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The Journal 


OF THE 
Ministry of Agriculture 
JULY, 1921, 


PRINCIPAL CONTENTS. 


(For Complete List of Contents see page xix.) PAGE 
A Court Leet. Zhe Earl of Selborne, K.G., G.C.M.G. F - 9398 
The Dairy Shorthorn. overt Hobbs -  - : - - 302 


The “ Buckeye” Ditcher for Land Drainage. H.V. Garner - 306 


‘Grading and Packing of Fruit. 4. V. Taylor, M.B.E., A.R.CS., 
BSB ims he - - - - - : - 321 


Research in Animal Breeding. IV. 2. C. Punnett, F.RS. - 326 
Mosaic Disease of Potatoes. A.D. Cotton - - = - 335 
em ded, Ons, BSo ee A 
ee Tr tO a 950 
The 1920 Lincoln Tractor Trials. Thompson Close, B. J. Owen, 

B.Sc., and H. G. Richardson, M.A., B.Sc. - - : - 358 
Beeswax. W. Herrod Hempsall - mS Res we - “ - 362 
Notes on Feeding Stuffs for July. 2. TZ. Halnan, M.A., 

Dip. Agric. (Cantab.) - - : - . - 867 
Summary of the Seeds Regulations, 1921. - . - 370 


LONDON: 
PRINTED UNDER THE AUTHORITY OF HIS MAJESTY’S STATIONERY OFFICE, 
AND PUBLISHED BY THE MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND FISHERIES, 


(To be obtained from the Ministry's Offices, 10, Whitehall Place London, 8.W.1.) 


EDITORIAL AND MONTHLY. AGENTS FOR ADVERTISEMENTS : 
PUBLISHING OFFICES : C. VERNON & SONS, Lid. 
10, WHITEEALL PLACE, [PRICE SIXPENCE. | $8, Holborn Viaduct, £.0.1; 
LONDON, 8.W. 1. Post free. 66/62, South Castle Street, Liverpool. 


Vol. XXVIII. PUBLISHED MONTHLY. No.4. 
tif $CAN M 


| 
| 
| 


: AARG ES 
SHT &G 


m WURE IIA ary ed) 
THE JOURNAL OF THE MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE.—Advertisements. 


IN SPRING AND SUMMER 


SPRAY YOUR FRUIT TREES 


WITH 


McDOUGALL’S 


KATAKILLA 


Non-Poisonous Powder Insecticide Wash, 


FOR THE DESTRUCTION OF 


APHIDES, PSYLLA (Apple Sucker), RED SPIDER, 
CAPSID BUG, CATERPILLARS, &c. 


SAFE—EFFECTIVE—READY FOR USE. 


SS ae 
Not only is KATAKILLA the best all round FRUIT TREE 
WASH but it is also unrivalled asa WASH FOR 


VEGETABLE CROPS 


TO DESTROY 


CATERPILLARS, GREEN FLY, DOLPHIN, &c. 
NON-POISONOUS—SAFE—EFFECTIVE. 


SPECIAL NOTE.—In view of the large demand for Karaxiiua, and uncertainty - with 
regard to materials, Growers are strongly advised to secure their supplies early, 


SOLE MANUFACTURERS— 
66/68, PORT STREET, MANCHESTER. 
| McDOUGALL’S 


Ee UF -MARIG E: 
THE CERTAIN REMEDY FOR 
Parasitic Mange in Horse, Cattle and Dogs. 


THE JOURNAL OF THE MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE.—Advertisements. i 


, 
aah 
WH, 


Certain Destruction 
to 


Rats and Mice 


by the well known preparations 


aft 

CWE ss VANYEZ \ sy 

ER r) DTHER ANIMBLS,! 
Bano 7 VIRUS fi, Jibs WN, 


We've got no DaANYSZ VIRUS, 
MALLERS EXTRACT of SQUILL, 
DANZO RaT KILLER. 


Write for particulars to the Proprietors, 


MALLER LABORATORIES LIMITED 


(formerly Danysz Virus Limited ), 
325, Borough Migh Street, London, S.E.I. 


& 


hy 
Vf 
ff xt" 


Dick's 1.L.0. Tractroll |s acknewledged te 
be the best lubricaut fer Tractors and ether 
Agriculturalc machimery yet produced, as 
evidenced by the fact that it Is used excla- 
sively and recemmended by the Crawley 
Agrimotor Co., whose machines attained 
remarkable results at the Liacole trials. 

1.L.0.°Laobricants ensare efficiency is 
ruaming aud economy im cest. They are 
guaranteed to lubricate more and carboulse 
less thao any other similar lubricants. « 


W B.DICK & CO. [TD 
90 Fenchurch St. London. E.C3 


Qe TN 
SE 


SY CRE REP: 4 «Telephone, AVENUE 7854 (Zines) 


= Y4es! 


aims: “DICOTTO .FEN, LONDON yp & 


il THE JOURNAL OF THE MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE.—A dvertisements. 


Country House &Farm Lighting 


We have successfully installed several 
thousand plants during the last 25 years, 
and will be pleased to advise and estimate 
for any contemplated work. 


PORTABLE LAMPS 
FOR FARM 
PURPOSES. 


Write NOW for Particulars and Estimates. 


The 


Acetylene 
Corporation, Ltd., 


49, Victoria St., Westminster, London, S.W.1. 


1 These extraordinarily efficient lubricants for Tractors, which save wear and tear, 
prolong the life of your vehicle and effect great economies in operating Costs, are 


a) 


--c¥ now separately, and, in some instances, collectively recommended by the 7" 


AUSTIN, WALLIS, OVERTIME, JUNIOR, TITAN,-sMOGUL 
and many other Tractor Manufacturers. 
If you have not had a copy of ‘‘ THE FARMERS HAND- 
BOK,’ which deals exhaustively with the question of 
efficient lubrication for tractors, may we forward you 
a copy free? 
STERNS LIMITED, 
1o1r, ROYAL LONDON HOUSE, 
FINSBURY SQUARE, E.C. 


THE JOURNAL OF THE MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE.—Advertisements. ui 


mes are Manufactured. 
POTASH SALTS 


Minimum ri 1 Pure Potash POT ASH vi MA é by io 


emis —_ 


Fiue Dust 


CONTAINING 18/25°/, SULPHATE. 


SULPHATE OF POTASH. 
Immediate Delivery from Stock. 


For Prices and Particulars of all Fertilisers 


London Office— 
igi be epi erates ne side 49, Queen Victoria Street, 


Oldbury, near Birmingham. E.C.4. 


95 Morrison St. ‘Glasgow. 


Established 1868. Annual Turnover—294 MILLIONS. 


SHEED AND WARE 
Potato Merchants and Growers. 


Potato Departments: 
95, Morrison Street, GLASGOW, 
Links Place, LEITH, and 
Woodstock Street, KILMARNOCK. 


Extensive Buyers of all classes of Potatoes. 
Principal Markets Attended. Enquiries Solicited. 


THE JOURNAL OF THE MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE.—Advertisements 


Aaricultural 


Department 
Of the 


C.W.S. 


This Department supplies everything 
for the Farm, Estate, Small Holding, 
Allotment and Garden 


THROUGH 
Agricultural and other Distributive 
Co-operative Societies in all parts 
of the country. 


I, BALLOON STREET, 
MANCHESTER. 


> —6_— 


Insurance 109, CORPORATION STREET, 
Department 


MANCHESTER. - 
Of the 


GVW .S. 


The Co-operative Insurance Society 


undertakes all classes of 
Farm and Live Stock Insurance 
as well as 


Life, Fire, and Burglary. 


LOWEST PREMIUMS. 


HIGHEST POLICIES. 
Write for Prospectus. 


THE JOURNAL OF THE MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE.—Advertisements. Vv 


STAND 343 DERBY. 
Secure your supplies. 


SLAG PHOSPHATE 


The Fertiliser of the Future. 


WHY EVERY FARMER SHOULD BUY IT: 


1—BECAUSE it is composed to the extent of about one-half of 
BasiciSlag, and the other half of the richest Phosphates the 
World produces. 


2,—BECAUSE guaranteed deliveries can be made up to 65 per 
cent. Phosphate of Lime. 

3.—BECAUSE it is ground to the same fineness as Basic Slag— 
SO to 85 per cent. 

4.—BECAUSE owing to its high Phosphatic content, it is not 
necessary to use more than about 4 cwt. Slag Phosphate for 
every 7 cwt. generally used of Basic Slag. 

5.—BECAUSE owing to the greatly reduced quantity necessary to 
use, the cost of labour to the farmer is reduced by nearly 
one-half. 

6.—BECAUSE the price per unit delivered is lower than free on 
rau price of Basic Slag. 

7.—BECAUSE it is packed in 14 cwt. bags instead of 2 ewt. (16 to 
the ton), involving a great: saving of labour on the farm. 

The rich Phosphatic Fertiliser which is used in the making of Slag Phosphate to 
bring up the guarantee to the high percentage of 60 to 65 per cent. is Phosphate of 
Guano origin from Nauru Island; part of the production has been acquired by Great 
Britain, and with the approval of the Ministry of Agriculture is to be used for 
distribution in this country. 


There are NO SUBSTITUTES for the Slag Phosphate 


Produced by the 


Slaq Phosphate Company Limited 


which is guaranteed to be made from BASIC SLAG enriched by 
Phosphates of Guano origin from Ocean and Nauru Islands, in the 
Pacific, which are BRITISH POSSESSIONS 


Insist upon your SLAG PHOSPHATE being entirely BRITISH. 
Registered Office—LLOYDS BANK CHAMBERS, NEWPORT, MON. 


Telegrams—Slaguano, Newport (Mon. ) 


vl THE JOURNAL OF THE MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE.—A dvertisements. 


GEO, KEEBLE, 


Estate: Agent, 
PETERBOROU GE. 


FREEHOLD 
Corn and Stock Farms 


IN EXCELLENT CONDITION 


noes 9 0a ort 


ee, <? eS 
2 


POSSESSION 


No Outgoing Tenants to be Compensated. 


Farmers requiring farms tor Michaelmas from 120 to 
600 acres in the Counties of Yorkshire, Lines., Rutland, 
Northamptonshire, Norfolk, Cambridge, Essex and 
Kent should apply for particulars. 

Special terms can be made with good farmers with 
several of the farms for the Vendor to leave a portion 
of the purchase price on second mortgage for a 


number of years at 6 per cent. 


About 8,000 acres for sale. 


Apply— 
GEO. KEEBLE, 
Estate Agent, 
PETERBOROUGH. 


THE JOURNAL OF THE MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE.—Advertisements. 


Ji: 
/, DRY _ NEUTRAL 


Y 


This material possesses special characteristics— 
It is dry, resembling silver sand; it neither cakes 


Yj together nor does it require grinding. % ') 
It will not absorb atmospheric moisture. 
‘ It may therefore be strewn on the soil as grass seed, 
or may be readily drilled into the soil. 
) It is neutral and does not destroy the bags in which 
| it is transported or stored. 

It is guaranteed to contain 253% of Ammonia; 

usually it tests from 25°6 to 25°7 % 
A typical analysis of the material is :— 


Ammonia - - - 25°65 % 

Moisture - - - - 

Free Acid - : 

Equivalent Nitrogen - 
For prices apply to the 


SOUTH METROPOLITAN GAS COMPANY, 


709, OLD KENT ROAD, LONDON, S.E.15. 
Telegraphic Address: 


Inland: ‘‘METROGAS, PECK, LONDON.” Foreign: ‘‘ METROGAS, LONDON.” 


0°03 % 
Nil. 
21°10% 


Ze 
F 5 
mye Sages ‘ ; ee 
~ - > Altes YUL wee 
BW oT tee | 
~ OF a { i a FC \ ‘ 
/ My —-= iv 
| y } R180 * sy <M 
Bi a NY; eee . poe a proses NYT ite 
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vii 


——— 


vii THE JOURNAL OF THE MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE.—Advertisements. 


The Fertiliser ‘par excellence.” 


NITRATE OF SODA. 


Importers and Merchants, 


W. MONTGOMERY & CO., LTD., 


63, Mark Lane, London, E.C. 3, 


AND 
ST. STEPHEN'S CHAMBERS, BRISTOL. 


STOCKS IN VARIOUS ENGLISH PORTS. 


Jk T 
254 Re *“MARTABAN FEN, LONDON.” 


‘SACKS AND BAGS 
'AND JUTE GOODS 


OF ALL DESCRIPTIONS. 


For all purposes. For Home and Foreign Markets. 


J. DE PAIVA & CO., 


(Principal—P. PARNHAM.) 
llk, Drury Lane, LIVERPOOL, England. 


Telegrams: ‘‘ Depaiva, Liverpool.” Telephone: Bank 1348 (2 lines). | 


London Office: , 
165, Mansion House Chambers, 11, Queen Victoria Street, London, E.C.4. 


THE JOURNAL OF THE MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE.—Advertisements. ix 


IN THE WAR 


against 


FIRE RATS 
DECAY DAMP 
WASTE DISEASE 


CONCRETE WINS 


all along the line. 


Write to the 


Concrete Utilities Bureau, 
Dept. 1B, 
35, Great St. Helens, London, E.C.3., 


for Pamphlets which will be sent you, post free. 


Thy 
Yp To Protect Your x 
“pp Farm Implement. \\ 
— and Property — : 


USE 
CARSON'S 
PURE PAINTS 


FOR PATTERNS & PARTICULARS WRITE 
Walter Carson & Sons, 
GROVE WORKS . . BATTERSEA, S.W.11. 


S ea Ly, 
ws py. 


BACHELOR'S WALK, DUBLIN. 


x - THE JOURNAL OF THE MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE.—Advertisements. 


ed | 14 
TI HH HHH tH 4 jagecs e | 

os possesses: ase2sS=: ass 

— f hie sap. 
€ <>) om yy TT Bc Oe 
Th 4 Bie tiie oe Boel a een ea 

— 7 pVEees 

Same Ar)! Sab e eee aT DO IMNeESS PoRaBREEEEEE 
eeeee sais’ an a 

qqeeees so cessessees Sa 


“TDEAL” Fencing 
saves you money. 


It costs less to buy and nothing to 
maintain. Made throughout from No.g 
AK gauge, heavily galvanised spring steel 
wire, it will securely hold the heaviest 
cattle, and stand for years without 
of every wire. attention. 


Theo" PDRAL Pence. vismthe conly, 


The ** Ideal”’ Lock 
holds the junction 


Fence where the junction of every wire 
is ‘held: by ‘the: ““TDiiAteys Witeck 
WOVEN WIRE specially designed for strength and to 
resist rust. 
Our workmen 
Pa ibaa ean ENCE Decide on “IDEAL” Fence. 


Write far prices NOW! Illustrated znd Descriptive Catalogue (U) Free. 


H. L. GOODMAN & SON, 2%: hime St; London. 


POCO EOS SEE EEE EEE HOSE EHH EEE TEES EEE HES EEE ETE EOE SE EOTESHESESEOESESESHEEHESEEEEH EG GHEE SHHEEEESEH EEE SEE HH EOEE HEH OEE ESE SESE E SEE EEM ESE SERGE EEEEOE®S 


Snot Guns 


The B.S.A. COMPANY is now producing a high class shot gun on the most modern 
scientific repetition machines. 

The Parts are made to the finest limits of measurements, and are consequently entirely 
interchangeable. ‘The materials used were selected by the skilled B.S. A. metallurgical chemists 
with a special eye to the uses to which the parts are put in hard shooting. 


IN THE BARRELS the highest class 
of Jessop’s fluid pressed steel is used. 

IN THE BODY high grade nickel steel 
is used and 

THE ACTION PARTS are composed 

of expensive chrome vanadium steel. 

The B.S.A Shot Gun. THE STOCK AND FORE-END are 
of nice looking walnut. 

Skilled gunmakers dictated the dimen- 
sions of the gun, the relation of triggers to 


Price :— sears, &c., and the result is perfect balance 
B.8.A. Standard non-ejector gun - £11 11s. 0d, 20d crisp, sweet trigger pulls. 

: 2 4 The sum total is that the B.S.A. gun 
B.8.A, Ejector gun fitted with specially gives the purchaser who can 
selected heart walnut stocks and with afford but a few “‘pounds'a | 

; weapon which hitherto was \ 
other unique features 2 ? - £25 Os. Od. — quite beyond him and which, so. / 


far as some ofits points are con- ; 
cerned, was quite unobtainable. ; ¥ 


B.S.A. GUNS, Ltd., Birmingham, England. 


Proprietors—The Birmingham Small Arms Co., Ltd., England. 


COCO SSETH OEE STOEEHESE ESC HEEEEEE EEE e SEH OEE EEE EEE EEEO ESTEE EEE EE EEE HEE EOE OE EEEE EES COL EE OEE EEE HEHE EEE EE EEE SEEHEE SESE OOO ES EEE EEE EH EEE ES EOEES 


Fully illustrated leaflets, post free, on application to— 


THE JOURNAL OF THE MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE.—Advertisements. xl 
ee ee «2 ee eee 


THE. SCIENTIFIC WAY. 


A Clean Cow Shed means a Clean Cow. 
A Clean Stable means a Clean Horse. 
« A Clean Kennel means a Clean Dog. 


A Sprayed Tree or Field means a Heavy Crop. 
The VERMOREL *“ ECLAIR” Series. 


No. 5. ““SAPOM’’ HORSE-DRAWN AUTOMATIC SPRAYER. 


Liquid Capacity, 66 Gallons. 
To prevent BLIGHT or CHARLOCK it: is essential to spray early and spray thoroughly. To 


cover a_ large area 2 4 effectively and economically, a machine which does the 
work quickly, and which e774 EO is of strong and lasting construc tion is required. 

ee ! The **SAPOM” Sprayer meets 
this need. It is the result of many 
™> years’ experiments and tests, and 
for potato spraying it is fitted with 
an horizontal lance of 7 double 
jets, which can be adjusted quickly 
and easily to spray either down on 


to or up under the leaves. 


All types made and stocked 
34 pints to 66 gallons. 


Watch this Space every Month 
fora different type of Sprayer. 


The following Spraying and 

Limewashing Machines 

were described in previous issues 
of this Journal :— 

March .. Knapsack 33 galls. 


Full particulars and catalogues from— April .. Hand 33 pints. 
May Bucket 33 galls. 


COOPER, PEGLER & CO., LTD., 24b, Christopher Street, E.C.2. June .. single Wheeled 6} galls. 
5G Ca Oe es eee ee 


S Gs ee es 
’ 


20 years’ specialisation. 12 months’ guarantee. 


THE MAUDSLAY MOTOR Co. Ltd. 
Works :—Coventry. London Office, 89, Union Grove, S.W. 8. 


xi =©THE JOURNAL OF THE MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE.—Advertisements. 


~ GRASS LAND 


If your Meadows are overgrown with Buttercups you can eradicate them and grow Clovers and 
good Grasses instead. Trials show that SYLVINITE has an fextraordinary effect in promoting] 
the growth of Clover and fine Grasses, and it kills Buttercups and ‘other weeds |! 


Apply 4—5 cwts. of SYLVINITE (French Kainit 14°/,) 
per Acre along with a suitabie Phosphatic Manure in 


the Autumn, Winter or early Spring 


French Kainit 14°/, Muriate of Potash 50 & 60°/, 
French Potash Salts 20 & 30°/, 


(Sylvinite) 
For supplies, apply te your local Manure Merchant. 


Particulars obtainable from 


The ALSACE-LORRAINE DEVELOPMENT & TRADING Co. Ltd., 
Pinners Hall, Old Broad Street, London, E.C.2. 


BIGGS TRIPLE CROWN 
BLOOD SALTS 


For HORSES, CATTLE, SHEEP, PIGS, and all STOCK. 
Invaluable in the Hunting or Racing Stable. 


A tonic and aperient preparation suitable for animals 
suffering from Blood Disorders and Anemia. It also 
acts as a condiment {increasing the appetite} and 
general well being of the animals, thus tending to 


promote growth and good health of weakly and 
ANG ailing stock, 
ZAG, It mixes/easily iwith the food and quickly,‘prepares animals 
25: ied . 
Z4 for Show or Sale. 
2G 
75, Sold in Tins with Measure, Price 10/6 and 20/-, 
iA 
os Quarter ewt. 40/-.| 
Te To be had from all Chemists and Agricultural Agents, or direct from :— 
4G 


THOMAS BIGG, LIMITED, 
Church St., Deptford, London, S.E.8. 


Carriage paid on orders of £3 and upwards. 


THE JOURNAL OF THE MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE.—Advertisements. xili 


Generate 
Your Own Electricity 


Make yourself independent of Coal Strikes and other 
untoward circumstances by installing your own little 
power plant to supply your light and power. Even 
where gas is already laid on you can use it more 
efficiently in generating electricity, and alternatively 
burn petrol or benzol at a minimum of expense with 


THE “BULL” 


ELECTRIC LIGHTING SET. 


Peter Brotherhood Ltd., 


AGRICULTURAL & GENERAL 


ENGINEERS LTD., 
CENTRAL HOUSE, KINGSWAY, LONDON, W.C.2. 


K1V 


THE JOURNAL OF THE MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE.—Aavertisements. 


ECONOMIGAL EQUIPMENT 
for the DAIRY 


HE co-operative principles on which 
the Agricultural Wholesale Society, 
Ltd., runs its business give the Farmer and 
Dairyman many advantages in the pur- 
chasing of machinery and dairy appliances. 
Complete Dairy Equipments can be sup- 
plied through the Dairy Engineering Dept., 
which for efficiency and economy in con- 
struction, installation and value, cannot be 
surpassed. 
The following is not a comprehensive list of users of 
our machinery, but merely a few depots which we have 
equipped throughout, in most cases supplying free of 


charge specifications and drawings for the whole of the 
buildings. 


Wiltshire Farmers: Premier Dairies, London: 


Malmesbury Depot Finsbury Park, N. 
Savernake J Hanley Road, N. 
Chew Stoke _e,, West Wales Farmers : 
Bristol ip Carmarthen Depot 
Bath Haverfordwest _,, 
Yatton a Pembroke 
Frome ms Newcastle Emlyn, 3 
Eastern Counties Dairy 


Derbyshire Farmers: 
Ashbourne Depot 
Willington a Great Eastern Dairy Co., 
Yoxall Ltd., London, E.1. 

Friern Manor Dairies, Ltd., 
London, E.1. 

Dinmore and _ District 
Farmers, Ltd. 


Farmers, Ltd., Stratford, 
E 


P] 


Leicestershire Farmers. 


Staffordshire Farmers. 


Ledbury Farmers Co-op., Herefordshire Farmers, 
Sparkford Vale Co-op. Farmers, Ilminster and 
District Farmers, Southern Counties Farmers, 
Bridgwater and _ District Farmers, Bartholmy 
Farmers, County of York Co-op. Society, etc., ete. 


The following PLANTS 
and Machines supplied 
and erected at shortest 
notice in any part of the 
Country :— 


EXHAUST STEAM PAS- 
TEURIZING PLANTS 
—CHEESEMAKING and 
WHEY BUTTER PLANTS- 
REFRIGERATING COLD 
STORAGE AND ICE MAK- 
ING PLANTS—COOLERS— 
CLARIFIERS — SEPARA- 
TORS—RETARDERS— 
PASTEURIZERS- BOILERS- 
STEAM ENGINES-GAS and 
OIL ENGINES—MOTORS- 
PUMPS-CHURN WASHERS 
and MISCELLANEOUS 
DAIRY EQUIPMENT. 


ee 


Write for full information from :— 


The Dairy Engineering Dept., 


48, Mark Lane, London, E.C.3. 


XV 


THE JOURNAL OF THE MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE. 


SEMI-ROTARY WING LIFT 
and FORCE PUMPS for Water 
Carts, Farm and Estate Work, 
and general purposes. All 
sizes 4 in. to 3 in. connection. 


pe ae eg 
Specialities 
a for 

wmame as Agricultural 


AND GREASES 
For all Types of 


e 7 : 
Enginesand Machines. En 2 meers ; Best English 


5 


q = fe 


‘ti uy 


Tanned 
LEATHER 


Machinists, 86. ese'séwa: sso | 


Cotton, Hair and 
‘Balatite’ (regis- 
tered trade mark) 


Stas Balata Belting, &c. 


“ PENBERTHY ” INJECTORS (as 
illustrated), Automatic and Autopos:- 
tive. For high pressures on Traction 
Engines, &c.; “ MANZEL’ AUTO- 
MATIC OIL POMP LUBRICATORS; 
“JOINTITE” High Pressure Shecting; 
Asbestos and India Rubber Goods; 


PATENT 
WIRE-BOUND 


(non-rubber) 


Joints; Rings; and Packings of every =e WATER LIFTER ——— 
description. i = Zz Will not kinl = | 
— perish or 
Zz ZX “ collapse. FSS ESE: 
a m,n ae ‘ a Wa Wy == 
US QUOTE FOR YOUR Ly Ox a I= 
REQUIREMENTS. Ge Nit TT RS 
WS SS f i WY Lary 
ee > ——— 


W. H. WILLCOX & CO. Ltd, 


2-38, SOUTHWARK STREET, LONDON, S.E.1. 


XVl 


THE JOURNAL OF THE MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE.—Advertisements. 


pps Harr 


Fete 2s 
pyanredt dere ‘ 


Ea rersa a daasscers iii 


XVil 


MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND FISHERIES, 


ORDNANCE SURVEY MAPS. 


The plans on the scale of 1/2500 or 25.344 inches 
to one mile are of special use to farmers and agricul- 
turists generally. They are published for the whole of 
the cultivated areas of the United Kingdom, and show 
every ENCLOSURE, ROAD, STREAM, FOOTPATH, 
BUILDING and PLANTATION. ALL PUBLIC 
BOUNDARIES are also shown. 


Each plan covers an area 14 miles by 1 mile, and 
contains 960 acres. All FIELDS and ENCLOSURES 
are given a reference number, and the acreage of each is 
printed on the plan. The acreage is computed, 
generally, to the centre of the fence or other boundary 
of the enclosure. LEVELS are shown on the plans, 
facilitating their use for field drainage purposes. 


The numbers of the Fields are required in con- 
nection with the claims in connection with the Minimum 
Prices of Wheat and Oats for 1921. 


On this scale a square inch on the plan equals, for 
practical purposes, an acre on the ground; thus large 
fields can be sub-divided for different crops, and a 
record of cropping kept on the plan. 


The price of each plan is 5/-. The maps can be 
obtained from agents in all large towns, or direct 
aoi..— 


The Director General, 
Ordnance Survey Office, 
Southampton. 


Key maps and further particulars will be sent 
gratis. 


xvii THE JOURNAL OF THE MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE.—Advertisements. 


Lame 


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xix 


CONTENTS. 


NoTEs FOR THE Monty 


Proposed Repeal of Part I. of the Agriculture Act, 1920—Third Meeting 
of the Agricultural Council for England—Wheat Prices for July— 
Reconstruction of the Horticultural Advisory Council—Renovation of 
Orchards—Prices and Supplies of Agricultural Produce in 1920— 


New Seed Requlations—Seed Testing Meeting at Copenhagen... 
A Court Leet. The Earl of Selborne, K.G., G.C.M.G. 
THE Datry SHortHorn. Robert Hobbs 


THE ‘‘ BucKEYE” DITCHER FoR LAND DraINaGe. JZ. V. Garner 


GRADING AND PACKING oF Fruit. H. V. Taylor, A.R.C.S., B.Sc., M.B.E. 


RESEARCH IN ANIMAL BREEDING. IV. AR. C. Punnett, F.R.S. 
Mosaic DIsEASE OF PotaToEs. A. D. Cotton 

Liminc. J. J. Griffith, B.Se. 

Potato TRIALS, 1920 


THE 1920 Lincotn Tracror Trias. Thompson Close, B. J. Owen, B.Se., 


and H. G. Richardson, M.A., B.Sc. 
BEESWAX. W. Herrod Hempsall 


NotTes oN FEEDING Sturrs For Jury. ££. 7. Halnan, M.A., Dip. 


Agric. (Cantab.) 
SUMMARY OF THE SEEDS REGULATIONS, 1921 
Agricultural Machinery after the War 
International Potato Conference ... 
World’s Poultry Congress and Exhibition = o = aes 
London Fruit Exhibition ... Fi a = aa e- sop 
Courses in Fruit and Vegetable Preservation 
International Institute of Agriculture 
Arable Dairy Farms: Restricted Programme 
Fream Memorial Prize 
Rabies 
Foot-and-Mouth Disease 
Injurious Weeds Regulations, 1921 ae oF ee i one 
Exportation and Conveyance of Horses by Rail... 


Leaflets issued by the Ministry 


PAGE 


289 


Any of the Articles in this Journal may be reproduced in any registered 


‘ newspaper or public periodical without special permission, provided that the source 


is acknowledged in each case. 


The Ministry does not accept responsibility for the views expressed and the 
statements made by contributors, nor for any statements made in the advertisement 


columns of this Journal, 


xX THE JOURNAL OF THE MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE.—A dvertisements. 


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THE JOURNAL 


OF THE 
MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE 


Vol. XXVIII. No. 4. 


JULY, 1921. 


NOTES FOR THE MONTH. 


In the House of Commons on 8th June, Lieut.-Col. the Right 
Hon. Sir Arthur Griffith-Boscawen, M.P., Minister of Agri- 
Proposed Repeal culture, sy eiacae the following announce- 
of Part I of the poms The eect have been 
Agriculture Act, carefully considering sa some time past 
1920. the operation of the Agriculture Act, and 
have come to the conclusion that the 
financial liability on the State under Part I of the Agriculture 
Act is more than the country can afford under present cir- 
cumstances, and consequently that there is no alternative but 
to terminate at the earliest possible date the policy guaran- 
teeing minimum prices for wheat and oats. This decision 
involves also the repeal of the provisions relating to the 
minimum wage for agricultural workers and to the control of 
cultivation by the State, which are contained in Part | of the 
Agriculture Act and in the Corn Production Act. I may add 
that payments will, of course, have to be made in respect of 
the wheat and oats which will be harvested this yvear.’’ 

The attention of farmers is particularly directed to the final 
sentence of the above statement, from which it will be seen 
that payment will be made in respect of wheat and oats har- 
vested in 1921. 


* * * * * * 


THE Third Meeting of the Council of Agriculture for 
England was held in the Council Chamber of the Middlesex 
; Third swuidhall, Westminster, on 27th May, the 
Meeting of the Marl of Selborne, K.G., G.C.M.G., being 
Honanit of in the Chair. | 

Agriculture for The tt. “Hon: ~Lt.-Col. Sir Arthur 
England. Griffith- Boscawen, M.P., Minister’ of 
Agriculture, and the Earl of Ancaster, 

(37814) P6198. 11,250, 6/21. M.&S, - 


290 MEETING OF CouNCIL or AGRICULTURE. [ Juxy, 


Parliamentary Secretary, were also present, and the Minister 
addressed the Council upon the subject matter of the twa 
resolutions first taken. 

The first resolution proposed to set up a committee to con- 
sider the constitution and mode of election of the Agricultural 
Advisory Committee, but was not passed, consideration of the 
matter being adjourned for twelve months. 

A resolution on the subject of land reclamation was passed 
to the effect that, with the object of increasing the country’s 
food production, the Government should be requested to initiate 
schemes when a time opportune for undertaking land reclama- 
fion had arrived. ‘The question of the powers of Local 
Authorities to make Orders and Regulations governing the 
movement of livestock into their areas was discussed and, 
referred to the Agricultural Advisory Committee. 

The refusal of the Government to finance small drainage 
schemes under Sections 15 and 16 of the Land Drainage Act, 
1918, was also considered, and a resolution was passed 
requesting the Treasury to reconsider its decision, especially 
in cases where it could be shown that such schemes are 
urgently necessary for land improvement and food production. 

Sir Lawrence Weaver, on behalf of the Ministry of Agricul- 
ture, promised to include in the next Annual Report upon 
Allotments a return giving particulars in regard to land 
held by allotment-holders in each County Borough, Borough 
and Urban District Council on the 3lst December last. An 
amendment that the information should be given for the, 
previous three vears also, if possible, was subsequently passed. 

The question of railway facilities for handling perishable 
produce was raised in two resolutions to the following effect:— 
(1) That during the soft fruit season for a period of not 
less than five weeks in each year all railway goods stations 
handling substantial consignments of soft fruit should be kept 
open for this purpose for the same hours as before the War, 
and (2) That in the opinion of this Council all railway goods 
stations at which perishable produce is dispatched or received 
should be connected to the public telephone forthwith. Both 
were carried. 

The final resolution dealt with the question of the retention 
by the Ministry of a woman officer for women’s work in agri- 
cultural districts. It ran as follows:—‘‘ That this Council, ~ 
while fully approving the action of the Government in reducing 


1921. ] HorricuLtTuraL Apvisory Councin. 291 


the staffs of all departments with a view to economy, desires 
to urge that, having regard to the organisations now existing 
throughout the agricultural districts of the country for enlisting 
the interests of women in the reconstruction of rural life and 
rural industries, it is essential that the Ministry should retain 
a woman officer on its permanent staff.’’ With the substitution 
of the word “‘ advisable *’ for ‘* essential ’’ this resolution was 
carried by 17 votes to 12. 


* * * * * * 


Ix the May issue of this JournaL, particulars were given of 
the arrangements made as regards the price of home-grown 
wheat of the 1920 crop, and in the issue 
Wheat Prices for for June it was stated that for the month of 

July, 1921. June the average price properly receivable 
by growers was 86s. 6d. per 504 Ib. 

The Ministry is now informed that the Royal Commission on 
Wheat Supplies calculate that the cost of wheat imported during 
April, May and June was equivalent to 82s. per quarter of 
504 lb. for home-grown wheat of sound milling quality. For 
the month of July, 1921, therefore, the average price properly 
receivable by growers for home-grown wheat of sound milling 
quality will be 82s. per 504 Ib. 


Home-grown 


* * * * * * 


Tuts Council, which was first appointed during the War to 
advise the Ministry in regard to important horticultural ques- 
tions, mainly of supply and prices, has 
been re-constituted and the number of its 
members reduced. On the formation of 
the Council, it was found necessary to 
appoint individual horticulturists whose opinions on the many 
and varied questions of the day were of weight, so that tha 
Ministry might be in possession of the views and experience of 
men from all over the country. 

Since the War and with the appointment of a Controller of 
Horticulture from the industry itself, however, it has become 
obvious that the Council was too unwieldy for present pur- 
poses. Further, the money at the disposal of the Department 
for the necessary expenses of the Council did not make it pos- — 
sible to call the Council together more than a very few times a 
year. The Department no doubt suffered on this account 
through the absence of full and direct contact with the 

aA 2 


Reconstitution of 
the Horticultural 
Advisory Council. 


292 RENOVATION OF FARM ORCHARDS. [ Juny, 


industry, especially before the appointment of the present 
Controller. 

The scheme of reconstruction now approved requires that 
the members of the Council shall in future be appointed as 
representatives of particular interests or associations except in 
the case of the nominees of the Ministry. Members will 
accordingly be nominated by the foliowing bodies or inte- 
rests :—The National Farmers’ Union, the Federation of 
British Growers, the Horticultural Trades Association, the Lea 
Valley Growers, the National Union of Allotment Holders, 
the Royal Horticultural Society, the National Federation of 
Fruit and Potato Trades Associations, the Retailers’ Associa- 
tion, and the National Federation of Retail Fruiterers, &c., 
Limited, the British Florists’ Association, the National Seed 
Trade, the Worshipful Company of Fruiterers, the British 
Fruit Preservers, the Cider Manufacturers, the Workers’ 
Union, the National Union of Agricultural Works. and the 
Chamber of Horticulture. 

This alteration will without doubt strengthen the Council 
and give added value to its advice on horticultural questions. 
In future, it will speak as a duly elected body of representa- 
tives covering the whole industry, and will be to some degree 
comparable with the Council of Agriculture for England, 
which was set up by the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries 
Act of 1919 to give advice on general agricultural matters. 
The number of members of the old Horticultural Council is 
cut down by nearly a half, and the economy resulting from 
this change, quite apart from the other advantages arising 
from it, will be considerable. 


THe West of England Farm Orchards Committee, appointed 
by the Ministry and attached to the Agricultural and Horticul- 
tural Research Institute, Long Ashton, 
Bristol, carried out in the autumn of 1919 
an exhaustive survey of a total of 531 farm 

orchards in Devon, Gloucestershire, Somersetshire, Wiltshire, 
and Worcestershire, and, as a result of their investigations, 
recommended, inter alia, that demonstrations in orchard renova- 
tion and management should be given at suitable centres in 
each county. The Ministry has accordingly suggested to the 
County Committees of the West of England that they should 
take over some neglected grass orchards and renovate them, 
in order to demonstrate to farmers and others what can be done 
in this direction. 


Renovation of 
Farm Orchards. 


1921. | RENOVATION OF FARM ORCHARDS. 293 


In arranging for such demonstrations Committees should, 
as far as possible, work on uniform lines. The selected orchards 
should be in districts where old orchards are plentiful; they 
should also be of average size, and near main roads. They 
should either be farmed by an owner-occupier or held under a 
lease, and, as a general rule, should be taken over for a period 
of not less than ten years. An agreement should be drawn up, 
and the consent of the landlord, as well as the tenant, obtained, 
so that in the case of any change of tenancy the work can be 
continued by the incoming tenant. The agreement should 
make the occupier responsible for the labour for carrying out 
the manual operations involved (planting, fencing, staking, 
pruning, heading back, top-grafting, spraying, grease banding, 
picking, storing, grading and packing, marketing, &c.) under 
instruction from the experts of the County Committee. These 
would be assisted by the County Committee and by the West 
of England Farm Orchards Committee acting in an advisory 
capacity. . 

The County Committee would undertake to supply to the 
farmer at cost price any new trees or grafts that may be 
required. These probably could be obtained from the Ministry’s 
Research Stations at East Malling, Kent, or Long Ashton. 

Under such a scheme the occupiers would supply the material 
for demonstrations and labour, while the County Committees 
would supply expert technical knowledge and direction for 
carrying out the work. It should be found, after a period of 
years, that orchards had increased their out-put many times 
over; and the owners and occupiers, besides reaping this 
advantage, would have the satisfaction of helping the district 
to acquire much useful knowledge, which should be of distinct 
commercial advantage. 

The following is a list of the varieties of apples recom- 
mended for planting in the neglected orchards selected for 
demonstration :— 


Dessert varieties. Culinary varieties. 
Allington Pippin. Anne Elizabeth. 
King of the Pippins. Edward VII. 
Blenheim Orange. Warner’s King. 
Worcester Pearmain. Bramley Seedling. 


Newton Wonder. 
Underleaf. 
Scotch Bridget, 


* * * * * * 


294 AGRICULTURAL PrRopucE In 1920. [ JULY, 


Part III of the Agricultural Statistics for 1920, which deals 
with the Prices and Supphes of Agicultural Produce during last 
Prices and Supplies year, has now been issued by the Ministry.” 
of Agricultural The Report refers to the continuance in 
Produce in 1920. 1920 of the rise in price of farm produce 
and of farm requisites which has been a 
feature of agriculture since the outbreak of war in 1914. In the 
case of certain commodities such as barley, oats, milk, cheese, 
potatoes and hay the maximum was reached in the early months 
of the year, and was followed by a substantial decline, whilst 
the prices of live stock and meat tended to rise. Feeding stuffs 
were only obtainable at very high prices during the greater part 
of the year, though in November and December a fall took place, 
and the prices of fertilisers were generally higher in 1920 than 
in 1919. On the average the prices of agricultural produce were 
22 per cent. higher than in 1919 and some 192 per cent. ‘above 
the mean of the three years 1911-18, while feeding stuffs were 
about 173 per cent. and fertilisers about 159 per cent. above the 
pre-war level. The average increase in the cash wages of agri- 
cultura! labourers since the beginning of the War cannot be less 
than 180 to 190 per cent. 

The general inference drawn from these figures is that while 
the gross agricultural receipts from sales of produce must have 
grown substantially, there has also been on the other side of 
the account a great increase in the cost of production. Part of 
the increased receipts must have been absorbed by the increased 
outlay on feeding stuffs, fertilisers, machinery, implements and 
seeds, in addition to the higher cost of labour, both regular and 
temporary. Other charges which have to be met out of receipts 
include interest on capital, rent and local rates. 

The balance remaining after meeting .all charges represents 
the remuneration for the labour, skill and experience of the 
occupiers of the 400,000 holdings in England and Wales. What 
is the extent of this balance cannot be estimated, but it need not 
be disputed that during the last six years farming has been more 
profitable than it was before the War. Formerly it was one of 
the least remunerative of occupations, and just as the wages of 
farm workers were unduly and unreasonably low, so the net 
return obtained by .a substantial proportion of occupiers was 
relatively far less than the profits obtained in other industries 
involving the investment of similar capital. 

The Report deals in detail with the prices and supplies of the 


* Agsricultural Statistics, 1920, Vol. LV, Part III, obtainable from H.M. 
Stationery Office, Kingsway, W.C.2. 


1921.] New Seep REGuLAtIons. 295 


principal classes of agricultural produce, feeding stuffs and fer- 
tilisers. ‘Tables are included giving the imports of agricultural 
produce and requirements, the acreage and production of the 


chief grain crops, and the numbers of live stock in British 
Dominions and foreign countries. 


* * * * * * 


SincE January, 1918, it has been necessary, under the 
Testing of Seeds Order, 1918, in the case of a sale of all the 
Wor Saed principal kinds of Grass, Clover, Field and 
Regulations. Garden Seeds, for the seller to ‘give a 
declaration with the seed as to its per- 
centage of germination, percentage of purity, the presence of 
injurious weeds, and various other specified’ particulars. This 
Order was the first measure passed in this country for the 
purpose of controlling the sale of agricultural and garden seeds, 
and brought us into line with most of the countries on the 
Continent, the United States of America, and several of the 
British Dominions and Colonies, where, for a number of years, 
various regulations for the purpose of preventing the sale of 
seeds of low vitality and badly contaminated with injurious 
weed seeds have been in force. The success which has 
attended the operations of the Order, which was passed under 
the Defence of the Realm Regulations, and was therefore in 
itself a transitory measure, indicated the desirability of making 
its requirements permanent. This has been effected by the 
passing of the Seeds Act, 1920, which supersedes the Testing 
of Seeds Order, 1918, and comes into operation on the 1st August 
next. * 


As in the case of the Order, the main requirement of the 
Act is that a declaration as to quality shall be given in the case 
of all sales of the principal farm and garden seeds. In the 
case of sales of seed potatoes, a declaration as to the class, 
variety, size and dressing will also be necessary, and the sale, 
or sowing, of seeds containing above a prescribed percentage of 
injurious weed seeds is_ prohibited. A further important 
innovation which will come into operation under the Act is 
that, in the case of seeds other than garden seeds, the test for 
the purpose of ascertaining particulars to be declared by the 
seller must be carried out at an Official Seed Testing Station, or 
at a private Testing Station licensed by the Ministry of Agricul- 
ture for that purpose. After the Ist August therefore, a 


* The provisions of the Testing of Seeds Order, 1918, were given in this 
Journal for July, 1918, p. 477, and the main provision of the Seeds Act, 1920, 
in this Journal for October, 1920, p. 604. 


296 SEED TESTING CONFERENCE. | JULY, 


declaration based on a test carried out at a non-licensed station 
will be illegal. 

For the purpose of allowing a certain amount of elasticity to 
the requirements under the Act, the Ministry is authorised to 
issue Regulations with regard to details. The first set of 
Draft Regulations has now been prepared in consultation with 
all the interests concerned. These Regulations prescribe:— 

(1) The Seeds to which the Act shall apply. 

(2) The particulars to be given in the case of a sale or 
exposure for sale of seeds and seed potatoes. 

(3) The Injurious Weed Seeds to which the Act shall apply. 

(4) The method in which Samples must be taken for the 
purpose of testing. 

(5) The Form of Certificate to be issued by the Official 
Seed Testing Station. 

(6) The authorised Minimum Percentage of Germination 
which, in the case of certain kinds of seeds, may be 
declared instead of the actual percentage of germination. 

(7) The limits of variation in respect of the percentage of 
germination and of the percentage of purity which are 
permitted for the purpose of any legal proceedings on a 
contract for the sale of seeds. 

(8) Various other matters which, under the Act, have to 
be prescribed. 

The main provisions of the Draft Regulations, which will 
remain in draft form for a period of 40 days from 10th June, 
after which they will be made and presented to both Houses of 
Parliament, are given at p. 370. 


THE Third International Seed Testing Conference was held 
at Copenhagen during the week ending 11th June. Seventeen 
countries were represented, chiefly by the 
Directors of Official Seed Testing Stations. 
and four delegates were present on behalf 
of Great Britain. The papers discussed 
dealt in the main with purely technical questions, but some 
of the proceedings were devoted to questions of the control of 
seed supply, both legislative and voluntary. Sir Lawrence 
Weaver communicated a paper on The British Seeds Act, 
1920, and at the close of the Congress moved the following 
resolutions, which were unanimously adopted:— 

(1) That an Association of Official Seed Analysts and 

Seed Control Organisations of Europe be formed. 


Seed Testing 
Conference at 
Copenhagen. 


1921. ] SEED TESTING CONFERENCE. 297 


(2) That a Committee consisting of Dr. Volkart, My. 
Bruijning, and Mr. Dorph Petersen (Directors of the Swiss, 
Dutch, and Danish Official Seed Testing Stations respec- 
tively) consider the constitution of the Association, rules of 
its membership and work, and circulate their recommenda- 
tions to the members of the Conference. 


(3) That the same Committee should consider— 

(a) the unification of seed-testing methods in Europe. 
keeping in view the possibility of ultimate unification 
with North America; 

(b) the method of expressing the results of analysis 
and the quality of the seeds analysed ;:— 

and present a report to the next International Conference. 


(4) That on the invitation of the Minister of Agriculture 
and Fisheries the next International Conference be held at 
the end of June, 1924. in England, partly in London and 
partly in Cambridge. 

A more detailed account of the proceedings of the Con- 
ference, by Mr. C. B. Saunders, Chief Officer of the Official 
Seed Testing Station for England and Wales, will appear in 
a later issue of the JOURNAL. 


| ty 
xD 


A Court Leer. T JULY, 


A. COD Bay wae i 
THe Haru or Sevsorne, K.G., G.C.M.G. 


Ir the Law of Property Bill now before Parliament becomes 
an Act, one result, so I am told, will be that Courts Leet, which 
have existed in England almost from time immemorial, will cease 
to be held. I was very glad therefore to have the opportunity of 
attending two such courts lately, each held in the best room of 
the public house of a beautiful Dorsetshire village. I had never 
attended such a court before and was curious to see what hap- 
pened. I cannot say that the business transacted, though neces- 
sary, was very important, but it was transacted with much 
formality according to the ancient observances. 

The Steward of the Manor commenced the proceedings by 
reading a document which began ‘‘ Oh yes, Oh yes, Oh yes,”’ 
and, as he read a sentence, the predestined foreman of the jury 
repeated it after him. The foreman of the jury was then sworn 
on the New Testament in very thorough-going fashion and after 
him the four other members of the jury swore ‘‘ to do the same 
things and in the same manner as our foreman has sworn.”’ 
The Steward then read a formal address to the jury and asked 
them for their “‘ presentations.’’ In one case the important 
matters were the state of the ditches, watercourses, sheep dips, 
and sinkholes. In the other case memories were racked to pre- 
sent a correct list of the deaths of copy-holders (and, more 
important still, of persons by whose lives copy-holds were held) 
which had taken place since the last court was held in May, 1920. 

Three clear impressions remain with me from my experience. 

The dignity and gravity with which these proceedings were 
conducted reminded me once again what a strong instinct of 
ritualism is really latent in the English character. I have noticed 
it again and again at the functions of the Friendly Societies, 
when the members, all agricultural labourers, mechanics, trades- 
men or farmers of some South country village, dress themselves 
up as elaborately as a Knight of the Garter for a Chapter at 
Windsor, and wear these strange garments all through a hot 
summer afternoon with an ease and unconscious dignity which 
might well be envied by a Knight. But one day I was myself 
initiated into one of these great Societies, and it is not an exag- 
geration to say that the ritual of that ‘‘ initiation ’’ equalled 
anything that I have seen at a State function of any sort, or even 
at High Mass on some special occasion in a Roman Catholic 
Church in France or Italy. 


99 


1921. | A Court L&eErT. 299 


On this occasion there were no dresses, scarves, or regalia, 
but there was an elaborate formality and an ancient liturgy which 
were scrupulously observed. One juror told me that he had 
attended this Court for forty years without a break and that as 
long as he could drag one leg after the other he should not 
think of missing it. And yet there are people who would ask you 
to believe that tradition and conservatism of personal habits are 
intellectual funguses, which cling only to the superannuated 
squire or farmer and which are unknown to the up-to-date trades 
unionist agricultural labourer! What nonsense some people who 
live in towns, do talk about us, who live in the country! 


Among the jurors of these courts and other inhabitants of 
these two small villages, whom I met later, were four farmers, 
all of whom had started life as agricultural labourers. One of 
these, a man of not more than 50 years of age, occupied 1,000 
acres, of which half was down and the other half meadow and 
arable. The other three occupied farms of 50 to 150 acres. 
This experience quite confirmed all my previous experience. I 
have never known a country district or anything definite about 
a country district without meeting case after case of the farmer 
who began life as an agricultural labourer; and, if this is true 
to-day, 1s it not probable that it was true yesterday and there- 
fore that some of the farmers I see and meet are the sons of men 
who began life as agricultural labourers, and so back generation 
after generation. And if this is true of those parts of England, 
of which I know something definite or which I know intimately, 
surely it would be strange if it were not true of the other parts 
of England also, which I do not know! 


The truth is that the agricultural labourer is not born in a 
cul-de-sac, as some people contend, and never has been. 
There never has been a time, I suspect, since all Englishmen 
became free men in the full sense of that term, when an agri- 
cultural labourer of marked character and ability could not 
rise to become a farmer, and I suspect that the cases in which 
he has done so within the last century have been much more 
numerous than is generally supposed. This is not an argument 
for not making the path easier for the agricultural labourer to 
become an occupier and owner of land by every sensible means 
in our power—on the contrary, it is a very strong argument 
in favour of the wisdom of such a course. But it is an equally 
clear disproof of the statement often made that the agricultural 
labourer was reduced to such a position in the 18th century 
that it was impossible for him to rise out of it except by 


300 A Court LEer. JULY, 


deserting his own countryside for the towns or for the 
Colonies. It is also true that al! the time the most fit of the 
agricultural labourers have been rising, the least fit of the 
farmers and of the landowners have been falling. When such 
a family comes down in the world its members have a ten- 
dency to leave the old neighbourhood for the towns or the 
Colonies, but I have myself known agricultural labourers whose 
forefathers were farmers, and IT have heard of others whose 
forefathers were the owners of the land on which they worked. 
This process of natural selection is surely healthy for the 
countryside so long as it is not stimulated and made unnatural 
by the operation of unwise or oppressive laws. 


My third impression was that a worse form of tenure than 
a copyhold for lives has never been invented by the laziness of 
man. For consider how it operates—a copvhold is held for 
three named lives from the lord of the manor. The holding 
must have started some time or other, and then presumably 
the first copvholder paid a handsome sum to the lord of the 
manor, in return for which he was allowed to name three 
persons, and then for as long as one of those three was alive 
he could not be called upon to pay any rent for the land, 
though he had-to make certain comparatively small payments 
on stipulated occasions. The lives named were sometimes 
those of local persons and at other times members of the Royal 
Family or of well-known public character. The Duke of Con- 
naught’s name, I was told, was often to be found in connection 
with these Dorsetshire copvholds. When one of these lives 
died the copyholder asked to be allowed to name another, for 
which privilege he was prepared to pay a comparatively large 
sum down. For the lord of the manor, who was the real 
freeholder, this was a preposterous system. In the course of 
years it meant receiving occasional lump sums down and the 
loss of an annual economic rent which would have added up to 
a far larger sam. He was also relieved of all responsibility for 
the land or buildings and cottages, and could not interfere with 
the copyholder’s treatment of the land or cottages. 

For the copyholder this would have been a very profitable 
bargain if he could have been assured of its perpetuity; but a 
day came when the lord of the manor returned to sanity and 
refused to renew the lives, determined to regain control of his 
own land when the last life lapsed, to put his property into 
proper order and to let the farm at an economic rent. But 
from the moment that he received the refusal of a renewal of 


1921. ] A Court LEEr. 301 


lives, the continuous interest of the copvholder in the land he 
held ceased to exist, and in too many cases from that moment 
he began to grudge the expenditure of a penny on the repair of 
cottages or buildings or fences or gates, and the annual sum 
disbursed on the necessary repairs dwindled to a vanishing 
point as the vears went on and the lives became older. 

Sometimes it happened that the last two lives lasted on 
many years and the lord of the manor had to look on impo- 
tently while he saw good cottages and substantial farm 
buildings melting away into deplorable ruins. And the urban 
critic came down and was righteously indignant at the state 
of the cottages, and demanded the name of the local magnate 
and went away and denounced him, and had no suspicion that 
the real responsibility for the wretched cottages rested with a 
man who lived in one of them and for the wretched system 
with men who had been dead for centuries. 


302 THe Darry SuortHorn. i JULY, 


THE  DATRGFSHOR THORN: 


Rosert Hoses, Kelmscott. 


THE economic value of a dual-purpose breed of cattle 
to the community as a whole would appear to be in some 
danger of being overlooked, and the tendency at the moment 
is rather to consider the merits of such cattle from the point 
of view of the individual farmer. Writing, however, as one 
whose father and grandfather both demonstrated the great 
value and, in certain circumstances, the indispensability of 
dual-purpose cattle, I find that thirty years’ personal experience, 
emphasised particularly during the last seven years, has 
but served to strengthen my conviction that, to serve a densely 
populated country, dual utilty cattle are one of the supreme 
factors in the production of the three great food essentials— 
grain, meat and milk, with the products of the latter, cheese 
and butter. 

To-day no country with any economic self-respect is content 
to take the native breed of cattle as good enough for its own 
particular needs; it demands something capable of meeting, 
in the greatest possible degree, the requirements created by 
climate and its peculiar social conditions. Thus it is to be 
understood that in new and therefore undeveloped countries, 
where vast tracts of land are to be had at merely nominal 
values, as in the wheat-growing districts of the United States 
and Canada and the grazing ranches of Argentina, beef pro- 
duction and grain crops are the predominant considerations 
with the agriculturist. In Argentina, in point of fact, milk 
production beyond the level necessary for the rearing of the 
calves born on the ranches is regarded in the lght of 
‘a nuisance. On the other hand, in the dairy districts of 
Australia and New Zealand, beefing qualities are almost 
entirely ignored. So long as the regions immediately adjoiming 
‘these, agriculturally speaking, ‘‘ single-purpose areas *’ under- 
go no further development the single aim remains, but the 
moment the surrounding country makes appreciable industrial 
growth the agricultural development takes another course. It 
may almost be said that it is not until the population increases 
greatly and large cities make their appearance that the proper 
development of agriculture commences. The first consequence 
of industrial extension upon the farming of the district 1s an 
attempt to meet the demand for cattle which are capable of 


1921. ] THe Darry SHORTHORN. 303 


producing a good yield of milk, calves suitable for grazing 
into bullocks of high quality, and a good carcass of beef 
at the end of their milking days. 

It is not surprising, therefore, to find that the popularity 
of an animal meeting these needs so well as the Dairy Short- 
horn is extending far bevond the United Kingdom, where it 
has held sway for upwards of a century as the farmer’s cow, 
and is penetrating deeper and deeper into the newer countries 
of the world. Especially is this extension to be noticed in the 
more thickly populated districts of the Eastern States of 
America, in South America, South Africa and New Zealand, and, 
in fact, in most parts of the world where population is growing 
at a greater rate than the production of food. 


At home the Dairy Shorthorn has successfully passed through 
times of difficulty and some danger. At no period was its 
future more seriously threatened as a double-purpose animal 
than during the earlier days of the demand from Argentina for 
heavily-fleshed Shorthorns. The high prices then paid, and 
the particular type which was bred in consequence, were 
responsible for the disregard of the milking qualities which, 
even among the very early improvers of the “* Durham,’’ were 
so characteristic of the breed. The danger increased when 
there began the indiscriminate crossing of heavy milking 
English cows with the thick-fleshed Cruickshank bulls. 
Fortunately this menace to the future of the breed was recog- 
nised in time by a few enthusiasts, by whose efforts the Short- 
horn was saved from becoming primarily a beef animal. These 
breeders succeeded in persuading the Shorthorn Society to 
offer prizes at the principal agricultural shows throughout 
England, Scotland and Ireland for pedigree Shorthorn dairy 
cows; then they formed the Dairy Shorthorn Association and 
secured affiliation with the Shorthorn Society. Milk recording 
in pedigree herds was encouraged, but the most important 
step in the history of the Association will probably prove to be 
the publication of the Register of Non-pedigree Dairy Short- 
horns whose progeny may gradually qualify for admission to 
the Herd Book. By these measures the heavy milking powers 
of the breed were rescued’ from the neglect which at one 
time seriously threatened them. 

The Government Live Stock Improvement Schemes, 
including the grants through the Ministry of Agricuiture for 
encouraging the breeding of high-class commercial stock, with 
separate grants to the Milk Recording Societies, have 


304 THE Darry SHORTHORN. LJ ULY, 


also afforded a valuable stimulus to the breeding of well- 
fleshed bulls from milk-recorded cows, with the result that the 
importance of the dual utility animal, and the extent to which 
the Dairy Shorthorn answers the need for it were never more 
deeply appreciated. It may be of interest to point to the 
growth of the Dairy Shorthorn Association. In 1914 it com- 
prised 214 members, with 55 herds and 337 milk records. In 
1920 the membership had risen to 631, the herds to 332, and 
the milk records to 1,194. In December, 1918, the Associa- 
tion published the first volume of the Register of Non-pedigree 
Shorthorn Dairy Cows, in which close upon a _ thousand 
approved milking Shorthorns were enrolled as foundation cows. 
The Register and the milk recording scheme have naturally 
led to the improvement of prices for non-pedigree cattle with 
milk records, and herds have been dispersed at an average 
of from £107 to £114 per head, with individual prices up to 
270 guineas. 

A word of warning may not be out of place in view of the 
rapid extension of the milk recording system. Here and there 
a tendency may be observed towards pushing milk production 
to excess. What is needed most of all is a gradual raising 
of the standard of breeding and management, and an improve- 
ment in the methods of feeding, so as to enable the production 
of the greatest volume of milk consistent with the lowest 
economic cost, and without placing an undue strain on the 
cow. At the recent sales of recorded cattle there have been 
signs that these points are realised by a very large body of 
farmers and breeders, for there has been a steady demand 
for the right sort of cow. It appears to be recognised by a 
large number of farmers that the cow as a mere milking machine 
is a risky proposition, and this risk, in conjunction with the 
extravagant cost of maintenance both in food and labour, and 
the general inability of the calves bred from such cows to grow 
into profitable feeders, has affected the demand for the 
‘shelly ’? cow. To command the highest market figure to-day 
the cow or heifer must be wide, deep and level, of good 
Shorthorn eharacter, carrying a square, well-hung bag with 
well-placed teats of medium size, being neither too short nor 
coarse or “‘ bottled.’? The demand for this class of animal is 
practically insatiable, and in consequence such cows top the 
ordinary market price in no matter what part of the country 
they are offered. 


The breeding of Dairy Shorthorns offers many advantages 


1921. | THe Dairy SHorrHorn. 305 


to the ordinary beginner with a limited amount of capital. In 
the first place the breed is the most widely-found of all breeds, 
and is the popular general purpose animal in practically every 
county of England or Ireland. This ensures that wherever 
they may be bred there is always a market, whether for calves, 
young stores, down calvers, or fat beasts. 

A second advantage is that it is immaterial whether the 
beginner is farming a grass farm, a mixed farm, or a farm 
wholly arable, for the dual-purpose Shorthorn is at kome on 
either one or the other, and is quite adaptable to the feeding 
and management in either case. Nor does it matter to the 
owner of the Shorthorn in what form he is marketing his 
milk product, whether as whole milk, cheese, or butter. 

Further, the Shorthorn is the only established breed of cattle 
remaining in this country which still has an open herd book, 
and if the embargo on foreign cattle continues, there is 
little fear of the Shorthorn Herd Book being closed for many 
years. Apart from any other consideration, this is of 
tremendous advantage to beginners, and although the Short- 
horn Society still requires four crosses from a foundation dam 
of Shorthorn type before accepting heifers for entry in Coates’s 
Herd Book, registration may now begin in the Dairy Short- 
horn Register as soon as an approved cow has yielded 8,000 Ib. 
in one year or 6,500 lb. a year for two consecutive years, 
provided she is of a suitable Shorthorn type. Thus the 
beginner’s interest, as well as the enhanced value of the cow 
and her offspring, commences at once, and he may safely 
add an average of from £5 to £10 in value for each pure cross 
by a pedigree Shorthorn milk bull on heifers descended from 
these registered cows, until the descendants in the fourth 
generation become eligible for the Herd Book proper. After 
this has been achieved, with sufficient good looks and sound 
records behind them, there is no reason why they should not, 
in many instances, realise very high prices and _ produce 
valuable breeding animals. 


306 Tue “‘ Buckeye ’’ Dircuer. [ JuLy, 


THE “BUCKEYE | DIGG EE. FOR 
LAND DRAINAGE: 


TRIAL IN CAMBRIDGESHIRE. 


H. V. Gagner, 
School of Agriculture, Cambridge. 


Manuat labour in digging and laying drains on stiff land last 
winter probably cost about £15 per acre. Expenditure on 
this scale, coupled with the long period required to complete 
the work, and the increasing difficulty of obtaining skilled 
men to carry it out, is doubtless preventing much tile drainage 
from being undertaken. T’he question therefore arises whether 
some type of draining-machine can perform the excavating 
work in an economical and satisfactory manner. 

An American machine, the “‘ Buckeye ’’ Traction Ditcher, 
recently imported by the Scottish Board of Agriculture, was 
reputed to have been highly successful in Scotland, and more 
detailed information with regard to its capabilities was felt 
to be necessary. The Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries 
therefore arranged for the loan of the ‘‘ Buckeye ’’ Drainer 
from the Scottish Board for a trial on Sir Douglas Newton’s 
estate at Croxton, Cambridgeshire. 

The ‘‘ Buckeye’”’ arrived at St. Neots station on August 18th, 
1920, and travelled to Croxton Park by road under its own 
power, a distance of about 4 miles. The trial lasted for three 
weeks and included a public demonstration on September 3rd; 
during this time the machine was under the writer's 
observation. 

Description.— Ditch tractors follow in principle the methods 
adopted in the construction of rock and earth excavators used 
by railway and mining contractors. They are made on one of 
two systems—buckets mounted on a rotating wheel or buckets 
carried on a moving endless belt. The “‘ Buckeye ”’ ‘Tractor 
Ditcher described here is designed on the rotating wheel system, 
and the following is an abridged specification :— 

20 h.p. four-cylinder petrol engine. 


Digging wheel ... ae ... 11} in. or 143 in. wide x 44 ft. deep. 
or 114 in. wide x 54 ft. deep. 

Length over all ... ee ae ee 25 ft. 

Width over wheels ee F ae 8 ft. 6 in. 

Extreme height ... fa Bae a S ft. 9 in: 

Digging speeds ... ne se se 24 ft. to 9 ft. per minute. 


Road speeds... die au Ee 1 to 13 miles per hour. 


1921. | THe ‘‘ Buckeye ”’ DiTcHER. 307 


am — en — a —— 


Approximate shipping weight ant 7-9 tons. 
Width of front wheels ... 3 a 10 in. 
Width of extension tyres to front wheels — 8 in. 
Width of caterpillar track =e ee 22 in. 
Centre of ditch to centre of spoil bank 4 ft. 3 in. 


The chief points of the machine may be briefly outlined as 
follows :— 

A substantial main frame and platform constructed of steel 
I-beams connected at intervals by cross beams and strongly 
reinforced, carries at one end a 20 h.p. engine unit and trans- 
mission system, and at the other the cutting wheel hinged to 
the platform. The frame and superstructure are supported 
at both ends on three-point suspension trucks which eliminate 
severe twisting strains. The front truck carrving the engine 
is mounted on two heavy wheels; the truck carrying the rear 
of the frame is supported by large rollers, with case-hardened 
shells and chilled bearings, running on a jointed steel cater- 
pillar track, the treads of which are of steel plate and hard 
wood, driven by endless chains running over sprockets. The 
large bearing surface afforded by these tracks minimises the 
pressure per square foot and enables the excavator to travel 
over soft ground. 

The digging wheel is mounted midway between the two 
main girders and is held in a three-point suspension frame 
hinged to the main platform. Power is transmitted to the 
wheel by a system of chains running on sprocket wheels; and 
by shifting a high speed chain from one set of a series of 
eraduated sprockets to another, four digging speeds ranging 
from 23 ft. to 9 ft. per minute can be obtained. The machine 
is, of course, stopped to move the chain, but the plan is found 
to be highly satisfactory and effective. 

A feature of the transmission system is a safety device in 
the form of a friction cone clutch, which slips when the 
machine strikes an obstruction beyond its capacity, thus 
averting a breakdown. On the outside rim of the digging 
wheel are mounted buckets of deep section which can be suit- 
ably equipped for varying classes of work. For digging in 
stony ground, picks are attached to the rims of the buckets, 
and the back of each bucket is closed by a removable plate. 
In dry sands the picks are replaced by curved cutting exten- 
sions, and the backs are retained. In wet clays the cutting 
extensions are employed, but the backs are removed, and 
the buckets are cleared as they revolve by a set of iron fingers 
held rigid on the wheel-frame, which pass through each bucket 

B 2 


308 Tue ‘‘ Bucxzye’’ Ditcuer. [J ULY, 


in turn and scrape out the clay. In all cases the excavated 
earth falls on a rotating clearing canvas and is deposited in a 
neat pile alongside the trench. 


Adjustment of the depth of the digging wheel is obtained 
by a hoist worked from the engine and operated through a 
double boom, the cables communicating with both the front 
and the rear of the wheel-frame. If the digging wheel is 
rotated and lowered, keeping the forward end of the wheel- 
frame some 8 ft. lower than its rear end, the buckets will dig 
themselves into the ground at this angle as the whole machine 
is advanced. At some prearranged depth the descent is checked 
by means of the front cables; the rear cables are then 
slackened, allowing the curved sole which follows the digging 
wheel to take the weight of the rear of the wheel and thus 
mould and smooth the floor of the trench. 


The method of adjusting the depth of the trench, in order to 
obtain a drain of even fall when the machine passes over 
uneven land, is of such practical importance that it may be 
described in some detail. The system is shown diagram- 
matically in Fig. 4, in which A B C represents an irregular 
surface below which the drain has to be cut. At intervals of 
about 50 yd. along this line, levels are taken in the usual way. 
Having decided the fall required in the drain, the depths below 
the surface at which the floor of the trench must lie at A, 
B and C are calculated. Suppose these depths are 4 ft. 6 in., 
8 ft. and 4 ft., respectively, as in the diagram (where FG 
represents the bottom of the drain and FH the horizontal) . 
The next operation is to erect standards fitted with movable 
cross-members at A. B and CG. The cross-members must be 
adjusted in correlation with a horizontal sighting rod D fixed 
to the frame of the digging wheel FE of the drainer. If this 
sighting rod is fixed 9 ft. above the lowest part of the wheel, 
it is then 9 ft. above the floor of the drain, and the cross- 
members on the standards must be so fixed that they, too, 
are 9 ft. above the level at which the floor of the drain is to 
be dug. Thus the cross-member at A will be 4 ft. 6 in. above 
the ground, that at B will be 6 ft. above the ground, and so on. 
The cross-members must be all in line, since the drain is to be 
cut with an even fall. The machine is then moved to the out- 
let end A of the drain, since digging always proceeds uphill, 
and made to face along the line of standards. The digging 
wheel is caused to cut its way into the ground. When the 
sighting rod intersects the line of cross-members, the further 


: ltd” ee we 
. "i —_ a Ye Sis oe, 
SSS a Fe hash 


Ee eee < 


Proto) [ {lbone, S/, Neots, 
Fra. 1.—The machine at rest, 


Photo} [ {J/hbone, St. Neots. 


<c----- FOiyd.n om — — = 


Fia. 4.— Diagram showing the method of adjusting the depth of the trench when the 
machine passes over uneven land, 


Photo) 


— 


smeneergnene 


| 


Fig, 3.—Back view of the machine 


[Albone, Sl. 


when at work, 


Neots. 


1921. ] Tue ‘‘ Buckeye ’’ Dircuer. 309 


descent of the wheel is stopped by the winding gear, 
as previously described, for the bottom of the wheel has now 
reached the level of the floor of the trench. The drainer now 
proceeds along the line of the proposed drain, and the driver 
must keep the sighting rod constantly in alignment with the 
cross-members by raising or lowering the digging wheel in 
accordance with any irregularities of the land. If this is 
done carefully, a trench with an even fall can be excavated in 
one operation. It must be emphasised that any carelessness in 
the matter of sighting will involve subsequent grading of parts 
of the trench by hand: this actually occurred on several 
occasions during the trial. 


Organisation.—Before the arrival of the machine, a scheme 
for the drainage of the land should be decided out, preferably 
with the assistance of a surveyor, who will mark out on the 
ground the position of outfalls, mains and minors, take levels 
at suitable points along the various drains, placing in the ground 
pegs bearing the number of feet above the surface at which 
the cross-member should be placed at each point to give the 
correct fall in the drain. 

The staff required by the machine consists of two men—a 
driver, who must be a skilled mechanic, and an assistant. 
Although one man can run the machine if all goes well, the 
other must be immediately available to attend to the sighting 
rods and to assist in case of repairs. With this arrangement 
the men could work in shifts if long running hours were 
desired. 

When the drainer arrives, the surveyor should explain to the 
driver the plan of the proposed drains: the latter can then erect 
his standards and cross-members according to directions left 
on the pegs, and excavations can be commenced. 

A boy should be provided to deal with the small quantity of 
earth which drops back on to the heel of the machine and 
thence into the bottom of the trench. He rides in the trench 
on the extreme rear of the drainer and clears out with a shovel 
the earth as it accumulates on the heel of the machine. The 
quantity of earth which finds its way back into the trench 
can be minimised by fitting to the rear of the machine a metal 
apron, which brushes loose material from the edge of the 
excavation. Two types of aprons were tried at Croxton, but 
neither could keep the bottom of the trench quite clear, particu- 
larly when the machine was working at a high speed in 
loose soil. 


310 THE “* Bucknye ’’ Drrcuer. JULY, 


Arrangements should be made to lay the pipes close behind 
the machine, as delay in doing this will probably result in 
loose earth falling into the finished excavations. 


Conditions Encountered.—The soil at Croxton is a stiff 
boulder clay of considerable thickness which, as explored to a 
depth of 4 ft. 6in. by the excavator, contained a few large 
boulders and bands of chalk pebbles mixed with gravel. In 
places, however, uniform sticky clay was found to the full 
depth of the drains. : 

Fields of two types were attempted:—The demonstration 
field was a 12-acre bare-fallow of gentle and fairly uniform 
slope. There was about 5 in. of dry friable soil on the surface, 
but below the clay was moist and sticky owing to the con- 
servation of water by the fallowing operations. In the upper 
parts of the field, bands of chalky gravel were found in the 
clay. The other set of conditions encountered consisted of 
Wheat stubbles; these presented hard-baked clay surfaces 
resting on dry clay of a type containing rather more chalk and 
gravel than in the wetter parts of the demonstration field; the 
comparative dryness of the subsoil here was no doubt due to 
the absorption of water by the roots of the wheat crop. 


The mechanical analyses given in Table I show the 
nature of the various fields just described. Since the bulk of 
the earth excavated by the machine consisted of subsoil, the 
analytical figures for the respective subsoils probably give a 


TABLE I, showing percentages of Constituents. 


fy ere 
pe ie ee ee 
he lege Paneer | (Ce 
D 3 
wi 3 ae | a A : os 
Sle gs Bee Se ee eee lh hae a || &8 ; 
ea & a s | 7) & an n m1 | sk Area represented 
Soe RZ = o g @ FA 2 = pope lesion by sample. 
ne aa) © r= © u q a & ie) to) ee 
rr) A s a BS a oS = by oO | 
n mec o 8 | 
Mie oe eae 
U } | Us ee J au e 
| | Surface of the stiffer 
1] 70] 20] 68 5 | &6 117-9 | 7:5 | 142 | 32-0 | 7:4)! 142 || and wetter parts of 
| | | demonstration field. 


u — _ 
2 | “4 | 24 | 80 | 14 | 57 | 122 | 9°5 | 9°3 | 35°0 | 12:3 | 21-7 | subsoil of above. 


75 | 10°7 


Surface of drier and 
62, 10° | more chalky parts of 
| demonstration field. 


27°0 


4| so] 13] 20| 5] 90 [101] 48] 55 | 10 | 43-4 165 | Subsoil of above. 


= 
. ‘ “2 =. Egil oars Surface of the stubble 
5 2°0 5. | 10°6 | 188 27°6 | 5:4 | 1671 | aids. 


75 | 158 


6 | 33 | 21 | 10 | 30 | 45 | 140 | 60 | 11:0 | 27-0 | 27-4), 15:5 | Subsoil of above. 


1921. | Tue ‘‘ Buckeye ’’ DircHer. 311 


better measure of the digging conditions than do the figures 
for the corresponding surface soils. The former will there- 
fore be considered more fully than the latter. 

. Samples 1 and 2 show clearly the exceedingly stiff and wet nature of 
the lower part of the demonstration field. The subsoil contains as much 
as 35 per cent. of clay and 9 per cent. of fine silt, while its water content 
of 21-7 per cent. is by far the highest of any of the samples analysed. 

Soils 3 and 4 indicate that while the surface soil is substantially the 
same as in the previous case, the subsoil is of an entirely different type, 
being drier (16°5 per cent. water), considerably more calcareous (43°4 per 
cent. chalk), and containing a relatively high percentage of stones (8 per 
cent.). 

The stubble fields, as represented by samples 5 and 6, show 27 per 
cent. of clay and 11 per cent. of fine silt in the subsoil. This denotes a 
heavy subsoil. On the other hand, the water content of 15°5 per cent. is 
low, and the amount of chalk (27:4 per cent.) is considerable. 

It was subsequently found that the drainer could operate 
more rapidly at any given depth in a dry clay subsoil con- 
taining chalk and gravel than in a wet clay subsoil. 

The weather conditions during the trial were very favour- 
able; no heavy rain fell. There were a few showers, but the 
soil was never soaked, and the machine could always be 
worked without any risk of damage to the texture of the land. 


TABLE II. 
——~ || Hours | | 
Hours eae ris ; 
Date Lost by | eek | Hours | Gallons | Gallons Lb. |, ees . Chai s 
Ps Break- | Re. yair. | WOrking.| Fuel. | Oil. Grease. |° ‘- 6 in.|2 ft. 6 ir 
(lowns. ae mains. minors. 
ing. 


* 19/8/20 
20/8/20 
21/8/20 
23/8/20 
24/8 20 
25/8/20 
26/8/20 
27/8/20 
28/8/20 
30/8/20 
31/8/20 

1/9/20 
3 9/20 
4/9/20 
6/9/20 
7/9/20 
8 9/20 
9/9/20 


—) 
ei ito 


mm O1O> Or 
ie he 
2 — bD DO NS 
op 


ree 
| w 


— 


aS oo Oo eR 
— me RD ND 
ed tr te Aico 


on 
Oe le ee ee 


i 


| | 


* Mains 2 ft. 9 in. 
t Minors 2 ft. 


Digging Accomplished.—Iew who saw the “‘ Buckeye ’’ in 
operation could fail to be impressed by the way in which it 


312 Tue ‘‘ Buckeye ’’ DircHer. [ Juny, 


performed the work. Mains 4 ft. 6 in. deep were dug at the 
rate of three linear feet per minute in the stiffest and wettest 
part of the demonstration field. Boulders were either broken 
down and thrown out in pieces or else raised entire; moist 
clay was delivered in large lumps; dry clay in small flakes 
resembling cracked linseed cake. 

On the day of the demonstration the machine was working 
continuously from 10.30 a.m. till 4.30 p.m., and in these 
6 hours it completed 6 chains of 3 ft. 6 in. mains and 36 chains 
of 2 ft. 6 in. minors; the latter were excavated on top gear at 
12 ft. per minute. About 200 people visited the ground, and 
the speed and efficiency with which the work was done was 
favourably commented upon. 


Data Obtained.—In Table II will be found a summarised 
statement of the observations made during each working day 
of the trial. A few words of explanation are necessary with 
regard to the headings of the columns. ‘‘ Hours lost through 
breakdowns ’’ comprises the time during which the machine 
was rendered idle by some part having to be taken to a 
smithy or repair shop. ‘‘ Hours adjusting and repairing ”’ 
represents the time spent on altering the setting of the 
machine to face new soil conditions, and on minor repairs or 
replacements performed on the spot, and also includes time 
spent on oiling, &c., before starting. “‘ Hours working ”’ 
includes the time when the machine was actually excavating, 
moving overland from the end of one drain to the beginning 
of the next, and travelling small distances by farm roads from 
one field to another. The fuel used was benzol, and, on a few 
occasions, 2nd grade petrol. The lubricant was heavy cylinder 
oil. On two occasions, September 6th and 7th, the depths 
of the drains dug were not as stated at the head of the last 
two columns; the depth of the mains on these days was only 
2 ft. 9in., and the minors only 2 feet. 

As an example of a typical day, August 25th may be quoted. 
There was a stoppage of 14 hours for a blacksmith’s repair; 
12 hours in minor adjustments in the field; and a period of 
6 hours was actually spent in digging 21} chains of 2 ft. 6 snow 
minors in stiff wet clay, 11% gallons of benzol, 24 gallons of 
cylinder oil, and about }1b. of grease being consumed. 
August 19th was an exceptional day, when much time was 
spent in adapting the machine to local conditions. On this 
occasion the machine followed a curved main, a type of work 
for which it was not suited, owing to the length of the 


1921], THe ‘* Buckrys ’’ Drrcuer. 313 


—_——. 


sole which travelled in the trench, the result being that only 

¢ chains were dug by the use of 2% gallons of fuel. 
August 2lst and September 4th were Saturdays, when the 
men ceased work at noon; very little digging was done, and 
there is no doubt that the figures for these days should not 
be regarded as true measures of what the drainer could perform 
in half-a-day under commercial conditions. 


It will be observed that four days are unaccounted for in 
the table. 'Three were Sundays, and September 2nd was spent 
in a general cleaning and overhauling in preparation for the 
demonstration. Three days were completely lost by break- 
downs; August 28th was a Saturday, hence only three lost 
hours are recorded; September 8th and 9th were idle on 
account of replacing a broken pinion. On September 10th the 
machine was put on the train for Scotland. If September 8th 
and 9th, when the machine was idle owing to the broken 
pinion, be excluded, it can be calculated that the average 
working day was 52 hours. Of this, % of an hour was lost by 
breakdowns, 12 hours by adjustments, and 34 hours were spent 
in actual digging. 

These figures are disappointing, but it should be realised that 
conditions of management were exceptional during the trial. 
Several troublesome stoppages should not have occurred: for 
example, the machine was put out of action by the dog con- 
necting the magneto shaft to the engine becoming gradually worn 
out. By careful overhauling it should have been possible to 
detect the fault and avert a breakdown. It might be said, 
without labouring the point, that the conditions under which 
the men were working were not conducive to the biggest out- 
put. At the demonstration, when the men were doing their 
best, the machine dug continuously for 6 hours without a 
hitch; but admitting that special preparations had been made 
for that day, there is no doubt that, given stricter supervision 
or some system of payment by results, the average digging day 
could have been increased materially. 

The consumption of fuel and lubricating oil calculated from 
the daily figures of the whole trial worked out at an average 
of 24 gallons of benzol and ? gallons of cylinder oil per running 
hour. 

- Table IIT shows the performance of the machine when 
digging at certain depths in various classes of land. Figures 
for each type of work were taken from Table II covering as 
long a period as possible; for example, the four days 


314 THe “‘ Buckeye ’’ Drrcuer. { JULY, 


August 24th to 27th, inclusive, gave the information concerning 
the rate of digging 2 ft. 6 in. minors in wet clay. The column 
headed ‘‘ Tons of earth excavated per hour ’’ was derived from 
determinations of the density of the undisturbed soil and the 
dimensions of the trenches. 


PxrerE? LEE 


Chains Chains 
Type of earth Depth of trench trench Gallons LO ae 
excavated, trench. dug per dug per per hour. | — oe 
| our. 
gallon. hour. 
Moist stiff clay.. | 3 ft. 6 in. 64 ch. iy eh 2°8 gal. | 18 tons 
Moist stiff clay..|2,,6,, |1:76 , | 35 ,, | 20 ,, | 25 4, 
Dry clay with | 
flints and chalk | 3,, 6 ,,; | 1°30 ,, SO 552 te BBE iy 2) e 
Dry clay with | | 
flints and -elalle: | 2), 9.5, 4 vos, a etG eal es eee oY eee 
Dry clay with | | | 
flints and chalk | 2,, 0 ,, | 3°41 _,, | aU i Wea le 2 ae oe 52 5, 


-It will be observed that the rate of excavation measured in 
chains per hour increases rapidly as the trench becomes 
shallower, the type of soil being the same. This is due not 
to the machine excavating a lesser weight of earth per hour, 
for the last column in Table TIT shows that the weight of 
earth excavated increases rapidly as the depth of trench 
decreases; nor is it due to a higher lift, which in each case 
is the same. The increase in speed with the shallow drains 
is due in part to lesser friction between the digging wheel and 
the sides of the trench. Indeed, this friction accounts for a 
great proportion of the power used in digging, and is well 
brought out in comparing the rate of digging 3 ft. 6 in. 
trenches in moist clay at 1.7 chains per hour with 3 chains 
per hour for trenches of the same depth in dry clay, in which 
the friction is much less. 


The rate of fuel consumption, given in gallons per hour in 
the fifth column of the table, is roughly constant at all speeds. 
It varies in fact from 2 to 2.8 gallons per hour. One of 
the reasons for this constant consumption of fuel is that the 
machine is fitted with an automatic cut-out, which acts like 
a governor and causes the engine to run at constant speed. 

The table also gives an indication of how much work could- 
be done under the various conditions of depth and soil if it 
were kept running, e.g., for 7 hours per: day. Under these | 
conditions some 63 chains of 2 ft. minors could be dug in 


1921. | Tue “‘ Buckeye ’’ Drrcuer. 315 


dry clay, or 21 chains of 3 ft. 6 in. mains in similar clay, or 
12 chains of 3 ft. 6 in. mains in wet clay. 


Mechanical Considerations.—The excellence of the engine 
and mechanism was remarked upon by all engineers who 
examined the drainer, and there is no doubt that the machine 
is well designed for cutting trenches in all classes of land. 
The engine was designed to burn petrol, which certainly 
seemed uneconomical in this type of heavy-duty motor. 
Undoubtedly the cost of fuel could have been reduced by 
30 per cent. if an efficient form of vaporiser had been fitted 
to burn paraffin. The machine was intended primarily for 
use in America, where distillate is cheap, and probably the 
manufacturers had not considered the fuel question for 
England. During the trial second grade petrol and benzol 
were the fuels used. 

The safety device previously described only acted on two 
or three occasions, for on striking an obstruction the driving 
chains usually broke (or jumped their pinions) before the 
clutch slipped. This clutch was undoubtedly out of adjust- 
ment, and if it had been attended to there would have been 
less trouble with the chains, and a fruitful source of minor 
delays would have been removed. 

The width of the trenches dug for the 2in. tiles was 
criticised by practical men. It was pointed out that there was 
too much lateral play in a drain 11 in. wide at the bottom. To 
remedy this Mr. Thompson Close, the Ministry’s inspector, 
arranged for an iron tile-mould to be fixed to the bottom of 
the sole of the machine, its function being to make a groove 
in the floor of the trench of the exact size to take the 
2in. tiles. This was an improvement. In any case, some 
unnecessary earth is excavated when digging for small pipes, 
and if the digging width could be reduced to, say, 8 in., which 
should offer no mechanical difficulties, economies should be 
effected. On the other hand, very narrow drains, if deep, 
are difficult for men to work in, should such drains subse- 
quently need deepening or grading before the tiles are laid; 
again, if wider trenches are dug, a relatively large amount of 
earth is disturbed, which may give a quicker percolation and 
render the drains more effective. 

The machine was provided with a large assortment of spares, 
but two breakdowns involving castings necessitated workshop 
repairs. On four occasions minor jobs had to be taken to the 
local smithy. In noting these stoppages, however, it should 


316 Tue ‘* Buckeye ’’ Drrcuer. [Juny, 


be: remembered that the machine had been in constant and 
heavy use for the previous eighteen months. Certain delays 
are to be regarded as of normal occurrence: the sides of the 
digging wheel had to be cleared of clay from time to time 
when excavating in wet patches; large stones had occasionally 
to be dislodged from the buckets; worn links had to be replaced. 
in the driving chains; and on moving from one type of land fo 
another it would sometimes be necessary to substitute the 
cutting extensions on the rims of the buckets by picks, or 
vice versa. 

Costs.—The total expenses incurred in connection with the 
drainer during the trial may be summarised thus:— 


7.48. a0. 

Fuel :—122 gal. =f aoe va , 22 14 8 
Cartage of fuel to drainer in the field (1 man + 1 horse 

tor: Zadaysiat WOsaye ae. gh sas 560 uae | As ane) 

Lubricants :— 

Oil (222 gal. at 8s. 2d.) ... fae as 435 eee oF led 

Greasel (7ibeatais.)) = an. ste ae ie ae (oe) 

£33015) jo 

Wages :— ar as ok 

1 man and 1 boy (23 weeks at £7 10s.) nee sale, 220) 00 


To the above must be added capital charges. The machine 
would probably not be running continuously throughout the 
year; assuming that it is used for only 6 months each year, an, 
estimate of the capital charges may be made by charging 
interest at 7 per cent. and depreciation at 15 per cent. The 
total cost of the machine, with spares, including freightage to 
Scotland, was £1,414. Thus the annual charges are:— 


2° 28: 0d: 

Interest at 7 per cent. on £1,414 ... sod Sc sae? A Oso tO 
Depreciation at 15 per cent. on £1,414 ... 50 Tees eee 0) 
£311. A, +6 


that is, the cost per week, assuming 26 running weeks per 
year, is £11 19s. 4d., and the cost for the duration of the trial, 
22 weeks, was £31 18s. 8d. For repairs and maintenance the 
machine cost £10 3s. 9d. during the trial, of which £1 5s. Od. 
was expended on a tile-mould and can fairly be deducted as a 
permanent improvement. This leaves repairs at £8 18s. 9d. 
The summary below shows’ in the first column of figures 
the actual costs of the machine for the full period of 22 weeks, 
from the time it entered the first field until the digging 
operations ceased on September 7th. © The second column 
gives a calculation of the costs of operating the machine for 


1921.) THE ‘* Buckryzt ’’ DITcHER. 817 


TABLE LY. 


Per running hour, 
) under commercial 


naebentetal Per running hour 
7 « . 


actual, conditions, 

eee oi ff 5, dos |, supa Wieden pe Bh Bi dla. 
Fuel, lubricants, Kc. ... | bo 15 5 | eae: Sa | 12 0 
Wiaees 4 oP des| 2G 0: @ 7 6} 4 10 
Interest and Depreciation 51.18 3; | 12 0% | 5 8 
Repairs... + Ae 818 9 3.4 =| 3 4 
£94 12 56 £115 8 £1 5 10 


each running hour of the 53 hours during which the machine 
was actually digging. Referring now to Table III, which 
gives the chains of trench actually excavated per running hour 
under various conditions, we are enabled easily to calculate the 
cost of excavating such trenches; thus:— 

3 ft. 6 in. trenches in moist stiff clay, where 1:7 chains were excavated 

per hour, cost 20s. 11d. per chain. 
2 ft. 6 in. trenches in similar clay, cost 10s. 2d. per chain, 
3 ft. 6 in. trenches in dry clay » Ls. 11d. per chain. 


2 ft. 9 in. trenches in dry clay »  @s. 9d. per chain. 


2 ft. trenches in dry clay » 4s. Od. per chain. 


It has previously been indicated that, from the nature of the 
case, the organisation of labour left something to be desired; 
there were none of the usual incentives to speedy work which 
play so important a part in successful commercial organisation, 
and consequently the hours actually spent in digging, approxi- 
mately only 34 per day, are capable of being greatly 
augmented, both by a longer working day and by speeding- 
up repairs. A working day of, say, 10 hours, during 7 hours 
of which the machine is actually digging, should be possible. 
If this were done, the expenses under certain of the headings 
would be reduced greatly, and it is interesting to examine 
how these might be effected. The first item, fuel, lubricants, 
&c., would not be affected much, because fuel consumption is 
roughly proportional to work done; none the less, short 
running hours inevitably lead to uneconomical consumption of 
fuel and some economy would result, possibly 12s. per hour 
instead of 12s. 9d., from longer running hours. 

The men were paid for a nominal working day of 8 hours, 
which, in fact, was rarely attained. If they were working a 
10-hour instead of an 8-hour day, and were paid time-and-a 
half for the extra time, the cost for the period would have 
been increased from £20 to £27 10s., but assuming the 
drainer to have been running 7 hours each day, the cost per 


318 THe ‘* Buckeyn ’’ Dircuer. [ JULY, 


hour for wages would have been reduced from 7s. 63d. to 
4s. 10d. Interest and depreciation would have remained 
constant for the period, but the cost per running hour on this 
head would have been reduced to 5s. 8d. Repairs may be 
expected to remain the same per running hour as in the actual 
experiment. 

The last column in Table IV gives a sum of these estimates 
equal to £1 5s. 10d. per running hour, and referring again to 
Table III for the work done per running hour we obtain the 
costs per chain in each case as follows:— 


gs td 
3 ft. 6 in. drains in moist clay ee a ost af 15° 2 
2 ft. 6 in. drains in moist clay sis ae oP ase in 4 
3 ft. 6 in. drains in dry clay ... 253 wat si wae -simaay f 
2 ft. 9 in. drains in dry clay .... aks Red sy Be mod 
2 ft. drains in dry clay at « 2-10 


The fact which is brought a magi ieee by a con- 
sideration of these figures is that the costs ce digging in a 
dry subsoil are much reduced. Since the machine was not 
used on wet clay, it is impossible to say whether the cost of 
digging in wet clay would be greater or less than in moist clay, 
but the figures suggest that the best financial results will be 
obtained in summer use. 

The next point to note is that the cost of shallow drains is 
very much less than that of deep ones; thus 3 ft. 6 in. drains 
in dry clay cost exactly three times as much to dig as 2 ft. 
drains in similar soil. So pronounced a result was contrary to 
original anticipations. 

Comparing the cost of digging trenches with the ‘‘ Buckeye”’ 
with that by hand is not an easy matter unless the work be 
carried on side by side. At the demonstration the cost of 
excavating the 3 ft. 6in. mains which, under commercial 
conditions, we have shown might be 15s. 2d. per chain in 
moist clay and 8s. 7d. in dry clay, was estimated by practical 
farmers who saw the work to be between 12s. and 17s. per 
chain if dug by hand at present prices. The cost of digging 
2 ft. 6 in. drains in clay at the present time would probably 
approximate 6s. per chain, which may be compared with 
7s. 4d., the estimated cost per chain for 2 ft. 6 in. drains in 
moist clay and with 5s. 7d. the cost per chain for 2 ft. 6 in. 
drains in dry clay. Similarly, the cost of 2 ft. drains in clay 
if dug by hand would probably cost now about 4s. per chain 
as compared with 2s. 10d. by the ‘‘ Buckeve ’’ in dry clay. 
It is to be noted further that, provided the man who controls 


1921. ] Tue ‘‘ Buckeye ’’ DircHer. 319 


the drainer is reasonably careful, the work of ‘‘ bottoming ”’ 
before laying the tiles is negligible, so that further economy 
may result here. On the other hand, if the operator is care- 
less, the cost of ‘‘ bottoming ’’ as compared with hand digging, 
may be excessive. 

One other advantage is to be claimed for the ‘‘ Buckeye ”’ 
Drainer, namely, speed of work. The rate at which draining 
can be done by hand is phenomenally slow. A man can 
scarcely excavate 2 chains of 2 ft. 6 in. trench in a day of 
8 hours, while the ‘‘ Buckeve ’’ can do it in dry clay in about 
20 minutes. Lastly, hand draining is very heavy work which 
few labourers relish. 


Further Developments.—The trial showed that the friction 
produced by the revolution of the digging wheel in moist clay 
greatly retarded the speed of work and raised the cost. This 
friction was chiefly between the outside rims of the wheel, to 
which the clay adhered, and the sides of the trench; it was 
necessary frequently to stop and attempt to clear the rims. If 
scrapers could be fixed to the framework and adjusted to 
remove the adhering clay from the sides of the wheel, much 
of the friction would be obviated and increased economy of 
working obtained. | 

The digging wheel is designed to be fitted with digging 
buckets of two sizes; the small size excavates a trench 
114 in. wide and the large size one of 144 in. In 
the trials at Croxton the small-sized buckets were used 
throughout for both mains and minor drains. For main 
drains, if men must work in them to adjust grades in cases 
of error in digging, 11} in. is the smallest practicable size, but 
for shallow drains 11 in. is extravagant. If the digging 
Wheel were smaller, so as to dig a maximum drain of 11 in. 
and a minor of 8 in., considerable economy of fuel might be 
expected, and, consequently, greater speed of work. 

Not only is the ‘‘ Buckeye ’’ suitable for displacing hand 
labour in digging drains for ‘‘ thorough ’’ draining, but it is 
also suitable for digging the mains in co-operation with the 
mole plough, especially on land with a slight fall or irregular 
surface, where frequent mains are essential. 

The success of the ‘‘ Buckeve ’’ at Croxton warrants a more 
extensive use of the implement under commercial conditions, 
but the capital involved is too great to justify its purchase by 
farmers unless they are farming on a very extensive scale. 
It is an implement which may well be purchased by a land- 


320 THE ‘' Buckeye ’’ Drrcuer. [ Juny, 


owner having a large area of land needing drainage, or by am 
agricultural engineer in a similar district who would contract 
to drain land by the use of the ‘‘ Buckeye ’’ just as he now. 
contracts to drain with the mole-plough. | 

Conclusions.—1. The ‘‘ Buckeye ’’ Drainer proved itself 
capable of excavating straight trenches for land drainage to any 
pat not exceeding 4 ft: 6 in. 

. It was not successful in excavating trenches with a 
curve approximating to a right angle-—which is sometimes 
necessary where the main has to be led to its outfall; under 
such conditions, itis better to build a catchpit at the angle of 
the bend. 

3. Trenches were excavated at varying speeds according to 
depth and moisture of subsoil; 3 ft. 6 in. drains in moist clay. 
were dug at the rate of 1.7 chains per running hour, and in dry 
clay at 3.0 chains per hour; 2 ft. drains in dry clay at 9 chains 
per hour. 

4. In the experiment the costs of working were high, 
because of the conditions under which labour was employed., 
An attempt has been made on a conservative basis to estimate 
the costs of operating under commercial conditions, and they 
compare favoumayly with present costs of hand digging. 

5. If the ‘‘ Buckeye’’ Drainer were fitted with a wheel, 
and buckets capable of digging trenches 11 in. as a maximum 
and 8 in. as a minimum, instead of 144 in. maximum and 
114 in. minimum, considerable economy in costs of operating 
might be expected. 

6. The implement is not suitable for farmers to purchase 
unless operating on a very large scale; it is suitable for use 
by agricultural contractors or by landowners with large 
estates needing drainage. 


In conclusion, my thanks are due to Mr. Arthur Amos, 
M.A., of the School of Agriculture, Cambridge, for planning 
the observations recorded here and assisting with the report; 
to Mr. Thompson Close, the Ministry’s Inspector, for valuable 
help with the more technical details of the trial; to Mr. L. F. 
Newman, M.A., of the School of Agriculture, Cammrdes, for 
kindly undertaking the analyses; and to Sir Douglas Newton 
and his staff for facilitating the observations. 


1921. | GRADING AND PackineG or FRruIr. 321 


GRADING AND PACKING OF FRUIT. 


Hey. lawson, A.R.C.S.;.B.5C.5. ales; 
_ Deputy Controller of Horticulture. 


Ar present very few people interested in the fruit industry 
would deny that those trading in fruit have a_ grievance. 
The fruit sent to them by growers might be packed 
in a far better manner, but before any improvements can 
be made it becomes necessary for the grower to realise this 
point, to select good sound fruit of various sizes and quality, 
and to pack it in a suitable package, in order that 1t may be 
distributed through the trade to the consumer with the least 
possible loss of freshness. No doubt many growers in the past 
have done this, but since the wholesaler and the retailer have 
not recognised these sound and honest packages of fruit, the 
cash returned to the grower has not repaid him for the extra 
labour which he has employed. To guard against this it may 
be an essential part of the scheme for the grower to use a label 
on which may be described the weight, variety, quality and 
grade of the fruit. In some measure the label becomes a form. 
of contract between the grower and the retailer. So that these 
guaranteed packages of fruit can be easily recognised amongst 
the ordinarily marketed packages, the label should be some- 
what conspicuous in design. In all probability even this would 
be insufficient, for though any grower in this country might 
pack fruit in a perfectly honest manner, and use a label of his 
own, it would take a very considerable time for him to establish 
the worth of such a personal label, in our complicated marketing 
system. Experience in marketing in this country, chiefly 
in connection with produce from the glass house industry, has 
shown that it is possible for even an individual grower’s trade- 
mark to be of considerable value, though no doubt the time 
for this to become established has been considerable. Time 
is an important factor, and if large numbers of growers are to 
give up their old methods of packing and marketing fruit for a 
newer system, which will involve more labour, additional 
expense and detailed supervision, they must be assured of an 
immediate increased return. It may therefore be necessary 
for the label to be guaranteed by some official body, such as 
a Growers’ Federation of some considerable importance, or 
even by a Department of the Government. In other countries 
the label has. been guaranteed, sometimes by a Government 
Department (as in South Africa and California), and sometimes 


C 


322 GRADING AND PacxinG oF Ferutr. | JuLy, 


by a Growers’ Association, with a certain measure of assistance 
from Government Departments—a practice which has proved 
successful in Canada. 

A review of the Canadian and American literature on this 
subject will show that in the majority of instances the growers’ 
organisations started all these measures of reform on a 
voluntary basis. but before an extension of the scheme 
was possible it was necessary to secure Government 
assistance with legislation. There is a genuine desire to avoid 
legislation here if the reform measures can be established on 
a voluntary basis. The legislation in other countries was 
generally in the direction of defining standards for certain 
grades and classes of fruit, though in some cases it definitely 
decided the weight of goods to be sold in each package, and the 
size of the package which was to contain the fruit. In a few 
instances also, legislation provided that all the fruit was to be 
labelled and ascribed to its proper class. 

The question has rightly been asked in America: ‘‘ What 
is the object of legislation, laying down standards for produce 
of this nature? ’’ and the answer has been that standardisa- 
tion, in establishing a guide to the measure of quantity, weight, 
extent and value, sets up a standard for a given commodity, 
and classifies other commodities by comparison with the given 
standard. Such a standard will stabilise the business by 
providing a common ground whereon the buyer can meet the 
seller with the assurance that each is talking in the same under- 
standable language. Most of the grievances of trade are due to 
the lack of this common language. 


The various sections of the horticultural industry have 
recently considered this matter very carefully among themselves 
and in consultation with Government Departments. They 
have in fact considered a scheme put forward by the Ministry 
for dealing with this problem. There is undoubtedly a genuine 
desire among the best growers of this country to regard the 
defects as the business of the growers, and they propose to deal 
with this matter with a definite scheme of their own through 
the Growers’ Associations, and to seek no aid from the 
Government, other than advice and some little assistance in 
the initial stages. The desire of the growers to put their own 
business in order is a right one, and a very welcome one, and 
it is the hope of the retailer and the wholesaler that the scheme 
will succeed. The scheme of the Ministry will remain in 
abeyance, but the plans are at the disposal of the Growers’ 


1921. ] GRADING AND PackinG or FRuIr. 323 


Association for their use if they decide to accept them. If 
this growers’ scheme should fail, it is recognised that probably 
the next step of reform to be asked for by the retailers would 
be legislation, which in itself would mean some measure of 
control of the industry, a matter which neither Government 
Departments nor growers would welcome. 

Growers’ Scheme.—It would be necessary for the Associa- 
tion of Growers, having decided to adopt a scheme, to have 
a large supply of labels printed and distributed throughout 
the country by some organisation to individual growers, from 
whom it would be necessary to obtain guarantees that the 
labels would be properly used and in accordance with the 
conditions imposed. In theory it does not appear necessary for 
the packing of the growers to be carefully inspected before the 
packages are sent to the market, as the salesmen and retailers 
would soon discover any discrepancies. The conditions attaching 
to the use of the label would need the most careful consideration, 
but on the following points most people are agreed :— 

(1) That the Growers’ Association’s name should appear on the label. 

(2) That the label should only be used for certain agrecd varieties of 
fruit, and the name should be stated on the label. 

(3) That the grower before despatching the package should state on 
the label the number or name by which he is known to his Growers’ 
Association, the class, quality or grade of fruit within the package, and 
the net weight or count of the fruit. 

These are essential points that the salesman and the retailer 
can reasonably ask to know, and should be regarded as 
indispensable. Provided that the label is only used in a proper 
manner, no complaints would be received, a state of affairs not 
likely to exist for long. Some people through carelessness, 
and others through ignorance, might possibly use the label 
for packages for which labels were not intended, and complaints 
would arise. To trace the events as they are likely to occur 
it may be assumed that-those receiving packages of fruit bearing 
these guaranteed labels, the contents of which do not comply 
with the description on the label as to weight, variety, grade 
or quality, would undoubtedly seek satisfaction from the 
sellers of the goods, and in many cases adjustments would be 
made. In cases of failure the matter would, no doubt, be 
reported to the Growers’ Association named on the label, and 
it would be necessary for the Association to make such investiga- 
tions as are necessary, and attempt to effect a settlement. If 
unsuccessful, the matter can only be dealt with by arbitration, 
and perhaps this is the most difficult part of the scheme to 

c 2 


324 GRADING AND PackING oF FRvtIT. | JuLy, 


work, for it may be necessary in most of the large marketing 
centres to set up tribunals of arbitration, the constitution of 
which would include representatives of the Growers’, Whole- 
salers’ and Retailers’ Associations. These tribunals would act 
in their respective markets, and give decisions as to the classifi- 
cation of packages of fruit wrongly described. Settlement on 
the decisions would follow. An essential part of a scheme must 
give due consideration to finance ; nor is it shown to what extent 
the Growers’ Association are financially responsible for the 
packing of fruit bearing their authorised labels.* 

A scheme of this nature instituted solely by the growers can 
only succeed if it has the support of the wholesaler und the 
retailer, and in the past they have turned all the blame for the 
present unsatisfactory marketing on to the shoulders of the 
grower. ‘There are many ways in which the salesmen can 
render assistance. It has been stated that many growers have 
in the past adopted proper methods of grading and packing, 
but the market returns did not show any extra value for the 
goods, and as they had previously expended money in extra 
iehen charges they discontinued the practice. It is now the 
duty of salesmen to look out for labelled packages, and in 
selling them to see that some extra price is obtained for the 
extra attention given. It should be their duty to co-operate 
with the growers and the Growers’ Association in working the 
scheme and to facilitate the settling of complaints. At present 
each small consignment has to be dealt with separately by 
a salesman, much waste of time is caused in the markets, 
and his charges for labour are heavy. Under the new scheme, 
if he is dealing with standard packages, the consignments may 
be bulked together, and sold as per sample. This will lead to 
reduced space and labour costs, a portion of which may be 
reflected in the charges returned to the grower. The salesman 
and the retailer can co-operate to encourage the more extended 
use of fruit. especially home-grown fruit. 

Before this scheme can be launched and put into practice 
it would be necessary for decisions to be made in many 
matters of detail—some trivial and some important. None, 
however, will be more difficult or more controversial than the 
question of the ‘‘ package.’’ Those in use to-day have been 
selected ‘either because of cheapness, usefulness for preserving 
the freshness of fruit, or ease in handling. 

A grower in this country supplying goods direct to the retail 
shops. naturally finds it most convenient to use a package which 


“All these are details which can be settled after further experience has 
been gained. 


1921. | GRADING AND PACKING or FRUIT. 395 


can easily be filled and easily emptied, provided it is of sufficient 
strength to protect the goods during the short journey in the 
carts. For this class of carrier it is almost immaterial whether 
it is a box, barrel, basket, or even a tray. Growers situated 
at considerable distances from the shops, who are thereby com- 
pelled to send their goods by rail to the markets, would select 
packages strong enough to stand a long journey, easy 
to handle, and light when empty, and this is probably 
the reason why baskets in preference to boxes have been 
chosen. Growers situated in other countries wishing to 
send their fruit to this country have other factors to consider, 
the two most important of which are, that the fruit has to be 
packed and held firm by the package to permit of no jolting 
during the journey, and the package has to be of such size and 
shape that when large numbers are stored in the ship’s hold 
there is the minimum loss in space. A rectangular wooden box 
of some strength was suitable for this purpose—which is prob- 
ably the explanation of its selection. 

This does not necessarily mean, or in any way prove, that 
the wooden box is superior to the basket, but only that it is 
superior for shipment. Insomuch, however, that before boxes 
can be properly packed with fruit the produce must have under- 
gone a most careful grading, and therefore in bulk presents 
a good appearance when purchased, they have become popular 
in the English markets, and it is not unlikely that British 
fruit growers may have to consider this feature, and to select 
the box as the future package for some of the best varieties 
of fruit. Financial consideration, of course, must be very 
carefully considered; the box is an expensive package and 
it may be only possible to use it for expensive varieties 
of dessert apples. Whether the price realised for culi- 
nary varieties, except for the choice samples, would allow 
growers to use boxes is a matter for further consideration. 
Future experience alone will decide, but so far as can be seen 
at present, larger wooden packages, such as half-barrels, would 
appear to be the more economical package. 

In conclusion it has been proved that the present methods of 
srowing and marketing fruit, if persisted in will leave an easy 
field in the British markets for imported apples. It should be 
the immediate duty of all persons engaged in the industry to 
co-operate to put this matter on a sound business basis, so 
that the grower, the wholesaler, the retailer, and the consume! 
will all be satisfied with British grown fruit. 


326 RESEARCH IN ANIMAL BREEDING. LSULY, 


RESEARCH IN ANIMAL BREEDING. 
IV. 


R. C. Punnett, F.B.S., 
Professor of Genetics, University of Cambridge. 


In the previous articles of this series, published in the 
April and May issues of the Journa., Professor Punnett 
dealt with the coat colours in cattle and the crossing of 
polled with horned cattle as illustrations of simple Mendelian 
inheritance. In the June issue of the JouRNAL a description 
was given of the experiments undertaken with poultry and 
rabbits which were designed to investigate the inheritance of 
weight and coat patterns. 


One of the most striking points of difference between the 
higher animals and plants is that in the former the sexes are 
separate, while the latter are most often hermaphrodite. Asso- 
ciated with the bisexual mode of reproduction are peculiar 
features of heredity which have formed the subject of active 
investigation in recent years. As the result of much work in 
different parts of the world, the tangle of sex and its dependent 
characters 1s gradually being unravelled. In the first place we 
recognise sex itself as being inherited on Mendelian lines. 
Speaking generally, one of the features of sex-heredity is that 
the two sexes are produced in equal numbers. Male and female 
give males and females in like proportion, and it will be remem- 
bered (p. 15) that recessive and impure dominant give reces- 
sives and impure dominants in like proportion. Hence the con- 
ception that one sex is recessive and the other an impure 
dominant. The pure dominant can never arise, for male cannot . 
be fertilised by male, nor female by female. Then comes the ques- 
tion, which sex is to be regarded as recessive, and which the impure 
dominant—which is the sex that produces germ-cells all of the 
same sex, and which the one that produces equal numbers of 
two kinds of germ-cells differing in their sex-determining pro- 
perties? Experience has shown that there is no general rule 
for all animals. In man the male produces two kinds of sperms, 
but in the case of poultry it is the hen that produces two kinds of 
egos; on the other hand women and cocks agree in that each 
produees only one kind of germ-cell in respect of sex-determina- 
tion. In man the two kinds of sperm decide the sex of the child; 
in the fowl the two kinds of egg determine whether there shall 
hatch out a cockerel chick or a pullet. 


1921. | RESEARCH IN ANIMAL BREEDING. 327 


Karlier experiments, conducted in Cambridge, had revealed 
the existence of a peculiar form of inheritance to which the name 
sex-linked heredity was given. The nature of this may be 
illustrated by a case of the sort which was investigated on the 
University Farm. In discussing the Hamburgh-Sebright cross 
used for the weight experiments we stated that the Hamburgh 
was a gold pencilled, and the Sebright a silver. These colours 
were deliberately chosen as there was some evidence that gold 
and silver formed an alternative pair, and that the case was one 
of sex-linked heredity. The experimental work showed that this 
was so. Silver behaves as a simple dominant to gold, but in the 
hen the transmission of the factor for silver is sex-linked. The 
pilver hen, no matter how bred, is never pure for the silver 
factor; half of her eggs are ‘‘ silver ’’ and half are ‘‘ gold.”’ 
Moreover she transmits the silver factor to her male-producing 
eggs, and the gold to her female-producing ones. If we denote 
silver by S, and gold by s, and maleness and femaleness by M 
and F respectively, then the constitution of the silver hen is 
MFSs. Such a hen forms two kinds of eggs only, viz., those 
bearing maleness and silver (WS‘, and those bearing femaleness 
and gold (F's); and they are formed in equal numbers. ‘This is 
at once apparent when she is mated with a gold male, MMss. All 
of the sperms of such a cockerel are of the same kind in respect 
of these factors, viz., Ms. The male eggs of the silver hen (MS), 
when fertilised by the sperm of the gold cockerel (Ms) give birds 
of the constitution MMSs, i.e., silver males. The female eggs 
of the silver hen (F's) when similarly fertilised, give birds of 
the constitution MFss, i.e., gold females. We have bred a great 
number of birds from the mating of silver hen and gold cockerel, 
and have never met an exception to the rule that the cockerels 
all come silver, and the pullets all gold. 

This peculiar sex-linked type of inheritance is found in several 
other characters in poultry. It was demonstrated in America 
to hold good for the character of barred plumage such as is 
found in Plymouth Rocks. Barring is dominant to self black, 
but the barred hen is never pure for the barred factor. She 
transmits barring to her sons and black to her daughters. When 
mated with a black cockerel she gives only barred cockerels and 
black pullets. This observation we have been able to confirm 
in the course of our experiments. 

As has already been pointed out in this Journal,* sex-linked 


* The Early Elimination of Surplus Cockerels, by R. C. Punnett. Jou. of 
the Bd. of Agric., February. 1919, p. 1319. 


328 RESEARCH IN ANIMAL BREEDING. | JULY, 


inheritance may prove to be of economic importance for the 
poultry breeder. Golds and silvers can be distinguished in the 
downs of the newly hatched chicks. By mating hens belonging 
to the silver class with cockerels belonging to the gold class, it is 
possible to tell the sexes apart with certainty immediately they 
hatch, and this is also true when barred hens are mated with 
black cockerels. By making use of suitable crosses the breeder 
of poultry for egg production can be sure of rearing nothing but 
pullets through the earlier and more costly stages. If the method 
were more generally followed, the poultry population of these 
islands would consist of a far higher proportion of the more 
valuable hen, and a markedly higher total production of eggs 
for the same’ expenditure of food and labour. 


During the course of our work we have kept a number of pure 
breeds, and we have also made many crosses between them. A 
point that has impressed us greatly is the superiority of the 
first-cross birds as compared with the pure breeds. Under the 
same conditions the hatching power has been distinctly better, the 
chicks have been stronger, and mortality among them has been 
markedly less than for the pure-breed birds. The results have 
often been so striking that we feel it would be to the interest of 
utility poultry breeders if more extended trials could be under- 
taken. Carefully devised experiments of this kind might also 
be expected to throw light upon some of the vexed problems 
associated with inbreeding and crossbreeding. 

Our investigations into sex-linked heredity have served to 
confirm and extend the earlier work at Cambridge, where the 
phenomenon was first discovered ; and we should state that even 
ampler confirmation has been provided by other workers, notably 
in the United States. It is a phenomenon of great importance 
to the breeder, for it undoubtedly plays a large part in the 
heredity of animals with bisexual reproduction. Moreover the 
understanding of it may prove to be of high economic value. 
Professor Pearl in America has published an account of 
some experiments which suggest that high fecundity in 
poultry is transmitted on these lines. The highest grade of 
laying hen owes this quality to the possession of a definite 
laying factor. But she is never pure for this factor, and, as it 
is sex-linked in heredity, she transmits it only to her sons. 
The high-grade layers therefore must get this factor from their 
father, and the high prices paid to-day for the sons of hens with 
a high ege record is evidence that the enlightened breecer is 
already taking advantage of Pearl’s experimental work. There 


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1921. ] RESEARCH IN ANIMAL BREEDING. 329 


is evidence too that some factor leading to increased milk yield 
in cattle is transmitted on the same lines. Here, however, sex- 
linked transmission is by the bull, not by the cow. For cattle, 
like men, are mammals, and it is probably the male in mammals 
that produces two kinds of sperm differing in their sex-deter- 
mining properties. while the female produces only one kind of 
ovum. The bull may transmit something to his daughters 
that he does not transmit to his sons. 


The Cambridge work has also included another series of 
experiments dealing with a character of which the transmission 
is closely wrapped up with that of sex. In certain breeds of 
poultry the cock is feathered like the hen. He lacks the long 
hackles of the neck and saddle, and the curved tail sickles of 
the normal male, their places being taken by feathers such as 
are normally found in hens. This feature of henny feathering 
in the cockerel is found in Sebright Bantams, Campines, Henry 
Game, and occasionally also in other breeds such as the Ham- 
burghs (see Plate 1, Fig. 1). In our experiments the character 
was introduced by means of the Sebright Bantam. We found 
that henny feathering was dependent upon a definite factor, 
and that henny feathering in the cock is dominant to normal 
feathering. In its first plumage the henny cock may be inter- 
mediate between henny and normal feathering, but when this 
is the case he takes on the henny plumage at his first moult. 
Either sex in henny breeds can transmit the henny factor. From 
a bird of a pure henny breed, whether cock or hen, crossed with 
a bird of a normal breed, all the cocks produced are henny. The 
hens, however, are like normal hens in appearance, nar is it 
possible to distinguish hens which transmit henny feathering 
to their sons from those that do not. The interesting point then 
arises as to how we are to regard normal breeds where the hens 
are hen-feathered and the cocks are cock-feathered. A marked 
step towards the solution of this problem was made by Pézard 
in France, and Goodale in America. Both these observers 
found that complete removal of the ovary, a very difficult opera- 
tion, led to the castrated hen assuming cock-like plumage at the 
moult. The obvious inference is that the normal hen is poten- 
tially cock-plumaged, but that she forms a substance in the 
ovary which circulates in the blood, inhibiting the development 
of cock plumage, and rendering her henny. Further, since we 
ean attribute henny feathering in the cock to a definite fa-tor, 
we are led to suppose that the hen of normal breeds also carries 
this factor, though she transmits it only to her daughters, and 


330 RESEARCH IN ANIMAL BREEDING. _J ULY, 


they again only to their daughters. Interesting support of 
this view is derived from the results of castrating henny 
cocks. It is well known that castration of normal cocks has no 
marked effect, and that the plumage of the capon is similar to 
that of the uncastrated bird. Castration of the henny cock, 
however, results in the bird assuming the normal cock plumage 
at the moult. This was first demonstrated by Morgan and 
Goodale in America, and.has since been confirmed by Dr. 
F. H. A. Marshall in Cambridge. Plate 2 shows the skins of 
a henny cock, and of a castrated henny cock which, after moult- 
ing, assumed the plumage of a normal Brown Leghorn. Before 
castration this bird closely resembled the henny cock shown in 
Plate: 2, Pros 1; 


We must suppose that in the henny cock, as in the hen, the 
henny type of feathering is due to some substance circulating 
in the blood, inhibiting the production of normal male 
feathering. Moreover, this substance must be produced by the 
genital gland in the henny cock as in the hen. It may be pro- 
duced by a testis as well as by an ovary. The hen is not hen- 
feathered in virtue of her femaleness, but because she has 
received from her mother a definite factor which she transmits 
only to her daughters in the sex-linked way. At some time or 
other in the history of the fowl this factor went, as it were, 
astray, and entered into a male-producing egg; though how this 
came about we do not at present know. When, however, the 
dislocation happened it became possible to take advantage of it, 
and to build it up as a breed character. It is well known that 
the henny Sebright Bantams owe this peculiarity to a casual 
henny bantam cock that Sir John Sebright noticed about a 
century ago. Whatever may be the economic outcome, it 1s 
evident that the analysis of such cases as that of the henny cock 
is giving us a clearer insight into the problem of secondary sexual 
characters, which can never be neglected by the breeder.* 

A few words may be said of some experiments undertaken in 
order to investigate the characters of egg-colour and broodiness 
in poultry.t That we were unable to work out these characters 
in the way that we desired is due to circumstances brought 
about by the War. When they were planned there was 
a fair prospect of funds being found for the extension of the 


* A full account of this case will be found in the following paper :— 
Genetic Studies in Poultry. III. Hen-feathered cocks, by R. C. Punnett and 
the late P. G. Bailey. Journal of Genetics, XI, 1921. 

+ Genetic Studies in Poultry. II. Inheritance of Egg-colour and Broodi- 
ness, by R. C. Punnett and the late P.G. Bailey. Journal of Genetics, X, 1920. 


1921. | Researcu 1x ANIMAL BREEDING. 331 


work necessary to complete it. War difficulties, however, forced 
us eventually to abandon the work before it was finished, and 
since the Armistice the funds available for this kind of research 
have not been sufficient to justify us in undertaking fresh experi- 
ments on these lines. Such results as we managed to obtain 
are not without interest, especially in view of the economic 
importance of the characters investigated. We began in the 
usual way, crossing birds of a brown-egg broody strain with birds 
of a white-egg non-broody strain. For the former we selected 
the Black Langshan, and for the latter the Brown Leghorn and 
the Gold Pencilled Hamburgh. In respect of egg-colour the first- 
cross hens were intermediate, though the tinted eggs they laid 
approximated more to the lighter than the darker kind of the 
parental breeds. In the F2 generation nearly 120 birds were 
tested, and great variation was found. Some laid white eggs, 
a few laid dark eggs resembling those of the Langshan, while the 
great majority laid tinted eggs. The grades of tint varied from 
nearly white up to full brown. For a given hen the grade was 
fairly constant, though it varied somewhat with the season, 
especially in the case of those birds laying the more deeply 
‘tinted eggs. 

In its broad outlines the case was not unlike the weight case 
in poultry; viz., an intermediate Fl generation of fair uni- 
formity, and an F2 generation showing a full range of variation, 
between and including the two parental forms (Fig. 6, p. 254). It 
is probable that here also we are dealing with several factors, 
each of which influences the tint of the egg; and owr experiments 
have shown further that such factors are transmitted by the 
cock as well as by the hen. There is evidence also of the exist- 
ence of a factor which inhibits pigmentation of the shell, and 
this factor would appear to be linked with the factor for black 
down. F1 birds from the Tiangshan and Brown Leghorn cross 
all have the dominant black down of the Langshan. In F2 the 
brown-striped down of the Leghorn reappears in a quarter of 
the chicks. Our testing results showed that the layers of white 
and nearly white eggs were relatively much more numerous 
among the pullets that hatch black in down than among those 
that hatched brown. This peculiar linking of characters, though 
familiar to plant breeders, has not often been met with among 
the higher animals. Probably this is because relatively little 
work has yet been done with birds and mammals. It is likely 
that, as our knowledge increases, these cases of linkage between 
characters will become more plentiful and it is not improbable 


JULY, 


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RESEARCH IN ANIMAL, BREEDING. 


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that some of them may turn out to have an economic value. 
For if a visible character, such as colour or pattern, were linked 
with such a character as higher milk yield, or more succulent 
mutton, breeding for these latter characters would be greatly 
facilitated. 

Of our investigations into broodiness we can say little more 
than that they have shown the character to be a complex one. 
Hens vary greatly in this respect. Some go fully broody each 
year; others go broody occasionally and for a few days only; 
and all intermediate grades exist. Nevertheless our experience 
affords grounds for supposing that the character can be analysed 
and expressed in terms of definite factors, though it is clear 
that the experimental work demanded would be both long and 
tedious. For in broodiness, as in egg-colour, the case is compli- 
cated by the circumstances that the factors are carried and 
transmitted by the cock, though he neither goes broody nor lays 
egas. And the cock can only be analysed by mating him with 
hens of known constitution, and testing the nature of his female 
progeny—which takes time. 


Incidentally our experiments elicited a fact of some interest 
to poultry keepers. It is well known that the typically non- 
broody races lay white eges, while the races that lay brown eggs 
belong to the broody section. It has been held that broodiness 
is necessarily correlated with the brown egg, and that it is not 
possible to establish a non-broody brown-egg race. Our experi- 
ments do not bear this out. It is true that the brown egg may 
be correlated with broodiness: nevertheless, the linkage between 
the factors concerned, if it exists, is not complete, for we suc- 
ceeded in combining the full brown egg with the non-broody 
character. We do not doubt therefore that, by working on the 
right lines, a non-broody race laying brown eggs could be 
established. 

As a by-product of the above investigation we obtained data 
on the inheritance of leg-feathering. For the Langshan is a 
breed with feathered legs, while the Leghorns and the Ham- 
burghs are clean shanked. Our own data, taken in conjunction 
with those collected by other observers, have served to show that 
at any rate two factors are concerned in connection with this 
character. As with weight and egg-colour, the factors produce 
a cumulative effect, and a continuous series is to be found 
ranging from excessive development in birds pure for both 
factors, to absence. of leg-feathering where neither factor is 
present. For a detailed discussion, however, the reader may be 


334 ResearcH IN AntMAL BREEDING. I JULY, 


referred to the original paper.* We have mentioned the case 
because it affords another example of what, at first sight, appears 
to be blended inheritance, though here again, as in the cases 
previously described, analysis has shown that the apparent 
blending is probably due to the cumulative effect of several 
definite factors. 

Lastly, we may mention that in the course of our work we have 
gathered much information that is likely to prove of value for 
specific purposes. Our experiments with rabbits, for example, 
though designed primarily to study the inheritance of weight 
and certain patterns, have been used, as far as possible, to analyse 
the factors upon which the colour of the coat depends. In con- 
nection with the establishment of the natural rabbit fur industry, 
which is beginning to make progress, the information has already 
been of service to the utility breeder; nor can it be doubted 
that, as our knowledge extends, it will prove of greater value 
in the future. 

But after all the main object of the Cambridge work is the 
elucidation of the principles that underlie the phenomena of 
heredity. Once these have been revealed by research the appli- 
cation can be left to those who will derive profit from it. Of one 
thing, however, we feel sure, and that is that the breeder who 
masters the conceptions implied in the factorial theory of heredity 
will not only find in them a sure guide to practice, but will 
derive greater pleasure in the exercise of his craft as he sees 
fact after fact relating themselves to one another, and falling 
into place in a definite and orderly scheme. 


(Conclucded.) 


* Genetic Studies in Poultry. I. Inheritance of: Leg-feathering, by R. C. 
Punnett and the late P. G. Bailey. Journal of Genetics, VII, 1918. 


E921 =| Mosaic DisEasE oF POTATOES. B35 


Means DioBASK OF “POTATOES. 


A. D. Corton. 
Mycologist to the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, 


AursoucH the disorder of potatoes termed Mosaic has only 
recently been regarded as a specific disease, there is evidence 
that it has been in existence for many years. At the present 
time it is found in potato crops all over Europe and in North 
America; and since the disease is distributed by means of the 
seed tubers it probably occurs wherever the potato is grown. 
Potato Mosaic has, up to the present, been studied more 
thoroughly in the United States than elsewhere, and the 
scientific information available is almost entirely derived from 
investigations carried out in that country. 


Potato Mosaic in Britain.—Owing to the fact that Mosaic 
symptoms have not hitherto been regarded as those of an 
actual disease, it is not surprising to find that no general or 
popular name for the disorder exists. It is clear, however, 
that the terms ‘* miffy ’’ and ‘‘ miffiness ’’ in common use in 
certain districts are usually, if not always, apphed to potato 
plants affected with Mosaic, and that Mosaic symptoms are 
more or less known to observant growers. There are Scottish 
growers who can recollect having observed the characteristic 
mottling of Mosaic for forty years, and in all probability the 
disease has been general in Britain for a much longer period. 
It is also clear that what is spoken of in the south of England 
as ‘‘ deterioration ’’ in potatoes is at times only the result 
of a general attack of Mosaic disease. 

The disease occurs in all parts of the British Isles, though 
in varying intensity, and is frequently responsible for light 
crops on farms, and, to an even greater extent, in gardens 
and allotments. For this reason growers are advised to make 
themselves acquainted with the appearance of Mosaic and 
with the extremely important discoveries with regard to its 
contagious nature (see p. 838), since remedial measures can 
only be adopted after the disease has become fully recognised 
and the facts as to its method of spread appreciated. 


9? 


Mosaic Diseases in General.—-Before describing the 
symptoms of Potato Mosaic it may be advisable to record what 
is known of Mosaic diseases in general. ‘They constitute a 
group or class of diseases of an infectious nature, this being 
proved by the fact that if the sap of a diseased plant is inocu- 


336 Mosaic Disease or PoraTors. [Juny, 


lated into a healthy one the disease is reproduced either 
immediately or in the progeny of the inoculated plant. The 
causal agent is not known, but it has been shown that fungi are 
responsible and bacteria have not been found. It is clear, how- 
ever, that the infective principle or virus is present in the cell- 
sap, but the nature of this virus has so far eluded the search 
of the highest powers of the microscope.. Whatever the 
infective principle may be it is in some cases so potent that 
even the most minute quantities of infected sap conveved by 
small sucking insects such as aphides are sufficient to transmit 
the disease. Among other important crops in which infectious 
Mosaic disease occurs are those of tomatoes, beans, cucumbers, 
sugar-beet, maize, sugar-cane and tobacco. 

In some cases (e.g., dwarf beans) Mosaic is transmitted 
from season to season through the seed, but in others (e.g., 
tobacco) this does not appear to be the case. In Potato Mosaic 
it is carried by means of the tubers, and thus, like Potato Leaf 
Curl, it may. in a loose sense, be said to be inherited. 


Description of Potato Mosaic.—The symptoms of the 
disease vary somewhat, both in different varieties and in 
different parts of the country, but the following account will 
probably suffice to indicate the features by which Mosaic may 
be recognised. 

The ‘most obvious and distinctive character, and the one 
from which the disease takes its name, is the mottling of the 
foliage. The individual leaflets, instead of presenting a normal, 
uniformly green appearance, are faintly mottled or mosaicked in 
varying shades of green.* Usually, coupled with the mottling is 
a erinkling of the foliage—a waviness in the outline of the 
leaflets and other indications that the leaves are not normal. In 
some varieties and in severe attacks this crinkling or puckering 
becomes very marked. ‘Typical Potato Mosaic may nearly 
always be seen (in early summer especially) in the very 
susceptible variéties mentioned on page 839. Under certain 
conditions, and especially if it only develops late in the season, 
this mottling of the foliage may be very conspicuous, but the 
plants otherwise appear healthy and may produce a good or 
fairly good crop of tubers. 

In more severe attacks other symptoms are apparent. <A 
dwarfing tendency is very frequently manifested, and when 


* It should be noted that this mottling is a very faint one and quite different 
from the-bright yellow spots found not infrequently in certain early varieties. 
The latter is a variegation and not Mosaic or any form of disease. 


1921. | Mosaic Disease or PoTaTosrs. 337 


this takes place there is a marked reduction in the yield. In 
extreme cases the growth of the plants may be completely 
stunted, and when this stage has been reached the crop is 
reduced to practically nil. 


An important point to be noted in recognising the disease is 
that, though mottled foliage is one of the principal diagnostic 
characters and is usually very marked and conspicuous, this 
is not invariably the case. The mottling appears to be modi- 
fied materially by climatic conditions. In cooler and damper 
regions, typically mottled foliage may be found throughout the 
entire season, but in the hotter and drier parts of the country 
this feature, though quite apparent earlier in the season, may 
become much less marked later and may even disappear 
entirely. The crinkling of the foliage, however, remains.* 
T'his is comparable with observations made in the drier States 
of America, where, though the yield is very much reduced, the 
mottling symptoms are completely suppressed. It has been 
proved experimentally that this is a climatic effect. Plants of 
the same stock of seed were planted in Maine and Colorado. 
Mottling occurred in Maine but none developed in Colorado. 
That the stock did not lose the disease but was still infected was 
shown by the fact that when the southern-grown crop was 
returned to its northern station, the mottling reappeared. It 
would also seem from certain experiments that, though 
typical mottling is more conspicuous in the north, the effect 
of the disease may be more serious in the hotter parts of the 
country. 


Intensity of the Disease and Effect on Yield.—As will be 
gathered from the above description of symptoms, the intensity 
of the attack varies greatly. In general the effects of the 
Mosaic disease are more severely felt in the drier and warmer 
parts of the country, and, as indicated in the preceding para- 
_graph, climatic conditions appear to be the main (though 
perhaps not the only) factors governing the degree of 
intensity. exhibited. Owing to Mosaic disease having only 
_recently been recognised in England, few precise records exist 
as to its effect on the yield. It is probable that in most parts 
of Scotland and in the cooler and damper parts of Hngland 
and Wales the diminished yield due to the disease is relatively 
‘slight. In'the warmer and drier parts of Mngland, however, 


* The mottling symptoms are more clearly seen on a dull day or.when a 
shade is thrown over the plant. A white sheet of paper held under the leaf 
also assists in throwing the mottling into relief. 


D 


338 Mosaic Disease or PoTaross. JULY, 


there is evidence that the reduction is more marked. Under 
average field conditions, affected plants appear to show a 
decrease of 15 to 35 per cent. in yield as compared with healthy 
plants. It is true that only a certain number of plants in 
the crop are attacked, but even at a moderate estimate the 
ageregate loss due to Mosaic in the midland, southern and 
eastern counties of Hngland must be very considerable. In 
gardens and allotments where local or home-saved seed is 
used, a very dwarf form of the disease frequently occurs, and the 
losses are much more serious. 


Mosaic is particularly troublesome to the potato breeder. 
In certain districts of England it persistently attacks seedlings 
in its most intense form, and may at times practically kill 
out first year plants. 


Transmission of the Disease.—It has been clearly established 
that Potato Mosaic is carried from season to season in the 
seed tuber, and that diseased plants do not recover, their 
progeny reproducing the disease each successive year.* It is 
also known that Potato Mosaic is infectious, inasmuch as 
healthy plants, if surrounded by, or grown in proximity to, 
diseased ones, are liable to contract the disease and show 
it the following season in their progeny. 


The method by which infection of healthy plants takes 
place in nature is recorded in two papers recently published 
in America.t It was discovered that, as in the case of Tobacco 
Mosaic, the disease virus was conveyed by Aphides (‘* green- 
fly ’’) which fed on affected plants, the particular species 
responsible in the State of Maine being chiefly the Spinach 
Aphis (Myzus persica). Experiments proving this were 
carried out both in the greenhouse and in insect-proof cages 
in the open. If Aphides which had been sucking the juice 
of diseased plants were introduced into the cages, infection 
followed; if Aphides from healthy plants were introduced, no 
infection followed. Where infection took place early in the 
season, the mottling of the foliage developed during the same 
season, but when the plants were inoculated later, the disease 

* As a rule the whole progeny of a newly-infected plant shows the disease 


the following season, but occasionally, perhaps in cases of late infection, a 
few tubers escape and give rise to healthy plants. 


+ Investigations on the Mosaic Disease of the Irish Potato, by E.S. Schultz, 
D. Folsom, F. M. Hildebrandt, and L. A. Hawkins. Journ. Agr. Research 
XVII, pp. 247-273, 1919. 

Transmission of the Mosaic Disease of Irish Potatoes, by E. 8S. Schultz, 
and D, Folsom. Loe. cit., XIX, pp. 315-337, 1920. 


1921. | Mosatc DisEase or PoTAToEs. 339 


only showed itself in the progeny the following year. On the 
negative side it may be noted that no infection followed when 
biting insects, such as Flea-beetles or Colorado Beetles, were 
used; neither was there any evidence that the disease was con- 
tracted from the soil. 


Susceptibility of Varieties —During 1920 the Ministry 
undertook a preliminary survey of the distribution and 
intensity of Potato Mosaic in England, and observations were 
also made on the relative susceptibility of the different 
varieties. It would be premature as yet to generalize from 
the information obtained, but the following may be taken as 
holding good. It was found that, though the disease occurred to 
a limited extent in almost all varieties, both early and main- 
crop, there was a very marked variation in the percentage of 
infection commonly present as well as in the intensity of the 
attack. 

Under field conditions four varieties stood out above 
others as being specially susceptible. | These were Golden 
Wonder, Langworthy, Burnhouse Beauty and Tinwald Per- 
fection. In these varieties, affected plants to the extent of 
30 per cent. and upwards of the crop were commonly found 
in all parts of the country, whilst in some fields 75 per cent. 
or even 100 per cent. showed the disease. It should be noted 
that the first two varieties mentioned, although of good 
quality, are well known to be particularly light croppers; and 
there can be little doubt that this peculiarity is due to the 
very general -presence of Mosaic disease. Other varieties which 
showed the disease in some quantity were Arran Chief, The Ally, 
Dargill Early, and King Edward. It is obvious that these 
badly-infected stocks should, if possible, be eliminated and 
cleaner stocks worked up. 


Measures of Control.—The two points to be clearly grasped 

are :— 

(a) Infected plants do not recover, but carry the disease from 
season to season by means of the tubers. (b) By reason of 
aphis attacks the disease is transferred from infected plants 
to healthy ones and asserts itself more prominently the fol- 
lowing season. 

The following preventive methods should therefore be 

observed :— 

(1) Seed tubers should not be saved from diseased plants, nor 
from plots or fields where the disease is present in any 
quantity ; 

Dp 2 


340 Mosaic Disease or PoraToss. ‘JULY, 


(2) In the south, where the disease not only occurs in more 
severe form but is apparently more liable to spread (perhaps 
owing to earlier and more extensive attacks of aphides), 
extra care should be taken as to “‘ seed.’’ Where the 
disease occurs, no ‘‘ seed ’’ should be saved, but fresh 
‘““ seed’’ should be obtained from a good district in the 
north of England or from Scotland or Ireland. 

(3) Where Mosaic is persistently troublesome, varieties 
particularly subject to it should not be grown. 

(4) Early rogueing is of some value, but under ordinary farm 
or garden conditions the amount of success obtained is 
not commensurate with the cost. In the case of new 
varieties or seedlings the matter is different and special 
methods are warranted. If rogueing is carried out with 
extreme care and thoroughness, and if aphis attacks are 
prevented by spraying with a good insecticide (such as 
nicotine and soft soap), complete success should be 
possible. In the case of valuable crosses, the use of aphis- 
proof cages might be considered. 

(5) Those who grow for wholesale ‘‘ seed ’’ purposes should 
remember that, though the effect of Mosaic may be com- 
paratively slight in the north, it is often more severe in the 
south, and as the disease becomes known the demand for 
Mosaic-free ‘‘ seed ’’ will increase. Disease-free stocks 
should be therefore retained and worked up for '“ seed ”’ 
purposes. In the case of new varieties, it may pay to 
isolate these from other stocks, rogue carefully, and even 
spray with soft soap and nicotine in the summer months. 


1921. ] LIMInc. 341 


LIMING: 


WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE USES OF GROUND 
LIMESTONE. 


J. J. Grirriru, B.Sc. 


Lecturer in Agricultural Chemistry, University College of Wales, 
Aberystwyth. 


‘* Lime, when laid on in large quantities, has in this country 
a wonderful effect. . . . From my own experience | know 
that no good crop can be expected under two hundred bushels of 
lime per acre. . . . Upon peaty ground at least double the 
quantity of ime may be used. Indeed, as I have before men- 
tioned, you can scarce lay on too much upon such land.’’* 

So wrote Thomas Johnes of Hafod, a distinguished Cardigan- 
shire landlord, whose field expriments and various other in- 
vestigations had a very marked beneficial influence upon the 
practice of farming in Mid-Wales at the commencement of the 
nineteenth century. 

Down to the middle of last century farmers relied almost 
entirely upon lime and dung for maintaining and improving soil 
fertility. The latter half of the century, however, witnessed a 
great decline in the use of lime. This was due to several 
causes :— 

(1) Extensive liming and under-manuring often resulted in 
soil exhaustion. 
(2) The erroneous belief that the use of artificial] manures 

did away with the need for liming. 

(3) Shortage of farming capital due to the agricultural 
depression of the nineties. 
(4) The increasing scarcity and cost of labour. 


During the last 13 years the writer has analysed a large 
number of soil samples obtained from various districts in Mid 
and South Wales. The results of the analyses, considered in 
conjunction with field observations, appear to support strongly 
the substantial truth of Thomas Johnes’s conclusions. The 
evidence in support of the view that the practice of liming in 
Mid and South Wales should become much more general may 
be briefly stated as follows :— 


Eifiae’ - Cardiganshire Landlord’s Advice ‘to his Tenants,” by Thomas 
Johnes, Esquire, of Hafod, 1800. 


342 LIMING. id ULY} 


(1) The great number of soil samples which the writer has 
analysed in-connection with the advisory work of the Agri- 
cultural Department of the University College of Wales were, 
with very few exceptions, practically devoid of carbonates. 
Worse than this, a very high proportion of the samples were 
found to be distinctly sour. 

(2) In practically every case where farmers, acting upon 
the recommendation given in the reports of these analyses, 
applied lime there followed a marked increase in crops. 

(8) In several districts the “‘ Finger and Tce ’’ disease of 
the swede and turnip crop is very prevalent. 


A striking example of this trouble is given by a farm in 
South Wales situated within three miles of a limestone quarry 
and kiln. This farm has suffered severe losses of crops due 
to the ravages of “‘ Finger and Toe.’’ The presence of an 
easily accessible source of lime in this particular instance 
brings out vividly the decline in the old custom of liming. A 
sample of the soil from one of the affected fields on this farm 
gave the following results when tested in the laboratory :— 


Hygroscopic moisture = = a. , wid} per cent, 
Loss on ignition ae af xe best |) SpE 
Carbonate... =e ase es cee! IN: 

Lime requirement (calculated asCaCO3) ... ‘27 4, ,, 
Action on litmus ie a = ... Strongly acidic. 


(4) In several cases where land has been laid down to grass, 
it has been observed that the clovers have more or less failed. 
Some of these cases have been specially investigated and have 
provided data of some interest as regards the probable cause 
of failure. The following example may be regarded as typical 
of such cases :— 


A farmer made two unsuccessful attempts to lay a particular 
field down to grass. The soil was regarded as a very fertile 
loam and was apparently uniform in every respect throughout 
the field; although the clovers flourished satisfactorily in parts 
of the field there were isolated areas where they had failed 
completely. Samples of the soil were taken from each of the 
‘failure areas’ and also from the adjoining land on which 
the clovers thrived. Both sets of samples were analysed. The 
results showed that in mechanical and chemical composition all 
samples were alike except that those obtained from the “ failure 
areas ’’ were more acidic and had a higher lime requirement. 
This is shown in the following table :— 


1921. ] LIMING. 343 


Clover Areas. Failure Areas. 
Average Average 
Jor 4 Samples. for 5 Samples. 
Carbonate... aes aaa Nil. Nil. 
Action on litmus... op Slightly acidic. Strongly acidic. 
Lime requirement (calculated 
as CaCO3) Sie a 0-078 per cent. 0-160 per cent. 


In view of the obvious necessity for increased liming, and of 
the fact that “‘ lime ’’ for agricultural purposes may be obtained 
in at least three forms, viz., burned lime, ground quicklime 
and ground limestone, it is highly important that farmers should 
be aware of the conditions under which these various forms of 
lime may be most profitably used. It is the special object of 
this article to draw attention to some of the circumstances which 
may influence the value of ground limestone as a fertilizer. At 
present there are but relatively few farmers who view ground 
limestone with much favour. There appear to be several reasons 
for this :— 

(1) Excessive claims made on its behalf have led to the 
application of dressings much too small to produce appreciable 
results. 

(2) Its price has often been proportionate to the excessive 
claims. 

(3) Variability as regards both composition and degree of 
fineness. This may be exemplified by the following analyses 
of samples received at the college laboratory :— 


Ground Ground 
Limestone Limestone 


No. 1. No. 2. 

Percentage calcium carbonate... 94°25 53°11 

* Percentage { Below zis in. diameter... .«-/ 14°92 3°14 
fineness of } Between yaa in. and goin. diameter 73-03 37°65 
particles | ba eo im. ,,  gsin. =A 10°80 35°09 

| Above 34 in. diameter iia hizo? 24°12 


(4) Farmers have failed to realise its limitations. Lime- 
stone is very efficient in correcting sourness and in assisting 
chemical and bacterial actions, but is very inferior to burned 
lime for improving the texture of heavy clay soils. It often 
happens that a farmer’s prejudice against ground limestone 
rests upon failure to secure any benefits from the application 
of only 4 or 5 ewt. per acre on stiff clay soils. 


Among the reasons which may be advanced in favour of using 
ground limestone, the following may be enumerated : — 


© See “Selection of Fertilizers,” by J. J. Griflith, University College of 
Wales, 1915. 


344 Limine. | JULY, 


(1) High cost of fuel, especially in the case of limestone 
quarries situated away from coal areas. 

(2) In districts where limestone is used for road repairs, 
definite testimony has been borne to its value by farmers who, 
recognising the superiority of that kind of road scrapings and 
ditch cleanings, have made a practice of using them. 

(3) It is possible to secure much finer grinding than was 
practicable 15 or 20 years ago. 

(4) During recent years laboratory methods for ascertaining 
the lime requirements of soils have been much improved. 
Now it is possible to give the farmer reliable guidance in this 
connection, so that he may know the minimum quantity of 
limestone needed to meet the requirements of his particular 
soil. 

(5) In the case of soils with low lime requirement it is 
easier to apply small dressings of ground limestone than of 
lump lime. 


Last year the writer conducted a pot experiment to ascertain 
the influence of degree of fineness upon the efficiency of ground 
limestone. ‘'Trefoil (Medicago lupulina) was chosen as the crop 
to be grown, because Wales is mainly a grassland country, and 
because the success of grassland farming is to be measured 
largely by the farmer’s success in keeping up a high proportion 
of leguminous plants in the herbage. Further, Professor Lloyd 
Williams furnished the information that, under Welsh conditions 
of soil and climate, of the leguminous lime-loving plants, trefoil 
was particularly sensitive to the action of lime. 

The carboniferous limestone chosen for the experiment was 
analysed and found to contain :— 


Percentage. 
Moisture ss wae ioe ee Be 23 
Calcium Carbonate ... one Ne pe Gils: 
Magnesium Carbonate oes Be ae "D9 
Tron and Aluminium oxides sae $4 “25 
Matter insoluble in acid ... ae: Jet 132 


The soil used in the pots was fairly typical of the sedentary 
soils on the Ordovician formation in Mid Wales. The soil was 
found to be acidic in its action upon litmus paper. Its lme- 
requirement, ascertained by shaking with a standard solution of 
calcium bicarbonate, was found to be equivalent to 1.25 per 
cent. of calcium carbonate (approximately equal to 25 cwt. per 
acre). Its mechanical and chemical composition is indicated in 
the subjoined table :— 


1921. | LIMING. 345 


(a) Mechanical Composition. | (b) Chemical Composition. 
Percentage. Percentage, 

Moisture = a 2-7 | Nitrogen a ae aD 'eke 

Loss on ignition oo LOD | otal Phosphoric Acid 

Gravel “im at 17°9 | (P205) se a ee 

Coarse Sand ... sae LOD | Citric-soluble Phosphoric 

Fine Sand a... am. Lod | AGG: <4. ans a. UO 

Coarse silica. )°",.. . 15:4 | Total Potash (KO) ... °78 

Fine Silt a ica. LO Citric-soluble Potash ...  °05 

Clay* 0% eve vee 4°4 Total Lime (CaO)  .... = ‘28 
| Total Magnesia (MgO) ‘20 
| — Carbonate nae Nil. 


The limestone was ground in a mortar and separated by sieves 
into four fractions of the degree of fineness indicated below :— 


Fraction A. Particles below } in. and above 7s in. diameter.* 


Fraction B, it feet, C8 a erate 7 
Fraction C, ‘ eats lee ») Yoo in. 5 
Fraction D, ‘ 4) Yao in. 


The pots were filled with soil and seed was sown on May 15th, 
1920. Pots 1, 2 and 8 for control received no limestone, while 
the soil in Pots 4 to 11 inclusive received an admixture of 0.8 
per cent. ground limestone (approximately equivalent to 8 tons 
per acre). No manure was added to any of the pots. The treat- 
ment is indicated in greater detail in the following table :— 


Pots 1,2 and3_ No limestone. 
Pots4and5... 03 per cent. of limestone, particles 4 in. to 74 in. 


FOG. anes has y, a a cs a yz in. ,, sin. 
( oe , 

Pothe endo: cs 5 ig = 3 al a5 I. ,, pao ID. 

Pots. 10-andell ~~. a i ” < below z23> In. 


Kighty seeds of trefoil were sown in each pot. By May 28rd 
the seedlings appeared in all pots. They did not, however, 
thrive in any pot. In fact they were of a poor colour, appeared 
to be in a very critical state, and made but very slight progress 
up to June 10th. At this date, however, the plants in pots 
10 and 11 appeared to have greatly improved in colour and were 
making headway. ‘The plants in the other pots did not improve 
much for another fortnight. On June 28th the plants were 
thinned down to 40 individuals to each pot. 


* That it is practicable to grind limestone so that the greater part of it 
would pass through a 100 mesh to inch sieve is shown by the following 
results recently obtained by the writer in examining a sample of ground 


limestone :— 


Particles} in. to ~,in. ... ... O14 per cent. 
tin, , gsin... oe Sy SBD 
‘9 Pan in, 9 the in. eee wae 715 ” 


3, below yA; in. ees .« 9108 


346 Limmnc. [Juny, 


On July 31st the crop was cut and subsequently air-dried and 
weighed. ‘The results are shown in the following table :— 


a 
: 
Treatment Nil Particles Particles | Particles Particles 
; } aes ae nae Be aaa ge ack 
Limestone. 3 M.—yy in. | 7 in.—,, in. 4.in.—;Z5in.|below ;3, in. 


No. of Pots | 1. 2. 3. Ag oe Cel Mie poet. 8.) Ocal 


Wt. of air- 
dried crop ; 
In grms. - 2°63 2°552"53)) 33. 3'0- 3°6; "B525.| 4°73 4a o-6 > EO: 


As indicated in the illustration and figures given above, the 
ground limestone of a degree of fineness below 1/100 in. bene- 
fited the crop to a remarkable extent. With 1/25 in. to 1/100 in. 
the benefit was slight, while in the case of the two coarsest 
grades the effect was almost inappreciable. The pots were 
allowed to remain without any further treatment to provide a 
second crop. 


The second crop of trefoil was cut on November 29th. The 
results are given below :— 


| | 
Conical Particles | Particles Particles | Particles 
: is : Los gars pe Ae I~ 5 | 1 1 
gs M75 as Tz IN.—_3s 1; 25 1N.—j7Go 10. below 100 In. 
| | 
INOMOE Pots: |e 22.823: 4, 5 6 i 8 9 10, iM. 


Wt. of air- | | | 
dried crop | | 
invormistee) We Oe ge *as2el a less aleAe | Mes Sa ite bs 5 eee ngs 24°3. 


The results given above indicate very clearly that the trefoil 
did not respond to any appreciable extent to ground limestone 
which could not pass through the 1/100 in. mesh sieve. In 
the case of the finest grade (below 1/100 in.) the effect upon 
the crop was very marked. It should be observed that the 
superiority of the finest grade was even more striking with 
the second crop than with the first. Jt is thus evident that 
particles above 1/100 in. not only failed to have any appreciable 
immediate effect upon growth, but also did not succeed in 
assisting the crop even several months after application. 
Another feature of the experiment, of considerable interest from 
the practical farmer’s point of view, is the large number of 
plants which perished during the first few weeks after germina- 
tion, both in the control pots and in all the pots to which the 
erades of limestone above 1/100 in. were applied. In the case 


OZGL ‘A[NE WIL Uo {[Lozor | 
LOJOLT, JO AO 4sty ot} OULMOY 
rd Se ar 


—— -— 


+ * _ aa alte hee be eee, 
= \ on in , J * » , 
i ~ a“ 
' . : Y : 4 ‘ a Ae! i 
? if i = : y, 2. 
i ‘’ r q 
} : ‘ : i wy 
se j . - = 4 i — ~ ole ie aes S95 ae ‘ - i 
‘ , s 7 
lle j ! x : 
e ‘4 t 7 
t . 7 ; : 
rg - “A 
hy i : ; Cer { t 
: ’ = 
» . + i é fa ’ 
= 7 , i b 4 7 a A 
4 : A : : : 
* 1 - s” 
4 ’ - F 7 
i F "s r - J c i 
' ree j 7 rm Hi - 7 
a a ¥ A ; ey nd ae 2 : , - is 
: nl 7 on - - 
‘ J 5 f : ~ os 
=. ; + v= ; 
a 5 ‘ i <) a ’ , 
’ 5 wae Bee 
A : ‘ _. : : < yr 
: i : 
; i © 
: 7 — 1 a 
: : ‘ . 
1 1 = : 
wy - ; : : 7 
Y "i : pte | } 
3 ‘ 4 
‘ Fa y 
S ; { os 
; . 
; 1 - sary 
: i i ‘ 2} a + 
: i : hes x 
5 ‘ - i « i) 
* - sh r - = he : 
tee = H 7 ' bo r ‘ oe ary, 
ee 7 Nel ~ 
“5 : Poet 7 en if vs : ee, : 3 
' j a ; ; 
ey - + bar , ‘2 . gir mi, 
Drab id das 5 Le : a : : ly 
y : BP Sid id Cane a8Gy PRA Vope i tacetn tame yodieey 5 | Ui ae 9 een rege me vals iherO™ ad ge re a fi Sree hase 
: em aldo REESE ES fone a swine hipaa 
7 J a ; : 
4 - 
; \ wf 2 
{ Ls ¥ = *) = po 
. = “ uy = A t - ~ , : 
f ' : = 
. - 1 1 - ; 
i : v4 ¥ y * 
> rs 7 7 i 
fi : _ # 7 o- i a | i . 
7 = = 7 ' 
; | _ 
4 i i ; ; 
= : } HN : 
rT. q 7 : ! 
’ ' J = i J 
: R a £X ya 7 
- + i - 7 ‘ 
a ¥ : 
, > ' ~ r 7 , 
‘ Ne = - 
: : 7 \ Ff 
5 ’ ‘ i : 
4 0 
. 5 : : a = / i 
ts a J 
i - : y a a : 
: : P 
i ' , Ser , - ed Sass ; 
7 { j 7 " 
al r > 1 : : ; nad | 4 - 4 
i a” : : 
- * . | i : ' 7 
“ eee . ‘ : 
7 = ef 3 3 : in 
= eo 7 : m3 f ia 
M : wa ec : is — 
{ yi : < 4 . 
Sree ae iy t : f ‘ 3 : : : : 
f 5a i, o : 
: ” 1 ’ z @ : 4 : 
: hae * _ . . a « 
ght a a : ? j 
: ™ 7 : 
“4 - = x a { 
, os i oA ” é f 
‘ 7 ; - 2 7 =| 2 = 4 wer ‘ 
q z F ate Sie F i i 
rm _ ‘ “ r Calew i i ; " 
i * a ~ . rk 
; ' 14 i aly uae i y es Bei ae 
7 ’ 5 ae me 
; ' . t / ; 
: bs 1 
" ( a ' : — i) An 


Se Be Byte eines 


= tpt le pe okey 


at 


‘ 
va 


a 


ty 


fie 


uy 


BB eg ie cre hve bee 


3 


Sy ANE 


3 
’ 
Haas 


4 


cs 


H 
a 
= 
‘ 


& 


i 


Fl 


1921.] LIMING. 347 


of pots 10 and 11, i.e., those treated with limestone below 
1/100 in., very few plants died. 


Several American experiments* have been conducted in order 
to ascertain the degree of fineness to which limestone should 
be ground. The results obtained regarding the desirable degree 
of fineness vary from 1/50 in. to 1/100 in. 


In certain circumstances coarsely ground limestone might meet 
crop requirements. ‘There are conditions, however, in farming 
practice which would appear to make the finest possible grinding 
advisable. A high degree of fineness facilitates thorough in- 
corporation with the soil. ‘This is of greater importance with 
the application of small quantities than it is with heavy dress- 
ings, and ground limestone is often applied in relatively small 
dressings. Again, the trefoil pot experiment, referred to above, 
shows that during the season of application the coarser particles 
may have but little 1f any beneficial effect upon the crop. There 
are occasions when it is particularly important to supply lime 
in such form as will assist the plant during the season of 
application. In many cases it would be applied at that point 
in the rotation when the grass and clover seeds are sown. In 
such a case the degree of fineness of the limestone, and there- 
fore its availability for the plant during the first year, which is 
often a critical period, might decide whether the laying of the 
land down to grass was a success or failure. 


Reference has already been made to the fact that in many 
districts farmers have lost faith in ground limestone on account 
of its ** failures.’ Most of these “‘ failures,’’ however, can be 
explained readily as arising from the improper use of ground 
limestone. For example, in the hilly districts of Wales many 
cases have come under observations where unsuccessful attempts 
have been made to improve pasture land by the application of 
5 or 6 ewt. per acre of ground limestone. The distinctive feature 
of the soils in the cases examined were (a) richness in organic 
matter, (b) a high degree of acidity, and /c) a particularly high 
lime requirement. 

During the years 1914-15 the Agricultural Department of this 
College carried out an experiment? to ascertain the most suitable 
manurial treatment for upland pastures. The report states that 


*Lyon, Fippin and Buckmann, “ Soils, their Properties and Management,” 
p. 540. Maryland Agricultural Experiment Station, Bulletin No. 193, p. 45. 
Pennsylvania Experiment Station, Bulletin No. 149, p. 21. Agricultural 
Experiment Station of the Rhode Island State College, Bulletin No. 180. 


+ “The Improvement of Upland Pastures,” by Jones and Stapledon, 


348 Liminc. [ Juy, 


‘by the second year the limed plot shows practically identical 
results with the unmanured.’’ The writer was requested to 
sample the soil of the various plots in order to ascertain their 
lime requirements. As indicated in the table given below, soil 
samples were taken from :—(1) Fescue pasture areas, (2) areas 
containing a high proportion of white clover, (3) Molina 
pasture areas, (4) peaty layer 1 in. to 2 in. depth covering the 
fescue areas. 


Table showing lime requirement of soil from various plots. 


Lime require- 


NDeGE Manurial 


Sample. Description of Sample. | ee of ee oe 
| ay CaCO, percent * 

1 Sample of the peaty surface of the | By slag -ii4 4155 O'974 
fescue area iF oes 
2 Sample of soil, fescue area, Plot I| ,, ;, Be =? 0-430 
3 v Sg 3 vs x = ALA 75) ruate of 0420 

potash 
4 Patek $3 e III | Lime, superphos- 0*460 

| | . | phate, muriate 

Da S Le eas = x , LV | Lime, superphos- 0°430 

| phate 
6 yd my Ae - a ,, WV | Lime, 10 ewt. per 0°390 

acre 

7 | Ss uuet aie ho * , VI | No manure mF: 0460 
8 = fee CMOvei oe i, | — 0°295 
9 | Molinia,, sel || ae 1-665 
10 | bog land adjoining | — 0°735 


plots: 


The figures given in the table show that the lime-requirement 
of the soil of the Fescue pasture was very high (samples 2 to 7) 
and that it was still higher in the case of the Molinia pasture 
(sample 9). In the isolated spots where the clovers flourished 
the lime requirement was much lower (sample 8). The lime- 
requirement of the surface peaty layer overlying the Fescue area 
(sample 1) was so high that if a small dressing of lime were 
applied it would be used up before it reached the underlying 
portion of the soil. Further, the lime-requirement figures in 
general were so high that it could not reasonably be expected 
that a small dressing of lime would lead to much improvement. 
The nature of the soil on these plots was fairly representative 
of hill soils in Mid Wales. It is, therefore, not surprising that 
small dressings of ground limestone applied to upland pastures 
have often been ‘‘ failures.’’ This experiment was conducted in 
the district of which Thomas Johnes wrote, and it explains the 


® 1 per cent. lime requirement is approximately equivalent to 1 ton per 
acre for a soil 9 in, deep. 


1921. ] LIMING. 349 


truth of his statement that ‘‘ lime, when laid on in large 
quantities, has in this country a wonderful effect.”’ 


General Conclusions. 

(1) Liming as a general farm practice must receive more 
attention if soil fertility is to be raised and food production 
increased. 

(2) Great losses must be taking place in connection with the 
pasture land of the country because soils are deficient in lime 
when grass and clover seeds are sown. 

(3) In view of both the increased cost of fuel and the improve- 
ments which have been effected in the construction of pulverizers 
and crushers, ground limestone may under many circumstances 
be advantageously taken as a substitute for burned lime. 

(4) A demand for ground limestone may lead to the opening 
up of disused quarries outside coal areas, and may thus establish 
new centres of distribution. 

(5) There appear to be various reasons why expenditure on 
ground limestone has often been unremunerative in the past, 
V1Z. :-— 

(a) Coarseness of grinding. 

(b) More impure limestone used for its manufacture than 
was the case for the production of burned lime. 

(c) The smallness of the dressings which have often been 
applied to soils which needed fairly heavy liming. 

(d) The exorbitant prices which have on occasions been 
charged for it. 


350 Report on Porato Trraus, 1920. [ Juny, 


REPORT ON POTATO TRIALS, 1920. 


Introduction.—Official statistics for 1920 show that the 
acreage of potatoes in England and Wales was 544,615 acres, with 
a total yield of 3,151,000 tons. These statistics relate only to 
holdings of more than 1 acre in extent, so that the true 
acreage of potatoes in the country must be considerably in 
excess of this figure, as potatoes are grown on most small 
holdings and allotments, and in private gardens. 

The total value of this crop to the Nation directly and 
in terms of money cannot be less than £25,000,900, so 
that the industry is of great economic importance. Moreover, 
the food value of the crop is unquestioned. Its importance, as 
shown by the above figures, is such as to justify, and in fact 
necessitate, the carrving out of experiments and demonstra- 
tions to throw more light on many of the more complex 
matters of cultivation; to discover and demonstrate to the 
public the superior cropping capacity of new varieties of pota- 
toes on particular types of soil; to demonstrate the value of a 
complete manure such as that which gave the most satisfac- 
tory results in the trials of potatoes carried out by the Irish 
Department of Agriculture in previous years; and to increase 
supplies of those varieties possessing great powers of resistance 
to the many diseases. The most important problem affecting 
potatoes with which the Ministry_is at present faced is the 
safeguarding of the crop against Wart Disease by the growing 
of immune varieties on infected land, and therefore the 
varieties selected for these demonstrations were mainly those 
sorts which have proved immune to Wart Disease. The trials 
should provide figures showing the most profitable of these to 
erow, and where a satisfactory yield is obtained, these trials 
serve a useful propaganda purpose in connection with the con- 
trol of this disease. 

The growing of the very early varieties for lifting green has 
now become an important industry to many growers, and 
especially to those with a limited amount of land situated near 
large centres of population, so that trials to compare the 
cropping capacities of some of the early immune varieties with 
those of such popular susceptible varieties as ‘‘ Epicure,”’ 
‘May Queen,’ and ‘‘ Ninetyfold’’ were needed. The 
Ministry's scheme was prepared with due consideration to 
these points, and was circulated to County Horticultural Com- 
mittees, with a request that they would carry out trials of 


-1921. ] Report on Porato Trius, 1920. 351 


potatoes in their respective areas on the lines laid down in the 
scheme, the details of which were given as follows :— 


Ministry’s Scheme for Potato Demonstration Plots, 1920.— 
The main objects of the scheme are for the purposes of :— 

(a) Finding out those varieties best suited to the different 

districts; 

(b) Demonstrating approved methods of potato culture. 

Wart Disease.-—The Ministry requires the planting of 
immune varieties in those areas in which Wart Disease is 
known to be common and widespread, and in such areas 
Committees should use immune varieties only for their trials; 
whilst Committees in the ‘‘ clean ’”’ districts should demon- 
strate the value of these immune varieties, and test their com- 
parative merits with well-known susceptible kinds. 

Supply of Seed.—The source of the seed potato influences 
the resultant crop to such an extent that all the seed should 
be obtained from the same source. It is advisable, therefore, 
that the seed, which will be Scotch Seed, should be purchased 
in bulk by the Ministry* and distributed to the various Com- 
mittees. The seed potatoes will be invoiced at cost price to 
the Committees. 

Quantity of Seed.—In carrying out these trials 14 lb. of 
each variety should be planted on land, which has _ been 
prepared according to the instructions given below. 

Manures.—The land should receive farmyard manure at the 
rate of 15—20 tons per acre, and, preferably, to be applied in 
the drills at the time of planting; and artificials at the rate 
of :— 


Superphosphate (26 per cent.) ... i — 43 cwt. per acre. 
Sulphate of Ammonia ... nae we Sd af er ee 
Sulphate of Potash oe ses Ses Ade a 


Varieties.—The trials ahoaia fie divided into two main 
sections : 

Pavitt. 

Demonstration of the cropping powers of the well-known 
immune kinds such as Great Scott, Arran Comrade, Majestic, 
Kerr’s Pink, Golden Wonder, Tinwald’s Perfection and 
Favourite. 

Part 2. 

Early Variety Trials.—It is considered to be important 
to institute trials to test the earliness and _ cropping 


* Later it was found to be more practicable to indicate sources of supply 
to County Committees. 


352 Report on Potato Triats, 1920. | JULY, 


qualities of certain early varieties. It must be realised that 
certain varieties are grown and marketed as earlies, which are 
not really earlies, if regarded from the point of view of 
maturity. ‘* Epicure’’ is a good example of this. It is a 
variety which ‘* bulks ’’ quickly, and can be marketed early ; 
yet, if judged by its date of maturity, it is a second early. 
The same remark applies to ‘“‘ Kclipse’’ and ‘‘ Sir John 
Lilewellyn.’’ 

It has been frequently stated that “‘ King George, 
grown, will be ready for lifting quite as soon as ‘* Epicure. 
Last season, In many districts, ‘‘ Arran Comrade ’’ matured 
earlier than ‘“‘ Epicure.’’ Jt is, therefore, of the greatest 
importance that this problem of earliness should be tested in 
a thorough manner in all these districts where early potatoes 
are grown. 

Norr.—The Trials of Early Varieties are for the express pur- 
pose of comparing the earliness of some particular. varieties. 
To obtain reliable results it is obvious that the seed of the 
many kinds must all come from the same source, be treated in 
a similar way, planted on the same date, and the. crop 
given equal opportunities for development. It has been 
indicated before that it is not merely the determination of a 
date when the crop matures, but of a period when the crop 
may be profitably marketed. This is a point that should be 
well considered. 

The instructions regarding supply of seed, manuring, &c., 
are the same as for the cropping trials. 

Varieties as Controls for 1920.—Three of the leading well- 


if well 


>) 


known susceptible first earlies, ‘‘ Duke of York,”’ ‘* Ninety- 
fold ’’ and ‘‘ Epicure,’ should be grown as controls with 
which the new varieties may be compared. ‘These new 


varieties are Dargill Karly, Arran Rose, King George, Niths- 
dale, Arran Comrade, Snowdrop. 

Planting.—The time of planting will vary slightly according 
to the district. The trials should be planted at what is con- 
sidered a suitable time for planting potatoes in the district. 
It is suggested that a distance of 26 inches between the drills 
and 12 cae between the sets should be adopted throughout 
all the trials. Any departure from these distances should be 
noted in the reports of the trials. 

_Reports.—It is suggested that Committee will prepare a full 
report of the trials for the benefit of farmers and allotment 
holders. The Ministry will also require a brief report owe 


1921.] ‘Report on Poraro Trraus, 1920. 358 


up on certain definite lines in order that they may issue a 
summarised report of all the trials in the Country. 


It was recognised that, although County Committees might 
arrange local schemes in their Counties, which would provide 
much valuable information to local potato growers, trials carried 
out on uniform lines in every County with seed from one source 
and with a uniform system of manuring, would supply this local 
- information equally well and, in addition, further reliable infor- 
mation of national importance. It was for this reason that the 
scheme was prepared by the Ministry, and provisions made for 
the supply of seed. : 

Number of Centres.—The County Committees adopting the 
scheme made such arrangements to carry out the trials as were 
consistent with local conditions. Most Committees selected the 
Farm Institute—where one existed—for the site of the trials, 
but selected other centres in their areas as well, the total num- 
ber of centres at which the trials were conducted being 455. In 
most cases the cost of the seed and manures alone had to be 
defrayed from public money, the land and labour being provided 
by private persons (farmers, small-holders and allotment-holders) 
in return for the crop produced. It is a pleasure to be able to 
record the satisfactory working of this plan, which had many 
points of great value; it allowed the trials to be carried out on 
commercial lines under the close attention of growers themselves, 
~and relieved Committees of the responsibility of hiring or buy- 
ing land, and from further financial transactions—a burden at all 
times to public bodies. 


Finance.—As the trials were carried out in connection with 
the Educational policy of the Ministry, they were aided by the 
Department to the extent of two-thirds of the actual deficit cost. 
At the moment, details of the actual cost cannot be given. 


Results.—Space does not permit of detailed results of every 
County trial being given in this Report. Most of these results 
have already been published locally, and it only remains for the 
Ministry to compile a report which will correctly interpret the 
sum total of the results from the many trials. 

The correct interpretation of the results obtained from crop- 
ping trials is always a difficult matter because of errors which 
cannot be eliminated from field experiments. The value of such 
experiments depends upon the degree of confidence which can be 
attached to the results, i.e., on the probability that similar re- 
sults will be obtained when the trials are repeated. It follows, 

E 


354. Report on Poraro Trraus, 1920. [Juny, 


therefore, that the more numerous the number of similar experi- 
ments the more convincing are the results. _ 

It is true that results obtained at any one station or from 
several stations in any one County, might be unconvincing or 
even misleading ; but some reliance can surely be placed on the 
results from carrying similar experiments out at 455 stations 
situated through England and Wales. 

A review of the yields of each variety averaged for all the 
centres, shows at once how consistently and well the variety 
Kerr's Pink cropped, yielding the highest crop in 26 out of 35 
Hnglish Counties carrying out trials. Majestic gave the largest 
yleld in Essex, Hereford and Kent; Arran Comrade in Bucks, 
Lincolnshire (Lindsey), and Norfolk; Great Scott in Durham; 
King George in Cheshire, and Epicure in Berks. In Wales 
Kerr's Pink again did well, giving the largest yield in 4 Counties 
(Radnor, Monmouth, Montgomery and Anglesey) ; Arran Comrade 
in 38 Counties (Brecon, Cardigan and Carnarvon); Great Scott in 
2 Counties (Carmarthen and Pembroke), and Majestic in Den- 
bigh and Flint. 

From the results summarised for the whole country, as shown 
below, it was found that the average yield of second early 
and maincrop varieties in these trials was 10 tons 6 cwt. per 
acre. This figure is greatly in excess of that for the estimated 
average yield of potatoes for the whole of England and Wales in 
1920 (5 tons 16 cwt. per acre), and from this fact it would ap- 
pear that provided better seed is used and the land adequately 
cultivated and manured, there is no reason why the yield per 
acre for the whole country should not be materially increased. 


The following figures show the Average Yield of Babe 
Variety for all Centres :— 


Snowdrop. Dar gill Great Majestic. Kerr's 
Early. Scott. Pink. 


Tons. Cwt. Tons. Cwt. Tons. Cwt. Tons. Cwt. Tons. Cwt. 


Average Yield in England, 


390 Centres Ete Sea ts ee 8 0 122 <2 10) 2 i 12, 
Average Yield in W A 
65 Centres a ce wOge ls (ipeee 10 2 O: Ut i a 


Average Yield in England 
and Wales, 455 Centres... 7 16 fe Abe ie 13 LO iv i oitee 


Golden Tinwald Favourite. Arran King 
Wonder. Perfection. Ro se. George. 


Tons. Cwt. Tons. Cwt. Tons. oan Tons. Cw. “ene Cwt. 


Average Yield in England, 


390 Centres ue Salon 10 6 5 18 a9 11 10 
Average Yield in Wales, 
65 Gene ae 8. A 8 18 ie OF igre tly <4 


Average Yield He Hoagland 
and Wales, 455 Centres. si ff 1050 5 18 ian, Lf 29 


Average Yield in England, 


Report on Porato Tras, 1920. 355 


Nithsdale. 


Tons. Cwt. 


Duke of 
York. Comrade. 


Tons. Cwt. 


Ninetyfold. Epicure. Arran 


Tons. Cwt. Tons.Cwt. Tons. Cwt. 


390 Centres ; be (LO 8 16 8 14 11 11 tM 10 
Average Yield in Wales, 

65 Centres Fou, < 8: be 1g 10 1 -—— Ly 1 
Average Yield in England 

and Wales, 455 Centres... 9 14 819 8 18 iW a Ie uw 8 


Table giving Summary of Average Yields per acre for 
England and Wales :— 


(a) Immunes. 


First Earlies. 


(b) Susceptibles. 


Tons. ewt. Tons. cwt, 
Dargill Early 7 iW Epicure ... Be 11 11 
Snowdrop 7 16 Duke of York ... 8 19 
Arran Rose 7 7 Ninetyfold “re 8 18 
Average’ ... 7 13 AVYCLGSe —... 7) 16 

Second Larlies. Late and Main Crop. 

Tons cwt. Tons. cwt. 
Great Scott ene | ig Kerr’s Pink 13 2 
King George ... 11 9 Majestic ey 10 ‘ 

Arran Coinrade... ig 8 Tinwald 

Nithsdale ee 9 14 Perfection 10 — 
Golden Wonder... 8 7 
Favourite ) 18 
Average ... 11 f Average §.:. ] 11 


From the table above it will be seen that so far as cropping 
powers are concerned, the first early immunes have considerable 
leeway to make up to equal the susceptible varieties which were 
used as controls. The final average for the three first early 
immunes is 2 tons 8 ewt. per acre behind the average of the three 
susceptibles, and Dargill Early, the highest cropping immune, 
is 3 tons 14 ewt. per acre behind Epicure, the highest cropping 
susceptible. 

The second early varieties Great Scott, King George and Arran 
Comrade are very consistent with regard to their relative yields 
throughout the country. Arran Comrade has given heavy crops 
in some districts exceeding those of Kerr’s Pink, as in Brecon, 
Carnarvon and Birmingham. Nithsdale, which is now regarded 
as a second early, has generally given considerably lower yields. 
It has, however, given heavy crops in the Northern Counties, 
the Midlands and in Wales. 

Of the maincrop and late varieties, Kerr’s Pink is at the top, 
and has given the heaviest average county crop, viz., 21 tons 
9 cwt. per acre in Leicestershire. Majestic is a good second, 
with 19 tons 1 ewt. per acre in Hereford. E 2 


356 Report oF Potato Triazs, 1920. I Juiy, 


Unfortunately space will not permit of tables to be shown, to 
illustrate which of these varieties produce the higher proportion 
of ware potatoes in the crop. 

Soil Influence.—An attempt has been made to show the 
effect of soil on the comparative cropping qualities of the many. 
varieties. 

Tabie comparing the Average Yields of the Varieties on 
Light, Medium and Heavy Soils :— 


Light. Medium. Heavy. 
Per Acre. Per Acre. Per Acre. 

Tons. Cwt. Tons, Cwt. Tons. Cwt. 
Kerr’s Pink 333 ah 135 18 13 14 13 2 
Epicure ... es oe 2 16 10 19 9 iN 
Great Scott an et ily 5 it 185) 10 5 
King George... 33 uF 11 11 1S) 10 4 
Arran Comrade ... af 11 10 11 1 10 10 
Nithsdale i a 10 1g 10 10 8 9 
Tinwald Perfection ae 10 8 9 13 8 18 
Majestic ... Ab Re 10 7 10 13} 8 9 
Ninetyfold ee ide 5 10 9 19 7 14 
Duke of York ... ae 4) 1 10 5 8 — 
Golden Wonder... ae 8 ial 8 Li 7 1 
Snowdrop ae fee 8 9 4 —- 6 is) 
Arran Rose ake nilie 8 2 tb 16 5 165) 
Dargill Early ... Ake 8 — 7 18 6 10 
Favourite ne we 6 4 » tt 5 6 
Average yield of all varieties 10 2 Hy) 17 8 10 


The best results were obtained on light loamy soils, the varie- 
ties averaging 10 tons 2 cwt. per acre as compared with 9 tons 
17 cwt. on medium soil, a drop of only 4-ton per acre. Arran 
Comrade and Duke of York in fact gave a slightly heavier yield, 
but Epicure gave approximately 2 tons per acre less. 

On heavy soils, the reduction in yield is more marked, the 
average yield being 8} tons per acre, or 1 ton 12 cwt. per acre 
less than on hght soils. These figures are fairly consistent for 
most varieties, but Hpicure appears to be more influenced by the 
texture of the soil than other kinds. 

Speaking generally, most varieties have given the lowest yields 
on the heavy soils, while the heaviest aggregates have been 
obtained on light soils. The exceptions to this are Duke of York, 
Ninetyfold and Golden Wonder which have done best on medium 
soils. There is often difficulty in making recommendations for 
heavy soils, but the trials give some information on this point, 
e.g., Epicure would appear to be the best susceptible early 
variety and Snowdrop the best immune; Arran Comrade, Great 


1921. | Report on Porato T'rraus, 1920. 357 


Scott and King George, the best second earlies; and Kerr’s Pink, 
Tinwald Perfection and Majestic are the best maincrop or late 
varieties. 

On examining the average yields on light, medium and heavy 
soils for the whole Country, the following conclusions are 
indicated :— 

(a) Harly Varieties.—In the case of first earlies, the variety 
Epicure maintains its accredited position as the heaviest cropping 
early variety. It is only surpassed by Kerr’s Pink when in 
competition on light soils with second earlies, maincrop and late 
varieties. On heavy soils it still retains first place, and apart 
from the fact that it is a susceptible variety, it shows great power 
of adaptability. Duke of York has cropped heavier than the 
immune varieties, and appears to be at its best on a medium 
soil. Ninetyfold also crops heavier on all soils than the early 
immunes. Snowdrop is the heaviest cropper amongst the im- 
munes on light and heavy soils. Dargill Early takes the third 
place amongst the immunes on light soils, the first place on 
medium soils, and second place on heavy soils. Arran Rose takes 
second place amongst early immunes on light soils, second place 
on medium soils and third place on heavy soils. 

(b) Second Earlies.—Amongst second earlies Great Scott holds 
the premier position, being the heaviest average cropper on light 
and medium soils, and only falls to the second place on heavy 
soils. King George takes the second place on light and medium 
soils and third place on heavy soils. Arran Comrade takes first 
place on heavy soils, with the very creditable average of 10 tons 
10 cwt. per acre. It would appear to be the most suitable im- 
mune second early for a heavy soil, although Great Scott and 
King George closely follow it. 

(c) Main Crop and Late Varieties.—Amongst these Kerr’s Pink 
clearly demonstrates its superiority as a cropper and is on an 
average 1 ton 17 cwt. per acre ahead of all varieties on the three 
types of soil. It is of interest to note that this variety with a 
long season of growth gives the heaviest average on light soils. 
Tinwald Perfection takes second place on light and heavy soils 
but is beaten by Majestic on medium soils. Golden Wonder 
takes fourth place on all three types of soil. Favourite has done 
badly and has given the poorest results of any of the immunes. 

Characteristics.—The addition of a_ section giving the 
characteristics of the varieties tested would increase the value 
of the report but would occupy too much space. Such informa- 
tion is given in the Supplement of the Journan on the Cultiva- 
tion, Composition and Diseases of the Potato, price 6d. 


358 Lincotn Tractor Trius, 1920. | JULY, 


THE 1920 LINCOLN TRACTOR TRIALS.* 


Txompson Cross, B. J. OwrEn, B.Se. (Eng.), and 
H. G. Ricuarpson, M.A., B.Se. 


Ir is to be regretted that the report of the judges of the 
Lincoln Tractor Trials of 1920+ should not have been published 
until some six months after the event, and that now that it 
is finally given to the public the report should contain so few 
details of the performances of the machines taking part. We 
may recall that the conditions governing the trials conducted 
by the Royal Agricultural Society were drawn up under the 
influence of a principle the reverse of that which had been 
adopted by the Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders 
in the previous year. At the earlier trials the performance 
of each machine had been recorded, there had been no prizes 
or awards, and those interested had been left to draw their 
own conclusions. 

The R.A.S.E. determined to follow an old practice and award 
prizes. The awards were announced at the conclusion of the 
trials, but it was expected that the basis of the awards would 
in due course be disclosed in the form of a record of the 
individual performances of the competing machines. We have 
previously expressed our grave doubts as to the wisdom. of 
awarding prizes or instituting an order of merit in such 
cases, and we venture to think that the present report will 
not convert anyone to a belief in the value of prizes. We 
may go further and assert that the public interested in agricul- 
tural tractors have a moral right to be furnished with the 
recorded performances of tractors competing in public trials. 
Apart from the importance to farmers and manufacturers 
of knowing exactly the considerations which influenced the 
judges in awarding a prize, it should be possible for anyone to 
compare the actual performances of each tractor and further 
to compare the year’s records with those of preceding years. 

The only details of performance disclosed are contained in 
Table ITT under the heads of:— 

Time in hours per acre. 
Fuel in gallons per acre. 
Wages in pence per acre. 
Fuel cost in pence per acre. 


* In continuation of “ Notes on the Lincoln Tractor Trials, 1920,” Journal, 
Nov., 1920, p. 714. . 
+ Published by the Royal Agricultural Society of England, price 7s. 6d. 


1921. | Lincotn Tracror Triaus, 1920. 359 


These give the minimum, the average of the five lowest, and 
the maximum in each class for heavy and light land, and under 
the head “‘ Total cost of labour and fuel per acre’’ give the 
minimum and the average for the whole class. A note warns 
us that ‘‘ the figures for minimum time and minimum fuel 
consumption per acre do not necessarily apply to the same 
tractor ’’ and that “‘ the same is the case for the maxima,”’ 
and we are left in complete doubt as to the bearing of these 
figures on the awards. 

If the object were to institute a comparison between classes 
of machines these figures would doubtless be of value, although 
We may express a doubt whether the classification adopted for 
the purposes of this competition has the highest scientific value. 

It appears that in Class I (two-furrow tractor) the minimum 
time to plough an acre on light land was 1.58 hours, the 
maximum 2.33 hours; on heavy land 1.75 hours and 2.61 hours, 
respectively. In Class II (three-furrow tractor) the times 
were, for light land, minimum, 1.09 hours, and maximum 1.99 
hours; for heavy land, 1.380 hours and 4.00 hours respectively. 
In Class VII (motor ploughs) on hght land, minimum 1.46 
hours and maximum 2.42 hours; on heavy land 1.30 hours 
and 3.22 hours respectively. 

The consumption of fuel in gallons per acre was as follows:— 

Min. “Max. 


Class I.—Two-furrow tractors, light land iG 2°63 541 
heavy ,, tae 3°42 Tey | 

Class JI.—Three-furrow tractors, ight land... 2-06 4°12 
heavy ,, ca 2°96 6°51 

Class VII.—Motor ploughs, light land et 2°21 4°48 
heavy ,, sini 2°27 6°21 


On the basis of 18d. per hour for each attendant, the wages 
worked out in pence per acre are as shown below. In the last 
two columns are given the total cost of labour and fuel per 
acre. The prices taken for the purpose of the table were:— 
Paraffin, 1s. 11d. per British gal.; petrol, 3s. 5d. net. per gal. 

Wages. Labour and Fuel. 


; . Average for 
Min. Max. Min. 5 
whole class. 
"ei d. S. 


~ 
por) 
id T 
: 
~ 
—_ 


Class I.—Two-furrow, light ... 28°5 44 7 5 9 5 
heavy 315 47 9 2 10 11 

Class II.—Three-furrow, light... 19°6 S58:" BU 7 8 4 
heavy 23°4 72 7 7% 14:3 

Class VII.—Motor ploughs, light = 26°3 435 6 5 9 3} 


heavy 23-4 58 oa” i 
The figures for the total costs given in the table were taken 
on the actual acres ploughed, and represent the total per acre 


360 Lincotn Tractor Trias, 1920. [ Juxy, 


for the items of attendants and fuel only, calculated on the 
net ploughing time and the total fuel used. 


Average figures for five tractors in each class which 
performed the work in the shortest time and with the lowest 
fuel consumption are perhaps of more assistance than any 
other comparative figures for judging class against class; but 
comparison is vitiated by the warning that in any class the 
five speediest may not be the five most economical in fuel. 
Again, certain tractors were permitted to compete in both 
Classes I and II, and there is no indication as to whether 
or not the same tractor appears in the first five in both classes. 

| 


Average of Five Lowest. 


Class. | Land: jap... - | ; aes | 
| Time in hours} Fuelin gal. Wagesin pence) Fuel cost in 


per acre. | per acre. | per acre. | pence per acre. 
Thiet. 4 1°92 2-90 34°5 66°7 
Heavy | 1°96 3°84 35°3 88:4 
TI | Light | 1°21 2°96 21°8 | 68:0 
Heavy | 1°52 3°63 27°4 | 83°5 
VII | Light 1°89 | 2°84 33:9 | 65°3 
Heavy 2°68 | 3°78 37°4 86°9 


The judges suggest that to compare the figures for fuel con- 
sumption it is convenient to adopt ‘‘ equivalent acres,” i.e., 
‘““ the number of acres that would have been ploughed if the 
drawbar pull had remained constant at 500 pounds per plough- 
share, estimated from the actual drawbar pull observed and 
the actual area ploughed.’ The resultant figures cannot, how- 
ever, be anything but arbitrary, and it seems better on the 
whole to adopt the actual recorded figures. 


Accepting the figures at their face value it will be deduced 
that in the case of the more efficient tractors in each class 
there is very little to choose in the matter of fuel consumption, 
and that while the tractors pulling three-furrow ploughs had 
the advantage in time there is practically nothing between 
Class I (tractors pulling two furrows) and Class VII (motor 
ploughs). While these factors are of great importance, they 
are far from covering the whole range of questions which 
should determine the choice of a tractor, as for example:— 
Consumption of lubricating oil, dilution of lubricating oil by 
condensation of fuel, time taken to dismantle wheel grips, 
time taken to equip tractors for road-haulage, quite apart from 
a most important factor which short-period trials cannot be 
expected to discover, namely, cost of maintenance. Various 


1921. | Lincotn Tractor Trias, 1920. 361 


tests, such as uphill ploughing, road-hauling and belt work, 
were instituted, but only certain selected machines were 
subjected to each test and no comparative data are therefore 
available. No test was devised for demonstrating the advantage 
(if any) possessed by machines with three speeds over those 
with two speeds or one, a matter which certainly invites 
investigation and one which could easily be dealt with in a 
short-period trial. The important question of the relative 
advantage of wheels and caterpillar tracks is passed by with 
the remark that four ‘‘ tractors were supported on chain tracks 
and in these no case was recorded of jamming by stones or 
other matter.’’ Questions of adhesion, weight in relation to 
h.p., ranges of speed and many other points of importance are 
passed by in silence. The data being so scanty it follows that 
no useful purpose would be served in endeavouring to make 
a comparison between Classes I, II, and VII, and any of the 
other classes competing at the trials.* 

It is indisputable that a report on short-period trials could 
be made much more informative than the present one. Clearly 
some of the points we have mentioned are not matters which 
can be dealt with adequately in the course of a few days or 
under the conditions which necessarily govern trials of this 
character; but still a very great deal can be done, and, as we 
have already indicated, a uniform annual report would supply 
comparative data of the utmost value, provided only that all 
modifications in design and particulars of the implements used 
were adequately recorded. 


® Cf. Journal, Nov., 1920, p. 714 


362 Brrswax: METHODS oF EXTRACTION. | JULY, 


BEESWAX: 
METHODS. OF* EXTRA CLIGIR AON. 
THE /PREVENTIONSOR AyAS Ee: 


W. Herrop-HEmMpsa.u. 


Wax is not gathered by the worker bee, but is organically pro- 
duced in her body from honey and pollen, by secretion. It is 
formed voluntarily by the bees filling their stomachs with honey, 
hanging in the hive in chain-like clusters, and remaining per- 
fectly quiet for twenty-four hours. A good deal of pollen is 
consumed to make up for the wear and tear of tissue during wax 
secretion. During this period the wax glands convert the honey 
taken into their bodies into liquid wax, which exudes through 
tiny perforations into eight small pockets, or moulds, situated on 
the underside of the last four abdominal segments, where it 
hardens into small white scales (ig. 1). It is then plucked out, 
made plastic by the admixture of saliva, and utilised for the 
building of the comb, the hermetic sealing of honey cells, and, 
with the addition of pollen, for the porous sealing of brood cells. 
It is computed that from ten to twenty pounds of honey are 
required to make one pound of wax. The work of wax secretion 
tells severely upon the vital powers of the bee, and being a 
valuable and costly product, none of it should be wasted. 

When cleaning hives or appliances, a box should be kept for 
the collection of all refuse and burr combs. The scrapings from 
the floor board, which are generally thrown on the ground during 
spring cleaning, should be saved, although they contain a quan- 
tity of dirt and propolis, for there is generally sufficient wax to 
make it worth the trouble of collection and extraction. The 
honey combs used for extracting do not wear out, but last indefi- 
nitely ; brood combs, on the contrary, become thickened by the 
cocoons and cast skins of the moulting larve, and must be con- 
tinually renewed. Wax can therefore be obtained from old 
brood combs and the cappings from extracting combs. 


Methods of Extraction.—The extraction of the wax may be 
made by using :— 
(1) The Solar Wax Extractor. 
(2) Steam. 
(3) Boiling water. 
(4) The heat of the oven. 
The most efficient and economical method is the first. The 
cost of the extractor is the only expense incurred, as the sun 


WAX 
SCALES 


Fie. 1.—Drawing of Worker Bee, showing 
Wax Seales, 


Fic. 2.—Solar Wax Extractor. 


% 


Fic. 3.—Gerster Wax Extractor. 


1921. | Beeswax: Meruops or EXTRACTION. 368 


provides the necessary heat. ‘The appliance is really a miniature 
garden frame, with a double glazed and hinged light (Fig. 2). 
Inside, the frame is fitted with a metal tray which slopes down 
to a tin trough covered with wire gauze. The extractor is placed 
in a sunny position and the material to be treated is spread 
thinly over the bottom of the metal tray. The wax melts and 
runs into the trough, being strained of impurities by the wire 
gauze covering. When the melted wax ceases to flow, the dross 
remaining in the tray is removed and a fresh supply of material 
civen. Another advantage of this extractor is that no storage 
of old combs or refuse is necessary; these can be put in for 
treatment as collected. 


If a garden frame is available, it can be used for extracting 
wax by placing the material to be treated in a perforated zinc 
tray over a metal box (such, for instance, as a biscuit tin), placed 
close up to the glass light. Wax extracted by solar heat improves 
in colour instead of deteriorating, as it may do when steam or 
boiling water is used. 


The material to be extracted by methods (2) and (3) must be 
stored until required in an air-tight tin, for protection against 
the ravages of the wax moth. In the winter it can be melted 
over the kitchen fire by means of a Gerster wax extractor (Fig. 3). 
This is an arrangement similar to a domestic steamer, as illus- 
trated in Fig. 3. It consists of a cylindrical, perforated, tin 
basket (A), having a cone-shaped tube running up the centre (c), 
which is also perforated, and open at the top to allow the steam 
- to percolate right through the combs or wax that are placed in it 
for melting. The upper part of the appliance (B) consists of a 
circular shaped pan, having a false bottom or tray (tr.) about 
13 in. deep. ‘This is fixed so that there is a space between it 
and the wall of the pan, in order that the steam can pass up the 
sides and into the perforated basket, as indicated by the arrows. 


From this tray the melted wax passes through a tube (indi- 
cated in the drawing by the word ‘‘ wax’’). There is also a 
cone-shaped tube (st.) running up from the tray, which fits very 
loosely into a similar perforated tube (c) in the basket. When 
placed in position, as shown in section at B, this is open at the 
top to allow the steam to pass through as indicated by the arrows, 
and thus permeate the wax or combs in the basket. The basket 
does not fit close down on the tray, but is raised about 1 in. on 
three legs. The bottom pan is for water only. 


364 Breswax: Metuops or Extraction. [ Juny, 


The method of working is as follows :—The perforated basket 
is filled with comb which has first been broken into small pieces ; 
these should not be pressed down, but put in as loosely as pos- 
sible. The basket is placed in position in pan B, and covered 
with the lid (1). Pan B is now fitted on pan ce, which has pre- 
viously been filled with rain water. The appliance is then put 
on the fire, and when the water boils the steam will pass in the 
directions indicated and will melt the wax from the combs in the 
perforated basket. The molten wax will ooze out through the 
perforations, run down the sides of the basket into the tray, and 
thence out of the tube, where it drops into cold rain water, con- 
tained in a vessel (D) placed for the purpose of receiving it. As 
soon as it is cold, the wax will be found to have set in a cake, 
when it can be lifted off. When all the wax has been extracted 
the dross is removed from the basket and the process repeated. 


As the water boils away very rapidly it will be necessary to 
replace it from time to time; by means of the funnel (f) this 
can be done without removing the appliance from the fire. 


Cappings from the shallow combs, when cut off for extracting the 
honey, can also be melted in the same manner. Before putting 
them in the basket, however, they should be drained free from 
honey, well washed in rain water, and dried in the sun. 


A cheaper form of wax extractor is shown in Fig. 4. This is 
made on similar lines to the Gerster, but the cost is reduced by 
omitting the central cone-shaped tube; in all other respects 
it is identical. As steam is not admitted into the centre of the — 
perforated wire basket, the operation of extraction is prolonged. 


To extract wax by means of boiling water, the material should 
be tied in a bag made of porous fabric, such as cheese straining 
cloth, and stood on laths of wood placed across the bottom of a 
copper or saucepan, so that the bag does not touch the bottom. 
The bag should be weighted with a stone, and water then poured 
in until it flows above the bag. The water should then be boiled 
very gently. The melted wax will percolate through the bag and 
float on the water, and when cold it can be lifted off in a solid 
cake. A little dross will be found on the bottom of the cake, 
but this can be removed by seraping. If a well-cleansed sample 
is desired, the cake should be remelted in a similar manner, 
and cooled slowly. Rain water must be used in methods 2 and 3, 
as hard water contains lime, which would spoil the texture and 
colour of the wax. More wax will be obtained if pressure 1s 


1921. ] Beeswax: Merruops or EXTRACTION. 365 


applied to the bag while boiling, and in the case of old combs, 
if these are well soaked in water previously to melting. 


If only a small quantity of wax is to be dealt with, it may be 
placed on a piece of perforated zinc over a bowl of rain water, 
and put in the oven. ‘The wax will melt and drop through the 
perforated zinc into the water; the impurities will remain on 
the zinc and can be thrown away. The bowl is then taken out 
of the oven and the water and wax allowed to cool, when the 
latter will have set in a cake and can be lifted off. 


The melting point of pure beeswax is between 638° and 64° C., 
which is higher than that of any other wax. The colour, which 
varies from pale primrose to orange red, depends to a great 
extent upon the variety of pollen consumed by the bees. It is a 
curious fact that dark honey produces a light wax, while light 
honey yields one of a darker hue. 


For commercial purposes the lightest coloured wax commands 
the best price, and therefore, before extracting, it is advisable 
to grade the combs. Those which have not been occupied by 
brood, and also cappings removed from combs previous to 
extracting the honey, will yield the best wax, and should be sorted 
out and melted separately from old combs, which will yield a 
darker and consequently less valuable wax. 


It is unfortunately a fact that adulteration of beeswax some- 
times occurs. The materials used for this purpose include tallow, 
stearin, paraffin, vegetable wax, resin, and ozokerit. Owing to 
their low melting point, the addition of any of these to beeswax 
used for making comb foundation is disastrous in its effect. The 
following are simple tests for detecting adulteration :— 


(1) A small piece of wax placed in the mouth and chewed should not 
adhere to the teeth, or become pasty, but, generally speaking, should 


disintegrate into small fragments, and have no unpleasant taste. 

(2) Place a piece of suspected wax (of the size of a small nut) into a 
test tube, half fill with spirits of turpentine, and carefully warm over the 
flame of a spirit lamp. If the solution is cloudy, or a deposit is throwne 
down, the solution is not complete, and the wax is adulterated, as spirits 
of turpentine completely dissolves pure beeswax. 

A large quantity of wax is imported into this country from 
Germany, Holland, Madagascar, Chili, Brazil, and various other 
countries. The value of the importations in 1919 of beeswax, 
ozokerit, and earth wax was £1,045,415, of which the greater 
portion was probably beeswax. It is important, therefore, that 
none of this valuable material should be wasted, for when 
recovered and sold it w*'l reduce to a considerable extent the large 


366 Breswax: MeEtuops or Extraction. | Juiy, 


sum of money hitherto spent onits importation. Further, by saving 
wax and having it made into comb foundation for his own use, 
the bee-keeper will add considerably to the profits of the apiary ; 
the cost of manufacture is trifling compared with the price that 
has to be paid for the finished article. 


Beeswax is used commercially for the following purposes :— 


Comb foundation for bee hives. 

Grafting wax for fruit trees. 

Furniture and floor polish. 

Waterproofing packing paper. 

Boot polish and dubbing. 

Candles for churches. 

Plaster casting. 

Cosmetics. 

Salves. 

Stopping teeth and making mouth models. 


apa 


1921. ] Nores oN FEEDING STUFFS FOR JULY. 867 


NOTES ON FEEDING STUFFS 
POR: srabn.ys 


E. T. Haunan, M.A., 
Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries. 


THE dry conditions existing over the greater part of the 
country have affected considerably the quantity and quality 
of pasture available for cattle at grass, and milch herds 
particularly will need a certain amount of cake if the milk 
yield is to remain satisfactory. 


Barley and Barley By-products.—Barley, once a valued grain 
for bread-making, is now used almost exclusively for brewing 
and stock feeding. In regard to its protein constituents barley 
occupies a position intermediate to oats and maize, has less 
oil than either of these grains, and contains more starchy 
material than oats. It forms quite a good feed for most stock, 
although in Great Britain the greater part of the barley fed 
is used for pig fattening. For putting finish on fattening pigs, 
barley meal possesses a deservedly high reputation. In 
California rolled barley forms a common food for horses, and 
a mixture of oats and barley, sown in the proportion of one 
part of barley to two of oats is an excellent concentrate for 
milch cows. In feeding barley, particularly to fattening stock, 
the most suitable fodder to use with advantage is lucerne, 
sainfoin, or clover hay. 

In brewing, the chief by-products obtained are malt sprouts 
(malt coombs) and brewers’ grains. In obtaining the malt 
used by the brewer, the grains are allowed to germinate 
until the sprouts are well developed. The temperature is then 
raised to kill the grains, which are then dried off. The 
separated, dried, shrivelled sprouts are marketed as malt 
coombs, the dried grains themselves forming the malt. These 
malted grains are then steeped in the brewing vats, and after 
treatment, the residue left is called wet brewers’ grains, and 
has a ready sale as feed for milch cows. In most cases, the 
wet brewers’ grains are dried off and sold in the dried con- 
dition as brewers’ grains. 


Dried Brewers’ Grains.— Dried brewers’ grains form a some- 
what bulky feed, and are not suitable for pig feeding. They 
may be fed safely to dairy cattle, and may replace up to half 
the usual oat ration for horses. 


368 Notes oN FEEDING STUFFS FOR JULY. [ JULY, 


price | Price [Manat pooa [starch] per’ | vee 
NAME. per Qr. de per Speen quiv.) Unit, | ¢; arch 
T Ton. (oo: ape Equiv. 
‘Ss. lb. ae ee (Se ase S. a. 
Barley, English Feeding) 43/9| 400/12 5| 1 6|1019| 71 |3/1 | 1°64 
a Canadian ,, -| 42/-| 400 | 11 15 PG: AOS 90) Sil Oa eb 
Oats, English , -| 46/-|336|15 7/1 1 9| 13 18 | 59°5/4/8 | 2°50 
. . Argentine ,, ~-| 30/6) 320 \910S7) Sis 94" 9 4) b9o 3/3 1°64 
Maize, Argentine* =) 50/2 480 piledSalo Aon b. 10) 8. (8h 2k a less 
Beans, English spring -|; — | — — — — — | — — 
bs . winter -| 56/-| 582 | 11 16 | 3 1 8 15 | 66 | 2/8 1°43 
Rangoon - =|. 8/3}, 22) 882 -| 3.1 | 5 a6 Wee eO sss 
Peas, English blue =| 60/504 |-13- 7 | 2:13.) TO 1469 a 1°65 
- iS dun =| 75/-| 504 | 16 13°) °2°13.) 14s 0") 69) 4 2°19 
: , maple -| 80/-| 504|1716| 213/15 3] 69 |4/5 | 2°37 
» dapanese* - -/117/6) 504 | 26 2| 213) 23 9| 69 | 6/9 3°61 
Buckwheat - - =| CL fe} 392°) 20) = Gy)" OBO aS Die Eos erat oto 
Rye, English - 57/9) 480 | ABE. 7 ly 2k Soa OR os Ce a3 1°74 
Millers’ offals—Bran -| — | — 615) 2 VON eae Soe SE I 08 
is " Coarse | 
middlings;s — | — 8 15.) 2 10) GD 644 L/P) e203 
Barley meal - - af eh) | A LS Sia Zao Tsien 78 1:96 
Maize ,, - - -|) = | =) 20 15.) (1 oe tO s10 Sia ai4 1°25 
Fish a - -| — | — | 2010! 7 12) 12 18 | 63 | 4/10) 2:59 
Linseed - - -| <=) 1719) Bis Qal6 HGS Se 279. 1°47 
(Cake, Enelish-|.— | — |ol#-128) Sele gaye) Gers ited 
Cottonseed ,, n oe pa UE as 3. 6 8 10 | 42 | 4/- 2°14 
ts »  decorti-| | 
cated] — | — | 14 0) 56 6/ 814) 71 | 2/5 | 1°29 
. Meal, decorti- | | | 
Gated) =) S24) 7 2B GA ae eh Tle) Od 98 
Coconut cake - Ne | ea" iO) 2a eS Onl ead ee on OO as 
Groundnutcake - -| — |) — Oe 93 EARS SSN Gone eat 1:07 
,-. 4 decorticated|) —-} — | 12 17.) 5 “San 7 12 is) ay eal 
Palm kernel cake* -| — | — TOA Son aoa Bb A WS fo 0°76 
Brewers’ grains,dried,ale) — | — (GUS Ue dee Vh cis es a ha es Bg a 
fs >» wet ,,-| — | — | 019) O12) 0 7) TS, | O76 0:27 
Distillers, dry -| — | — 910) 216) 6 14) 57 -) 2/4 1°25 
$7 5 wet -} — | — —- | — = SS — 
Malt culms - - -_ -— = 7 0:4 48 96 7 3 12 | 43 9)4/9 0°94 


* Price at Liverpool. 


NotE.—tThe prices quoted above represent the average prices at which actual 
wholesale transactions have taken place in London, unless otherwise stated, and 
refer to the price ex mill or store. The prices were current at the end of 
May and are, as a rule, considerably lower than the prices at local 
country markets, the difference being due to carriage and dealers’ commission. 
Buyers can, however, easily compare the relative prices of the teeding stuffs 
on offer at their local market by the method of calculation used in these 
notes. Thus, suppose palm kernel cake is offered locally at £10 per ton. Its 
manurial value is £2 1s. per ton, The food value per ton is therefore £7 19s. 
per ton. Dividing this figure by 75, the starch equivalent of palm kernel cake as 
given in the table, the cost per unit of starch equivalent is 2s.1ld. Dividing this 
again by 22°4, the number of pounds of starch equivalent in | unit, the cost per Ib. 
of starch equivalent is I*lld. A similar calculation will show the relative cost 
per lb. of starch equivalent of other feeding stuffs on the same local market. 
Krom the results of such calculations a buyer can determine which feeding stuff 
cives him the best value at the prices quoted on his own market. 


Wet Brewers’ Grains.—Owing to their watery nature and 
cost of transport, skill is needed in feeding wet brewers’ grains 
to dairy cattle, and care must always be taken to feed the grains 


; 

7 
i 
7 
. 


1921. ] NovTres ON FEEDING STUFFS FOR JULY. 369 


in a wholesome condition and in clean troughs. In some parts 
of Kent, wet brewers’ grains are stored in practically air-tight 
pits, a certain amount of salt being added when filling the 
pits. Under these conditions wet grains will keep perfectly 
sound and wholesome for months. Unless some such method 
of keeping wet grains is available, their use for feeding dairy 
cattle is impossible unless the farm is within easy road distance 
of a brewery. 


Malt Sprouts or Malt Coombs.— Malt coombs form a fairly 
bulky food, a good sample being light vellow in appearance, 
and having a very pleasing odour. Fed judiciously this 
feeding stuff is appreciated by cattle, sheep and horses. Dairy 
cattle may be fed up to two or three pounds per head daily. 
In feeding large quantities it is advisable to soak for several 
hours before feeding, since malt coombs swell considerably in 
water. 


Barley Feed.—This by-product is obtained in the manufac- 
ture of pearl barley, has about the same feeding value as 
wheat bran, and is not usually available in the English market, 
such quantity as becomes available usually finding its way 
into compound meals and cakes. 

The following figures compiled from various sources give an 
idea of the composition of barley and its by-products: 


: 2 tee ee RTC og 
Water. Protein. Oil. Fibre. Feta Ash. 


Feeding Barley _... 14:9 8-6 1°5 4°5 67°9 2°6 
Brewers’ grains (wet) 67°6. 75 2°8 671 14-6 1-4 

- in ary) 10°3 18°3 64 15-2 45°9 3°9 
Malt Coombs kv, 10-0 24°4 2°0 14-0 42°4 72 
Barley Feed... — 10:2 12:7 ov4 78 61:7 4-2 


370 SUMMARY OF SEEDS REGULATIONS, 1921. [ Juny, 


SUMMARY OF THE SEEDS REGULA- 
TIONS, 1921. 


Tue main provisions of the Draft Regulations under the Seeds Act, 1920, 
are as follows *:— 

REGULATION 2 specifies the kinds of seed to which the Act applies and 
includes all the principal kinds of grasses, clovers, cereals, field seed, garden 
seed, flax seed, linseed and forest tree seed. Seed potatoes are also included 
under the Act, 

REGULATION 3 sets out the particulars to be stated in the case of a sale or 
exposure for sale of seeds or seed potatoes and may be summarised as follows:— 

Seed Potatoes. 

(1) Name and address of seller. 

(2) Class, z.e., Class 1 (Scotch) ; Class 1 (Irish) ; Class 1 (English once 
grown) ; Class 2. 

(3) Variety. 

(4) Size and dressing, 

The terins ‘‘ Class,” ‘“ Variety,” “Size and Dressing” are defined and 
special concessions are made in the case of seed potatoes sold 
“as grown.” 

Grass and Clover Seed. 

(1) Name and address of seller. 

(2) That the seeds have been tested in accordance with the provisions 
of the Seeds Act, 1920. 

(3) Kind of seed. 

(4) Country of origin. 

(5) Percentage of purity. 

(6) Percentage of injurious weeds where it exceeds 1 per cent. in the 

case of clovers or 2 per cent. in the case of grasses. 

7) Percentage of germination. 

8) Percentage of pure germinating seed (“ Real value ’’). 

9) The bushel weight in the case of rye-grasses. 

0) The presence of Dodder if present to the extent of more than one 
seed in loz. of Wild White Clover or in 2o0z. of Alsike or 
White Clover or Timothy, or in 4 oz. of Red or Crimson Clover 
or Lucerne. 

(11) The presence of Suckling and other specified clovers when present 
to the extent of more than 2 per cent. in White, or Wild White 
or Alsyke Clover. 

(12) The presence of Burnet if present to the extent of more than 5 per 
cent. in Sainfoin., 

(13) The percentage of hard seeds in Clovers, Trefoil, Lucerne and 
Sainfoin, 


( 
( 
( 
(1 


* Copies of the draft regulations may be obtained on application to the 
Secretary, Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, 10, Whitehall Place, S.W.1. 

Copies of the Seeds Act, 1920, may be obtained either directly, or through 
any Bookseller, from H.M. Stationery Office, Imperial House, Kingsway, 
W.C.1, (Price 2d, net). 


1921. | Summary or Seeps Recuuations, 1921. 371 


(14) Minimum percentages of purity and germination are specified for 
the rye-grasses and such seeds testing at or above these figures 
may be so described without stating the actual percentages. 

(15) With certain exceptions, all the above particulars must be given in 
respect of each kind of grass and clover seed included in a 
mixture and also the proportion by weight of each kind of seed. 

Cereal Seeds. 

(1) Name and address of seller. 

(2) That the seeds have been tested in accordance with the provisions 
of the Seeds Act, 1920. 

(3) Kind of seed and distinctive name of variety. 

(4) Percentage of germination, provided that if such is at or above the 
minimum percentage specified in the Regulations a statement to 
that effect, including the authorised minimum percentage, is 
sufficient. 

Field Seeds. 
(1) Name and address of seller. 


(2) That the seeds have been tested in accordance with the provisions 
of the Seeds Act, 1920. 


(3) Kind of seed. 

(4) Percentage of purity if below 97 per cent. 

(5) Percentage of germination, provided that if such is at or above the 
minimum percentage specified in the Regulations a statement to 
that effect, including the authorised minimum percentage, is 
sufficient. 

Garden Seeds. (The same as in the case of Mield Seeds, with the exception 
that the purity of carrot seed need not be stated unless it is below 90 per cent. 

Packeted Seeds.—The particulars required in the case of a sale of garden 
seeds do not apply to packets of peas or beans (not exceeding 2 lb.) or of 
other garden seeds (not exceeding 8 oz.) if the following particulars are stated 
on the packet :— 

(1) Name and address of seller. 


(2) That the seeds have been tested in accordance with the provisions 
of the Seeds Act, 1920. 

(3) Kind of seed, 

(4) Percentage of purity if below 97 per cent. (or 90 per cent. in the 
case of carrot seed). 

(5) Percentage of germination, provided that if such is at or above the 
minimum percentage specified in the Regulations a statement 
to that effect is sufficient. 


(6) The Season in which the seeds have been packeted. 
Flax Seed and Linseed, 

(1) Name and address of seller. 

(2) That the seeds have been tested in accordance with the provisions 
of the Seeds Act, 1920, 

(3) Kind of seed. 

(4) Country of origin. 

(5) Percentage of purity. 

(6) That Dodder is present if present to the exteat of more than one 
seed in 4 oz. 

(7) The percentage of germination, 


F 2 


372 SUMMARY OF SEEDS REGULATIONS, 1921. | JULY, 


Forest Tree Seed. 

(1) Name and address of seller. 

(2) That the seeds have been tested in accordance with the provisions 
of the Seeds Act, 1920. 

(3) Kind of seed. 

(4) Percentage of purity. 

(5) Percentage of germination (except in the case of broadleaved 
species). 

(6) Date of collection of seeds. 

(7) Country of origin, 

REGULATION 4 prescribes the injurious weed seeds to which reference is 
made in Section 3 of the Act and Regulation 3 (1) (e) and (j).. Under Section 3 
of the Act it is illegal to sell or sow seeds containing more than a prescribed 
percentage of these injurious weeds (the percentage has been fixed at 
5 per cent. by weight), and under Regulation 3 (e) and (j) they must be 
declared to be present when present to a greater extent than 1 per cent. in 
the case of grass and 2 per cent. in the case of clover seed. 

REGULATION 5 prescribes the method in which samples must be taken for 
testing, the quantity of seed to be used for testing, &e. 

REGULATION 6 describes the circumstances in which a licence may be 
issued, exempting a sale of seeds from the requirements of Section 1 of 
the Act. 

REGULATION 7 defines such terms as ‘percentage of purity, 
of germination,” &e. | 

THe First, Seconp, THIRD AND FourtTH SCHEDULES set out the 
‘authorised minimum percentages of germination.” In the case of sales of 
certain kinds of seed, when the percentage of germination is at or above the 
authorised minima, this fact may be declared instead of the actual percentage 
of germination. 


ed 13 


percentage 


Tue Firra ScHEDULE prescribes the limits of variation which will be 
allowed in connection with discrepancies in the percentages of germination, 
purity, and of injurious weed seeds. For instance, where the percentage of 
germination is stated by the seller to be 90 per cent., it shall not be deemed to 
be incorrect if the seed is shown to germinate 6 per cent. more or 6 per cent. 
less than that figure. 


THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE SEEDS ACT, 1920, COMPARED WITH 
THOSE OF THE TESTING OF SEEDS ORDER, 1918. 


The provisions of the Seeds Act, 1920, and of the Draft Seeds Regulations, 
1921, are mainly the same as those required under the Testing of Seeds Order, 
1918, which has been in operation since January, 1918. There are, however, 
certain alterations which have been made in the light of the Ministry’s 
experience in administering the Order: The principal alterations may be 
summarised as follows :— 

Seeds Act, 1920. 

1. Power to issue Regulations—The Minister is empowered to issue Regu- 
lations for carrying the Act into effect provided that such Regulations are 
drafted in consultation with the interests concerned (Section 7 (1) ). 


1921. ] Summary oF SEEDS Recuuations, 1921. 373 
| 


2. Tests, where and when to be made.—Tests for the purpose of a declaration 
under the Act, in the case of seeds other than garden seeds, inust be made 
either at an Official Seed Testing Station or at a private station licensed by the 
Ministry (S.2.(1)). (Under the Order such tests may be made by anyone and 
at any place.) These tests must also be made within a period of twelve 
months before the date of sale instead of, as under the Order, the date of the 
test having to be declared if more than six months old. 

3. Injurious Weed Seeds.—Section 3 prohibits not only the sale but also 
the sowing of seeds containing more than a prescribed percentage of injurious 
wee seeds. 

4, Administration of the Act :— 

(a) Seedsman’s right to know result of tests—A copy of the certificate of 
the results of tests carried out at the Official Seed Testing Station 
on samples drawn officially for contro] purposes must be sent to 
the owner of the seeds (S.4 (3) ). 

(b) Ministry’s power to require name of seedsman’s supplier—tIf the 
results of a test of a control sample are unsatisfactory the Ministry 
may require the owner of seeds from which the control sample 
has been taken to furnish the name of the person fromm whom 
the seeds were previously obtained (é.e., the wholesaler). In 
such a case the person in question must be supplied with a 
portion of the sample and a copy of the result of the Official 
test (S. 4 (5)). 

5, Civil Proceedings.—If the purchaser of any seeds wishes to have a test 
made for the purposes of civil proceedings a sample must be taken within 
10 days of delivery and divided into two parts, one part to be sent to the 
Official Seed Testing Station for testing and the other part to the seller. 

6. Transactions exempted from the Act.—The Act does not apply to certain 
transactions particulars of which are given in this Journal for October, 1920, 
p. 606. Under the Order the exemptions included only a sale of seeds * as 
grown” and a sale for delivery outside the United Kingdom, 

7. Application to Ireland and Scotland.—The Act applies to Ireland and 
Scotland as well as to England and Wales, with the exceptions that the 
internal seed trade of Ireland will continue to be regulated under the Weeds 
and Agricultural Seeds (Ireland) Act, 1909, and that the Regulations for 
Scotland are to be issued by the Scottish Board. 

Seeds Regulations, 1921. 

1. Seeds controlled by the Act and not by the Order.—The following seeds 

are scheduled under the Act but are not included nnder the Order :— 


Seed Potatoes. Sugar Beet. 
Field Peas. Flax seed and Linseed. 
>) peanes “ Forest tree seeds. 


2. Tests.—In all cases (except in relation to Seed Potatoes) a statement 
must be made that the seeds have been tested in accordance with the provisions 
of the Seeds Act, 1920. 

3. Seed Potatoes.—The particulars to be given are similar to those required 
under the “Seed Potatoes Order, 1918,” viz., a statement as to the class, 
variety, size and dressing (see Summary of Seeds Regulations, 1921, above). 

4. Grass and Clover Seed.—The particulars to be given are similar to those 
required under the Order with the following additions :— 


374 SuMMARY OF SEEDS ReGuLations, 1921. | Juiy, 


(a) the “real value” or percentage of pure germinating seed must be 
stated. 
(>) the bushel weight of ryegrass is required. 

d. Plax Seed, Linseed, and Forest Tree Seeds.—The particulars to be 
given in these cases are set out iu thesummary of the Draft Seeds Regulations, 
1921, above. 

6. Packeted Seed.—Sellers of these may either give the particulars required 
in the case of a sale of Garden Seeds (see Reg. 3 (1) (a), (b), (c) and (n)), or, 
print on the packet the particulars set out in the summary of the Seeds 
Regulations, 1921, above, which include a statement as to the season in which 
the seed was packeted. Under the Order, nothing had to be declared by 
selle:s of packets if the germination and purity of the seeds were above 
‘“ Standard.” 

7. Samples.—Tests for the purpose of a Declaration may now only be made 
on samples drawn in accordance with the methods which under the Order only 
applied to the drawing of “control ” samples. 

8. Method of Testing.—The method of testing under the Testing of Seeds 
Order has been what is known as the “Irish method.” Under the Act this 
will be altered to the ‘‘ Continental” or ‘ Universal” method. 

9. Minimum Percentages of Germination—These are prescribed in 
Schedules 1, 2, 3 and 4 for various kinds of seeds. When the germination of 
the seed specified is at or above these percentages that fact may be stated 
instead of declaring the actual figures obtained as a result of a test. In the 
case of most of the garden and field seeds the minimum percentage is 5 per 
cent. higher than the “Standard” prescribed under the Order. The germination 
of mangold and beet is to be given as the percentage of germinating clusters 
and, not of the sprouts as hitherto. Minimum percentages are now prescribed 
for the ryegrasses. 

Except in the case of small packets of seeds, where a statement is made 
that the seed is not less than the authorised minimum percentage of germina- 
tion prescribed the minimum percentage in question must be given. 


FEES CHARGED FOR TESTING AT THE OFFICIAL SEED TESTING 
STATION, 
The following are the revised fees to be paid for samples tested at the 
Official Seed Testing Station :— 
For samples of seed which the farmer himself is proposing to sow, 
6d. per sample. 
In the case of tests which a farmer requires for the purpose of a 


declaration for sale :— 
per sample. 


Cereals ba sist ag Aa es 2/- 
Roots and Vegetables, other than Mangold 

and Beet ae sie waa bee res 
Mangold, Beet, Grasses or Clovers cis oe 4/- 


The address to which samples for testing should now be addressed is :— 
The Chief Officer, Official Seed Testing Station, 18, Leigham Court Road, 
Streatham Hill, London, S.W.16, but early in August it is hoped to transfer 
the Station to its permanent premises, Huntingdon Road, Cambridge. Notice 
will be given in the press when the transfer takes place. 


1921.] AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY AFTER THE WAR. 379 


THe Report on Agricultural Implements and Machinery 
(Cd. 1315) which has been prepared by a Committee acting under 
the Profiteering Acts, 1919 and 1920, is of 
ae very consider ‘ble ul t rest to agri nltariste 
‘y considerable intere agric ‘ists. 

Machinery After |. > : - 
Farmers may be relieved to hear that 

the War. : : se 
despite the high prices which they have 
been asked to pay in recent years there is no evidence of profiteer- 
ing, and certain of the figures quoted by the Committee will bring 
conviction to the most sceptical. The figures relating to churns 
can be put into an easily intelligible table :— 


Average Average Average Average Proysits. 
Year. List Price. Selling Price. Total Costs. Per cent. 
tects “Xl: S Bo. %& 8. .d. Sais of costs. 

fptie 4 1), 4 a 2.0 2 8 6 13 6 21.77 
Rien OL. 0. ce 2. 8 ae 9 ieee’ 25 1 17.63 
1920 35° - 92 4 fie sae»! 743 0 5 0.27 


The Committee find that dealers are not acting other than 
fairly in their position of connecting link between manutacturer 
and farmer: their commissions do not seem unduly high. 

A great deal of the report confirms the conclusions of the 
Departmental Committee on Agricultural Machinery,* particu- 
larly in regard to manufacture and export trade, although some 
of the statements of the more recent Committee are not made 
with the qualifications which the former Committee considered 
necessary. “‘ The conservatism of the farmer,’’ they say, “* is 
proverbial, and manufacturers have had to contend with much 
inertia and prejudice in bringing their appliances to the notice ot 
the farming public. Generations of farmers have looked with 
some degree of suspicion, often with undisguised hostility, upon 
any innovation, and this has been especially the case with the 
substitution of mechanically propelled implements in the place 
of horse-drawn machines. It has only been after much hesitation 
that the average farmer has allowed himself to be persuaded of 
the efficacy of new patterns and the labour-saving which their 
adoption would entail.’’ This reads rather lke the manufac- 
turers’ case: there is another side to the story, part of which 
the Report discloses. 

The Committee found that in spite of a general consensus of 
opinion as to the desirability of standardisation, nothing definite 
had been done by manufacturers, and they refer to the notorious 
case of British plough types. ‘* Such advantages as are derived 
from the present policy of manufacturing large varieties of types 


appear to be counterbalanced by the enormous economies to be 


* Cmd. 506. Cf. Journal, April, 1920, 


376 INTERNATIONAL Potato CONFERENCE. | JULY, 


obtained by standardisation.’’ Again, many firms have no effec- 
tive costings system. 

English firms are comparatively small and this is another 
element in cost. One circumstance which has an intimate rela- 
tion to the size of English firms is the progressive decline of the 
export trade, although there have been gains in some directions, 
and until the War the export of engines and thrashing machines 
was considerable, particularly to Russia and Central Europe. 
Russia in fact absorbed nearly 40 per cent. of the total British 
exports of agricultural machinery. Although the Report does 
not say so in as many words, it is obvious that in a country of 
the size of the British Isles there cannot be really large produc- 
tion for the home market : a large foreign trade is essential before 
the economies of large scale production can be introduced. The 
most striking of the conclusions of the Committee is that ** the 
industry will only resume its former healthy condition when the 
markets of Central and Eastern Europe are effectively reopened.”’ 
That, it may be added, will not be of benefit only to the British 
manufacturer but to the British farmer as well, for a small 
production means higher relative costs and higher prices. 


* * * * * * 


Ir is proposed to hold an International Potato Conference 
at the Roval Horticultural Society’s Hall, Westminster, 
London, on 15th, 16th and 17th November. 
A Joint Committee of the Ministry of Agri- 
culture and the Royal Horticultural Society 
is making the necessary arrangements, 
and the programme will include the reading of a number of 
papers by experts, who will deal with various aspects of potato 
culture. Among the papers are the following :— 

‘“ Degeneration of Potatoes,” by Dr. R. N. Salaman (England). 
‘‘Potato Breeding, Selection and Development Work,” by W. Stuart 
(U.S.A.). 
“ Industrial and Commercial Uses of Potatoes,” by H. V. Taylor (Ministry 
of Agriculture). 
“ Leaf Curl,” by H. M. Quanjer (Holland). 
“Life History of the Wart Disease Organism and its Relation to 
Immunity from Wart Disease,” by Prof. Blackman (London). 
‘Recent research in Potato Blight,” by Dr. Petherbridge. 
“Leaf Curl” and ‘Mosaic in Potatoes,” by A. D. Cotton (Ministry of 
Agriculture), and W. A. Orton (U.S.A.). 
There will also be an exhibition of British varieties of 
potatoes, with specimens of diseases in this country, and 
descriptions of British methods of dealing with them. The 


Proposed. 
International 
Potato Conference. 


1921. | Pouutrry Concress AND EXHIBITION. 377 


presidential address will be delivered by Sir Daniel Hall, 
K.C.B., F.R.S., Chief Scientific Adviser to the Ministry of 
Agriculture, and a full report of the conference will be published 
later in book form. ‘The Committee understands that the 
National Potato Society will hold their annual show at the 
Royal Horticultural Society’s Hall in conjunction with the con- 
ference. Mr. H. V. Taylor, of the Ministry of Agriculture, 
and Mr. R. Dykes, of the Royal Horticultural Society, are 
the honorary secretaries of the conference. All interested in 
potato growing are invited to attend and take part in the 
discussions, so adding to the common stock of knowledge on 
the subject. 
* * ¥ * * * 


Tue first World’s Poultry Congress, convened by the Inter- 
national Association of Poultry Instructors and Investigators, 
World’s Poultry will be held at The Hague, Seige on 
6th-18th September this year. “Delegates 

Congrene aye hg Gover ts, teaching and 

Retina ry Commer, teaching, and 

: experimental institutions, poultry and other 
societies, as well as private individuals interested in poultry, 
will be assembled for conference and for exchange of ideas and 
experiences. 

The Netherlands Government is co-operating in every 
possible way with the promoters of+the Congress, which is 
under the patronage of Their Majesties The Queen and Queen. 
Mother of Holland, while H.R.H. Prince Henry of thea 
Netherlands is president of the honorary committee, the 
members of which consist chiefly of Ministers of the Nether- 
lands Government. The executive committee which will make 
the necessary arrangements has been appointed by the 
Netherlands Minister of Agriculture, Commerce and industry, 
and will have as its first president Dr. H. J. Lovink, of The 
Hague, and as its second president Mr. Ed. Brown, F.L.S., 
president of the British National Poultry Parliament. 

The Congress will be divided into four sections, each of 
which will have its own bureau to regulate its work. The 
chairman of each section will be able to speak at least four 
languages, while all reports and other publications issued will 
be printed in at least three languages. A wide range of papers, 
written by many leading authorities in the poultry world, 
will be submitted for the consideration of the Congress. The 
Ministry of Agriculture will be represented officially, and has 
prepared a paper on “‘ Poultry Education in England and 


378 Lonpon Fruir EXuHIsirion. | JoLy, 


Wales.’’ Membership of the Congress is open upon payment 
of a fee of £1, and all who are interested in the development 
of the poultry industry are cordially invited to attend. 
Arrangements have been made for the accommodation of 
visitors at fixed and reasonable rates. The programme includes 
excursions to neighbouring places of interest. 


World’s Poultry HEzhibition.—Simultaneously with the Con- 
gress the World’s Poultry Exhibition will be held. This will not 
be a competitive show, but an exhibition of the best breeds of 
poultry from various countries, as well as poultry houses and 
appliances, books and other literature, diagrams and_ photo- 
graphs. There will be also scientific demonstrations illustrating 
the work of instructors and investigators. The countries repre- 
sented at the Congress will have their own committees and sub- 
committees to arrange for the preparation and reading of papers 
and the preparation of exhibits. The honorary secretaries of the 
British Committee are :— 


Prof. R. C. Punnett, M.A., F.R.S., Whittinghame Lodge, Cambridge. 
Mr. T. R. Robinson, F.S.I., 3, Vincent Square, Westminster, London, 8. W.1. 


to whom all enquiries relating to the Congress and Fixhibition 
should be addressed. Many countries are arranging to send 
exhibits of representative poultry and poultry appliances. No 
prizes will be awarded, but each exhibitor will receive a medal 
and diploma. 


* * * * * * 


Unver the auspices of the Ministry, an exhibition—the first 
of its kind—of home-grown and imported fruit will be held in 
London in the autumn, when varieties of 
fruit grown in the United Kingdom will 
be placed in competition with varieties 
grown in the Colonies and in certain foreign countries. Such an 
exhibition will, it is anticipated, be extremely helpful to our 
own fruit growers as well as to those engaged in placing 
foreign and Colonial fruit on our markets. Although much of 
our home-grown fruit is good, the methods of presenting it on 
the market leave much to be desired, and our growers would 
be well advised to give close attention to this side of the 
exhibition. 

The three largest shows for English fruit are those held 
annually at Wisbech, Maidstone and Worcester. ‘This year 
these three shows will be incorporated in the London Fruit 


London Fruit 
Exhibition. 


1921. | INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURE. 379 


Exhibition, which will also, it is hoped, include exhibits from 
Scotland, Wales and Ireland. Thus the autumn exhibition in 
London will be a national one, and the exhibits will be the 
best and most representative of the United Kingdom 
and properly comparable with those from Canada, California 
and other places. 

The Ministry has appointed an advisory committee, which 
is already at work, to organise the exhibition, and it is hoped 
to announce in the Press at an early date the full programme. 
which will be of a novel and interesting character. The 
exhibition will also be of interest to the general public, whose 
knowledge, for instance, of the best varieties of apples for 
eating or cooking is too often limited to a chance purchase of 
a choice specimen. One of the results of the London Fruit 
Exhibition will undoubtedly be to popularise the best varieties 
of fruit and so stimulate growers in the United Kingdom to 
supply the increased demand for them. 


Tue courses successfully inaugurated last season in fruit 
and vegetable preservation at the Ministry’s Experimental 
Station, Campden, Gloucestershire, are to 
be continued until October during the 
current year, with the exception of the 
month of July. <A course lasts a fortnight 
and covers fully every phase of the subject. The fee is 30s. Full 
particulars can be obtained from the secretary of the Station at 
Campden. As the accommodation for students is limited, early 
application is desirable. 


Courses in Fruit 
and Vegetable 
Preservation. 


* * * % x % 


THE Permanent Committee of the International Institute of 
Agriculture at Rome has forwarded the text of a resolution 
passed at its last meeting, under which the 


amecee awenal distinction of ‘‘ Membre donateur de 
Institute of l'Institut International d’Agriculture ”’ 
Agriculture. + aul ae 3 


may be conferred upon anyone who, being 
desirous of testifving in a practical way to the ideals of the 
Institute, presents either in money or in kind a gift of the 
value of not less than ten thousand lire. The names of donors 
will be inscribed on a marble tablet, which will be affixed in 
the building of the Institute at Rome. The first ‘* Membre 
donateur ’’ to be nominated is M. Victor Vermorel, Member 
of the National Agricultural Academy of France, a former 
Senator, who has recently given a generous donation. — 


380 ARABLE Datry Farms. T JULY, 


In this Journal for April last (p. 5), brief particulars were 
given of the origin and constitution of the Institute. It was 
founded in 1905 to study the conditions of the world’s agricul- 
ture, to collect and disseminate information on economic and 
technical agricultural questions, and generally to aid agricul- 
ture throughout the world. The best known feature of the 
Institute’s work, however, is the preparation of monthly 
reports of the estimated world production of crops and available 
supplies. These are published very widely and appear in the 
newspapers of practically every civilised country. In addition 
to these statistics, the Institute issues a bulletin summarising 
the information given in technical publications throughout the 
world in regard to agricultural investigations, plant diseases, 
&e., and also a bulletin dealing with the economic side of 
agriculture. * iy 


ARABLE dairy farms, established by the Ministry for experi- 
mental purposes, have suffered from conditions that are part 
of the aftermath of war. It will be 
remembered that this form of dairying 

made the subject of prolonged and 
satisfactory experiment at the Harper 
Adams College, Newport, Shropshire, and that the theory these 
experiments may be said to have supported is, in brief, that 
continuous cropping and soiling enable a farmer to keep a 
~ cow in the best possible condition on the produce of two acres 
or less. On the ideal arable dairy farm the land is under 
crops—chiefly forage crops—all the time. The cows do not 
graze, but are turned out every day for brief exercise. 

When it was proposed to test the economic possibilities of 
arable dairy farming, arrangements were made for the estab- 
lishment of ten demonstration holdings, and a commencement 
was made at nine centres, seven in England and two :n Wales. 
Unfortunately, the cost of building increased enormonsly soon 
after the inception of the scheme: the construction of necessary 
accommodation was delaved, and ultimately, building prices 
increased. to a point that removed the economic basis from 
certain of the undertakings. This. will be readily understood 
when it is remembered that an arable dairy holding should 
carry at least twice the head of stock of a pasture holding and 
that the homestead must be proportionately larger. Following 


Arable Dairy 
Farms: Restricted 
Programme. 


* The chief publications of the Institute may be obtained from the 
Ministry. Particulars of subscription rates will be sent on application. 


1921. | FREAM MeEmoriau Prize. 381 


the conditions that prevailed in the building trade came the 
pressure for economy in public expenditure, so that of the nine 
holdings referred to above the Ministry felt compelled to 
relinquish six on which the buildings had made little progress, 
but retained three, Grampound Road (Cornwall), Hucknall 
(Notts.) and Denham (Bucks.). The abandonment of 
six of these farms is to he regretted for many 
reasons, but it is satisfactory to know that there are 
three holdings on which the work is so well advanced 
as to justify completion; these will be fully equipped 
and will serve as experimental holdings. Every effort will be 
made to place the results of the working before the farming 
community, and it is to be hoped that, if the experiments 
prove successful and the practical value of arable dairy farms 
is demonstrated, there will be, as conditions improve, such an 
extension of private enterprise as will provide on 4. strict 
economic basis for the needs of the community. Interest 
among farmers has been stimulated already by visits to Harper 
Adams College, where much of the pioneer work has been 
carried out, and the results justify a considerable measure 
of optimism. 


* * * * * * 


Tne Fream Memorial Prize which is annually awarded by the 
Ministry to the candidate who obtains the highest marks in the 
examination for the National Diploma in 
Agriculture, has been won this year by Mr. 
William Riddet, of Cubeside, Dalry, Ayr- 
shire, a student of the West of Scotland Agricultural College, 
Glasgow. ‘The value of the prize this year is about £6 10s., 
which is to be devoted to the purchase of books. 


Fream Memorial 
Prize. 


382 Foot-aAnD-MovutH DIsEase. CoG, 


Rabies.—Since the last issue of the Journal, there have been no develop- 
ments in the Middlesex and Berkshire districts. Two further cases, however, 
were confirmed on 10th June at Salisbury and at Chandler’s Ford near 
Southampton, in the Wilts, Dorset, and Hampshire Area. 


Foot-and-Mouth Disease.—Jreland.—On the 21st May the Ministry 
received information from the Irish Department of Agriculture that Foot-and- 
Mouth Disease had been confirmed at New Ross, County Wexford, and that 
an area of 15 miles radius therefrom had been scheduled for restrictions. The 
Ministry thereupon prohibited further landing of store stock from Ireland, but 
continued the existing provision for the landing of fat stock for slaughter 
within the landing places within 72 hours of landing. 

The disease was confirmed among cattle which were practically grazing 
together, but owned by two people. Subsequently, on the 28th May, a further 
outbreak of disease was confirmed by the Irish Department in the sare 
locality, and on the 2nd June disease was found to exist on a neighbouring 
farm. These later outbreaks did not, however, involve any extension of the 
Scheduled District. 

On the 13th June, store cattle from parts of Ireland outside the 15 mile 
area, were admitted at certain landing places for 14 day quarantine in the 
landing place. 

Great Britain.—The restrictions in connection with the outbreaks at 
Draycott (Derbyshire), Bebington (Cheshire) and North Runeton (Norfolk), 
referred to in previous issues of the Journal, have been withdrawn. 

Yorkshire, Cheshire and Derbyshire.-—The restrictions in connection with 
the outbreak of disease at Thurstonland, near Huddersfield, have now been 
withdrawn. 

On the 18th May disease was confirmed at Harthill, Rotherham, on the 
Southern border of the West Riding of Yorkshire, and as a result the usual 
restrictions were imposed in respect of an area within a radius of 15 miles 
from that place. On the 22nd May the confirmation of disease on premises 
near Disley, Cheshire, necessitated the imposition of similar restrictions around 
Disley. Subsequently, disease was confirmed on ten other premises in 
Derbyshire, the latest of which was at Chapel-en-le-Frith on 7th June. 

In view of the circumstances attaching to this extension of disease, restric- 
tions were imposed as a precautionary measure over a much wider district so 
as to include the districts originally scheduled on account of the outbreaks at 
Harthill and Disley, and to comprise the whole of Derbyshire and Nottingham- 
shire, and portions of Cheshire, the West Riding of Yorkshire, Leicestershire 
and Staffordshire. 

Within this district, two prohibited areas were described, one of about 
5 miles radius surrounding Harthill, and the other including the farms in 
Cheshire and Derbyshire on which the remainder of the cases occurred, and to 
which the movement of animals by a dealer involved in one of the outbreaks 
had been definitely traced. In these two prohibited areas all movement of 
stock was suspended, with the exception of cases of special urgency, provision 
for which was made by the Inspectors of the Ministry, In the remainder of 
the extended scheduled district, movement into the district for immediate 
slaughter was permitted, as also the movement of animals within the district 
in cases of necessity, all such movements being by licence of an Inspector of 


4 
; 
a 


1921. ] EXpoRTATION OF HoRSEsS. 883 


the Local Authority. The extent of this scheduled district was, however, 
considerably reduced as from 13th June by an order of the Ministry, one of 
the effects of which was to release from restrictions Derby, where the Royal 
Agricultural show was to be held at the end of June. 

The origin of all these 12 outbreaks, most of which were discovered by the 
prompt action of the Ministry’s Inspectors, has been due to the transactions of 
a dealer on whose premises one of the outbreaks occurred, and where the 
disease appeared to be of old standing. This dealer kept no proper record of 
his transactions, but animals were exposed by him at Chapel-en-le-Frith 
Market, Derbyshire, on the 5th and 10th May, at Macclesfield on the 6th May, 
and at Hayfield on the 12th May. No fewer than four of the eleven outbreaks 
occurred in animals exposed at Chapel Market on the 19th May. The original 
outbreak at Harthill occurred in animals which had passed through Marple 
Market, Cheshire, on the 2nd May. 

Yorkshire (Otley District) —An outbreak of Foot-and-Mouth disease was 
confirmed on the 2nd June at premises near Otley. This outbreak owes its 
origin to contact with affected animals at one of the markets concerned in the 
Derbyshire outbreaks. The usual restrictions were imposed, and remain in 
force without modification. 


Injurious Weeds Regulations, 1921.—With reference to the last 
paragraph of the notes on the suppression of weeds given at p. 275 of this 
Journal for June, regulations have now been made under Section 4 (10) of the 
Agriculture Act, 1920, declaring the following weeds to be the injurious weeds 
to which the sub-section shall apply :— 

(1) Thistles Carduus lanceolatus L.—Spear Thistle. 

Carduus arvensis Curt.—Creeping Thistle or Field Thistle. 
(2) Docks Rumex crispus L.—Curled Dock. 

Rumez obtusifolius L.—Broad-Leaved Dock. 
(3) Ragwort Senecio Jacobaa L. 

The position now is, therefore, that the Ministry of Agriculture tnay serve 
on the occupier of any land on which the above injurious weeds are growing, a 
notice requiring the destruction of such weeds. 


Exportation of Horses and Conveyance of Horses by Rail- 
way.—The Diseases of Animals Act, 1910, as amended by the Exportation of 
Horses Act, 1914, prohibits the shipment of any horse, ass or mule, from any 
port in Great Britain to the Continent of Europe unless the animal has been 
examined immediately before shipment by a Veterinary Inspector appointed 
by the Ministry and certified by him to be capable of being conveyed and 
disembarked without cruelty, and also to be capable of being worked without 
suffering on arrival at its destination on the Continent. Provision has been 
made by the Ministry for the veterinary inspection of horses shipped under the 
above-mentioned Acts at the ports of London, Harwich, Hull, Goole, 
Folkestone, Southampton, Leith, Grimsby and Newhaven. 

As it is of great importance that any illegal traflic in worn-out horses 
should on humanitarian grounds be prevented, the Ministry has asked Local 
Authorities of seaboard districts to co-operate with the Officers of Customs 
and Excise at the ports, with a view to prevent shipments of such horses 
contrary to the Acts, and the Board of Customs and Excise have agreed to 
assist by instructing their officers to notify to the Ministry and also to Local 


384 LEAFLETS ISSUED BY THE Ministry. [Jury, 1921. 


Authorities any case in which it appears to them that the Acts are being 
contravened. This will enable action to be taken by the Local Authorities 
either to prevent illegal shipments taking place or to take legal proceedings 
against those found guilty of an infringement of the Acts. 

The Ministry has further called the attention of all Local Authorities to the 
provisions of Articles 3, 4, 8 and 9 of the Horses (Importation and Transit) 
Order of 1913, which prohibit the carriage by water or by railway of any 
horse, ass or mule which, owing to infirmity, illness, injury, fatigue or any 
other cause, cannot be carried without unnecessary suffering during the 
intended transit. | 

Copies of a poster warning horse dealers and exporters of the requirements 
of the law in this matter can be obtained on application to the Ministry 
10, Whitehall Place, London, S.W.1. 

Leaflets issued by the Ministry.—Since the date of the list given 
on page 283 of the June issue of this Journal, two new leaflets have been 
issued and circulated :— 

No. 367.—Wither Tip and Brown Rot in Plums. 
,, 369.—Backyard Poultry Keeping. 
The following leaflets have been revised and brought up to date :— 
No. 8.—Assessments of Local Rates. 
,  19.—Pea and Bean Weevils. 
», 68.—Currant and Gooseberry Aphides. 
,, 69.—The Lackey Moth. 
,, 86.—Brown Rot of Apples. 
,, 131.—Apple and Pear Scab. 
,, 137.—Potato Scab. 
., 188.—Fumigation with Hydrocyanic Acid Gas. 
,, 189.—Insurance of Farming Stock against Fire. 
,, 193.—Dry Rot in Potatoes, 
,, 204.—The Die-back Disease of Gooseberry. 
,, 208.—Rural Party Line Telephones. 
265.—Rabbit Keeping, 
279.—Technical Advice for Farmers. 
,, 282.—Scheme for the Improvement of Livestock. 
330.—Fish Meal as a Food for Livestock. 
The following leaflets have been withdrawn from circulation :— 
No. 47.—The Asparagus Beetle. 
,, 90.—The Pith Moth. 
163.— White Rust of Cabbages. 
,, o14.—The Manurial Value of Shoddy, 
The following leaflets have been re-written :— 
No, 49.—Bark Beetles and Shot Borers. 
», 115.—Coral Spot. 
278.—Linseed as a Farm Crop. 
,, 2004.—Husk or Hoose in Calves. 


,, vo4.—Jam-making. 


» Printed under the authority of HIS MAJESTY’S STATIONERY OFFICE, 
By Metchim & Son, Princes Street, Westminster, S.W.1. 


THE JOURNAL OF THE MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE.—Advertisements. XX 


The FARMERS’ i WARDEN ‘ 


FOR INSURANCE oF 


HORSES and CATTLE. : 
STALLIONS, BROOD MARES, 
FOALS. 
EMPLOYERS’ LIABILITY. 
FIRE. DRIVERS’ ACCIDENTS. 
MOTOR CARS, FARM TRACTORS, 
and GENERAL INDEMNITIES. 


For Best Rates and Terms apply— 


WARDEN 


_INSURANCE COMPANY, LTD. 


ESTABLISHED 1875. 
Honoured with the Patronage of H.M. THE KING. 


Chief Office—21, IRONMONGER LANE, LONDON, E.C. 2. 


MANAGER AND SECRETARY: R. R. WILSON. 


Fertilizers 


E*O Fe ALE CROFPS. 


SPECIAL PRICES FOR TRUCK LOADS. 


Cook’s Pure Bone Meal 


| (High Test). 
FINEST QUALITY iON THE MARKET. 
uarantee nalysls. 
Farther particulars of 


EDWARD COOK & C0., LD., 


Bow, London, E.3.:. 


xxii THE JOURNAL OF THE MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE.—A dvertisements. 


BREEDERS’ ANNOUNCEWENTS. 


CATTLE. 


ABERDEEN—ANGUS. 
MACAINSH, JOHN, Congash, Grantown-on-Spey, N.B. —Pure-bred Aberdeen-Angus Cattle.—Particulars on application. 


DEVONS. 


STANTON, HARWICH.—REGISTERED HERD RED; DEVON DAIRY CATTLE. Devons are the best English Dairy 
Cattle under all conditions and in any climate. 


FRIESIANS. 


GILSTON PARK HERD OF PEDIGREE BRITISH FRIESIANS, property of A.S. BOWLBY, Esq. Bulls and Bull Calves 
generally for sale, by imported and other leading.sires—Apply Captain S. E. BUCKLEY, M.C., Gilston Park Istate Office, 
Harlow, Essex. 

ROUGH HERD OF BRITISH FRIESIANS is the herd for production, colour, size, milk and butter-fat. The herd to buy your 
next bull calf sired by Routh Victory. third prize Dairy Show, 1920, weighing 134 cwt. at 20 months old, whose dam gave 


2,268 gallons, butter-fat 4°66 ; the only cow in the kingdom to produce 1,200 lb. of butter jin 365 days. Inspection invited. — 
P. FORD, Molescroft, Beverley. 


JERSEYS. 


JEROME, MRS., BILTON HALL, TOCKWITH, YORKS. Pedigree Jerseys. Heifers und young Bulls for Sale. 


SHORTHORNS. 


WELBECK HERD OF PEDIGREE SHORTHORNS, the property of the Duke of PORTLAND, K.G. Young Bulls and Heifers 
for sale, from the best strains.—Apply, ALEX. GALBRAITH, Norton, Cuckney, Mansfield. 


DAIRY SHORTHORNS. 


HOBBS R. W., & SONS, Kelmscott, Lechlade.—500 Dairy Shorthorns ; milk records kept; many firsts Royal and London Dairy 
Shows. Pedigree Bulls and Bull Calves. 4-cross Bull Calves at moderate prices, suitable for non- pedigree dairy herds. 


PLAYFORD HERD OF PEDIGREE DAIRY SHORTHORNS. Deep-Milking Strains of robust constitution. Bulls in 
service: Thornby Don (133918). Hermit II. (120697). Milk records kept, inspected by Dairy Shorthorn Association and 
Ministry of Agriculture Recorder. Young Bulls and Bull Calves for sale. Also Breeder of Pedigree Suffolk Sheep and Large 
Black Pigs.—S. R. SHERWOOD, Playford, Ipswich. 


CHIVERS & SONS, LTD., HISTON, CAMBS.—Pedigree Dairy Shorthorn Herd, numbers over 100 head, mainly composed of Bates 
and other old English Families. Winners at the Royal and leading Shows. Daily milk records checked by D.S.A. and 
Ministry of Agriculture Recorders. Young Bulls from recorded cows always for sale. 


LINCOLN RED SHORTHORNS. 


THE STAPLEFORD PARK HERD. A few young Bulls from Royal Prize Winners always for sale from carefully tested 
milking strains only. Apply C. S. Harvey, Wymondham, Oakham. 


400 C.P. VAPOR LAMPS 


THAT CAN BE TURNED DOWN TO 
ANY DESIRED SMALLER C. P. 


Safety and satisfaction guaranteed. They burn 95°/, Air and 
5°/, Petrol Vapor. They are clean and economical. They 
cost 3d. per hour to run, and at one filling will run a week. 
The principle in both lamps shown is that applied to a lamp 
supplied to the U.S.A. Government. Large stocks of both 
types are on our premises, and we can ‘supply by return. 
The cost is 60s. each packed and delivered. The Mantles 
are durable, and the Lantern is storm proof. Everybody 
who introduces six buyers gets his money back. The Lamps 
are made of the very best and strongest materials, and are 
finished in highly-polished nickel. 

The Light given is twenty times that of the largest oil lamps. 
Both Lamps are fitted with Automatic Tip Cleaner, and they 
are the Lamps that never fail. Every Lamp is tested before 
it reaches user’s hands. 


LguDS 


~ 
— 


Suppliers : 
STANLEYS (STRATFORD), LTD.,Wharton Rd., London, E.15. 


Please mention “ Journal of the Ministry of Agriculture.” 


No 210 Table Lam Storm Proof Lnnenen 


XXii 


THE JOURNAL OF THE MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE.—Advertisements. 


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‘ysno[d Aue doJ 9[QB}INS 


xxiv THE JOURNAL OF THE MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE.—A dvertisements. 


CATTLE—continued. 


KERRY AND DEXTERS. 
BRAISHFIELD MANOR HERD of Dexter Castle. Prizes won in 1915 include Championship R,A.S.E., Nottingham, first 
London Dairy Show.—Apply, Mr. W. A. OWEN, Elm Grove, Braishfield, Romsey. 


PALMER, R. E. Pure Pedigree Kerry Cattle, Oaklands Park, Newdigate, Surrey. 


HEREFORDS. 
WHITE, W. J. S., ZEALS, WILTS.—Old-established Herd of Milking Herefords, Bulls and Calves, for Sale. 


SOUTH DEVON. 
GREENSLADE, W.R. J.,3, HAMMET STREET, TAUNTON, AND WELLINGTON, SOMERSET.—Sales of Devon Cattle, Dorset 
Horn Sheep, «ce. ; 


SHEEP. 
OXFORD DOWN. 


AKERS & CO., BLACK BOURTON, OXON.—Registered Oxford Downs, Rams and Ewe Lambs on Sale; inspection invited. 


LINCOLN LONGWOOL. 


HOYLES, GEO., SKIDBY MANOR, near HULL.—Pure Lincoln Longwool Sheep; true type, sound conditions, lustrous long 
wool, give satisfaction at home und abroad. 


PIGS: 


BERKSHIRE. 


BRAISHFIELD MANOR HERD OF BERKSHIRE PIGS. Boars in use: Little John, Champion R.A.S.E., 1915, etc. ; also 
Hugo, whose stock sold so well at Mr. Hiscock’s Sale. Young stock of the best blood always for Sale.-—Apply Mr. W. A. 


OWEN, Elm Grove, Braishfield, Romsey. 


MANUDEN HERD OF BERKSHIRES. Gilts 11 months by Steadfast (brother to Carry On, Royal Champion, 1919), in pig to 
Hammond Haymaker, 1st., Oxford, 192v. 20 gns , carriage paid.—GEt, Manuden House, Essex. 


LARGE WHITE. 


OHIVERS. & SONS, LTD., HISTON, CAMBS.—Over 1,000 pigs bred annually. Breeding Stock live out in Large Grass Orchards. 
Stock Boars include Histon Thor, Champion Peterborough and Suffolk 1920, Histon Lion Heart, Champion Royal Norfolk 
1919, Dalmeny Macbeth, Ist Highland and Edinburgh 1920, and own brother to 720-guinea Sow. Young Stock always for Sale. 


COLSTON & BORROWFIELD HERDS OF LARGE WHITE PIGS, the property of R. Millington Knowles, Esq., The Hall, 
Colston Bassett, Notts.—Numbers and quality equal to pre-war standard.—Particulars from AGEN'l, Estate Office, Colston 
Bassett, Notts. 

DENNY, E. H. M., STAPLEFIELD PLACE, STAPLEFIELD, SUSSEX.—Lairge White Yorkshire Pedigree Pigs, Station: Haywards 
Heath. Telegrams: Handcross. 


GREENALL, SIR GILBERT, BART., C.V.0., WALTON HALL, WARRINGTON. The Walton and Worsfey Herd of Pedigree 
Large White Pigs. Selections of all ages for sale at moderate prices. Apply to the Manager, The Office, Bridge House, Higher- 
Walton, Warrington. Station: Warrington. Trains met by appointment. . 


THE WARREN HERD OF PEDIGREE LARGE WHITE PIGS, the property of H. T. Williams, Esq.— Young Stock of the best 
strains for Sale, including a fine selection of in-pig Gilts—Apply to RAYMOND KEER, Warren Home Farm, Broughton, Chester. 


MIDDLE WHITE. 


CHIVERS, JOH N, HISTON, CAMBS.— Pedigree Middle White Pigs, Breeding stock live out in Grass Orchards. Wins 1920 included 
Champion Boar, Champion Sow, and Cup for Best Middle White Pig, won outright (second year in succession) R.A.S.E. 
Show, Darlington. Young Stock for Sale. 


EDGE, S. F., GALLOPS HOMESTEAD, DITCHLING. SUSSEX.—Albany Herd of Pedigree Middle Whites. Bred on open air system. 
Wonderful doers and breeders. Will thrive anywhere. ; 


JEROME, MRs., BILTON HALL, YORK.—Pedigree Middle White Pigs, prize-winners. Boars and Gilts for Sale. 


The Rennet on which 
cheese-makers depend. 


Chr. Hansen’s Laboratory, Ltd, } 


77, ST. THOMAS’S STREET; 
LONDON, S.E.1. 


THE JOURNAL OF THE MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE.—Advertisements. - xxv 
PRR NARA TRE REET AL RUN NRTA ENCARTA ANTRAL ENC OAL DRC ERCORCORLDRCERERC ERS Dic 


+e) Ft 
y Fe 
\ Hn f- 
i NEW SKINS FOR YOUR ROOFS | i 
>) ya 
a z 
ae ee 
i vi 
rE) pas 
| 
ie C—O - @ 
PL y Ge 
‘2 THE ORIGINAL PLASTIC COMPOUND ro 
for Repairing a 
All Leaky Roofs ze 
Easily applied with a TROWEL. Srgitieres a 
Also made in SEMI-PLASTIC FORM for applying with Descriptive Booklet sent on a 
a BRUSH, application. <4 


BAXE N DA LE MILLER STREET, 7 


MANCHESTER. 7 
And at LIVERPOOL, EDINBURGH and DUBLIN. Fe 


NN NN NNN 


dain cntatntntatnednanatane tots 


Sk lt A Le cs 


Wood Preserving Stain 
has three 
important properties 


It preserves wood indefinitely, 
It stains it in rich, artistic colours, 


Please write for colour sheet to 205, Boro’ High Street, 
London, SE. fs. UE EL OMG 1 Board OF Agriculture. 


It is antiseptic and _ disinfectant. 


MAJOR AND COMPANY LIMITED, 


xxvi THE JOURNAL OF THE MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE.—A dvertisements. 


PIG S—continued. 


MIDDLE WHITE continued. 
STAPLEFORD HERD OF MIDDLE WHITE PIGS. A few choice gilts and boars Sired by Royal Winners always for sale at 
reasonable prices. OC, 8. HARVEY, Wymondham, Oakham, 


WEELEY HERD OF MIDDLE WHITES, bred on the open-air system, exclusively from Champion strains. Two 1919 Royal 
Show winners, and the sire and dam of a 1919 Cattle Show winner were bred in this herd. Apply to OSCAR GRAY, 
Jendring Farms, Limited, Weeley, S.O., Essex; 


SKIPWITH, Captain O., LOVERSAL HALL, DONCASTER.—Loversal herd of Pedigree Middle Whites. Bred on open air system. 
Moderate Prices, 


LARGE BLACK. 
. PICKWELL HERD, Pedigree Large Blacks. Young stock from best strains at reasonable prices.—CAPTAIN OLAUDE W. HEMP, 
Stainbridge Farm, Bolney, Sussex, 
NEWHOUSE HERD of Pedigree Large Black Pigs. Boars and Gilts from best strains—ROBERT FORTUNE, Newhouse, 
Cranleigh, Surrey. 


DUNSTALL HERD of Pedigree Large Blacks, bred from prize strains under natural conditions. Prolific, hardy, grand doers 
and of choice type. Young Boars and Gilts. Prices Moderate.—LIONEL E. HORNE. Moreton-in-Marsh, Glos. 


EDGE, 8. F,, GALLOPS HOMESTEAD, DITCHLING, SUSSEX.—Pedigree Large Blacks, marvellous open air strain. 


LINCOLNSHIRE CURLY-COATED. 


CHARNWOOD HERD.—A grand lot of young Boars ready for service, all descended from Royal winners. Inspection invited.— 
G. SIMPSON, Charnwood, Lowdham, Notts. 


GLOUCESTER OLD SPOT. 


THE FAIRFIELD HERD OF GLOUCESTER OLD SPOT PIGS for Sale. 100 to choose from, including winners at Hereford 
and Worcester Show. Gilts, Boars and Sows with litters ; also, owing to change of blood, several Boars by Berkeley Foreman.— 
J. B. DOWDING, Fairfield, Leominster. 


TOU TERY. 


MAJOR, ARTHUR C.—Breeder and Exhibitor thirty years. Champion Duck and Silver Grey Dorkings, “ England’s best 
fowl.” Prizes at all Shows, and exported allover the world. Prices moderate. Eggs, ls. each—ARTHUR OC. MAJOR, Ditton, 


Langley, Bucks. 
CONTINENTAL POULTRY EXPORTERS, STRATFORD, ESSEX.—Pullets, 30 Breeds, from 10/6 each. List free. 


White Leghorns, White Wyandottes, Light Sussex. Stock bred from Laying Competition Winners, Eggs, Day-old Chicks and 
Stock birds for sale. Illustrated List free—.JOHN CHIVERS, Estate Office, Histon, Cambridge 


AUCTIONEERS, LIVE STOCK, ETC., AGENTS. 
WATERS & RAWLENCE, SALISBURY. 


MISCELLANEGUS ADVERTISEMENTS—(Cheap Prepaid). 


For Cleft Chestnut Unclimable Fencing, apply to THE STANLEY UNDERWOOD COMPANY, LIMITED, Shottermill, 
Haslemere, Surrey. 
64 Page Book about Herbs and How to Use Them, 2d.—TRIMNELL, THE HERBALIST, RICHMOND ROAD, CARDIFF. 


Rippins Easy to Keep Account Books for Farmers. Herd Books for Cows and Pigs. Stud Books for 
Mares. Gripall Cash Book dissects income and costs of the farm from allsources. Furro Crop Account Book. Service 
Certificate Books for Stallions, Boars, Bulls. Milk Record Books and Pads. Poultry Account Books. Egg Laying Record 
Cards. Specimen rulings free.—RIPPIN & BAKER, The Newarkes, Leicester. 

All applications for Advertisements in “The Journal of the Ministry of Agriculture” should be addressed to C. VERNON & 
SONS, LTD., 38, Holborn Viaduct, London, E.C. 1. 


Entirely British Made. 
iia SIMPLE and 


RELIABLE. 


With Improved Valves 
(Patented). 


Cannot choke or get 
out of order. 


The Pump for 
Farms, 


Unequalled for pumping large 
volumes of water by hand 
power and for raising sewage, 
sludge, emptying cesspools, ctc. 
In many sizes and types. Work- 


able by hand and mechanical ESTATES, &c. 


power. Fees =e Fully Mlustrated Catalogue sent free on request to 
Is, d al h been, 7, Mark Lane 
iatircly BRITisH company, FAONIG & MOCK, Ltd., fonton, Ee. 


THE JOURNAL OF THE MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE.—Advertisements. xxvii 


Bey OONLY TRE, BESI. 


The BUXTON LIME FIRMS 60., Ltd, 


ROYAL EXCHANGE, BUXTON. | 
| 


| 


4 


Telegrams—BUXTON LIME, BUXTON. ’Phone--312 BUXTON. 


1THE PUREST. LIME. KNOWN IN 

COMMERCE AND THE LARGEST 

OUTPUT OF LIME AND LIMESTONE 
IN THE WORLD. 


LIME BURNT IN SPECIAL KILNS FOR 
SPECIAL TRADES. 


Agriculturists, Florists and Fruit Growers 
catered for specially. 


AGENTS THROUGHOUT GREAT BRITAIN. 


Lime in any Form, in any Quantity to suit Users. 


xxvil- THE JOURNAL OF THE MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE.—Advertisements. 


wv & BaSEP ROSS TSES * 
TAMWORTH 
Have You Seen It? 
THE 


Pig Breeders Annual 


i National Pig preeiters’ Association, 
92, Gower Street, London, W.C.1, 


Full of useful and scientific 

and interesting articles by all 

the present day authorities. 
aise Sandee illustrated. 


POST ae eye 
it.) END NOW, 


A TE SE LR IE PTY 


FREE. 


TheNetting 
you will have 
eventually — 


BECAUSHit lies dead flat 
without curves or bulges 
and gives no trouble. 
Itismade to stand heavy 
strains too, being of 
fine grade wire, galva- 4 
nized after manufacture. & 


High quality and low price is 


“Faultless” the 
should test NOW. 


qj Send us particulars of your require- 

ments and we will gladly quote carriage 
paid prices for eee or small quantities, 
direct from works. 


Netting ycu 


another combination that makes f 


Profitable Farming 
COMPOUND FERTILISERS 
For All Crops. 
SUPERPHOSPHATES. 
STEAMED BONE MEAL. 
SULPHATE OF AMMONIA. 
BASIC SLAG. 
SULPHATE OF COPPER. 


| THOMAS VICKERS & SONS, Ltd, 
WIDNES, LANCS. 


LS RR 


muses : “Vickers, Widnes.” 
Telephone 115 (2 lines). 


’Phone: Purley 10. 


Lime Burners, 
COULSDON, L.B. & 8.C. Rly. 


GROUND 


CARBONATE OF LIME 


(For Agricultural Purposes) 


20/- per Ton loaded in Bulk F.O.R. Coulsdon, 
Orders should be booked at once to 
secure prompt delivery. 


WHITE LUMP & GROUND LIME 


For Agricultural Purposes, 


All kinds of CHALK supplied from Lump 
Chalk for road making down to extremely 
Fine Powdered Chalk for 
Pharmaceutical purposes. 


Head Office: 


Victoria Wharf, E. Croydon. | _ 


Telegrams : *Phone : 
‘© CEMENT, CROYDON.” *Croypon, 1104,” 


THE JOURNAL OF THE MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE.—Advertisements. xxix 


; FOR SALE. 


4 wheeled G. S. Wagons as Illustration 
below, £6 10s. each F.O.R. Shoreham. 


10 ft. Wagon Poles, complete with rings, &c., as new, 8 for £2, 

Iron and Wood Whippletrees as new, 8 for 10/6, 

New Van or Wagon Harness (Black or Brown), at £6 10s. per double set. 

Steel Fencing Posts, 8 feet long, 2 inches in diameter, everlasting, at 10 for 27/6, 
New black dressed Barbed Wire at 24/- per cwt. 

Bolt and Wire Cutters (will cut.a % inch bi lt), 6/- per pair, 

, inch Staples, 20/- per 3 ewt., 6 ae cut and nails at 26/- per ewt. 

14 and 13 Wire Nails, at 20/- per 4 cwt. 


No. 2. 


Cement, at 10/6 per Bag. 
Clear Government Varnish, at 20/- per 10 gallons, drums included. 
Black unused Corrugated Iron, 6 feet x 2 feet 2 inches, 10 sheets for 23/6. 


) Extra Strong Galvanised Corrugated Iron, as new, 5 feet 10 inches x by 2 feet 6 inches, at 10 
F sheets for 45/-. 


2 handled Cattle feeding Bowls, 7 for £1. 


NEW TIMBER - - - x # Batten, 4/6 per 100 feet. ~~ 


2 x 1 Batten, 5/6 per 100 feet. 

25 x ?¢ Batten, 5,6 per 102 feet. 

2 x 2 Quartering, 13/- per 100, 

3d x 2 Quartering, 18/- per 100, 

3 inch Harris Rails, at a per foot. 

Long Lengths, 4 x 2, 23d. per foot, 

G2 2 Planed square edge Boards, at 12/6 per 100 feet. 


. 43 XK 1 T, and G. Flooring, at 11/- per 100. 
. 63 x 1 T, and G, Flooring, at 18 5 per 100, 
7 43 x § Matching at 8/6 per 100, asanoid] 


6 son “Weather Boards, 29/- per 200 feet. 

9 x 1 finished, at 6d. per foot run. 
SUITABLE FOR PIGSTIES Special line 5,6 and 7 inch x 1}, at 47/6 per square. 
SECOND HAND TIMBER - 3 x 3, at 24d. per foot. 

4 x 3, at 33d. per foot. 

4 and 43 x 4, at 5d. per foot. 

5 x 2, at 34d. per foot, 

4 Roof Boards, at 22/6 per square, 
§ Roof Roards, at 25/- per square. 


The above S. H. Timber is all imported, clean, bright and equal to new. 


~ Ss 
rr 


Rte eee 


xxx THE JOURNAL OF THE MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE.—Advertisements. 


Sheep Dip. Paints. 
Fly Spray for Cattle. | Wood Preservative. 
Disinfectants. Cattle Foods. 


MURPHY & SON, Ltd., Sheen Lane, London, §.W.14. 


ALL WEATHERS. ALL CLIMATES. 


* ALLWEATHER ” 
BRAND. 


WATERPROOF COVERS 


OF ALL DESCRIPTIONS. 


Samples and Prices on application to the Sole Makers: 
JOHN SMITH & Co. (London, E.), — 
44, UPPER EAST SMITHFIELD, E.|1. 
Telegrams: Civilation, Ald. Tel. No.: Avenue 7650 (4 lines). 


| 


YXXl 


THE JOURNAL OF THE MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE.—Advertisements. 


MAXIMUM CROP PRODUCTION 


IS IMPOSSIBLE 


WITHOUT JUDICIOUS POTASH APPLICATIONS. 


The complete series of Potash Fertilisers are only supplied by the Potash Syndicate 
and are always in excellent condition for sowing and mixing. 


Kainit, guaranteed minimum 12°4°/, Potash (but { Muriate of Potash 80-85°/, Purity 51°5°/, Potash 


cargoes actually testing up to 15°68°/,). (Also 
supplying common salt and Magnesia salts of 
proved fertilising value). 


Potash Manure Salt 20 °/, Potash 


ae 


» 2 ” 


Sulphate of Potash—Magnesia ... 26°/, ,, 
(Invaluable for Potatoes) 


” 90-95 a ” 56°38 ° ” 
Sulphate of Potash 90°/, 48°6 
‘5 +. aes Mas te OLB he | ayy 


Points about Suiphate of Potash. 


(1) SULPHATE OF POTASH is usually 
sold with a guaranteed minimum of 


48 % pure Potash. 


Therefore 1 cwt. is an average dressing 
for 1 acre as against 4 cwts. Kainit 
(12°4 °/ minimum). 


A saving in carriage and general hand- 
ling is thus effected. 


Besides :— 


(2) SULPHATE OF POTASH can be 
used at sowing or planting time, 
early or late, without any risk of 
retarding germination or initial 
growth. 


(3) SULPHATE OF POTASH has never 
any bad secondary effect on the soil ; 
on the contrary, it gives rises in the 
soil to Sulphate of Lime which may 
be actually beneficial to the crop. 


(4) SULPHATE OF POTASH is defin- 
itely the best Potash combination 
for Potatoes, it produces a ‘‘mealier” 
potato than the Muriate of Potash, 
with a higher starch content, and 
with superior cooking and keeping 


qualities. 


(5) SULPHATE OF POTASH. is like- 
wise the best for Tomatoes, fruit 
trees, and indeed, for all horticultural 
crops where quality of produce is 
important and an excess of Chlorides 


might prove-harmful. 


(6) SULPHATE OF POTASH is dry 
and friable, and remains supreme 
for mixing with other manures, 


either on the farm or at the factory, 


For Supplies of Potash and full Particulars, apply to:— 


F. W. BERK 


& Co., Lid., 


1, Fenchurch Avenue, London, E.C.3. 


xxxii THE JOURNAL OF THE MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE.—Advertisements. 


——— ea eer 


Reinforced Concrete Silos. 
Better and Cheaper than Timber. CONCRETE SILO S, 


ee 


tog N° Stna”"*|| FARM BUILDINGS, 
Nerantne || COTTAGES, - - - 


Required. FENCE PO ST S, &e., 


Indestructible 


even by Fire. i 2 SUPPLIED. é " 


No Upkeep, 


Constructed on 
Modern 
Sanitary Lines. 


ed 
aa || 


We have built Plans and Estimates given 
these SILOS in for any class of work. 
all parts of the 

cee Ce United Kingdom, pieatlSsn 

Estimates and References on Application. Abdon Clee Stone Quarry C0., 

i 
James Scott & Son, LTD., 
(ABERDEEN), LIMITED, Ditton Priors, Bridgnorth, Salop. 


George Street & John Street, Aberdeen. 


aoe = = [Sa ras 


WHITE FLY ON rT 3 
White FLY ON | [THE “CGA am 


““NAPTHALIM ” 


Sprinkled lightly between the rows, and 
damped slightly just before closing the House 
for the night 
EFFECTUALLY DESTROYS 
WHITE FLY. 


SAFE! SIMPLE! SURE! 


TRIAL 1 cwt. bag carriage paid 


16/- GASSING MACHINE 


7 | for DESTRUCTION OF RATS, RABBITS, &c. 


ry : 
dcuci iphurous as of high 
l‘omato Manure Pieenisth without danger to operator 
el aoe =3°5% Ammonia Se eee eta ape : 
Vs : ,, Unlike Poisons, Virus and Trapping, i 
i Roepe ates By are Otaare Dostrove nae only Adult Yermin, but 
1 7 PRICE : also the Young in the Nests. 
ar i { Used by PUBLIC BODIES, ESTATE 
cwt. carriage paid | es OWNERS, FARMERS, &c. 
Reductionson Ton or more. 
Full Particulars from— a ; 
CLAYTON FIRE EXTINGUISHING & DISINFECTING CO. LTD. 
REN ED RAY & COo., 22, Craven Street, Strand, London, W.C.2. 
1 RESSICH & CAMPBELL, 118. Queen St., Glasgow. 
3, Old Mills, Hounslow. Agents} Ww. ©. Day, Church House, Lord Street, Liverpool. 


EE SEP OO SS TE EI DE SE EN 


Advertisements. xXxili 


THE JOURNAL OF THE MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE. 


WHY BUY BRICKS: 


Make Concrete Blocks yourself instead. 


The CYCLOPS CONCRETE BLOCK - MAKING 

MACHINES have been approved by the Ministry 

of Health. They are easily used and call for no 
skilled labour. 


With Cyclops blocks one can build a house from cellar to roof with raw materials 
frequently found on the site. Whether made with semi or complete cavity blocks, it 
will be cool in summer and dry in winter. The rich face down mixture of concrete 
renders the blocks impervious to moisture, and obviates the use of waterproofing 
compounds or rough cast work. The latter costs 5s. per yard. With Cyclops blocks 
shuttering is not required. as they can be reinforced in the building, and the cavities 
filled up with concrete for heavy work. In addition to making blocks the machine 
is capable of producing 700 2-in. slabs per day. 


Our new 32-page Catalogue tells you all about the Machines and what they do. 
Send for your copy to-day. 


EX-SERVICE MEN TAUGHT FREE OF CHARGE. 


We are the Pioneers of Concrete Buildings in West Africa. 


THE CYCLOPS CONCRETE CO., 9-10a, Hilbre St, LIVERPOOL. 


Telegrams; ASSESSOR. Telephone ROYAL 1195. 
Established 1882. 


Silos, Bridges, &c., can be made with Cyclops Moulds. Cyclops machines are not untested, they have been 
in use during the past 14 years, without our receiving a single complaint. 


THos. BOAG & Co., Ltp., 


| Sack Manufacturers and Merchants, 
| GREENOCK, SCOTLAND. 


SACKS AND BAGS. 


New Bags, Second-hand Bags, and New 
Calcutta Bags of all kinds, suitable for Seeds, 
Produce, Fertilisers; and Feeding Stuffs. 


SEWING AND TYING TWINES. 


Stocks always available for prompt delivery. 


BUYERS OF EMPTY BAGS OF ALL CLASSES. 
Prices ¢c.i.f. any port in the World quoted on application. 


Relophones: 825, 826 and 827, Greenock, Telegrams: Jute Greenock, 
302 (Central), Glasgow. Bags Glasgow. 
813, Aberdeen. Twills Aberdeen 


Aberdeen Branch: 12, Virginia Street. Glasyow Branch: 38, Elliot Street. 


Codes Used: A, B. C, 4th & 5th Editions, Western Union, Marconi International and Private. 


xxxiv THE JOURNAL OF THE MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE.—A dvertisements. 


Wise Harmers 
SULPHATE 
MONIA 


The Ideal Nitrogenous Fertiliser. 


Improves all Crops. 

Destroys Charlock and other weeds. 
Invaluable for Lawns. 

Still the cheapest and best form of Nitrogen. 


= 4 4-4 


FARMERS AND GARDENERS— 
Call on . us*-at, <all@-thes* principal 
Agricultural ‘Shows. Tello us < your 
experience’; with ° fertilisers; ~we_. wall 


tell) you ours: 


BRITISH SULPHATE OF AMMONIA FEDERATION LTD. 


(G.P.O. Box 50), 
GAS OFFICES, FISHERGATE, PRESTON, LANCS. 


THE JOURNAL OF THE MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE.—Advertisements. xxxv 


—aA 


— a 
f — 
Say 
i 


Running Water 
in Your Home 


i} 


y 


= 


A Dayton Electric-driven Water 
System will automatically pro- 
vide water under pressure at 
all fixtures—the same as city 
water supply. 


| Costs but a few cents a day 
to operate. 


Can be run from any current— 
central station or private plant. 


| Write for literature. 
Or better still, come 
in and see this splen- 
did system. 


- 


r = SZ 
<2 SUPP SE 


i; _——_——— a ; 


fee 


—— ———————— eae —— © ae 


>_} TBS. Electrical Construction Co., Ltd. 
68, Victoria Street, Westminster, London, S.W.1 


—, 


Telephone: VICTORIA 1972. 
Tel. Address: ‘SAGTROWNAW, SOWEST, LONDON.” 
Telegraphic Code: A.B.C. 5th Edition. 
Marconi Address: ‘f EFricacy, LONDON.” 


SOLE CONCESSIONAIRES FOR THE UNITED KINGDOM. 


Specialists in Country House, Estate Lighting, 
Heating and Power Installations. 


Send for particulars of the 


DUAL PURPOSE MARCO PLANT FOR FARMERS. 


xxxvi THE JOURNAL OF THE MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE.—Advertisements. 


TURAL LIME 


To All Cultivators of Land: 
USE OUR GENUINE GROUND LIME 


GROUND LIME is a FERTILISER, and _ secures 
HEAVIER CROPS with a MINIMUM of EXPENSE 


GROUND LIME, if applied to the land in quantities of about 10 cwt. or more 
per acre per annum, will produce greatly augmented CROPS, whether of Cereals, 
Clovers, or Leguminous Plants. 


THIS LIME is a SOIL FOOD, an INSECTICIDE, a FUNGICIDE, 
and the BEST REMEDY for ‘“‘ FINGER-AND-TOE”’ DISEASE in 
TURNIPS, &e. 


For Prices of 


AGRICULTURAL LIME 


GROUND 
CARBONATE OF LIME 


THE GEMENT MARKETING COMPANY, LIMITED, 


LIME DEPARTMENT, 
8, LLOYDS AVENUE, LONDON, E.C.3. 


Telegraphic Address:—** PORTLAND, FEN, LONDON.’? 
Telephone No:—5690 AVENUE (Private Exchange). 


Pes 


Adverlisements. xxxvil 


THE JOURNAL OF THE MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE. 


WHAT THE DAIRY SHORTHORN ASSOCIATION 
DOES FOR THE DAIRY SHORTHORN BREED. 


It promotes the breeding of Pedigree Dairy Shorthorn Cattle. 

It gives active support in developing their milk production to the fullest capacity, at the same 
time maintaining true Shorthorn character, 

It encourages the development of the Breed, and upholds its claims as the great improver of 


stock throughout the world. 
AN INNOVATION. 
Registration of Dairy Shorthorn Cows for admission to Coates’s Herd Book. 
In order to cover a wider field, and with the object of breeding up Dairy Stock for admission 
into Coates’s Herd Book, the Association publishes a Register of approved Dairy Shorthorn Cows 
with authentic Milk Records. 
Entries are invited. 


YEAR BOOK AND REGISTER. 

The 1919 Year Book contains authentic Milk Records of 1,194 Pedigree Dairy Shorthorn Cows, 
|with Photographs of typical animals from leading herds, and a collection of general information 
of special interest to Breeders of Dairy Stock; also the Second Volume of the Register 
containing 1,299 entries of Southern Dairy Cows and Heifers for ultimate inclusion of their 
progeny in Coates’s Herd Book. 

Copies of the Year Book and Register can be obtained from the Secretary, Price 10s. 6d. 

JOIN THE ASSOCIATION. 

All owners of Dairy Cattle of the Shorthorn type should become Members of the Association 

which is doing so much for the general advancement of their interests. 


FULL PARTICULARS ON APPLICATION TO— 


The Secretary, Dairy Shorthorn Association, 


(Dept. 1.) 16, BEDFORD SQUARE, LONDON, W.C.1. 
(Established 1905.) 


NEW ZEALAND 


A healthy, wealthy, progressive country, with unrivalled natural resources and unlimited possibilities, 
THE POPULATION IS MOSTLY OF BRITISH DESCENT. 


NEW ZRALAND enjoys a splendid climate, without extremes of temperature—although 
the Dominion extends over twelve degrees of latitude. The rainfall! 


is plentiful and well distributed, and the country well watered, rich 
and fertile. ‘These natural advantages make 


NEW ZEALAND—tThe Ideal Home for the Farmer and Pastoralist. 


In the production of Wool, choice Mutton and Lamb, and high-grade 
Butter and Cheese, New Zealand excels. The Dominion’s average 
: yields of Wheat and Oats, Pulses, Clovers and Grasses, and the more 
familiar ‘‘ British” crops, are admittedly very high. 
NEW ZEALAND Apples and Pears, and New Zealand Table Honey have a deservedly 
high reputation, and other products of the run, the field and the 
forest—Hides and Tallow, Hemp and Tow, Timber and Kauri Gum 
—are of an immense annual value. 


NEW 7ZRALAND exported last year Wool valued at 419,559,537; Mutton, Lamb and 


Beef to the value of #£9,219,295, and Butter and Cheese valued at 
4#,10,871,118. The total exports amounted to £52,634,670 in 
value, and her imports to 430,671,439. This Total Trade of over 
£83,000,000 rested on the industry of a population of 1,108,373 
persons. SR 


NEW ZEALAND IS A COUNTRY WITH A FUTURE, 


Lf you are interested, write for particulars to— 


THE HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR NEW ZEALAND, 415, STRAND, Lonpon, W.C.1. 


xxxvii THE JOURNALOFTHE MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE.—Advertisements. 


VETERINARY 
INSTRUMENTS er £3 
HORSE HOBBLES, Sheather’s. OUR STEAM-COOKED FOODS 


FOR 


Pics and PouLtTrRY 


are prepared from 


THE BEST INGREDIENTS ONLY 


PERFECTLY STERILISED 
AND WELL BALANCED. 


PROFITABLE FEEDING!! 


PIG MEAL 
MEAT MEAL 
MEAT and BONE 
Specially GREEN BONE In Three 


: Prepared ADULT “CHICK,” MEAL. Grades 
Complete with Leather Colfars, 


Goat eileye aud iet gestae Samples Analysis and Prices on 
PRICE - &8 17s. 6d. Application to the Makers 


SURGICAL MANUFACTURING 6O., Ltd., NATIONAL BY-PRODUCTS LTD. 


Goschen Buildings, 


Veterinary Instrument Makers, Henrietta Street, Stran d, Lon don, 


83, 85, Mortimer Street, LONDON, W. 


ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE FREE. 


VICTORIA FENCING COMPANY, LTD. 


(T. W. PALMER & CO.), 
5, VICTORIA STREET, WESTMINSTER, S.W.1. 


Sole Manufacturers of 


“VICTORIA” CLEFT reget tal PALING. 
Ht 
11 


PATTERN 
0437 


PATTERN 
0438 


Supplied i in nail Picisnese toma 2 ft, to 6 tt., pee with Ate 2. 3 or 4 tines bie wire, 
The cheapest efficient fence on the Warkets Prices from ]/] per yard run. 
Made from best home-grown timber, carefully selected and cleft with the grain. 
As durable as it is economical. 
The V.¥,Co, LTD. also make OAK AND FIR FENCES AND GATES, WROUGHT IRON 
FENCES AND GATES of all kinds, 


Send post card for latest Catalogue, A 21. 


Works; CHURCH ROAD, MERTON ABBEY, and MILL ST., MAIDSTONE. 


-THE JOURNAL OF THE MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE.—Advertisements. xxxix 


LARGE. BLACK PIGS. 


FIFTEEN J Siete, BREEDERS 
with more joining daily 
| TESTIFY TO POPULARITY 
f of this Economical Breed. 
| Try them for their following qualities: 
Length and Size — Prolificacy 


INCOMPARABLE 
‘‘ DOERS ”’ 


GREAT 
GRAZERS 


Splendid Constitutions 


India, Brazil, Peru. Abyssinia, Spain, Switzerland, Belgium, Holland, 
:: Italy, Portugal and other countries are buying Large Blacks. :: 


Record price for single pig, 700 guineas. 
QUARTERLY JOURNAL, 5s. Per Annum. No. 3 published, end of June, 1s. 2d. post free. 
Deseriptive Pamphlet and all Information from 


| L.B. PIG SOCIETY, 12, Hanover Square, London, W.1. 


ta (Tent No. 449 during Royal Show at Derby). 


| SAVE MONEY, FOOD & LABOUR. 
| Cook with a 


“PRIMUS” Stove & “HESTIA” Oven. 


ONLY ONE BURNER REQUIRED TO COOK A COMPLETE DINNER. 
QUICKER AND MORE HECONOMICAL THAN GAS OR COAL. 


LH rsaot. x ii lL 
SAN. 
Lbaho : 4 Sloss INSIST 
; ON THE 
GENUINE 


“PRIMUS” 
and see that this 
Name 
is stamped on 
the tank. 


ISA 


\. sams ds 


ly PATENT i) ae 
Seer/ia 
ea 20373/i2 |B 
1 


rf Ht | | 
hee I! < 
ill i Look out for The “Hestia’” Blue Flame Cooker, used in 
ini i — —— our Stand at conjunction with the ‘*‘ Primus” Stove (shown 
= Acricultural on left of Oven illustration). 
= Ag ‘ 
: i Shows, Excellent for Roasting, Baking, Boiling, Stew- 
The genuine “ Primus” Stove. ing, Frying, Iron Heating, Plate Warming, «ec, 


Burns Paraffin without Wick. 
d NO SMOKE. NO FUMES. 
Boils 3-gall. of water in 54 minutes. Con 


sumes about 1 pint of Paraffin in 3 hours en 
Millions in Use. Wholesale a. ee Ld 78, Fore St., 
‘| Ofall Ironmongers, Stores, &c. Agents: a ane tadfé enn London, E.¢.2. 


The ‘‘Primus” Stove can be used separately 
from the Oven. 


xl THE JOURNAL OF THE MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE.—Advertisement 


Leaky Roofs 


Cuirass Liquid Proofing No. 6 applied with a 
brush waterproofs concrete, asphalte, zinc flats, 
felts, and damp walls. 


Cuirass Products, Ltd., hee 


69, VICTORIA STREET, Le Ne 
LONDON, S.W.1. 19. 


Cuirass Paint No. 1 for Lren 
goes 3 times as far — saves 


labour and matertal costs. 


THE 


YORS Soa 


LEARN BY POST 
TO make farming pay really well. We have trained 
hundreds to succeed. Why not you? 


WE have courses of instruction in every branch of 
Mixed, Stock, Arable and Dairy Farming, Veterinary 
Science, Farm Accounts, &c. 


ALSO a special course in Land Agency for those going 
in for the management of landed estates. 


THE College has been established 18 years. Send 
postcard for a free prospectus to The Agricultural 
Correspondence College (Sec. N), Ripon. 

a FARMIN G 


INSURANCE COMPANY Limited. 


FARMERS’ INTERESTS SPECIALLY STUDIED. 


Have you increased your FIRE INSURANCE 
on New Crops to meet present day values ?@ 
If not, consult the “ Yorkshire.” 


. Chief Offices: 


York: ST, HELEN’S SQUARE. 
London: BANK BUILDINGS, PRINCES ST., E.C.2. 


Branches and Agencies throughout the Kingdom. 


J. D. CAMPBELL, 


Manufacturer of NICOTINE in Bond from duty- 
free Tobacco. 


Nicotine makes the very finest Insecticide for fumi- 
gating, vapourising, or spraying to destroy insects 
infesting vegetation. Your inquiries solicited. 


Tents, Marquees, Sheets, Rick LUND STREET, CORNBROOK MANCHESTER. 


Cloths, Cart Covers, Horse Cloths, 


Nose Bags, &c. 
o8, ae Lancashire, Cheshire, Shropshire & North Wales. 


Messrs. BOULT, SON & MAPLES, 
VALUERS, SURVEYORS, ESTATE AGENTS, AND 
PROPERTY AUCTIONEERS. 

Offices: 5, COOK STREET, LIVERPOOL. 
Telegrams—“ Acres,”’ Liverpool. : 

Telephones—187 Bank—2 lines. 


Estates, Farms, Residential and Business Properties only. .- 
Periodical Sales of Property at Liverpool, Chester and Preston. 


Samples of Material sent willingly. 


Jonathan Hilton 
49, Naylor St, Liverpool. 
Sond your eNnguirses 


TELEPHONE: CENTRAL 3928. 


THE JOURNAL OF THE MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE.—Ad vertisements. 


|EPHOS BASIC 
PHOSPHATE 


A rvadtw-active phosphatic fertchser, 
containing 60-65% Phosphates. 


HIGHLY SOLUBLE. 


} For grain and roots “ EPHOS” will give results 
| comparable to superphosphate and basic slag, while 
| it excels both in the promotion of leaf and stem. 


“EPHOS” counteracts soil acidity. 


| “EPHOS’” is particularly well adapted for mixing 
| in compound manures. 


CROOKSTON BROS. 


38, Grosvenor Gardens, London, S.W.l. ietst orden" 


THE JOURNAL OF THE MINISTRY OF AGRICULTUE 


i 


‘i Ex E: 


AGRICULTURE Aer 


1920. 
‘WITH EXPLANATORY ‘NOTES. 


TOGETHER WITH THE | 
AGRICULTURAL HOLDINGS ACT, 1908; CORN 
PRODUCTION -ACT, 1917; AGRICULTURAL 

LAND SALES (RESTRICTION OF NOTICES TO 
QUIT) ACT, 1919, SHOWING THE AMEND- — 
MENTS MADE THEREIN; HOUSING AND 

TOWN PLANNING ACT, 1909, SECTIONS — 

14 anv 15; anv tun STATUTORY 
RULES AND ORDERS ISSUED 
UNDER THE AGRICULTURE 

"ACT: 198022 = 


BY Ria: 
C. CROFTON BLACK 
(Graduate of Cambridge University, and of the 
Middle Temple, Raab at-Law). 


ERNEST WATSON | 


(Fellow of the Surveyors’ Institution) £ 
(LEGAL AND SURVEYING SECRETARIES TO THE LAND UNION). 


THE LAND UNION,| 
15, Lower Grosvenor Place, London, S,W.1. % 


PRICE: TEN SHILLINGS AND SIXPENCE. 


CLOTH, 8vo, 


OWNERS OF AGRICULTURAL LAND are invited to | | 


join THE LAND UNION. Full particulars from ab 
The ee 8 | on application. eon: