiu, before referred
to, I had come to a different conclusion as to the Tineina. Comment-
ing on this, Mr. Riley writes: "Mr. Chambers' premise being at fault,
there is of course no force in what he says against the general rule laid
down by Baird and Packard." What premise, may I ask, is at fault?
If I had based m}' conclusion on the single instance of P. yiiccasella;
and //'all the specimens examined by me, and referred by me to that
species, had belonged to Hyponomeuta. then mj^ premise would most cer-
tainly have been at fault. But that was not my premise, nor anything
like it. On the contrary, many of m\' specimens had the unmistakable
palpi of the female yuccasella, and one of those seen by Mr. Rile.y is
admitted by him to belong to that species. Mi-. Riley writes as if ni}-
conclusion, adverse to the hypothesis above referred to, was based upon
the solitary case of P. yuccasella, and then says my premise is false,
while he utterly overlooks the fact that in the very samepaper in which
I discuss this hypothesis {liidletin, v. 3, p. 147), I passed under review
all the known species (some seventy odd in number) of Tineina of
Colorado; and while admitting that two or three species (notably Bias-
On Pronxba YaccdsellK.
]53
tohasis (jigantella, with its long, narrow wings, and strong flight)
seemed to' support the h^^xithesis, yet the testimony of the Tineina
generally was against it, though ''the T/nettia as a family is not well
adapted either to the proof or disproof of it." The entire known
species of Tineina of Colorado formed my premise — not P. yuccusella^
Rilej', alone; and I submit that the premise is not invalidated b}^ what
Prof. Riley has written about P. yvccasella. "But," Trof. R. writes, "the
Colorado specimens (of P. yuccasella) are above the average size,
which is natural, since the capsules of Yuccn augustifolia^ in which
the Colorado specimens breed, are larger than in other species, etc."
Just as natural, no doubt, as it is tor white Tineina to be atti'acted to
white flowers. Is the size of an insect to be measured by the size of
its food plant? Is a codling moth from a liig apple naturally larger
than one from a small apple? Nobody denies that a deficient supply
of food may tend to dwarf an insect, or a man, but is the supply in the
capsule of any species of yucca small enough to dwarf the moth ?
Beside, Pi-of. Riley's explanation of the alleged slightly-greater
average size of the Colorado specimens — that it depends on the greater
size of the seed capsules — does not in an}- wa}' support the hjqDothesis
(of Baird and Packard) alluded to, which has nothing to do with sup.
ply of food, in which respect western species certainly have no advan-
tage over eastern ones, but is based upon supposed metereological and
climatic causes; and Prof. Riley's language that " the Colorado speci-
mens are, if anything a little larger," does not allow much for the in-
154 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.
fluence of the siipplj^ of food, or indicate any veiy accurate measure-
ment.
Prof. Riley seems to attach some importance to the fact that my re-
marks on the spotted fovxnoi Pronuoa occur on "the ver}^ first page" of
my paper in the Bulletin. I fail to see what difference it makes
whether they occur on the first or the last. Prof. Riley is certainlj'
familiar enough with the classification of the Tiveina to know that P.
yuccasella is the highest form treated of in that paper ; and that ar-
ranging the species sj-stematically, I began with the highest, Pronuha,
and ended with the lowest, Nepticula.
Explanation oj the Figures. — Fig. 1 shows the position of the spots
in the Colorado species; fig. 2 sliows the position of the spots in Hypo-
nomeula dpunctella.
The figures are not intended to show accurately either the form or
neuration of the wings, onlj- the position of the spots.
As to the Colorado species, I find in my notes the following state-
ment in addition to what I have published in the Bulletin, as before
mentioned: "The vertex is somewhat roughened, the antennae are
not quite half so long as the wings, and have the apical half naked."
In Hyponomeuta, and 1 believe also in Pronuha, the apical half of the
antennffi is clothed with scales. I am not, however, certain as to this
about Proniiba, of which I have no specimen now in my collection,
and Prof. Riley makes no statement about it in his diagnosis of the
genus. Nor do I know that my note applies to all the specimens ex-
amined by me. If it does, and the antennse are clothed in Pronnba,
the species taken by me would seem to differ in this respect both from
that genus and from Hyponomeuta. In Hyponomeuta the awlennnd
are a little more than half as long as the wings, and the antennte of
Pronuba are said bj' Prof. Riley, in his diagnosis, to be not more than
half as long as the wings. In Hyponomeuta the head is, as in the
Colorado specimens, "somewhat roughened;" while in Pronuba, Prof.
Riley says it is " sparsely haired."
ON THE DEFORMITIES OF SOME TENNESSEE
HELICES.
By a. G. Wetherby.
During the past season, while engaged in making collections on tiie
Cumberland table-land of Tennessee, various species of Helix were
found in the cliff" regions to exhibit wide variation from the normal
type. An instance of this may be found in the H. (Triodopsis) ap-
On the Deformities of some Tennessee Helices 155
pressa, Say. Beside the forms familiar to our collectors about Cincin-
nati, there occurs one in the southern part of Kentuck}*, and which
seems to be distributed down the Cumberland plateau and its outliers
nearl}' to Emerj' Gap, smaller in size, thinner in texture and very heavi-
ly ribbed, like the H. [Patula) alternata, var. mordax, inhabiting
the same range. As is the case with the variety of this species inhab-
iting our neighborhood, it is occasionally found about old logs, but its
favorite station seems to be among the broken rocks forming the talus
of the mountain cliffs. Here, in wet weather, they may be collected by
thousands, as they could have been at one time on certain stone walls,
and in certain cellars of this cit}^; localities that, owing to the active
search of unsatisfied gormands, have been practicall}" exhausted, a fate
luckily never in store for these mountain fastnesses.
In Union couut}^, Tennessee, and extending southward through the
great eastern vallej', we find a very difi"erent variet}^ of the same spe-
cies. The shells are much larger than either of the other varieties, en-
tirelj' wanting the ribbed character, and exhibiting much fainter lines
of growth than characterize the Cincinnati form. This variety I found
this summer inhabiting the caves and rock crevices of Lookout Moun-
tain, where it is removed from its normal range. In considering the
causes which have led to these wide variations, we may possibly ac-
count for the larger growth of the Cincinnati and East Tennessse Val-
ley varieties, by quoting the old theory of limestone regions. I have
elswhere shown, however, that many of our common species reach their
maximum growth in sandstone regions, though the larger size seems to
be somewhat compensated by the paucity' of individuals. Even this rule
fails, in fact, in many caaes. But as to the cause of the development
of the ribs, and the unnatural flattening of the spire, it is quite impos-
sible to ofter any certain conjecture. However, the result of an hour's
collecting, in one of the many tali along the eastern front of the Cum-
berland plateau, presented a few curious features. These specimens
were hastily and indiscriminate!}' picked up from among hundreds
crawling over the rocks, thrown into alcohol, and not examined until
my return. So soon, however, as I began looking at them more care-
fully, I was struck with the number and extent of the deformities
which the shells exhibited. The number of specimens is 129, and the
number of deformities 43, or 33^ per cent. Manj^ of the specimens ex-
hibit two deformities, one of which affects one part of the shell, an-
other quite a different part. I have, therefore, tabulated the injuries,
as follows :
1. Number of deformities of spire, 17.
2. " " " " umbilical region, 15.
3. " '' " " aperture, 18.
156 Cincinnati Society of Natural Hiiitory.
4. Number of cletbrinities of peristome, 11.
5. " " " " under surface, 12.
6. " " " causing open urnbilicus, 2.
7. " " " " double peristome, 2.
8. " " '' " dwarf specimens, 2.
Under the first case the deformities consist of a depression of the
spire, in some cases, and its unnatural elevation in others, caused by
the crowding together of the whorls. In a few specimens, the center
of the spire is depressed below the plane of the bod\--whorl. In such
cases theinjurj' to the shell occurred at a very earlj' period, retarding
the growth of the incipient whoi-ls. After recovery, the healthy growth
of suceeding whorls overtops the spire. Damage occurring to the fourth
whorl has caused the downward growth of the fifth, elevating the spire
abnormally, and throwing the last suture below tiie central line of its
whorl in the region of the aperture. This case is not uncommon, and
the abnormal form arising from it seems to be perpetuated. In many
instances the spire has been roughened, and the whorls abnormally an-
gulated at certain points, damage from which they have entirely re-
covered further along in their growth.
Under the second case, the deformities consist of the abnormal
depression of the umbilical region or the reverse. A prevention of the
reflection of the peristome over the umbilicus, leaving it entirely open
in two cases, and partial elevation of its edge in othei'fe, though not
enough to expose the aperture.
Under the third case, the deformities consist of the abnormal thick-
ening and roughening of the lip; of undue sinuosities; and of doubling
in the two cases tabulated above. This thickening, in many^ cases,
causes callosities on the lower third of the peristome, near the umbilical
region. In the normal condition of the shell there is a lamellar tooth
on this part of the peristome, which, being irregnlarlj- deposited, gives
rise to the deformit\' mentioned. This case, also, seems to be perpet-
uated, and to have given rise to a wide spread variety, familiar to all
students of this species. The fourth case is the result of the first and
tliird. Abnormal elevation or depression of the spire, causing an un-
natural angle of the terminal whorl, together with a sinuous peristome,
have given rise to many curious forms of aperture. Thus, it is some-
times A^er}' unnaturally lengthened horizontallj- and depressed verticalh' ;
sometimes very much elongated vertically, and correspondingly
shortened in the opposite direction. Tiie angle at which the outer
plane of that portion of the peristome above the aperture meets that
below, varies from a right to a very acute one. These causes give
rise to a very great variety of forms in the aperture.
Under number five the injuries have been such as alread}- stated in
On the Defor)iiities of some Tennessee Helices. 157
the umbilical region, and various distortions, roughenings, and plica-
tions of the surface, resulting from fracture and repairs. In all these
various cases the adult deformities have added the parietal tooth, the
lamella to the peristome, and the widely reflected lip of the species. It
now remains to discuss the causes of these injuries, and the probabil-
ity of their genetic perpetuation. A talus of loose rocks, situated upon
a declivity, is more or less coustantl}^ moving. If it h^s any period of
comparative quiet, it is during the summer or dry season of the year.
At all times there is more or less liability to damage, threatening the
moUuscan denizens of these protean retreats by the dropping of de-
tached masses from the overhanging cliffs; and these masses are more
apt to be detached during the wet season of the year, and especially in
spring, after the freezing and thawing of winter, than at an}^ other
period. But this is precisely the time, also, when these creatures are
most active, and have come from the deeper portions of the talus, a
region of comparative safety, and are crawling over its surface.
In spring and winter, also, there is a sliding and moving of the
whole mass by reason of the freezing and thawing, during the progress
of which many of the shells are crushed and otherwise damaged. If,
then, 33^ per cent, of specimens taken at random are so variously de-
formed, we may, perhaps, rightly infer that a long continuance and re-
petition of injm-ies of a like character, through many generations,
would give rise to abnormal varieties. While accidental morphological
characteristics are not likely to be perpetuated; and while general an-
alogy stands in the way of the suggestion, the character of hermaphro-
ditism, and the mutual fecundation of individuals abnormally alike, may
present to such as choose to investigate this subject further, a key to
some of the m^'sterious characteristics of this mountain molluscan
fauna. At all events, we have numbers of specimens, entirely unin-
jured, exhibiting slight modifications of some of the characteristic de-
formities described above, and the constant repetition of accident ren-
ders the likelihood that its results will be persistently reproduced much
more probable than in the accidental cases of deformity which we ob-
serve under ordinary circumstances.
Specimens are found with the spire very much elevated, the sutures
abnormally impressed, and the general outline very different from
that of the species in its ordinary form. Others are much flattened,
more carinate on the body-whorl, and equally far removed from the
ty^Qs of the species. Beside, it is in these regions that we meet with
the widest variation from the normal type, in many species, beside
the one now under discussion. Here occur the carinate and flattened
species of Stenotrema, the heavily ribbed and carinate species oi Pa-
tula, and the only sharpl}' carinate Triodopsfs.
158 Cincinnati Society of Natural Ristoi'u.
Among the first, the common habitat of the S. spinosum and S. edgar-
ianum is between flat rocks, where I have often seen the former con-
gregated by hundreds, the dead and living being found together in a
common mass. Of similar habit, and associated with them, was the
rare P. cumherlandiana, the rocks being apparent!}^ without any mois-
ture, and the living snails having an epiphragm over the mouth of the
shell, as dui'ing Ij^e winter period of hibernation. The least sliding of
the rocks must damage numbers of specimens.
There is another evidence in favor of the inference which ma}- be
drawn from the facts given in this article. The species of Stenotrema
not inhabiting such situations, exhibit none of these peculiarities.
They vary in size, but there is no abnormal development or depression
of the spire, nor any approach to the carinate types.
The Patula group presents the same fact, as the common P. alter-
nata exhibits no wider variations in the mountain regions than char-
acterize it elsewhere (the variety mordax not being included). Among
the species of Mesodon, Zonites, Triodojjsis^ etc., the cases of abnormal
variation are confined to coloration and size, and not to form, except in
the case of the T. ohstricta above noted.
Moreover, in regions remote from these influences, we do not find
the number of varieties which here exist, and the species under Siuy
type, which are furthest removed from it, will be found in those locali-
ties where the liability to some accidental interruption of the ordinary
process of growth becomes more frequent. While such circumstances
of environment as may arise from sudden changes of climate, abund-
ance or scarcity of food, the prevalence or absence of foes, and the
multitude of other causes which are usually cited may have assisted
in this work, I feel confident that we can trace to the more direct one
of habitat the reason for many of the varieties in our Mollusca;
nor would I confine these statements to the terrestrial tribes alone, but
extend them to the numerous denizens of the mountain streams flow-
ing through the same region, that have offered to the ambitious makers
of species such an exhaustless fountain from which to multiply syn-
onymy and confuse the true seeker after truth.
The wide range of varieties among the shells collected by Mr. Hemp-
hill in the canons of Utah and Idaho, is very suggestive in this con-
nection. There are, also, several species from mountain lands in
Europe, of whose habits I know nothing, save that they are inhabitants
of the Alps, Pyrenees and Carpathians, that differ so far from the type
with which they are classed as to point in the same direction. Wheth-
er these cases are parallel or not, there is here abundant room for a
speculation if for nothing more; and it seems that the weight of evidence
is in favor of the suggestions which T have thus hastily indicated.
THE JOURNAL
m OF i
nn
VOL. 1.
CINCINNATI, JANUARY.
No. 4.
PBOCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY.
The Cincinnati Society of Natural History held its regular monthly
meeting, September, 3, 1878, — President Chambers in the Chair. The
minutes were read and approved.
The following named persons, having been favorably reported upon,
were elected to regular membership : R. H. Holbrook, S. S. L'Homme-
dieu, N. W. Lord and J. A. Thacker.
F. W. Laugdon read, by title, a " Eevised List of Cincinnati Birds."
Prof. Stone made a verbal report on the late solar eclipse.
Donations were received as follows : From W. B. Foster, a valuable
collection of fossils and minerals ; J. R. P. Brown, quartz crystals ;
Chas. Dury, two eggs of Bullock's Oriole ; J. A. Hughes, three speci-
mens of Orthoptera ; J. V\^. Shorten, eight coleopterous insects; Hon.
M. Sayler, The Mineral Besources of the West ; Dr. O. D. Norton, a
pipe.
A motion was made, and unanimously adopted, thanking Mr. W. B.
Foster for the valuable collection he had just donated.
Society met, October 1, 1878, — the President in the Chair. The
minutes were read and adopted.
Prof. Wetherb}'^ made a verbal report of his examination of the rocks
along the Cincinnati Suuthern Railroad, near the Kentucky River, and
in the vicinity of the Mammoth Cave, especially directing attention to
the fossils he had found, and to the geological position of the strata.
An animated discussion followed, in which the following persons took
part : V. T. Chambers, Dr. Young, F. Braun, and J. Mickleborough.
Donations were announced as follows : From J. W. Hall, Jr., twenty
specimen fossils of the "Waverly Group ; Dr. Chas. Reed, an eight-
160 Cincinnati Society of Natwal History.
legged kitten ; F. Eckstein, thirty-three Histological Stides ; Dr, J. H.
Hunt, three slides of Diatoms ; Chas. Diuy, two specimens of skins of
Dendroeca virens ; from the Natural Histor}^ Society of Glasgow, its
proceedings. Vol. 3, part 2 ; American Inventor, Vol. 1, Nos. 1-9, in-
clusive ; J. B. Pearce, Secretary of the Board, 2d Geological Survey of
Pennsylvania, books Q and R ; publishers, Scientific American, Vol.
39, Nos. 10 to 14 ; Canadian Entomologist, Vol. 10, No. 8 ; Polytech-
nic Beview, Vol. 6, Nos. 10, 11 and 12 ; Psyche, Vol. 2, Nos. 47 and
48 ; American Journal Jlicroscopy, Vol. 3, Nos. 1 to 9 ; Proceedings
Central Ohio Scientific Association, Vol. 1, part 1 ; Science Observer
for September ; Quarterly Journal of Conchology, Leeds, England,
Vol. 1, Nos. 11 to 15.
Society met November 5, 1878, — the President in the Chair. The
minutes were read and adopted.
Regular members were elected as follows : Dr. F. Kebler, Dr. R.
Sattler and Mr. Edward M. Cooper.
Prof. A. G. Wetherby read a paper on " the Deformities of Some
Tennessee Helices," also " a Description of a New Genus of Lower Si-
lurian Crustacea."
S. A. Miller, Esq., called attention to a collection of Cystideans of
remarkable beautj^ and size, including some new species, all recently
found in the Niagara Rocks of Indiana.
The death of Mr. J. C. Shroyer, the librarian of the Society, was an-
nounced ; also the death of Hon. J. H. Klippert, long a corresponding-
member of this Society. On motion, a committee w^as appointed to
draft resolutions pertinent to the occasion.
The Society met December 3, 1878, — Vice-President L. S. Cotton in
the Chair. The minutes were read, corrected and approved.
Messrs. James Bindley and J. R. P. Brown were elected regular
members.
Mr. E. O. Ulrich read a paper on a re-classification of fossil coralsi
and Mr. James F. James a catalogue of plants, ferns and fungi of
the vicinity of Cincinnati.
A special meeting of the Society was held Jan. 23, 1879, — L. S. Cotton,
Vice-President, in the chair. On motion of S. A. Miller, Esq., it was
Besolved, that a committee of ten, who take a special interest in the
study of the Lower Silurian Rocks of South-western Ohio, South-east-
ern Indiana, and Kentucky, be appointed, by the chair, to report to this
Society upon what seems to them to be the correct nomenclature of
these rocks.
For the Committee's Report, see page 193.
On the Tongue (Lingua) of Some Hymenoptera. 161
NOTE TO THE PAPER '' ON THE TONGUE {LINGUA) OF
S03IE HYMENOPTERA'' {ante p. 40).
By V. T. Chambers.
I wish to correct one or two errors into which I have fallen in the
paper above referred to. Tliat paper contains numerous typographical
errors, arising probably from want of skill or carelessness in cor-
recting the proof-sheets, such for instance, as: Reaumer for Reaumur \
Burmiester for Burmeister ; Hymenopterad for Hymenoptera ; De-
Gum for DeGeer ; Emunidoi for Eumenidoi ; Amoiihile for Amophila ;
and Zylocopa for Xylocopa ; but these, though disfiguring the paper,
are so palpable as scarce!}' to need correction.
A more important error is on page 4.S, where the pharynx is men-
tioned as being under the hypopharynx and epipharynx ; instead of
under read above^ or perhaps more correctly, behind.
A still more important error is the statement on pages 49 and f>0,
that the diameter of the tube in the tongue of the hive bee, at its nar-
rowest point, is l-500th of a line., and in some of the Andrenidoi is
1-lOOOth of a line. For line in these passages read inch. I am at a
loss to account for this misstatement. I have heard it objected that
even the l-500th of an inch is too small an aperture for effective use,
but this is a mistake. In the greater number of Lej^idojitera, Diptera.,
Hemiptera., Homoptera., the diameter of the suctorial organ will not be
found to be greater than l-500th of an inch. In a large Aphis, I found
it to be about 1-lOOOth of an inch. The presence of pollen in the tube
of a bee's tongue (a very common occurrence when the bee is killed im-
mediateW after being taken on a flower) demonstrates the fact that the
capacity of the tube is large enough.
But further and more careful study have convinced me that it is only
in the Apidoi that the tongue is a sucking tube, and that it is not so
in the Andrenidce. In these, while it is true that the rod is tubular
the tube gradually narrows toward the apex, and entirely disappears
just before reaching it, so that the apex is a very fine, imperforate
point in the Acuti Ungues. Indeed, considering this fact, and the short-
ness of the hairy part (the true lingua or tongue), and the distance
which the nectar would have to ascend along the smooth, outer sur-
face, first of the mentum, and basal joints, when the tongue is fully
extended before it reaches the pharj'nx; it is difficult to comprehend
how these bees can take liquid food either b}' suction or by lapping.
The onl}' way that I can conceive it possible is that the nectar is first
lapped up b}' the short, hairy tongue, and that the mentum and basal
joints are then folded back so as to bring the tongue within reach of the
162 Cincinnati Society of JVatural History.
mandibles, b}' which it is scraped, after the manner suggested b}' Mr.
Wood, and alluded to, ante p. 46. I confess though, that I do not un-
derstand how the tongue can be brought between the mandibles. That
these bees (Andrenidce) do take nectar from flowers is certain, however,
both from seeing them in the act of probing for it, and from seeing it
flow to and fro the pharynx and the tongue through the mentum. And
although there is in the Andrenidw no membraneous sack in the lingua?
as there is in the Apidce — at least none that can be made to protrude
from thehaiiy sheath — and though the sheath is firmh' attached to the
tubular rod throughout its entire length, its hairs adhering to the rod
so as to greatly obscure it, and probably give rise to erroneous interpre-
tations of its character: yet the peculiar glands and organ which are
found in the mentum and basal parts of the trophi of the Aiyidce, and
which are most probably connected with the elaboration of hone}', are
found more or less modified in the Andrenidce ; and indeed in the trophi
of all of the aculeate Hymenoptera that I have examined. These
organs are very pretty and peculiar structures, and their investigation
will amply repay an}^ of our microscopists who are looking for " fresh
fields and pastures new." The field, however, is not strictly new,
though comparatively untrodden, as, since the publication of the paper
to which this note is additional, I have leai-ned from Dr. Hagen, that
Wolff" and Fritz Miiller have each been before me in demonstrating the
tubular character of a bee's tongue, the former in Apis, and the
latter in Melipona. The last edition of the Encyclopcedia Britannica
(art. Bee), however, persists in the error that a bee's tongue is not
tubular, but is solid.
DESCRIPTION OF A NEW FA3IILY AND GENUS OF
LOWER SILURIAN CRUSTACEA.
By a. G. Wetherby.
[Read before the Cincinnati Society of Natural History, November 5, 1878.]
In the American Journal of Science and Arts, Vol. III. (3d series),
p. 423, 1872, Prof. Meek published the description of a new fossil
from the Lower Silurian rocks at Cincinnati, based upon two speci-
mens found by Prof. G. W. Harper, of this citv. One of these is now
in the collection of Mr. C. B. Dyer, and the other in the Yale College
museum. It was some years before further examples of this remark-
able fossil came to light, but another specimen was finally discovered
by Mr. Geo. Vallandigham, which is now in the collection of S. A.
Miller, Esq., and still another, by Mr. W. J. Patterson (Plate I., fig.
5) now in his collection. These two specimens show few features in
A New Family <ind Genus of Longer Silurian Cnistacea. 163
addition to those given b}' Prof. Meek. More recently, ii niueli larger
and more perfect specimen (Plate I., figs. 3 and 4) was found b}- Dr.
A. J. Newton, of Richmond, Indiana, which adds several interesting-
facts. F'inall}^, the discovery, by the writer, of still another specimen
(Plate I., figs. 1, 2, and 3), containing the entire posterior portion of
the animal, enables us to clear up man^' of the remaining obscurities.
It is now certain that this curious creature was not a Cystidean, but a
Crustacean ; and that what Prof. Meek mistook for " plates" are in
reality the tergal, pleural and sternal elements of the thoracic somites;
and the supposed "column" of his specimens, a few segments of the
abdomen, which is entire in the example found b}' the writer.
From a study of the specimen found by Dr. Newton, we are able to
determine the form of the somite in front of the one described by Prof.
Meek; and also, owing to its excellent preservation, to correctl}^ un-
derstand the parts of others, as well as the articulation of the thorax
with the abdomen, and the nature of the somites of the latter; while
the specimen discovered by myself exhibits most of these facts, and
adds that of having the abdomen complete ujith its ajypendages.
It is now clear, that the part supposed by Prof. Meek to represent
the bod\ of the Cystidean, is the posterior somite of the thorax of a
Crustacean, of which the body exhibits its proper division into thorax
and abdomen, and that the specimen found by Dr. Newton is probably
preserved to the cervical groove, separating the thorax from the ce-
phalic segments, the former consisting of the two somites described at
length below. No portion of the head, and none of the cephalo-thoracic
appendages have been found.
Enofloura, nov. gen.
Body divided into two distinct regions, the thorax* and abdomen.
Somites of the former consisting of well-defined tergal, epimeral, epi-
sternal and sternal elements, separated by distinct sutures. Tergal
element of the last and sternal element of the preceding somite, not
centrall}' auchylosed. Episternal element very largely developed, and
strongly carinate on the median line, which forms the lower, outer
angle of the somites. Epiraera largely developed, and forming the
lateral portions of the dorsal surface. Abdomen oval in section, dor-
sally and latero-centrall}' sub-carinate at the sutural lines; composed
of fourteen somites, the terminal five bearing longitudinal median pro-
cesses on the center of the sterna, while the sixth bears a large trans-
verse process, arising from the epimeral region of either side, and con-
'•'" At present, it seems best not to use the divisions c-ephalo-thorax and post-abdomen.
16-i Cincinnati Society of Natural History.
tinued over the sternal arch, and also a flattened and excavated longi-
tudinal process, which extends forward over the sterna of the somites
immediately in front. Somites of the post-abdomen short, with artic-
ular surfaces allowing great freedom of motion. Head and lateral ap-
pendages unknown.
This genus is characterized by the extraordinary development of the
epimeral and episternal elements of the thoracic somites, by the ver-
tical median processes on the ventral side of the last segments of the
post-abdomen, the large anchor-like process preceding them, and by
the alternate anchylosis and sutural separation of the thoracic sternal
and tergal elements.
While the removal of this fossil from the Cysticlea to the Crustacea,
under a new class and genus, would be found a sufficient excuse by
many writers, under cover of which to plunder this eminent author of
his species, I shall retain his expressive name, and leave the species
to his credit.
Enoploura balanoides, Meek.
Body concave ventrally, convex dorsally, and composed of somites
divided into dorsal, lateral and ventral regions, by well-defined sutures.
Surface irregularly granulose. Sternum of posterior segment of the
thorax divided mesially, widened and excavated posteriorly, nar-
rowed in front. Episterna largel}^ developed, the lower part meeting
the sternum, the upper flexed^ nearly at right angles, and meeting
the epimera. Epimera widened behind, slightly excavated on the
interior angle, narrowed in front, and extending to the central
lateral angle of the heptagonal tergum, where they join the epimera of
the next somite. Tergum heptagonal, convex above, slightl}' carinate
on the median line, somewhat excavated posteriorly. Sternum of next
somite mesially anchylosed. Episterna as before, but more developed
ventrally. Epimera trapezoidal, widest in the middle, and tapering to
a point in front, which lies in the angle formed by the outer edge of
the tergum and the inner edge of the episternum. Tergum not mesial-
ly anch^dosed, narrowed behind, widened before, the anterior extremi-
ty being lost in all the specimens. Post abdomen made up of fourteen
distinct, short, loosely articulated somites, the first eight of which bear
no appendages; ninth bearing a large transverse process, arising at the
epimeral suture of either side, and bending forward so as to look to-
ward the head of the animal; from the base of this process springs a
longitudinal one, extending forward and ovei'l3dng the sternal region
of the somites immediately in front, which are somewhat crowded for-
wai'd and flexed to receive it. The remaining somites bear longitud-
A 2^ew Faintly and Genua of Lower Silurian. Crustacea. 165
inal median projections of their sterna, which point outwards when
the abdomen is flexed upward. Evidences of the tergal, pleural and
sternal sutures of the abdominal segments remain. Lateral append-
ages, and anterior portion of body unknown.
Among the palaeozoic representatives of the anomalous class to
which our fossil belongs, those of most interest to us in this connec-
tion are the Trilohita and Eurypterida^ forming, as they do, the most
important evidence relating to the extinct Crustacea. It is not cer-
tain that either antennae or feet have been found with the remains of
the former, nor is anything known of other than the tergal and pleural
portions of the somites. No sternal element or body-wall has been
found, and no certain evidence of any appendages. The thoracic
somites have the cuticular portion of the pleura folded inward, so that,
in well-preserved specimens, it maj' be seen to cover a portion of their
sternal surface. But as this haixlened inner portion of the pleura never
extends to the sternal region, and as no sternal arch is ever found, it is
probable that this portion of the somites was perishable. In this
aspect of the case, as well as in most others, the Trilohita threw no
light on the affinities of the fossil herein described. The case is some-
what different with the Eurypterida. These giants of the Merostom-
ata offer some suggestive facts which will now be briefly considered.
The appendages, both in Pteryjotus and Eurypterus.^ are carried by a
comparatively short cephalo-thorax. This region of the body is fol-
lowed by a large number (twelve or thirteen of abdominal segments)
terminated b}^ a long telson. None ol these bear any appendages. A
glance at any specimen or good figure of these genera, will show that if
a comparativel}^ small portion of the bod}^ were lost anteriorly, we
should be left entireh" to conjecture as to the nature of all the append-
ages, and it seems not unlikely that our fossil may be characterized by
the same peculiarity. At all events, as these fossil Crustaceans com-
bined characters belonging both to the Ilerostomata, and to the Cope-
poda among the Entowosfraca, it is not unreasonable to suppose that
Enoploura may have been equally indefinite in phylogenic relation.
If, as seems clear from the investigations of Mr. Spence Bate and
others, the normal number of segments in the typical Crustacean is
twenty, we have but four somites of the body in our species as yet un-
described; but it must not be forgotten that among the Entomostraca,
the number of somites may be greater or less than this, while the
Branchiopoda.^ closely united to the lower Podojihthalmia. through
such forms as Jfysis, have also a greater or less number of somites
than the typical Crustacean; thus Nehalia has twent\-two, and Ap)us
glacialis twent3'-six, in the thoracico-abdominal region alone. Con-
166 Cincinnati Society of jSfatural History.
sideriiig the earl}' appearance of this Genus, and the anomalous
character of many divisions of the class to which it belongs, it may be
readily understood, that any seeming variations which this fossil pre-
sents, when compared with palaeozoic Crustacea better known, instead
of tending to rise doubts as to its zoological position, become striking
evidences of the modifications which pertain to fossil as well as recent
Crustacea, thus leading us to seek the true relations borne b}' these
ancient races to the forms now living, and to their contemporaries of
the palaeozoic seas.
While a casual glance at this fossil calls to mind the forms of the
pedunculate Cirripedia, there is no relation whatever between them
more than that which belongs to creatures of the same class. Nor is it
attempted, at this time, to assign this fossil Arthropod to a nearer
po->ition than is suggested by the facts given in the description ^of the
Genus hereb}^ established. A thorough study of numerous specimens,
and of those bearing remains of the appendages, is necessary before a
closer relationship can be with certainty assigned. The two specimens
found by Prof. Harper, occurred at about three hundred and fifty feet
above low water of the Ohio river, at Cincinnati. Those found by Mr.
Vallandigham, at about four hundred feet. Mr. Patterson's specimen
was found at Oxford, Ohio, and Dr, Newton's in the upper part of
the Hudson River Group, at Richmond, Indiana. The specimen found
by the writer was from the same horizon as the last, near Osgood, In-
diana. Mr. S. A. Miller has in his possession specimens of the same
Genus, and apparentlv of the same species, from the Trenton rocks of
New York. Mr. Braun, the well-known collector, has a slab contain-
ing several specimens, apparently of a different species, in which tlie
number of abdominal segments is much greater, and two of which seem
to exhibit remains of the lateral appendages. These specimens were
found in Indiana. As the slab also contains several fine specimens of
Heterocrinus subcrassus^ they are probably from the upper part of the
Hudson River Group. The range of the genus is, therefore, as at
present known, from the Trenton through the Hudson River Group.
It is not improbable that the forms in Mr. Braun's collection may,
with careful stud}', give us additional facts in regard to this remark-
able ( 'I'ustacean, which is not only the t3'pe of a new Genus and Fami-
ly, but, no doubt, of a new Order also.
The absence of pores, of pectinated rhombs, of any indications
whatever of an ambulacral s^'stem, and the fact that these fossils ac-
cord in no way with any character of the Cystidew, either figured or
described, makes it somewhat renuirkable that they should have been
referred to the Echinoderinata.
A Revised List of Cincinnati Birds. 1G7
A REVISED LIST OF CINCINNATI BIBBS.
By Frank W. Langdon.
The favorable reception accorded to the original list^ of the Birds of
this vicinity, and the numerous additional facts relating to the subject
that have accumulated since its appearance, have seemed to warrant
the inference that its complete revision would be an acceptable contri-
bution to the Natural Histor}- of this locality. It has, therefore, been
thoroughl}^ revised and remodeled, and the following list is believed to
represent the present state of our knowledge of " Cincinnati Birds," so
far as their local distribution is concerned, as well as the later conclu-
sions of the most approved authorities in respect to classification and
nomenclature.
For important additions to the list, and other information, I am
especially indebted to Mr. Charles Dury, of Avondale, whose extensive
ornitliological collection contains many of our rarer species; Dr. R.
M. Byrnes, Dr. J. H. Hunt, Dr. H. H. Hill and Mr. John W. Shorten,
of Cincinnati ; Dr. Rufus Ha} mond and Mr. Edgar R. Quick, of Brook-
ville, Ind., and the several other naturalists elsewhere mentioned, have
also contributed notes and observations of interest. Acknowledge-
ments are likewise due to Professor J. M. Wheaton, of Columbus, O..
whose writings on Ohio Birds are frequently referred to; to Mr. Robert
Ridgway, of the Smithsonian Institution, who has kiudh' furnished me
with various recent ornithological papers bearing on the subjects of
classification and nomenclature; and to Mr. William H. Whetsel, of
Madisonville, for interesting additions to my collection.
The collections and observations upon which the list is based, have
been chieflj' made at two or three points, in the territory lying between
the Great and Little Miami Rivers, and within ten or twelve miles of
the Ohio. These limits are only exceeded in the case of the thirteen
species identified b^^ Dr. Haymond and Mr. Quick, at Brookville, Ind. ;•'
and as these are mainly migrants on the Whitewater, which, at its con-
fluence with the Great Miami, approaches within twenty miles of Cin-
cinnati, the}' are fair)}- entitled to a place in our list on inferential
grounds at least.
Although not characterized b}- extraordinarj- topographical features,
the soutn-western corner of Ohio piesents a pleasing variety of surface
1 " A Catalogue of the, Birds of the vicinity of Cincinnati," with notes, by Frank ^X .
Lantcdon.— Salem. Mass., The Naturalists' Agency.— April, 1877.
2 Brookville, Ind., is about forty miles northwest of Cincinnati.
108 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.
and productions that is exceedingly favorable to the development and
maintenance of a highly diversified fauna; and in respect to the
number of species represented, its Avian-fauna will compare favor-
ably with that of other North American inland localities in the same
latitude. Moreover, it has been well established that river valleys,
owino- to their luxuriant vegetation, and, consequently, abundance of
insect life, are favorite routes of migration with birds, — this being es-
pecially true of those valleys extending in a general north and south
direction ; situated therefore, as it is, in the midst of a highly culti-
vated section, and traversed by the fertile valleys of the two ^liamis
and the Whitewater — here converging toward the Ohio, this locality
is dou])tless one of the most prominent concentrating ajid distributing
points in the Ohio Valley for many migratory species.
Tlie classification and nomenclature have been brought down to
date so far as practicable ; the " Land Birds " being arranged in ac-
cordance with " North American Birds " by Baird, Brewer and Ridg-
way; the "Water Birds " according to Dr. Cones' " Key" and " Check
List. '■ The changes in nomenclature which have been required since
the publication of these works, have been dul}' noted in the present
list so far as the literature at hand would admit, and the authorities
referred to in the accompanying footnotes.
The nomenclature of the higher groups is that proposed by Dr.
Coues, and adopted by Baird, Brewer and Ridgway in " North American
Birds." In this arrangement, Dr. Coues recognizes two primary groups
of existing birds, — the Ratitae or Struthious Birds and their allies, re-
presented by the Ostriches, Apteryx, etc. ; and the Carinatse or birds
with a keeled sternum, which includes all the remaining species of re-
cent birds. These are further divided into minor groups, called or-
ders and sub-orders for convenience, although not distinguished by
characters that would be considered of ordinal value in other classes of
vertebrates. Of the Carinate birds, under which head all our species
come, there are fourteen of these orders, all of which are represented
here excepting one — the Sphenisci or Penguins.
Species known to breed in this vicinit}' are designated by an aster-
isk (*) ; those inferred to do so, by an obelisk (f ). The dates of arrival
and departure are of course approximate, being the average of obser-
vations extending through several years.
A Revised List of Cincinnati Birds. 169
LAND BIRDS.
lAst of Identified Species.
Class AvEs: Birds.
Sub-class Carinat^ : Carinate Birds.
Order Passeres: Perchers.
Sub-order Oscines : Singing Perchers.
Family Turdid^ : The Thrushes.
1. *Tdrdds mdstelinus, Gmelin, — Wood Thrush. A common sum-
mer resident. April 20tli to October 1st.
2. TuRDUS FDSCESCENS, Stephens. — Wilson'' 3 Thrush. — A rare mi-
grant in April.
3. TuRDUS ALiciiE, Bd. — Alice's or Gray -cheeked Thrush. — Sprino-
and fall migrant. Rather common early in October, feeding on the
berries of the sour-gum.
4. TuRDUs swAiNSONi. Cabanis. — Swainson'' s Thrush. — Common mi-
grant in April and September.
5. *TuRDUS PALLASijCabanis. — Hermit Thrush. — A common migrant
about April 10th, and October 15th. Nest and eggs taken May lOtli,
1877 (Dury).'
6. *TcRDUs MiGRATORius, LlunjEus. — Bobin. — Represented from
February till December. Remains during the summer in limited num-
bers however, compared with the large flocks which pass north in Feb-
ruaiy and March, and return in October and November.
7. *Harporhynchus rufus, Cabanis. — Brown Thrasher. — A com-
mon, but not abundant summer resident. April 10th to Sept. 20th.
8. *MiMus POLYGLOTTus, Boie. — Mocking Bird. — A rare summei-
resident. One specimen taken in winter, — January 1st, 1877.
9. *Galeoscoptes carolinensis, Cabanis. — Catbird. — Common
summer resident. April 20th to October 1st.
Family Saxicolid^e: Bluebirds; Stonechats.
10. *SiALiA sialis, Baird. — Eastern Bluebird. — A common resi-
dent. Less numerous in winter.
1 Seethe writer's " Observations on Cincinnati Birds"— this .fouKNAi,, Vol.1, No. 3,
p. Ill, Oct. 1878.
170 Cincinnati Society q/ JSTatural History.
Family Sylviid^: Sylvias.
11. Eegulus satrapa, Lichtenstein, — Golden-crowned Kinrjlet. —
Common winter visitant.
12. Regulus calendula, Lichtenstein. — Ruhy-cronmed Kinglet. —
Migrant in April and October.
13. *PoLiopTiLA c^KULEA, Sclatcr. — Blue-gray Gnatcatcher. — A
common summer resident. April lOth to August 15th.
Family Parid^: Titmice.
14. *LoPHOPHANES BicoLOR, Bonaparte. — Tufted Titmouse. — A com-
mon resident,
15. Parus atricapillus, Linnaeus. — Black-capped Titmouse. — Rare
winter visitant. Two specimens only, 1872 (Dury).
16. *Parus carolinensis, Audubon. — Carolina Chicadee. — A com-
mon resident.
17. *Sitta carolinensis, Latham. — White-bellied JS^uthatch. — A
common resident.
18. SiTTA CANADENSIS, LinnDsus. — Bed-bellied Nuthatch. — An irregu-
lar winter visitant. Also observed in September and October, 1878.
Familj^ Certhiad^: Creepers.
19. Certhia familiaris, var. Americana, Bonaparte. — Broivn Creep-
er. — Winter resident; October to April.
Family- Troglodytid^ : Wrens.
20. *Thryothorus ludovicianus, var. ludovicianus, Bonaparte. —
Great Carolina Wren. — Common resident. A vigorous and attractive
songster.
21. Thryothorus bewickit, var. bewickii, Bonaparte. — Bewick's
Wren. — One specimen taken at Brookville, lud., in April, 1877 ; three
seen {E. R. Quick).
22. ^Troglodytes ^don, Vieillot. — House Wren. — A common sum-
mer resident in some localities before the introduction of the European
Sparrow. Avondale {Dury) ; Mt. Auburn (Douglass). Now quite
rare.
23. Troglodytes parvulus, var. hyemalis, Vieillot. — Winter Wren.
A common winter resident. October 1st to April 15th.
24. CiSTOTHORUS palustris, Baird. — Long-billed Marsh Wren. —
l^Tigrant in May and September,
Family Motacillid^ : Wagtails.
25. Anthus ludovicianus, Lichtenstein. — Titlark. — iMigrant in
March and November, in Hocks,
A Revised List of Cincinnati Birds. 171
Family Sylvicolid^ : American. Warblers.
26. *Mniotilta varIxV, Vieillot. — Black-and-iohite Creeping War-
bler. — Common summer resident. May 1st to September 30tli.
27. f Helmitiierus vERjrivoRUS, Bonaparte. — Worm-eating Warbler.
— A rare summer resident. May to August.
28. Helminthophaga chrysoptera, Cabanis. — Golden-wingtd War-
bler. — Rare migrant; one specimen only (Dury).
29. f Helminthophaga pinus, Baird. — Blne-winf/ed Yellow Warbler.
— A rather common summer resident. Ma^^ 1st to September lOtb.
30. Helminthophaga ruficapilla, Baird. — JSTashville Warbler. —
Migrant in April, Ma_v and September.
31. Helminthophaga peregrina, Cabanis, — Tennessee Warbler. —
Common migrant in May and September — October. Unusually abund-
ant in the fall of 1877.
32. Parula AMERICANA, Bouapartc. — Blue Telloir-backed Warbler.
— Migrant in Ma}'^ and September. Not common.
33. Perissoglossa TiGRiNA, Baird. — Cape 3[ay Warbler. — Rare mi-
grant in Ma}- and September.
34. *Dendrceca estiva, Baird. — Yellow Warbler. — A common
summer resident. April 15th to August 10th.
35. Denhrceca coronata, Gray. — Yellow-rumped Warbler. — Com-
mon migrant. March and April — October and November.
36. Dendrceca MACULOSA, Baird. — Black-and-y elloio Warbler .-'^in'iug
and fall migrant. Common in September.
37. *Dendr(ECA CiERULEA, Baird. — Blue Waidder. — Common mi-
grant and summer resident. April 20th to August 15th.
38. Dendrceca blackburnj.e, Baird. — Blaclcburnian Warbler. — Mi-
grant in May and September. Very common during the latter month.
39. Dendrceca dominica, var. albilora, Ridgway. — White-browed
Yelloiv-throated Warbler. — A rather common migrant along the
Little Miami " Bottoms " in the latter part of April and early in May.
Also taken in October at Brookville, Ind., by Mr. Quick.
40. Dendrceca pennsylvanica, Baird. — Chestnut-sided Warbler. —
Migrant in May and September. Quite common in the fall.
41. Dendrceca striata, Baird. — Black-poll Warbler. — A rather un-
common migrant in May and September— October.
42. Dendrceca castanea, Baird. — Bay-breasted Warbler. — Migrant
in May and September. Very common in the fall.
The difficult}- of distinguishing between this species and D. striata
in the fall has been frequently commented on. In addition to the dif-
ferences noted bv the standard works on Ornithology, a comparision of
172 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.
specimens of both species shows that the chin, or feathered space be-
tween the forks of the lower mandible, is considerably wider in cas-
tanea than in striata, — arguing a greater width of base of bill in the
former species. The bill of cas^anea is generally the larger in everj^
wa3^ but its greater width at the base is especially evident. This
character appears to be constant in a number of specimens from this
and other localities, and being an anatomical peculiarity, it is, of
course, much more reliable as a diagnostic mark than any slight dif-
ferences in coloration.
43. Dendrceca c^rulescens, Baird. — Black-throatea Blue Warbler.
— Migrant in May and September. Rather conamon.
44. Dendrceca virens, Baird. — Black-throated Green Warbler. —
Common migrant in May and September — October.
45. Dendrceca pinus, Baird. — Pine-creeping Warbler. — A rare mi-
grant in April.
46. Dendrceca kirtlandi, Baird. — KirtlancV s Warbler. — A specimen
ofthis extremely rare warbler, taken in May, 1872, at Avondale, is
now in Mr. Dury's collection.
47. Dendrceca palmarum, war. palmardm,^ Baird. — Yellow Red-poll
Warbler. — Migrant in April and October. Common along hedgerows
and fences in the fall.
48. Dendrceca discolor, Baird. — Prairie Warbler. — A rare migrant
in May.
49. ^SiURUs'^ AURiCAPiLLUs, Bonaparte. — Golden-crowned Thrush or
Wagtail. — Common summer resident. April 20th to September 15th.
50. SiURUS N^vius, Cones. — Small-billed Water Thrush. — A rare
migrant in May.
51. *SiDRUS MoTACiLLA, Bonapartc. — Large-billed Water Thrush. —
Summer resident. April 10th to September 1st.
52. Oporornis acjilis, Baird. — Connecticut Warbler. — One specimen
only; May, 1876 {Dury).
53. fOpoRORNis FORMOsus, Baird. — Kentucky Warbler. — Summer
resident. Arrives early in May and remains until September,
54. *Geothlypis trichas, Cabanis. — 3Iaryland Yellow-throat.— A
common summer resident. May 1st to September 15th.
55. Geothlypis Philadelphia, Baird. — 3fourning Warbler. — A rare
migrant in Maj^ (Dury) and August (Shorten).
1 See Ridgway on " Geographical Variation in Dondra'ca inihnaraia. "—£u/letin of the
KuUall Orn. Club. Nov. 1876.
2 See "Corrections of Nomenclature in the Genus Siurus," Coucs —Bulletin NxMall
(9r;j.C;w&, April, 1877,
A Bevised List of Cincinnati Birds. 173
56. *IcTERiA viRENS, Baii'd. — Yellow-breasted Chat. — Common sum
mer resident. April 25tli to September 1st.
57. Myiodioctes mitratus, Audubon. — Hooded Warbler. — A rare
migrant in Ma}' (and August?).
58. Myiodioctes pusillus, Bonaparte. — Green Black-capped Fly-
catching Warbler. — Spring and fall migrant; not common.
59. Myiodioctes canadensis, Audubon. — Canndi^n Fly-catching
Warbler. — Migrant in May and September ; rather rare.
60. *Setophaga ruticilla, Swainson. — American Redstart. — A
common summer resident. May 1st to September 20tli.
Family Hirundinid^e: Swallows.
61. *Progne subis, Baird. — Purple JIarlin. — A common summer
resident. April 1st to September 5th.
62. *Petrochelidon lunifrons, Baird. — CUf Swallow. — An abund-
ant summer resident. April 20th till September 5th.
63. *HiRUNDO erythrogaster, var. horreorum, Coues. — Barn
Swallow. — A ver}- common summer resident. Arrives and departs
with the preceding species.
64. HiRUNDO BicoLOR, VieWlot— White-bellied Sii'>alloii\ — Migrant in
April (and September?).
65. *Stelgidopteryx serripennis, Baird. — Rovgh-winged Swallow.
— A common summer resident. April 15th till September 1st.
Nests in barns, bridges, etc., as well as in burrows along the banks
of rivers and creeks.
66. *Cotyle riparia, Boie. — Bank Swallow. — An abundant summer
resident. Arrives and departs about the same time as the preceding
species.
In this vicinit}'^ the burrows of the Bank Swallow, appear to be ex-
clusively confined to the river-bluffs, where it nests in large commu-
nities; while the burrows of the Rough- winged Swallow ixve. frequently
seen, in small groups of from three to a dozen, along the banks of the
smaller creeks, as well as in the other locations above mentioned.
Family Vireonid^: Vireos oy Greenlefs.
67. *ViRE0SYLViA olivaceus, Bouapartc. — Red-eyed Vireo. — A very
common summer resident. April 25th to October 1st.
68. ViREOSY^viA philadelphicus, Cassin, — Philadelphia Vireo. — A
rare migrant in May and September.
174 Cincinnati Society of Natural Historij.
69. *ViKK0SYLViA GiLvus, Cassin. — Warbling I'ireo, — Common
summer resident. May to September.
70. Lanivireo solitarius, Baird. — Blue-headed or Solitary Vireo.
— Rare migrant in May (Byrnes, Dury); and September [Shorten).
71. f Lanivireo flavifrons, Baird. — Yellow-throated Vireo. — Com-
mon migrant in May and September ; a few remaining tlirough the
summer.
72. * Vireo noveboracensis, Bonaparte. — White-eyed Vireo.- -A com-
mon summer resident. April 25th to September 20tli.
Family Ampelid.<e : Waxwings.
73. *Ampelis CEDRORUM, '^c\?iter.— (J edarWaxwing .—An irregular but
often abundant migrant, and a summer resident in limited numbers.
Appears during the fall and winter in large flocks, feeding on wild
grapes and the berries of the sour-gum and cedar.
Family Laniid^ : Shrikes.
74. CoLLURio BOREALis, Baird.— -G^reaf Northern Shrike ; Butcher
Bird. — Rare fall and winter visitant.
75. *CoLLURio LUDoviciANUS, var. LUDOviciANUs, Hixh'iX.-- -Loggerhead
Shrike.— An uncommon summer resident. Arrives about March loth,
and remains until September.
75a. CoLLURio LUDOVICIANUS, var. excubitoroides, Cones.- -A well
marked example of this variety taken at Madisonville, August 22d,
1878.
Family Tanagrid^: Tanagers.
76. *Pyranga RUBRA, Vicillot. — Scarlet Tanager. — Summer resident.
More common however during the migrations in IMay and September.
77. *Pyranga estiva, Vieillot. — Summer Bedbird. A rather com-
mon summer resident. May 1st to September 25th.
Fainil}' FRiNGiLLiDiE : Finches, Sparrows, etc.
78. Carpooacus purpureus. Gray. — Purple Finch. — Migrant in fall,
winter and spring, usually in flocks. Feeds largelj^ on the buds of the
slippeiy elm, its flesh being strongly flavored thereby.
79. *Curysomitris tristis, Bonaparte. — American Goldfinch; Thistle
Bird. — A common resident. Less numerous during the winter, but
appears about the 1st of March in large straggling flocks, sometimes
containing a hundred or more individuals, which are then just begin-
ning to assume their summer dress. These flocks soon break up into
A Revised List of Cincin»ati Birds. 175
smaller ones, and for the greater part of the year it is seen in small
parties numbering from six to a dozen.
80. Chrysomitris finus, Bonaparte. — Pine Linnet. — Abundant in
the winter of 1868-()9 (Bury). Not observed since.
81. LoxiA CUKVIROSTRA, vcir. AMERICANA, Baird. — Red Crossbill. —
Occasional fall and winter A^sitant, 1868-9; 1874:-5.
82. LoxiA LKUCOPTERA, Gmclin. — White-winged Crossbill. — Quite
abundant during the winter of 1868-9 ( Dury).
83. iEGoiTHUs LiNARius, Cabauis. — Lesser Bedpoll Linnet. — One spe-
cimen onl}'; Januar^^ 1869 [Dury).
81. Plectrophanes nivalis, Meyer. — Snow Bunting. — Occasional
winter visitant. Not observed for several years.
85. Plectrophanes lapponicus, Selbv. — Lapland Longspur. — A rare
and irregular winter visitant. Avondale (Dury); Madisonville, Dec.
1877 (ir. //. Whetsel).
86. *Pyrgita domestica, Cuvier. — European House SjJarrow. — In-
troduced in 1873. Has multiplied rapidly, and is now abundant every-
where within ten or fifteen miles of Cincinnati.
87. Passerculus savanna, Bonaparte. — Savanna Sparrow. — A com-
mon migrant in April and October.
88. *Pooc^etes gramineus, Baird. — Grass Finch; Bay-winged
Bunting. — A common summer resident.
89. Cotdrniculus henslowi, Bonaparte. — I£enslow\s Bunting. — One
specimen, '• Kentucky, opposite Cincinnati" (Audubon).
90. f Cotdrniculus passerinus, Bonaparte. — Yellow-winged Spar-
row. — A rare summer resident (Dury).
91. j-Chondestes grammica, Bonaparte. — Lark Finch. — An uncom-
mon summer resident.
92. ZoNOTRiCHiA LEUCOPHRTS, Swaiusou. — Wkite-crowned Sparrow.
— Migrant in April and October — November.
93. ZoNOTRicniA ALBicoLLis, Bouapartc. — White-throated Sparrow.
— Migrant with the preceding species.
94. JuNCo HYEMALis, Sclatcr. — Black Snow-bird. — A common winter
resident. October 25th to April 10th.
95. vSpizella iMONTicoLA, Baird. — Tree Sparrow. — Common winter
resident. November to April.
96. *Spizella pusilla, Bonaparte. — Field Sparrow. — Common resi-
dent from March till November.
97. *Spizella socialis, Bonaparte. — Chipping Sparrow. — A very
common summer resident. Arrives about the middle of March and
remains until November 1st.
176 Cincinnati Society of N'atural History.
98. *Melospiza iiELODiA, Baird.---/9o/i<7 Spar7'oir--A xevy common
resident.
99. Melospiza.palustris, Ba,\rd. --Sivamp Sparrow. -A common mi-
ijrant in April and November.
100. Passerella iliaca. Swa'inson.-- Fox-colored Sparrow.— Covn-
mon migrant in March and November.
101. *EuspizA AMERICANA, Bon?i\)ViYte.—Blac]c-throate(l Bunting.- -
A ver3^ common summer resident. May to September.
102. *Hedymeles ludovicianus, ^^axwaon.--- Base-breasted Gros-
beak.— W\^\:?iXs.t in May and September; not common. Marked as
breeding on the authority of Audubon, who mentions taking its nest
and eggs near Cincinnati.
103. *CrANospizA CYANEA, Baird. — Indigo Bird. — A very common
summer resident. May — October.
104. *Cardinalis virginianus, Bonaparte. — Cardinal Grosbeak;
Bedbird. — A very common resident.
105. *PipiL0 ERYTHROPHTHALMUS, Vicillot. — To-wliec Finch; Ground
Robin. — A common resident.
Family AEAUDiDiE : Larks.
106. *Alauda arvensis, Linnreus. — European Skylark. — Introduced.
Bi"eeds sparingly in the parks and suburbs of Cincinnati [A. Tenner).
107. Eremophila alpestris, Boie. — Shore Lark. — Occasional mi-
grant in fall and winter.
Family Icteridve: Orioles.
108. DoLicnoxYX uryzivorus, Swainson. — Bobolink. — Occasional
migrant in May, usually in small flocks.
Breeds commonly at Columbus and Yellow Springs ( Wheaton).
109. *MoLOTHRUs ATER, Gray.---Co?r&u-^.— Commou summer resi-
dent. March-October.
110. *Agelaius phceniceus, YiexWot.— Swamp Blackbird.--A com-
mon summer resident. Mai'ch 1st to October 15th.
111. *Sturnella magna, Swainson. — Jleadow Lark.— A common
resident. Less numerous in winter.
112. *ICTERUS SPURius, Bonaparte. — Orchard Oriole. -Snmmcr resi-
dent. May- -August.
113. *IcTERUs haltimore, DuikWu.-- Bait imore Oriole.— A common
summer resident. April 25th to September 1st.
114. ScoLEOOPiiAGus KERRUGINEUS, '^^wn'iusou. ■ --Busty Graklc— An
abundant miurant in March and November.
A Itevised List of Cincinnati Birds. 177
115. *QuiscALUs PURPURKUS, Bartraiii ; var. ^eneus, Ridgway.---
Bronzed GraJde.—A common summer resident. Represented from
February 20th till November 10th.
Family Corvid^k: Crows, Jays, etc.
116. CoRVUS COR AX, var. carnivorus, Bartram. — American Baven.
A former resident; not recently observed. (See IJaymond,---Ind. Geol.
Rept. 1869; and Atwate7%— History of Ohio, 1838).
117. *CoRvus AMERiCANUS, Audubou.— 6'o;/imo?i CVoit'.— Resident.
Extremely abundant in winter, when it collects along streams in large
flocks which are probably migrants from the north.
118. ^Cyanura cristata, Ssvainson.— Blue Jay.— A. common resi-
dent.
Sub-order Clamatores: Non-melodious Passeres.
Family Tyrannid^e: Tyrant Flycatchers.
119. *Tyrannus CAROLiNEXsis, Baird.--/iri/ig6irrf. — A common sum-
mer resident. May — September.
120. *Myiarchus crinitus, dxh^w'is.-- Great-crested Flycatcher. --K
common summer resident. May 1st to September 15th.
121. *Sayornis fuscus, Baird.—Peiwee. --Resident from April till
October. An occasional straggler seen in February and March.
122. *CoNTOPUS viRENS, Cabauis.-- TTortc^ Pewee.-K ver}' common
summer resident. May 1st to September 30tli.
123. Ejipidonax pusillus, var. trailli, Baird.---Tr(:u7Z'5 Flycatcher.
--A rare migrant in May and September. (Breeds at Columbus, Ohio
Wheaton^.
124. Ejipidonax minimus, ^^w A. --Least Flycatcher. --Migrant in
May and September.
125. *Empidoxax acadicus, Baird.— Acadian Flycatcher. ---A com-
mon summer resident. Ma^^ 1st till September 30th.
126. Empidoxax flaviventris, Baird.- -Yelloio-bellied Flycatcher. —
A rather common migrant in Ma}' and September.
Order Picari^: " A polymorphic group," comprising the Kinyjishers,
Goatsuckers, Swijts, Hummers, Cuckoos and Woodpeckers.
Family Alcedinid^: Kingfishers.
127. *Ceryle alcyon, Boie.— 2?eZ^e(/ Kingfisher. — A common resi-
dent.
178 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.
Famih- Caprimulgid^e: Goatsuckers.
128. *Chordeiles popetde, var. popetue, Baird. — Night Hawk. —
Summer resideut. May — September. Observed migrating in large
numbers about September 1st, at dusk. They did not flj' in compact
order, but in twos and threes, widely separated, as many as twent3'-flA'e
or thirty being in sight at once; and all moving steadily toward the
south-east before an approaching storm.
129. *Antrostomus vociperus, Bonaparte. — Whippoortvill. — An un-
common summer resident.
Famil}^ Cypselid^: Swifts.
130. *Ch^tura pelagica, '&sav(\.-- Chimney /S'*'■^/^.— Abundant from
April 15th till October lOth.
Family Trociiilid^e: Humming Birds.
131. *Trochilus colubris, Linngeus. —Ruby -throated Humming
Bird.— A common summer resident. April 25th till September 20th.
Family Cuculid^: Cuckoos.
132. *CoccYGUs americanus, Bonaparte.- -TeZZow;-&e<Ze(Z Cuckoo. —
A common summer resident. Ma}^ 1st to September 30th.
133. fCocci'GUS erythrophthalmus, lion?i\iavtQ.---Blac.k-biUed
Cuckoo.— ~RiiYQ summer resident.
Family Picid^e: Woodpeckers.
134. f Campepiiilus principalis. Gray.— Ivoi^y-billed Woodpecker. —
'' A former resident" of Franklin County, Indiana. (Haymond^ Ind.
Geo!. Report, 1869.)
135. j-Picus viLLosus, Linujeus. — Hairy Woodpecker. — Resident.
Less common than the following species.
136. *Picus pubescens, Linnreus. — Doivny Woodpecker. — A Common
resident.
137. Sphyrapicus varius, Baird. — Yellow bellied Woodpecker. — Fall,
winter and spring visitant.
138. fHYLOTojius piLEATUS, Baird. — Pileated Woodjtecker: Black
Woodcock. — A former resident. Not recently observed,
139. *Centurus carolinus, Bonaplirte. — Red-bellied Woodpecker. —
A common resident.
140. *Melanerpes erythrocepiialus, Swainsou. — -Redheaded
Woodpecker. — A common resident. Partially migrator}' in winter.
A Eevised List of Cincinnati Birds. .179
141. *CoLAPTES AUKATUS, Swaiiison. — Flicker; Golden-ivinged Wood-
pecker. — A very common resident.
.Order Psxttaci: Cockatoos, Macaws and Pakkoxs.
Family Psittacid^: Parrots.
142. fCoNURUS CAROLiNENSis, Knlil. — Carolina Parro<ivet. — For-
merly an abnndaut summer resident. (See " Observations on Cincin-
nati Birds," this Journal, Vol. 1, p. 115).
Order Raptores: Owls, Hawks and Vultures.
Family Strigid^: Owls.
143. Strix flammea, i-ar. pratincola, Bonaparte. — American Barn
Owl. — Two specimens taken (Dury).
144. f Otus vulgaris, var. avilsonianus, Lesson. — Long-eared Ovl.
— Fall, winter and spring visitant. Young of the year taken at Avon
dale in Jul}', 1878, by Mr. Dury.
145. Otus brachyotus, Stephens. — Short-eared Oiol. — Fall, winter
and spring visitant.
146. fSYRNiUM XEBULOSUii, Gray. — Barred Owl. — An uncommon
resident.
147. Nyctale acadica, Bonaparte. — Saw-ivhet, or Acadian, Owl. —
Rare visitant in winter. Three specimens taken.
148. *Scops ASio, Bonaparte. — Mottled Owl; Screech Owl. — A com-
mon resident.
149. *BuBo viRGixiAxus, Bonaparte. — Great Horned Owl. — A rather
common resident.
150. Ny'CTea scAXDiACA, var. arctica. Gray. — American Snowy Owl.
— Occasional winter visitant.
151. Surnia ulula, var. hudsoxia, Ridgway. — Hawk Owl; Day Oicl.
— Identified at Brookville, Ind., in January, 1878 (L. R. Quick).
Family Falcoxid.e ; Falcons.
152. Falco lithofalco, var. columbarius, Linnaeus. — Piyeon Hairk.
— A rare migrant in March and September — October.
153. *Falco sparverius, Linniieus. — Sparrow Hawk.- — Spring, sum-
mer and fall resident, and occasionally seen in winter.
154. Paxdiox haliaetus, Cuvier. — Fish Haick ; Ospirey. — Rare
spring and fall migrant.
180 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.
155. Elanoides forficatus, Ridgwa}'. — Swalloiv-taiUd Kite. — A
former summer visitaQt. — (Vide Haymond, Ind. Geol. Report, 1869./
156. Circus cyaneus, var. hudsonicus, Ridgwa^*. — Marsh Hawk. —
A rare spring and fall migrant.
157. *NiSDS FDSCUS, Kaup. — Sharp-shinned TIawk. — Summer resi-
dent ; rare. (Breeds. Dury.)
158. *Nisus cooPERi, Bonaparte. — Cooper's Hawk. — A rather com-
mon summer resident.
159. AsTUR PALuaiBARiDS, var. atricapillds, Ridgwa}'. — American
Goshawk. — A single specimen, female in immature plumage, taken
twent}^ miles east of Cincinnati, in November, 1878 {Dury).
160. *BuTE0 PENNSYLYANicus, Bouapartc. — Broad-winged Hawk. —
Spring, summer and fall resident ; not rare.
161. *BuTE0 LiNEATUS, Gmeliu. — Red- shouldered Hawk. — Resident.
With the exception of the Sparrow Hawk, this is our most common re-
presentative of the famil3^
162. *BuTEO BOREALis, Vieillot. — Bed-tailed Hawk. — A rather rare
resident.
163. Archibdteo lagopds, var. sancti-johanxis, Ridgway. — Rough -
legged ov Black Hawk. — One specimen {Dury).
164. Aquila chrys^tus, var. canadensis, Ridgway. — Golden Eagle.
— A rare migrant {Dr. Hunt).
165. Haliaetus leucocephalus, Savigny. — White-headed Eagle:
American Eagle. — Migrant. Four specimens taken and many others
seen, in March, 1877, at Valley Junction, Ohio {Dr. J. H. Hunt).
Family Cathartid^e: American Vultures.
166. *Rhinogryphus aura, Ridgway. — Turkey Buzzard. — A com-
mon summer resident. Nest containing young observed by Mr. L. R.
Freeman, in Clermont County, Ohio.
167. Catharista atrata, Gra3^ — Black Vulture; C'rrion Crow. —
Three specimens observed in December, 1876, at Madisonville; one
taken. '^ Also identified on two previous occasions, both in winter.
1 Dr. Wheaton's collection contains a specimen taken in Licking- County, Ohio,
August 22(1, 1878, by Rev. C. H. Pcrmort;— the only record of its occurrence in Ohio " for
over twenty-five years."— See Bulletm Nuttnll OrnUhologieal Club, January 1879; p. 62.
2 For particulars of the capture of this specimen, see Bulletin of the yuttall OrnUhologi-
eal Club, October, 1877; p. 109.
A Revised List of Cincinnati Birds. 181
Order Columb^: (Columbine Birds.
Famil}- Coldmbid^: Pigeons.
168. EoTOPiSTES MACKOUKA,^ Coues. — Wild Pigeon. — The last large
tiight of Pigeons witnessed here, occurred in the fall of 1865, and con-
tinued during the greater part of two days. Flocks of from twenty-five
to a hundred individuals are still occasionalh' seen, however, during the
Tall, winter and spring.
169. *Zen^dura oarolinensis, Bonaparte. — Carolina Turtle Dove.
— A common resident. Congregates in small flocks during the fall and
winter.
Order Gallin.e : Gallinaceus Birds.
Famil}- Meleagrid^ : Turkeys.
170. fMELEACiRis GALLOP Avo, var. GALLOPAVo, Liniueus, — Wild Tur-
key. — A former resident. Still common in some heavily wooded por-
tions of the State.
Family Tetraonid^e : Grouse.
171. fGupiDONiA cupiDO, Baird. — Prairie Chicken. — A former resi-
dent, A few are yet found in north-western Ohio (Wheaton).
172. fBoNASA UMBELLUS, var. umbellus, Stephens. — Ruffed Grouse;
Pheasant. — Resident. Several specimens taken at Brookville, Ind., in
November, 1877 (Quick).
Familj' Peruicid.e : Partridges.
173. fORTYX viRGiNiANDS, Bonapai'te. — Quail; Boh White. — A com-
mon resident.
WATl^B BIRDS.
Order Limicol^ : Shore Birds.
Famih' Charadriid^e: Plover.
174. Squatarola helvetica, Brehm. — Black-bellied T lover. — A rare
spring and fall migrant.
175. Charadrius fulvus, var. virginicus, Coues. — American Golden
Plover. — Migrant with the preceding.
1 See -B<>(Zs of the yorthwest, p, 766; also, Bulletin IT. S. Geol. >& Geog. Surrey, Vol. 4.
No- 3, p. 628; for correction in nomenclature of this species.
182 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.
176. *-^GiALiTis vociFERA, Bonapavte.--- JTi'/ZtVeer Plover.— A com-
mon migrant and summer resident.
177. ^GiALiTis SEMIPALMATUS, Cnh^xiiB.- Semipahnatetl Plover Piny-
neck. — An uncommon spring and fall migrant.
178. JEgialitis meloda, Bonaparte. — Pijjing Plover. — One specimen
only; taken on the Ohio by Mr. Dur3\
Famil}" H^,jmatopodid^ : 2'urnstones.
179. Strepsilas interpres, Illiger. — Turnstone. — Identified on the
Whitewater, near Brookville, Ind., b}^ Dr. Rufas Raymond.
Family RECURViROSXRiDyE : Avocets.
180. Recurvikostra Americana, Gmelin. — Avocet. — Noted from the
vicinit}^ of Cincinnati by Dr. J. P. Kirtland. — Ohio Geological Survey.
1838.
181. HiMANTOPUs NiGRicoLLis, Vicillot. — Blackneckecl Stilt. — One
specimen noted by Mr. Dury.
Famil}' ScoLOPACiDJE : Snipe, etc.
182. *Philohela minor, Gray. — American Woodcock. — Resident
from March until November.
183. Gallinago wilsoni, Bonaparte. — Wilson'' s Snipe; Jack Snipe.
— Migrant in March, April, October and November.
184. Macrorhamphds griseus, Leach. — Bed-breasted Snipe. — Rare
spring and fall migrant.
185. Ereunetes pusillus, Cassin. — Semipalmated Sandpiper. — An
uncommon migrant in May and September.
186. Tringa mindtilla, Vieillot. — Least Sandpiper. — Migrant in
M-ay and August. Not common.
187. Tringa maculata, Vieillot. — Pectoral Sandpiper.-— Common
migrant in March, April and October.
188. Tringa alpina, var. Americana, Cassin. — American Dunlin.—
One specimen, November 1878 (Dury).
189. Calidris auenaria, Illiger. — Sanderling. — Although chiefly a
marine species, the Sanderling has been taken on the Ohio River near
Cincinnati on several occasions, and specimens are in the collections of
Dr. R. M. Byrnes and Mr. Charles Duiy.
190. LiMOSA FEuoA, Ord. — Great JIarbled Godwit. ---Th'wty-three
shot in one day near the mouth of the Little Miami, some 3'ears ago,
by Charles Weeks, Elsq. ( Dury). This is our. only record of the species
A Revised List of Cincinnati Birds. 183
here, although it is doubtless a frequent spring and fall migrant on the
Ohio and its tributaries. That it has not been more frequently ob-
served is probably owing to the lack of attractive feeding grounds in
this vicinity.
191. LiMosA H^MASTiCA,^ Coues. — Hiidsouian Godwit. — Specimens
noted from the vicinity of Cincinnati {Wheaton^ Ohio Ag. Kept. 1860.)
192. ToTAXDS SEMiPALMATUS, Temuiinck. — Semi-palmated Tatler :
Willet. — A rare spring and fall migrant.
193. ToTANUS MELANOLEUcus, VieiUot. — Tell-tale Tatler; Greater
YelloiL'-legj. — Spring and fall migrant. Not common.
194. ToTANOS FLAViPES, YieiUot. — Lesser Yellow-legs. — A common
spring and fall migrant. April. May and September.
195. ToTANrs soLiTARius, Audubon. — Solitary Sandpiper. — A very
common migrant in Ma}', August and September.
196. *TpaxGoiDES macularius, GrVixy.— -Spotted Sandp)iper. — A com-
mon summer resident. May 1st to September 30th.
197. AcTiTLTRDS BARTRAJirus, Bouaparte. — Bartrani's Sandpiper;
"■• Upland Plover.-' — Rare spring and fall migrant {Haymond).
198. NuMExius LoxGiRosTRis, Wilsou. — T^onrj-bUled Curleir. — A rare
migrant. Three or four specimens known from this vicinity.
199. NuMENius BOREALis, Latham. — Esquimaux Curlew. — Specimen
taken near Cincinnati in September, 1878 (Shorten). Also recorded
from this vicinity by Prof. Kirtlaud, 1838.
Order Herodiones : Herons, Ibises, etc.
Famil}^ Tantalid^: Lbises.
200. Taxtalus loculator, Linnteus. — Wood Lbis. — One specimen
taken on the Whitewater. — Haymond., Ind. Geol. Eept. 1869.
(See also the writer's " Observations on Cincinnati Birds," Vol. I.,
p. 117, this Journal, for account of this specimen).
Familv Ardeid^' : Herons.
201. f Ardea herodias, Linnaeus. — Great Blue Heron. — Common
spring and fall migrant. March, April, August, September and Octo-
ber. Breeds commonly in the central and northern portions of the
State, and Mr. Dury notes a nest observed bv him in a large sycamore
on the Great Miami.
1 See Birds of the JS^orthwe-it, p. 760, for this nomenclature.
2 Revised in accordance with Mr. Ridgway's " Studies of the American Herodiones." —
Bulletin U. S. Geol. & Geog. Survei/, Vol. -1, No. 1, pp. 219-251.
184 Cincinnnti Society of Katii.ral Ilisfory.
202. Herodias egretta, Gra^y. — Great White Egret. — A rather
frequent visitant from the south in August and September.
203. Garzetta candidissima, Graelin. — Little White Egret. — One
specimen {Dury).
204. *BuTORiDES viRESCENS, LinujBus. — Green Heron : " Fly-iqj-the-
Creek.-^ — A common summer resident. May — October.
205. Nyctiardea grisea, far. n^via, Allen. — American Night Heron.
— A rare spring and fall migrant.
206. BoTAURUS MINOR. Boie. — American Bittern. — A rather common
spring and fall migrant.
207. Ardetta*exilis, Gray. — Least Bittern. — Rare spring and fall
migrant.
Order Alectorides : Cranes, Eails, etc.
Family Gruid^ : Cranes.
208. Grus AMERICANA, Temmiuck. Whooping Crnie. A rare mi-
grant on the Ohio and tributaries. Two or three specimens known
from this vicinity.
209. Grus canadensis, Temminck. — Sand-hill Crane. — Two speci-
mens of this species are reported to have been taken in this vicinity.
It has also been identified by Dr. Raymond, at Brookville, Ind.
Family Rallid^: Hails.
210. Rallus elegans, Auduboii. — King Rail; Fresh-irafer Marsh
Hen. — A rare migrant. April, May and October.
211. Rallus virginianus, Linnteas. — Virginia Bail. — Migrant in
May and October. Not common.
212. PoRZANA CAROLINA, Cabauis. — Sora Bail. — Common migrant in
April, May and September.
213. PoRZANA NOVEBORACENSis, Cassiu. — Little Yelhnc Bail.- -A rare
spring and fall migrant.
214. Gallinula galeata, Bonaparte.— i^/or/(7« Gallinnle. — A rare
migrant. A specimen in Mr. Harry Hunt's collection, taken at Valley-
Junction in April, 1876.
215. PoRPHYRio martinica, Tenimiuck. — Purple Gallinule. A rare
migrant in April and May. Four specimens taken in this vicinity in
1877. Has not been observed in the fall.
216. Fulica AMERICANA, Gmeliu. — Coot; 3Iud Hen. — An uncommon
spring and fall migrant. Thousands seen at St. Clary's Reservoir in
October, where I have known them to disappear '' between two da.ys,"' at
A Revised List of Cincinnati Birds. 18")
the approach of a " cold snap'' early in November. Those taken in this
vicinity are merely stragglers from the main l)od3^
Order Lamellirostres : Geese, Ducks, Flamingoes, etc.
Family Anatid^: Swan, Geese and Ducks.
217. Cygnus buccixator, Richardson. — Tntmijeter Swan. — A rare
migrant. One specimen taken (three seen) on the Ohio, near Cincin-
nati, in December, 1876 {31. Wocher).
218. CvGNUS A.MERiCANUS, Sharplcss. — American or Whistling Swan.
— A rare migrant on the Ohio and tributaries.
219. AxsER ALBiFKOXS, var. GAMBEU, Coucs. — White-fronted Goose.
— A specimen taken at Miamitown, Ohio {Dury).
220. Anser hyperboreus, Pallas. — Snow Goose. — A rare migrant.
Three specimens taken on the Little Miami, near Madisonville, in
February, 1878.
221 AxsER c^RDLESCEXS, Vicillot. — Blue Goose. — Migrant on ;he
Ohio and tributaries. Identified at Brookville, Ind., by Dr. Haymond
222. Braxta caxadexsis. Gray. — Common Wild Goose; Canada
Goose. — Spring and fall migrant.
22.3. Branta bernicla, Scopoli. — Brant Goose. — Franklin Co., Ind.
[Haymond, Ind. Geol. Report. 1869).
224. Anas boschas, Linnaeus. — Mallard Duck ; Greenhead. — A
common spring and fall migrant, and an occasional winter resident.
225. Anas obscura, Gmeliu. — Dusky Duck. — Spring and fall mi-
grant. Much less common than the preceding.
226. Dafila acuta, Jen3'us. — Pintail Duck. — A common spring
and fall migrant. October, November and April.
227. Mareca AMERICANA, Stephens. — Aynerican Widgeon. — Com-
mon migrant in March and November.
228. QuERQUEDULA CAROLiNEXsis, Stephens. — Green-winged Teal. —
Common spring and fall migrant.
229. QuERQUEDULA DiscoRS, Stephens. — Blue-winged Teal. — Spring
and fall migrant. Less common than the preceding.
230. Spatula clypeata, Boie. — Shoveller Duck. — Spring and fall
migrant. Common.
231. *Aix SPONSA, Boie. — Summer Duck ; Wood Duck. — A common
migrant and an occasional summer resident.
232. FuLiGULA MARiLA, Stephens. — Greater Scaup Duck ; Big Black-
head. — Franklin Co., Indiana {Haymond, Ind. Geol. Report, 1869).
233. FuLiGULA AFFixis, Eytou. — Lesser Scaup Duck. — A common
migrant in November and March.
186 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.
234. FuLiGDLA coLLARis, Bonaparte. — Einrj-necked Duck. — Migrant
in March and November. Rather common.
235. FuLiGULA FERiNA, mr. AMERICANA, Coucs. — Redheaded Duck :
American Pochard.- — A rare migrant.
236. FuLiGULA VALLiSNEKiA, Stephens. — Canva»-hack Duck. — Mi-
grant. Rare.
237. BucEPHALA CLANGULA, Coues. — Golden-cye Duck. — An uncom-
mon migrant.
238. BucEPHALA ALBEOLA, 'Qa.\vi[.— Dipper Duck; Butter-ball. — A
common spring and fall migrant.
239. CEdemia fusca, Fleming. — Velvet Duck ; White-winged Sco-
ter. — Franklin Co., Ind. "Numerous in winter." — Haymond I. c.
240. Erismatuka rubida, Bonaparte. — Ruddy Duck. — An uncom-
mon spring and fall migrant.
241. Mergus merganser, Linnoeus. — Shell-drake ; Goosander. — A
rare migrant.
242. Mergus serrator, Linnaeus. — Red-breasted 3Ierganser. — Rare
migrant.
243. Mergus cucullatus, Linnseus. — Hooded Merganser. — A com-
mon migrant.
Order Steganopodes: Pelicans, Cormorants, etc.
Family Pelecanid.e: Pelicans.
244. Pelecanus traciiyriiynchus, Latham. — White Pelican. — Occa-
sional migrant on the Ohio.
Family Phalacrocoracid^ : Cormorants.
245. Graculus dilophus, var. floridanus, Coues. — Florida Cor-
morant. — Rare migrant. Bred abundantly at St. Mary's Reservoir as
late as 1867, since when it has rapidl}' diminished in numbers, and is
now comparatively rare (Dury). (See page 117, this Vol.)
Order Longipennes : Gulls, Terns, and Petrels.
Famil}' Larid^e : Gulls, Terns, etc.
246. Larus argentatus, var. smithsonianus, Coues. — Herring Gull.
— Irregular visitant in fall, winter and spring.
247. Larus delawarensis, Ord. — Ring-billed Gull. — One specimen
{(hcvier Giub Coll.)
248. Larus piiilad.elphia. Gray. — Bonaparte's Gull. — An irregular
A Revised List of Cincinnati Birds. 187
sprino" and fall migrant. Specimens of this and the four following-
species taken bj^ Mr. Diuy, near the month of the Little Miami, in
September, 1878.
249. Sterxa forsteki, Nuttall. — Forster's Tern. — Rare migrant.
250. Sterna dougalli, Montague. — Roseate Tern. — One specimen
only.
251. Sterxa superciliaris, var. antillarum, Coues. — Least Tern. —
Several specimens (Dury).
252. Hydrochelidon lariformis, Coues. — Black Tern. — Spring and
fall migrant on the Ohio and its tributaries.
Order Pygopodes : Divers, Grebes, Auks.
Familj' Colymbid.e : Loons.
253. CoLYMBUs TORQUATDS, Bruuuich. — Great Northern Diver, or
Loon. — Spring and fall migrant. Not common.
254. CoLYMBUS septentrioxalis, Linnseus. — Red-throated Diver. —
A rare migrant. Specimen in Mr. Dur3''s collection taken on the
Ohio. One or two others kuown.
Family PoDicipiD^: Grebes.
loo. Podiceps corxutus, Latham. — Horned Grebe. — Taken near the
mouth of the Little Miami by Charles "Weeks, Esq. (Dury).
256. PoDiLYMBUs podiceps, Lawrcncc. — Pied-billed Dabchick; Wafer
Witch. — Spriug and fall migrant and occasional summer resident.
SPECIES OF PBOBABLE OCCURRENCE, NOT YET
IDENTIFIED.
The following species, whose known range includes this locality,
have not 3'et been positively identified here. A few of them appeared
in the original catalogue (April, 1877), on what I now consider in-
sufficient grounds, and I take this opportunity^ of removing them from
the list of identified species.
The St. Mary's Reservoir alluded to in the following notes, is sit-
uated about one hundred and thirty miles north of Cincinnati; and
while the species identified there are probablj' migrants with us, such
is not necessarily the case, as some of them may. and probably do.
pass to and from that locality via the Wabash Valley, through which
188 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.
a portion of the stu'plus waters of tlie Reservoir reaches the Oliio
River.
1. CiSTOTHORUs STELLARis, Cabanis. — Short-hilled Marsh Wren. —
"St. Mary's Reservoir; breeds" {Dury).
2. Protonotaria citr^a, Baird. — Prothonotary Warbler. — " Several
specimens taken at St. Mary's." where it " breeds in holes in swamp
willows" (Dury).
3. Helminthophaga celata, var. celata, Baird. — Orange-croioned
Warbler. — Colnmbus, Ohio ; three specimens [Dr. J. J/. Wheaton).
4. Pyrgita MONTANA, Auctornm. — European Tree Sparrow. — Intro
duced in St. Louis (and probably in other localities) with the House
Sparrow, P. domestica. (See Dr. J. C. Merrill, in American Natural-
ist for January, 1876.)
5. Melospiza lincolni, Baird. — Lincohis Finch. — " Rather common
migrant" at Columbus, Ohio [Dr. Wheaton).
6. GuiRACA c^rulea, Swainson. Blue Grosbeak. — A southern spe-
cies ; possibly a rare summer visitant.
7. CoNTOPus borealis, Baird. — Olive-sided Fly -catcher. —DoxxhthxWy
identified. Perhaps a rare spring and fall migrant.
8. Syrnium cinereum, Audubon. — Great Gray O/t'/.— Probably a
rare winter visitant from the north. Identified by Mr. Dur^^ in Clark
Co., Ohio ; and Mr. Quick is confident that he has seen a specimen
taken at Brookville, Indiana,
9. Falco communis, var. anatum, Ridgway. Specimens in Mr.
Dury's collection from St. Mary's Reservoir.
10. Steganopus wilsoni, Coues. — Wilson's Phalarope.
11. LoBiPES HYPERBOREUS, Cuvicr. — Northern Phalarope.
12. Phalaropds fulicarius, Bonaparte. — Bed Phalarope.
13. Migropalama himantopus, Baird. — Stilt Sandpiper.
14. Tringa bairdii, Coues. — Baird' s Sandpiper. — Columbus, Ohio:
vSeptember, 1876 ; one specimen [Dr. Wheaton).
15. Tringa puscicollis, Vieillot. — Bonaparte's Sandpiper. — Colum-
bus, Ohio {Dr. Wheaton).
16. Tringa canuxus, Linnteus. — Bed-breasted Sandpiper.
17. Tryngites rupescens, Cabanis. — Buff-breasted Sandpiper.
18. NuMENius HUDSONius, Latham. — Hudsonian Curleio.
19. Plegadus^ falcinellus, Kaup. — Glossy Ibis. — Dr. Wheaton in-
forms me that three specimens of this species have been taken in
northern Ohio.
1 See Salvin and Selater in The Ibis for .Jan. 1878; p. 112: quoted by J. A. Allen, BuUf-
iiu Nuttall Dm. Club, July, 1878 ; p. 152. (Ohaiifce in Noinonclaturo.')
A JRevised List of Cincinnati Birds. 189
20. PoKZANA jAMAiCENSis, Cassin. — Little Blacl- Bail. — Partially
identified at Madisonville.
21. Chaulelasmus streperus, Gray. — Gadwall Buck. — " Breeds at
St. iNIarv's Peservoir" (Dury).
22. Larus makinus, Liniiiieus. — Great Black-backed Gull.
23. Lakus atricilla, Linnseus. — L^aughing Gull.
24. Sterna anglica, Montague. — Gull-billed Tern.
25. Sterna hirundo, LinuiXius. — Common Tern; Sea Swallow.
26. PoDiCEPS griseigena, var. holbollt, Coues. — Red-necked Grebe.
Note. — Podiceps cristatus, Latham, lias heretofore been included in
various standard works as a bird of general distribution in North
America ; according to Dr. Brewer, however, there is " no authentic
record of the capture of a single specimen in America," and it is there-
fore dropped from the list of North American Birds. — See his article
in Bulletin Nnttall Orn. Club for April, 1878, p. 52.
summary.
The two hundred and fiftj^-six identified species may be approximatel}'
divided as follows:
Constant residents, . . . . . . . .27
Summer residents, . . . . . .... 62
Winter visitants, ......... 10
Regular migrants, ........ 82
Irregular migrants, . . . . . . . .37
Casual visitants, ........ 31
Species that have disappeared within fort}- 3'ears, . ... 7
Total, 256
Adding the twenty-six un-identified species to the aggregate number
of irregular and casual visitants, where they would properly belong if
identified, we have a total of ninety-four, or exactly one-third of the
total number of species in both lists; apparently a remarkable pro-
portion of "casuals," and one probably without a parallel in any other
class of vertebrates. It is not by any means peculiar, however, to this
locality or State, as may be seen by consulting the List of Mas-
sachusetts Birds by Allen,^ or that of the Birds of Connecticut b}^
Merriam,^ and other North American Lists, in which about the
1 A List of the Birds of Massachusetts, with Annotations, by J. A. Allen Bulletin of the
Esxex InstiUite, Vol. X., pp. 3-37; April, 1878.
2 A Review of the Birds of Connecticut, with Remarks on their Habits, by C. Hart.
Merriam. Trans. Conn. Academy, Vol. IV., 1877.
190 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.
same proportion occurs. This state of affairs is easily accounted for,
wlien we consider the superior facilities possessed hy birds for moving
about from place to place, and their frequent exposure to storms and
other adverse influences while migrating.
Eighty-three species (marked *) have been known to breed here,
and eighteen others (marked f ) are inferred to have done so. Owing
to the lack of extended swamps or marshes in this vicinity, man^' of
the water birds which breed in the central and northern portions of the
State, occur here as migrants only ; among these may be mentioned,
Ardea herodias, Botaurus minor., Ardetta exilis, liallus virginianus,
Porzana Carolina, Galliaula galeata, Fulica americana, Anas boschas,
Graculus dilophas var. Jioridanus, Ilydrochelidon lariformus, and
Podilyvibns podiceps. Other species, which have been known to
breed in Ohio, but not in this vicinity, are, Cistothorus stellaris, Cisto-
thorus iKilustris, Protonotaria citra&a^ Parula americana., Junco hye-
malis (breeds " abuudanth'" in "Western Reserve" — vide Kirtland,
1838), Bolichony.v oryzirorus, Empidonax pusillas vsiY. trailli (Colum-
bus, Wheaton), and Haliaetus leucocephalus.
The " families" represented in our list number forty-six. Of these
the most prominent in point of numbers is the Sylvicolida' or
Warblers, the great insectivorous group, represented by thirty five
species, ten of which are of rare or occasional occurrence onl}'. Eleven
members of this family spend the summer with us, the remainder pass-
ing on to higher latitudes to breed and returning in the fall on the
way to their winter homes in the south. Next in numerical import-
ance is the Fringillidce, comprising the various species of Finches,
Sparrows, etc., of which we have twenty-eight species. Seven of these
are of fortuitous occurrence, five are constant residents, seven summer
residents and seven regular migrants; the other two are regular winter
visitants.
The relative proportions of these two families in this locality, con-
flict with a general rule laid down by Dr. Coues, who says (p. 126 of
"Key"): " Anv one United States locality of average attractiveness to
birds, bas a bird fauna of over two hundred species; and if it be away
from the sea-coast, and consequently uninhabited by marine birds, about
one fourth of its species are Sylvicolidce and Fringillidce together— <Ae
latter somewhat in excess of the former.-'' By reference to our figures
above given it will be seen that here the contrary is the case, the Syl-
vicolidce exceeding the Fringillidoi in a ratio of five to four (35 to 28).
The same is partially true of the State at large, according to Dr. Whea-
ton's List,^ which enumerates two hundred and ninety four species,
1 " Food of Birds as related to Agriculture," with a List of the Bird^ of Ohio, by J. M .
Wheaton, MJ).— W('« AaricnUtural Report, 1874.
.1 Revised List oj Cincinnati Birds. 191
thirty-seveu of which belong to the Si/lcicolidcn, and thirty-three to the
FrinQilUdoi. In other inland localities, however, Dr. Coues' rule ap-
pears to hold good, as the Fringillido' slightly outnumber the /Si/lvi-
colidcti in Illinois' and ^Minnesota,''' and exceed them by fourteen species
in Kansas.^
Of our remaining families of " Land Birds," the Thrushes are noted
for their song, the Titmice and Wrens for their activity, the Swallows
for their grace and endurance on the wing, and the Tanager and Hum-
ming Bird for the tropical vividness of their plumage. The Wood-
peckers attract our attention by their peculiar habits; Owls are popu-
larl}- supposed to possess an unusual share of wisdom; and while some
of the Falcon i dm are famous for their strength and daring, one at
least, the emblem of the I'epublic, is infamous as " a piratical parasite''
of the industrious Fish-hawk. Our Cowbird, which is classed with
the Icteridoi or Orioles, is notorious for imposing its eggs on other
species in the manner of the Cuckoo of Europe; while the American
Cuckoo builds a nest and rears its own joung. It is by no means
certain however that this is invariabl}^ the case with the latter species,
as I am informed by Dr. A. J. Howe, that he has in one instance known
our Cuckoo (probably the Yellow-billed species) to lay in a Robin's
nest; and, watching the nest from day to day he finally observed that
the Robin had hatched the Cuckoo's egg along with her own. Nuttall,
quoted b^' Baird, Brewer and Ridgway, also mentions finding an egg of
the Yellow-billed Cuckoo in a Catbird's nest, and another in the nest
of a Robin. [North American Birds, Vol. 2, p. 480.)
Of our " Water Birds," the most noticeable family is the Anatida',
comprising the Swans, Geese and Ducks, of which twenty- seven spe-
cies have been identified in this vicinity. These are all migrants with
us, but some of the ducks are known to breed in the State at suitable
localities, as at St. Mary's Reservoir and on the marshes in the neigh-
borhood of Lake Erie. The Wood Duck has also been seen with a
brood of very small young, on the Little Miami river, within a few
years. Some of tne Herons {Ardeida') and the Cranes (Gruidoi) are
remarkable for their size and peculiar plumage ; and one of our Galli-
uules [Porphyrio martinica) is entitled to especial consideration as a
tropical visitor of unusually frequent occurrence recently, five speci-
1 See " Birds of North-eastern Illinois," by E. W. kelson.— -BxlMin o/ the £-ssea- Inst/tvte,
Vol. viii., Dec., 1876.
2 See " Catalogue of the Birds of Minnesota," by P. L. Hatch, M.D.—BuUeti/i 3Iinne-
■sota Academy of Natural Sciences, 1874.
3 " A Catalogue of the Birds of Kansas," by Professor F. H Snow, of the Kansas Acad-
emy of Science. Third edition. 1875
192 Cincinnati Society of Xatural History.
mens having been taken in Ohio during the spring of 1877 — four of
them in this vicinity.
Among the interesting ornithological features of this locality should
also be mentioned the common occurrence of several rather southerly-
species, such as the Kentucky Warbler, Yellow-breasted Chat, Summer
Redblrd and Acadian Fly-catcher, among the summer residents ; and
the Tufted Titmouse, Carolina Chicadee, Great Carolina Wren and
Cardinal Redbird, among the constant residents ; this being apparent-
ly' about the northern limit of the regular occurrence of these species
in numbers. Other noteworthy species are the Mocking Bird, Be-
wick's Wren, Loggerhead Shrike, Barn Owl and the Black Vulture;
these, however, are of rare occurrence in this vicinity.
During the past fort}^ years, several important changes have taken
place in our local Bird-fauna. As in all thickly populated districts
the Wild Turkey and the Prairie Chicken have been exterminated; the
Parroquet, which formerly occurred in abundance throughout the
Mississippi and Ohio Valleys has at present a much less extensive
range, being mainly confined to the Gulf Stales; the beautiful Swallow-
tailed Kite (Elanoides forficatusf has apparently ceased to visit us,
and our two largest Woodpeckers (Campephilus principalis and Hylo-
tomus pileatus) have disappeared along with the dense forests that
were their favorite resorts. The seventh extirpated species is the
Raven, which is said to have been a common resident of this section in
former times.
Tu offset these losses, we have the Cowbird and the Black-throated
Bunting in abundance, both of which were considered of doubtful
occurrence in Ohio forty years ago;^ the Kentucky' Warbler, Loggerhead
vShrike and Lark Finch are also inferi'ed to have made their appearance
within the same period, as the}' were omitted entirel}^ from Dr. Kirt-
land's list; and the Cerulean Warbler, now a common summer resident
throughout the State, was observed by him in one instance only, a fact
sirongl}' suggestive of its comparative rarit}^ at that time. Within the
present decade two European species, the House Sparrow and the
Sk^'lark, have also been added to our fauna, the former of which seems
likely to exceed in numbers any one of our native species, unless its
extraordinary increase should be checked by natural or artificial
means — " a consummation devoutly to be wished." With respect to
this ever recurring " sparrow question," however, it is sufficient to
say here that their introduction is regarded by ornithologists generally
as a most decided mistake; for special reasons why they should not
1 See footnote page 14, on the re-.^ent occurrence of this fspccics near Cohiinbu*, Oluo.
2 Vide Kirtland, List of Ohio Birds.— Wtio Geol. Surcey, 1838.
A Revised List of Cincinnati Birds. 193
have been introduced in America, the reader is referred to an able
paper on the subject by Dr. Elliott Coues, in the American Naturalist
for August, 1878.
The foregoing- are doubtless but a portion of the changes in the
Avian-fauna of this localit}^ within the period mentioned, as many others,
of which we have no definite record, have probably taken place; it is
apparent, however, that the various conditions attendant upon civili-
zation have resulted, directly or indirectly', in the extirpation ot several
of our larger species ; while, on the other hand, there has been a decided
increase both in species and in individuals, among the smaller birds.
And finally, in these various changes that have occurred in our Avian-
fauna, we have an excellent illustration of the workings of that uni-
verstil law of nature, in accordance with which the living things of a
country or district become adjusted to their surroundings; protection
from enemies and an increased food-supply, resulting in a greater
abundance of some forms, while extermination is the fate of others
whose habits or constitutions will not admit of the modification neces-
sary to adapt them to new conditions,
Madisonville, Hamilton Co., Ohio, December, 1878.
REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON GEOLOGICAL NOMEN-
CLATURE.
To the Cincinnati Society of Natural History :
Your Committee, appointed to report upon what seems to be the cor-
rect nomenclature of the Lower Silurian Rocks of South-western Ohio,
South-eastern Indiana, and Kentuckj^, represent :
That the fossils found in the strata, for twenty feet or more above
low water mark of the Ohio river, in the 1st Ward of the city of Cincin-
nati, and on Crawfish creek, in the eastern part of the cit}', and inTa}--
lor's creek, east of Newport, Kentucky, at an elevation of more than
fifty feet above low water-mark in the Ohio river, indicate the age of
the Utica Slate Group of New York. A fauna is represented in these
rocks, that is not found above or below them. Within this range, we
find the Triarthrus hecki.^ Leperditia hyrnisi, Leptoholus lepis, Butlio
trephis ramulosa, and several species of Graptolites, Crinoids, Bryo
zoans, and Brachiopods, that seem to be confined within its limits.
Moreover, the brown slates and greenish-blue shales and concretionary
nodules give a lithological character to the strata, which distinguish
them from the strata both above and below. From the evidences thus
furnished by the lithological character of the strata, and the distinct
194 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.
character of the fossil remains, we refer all the strata containing the
Triarthriis hecki to the age of the Utica Slate Group of New York.
Above the range of the Triarthrus hecki, the fossils, as well as the
position of the rocks, indicate the age of the Hudson River Group of
New York, and we have no hesitation in so referring them, and enter-
tain no doubt of the correctness of the reference.
The fossils from Paris, Lexington, the High Bridge over the Ken-
tucky' River, and from other places in Kentucky, as well as the
lithological character of the strata, furnish abundant evidence of
the existence of the Trenton Group over an extensive tract of countr}-,
in that State. In the State of Kentuck3', we have the Trenton, Utica
Slate and Hudson River Groups well represented, and the rocks have
a northerl}' dip from Paris and Lexington, toward the Ohio River,
but at what rate per mile we are not advised.
In South-eastern Indiana, neither the Trenton nor Utica Slate appear,
and, consequently, we refer all the Lower Silurian rocks of that State to
the Hudson River Group.
The Trenton Group is not exposed at Cincinnati, nor at an}- point
in Ohio west of the city, but we think it is probable that it ma^'^ be
represented in the banks of the Ohio river a few miles east of the cit}^
The Utica Slate is represented in Ohio onl^^ in the banks of the river,
at the cit}' of Cincinnati, and east of the city, and in the excavations
near the mouths of the streams which enter the river east of the cit}'.
Consequently, all the Lower Silurian rocks in South-western Ohio
belong to the Hudson River Group, except those represented by the
small exposures in the l)anks of the river at Cincinnati, and east of
the city, in the immediate vicinity of the river.
The conclusion to which we have come is, that all the Lower Silurian
rocks, which we have had under consideration, are to be referred to the
Trenton, Utica Slate and Hudson River Groups, and that the name
" Cincinnati Group" should be dropped, not only because it is a syno-
nym, but because its retention can subserve no useful i>urpose in the
science, and because it will, in the future, as in the past, lead to erro-
neous views and fruitless discussion. And we would add that so far as
any investigations of these rocks have been made, they have not led to
any other or further subdivisions than those which we have adopted,
and which have been so thoroughly and firmly established by the geo-
logists of the State of New York.
S. A. MiLLEU, A. G. Wetherby,
Fred. Braun, Geo. W. Harper,
JnO. MlCKLEIiOKOUGII, PaUL MoUR,
John W. Hall, Jr., C. B. Dyer,
E. O. Ulrioh, R. M. Byrnes.
)nr)iincrajiriiiac^.yoimS ipi^ fillip
BY S.A.MILLER AND C.B.DYER
PLite.l
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11. a.
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fejli^^ iliUT plia^iMltniagjg,
BY S.A.MILLER AND C.B.DYER.
Plate. 2
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lkImawdj0iT%(lki!jt^^ ^kkit) ,
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r LATE III
Fig. 1. Ptilodictya jiaCtNIFICA— Natural size.
1«. Magnified view.
Fig. 2. GlyptoGRINUS DYERI var. SUBLiEViS — Natural size.
Fig. 3. MURCHISONIA MtJLTlGRUMA— Natural size.
3a. Basal view.
Fig. 4. Pal^astkr LOS gibrachiatus— Natural size.
Fig. 5. Pal^aster clarkei— Natural size.
Fig. 6. Ambonychia retrorsa— Natural size.
Fig. 7. Cythere irregularis— Dorsal view. Natural size.
la. Side view, ventral margin uppermost.
Fig. 8. Cyrtocekas amcenum— Natural size.
Fig. 9. LiCHAS ha RKisi— Natural size.
Fig. 10. Cyrtolitks MAGNUS— Natural size.
Fio'. 11. Angellum cuneatum— Natural size.
1' LA TE I V.
Fij.'. 1. Frotcscolex ORNATUS — An entire (?) specimen. Natural size,
la. Another specimen. Natural size.
\b. A portion of the same enlarged to show the pai)illatecl segments.
Fig. 2. Protoscolex covingtonensis — A well preserved and nearly entire speci-
men. Natural size.
Fig. 3. Protoscolex tenuis — A small, entire specimen. Natural size.
Fig. 4. Protoscolex simplex — An entire specimen of the natural size.
Fig. 5. EOTROPHONIA SETIGBRA — A side view, showing the dorsal and lateral
series of setae.
5a. A view of the under side, showing only the lateral series of seta;, the dorsal
series being imbeded in the matrix.
Fig. 6. x\nomaloides RETICULATUS — A compressed conical fragment, now in the
cabinet of Dr. R. M. Byrnes.
6a. A fragment of the body, to which the rays, as represented in fig. 6, probably
were attached.
66. Enlargement of some of the club-shaped plates.
Fig. 7. Ch.etetes venustus — Fragment. Natural size. In the cabinet of Prof.
J. W. Hall, Jr.
"a. Portion of the surface of same. Enlarged to six diameters.
Fig. 8. Callopora CINCINNATIENSIS — Terminal portion of a branch. Natural size.
8a. Portion of the surface of same. Enlarged to eight diameters.
Fig. 9. Protesterina fimbriata — View of the ventral surface of a very well pre-
served specimen.
9a. A dorsal view of the same.
96. Portion of one of the rays, magnified to show the arrangement of the plates
and position of the sub-conical plates within the pores.
9c. Enlargement of the mouth parts, showing the arrangement of the oral plates.
Fig. 10. DisciNA tenuistriata — A ventral vi^ve. Natural size.
Fig. 11. DisciXA SUI5LAMELLOSA — View of a dorsal valve of this species. Natural
size.
Fig. 12. Crania I'ERCArinata — Dor.sal valve.
Fig. 13. Crania parallela — Dorsal valve. Natural size.
Fig. 14. Crania socialis — View of dorsal valve.
Fig. 15. Tiunucleus BELLULUS — A large and very i)erfect specimen. Enlarged to
four dianxeters.
Fig. 16. PtilodictYA PERELEGANS — A fragment of a frond. Natural size.
1()«. .\ ))ortion of same enlarged to six ilianieters.
f If ||i!W!wlrf*e€ki«.Issi»a^^ ^feter^ .
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5 a
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PLATE V.
PAGE.
Fig. 1. HOLOCYSTITES BRAUNi— Natural size. Side view, 130
Fig. 2. HOLOCYSTITES WETHERBYi — Anterior view, 131
2a. Summit view, with anterior side down. M, mouth. A, ambulacral orifice.
2b. Magnified view of what is supposed to be an arm, that is to be seen on
2a, by the side of the ambulacral orifice.
Fig. 3. HOLOCYSTITES ORNATUS — Posterior view, 132
3a. View of the base, showing the form of the plates, and the fiattened ante-
rior side, part of Avhich is due to compression.
36. Summit view. M, mouth. P, anal aperture.
Fig. 4. HOLOCYSTITES PERLONGUS — Posterior view, 132
4a. Summit, bringing the anterior part more into view than the posterior. M,
mouth.
Fis. 5. HOLOCYSTITES GLOBOSUS — Anterior view . 133
5a. Posterior view.
ob. Summit view. M, mouth.
Fig. 6. The root of a HOLOCYSTITES showing its crude branches.
Fig. 7. Part of the jilate of a column, showing the fine lines which radiate from
the center to the circumference.
I'LATE VI.
PAGK-
Figk 1. HOLOCYSTITES PUSTULOSUS— Side and anterior view, .... 134
la. Summit view, siiowing ambulacral orifice, arm bases, mouth, and anal
aperture. M, mouth.
Fig. 2. HOLOCYSTITES PLENTTS— View of the leftside, showing ambulacral orifice
and arm bases, 135
2a. Summit view, showing ambulacral orifice, arm bases, and mouth. M,
mouth. P, anal aperture.
Fig. 3. HOLOCYSTITES ELEGANS— Posterior and part of a side view. The speci-
men, in this view, is inclined forward ; it would have been better
if an upright view had been presented. It shoM^s the anomalous
circular apertures, 13(>
3a. Summit view, showing ambulacral orifice, arm bases, mouth, and anoma-
lous circular apertures. M, mouth.
Fig. 4. Root, or termination of a column, of a Holocystites coiled around an-
other column, and terminating without branching.
Fig. 5. Cypricardites quadrangularis, 138
Fig. 6. CUNEAMYA CURTA — Left valve, 138
6a. Cardinal view.
Fig. 7. Orthodesma mickleboroughi— View of the left valve, . . .139
Fig. 8. Sedgewickia (?) lttnulata— Eight valve, 140
8a. Cardinal view.
rf% ik.S«o J&MM 0Aw^.
Plate VI
-S^v
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6. a.
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•1"
C/mr/N /-Mflx. AW.
8wa»*»«!«{ia«!WiMaa«t *fi ! *MM«^ ^
yr^G. c^^^.<^^
Vol.. I.
No. 1.
THE
.J ( ) V R N A L
CTISrCINI^ATT
nm/ AD
\ flF mil mm.
PUBLISHING COMMITTEE :
.]. F. JUDGE, A. a. WETHERBY
G. W. HARPER. J. W. HALL, Ji;..
[). 8. YOUNG.
^PRIL, 1878.
<.' I N (• 1 N N .V T 1 :
PRINTED 15V J AM Kb BARCLAY, i!ii9 VINE STUEK
CONTENTS.
The Journ al 1
List of Officers since tlie Organization of the Society . 2
Cincinnati Society of Natural History 4
Catalogue of the Lepidoptera, by Charles Dury 12^
Hj'alina milium . , .23
< 'ontributions to Palaeontology, by S. A. Miller and C. B. Dyer 24
Blastophycus, n. gen . . 24
Blastophycus diadematus, n. sp 24
Trichophycus, n. gen 24
Trichophycus lanosus, n. sp 25
Rusophycus asper, n. sp 25
Licrophycus flabellum, n. sp . . . . '. 25
Monticulipora calceolus, n. sp. 2G
Agelacrinus septembrachiatus, n. sp 27
Glyptocrinus angularis, n. sp 28
Palaeaster simplex, n. sp... 21>
Paheasterina speciosa, n. sp. .30
Palteasterina approximata, n. sp 30
Protaster flexuosus, n. sp 31
Paljeaster spinulosus, n. sp 32
Cyclocystoides raagnus, n. sp 32
Cyclocystoides minus, n. sp 33
Cyclocystoides parvus, n. sp 33
Cyclocystoides mundulus, n. sp 34
Cyclocystoides bellulus, n. sp 34
Codaster pulchellus, n . sp 35
Eucalyptocrinus tuberculatus, n. sp 3(!
Microspongia, n. gen 37
Microspongia gregaria, n. sp 37
Spirifer waldronensis, n. sp 37
Conularia formosa, n. sp . . .3S
Spirorbis cincinnatiensis, n, sp 38
Walcottia, n . gen . 3i)
Walcottia rugosa, n. sp 30
Pupa cincinnatiensis, n, sp., by Chas. R. Judge ' 30
On the Tongue (Lingua) of some Hymenoptera, bj' V. T. Chambers 40
Xote upon the Habit of some Bees 52
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To Societies and Collectors 59
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The Mound Builders of the Little Miami Valley, by S. S. Scoville, M. D. 128
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Proceedings of the Society 159
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Description of a New Family and Genus of Lower Silurian Crustacea,
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Report of Committee on Geological Nomenclature 193
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