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THE JOURNAL
OF THE
ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES
OF IRELAND
FORMERLY
STije Eooal Historical auto archaeological Association
OF IE ELAND
FOUNDED, IN 1849, AS
mifcenng Archaeological Societrj
VOL. X. — FIFTH SERIKS
VOL. XXX.— CONSECUTIVE SERIES
1900
DUBLIN
PRINTED AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS
FOR THE SOCIETY
BY PONSONBY AND WELDRICK
1901
[ALL RIGHTS RESERVED]
f '
^ I . / .* -, _
",jH1 ! :]' "." .'
THE COUNCIL wisli it to be distinctly understood that they do
not hold themselves responsible for the statements and opinions
contained in the Papers read at the Meetings of the Society,
and here printed, except as far as No. 26 of the General Rules
of the Society extends.
PREFACE,
WITH the closing days of an expiring year, the
last of the nineteenth century, this, the
Thirtieth Volume of the Journal ', is placed in the
hands of the Members of the Society. As regards
variety and subjects of Archaeological interest, it is
not behind any of its predecessors.
In the Prehistoric Section, Archdeacon Baillie* writer
on "Portnoo, a Corner of the Donegal Highlands" ; he
alludes to a •" stone crannog," which class of buildings
have recently received attention in our pages from Colonel
Layard and others; also to a cromlech which figures
in Mr. Borlase's work on " Dolmens." Dr. D'Arcy's
Paper on the " Excavation of Two Lake -Dwellings" is
well illustrated by Miss Knowles. Several forts and
cromlechs, noted during our excursions from Lisdoon-
varna, are described. The question of "Gold Finds"
is treated of by Dr. Wright in his opening Address as
President.
In Early Ecclesiastical matters we have Papers on
the " Bell of Kilmainham," by Dr. Wright ; and on
the " Shrine of the Clog-an-oir, or Bell of Senan of
Scattery," by Messrs. Marcus Keane and T. J. Westropp.
The Shrine of this Bell exhibits beautiful work of two
periods. " On the Crosses of UiFermaic" is a care-
ful and thoughtful Paper, by Dr. Macnamara, which
* Now Dean of Itaplioe.
a2
IV PREFACE.
has led to the publication of an interesting supplemental
Paper by Mr. Buckley, and of articles in " Miscellanea."
Mr. Ball treats of the Crosses of Southern Dublin at
Tully and Kilgobbin, arid the curiously late one at
Fassaroe. Mr. Westropp illustrates the principal Cross
at Kilfenora, Clare — a beautiful specimen of delicate
ornamentation. St. Malachy of Armagh, and Churcli
Island, Valentia, are treated of by Miss Beeby, and
valuable notes, by Mr. P. J. Lynch, are added. A
Paper, i Inis Chlothrann, or Quaker Island," by Mr.
Bigger, fully illustrated by Mr. Fennell, has led to a
correspondence in " Miscellanea." Mr. P. J. O'Reilly
writes on " St. Columba's Monastery at lona." Some
twenty Churches in Clare are described in our
" Proceedings." The little ancient Church of Doora,
near Ennis, is especially noteworthy among the older
buildings. St. Patrick's Church, on Caher Island, is
described and illustrated by Mr. Rolleston.
Of the later Monasteries and Churches, the Augus-
tinian Houses of Clare, Killorie, and Inchicronan,
Co. Clare, are described by Mr. T. J. Westropp ; the
charmingly picturesque Convent of Killone was visited
by a section of our Members ; and Lord Walter
Fitz Gerald adds a fuller note on its Holy Well and
Altar. There is a very valuable Paper, implying much
careful research, on the " Chapels and Crypts of the
Church of the Holy Trinity, Dublin," by Mr. Mills.
Corcomroe Abbey, Kilfenora Cathedral, and Quin
Friary, Co. Clare, are described, at some length, in
the " Proceedings."
PREFACE. V
In connexion with Military affairs, we have Papers
on the " Battle of the Yellow Ford," by the Rev. W.
T. Latimer; and on the " Battle of Dysert O'Dea"
(1318), by Mr. T. J. Westropp ; also on the " Gold
Medals of Irish Volunteers," by Mr. Robert Day.
' On Domestic Buildings and Social Life, we have
" Monkstown Castle," and " The Antiquities from
Blackrock to Dublin," by Mr. Elrington Ball, in
which there is much interesting matter ; also two
valuable Papers on the little explored history of Irish
Guilds— " The Gild of Merchants," by Mr. Henry
F. Berry, and that of the u Painters, Stainers, and
Stationers," by Mr. Charles T. Keating. There is a
note of much interest on the finely carved Table, an
undoubted relic of the Armada, 1588, now in Dromo-
land Castle, by Signor Salazar, Director of the Museum
of San Martino, Naples.
In Family History there are Papers on the " Grace
Family of Courtstown," by Mr. Laugrishe, and on
"The Butlers of Dangan-Spidogue," by Mr. Burtchaell;
also notes on the 0' Quins of Inchiquin, and the claim of
the Earls of Dunraven to represent them, appear in the
" Proceedings" ; and other interesting notes on families
in County Dublin are supplied by Mr. F. Elrington
Ball.
Death has removed, during the year, many of our
most valued workers, whose pens have often enriched
the pages of the Journal, and of whom we grieve to
record the names — Miss Margaret Stokes, Mr. William
vi PREFACE.
F. Wakeman, Mr. Jaines G. Robertson, the Rev. Thomas
Olden, and the Rev. Edmond Barry.
Miss Margaret M'Nair Stokes was the eldest daughter
of the late Dr. William Stokes, sometime Regius Pro-
fessor of Medicine in the University of Dublin. Her
grandfather, Dr. Whitley Stokes, and her great grand-
father, Dr. Gabriel Stokes, had been distinguished
Fellows of Trinity College, Dublin. Between 1840
and 1860, the literary and artistic society of Dublin
included, among others, Petrie, Todd, Burton, Reeves,
O'Curry, O'Donovan, the two Graves, and others ;
whilst among the men of science were to be found
Lloyd, M'Cullagh, and Hamilton. Dr. William Stokes'
house in Dublin was a well-recognised centre for men
of literary or artistic tastes, and it was none the less
so for men like M'Cullagh, who was both literary and
scientific. Among such surroundings Miss Stokes was
brought up, and the influences of those early days
seems to have abided with her all through life. She
was an excellent artist, and seems to have been greatly
attracted by the beauty of the tracings found on so
many of the Irish inscribed stones; she was led, step
by step, to make the looped and trumpet patterns a
particular study.
Dr. Petrie died in 1863, leaving an invaluable
collection of Irish Inscriptions, with notes thereon,
which he had partially prepared for publication.
Dr. Todd wrote that this Memoir, if published, would
be at once " a monument of the ancient ecclesiastical
civilisation of Ireland, and of a noble and accomplished
PREFACE. Vii
artist and scholar." The collection had been com-
menced by Petrie in his youth, and continued to within
a short period of his death, but funds could not be
procured to print it. Our Society, at the time, was in
its twenty-first year and still struggling, but, all
honour to our founder, who would not see this work
perish, at his request, Miss Stokes determined to make
the effort, and the publication of the two quarto volumes
of " Christian Inscriptions in the Irish Language" was
the result. Miss Stokes not only accepted the respon-
sibility of editing the work, but she added many
inscriptions from her own drawings.* As a further
most important work on Irish Antiquities, must be
noticed the " Notes on Irish Architecture," by the
Earl of Dunraven, which was edited by Miss Stokes,
and published in 1877, in two quarto volumes. This
is the most instructive series of illustrations of Irish
Ancient Architecture that has as yet appeared.
This last work was soon followed by two others,
entitled " Six Months in the Apennines," and " Three
Months in the Forests of France," being Pilgrimages
in search of vestiges of the Irish Saints in Italy and
France.
Towards the cldse of her life she returned to the
subject which had first engaged her -attention, and she
commenced a work on the High Crosses of Ireland, the
First Part of which was published by the Ptoyal Irish
* These were issued in Parts, as our Annual Volumes, between 1870 and
1878.
Vlll PREFACE.
Academy in 1898. In this Part she figures and
describes the High Crosses of Castledermot and
Durrow, and it is understood that she left the
material for the descriptions of several more of the
High Crosses ready for the Press.
Miss Stokes was elected an Honorary Member of
the Irish Academy in 1876, and of our Society in
1891.
She died at her residence. Carrig Breac, Howth,
in the county of Dublin, on the 20th of September,
1900, and lies buried in the little churchyard of
St. Fintan, on the western side of the Hill of Howth.
The Rev. Thomas Olden, D.D., M.R.I.A., was one of
the Local Secretaries of our Society. About two years
ago he had a severe attack of paralysis, which com-
pletely incapacitated him for all further work. He
was deprived of speech, but was able to read and
to understand conversation ; and thus he had to wait
patiently until the end came. Dr. Olden graduated
in Trinity College, Dublin, as a Gold Medallist in
Ethics and Logics, in 1844 ; he also took a Divinity
Testimonium of the First Class. He was ordained
Deacon in 1846, and Priest in 1847. His whole clerical
life was spent in the Diocese of Cloyne, in which he
held the Vicarage of Bally clough, from the year 1868
until his death.
Like many other Irish country parsons, Dr. Olden
had but a small flock of parishioners, and the abundant
leisure which this afforded him was well spent in
PREFACE. ix
literary work, which ran chiefly, if not exclusively, on
Antiquarian and Theological lines. He was a good
Irish scholar, and all through his long life was a
diligent student. His principal literary work was a
"History of the Church of Ireland," published in
1892 ; and he was also the author of a number of
pamphlets, articles, &c. He was a contributor to the
" National Dictionary of Biography."
In 1888 the University of Dublin conferred on him
the Degree of M.A. (stipendiis condonatis), and, in 1898,
the Degree of D.D. was also conferred upon him under
the same conditions.
Dr. Olden was a very genial, kindly man, and he
was an able and learned clergymen — one whose pre-
sence will be greatly missed. The learned Societies of
which he was a distinguished member will mourn his
loss as an Archaeologist. He died 29th October, 1900.
The Society has sustained another heavy loss by
the death of the Rev. Edmund Barry, P.P., M.R.I.A., a
Vice-President for the Province of Munster. He devoted
a life-long attention to a study of Ogam Inscriptions,
and, at the time of his decease, he was engaged on the
writing of a Memoir on the subject. He contributed
to the Journal a Paper " On the Ogam Inscription at
Ballyknock, in the Barony of Kinnataloon, in the
County of Cork," and one " On the Ogams of the
County of Kilkenny." He acted as a Member of the
Committee of Publication for several years, and greatly
helped to keep up some amount of uniformity in the
X PREFACE.
spelling of the numerous Irish names of men and places
occurring in our Publications. He had an excellent
knowledge of the different periods of Irish literature,
and was always most willing to assist the worker who
needed help. He will long be remembered as an estim-
able and learned clergyman, whose death leaves a blank
in our ranks which will not be easily filled.
3lst December, 1900.
CONTENTS,
VOLUME X., FIFTH SERIES.
VOLUME XXX., CONSECUTIVE SERIES.
1900.
PART I.
PAPERS :
I'AGE
Address delivered at the Annual General Meeting, 30th January, 1900. By
E. Perceval Wright, M.D., President, .. .. .. .. 1
The Ancient Stone Crosses of Ui Fearmaic, County Clare. By Dr. George
U. Macnamara, Hon. Local Secretary for North Clare (Four Illustrations), 22
The Battle of the Yellow Ford. By the Rev. William T. Latimer, B. A., Fellow, 34
On the Bell of Kilmainham. By E. PercevalWright, M.D. (Two Illustrations), 40
The Records of the Dublin Gild of Merchants, known as the Gild of the Holy
Trinity, 1438-1671. By Henry F. Berry, M.A., M.R.I. A., Fellow (Two
Illustrations), .. .. .. .. .. .. . . 44
Inis Chlothrann, Lough Ree : its History and Antiquities. By Francis Joseph
Bigger, M.R.I. A., Fellow (Eighteen Illustrations), .. .. ..69
Miscellanea — Napoleon III. and Barry O'Meara's Family — The Tombstone at
Ballintemple, near Geashill — Relics of the Spanish Armada in Clare and
Sligo (One Illustration) — Report on the Photographic Survey Collection, 91
Notices of Books, . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
PROCEEDINGS:
The Annual General Meeting, Dublin, 30th January, 1900, . . . . 100
Report of Council for the Year 1899, . . . . . . . . . . 101
Evening Meeting, 30th January, 1900,- .. .. ..' .. ..107
„ „ 27th February, 1900, . . . . . . . . . . 107
„ „ 27th March, 1900, ., ..108
Xll CONTENTS.
PART II.
PAPERS :
PAG*
Monkstown Castle and its History. By Francis Elrington Ball, M.R.I. A.,
Fellow, .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 109-
The Augustinian Houses of the County Clare : Clare, Killone, and Inchicronan.
By Thomas Johnson Westropp, M.A., M.R.I. A., Fellow (Ten Illustrations), 1 1&
The Guild of Cutlers, Painter-stainers, and Stationers, better known as the
Guild of St. Luke the Evangelist, Dublin. By Charles T. Keatinge,
Fellow Institute of British Decorators, .. .. .. 13&
Portnoo : a Corner of the Donegal Highlands. By the Very Rev. R. JE.
Baillie, M.A., Dean vf Itaphoe, .. .. .. .. .. 148
St. Malachy of Armagh. Communicated by Miss E. M. Beeby (Two Illustra-
tions), .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..151
Church Island, Valentia Harbour, County Kerry. By P. J. Lynch, M.R.I.A.I.,
Fellow, Hon. Frorincial Secretary (Two Illustrations), .. .. .. 155-
Notices of Books, .. .. .. .. .. .. ..161
Address to the Queen, . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
Sir Thomas Drew (Portrait), . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
Miscellanea— The Tulloghane Ogam, County Mayo—The Belfry Church of
Iniscleraun, and the Church of Kinlough— A Note on St. Patrick's
Purgatory — Inis Chlothrann (Teampul M6r, Teampul Clogas) — Fassaroe
Cross, near Bray (One Illustration) — Record of the Dublin Gild of
Merchants— The Lancashire and Cheshire Antiquarian Society (Tour in
Ireland) — Galway Archaeological and Historical Society — Congress of
Archaeological Societies in Union with the Society of Antiquaries— The
Royal Archaeological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland — Tara —
Crucifix found at Trim — An alleged County Kilkenny Centenarian, ., 164
PROCEEDINGS :
General Meeting, Dublin, 1st May, 1900, .. .. .. ..178
Treasurer's Statement of Accounts for the Year 1899, .. .. .. 180
Excursion — Tully, Rathmichael, Kilternan, and other places in South County
Dublin— Descriptive Guide. By F. Elrington Ball, M.R.I. A., Fellow
(Four Illustrations), . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
CONTENTS. Xlil
PART III.
PAPERS :
1-ACiB
Sixteenth Century Notices of the Chapels and Crypts of the Church of the Holy
Trinity, Dublin. By James Mills, M.R.I. A., Fellow, Deputy Keeper of
the Records (One Illustration), .. .. .. .. ..195
An Account of the Excavation of Two Lake -Dwellings in the Neighbourhood
of Clones. By Dr. S. A. D'Arcy (Twelve Illustrations), .. .. 204
The Clog-an-oir, or Bell Shrine of Scattery. Exhibited by Mr. Marcus Keane.
Described and Illustrated by Mr. T. J. Westropp, M.A., Fellow (Four
Illustrations), .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 237
Inscriptions at St. John's Well, Killone Abbey, County Clare. By Lord
Walter Fitz Gerald, Vice- President, .. .. ,. ..245
Notes on Boundary Crosses. By Michael J. C. Buckley (Four Illustrations), 247
Miscellanea— Newly-discovery Ogam-stones— Crannog, County Longford-
Find of Tenth-century Coins in County Meath— An alleged County Kil-
kenny Centenarian — Alleged Centenarians in Ireland — The Origin of the
Forfeada — Inis Chlothrann, Lough Ree (Teampul Mor) — Inis Chlothrann,
Lough Ree — Royal Archaeological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, 253
Notices of Books, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
PROCEEDINGS :
General Meeting, Lisdoonvarna, County Clare, 31st July, 1900, .. .. 263
Excursions —
Programme of Daily Excursions from LisJoonvarna, . . . . . . 2C7
Descriptive Account of the places visited on the Summer Excursion of the
Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland, 1900 (Twelve Illustrations).
Sections I. and II. By T. J. Westropp, M.A., . . . . . . 273
PART IV.
PAPERS :
The Antiquities from Blackrock to Dublin. By Francis Elrington Ball,
M.R.I.A. Fellow (Five Illustrations), .. .. .. ..317
Origin of the Grace Family of Courtstown, County of Kilkenny, and of their
Title to the Tullaroan Estate. By Richard Langrishe, J.P., F.R.I.A.I.,
Vice- President, .. .. .. .. .. •• ..319
On Three Gold Medals of the Irish Volunteers. By Robert Day, F.S.A., Vice-
President (Six Illustrations), .. .. •• •• ..325
XIV CONTENTS.
VAGB
The Butlers of Dangan-Spidogue. By George Dames Burtchnell, M.A.,
M.R.I.A., Fellow t .. .. .. .. .. ..330
The Site of Columb's Monastery of lona. By Patrick J. O'Reilly, Fellow
(Plan and General View), . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
The Early Tribes of Connaught. By H. T. Knox, M.R.I.A., Fellow (Three
Maps), .. .. .. ., .. .. .. ..343
The Church of St. Patrick on Caher Island, County Mayo. By T. W.
Rolleston, M. A. (Four Illustrations), .. .. .. ..357
The Effigy of King Felim 0' Conor in Eoscommon Abbey, and the Altar-tomb
it rests on. By Lord Walter Fitz Gerald, M.R.I. A., Vice- President
(Three liberations), .. .. .. .. .. ..364
Miscellanea — Cabinteely — Cabinteely — Interesting Find at Ballygawley — Cross
of Kilnaboy — Congress of Archaeological Societies, July, 1900 — Bronze
Brooch, Burrow (One Illustration) — Sir John Travers — The Badge of
St. John — Antiquities near Glanworth — Report from the Hon. Secretary,
East County Limerick : The Cross of Dyseit O'Dea— The Cross of Dysert
O'Dea, .." .." .." .. .. .. .. ..368
James George Robertson (Portrait), . . . . . . . . . . 379
William Frederick Wakeman (Portrait), . . . . . , . . 382
Notices of Books, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383
PROCEEDINGS :
General Meeting, Kilkenny, 2nd October, 1900, . . . . . . . . 388
Evening Meeting, 27th November, 1900, .. .. .. ..391
Summer Excursions of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland, 1900
(Thirty-six Illustrations). Sections III. and IV., .. ..- ..392
Index to Volume x., 5th Series, .. .. .. .. .. 451
APPENDIX.
The Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland (General Particulars), .. .. 2
Patrons, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
President, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Vice-Presidents, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Hon. Gen. Secretary, . . ..''.. . . . . . . . . 6
Hon. Gen. Treasurer, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Council for 1900, . . . . . . ,
Hon. Curators, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Bankers, .. .. .. ... . . .. ., .. $
Hon. Prov. Secretaries, ... . . . . . . . . . . 6
Hon. Local Secretaries, . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Fellows of the Society, . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Hon. Fellows of the Society, .. . . .. . . .. .. 15
Members of the 'Society, ' . . " . . " . . " . . " " . . . . 16
Societies in Connection, .... .. 3d'
General -Rules of the Society, . . . . • . . . . . . 41
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
PART I.
PAGE
PORTRAIT OF SIR THOMAS DREW, .. .. .. (Frontispiece]
Kilnaboy Cross, Co. Clare, . . . . . . . . . . 24
Carved Stone, Kilvoydane, Co. Clare, .. .. .. .. ..31
Head of Stone Cross, Skeaghavannoe, Co. Clare, . . . . . . 32
Termon Cross, Kilnaboy, Co. Clare, . . . . . . . . 33
The Bell of Kilmainham, .. .. .. .. .. 41,42
Facsimile of Form of Grace before and after Meat (Records of the Dublin
Gild of Merchants), .. .. .. .. ., ..46
Portrait of Nicholas Dun7 (Merchant of Dublin), . . . . . . 51
Iniscleraun, Teampul Diarmada, Plan and View, .. .. .. ..71
,, ,, Mor, Plan, .. .. .. . . ..72
,, ,, ,, East Window (Exterior), .. .. .. 73
,, ,, ,, ,, and Piscina, .. .. .. 74
,, ,, ,, Interior and Exterioi-, .. .. .. to face 75
,, ,, ,, Section and Sacristy Window, .. .. ..76
,, ,, ,, Plan of Upper Room, .. .. .. ib.
,, „ „ Window of Upper Room, .. .. ..77
,, The Chancel Church, Plan, .. .. .. .. ..79
,, Incised Cross and Irish Inscription, . . . . . . 80
,, Teampul Clogas, Ground-plan, .. .. .. ..81
„ ,, „ Exterior, .. .. .. .. ..82
„ „ ,, Tower Stair, .. .. .. .. ..83
,, Four Cross -inscribed Slabs, . . . . . . . . 85
Table and Carvings from a Spanish Ship at Dromoland, . . . . 93
PART II.
Clare Abbey, Co. Clare, Plan, .. .. .. .. .. ..123
„ ,, Windows, .. ".". ,. .. .. .. 124
,, ,, Interior of Church, .. .. .. .. to face 125
„ ,, Exterior (from the South), . .. .. .. to face 126
XVI LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
I'AGB
Killone Convent, Exterior (from the S.W.), . . . . . . . . 126
„ ,, Details and Fragments, .. .. .. .. 128
,, ,, Section and Plan, .. .. .. ..129
,, „ North Window and Font, .. .. .. ..130
East Window, .. .. .. ..131
,, „ The Church (Interior), .. .. .. to face 132
I nchicronan Friary, the Church (Interior), .. .. .. ib.
,, „ Plan, .. .. .. .. .. ..134
„ „ Head of East Window, .. .. .. ..135
Church Island, Valentia, Kerry (Building on), .. .. .. ..153
,, ,, ,, ,, Beehive-shaped House, .. .. ib.
,, ,, ,, ,, Plan of Cist, .. .. .. ..156
,, ,, Lough Currane, County Kerry, .. .. .. ..160
Wayside Cross, Fassaroe, Bray, Co. Wicklow, .. .. .. .. 169
,, Crosses, Tully, County Dublin, .. .. .. ..185
Stones with Concentric Markings, Tully and Rathmichael, Co. Dublin, . . ib.
PART III.
Christ Church Cathedral, Dublin (from S.E.), showing the Mediaeval Choir,
now removed, .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 197
Crannogs near Clones, Stone Objects, . . . . . . . . 207, 211
,, ,, ,, Bronze Objects, .. .. .. .. 215, 218
,, „ ,, Sword, .. .. .. .. .. ..219
,, ,, „ Fragments of Pottery, .. .. .. .. 223
,, „ ,, Objects of Glass, Jet, &c., .. .. .. ..225
,, ,, ,, Objects of Bone, Horn, and Wood, .. .. 226,229,230
» ,» >» Boot and Cover, .. .. .. .. .. 231
Bell Shrine of St. Senan, Co. Clare (Front), . . . . . . . . 238
„ ,, „ „ (Back), .. .. .. ..239
„ ,» ,» „ (Sides), .. .. .. ..243
Dysert O'Dea, Details of High Cross, . . . . . . . . 248, 249, 250
Stone Axe in Wooden Handle, . . . . . . . . . . 266
Map of Ancient Thomond (1276-1318), .. .. .. .. ..272
Diagram of Antiquities in South-Eastern County Clare, . . . . . . 276
Bunratty Castle, Co. Clare, . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
Kilshanny Church, Co. Clare, Plan, . . . . . . . . . . 280
General Map of the Neighbourhood of Lisdoonvarna, . . . . . . 282
Typical Details of Castles in Co. Clare, . . . . . . . . . . 285
Typical Plan of a Peel Tower, . . . . . . . . . . . . 286
Kilmacreehy Church, Co. Clare (Interior), .. .. .. .. 291
Muckinish and Newtown Castles, Co. Clare, . . . . . . . . 298
Corcomroe Abbey, Co. Clare (Interior), .. .. .. .. .. 300
Plan, 301
„ „ „ Details, .. .. ..302
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. XVli
PART IV.
PAGE
Portraits of (1 and 2) First Viscount and Viscountess Fitzwilliam ; (3 and 4)
Fourth Viscount and Viscountess Fitzwilliam, .. .. .. 314
Portrait of the Countess of Tyrconnell, Second Viscountess Fitawilliam, . . 318
Gold Medal of the Dundalk Artillery Corps, . . . . . . . . 326
,, ,, ,, Dublin Independent Volunteers, .. .. .. 327
,, ,, ,, Newcastle and Donore Union Volunteers, .. .. 329
lona, Scotland, General Plan, . . . . . . . . . . . . 335
,, ,, View of the Cathedral, Temple Gran, £<-., .. .. ..341
Map of the Attacottic Tribes according to Mac Firbis, . . . . . . 344
Map of the Luigne, Delbna, &c., circa A.D. 500, . . . . . . . . 348
Map of Connaught and Thomond in Twelfth Century, .. .. .. 353
Caher Island, Co. Mayo, Church of St. Patrick (from West), . . . . 359
,, ,, ,, ,, East Window and Altar, .. 361
,, ,, Crosses at South-east Angle of Enclosure, .. .. 362
,, ,, High Cross near Landing-place, .. .. .. 363
Tomb of King Felim O'Conor, Roscommon Abbey, Plan, . . . . . . 365
,, ,, ,, ,, ,, Front Side of Altar-tomb, .. 366
,, ,, ,, ,, ,, Battle-axe and Shield, .. ib.
Bronze Brooch, Durrow, .. .. .. .. .. .. 371
Portrait of the late James G. Robertson, . . . . . . . . . . 380
Portrait of the late William F. Wakernan, . . . . . . . . 381
County Clare, Kilfenora High Cross, . . . . . . . . . . 392
,, ,, ,, Cathedral, Chancel, .. .. .. .. 393
Plan, .. .. .. ..394
,, ,, ,, ,, East Window, Detail, .. .. .. 396
,, ,, ,, ,, Monument in North Wall, .. .. 397
,, ,, Plans of Forts of Cahermacnaughten, Glenquin, Bullykirivarga,
and Doon, . . . . . . . . . . . . 400
,, ,, Cahercuttine Fort and Fallen Cromlech, .. .. .. 401
,, ,, Plan of Antiquities at Noughaval and Ballyganner, .. .. ib.
,, ,, Bally kinvarga Caher and chevaux-de-frise, .. .. ib.
,, ,, Ballyganner, the North-western Cromlech (View and Plan), . . 402
,, ,, Lemaneagh Castle (from the S.E.), .. .. .. 403
>» M >, », Map, .. .. .. .. ..404
,, Courtyard Gate (1643 and 1690), .. ..405
,, ,, Cahercommane Triple Fort, Glencurraun, .. .. .. 408
,, ,, Rathblathmaic Church, Carved Sill and Slab, .. .. 416
,, ,, Dysert O'Dea Church and Round Tower, Plan, .. .. ib.
,, ,, ,, High Cross (West Face and Shaft), .. 417,419
,, ,, Kilcorney, Head of East Window, .. .. .. ..421
,, ,, Cahercashlaun Fort, .. .. .. .. .. 422
,, ,, Caheranardurrish Fort, Gateway, .. .. .. .. 423
XV 111 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
PAGE
County Clare, Poulnabrone Cromlech (from the East) . . . . . . 423
,, ,, Quin Friary (Section looking Eastward), .. .. .. 427
,, ,, „ „ West Door, .. .. .. .. ..428
,, ,, ,, ., North-eastern Bastion of De Clare's Castle, . . 429
,, ,, ,, ,, Odo Macnamara's Monument, .. .. .. 430
,, ,, ,, ,, Plan of Upper Story, .. .. .. .. 432
,, ,, ,, ,, East Elevation, .. .. .. 433
» » ,, ,, Ground-plan, .. .. .. .. 434
,, ,, ,, ,, Window in Western Dormitory, .. .. 435
-• M ,, ,, West Elevation, .. .. .. .. 436
» » », M South Elevation, .. .. .. .. 437
» » ,, ,, Windows in Eastern Wing, Upper lioom, . 438
,, ,, Doora Church, Details, .. 444
THE JOURNAL
OF
THE EOYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES
OF IRELAND
FOR THE YEAR 1900.
PAPERS AND PROCEEDINGS-PART I. FIRST QUARTER, 1900, i
ADDRESS DELIVERED AT THE ANNUAL GENERAL
MEETING ON TUESDAY, 30xn JANUARY, 1900.
BY E. PEECEVAL WRIGHT, M.D., PRESIDENT.
FELLOWS AND MEMBERS OP THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES
OF IRELAND, —
first duty on taking this Chair is to ask you to accept my grateful
thanks for the honour that you have conferred upon me by elect-
ing me as your President. I conceive that it must have taken more than
an average courage on your part to place me in this position ; I confess
I fear that I may have shown too great a confidence in my own powers
in accepting it.
I promise to endeavour by my labours on your behalf to justify in
some measure your choice, and I will try by my zeal to make up for my
want of knowledge.
During the benign sway of my immediate predecessor, our Society
celebrated its first Jubilee, and you heard from his lips how luxurious
and happy had been the growth, during those fifty years, of the seed
sown by our Founder, the Rev. James Graves, in the City of Kilkenny.
To-night 0' Conor Don hands over the general care of the Society to
me in an equally prosperous condition.
When, in 1849, James Graves had printed on the title-page of the first
volume of our Journal, that "If there be which are desirous to be strangers
A T ( Vol. x., Fifth Series. ) R
Jour. R.S.A.I. ( Vol 30j Consec. Ser. f .
2 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
in their owne soile, and forrainers in their owne City, they may so con-
tinue, and therein flatter themselves. For such like I have not written
these lines nor taken these paines" — it was with a sure and well-nigh
certain hope that he would find many, not desirous to remain strangers
on their own soil, and that such would unite in searching out and publish-
ing the deeds and thoughts of their ancestors. The goodly array of
volumes, forming the series of our Journal, points to the fruition of this
hope. I wish that our Members would make an intimate acquaintance
with these volumes, they will find in them many precious records of facts
relating to Irish Antiquities, and that are of abiding interest ; very few
indeed of a purely speculative type.
The value of these volumes would be still greater, and more access-
ible, if there was a good general index of their contents. I hope that
at this time twelve months I may congratulate you on having an Index
to our first nineteen volumes, from 1849 to 1889.
While with some pride and much confidence we congratulate ourselves
on our well-illustrated Journal, it is fitting that we should at the same
time bear well in mind, that the extent and value of our publications are
in a very great measure dependent on ourselves. The subscription to
our Society is a small one, and for it the Members get a very adequate
return in the quarterly Parts of the Journal and the programmes
of our various Excursions, but while this is so, it is often a matter
of much difficulty to get in our annual subscriptions. It has been
so no doubt from the very commencement of our career — there is some-
thing quite pathetic in the appeals of James Graves, in our early volumes,
to Members to pay up their subscriptions so as that he might pay the
printer's bill and proceed to fresh printing. It is pretty much the case
still: Members put off sending up the small amount due, the debt soon
becomes an arrear, then a trouble, a thing to be forgotten, our Treasurer
gets into a state of despair, and our Society suffers. I would therefore
appeal to all our Members and Fellows to call to mind the fable of the
Bundle of Sticks : as long as each by paying what he has undertaken to
pay, remains one of the bundle, it is most strong, but if the individual
elects to remain isolated, the bundle is weakened thereby.
I would also appeal to our Local Honorary Secretaries to enlist under
our banner more of our county people. Our Local Secretaries sometimes
help us by reporting on the state of the Antiquities in their districts ;
they could also help us by recruiting for our ranks.
We have now as a Society attained unto an excellent position ; let us
spare no effort to keep that which we have won.
To pass away from the consideration of ourselves, I would call to
mind that, as Irish Antiquaries, we are interested in the preservation of
our Ancient Monuments and Antiquities. As a Society we have done
a good work, though small, as our means were small, in preserving some
of the former; nor in Kilkenny, where we were born, have we altogether
THE PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS. 3
neglected the collecting of the latter ; but taking a survey of the whole of
Ireland, I would ask your attention to a few remarks on the subjects
of the preservation of our (I.) Ancient Monuments, and on the con-
servation of our (II.) Antiquities.
First, as to our Ancient Monuments — these may be roughly classified
as Earth and Stone Works, Oratories, Churches and Cathedrals, Hound
Towers and Crosses, Religious Establishments, and Castles.
It would be not only a tedious task but one beyond my powers to
trace the subject of Title to the numerous Ecclesiastical structures
in Ireland, and for my present purposes it is not necessary to do so. By
the Irish Supremacy Act, 1537, while such Ecclesiastical buildings as
Cathedrals and Parish Churches, with their various graveyards and
attached buildings, were vested in the Reformed Church, almost all the
great Religious Houses in Ireland were dissolved, their property was
confiscated, and their possessions were either retained for the benefit
of the Crown or granted to laymen. Nothing was restored to the
Church.
In 1834 we find all the Ecclesiastical buildings of the Established
Church in the control of the Board of Ecclesiastical Commissioners for
Ireland. Next we find that by Clause (1.) of the 25th section of the
Irish Church Act, 1869, it is enacted that—
(1.) " "Where any Church or Ecclesiastical building or structure
appears to the Commissioners to be ruinous, or if a Church to be
wholly disused as a place of public worship and yet to be deserving
of being maintained as a National Monument by reason of its
architectural character or antiquity, the Commissioners shall by
Order vest such Church, building or structure in the Secretary of the
Commissioners of Public Works, Ireland, to be held by such Secretary,
his Heirs and Assigns, upon Trust for the Commissioners of Public
Works, to be preserved as a National Monument and not to be used
as a place of public worship, and the Commissioners shall ascertain
and by Order declare what sum is in their judgment required for
maintaining as National Monuments the Churches, buildings and
structures so vested, and shall pay such sum accordingly to the said
Secretary to be held upon Trust for the said Commissioners, and to
be applied by them in maintaining the said Churches, buildings and
structures."
All credit should be given to the draftsman of this Clause; he
meant well for our ancient Church ruins, and gave the Commissioners
ample powers to provide the necessary funds, but one wonders what
was the object of vesting these ruins in the Secretary of the Com-
missioners of Public Works, Ireland, his heirs and assigns, and not
in the names of the Commissioners themselves, and the question
Ba
4 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
might arise, in whose name are such buildings now actually vested?
but a more important question is, by what means did the Commis-
sioners under the Church Act ascertain what buildings should be so
vested? for it must surely have been after ascertaining the number of
these and their then condition that they arrived at the sum which " in
their judgment" would be "required for maintaining these as National
Monuments." The Commissioners were in possession of very large funds,
amply sufficient to give them not a moment's anxiety in properly providing
for these National Monuments. The sum paid to the Secretary of the Public
Works in trust for the maintenance is, however, not one that can now
be considered, and I pass to the further point of my inquiry, what
buildings were actually vested? To answer it I have but one document
to refer to : it was printed for Her Majesty's Stationery Office in
February, 1895, and was forwarded by Order of the then Chairman of
the Board of Public Works, Ireland, under cover to the Secretary and
Members of Council of this Society. It is headed " List of National
Monuments vested in the Commissioners of Public Works, under the-
Irish Church Act, 1869, section 25." This Schedule contains 137
items.
It is a remarkable list, containing a long series of churches, cathe-
drals, round towers, and crosses, but also many abbeys and monasteries,,
some stone forts, and one Ogam stone.
Along with the capital sum for the maintenance of these as National
Monuments the Board of Works accepted the services of the late Sir
Thomas Deane as their Superintendent.
In 1882 the Ancient Monuments Protection Act was passed. It
enacts, inter alia —
"That Her Majesty's Treasury shall appoint one or more In-
spectors of Ancient Monuments whose duty it shall be to report to
the Commissioners of Works (in Ireland, to the Commissioners of
Public AVorks) on the condition of such Monuments and on the best
mode of preserving them.
" The Owner of any Ancient Monument to which this Act applies-
may by Deed under his hand constitute the Commissioners of Works
in this Act mentioned the Guardians of such Monument.
"The expressions 'maintain' and 'maintenance' include the
fencing, repairing, cleansing, covering in or doing any other thing
which may be required for the purpose of repairing any Monument
or protecting the same from decay or injury.
"The expression 'Ancient Monument, to which this Act applies/
means the Monuments described in the Schedule hereto, and any
other Monuments of a like character of which the Commissioners of
Works, at the request of the owners thereof, may consent to become
-THE PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS. 5
Guardians, and the site of such Monument, also the means of access
to such Monument.
" Eighteen Monuments are detailed in Schedule C. as relating
to Ireland."
The Ecclesiastical Monuments in Ireland being already endowed,
the Monuments scheduled as samples of those to be reported on and
preserved were those with a prehistoric interest, such as Earthen Ports,
Stone Forts, Tumuli, and the like. The owner of any Ancient Monu-
ment to which this Act applies was allowed to vest it in the guardianship
of the Commissioners of Public Works ly Deed under his hand.
Both the provisions for the maintaining of the Ecclesiastical structures
vested under the Church Act, and of those which under the Act of 1882
might be vested, were very properly supplemented by the provisions of
a short Act passed in 1892, which enacts —
That where the Commissioners are of opinion that the pre-
servation of any ancient or mediaeval structure, erection or monu-
ment, or of any remains thereof is a matter of public interest by
reason of the historic, traditional, or artistic interest attaching
thereto, they may at the request of the owner, consent to become
the guardian thereof, but it must not be a dwelling-place.
Power is also given to spend surplus income from moneys paid
to them by the Commissioners of Church Temporalities, Ireland,
on structures such as are described in sect. 25 of the Irish Church
Act, 1869, whether or not vested under that Act.
Her Majesty's Treasury appointed Sir Thomas Deane as Inspector of
Ancient Monuments, with the duty of reporting to the Commissioners of
Public "Works, Ireland, on the condition of such Monuments, and on the
best mode of preserving them.
Such is a brief sketch of the provisions made by the State for the
support and maintenance of our Ancient Monuments, and perhaps you
will agree with me that the intentions were well conceived, that the work
was fairly, I do not say liberally endowed, but that the success was in
a very large measure dependent on the manner in which the scheme was
carried out. Nothing could be further from my thoughts than to enter
into critical details on this subject, but I would like to make one personal
remark, i.e., that up to 1893, the year after the passing of the Act for
the Amendment of the Ancient Monument Act, 1882, I never took any
part in the criticism of the work done under the direction of the Board
of Works. In 1893 my attention was called to works carried out by them,
at Dunbeg Fort near Ventry, in the County of Kerry, which, as far as I
could judge (I had known the Fort since 1857), completely altered
its original structure. No attention had been paid to the descriptions
of Du Noyer published in 1858, and, as far as I could ascertain, the
6 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
Monument was not at the time even vested in the Board of Works,
and therefore none of the Parliamentary grant should have been expended
upon it. This was a state of affairs, to say the least, very undesirable.
Towards the close of 1894 the then Chairman of the Board of Works
informed the Council of the Royal Irish Academy and the Council of this
Society, "That the Commissioners fully agreed that their duties (under
the Church and Ancient Monuments Acts) were strictly limited to the
preservation and maintenance of Ancient Monuments, and should by no
means extend to restoration still less to investigation."
The Board further inquired whether " The Society of Irish Anti-
quaries would be disposed to nominate two of their body, who with two
other Members chosen by the lloyal Irish Academy, should meet once a
month the Chairman and the Superintendent at the Boardroom in the
Office of Public Works in order to confer and decide on the character of
the work to be undertaken in reference to any ancient monuments which
either may in the future be vested under the Acts, or which having been
vested, have as yet not been attended to, or require further attention."
The two bodies consulted were at first strongly opposed to the taking of
this responsibility upon their shoulders ; it will be remembered that a good
deal of hostile criticism had been passed on the restorations, repairs, and
maintenance carried out from time to time by the Board of Works ; so
much so indeed that in my opinion many of the good things which they
have done were overlooked owing to the opprobrium that attached itself
to some of their labours ; so it was thought that such a Committee would
only be a medium for bearing some part of this blame, and further that
the rights of the two bodies for criticism would be more or less paralysed
by its existence.
On the other hand, it was urged that, in the interest of the Ancient
Monuments of Ireland, the well-meant scheme of the Board of Works
should be accepted, and that an attempt should be made, free from preju-
dice or favour, to give the best advice in the power of the two bodies
consulted. The scheme was finally approved of. The lloyal Irish
Academy Council nominated the late Rev. Denis Murphy, s.j., and Lord
Walter Fitz Gerald on the Committee, and your Council nominated Mr.
Thomas Drew and myself. These representatives were to report from time
to time to their respective Councils, and to consult them in case of need.
The plan appeared to me an excellent one, and I thought that Sir R.
Sankey deserved immense credit for its inception ; but again all depended
upon its working. When the full list of Ancient Monuments was pub-
lished by the Board of Works, it showed 137 numbers scheduled under
the Church Act, 25 under the Monuments Protection Act, 1882, and 26
under the 1892 Amendment Act, 188 in all, scattered not only all over
Ireland, but in many cases situated on not easily accessible places —
Tory Island, Clare Island, Cape Clear Island, Skellig-Michael, and the
Blaskets, to wit. More than a half of these ruins had no special archi-
THE PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS. 7
tectural features ; prehistoric and historic traditions made some of them
of interest, but to know how to preserve and maintain many of them was a
life's study in itself. There was no office provided for the Superintendent
in which he could keep for ready reference the sketches, plans, and photo-
graphs he might accumulate ; there was the feeling that, amid all the
really arduous labours that fall on the backs of the Commissioners of
Public Works, there was but little time left for the careful consideration
of some of the vexed subjects of antiquarian research which were con-
tinually turning up. To be a restorer of ancient monuments one should
be sheltered by a triple coat of brass, but even the repairer of such
required a coat of mail. Things were not satisfactory. Criticisms
increased — some gentle, others rough, some very much so. Something,
it was said, must be done, and at last came the above proposal for the
formation of the Consultative Committee.
At the first meeting held in January, 1895, a formal statement was
laid before the Committee. It appeared that of the 137 items scheduled
under the Church Act " all of them had been long since dealt with,"
and " of the others most of them had been put in a state of repair."
" The annual income from the residue of the Church Fund vested was
£900, and the sum placed on the Yotes was £350. After payment of
the Superintendent's salary and sundry small sums to caretakers, the rest
was available for maintenance and repairs. There was also the balance
that might remain unexpended from the interest on the Church Fund."
"While the responsibility of the simple preservation of all vested
monuments was thrown by statute on the Board exclusively, yet the
Committee could give valuable advice as to how far structures which
had fallen might not be placed in their original positions, what should be
done with sculptured fragments, remains of crosses, and such like."
" The Board had arranged to have photographs made of all newly vested
buildings, both before the commencement of any works and after, and
the advice of the Committee would be most valuable as regard to such."
There were also regulations as to when the meetings were to be held,
and as to the manner of conducting the business thereat. In addition
to the delegates from the Royal Irish Academy and your Society, the
Superintendent of Ancient Monuments was placed on the Committee,
and it was arranged that it should be presided over by the Chairman of
the Board of Works, or in his absence by one of the other Commissioners.
The scheme seemed full of promise, but after a trial of five years,
I am not satisfied with the results. I say this on my own respon-
sibility, and I will briefly give some reasons. After the Committee
had got settled down to work, I began my inquiries as to the restora-
tion of Dunbeg Fort, and as to when it was vested; also about the
access to it, and as to why it did net appear in the printed schedule. I
could get no information, and it was only in January, 1899, that I found
it the last but one item in a Schedule of "lately vested structures."
8 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
Surely it was not right that the restoration, repairs, or maintenance,
call it by what name you will, should have been effected on an Ancient
Monument like this, when at the time of these works it was not vested.
In this way, discovering almost by accident that money could be spent
on buildings not vested, my suspicions were aroused as to the vesting
orders in several of the Ecclesiastical ruins in the Schedule. The case I
selected was the well-known Abbey of Mellifont. On inquiry I was told
that though the extra-mural church had been in part preserved by
the Board, yet that this structure was not vested in them ; but to
the inquiry, why was this ? I have had no reply. Now, I have
reason to believe that not one stone of the ruins of Mellifont itself is
vested in the Board, and that the ruins are still the property of the lord
of the soil. This may at first seem quite impossible, but you will agree
with me that even the Church Commissioners could not transfer a property
to which they had no Title. The Church Commissioners might include
any number of church ruins, even abbeys, &c., in a Schedule, and refer
to the same as vested in the Board of Works ; but unless they had a Title
to such, this conveyance would be of no value. How many such cases
there may be I cannot tell ; but it would certainly have been desirable
that before the maintenance of any Ancient Monument was commenced,
the Board's vested interest in it should have been clearly made out.
So much for the Scheduled Monuments under the Church Act. I must
now refer to those scheduled under the Protection Act, 1882. In this
Act eighteen monuments are scheduled as relating to Ireland. The
owner of any one of these could, by a Deed under his hand, constitute
the Board of Works the guardians thereof. Without such a Deed the
Board had no control over them. The eleventh on this Schedule is
" the Earthworks on the Hill of Tara." When, last summer, the Board
attempted to stop the search for the Ark of the Covenant in a part of
this famous mound, they found, alas ! that they had no Title to inter-
fere. How far their power extends over the other seventeen prehistoric
monuments is yet to be seen.
You may, perhaps, now understand why I cannot feel satisfied
with the state of things which has revealed itself to me as one of the
Monuments' Preservation Committee. Surely it is important that the
way should be made clear before us, that every information to be had
should be given to us, that nothing that is being carried out in reference
to any of these Monuments should be kept from us, and that the one idea
acting on everyone engaged in this work should be to do the best that was
possible to maintain our old ruins. All should work with the one aim ;
the idea that investigations are made for any other object than that of
ascertaining the condition of affairs should be scouted. Above all,
time should be spent on the examination of the subjects brought before
us; they are neither few in number nor always easy of study. The
members of the Committee give their time and thoughts to the
THIT PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS. 9
matters brought before them without a grudge, and they were nominated
at the request of the Board, in whose power it is to do all that is
needed.
Until the other day I could see but little hope of things working
more smoothly. It might be possible by pointing out defects to have such
remedied ; but the Committee, however useful on an emergency, was not,
in my opinion, in a position to do really good work. It was not able to
investigate and search out matters. Often the only course open to me
was to say, " Be it so," to whatever was done.
But a fact that will not be news to most of my hearers has once more
put me in an optimistic mood, and in the appointment of our friend and
Hon. Secretary, Mr. Robert Cochrane, to succeed Sir Thomas Deane, I see
a bright promise of good things in store for the Antiquaries of Ireland.
In sympathy with everything that relates to our Ancient Monuments,
with an extensive knowledge of not only their past history, but with, for
most of them, a practical acquaintance of their present state, he is an
ideal Superintendent of our Monuments. As an officer of the Board he
will have very many advantages that his predecessor was denied. Of his
feelings towards the Committee I am certain, and in congratulating our
Society on this appointment I feel sure it inaugurates a new and happy
state of things.
Secondly, as to Irish Antiquities and their conservation, the subject
in general is too large a one for the present occasion. I therefore apply
myself to the Antiquities made of gold and silver. The subject of what
is known as treasure-trove in the British Islands is a large one, and one
not without interest. Treasure-trove may be briefly defined as consisting
of " any gold or silver in coin, plate, or bullyon of ancient time, hidden,
whereof no person can prove any property " and it is declared to belong to
the Crown. It will be noted that it is not sufficient that the treasure
found should be of gold or silver. It is necessary that it should have
been found under circumstances that indicated that it had been hidden —
i.e., put in a place of safety — with an intention of being at some time
reclaimed ; for it has been decreed that if a man scatters treasure upon
the earth or throws it into the sea it belongs to the first finder. Or
again, gold and silver ornaments may be hid away under the earth,
without any intention of their ever being reclaimed, as in the case of
such being buried with a corpse or deposited as a votive offering. In
spite, however, of every legal ingenuity in the way of definition, cases
have arisen as to which it has been impossible at first sight to determine
whether they came under the category of treasure-trove or not. In some
such cases an inquest has been held, and the queries have been, can
anyone prove property in the gold and silver found ? if not, do they belong
to the Crown or to the finder ?
A Paper on the Law of Treasure-trove, by Sir John Evans, K.C.B.,
10 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
puts the case for England in a very clear light, and shows how the
Treasury, while laying down a very strictly legal line of action, do not
on occasion follow the same (Proc., Soc. Antiq., London, 2nd Ser.,
vol. xiv., p. 217).
Up to 1837 the penalty for not giving over all such treasure to the
Crown was a heavy one. On the accession of Her Majesty and the passing
of the Civil List Act, treasure-trove, as one of the hereditary revenues of
the Crown, passed to the Treasury. With the new property the Treasury
presumably acquired the power of making all necessary regulations about
the same, and such regulations have been made from time to time.
The Treasury regulations, so far as they relate to England, "Wales,
and Scotland, need not here be treated of ; but some recent finds of gold
ornaments in Ireland have attracted attention to the subject of the regu-
lations in force in this country. Hence a brief inquiry as to the leading
facts known about treasure of gold or silver found in Ireland may be useful.
There are some scraps of information to be obtained about finds of
treasure in the seventeenth century. Thus we have in our
XVII. Cent. Journal an extremely interesting communication from the
late Dr. Aquila Smith, in which lie puts on record copies
of two depositions made before a magistrate in January, 1673. They are
concerned about a find of treasure-trove made about May, 1670, at
Ballymorish, in the Queen's County, on part of the property granted
by Queen Elizabeth to Owen M'Hugh O'Dempsie in the thirteenth
year of her reign.
*' ' The examination of Kate Moylony, alias Oulaghan, taken
before me uppon the holy Evangelist, the . . . day of January, 1673.
" * This examinant being duely sworne, saith, that at or about
the last of May, 1670, she and her son Edmond Moylony came to
the house of Farrell McMorris, at Ballickmorish, in the evening,
and there staid them both all night ; after supper the said Edmond
spake unto the said Farrell McMorris, and told him that he was
sent thither by his father, Laughlin Moylony, to see some brasse
that the said -Farrell found. After a good while the said Farrell
answered and said it was no brasse, but whispered his owne son in
the eare, uppon which the son went into a chamber, and unlocked
a chest, and brought with him a yard of pure gold, compleatly
wrought, about 28 inches long, and as thick as her middle finger,
and one greate ring that might compasse and [any?] man's head
with his hatt on, and shaped after this manner \_here is a rude
sketch of a torque with the hook and spiral terminations for fastening~\
and each of the 3 loopes near as long as her finger, and much of the
same thicknesse, and another ring of lesse compasse, plaine and
round, and another piece in the figure of a pair of tongues, two
spans long, and of equall thicknes with the yard, and after the said
THE PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS. 11
Kate and Edmoncl viewed the said parcell of gold, Parrell spake to
the said Edmond, and said, I know that this is good mettall, and if
you prove faithfull to me, I will give that which you will be the
better for, and your posterity after yow, the said Edmond promised
to be faithfull, then Parrell said, take a little of itt, and try if it be
what I thinke it to be, upon that Edmond drew out his tooles, and
Farrell would not suffer him to cutt above a quarter of an inch of
the sraalest ring, which the said Edmond tooke, and parted next
morning, and went to Birr, and sold it to one John Cavan, gold-
smyth, for 30s., and the said John told the said Edmond and Kate
that it was as good Arabian gold as ever was scene, and the said
Kate and Edmond told the said John where they found that there
was an infinite deale of gold, and what they could gett they would
bring from tyme to tyme.' . . .
" 'The examination of Catherine, the wife of Laughlin Mul-
lawney. Examinant sayeth that aboiit the end of May, 1671, she
and her son Edmond deceased, were at the house of one Farell
McMorris, and that she saw there a round piece or barr of gold
of 27 or 28 inches long, which she knowes by measuring the
same with her arme, that she saw another piece of gould that
was doubled, and being so doubled was 2 spans long. That
she saw likewise one large hoop of gould that had (at the
joyning of its ends) two loopes or turneings one from another,
and that one of the said loopes or turneings had 3 doubles, and that
the said hoop would compasse any man's hatt. That she saw one
small hoop or ring that would compasse any man's neck, with a
passage betwixt both the ends thereof, and that her son cutt off the
weight of a quarter cobb of this latter ring, and sould the same for
thirty shilling. That it was the said Parrell Mac Morris, and his
son (that was said to have found the said gould) were the persons
that shewed the said gould unto her and her son, and that both she
and her son did not onely see, but handle the said gould, that the
said Earrell Mac Morris tould her son, that if he would make good
use of that little bitt he cutfc of, and bring him a good and faithfull
account thereof, that he would give him what would make him for
ever, that at the bringing the said gould out of a chest, that was in
another roome there was a great shineing over all the roorne, and
that she heard a noyse and jungling att the removing of the said
gould as if plough chaines were stirred, And that she could not
judge any other than that there was abundance of gould more,
than what she and her son saw.' "...
The inquisition was probably held to determine whose property this
treasure was. It is possible that the grant of the manor from the Crown
may have vested such in the O'Dempsies, but I can find no f urtlier parti-
culars of this case. Dr. Aquila Smith thinks the mention of " Arabian
12 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
•gold" remarkable, as it implies a belief existing at that time that the
gold found so abundantly in Ireland was introduced from Arabia. But is
it not possible that this " gold of Arabia" idea may have had its origin
in the well-known passage in the 72nd Psalm, "Ex Auro Arabiae," of
the " Vulgate." In my very young days the gold of Araby was not an
uncommon phrase on my nurse's lips, and it had on me the same soul-
awaking effect that the blessed word "Mesopotamia" is said to have
on some.
In the eighteenth century the finds were numerous, and the details
given are more exact. The early volumes of the Archceologia
XVIII. Cent, are full of the records of gold-finds in Ireland in this
century. Thus, in the third volume we have a long list of
articles of gold found from time to time in the County of Tipperary (the
dates are between 1732 and 1771). Some of these were purchased by
the lord of the soil from the finders. One piece of gold, described as being
of the form of a scallop-shell (probably a gold necklet), was thus pur-
chased for 14^- guineas. Another is described as a gold vessel much in
the form of a chalice, except that the handle was curved. It weighed
10 ounces 12 dwts. 23 grains, and it was chased and engraved. In this
century it never seems to have crossed the minds of the finder or pur-
chaser that these gold and silver articles were the property, or might be
the property, of the Crown ; nor is there any sign of the Crown having
looked after such property, though when brought over for exhibition, as
most of these articles were, to London, there was not a shadow of con-
cealment as to where they were found, and under what circumstances.
Although I should like to trace some of the more remarkable of these
eighteenth-century finds, yet, as the private collector had apparently not
made his appearance in Ireland at this time, and there was no museum
in Ireland, the task seems impossible.
About 1758 we find the Right lie v. Dr. Pococke, Bishop of Meath, in
Ireland, exhibiting to the Society of Antiquaries, London, a gold ring set
with twenty-five table diamonds, regularly and well disposed, of no
inconsiderable value, which had been found in March, 1748, in a stone
grave about seven miles west of Mullingar, in the County of Westmeath.
There was no inquest upon this ring. That it rightly belonged to the
finder may be conceded, but his lordship took the opportunity of exhibiting
it, to also lay before the Society a large number of gold ornaments found
in various parts of Ireland, giving the places where they were found and
the names of their owners. One fine fibula, which is figured by him,
weighed 15 ounces of gold.
At the very beginning of the present century many gold ornaments
were found under circumstances indicating that they were
XIX. Cent, treasure-trove, and yet they were freely spoken of, bought,
and sold. One example will prove this. On July 18th, 1808,
Mr. John Alex. M'Naghton, of Coleraine, writes to the Rt. Hon. Sir Joseph
THE FKESIDENT'S ADDRESS. 13
Banks, Bart., Pres. B.S., stating that a poor peasant had lately found in the
neighbourhood of Ballycastle, in the County of Antrim, an ornament of
the purest gold, weighing 22 ounces. After a brief description of the
specimen he adds : — "I have requested that it might not be disposed of
until I should have the honour of writing to you about it, as I thought it
very likely it might be thought worthy of a place in the British Museum."
There can be little doubt that much of the gold ornaments found in
Ireland would have come under the denomination of treasure-trove ; but
it would be the height of perversement to charge Simon, Pococke,
Vallancey, and the other private collectors of the day, with dishonesty or
felony, or, may I add, even wrong-doing. Those acquainted with the
circumstances will acknowledge that it was well for our recent collections
that in those days the private collector was in existence.
Up to about 1860 the Crown and the Treasury, so far as Ireland was
concerned, do not seem to have given the subject of treasure-trove much
thought. From time to time several thousands of pounds worth of gold
were found, all apparently hidden away. The articles were sold in the open
market or were melted in the crucible, and yet no letter from the Solicitor's
Department, either at Somerset House or Dublin Castle, seems ever to
have been sent. In June, 1839, two fine torques from Tara were pur-
chased from Dr. Petrie. They weighed 40 ounces. The sum of £180
was raised by a special subscription to buy them. Three years after-
wards the collection of DeanDawson was purchased by subscription. It
contained some 252 articles of silver and 97 of gold; some of the latter
were rescued by the Dean from the goldsmith's crucible. The records on
most of the objects in this collection, which forms part of the Museum
of the Royal Irish Academy, indicate that they were treasure-trove. In
1845 we find the well-known Clerk of theBoyal Irish Academy, Edward
Clibborn, writing to its Secretary (Dr. James MacCullagh) about a dis-
covery of three gold antiquities of considerable value, found near Naas.
" The most interesting of these, a torque weighing 18 oz. 4 dwts. 6 grs.,
I have purchased for the Marquis of Kildare's collection." This letter
was read before the Academy, Sir W. B. Hamilton, President, in the
chair. There is no record of anyone treating these torques as treasure-
trove. The largest fibula known is in the Library of Trinity College,
Dublin. This magnificent example weighs 33 ounces of gold. It may
have been treasure-trove, but it may be pleaded about it, and for the one
at Carton, that had they been left to the care of Her Majesty's servants
they would not be in existence at this day.
So things went on until 1854, when occurred the great Clare find. In
a small stone chamber, under a little mound of earth situated in the parish
of Tomfinlough, near Quin, in the County of Clare, the hoard known by
this name was found. The earth-mound was cut through in making the
Limerick and Ennis Bail way. This hoard, possibly the spoil of a foraying
expedition, had been hidden in haste. The rings and torques were twisted
14 KOYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
together, and covered on the outside by the gorgets, or neck-collars. The
small chamber had been rudely built of stones, was about two feet
square, and covered at top by a flag. The cavity was filled with golden
ornaments and a few ingots. On the discovery a scramble took place
among the railway navvies, who, on dividing the treasure, decamped, and
disposed each of his share for what it would bring, chiefly to travelling
pedlars. That these gold ornaments were hidden admits of little doubt.
Not unlikely it was the spoil of the Irish by the Danes ; for, as Sir W.
Wilde suggests, had it been hidden by the Irish the knowledge of the
circumstance would probably have been preserved, and it would not have
remained undiscovered for seven or eight centuries. The bullion value
of this find has been variously calculated at from £2,000 to £3,000.
Thanks to the exertions of an eminent firm of Dublin goldsmiths, some
£500 worth was rescued from the crucible. This fine series of golden
ornaments, found apparently hidden away under the earth, was, by
permission of this firm, exhibited at a meeting of the lloyal Irish Academy
on the 26th June, 1854, His Excellency the Earl of St. Germains being-
present, and a subscription list was opened to purchase them, the Lord
Chancellor of Ireland and the Lord Primate of Ireland subscribing
liberally to the fund. The subscriptions not reaching the total required,
the Government passed a vote of £150 to the Academy, to enable them
to complete the purchase. "Whatever may have been the powers of the
Treasury, it would seem that they took no part in the recovery of this
as treasure-trove. An enormous portion of it found its way to the
smelting-pot, though the British Museum and many private collections
have been also enriched from it.
By the description and exhibition of these gold ornaments attention
was directed to the general question of treasure-trove. The Society of
Antiquaries of Scotland moved in the matter in 1858. They pleaded
that all such found in Scotland should be preserved in Scotland. About
the same time Lord Talbot de Malahide presented a Memorial to the
Treasury, which was ordered by the House of Lords to be printed.
The memorialist states that "he is aware of the disposition of the Govern-
ment to deal liberally in these matters (i.e., treasure-trove found in Eng-
land and Ireland) ; but the state of uncertainty which now prevails is
most injurious to the interests of archaeology, and that if the same policy
was adopted towards England and Ireland which had been found so
beneficial in Scotland, memorialist is convinced that the parties whom he
represents would be satisfied." Lord Talbot was at this time the
President of the Archaeological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland,
and a Vice-President of the Royal Irish Academy. His Memorial is
dated from Malahide Castle, 15th October, 1859.
Just at this crisis a remarkable case occurred, which may still be in
the memory of some. In July, 1858, the Rev. James Graves, then our
Secretary, exhibited the fragments of a splendid gold fibula, which had
THE- PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS. 15
been quite recently found in the County of Tipperary. It was computed
to weigh 10 ounces. But two persons were interested in its discovery,
neither of whom knew its value ; so it was cut in two with a handsaw,
and one portion was made into a ferrule for a "blackthorn." Subse-
quently the body of the fibula was sold to one goldsmith in Clonmel, and
the ends to another. These persons could not come to an arrangement
for the possession of the whole, but lent tbem to James Graves to exhibit.
The pieces at last found their way to Dublin, where they were deposited
with Mr. West. Here Sir Wm. Wilde saw them, and he describes the fibula
as of the same type as tbe one in Trinity College, but about one- third its
weight. The owners refused £3 10s. an ounce for the portions, and they
were returned to them. Eventually one portion was melted down in
William-street, Dublin. An effort was made to obtain the other portion,
but the Clonmel dealer asked £5 an ounce, and what became of it is not
known. James Graves always thought that this specimen was lost
through the apathy of the Royal Irish Academy, and has placed this
opinion in print. I can only plead as extenuating circumstances that in
those days the funds of the Academy for the purchase of such objects
were very small, and that my old master had not always the ear of the
Treasurer. But I refer to the case solely to emphasise how little the
laws of treasure-trove were then understood. Here was a lump of gold
in the form of a fibula found under a stone in the Keeper Mountains,
and, in spite of the notoriety of the circumstances, Her Majesty's
Treasury put forward no hand to try and save it from the melting-
pot.
However, Lord Talbot's Memorial at last succeeded in attracting the
attention of the Home Office ; and in August, 1860, a circular was issued
from Whitehall, directed to the Chief Constables of counties in England,
and to the Inspectors of Police in Ireland, announcing that the Treasury
authorised the payment to finders of ancient coin, gold and silver orna-
ments, or other relics of antiquity, of the actual value of the articles, and
ordering that if such were not given up measures were to be taken for
their recovery. It will be noted that in this circular relics of antiquity
are grouped with treasure-trove, and that it would be difficult to fix the
"actual value" of a stone celt ; but the circular was cancelled by another
circular, dated 9th January, 1861, stating that a further Minute about
treasure-trove would shortly appear. This took the form of a Treasury
Minute, which is dated 16th July, 1861, and signed by Sir P. Peel. It is
difficult to satisfactorily condense this very important document. It
apparently is still in force. It undoubtedly laid down the regulations
for treasure-trove in England and Wales ; and though Ireland may not
have been by name included within its provisions, yet they would seem to
have been acted on in this latter country with the fullest cognisance of
the Treasury.
The Minute offers on the part of the Crown to the finder of treasure-
16 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
trove the intrinsic or metallic value of the article found. It nowhere
defines what is treasure-trove. It further acknowledges that such treasure
might possess a special antiquarian value, adding that " cases would, no
doubt, occur in which persons finding rare or valuable coins could dispose
of them at a higher price than their intrinsic value. For such cases it
would be desirable to make provision by which the treasure would find
its way into some collection, either public or private." Evidently there
was some thought of the value of the " private collector" in the mind of
the writer of this Minute.
In 1860 the Treasury authorised an annual expenditure of £100 by
the Receiver of the Irish Constabulary " in paying the finders of treasure-
trove the intrinsic value of the articles found [in Ireland], which articles
were then to be sent to the Museum of the Royal Irish Academy." This
arrangement was made in accordance with one that had prevailed in
Scotland. From 1861-62 to 1868-69 the £100 per annum was provided
amongst the Incidental Expenses in the Constabulary Yote (Ireland).
When the Parliamentary Estimates for 1869-70 were prepared, this
£100 was transferred to the Royal Irish Academy Vote, and marked as
for " Treasure-trove," and it so continued to be marked until the year
1897-98, when it was merged in the " General Grant in Aid" voted to
the Academy. "While in the hands of the Constabulary, only gold or
silver ornaments were purchased out of this grant — i.6., treasure-trove.
Such, too, it would appear, was the practice for some time of the Irish
Academy ; but soon the money was spent on other relics of antiquity,
including those made of bronze, iron, wood, or stone.
In 1862 the Royal Irish Academy issued a notice to finders of articles
of antiquity in Ireland, stating that " the Lords Commissioners of Her
Majesty's Treasury had been pleased to authorise an arrangement by
which articles of antiquity found in Ireland may be purchased from their
possessors at the full value, and placed, for the public benefit, in the
Museum of the Royal Irish Academy, Dublin." It is difficult to under-
stand the meaning of this paragraph. Articles of antiquity might always
be purchased for their full value, without any authorisation of the
Treasury, unless when treasure-trove, and for these latter full value
might mean a very high figure. But if Her Majesty's Treasury presents
at least the appearance of liberality in their " authorisation," His Excel-
lency the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland goes much further : — " He has
ordered the Constabulary to receive all objects of antiquity offered to
them, and to pay the finders the value placed on them by the Committee
of Antiquities of the Royal Irish Academy, to which they will be for-
warded free of expense." Happy Committee of Antiquities, with a
small army at their command as receivers, and a Viceroy as the pay-
master.
The notice further states that the arrangement of the Treasury " pro-
tects finders of treasure-trove from all legal claims, and secures them
THE -PRESIDENT'S ADDKESS. 17
higher prices than they can otherwise obtain for ancient articles, the
actual bullion value of which may be much increased by the possessors
being careful to forward them in a good state of preservation, accompanied
by an exact account of the places and circumstances of their discovery."
In this notice, which has appeared above the signatures of several
Presidents, the antiquarian value, and this enhanced by the state of the
article and by the fulness of its history, is promised. It may be right,
however, to mention that in the more recently issued 'notice to finders of
Antiquities, issued by the Academy with illustrations, which is widely
circulated among all the Constabulary Barracks and National Schools
in Ireland, quite different statements are put forward.
For the last four decades of this century these regulations have been
in force. The first gold article procured for the Academy's Museum
under them was presented by the Government, and was an armlet
bearing the impress of Scandinavian art.
Prom time to time over this period numerous purchases of gold and
silver ornaments at their antiquarian value have been made for the
Museum, and several have been obtained and thus paid for under
the treasure -trove regulations, but until quite recently the Solicitor of
the Treasury has not been appealed to.
The Academy's treasure-trove fund is limited to £100 a year: this,
by cpecial permission of the Treasury, can be accumulated from year to
year. If articles of value beyond the Academy's powers of purchase are
in the market, I, for one, think that, in the interests of Archeology, it
would be better to save such from the melting-pot, no matter in what
museum — public or private — they should be placed.
That such was also the opinion of many Irish Antiquaries during
these last forty years must be acknowledged. Men of excellent probity,
known to us all, serving on our Councils, bought, when the opportunity
offered, gold and silver objects found and often described them as
treasure-trove. Some of these have been published in the Proceedings of
the Academy. One memoir, on a find of silver coins, declares that
" owing to the mischievous operation of the treasure-trove regulations,
the Author could obtain no reliable information about the place of their
discovery" — many others are to be found in our own Journal.
It would weary you were I to give particulars of many such cases,
which were too remarkable to be overlooked, and which, whether
rightly or wrongly, were carried on under the impression that there
was no monopoly in treasure-trove, and that he who could pay the
demand might buy. But two which well illustrate the present stand-
point of affairs, I will refer to.
The Munster meeting of our Society for 1883 was held in Cork on the
10th of October, when a Paper was read by Mr. Robert Day, F.S.A., on a
recent important find of gold torques in the County of Donegal. Being
in Londonderry during the previous summer (1882), he purchased a
T T> a * T I Vol. x., Fifth Series. 1 ^
Jour. R.S.A.I. | yol 3Q; Consec> Ser. j
18 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
number of gold torques which only the day before had been brought in
from the country by a farmer, who had found them secreted between two
flagstones while labouring in his field near Inishowen in the County of
"Donegal. The find consisted of fourteen gold torques of various sizes,
for the neck, arm, and wrist. All of them were more or less perfect, and
there were three broken fragments of others of the same type. They
were made from tape-like bands of twisted hammered gold, wider in the
centre than at the ends, and terminating in either hook or disc-like
fasteners. Five of these most beautiful objects will be found illustrated
on a coloured Plate opposite to p. 182 of volume vi., 4th Series, of our
Journal. This find was known to all Antiquaries; it was bought at
the value demanded and on the spot — not, as in the case above described,
sent up to Dublin, and then to the melting-pot, or, perhaps, to the same
receptacle in Londonderry.
A more recent find has, however, attracted far greater attention, and
has, as you know, been the cause of an inquiry before a Treasury Com-
mission. The circumstances are briefly as follows : — A farm labourer,
while ploughing in the neighbourhood of K"ewtown Limavady, in the
spring of 1896, broke into a small stone chamber, and in it lie found the
following articles made of gold : — a small boat, with rowing benches and
a place for a mast, miniature yards, oars, a grappling staff, and other im-
plements ; a bowl, apparently intended for suspension from four rings ;
two chains of fine fabric; two twisted neck-rings, and a hollowed-out
collar with repousst work designs, beyond doubt the most magnificent
object of its kind yet discovered. The objects were all more or less
covered with a fine brown clay, and some were slightly crushed. Almost
all of them were purchased by Mr. R. Day, and were exhibited in
January, 1897, in London, at a meeting of the Society of Antiquaries by
Mr. Arthur J. Evans. A memoir of them by Mr. Evans was published
in Archaologia\ vol. lv. At the close of this memoir he states that he
thinks there is little doubt, from the way in which the specimens were
buried, that they were not hidden away, but were of the nature of
a thank-offering dedicated by some ancient Irish sea-king who had
escaped from the perils of the waves, to a marine divinity. Be this as it
may, the collection was purchased by the Trustees of the British Museum
for a sum of £600, a price which was placed upon them by one of the
Museum staff of experts.
The Royal Irish Academy thereon sent a memorial to His Excellency
the Lord Lieutenant to the effect that there had been a distinct breach of
the regulations regarding treasure-trove found in Ireland, and that it was
a matter calling for the strictest investigation, how objects of treasure-
trove found in Ireland have been acquired by a museum in England
without having been submitted to the Chief Secretary directly, or to the
lloyal Irish Academy.
Finally a Treasury Commission was appointed, and inter alia they were
THE PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS. 19
asked, " To consider and suggest regulations for avoiding undue competi-
tion between museums supported out of public funds in Scotland and
Ireland on the one hand and the British Museum on the other, for the
acquisition of objects of antiquarian or historical interest, and for ensuring
that in the case of objects which, from their origin or associations, are of
peculiar interest either to Scotland or Ireland, the museum situated in
the country so interested should be afforded an opportunity of purchasing
them before they are acquired by any other institutions supported out of
public funds."
The Committee reported — ""We are of opinion that should it at any
time be deemed advisable to make regulations for the purposes set forth
as above, such regulations should be framed so as to provide that when-
ever it specially comes to the knowledge of the officers of any one of
these institutions that objects which, from their origin or associations,
appear to be of peculiar value to either of the others, have been offered
for sale, information to that effect should at once be conveyed to the body
so specially interested, with the view of its having the first opportunity
of purchasing such objects; and that in order to avoid as far as possible
the chance of undue competition a friendly understanding should be
arrived at as to what would be a reasonable price to give for the articles
in question. These regulations might be framed for their own use by the
Trustees of the British Museum and by the authorities of the other insti-
tutions respectively. But due care ought to be taken, both in the drafting
and enforcing of such regulations, to provide against the risk, by delay in
•concluding a bargain or otherwise, of the desired objects being lost to all
three museums."
Those who have any practical acquaintance with the subject of pur-
chasing Irish Antiquities will probably consider that any code of regula-
tions founded on these suggestions will leave the matter of treasure-trove
in pretty much the same uncertain state in which it is in at present — one
surely most injurious to the interests of Archeology. The Treasury
still evidently have the fear of the " melting-pot" before their eyes, and
rightly so. The enforcing their legal rights would consign nine out of
.every ten gold ornaments found to the furnace. If they make the selling
or buying of such articles a felony, the private collector will not purchase,
.and so will not be able to offer them on sale to either the Academy or
British Museum. But if the extreme of the law be not put in force, and
the private collector may still buy treasure -trove found in Ireland, the
time will surely come when collections thus made will be sold to the
highest bidder. Both the Academy and the British Museum will receive
notice thereof ; so will the whole host of private collectors, and can it be
doubted that the bidder with the longest purse will buy ? There is not
much sentiment in an auction-room. At the great Loridesborough sale,
I, acting for the Academy, had no difficulty in arranging with Sir A.
W. Franks, acting for the British Museum, that the public money
C2
20 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
should not be wasted, but the private collector at an auction is beyond
such influences. A reasonable price for an article — it seems so simple.
There is the bullion value, that is easily ascertained. Its antiquarian
and historical value involves more difficulty ; but who is to reasonably
appraise its value in a collection where it will complete a series, or if
it be an unique ? At a public sale there are all these troubles ; but if
the objects are in some local goldsmith's hands, the difficulties and
dangers are tenfold, and so well known to most of my hearers that I
feel I need not dwell upon them.
This, however, is not the place for any detailed criticisms on the
Treasury Committee suggestions ; but lest you should say to me that it
was easier to criticise than to advise, let me briefly, in concluding this
address, lay before you the following scheme, which, I think, would be
practical and good for Archeology in Ireland.
I would propose that the Treasury should appoint a Council of, say,
seven trustees : each of the following bodies — The Royal Irish Academy,
the Royal Society of Antiquaries, Ireland ; Belfast Philosophical Society,
Cork Archaeological Society, Kildare Archaeological Society, "Waterford
Archaeological Society — to be empowered to select one, and to these
should be added the Superintendent of Irish Antiquities in the Science
and Art Museum, Dublin : this Council to meet in Dublin when sum-
moned. The sum of £100 a year to be placed at their disposal for the
purchase of treasure-trove. All information about treasure-trove to be
forwarded to them so far as it related to Ireland. All articles purchased
by them within the limits of their pecuniary powers to be presented to
the Museum of Irish Antiquities, Dublin. Should the value of the
objects found be beyond the funds at the disposal of the Council, they, at
discretion, may petition the Treasury to supplement that sum, either by
special grant or by drawing on the subsidy of future years, the Council
to have the power of offering specimens which, from any reason, they
should be unable to buy, or which it might not be desirable to buy, as in
the case of numerous duplicates, to any museum in Great Britain sup-
ported from the public funds ; and should such not bo thus disposed of,
the Council shall have power to return them to the sender. All details,
such as where the Council would meet, how often they should meet, what
number should form a quorum, and the like, would be easily arranged.
But the most important portion of the scheme would be how to come
into touch with the finders of gold or silver articles. Experience assures
us that in almost every instance the finder conceals the find until the
opportunity presents itself for its value being ascertained, and in the
immense majority of instances the nearest gold- or silver-smith is con-
sulted. The peasant class are not skilled in metallurgy, nor do they
understand the melting down of gold, nor is it probable that there would
be a sale for roughly-melted silver or gold. I think it may be taken as
granted that all treasure-trove in the first instance makes its way to the
THE PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS. 21
goldsmith. As a simple matter of fact, almost the entire collection of
gold in the Academy's Museum has been obtained, directly or indirectly,
through the medium of goldsmiths. (The principal exception would be
the articles presented by the Board of Works.) Thus the two magnificent
torques in our Museum were found by a boy in the side of one of the
mounds at Tara. They were in 1810 purchased by Alderman West, of
Dublin ; then were brought to St. Petersburg for exhibition by the then
Turkish Ambassador, and afterwards were purchased by the Duke of
Sussex. After some years His Grace sold them to Mr. James West, and
in 1839 they were purchased by subscription and presented to the
Academy's Museum. In that most meritorious volume, " The Catalogue
of the Antiquities of Gold in the Museum of the Royal Irish Academy,"
by Sir William Wilde, the fact is abundantly proved ; the gold articles
in the Sirr and Dawson collections were in the first instance collected by
goldsmiths. In the records of the purchases, no doubt, Mr. Edward
Clibborn often thought it advisable to use the appellation " dealer."
I feel that a debt of gratitude is due by Irish Antiquaries to many of
these firms, not only in Dublin, but throughout Ireland, for the many
splendid specimens they have rescued from the furnace and have sold
to our Museum.
It is in our gold- and silver-smiths that I would put my trust. All
the dealers in the precious metals are known — are licensed. If each of
them were courteously informed on authority that such a Council of
Trustees as above sketched out existed, and they were told in addition
that they were authorised to give on the spot the bullion value for all
articles of treasure -trove offered to them, that on these being sent up
to the Council they would be at once appraised at their full value, and
that this would either be sent to them or the articles returned, by
which course the private collector would have his legitimate chance, and
everyone fair play. If such a system were adopted, I do not think
it would be necessary to hint at the penal clauses — the dealers would
be only asked to do what was best for themselves and for Archeology.
This may be but an empty vision, but it is the best I can think of,
to substitute for the present most unsatisfactory state of things.
22 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
THE ANCIENT STONE CROSSES OF UI-FEARMAIC,
COUNTY CLARE.
BY DR. GEORGE F. MACNAMARA, HON. LOCAL SECRETARY FOR NORTH CLARE.
(Continued from page 255, Vol. IX., 1899.)
[Submitted APRIL 12, 1899.]
PAST II.
THE CROSS OP EJLNABOY.
time immemorial a very curious and, I believe, unique monument
of antiquity, known as Cpop Ingine-baoic, Cpop-m-baoic, or
the Cross of Inniwee, was to be seen about 4 miles north-west of Corofin,
in the townland of Roughan and parish of Kilnaboy. It was on the left-
hand side of the public road from Corofin to Kilfenora, 12 yards from the
road wall, and some 60 yards or so east of the "first gate" of Leima-
neigh Castle. In the year 1866 or 1867 it unaccountably disappeared
from its ancient site, to the astonishment of many, and to the horror
and disgust of all who took an interest in the preservation of the
time-honoured relics of the past.1 The owner of the land, the late
Mr. George FitzGerald of Roughan, felt highly incensed at the removal
of this ancient landmark from his property, for he rightly considered
himself to be its lawful custodian, and also, as I have heard, because
it was supposed that such an outrage might bring bad luck in its
train, in which latter belief he was joined by most of his neighbours.8
Actuated by such feelings, he left no stone unturned to find out its
hiding place, and even thought of getting a search-warrant for its
recovery. Notwithstanding all his efforts, however, the search was
fruitless, although it was currently stated at the time that the taking
of the cross was the act of a certain individual, who was seen
1 Vide Keane's "Towers and Temples of Ancient Ireland," 1867, p. 372.
2 It certainly did not fare well with some former despoilers of the church of
Kilnaboy ; for the Four Masters tell us that, in A.D. 1573, Teig O'Brien and his nephew
Torlogh (son of Donogh the Fat, 2nd Earl of Thomond), with their mercenaries, made
a raid into North-western Thomond, and "some of their people carried utensils and
spoils out of the church of Cill-Inghine-Baoith ; but this profanation of the church
of that saint boded no triumph or success to the Dal-gCais," for the plunderers were
smitten, hip and thigh, on the hill of Bel-an-Cliip, by the hand of Teig's own
brother, Donal (son of Conor), of Ennistymon, and the people of Upper Thomond, and
''noisy were the ravens and carrion crows, and [other] ravenous birds of the air: and
the wolves of the forest, over the bodies of the nobles slain in the battle on that day."
ANCIENT STONE CROSSES OF UI-FEARMA1C, CO. CLARE. 23
examining it a short time before its disappearance. It has been my
good fortune to be the means of restoring this ancient piece of sculpture
to its proper place.
This old cross has already been incidentally described in a paper on
the church of Kilnaboy, by Mr. T. J". "Westropp, M.A., M.E.I.A. (Fellow),
in a former number of our Journal^ but as an attempt has been made of late
to deny the identity of the present cross with that which formerly was
known as the Cross of Inniwee, a fuller and more complete account of it
and its history appears to me to be imperatively demanded. All the
more so because when the above paper was written the cross was still
missing, and Mr. Westropp informs me that he was only able to insert at
the last moment, and " in press" a very rough sketch supplied to him by
another member of our Society on the back of an envelope.
Early in the year 1894 I received a letter from my friend, the Very
Rev. John R. Copley, Dean of Kilfenora, in which he said that what he
believed to be the missing Cross of Kilnaboy had been recently discovered
under a lot of rubbish in the yard of Ballykeale House, near Kilfenora ;
that the gentleman who then lived there, Mr. Thomas Murray, was most
anxious to have it restored to its original position ; and as he thought I
had a good local knowledge of the antiquities of the district around
Corofin, and perhaps knew the exact site, he wished to know would I
undertake the work of its restoration. Although I was not at the time
a member of the Royal Society of Antiquaries, or of any kindred society,
I considered the opportunity too good to be neglected, and willingly con-
sented. In due course the cross was conveyed to me in a car by Mr.
Murray's man, with a letter from his master saying he was extremely
glad to have been instrumental in restoring this ancient monument to its
old site in Kilnaboy.
I remembered seeing the cross in situ when a boy, and well knew
the field in which it formerly stood, but owing to the length of time
that had elapsed since its removal, I was at first unable to find out
its socket-hole in the rock. Very soon, however, Patrick Whelan of
Leimaneigh, and several others who had recognised it as the missing
Cross of Kilnaboy, pointed out the exact spot, and showed me the original
mortice-hole in which it rested. There are, moreover, many persons still
living in the neighbourhood of Kilnaboy who can swear to the identity
of the cross, and to the absolute correctness of its present site. Indeed
the latter is convincingly self-evident once it was seen, for it is an
artificially-cut square hole, about 9 inches deep, admirably fitted to the
lower end of the shaft, and corresponds exactly with its location on the
old Ordnance 6 -inch sheet.
On the 3rd March, 1894, assisted by Patrick Whelan of Leimaneigh,
and some workmen of mine, I placed the cross with my own hands in its
1 Vol. iv., 1894— vol. 24, Consec. Series.
24
ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
ancient resting place, never again, let us hope, to be desecrated or
removed.1
Kilnaboy Cross.
The cross is carved out of the native carboniferous limestone, is of the
1 A most lamentable and appalling occurrence happened at the very time the old
cross was placed in its socket. The wife of Patrick Whelan, a comparatively young
woman, who was on a friendly visit to a neighbour, in a house close by, without the
slightest warning, suddenly dropped dead ! It speaks volumes for the intelligence and
good sense of the people that no one connected this awe-inspiring incident with the
restoration of the cross. Their good sense prevailed, for they knew Mrs. Whelan to
be a good woman, and that St. Inniwee could in no way be held responsible for her
death.
ANCIENT STONE CROSSES OF UI-FEARMAIC, CO. CLARE. 25
tau or St. Anthony variety, having no upper arm, and is shaped some-
what like a crutch. The horizontal arms curve gently upwards, and are
2 feet 2 inches across. The resemblance it bears to the head of the
staff, previously described1 as being on the north face of the block
immediately under the shaft of the Cross of Dysart, has been noticed
and commented on by several, and can hardly have been a coincidence.
It is fitted into the top of a large, rough, natural boulder, which stands
just inside and to the east of the boundary wall that separates the
.townland of lloughan from the western portion of that of Ballycasheen,
called Carrow-na-nuan. The shaft, which tapers very slightly down-
wards, and is rather roughly cut, is now 18 inches high measured from the
boulder-top to where the arms join it, and is 11 inches wide. The arms
measure 26 inches from tip to tip, having rounded ends, and the whole
cross, arms and shaft, has a uniform thickness of 5 inches.2 It has the
arrises cut off all corners, except the north-western, which is square.
On the upper curved surface of the arms, which point north-east and
south-west, two beardless faces, cut in very high relief, look towards
each other. These heads, I think, are those of females, and are
covered with what appears to be a variety of the close-fitting coif
sometimes worn by women of a religious community. The headdress,
whatever it was intended for, is continued downwards at eacli side along
the jaws and neck, and ends in what looks like a contracted bust, which
had to be limited in its dimensions by the unavoidable thinness of the
stone. In the centre, between the two heads, is a rounded ridge,
which, together with what I take to be the conventionalised busts, give
on first view the idea of a three-bead moulding — the "three raised
welts," as we shall see further on, of Eugene O'Curry. It is quite
impossible to believe that any person who had actually seen the cross
could for a moment imagine that these welts were hands clasped in the
act of shaking. The nose of the north-eastern face is much injured,
that on the other face less so, the tips of both being apparently gone for
many years. Near the cross was found what is probably the lower end
of the shaft of another cross, 19 inches long by 11 inches wide, but
where it came from can only be a matter for conjecture.
The first writer who makes mention of the Cross of Inniwee is Mr.
Hely Dutton in his " Statistical Survey of Clare," published in 1808,
The only illustrations in his book, strange to say, are two of this cross,
which we must suppose he got second-hand, for, if an artist himself, it is
probable we should have had many others from his pencil. Be this as it
may, it would have been better for the author's reputation had he never
allowed these to appear in his work. The very characteristic com-
mentary thereon by Eugene O'Curry, which I here give, is quite sufficient
of itself to prove the trutli of my remark, and what is more to the
1 See our Journal, supra, p. 249, vol. ix. (vol. 29, Consec. Series), 1899.
2 Mr. Westropp's correspondent gives the full height (before it was set) as 3 feet.
26 EOYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
point — the absolute identity of the Kilnaboy Cross of 1839 with the one
restored by me in 1894.
" About a mile north-west of the church, on the left of the road to Leim-an-Eich,
stands a small stone cross, fixed in a rough native rock, about 4 feet in height. The
cross is 2 feet high, 2 feet 2 inches across the shoulders, from 5 to 11 inches wide, and
5 inches thick. Of this cross Button says, in his ' Statistical Survey of Clare,' p. 353 :
"'In a field near the church of Kilnaboy, a remarkable cross is fixed in a
rock. Tradition says that two men had a violent quarrel of many years standing,
which, by the interference of mutual friends, they agreed to settle here. They met
and shook hands, and, in commemoration of the event, a cross was erected on the
spot. The appearance of it gives some degree of probability to the story, for there are
two faces in relief looking towards each other on the top of the cross, and two hands
in the middle, like those in the act of shaking hands. My informant said this
happened long before the building of the round tower or church. . . .
"'It is remarkable how little curiosity there is in the country; not a single
gentleman, even of those who passed by it frequently for forty years, had ever
noticed it, though not 20 yards from the road.'
" Mr. Button's complaint of the want of antiquarian taste in the gentlemen who
never saw this cross may be very just (though it is likely that he had this informa-
tion, and tlie history of the cross, from the same veritable informant), but certainly
his informant is now dead, or he has changed his opinion on this subject, as no person
living in or near Kilnaboy ever heard the story of this cross as given above ; but they
remember that, about thirty years ago, a gentlemen came to the place to look at the
cross, who said that he had found the said story and account of it in a very ' ould
book in England,' and that he came over to see if it was true, and behold you, he
found it as true as the nose on his face. "Whether this gentleman was Mr. Button or
not is of no consequence to me. I have only to say that his (Mr. Button's) history
and sketch of the stone are both wrong, and appear to me to have been taken at
second hand. The cross is known time immemorial as Cross Innewee, i.e. the Cross
of Innewee, and is one of the three that marked her Termon on the south-west^
namely this ; a second, which stood near the house of Elmdale, which place was
formerly, and is still by the peasantry called Tigh na Croise, or the House of the
Cross ; and the third stood about a quarter of a mile east of the latter, at a place
still called Cros Ard, or the High Cross. . . .
"It will be seen by this rough figure that there is no such thing as hands in the
act of shaking hands on the top of the cross ; in fact there is nothing at all like a hand
about it. There are three raised welts across, and descending about 4 inches at each
side, as you may see above : but surely a blind man would not mistake them for hands.
" The two other crosses of Innewee have disappeared long ago, but their situa-
tions are very well known."1
The foregoing quotation from an autograph letter of Eugene
O'Curry makes it absolutely certain that, in 1839, when he investigated
the matter on the spot, neither he nor any cf the inhabitants of the parish
of Kilnaboy had ever seen such a piece of sculpture as is figured in Mr.
Dutton's book,2 nor was the apocryphal legend regarding its supposed
l <40id. Survey Letter," 14. B. 23 ; pp. 41-46, R.I. A., dated Oct. 21st, 1839.
- Wonderful to relate, Mr. M. Keane, who often passed by this cross, inserted in his
work a reproduction of Button's ridiculous sketch — vide "Towers and Temples of
Ancient Ireland," p. 373. Mr. "Wakeman, also, but with more excuse than Mr. Keane,
gives Button's inaccurate drawing, and accepts his description in a paper, p. 350, vol. i.,
1891, of our Journal. Lewis's "Topographical Bictionary of Ireland," of course,
follows suit under " Kilneboy."
ANCIENT STONE CROSSES OF UI-FEARMA1C, CO. CLARE. 27
origin, as given by him, ever heard of by anybody in the locality. And
if, moreover, Button's illustration of the cross — many years before it so
strangely disappeared, and at a time when there was no doubt as to its
being the real cross of St. Inniwee — was so inaccurate and untrue as to
excite the wrath and scorn of 0' Curry, would it not be absurd to think
such testimony applicable, or of the slightest value as a test of identity
in this year of grace ? Dutton's description and sketch are both ridicu-
lously untrue. Yet on them, and on them alone, a fanciful theory has
been built, that the present cross is not the original cross of St. Inniwee
at all, but was miraculously discovered, forsooth, under a heap of rubbish
at Ballykeale in the year of our Lord 1894. The one restored by me
corresponds in situation, measurements, and every detail of design, with
that described by 0' Curry sixty years ago, and the latter's description of
it most amply proves that Dutton's woodcut was as flagrantly inaccurate
then as now. If not the real cross of St. Inniwee, a piece of mediaeval
sculpture hitherto supposed to be quite unique in its way, where did this
exact counterpart of it come from, and what is its history ? Were it not,
indeed, that such falsehoods easily take hold of the popular mind, andr
like Dutton's story of the clasped, hands, bid fair, after the lapse of a few
short years, to assume the shape of veritable legends, hard enough to be
eradicated, we need never have gone so fully into this matter.
This so-called cross of St. Inghean-Bhaoith, of a form so unusual in
this country, is, in our opinion, not a cross in the true sense at all — that
is to say, as having been intended by its designer and maker (possibly
one and the same person) as a representation of the Christian's emblem
of salvation. If we believe 0' Curry — and no better interpreter of Irish
local tradition than he, in his time, could be found — it was one of three
boundary stones erected for the purpose of marking off certain townlands
belonging to the termon (terra immunis] of Kilnaboy, and as outward
and visible signs of ownership by the Church. The three crosses, if
crosses they were, formed almost a straight line from the one here
described on the north-west to that which formerly stood in Crossard on
the south-west, the two end ones being exactly an English mile apart.
Besides the three townlands mentioned by O'Curry as being once marked
by crosses, the townlands of Kilnaboy, Bunnagat, and JSIonanaleen were
included in the termon lands of the church of Kilnaboy, as will be seen
by the following extract from the " Book of Survey and Distribution,"
circa 1655, p. 511 : —
f Termon Killineboy — 5 Quarters
" ^ I whose mears betwixt themselves
P <{ could not be known — viz. Munnenegath,
*< | als. Cloonikillteene, als. Cloonkill, Mun-
l^nenaloone & Killinaboy,
Stony, Arable & Pasture ; Rockie Pasture.
In this survey lies a parcell called
Moherroe belonging to ye £ quarter
of Crosseaghter."
28 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
*' Crosseaghter," or lower Cross, can only mean the present townland of
Cross (afterwards called Elmvale), as Crossard and Roughan, the two
other divisions of the termon marked with crosses, are considerable hills.
A good deal of the church lands belonging to Kilnaboy appear to have
been appropriate to laymen in 1641, and, for all we know, were so for
many years before that date.
The daughters of Baoth are stated by Duald M'Firbis to have
been of the race of Aengus-Cinnaitin, sixth son of Cas (son of Conall
Eachluaith, K.H.\ and brother to Aengus-Cinnathrach. ancestor of the
O'Deas. Inghean-Bhaoith, therefore, was a true Dalcais saint, and of the
same blood as the 0' Quins and O'Neaghtans of Thomond, which fact, in a
measure, accounts for her great local popularity, and the many holy wells
named in her honour in Clare. According to the " Martyrology of
Tamhlacht," her feast-day fell on the 2nd of January, but local tradition
is now silent on this head. O'Huidhrin (who wrote circa 1420) states
that the district of Inagh,1 which is separated from Kilnaboy only by the
parish of Rath-Blathmac, belonged in his time to the Cin6l-Baith, which
is in all probability but a poetic synonym for the Muintir-Iffearnain,
or the 0' Quins and their congeners.
All who see this curious old cross naturally marvel at the two calm
and mystic faces so conspicuously carved upon its curving arms ; for, like
the sphynx of old, neither history nor tradition gives any satisfactory clue
to their meaning. I can, therefore, only offer the following sugges-
tion, which, in default of better, I give for what it is worth : — Perhaps
the church of Kilnaboy was originally dedicated in honour of the
daughters* not the daughter, of Baoth, one of whom may have eclipsed
the other in reputation and sanctity, and in course of time usurped the
place of both. This supposition would be in accordance with the ancient
records, which speak of them in the plural number, and would amply
explain, if correct, the reason why two similar faces are carved on this
stone, which for centuries marked the termon of Kilnaboy.
About 300 yards east of St. Inniwee's cross, a few yards inside the
northern wall of the road, and in the townland of Parknabinnia, is a nook
in the face of the cropping limestone, known as 8di66an-m-6aoic,
or Inniwee's seat. It is in the form of a rude chair, and its name, I
have no doubt, is as old as the saint herself.3 The tradition in Kilnaboy
about it is, that Inniwee was in the habit of using it as a chair, on which
she used to sit and pray, from which the conclusion is inevitable that not
1 Inagh was formerly known as lireintir-Fearmacach, or the fetid district of Ui-
Fearmaic, to distinguish it from Jireintir-Cormacach, a contiguous district of a similar
character in the eastern end of Ui-Connaic. Ui-Cormaic corresponds to the present
barony of Islands, minus the parishes of Clondegad, Killoe, and the island of Inis-da-
drom.
2 "We find a church of the Daughters of Baoth at Donabate, county Dublin.
3 The " chair" appears to me to have been interfered with at one time by quany-
men or road- makers.
ANCIENT STONE CROSSES OF UI-FEARMAIC, CO. CLAUE. 29
alone were the church and parish of Kilnaboy dedicated to her, but that,
moreover, the latter was her actual home, and the very scene of her
labours and holy life. Here then, on this rude limestone seat, did she
watch and pray, long before a church was dedicated in her honour, fully
a mile away to the east. And beautiful, indeed, was the view she beheld
from her seat on the rock, looking down upon her own fair termon at
the foot of De-Danann-haunted Ceann Sleibhe, and over the pleasant
lands of her kinsmen, far away to the very limits of Thomond.
Inniwee's seat has still a certain reputation among the peasantry as
an infallible cure for the backache. In order to obtain the desired relief
it is necessary to visit the spot on three separate occasions, and each time,
while sitting on the chair, repeat certain prayers in commemoration of
th» saint. The sceptic, however, when he sees this rough rock bench,
will probably say that to sit on it for any length of time would be far
more likely to cause the backache than to cure it. But against all this
may be put the fact that some who have tried it (among others Mary
O'Loughlin, of Cahermacon) speak highly of its effectiveness as a remedy
for this very troublesome affection. As the chair is rather difficult to
find, being very like other parts of the limestone rock cropping up in all
directions hereabouts, I have marked the stone with a small cross (%f),
which, when one is seated in the proper position on the chair, should be
at the sitter's right hand.1
To the Very Rev. Dean Copley, and also to Mr. Murray, who has
since left Ballykeale, the thanks of all Irish Archa3ologists are due for
the important part they played in restoring to its proper place this very
curious and venerable old cross of St. Inniwee.
KlLVOYDANE.
Judging by the remains of this old church, which are now scattered
all over the churchyard, it must have been one of much architectural and
archaeological interest. So great, however, has been the havoc com-
mitted on this edifice by those using its stones for marking and lining
graves, that the spade would now be necessary in order to trace the
foundations. The church is about half a mile east of the village of
Corofin, on a hill overlooking the lake of Teadaun (Atedane, in Ordnance
Survey map), one of the many expansions of the Fergus.3 Among the
ruins was once a very curious jambstone, on one side of which is repre-
sented, I believe, the martyrdom of St. Sebastian ; but what connexion
the saint could have with this place I cannot tell. The famous Father
1 There is a small stone cross, of perhaps the middle of the eighteenth century, to be
seen at the well dedicated to St. Inniwee, a few hundred yards east of Kilnaboy church,
but it is of no interest whatever, and does not come within the scope of this paper.
2 According to the unknown author of the article on "Kflneboy" ill Lewis's
" Topog rap Ideal Dictionary of Ireland," Kilvoydane was the last resting-place of
Hugh MacCurtin, " author of the Antiquities of Ireland, an Irish Grammar and Dic-
tionary, and other works." Local tradition is silent now on the matter, and no
tombstone to his memory can be found in the churchyard.
30
ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
John Murphy, p.p., of Rath and Kilnaboy, who died in 1831, perceiving
the stone to be of much interest, and fearing that it might be injured if
left derelict in the churchyard, got it inserted into the inside of the
western gable of his church at Corofin, the building of which was com-
menced by him circa 1822. Some
20 years ago the stone was removed
from its place in the wall in order to
make room for a new baptistery, and
has recently been given to me by the
Rev. Michael 0' Donovan, the pre-
sent P.P. of Corofin.
The patron of Kilvoydane (Cill-
bhashbdin) is not known ; but
the saint must Lave been of some
reputation in Thoniond, as the
name is given as patron of another
church in Inchicronan parish, and of
a holy well near the Church of Kil-
naboy.
About 22 yards south of the
churchyard wall, in the centre of a
small field, stands what is left of the
old Cross of Kilvoydane, namely, the
base and head, the shaft having en-
tirely disappeared. The base is a
solid square block, rising 3£ feet
above the heap of stones faced by
large, rough flags in which it is set.
It measures 26 inches east and west,
by 18 inches north and south at the
bottom, and tapers to 23 inches by
15 inches, in similar directions, at
the top. On the upper end is cut a
rectangular socket 7 inches by 4
inches, having a raised rim running
around its margin. This socket, no
doubt, once held the shaft, the length
Carved Stone, Kilvoydane.
of which is unknown, but on whose top the small head wus fitted in a
similar manner. The latter now lies loosely in the socket-hole of the
base, and is of little interest, being ornamented with rude chisel-work,
andj a good deal damaged. A whitethorn and a couple of elders now
-overshadow the venerable spot. The rain-water which collects in the
socket-hole of the base of the cross has a veiy wide reputation as a cure
for warts, both in man and beast, and is being still occasionally used for
the purpose.
ANCIENT STONti CROSSES OF UI-FEARMAIC, CO. CLARE. 31
SKEAGHAVANNOE.
The townland of Kells, in Irish. Cealla, or The Churches, is a long,
narrow strip of land, whose western end extends to the bridge of Bully-
portly, one mile north-east of Corofin. The poet, Aenghus O'Daly,
in his rambles through the country visited Kells, where, it appears,
he met, as usual, with a bad reception from the people, and so gave
them a piece of his scurrilous mind. Here are his words : —
" If you wish to perish of starvation,
Be every Easter at Cealla ;
Cealla bore away [the palm] for starvation,
In digging the churchyards in the snow."
What the man intended to convey by this villainous quatrain, who can
tell? It is a strange fact, however, and in this instance must be more
than a coincidence, that the only churchyard ever known to have been
in Kells has been long used as an orchard and kitchen-garden, and was
often, I am certain, dug in the snow. This burial ground is now
the kitchen garden belonging to Kells Cottage, and the owner, Mr.
Conor O'Bryen, tells me that adult human bones have often been dug up,
and many headstones, rough and without inscription, been found there
under the surface of the soil. He also states that lie was told by a very
old resident (John Meer, senior, now many years dead), who knew the
locality from his childhood, that there was a church in this particular
ground, and that it was called " St. Catherine's." Kells Cottage was
built during the present century, but it is well known that long before its
erection another house existed on the spot.
Although no other church is known to have been in Kells, just out-
side its eastern boundary, in the townland of Garryncallaha, there is a
very ancient church called Ternpleinore, with square-headed inclined
doorway and a remarkable souterraiu. Our townland boundaries have been
so changed in modern times that it is quite possible Garryncallaha may
have formerly been a sub-denomination of Kells ; an opinion that is more
or less strengthened by the peculiar shape of these two townlands, the
former appearing, as it were, to be complementary to the latter. If this
assumption be correct, Tempi emore was one of the Cealla from which the
name Kells is derived, and the so-called " St. Catherine's" the other.1
On a pleasant ridge in this townland of Kells, half a mile north of
Kells Bridge, and some 700 yards west of Kells Cottage, is the place
called Sceac-cm-6eannu5a&, or The Whitethorn of the Blessing. It is
only a few yards outside the northern side of a very fine earthen fort,
67 yards in diameter, having a deep fosse, and a large souterrain on
the eastern side, the entrance to which has been closed up, in order to
1 Since writing above I learned from an old lease that the true name of Kells east is
Garryncallaha, so I must be wrong in my assumption as to the latter having been a
sub-denomination of Kells.
ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
prevent cattle straying into it. Lying loosely on the foundations of a
small house or church, about 12 feet by 9, as well as can be made out,
and overhung by two venerable white thorns, decayed and weatherworn,
is the head of a stone cross, rudely cut and apparently not quite finished.
It is made out of an ordinary limestone flag, and is 28 inches high, 27
inches wide, and 4 inches thick. The back is uncut, but the front is
ornamented with five circular bosses marked with concentric circles, and
formed into a Celtic cross by means of incised lines of no great depth.
The idea of the design is undoubtedly derived from some piece of orna-
mental metal-work, such as a processional cross or shrine cover, the
bosses representing the gems or other similar decoration.
Skeaghavannoe has absolutely no history, and nothing remains to show
its original purpose except this old cross, and the feeling among the
people that the place ought not to be interfered with and is holy ground.
The cross, possibly, may have marked
the termon of one of the Cealla from
which the townland is called, the
remains of the small building, on the
ruins of which it lies, being one of
them, or else the residence of some
unknown ecclesiastic long since gone
to his reward. The number of
"Killeens" situated very near forts,
or actually in them, throughout the
country is most remarkable ; and I
put forward the following theory as
to their origin, chiefly with the
object of eliciting the opinions of
others: — In the very early days of
Christianity in Ireland, the secular
clergy, as distinguished from those who lived in communities, must have
attached themselves in most cases to tribes and families,. and not to the
territorial divisions afterwards known as parishes. When, however, in
the natural evolution of Church government, the ecclesiastical authorities
divided the Irish Church into well-defined dioceses and parishes, new
places of worship of improved design were erected in great numbers
throughout the country to meet the growing needs of the people, and
the old sites, nearly always in or close to the residences of the chief men,
namely, the forts, became, naturally enough, objects of veneration to
succeeding generations. In some instances these places may have been
contaminated by old, or even contemporary, pagan interments, a debased
reverence for them in course of time sprang up, and they eventually
became the Killeens in which un baptized children alone were buried.
It is well to remember, however, that the ancient Romans, who, like
the Gaedhils, were mainly of Aryan blood, and for centuries dwelt in
Head of Stone Cross.
ANCIENT STONE CROSSES OF UI-FEARMAIC, CO. CLARE. 33
close geographical contact with the Gauls, had special customs for the
"burial of children who died before the appearance of their teeth. These
were always buried, never burned on a pyre j1 and the place set apart for
their interment is said to have been called a Suggrundarium. There may
have been no real connexion between the two customs, but the Irish
one of burying unbaptized children altogether by themselves in a killeen,
may, perhaps, have a possible origin in far away pagan times, and, like
other customs of the kind, been so far modified and transformed by the
early Irish Church, as not to clash in any way with the tenets of the
Christian faith.
Yiew of the Termon of Kilnaboy, County Clare. (From the West.)
NOTE ADDED IN THE PllESS.
What O'Curry exactly meant by "from 5 to 11 inches wide " is rather
doubtful. The lower end of the shaft, now embedded in cement, may
taper considerably, but, unfortunately, I took no measurements, being a
tyro at the time I replaced it. It may possibly be a repetition of the
5 inches of the thickness, or, not improbably, a slip of the pen for
9 inches. Mr. Westropp calls my attention to its resemblance not only
to u type of staff used by Greek priests in medieval times, but also to
a double-headed staff in the collection of our Society, and which is
figured in one of the earlier volumes of its Journal.
1 Vide Pliny, N. H., Lib. 7, cap. 16, and Juvenal, Sat. 15.
T « c A T $ Vol. x., Fifth Series. ) n
Jour. K.S.A.I. | Vol ,0> Consec Ser j
34 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
THE BATTLE OF THE YELLOW FOKD.
BY THE REV. WILLIAM T. LATIMER, B.A., FELLOW.
[Read AUGUST 17, 1899.]
nPHE Battle of the Yellow Ford, fought on the 14th of August, 1598, was
brought about by an attempt made by the English, under Marshal
Bagnal, to relieve Captain Thomas Williams and a garrison of 300 men
then besieged in the Blackwater Port by the forces of Hugh O'Neill,
Earl of Tyrone. That fort, we are told in a Memoir by Sydney, dated
1583, had been built in Tyrone to guard the bridge over the Blackwater,
but, at different times, it seems to have been built on different sides of the
river, close to the village of Black watertown. In 1586 Marshal Bagnal
alludes to it as being in county Armagh. Nine years afterwards, when
it was captured by Art MacBaron for his brother, the Earl of Tyrone,
the attacking party came through Blackwatertown, and there is no men-
tion made of their crossing the river, which goes to prove that the fort
still stood in Armagh.1
It was then rebuilt, and it is certain that the new fort was placed on
the left or Tyrone bank of the river, about 200 yards below the present
bridge. In this very spot several cannon balls and other relics of anti-
quity were found a few years ago when the river was dredged.
The new fort was very soon captured by O'Neill, but in 1597 it was
re-taken by the Lord Deputy Burgh, without much difficulty. In his
despatch he mentions passing through the river when making his attack,
and an old drawing, reproduced by Gilbert in his Facsimiles, represents a
body of soldiers in the act of passing through the stream. As the party
came from Armagh, the fact that they had to cross the river before
attacking the fort proves that it then stood in Tyrone.
The works were then rebuilt by the Lord Deputy, and Wright asserts
that they were placed on the " other side " of the river, but I can find
no original authority for this statement. It may be that Wright refers
to the previous change made in the position of the fort, to which I have
alluded, or he may have imagined that the works captured by Burgh
stood in the county Armagh. At any rate, he knew very little about
the geography of this locality, as is proved by his account of the battle
of Benburb.
While Burgh was holding a thanksgiving service for his victory,
O'Neill made a sudden attack from the Tyrone side of the river. After
1 A number of State Papers relative to the fort are printed in Gilbert's "Fac-
similes of National MSS.," Part iv.
THE BATTLE OF THE YELLOW FORD. 35
a very obstinate encounter the Irish were driven back, but Sir Francis
Vaughan, Burgh's brother-in-law, and a good many others were slain.
When the new fort was finished, the Deputy left for its defence 300
men in charge of a brave officer, Captain Thomas AVilliams.
Yery soon afterwards it was closely invested by O'Neill, and a most
determined attempt was made to capture it by escalade.1 After a despe-
rate conflict the Irish were repulsed, leaving a considerable number of
dead, together with their scaling ladders, in the ditch behind them.
Burgh now returned to Portmore (Black water), compelled O'Neill
to raise the siege, and then marched to wards Dungannon.
The Irish, stationed at Drumfluch, near Benburb, and at Tobermason,
between Benburb and Moy, united their forces, and Burgh, unable to
make his way to Dungannon, was compelled to retreat.
According to Irish writers, he received a wound of which he soon
afterwards died at Newry, but according to English writers his death
was caused by sickness.
Williams was still left at Portmore with his 300 men. Soon after-
wards he sustained several attacks from the forces of O'Neill, but these
attacks he successfully repulsed.
On the 22nd of July the Lords Justices wrote : — " That worthy
captain [Williams] clothe still defende himself e and the place ; and as we
understande hathe latelie by some stratagem issued forthe, and besydes
the killing of 2 or 3 principall men of Tyrone's hath got divers horses and
inares of theires into the forte, which as we are informed is victualled for
a month." A letter to Sir Gr, Fentou, printed in the Kilkenny Journal
for 1857, p. 262, relates how Williams captured 17 or 18 of the enemy's
" mares," which would serve him and his company a " good tyme."
O'Neill now determined to reduce the place by starvation, and we
are told that soon the garrison were brought to such straits that they
were forced to eat the herbs which grew on the " ditches and walls" of
the fort,2 a statement that is hardly consistent with the fact of their
having a short time previously captured so many horses and mares.
The Lords Justices were in favour of Williams surrendering the fort
on the best terms that he could obtain.3 But the Commander-in- Chief,
the Earl of Ormond, and Marshal Sir Henry Bagnal were opposed to
this course. Bagnal especially was anxious to relieve the place, wishing,
in all probability, to have an opportunity of taking revenge on O'Neill for
eloping with and marrying his sister Mabel, although she was now dead.
His desires were granted, and he marched northwards with upwards of
4000 foot and 320 horse.4
Of these fully one-half were Irish, among whom was Philip O'Reilly,
1 Francis Cosbie : extract from his " State of Ireland " in Kilkenny Journal, 1857,
I>. 258. 2 Moryson.
3 The Lords Justices to the Privy Council, August 16, 1598 ; ditto, August 17,
1598. * Ormond to the Queen.
D 2
36 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
the fair, " The Queen's O'Reilly," and Christopher St. Lawrence, son of
the Lord of Howth.
The Irish army consisted of 4500 foot and 600 horse,1 of whom 3000
were O'Donnell's men and the rest followers of O'Neill. The commanders
were O'Neill and O'Donnell themselves. Their first idea was to retreat
beyond the Blackwater, but O'Donnell's poet, one Fergesa O'Cleury, when
he heard the name of the place where it was expected that the battle was
to be fought, Atha Buidhe, or the " Yellow Ford," stated that St. Bercan
had foretold how the men of the North would defeat the English at that
very place. This prophecy is not to be found amongst the saint's writings.
Probably it was an addition to the original revelation made by O'Cleary
himself, but it served the purpose of the Irish leaders, who evidently
wished to encourage their troops.2 Professing to be stimulated by this
prophecy, they resolved to fight. They " plashed " all the pusses on the
direct road from Armagh to Blackwater — obstructing them with felled
trees and interwoven boughs. They dug pits, which they covered with
leaves and grass, and in this way rendered the roads impassable. Besides,
they removed their camp to a hill about an Irish mile from the fort,3 and
a short distance nearer to Blackwater than the place where " Bagnal's"
Bridge now spans the Yellow Ford. Between this bridge and Armagh
lay a bog about a mile long and u two flight" across. At both ends it
became an impassable marsh, and between these two marshes4 O'Neill had
constructed a trench a quarter of a mile long, five feet deep, and four feet
" over," with a thorn hedge on the top. This trench lay directly in the
way of any army coming from Armagh. On the Armagh side of the
trench a small turbid-coloured stream flowed from the marsh, and the
pass across it is known as the Yellow Ford.5
Bagnal marched northwards, and on his way to Armagh dislodged the
Irish from a position they had taken up at Mullaghban. O'Neill himself
escaped with difficulty, but the Marshal awaited reinforcements before
proceeding any further. When he took possession of Armagh, he found
that the Irish were in force on the road that ran directly to Portmore
Fort, and on the west side of the river which they were to cross the next
day.6 This force consisted of 500 light armed troops whom O'Neill and
O'Donnell had sent forward to obstruct the English on their " jorney "
to the Blackwater.
Marshal Bagnal left Armagh before sunrise7 on the morning of Monday,
the 14th of August, 1598.8 As his direct road had been rendered impass-
1 Rev. D. Murphy's " Life of 0' Donnell," p. xciii.
2 Id., pp. xciv, 168, 169, 171.
3 O'Sullivan Beure.
4 O'Sullivan. Montagu reckons the trench a mile long, Lut evidently he included
the two marshes. 6 O'Sullivan.
6 Captain Montagu. 7 O'Sullivan.
8 The III Newse out of Ireland ; the Lords Justices to the Privy Council ; Captain
Montagu's Report ; Lieutenant Taaife's Report.
THE BATTLE OF THE YELLOW FORD. 37
able, he marched at first on the east side of the river, following a road
that ran northwards about a mile further to the west than the " common
highway."1 This road went through a " hard, open country," but upon
both right and left were woods or bogs, from which the English were
attacked when not more than half-a-mile from Armagh.2
-An old plan, of which Gilbert gives a copy in his Facsimiles, repre-
sents O'Donnell's followers as attacking from the right and O'Neill's
from the left.
The six regiments of which the English army was composed marched
in " single bodyes," but they were under orders to join in three divisions
whenever they saw each other engaged.3 Thus they marched along in
a very straggling manner, and for two miles they had to bear a continual
attack from the Irish ambuscades. Captains Percy and Cosby led the
first regiment of foot, and Marshal Bagnal himself the second regiment.
Colonel Cosby and Sir Thomas Maria "Wingfield were at the head of the
middle body of the army, and Sir Calesthenes Brooke led the cavalry.
I cannot make out exactly where they crossed the Callan, but at that
season of the year such a small stream would be very low, and its passage
involving little difficulty, does not seem to be noticed in any of the
original narratives ; but the old plan of the battle which I have men-
tioned appears to indicate that the English passed to the west side of the
river less than a mile from Armagh. For about another mile they held
their course due north. Then they turned west, making direct for
Blackwater.4 It is, of course, well to remember that the miles men-
tioned by O'Sullivan and the other original authorities are all Irish
miles, and "good measure" into the bargain. In fact, each mile may
be regarded as equal to two of statute measure.
The English army, exposed as they were to incessant attacks, made
but slow progress. A piece of cannon called a Saker stuck in a ford,5
in consequence of a wheel of its carriage being broken,6 and this, in some
unaccountable way, delayed the progress of a considerable part of the
troops. Captain Montagu wrote that " the Battaill stood for the bring-
ing upp of the Saker, wch stucke fast in a forde, and allso our reare, wch
being hard sett to, re tyred fowlly to Ardmagh." The Captains Fernando
and George Kingsmills state that "the Kere of the Battayle mayntained
fight for the Saker, which could not be recovered by reason yt was
bogged, and the oxen killed that drew it."
Meanwhile the regiments in front pressed onwards. Bagnal was a
brave soldier himself, and he was thirsting to be revenged on his brother-
in-law. About eleven o'clock the first regiments had forced their way
through surrounding enemies, till they had reached the bog where the
1 Lieutenant William Taaffe.
2 Account of Captains Fernando and George Kingsmills.
3 Colonel Billinges and the Captns of that regiment whoe are nowe at Dublinge.
4 Colonel Billinges and the Captns. Old Plan of Battle.
5 Captains Fernando and George Kingsmills. The word " ford " is often used to
designate a pass through a bog or morass. 6 Lieutenant Taaffe.
38 HOYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
trench was cut. Still they pressed on, wading through the bog, which
was only two "flight" across, over the ditch and trench, and up the
next hill beyond the ford towards Blackwater,1 not far from the camp of
O'Neil, which was only a mile from Portmore Fort.2 But the Irish,
stationed west of the trench, to the number of 2000 foot and 400 horse,3
charged so furiously that the progress of the Englieh was arrested, and
they " could not gayne a buttes length in three quarters of an hour."4
At this critical moment Marshal Bagnal himself came up and ''charged
downe with the battle of the army " to relieve the vanguard. When he
had arrived at the trench he thought the day was won, and raised the
visor of his helmet to get a better view of the terrible encounter raging
on all sides. Just then a bullet entered the Marshal's brain, and he fell
dead. Probably it was one of those bullets that Hugh O'Neill made out of
the lead provided to roof his house when Mabel Bagnal had become his bride.
The death of Bagnal did not at first cause the rout of his army. Two
other regiments passed over the trench,6 and another body of troops was
advancing to support them, when a soldier, in replenishing his stock of
ammunition, dropped a spark into a "fyrcken" of powder, which ex-
ploded, and the explosion was communicated to another barrel.6 This
injured a considerable number of men and disorganized the attack. The
regiments beyond the trench being now hard pressed and without support,
were forced to fly, and very many were killed — the trench proving a
greater obstacle in their flight than in their attack.' They were able,
however, to "guard" the body of the Marshal and most of " the hurte
men."8 Having with difficulty gained the ford, they pressed on to secure
a hill between them and Armagh, but a party of Irish horse tried to get
between them and the position that they sought to gain. The English
then "shot off" the biggest of their three pieces of ordnance, which
brought the enemy to a stand, and thus the defeated army were enabled
to gain the hill and to make good their retreat to Armagh.9
Their loss amounted to about 2000, being one-half of their entire
force; but this included large numbers of the native Irish, who, when
they had opportunity, made off to the enemy.10 Lieutenant Whitechurch
reported that the Irish themselves claimed to have killed 600 of "Her
Majesty's army." A more detailed account makes 855 to be " slayne "
and 363 " hurte."11 Among the slain was the " Queen's O'Reilly," who
fell while bravely covering the retreat.
The Captains Kingsmills reported after the battle that the English
army at Armagh was then 2000 strong, but other reports gave 1500 as
their numbers.
Captain Montagu, with about 140 men, forced his way from Armagh
I Colonel Billings and the Caplns. 2 O'Sullivan.
3 Colonel Billings and the Capt"'. 4 Ibid.
5 Captain Montagu's account. 6 Lieutenant Taaffe, &c.
7 O'Sullivan. 8 Colonel Billings and the Captn*.
9 Colonel Billings. 10 Fernando and George Kingsmills.
II Kilkenny Journal, 1857, p. 277.
THE BATTLE OF THE YELLOW FORD. 39
to Newry. The remainder fortified themselves in Armagh, and held out
until conditions were arranged with Tyrone, namely, that the Black-
water Fort should be surrendered, and that the whole army should march
away " with all their carriage and hurte men to the Newrie or Dundalk."
These conditions were accepted, and faithfully kept by both parties.
Thus the Irish remained victorious in Ulster.
A narrow road at the foot of the hill on which stands the Grange
Episcopal Church, and which Mr. llobert Pillow thinks went at one time
over the summit, is called the " Bloody Loaning." On another hill, a
little nearer to the Callan, once grew a large tree, known as the Great
Man's Thorn, beside which, it is stated by some historians, that Bagnal
lies buried. But this is certainly a mistake, as we have seen that Bel-
lings mentions how his body was ''guarded." Besides, Whitechurch,
the Marshal's lieutenant, and Lee, his secretary, wrote on the 24th of
August, that "the deade corpes " of the Marshal was then at Armagh,
and that they had asked leave from Tyrone to bring it on to Newry.
The Bloody Loaning and the Great Man's Thorn are near where crossed
swords on the Ordnance Survey map indicate the site of the battle-field.
I cannot, however, find any original account to prove that the English
army, on the fatal 14th of August, came very near to the places in ques-
tion, which would be altogether out of their line of march to Blackwater.
As I live within a few miles of this battle-field, I have had many
opportunities of going over the ground and examining the different posi-
tions. Having done this carefully, and collated the original accounts
printed in the Kilkenny Journal (1857), in Gilbert's "Facsimiles," and
in other narratives, I have come to the conclusion that the "crossed
swords " indicate a position about two miles south-east of the actual scene
of conflict. It would certainly seem strange if O'Neill should have con-
structed his great trench on the road to Loughgall in order to prevent
Bagnal from attempting to relieve Portmore.
It is, doubtless, certain that the English army, on leaving Armagh,
marched at first on the east side of the Callan ; but they selected that
rout because it was unimpeded. Captain Montagu, however, plainly
implies that they crossed the river to the west side, and this conclusion
is supported by the old plan of the battle. The fact that they did at
last meet impediments shows that they had then got into the direct road
from Armagh -to Blackwatertown, which the Irish had expected them to
take. Colonel Billings states that after the trench was passed in their
attack, they " recovered the hill beyonde the forde towd" Blackwater" ;
and 0' Sullivan tells us plainly that they penetrated to near the camp of
the Catholics, which camp was a mile from the besieged fort. All this
proves conclusively that the battle, was fought between BagnaPs Bridge
and Blackwatertown, and not at the Grange Episcopal Church, which s,
as the crow flies, more than three and a-half miles from the site of
Blackwater Fort.
ON THE BELL OF KILMAINHAM.
BY E. PERCEVAL WRIGHT, M.D.
[Read OCTOBER 10, 1899.]
A BOUT May, 1898, Lord A rdilaun kindly called my attention to a bronze
bell, concerning which he gave me the following particulars. About
1 844, during the construction of the Dublin terminus of the Great Southern
jind Western Railway of Ireland, very extensive sinkings were made for
foundations; there were also considerable cuttings between Dublin and
Inchicore. During the progress of these works, one of the labourers
struck a metallic substance with his pick; on being brought to light, it
proved to be a mass of copper bronze, in the shape of a bell. This bell
was sold by the man who found it to Mr. Murphy of Thomas-street, the
well-known bell-founder. With him it remained for many years, until
he presented it to the late Sir Benjamin Lee Guinness, Bart. It was
then placed among the treasures of St. Anne's, Clontarf, where it still
is.
The bell is a very fine example of bronze casting, and I urged Lord
Ardilaun to publish a short description of it, but he, in reply, has
requested me to do so, and has given me permission to have it photo-
graphed. He further allowed me to break off from the hole in the side
of the bell, caused by the pick, a small morsel of the metal, so as to
have the chemical nature of the bronze determined.
The photograph was taken in the Engineering School of Trinity
College, Dublin, by Dr. H. H. Dixon, on a quarter-plate, and was
enlarged by Mr. Welch, of Belfast (fig. 1). It very well conveys an
idea of the shape and texture of the bell. Originally, no doubt, the
surface of the bronze was smooth and polished ; now it is rough, and
very extensively and uniformly pitted: the outer surface is even more
pitted than the interior.
The bell differs somewhat from the quadrangular type, so much in
use in Ireland from the period of the introduction of Christianity until,
according to Dr. Petrie, about the close of the eleventh century, and
approaches rather to the rounded form, which became generally in use
from about the beginning of the twelfth century.
The following measurements, in addition to the appended diagrams
(fig. 2), will give some idea of its shape : —
It is 10£ inches in height, not including the handle (fig. 2, a), which
is 2 inches higher. On each end of the handle, which forms one casting
with the body, there is a knob ; these, in certain aspects, give obscure
indications that they may have been representations of heads, but the
ON THE BELL OF KILMAINHAM.
41
corrosion of the material is too great to make this a matter of any
certainty.
The mouth of the bell is a section of an irregular quadrangle
(fig. 2, 5) ; each of the four sides is a segment of a circle ; of these
the two larger and opposite measure, on the outer surface, 10 inches.
. i.
The two others, which are flatter, are unequal; one measures 6£- inches,
the other 6f inches.
The long diameter of the mouth of the bell is 9£ inches, while the
short is but 8$ inches.
The broader sides, about at half the height, narrow to 4| inches, and
42 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
this again, at 11 inches below the handles, contracts to a breadth of 2f
inches.
In the upper inner part of the bell there are the remains of the
loop for a clapper. The weight was 21£ Ibs.
On examination of a morsel from the side of the bell by Mr. E. A.
Werner, of our Trinity College Chemical School, the alloy was found to
be a bronze, the chief constituent being copper, but with a considerable
amount of tin, and a trace of iron. No zinc or other metal was found.
FIG. 2.
As the result of extensive weathering, there were numerous crystals
of cuprite (copper oxide), and here and there coatings of malachite
(carbonate of copper).
From the size and weight of the bell, it is probable that it was
suspended, but it must remain a matter of pure speculation as to what
religious establishment it may have belonged.
It is most unfortunate that there are no facts known in reference to
its discovery, the precise spot not having been recorded. From the
appearance of the bronze, the bell must have been, for a very long
period of time, in contact with fallen masonry and lime rubbish, but it
is too late to inquire as to whether such formed part of an ecclesiastical
building.
ON THE BELL OF KILMAINHAM. 43
Kilmainham is known to have been the site of a very ancient abbey,
but as the bell is certainly not older than the twelfth century, it is not
possible that there could be any connexion between them. In 1174, the
Priory, under the Invocation of St. John the Baptist, was founded on
the site of this old abbey, by Richard de Clare, Earl of Pembroke and
Strigil, and its endowment was confirmed by King Henry IT., Hugo
de Cloghal being the first Prior. On the ''condemnation" of the
Templars, the Priory was transferred to the hands of the Knights of
St. John of Jerusalem.
In 1565, we find that the buildings were in too decayed a state to
be inhabited by the then Lord Deputy, Sir H. Sydney. In 1680, the
first stone of the present lloyal Hospital was laid by the Duke of
Ormond.
It is possible, fixing the probable date of the bell as about the
twelfth century, that the bell may have been the property of the
Knights of St. John of Jerusalem. There seems to be a hiatus in the
literature of Irish bells from the twelfth to the sixteenth centuries,
when the record is taken up by Mr. Langrishe's invaluable Papers on
old Irish Bells in our Journal.
In spite of the defect of the record, there remains a fair presumption
that this bell was, in days past, connected with some ecclesiastical
building at Kilmainham, enough to justify its being known as "The
Bell of Kilmainham."
44 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
THE RECORDS OF THE DUBLIN GILD OF MERCHANTS,
KNOWN AS THE GILD OF THE HOLY TRINITY, 1438-
1671.
BY HENRY F. BERRY, M.A., M.R.I.A., FELLOW.
[Read OCTOBER 31, 1899.]
" An haberdashere and a carpenter,
A webbe, a dyere, and a tapiser,
Were all yclothed in oo livere,
Of a solempne and a grete fraternite.
Wei semede ech of tbem a fair burgeys,
To sitten in a yelde halle on the deys."
CHAUCER — Prologue, Canterbury Tales.
FT is my great privilege to bring under the notice of the Society this
evening, some of the records of the ancient gild of Dublin mer-
chants, known as the Gild of the Holy Trinity, which the Board of
Governors of Merchant Taylors' School (in whose possession a large
number of documents connected with that fraternity now remain)
entrusted to my care, with a view to their examination. With marked
liberality, the Board granted me permission to bring these invaluable
records before this Society at one of our meetings in Dublin, and on
behalf of the Society, I beg to tender to that body our thanks for the
privilege accorded to us, and our strong sense of this enlightened action.
May we not hope that the precedent thus set will be followed by other
bodies, having charge of similar records, lying neglected in old chests or
presses ?
There is reason for believing that the journals, &c., of the Gild of
Weavers are in the hands of an eminent firm in the city, connected with
that ancient craft, and fifteen volumes of transactions of St. Luke's
Gild, which comprised painters, paper stain ers, stationers, and cutlers,
dating from 1670, were accidentally recovered some time ago. The
books were brought under the notice of Mr. Charles Keatinge, of Grafton-
street, at whose instance they were purchased for the revived gild of
St. Luke, of which he is an officer. The journals of the Goldsmiths'
Gild, whose charter dates from 1638, are in custody of the officers of
that body, and appear to have been kept with regularity, even in
troublous times.1 At the period of the dissolution of the various city
trade gilds, many of their books and documents, and some of their plate
1 Old English Plate (Cripps), 4th ed., cbapter on the " Dublin Goldsmiths."
RECORDS OF THE DUBLIN GILD OF MERCHANTS. 45
are, with good reason, believed to have passed into private custody,1
and it is thought that some of the records may be preserved in the
muniment room of the Corporation. Considering the fact that the old
city gilds numbered twenty -five, that their books were in existence
when the Municipal Corporations Commission made its Report in 1835,
and that now in the year 1899, the records of all these bodies, save four,
have disappeared — is it too much to hope that the responsible custodians
of these sets may see their way to deposit them, for absolute security,
in the Public Record Office — the great national storehouse provided for
such documents ?
The ancient books that I am privileged to show you this evening
bear on their face a reminder to custodians of the uncertainty attendant
on the keeping of such volumes. The fly -leaf of the old Eookof Orders
records the fact of its having been recovered in the year 1806, by
Timothy Allen,2 clerk of the gild, and the earliest journal is marked,
" found in 1818, by T. Allen " ! It is not a little remarkable that, at a
time when the gild was in full working order, these books should have
been mislaid, and posterity is indebted to Allen for their recovery and
preservation.
The word gield, geld, gijld is Saxon, and meant a " rateable pay-
ment," as the brotherhoods exacted from their members a regular rate,
to cover expenses. The craft gilds were originally formed for the
benefit of those belonging to them as craftsmen, and for the due regula-
tion of the trades. Royal licence was by no means necessary for their
foundation, but, as a rule, these bodies, from time to time, obtained
confirmatory charters from successive monarchs. Thus the earliest
known charter of the Dublin Gild of Merchants bears date 1451, while
the journal commences with an entry of 1438, and the body undoubtedly
existed long prior to this. Sir John Gilbert, in his " Historic and
Municipal Documents, Ireland," published the names of free citizens
appearing in the Dublin Gild Merchant rolls, the earliest of which
probably dates from the close of the twelfth century, so that the gild must
have have been established here soon after the Anglo-Norman conquest.3
1 A charter of King Charles II., and a grant of arms from Sir Richard Carney,
Ulster, to the Saddlers' Gild, together with a massive oak chest belonging to that
corporation, are now the property of John Fox Goodman, Esq., Master of the Crown
Office, Q. B. The chest bears the following inscription carved in front : —
" THE PUBLICKE CHEST FOB THE USE OF THE CORPORATION OF SADLER8,
JOHN LOVET, MASTER, CHARLES CARTER, CONSANTIXE RAVKNj WARDENS. ANNO
DOMINI, 1670."
2 Doubtless a descendant of Sir Timothy Allen, Lord Mayor in 1762. See Hand-,
cock's "Antiquities of Tallaght," 2nd ed., pp. 138, 149.
a The iloll for the year 1226 is headed in these words :— " Hii subscript! intra-
verunt in Gillemercaturam, Roberto Pollard et Petro de Ballimor existentibus prae-
positis, anno regni regis Henrici decimo."
Many of those enrolled are described as ordinary craftsmen, and as belonging to
English towns, such as Bristol and Oxford ; while places in France, Brabant, and
Flanders are represented as furnishing merchant citizens of Dublin.
46
ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OP IRELAND.
Though the gilds had chantries and chaplains attached to them, they
were, in their constitution, essentially lay bodies, composed of women
as well as men ; assistance to brethren in poverty or distress, and the
settlement of quarrels, without litigation, were among their first
principles. An oath of obedience was taken on admission, and each gild
had its appointed meeting days, when officers were elected, new mem-
bers admitted, accounts settled, and the ordinances and regulations
promulgated anew. On these days, and notably on Trinity eve, in the
case of the Dublin Merchants Gild, there was much feasting and merry-
making.
Facsimile of Form of Grace before and after Meat.
(Photographed by Mr. T. Mason.)
On its patron saint's day, the fraternity — brethren and sisters —
clad in distinctive hoods or livery, assembled in the church or chantry
chapel used by them, and, at the conclusion of the service, banqueted
together. In the fly-leaf of the illuminated missal before us are to by
found forms of grace before and after meat, the quaint language aud
spelling of which show that they must have been said by the chaplains
at the gild feasts from a very early period.
RECOKDS OF THE DUBLIN GILD OF MERCHANTS. 47
" Cryste y* bred brake hat hys mande ynhe sat amonge hys postowls
xii bless howr bred & howr hall & hall yk who naff & haff challe & fede
hows uit hymselffe, amen."
" Cryste lorde off hows y* hon ye crosse whas sprade y* han soforde
harde iugement & has hows ffede sufficyant gyf hows gras for to full-
fyll hall y1 plesende will, amen."
Especial care was taken regarding the fitting burial and funeral
ceremonies of departed members, the survivors attending in large num-
bers. Meetings of the craft gilds were held with great solemnity, and
the wardens saw to the due execution of the ordinances, examined
manufactures and searched for all unlawful tools and products. Im-
mense importance was attached to the matter of apprenticeship, and the
regulations as to apprentices were very stringent.
A marked feature of recent historical research has been an ever-
growing interest in the study of the history of towns, and the publica-
tion of borough records in England. The Reports of the Historical
Manuscripts Commission contain accounts of the records of many of the
most ancient municipalities in the kingdom, while Dr. Gross' work on
"The Gild Merchant," "English Gilds," edited by Miss Toulmin Smith,
for the Early English Text Society, Mrs. J. R. Green's "Town Life
in the Fifteenth Century," and Professor Maitland's "Township and
Borough," have recently shed much additional light on a subject of great
importance in the history of the development of our institutions. Sir
John Gilbert's Calendar of the City Records, undertaken for the
Corporation of Dublin, is highly creditable to the public spirit of that
body, and the work left unfinished by her distinguished husband is to
be completed by Lady Gilbert. Throughout the works mentioned, the
rates of wages enumerated, and illustrations of the general usages of the
times, as bearing on the social life of our forefathers, are of considerable
interest.
The records of the Trinity Gild entrusted to me consist of four
charters, two journals of transactions, 1438-1671, l an entry book of
Freemen's admissions, 1601-1686, and an early illuminated missal.
In the calendar of the missal, the following obits are noted: —
Obitus Helene Strangwych de Donsoghly YII die Januarii [anno]
Mcccccxn0 [et sepellitur] in monasterio monachorum apud Dubliniain,
cujus anime propicietur deus.
Obitus Thome Plunket de Dunsoghly, capitalis justiciarii communis
banci x° die Januarii, anno regni regis Henrici octavi sexto et anno
domini millesimo quingentesimo deciino quarto [ ].
(Feb.) Obitus Philipi Bremegham capitalis justiciarii de Regis banco
anno domini MCCCCLXXXIX, et sepellitur in monasterio monachorum apud
Dubliniam cujus anime propicietur deus.
1 Among the Egerton MSS. in the British Museum, is a volume of extracts from
the journals of the gild, 1438-1824, made by the late William Monck- Mason ;
portion of it contains materials relating to various other Dublin gilds.
48 UOVAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
Obitus Jenete Einglas nuper domine de Donsoghly tercio die Jimii
anno doruini MCCCC [ ] cujus anime propicietur deus, amen!
The above are recorded in the "Book of Obits and Martyrology of
Christ Church," and one of the deeds in the Christ Church collection
(No. 396) is a grant dated 17th June, 1512, from the said Thomas
Phmkett, of lands at Cabra to Holy Trinity Church for the support of a
canon to pray for him, the above Janet Finglas, his wife, and for Philip
Bermingham1 and Helena Stranwych, his wife, and their relations.
It seems probable that the brethren and sisters of "our congregation"
in the "Book of Obits" were the members of the Holy Trinity Gild,
whose chantry was in the chapel of the Holy Trinity, Christ Church
Cathedral.
Of the four charters, three belong to the Tailors' fraternity. The
first, which appears merely to found a religious body, is dated at Trim,
20th May, 6 Henry V. (1418), during the tenure of office of Sir Thomas
Talbot, deputy of John Talbot, of Halomshire, lieutenant of Ireland, and
grants permission (in honour and reverence of the Blessed Virgin Mary
arid St. John the Baptist) to Sir Thomas Talbot, Sir Matthew Husee,
Iloger Hakenshawe, Thomas Walleys, Keginald Sueterby, John Coryiig-
ham, Nicholas Taillour, Thomas Aas, John Ryely, John Cruys, Robert
Braill, John Hynton, John Kyrkham, David Eendyll and William
Barret, to establish a chapel in honour of the above-named saints, in any
place within or without the walls of Dublin city, to be called St. John's
Chapel, and in same to found a gild of men aud women, with a master
and two wardens.
The second charter, which deals with the craft of Tailors, and is
dated 16th July, 7 Henry Y. is noticed at length in the lleport of the
Municipal Corporations Commission, 1835, p. 274, and in Gilbert's
" History of Dublin " (I. 155). The third charter, dated at Dublin, 2nd
Nov., 16 Hen. VI. (1437) is merely a confirmation of the preceding one.
The Tailors' fraternity had its hall in early times in Winetavern-street,
and in 1706 it was removed to Back-lane. The gild was wont to march
in procession each 24th June (St. John's Day) from the hall to St. John's
Church, and thence to a tavern, where the members dined together. Sir
John Gilbert quotes at length a lampoon written on these proceedings
in 1726, some lines of which are as follows : —
" Now the sermon being ended,
And the minister descended,
To the " Castle" or the " Rose,"
Or whatever place you've chose.
Now the dinner's on the table,
Each one eats as fast as able,
Each one eats as much as ten,
For the Lord knows when again."
1 Gilbert, in his " Chartularies ot St. Mary's Abbey," states that Chief Justice
Bermingham was buried in the Abbey, and the entry in the missal shows that his
wife was also interred there.
RECORDS OF THE DUBLIN GILD OF MERCHANTS. 49
The remaining charter,1 that of the Gild of Merchants, which was
accidentally discovered among the city records, and restored to the custody
of the officers of the gild before its dissolution, hears date at Windsor
Castle, 14th October, 19th Eliz. (1577), and contains a full recital of the
ancient charter of the gild, granted by K. Henry VI. in the 29th year
of his reign (1451), which is not now forthcoming.
King Henry, by authority of a parliament heldatDrogheda on Friday
next after the feast of St. Benedict the abbot, in accordance with the
pious request of James le Botiller, Earl of Onnond, Michael, archbishop
of Dublin,- Edward, bishop of Meath, William, prior of Holy Trinity,
Dublin, Sir James Aleyn, llobert Douedall, John Cornewalshe, Edward
Somerton, John Chever,3 John Gogh,4 William Sutton, Sir Eobert
Burn ell, Sir Nicholas Woder, John Blakton, Nicholas Strangwayes, Ralph
Pembroke, Thomas Newby, John Fitz Robert, John Bennett, James
Douedall, Philip Bedelow, Master Thomas Walshe, Richard Ewstace,
John Tankarde, John Waringe, William Whitt, John Whitte, Nicholas
Clerke, John Bateman, David Rowe, Thomas Savage, William Grampe,&
Walter Doughur, Thomas Boyes, Thomas Barbye, Arnald Usher,6 John
Archdekyn, John Paslowe, Stephen Harrold, Simon Fitz Rery, John
West, John Foyle, William Bryne, Thomas Shortales, Nicholas Ellyot,
John Shynnagh, William Galwey, Roger Walter, Robert Sywarde,
William By ram and Robert Lange, granted to them liberty to establish
anew a fraternity or gild of the art of Merchants of the city of Dublin,
as well men as women, in the chapel of the Holy Trinity in the cathedral
church of the Holy Trinity. The gild was to be ruled by two masters,
annually elected. Liberty was also granted to found a chantry of four
priests in the same chapel, to celebrate every day for ever for the king's
health, for the deputy and founders, and the brethren and sisters of the
fraternity during life, and for their souls after death.
No foreigner was to buy any merchandise in retail or in gross within
the city and suburbs, except from merchants dwelling in the said city or
its franchises.
Any foreigner convicted under warrant of the gild was to be committed
to the King's prison, the keeper thereof to hold such in safe custody.
Queen Elizabeth's charter, in which the above is recited, then pro-
ceeds, on the petition of Christopher Fagan, John Ussher, John Lenan,
and Simon Grove, to ordain fresh regulations with a view to the greater
1 Called in one of the minutes the golden charter of Queen Elizabeth, in allusion to
the gilding on the face of the patent. In 1655, Giles Rawlin?, clerk of the gild, was
voted a sum of £4 18s. for translating this document " out of Latin into English."
2 Michael Tregury. For account of this prelate's life, his will, &c., see " Register
of Wills, Diocese of Dublin," 1457-1483, edited by H. F. Berry.
3 Chief Justice, K. B. For his will, see same vol.
4 For his will, see same vol. Gogh directed his body to be buried in Trinity
Chapel, and bequeathed to its altar a missal, which \vas to remain under the oversight
of the masters and wardens of the gild.
0 Mayor in 1470. 6 Mayor in 1469.
T i? c A T I Vol. x., Fifth Series. ) E
Jour. R.S.A.I. | Vo, 30; Consec> Ser. j
oO
ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
usefulness of the gild. The queen, wishing to see the body advanced to
a better position and enabled to sustain the great burdens and expenses
laid on it, granted the gild of Merchants authority to sell in gross or in
retail, all merchandise (victuals only excepted) brought to Dublin by sea
or land.
No person not elected to the body, and no foreigner, to buy, sell, or
expose for sale any merchandise in gross or in retail (victuals excepted)
within the city, suburbs, or liberties, within the circuits, ambits, and
Portrait of Nicholas Duii'e, reproduced fro in a Charter.
(Photographed b}' Mr. T. Mason.)
precincts of the cathedral churches of St. Patrick's and Christ Church,
Dublin, within the place commonly called the Bishop's Glebe, or within
the precincts of St. Sepulchre, St. Mary's Abbey and St. Thomas Court
Abbey, unless of merchants or to merchants of the said fraternity or gild,
under pain of forfeiting the goods bought or sold.
All foreign merchants were to carry their wares for sale to the common
hall of the city, or to such place as should be assigned by the masters and
wardens.
KECOKDS OF THE DUBLIN GILD OF MERCHANTS. 51
It was also permitted to the gild to punish by fine or imprisonment
any foreign merchant committing offences.
In the corner of this charter is a representation of Nicholas DufEe,
merchant, a member of the gild, and the agent who transacted all the
business in England connected with so important a confirmation of its
rights and privileges. He is seated in a chair, draped in a long purple
robe, furred. Alderman Duffe's will, dated in 1582, bequeaths to his
brother-in-law, Sedgrave, his velvet gown and velvet coat, which may be
the identical garments in which he is represented in the document
before us.
The two ancient journals, which disclose the inner working of the
fraternity, now claim attention, and I cannot more appropriately enter on
an examination of the ordinances and general working of the fraternity
than by reading the preamble or address delivered from the chair on the
opening of the election days' proceedings, which is to be found at p. 5
of the first volume, and is entitled,
" The first law to be red evri brother assemblei."
" "Worshypfull mastyrs hyt ys nought unknowin to yow how owre
sowrayne Lorde the King by autoryte of hys greate parlmente here in
Ireland hathe grawnted a chartre Ryall undyr his greate sealle of
a brethrede and a mortyfycacon of the yelde of the holly trynyte wtbin
his sayde cyttye to the worshype of the trynnyte, and the sayde mer-
chaunts to chose yerlye ij mastyrs and ij wardins for to hawe the rule
and the gowernance of the sayde yelde and soo from yere untoo yere to
call the brethirn of the sayde brethrede togythir as ofte as ham sernithe
goodlye and too hawe semelys and in to those semelis to make rulis
ordynaunsis and statutes for the avaylle and the worship of the said yelde
and brethrene and to make brethirne and sistirs souche as wolde praye
therefor; the whyche ys all alowyt by owr King that nowe ys henri the
fyfte and to this entent ye be nowe gathered hitthir as too a quarter
semelye, to declare herre what ye seethe pfytable for the sayde yelde and
too choose yowr mastirs and wardens, such as sholde be pfytable for the
sayde yelde and all too truly for too paye yos quartagis."
From this, it seems clear that King Henry the Fifth had granted a
charter, of which nothing is now known, and it helps to explain the fact
that the ancient journal dates so many years prior to 1451, when King
Henry the Sixth granted his charter.
The earliest entry in the old journal is as follows : —
" The Reule & ordynnce of the Trenite yeld of Dyvlyng ordeynit &
-made by a holde semble of ye mastirs wardeynes and all the brethern of
ye sayde yelde liath (Ealph) Pembroke & Johe Kylberry may stirs.
Dawe Blake & Edwarde Waters wardens, on May Day the yerre of our
lorde Kyng Henry ye seixt xvj An0 Dom. 1438.
u It' In p'mis That all the Brethern of the Brethered of the holy
Trenyte yeld of Dublin shall noght adherre to none Brethered of y* sayd
E2
52 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
citte except the Bretherred of Saynt Anne and of Saynt George in
none mannr wyche shall don or be I hurt of yc sayde Bretherred or
cittei.
" All so yff there hap eny waryaunce or dyscorde wyche god defend
betweix brethern of the sayd yeld That than non of them shall sew or'
at lawe But fyrst he that felyth hym selff grewid shall cu and complnyn
To the mastris of ye sayd yeld for the tym beyinge the wyche shall call
the Bretherrede togedder & make acorde betweix the psonnes thus
beyng at debate and he that wyll no* obey ye Rewlle of the Bretherhede
shall be put out of ye yeyld and The Bretherrehed to mayntene ye
othyr Brothy' agaynste hyin i hys Byght and yff anny strange man ha we
a quarrell agayne eny brother of the yeld yat than ye bretherhed shall
mayten The Bretherhed & harre Brothyr I his Ryght and foo so Brake
thes Reule to fall in ye payne of x11.
" All so ye bretherren of the sayde yeld shall be srwed of all maner
of marchandyse comyng & solde to ye sayd cittei before anny orr man
of the sayd cittei, all so no Brothyr of ye sayd yeild schall by no salt
ne yfe ne collis to use orrr a waylle of no man of the contrey ne of y*
cittei but by hyt to his owen away lie & use and aftyre he hawe cellerrit
hyt hyt shall be lewffull to hym to syll hit out of his cellerre by wyght
& messure out of his sellere yrne salte & collis & I none orr maner a pon
payne of xn.
" All so no man be recev* to ye sayde bretherred but in pleyne semble
of the sayd yeld by assent of all ye Brethern and yff eny of ye sayd
Brethern hawe challange to eny wyche pythe to be of the yeld that he
shall noughte be admytted unto yat he make suffycient amendde to
ye sayde Brothyr.
" All so salt yren & collis and Suche othyr mrchandyse shall be sold
by all Brethern of ye sayde yeld at on prse as hit shall be noteffyd to ye
Brethern by byll from ye mastris of ye sayd yeld a pon ye payne off
XX11.
"All so what so ewer Brothere answere nought to dwe somes
(summons) he schall lese i11 wax as offt tyraes as he makythe defaultt.
But yff he hawe a Reysonable excuse."
In an assembly held on 14th January, 145 1,1 John Fitz Robert, John
Bennet, James Dowdalle, Philip Bedlewe, Nicholas Clerke, Thomas
Sawaghe, William Grampe, and Arnenton Uscherr were chosen to make
laws and ordinances needful and profitable for the gild, which ordinances
having been confirmed, are set out in full in the journal.
These, some of the earliest regulations of the gild, foreshadow the
exclusiveness with which it afterwards hedged itself round, and the
1 The Corporation records show that at the Christmas meeting of that body in
1451-2, an upper apartment in the Tholsel was granted to the gild for its deliberations
and meetings, at an annual rent of 3s. 8d. silver, and here the fraternity met for quite
300 years.
RECORDS OF THE DUBLIN GILD OF MERCHANTS. 53
jealousy with which its memhers regarded other bodies that might
interfere with the advantages they possessed. The Trinity Gild of
Merchants was by far the most important fraternity in Dublin, con-
tributing, in Elizabeth's reign, two-thirds of the town cess, while all the
other gilds paid only one-third. The burghers connected with this
fraternity were the wealthy merchants of the city who dealt wholesale
fashion in the more important commodities, notably wine, coal, iron, and
salt — those who devoted themselves to the larger operations of commerce,
and engaged in trade that required greater capital. The gild merchant
was essentially a protective union which possessed the exclusive right of
trading within a borough, and as Dr. Gross points out, it was the duty of
this department of town administration to maintain and regulate the
trade monopoly. Stranger and unenfranchised merchants were hampered
by many restrictions, and the merchant gilds of the Middle Ages com-
pletely prevented free commercial intercourse.
To us the machinery adopted by them to ensure success in business,
and the preservation of their elaborate system of protection and exclusive-
ness would appear cumbrous and unnecessary, and in going through the
journals of the Dublin Fraternity, it is interesting to note the relaxations
cautiously introduced and the growth of the more liberal spirit that, with
the advance of the times, began to prevail.
Jealousy of English and foreign merchants was the dominant note in
the dealings of these Dublin gildsmen, and numerous enactments were
directed against the interference of such.
In 1460, the Dublin Town Council resolved that English merchants
residing in the city should not be admitted to the franchise, in consequence
of their preventing city freemen from putting merchandise on board
vessels freighted by them. In 1479 these English merchants founded a
fraternity of the Blessed Virgin Mary in St. Mary's chapel on Dublin
bridge, and as they used threats against Dublin merchants who traded
to England unless they belonged to their craft gild, the council was
forced to pass another resolution to the effect that any freeman sworn
into this English gild should lose his franchise and be fined.
A short resume of some of the more important enactments to be found
in the journals will give a clearer idea of the working of the gild in
these early days.
When goods were brought to the city, only brethren of this gild who
had been apprenticed " at merchant craft" were permitted to become
purchasers. The two masters were to be two of the four city buyers,
and the wardens were to act as deliverers, to deliver to the brethren. On
bargains being bought by the masters and buyers, brethren who were
merchants were summoned to the gild hall to state what they required,
and if the whole available stock were not disposed of among these first
comers, the balance might be divided among such brethren as were not
merchants. On the goods being delivered, an assembly was called for
54 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
the purpose of fixing on a reasonable price, at which the brethren were
to sell under penalty. No brother was permitted to purchase on his own
account until the four official buyers had "forsaken" the goods, and
then only with their consent.
No member of the gild was to be agent for any merchant of Flanders
or other place, or buy their goods, except only for a brother who required
stuff for his own household use, and in the time of Edward IV. citizens
were not permitted to support any Lombard, Breton, or Spaniard. Once
a purchase was made and divided among the brethren, aliens were to be
paid, and on the ship being unloaded, they were to depart in same,
within such time as the masters of the gild allowed.
Merchants of the staple only were permitted to load or ship wool,
hides, or what was known as staple ware,1 and no merchant stapler was
to sell hides to any save to those who brought their value in iron, wine,
salt, grain, or any other merchandise coming from France, Flanders,
Spain, or Brittany.
In 1557 it became necessary to enact that no brother should,
for three years, transport or load any hides or leather to England,
Scotland, or Wales, on forfeit of same. In 1560 no merchant or citizen
under pretence of bargains, commonly called " penny bargains," was
allowed to bring salt, wine, iron, or any merchandise, except grain, from
beyond sea, unless it were his own property, under the penalty of £100,
and in the case of a brother, loss of his franchise.
Yery special ordinances were, from time to time, laid down in the
matter of wines, in effect similar to those already noticed; but when
there was an overplus of the commodity, then any master of the city was
allowed to have a hogshead or butt for his own consumption. As might
be expected, there were to be found brethren who tried to evade the
established regulations of the gild, and in 1547, it having been proved that
wine ships in the haven were often boarded by brethren, who also got
access to the gabbards2 conveying wines to the Crane3 before they were
discharged there, and that they used to pierce the wine casks with
gimlets, drawing the wine, and conveying the "flower and best" of it
to their own private advantage, steps to prevent such occurrences became
necessary. Accordingly in an assembly held on the fourth Monday after
Christmas, 1547, during the mayoralty of Harry Plunket, Walter Fitzsymon
and Walter Foster being masters of the gild, it was enacted that on any
ship laden with wine being purchased, no brother was to be permitted to
1 The staple goods of England were wool, woolfels, leather, lead, and tin, and
staplers were merchants who had a monopoly of exporting these, the principal raw
commodities of the realm.
2 A kind of heavy-built coasting- vessel, or lighter, for inland navigation.
(Fr. gabarc.}
3 This was the name given to an edifice that stood on Merchant's-qnay, at the
northern extremity of Winetavern-street. In ancient times, ships bound for Dublin
generally unloaded at Dalkey, into gabbards, which discharged their cargoes at the
Crane, a building for a long'period used as the Dublin Custom House.
RECORDS OF THE DUBLIN GILD OF MERCHANTS. 55
pierce, draw, or convey out of any such ship or gahbard, any pipe, hutt,
or hogshead, until the wines were fully discharged at the city crane, and
afterwards " syllerid,1 fynned," and tasted, allotted and divided among
the said brethren, according to the laudable custom of the city, under
severe penalties.
The Lord Deputy, the Lord Chancellor, and members of the King's
Council were accustomed to appoint certain of the brethren to taste or
choose wines for them, when the ships came in, which agents evidently
took some for themselves ; and to prevent the continuance of such a prac-
tice, the gild in 1550 ruled that any such agents who did " cowyte" and
take part of the wines to their own private use, by " cowine " (covine),
should lose their freedom and be banished out of the house.
About the year 1573, it was found that the work of the gild was
much hindered by brethren, who " cautilwise " (the better to get rid of
their commodities), took foreigners and strangers to the fraternity as
apprentices " who being of some ancient householders, a strange appren-
ticeship to the gild," daily retailed wines and other kinds of merchandise,
presumably for their said masters' use, " but also greater portions double
told for their own use."
Brethren were also found to have sold wines to such as were not
brethren, but to victuallers, innkeepers, &c. ; and it was ordered that
any found guilty of these practices should forfeit to the treasury of the
gild £40 for the first-named, and £10 for the latter offence.
No brother was to load a ship, bound over sea, in any haven or port
between Wicklow Head and Nanny water,2 except only in the port of
Dublin, without special leave of the mayor.
In 1552, in consequence of information having been given that Mr.
Cusacke, one of the masters of the gild, had refused to allow the sheriffs
to search a fardell3 brought to his house by a merchant of Waterford,
out of a ship in the haven of Dublin, without entry of the goods, he was
fined £10, and an enactment was agreed to that henceforth no brother
was to permit any stranger's goods to be concealed in his house.
As to the retail trade, the gild had power, on any member disobeying
regulations, to order the closing of his shop or cellar, which couM only
be re-opened at the discretion of the masters and wardens; and in 1583,
brethren were forbidden to keep more than one shop for retailing goods,
or one cellar for wines, under penaltv.
In 1573, certain members of the gild, namely, Alderman Walter
Cusacke, Thomas Brandon, Nicholas Duife, John Gaydon, William
1 Cellared.
2 This river rises near Navan, flows past Duleek, and enters the sea at Laytown,
county Meath.
3 A burden (a merchant's package) —
" Who would fardels bear,
To grunt and sweat under a weary life."
Hamlet.
56 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
Fitz Syinon, Nicholas Ball, Simon Growe, James Malone, Edward
Whyte, "Walter Sedgrave, Henry Shelton, John Foster, and John Pen-
teny were appointed to peruse and correct all the ordinances theretofore
made, with power to disallow all considered by them as now unneces-
sary or superfluous, and to add such clauses as they might consider
advisable. This committee brought its work of revision and codification
to a conclusion, and on 19th October, 1573, the corrected laws and
ordinances were ratified by an assembly, and made binding on the entire
corporation.
It was then ordered that every Monday before the Quarter Assembly
Day, before 9 o'clock, an assembly was to be held, wherein all the laws
and ordinances of the gild were to be openly read and published, and no
matters moved that day — only that reading attended. Surely none of the
members could henceforth plead ignorance of the rules, but we should
like to know the average attendance at these meetings. It may possibly
have equalled that of certain corporations in which some of us are inte-
rested, when only dull business matters have to be considered — nothing
"spicy" in the agenda paper! As a matter of precedent, it seems
absolutely certain there were no night sittings ! Indeed, the earliest
name for a gild meeting was a " morning speech."
After the regulations we have been considering had done duty and
fulfilled their purpose, according to the exigencies of trade and commerce,
for nigh two hundred years — from Agincourt and the days of gallant
Harry the Fifth to the Armada and the latter part of great Eliza' sB~glorious
reign— we are not surprised to find that the mighty influences which had
all along been " making England," and which caused English commerce
to enter on that rapid career of development which made us the carriers
of the world, should have been felt in some degree also among the mer-
chants and in the business communities of this country. Some approach
to freer trade, some concessions to the new spirit of the age were found
to be necessary; and on 15th January, 1577, an entry was made in the
journal of the Dublin Gild of Merchants to the effect that whereas a law
had been made in ancient times that no brother should buy or confer
with any stranger bringing wares without prior conference with the
masters, &c., of the gild, as to the utility and profit of same to the
brethren, " which law, no doubt, was intended by our fathers unto a
good purpose, but as time doth alter so mene ys conduchionys is syne
also to alter, not accomplishing according to the meaning of said good
law," henceforth it became lawful to buy all manner of merchandise
of strangers coming to this city, provided the purchasers paid as before
accustomed to the gild, to its use and profit.
There were originally three classes of freemen : — 1 . Those made free
of the city at large, without having previously obtained the freedom of
any of the gilds ; 2. Those admitted in the first instance to the freedom
of a gild, and then to that of the city (to which the vast majority of the
RECORDS OF THE DUBLIN GILD OF MERCHANTS. 57
freemen in our city belonged) ; and 3. Those admitted to the freedom of a
gild, but not to that of the city.
In the sixth year of King Edward VI., it was ordained that none
should be admitted free of the Gild of Merchants under a fine of £40,
save only such as had won its franchise in the usual way — by birth,
marriage, or apprenticeship — while in 1560 an enactment was made that
no merchant was to be admitted to the freedom of the city or to the
fraternity until he had served seven years' apprenticeship to a brother
of the House, and also three years as a journeyman to a brother. No
apprenticeship was to be for a less term than seven years, and a brother
taking a journeyman was bound not to give him less than £8 after his
first year of service, but this rule was not to extend to the sons of
brethren. Apprentices were to be the sons of freemen, and in 1597
several masters were brought before the gild for non-compliance with
this regulation.
Apprentices in our day may well congratulate themselves on being
able to indulge in many little secret sins (frequenting bars, for instance !)
without fear of corporal punishment, and on the latitude permitted
them in the matter of dress, when in Queen Elizabeth's days their
most appropriate attire was believed to be their masters' old clothes !
Here is the substance of some ordinances solemnly laid down in 1574.
Divers apprentices and servants of the company having been found
wasting their masters' goods by pilfering and stealing, by playing at
unlawful games and in excess of apparel, to the hurt of same and slander
of the company, it was ordered that any youth pilfering or wasting above
the value of I2d. Irish, such as haunt taverns or live viciously, shall be
brought by his master to the Tholsel (the meeting-place of the gild in
Skinner's-row), before the masters and wardens, \yho, if they find him
guilty, shall cause him to be stripped naked, and they shall see him
whipped with " groine " birchen rods, as much as his fault shall be thought
to have deserved. This punishment was to be inflicted by two or four men,
disguised, in presence of twelve or more other apprentices, who might by
such an example be admonished. Later on, stocks were provided for the
punishment of unruly apprentices. No brother was to suffer his appren-
tice to wear any apparel (unless indeed it were old apparel of his master)
but such as became his position, namely, a cloth coat, decently made,
without guarding,1 cutting, or silk to be put thereon j a doublet of some-
thing, so it be not silk, meet for a 'prentice ; also a shirt of this country's
cloth, and the ruff thereof to be but one yard long, not wrought with
silk or other thing ; also a pair of hose, made with not more than two
yards of cloth, being yard-broad, and the breech of the hose was not to
1 Decoration —
" Give him a livery
More guarded than his fellows."
Merchant of Venice.
58 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
be bolstered out with wool, hair, or any other thing, but should be made
with one lining, close to the thigh, not cut or stitched with silk, but
plain in all respects.
"With such sumptuary laws directed against them, the 'prentice boys
must have cut a sorry figure beside the gallants of those days, with
whose slashed and bolstered garments we are all familiar.
One of the volumes before us is a Register of admissions of Freemen
to the Trinity Gild, 1601-1686, and the following will serve as speci-
mens of the entries in it : —
" The admission of Brethren in the Easter assembly, 1601, Mr.
Jhameys Bedlou and Mr. John Shelton, masters of the yeald, Mr. John
Cusacke and Mr. John Arther, wardings. Edward Whitt, sun unto
Thomas Whitt ealder, marchantt sworn Brother of this yild, for that he
is the sun of the sayd Thomas Whitt, and hath paid to the masters of
the gyld ijs vjd Ir' and hath taken his oth for his Ingatt & outgatt,
50* str ped to the masters of the gyld, and hath putt in for seuertties to
paie all seassis & other impositions his said father, Thomas Whitt.
Thomas Whyte, the elder."
" John Chamerlen, sworne Brother of this gylde, for that he servyde
his yeares with Geordge Roch, a brother of the same, and iij yeares jor-
nimnn. He bathe paid to the masters of the gyld ij8 vjd Ii' and hath
taken his oth for ingate and outgate, which we finde xx" st' at iij1.
George Eoche. 14 July 1601."
" 20 April, 1604. — Robert Hamelton, sworne a brother of this yeld,
admitted at the instance of the King's matie by his letter. Robert
Hammilltoun."
"31 July, 1651. — Edmond Browne, vintner, admitted a Brother of
the guild, upon graces especiall, & the fine of a pair of gloves unto ye
present master of ye guild, and ye rather he married ye daughter of
Sankey Sulliaid, Alderman, a brother of the sd guild."
During the periods 1601-1686, freemen, to the number of 1163, were
admitted, the larger proportion having served apprenticeship, and the fol-
lowing include some of the conditions under which admission by " graces
especial " was procured. In 1624 Alderman Thomas Evans was to pre-
sent the gild with a pair of andirons, a fire-shovel and tongs; later on
candidates presented a dozen thrummed cushions, a dozen chairs, with
seat and back of red Russia leather, and in many instances pieces of
plate are named; in 1652 Alderman Thomas Waterhouse presented a
silver beer bowl, engraven with his name and arms. A few were
privileged to become freemen under the provisions of the "Act for
encouraging Protestant strangers to plant in Ireland." In 1677, Samuel
Dancer, as a condition of his franchise, was to present the fraternity
with an ornamental table of the mayors, lord mayors, and sheriffs of
the city for many years past for the use of the gild, and in 1686, Richard
RECORDS OF THE DUBLIN GILD OF MERCHANTS. 59
Graves, with a similar object, gave up his interest in a house, joining
to Newgate, " convenient for enlarging thereof."
Four applicants are described as having served their years to brethren
and their widows, and one to the executors of a deceased brother. Mrs.
Mary Drinkwater, who is called both " free sister" and " free brother,"
had, between 1663 and 1673, four apprentices who appear to have served
their time exclusively with her. She was widow of Alderman Nathaniel
Drinkwater, and resided in York street, having previously lived in Lazy
Hill. The Drinkwaters had a lease of Kilmainham Mills.
Among well-known names, of former merchant citizens of Dublin,
which figure both among the masters and apprentices, those of Chamber-
lain, Palles, Queytrod, Wolferston, Archbold, Enos, Ussher, Mapasr
De la Sale, Dardis, Delamar, Chevers, Pue, Pheipoe, Desmeynieres,
"Wybrants, Waterhouse, Jervis, "Westenra (Arendt, Derrick, and AVarner).
Hatfield, Bellingham, Allen, Ashenhurst, Brooking, Eccles, Surdevile,
Christian, Rigby, Hartley, Warren, and Van Homrigh, are of most fre-
quent occurrence, and a few of them are still to be found among us.
The form of oath administered to those entering the fraternity, as
well as that taken by the officers for each year, is of record in the journal.
A brother swore allegiance to the sovereign and the gild, to observe the
rules, to answer all due summons, to pay quarterages, and to have no
dealings with non-freemen or aliens ; the form concluded : " So help you
God and Holy Dame, be that book you will, and also worship your patron
day, Trinity Sunday." Among other things, the masters bound them-
selves to see all due reverence and worship done to the Trinity, and His
Day kept to the worship of the Holy Trinity.
Freemen of the gild, in those early days, were, in a sense, men of war,
and had to take their share of the risks and uncertainties of the times,
and show a certain amount of preparedness when necessity arose. In
the city assembly roll of 1454 we find that no merchant's apprentice was
to be admitted to the franchise until he had a "jake bow," sheaf,
sallet l and sword of his own, and all craft apprentices were to have a
bow, arrows, and sword.
In 1558 the Trinity Gild ordained that a book should be kept of the
names of all merchants of the city that traded to England, so that the
city and country might be the better " storet " of bows for the defence
of the realm, which book was to remain in custody of the city sheriff.
Every such merchant trader to England whose stock was worth over
£20 and under £60 was bound to bring back with him one dozen good
"ewin" bows, and any over £60, two dozen. In default, to pay the
fine appointed by the Statute of Bows.2 These wholesome regulations
1 A light helmet of German origin ; its distinctive feature was a projection behind.
2 This statute, which was passed in 1495, provided that every subject having
goods worth £10, should have an English bow and sheaf of arrows ; each worth £20,
a jack, sallet, English bow and sheaf ; a fine of 6*. Sd. was to be imposed on any
disobeying this enactment.
60 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
having fallen into disuse, " whereby " (as the journal puts it) "the city
is disfurnished of competent artillery," the gild found it necessary to
enact that every merchant owning stock worth from £60 to £100 should
continually have in his house six good yewen hows furnished with
arrows, and one caliver,1 furnished ; those owning over £100, double the
number.
During seasons of public danger, the Trinity Gild had been wont to
furnish men to meet the levies raised for " general hostings " (as they
were called), and in 1597 and 1598, the fraternity, under a warrant of
the mayor, " according the auncient custo.m of our auncient rising out
unto a general hosting," chose Alderman John Usher, Matthew Hancocke,
Alderman Laurence White and others, to charge or assess all the brethren
for the purpose of " setting forth " the forty men required of them.
In connexion with the levy of 1597, Syslie Bennett, alias Gawltrem,
prayed to be dismissed of her sisterhood of the gild, a request granted on
her paying 6s. 8^. due as her portion of the cess for the last general
hosting.
Government was frequently indebted to the loyalty of the fraternity
for loans of money on emergencies, and during the same year, 1597, a
special assembly was called to consider the question of lending 1000
marks to the Lords Justices and Council ; the sum was furnished, and is
found to have been repaid at the subsequent arrival of H. M. treasure
from England, which had been a condition of the loan. Again, in 1599,
cessers were appointed to charge the members of the gild, when an appli-
cation from the Lords Justices for a loan of 2000 marks for her Majesty's
use had been granted. In March, 1603, there is a note to the effect that
as the soldiers of the Lord Deputy's2 guards are drawn from the city, and
twelve of the company with one officer are left to guard the castle,
the council Laving ordered that bedding should be provided for them,
the gild undertook to furnish two beds, the mayor (John Tyrrell) pre-
vailing on the other corporations to provide the remainder between
them.
Towards the close of the first Stuart sovereign's reign, in 1623, the gild
is found to have made an advance in the quality of its loyalty ; no longer
content with loans for warlike purposes and the payment of cesses for
furnishing men fully equipped to take the field, the members themselves
became soldiers, assumed military titles, and attended muster. Alderman
William Bushop became captain of the Trinity Gild, Alderman Patrick
Gough lieutenant, and Thomas Taylor ancient,3 they to execute their
several offices in the field on mustering days. Any who failed in attend-
ance on the colours on the appointed days were to pay 5s. Irish to each
of the above-named officers.
1 From caliber, a kind of hand-gun, musket, or arquebuse.
2 Sir Charles Blount, Lord Mountjoy.
3 An ensign -bearer. Falstaff, in King Henry IV., says, "And now my whole
charge consists of ancients, corporals, lieutenants."
RECORDS OF THE DUBLIN GILD OF MERCHANTS. 61
In 1655, the mayor, Mark Quine, revived the ancient custom of all
the city corporations marching from the Tholsel to Cullenswoocl on
Easter Monday, known in the city annals as Black Monday. The day
was so called from a number of citizens, who were amusing themselves
in Cullenswood in the year 1209, having been set upon and mas-
sacred by some wild "Wicklow raiders in (what were known up to a recent
period as) the Bloodij Fields. The brethren and their servant?, from 16
years of age to 60, were summoned to muster at 7 in the morning, fully
armed and equipped, and there are frequent entries in the journals
as to these parades and their cost, which in 1656 reached the sum of
£55 7s. Gd.
In 1664 the old colours were found to be much torn and unfit to
march with, for the credit of the gild, and new colours were ordered to
replace them.
Every brother attending the display of the year 1666 was ordered to
wear a decent feather, according to the colours of the corporation.
Members of the fraternity were fined heavily from time to time for
failing to put in an appearance at such gatherings, and on some occasions
they were even committed as prisoners to the Hall for their contempt.
"William Smith, when mayor in 1665, revived another ancient custom
— that of the young men of the city being exercised in arms on May Day
on Oxmantown Green, and the Trinity Gild sent its contingent, when
called on.
In July, 1657, the members of the gild, armed, were appointed to
attend the mayor and corporation, on the proclamation of His Highness
the Lord Protector of the three nations, and .a sum of £5 was voted for
entertainment.
There are some very interesting notes scattered throughout the
journals in reference to the property, plate, muniments, &c., of the
fraternity.
In April, 1598, it became necessary to build a common cellar for
the use of the gild, and Aldermen Hancocke and Elyot were commis-
sioned to buy all requisite stuff, and to oversee the building. There is
no information as to the locality in which this cellar was to be con-
structed, but prior to the above date, the cellar at the Tailors' Hall had
been used by the Trinity Gild. This hall and wine cellar stood in
Winetavern-street, and originally formed portion of the possessions of
St. Thomas' Abbey.
About the year 1601, the fraternity became anxious to purchase
what was known as the castle of the Crane, and to have a conveyance
of it in fee or fee-farm from its owner, Lord Delvin.1 His lordship
would not treat under a sum of £140, and Mr. Prychet, who negotiated
1 Christopher Nugent, 14th Baron, who died in 1602 ; ancestor of the Westmeath
family.
62 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
on behalf of the gild, was empowered to conclude the bargain on these
terms.
During the course of the year 1609, a lease for seven years at £15
per annum was taken of a great storehouse near St. Sepulchre's, which
belonged to the Lord Chancellor,1 for the use of the gild.
The keys of the great iron-bound trunk of the fraternity, which
«tood in the inner room of the middle hall at the Tholsel, where the
brethren assembled, having been lost in October, 1602, the trunk was
broken open in presence of Gerald Yong and Alexander Palles, masters ;
It. Ball, warden, and others, when it was found to contain the follow-
ing— one goblet of silver, parcel gilt, weighing 13 oz., and one silver
flat piece, weighing 11£ oz. ; a conveyance from Queen Elizabeth to
John Usher, of the common cellar and house thereof, commonly called
the Tailor Hall, and a conveyance from him to the gild ; also a convey-
ance of same from Alexander Usher to Walter Sedgrave ; a "quietus
fcst,"2 for rent of the said house, together with a counterpart lease of
Trinity House,3 passed to Nicholas Byrne. In it were also a thromed4
carpet, and a long carpet of green broadcloth, two pieces of tapestry, one
dozen thromed cushions, besides the old cushions, and all the keys of the
Tholsel and the desk.
In October, 1601, occurs a note of certain charters and other papers
having been given in to the new masters by Alderman James Bellew,
late master of the gild, namely, three charters or exemplifications under
the great seal, seven " skroulls " in writing, touching complaints against
Thomas Dye, girdler, and Thomas Carroll, tailor, for intrusions, and the
common seal5 of the gild, for which a receipt was given by Nicholas
Barrann, one of the masters.
There is information of a later date in reference to the gild property,
as a memorandum of 10th March, 1661, records the fact that on that day
Alderman Cranwell delivered to Alderman Desminers, four silver cups,6
1 Thomas Jones, Archbishop of Dublin, Lord Chancellor, 1605-1619.
2 A term used by the Auditors of the Exchequer for a discharge, or acquittance, to
accountants.
3 A house in St. Nicholas -street, so called as being the property of the gild ; it
was let on lease, and subsequently passed to Alderman John Pope and Philip Harris
(1667).
4 Thrummed — dressed or worked with thrums, the ends of weavers' threads.
5 Some information as to the ancient seal of the gild is to be found in the report of
A meeting held on 14th January, 1655, when certain of the brethren (whose names are
not given) showed, by petition, that the seal having a crucifix on it, was held to be
superstitious. It is probable that the original seal of the gild was copied from that
of the cathedral of the Holy Trinity. An order was made that a new seal should be
forthwith prepared, on which was to be engraven a ship under sail, with the inscrip-
tion— "SEAL OF THE MERCHANTS' GUILD OF THE CITY OF DUBLIN, 1655." In the
margin is a note to the effect that the new seal was made by Joseph Stoker (a gold-
smith residing in Oxmantown), and that he received 30*. for his work.
6 In 1833, T. and J. Allen, clerks of the gild, returned two " very ancient" cups
as still in possession of the fraternity (Report Mun. Corp. Com.}. Of these cups
nothing is now known. Two splendid tankards, which had been the property of the
Dublin Merchant Taylors' Gild, have been in Merchant Taylors' Hall, London, since
RECORDS OF THE DUBLIN GILD OF MERCHANTS. 63
and one silver tumbler, the gift of William Taylor, with, the charters of
the gild and other writings and leases, contained in a black box ; also
the old colours, leading staff, and "patesine" (partisan — a kind of
halberd), two halberds with a corslet (cuirass worn by pikemen), the
great trunk with its key ; also a silver belt and the tassels for the
colours.
It will be of interest to add some notes as to Trinity Chapel (the
place of worship of the fraternity), which was situated in the southern
.aisle of Christ Church Cathedral, between the present location of what
is commonly called Strougbows' tomb and the south transept, and in the
vaults underneath which, the members of the fraternity were fre-
quently buried.
In 1485, it was ordered that no man or woman should be interred
there without licence of the masters and wardens of the gild ; the fee
for burial of a brother, his wife or child, to be 3s. 4^., and others to pay
6s. 8^., towards the works of the chapel. Here was buried in 1472, in
.accordance with a direction contained in. his will,1 John Gogh, a member
of the fraternity, who bequeathed to the altar of the chapel a missal, of
which he appointed the masters and wardens of the Trinity Gild over-
seers.
In 1547, certain funds were to be employed exclusively in maintain-
ing Trinity Chapel, and repairing the lofts of the Tholsel; while iu 1559,
it was ordered that every brother, being within the franchise of the city,
should attend service on the eve of the Blessed Trinity in the chapel ;
also on the morrow and in the octave of said eve and day. They were
bound to offer at Mass on Trinity Sunday, and in the octave, one penny
each day, and in default of attendance, to pay |- Ib. of wax towards the
maintenance of the light of the said chapel.
The Journal of Peter Lewys, precentor of the cathedral, and proctor
of its works (a MS. in Trinity College Library), mentions this chapel
as in a dangerous condition in 1564-5, when the upper part being
ready to fall, had to be pulled down, as were it allowed to collapse, the
cloister roof would have been broken.2
The books of the gild show that in 1645, the authorities of Christ
Church commenced a suit against it for repairs to the chapel, which was
defended by that body ; nothing further concerning this action appears
until 1648, when at a meeting in the common hall at the Tholsel, the
1843. One of them is figured (No. 87) in Cripps' " Old English Plate," and both
bear the following inscription : — " THES TANKERS WERE MADE, JAMES HOWISON,
MAST. J ANTHONY HE11KICK, JOHN HART, WARDENS, IN THE YEAKE OF OUR LORD, ONE
THOUSAND SIX HUNDRED AND EIGHTIE, BEING THE PLATE OF YK GUILD OF ST. JOHN,
BAPTIST, DUBLIN." The tankards weigh about 104 ounces, and bear the Dublin hall-
mark of 1680, as well as the maker's initials, A. G. (Andrew Gregory) ; on the front
of tbe barrel of each is engraved the arms of the company, and the pair are said to be
unusually fine, and more than usually ornate.
1 "Register of Wills, Diocese of Dublin," 1457-1483, edited by H. F. Berry.
2 Paper by Mr. James Mills, Journal U.S.A.!., 1896. p. 136.
64 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
masters and wardens were appointed to confer with the dean and chapter
of Christ Church as to the fraternity regaining possession of the chapel,
of which the cathedral authorities had deprived them. If restored to
the chapel, and all the rights of burial and ancient privileges enjoyed by
their predecessors, the gild undertook to keep the building in proper
repair.
Possibly, at a future date, I may be permitted to bring before the
Society the result of further investigations among the pages of these
interesting and (for the history of our city and its institutions) most
important records. Meanwhile, I can but re-echo the prayer breathed
by one \vho wrote of these old city gilds in a spirit of love and reverence,
"Would that the spirit in which those early fathers met together,
prayed together, aided one another, their liberty and charity could be
shown to their brethren and sistren of these later days ! "
APPENDIX.
OF THE MASTERS AND WARDENS OF THE TRINITY GILD,
1438-1671.
(Compiled from the Journals.)
\They served one year, commencing Michaelmas Quarter Assembly Day.']
MASTERS. WARDENS.
1438. Ralph Pembroke. Dawe Blake.
John Kylberry. Edward Waters.
1451-2. Richard Fitz Eustace. Thomas Barby.
John Tankarde. Thomas Boys.
1484-5. John Fyane. John Kay.
Patrick Fitz Lennes. James Habbarde.
1516-7. William Talbot. Richard Rochefbrde.
Walter Piparte. James Horpie.
1533-4. Thomas Barby. James Horpie.
John Sarswell. Richard Surswell.
1542-3. Walter Fitzsymon. John Ewnowse.
Nicholas Bennet. Richard Sarswell.
1547-8. Walter Fitzsymon.
Walter Fostere.
1550-1. Thadie Duife. John Ennous.
James Handooke. Michael Yonge.
1553-4. William Handcoke. John Ennos.
Richard Barnewell. Michael Yong.
1555-6. John Shelton. James Geffre.
Robert Cusake. Michael Yong.
1556-7. Nicholas Bennet. Michael Yong.
Patrick Sarsfeld. James Geffre.
RECORDS OF THE DUBLIN GILD OF MERCHANTS.
65
MASTERS (continued).
1558-9. Richard Fyan.
John Spensfelde.
1560-1. John Challiner.
Eobert Golding.
1562-3. Thomas Fitzsymon.
Christopher Sedgrave.
1577-8. John Usher.
Christopher Fagan.
1584-5. Nicholas Ball.
John Lenan.
1588-9. John Gaidon.
1590-1.
1592-3.
1593-4.
1596-7.
1597-8.
1598-9.
1599-1600
1600- 1.
1601- 2.
1602- 3.
1603- 4.
1604- 5.
1605- 6.
1606- 7.
1607- 8.
1608- 9.
1609-10.
1610-11.
{Illegible.'}
alter Sedgrave.
Richard Fagan.
"Walter Sedgrave.
Nicholas Ball.
Thomas Smyth.
Walter Ball.
Francis Taylor.
Walter Ball.
Same.
Michael Chamherlin.
Thomas Gerrald (or Garott).
(15th Jan., Francis Taylor
chosen in room of Gerrald,
deceased).
Nicholas Weston.
Michael Chamberlin.
James Belle w.
John Shelton.
Gerald Young.
Alexander Palles.
Nicholas Barren.
Gerald Young.
Matthew Handcock.
Nicholas Barran.
Sir John Tyrrell, Knt.
Matthew Handcock.
Sir John Tyrrell, Knt.
John Elliot.
Sir John Tyirell.
John Cusake.
John Bryce.
Robert Ball.
Thomas Plunkett.
John Bryce.
Nicholas Barrann.
Thomas Plunkett.
John Cusake.
Robert Kennedy.
Robert Ball.
Edmond Malone.
Richard Barry.
Robert Kennedy.
1613-14. Thomas Byshoppe.
George Devenish.
Vol. x., Fifth Ser. )
Vol. 30, Consec. Ser. )
1611-12.
1612-13.
T T> c A T
Jour. R.S.A.I.
WARDENS (continued}.
James Geffre.
Richard Hodge.
John Lennan.
Symon Growe.
Robert Stephens.
Symon Groe.
Francis Taylor.
Richard Weston.
John Tyrrell.
James Bedloe (Bellewe).
Nicholas Barrann.
Walter Galtram.
George Kennedy.
[Illegible.'}
James Barry.
John Eliot.
Same.
Robert Pantinge.
John Shelton.
John Bryce.
Edmond Purcell.
John Cusack.
John Arthore.
Robert Ball.
Thomas Byshoppe.
Robert Kennedy.
Robert Ball.
William Turner.
Nicholas Stephens.
Nicholas Stephens.
Peter Dermonde.
Richard Barry.
Edmond Malone.
Richard Barry.
John Bennis.
Richard Browne.
Robert Mapas.
Thomas Dromgole.
Robert Mapas.
George Devenish.
John Dowde.
William Preston.
Thomas Longe.
(15th July, 1611, Preston and
Longo deprived of their of-
fices, and Nicholas Stephens
and Thomas Allan chosen
in their room).
Nicholas Stephens.
Edward Ball.
William Tumor.
Nicholas Stephens.
Patrick Mapas.
Christopher Colman.
ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
MASTEKS (continued).
WARDENS (continued).
1614-15.
Robert Ball.
Thady Duff.
1615-16.
Edmond Malone.
John Cusake.
Nicholas Lyname.
Thady Duff.
John Dowde (retired).
Richard Bryce.
Thomas Allen (in Dowde' s
room).
1616-17.
Robert Ball.
Walter Usher.
John Cusake.
Patrick Gough.
1617-18.
Richard Forster.
Nicholas Kelly.
Edmund Malone.
Edward Gough.
1618-19.
Richard Barry.
Nicholas Kelly.
Richard Forster.
William Byshoppe.
1619-20.
Michael Chamberlen.
Walter Usher.
John Bennis.
Nicholas Kenney.
1620-21.
John Lang.
Walter Usher.
John Bennis.
Edward Arthur.
1621-22.
Robert Ball.
Edward Jans.
John Lany.
Edward Arthur.
1622-23.
Robert Ball.
Christopher Forster.
Richard Barry.
Christopher Handcock.
1623-24.
Edward Ball.
Thomas Whyte.
Richard Barry.
Christopher White.
1624-25.
Richard Wiggett.
George Jones.
Edward Ball.
Christopher Wolferston
1625-26.
Sir Thadie Duffe.
George Jones.
Richard Wiggett.
William Weston.
1626-27.
Sir Thadie Duffe.
Christopher White.
1627-28.
Sir William Byshope.
Sir William Byshope.
Nicholas Kenney.
Robert Arthur.
William Turnor.
Francis Dowde.
1628-29.
Walter Usher.
Michael Browne.
William Turnor.
Thomas Shelton.
1629-30.
Nicholas Kelly.
William Bagott.
Walter Usher.
James Bellew.
1630-31.
Robert Bennett.
Charles Forster.
Nicholas Kelly.
William Bagott.
1631-32.
Robert Jans.
John Fleming.
Robert Bennett.
Charles Forster.
1632-33.
Thomas Evans.
John Stanley.
Edward Jans.
John Fleming.
1633-34.
Edward Arthore.
David Begge.
George Jones.
Walter Kennedy.
1634-35.
Christopher White.
Thomas Wakefield.
Edward Arthure.
Christopher Brice.
1635-36.
Robert Arthur.
Edward Brangan.
Christopher White.
John Gibsonn.
1636-37.
Walter Kennedy.
Robert Arthur.
John Carbery.
William Purcell.
1637-38.
David Begge.
Sankey Sulliard.
Walter Kennedy.
Thomas Arthur.
1638-39.
James Watson.
Thomas Arthur.
David Begge.
Sankey Sulliard.
1639-40.
James Watson.
Andrew Cleark.
David Begge.
Sankey Sulliard.
1640-41.
Charles Forster.
Edward Lake.
Andrew Cleark.
Richard Barnewall.
1641-42.
Andrew Cleark.
John Bamber.
John Carbery.
John Fleming.
1642-43.
John Carbery.
Lawrence Allen.
Charles Forster.
William Purcell.
1643-44.
Charles Forster.
John Pue.
Richard Barnewall.
Christopher Bryce.
RECORDS OF THE DUBLIN GILD OF MERCHANTS.
67
MASTERS (continued).
1644-45. Richard Barnewall.
David Begge.
1645-46. David Begge.
Andrew Cleark.
1646-47. Andrew Cleark.
Charles Forster.
1647-48. Charles Forster.
Sir Christopher Forster.
1648-49. Sir Christopher Forster.
William Smyth.
1649-50. William Smyth.
Raphael Hunt.
1650-51. Raphael Hunt.
Sankey Sulliard.
1651-52. Sankey Sulliard.
Peter Wy brants.
1652-53. Richard Tighe.
Thomas Waterhouse.
1653-54. Thomas Waterhouse.
Nathaniel Drinkwater.
1654-55. George Gilbert.
John Preston.
1655-56. John Preston.
Mark Quine.
1656-57. Mark Quine.
Robert Mills.
1657-58. Robert Mills.
Ridley Hatfeild.
1658-59. Ridgley Hatfeild.
William Smyth.
1659-60. William Smyth.
Peter Wybrants.
1660-61. Peter Wybrants.
John Cranwell.
1661-62. John Desmynieres.
John Cranwell.
1662-63. John Sargeant.
John Desmynieres.
1663-64. Samuel Sallonstall.
John Sergeant.
1664-65. Samuel Saltonstall.
Rees Phillipps.
1665-66. Rees Phillipps.
John Tottie.
1666-67. John Tottie.
338' Sir Daniel Bellingham.
1667-68. Sir Daniel Bellingham.
Enoch Reader.
1668-69. Enoch Reader.
Joshua Allen.
1669-70. Joshua Allen.
John Forrest.
1670-71. John Forrest.
Sir Francis Brewster.
1671-72. John Forrest.
Sir Francis Brewster.
WARDENS (continued).
John Miller.
Nicholas Stephens.
John Brice.
Maurice Pue.
Edmond Hughes.
John Collins.
John Fleming.
Maurice Pue.
Edmond Hughes.
John Collins.
(Jan. 1648, Sankey Sulliard
in room of E. Hughes,
dismissed).
Maurice Pue.
Peter Wybrants.
John Preston.
Mark Quine.
George Gilbert.
Nathaniel Drinkwater.
Richard Hayden.
Samuel Weston.
John Wood.
John Cranwell.
Robert Mills.
Ridgley Hatfeild.
John Desmynieres.
Enoch Reader.
Matthew French.
John Sargeant.
Richard Phillipps.
Henry Bollardt.
John Forrest.
Samuel Saltonstall.
Richard Cooke.
John Eastwood.
Thomas Houghton.
Nathaniel Philpott.
Rees Phillips.
Thomas Howard.
Simon Yonge.
John Dutton.
William Whitshed.
Elias Best.
Christopher Bennett.
Christopher Lovett.
Joshua Allen.
Francis Brewster.
Warner Westenra.
George Surdivile.
John Smith.
Philip Castleton.
Giles Mee.
George Stoughton.
Thomas Hookes.
Walter Mottley.
Walter Harris.
Simon Carrick.
Walter Harris.
Simon Carrick.
F2
68 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
CLERKS OF THE GILD.
1590. Nicholas Clinton.
Richard Bathe.
1600. Wolf ran Barnewall.
Robert Taylor, Junior.
Walter Fitzgerald (then 17 years in office).
1647-8. Edmond Hamlyn. j Owing to decay of trade by the Rebellion, only one clerk
Edward Borran. } to be appointed. Their services were dispensed with, and
1648. George Pioudfoot elected sole clerk, £5 salary. (In 1649 raised to £10.)
1652. Giles Rawlius (Proudfoot resigned).
1655. James Barlow (Rawlins resigned).
1660. Owen Jones (Barlow resigned).
1668. Leonard Hatfeild. ) m i i i . j
Richard Wiborrow. } Tw° clerks elected a&am'
1671. Thomas Howard.
CHAPLAINS.
(None elected for many years.)
1649. Robert Parry, Minister of St. Audoen's. Salary, £6 18*. 4</.
1656. Thomas Seele, K.D. Salary, 20 nobles,
1666. John Gandee [Glendie], Minister of St. Michael's. (Seele resigned).
INIS CHLOTHRANN (IKES CLERAUN), LOUGH REE : ITS
HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES.
BY FRANCIS JOSEPH BIGGER, M.R.I.A., FELLOW.
[Read NOVEMBER 28, 1899.]
CT. DIAKMAID, the patron saint of Inis Chlothrann, was of Royal
descent, as many of those early saints appear to have been.
The "Martyrology of Cashel" states that Diarmaid belonged to the
Hy Fiachrach family of Connacht ; his father was Lugna, and he
was seventh in descent from Dathy, King of Ireland, who was
killed A. D. 427. His mother's name was Edithua (according to others
Dediva), also of noble race, and mother of many saints.1 She was
granddaughter to Dubthach 0 Lugair, arch poet, who was received by
St. Patrick when he preached before King Leogaire at Tara. St.
Diarmaid's day is given as the 10th of January.
St. Ciaran of Clonmacnoise was taught by him, which proves the
foundation at Inis Chlothrann to have been anterior to the foundation of
the now more celebrated ruins of Clonmacnoise, which are so apt to
attract all the attention of the visitors to Athlone by the glamour of
their great round towers and high crosses, and the unsurpassed abundance
of tombstones and Celtic inscriptions.
St. Diarmaid nourished about 540, but the year of his death is not
known. Can it be that the little church — it is only 8 feet by 7 — that we
will describe, was actually built by the saint himself, or was he satisfied
with a wattled hut for a sanctuary, similar to the residences of his
followers on the surrounding slope ?
Lonely and beautiful was the site he selected, where no sound
reached the ear, save the lowing of the herds in the sweet pasture or the
plashing waves of the lake upon the shore. Here, where
" The hollow-sounding bittern guards its nest,"
ample time and opportunity were afforded for meditation and prayer.
In the years to come desolation and murder swept over the island,
but in our own day there is again peace and silence.
The saint, when he first settled on Clorina's island, fresh with the
recollection of Erin's Boadicea and her great prowess and forays in Ire-
land's heroic period, doubtless proceeded in the usual manner to form a
1 See O'Hanlon's " Lives of the Saints," vol. i., p. 152.
70 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
cashel or enclosure around his huts, paying little attention to the Homeric
deeds of the warrior queen, who had preceded him in his possessions.
He faced his little chapel to the rising sun, devoutly praying as each
stone was laid. This was his Bean ch or, his centre of life and organisa-
tion. His royal descent alone would have assured the success of this
enterprise, but he possessed other qualities which fitted him for the
work he had undertaken.
The family of Queen Maeva were great enchanters, and the pagan
priests or Druids may have held religious sway in Inis Chlothrann before
Diarmaid's time ; for there is a reference to a religious settlement on the
island before the saint came, and we know that the Church in Celtic
lands succeeded the Druids in their possessions, often assimilating cus-
toms with an easy transition that fitted in tranquilly with the feelings
of the clans.
There was little force used in Ireland to suppress the Druids. Many
of the Bards and Druids joined the Church, retaining their lands and
settlements, preserving their freedom from exaction, performing the
continuous duty of blessing the chieftain's enterprises, and cursing his
enemies and defamers.1
However this may have been, Diarmaid's settlement throve and
flourished, and after his death became even more famous in the reflected
glory of his sanctity. The little church was called after him — St. Diar-
maid's ; for dedications of churches were then unusual — they bore, as
a rule, the name of their founder.
The Celtic passion for founding churches is very apparent on this
island, as it is in so many other places throughout Ireland, where the
settlements rivalled each other in this respect, and in the fame of their
different schools.
"No connected history of the churches can be given sav.e what their
stones afford ; but they speak of an active life from the sixth to the
fifteenth century. Well-nigh a thousand years saw men of different
phases of thought and character worshipping within these walls, joining
in the psalms and canticles of the Church, " tilling the stubborn glebe,"
trying to leave the world a little better than they found it ; until, in the
efflux of time, all passed away, and only the ruins of their churches
denote their long occupation of this Holy Island.
All the ruins and monuments that were observed are described in
detail, beginning at the oldest church, St. Diarmaid's, at the eastern end
of the island ; then the monastic church, Templemore ; then, close by, the
Chancel Church ; and beside it another small church ; after these, the
one some distance away to the south, which, we conjecture, may have
been the Women' s Church ; and lastly, the Clogas, or Belfry Church.
1 See Paper by the Rev. S. Baring-Gould, in the Proceedings of the Royal Institute
of Cornwall, vol. xiii., p. 439.
INIS CHLOTHEANN : ITS HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES. 71
It
* J-— »
No. 1. — TEAMPUL DIAKMADA.
This is one of the diminutive buildings of the early Christians,
still retains, in what is left of it, some peculiar features.
The ends of the side walls project a foot and a half beyond
the face of the gables, thus forming buttresses. The
measurement from one outer extreme to the other is only
14 feet. The east window has
disappeared, and there is no vis-
ible sign of an altar.
The doorway in the centre of
the west end bears evidence of
having been slightly disturbed,
being one inch wider at the lintel
than in the centre of the ope,
owing, no doubt, to an inward
movement of the jambs. The Teampul Diarmada.
remnant of the gable over this
door rises to a height of about 15 feet from the present ground line.
There is little doubt that this church once possessed a stone roof,
although no vestige of it now exists.
Teampul Diarmada — West Door.
The illustrations (pp. 71 and 72) show the dimensions of the building,
its peculiarly Irish door, and its relative position to the companion church.
72 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
It measures 8 feet by 7 feet inside, being thus one of the smallest
churches in Ireland. It is duly orientated a few points south of east,
thus indicating that its foundation was laid in the last portion of the
year. It is apparently the oldest church on the island.
Teampul Mor and Teampul Diarmada.
Between the walls of this church and Teampul Mor stands a little
stone with crosses carved on both sides of it, rudely cut on a natural slab,
which must be of an early date. We heard of another stone cross with a
head carved upon it, which had been removed to the mainland by a
peasant to make a gate block.
INIS CHLOTHRANN : ITS HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES. 73
No. 2. — TEAMPDL MOR.
Within 12 feet of Teampul Diarmada, to the north, stands Teampul
Mor.
In point of size and monastic development, this monastery is by far
the most important ruin on the island. What is left of it is simple and
compact, consisting of a church, to which have been added later domestic
buildings, following in the wake of the new orders that the thirteenth
Teampul Mor — Exterior View, showing the two light east window.
century received into Ireland. The church consists of a single nave,
47 feet 7 inches by 21 feet 5 inches. The plain masonry walls rise to
about 13 feet, and are in fairly good preservation, but show that many
changes have been made in them from time to time.
The two graceful lancet lights in the east eiid are long, narrow,
74 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
Teampul Mor — Exterior of East Window.
and well recessed, to all intents similar on the inside, but somewhat unlike
(anr>(j-
Teampul Mor — Plan and Elevation of Piscina.
outside, one being severely plain and the other elaborately moulded.
The moulded light is much later than the original church, and its
Teampul Mor— Inteiior, looking East
Teampul Mor and Uiarmaid's Cell.
76
ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND,
insertion has evidently been at the expense of what at one time must
have "been a beautiful double piscina with an octagonal column dividing
it in the centre, the base of which alone remains, crushed over, as
>.
Teampul Mor — Section looking East.
it were, by the intrusion of the window- jambs. The illustration shows
the sill of the piscina, extending to its full former length. Pos-
sibly this church, like most of its neighbours, enjoyed only the one
unmoulded window to light it from the east, which in time was moved to
Teampul Mor— Sacristy "Window,
Exterior View.
Teampul Mor — Plan of Upper Chamber,
or Community Room.
one side, and the later moulded light added beside it, thus forming the
unusual feature of two equal-sized, deeply- splayed lights similar to what
are seen at Dungiven, Co. Derry.
INIS CHLOTHRANN I ITS HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES. 77
The windows on the south side have also the appearance of later
additions, and are unsymmetrical in every respect. All traces of doors
have vanished, but the opes, which have been arched and protected by
the Board of Works, seem to indicate the position of a west door, and an
entrance on the north side to the cloister. The subsequent additions
consist of a vaulted sacristy and a chapter-room, which form a range on
the north side, nearly all of which still remains.
Teampul Mor — Window in Community Room.
The outline of three sides of the cloister are traceable, the walks
of which are only 35 feet long. The arches opening to the garth are
gone, but, judging from the springers that are left, they must have been
rudely constructed. The door into the sacristy from the church, and the
building of the later work, seems to have disturbed a window on the
north side, as some of the cut stone still remains, and at one time the
sacristy seems to have had a door to the cloister. This compartment is
lighted by a very fine specimen of a fif teenth-century single-light window,
from which we obtain a very reliable clue to the age of these additions.
78 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
The south cloister appears to have had a shed or lean-to roof against
the church, a very usual mo4e of covering such walks ; but no trace is
left to tell the story of the north and west cloisters.
An upper chamber exists, and, when perfect, covered the Chapter-
house, sacristy, and the east cloister, the internal walls of the lower
apartments forming intermediate supports for the flooring.
This chamber — possibly the Community-room, or refectory — Avas
spacious and well lighted, and at the north end had a beautiful traceried
window, which, on the inside, was well recessed with a stone seat
running round it, giving it an unusual air of comfort. It appears to
have been entered from the outside at the north-east end — possibly by a
stone stairs rising from the ruined foundations, which still exist.
The sacristy contains a number of cut-stone fragments, to which it is
impossible to assign a place ; but some of these are curiously worked,
and all are interesting. One has a head carved upon it above a zigzag
border.
It is worthy of note that the interior walls of the church were once
plastered. This we have also seen elsewhere ; but as it has been stated
more than once that such old buildings were never plastered, we wish to
•emphasize the fact.
John O'Donovan, in a note now preserved amongst the Ordnance
Survey Letters, refers to this building as two churches. He considers
the monastic apartments as one, and the vaulted sacristy as a penitential
prison. He even goes so far as to label it " Deartheach " on the Ordnance
map, which is clearly a mistake, and has no foundation whatever. The
most superficial examination would at once convince anyone of the late
monastic character of this whole structure. Dr. Stokes confuses this
church with Templemurry, and accepts the " penitential prison " state-
ment.1
This church has a slightly different orientation from St. Diarmaid's,
#s, indeed, have all the other churches, as will be seen on reference to
the Ordnance map.
No. 3. THE CHANCEL CHURCH.
In this building we find the first church forming the chancel of a
more extended structure, the nave being a subsequent addition. The
•entire dressings of the chancel arch are lost, and most of the window
dressings have also disappeared ; but the east window is fairly perfect,
and closely follows those of the Clogas and the Church of the Dead.
Underneath this window stand the remains of an altar, rudely built
•of rubble work, but minus the altar slab.
The chancel had also north and south windows, the heads of which
are now gone, save one stone over the south window, proving it to have
1 Journal ft. S.A.I., vol. xxi., p. 188.
INIS CHLOTHRANN: ITS HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES. 79
been similar to the east window. The door in the south wall of the nave
has a circular moulding. The north door is now only a gap.
To the east of the chancel wall is a rough heap of broken masonry,
which we conjecture to be a " saint's bed." Numerous other similar
heaps are about the churches.
We should not omit to mention the great Irish yew at the east end,
quite overshadowing the whole structure. It is one of the most venerable
in Ireland.
No. 3.— Church with Chancel.
No. 4. THE CHUBCH OP THE DEAD.
This building is a fairly good example of the type of early Christian
churches in Ireland, the extreme dimensions of the rectangle being
23 feet 8 inches by 15 feet 8 inches. The walls have crumbled down,
and are now only a few feet high, and have lost all distinctive features
of detail, except the east window, which is similar in construction to
that of the Teampul Clogas. The interior arch of the east window is
circular, built of four stones, the exterior has only two stones forming
a pointed arch. The ivy should be removed from this church or it may
soon reduce it to a heap of stones.
No. 5. THE WOMEN'S CHUKCH.
This church is situated a short distance to the south of the cluster of
churches which we have described, and consists of four walls varying in
height from 1 or 2 to 8 or 9 feet. It is entirely devoid of any worked
detail.
The "altar" is composed of the remains of some finely worked
thirteenth-century clustered columns, one set having a base ; they were
here placed, by the Board of Works, for preservation. The building
is more modern in appearance than any of the others, and is broader
and not so strongly built. It may have been the Church of Saint
Mary or the Church for the Women of the settlement, and entirely
80 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
devoted to their use the same as is the case on Inismurray, where also
the Women's Church stands apart from the group, and is still used as a
hurial place for the women only. O'Donovan, in the Ordnance Letters,
quotes some stories which show that it was believed that no woman who
entered one of the churches Avould survive a year afterwards.
Incised Cross Slab with Irish Inscription.
(From a Photograph by Mr. F. C. Bigger.)
At the north-west corner of this church is a more modern chamber
with no visible entrance, or, so far as can now be ascertained, any means
of communication with the church.
Near this church, half buried with its face downward, we found a
stone bearing incised on its surface a Celtic interlaced cross with remains
INIS CHLOTHRANN : ITS HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES. r81
of an Irish inscription. It is a rough, irregular slab of sandstone grit
about 6 inches thick and about 26 inches by 21 inches in size. "When
Miss Margaret Stokes visited the island in 1869 she found another cross
•which she illustrated in "Christian Inscriptions," plate 74, but she
did not observe this one, nor did we find the one she records, although
we searched diligently for it. The letters which can be distinguished
are b, a, c, h, but to whom they refer, we have not, as yet, been able
to trace.
These two slabs, however, which seem quite equal to the best at
Clonmacnoise, help to prove the antiquity and importance of Inis Chloth-
rann as a religious establishment.
10
D 10 50
Teampul Clogas — Ground-plan.
No. 6. THE BELFRY CHURCH.
30 pEET
The Teampul Clogas stands isolated and lonely, crowning the
highest point of the island. It is remarkable for possessing a square
tower at the west end which gives the church its name. On plan the
church is rectangular, being 34 feet 8 inches by 16 feet 8 inches. The
east window is of Hiberno-Romanesque work, but primitively cut on
.the outside, being 3 feet 4 inches high by 7 inches wide, with the arch
scooped out of a single stone. The interior work of the window head is
worked with more advanced skill.
The tower is square on plan, battered in the lower portions, and
bonded into the old gable to which it has been placed as an addition.
This tower was entered on the ground floor from the inside of the
church by a square and poorly formed doorway. The arrangement for
entering the upper stages of the tower is peculiar, a stone staircase
A T ( Vol. x.. Fifth Series. » Cr
Jour. R.S.A.I. j Vo, 3Q Consec. Ser. |
82 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
leads to a landing, from which some gangway or staging of wood must
have extended to the doorway, which entered the upper floor from the
centre of the gable end. This stairway is built into the north wall of the
church with a window facing its two doorways, and is clearly indicative
of not very early work. Why this staircase should have had two doors,
close together, and reversed in plan is, to say the least of it, a puzzle.
The tower has no windows on the first or second floors, the doors
serving both purposes ; it has one towards the west on the third floor, and
one to the south on the fourth floor.
Teampul Clogas, or Belfry Church.
The western wall of the tower has been denuded of its cut stone by
Fairbrother, the Quaker,1 who rented the island, and used the same in the
erection of a dwelling-house, which is now itself a ruin. In its crumbling
walls we found many carved stones. The south wall of the church is also
gone in most part, and an enclosing wall has been built by the Board of
Works which protects it from the intrusion of cattle. In the south wall,
close to the east end on a level with the aumbry, is built a curious stone
with a hole right through it large enough to allow the hand to pass.
0' Donovan considered this a very old tower, as ancient as the round
towers, referring to it as "Diarmid's Clogas,"2 and Petrie agreed with
1 The island is often called Quaker Island. The name is given Iniscleraun on
the Ordnance maps.
- Petrie, in his "Round Towers" (page 360), qualifies the Ordnance Letters by
stating that the Clogas " seems to be of earlier date " than the twelfth century. In
my opinion it does not appear to be very early.
INIS CHLOTHRANN I ITS HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES. 83
him, but it certainly is not so old; it is an addition to the church : the
church is not of a very early type, and the stuirway has certainly a post-
Gorman look about it. To connect it with St. Diarmaid's time, as they
did, is quite unwarranted.
The interior of the tower shows very rude masonry with some large
stones used. The west gable of the church is utilized up to the fourth
story, where it terminates, and the wall of the tower is then continued
up west of the west wall of the church, thus contracting the upper
chamber considerably. The masonry of the tower windows and doors is
much inferior to that of the church, and is clearly of a different date.
This tower, situated on the highest point of the island, was un-
doubtedly built for a look-out, and may also have been a place of safety
for man and property in times of danger.
Teampul Clogas, or Belfry Church — Tower Stair in North Wall.
Close to the east end of the Clogas, in the corner of a field, we could
clearly trace a small circular stone fort or dwelling, and beside it some
huge slabs like a tumbled cromlech, probably the remains of Queen
Meava's royal residence. Near to it is Beor-Laighionn, or the place
where tradition states Queen Meava was killed by the stone-thrower
from Ulster. There are now no burials on the island, nor any modern
tombstones. There used to be a large collection of bones in one of the
church windows, but these have all been removed. Bones can still be
observed amongst the heaps of stones so numerous on the island, which
probably represent graves, as it is a usual custom to cover graves with
G2
81 ' -ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
stones, and cam burial is still a favourite custom even where earth is plenty.
The well is now dry, there being no water on the island, which is
-dependent on the ample supply of the lake. The whole island is marked
with rude stone wall-like fences of various ages, some, no doubt, the
remains of early enclosures and protections.
It will be noted that only six churches have been described, for the
simple reason that we could only find six. O'Donovan refers to Temple-
more as two churches, and it requires this calculation on his map to make
*' seven churches." Templemore, however, is not two, but, as we have
mentioned, only one, and whether he was anxious to establish the
existence of the usual "seven churches" (quite a fanciful idea), or
whether one has been entirely destroyed we cannot say. We only record
what we found, six churches in all. The stones used in building were
brought from Blena Yohr on the Longford side, the tradition being that
they were floated across on a flag-stone which finally sank under circum-
stances recorded by O'Donovan.
On the low wall in front of the caretaker's cottage is an incised stone,
which is figured on the opposite page. It may have been an ancient
cross slab.
All the information of value which has been gathered together in the
Ordnance Survey letters preserved in the Eoyal Irish Academy is as
follows : —
John O'Donovan, writes : —
" ATHLONE, August 24.th, 1837.
" On Wednesday (23rd) I hired a boat at Cruit, not far to the east
of Knockcroghery, and was rowed across to the Quaker's Island to
ascertain if I could prove it to be the INIS CLOTHRAN of the Annals, and
have succeeded to the utmost satisfaction. The inhabitants of the
country on both sides of it always call it Quaker's Island, but the
natives of the island itself, who know the Quaker so well, and that it
will soon pass out of his hands, never call it Quaker's Island, but INIS
CLOTHRAN, Clorina's Island. This Clorina was the sister of the famous
Queen Meava, and it is curious that while the former is most vividly
remembered on the island, all recollections of the latter have been lost,
and have, perhaps, these three centuries back.
" The story about Forby's killing Queen Meava on this island is
vividly remembered, and the spot where she was bathing when the stone
struck her in the forehead, pointed out with great traditional confidence ;
but in this age when reason is beginning to assume a very unusual
vigour among the lower classes, it is becoming a matter of doubt whether
it was possible in that age to cast with a sling a stone across Lough
Kee from Elfeet Castle,1 in the county of Longford, to the field called
Beor-Laighionn (Beorlyon), in Inis Clothran, a distance of one English
mile. They are satisfied that a musket would carry a ball and shoot a
man dead that distance, but they cannot conceive how any arm (be it
ever so muscular) could, with any machine, cast a stone a distance of
one English mile.
1 There is a fort aud ruined church still to be seen at Elfeet, as well as the castle
referred to.
0
®
East and West Faces of small Cross 2. Cross with Inscription near Templemurry.
standing at Teampul More. 3. Cross on Wall at Cottage.
CllOSS-lNSCRlBED SLABS, IxiS CHLOTHRANN.
86 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
"The Crann tabhuill may have been some other machine, different
from a sling. 0' Flaherty only supposes that it was a sling.
"The story is thus told by Keating, and it has been repeated by
O' Flaherty and others, but none of them knew the situation of the
island or its distance from the land, so that they could not have seen the
amount of fable in the story, or whether it contained anything fabulous.
" The following was the cause of the death of Meava of Croghan : —
"After Oilioll (the husband of Meava) had been killed by Conali
Cearnach, Meava went to reside on Inis Clothran, in Lough lliv, and
while there it was enjoined upon her to bathe herself every morning in
a well which is in the entrance to the island. When Forbaid, the son
of Conquobar (of Ulster), heard of this he came alone one day to visit
the well, and measured with a thread the distance from the brink of it
to the opposite shore of the lake ; and this measurement did he carry
with him to Ulster. He then fixed two stakes in the ground at both
extremities of the thread, and on the top of one of the stakes he fixed
an apple. He then took his Crann Tabhuill, and standing at the other
stake, practised shooting at the apple, until he became so expert as to
strike the apple at every shot (till he made every shot good, phraseology
on the island).
" Shortly after this, a meeting took place between the Ultonians and
Conacians at both sides of the Shannon, opposite Inis Clothran ; and
Forbaid went to the east side to the meeting of the Ultoniaiis. One
morning, while there, lie perceived Meava bathing herself in the well
according to her custom, and thereupon lie fixed a stone in his Crann
Tabhuill, and making a shot towards her, aimed her directly in the fore-
head, and killed her on the spot. This happened after she had been
eighty-eight years in the government of Connacht.1
" Kochy Feileach had three sons and three daughters, viz., Breas,
Nar, and Lothra, the three sons ; and Eithne, Clothra, and Meadhbh,
of Cruachuinn, the three daughters, as the poet sung in this Rann : —
' Eochy Feileach had three daughters,
Beauties famous.
Ennia Uahach famed for slaughters,2
Meava of Cruacliuinn,
The third was Clora, a lovely flora.'
" This island is about one English mile in length and varies in
breadth, from one-third of a mile to nothing. The highest point of it
lying towards the north-west is now called GRIANAN MEADBA, and tradi-
tion says that Meava had a castle on it, but the remains of it are very
nearly effaced. James Moran, the oldest native on the island, says that
there was certainly a fort on this hill, but he could not show me the
ring of it. He says it was of stone, and that the stones of it are in a
hedge, which now runs across the hill. In a field situated about 40r.
to the east of this Greenan lies the hollow, in which tradition says
Meava was killed with a stone cast at her from the county of Longford.
There is no well in this hollow at present, nor has the hollow itself any
name but, 'the place where Queen Meava was killed.'
" As you have a plan of this island, you will be able to identify this
Grianan Meadhbha with every facility, as it is unquestionably the
1 There is a well-written account of this incident in Lady Ferguson's " The Irish
before the Conquest," p. 99.
2 She used to eat children hy the advice of a Druid.
INIS CHLOTHRANN I ITS HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES. 87
highest point of the island. Close to the north-west of this hill lies a
church called Clogas, i.e., the Belfry. It is a church with a lancet
window exactly resembling that of the old church of Banagher, near
Dungiven, and (evidently) of the same age and style with the church of
Kilbarry and the older churches on Devenish Island, near Enniskillen.
Tradition says that this was the first church erected by Saint Diarmid in
Inis Clothran, and that the bell in the belfry was so loud-sounding as to
be heard at Roscommon, a distance of seven miles. At certain times the
monks of this island used to meet those of Roscommon at a river called,
from the circumstances, the Banew (Banugad) river, which is as much as
to say in English, the River of Salutation.
" Now one fact connected with this belfry more than puzzles me ; it
is about thirty feet high and square.
"I think it would be very desirable to write the following names on
the plan : —
1 . Clogas, or Square Belfry.
2. Greenan Meava.
3. Templediarmid.
4. Templemurry.
5. Inadmarfa, Meva.
6. Beorlyne, a field so called.
" A belief existed not many years since on this island that no woman
could enter Templemurry or Lady's church without dying within the
circle of twelve months after entering it, but a certain heroine — a second
Meava in courage — put an end for ever to the superstition by entering
the church and living to a goodly old age afterwards.
"St. Diarmid is said to have blessed all the islands in this lough
except one, which is for that reason called Inis Diarmaid Diamrid, and in
English < The Forgotten Island.'
" Your obedient servant,
" JOHN 0' DONOVAN.
11 ATHLONE, September 8th, 1837."
" DEAR SIR,
" You may depend upon this fact, that the inhabitants of Inis Clothran
cannot be depended on in giving the names of the seven churches. The
following is the list as agreed upon before me by the most intelligent of
the natives and some of the inhabitants of Roscommon and Longford, who
were upon the island at the time : —
(a.) Clogas, or Square Belfry.
(b.) Temple Diarmid.
(0.) No name remembered.
(d.) Lady's1 Church or Templemurry.
(e.) No name except Templemore.
(/.) Church of the Dead.
(g.) No name remembered.
" Your obedient servant,
"JOHN O'DoNOVAN.
"TAYLOR'S HILL, NEAR GALWAY,
11 July 9th, 1839."
1 '« I am certain of this from its being pointed out as the church into which women
durst not enter with impunity."
88 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND
" DEAR SIR,
" In looking over Mr. Hardiman's papers I found an Irish poem of
1320 lines describing the Shannon and its tributary streams from its
fountain to Loophead. This would be exceedingly valuable to me, but I
could not possibly spare time to copy it, as I have so much still to write
about West Connacht.
" I shall here translate that part of it which relates to Lough Ree, as
it proves what I have laboured to prove, that Hare Island in that lake is
the Loch Aingin of Irish history —
' Where the Shannon escapes from those islands.
' I shall first visit Inis Clothran,
Which exceeds all the others far in beauty.
It was on this isle of grass and beauty
That Meava of Croghan, Queen of Connacht,
Fell by the son of the King of Uladh.
In time of war and bloody murders,
The clanna Rory, and the sons of Uisneach,
Mighty men of strength and courage,
Rose up to war and emulation,
For one fair damsel ycleped Deirdre,
Five hundred years after the Saviour
Had suffered for the sins of mankind.
The holy Diarmid here erected
Seven churches and a steeple ;
He also placed on Inis Clothran,
That beauteous, fertile, airy island,
Two convents, of which the ruins
Are to be seen still on the island.'
« Ord. Survey MSS. Roscommon Letters,' pp, 217-219.
" The old Irish inhabitants of the parish of Cashel call it OILEAN NA
SEACT DTEMPIJLL (imula septem ecclesiarum] the seven church island, a
name which, though it blinds one, shows that it was the most important
island in the lake.
" Your obedient servant,
" JOHN O'DONOVAN."
" ' Next let me visit that fair, lovely isle,
Which lies in bright Loughree, about a mile
From Analy's shore— an isle on which St. Darby
Erected seven churches and a steeple,
In which he placed a bell to call the people.
An isle on which the brave, fierce champion, Forby,
Despatched old Meava, that warlike Connacht Queen,
Who proved herself to be as great a Quean
As e'er the isle of Druids and Saints produced ;
Who was, 'tis said, by Fergus Roe (Rogney) seduced,
Or vice versa. Forby, with a sling,
Did cast a stone (it was a mighty fling)
From Analy's shore to Clothra's fertile isle,
By which he smote (let modern sceptics smile)
This warlike woman — noble Quean and Queen,
And ended thus that furious war between
The thrones of Croghan and Emania. So
The bards have sung, and ancient records l show.' "
1 Tain B6 Cuailgne.
INIS CHLOTHRANN : ITS HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES. 89
ANNALS OF INIS CLOGHHRAN, IN LOTTGH RIBH.
719. St. Sionach of Inis Chlothrann died on the 20th day of April.
780. Eochaidh, the son of Eocartach, Abbot of Eochladha, and of Inis
Chlothrann, died.
769. Curoi, the son of Alniadh. Abbot and Sage of Inis Chlothrann, and
of Caill Eochladha in Meath, died.
1010. The men of Munster plundered Inis Chlothrann and Inis Bo-finne.
1050. Inis Chlothrann was plundered.
1087. The fleet of the men of Munster, with Mortogh O'Brien, sailed on
the Shannon to Lough Ribh, and plundered the islands of the
lake, viz., Inis Chlothrann, Inis Bo-finne, Inis Ainggin, and
Cluain Emain, which Rory O'Conor, King of Connacht, seeing,
he caused to be stopped the fords on the Shannon, called
Aidircheach and Rechraith, to the end that they might not
be at liberty to pass the said passages on their return, and were
driven to return to Athlone, where they were overtaken by
Donnel MacElynn O'Melaghlin, King of Meath, to whose pro-
tection they wholly committed themselves, and yielded all their
cots, ships, and boats to be disposed of at his pleasure, which
he received, and sent safe conduct with them until they were
left at their native place of Munster.
1136. Hugh O'Einn, the Bishop of Breifny, died in Inis Chlothrann.
1141. Gilla na-naomh O'Ferral, chief of the people of Annaly, the most
prosperous man (Fer Ardrait) in Ireland, died at a great age,
and was buried in Inis Chlothrann.
1150. Morogh, the son of Gilla na-naomh O'Eergal, the tower of
splendour and nobility of the East of Connacht, died in Inis
Chlothrann.
1 160. Giolla na-naomh O'Duinn, Lecturer of Inis Chlothrann, Professor of
History and Poetry, and a well-spoken eloquent man, sent his
spirit to his Supreme Eather amidst a choir of angels, on the
17th day of December in the 58th year of his age.
1167. Kinneth O'Ketternaigh, Priest of Inis Chlothrann, died.
1168. Dubhchobhlach, the daughter of O'Quinn, wife of Mac Corgamna,
died after obtaining unction and contrition, and was interred in
Inis Chlothrann.
1170. Dermot O'Braoin, Coarb of Comman, was chief senior of the east
of Connacht, died in Inis Chlothrann in the ninety -fifth year of
his age.
1174. Rory O'Carroll, Lord of Ely, was slain in the middle of Inis
Chlothrann.
1189. It was at Inis Chlothrann on Lough Ree that the hostages of
O'Conor Maonraoy were kept at that time.
1193. Inis Chlothrann was plundered by the sons of Costalloe and by the
sons of Conor Moinmoy.
1232. Tiapraide O'Breen, Coarb of Saint Com an, an ecclesiastic learned
in History and Law, died on his pilgrimage on the island of
Inis Chlothrann.
1244. Donogh, the son of Einghin, who was son of Maelseachlainn, who
was son of Hugh, who was son of Torlogh O'Conor, Bishop of
Elphin, died on 23rd of April on Inis Chlothrann, and was
interred in the monastery of Boyle.
90 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
" AA.SS.," p. 200, col. 2.
" AN. 1160. Saint Gilda, who (is also called) Nehemias, TJa Duinn, Scholar
or principal of the schools of Inis Chlothrann, an excellent
Antiquarian, very famous in poetry and eloquence, emigrat-
ing to his paternal right (country), sent forth his spirit
among choirs of angels on the 17th of December, in the year
of his age 130."
The greater portion of the Ordnance Survey information consists of
extracts from sources now easily accessible. The traditions given are,
in some cases, at variance with known facts, and the opinions expressed
in regard to the buildings themselves are sometimes erroneous, par-
ticularly in the case of Templemore, nor do we believe the Templemurry
pointed out by O'Donovan, and recorded on the Ordnance Map, is the
Women's Church at all. If such a church ever existed, it was probably
the one standing apart. O'Donovan was led away by the ancient rhymes
such as he found amongst Hardiman's papers ; the one quoted actually
credits St. Diarmaid with the building of all the churches and' the
Clog as.
This Paper could not have been written without the assistance
rendered by Mr. W. J. Fennell, architect, who carefully prepared all the
drawings and made numerous photographs. My brother, Mr. F. C.
Bigger, also supplied some photographs.
Old Dublin Landmarks (Swift's House in Dorset-street). — Slowly,
but surely, Dublin is being rebuilt, and year by year the old landmarks
associated with memories and men of former times are being " improved"
out of the way. As an instance of this, I send a note on a quaint old
ruin demolished to give place to modern structures, which now stand on
its site. It was a house said to have been inhabited by, and by popular
tradition at any rate associated with, Dean Swift. It was in every
respect a curious old building, and was situated in Dorset-street, at its
juncture with the roadway towards Phibsborough and the Park; and
on one side opposite Richmond-place and that part of the North Circular
lload. For years this three-storied old building was considered to be in
a dangerously dilapidated condition, yet was occupied almost up to the
last moment. It was to those who frequented or lived on the north side
a quaint old landmark, and it deserves the perpetuation of print from its
association with the Dean of St. Patrick's. In his time it was standing
apart, probably in a field, and from it the sturdy Dean not unfrequently,
it is to be supposed, went on to see bis friend Dr. Delaney, who lived
further up at Glasnevin. — RICHAED J. KELLY.
Napoleon III. and Barry O'Meara's Family.— It may interest Mr.
C. M. Tenison and others to know that in the beginning of 1861, when
the Most Rev. Thomas Grimley, Catholic Bishop of the Cape of Good
Hope, was setting out for his new mission, he had an interview with the
Emperor Napoleon III., to ask for aid for St. Helena, which is a part of
that mission. The Kmperor received him most graciously, and made him
a present of £200. He then inquired if the bishop could inform him
whether or not any of Barry O'Meara's relations were living in Ireland,
and said he would feel greatly indebted to any person who should put
him in communication with any of them. The bishop could not furnish
the desired information, but promised he would make every effort to find
out, and if possible to communicate the result. I never learned with what
success. On that occasion the Empress Eugenie presented the bishop
with several superb suits of vestments, and other altar ornaments, for his
cathedral at Capetown. The Emperor afterwards sent a very fine altar-
piece, an oil painting of the Crucifixion, by an accomplished French
artist, and at present it hangs over the high altar of the cathedral. It
would seem, from Leslie Stephen's biography of Kathleen O'Meara, that
92 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
her parents and herself went to Paris before the Emperor's "dethrone-
ment. There she died November 10th, 1888, an Irish lady of great
literary ability and of a truly religious character. — JOHN, t CANON
O'HANLON.
The Tombstone at Ballintemple near Geashill.— In the Volume of
the Journal for 1898, and at page 68, the Rev. Sterling de Courcy
Williams illustrates and describes a very interesting slab in this church-
yard bearing the following inscription : —
OBITVS EVLINE FILIA DERMICII QVE OBIT 6 MARC 1603
EGO LLEVS FILIVS MAVRI EIVS MARITVS QVI ME FIERE
(The remainder of the inscription appears never to have been finished.)
For the following reasons I would say that this " Liaeus filius Mauri "
was a member of the O'Dempsey Sept : —
1. This churchyard lies in the ancient O'Dempsey^territory of Clan-
maliere, which, according to O'Donovan, comprised the present
Barony of Upper Philipstown in the King's County, and that
of Portnahinch in the Queen's County. Clanmaliere itself was
a sub-district of Offaly, the O'Connor territory.
2. The name LiaBus filius Mauri (not Mauricii) in English is — Lisagh
or Lewis, son of Murrogh — evidently one of the " mere Irish,"
and apparently a native of the locality, otherwise his surname
would surely have been recorded on the stone.
3. Fiant No. 6439 of Elizabeth, within three years of the date given
on the slab, i.e. in 1600, mentions a Pardon granted to one
"Lisagh mac Murrogh Dempsie of Raghingherin, gentleman."
This place-name is now written Raheenakeeran, and means the
little rath of the whitten-berry or mountain-ash (Joyce), it lies
about an Irish mile to the south of Ballintemple. There is
little doubt that this Lisagh mac Murrogh O'Dempsey is the
individual named on the slab.
We may, therefore, identify this slab as an O'Dempsey tomb, but
who " Evline daughter of Dermot " was there is no clue ; she, too, may
have been an O'Dempsey, as Dermot was a common Christian name in
that Sept. — W. FITZ GERALD.
Belies of the Spanish Armada in Clare and Sligo. — Cavaliere
Lorenzo Salazar (Member) has placed in my hands for the use of the
Journal of the R.S.A.I. a very interesting illustration of the fine ancient
oak table in the hall of Dromoland Castle, which the tradition of the
Barons of Inchiquin states was given in 1588 by Boetius Clanchy of
MISCELLANEA.
93
Knockfinn, then^Sheriff of Thomond, to his relative O'Brien of Leme-
neagh. It appeared as an illustration of a paper of Signer Salazar in the
"JBoletin de la Heal Academia delaHistoria."1 Another of our Members,
Mr. George Stacpoole Mahon of Corbally, Co. Clare, kindly translated it
from the Italian for our use. From which I make the following
extracts: —
"Great interest was aroused in England and Ireland by a portion
of (Don Cesares Fernandez) Duro's narrative, which deals with the
wreck of the Armada, and was first published at Madrid in 1885 under
the title of 'La Armada Invencible.' In Ireland, especially, the tradi-
tions relating to these memorable events are still quite fresh, and many
memorials exist in houses of all degrees — from the highest to the lowest —
Table and Carvings at Dromoland, from a Spanish Ship
of the ships wrecked on the iron-bound coasts which shield the Green Isle
from the fury of the Atlantic.
" I have seen near Doolin Castle (near Moher), opposite the Aran
islands, a small mound of stones covered over with grass, which is
said by popular tradition to be a Spanish burial place. The story
goes that a hundred or more shipwrecked men were buried there
promiscuously without distinction of rank or birth. Among them
was the only son of one of thej[greatest houses in Spain, for whose
mortal remains his kinsmen afterwards searched in vain in order to bring
them back to the family tomb.
i Tomo xxxv., December, 1899, pp. 477-479. Informes, 111.
94 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
"This spot was pointed out to me in last August by my
cousin, Henry Macnamara, the present owner thereof, and a repre-
sentative of an ancient family which at the time of the wreck
was influential in Clare. Besides relating these facts to me he added that
at Dromoland Castle there are in existence several relics of the Spanish
ships which were wrecked in 1588 on the western coasts of Ireland. I
betook myself to Dromoland Castle in company with the Hon. Mrs.
Mahon (daughter of Lord Inchiquin, to whom the castle belongs), and
saw there a magnificent inlaid and carved wooden table, for a drawing of
which, reproduced herewith, I am indebted to the courtesy of one of the
sons of Lord Inchiquin, who was not then at home.
" A comparison of the workmanship of the carving and inlaying of the
table (see page 93) with the figurehead of one of the Spanish galleons,
reproduced in Mr. Hugh Allingham's ' Captain Cuellar's adventures in
Connacht and Ulster, A.D. 1588,1 is quite sufficient to expel any doubts
as to the table being perfectly authentic. I may remark that the two
longer sides have undergone some repairs. But the other sides and the
whole of the remainder are in their original condition. There are also
at Dromoland four iron cannon which also belonged to the Armada.
"Mr. W. E. Kelly of Westport, in Co. Mayo, is the owner of a
wrought iron strong box of like origin. The figure-head above mentioned,
representing the lion of the Spanish coat of arms with the royal shield
between its forepaws, is in possession of Mr. Simon Cullen of Sligo. An
anchor found near the Aran Islands was sent to London by Admiral
Ommaney, and is there now. There are other iron or brass cannons,
gold coins, coats of arms in metal, tables, cannon balls, and weapons
scattered here and there in many houses. It would be a useful thing if
a complete catalogue of them could, as far as possible, be made. Lorenzo-
Salazar, Dublin, 23rd October, 1899."
I need only note, on Sign or Salazar' s very interesting contribution,
that (as I pointed out in a Paper published in our Journal, 1889, p. 133,
and read before our Society on the tercentenary of that fearful blow to-
the might of Spain) there was no wreck of a Spanish ship recorded as
having taken place near Doolin.
Many Spanish prisoners were certainly executed by Boetius Clancy
and Sir Tirlagh O'Brien in the neighbourhood, and Knocknacroghery,
not far from Doolin, was in my boyhood named as the spot " where
Boeothius Mac Clanshy hanged the Spanish grandee." The two wrecks
on the west coast of Clare took place further south at Tromra and
Doonbeg, but it is not improbable that a third foundered at sea or was
wrecked in the bay of Liscannor, as wreckage and an " oil prock " were
washed up the day after the first glimpse of Spanish sails was seen from
the heights of Moher.
1 Published in London, 1897.
MISCELLANEA. 95
As I endeavoured to show, the current up the coast would have washed
quantities of wreckage and bodies on to the rock and strand at Spanish
Point, and probably Liscannor and Doolin (or rather Bealaghaline Bay),
which would quite account for the undoubtedly authentic " Spaniards'
graves " and the vivid tradition along the coast.1
As to the iron chests, as Mr. Drew has shown, numbers date from 100
to 150 years later than the Armada, and in at least one instance, and that
from Clare, the guns of a ship wrecked about 1820 are shown as Spanish
guns. It is therefore of much interest to get such expert evidence, a&
Signor Salazar is able to give on things Spanish, favourable to the claims
of what from various causes we have always considered one of the more
authentic relics of the "great fleet invincible" and its awful doom. —
T. J". WESTROPP.
Report on the Photographic Collection (continued from the Journal,
1899, p. 61). — Owing to the krge number of photographs taken by our
members while in Scotland, none of which come into, this report, the
additions made by them to our collection are not so extensive as in other
years. The most noteworthy feature is the set of 36 views in Mayo from
negatives lent by Dr. Charles Browne, M.E.I.A. Most of these represent
antiquities in very inaccessible districts, and, with others by Mr. Knox,
make our series for Mayo of great interest. Mrs. Shackleton's fine series
of photographs in Aran and others of the same islands by Dr. Browne,
are a welcome addition to our views of perhaps the most interesting of
our islands. Clare is the only other county in which any satisfactory
advance has taken place, but a few views of exceptional interest have
been added to Kerry.
The total increase for 1899 is 147 views. For past years we find — for
1895, 174; 1896, 107; 1897, 141; 1898,178.
The following gave permanent photographs : — Mrs. Shackleton, 23,
The Society, 51. The Curator, 63. The following lent negatives : — Dr.
G. Fogerty, 9. Mr. H. Knox 15. Dr. Browne, 36. We received 25
bromide and silver prints from Mr. Knox and 9 from Mrs. Shackleton.
Our series of the round towers is still incomplete. Could none of our
members fill up the gaps, especially in the cases of Ardpatrick, Augha-
vullen, Balla, Kilbennan, Kilree, Kinneith, Meelick,2 Battoe, and
Turlough ?
The number of views in each county at the end of 1899 is : —
Antrim, 45. Armagh, 3. Carlow, 5. Cavan, 10. Clare, 236.
Cork, 14. Donegal, 37. Down, 74. Dublin, 93. Fermanagh, 15.
Gal way, 104. Kerry, 65. Kildare, 19. Kilkenny, 46. King's
1 Kilfarboy Church, however, is not named from the tawny men buried there in
1588, as it bore the same name so early as 1302, in the Papal Taxation.
2 Mr. Knox has since sent us two photographs of this tower.
96 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
County, 29. Leitrim, 11. Limerick, 47. Londonderry, 3. Long-
ford, 10. Louth, 34. Mayo, 73. Meath, 62. Monaghan, 6. Queen's
County, 5. Roscommon, 28. Sligo, 32. Tipperary, 30. Tyrone, 8.
Waterford, 17. "Westrneath, 17. Wexford, 29. Wicklow, 27. Total
of permanent photographs, 1234, i.e. in Ulster, 211; Leinster, 365;
Minister, 409 ; Connaught, 249.
The additions to various counties during the year are —
CLAKE. — Ardnataggle (O'Brien's Bridge), cromlech. Addroon' (Kil-
keedy), cromlech.1 Eallymulcassell (Sixmilebridge), castle (2). Bally-
griffy (Ennis), castle (2). Balliny (Black Head), inhabited caher.
Cahersavaun (Burren), fort in lake. Cahercashlaun (Burren), cliff fort
(2). Carran (Burren), church, interior. Cashlaun Gar (Kilnaboy), cliff
fort. Cloonyconry (Broadford), cromlechs (3). Coolnatullagh (Slieve
Cam), cromlech. Coolistiegue (Clonlara), castle. Clare Abbey from S.E.,
east window, church interior. Danganbrack (Quin), castle (2). Derry-
owen (Tubber), castle (2). Dromcliff (Eunis), round tower. Formoyle
(Broadford), cromlech (2). Gleninagh (Bally vaughan) castle. Kilcorney
{Burren), church window. Kilkeedy, church, interior; castle from S.
Miltown (Tulla), castle. Moyree (Crusheen), castle (2). Muckinish
(Ballyvaughan) castle; Parknabinnia (Kilnaboy), the fifth cromlech.
Poulcaragharush (Carran), Caher gateway, Poulndbrone (Kilcorney),
cromlech (2). Poulaphuca (Burren), cromlech (2). Quin, Franciscan
friary, from S.E. Rannagh (Burren), cromlech. Rathborney (Bally-
vaughan), church interior. Shallee (Ennis), castle. 2'emplemore (Kells),
church door.
DUBLIN. — Drimnagh, castle. Mount Venus, cromlech (2). Tallaght,
ancient walnut tree.
GAL WAY. — Aran Isles— Aranmore, " Clochaun an airgid," near Oghil,
clochaun near last, Clochaun na carriga. Dun Oghil, Caher. Dubh Caher,
interior of fort. Dun Onacht, Caher. Manister Kieran, church. Teglath
IZnda church. Temple an cheatrair aluinn, church (3). Templebrecan
church (5). cross, *' comap ap." 2'emplemacduagh, church (2). Temple
Journey. Inismaan, Dun Conor fort (5). Dun Moher, fort. AtJwnry,
castle from K. E., Dominican friary from east gate and church.
Donaghpatriclc, church. Moyruss (Connemara), church, S.E.
KERRY. — Ballynevenoorig (Smerwick), clochans (2). Caher conree, fort
(4). Kilmalkedar, church oratory (2).
LODTH. — Dromislcin, cross (2). Termonfechin, cross.
MAYO. — Aghamoret church. Aughagowert round tower. Aughaval,
church. Ballyhean, church. Caher Island, church (2), station cross, St.
1 Figured and described in Proc. R.I.A., 1898, p. 545, Plate ix., fig. 4.
MISCELLANEA. 97
Patrick's altar, Leacnaneave. Castle Hag (Lough Mask). Clare Island,
castle (4), Monastery (3), O'Maille slab, clochan and altar, Grace
O'Malley's altar. Doona, castle, church (2). Iniskea, cross scribed slab.
Inubqfin, Clochan Leo, Bosco's castle, St. Colman's church. InishturJc,
dun, Pirate's harbour. JTiHcerin, church. Kinlough, church and castle
(2). Kinturlt, castle. Moyne (Shrule). church, castle. Termoncarra
(Mullet), crosses. Temple Enna (Eunmore), church and well of Tober
Enna.
MEATH. — Slane, Franciscan friary, interior of church, west window,
exterior (2) ; " college " ; interior of north wing, exterior. St. Erc's
hermitage, south door. Tankardstown (Donaghpatriek), old house.
T. JOHNSON WI<:STIIOPI>, Hon. Curator,
i ff c A T < V°l- x., Fifth Series.
Jour. R.S.A.T ( VQ] 3<)| Con$ec Ser.
Jl
98 ItOYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUAEI KS OP IRELAND.
ot I5ool;$.
[NOTE. — The Works marked thus (*) are by Members of the Society."]
* Some Worthies of the Irish Church. Lectures delivered in the Divinity
School of the University of Dublin by the late George Thomas
Stokes, D.D. Edited, with Preface and Notes, by Hugh Jackson
Lawlor, D.D. (London : Hodder & Stoughton.) 8vo, 352 pages.
Trice 6*.
IT was not without anxiety that we took up this volume. As admirers
of the late Dr. Stokes, we could not but fear that the publication of
these lectures, delivered during the last year of his life, and written
under many difficulties attendant on a state of physical weakness,
might detract from the high estimate already formed of his authorship,
and that more weight might have been given to the importunity of his
friends than to considerations concerning his reputation. This, how-
ever, has not been so, and everyone will recognise that right judgment
has been exercised in committing them to print. No doubt, although
the editor has left nothing undone that skilful arrangement could effect,
the volume lacks the continuity and completeness, which revision, by the
author, would have supplied, requisite to fit it to take place with the
"Celtic" and " Anglo-Norman Churches" as a standard historical work,
but its pages fully maintain Dr. Stokes' reputation as a scholarly writer
of great attractive power. To everyone who reads it, the first feeling
must be one of regret that the active brain and hand are still, and that
health and strength, as he seems to have had a presentiment might be
the case, were not spared him to write, in accordance with his intention,
the modern, as well as the ancient, history of his Church. In the lives
of Narcissus Marsh and William King, the most learned ecclesiastics of
their day, to which the lectures were mainly devoted, Dr. Stokes has
shown that the latter period of the Church's history can be most vividly
brought home to us in the lives of its more prominent members. In two
lectures Dr. Stokes has dealt with a subject hitherto neglected — the
litigation which was carried on, for twenty years, between Archbishop
King and the Chapter of Christ Church Cathedral, with regard to his
right of visitation over that establishment. This conflict, owing to the
extensive patronage of the Chapter, had a great effect on the Church,
and much retarded the Archbishop in his schemes for its advance in the
Dublin diocese. The other lectures tell of Richard Lingard, a divine of
the Restoration period, to whom Dr. Stokes assigns a leading position as
NOTICES OF BOOKS. 99
a preacher ; of Dudley Loftus, an ecclesiastical lawyer and scholar ; and
of the missionary Bishop, bt. Colman ; while, in the last one, which
will be much appreciated by antiquaries, " The Sources of Local
History," are described. To Dr. Lawlor the utmost praise is due for
the sympathetic manner in which he has performed his part as editor.
His task was no light one. The authority for every statement had not
only to be verified, but discovered ; and a series of admirable notes
shows how ably and conscientiously this has been done. In him, as well
as the .Rev. Newport White, who, as Dr. Stokes' successor in the custody
of Marsh's Library, has contributed some of the notes, a valuable
addition to the ranks of Irish historical antiquaries has been secured,
and further contributions from their pen will be anxiously awaited. A
speaking likeness of Dr. Stokes enhances the value of the volume to his
friends, and, in addition, there are excellent views of the library he
loved, and portraits of the principal subjects of the lectures.
100 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OP IRELAND.
THE ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING of the Society was held in the Society's
Rooms, 6, St. Stephen' s-green, Dublin, on Tuesday, 30th January,
1900, at 4 o'clock, p.m. ;
THOMAS DREW, Esq., R.H.A., Vice-President, in the Chair.
The following were present : —
Vice- Presidents. — Lord Walter Fitz Gerald, M.R.I.A. ; the Rev. Canon ffrench,
M.R.I.A. ; Richard Langrishe, J.P. ; S. F. Milligan, M.K.I. A.
Hon. General Secretary. — Robert Cochrane, F.S.A.
Hon. Treasurer.— William C. Stubbs, M.A.
Fellows. — F. Ellington Ball, M.R.I.A. ; Henry F. Berry, M.A., M.R.I.A. ; George
D. Burtchaell, M.A., M.R.I.A.; George Coffey, M.R.I.A.; John Cooke, M.A. ; P. J.
Donnelly ; George A. P. Kelly, M.A. ; Thomas J. Mellon ; James Mills, M.R.I.A. ;
John Moran, LL.D., M.R.I.A.; P. J. O'Reilly; Count Plunkett, M.R.I.A. ; Andrew
Robinson, C.E. ; James G. Robertson; Colonel P. D. Vigors, J.P. ; Thomas J. Westropp,
M.A., M.R.I.A. ; Robert Lloyd Woollcombe, LL.D., M.R.I.A.
Members.— The Rev. William F. Alment, B.D. ; C. F. Allen ; the Rev. K. C.
Brunskill, M.A. ; the Rev. Joseph W. R. Campbell, M.A. ; Henry A. Cosgrave, M.A. ;
E. R. M'C. Dix; S. A. 0. Fitzpatrick; Joseph Gough; Professor Haddon ; the Rev.
Canon Healy, LL.D. ; the Very Rev. Dean Jellett, D.D. ; Thomas A. Kelly ; Richard
J. Kelly, B.L., J.P. ; Mrs. Kiernan; Thomas Kiernan ; Mrs. Long ; the Rev. Canon
Lett, M.R.I.A. ; the Rev. Dr. Lucas ; the Rev. H. C. Lyster, M.A. ; the Rev. Thomas
Lyle, M.A. ; John Gibson Moore, J.P. ; Francis M'Bride, J.P. ; Joseph H. Moore,
M.A. ; the Rev. Dr. Kingsmill Moore ; Hugh Pollock, B.L. ; Thomas Paterson ; Mrs.
Sheridan; William Stirling; E. Weber Smyth, J.P.; R. Blair White; W. Grove
White, LL.B. ; Miss M. B. White.
The Minutes of last Meeting were read and confirmed : —
The following Candidates, recommended by the Council, were
declared duly elected : —
As FELLOWS.
Berry, Henry F., M.A., Barrister -at-Law (Member, 1889), Public Record Office,
Dublin : proposed by James Mills, M.R.I.A., Fellow.
Fielding, Captain Joshua, J.P. (Member, 1898), Royal Hospital, Kihnainham : pro-
posed by Robert Cochrane, F.S.A., M.R.I.A., Hon. Secretary.
Stubbs, William Cotter, M.A., Barrister-at-Law (Member, 1890), 28, Hatch-street,
Dublin : proposed by Robert Cochrane, F.S.A., M.R.I.A., Hon. Secretary.
As MEMBERS.
Allen, C. F., 2, Newtown Villas, Rathfarnham : proposed by Mrs. Shackleton.
Armstrong, George Temple, Solicitor, 35, Victoria- street, Belfast: proposed by the
Rev. W. T. Latimer, B.A., fellow.
PROCEEDINGS. 101
Black, John H., of Benburb, George-street, Dungannon : proposed by the Eev. W.
T. Latimer, B.A., Fellow.
Carolin, George 0., J.P., Ivanhoe, Lansdowne-road, Dublin: proposed by the Rev.
Canon Stoney, D.D., Fellow.
Colahan, Rev. Richai'd Fallon, c.c., The Presbytery, Herbert-road, Bray : proposed
by P. T. Bermingham.
Craig, William Alexander, M.R.I. A., J.P., Fellow of the Institute of Bankers, London
and Dublin, Frascati, Blackrock : proposed by G. D. Burtchaell, M.A., M.H.I.A.,
Fellow.
Keatinge, Charles T., 50, Lower Beechwood-avemie, Ranelagh : proposed by Henry
F. Berry, M.A.
Kempson, Frederick Robertson, F. it. I.E. A., J.P., Roath House, Cardiff: proposed by
Robert Cochrane, F.S.A., M.R.I. A., Hon. Secretary.
Knox, Francis Blake, L.R.C.P.I., L.R.C.S.I., 10, Summer-hill, Kingstown : proposed by
D. J. O'Donoghue.
Lawless, Rev. Nicholas, c.c., Castlebellingham : proposed by Dr. S. A. D'Arcy.
MacCorkell, Rev. Joseph, The Manse, Moville : proposed by J. Browne, M.A.,
M.R.I. A., Fellow.
M'Mahon, Rev. John, P.P., Clare Castle, Co. Clare : proposed by the Very Rev.
Dean White, P.P.
Macken, Miss Mary, Shamrock Hill, Dalkey : proposed by Robert Cochrane, F.S.A.,
M.R.I. A., Hon. Secretary.
Maffett, Rev. R. S., B.A., 17, Herbert-road, Sandy mount : proposed by Colonel P. D.
Vigors, Fellow.
Meara, Rev. J. R., Castle Ellis Glebe, Enniscorthy : proposed by Francis Guilbride,
J.P.
Simpson, James Knight, 2, Bedford-street, Bolton, Lancashire : proposed by R.
Wolfe Smyth, J.P.
Usher, Robert, J.P., Killineer House, Drogheda : proposed by S. F. Milligan,
M.R.I.A., Fellow.
Warnock, Frank H., 64, Triton ville- road, Sandymount: proposed by the Rev. Canon
Stoney, D.D., Fellow.
The Report of the Council for the year 1899 was unanimously
adopted as follows : —
Membership. — Since the Report for the year 1898 was presented, 3 Members
were advanced to the rank of Fellows, and the names of 5 Fellows and 73
Members were added to the Roll. The deaths of 6 Fellows and 26 Members have
been reported ; and the names of 1 Fellow and 22 Members were removed for non-
payment of Arrears, leaving on the Roll the names of 203 Fellows, of whom 12 are
Hon. Fellows, and 1137 Members, making a total of 1340.
The Fellows of the Society who died were —
The Right Rev. Charles Graves, D.D., M.R.I. A., F.R.S., Lord Bishop of
Limerick ( Vice- President, 1894-1898).
Win. Frazer, F.R.C.S.I., M.R.I.A., HON. F.S.A. (Scot.) (Vice- President, 1895-
1899).
J. J. Digges La Touche, LL.D., M.R.I.A. (y ice- President, 1898).
Sir Thomas Newenham Deane, R.H.A., M.R.I.A. (1898).
Robert William Lowry, B.A. (Oxon.), D.L., M.R.I.A. (1864).
Joseph M'Chesney (1890).
102 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
Among the Members who died are —
Miss Mary Agnes Hiekson, Local Secretary for North Kerry (1879).
The Rev. James Manning, p.p., Local Secretary for Wicklow (1889).
The Right Hon. Viscount Clifden, M.A. (1859).
The Right Hon. Lord Dunsany, M.A. (1892).
The Rev. B. C. Davidson-Houston, M.A. (1894).
The Ven. Archdeacon Jameson, M.A. (1893).
The Rev. Canon Rooke, M.A. (1889).
The Rev. Herbert Sandford, M.A. (1897).
Brian Mac Sheeh'y, LL.I>. (1891).
Captain Maxwell Fox, R.N. (1891).
Lieut-Col. John J. Greene, M.K. (1892).
Professor Hodges, M.D. (1863).
Memorial Notices of Bishop Graves, Dr. Frazer, and Miss Hickson appear in the
Journal for the last quarter of 1899.
In Dr. La Touche the Society has lost one of the most active Members of
Council. Though he had not contributed any Papers to the Society's Journal, be took
an active interest in every branch of its work. He frequently presided and spoke at
meetings, and he was the principal mover in promoting the series of publications
which have formed the extra volumes of the Society since 1890. At one of tbe
Evening Meetings last year he gave an interesting lantern exhibition of examples
of early Anglo-Irish palaeography, as exemplified by specimens in the Record
Office. In his official position as Deputy-Keeper of the Records, he made it a
special care to help and encourage historical and antiquarian inquirers. His Reports
to Parliament contained much valuable historical matter, which might have been
more widely known had they not appeared as " Blue Books." Himself a member of
an old Huguenot family, which has occupied a prominent place in Dublin and Irish
history, he edited, for the Huguenot Society, a volume of Registers of one of the
French churches in Dublin of the last century. This work is a lasting monument of
his skill and accuracy as an editor. He was elected a Vice- President in 1898.
Honorary Officers. — The Right Hon. O'Conor Don having completed the three
years' term of office as President, retires, and is now proposed as Hon. President.
The Vice-Presidents who retire by rotation are — The Most Rev. Dr. Bro\vnrigg,
Bishop of Ossory ; the Rev. James O'Laverty, P.P., M.R.I.A. ; the Right Hon. A. H.
Smith-Barry, M.P. ; and the Right Hon. Edward H. Cooper, M.R.I.A. There is
another vacancy caused by the death of Dr. La Touche.
The Members of Council who retire by rotation are — Mr. George A. P. Kelly,
M.A. ; Mr. W. R. J. Molloy, M.R.I.A. ; Mr. James Mills, M.R.I.A.
Two Members of Council forfeit their seats for insufficiency of attendances, and
there are therefore five vacancies on the Council.
There were ten Meetings of Council held during the year, and the Members
attended as follows : —
Mr. W. C. Stubbs, 9. Mr. T. J. Westropp, 7. Count Plunkett, 7. Mr. George
Coffey, 6. Mr. W. R. J. Molloy, 5. Mr. James Mills, 4. Mr. Langrishe, 4.
Mr. Kelly, 4. Mr. W. Grove White, 3. Mr. John Cooke (since election), 3. Rev.
Canon Healy, 2. Mr. S. F. Milligan, 0. Mr. F. Elrington Ball, Hon. Treasurer, 3.
Mr. R. Cochrane, Hon. Secretary, 10.
The Council regret to report that Mr. Ball, in consequence of ceasing to reside in
Dublin, has been obliged to resign the office of Hon. Treasurer.
PROCEEDINGS. 103
Election of Officers. — Three sets of Nomination Papers were received by the
Hon. Secretary in the manner prescribed by the General Rules to fill the vacancies, as
under : —
As HON. PRESIDENT:
THE RIGHT HON. O'CoNOR DON, LL.D., M.R.I. A.
As PRESIDENT :
EDWARD PERCEVAL WRIGHT, M.A., M.D., v.p. R.I.A.
As VICE-PRESIDENTS :
For Leinster, . JOHN RIBTON GARSTIN, D.L., F.S.A., v.p. R.I.A.
For Munster, . ROBERT DAY, J.P., F.S.A., M.R.I. A.
For Ulster, , SEATON F. MILLIGAN, M.R.I. A.
For Connaught, WILLIAM E. KELLY, J.P.
,, ,, RICHARD LANGRISHE, F.R. I.A.I., j.r.
As HON. TREASURER:
WILLIAM C. STUBBS, M.A.
As MEMBERS OF COUNCIL:
FRANCIS ELRINGTON BALL, M.R.I. A.
HENRY F. BERRY, M.A.
GEORGE D. BURTCHAELL, M.A., M.R.I. A.
FREDERICK FRANKLIN, F.R. I.A.I.
COLONEL VIGORS, J.P.
As AUDITORS :
JAMES G. ROBERTSON.
JOHN COOKE, M.A.
Museum at Kilkenny. — In accordance with the terms of the reports of the Council
approved of by the Society at the General Meetings in January and April last, the
arrangements therein referred to, connected with the surrender of the premises occupied
by the Society in Kilkenny, and the transfer of the Collection preserved there to the
care of a Local Committee, have been completed. A form of agreement, to be signed
by the Local Committee, and the representatives of the Society, was agreed to, but has
not yet been perfected.
National Monuments Committee. — Mr. James Mills, M.R.I. A., Deputy-Keeper of
the Records, Ireland, was appointed by the Council to fill the place of the late
Dr. La Touche on the National Monuments Committee of the Board of Works.
Finances. — The expenses incurred in connexion with the taking over, fitting up,
and furnishing the new premises in Dublin, and the transfer thereto of the Books and
Papers in Kilkenny have, necessarily, been considerable. The items under these
heads, appearing in the Accounts for the year, show an increased expenditure, which
has not been met by a corresponding increase in tbe receipts, and it has been thought
expedient to hold over some of the current accounts until next month, so as that they
may come into the account for the year 1900. Thus the expenditure will be spread
over the two years. The Capital Account could have been drawn on to discharge
these liabilities, but the Council are not disposed to reduce the amount of the invested
stock, and prefer to pay for extra expenditure out of the annual income. The Council
are able to report that the financial condition of the Society is satisfactory.
With the view to reduce office expenses, the Council have decided to employ a
clerk instead of, as heretofore, an Assistant- Secretary — a change which will effect a
saving in expenditure, and which will have the further advantage of having a person
104 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
in the Rooms daily from 10 to 5, thus making the premises available to Members, who
can see the current literature on Archaeology, and consult the books in the Society's
Library. The Council wish to place on record their sense of the value of the services
rendered to the Society by Mr. G. D. Burtchaell, who, for many years past, has acted
as Assistant to the Hon. Secretary and Hon. Treasurer.
Meetings and Excursions. — The usual Quarterly Meetings have been held during
the year; also six Evening Meetings in the Society's Hall in St. Stephen's-green,
which were well attended, the convenience of such an arrangement being appreciated
by Members and their friends.
Excursions were carried out in connexion with the Dublin April Meeting, the
Belfast Meeting, and the Kilkenny Meeting.
In accordance with the proposal adopted at the last Annual Meeting, the Archaeo-
logical Excursion to the west coast of Scotland, the Hebrides, and Orkney, in
conjunction with the Cambrian Archaeological Association, was carried out in June in
a highly satisfactory manner, and in splendid weather. The party numbered 136, of
whom 86 were Members of this Society and their friends. A guide-book, describing
the places visited, was prepared, and a full report of the tour has been given in Parts
2 and 3 of the Journal for the present year. This account will be reproduced as one
of the Antiquarian Handbooks, published by the Society, forming Number 4 of the
Series.
The thanks of the Society are due to Macleod of Macleod for his kindness and
courtesy in receiving and conducting the party over his most interesting and romantic
residence at Dunvegan ; to Mr. James Cursiter, F.S.A. (Scot.), of Kirkwall, who
acted as guide to the Members in Orkney and Caithness ; and to Mr. Otto Jaffe, J.P.,
Lord Mayor of Belfast, who hospitably entertained the Members on their return from
the tour. On the other Excursions the Members were most hospitably received by
the following, to whom thanks are due : — Mr. Frederick Franklin, "Westbourne,
Terenure ; Mr. Robert Young, J.P., Rathvarna, Belfast; Mr. and' Mrs. Bruce-
Armstrong, Dean's Hill, Armagh ; His Grace the Most Rev. Dr. Alexander, Lord
Primate of All Ireland, courteously received the Members at the Palace, Armagh, and
showed the fine collection of paintings preserved there.
Programme for 1900. — The Summer Meeting and Excursions for 1900 fall to the
lot of the province of Munster. Almost the entire of the province has been already
visited, but a portion, highly rich in Archaeological interest — North Clare — is com-
paratively unknown, though recently it has been the subject of Papers in the Journal.
A series of Excursions, with Lisdoonvarna as a centre, will be organized, which,
with the Meeting, will extend over the week, commencing 3()th July.
The district proposed to be explored is of unusual interest for the antiquary. It
abounds in antiquities — possessing over seven hundred forts, fifty cromlechs, twenty-
four churches and monasteries, five crosses, three round towers, and twenty castles,
besides pillar-stones, cairns, and souterrains. The scenery is in many places very
beautiful, as, for example, the Lake of Inchiquin under its wooded mountain, the
cascades and glen of Ennistymon, the terraced hills of the Burren, and the cliffs of
Moher, with the bays of Galway and Liscannor.
Of the principal antiquities may be enumerated — The great stone fort of Bally-
kinvarga, with its chevaux-de-frise, the triple fort of Cahercommaun, and the cliff
fort of Cashlaun Gar. The cromlechs of Poulnabrone, Baur (two), and Glasgeiv-
nagh (twelve accessible). The beautiful monasteries of Ennis, Corcomroe, Killone,
and (possibly) Quin. The churches of Kilfenora and Dysert O'Dea, with rich
romanesque details, and sculptured crosses. The castles of Lemaneagh (with courts,
turrets, and fish-pond), Inchiquin, and Ballinalacken, and the round castle of
Doonagore.
PROCEEDINGS.
The Meetings will be as follows :—
105
PLACE.
DATE.
MEETING.
Dublin, . . .
Tuesday, Jan. 30,
Annual Meeting.
Do., . . .
Feb. 27,
Evening Meeting.
Do., . . .
Mar. 27,
Do.
Do, . . .
,, May 1,
Quarterly Meeting and Excursions.
Lisdoonvarna, for
North Clare,
July 31,
Do., Do.
Kilkenny, . .
„ Oct. 2,
Do, Do.
Dublin, . . .
„ Oct. 30,
Evening Meeting.
Do., . . .
Nov. 27,
Do.
The President then declared the following duly elected : —
As HON. PRESIDENT FOR 1900 :
THE RIGHT HON. O'CoNOR DON, LL.D., M.R.I. A.
As PRESIDENT FOR 1900-1902:
EDWARD PERCEVAL WRIGHT, M.A., M.D., V.P. U.I.A.
As VICE-PRESIDENTS :
For Leinster, . JOHN RIBTON GARSTIN, D.L., F.S.A., V.P. R.I. A.
For Munster, . ROBERT DAY, J.P., F.S.A., M.R.I. A.
For Ulster, . SEATON F. MILLIGAN, M.R.I. A.
For Connatiffht, WILLIAM E. KELLY, J.P.
„ „ RICHARD LANGRISHE, F.R. I.A.I., J.P.
As HON. TREASURER:
WILLIAM C. STUBBS, M.A.
As MEMBEKS OF COUNCIL :
FRANCIS ELRINGTON BALL, M.K.I. A.
HENRY F. BERRY, M.A.
GEORGE D. BURTCHAELL, M.A., M.U.I. A.
FREDERICK FRANKLIN, F.R. I.A.I.
COLONEI VIGORS, J.P.
As AUDITORS
JAMES G. ROBERTSON.
JOHN COOKE, M.A.
The following Publications were received during the year 1899 : —
American Antiquarian Society, Proceedings, xii. 3; xiii. 1. Anthropological
Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, vol. ii, Nos. 1, 2. L'Anthropologie, tome x,
Nos. 1-5. Architectural, Archaeological, and Historical Society for the County and
City of Chester, vol. vi. Part 2. Bristol and Gloucester Archaeological Society,
Trans., vol. xxi. Parts 1, 2, Gloucestershire Records, 3. British Archaeological
T«ir R <5 A T $ Vo1' *•• Fiftb Ser5eS' \ I
Jour. R.S.A.I. j Vol 30> Consec. Ser, }
106 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
Association, New Ser., vol. v., Parts 1-3. British and American Archaeological
Society of Rome, vol. iii., Part 1. Bulletin of Free Museum of Science, Penn-
sylvania, Bulletin, vol. ii., Parts 1 and 2. Cambrian Archaeological Association,
Archaeologia Gambrensis, Ser. v., Nos. 62, 64. Cambridge Antiquarian Society,
Proceedings, xxxvii. ; Index of Reports, ix. 4 ; Priory of St. Radegunde, Cambridge.
Chester Archaeological Society, vol. vi., 3— The Sources of Archbishop Parker's
Collection of MSS.. Cork Historical and Archaeological Society, Journal, 1899.
Historical Society of Wisconsin, Proc., 1898, 1899. Geological Survey, TT. S. A.,
Bulletins and Monographs— Fossil Medusae (C. D. Walcott), . Nos. -88, 89; llth
Annual Report, 1896-1897 ; 18th Annual Report, 1-5. Glasgow Archaeological
Society, Report, 1897-1898. Historical Society of Lancashire and Cheshire,
vol. xlix., /New Series, Session 1897. Institute of Civil Engineers of Ireland.
Kildare Archaeological Society, vol. iii., No. 1. Limerick Field Club, Journal,
vol. i., 3. Nova Scotian Institute of Science — Was Primitive Man a Modern
Savage? (falcott William). The Pueblo Ruins, Arizona (Walter Fewkes). Bows
and Arrows in -Central Brazil (Hermann Meyer). Antiquities -of -Egypt (J. De
Morgan). Numismatic Society, Journal, (Ser. iii., Nos. 73-75. Philological Society,
"Notes on Ulster Dialect " (H. C. Hart). Revue Celtique, vol. xx., Nos. 1-4.
Royal~Afchaeological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, vol. lv., No. 220 ; 2nd
Ser., vol. v., No. 4; vol. Ivi. Royal Dublin Society, vol. vi., Parts 14-16 ; vols.
vii., viii., Nos. 1-3. Royal Institute of British Architects, vol. vi., Ser. iii., Parts
6-10, 11-15, 16-20 ; Kalendar, 1900. Royal Irish Academy, Proc., Ser. iii., vol. v.,
Nos. 1-3 ; Trans., vol. xxxi., Part 8. Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of Ethnology
— The Graphic Art of the Eskimos (W. J. Hoffman) ; Annual Beport, National
Museum, 1895-1896 — A Preliminary Account of Archaeological Field Work in
Arizona (J. W. Fewkes); Recent Research in Egypt (Flinders Petrie) ; A New
Group of Stone Implements from Lake Michigan (W. A. Phillips) ; A Study of the
Omaha Tribe : the Import of the Totem (Alice C. Fletcher) ; Unity of the Human
Species (Marquis -de Nadaillac). Societe d'Archeologie de Bruxelles, Annales, tome
xiii., lib. 1-4 ; Annuaire, tome x. Societe Royale des Antiquaires du NOrd, Nouvelle
Serie, 1898; Aarbbger for.Nordisk Oldkindighed, 1898-1899, Society of Antiquaries
of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Proceedings, vol. viii.; Index and No. 1; vol. ix., Ncs.
1-6, 9, 12, 13, 16, 17; Warkworth Parish Registers, Parts 3, 4. .Archaeologia
Aeliana, vol. xx., Parts 52, 53. Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, vol. xxxii.
(1897-1898). Society of Architects, New Ser., vol. vi., Nos. 4-12 ; vol. yii., Nos.
1,2; Year-Book, Members' List, &c. Society of Biblical Archaeology, vol. xxi.,
Parts 1-7 ; Index to vols. xi. to xx. Somersetshire Archaeological and Natural
History Society, vol. xlvi. Suffolk Institute of Archaeology and Natural History.
Surrey Archaeological Society, xiv., 2. Waterford and South-East of Ireland
Society, vol. v., 20, 21. Wiltshire Archaeological and Natural History Magazine,
vol. xxx., Nos. 91, 92. Yorkshire Archaeological Journal, Programmes, 1899 ; Plan
of Bolton Priory. Yorkshire Philosophical Society, Annual Report. The Antiquary
for 1899. Folk-Lore, vol. ix., No. 24, December, 1898 ; vol. x., Nos. 1, 2, 4. The
Irish Builder for 1899 (Irish Builder and Technical Journal). Bygones, 1899. Irish
Liber Hymnorum (Henry Bradshaw Society, vol. xiii.). History of Corn Milling,
vol. ii., Richard Bennett and John Elton (from the Authors). 'Portugalia, materials
para d. estuda do povo Portuguez. II Castello di Santelmo, Lorenzo Salazar (the
Author). Report of the Library Syndicate, 1898 (Cambridge University). Some
Investigations into Palaeolithic Remains in Scotland, Rev. Frederick Smith (the
Author). Prehistoric Scotland and its place in European Civilization, Dr. Robert
Munro (the Author).. Guide to Queensland, Charles S. Rutlidge (Hon. Sir Horace
Jorger).. Records of the General Synod of Ulster (1691-1820), vol. iii. Books and
Traces: printed in Dublin in the Seventeenth Century, Part 2, E. R. M'C. Dix (the
I ' ' .:..;;.
••.-,.-. . . PROCEEDINGS. , . r / 1 07
Author). Sketches of Southport and other Poems, Thomas Costley (the Author).
Eoyal Archaeological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, Series ii., vol. v.,
Part 4. Archaeologia Cantiana, vol. xxiii. Dorset Natural History and Antiquarian
Field Club,, vol. xix. Epigraphia Indica, vol. v., Parts 4-7. Henry Bradshaw
Society, The Rosslyn Missal (1898), vol. xv.- ; Missale Romanum, 1474 (1899),
vol. xvii. ; The Processional of the Nuns of Chester, 1899, vol. xviii. Society of
Antiquaries of Londonj Archseologia, Ivi., Second Series, Part 1, Proc., vol. xvii.,
No. 1. Suffolk Institute of Archaeology, 1898, vol. x., Parts 1 and 2. Sussex Arch.
Collections, xlii.
The photographs received during the year appear in a separate report on p. 95,
antea.— T. J. W.
The Meeting then adjourned until 8 o'clock, p.m.
EVENING MEETING.
A Meeting of the Society was held in the Rooms, .6, St. Stephen's-
green, Dublin, at 8 o'clock ;
DR. EDWARD PERCEVAL WRIGHT, M.A., President, in the Chair.
The President delivered his Inaugural Address, which was referred
to the Council for publication.
A Paper on "The Antiquities from Dublin to Blackrock," by
F. Elrington Ball, Fellow, was read, illustrated by lantern slides. It
was referred to the Council for publication.
The Meeting then adjourned.
TUESDAY, 27th February, 1900.
An Evening Meeting of the Society was held in the Society's Rooms,
6, St. Stephen' s-green, Dublin ;
DR. EDWARD PERCEVAL WRIGHT, M.A., President, in the Chair.
The following Papers were read (illustrated by lantern slides) : —
" The Comacine Masters in Ireland," hy Thomas Drew, R.H.A., Vice- President.
" Sixteenth Century Notices of the Chapels and Crypts of the Church of the Holy
Trinity, Duhlin," by James Mills, M.H.I.A., Fellow, Keeper of the State Papers,
Ireland.
The Papers were referred to the Council for publication, and the
Meeting then adjourned.
108 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
TUESDAY, 27th March, 1900.
An Evening Meeting of the Society was held in the Society's Rooms,
6 , St. Stephen' s-green, Dublin ;
THOMAS DREW, K.H.A., Vice-President, in the Chair.
The following Papers were read, and referred to the Council for
publication : —
"The Antiquities of Monkstown, Co. Dublin," by F. Elrington Ball, M.R.I.A.,
Fellow. (Illustrated by Lantern Slides.)
" The Old Dublin City Guild of St. Luke and its Records," by Charles J. Keatinge.
The following were taken as read, and referred to the Council for
publication : —
" The Early Legends of Ireland," by H. T. Knox, M.R.I.A., Fellow.
" A Note on St. Patrick's Purgatory," by David Mac Ritchie, F.S.A. (Scot.).
"Conmaicne, Ciarraige, and Corcamoga," by H. T. Knox, M.R.I. A., Fellow.
The Meeting then adjourned.
SIR THOMAS DREW, R.H.A.,
President of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland, 1893—1897.
(From a Portrait by Walter Osborne, R.H.A., 1892.)
JOUR. R.S.A.I., vol. z., pt. 2 (Frontispiece}.
THE JOURNAL
OF
THE EOYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES
OF IRELAND
FOR THE YEAR 1900.
PAPERS AND PROCEEDINGS-PART II. SECOND QUARTER, 1900.
MONKSTOWN CASTLE AND ITS HISTORY.
BY FRANCIS ELRINGTON BALL, M.R.I.A., FELLOW.
[Submitted OCTOBER 31, 1899.]
TT is not without misgivings that I have undertaken to add to what
Dr. Stokes has told us about this castle in the first of his Papers on
" The Antiquities from Kingstown to Dublin,"1 and I hope that nothing
I may say will divest its history of the charm which his pen has given
to it.
The castle of Monkstown was built, probably in the thirteenth or
fourteenth century, by the monks of the great Cistercian house of the
Blessed Yirgin Mary, whose beautiful abbey adorned the northern bank
of the Liffey, opposite the ancient city of Dublin.2
To these monks had been given by a native chief of the district, and
by the first Anglo-Norman owner of Stillorgan, the lands of Carrick-
brennan and Newtown, on which, co-extensive as they were with the
present civil parish of Monkstown, the castle stood, and for the protection
of which it had been erected. As originally constructed, the castle
was a massive mansion, standing in an area some acres in extent, which
1 See the Journal for 1893, pp. 343-356. 2 Ibid., 1890-1891, p. 271.
. T ( Vol. x., Fifth Series. ( K
Jour. R.S.A.I. ( Vol 3Qj Consec. Ser. >
110 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
was surrounded by lofty stone walls, and flanked by three strong
towers.1
It was the most conspicuous object on the road from Dublin to the
port of Dalkey, and, indeed, with the exception of the smaller but
similar castle, belonging to the monks, at Bullock,2 and the Fitzwilliams'
castle at Merrion, was the only dwelling of any importance on that
much-frequented highway.
The land immediately round the castle, the White Monks, a name
they obtained from the colour of their clothing, converted into a
home farm. As members of the Cistercian Order they passed a life of
unintermitted bodily toil, spent more in the field than in the cloister, and
from their connexion with the great Cistercian house of Buildwas in
Shropshire, under whose " cure and disposition " St. Mary's Abbey was
placed, they had means of acquiring a knowledge of the agricultural
system for which the English monastic establishments were then famous.
On the outlying portion of their lands they had a number of tenants, of
whom some were tillers of the soil, and others, in the neighbourhood of
Bullock, were engaged in the fishing industry, which the Cistercian Order
did so much to promote.
It was mainly to protect their tenants from the raids of the mountain
tribes that the White Monks erected the castles of Monkstown and Bul-
lock. Within their hospitable walls, when the watchmen, who were
stationed on the Dublin mountains, gave warning that an incursion was
imminent, they used to receive not only the inhabitants of the vicinity
but also their flocks arid herds ; and the enemies of the king descended
on the plain to find it swept of every living thing, and to hear the lowing
oxen and the bleating sheep proclaiming their safety from within the
castle bawns.3 But the castles, owing to their proximity to Dalkey,
then the Kingstown of Ireland, served also another purpose, one of
national convenience and importance. Like the Abbey house in Dublin,
which, we are told, was " the resort of all such of reputation as repaired
hither out of England," they supplied the place of inns, and afforded a
1 It may, I think, be assumed that the lands of Carrickbrennan were given to the
abbey by its founder, Mac Gillamocholmog, or by his descendant who held sway at the
time of the Norman Conquest over the southern portion of the county Dublin. See an
account of the latter by the present Deputy Keeper of the Records, in the Journal for
1894, p. 161. The lands of Newtown, on which Seapoint is built, originally formed
portion of Stillorgan. See the Journal for 1898, p. 21.
2 Bullock belonged to the abbey before the Norman Conquest. D' Alton (" History
of the County Dublin," p. 880) is mistaken in thinking it ever was the property of
the Priory of St. John, and has confounded it with a place of the same name in the
county Tipperary.
3 Until the middle of the fourteenth century no measures were taken to oppose the
incursions of the "enemies of the king," who often reduced the abbots to the nece-
sity of negotiating for the return of goods which had been carried off by them. A garrison
was then placed in Bray, and the abbot undertook to provide two heavy, and six light,
horsemen to act in conjunction with it. For the origin of the name bawn, and account
of the development of those enclosures, see a Paper by Mr. H. T. Lee, M.U.I.A., in the
Ulster Journal of Archceology , vol. vi., p. 126.
MC-NKSTOWN CASTLE AND ITS HISTORY. Ill
•shelter for the traveller who had tossed for hours on the Channel, and for
the departing guest who waited by the water-side for a favourable wind
to waft him to the sister isle.1
When the order for the dissolution of the Irish Religious houses came
the Lord Deputy, Lord Leonard Grey, recommended that St. Mary's
Abbey should be allowed to stand " for the commonweal of the land and
for the king's honour," and the monks set forth that they were "but
stewards and purveyors to other men's uses." It was to no purpose;
the order had gone forth, the abbey was dissolved, and its lands and
possessions became the property of the Crown.2
The abbey on the Liffey was at first converted into a storehouse for
.munitions of war. The castle of Monkstown was given to the Master of
the Ordnance, the Right Honourable John Travers, as his country seat,
Travers was one of those military adventurers on whom England depended
in the sixteenth century to uphold her rule in Ireland. Before his
arrival here he was a person of comparative obscurity. Such military
knowledge as he possessed had been gained during the suppression of the
rising under Aske in Yorkshire and in a short campaign in the JsTether-
lands. But in Ireland, by capacity, adaptability, and interest, he rose to
be a man of high position and great authority. He possessed special
•qualifications for a command in this country. He had been born in it,
-and, although taken to England in early life, he had previously learned
the Irish language. Also, he was a " viewly " man, a person of fine
physique, who was able to endure the unparalleled hardships of campaigns
in Ireland, and he was of a generous disposition, "a man of a frank
.stomach," who obtained popularity by his mode of living. His interest
.at court was considerable, and he was ever retained by Henry VIII. "in
his most benign remembrance " as one who had served in the household
of his natural son the Duke of Richmond, and who had been attached
to his own person as a groom of his chamber and pavilioner or sergeant
of his tents.
Travers had come over towards the close of Lord Grey's deputyship,
in October, 1539, when the army was reduced to almost vanishing point.
He distinguished himself in expeditions which Grey made that winter
to Munster and Ulster, and proved himself well worthy of a seat on the
•Council which Henry had given to him. The Council was then rent
with dissensions between Grey and the other officials which, in Travers'
1 No doubt, prior to the dissolution of the abbey, the chief governors stayed
rsometimes, on their journeys to and from England, as they did in later times, at
Monkstown Castle. Walter Cowley, Solicitor-General under Henry VIII., mentions
thtit, when coming from England, he spent the night at Bullock, where the castle
•could alone have afforded accommodation. See account of his journey in the Irish
Builder for February 15, 1897.
2 Of. for information about St. Mary's Abbey and the Cistercian Order, " Chartu-
laries of St. Mary's Abbey," edited by Sir John Gilbert, in the Roll Series;
Walcott's "Four Minsters 'round the Wrekin"; Anderson's "History and Anti-
quities of Shropshire" ; and Bagwell's " Ireland under the Tudors," vol. i.
Ka
UOYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IlttiLAND.
opinion, combined with the insufficiency of the army, was the cause of
England's difficulties in Ireland.
Grey gave Travers, whom he had appointed Master of the Ordnance,
his entire confidence, and in the following spring sent him over to Henry
to report on the state of Ireland, thinking he would have the ear of the-
king and would put in a good word for him. "Whatever Travers said did
not lessen his own influence, and he returned as one of the most trusted
lieutenants of Grey's successor, Sir Anthony St. Leger. He took a lead-
ing part in St. Leger's negotiations with the Irish chiefs, and in his
campaigns, including those against the Hebridean settlers on the Ulster
coast, for whom Travers expressed a contempt only equalled by that he
entertained for the Irish, and against the Leinster tribes whom ha
" trained to be of better order" than they had been for a long time.
Travers then began to reap his reward. St. Leger. who considered
him to be " a right honest man, most willing, forward, and diligent to
serve," conferred on him the honour of knighthood, while Henry, whom
he had reminded of his existence by means of letters, and "a device for
the reformation of Ireland," which he had sent the king, granted him an
immense quantity of land, and many castles. Amongst the latter was
that of Monkstown, where Travers resided so far as his military duties
permitted. Although on Henry's death Travers lost the personal friend-
ship of the monarch, he stood high in the regard of Edward YI.'s chief
governors. "We find him straggling manfully as one of these soldiers,
who " wore ever their harness," with Sir "William Bellingham, through
the bogs of Kildare, on that day when more "wood kerne" were killed
than had been ever before recollected, and entertaining Sir James Croft
at Monkstown, where Croft no doubt went to confer with him, us one
attached to the Established Church, on the best means of introducing the
use of the Protestant liturgy. Like his master, St. Leger, who again
held the sword of State, Travers accomplished the transition from the
rule of Edward to that of Queen Mary without hurt to himself. During
her reign lie began to feel the weight of age, and although he lived for
four years after the accession of Elizabeth, he was obliged to relinquish
the active duties of his office to another.1
1 Sir John Travers "bore the same arms as Walter Travers, first Provost of Trinity
College, Dublin, but of his parentage I have been unable to discover satisfactory
proof. In 1524 he appears to have been acting as a Commissioner of Taxation in
Oxford, and was subsequently leased lands near there. Ten years later he was serving
as a gentleman waiter in the household of the Duke of Richmond (see " Dictionary of
National Biography " under " Henry Fitzroy"), and was then given a grant of the fish-
ing of the river Bann (which, seems to indicate that he was connected with Ulster), and
a license to export wool from Ireland. On the Duke's untimely death, in 1536, he
was given a commission in the army, and we find him at Newark in November of that
year ; at Hull, where he was in charge of the ordnance, in the following February ;
and at Terouenne, in the Netherlands, where he was only a spectator of the opera-
tions, in July. In 1539 he was superintending military works on the Thames, and
was given (being then described as a gentlemen sewer of the king's chamber) the
office of pavilioner. His interest at court arose from the marriage of his sister to a
kinsman and favourite servant of the great Earl of Southampton, the Lord Admiral
MONKSTOWN CASTLE AND ITS HISTORY. 113
Travers was married, but no children survived him. What relative
of his the "late Henry Travers," to whose two daughters he bequeathed
his estates, may have been, I have been unable to discover.1 Henry
Traverses wife was a lady of rank, descended from one of the great
families of the Pale, thePrestons, ennobled under the title of Gormanston,
which her father bore as the third viscount. During Sir John Travers's
ifetime she married again, and Sir John gave apartments in St. Mary's
Abbey, which had been granted to him at the time of its dissolution, and
the lands of Holy wood, on the north side of Dublin, to her and her second
husband, llobert Pipho. The latter was a kinsman of the well-known
Walsingham, and from him the Marquis of Waterford is descended, in
the female line.2
Henry Travers' daughters made, what seemed at the time, great
alliances. The eldest, Mary, married James Eustace, the eldest son of
the second Viscount Baltinglass, and the younger, Katherine, John
Cheevers, of Macetown, in the county Meath, whose family was one of
much renown in the Pale. Monkstown Castle came into the possession
of Eustace as the husband of the eldest daughter. He, unlike his pre-
decessor, Sir John Travers, was an uncompromising adherent of the
Roman Catholic faith, and had been strengthened in his convictions by a
(see " Dictionary of National Biography " under " William Fitzwilliam"). Hecameto
Ireland in charge of 100 gunners, half of whom were mounted, and half were loot, and
was allowed on his staff a petty captain, a piiest (no doubt his kinsman, who, in 1550,
was appointed Bishop of Leighlin), " a fife and a drum." His pay was then is. a-day.
With only 2000 men he said he could go anywhere in Ireland, and that 6000 men
would reduce the country to obedience in one summer. He was most anxious that
the Earl of Southampton should come over as Lord Lieutenant, and exclaims, on hearing
a new chief ruler was to be appointed: "Would Christ's passion the Lord Admiral
were content it were none other than he." In 1541 he accompanied St. Leger to
Cashel and to Cavan ; in 1542 he was engaged against the Hebridean settlers ; and,
in 1543, he proceeded against the Kavanaghs and O'Tooles. In his device for the
reformation of Ireland, he advocates firm government, the establishment of the
Protestant religion, and the abolition of the " damnable Irish customs, usages,
and laws." He died on May 25, 1562. Cf. " Calendar of Letters and Papers of
Henry VIII.," vols. iii., iv., viii., xi., xii., xiii., xiv. ; "State Papers of Henry
VIII. ," vol. iii.; "Calendar of State Papers, Ireland," 1509-1573; Bagwell's
" Ireland under the Tudors," vol. i. ; " Calendars of Fiants of Henry VIII. and
Edward VI." in 7th and 8th lleports of the Deputy Keeper of the Records,
Ireland; and "Pedigree of the Devonshire Family of Travers," by L. Smith
Travers, edited by R. J. Hone and F. B. Falkiner (Dublin, 1898).
1 " Dame Cicily Travers, wife unto Sir John," is mentioned in several Inquisitions
preserved in the Public Record Office. Henry Travers has been described as Sir
John's son, but can hardly have been so, as Sir John was stated, in 1536, to be
unmarried, and Henry Travers apparently died before 1556.
2 Sir John gave Pipho the lands of Holy wood on llth May, 1556, and the apart-
ments in St. Mary's Abbey on 26th November, 1561. The latter were in "the
abbot's lodging." Pipho died in 1610, and directed that he should be buried in
St. Michan's Church. A daughter, Ruth, alone survived him, but he had other
•children, including a son called Travers, and a daughter, Frances, who married a
brother of the third Viscount. Baltinglass. Ruth married an ancestor of the Earls of
Tyrone, now represented by the Marquis of Waterford. Pipho seems to have married
secondly a lady called Kniborrow. See " Chartularies of St. Mary's Abbey,
vol. ii., p. Ixiv; Inquisitions and Prerogative Will in Public Record Office; and
^'Calendar of State Papers, Ireland," 1574-1588.
114 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
visit which he had made to Rome. In spite of imprisonments and fine*
he persisted in attending the services of his Church, and finally, from
religious motives, he joined, in 1579, soon after he had succeeded to the-
Baltin glass titles, the Earl of Desmond in his rebellion. At the castle of
Monkstown many meetings of his confederates were held before he had
openly taken the field, and, even after he had done so, he used to come
there secretly.1
When he was declared an outlaw, his kinsman, the Earl of Kildare,
sought to obtain from the Crown the custody of the castle, but it was
given to the Vice-Treasurer, Sir Henry "Wallop, an ancestor of the earls
of Portsmouth. Wallop occupied it for a time, until, in 1583, it was re-
stored, in spite of Wallop's protestations on the impolicy of such a step,
to Eustace's widow, the Yiscountess Baltinglass. After the Viscount's
death, which took place in 1585 in Spain, she married as her second
husband, Mr. Gerald Aylmer, of Donadea, in the county Kildare. He
was also a Roman Catholic, and, according, to that extraordinary semi-
literary-military adventurer and busy-body, Barnaby Rich, had never
once said "Amen" when the queen was prayed for, although her
Majesty had shown him and his wife great favour. In 1591 notice wa&
taken by the Government of his absence from the services of the
Established Church, and he was ordered to hear a sermon from Loftus,
the Archbishop of Dublin. This he avoided by escaping to England, but
on arriving in London he was thrown into prison. Subsequently he re-
instated himself with the Queen, was knighted, and afterwards under
James I., was made one of the first baronets.*
Aylmer7 s wife died in 1610, and was buried at Monkstown, where her
father, Henry Travers, had been interred. She had no issue by either
marriage, and Monkstown passed to her nephew, Henry Cheevers, the
second son of John Cheevers, who had died in 1595, and of her sister,
Katherine Travers. Henry Cheevers, who had married a daughter of
Sir Richard litzwilliam of Merrion, then went to reside in Monkstown
Castle. He appears to have lived there the life of a quiet country gentle-
man, and was allowed, without interference, "to have Mass said in his-
own castle not infrequently." On his death, in 1640,3he was succeeded
by his eldest son Walter, who had married a daughter of Viscount
Netterville. When the rule of the Commonwealth was established in
Ireland, Walter Cheevers, who is described as being a man of middle
height, with a ruddy complexion and brown hair, then about thirty-
two years of age, was residing at Monkstown with his wife and
five children. His circumstances were far from good : his tenants
1 Cf. Bagwell's " Ireland under the Tudors," vol. iii., p. 51 ; and " Calendar of
Carew State Papers," 1575-1588.
2 Cf. " Calendars of State Papers, Ireland, and Carew State Papers."
3 In his will, which is dated February 4, 1640, and was proved on July 22 follow-
ing, Henry Cheevers desires his body to be buried in the church of Monkstown.
MONKSTOWN CASTLE AND ITS HISTORY. 115
appear to have been few, his lands were insufficiently stocked, and
his castle was out of repair. It was still the only building of any
importance, however, in the neighbourhood, and the Parliament authori-
ties soon perceived that it would be an advantage to them to have it in
their hands, commanding as it did, the landing-place from their men-of-
war, which anchored where Kingstown Harbour now lies. They deter-
mined, therefore, to obtain it for one of themselves and to turn out
Cheevers. Nothing was easier than to order him, on account of his faith,
to transplant into Connaught, though from the steps taken to secure him
a suitable dwelling and ample lands there, it is evident that the authori-
ties felt they had no real cause of complaint against him.1
As soon as this was done Monkstown Castle was given to Lieutenant-
General Ludlow, one of the Commissioners for the Government of Ireland.
He was a stern "Commonwealth man," as his father had been, and was
one of those who signed the king's death warrant. Having taken a pro-
minent part in the civil war in England he was sent over in 1651 by
Cromwell, after his own expedition to this country, as Lieutenant-
General of the Horse, and one of the Commissioners for the Civil Affairs
of Ireland, and in the next year or two saw much active service. In 1653
the work of subjugation was completed, and Ludlow was given Monkstown
Castle. There he took up his abode. His character — exhibited in a
formal agreement, which he made with three friends to handsomely
reward them if they found him a wife with a fortune : their reward to be
in proportion to its amount — had tended to the accumulation of what was,
for the time, considerable wealth. The castle was thoroughly repaired
by him, and gardens, in which he delighted to walk, were laid out. His
establishment was in keeping with his residence. He tells us that he
maintained a more plentiful table than any of his brother commissioners,
and no less than twenty horses stood constantly in his stable. A coach
was also at the service of his wife — for, in spite of his somewhat singular
ideas on the way to enter the married state, he had managed to find one.
His leisure hours were occupied in breeding horses, and in stocking his
land with the progenitors of our Kerry cattle, and with sheep : also, no
doubt, in hunting, of which he was passionately fond.
Ludlow 's enjoyment of Monkstown was but short. As one who had
opposed Cromwell in his assumption of the Lord Protectorship, his position
in the government became intolerable. He wished to leave, but Cromwell
forbade his doing so, as he thought he could do him less harm here than
in England. Finally, in October, 1655, he departed without permission.
The day was very stormy, but notwithstanding he was accompanied to
the fishing boat, in which he reached a larger vessel, by two hundred of
dodge's "Peerage of Ireland," edited by Archdall, vol. vii., p. 58, and vol. i\.,
p. 315; Archbishop Eulkeley's Report of the Diocese of Dublin in 1630, in the
" Irish Ecclesiastical Itecord," vol. v., p. 158; Prendergast's " Cromwellian Settle-
ment of Ireland."
116 KOYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
the friends whom his hospitality had attracted round him. After the
restoration of the Long Parliament, in 1659, he returned with more power
than he had before. He landed in July, apparently at Ringsend, and
was met by Judge Cooke, another of those concerned in the King's trial,
and his brother-in-law, Colonel Kempston, who had looked after his
interests in his absence, in their coaches, and brought by them to Monks-
town Castle. The next morning the Mayor and aldermen came to wel-
come him, and he made a royal progress into Dublin, escorted by them, and
received by a military guard. Three months later he returned to England.
Before his departure he inspected the militia in Dublin, and was accom-
panied out of town for part of the way to Monkstown by the military and
civil authorities. On the next day his friend Judge Cooke and some
officers came down to the castle and saw him off to the boat. He never
entered the castle again. He arrived in the bay two months later, but,
in those rapidly changing times, those whom he had parted from as
friends, had become his enemies, and his landing was successfully
opposed. Soon afterwards the Restoration came, and he had to flee to
Switzerland, where he lived until his death.1
Immediately after his restoration to the throne Charles II. ordered
that Monkstown Castle should be given back to Walter Cheevers, and the
Commissioners under the Act of Settlement established him in its
possession, finding that both he and his father had been loyal and faithful
subjects. At the time of his death, which occurred in 1678, he appears
to have been residing at Dalkey, and he had probably sold Monkstown
Castle and its lands to Archbishop Boyle, the last Episcopal Chancellor
of Ireland, \vhose descendants, Lords Longford and De Vesci, still own
the estate. The archbishop possibly used the castle as a country seat.
The particulars given in the advertisement mentioned by Dr. Stokes
indicate that it was modernized after Ludlow's time.2
Immediately after the archbishop's death in 1702, another fact which
points to the use by him of the castle as a residence, it was let to the
Hon. Anthony Upton, one of the judges of the Common Pleas. He was
a kinsman of the Uptons of Antrim, from whom Viscount Templetown is
descended. A graduate of Oxford, he had no doubt imbibed there those
literary tastes which made him the congenial companion of that famous
ecclesiastical lawyer, Dr. William King, of whom Dr. Stokes has told us
in connexion with the judge's occupation of Monkstown. The only
reference to Upton's judicial career I have been able to discover is in an
1 Of. " Memoirs of Edmund Ludlow," edited by C. H. Firth ; smd Survey of the
Hi.lf Barony of Rathdown, in Lodge's " Desiderata Curiosa Hibernica," vol. ii.,
p. 529.
2 Cheevers was residing at Monkstown in 1664, and then paid tax on six hearths.
He died on December 20, 1678, and, in the administration of his goods, granted to his
daughter, and her husband, John Byrne, ancestor of the 0' Byrnes of Cabinteely, he is
described as of Dalkey. See Dublin Grants, Hearth Money Returns, Decrees of
Innocents, &c., in Public Record Office. For succession of the Monkstown estate, by
Mr. R. S. Longworth- Dames, Fellow, see the Journal for 1893, p. 430.
MONKSTOWN CASTLE AND ITS HISTORY. 117
account of the prosecution at Carrickfergus of a number of women
for witchcraft. The trial is an extraordinary instance of the credulity of
the time. It took place at the Spring Assizes of 1711, and came
before both the judges. Upton charged the jury in favour of the accused,
observing that their regular attendance at divine service, which had been
proved, was inconsistent with real witchcraft, and told the jury that they
could not find the prisoners guilty on the visionary evidence of the person
whom it was alleged they had afflicted. His brother judge differed from
him, and the jury followed his lead, and found the prisoners guilty.
Duhigg condemns all the judges at the end of Queen Anne's reign,
as corrupt, but his criticisms are so often affected by political bias that
his opinion should not carry too much weight. On the accession of
George I., Upton was, however, superseded, and tragically ended his
life by his own hand, four years later, while in the delirium of a high
fever.1
The castle then began to fall into disrepair, and does not seem to have
been occupied again by anyone of importance.
The ruins of the castle are still to be seen in the grounds of the
modern house which bears its name. Mr. Dix has carefully examined
them, and has described them in the Irish Builder." He says they com-
prise the ruins of a gate-tower and of amain castle. The former consisted
of two stories, and a high archway and a lofty chamber on the ground
level still remains. The main castle was a substantial building, but all
the floors have disappeared, and it is in complete ruin. Mr. Dix gives
its measurements as 30 feet long by 16£ wide, but I am inclined to think
its original dimensions must have been greater than these.
1 Cf. Foster's " Alumni Oxonienses "; M'Skimin's "History of Carrickfergus,"
2nd ed., pages 72-74 ; Smyth's "Law Officers of Ireland"; "Lodge's Peerage of
Ireland," by Archdall, vol. \ii., p. 157 ; Duhigg's " History of the King's Inns."
- For August 1st, 1898. An illustration of the ruins of this Castle appears in the
Journal for 1893, p. 354.
118 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
THE ATJGUSTINIAN HOCJSES OF THE COUNTY CLARE:
CLARE, KILLONE, AND INCHICRONAN.
BY THOMAS JOHNSON WESTROPP, M.A., FELLOW.
[Read APRIL 29, 1899.]
A MONO the monastic orders few will deny the high standing of the
"^ Augustinians, yet, from whatever cause, their history in many
important houses in western Ireland is very little known, for they
had no Wadding or Bruodin to collect their scattered traditions after
the great dispersion. It would also seem as if the Franciscan and
Dominican brethren lay nearer to the hearts of the people, and made a
holder and partially successful struggle for existence, making even
those that hore rule over them to pity them. To collect scattered
records, and carefully to describe the picturesque remains of three of
the ruined Augustine houses in the heart of Clare is the object of this
paper.
Human interest is but slightly present in the records of the Clare
Augustinians, nor do they afford such touching pictures as the lonely
monk of Ennis, or the brave and learned friars of Quin. In their
attempts to beautify and honour the houses of God in the land, we shall,
however, find much worth our study.
The Augustinian convents founded as such (in contradistinction to
those older monasteries which adopted the rule of the order) in the
Fergus valley are the monastery of the Augustinian canons of Corcovaskin
on Canons Island, already described at some length in our Journal for
1897 ; the convent of St. John at Killone ; the abbey of St. Peter and
St. Paul of the Fergus or " Clare Abbey," and the small house on the
long tongue of land in Inchicronan Lake. Their foundation is traditionally
attributed to King Donald More O'Brien, but documentary evidence
seems forthcoming in only one place.
ABBEY OF CLAEE.
Pre-eminent among the Augustinian houses stands the Abbey of
Clare. It was one of a group of monasteries founded by the able but
unscrupulous Donald More O'Brien, the last King of Munster. To it in
vivid dread of a future retribution for his bloodshedding, cruelties, and
perjuries he granted many a fair quarter of land. The fortunate pre-
servation of his foundation charter enables us to some extent to create
an estates map of the abbey lands " from the ford of the two weirs " at
Clare Castle, " even out to the Leap of Cuchullin " in the edge of the
Atlantic.
AUGUSTINIAN HOUSES OF THE COUNTY CLARE, ETC. 119
"Be it known," runs the charter, "to all, both present and future,
professing the Christian faith, that I Donald 'magnus' O'Brien, by
the greatness of Divine liberality King of Limerick, have founded an
abbey in honour of the blessed apostles Peter and Paul at Kimony for
the salvation of my soul and of the souls of my ancestors and successors.
Moreover I have placed in the same abbey regular canons of the rule or
order of blessed Augustine, serving God devoutly and praise-worthily,
for whose support and use I have granted lands, possessions, and
rectories, absolutely for the future in pure and perpetual alms. . . .
Moreover, I have granted and by the impress of my seal have confirmed
these lands with all their appurtenances and liberties to the aforesaid
church, to Donat the abbot, and the canons of the said church and their
successors living canonically. That is to say, Kimony with its appur-
tenances, the place in which the abbey is situated ; Bulliannagain ;
Bally vekeary ; Durinierekin with all its fisheries and fishing rights ;
Inisketty ; Kellonia; Cnoc Inis Cormick ; Killbreakin ; St. Cronan's
Island (Inchicronan) ; Argonica; Dromore ; Holy Trinity Church, called
Killkerily, in the bishoprick of Limerick ; St. Peter's House, near Emly ;
. . . in the bishoprick of Kilfenora, with two rectories : Caheridarum
(probably Caheraderry in Corcomroe) ; in lay fee from the boundary of
Athdacara out to the Leap of Congolun (saltum congoluni, Loop Head);
Which aforesaid lands I have granted, and by the impress of my seal
confirmed to the said church, as aforesaid, with all their appurtenances
in the fields and groves, the pastures and meadows, the lakes and
rivers, the fisheries and fishing rights, the highways and byways, the
game preserves in the forests, and other accustomed liberties. Given at
Limerick on the feast of the apostles Peter and Paul, A.D. 1189. These
witnesses being present, namely, M. (Maurice), Archbishop of Cashel ;
A. ? C. (Constantine), Bishop of Killaloe ; A. Bishop of Kilfenora ;
B. (Brictius), Bishop of Limerick; M. MacMahon, C. O'Conchur, and
many others.' " l
We only possess this charter in a copy made in 1461 for Thady,
Bishop of Killaloe. The only other documents of Donaldmore are not
foundation charters, but mere grants of land to Holycross ALbey and
Limerick Cathedral, so they are not capable of comparison. Donaldmore
appears in them as "Donaldus Rex Limericensis," and "D. di gra
LiiSicensis," and we find the " appurtenances," " fields, woods, pastures,
meadows, waters, &c.," and " for the welfare of my soul and the souls
of my parents " in the undoubted charters. It is true that the king's
epithet "magnus" is suspicious, but the coincidence of the presence of
the bishops of Kilfenora and Limerick, whose rights were touched
at Caheradery, Iniscatha and Kilkerrily, and of the chiefs MacMahon
and O'Conor, in whose territories certain lands were granted, favours the
1 Journal, 1893, p. 78.
120 KOYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
genuineness of the document. We may also note the inclusion of
Killone and Inchicronan, the sites of the other Augustinian houses
among the possessions of the abbey of "Forgy."
We next hear of the abbey in 1226.1 Pope Honorius III. wrote from
the Lateran to his son " T," abbot of the monastery of SS. Peter and
Paul, " de Forgio," directing the judges to proceed against Robert
Travers, who had " unjustly and by simony been made Bishop of
Killaloe " by the influence of his uncle Geoffrey de Marisco, the justiciary,
and the connivance of Donchad Cairbrech O'Brien, chief of Thomond, in
1217. The abbot took much trouble in the matter, and even went to
Rome to inform the Pope as to the facts of the case, for which labour his
expenses are directed to be paid by the bishopric.
In 1278 Thomond was the theatre of a civil war of unusual horror,
and, backed by the English of Bunratty, Donchad, the son of the late
chief Brian Roe, had attained a temporary success. His rival, Torlough
O'Brien, however, ventured out of the woods of Furroor to the west of
Ennis, and went to the MacMahons of Corcovaskin to claim their aid. In
his absence his brother Donall, with the Macnamaras, O'Deas, and the
men of Owney, in county Limerick, determined to strike a blow at the
adherents of Prince Donchad.
They concealed themselves for four days among the thick green oak
woods and clear streams of Drumgrencha on the bank of the Fergus. At
length their unsuspecting opponents, Mahon, son of Donall Connachtagh
O'Brien with his adherents and the O'Gradies, billeted themselves at
Clare Abbey (the first usage of this name for " Forgy.") Their rest was
but short. Soon an alarm was raised, and they saw advancing the
embroidered standard of Donallbeg O'Brien and the crimson coats of his
followers. They " agreed that their lives would be longer for getting
out of liis way," and rushed out of the abbey in the utmost confusion,
so " the rout of the abbey on Mahon O'Brien " became a proverb in the
mouths of clan Torlough. Unfortunately the matter did not end in
honourable battle, but left a stain on Donallbeg's bravery and his
followers. They captured many of the " soldiers, fair-haired women,
little boys, servants, kerne, horseboys, and herdsmen," making of them
"one universal litter of slaughter, butchering both prisoners and cattle
in the bog of Monashade," between Furroor and Dysert. " The carnage
of Clare " took place almost in the presence of the united forces of Sir
Thomas de Clare and Donchad's uncle, Murchad O'Brien ; the slayers
then escaped between two detachments of their foes at Dysert and Rath,
taking refuge in the hills of Echtghe then covered with wolf -haunted
forests and nearly impenetrable.
It is stated (though not in the "Wars of Torlough" or the older
Annals) that when retribution overtook Donallbeg not long afterwards
1 Theiner's " Monumenta," p. 218; " Cal. Papal Letters," Regesta Hon., iii.,
1217, p. 50 ; and Journal, 1893, p. 190.
AUGUSTINIAN HOUSES OF THE COUNTY CLARE, ETC. 121
— when he was carried on horseback, dying in that fierce gallop, with
the steel of an English mason fixed in his back — his body was brought
from the gate of the "round towered castle of Quin" to be buried in
Clare Abbey. If so, no monument now remains.
In the *Papal taxation of 1302-1306, the abbey " De Forgio " was
assessed at two marks, and the temporalities of its abbot at three marks.
No other record occurs for a century and a half.
About the end of that century, to judge from the ruins, the long
church of Donald More was divided into nave and chancel by the erection
of a plain and somewhat ungraceful belfry tower resting on two pointed
arches of much better design than the rest of the structure.
On June 18th, 1461, Thady, Bishop of Killaloe, seems to have been
culled upon to examine and exemplify the ancient charter. At the
present time it is impossible to discover the reason for the event, and the
evidently contemporaneous repairs of the southern wing of the domicile.
It occurred while Teige Acomhad O'Brien was prince of Thomond, but
the annals of his not very eventful reign do not help us. We might at
most conjecture that the prince may have undertaken some works on the
abbey to ward off disease or unpopularity, for MacFirbis, in recording
his death, suys "the multitudes envious eyes and hearts shortened his
days." "Know all" — writes the prelate — "by these letters and the
ancient charter of Donellusmore Ibrien, King of Limerick, founder and
patron of the religious and venerable house of canons regular ' de
Forgio ' ' — what are the possessions of the abbey and its rights and
alms. The full copy of the older charter is given, compared, attested,
and sealed by Eugene O'Heogenayn, the notary, in the monastery of
Clare, July 18th, 1461, the third year of the bishop's consecration. It
is witnessed by Donat Macrath, vicar of Killofiin ; John Connagan,
cleric, and Donald MacGorman.1
The convent was formally dissolved by Henry VIII., and granted
with other lands and religious houses, to Donogh, Baron of Ibracken, in
1543. The grantee was pledged to forsake the name " Obrene," to use
the English manners, dress, and language, to keep no kerne or gallow-
glasses, obey the king's laws and answer his writs, to attend the Deputy
and succour no traitors. In 1573 and again on October 2nd, 1578, it was
re-granted to Conor, Earl of Thomond. It was held by Sir Donnell
O'Brien and his son Teige in 1584, and confirmed to other Earls of
Thomond — to Donough on January 19th, 1620, and to Henry on Septem-
ber 1st, 1661. It was occupied by a certain Robert Taylor about 1635.2
Its monastic history had not, however, closed. Nicholas O'Nelan,
Abbot of Clare, is given in the list of monks living in the diocese of
1 " Collectanea de rebus Monast. Hibernije," MSS. T.C.D., F. 1. 15.
2 Funeral Entries Ulster's Office. The only relevant entry relating to the monas-
tery in the middle of the century is " BalHloughfadda north, heing ahbey lands,
belonging to the Abbey of Clare"— "Book of Distribution," pp. 316, 317 (1655).
122 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
Killaloe in 1613, seventy years after the dissolution.1 Teige O'Griffa, a
priest, officiated at Dromcliff, Killone, and Clare Abbey in 1622. The
Kev. Dr. De Burgho, Vicar-General of Killaloe, was its Abbot, 1647-
1650, and two years later Roger Orrasby and Hugh Carighy, priests of
Clare, were hanged without a trial by the Puritans. They were, however,
possibly parish priests, and not monks.
In 1681 Thomas Dyneley's sketch of the abbey shows it as unroofed
except the south-west room with its high chimney. A small chapel, its
gables boldly capped with large crosses, adjoined the east end of the
abbey church, and was evidently in use. Dyneley tells us that the
building " was also thought to have been founded by the sayd Duke
(Lionel of Clarence, 1361), for the love he bore and in memory of a
priory of that name in Suffolk, where his first wife was buried." Dyneley
probably heard this unfounded legend from some English settler, who
tried to account for the name, oblivious of the plank causeway across the
muddy creek which, perhaps, for centuries before Duke Lionel's time,
had given the neighbouring village its name, Claremore, or Clar atha
da Choradh.
Allemand very briefly notes the place in 1690, but does not imply
that the monks held it at that time.
THE RUINS.
The O'Briens having chosen Ennis Friary as their burial place from
the 13th century, and the Macnamaras founding Quin and using it as
their cemetery, the chiefs seem to have lost all interest in the Augustinian
houses. Accordingly, it is only in the bell tower and a few windows in
Clare, in a few windows and doors in Killone, and in the transept of
Inchicronan that we find any trace of work later than the . period of the
foundation.
The name Kilmony suggests that Clare (like Inchicronan) stood on
the site of an older church, but if so the only suggestion of a pre-Korman
building at Clare may be an early-looking bullaun in a rounded block of
pink granite, and, perhaps, a carved block over one of the northern
windows of the choir.
The ruins consist of a church and cloister with ranges of domestic
buildings to the east and south of the garth, and a gateway and
enclosures.
THE CHDRCH was originally a long oblong building, 128 feet by 31 feet,
externally. The interior was subsequently divided into a nave and chancel
by a belfry tower, and is 23 feet 4 inches wide, the nave being 57 feet long,
the belfry 15 feet 9 inches, and the chancel 48 feet 5 inches. The west
window had fallen in 1680, but the gable was held up by its own solidity
and the tightly -knotted ivy. It is now supported by a modern arch.
There are a number of putlock holes in the north wall. In the same
1 MSS. T.C.D., E. 3. 15.
AUGUSTINIAN HOUSES OF THE COUNTY CLARE, ETC. 123
wall are a pointed door and a late traceried window of the same period
as the east window, the hood ending in a human face to the north end
(fig. 1, p. 124). Both walls are capped by a plain neat cornice and
broken battlements.
The belfry has no staircase ; it had three floors resting on corbels, the
second had a double light window with cinquefoil heads in each of the side
walls. The lower was reached by two large slightly-pointed doors open-
ing on to the gutters. The battlements of the tower are low and badly-
Plan of Clare Abbey.
REFERENCE. — A. Doorways. B. Window (fig. i, p. 124). c. Window (fig. 2, p. 124).
i). Window (fig. 3, p. 124). F. Tomb and early Slit Window.
proportioned. The barge stones were nearly all loose, and some were
balanced in a most precarious state ; they were reset in the repairs of
December, 1898, and January, 1899. The arches underneath are pointed,
ind are made of finely- cut limestone, with ribs resting on neat corbels ;
here are also corbels for a rood loft. The belfry dates from about the
middle of the fifteenth century. A large tomb slab stands in the north
recess under the tower, which is lit by a very primitive round-headed
window slit with the usual chamfer and recess. The slab has no carving
•or inscription.
124
ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
The chancel had three north lights, a double one near the helfry, its
head now destroyed, another of the time of the foundation. This has the
pointed head recess and chamfer characteristic of the period, while over
it on the outside is set a stone carved with scrolls (fig. 2, infra). East
of it is a low arch, and between it and the other window is a pointed
arch, long built up. The east window is late and of the same period as
the one in the nave; it has two shafts interlacing into two large pear-
shaped loops, and a smaller one at the apex (fig. 3, infra}. The whole is
set in the arch of an older and larger window which, like the opes at
Killaloe and Canons Island, probably once had five lights. A modern
Clare Abbey Windows.
(1) North Nave. (2) North Chancel. (3) East Chancel.
tomb of the Laffan family occupies the site of the altar. The only others
of note are those "of Charles Hallinan, dyed ye 15 iune, 1692." Owen
O'Haugh, 1726, and others of the same family ; and one of Dennis Flin,
1755, near the altar, with a quaint epitaph : —
" Death's Our end, and to the grave We go,
But Where or When no man can tell or know."
The church lies along the north side of the cloister garth, and pro-
jects 14 feet beyond the eastern rooms. A range of domestic buildings
adjoins from the chancel, and another lies along the southern side of the
garth. There were no buildings to the west of the cloister. The latter
space is nearly square, being 85 feet by 85 feet 9 inches. The corbels
CLAKE ABBEY — INTEKIOU. OF CHURCH.
JOUR. R.S.A.I., vol. x., pt. 2, p. 125.
AUGUSTINIAN HOUSES OF THE COUNTY CLARE, ETC. 125
and weather ledge along the church wall shows there was a roofed walk
probably without an arcade. It had a skew arch, like those at Clare
Galway and Canons Island, but with a plainly chamfered rib and no
corbel, at the south-east corner.
THE SOUTHERN WING contains a kitchen and refectory divided by a
double fireplace with a lofty chimney, which leans ominously towards the
east since 1868, when I first remember it. This was evidently an after-
thought, and does not bond into either wall ; a door lay to the north of
it. The western room was two stories high, with a wooden floor resting
on corbels. Much of its south wall fell out in 1875 or 1876. The south
wing has nearly all its features defaced ; there only remain two double-
light windows with trefoil heads and heavy angular hoods, a type which
was in common use in county Clare (both in churches and castles) in the
middle of the fifteenth century. One of these
is in the west gable, another in the eastern
another window is thickly ivied, but
1886.
Clare Abbey — South Window.
room
seems to have had only one light. The rest
were destroyed before 1793.1 Four breaks, of
which those at the extreme angles were evi-
dently doors, open into the garth. A late
gateway near the church is the only one in
the west wall. Another leads into the nave,
and three gaps and a door into the east wing,
besides a long gap, probably made when the
vault of the Crowes of Dromore was con-
structed about 27 years ago.
THE EASTERN WING, like the southern, is
20 feet 6 inches wide; it is 109 feet long.
There is no visible trace of sub-division, and
all the features are defaced except a small
window-slit at the south-east angle and in the east wall, a rude door in
the west wall, and a window in the south gable. This originally con-
sisted of two oblong lights, the sill and shaft of which were broken
away ; above these is an elaborate and boldly cusped tracery, consisting
of six trefoils and a quatrefoil, the whole framed in a projecting hoodr
richly moulded and coming down the sides. It recalls a window at
Ballyhack, and a simpler one at Rath f ran, in Co. Mayo. Nearly all the
outer wall of this wing has been levelled.
The site is in a grassy field with outcrops of rock, closely beset on
three sides by swamps, into which the Fergus finds its way in floods. It
was an unpromising site, very unlike those of the other monasteries and
even churches, and, unless some sanctity attached itself to Kilmoney,
seems badly chosen, being neither sheltered nor commanding, while
1 Grose's " Ireland," vol. ii., PI. vin., p. 80.
T~ .. i? c A T f Vol. x., Fifth Series. . L
Jour. R.S.A.I. | Vo, 30; Consec Ser |
I2d KOYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
better sites exist close to it in every direction. The district was, how-
ever, in some sense a focus of religious activity in the older times, six
centuries before Donald More. Less than a mile to the north the grim
stone faces on the ivied church of Doora stare across the swamp. Little
over a mile to the east stands the venerable church of Killoe (Killuga in
1302), the cell of some Lugad, perhaps the earlier patron of Killaloe.
About a mile from Killoe, the "Cyclopean" foundations, rude earth works
and well of Kilbrecan or Camtemple, mark the monastery, traditionally
the earliest in Clare, founded towards the end of the fifth century by
Brecan, son of Eochy Baillderg, one of the earliest evangelisers of Thomond
and A ran.
KILLONE CONVENT. l
This is probably the " Kellonia" given to Clare Abbey in 1189. It
was evidently built at an earlier date than the other churches of King
Donald, and before the Norman style had finally given way to the Gothic,
which in Ireland was practically a contemporary, if not a predecessor, of
the Norman. This may seem paradoxical, but when we see the Gothic
arcades of Manister, dating from 1160, and the pointed windows of
Killaloe, dating 1182, while the contemporaneous Christ Church in
Dublin had Norman transepts, the conclusion is unavoidable.
Legend attributes Killone to Donald More, and its style and affinities
to his other buildings support the story. Its first appearance in our
Annals2 is in 1260, when " Slaney, O'Bryan's daughter, abbesse of Kill
Eoni, chiefe in devotion, almes-deedes and hospitality of all women in
Munster, died. The King of Heaven be prosperous to her soule ! Thady
O'Bryan (also) died. Good news for the English ! " Slaney was sister
to Donchad Cairbrech, King of Thomond, the founder of Ennis Eriary.
In 1302 the " Monastery of St. John " appears in the Papal taxation,
assessed at 4 marks, but although the order of places seems to identify
this with Killone, it may be Tyone, in the county Tipperary.
History is then silent till 1584, when we find it vested in the crown.
Tradition and an allusion in a satire3 of 1617 tell how a Lady Honora
O'Brien, in her youth, had embraced the religious life in Killoan, county
Clare, but ran off with Sir Roger O'Shaughnessy, of Gort, and had a
son and daughter before they got the Pope's dispensation for their
marriage. The convent is briefly mentioned in the visitation of Killa-
loe, as " Impr Dno. Baron Inchiquin, church and chancel downe, no
curate, sequest, 1617." It does not seem to have been revived in
1641.
THE SITE.
The situation of the convent is extremely picturesque, lying on the
hillside at the northern end of a lake. This water is itself a centre of
1 Previous accounts in " Diocese of Killaloe," p. 491 ; Journal ll.S.A.L, 1891,
p. 410 ; " Towers and Temples," p. 374.
2 « Older Annals of Inisfallen " (old translation), T.C.D.
3 O'Daly's " Satirical Poem on the Tribes of Ireland," p. 41.
ABBEY FROM THE SOUTH.
KILLONE CONVENT FKOM THE SOUTH-WEST.
JOUR. R.S.A.I., vol. x., pt. 2, p. 126.
AUGUST1NIAN HOtTSES OF THE COUNTY CLARE, ETC. 127
curious folk-lore : it was, legends say, the abode of a mermaid, who, in
the O'Briens' time, used to swim up a small brook and steal wine in the
cellars of Newhall. Better for her had she kept to her own element, for
the butler lay in wait and stabbed her ; her blood stained all the lake,
and as she floated away faint and weak, she prophesied that in like
manner would the O'Briens pass away from Newhall. The lake still
becomes a rusty red, from iron mud in the shale ; this happens at long-
intervals, usually after a dry summer, and is believed to forebode a
change of occupants to the neighbouring house. It last happened (it is
said) when the present owner leased the place to one of the O'Briens.
Few more delightful walks can be imagined than that through the
neighbouring demesne of Edenvale to Killone. Through a deep and
narrow valley, richly wooded with every variety of tree, the haunt of
rooks and herons. We pass the house of Edenvale on its bold and
ivied cliff, and the picturesque little cemetery in the glen. The path
runs beside a lake abounding in wild fowl, and fringed with the bulrush,
iris, and flowering rush, past the picturesque old garden, with mellow
brick walls and two lofty terraces, with long flights of steps reflected
among the water lilies. We pass the foundations of the castle and bawn
of Killone on its abrupt rock, and the old brick house of Newhall, and
stand on the grassy ridge looking down on the roofless convent.
The ridge is for the most part thickly wooded. Down its farther
slope falls a little stream over a shelf of rock amidst tufted ferns, losing
itself in the reeds. At the eastern end, the river out of Killone Lake,
banked on the farther shore by walls of rock capped with great boulders,
flows through tangled masses of reeds and water-lilies towards Ballybeg
Lake. Some tall and venerable trees in the graveyard make a vista with
those on the hill ; through its opening can be seen Clare Abbey, which
the monotonously common legend asserts to be connected with Killone
by an underground passage, two miles long. The woods of Dromoland,
the island-studded estuary of the Fergus, the towers of Quin Abbey,
Danganbrack, Moghane, Cleenagh, Urlane, and Canons Island are plainly
visible. The hill of Moghane, girt with its prehistoric ring-walls, rises
to the south, the wooded hills of Paradise and Cragbrien appear on the
western side of the estuary, and to the east the landscape is bounded by
the blue and brown Slieve Bernagh, and the more distant mountains
beyond the plains of Limerick, on the borders of Cork and Waterford.
The convent lies on the slope, and from the steep fall of the ground is
very irregular, both as to its levels and plan, the latter being much off
the square. The churchyard is shockingly overgrown and overcrowded,
riddled with the burrows of rats and rabbits, and despite of its being the
place of burial of several county families — those of Darcy, Daxon,
England, Lucas, Macdonnell, and Stacpoole — has no pleasing feature
except the fine row of dark and lofty Florence- court yews along the
eastern face of the church.
L2
128
ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
The RUINS consist of a church and cloister.
THE CHURCH. — The church is so curiously constructed and repaired
as to be worth some detailed notice. It was originally 129 feet long;
the west end was 31 feet wide, the east 36 feet 9 inches. The north
wall was all of one piece, but in later times a strong partition wall with
a gable was built across the nave, leaving an irregular eastern portion
86 feet 6 inches to 88 feet long, and 27 feet to 28 feet 2 inches wide,
the lesser dimensions being to the north and west. The excluded
western portion was fitted with a fireplace, and is used for the burial-
place of the Stacpooles of Edenvale, but all features are destroyed.
The south pier of the belfry leans over, " kicked out "by the heavy
pitched blocks of the head, which form a pointed arch. At some later
period the upper portions of the side walls of the church were rebuilt
KILLONE CONVENT — DETAILS AND FRAGMENTS.
1 and 4, Corbels. 2 and 5, Windows. 3, 6, 7, and 8, Doors.
and crowned with a neat corbelled cornice. The old walls being
crooked, the upper part overhangs or sets back an inch or so according
to the " wind " in the lower part, and this uncomely feature occurs on
the inner and outer faces of both sides ; the walls are 13 feet 9 inches
high in the chancel, and nearly three feet more in the nave. At the
.south-east external angle is a curious corbel, a human bust with a strange
cap and upraised hands (fig. 1 , supra) ; the hair falls in two conventional
ringlets, but the appearance of great age springs rather from unskilful
carving than from antiquity, as similar corbels of the fourteenth and
even fifteenth century are not uncommon. The north wall shows
patches of late masonry and arch-like arrangements of stones telling of
considerable repairs in later mediaeval times. Indeed, at one point a
large gap must have been filled up in later days, though most of the
outer face is original. The only features are the defaced north door
AUGUSTINIAN HOUSES OF THE COUNTY CLARE, ETC. 129
(reconstructed in an absurd manner with blocks from the cornice in
1895), a projecting holy water stoup, and a well executed double
KILLONH CONVENT— SECTION AND PLAN.
(a) Stacpoole burial-place.
(6) Stoup.
(c) Font.
(d) Early Tombstone.
(e) Entrance to Stairs leading to Crypt.
(/) Corbel with Nun's Head.
(g j Lucas Monument.
(n) Daxon Monument.
•window. The two lights are entire; it probably dates from the four-
teenth century, but is best described by the plan and illustration. It
130 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
seems to have replaced a richly moulded one ; part of the eastern jamb of
the inner splay only remains, and probably one of the loose blocks
belonged to its heads.
The floor rises some 3 feet at this -window, and marks the extent of
the crypt. Near it is a simple but interesting font, resting on an octagonal
pillar, with round fillets to four
sides, and a moulded head with a
round basin. There are two ancient
tapering tombstones or coffin lids,
i?!1
Killone Convent — North "Window.
Font.
both quite plain, one being chamfered } they lie near the west end. The
floor was evidently at all times on the same level, as shown by the rough-
ness of the wall below the ground line. Among the fragments lying in the
church are a block from a window head, decorated with chevrons in bold
relief (figs. 2 and 5, p. 128), a piece of a moulding, trefoil -shaped in sec-
tion, and a portion of the central shaft of a window, with moulded fillets,
perhaps part of an inner detached shaft of the northern window, which
may have resembled the south one at Tomfinlough, in the same county.
Half of the south wall has fallen ; in the remainder are a window slit
near the east end, the sill alone being ancient, and a slightly pointed
door, leading to the upper story of the domicile. I heard from one who
remembered the ruin before the wall fell,1 that a door stood near the west
1 Told me, when a boy, by an ancient retainer of the Stacpooles of Edenvale, John
(Shaneen) O'Halloran, whose ripe old age of over 80 years, at his death, was magnified
to 110 years by the local press.
AUGUSTINIAN HOUSES OF THE COUNTY CLARE, ETC. 131
end, opposite that in the north wall. The blocks of these doors lie about
the graveyard, and in a plantation opposite the east end of the convent,
in the wood above St. John's well. These have, some, late mouldings,
with quatrefoils in the cavetto ; others, angular headings; and one, a
plain chamfer. Unfortunately, at the recent repairs, some were brought
back to the graveyard, where they are getting dispersed and lost. I
understand that the more elaborate blocks belonged to the south door
(figs. 3, 7, 8, ],. 128).
Killone Convent— East Window (Interior).
The last, but most interesting, feature of the church is the east]window.
It is double, with two semicircular headed lights, lined with smooth
stone work. The inner heads have plain hoods, and a bold band of raised
lozenges, once in high relief, and similar to those at TCillaloe Cathedral,
1182. This carved arch rested on capitals of bold twelfth century foliage.
These had small detached shafts in niches, resting on decorated corbels.
The southern has been forced out of its recess by the ivy. The outer
face of the window has only a recess and chamfer. The frames of the
glass were held by twelve pins on each side to a flat edge, and not set
into a reveal or channel, as was usually done. A passage, with two
flights of steps, leads through trefoil-headed opes in the piers, along the
sills, and up a broken but accessible stair at the south-east angle, to the
gutter of great flagstones from the quarries of the farther west, and a
beautiful view of the lake and ruins.1
1 The floor is paved with numerous tombstones, dating from 1760 to the present
century. The names of the following families appear :— Commane, Conden, Corhett,
Cusack, Daly, Donnelly, Egan, Galvin, Lillis, Maclnerney, Molony, Neagle,
O'Falvy, O'Keefe, Power, Ready, and others.
132 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
THE CLOISTER. — South of the church lies an irregular cloister from
51 feet 6 inches to 51 feet north and south, and from 46 feet 6 inches
to 44 feet east and west. It is surrounded by buildings, the church
lying to the north, but the walls to that side have fallen down the
slope, and the western wall is levelled ; indeed, only two fragments of
the western wing, and the inner wall of the southern rooms, are stand-
ing. This latter has two doors, the eastern pointed, the western late
semicircular. The " Tuscan " monument of Timothy Lucas, who died
1759, erected by his son Joseph, 1763, stands against the western end,
and the table-tomb of the Daxons rests upon the south-eastern angle of
the west wing. The only surviving feature of the south wall is the
lower part (the sill and the chamfered sides) of a door at the east end.
A similar, but perfect pointed door, leads into the eastern building or
domicile. To the south-east angle of this is attached, what, at any
rate, in its present state, is a burial enclosure, but seems old.
THE DOMICILE projects 58 feet from the church, from which a door
led to its upper story. It is very rudely built, much patched, and is
internally 20 feet wide. It was lighted towards the garth by two old-
looking, unglazed window slits, with round heads, scooped out of a single
stone, but the dressing seems late ; the shutter sockets still remain. The
east wall has a very late fifteenth-century window with two ogee heads ;
the shaft is either modern, or belonged to a different window having a
reveal. There are three patches of later masonry like closed windows,
and two late oblong lights in the east side of the upper story ; a well cut
round-headed door in the same wall near the church, and three small
window slits in the south gable ; all the lights on the ground floor were
unglazed, but had shutters turning on pivots. The upper ceiling rested
on corbels, five of which project from the east wall. There is no trace
of corbels or holes for the floor of the upper room, which was reached
from the church by a door whose sill is 10 feet above the ground level.
Directly under this a small lintelled door gives access to the crypt by a
narrow and broken flight of steps in the thickness of the wall ; they are
only lit by a small round loop.
THE CRYPT is an unusual feature in our abbeys, and was needed in
this case to raise the east end of the church to the level of the ground at
its west end, 15 feet 4 inches above the graveyard at the east gable.
It is a plain pointed vault, originally turned over wickerwork, and is
paved with the graves of the Macdonnells from 1799. Tradition alleged
that the bones of the nuns lay undisturbed in this room till the end
of the last century. There were two very long and narrow east slits,
of which, owing to the batter, the lower parts sloped out, but the
southern has been replaced by a modem gate under a slab, carved with
the name and arms of the Macdonnells. This family we may note
made a most creditable attempt to repair the ruins. Their work is still
apparent in the jambs of the north windows and staircase door of the
KlLLOXE COXVEXT THE CHURCH.
— INTEUIOH OF CHUHCH.
JOUR. R.S.A.T., vol. x., pt. 2, p. 132.
AUGUSTINIAN HOUSES OF THE COUNTY CLARE, ETC. 133
church, and the east window and door of the domicile. Unfortunately,
the usual silly rumour, that bones were being removed and thrown into
the lake, spread to Ennis, and caused so much excitement and ill-will,
that the works were stopped. Nothing more was done (save some
attempts by the Stacpooles and the writer of this paper, at intervals, to
free the east window from destructive ivy) until the mainly good and
prudent work done by the Board of Public Works in 1894-1895.
ST. JOHN'S HOLY WELL. — In a grove on the shore of the lake, to the
due east of the convent, lie the quaint pretty well, altar, and bathing-
tank, once the scene of a far-famed "pattern." "Hounds" are still
made there each June, but, though the piety still remains, the dissipation
has been stopped, and witli it the merrymaking. The altar bears an
inscription on its north side: "THIS ALTAE WAS | BUILT BY ANTHONY |
HOCH, MEECHANT | FEOM ENNIS | 1731 |J| i.H.s." A number of large
sea-pebbles lie upon it, and numerous offerings are found fixed upon a
tree near the well. China, plaster figures, small pictures, coins, nails,
pins, buttons, and such like : only valuable as marks of the simple faith
of the donors — mostly poor, sick, and afflicted people.
INCHICEONAN.
Little as we can recover about the history of the other Augustinian
houses, -less is extant about Inchicronan. Whose name it bears is abso-
lutely forgotten : he may have been the monk connected with Tomgraney
and Tomfinlough, who probably lived about 550. The site was granted
to Clare Abbey in 1189, and legend says it was founded by Donald More :
however, it was only a parish church in 1302. It was held by friars in
1584, and was repaired as a parish church by Donogh, Earl of Thomond,
in 1615.
Reading between the lines, with the aid of the ruins, it becomes evi-
dent that a church, dating from about 1080 to 1100, stood on the site.
To this was added a transept and small residence about 1400 to 1430.
The building was probably not an abbey for 110 years after Donald More's
death; but some monks may have used it as a cell of " Forgy" during
the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries ; and it may have formed, from its
loneliness and obscurity, a haven of refuge for the dispersed community
during the reign of Elizabeth. The occupation by a body founded by
Donald More left a misleading tradition to the writers of the following
century. At any period it must have been a place in which it was fitter
that wild fowl should nest than that human beings should spend their
lives.1
THE SITE. — The building lies in a prettily wooded district, at the
end of a long tongue of land projecting into the Lake of Inchicronan,
near Crusheen. The peninsula was once, it seems, cut into two islands ;
1 We found a wild duck's nest within the ruin on the occasion of our first visit.
134 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
but they are now connected with each other and the northern shore hy a
causeway and boggy fields ; even still, the ruins are isolated after
unusually heavy rains.
We pass through open fields and bogs, tufted with the sweetly-
smelling bog myrtle, and vividly recalling on a bright summer day the
joyous scenes in which tbe heroes of Finn loved to hunt as described in
our older poetry : —
" Brilliance of the season ever on the margin,
The summer swallow skims the wave,
The swift horses seek the pool.
The heath spreads out its long hair,
The weak fair bog-down grows."1
30 FEET
ANCIENT CHURCH
14?7 CENTURY,
LATER
\ttb-
Inchicronan — Plan .
Passing the ivied and nearly featureless castle, we find the little ruin in
a craggy field on the very edge of the lake, embedded in hawthorn, elder,
huge hemlocks and nettles, often higher than a man.
The church is oblong, 66 feet by 16 feet 6 inches internally. The
east window is part of an older church, with a wide splay and semi-
circular heads. The head of the light is cut out of a single block, the outer
face of which is curiously carved, and dates at least from the end of the
" Ossianic Society," vol. iv., p. 303.
AUGUSTINIAN HOUSES OF THE COUNTY CLARE, ETC. 135
llth century (see illustration). The window-head contains a well-cut
spray of foliage, some of the leaves ending in spirals. Of this only
inaccurate drawings have been hitherto published.1 A small sacristy,
with plain slit windows, adjoins the east end of the church on the north
side, and is entered by a pointed door. The transept opens from the
church by two neat, pointed arches, the central pier being only 8 inches
thick. The mouldings mark it as dating about 1400, to which period the
cornice above it may be attributed. The south window had two shafts
interlacing with cusping pieces over the main lights.
flf 7
I&98
Inchicronan — Head of East Window (a an Plan).
The other features of the nave and domicile are defaced : the latter had
two rooms. A small porch or chapel (b on plan) projects from the eastern
face of the transept. It has a doorway in the east end, and is nearly filled
by the tombs of the Butlers of Ballyline, which all but conceal the older
monument. The latter is decorated with a shield, bearing three covered
cups. The epitaph is of Theobald Butler of Ballyline, 1735, grandson of Sir
Theobald Butler, a well known lawyer of the time of James II. Prom the
south-east angle of the transept a wall projects for some 200 feet, and
has a late pointed arch, now closed (c on plan). It bounds the present
graveyard on the south.
Few people visit the overgrown ruins ; and as no one has given a
detailed account of them, or of the two larger monasteries described in
this Paper, I have ventured to lay these notes, views, and plans before
our Society, to try to fill up one of the numerous gaps in the monastic
topography of Munster.2
1 "Towers and Temples of Ireland." "Report of Board of Works," 1879-80.
In other respects the elevations in the latter work are excellent.
2 I must thank Mr. James Mills, Deputy Keeper of the Records, for assistance
with documents relating to the ruins ; and Mr. Richard Stacpoole, and Miss Gwen-
doline Stacpoole, not only for photographic and other help, but for notes on the con-
dition and repairs of Killone and Clare during their restoration.
136 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
THE GUILD OF CUTLERS, PAINTER-STAINERS AND STA-
TIONERS, BETTER KNOWN AS THE GUILD OF ST. LUKE
THE EVANGELIST, DUBLIN.
BY CHARLES T. KEATINGE, FELLOW INSTITUTE OF BRITISH DECORATORS.
[Read MARCH 27, 1900.]
^PHE Records of the Dublin Guild of St. Luke from which my informa-
tion has been gleaned, consist of sixteen volumes, giving a most
minute account of all transactions from the date of the constitution
of the guild, by a Royal Charter of King Charles II., on October 4,
1670, till its disestablishment by Act of Parliament in 1841. They
are complete, no book is missing, and are remarkably well kept and
written, and copiously indexed.
They came to light quite accidentally. Mr. William Martin, of 18,
St. Stephen' s-green, was doing some work for Mr. F. C. Earle Bland, at
10, St. Stephen' s-green, in October, 1897. Mr. Bland mentioned to Mr.
Martin's foreman that he had the books of the Guild of St. Luke ; this
he reported to his employer, who brought the matter before the Dublin
Guild of Master Painters, whereupon the Officers bought them and
presented them to the guild, by whose kind permission they have been
placed at my disposal for describing.
The chief function of these guilds was the regulation of their
particular trade or business to the exclusion of all " intruders," but they
also had a public function. The Corporation of Dublin consisted of re-
presentatives of the twenty-six guilds. The Guild of St. Luke con-
tributed three members. They also had a constable who arrested all
persons guilty of breaches against their various bye-laws.
The Guild of St. Luke the Evangelist, I believe had a more ancient
existence than these records show, but their historical existence only
dates from their Charter.
The Guild was governed by one Master and two Wardens, represent-
ing the three faculties of Cutlers, Painter-stainers, and Stationers, and a
Council who were elected on the 24th of August of each year. On May
14th, 1765, voting by ballot was instituted. Samuel Cotton (Cutler) was
first Master, Richard Carney ( Painter- stainer) and John North (stationer)
were first Wardens. When anyone was elected to an office, he had the
option of serving his year or paying a fine, as per bye-laws, No. 11
and 12 of 1670 ; on refusal, the Master paid £10, the Warden £5, and a
Beadle 80s. Another bye-law enacts " that a Warden shall not neglect
his duty on any days of attendance, being duly summoned thereto, or shall
THE GUILD OF ST. LUKE THE EVANGELIST, DUBLIN. 137
pay the sum of 5*.," and another regulation was " that if a Councillor
appear not in a 'gowne,' he shall pay 2s. 6d." All members had to
swear allegiance to the King, and to be of the Protestant religion. I
have here for your examination two parchments with the oaths
subscribed to, which deal mostly with debatable doctrinal subjects.
The first Eoman Catholic was admitted July 2nd, 1793, but I find no
Eoman Catholic could be apprenticed, or ever was taken as an ap-
prentice. Edward Rurke was the first Quaker admitted May 13th,
1712, with a special form of affirmation.
The guild had, in the year 1719, 193 members, consisting of eighty-
six Painters, forty-nine Cutlers, fifty-two Stationers, and six Licensed
Hawkers.
The Charter lays down, " That no one was permitted to use or exercise
any of the arts and mysteries of the guild, or vend, utter or sell them,
or import them from over the seas, without being duly apprenticed for
seven years, within the City of Dublin, or seven miles thereof without
the consent of the Master and Wardens." They continually prosecuted
persons for intrusion, and fined them various amounts, or in default " to
lye in ward." For instance, on the 6th of July, 1708, George Bodely
having been taken up the day before for intrusion, he offered a picture
of the Queen's head in a gilt frame, which they were graciously pleased
to accept. This picture is at present in the possession of John Good,
Esq. The guild got together several pictures in this way, for instance, one
Carleton on being brought up in 1720, presented a picture of King William,
and in 1730, John Seymour presented one of George I. as a fine.
When strangers applied for admission they were often required to do
a proof piece, or directed to pay some fine for being admitted. In 1698
Martin Skinner was admitted on presenting a picture of King William, and
in the same year, Andrew Crook presents a silver cup weighing 14 oz.
In 1684, Peter Surville presented a picture, &c., &c., and in 1699, we
find Edward Exshaw and John Roberts being refused admission as " no
painters, nor ever had produced a proof piece."
The Hall, which was first in St. Audoen's Arch, and afterwards
in several other places, must have looked remarkably well on a gala
occasion. Some seventeen to twenty pictures hung round the walls,
allj in gold frames, a fine suit of armour, presented by the Hon.
Colonel Paul, who had married a daughter of Henry Pooley, Master,
was in a corner. There were also a gilt throne or presidential chair
(which is at present I believe in existence) ; the oak chest ; and on the
table a silver cup, bought in 1700 : it weighed 50 oz., 15 p., and the
cover and crest weighed 16 oz., 5 p. ; and finally the great sword of
state borne by the Master on riding the Franchises. At a funeral
service the pictures were all draped, and the coffin in the centre of the
room was covered with a pall of "haire shagg " (bought in 1700, at a
cost £8 15s. lOrf.-
138 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
Like more modern bodies, they often had difficulties in getting their
members together punctually in securing a quorum, and officers neglected
their duties. In 1697, Warden Evans was fined 5s. for u not attending
last day when summoned, and this day is absent again and none to
appear with the key of the chest, he having gone to England and no
deputation left." John Fox, Master, refused to give up the chest and
contents in 1679 ; they got it back again, but there is no note as to how
they settled their differences. In 1713, the Master complained ''that
on the last Hall day he had no appearance of members, by reason
whereof lie could do no business, carried unanimously that if any brother
be not present at least within one hour of the time, shall put into the
poor box the sum of 6d. In 1702, August 24th, no quorum could be got
together, as the militia were in training. They had some difficulty with
their clerk, William Winter. On January 5th, 1702, the Master moved
that William Winter might be removed from the Clerkship of this Guild,
and brought it into a debate, urging and alleging that he had neglected
the office of a clerk, entered his name on the book of brothers contrary
to agreement, affronted some brothers, and by Robert Caddall was
charged to have torn a receipt out of the book of receipts, whereupon a
full examination being made and a long debate had, he was discharged
from and acquitted of all accusations. Three years later, the Master
informing the house that AYilliam Winter did not perform his duties in
several matters relating to the affairs of this Corporation, and several
other complaints being made against him, he was dismissed. Six months
later, Winter presented a petition, desiring to be reinstated, and " 'twas
voted to be a scandalous petition, reflecting on the late Master and
Wardens, and ordered to be burned by the beadle," which was done
accordingly.
The Charter gives very good reasons for its being granted :—
" That whereas we are informed that hitherto there have been no rules or orders
laid down in our City of Dublin for the more skillful and better regulating of the
several arts and mysteries of Cutlers, Painter-stainers, and Stationers, for want of
which many inconveniences do daily arise to our loving subjects there arising, and
whereas humble suit has been made unto us for the erecting of a Corporation, the
same to consist of persons skilled in the exercise of the said several arts and mysteries,
thereby the better to prevent the evil inconveniences and abuses to our loving sub-
jects, which, through the unskillfulness of divers persons exercising the said several
arts, daily happen."
This object, the doing of good work, was most carefully looked after
by I3ye-Law No. 24, March 5, 1 676 :—
" If any person of this Guild being a Painter-stainer, shall at any time hereafter
paint or color any oyle work whatsoever that is to stand without doors in the weather,
and shall instead of an oyle priming use size therewith, or shall not stop the cracks or
sliffts in timber with oyle putty, or shall laker any work whatsoever that is to abide
the weather instead of gold, such person on so oflending, upon complaint being made
THE GUILD OF ST. LUKE THE EVANGELIST, DUBLIN. 139
to the Master of such illwork made and done, whereby his Majesty's subjects are
abused and injured, that upon a view being taken of such insufficient work, and by
them adjudged so to be, shall order the offending party for the first offence to pay
6/8 sterling, and for the second and more offences of this nature, the full value of the
work ill done."
This law was by no means a dead letter, as we find in April, 1700,
that—
"Pursuant to an order to view of the 1st inst., the Master, Mr. Robert Caddell,
Mr. Warden Ellis, and several others, reported to this House that they had been and
viewed some outside oil .work done in York-street by Mr. AVm. Sherriff, Painter-
stainer, and that they do find the same insufficient and defective, and done contrary
to the rules and orders of this Guild, and abuse to the subject, whereas the said
Wm. Sherriff hath been guilty of the same offence and breach of the Law, and for-
given the fine in that case for insufficient work done in Dame-street, it is hereby
ordered that the fine of one-third the value of the work be levied on him, and paid to
the use of the Guild."
Even the celebrated heraldic painter, Aaron Crossley, sometimes did
bad work. In 1704, Mrs. Elizabeth Gunn complained — ,
" That though Crossley did not perform the agreement he made for painting the
figure of a ship, which was brought to the Hall and viewed, and agreed upon that he
ought to finish it soon, or she should not pay him."
In 1698 we have a similar motion with reference to the faculty of
Stationers : —
" Upon a motion made that the title and preface of Cocker's 'Arithmetic' were
printed, and put to Hodder's ' Arithmetic,' and thereby those were deceived that
bought them for Cocker's 'Arithmetic,' on examination of the matter, Mr. Patrick
Campbell, and Mr. Jacob Miller, acknowledged the error, and confessed that a very
few, or not above twenty, were disposed of or sold, so altered ; and promised that
what titles were printed- should be destroyed, and for the future no book should be
sold with a contrary title or preface."
And, in 1699 —
' ' Upon information that the New Testament was lately printed by Bryan
Wilson and Cornelius Carter for James Malone and Partners, with very many errors,
.&c., throughout the impression, ordered that the Stationers, members of this Guild,
have leave to meet and advise what course or method is fit to be taken to suppress or
detect the same, and that the Clerk do draw any petition or address as shall be thought
fit or advisable."
They were also careful with reference to goods belonging to others.
On October, 1704, Mr. Richard Baldwin, Fellow and Registrar of
Trinity College, by order of the Provost and Fellows, sent a letter by
the Master, desiring some method should be laid down and followed, to
prevent buying of books belonging to the " Schoollars."
" Ordered that the Master do make application to the Lord Mayor, and to the Dean
and Chapter of Christ Church, against such persons as are known to use the trade of
buying schollars books," £c.
140 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
These regulations so strictly carried out, needless to say, stamped
all the work done by the guild as first-class. Indeed some of the work
turned out prior to the nineteenth century cannot be surpassed.
Bye-law No. 24, 1670, is worth noticing : —
" It is enacted, established, and for a law made, that such of this Fraternity as
shall speak evil of or revile the Master, shall pay 10/- to the use of the Hall, and such
as shall speak evil of or revile any one of the Wardens, shall pay 5/- to the use of the
Hall, or lye in Ward."
In 1700, Matthew Gunne was fined 10s. for reviling the master,
Mr. Robert Caddall ; and in 1726, it was ordered that Mr. John
Drink water (not a likely name for a brawler), a free brother of this
guild, be, and is hereby fined the sum of 10s. sterling, for reviling and
speaking evil of Mr. Page, the present master, pursuant to a bye-law
for that purpose, and the master having complained to this Hall of the
same, and that he be sued forthwith for what he oweth the Corporation.
Bye-law No. 8 of the same date provides —
" That any brother that shall on any Quarter days, or other days of Meeting,
shall strike, sweare, or be disturbant, he shall pay to the Master I/-, or lye in
Ward."
In all the 171 years of the Guild's existence, I find only one case of
disorderly behaviour. That is a note, " that Darby Doyle be prosecuted
for assaulting "Warden Smurfitt," bearing date, May 7th, 1731.
Another most interesting bye-law specifies —
" That no brother shall at any time colorably go about to get another brother's
work from any person whatsoever on the penalty of 40/-, or lye in Ward."
That this was enforced, we find by reference to April 9,. 1700 : —
"Upon complaint made by Mr. Robert Caddell, that Mr. Henry Dowdall had
taken work out of his hands for which he had agreed and begun, and that the said
Dowdall had entered upon his work by laying coloring on the priming first laid by the
Complainant. Upon examination thereof, and appearing to be truth, and contrary to
the purpose, intent, and meaning of the Bye- Laws of this Guild, it is hereby ordered
that the said fine of 38/- be levied on and paid by the said Hy. Dowdall for the use of
this Guild."
Could any of our Members of Parliament be induced to promote
a Bill on such lines as these, it would help painters a good deal.
I only find one bye-law concerning Cutlers, and none for Stationers :
" No Brother of this Fraternity shall use the mark of another, but each Brother to
have a distinct mark, and they to give their respective marks to the Clerk of this Guild,
under a penalty of 30/-."
Thus we find registered, John Ellis, a tobacco pipe, Joseph Toplin, a
hart and crown, &c., &c., 1699.
The Guild was in a chronic state of want of money, and had the
utmost difficulties in collecting the various moneys due.
THE GUILD OF ST. LUKU THE EVANGELIST, DUBLIN. 141
In 1724 they allowed the Clerk 10 per cent, commission on all
moneys he collected over £22, and in 1728, they—
" Ordered that the Quarterage funds, and all other the profits and dues belonging
to this Corporation, as also the balance now due to the Corporation from the several
brethren and others, he farmed, and set out to the highest bidder, and that Mr. John
Leear, the present Clerk, have the first offer thereof."
Coming down to much more modern times, we find the chest seized by
the Corporation for taxes, but released on payment of amount due.
Notwithstanding their lack of funds, they were always charitable to
their poorer brethren, for instance, Mary Jones, a poor widow, gets
26s. 3d. to go to England, an ancient Cutler, Thomas Glascock, gets
•5s. 5d. quarterly, and Elizabeth Kade, daughter of an old brother, 40s.
per annum.
In 1727, William Kett, the beadle, represented " that by reason of
his great age and infirmity, he is not able to serve the Corporation,
whereupon it was ordered he be paid £5 per annum during the pleasure
of the House."
On one occasion the Guild refused to support a charity, but the reason
they give is such an excellent one, that it commends itself to us : —
" Feb. 23, 1704 : — A motion was made that the Lord Mayor had recommended to
the several Corporations to sustain each Corporation one or more boys in the Blew Coat
Hospital, or pay £9 per annum for each boy they wilt maintain there. Ordered that
the Master do represent to the Lord Mayor the inability of this Guild to comply there-
with to be such, that they cannot supply the real objects, their own Brethren, the
widows or children, which are many."
Ohcirity, they thought, began at home.
The guild was always active in trying to prevent any monopolies
being granted, or such grants made as would injure either them or their
fellow-citizens. John Ray, for instance, presented a most interesting
petition to the Lord Chancellor of Ireland, and to Michael, Lord
Archbishop of Ardmagh, bearing date April 17th, 1685 : —
"That whereas your Petitioner is credibly informed that a Patent is passing the
Broad Seal of this Kingdom of Ireland, in the names of Andrew Crook and Samuel
Holphan, as His Majesty's Printers General, and that many clauses and privileges
therein are prejudicial to your Petitioner if not relieved by your Grace. That your
Petitioner is likewise credibly informed His Majesty's Printers General of England
have not such clauses or privileges thereby as are contained in this Patent, viz. for
the printing of Psalters, Primmers, Almanacks, &c., and many school books besides
(all which are the sole right and property of the Stationers of which your Petitioner is
a free Brother), with restriction to all others for printing or binding them or any other
books without their license, all which your Petitioner humbly contends, and is
credibly informed, to be contrary and repugnant to the Common Laws and Liberty
of the subject, but more particularly to your Petitioner, as he is a free printer by his
service of seven years apprenticeship thereto."
T™., v> <s * i I Vo1- *•• Fifth Series. > M
Jour. R.S.A.I. j Vo, 3Q Consec- Ser- I
142 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
Another interesting petition is that against the introduction of
Wood's halfpennies. Their reason for objecting seems most logical : —
Aug. 24, 1724:— "Whereas a Patent hath been lately obtained by Wm. Wood,
Esq., for coining halfpence and farthings for the Kingdom of Ireland, in which
Patent His Majesty hath been most graciously pleased to leave everyone to his own
choice whether he will receive them or not.
" Now we, the Master, Wardens, and Brethren of the Guild of St. Luke, being
informed that the several Acts of Parliament which expressly declare that all the
Customs of this Kingdom shall be paid in lawful money of England, and no other, do
hereby declare that we will neither take or utter any of the said Wood's halfpence or
farthings on any account whatsoever."
An interesting motion with reference to the Corporation, is that of
April 6th, 1703:—
" Upon a motion and full debate about Sir John Rogerson's grant of the Strand
leading to Bingsend, it was requested by the Brethren and Wardens that the Master,
Wm. Norman and Thos. Daniel, members of this Guild upon the Common Council of
the City, do not agree or give their vote in the said Council for the granting of a fee-
farm for the said Strand, or anything yet offered, or shall for the future be offered in
the said Common Council, without first well considering the same, and informing the
Guild of the same for their advice therein."
I find a few curious entries worthy of notice. In 1703, the master
subscribed £3, and each member Is. for a new map of the City of
Dublin, and in 1704 they subscribed 30s. towards fitting out a privateer
for the protection of the coasts. The next item is beyond my compre-
hension, " That Nick Edwards, Cutler, do pay 5s. quarterly, part of his
bond until further notice, it appearing he hath been in public service in
the army." In the same year —
"It was moved that Mr. Paine had drawn Mr. Ray's picture, and would present
it to be hanged up in the Hall as his gift, it was Nemine Contra, Dicente refused, there
being no order of this House for doing the same, and ordered that Mr. Paine be
desired to draw Mr. Eliphal Dobson's picture, and present it as his gift or acknow-
ledgment to this Guild, and that it be hanged up in the Hall in regard to his charges
and good service during his Mastership."
This was a rather strange way of acknowledging Mr. Paine's share in
the matter.
In 1750, the master and wardens informed the Hall, that the Right
Hon. Thomas Marlay, Lord Chief Justice of the Court of King's Bench,
hath recommended to them to caution this Corporation, particularly
the Stationers and Printers, against printing or publishing any seditious
or libellous papers that might be offensive to the Government, for that
they (the Government) had determined to prosecute, with the utmost
rigour of the law, all such persons as might offend in this part ; ordered
that the master and wardens do acquaint his lordship that this Corpora-
tion will, as far as in them lies, prevent the publication of all such
writings for the future, having the greatest abhorrence of seditious and
THE GUILD OF ST. LUKE THE EVANGELIST, DUBLIN. 143
libellous papers whatsoever, and also that the thanks of this Corporation
be given to his lordship for his seasonable advice.
In the year 1768 we hear, for the first time, of combination amongst
the workmen, and the following account of an attempt to intimidate
John Exshaw's men is most instructive : —
"We, the Master, Wardens, and Brethren, in Common Hall assembled, having
received information upon full and sufficient evidence, that of late several members of
this Guild have suffered great losses and inconvenience By seditious and illegal
associations of some idle, profligate, and insolent Journeymen printers, who have
formed themselves into a Body with intentions of injuring our Brethren, having not
only unlawfully, without notice, or leaving their work in regularity, deserted their
Masters' services, but put in fear and danger of their lives many honest and
industrious tradesmen. And particularly on Monday last, the 12th of September,
between the hours of 11 and 12 o'clock at night, some person or persons (supposed to
be of those printers) did break open the door of Wm. Osborne, Golden-lane, Parish of
St. Briget, Dublin, Journeyman printer (an infirm old man, 68 years of age, con-
stantly esteemed for his integrity and fidelity, and now respected as the oldest trades-
man of bis Fraternity in Dublin), at that time engaged in the service of Mr. John
Exshaw, Bookseller and Printer, a member of this Corporation, and, with hangers
and other weapons, did cut and maim the said Wm. Osborne and his wife in a most
<jruel and inhuman manner, he being disabled for a long time from earning his bread,
and she, by the loss of one of her hands, rendered totally incapable of assisting her-
self : The villians at the same time declaring that this their malice to proceed from
said unfortunate Osborne's having engaged in the employ of said Exshaw. Now we
hereby, from an abhorrence of all such illegal and cruel acts, and for security and
protection of faithful and industrious servants, do offer a reward of £50 for their
apprehension."
This interesting account also gives a copy of a warning, or rather
threatening letter, addressed to one of Mr. Exshaw' s printers : —
"Mr. Donovan, as the care of one's life is all the enjoyment we have on this
Earthly Hemisphere, and the pleasure thereof we seek as much as possible, and of
such pleasure you are likely to have but little, I, as your friend, dear Dan (though
perhaps unknown), give you the design of the Journeymen printers in the words
following, which I heard from the Sultan's mouth (that is the head man) : — ' That if
you do not, in 3 days from the date hereof, quit Mr. Exshaw's house, that they, the
Primers, will make a horrid spectacle of you, and, as they term it, mark you, by
taking at least a leg, an arm, and an ear off you, which they hope will be a warning
to Buck Ellison, Osborne, and the Corkman.' Now, dear Dan, quit the place, and be
assured of the men's friendship, and remember, 3 days from this date. I am your
friend."— T. TRUEMAN.
While speaking of workmen, I may mention that the Dublin City
Painters' Society claim to be the Guild of St. Luke, and have the date
of the Charter (1670) over their Hall in Aungier-street. This is, I
regret to say, wrong, and I challenge the Society to show a shred of
•evidence to support their claim. I can show by documentary evidence
that their arms are not the same, their seal is not the same, and in
1840 when the guild was in existence they were a separate body.
M 2
144 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIKS OF IRELAND.
The guild made a good many presentations, usually with the freedom
of their body, to persons they considered merited them. The first I
find is March 8th, 1676: — That Christopher Lovett, Esq., Lord Mayor
of the City of Dublin be presented, as the gift of this Corporation, with
the painting a screen to the value of £3. I also find various Lord
Mayors presented with a £5 note, with a Bible with silver clasps,
with a piece of plate, with a present worth £8, &c., &c. William
Hawkins, Ulster King-of-Arms, and Henry Lodge, Deputy Keeper of
the Rolls, were presented with the freedom of the guild. The Earl of
Kildare was presented on the 17th June, 1755 with the following
address : —
" We, the Master, Wardens, and Brethren of the Corporation of Cutlers, &c.,
should think ourselves wanting in gratitude did we not embrace the first opportunity
of congratulating your Lordship on your happy arrival once more to your native
country, and to those sincere and numerous friends who think themselves honored hy
your support of Honest Liberty and Rational Constitution. Such a conduct has
added imortality to the name of Russell, and has made even his fourth generation
extremely dear to us — May they never loose sight of such a valuable President.
Whilst, my Lord, you steadfastly pursue those glorious steps, whilst you exert the
manly virtue of assisting the poor and upright, you will be ennobled beyond what
Titles can bestow. The Blessings of thousands must be yours — Every lover of truth
must honor and respect you — Britons must love you, for, as Brethren, they are-
equally engaged in the same measures."
This address, together with the freedom of the guild, were enclosed
in a gold box, and I have photographs of this gold box and freedom, and
also of a silver box and address presented in 1770. The guild also
presented their freedom to John Philpot Curraii, the Marquis of Ely, the
Earl of Winchelsea and the Duke of Wellington. The. well known
Dublin philanthropist, Thomas Pleasants, in reply to the presentation
made to him, makes use of the following expressions with which I
am sure all will agree : — " Mr. Pleasants presents his compliments to
the Corporation of Cutlers, Painter-stainers, and Stationers ; he is
acquainted with some of them, and knows them to be as worthy
members as the City can boast of. And after thanking them for the
favour they have done him, takes to himself only his portion of the
compliment, being convinced, from the spirit of the language of it, that
if each individual of them were in Mr. Pleasants' place, he would have
done as he has done. Stay at home, and properly spend his fortune in
his own country, and not go abroad to ridiculously, as well as criminally,
squander it in those of his enemies."
I have ihn fac-simile of a silver box which was presented to J. Digges
La Touche in 1740, and which was kindly brought to my notice by
H. ~F. Berry, Esq. ; also the oak chest, kindly lent by Captain Bellingham
Somerville, and the great Seal. The seal is very modern, having been
made about 1830, and was hardly used.
THE GUILD OF ST. LUKE THE EVANGELIST, DUBLIN. 145
The members of the Guild of St. Luke, while thoroughly religious,
were certainly not above the pleasures of the table. On November llth,
1697, it was —
"Ordered that Wm. Kobinson. Esq., the late Master of this Guild, hath the
-acknowledgement and thanks of the Brethren of this Guild returned for the Sermon
iind Dinner bestowed on them when he was sworn Master.''
In 1698 they had dinner at the Duchesses Head in Dame-street,
at a cost of £7 17s., to which forty-four brethren sat down. After the
election of the officers in 1699, it is mentioned that " the House adjourned
to St. Michael's Church, and heard a sermon from the Rev. Dean Francis,
and afterwards to dinner at the Cock in Werburgh-street." On going
through the account book, I find the cost of the sermon varied from
£1, to £1 17*. lid., and also that in 1679 the guild subscribed £3
towards the payment of the new pews and. seats now making in Christ
Church."
The great gala day was that for " the riding and perambulating of the
franchises libertys, meares and bounds of the city." The various Guilds
assembled on horseback, by warrant of the Lord Mayor, sometimes met
as early as 3 o'clock in the morning, either at the Mansion House,
Stephen's-green, or some other convenient place, for their great pro-
cession round the city. When the Guild of St. Luke had the requisite
funds, they did their duty right royally. Sometimes they did not ride
at all, and preferred to pay the fine, which was about £10, and on one
occasion they were ordered " to ride in plainest possible manner, and
not to tye their wigs and hair." The expense was considerable,
amounting to from £60 to £80, and consisted of hiring horses and
trappings, musicians, drinks to the Lord Mayor's servants, &c., &c.
They were of course always glad to save expense, but it was hardly
good form to ask the Earl of Kildare to assist them immediately after
they had presented him with their freedom in 1755. His reply is as
follows : —
" I received yours of the 21st yesterday, and am so sensible of the honor done me
by your Corporation, that there is not anything that I have that will be of the least
use to them, the day that you ride the Franchises, but that you may command. If
you should have any carriage on the occasion, my long-tail horses are at your
service, or any other thing that will answer your purpose. Bere can inform you
what things I have which you may want, and I shall order him to let you have
them. I am, Sir, your most humble servant — KII/DARE."
Needless to say in this year's accounts we find an item, " drinks to the
Earl of Kildare' s servants." The pageant must have been a splendid
one. The brethren of St. Luke all wore "hatts edged with gould,
oockade red, blew and yellow, with yellow gloves tipped with blew,
shirt with red silk, and bound with red ribbond. All to be of Irish
manufacture."
146 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
The best idea I can give of what the show was like, is to give-
here the particulars of one of the franchise accounts : —
Bomb Cart. — A horse and man. Led horses. 12 horses, viz. 6 led and 6 for leaders.
6 field cloaks for do.
Vulcan. — A man to carry the armour. A horse for do. and man to attend (including
a black feather for do).
Carriage. — Fitting up and painting the carriage, per Warden Carneross's receipt.
Cleaning and repainting the press. Mending the iron-work for do.,
and woodscrews, girt, and tinpin. 6 horses, coachman, and postillion.
6 netts and tapes for the horses. 2 Pressmen and 1 Compositor. The
Author. Painter. Devil. A pair of black stockings for do. A
globe broke by the carriage in the Castleyard. Sending the carriage
back to Mr. Carncross. Dresses for the carriage men. 2 rheums,
12 quires of paper for poems at ll/-, per Powell's receipt. "Working
2250 poems. 2 Peelmen.
Mtisick. — A kettle-drum and 2 trumpets. 3 horses for do. Tape for French horns.
Shapes for music and Peelmen. A man to lead the drum -horse.
Beadle. — Horse and furnitiire.
Matter.— 2 horses and furniture. A silk bradong bridle. Horse and servant ta
attend him.
Wardens. — 2 silk bradong bridles. Silver coxcomb for cockades.
Cornet. — Horse and furniture, silk bradong bridle. Silver coxcomb for cockade and
loop for hatt. Black feather.
Quarter Master. — Horse and furniture, silk bradong bridle. Black feather. Silver
coxcomb for cockade and loop for hatt.
Contingencies.— 200 Freemen's summonses and 200 Quarter Brother's do. Officers of
Commons for Franchise Warrent. 6 pair of gloves. Eibband for
Master, Wardens, Officers, Led Horses, &c. Girths, reins, straps,
&c. Dressing horses and tape for do. Buff bradong, snaffle bridle,
and whip lost. Coach hire to the Charter School on the Strand,
with provisions. Servants at do. Pane of glass broke there.
Porteridge before and after the Franchises. Horses at same. Drinks
to workmen and servants before and after the Franchises. Messenger
to Lord Kingsland's for horses.
Sir John Gilbert, in his records of Dublin, mentions " that the
Company of Stationers appeared in the procession with a printing press,
at which compositors worked at a broad sheet containing an English
poem in double columns on " The Art of Printing."
The musicians were by no means badly paid, as on one occasion we
read that —
" Whereas Charles Linvel, trumpeter, was hyred to sound before our Corporation
on last Fringe day, but he not performing as he should, the House have thought fitt
not to give him full demand, being four guineas, but offered him two lowedores,
which he refused, and the House then ordered that if the Master pleased to offer him
two guineas, which, if he do not take, the House will stand by the Master in refusal
of payment thereof."
THE GUILD OF ST. LUKE THE EVANGELIST, DUBLIN. 147
Sometimes we find an item like this, "paid £3 12s. ID*?., for two
doz. claret, one doz. white wine, and two doz. cyder, and eight bottles
broke." They seem to have usually enjoyed themselves, as they had
to hire most of the trappings, &c., and nearly always lost some of the
articles and had to pay for them.
In conclusion, I may say, that the impression left on my mind after
going through these records is, that while the brethren of St. Luke do
not seem to have made fortunes, they lived comfortably, and without
any of that rush and worry which is born of modern competition. They
never hurried their work, but did it carefully and well, and were well
paid for it.
If anyone can give me any information about any relics they may
possess, concerning the Guild of St. Luke, I will be obliged, or of any
records of other Guilds, as I wish to know more about the Guilds of
Dublin. The books of the Dublin Felt Makers' Guild have recently
been disposed of in London, and I managed a few days ago to get two
books of the Brewers' Guild of St. Andrew on a bookstall in the city;
also last week I bought in London a book belonging to the Blacksmith's
Guild of St. Loy.
148 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OK IRELAND.
PORTNOO : A CORNER IN THE DONEGAL HIGHLANDS.
BY THE YEN. R. M. BAILLIE, M.A., ARCHDEACON OF RAPHOE.
[Read MAY. 1. 1900.]
T)oRTNOQ is a small seaside place in the parish of Inniskeel, Co. Donegal.
A grand sea rolls in from the broad Atlantic, and a fine yellow
sandy shore stretches away in the distance. Large quantities of fish
are taken there, and the number of porpoises, rolling over like huge
barrels in the waves close to the shore, testifies to the shoals of herring
and mackerel that abound in these waters. About a mile from the
mainland lies the beautiful island of Inniskeel of considerable extent.
In very early times there was a monastery on this island, founded by
St. Connell, whose paternal name was Caol, from which the island and
parish take the name of Innis Caol, now pronounced Inniskeel. The
bell of St. Connell is described by Dr. Petrie in his paper on the ancient
Irish bells in the Royal Irish Academy. He says the workmanship is
elaborate, and the bell is a very beautiful specimen. It was bought by
a gentleman many years ago from a member of a family who claimed
St. Connell as belonging to their stock, and in whose safe keeping this
remarkable and valuable charge was kept for centuries. This gentleman
took it to England, and it is now preserved in the British Museum.
The remains of two ruined churches stand on the island of Inniskeel.
One seems to have been built out of the materials of a much older build-
ing, for portions of carved and fluted stones are built into the walls,
evidently without any attention being paid to the carvings upon them.
A very ancient graveyard surrounds these 'ruins, which stand close to
each other, old inscriptions, with crosses and other emblems, and in
some cases Coats of Arms are found on the rude tombstones scattered
around, but so worn by age as in most cases to be quite undecipherable.
About two miles from Portnoo there are some lonely but beautiful
lakes in the mountains, with little islands scattered through them. One
is called Lough a Doon, or the Lake of the Fort. After walking over
a mountain road for about two miles, you turn in on the heather that
covers the mountain sides, and, going round the spur of the hill, see
a lonely lake lying in front. No dwelling is near it. No cattle or
sheep appear to feed in the vicinity, and on the calm autumnal after-
noon in which I visited it, the silence and loneliness seemed oppressive.
This lake is about two miles long by half a mile broad, and on a small
PORTNOO I A CQKNEK IN THE DONEGAL HIGHLANDS. 149
island stands an ancient bawn, or fortified lake dwelling of pre-historic
age. It covers almost the entire surface of the island. It is an ovoid,
measuring 118 feet by 87 feet inside. The present walls are 14 feet
high and 10 feet and a half thick. All built of stones beautifully
placed together, but without any mortar or cement. There is only one
entrance, and at each end of the oval there is a flight of rude stone
steps rising to the top of the wall. A small low passage, in the
thickness of the great wall, seemed to run round, but could only be
explored a short way, as it is filled with rubbish. There was only one
little boat on the lake, belonging to a lady who is an enthusiastic trout
fisher, and who kindly took me over to the castle island. It requires a
good pilot who knows the place well to guide the boat in safety to it,
for the island is surrounded with sunken rocks most dangerous to a boat,
which must have formed in ancient times no small protection to the
bawn, against a sudden or night attack by a foe. Ivy and lichen grow
luxuriously on the old walls. There it stands in its strength and ruin,
but who the people were who built it and fought around it in bygone
jmtiquity, none can tell.
In the same parish, at a place called Kilclooney, there stands
a great cromlech or dolmen. It is formed by three or four huge
standing stones placed erect in the earth, and on them an enormous cap-
stone, of many tons weight, is poised on the top. The cap-stone is
about 17 feet long, 13 feet wide, and over 2 feet thick. The two front
stones are 6 feet above the ground, and the hinder one 5 feet. Lost as
the history of these cromlechs have been, it must ever remain a mystery
how those huge stones were lifted up and carried, often considerable
distances.
They have been found in almost every country in Europe, and are,
as we know, numerous in the British Isles, France, Denmark, Sweden,
Norway, Prussia, Russia, Italy, Spain, and Portugal. They are found
in great numbers in Algeria and the north coast of Africa, in Asia
Minor, India, and Japan.
Laurence Oliphant tells us, in " Haifa," when referring to the Syrian
cromlechs and dolmens, that Captain Conder, in his survey of Moab, found
about 700 of them in that part of the country ; but it is remarkable,
that while they have been found in numbers at the east of Jordan, not
one has been found in Judea or Samaria, and only two or three in Galilee.
They were in all probability the work of the ancient Canaanitish natives,
who, there is ground to believe, fled to North Africa, and from thence
to other lands, carrying their customs with them.
The strange and total disappearance of the dolmens from Western
Palestine, where they no doubt existed, may be due to the command
given by God to the Israelites, that when they came into Canaan, they
were to destroy all heathen monuments.
150 HOYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
The land to the east of Jordan always contained a mixed population,
over which the rulers of Israel and Judah exercised but little control,
and this may account for so many dolmens being found there. Of
their origin we know nothing. They may have been monuments erected
over the mighty dead ; or memorials of great events that took place
where they stand. But as we look on them, still standing in their silent
strength, and defying all our efforts to pierce the mysteries of the long
buried past, one voice we seem to hear, and it is that which cries : —
tl All flesh is as grass, and all the glory of man as the flower of the
field."
ST. MALACHY OF AKMAGH.
COMMUNICATED BY MISS E. M. BEEBY.
[Read MAY 1, 1900.]
N the south-west coast of Kerry, near the mouth of the Valentia
River, is situated a small island dear to those who know its past.
Church Island, though small indeed, contains the ruins of two ancient
structures, the cells of hermits of long ago. One of these, the more
interesting as to shape, is a bee-hive cell, the roof of which has
disappeared, so that the hermit's dwelling looks rather more like a
large inverted basin than anything else. The other cell is not so
picturesque and is more ruinous, being of more ancient date. It is
square in shape, and as will be seen by the illustration, is quite small
and lowly. This is St. Malachy's Cell.
The boatman, Dan Healy, from love of country and religion, has
made himself well versed in the legends of his district. From him I
learned many things relating to the country, and from him I heard my
first Irish song. The music, weird and sad, reminded me strangely of
an Indian song I had heard from a Hindoo long ago.
But » St. Malachy's Cell stands lonely and dismantled. The grass
and weeds surround it and begin to cover the loosening stones, so that
before long, if no one is at the pains to preserve it, this interesting-
relic and reminder of a holy life will be hopelessly destroyed. St.
Malachy himself loved solitude. It was his dear hope to spend his life
in the privacy of the little monastery which he found in Armagh, in
company with those few companions, who were desirous of leaving all
to follow and obey him. So long ago as 1094 he was born, and in early
boyhood the idea of the sanctity of the religious life already possessed
him, so that of all his friends, one of the dearest was the old man Imar,
a hermit of Armagh. From him he learned much that afterwards
enabled him to pursue a path hedged with difficulties and self-denials ;
for it was not permitted him long to follow the desire of his heart and
live a hermit's life. After much effort, he prevailed with his family to
allow him to choose retirement, and away in his small cell in Armagh,
peace came to him amid the solitude. Here also he was visited by those
young companions before referred to, and who afterwards begged leave
to join him. Together these young men bound themselves to a holy
life, and Malachy here founded in Armagh his first monastery.
Not for long was he allowed to enjoy the peace he loved. Celsus,
152 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
Primate of Ireland, was one of those who rightly estimated the powers
and the character of St. Malachy, and having at heart the good of his
Church and of his country, he selected for difficult work the man most
fitted for the task. Another who knew of, and always valued St.
Malachy, was the great St. Bernard of Clairvaux. He, with Celsus of
Armagh, determined on the need for certain reforms in the constitution
of the Irish or Celtic Church, and he recognised in St. Malachy the man
who could best bring this about, for which reason he was, after due
preparation, ordained a priest at Pentecost, in the year 1117, and before
long was appointed by Celsus, Vicar-General of Armagh. This placed
under his charge a very large district, including, besides the territories
in the North of Ireland, grants of land and affiliated monasteries in
various parts of the island.
- -==-.
Building on Church Island, Valentia, Co. Kerry.
St. Malachy entered upon his work with the enthusiasm of a
believer — an enthusiasm which never left him, and which existed in
him side by side with an unconquerable love of solitude, and of that
mode of life which, suiting the hermit, can never accompany active
warfare against existing wrongs and the building up of better ways.
He remained to the end a faithful co-worker of Celsus in the reform of
the Church, only seeking moments of repose and silence sufficient to
refresh and prepare him for further work.
He visited amongst other places, the southern School of Lismore,
and while there he formed a friendship with Cormac McCarthy, King of
Munster, at that time in retreat at the monastery. To Malachy's
influence, Cormac attributed the increased spirituality of his own after-
life. But he must have had the tendency already more than latent
within him, for it was for the purpose of avoiding quarrels and bloodshed
that he allowed his brother to retain the kingdom he had stolen from
ST. MALACHY OF ARMAGH. 153
him (Cormac), and himself retired to the monastery of Lismore. After-
wards, when restored to power, Cormac, in gratitude to God, built a shrine,
which was afterwards called " Cormac' s Chapel," on the Kock of Cashel.
During Malachy's residence at Lismore, his sister — one of those who
had so bitterly opposed his youthful retirement — died. This event
filled him with sorrow, the more because he knew that she must suffer
for her past unkindness to him. Not until he felt assurance within
him, that by his prayers he had freed her from spiritual bondage, did
peace return to Malachy's gentle soul.
At length, after so many years' absence, Malachy returned to his
native Armagh, and there commenced at once a new work, the reconstruc-
tion of the famous abbey and schools of Bangor, which had been destroyed
by the Danes in the ninth century. This and other works of importance
continued to occupy Malachy, until at last beloved though he WHS,
^ <***".
Beehive-shaped House on Church Island, Valentia, Co. Kerry.
opposition met him and forced him to flee. At this time he was Bishop
of Down. He fled before Connor O'Loughlin, the invader, and with but
one or two disciples he sought a refuge in the barony of Iveragh, Kerry,
and here the little cell in the photograph above depicted became his
home. And here he again fell in with his friend, Cormac McCarthy,
who gladly accorded him protection, in remembrance of the old days at
Lismore. Shortly after, the death of Celsus left Malachy to take up the
work once more as Bishop of Armagh ; but five years elapsed before he
was finally installed according to the wish of Celsus, as his successor.
Even then difficulties assailed him, and rather than spend a life of
contention, he resigned his office, nominating as his successor, Gelasius,
Abbot of Derry. Malachy returned to Down, and there established the
first Irish Monastery of the Augustine Order ; after which at the wish
of Gelasius, he undertook a journey to Home for the purpose of asking
154 KOYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
the Pope to confer on the Archbishops of Armagh and Cashel the
Pallium.
In this he failed, but the journey taking him by way of Clairvaux, he
had the great reward of making the personal acquaintance of St. Bernard ;
for until now, the two had not met except in spirit. Leaving four
of his companions at Clairvaux, to be there instructed in religious
observances, Malachy returned to Ireland, passing through Scotland on
his way. Here he found an opportunity of showing his spiritual power,
by healing the son of the Scottish King David I., after which, pursuing
his homeward journey, he was honourably received as Legate of the
Holy See. Mellifont and many other abbeys he subsequently founded,
and before resting from his life-work, he was once more called upon to
visit Rome for the purpose of again asking the Pallium for the
Archbishops. Eome, however, he never reached. Fatigue, after the
harass of a life of such extreme devotion to duty, found him at last
without power to resist the sickness that attacked him, and at Clairvaux
he died, in the presence of St. Bernard his friend, on the 2nd November,
1 148, being fifty-four years of age.
In the year 1190, St. Malachy was canonized by Clement III.,
whose decree was the first bestowed on an Irish saint.1
1 The illustrations of this Paper, kindly lent by the Council of the Royal Irish
Academy, are from vol. i., Second Series, of the Proceedings R.I. A., pp. 110 and 111,
where they illustrate an interesting Paper, by the Rev. Canon O'Hanlon, "On
St. Malachy's ' Monasterium Ibracense.' "
( 155 )
CHURCH ISLAND, VALENTIA HARBOUR, CO. KERRY.
BY P. J. LYNCH, M.R.I. A. I., FELLOW, HON. PHOV. SEC.
f~\N reading1 Miss Beeby's interesting Paper, I thought some further
details of the ruins existing on the island may be useful. Church
Island, in Yalentia Harbour,1 is about 90 yards in diameter, formed of
trap rock, which has burst through the Old Red Sandstone formation in
several parts of this district. The upper surface is covered with
verdure. The clochan, and oratory — the remains of which are to be
seen here — are of the ordinary type found in Kerry. They appear to
have been built at different times. The stones of the clochan are of the
trap formation of the island, and therefore irregular in shape, and small ;
for this reason the masonry is not so close as is usually found in Kerry
clochans ; hence, the walls were built an extra thickness — over 6 feet at
the base. The oratory is built of the green stone or Valentia slate
formation, the stones being large and closely laid, and of superior
workmanship. Judged by this standard, the oratory would be of a
somewhat later date than the clochan. The position of the clochan,
placed as it is on the best site in the island, would suggest priority of
selection ; the oratory, too, appears, possibly from this circumstance, to
have been built dangerously near to the cliff on the western end, which
had to be trunked up to support the structure. The clochan, is 14 feet
diameter inside. Six feet is standing over the surface of the southern
portion. The doorway, all traces of which have disappeared, was at the
northern side. The similarity in size, 14 feet diameter, has frequently
struck me when measuring clochans in Kerry. The oratory stands about
11 feet south-west of the clochan. It is difficult to define the western
end, which has fallen away, or to measure the interior length.
O'Donovan, in his Ordnance Survey Letters,2 describes it as measuring
from east to west inside, 19 feet in length, and on the north and south,
10 feet 6 inches in width ; its side walls were 6 feet in height, 5 feet in
thickness, and built of long flags of green stone, without any kind of
cement having been used. To the height of 2 feet from the ground
level, and on the outside, the walls are 6 feet 4 inches in thickness, but
from that to the top they are only 5 feet as already observed. The
west gable was destroyed, with the exception of a small opening or
doorway — if it can be so called — and which only measures 2 feet 1 inch
1 Ordnance Map, Ixxix., 6, Co. Kerry.
2 MS. Ordnance Survey Letters, 1841, pp. 127, 128, K.I. A.
156 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUAKIES OF IRELAND.
in height, while at bottom it is 1 foot 10 inches in width, diminishing
to 1 foot 1 inch at top ; there was no other opening then observable.
The interior measured 1 1 feet in width. I believe there are a few
feet of debris inside at present, and the oratory may be a greater breadth at
the original floor level. In addition to the western " doorway " referred
to by O'Donovan, the lintel or covering stone of a central opening, in
the eastern end, is visible at the surface level ; the opening measures
about 16 inches wide, under the lintel; at present it is impossible
to state whether it is a door or a window. There is also a small window
on the south side, close to the eastern end, the bottom of which is about
level with the present surface inside; it has converging jambs on the out-
side, 13 inches wide at the top, and 20 inches at the bottom. The opening
is 2 feet high; the jambs splay inwards 4 inches on each side. T know of
J'LAX OF CIST OK GRAVE, CHUKCH ISLAND, VALENTIA.
[NOTE. — The flags and upright stones are shown in their present position ; but this is not
the original arrangement, as the round, upright stones, must have formed the
angles of the cist, the side and end flags fitting into the square cut out for
them.]
no other oratory with a window in this position. It afforded a view of the
mainland and harbour. It is strange that this opening is not noticed by
O'Donovan ; the dimensions are practically the same as those he gives
for the opening — it could not be called a " doorway" — in the west end;
could it be that his notes got confused, and that in copying, he located
the southern window as in the west end. From the position of the oratory,
so close to the cliff , it is difficult to imagine an entrance on the west
end, but there may have been a window. There are very bold plinths
or offsets of 12 inches, all round, necessary owing to the situation,
so as to give strength to the base of the structure. I have not noticed the
remains of any other buildings on the island. At a recent visit I dis-
covered, about 15 yards south-east of the oratory, what appears to be
CHURCH ISLAND, VALENTIA HARBOUR, CO. KEKRY. 157
a cist, or grave. It lies east and west, and looks as if formed in a
dyke in the rock, lined with Valencia slate, about 2 inches thick, as in
sketch. On the western end, two worked stones of red sandstone stand
upright, the tops are level with the present surface, they are 9 inches
diameter, with a square notch of 4 inches cut out of them ; one is loose —
I lifted it out — it measured 2 feet 3 inches in length. This was, doubt-
less, the finish for the sides and end of the cist. Similar stones may
have stood at the eastern end, and have disappeared or lie buried under
the surface ; one flag stands on edge across the centre of the cist, rising
;somewhat over the general surface. This may have been a covering-
flag, which got fixed somehow in this position. The present surface of the
grave is sunk 12 inches under the top of the flags, and I noticed several
quartz pebbles on the surface ; my boatmen would not touch a stone, or
move a sod from the spot, so I was unable to investigate this curious
•construction, as I would have wished. I could learn no local tradition,
nor was any one I inquired of aware that any kind of a grave existed on
the island. In connexion with this structure on Church Island, it is
interesting to note Petrie's l remarks on the use of our ancient oratories ;
he states : —
" It can scarcely be questioned that this class of buildings were
originally erected for the private devotions of their founders exclusively ;
and if there were any doubts of this, they would be removed by the fact
that, in the immediate vicinity of such oratories, we usually find, not
only the cells, or the ruins of them, which served as habitations for the
founders, but also the tombs in which they were interred. And it is
worthy of observation that in the great Island of Aran, in the Bay of
Galway — called Ara na Kaomh, as 0 'Flaherty says, from the multitude
of saints interred there — such oratories and tombs usually belong to the
most distinguished of the saints of Ireland, who passed into it, to spend
the evening of their life in prayer and penance, and to be interred there ;
and, hence, I think, such structures came in subsequent times to be used
by devotees as penitentiaries, and to be generally regarded as such
exclusively."
I presume the connexion of St. Malachy with Church Island is
based upon a Paper read by the Yery E-ev. Canon O'Hanlon, before the
R.I. A., February 26th, 1872, 2 in which he suggested that the location
of the Monasteriurn Ibracense of St. Malachy,3 was Church Island, and
that the oratory and clochan now existing were the remains of the
original monastery. Canon O'Hanlon thus refers to it : —
" One of the most remarkable incidents in the career of St. Malachy
•O'Morgair occurred about the year 1127, while he ruled over the See of
1 Petrie's " Ecclesiastical Architecture of Ireland," p. 357.
2 See Proceedings ILL A., vol. L, Series n., p. 107.
3 See St. Bernard's "Vita S. Malachia}," cap. ix., § 18.
T o c A T ( Vol. x., Fifth Series. ) ^
Jour. R.S.A.I. ( yol ^ Consec. Ser. }
158 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
Connor; and when the King of Ulster took possession of that city,
plundering and destroying it in great part, having dispersed its
inhabitants.
" St. Malachy, and a considerable number of religious men, subject to
his ecclesiastical rule, were obliged to fly for protection to Cormac
M'Carthy, King of Desmond, or South Munster. This latter prince,
who had been temporarily expelled from his principality, now joyfully
received them, for in Lismore he had formerly been under the spiritual
direction of St. Malachy.
"Ibh Rathach, or Iveragh, lay remotely within Desmond, and there
a place was set apart by the king for building a monastery, which might
serve to accommodate the bishop and his exiled companions. The
learned Dr. Petrie, with a great deal of research, discusses the question
about Cormac McCarthy having been archbishop as well as King of
Cashel, and he fairly considers those evidences adduced in his work
favour an affirmative conclusion on this point. The reputed bishop-king
was a munificent founder of churches and a benefactor to the clergy.
"With zeal and energy this religious community set to work in
establishing their new foundation. King Cormac himself frequently
superintended their labours, supplied them with the necessaries of life,
and made a liberal provision for their support, on this occasion, says
St. Bernard, " Monasterium Ibracense constructum est." Here, too, St..
Malachy and his religious seem to have lived a regular community life
until A.D. 1132, when the Superior was unanimously elected Primate of
Armagh, in a council of the bishops and chief men of Ireland, convoked
by Malchus, Bishop of Lismore, and Gillibert, Bishop of Limerick. "
Then after referring to the various conjectures of Sir James "Ware,
Alemand, and Rev. Alban Butler regarding the position of the Monas-
terium Ibracense, he continues: — "The acute and judicious historian,
Dr. Lanigan, seems to have been the first of our modern writers, not
only to detect those mistakes, but even to point out the very obvious
fact that St. Bernard's Latin spelling of the word ' Ibracense ' can be
resolved into Ibrach or Ibrac. The letters b and v being commu table in
Irish, this etymon again may be rendered Ivrach or Ivrac, now the
district or barony of Iveragh, in the county of Kerry. This very tract
was likewise included within the boundaries of Cormac McCarthy's
kingdom. And what seems most remarkable is the circumstance, only
this one Iveragh — a purely territorial denomination — is to be found
among those names marked on the Ordnance Survey maps of Ireland."
After describing the ruins existing on the island,1 Canon O'Hanlon
refers to a visit paid to Caherciveen, which I consider had an important
bearing on the conclusion he arrived at. I think it better to again
1 Canon O'Hanlon considers the island may have been connected with the main-
land in St. Malachy's time, but I think such a change in the igneous formation here
within a comparatively short period, is unlikely.
CHURCH ISLAND, VALENTIA HARBOUR, CO. KERRY. 159
quote in full from his Paper : — " We were also told that a fine Irish
scholar, Mr. Andrew 0' Sullivan of Caherciveen, would be able to com-
municate additional particulars regarding all the surrounding localities,
when we should have returned to that town. The hale old man in
question, then over eighty years, is regarded as a distinguished Shanachie
in that part of Kerry. In reference to Illaun a Teampul, Mr. OSullivan'
informed us he had read in an old Irish MS. that St. Malachy O'Morgair,
with four clerics, lived there ; but the title of the MS. or where he had
seen such record had then escaped his memory. Not only in his early
years had he access to many rare Irish MSS., but even at present he is
in possession of several that are valuable. What renders his statement
especially important is the fact that he had not previously known
St. Bernard placed St. Malachy O'Morgair's laura or ccenolium within
the district of Iveragh, which includes Illaun a Teampul."
I have been in communication with the Rev. Denis O'Donoghue, P.P.,
Hon. Sec. for Kerry, on this subject. His great knowledge of the
history and antiquities of Kerry renders his opinion on any question
most valuable and important. He agrees with me in considering the
remains on Church Island, Yalentia, as of a much earlier date than the
twelfth century, and suggests that the remains on Church Island,
Waterville, possess more of the characteristics of St. Malachy's time.
This I consider a very valuable suggestion, for Church Island, on Lough
Currane, Waterville, is only nine miles from Caherciveen, and also in
the barony of Iveragh, and may have been the Illaun a Teampull referred
to in the MS. Mr. O'Sullivan read; his mistake in connecting it with
the Church Island nearest to Caherciveen, irrespective of the character
of the remains, is not unnatural in one who was probably not a student of
architecture.
Bearing in mind the relations existing between St. Malachy and
King Cormac, and the interest the king took in St. Malachy's monastery
in Iveragh, as related by Canon O'Hanlon, ante, and Cormac's fame a&
a church builder, having erected Cormac's chapel at Cashel and two
churches at Lismore,1 it is reasonable to suppose that the Monasterium
Ibracense which St. Malachy built for the 130 monks who, it is recorded,
accompanied him into Munster would be a work of some extent and
pretensions, and of the style of architecture prevailing at the period — a
time when Irish architecture and art attained their greatest excellence.
The ruins on Church Island, Lough Currane, are of this period. The
island is thus described in MissCusack's " History of Kerry," p. 398 : —
" Church Island, in Lough Currane, or Waterville Lake, is almost
covered with traces of buildings. Scarcely more than the foundations
remain of any except St. Einan's Cell and a small church. The former
dates from the sixth century, and stands at the north-east angle of the
island at the verge of the lake. It is a beehive cell of cyclopean
1 Petrie's "Ecclesiastical Architecture," p. 290.
N2
160
ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
masonry, a rude ellipse externally and a square internally, and is
engraved and described in Petrie's 'Round Towers.' 1
" The church is of the twelfth-century style and very small. In plan
it has a nave and chancel of nearly equal length. The chancel arch and
most of the south wall of chancel are destroyed. The east gable and
south wall of nave contain each a single round-headed window, with
sloping jambs and very wide internal splay. Parts of the jamb of
a similar window remain in south wall of church. The west door is
sadly mutilated. It stood in a gable projection, and had four shtifts in
each jamb, and a moulded arch. Sufficient remains to prove that it was
a fine work of its class."
WEST DOORWAY, CHURCH ISLAND, LOUUH CURUANE.
(Photograph by Dr. G. Fogerty.)
This is a fairly accurate general description of the ruins of the church
and monastery. The details remaining would prove the buildings to have
been of an ornate character, such as might be expected in a structure
built under the protection and patronage of Cormac of Cashel. These
are the only remains of Hiberno-ltomanesque architecture in Iveragh ;
and it is worthy of consideration whether this Illaun a Teampul was
not the site of the Monasteriuin Ibracense of St. Malachy, an island
already hallowed by the memories of the sainted Finan, " who brought
Iveragh safe from the plague." 2
1 Page 120. Petrie refers this to St. Fiuan Cam, but Father O'Donoghue, in
<; Brendaniana," p. 62, considers the founder to be a St. Finan of Iveragh, and a
different person. 2 See llev. D. O'Donoghue's " -Brendaniana," p. 62.
( 161 )
of
[NOTE. — The works marked thus (*) are by Members of the Society. ,]
Tracts, fyc., Printed in Dublin in the Seventeenth Century. Com-
piled by E. R. M'C. Dix, with Notes by C. W. Dugan, M.A,
Part II., 1626-1650. (Dublin: O'Donoghue, & Co.)
IN this Second Part of Mr. Dix's publication we have a further welcome
proof of his laudable and persevering endeavour to chronicle the printed
works of his native city at the outset of that period when printing first
made it what it has since continued to be — the literary as well as the
political metropolis of Ireland. The fact that heretofore bibliography
has attracted but little attention in Ireland renders a compilation like
Mr. Dix's more than usually difficult, apart from the dry and, to most
persons, repellent nature of the task in itself. But fortunately the
evident enthusiasm of Mr. Dix for his subject, and that patient, wide-
reaching, and unwearied research he exhibits, which has laid under
tribute in connexion with the present Part no less than twenty-seven
libraries, most of them remote from Dublin, have overcome all obstacles ;
and this second portion is, we are glad to find, much larger than the
former one, in the number of books, &c., traced out and enumerated ;
whilst the more diverse character of these books should, as he not
unreasonably hopes, make it prove even more interesting than its
predecessor. The Second Part includes also Proclamations and Broad
Sheets, which, needless to add, possess an historical, in addition to their
bibliographical, value. Mr. Dix's work is still further enhanced by the
excellent biographical sketches and historical notes contributed by
Mr. C. "W. Dugan, relative to the more distinguished authors of the
works therein recorded, such as Ussher, Bedell, Spenser, Falkland,
and Sir James Ware, as to whom Mr. Dugan informs us there is not,
strange to say, a single memorial, not even a mural tablet, to his
memory to be found in Dublin. Mr. Dix's extensive and exceptional
knowledge in Irish bibliography, we hope, may be fittingly utilised
some day or other in what is certainly needed — an Irish bibliographical
magazine — to deal not only with books of the past, but with those of
the present day ; for few as are the books now issued in the course of a
year in Ireland, their publishers (?) cannot be taxed with over-exerting
themselves in bringing them under the public eye even in their own
trade organs — the " Publishers' Circular" for instance.
162 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
ADDRESS TO THE QUEEN.
THE following is the text of the Address presented to Her Majesty the
Queen on the occasion of her recent visit to Ireland : —
TO SEE MOST GRACIOUS MAJESTY QUEEN VICTORIA,
QUEEN OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND, AND
EMPRESS OF INDIA.
MAT IT PLEASE YOUR MAJESTY,
"We, the Honorary President, President, and Council of THE ROYAL
SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND, on behalf of the Society, offer our
most respectful, dutiful, and loyal welcome to your Majesty on this
occasion of your Majesty's visit to Ireland, and we take this opportunity
of assuring your Majesty of our feelings of devotion to your Majesty's
Throne and Royal person.
We look back with pride to the fact that the ever-lamented Prince
Consort became a Life Member of our Society in 1855; and, since his
death, by your Majesty's gracious wish, the Papers and Proceedings of
our Society have continued to be received in the Royal Library.
In regard of Members, our Society is the largest Archaeological
Society in your Majesty's dominions ; and we are gratified to be able
to state that H. R. H. The Prince of Wales, who became a Member of
our Society in 1864, and a Fellow in 1870, has honoured our Society by
accepting the position of Patron-in- Chief.
"We trust that your Majesty's stay in Ireland may be as gratifying
and pleasing to your Majesty as it will be memorable to us, and we
pray for a continuance of the blessings which have attended your
Majesty's glorious reign.
Signed on behalf of our Society,
0' CONOR DON, Hon. President.
E. PERCEVAL WRIGHT, M.D., President.
ROBERT COCHRANE, F.S.A., Son. Sec.
WM. C. STUBBS, M.A., Hon. Treasurer.
April, 1900.
( 163 )
SIR THOMAS DREW.
THE subject of this brief sketch was born in Belfast in the year
1838, the son of a well-known and highly esteemed clergyman of the
Church then by law established in Ireland, the Rev. Dr. Thomas Drew.
The father was a graduate of Dublin "University ; and the son destined
for his father's profession was at first educated with the idea of his
entering Trinity College, Dublin. It happened, however, that the
paternal resolve yielded to the son's wishes, and instead of becoming
a collegian, he entered the office in Belfast of Sir Charles Lanyon,
distinguished as an architect. Here the young apprentice had splendid
opportunities for the acquisition of knowledge, and of these he diligently
availed himself; when Mr. W. H. Lynn joined Lanyon as partner, these
opportunities were increased, and the artistic feelings of the new partner
seemed to have acted on the apprentice as a charm, and to have com-
pleted the development of his powers.
Leaving the offices of Lanyon and Lynn in 1861, Drew entered into
a partnership with Thomas Turner, but shortly afterwards removed from
Belfast to Dublin. He became a Member of our Society in 1868, and was
President from 1895 to 1897. With his work as an Architect and his
labours on behalf of the Royal Institute of Architects of Ireland we are
not here particularly concerned ; Dublin alone can show many fine exam-
ples of his skill and power in design, but we claim the privilege of
placing on record in our Journal our high appreciation of his archaeolo-
gical work, of his labours as Honorary Architect of Christ Church
Cathedral, Dublin ; of his judicious restoration of "Waterford Cathedral.
The great works about to be carried on at St. Patrick's Cathedral at the
desire of Lord Iveagh to complete the restoration effected by the munifi-
cence of his father, will be safe in the hands of the Cathedral's Honorary
Architect.
It will be acknowledged by all that the Knighthood conferred on our
ex-President adds a worthy name to the roll of Knight Bachelors.
164 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
JWfeceHanea*
The Tulloghane Ogam, Co. Mayo. — Within the past few weeks still
another unrecorded ogam-inscribed stone has been found in county Mayo,
about 5 miles from Ballyhaunis. The stone stands about 6£ feet high,
and is inscribed on only one angle. The stone had fallen from its erect
position, and had lain on the ground until it was re-erected in the year
1861. A large chip seems to have been knocked off the incised angle
near the bottom, shortening the first five scores to the left, and probably
entirely defacing some characters which may have existed lower down.
There is also a gap in the inscription near the top, and there is a
peculiar depression in the apex of the stone about 1 inch in depth and
about 6 inches square. It is difficult to give a satisfactory reading of the
inscription owing to so many blanks, and the mutilated record will not
be of great value ; but it is important as indicating the prevalence of
ogams in the district, as it is situated only a few miles from the lately
discovered island, or Bracklaghbog ogam, described at page 400 of the
Journal for 1898.
The Belfry Church of Iniscleraun, and the Church of Kinlough.—
The ruined church of Kinlough in the county of Mayo, about two miles
from Headford in the county of Galway, shows a western tower like
that of the Belfry Church described by Mr. Bigger (p. 81), but it is
ruined to the first floor level. It was bonded into the west wall, but
seems to have been contemporaneous with it. The whole church was
post-Norman. The tower is not set truly in the middle of the gable wall,
and the upper doorway is over the north jamb of the lower doorway. The
walls are battered. The door is about the middle of the north wall.
The south wall is nearly all gone, and was along the edge of such a
steep slope, that it is not likely to have had a door.
Close to the west of the door are holes low down in the wall, and
some traces of foundations across the church, as of a partition wall or
supports of a gallery. The bond holes do not go higher than the level
needed for an arch or buttress supporting a gallery. In the north wall
is a small window above the level of the sill of the upper door into
the tower, which would s'erve to light an upper room.
The church was 65 feet by 22 feet 4 inches inside measurement.
The photographs which I sent to our collection show the principal points.
The church of Donaghpatrick, about three miles from Headford,
helps the understanding of the Kinlough arrangement. It had a loft
over the west end, but no outer tower, and this room was lighted by the
window in the gable. The church is certainly pre-Norman. The
MISCELLANEA. 165
arrangement of Donaghpatrick and Kinlough differs materially from
that of Iniscleraun, in that the north wall was not made to contain a
staircase.
Do these three churches show the adoption into Irish church archi-
tecture of the great western tower of English churches, adapted to the
existing Irish practice of utilizing part of the church as a dwelling, and
to the insecurity of the times by keeping it as a strong place by omitting
the outer door, making a humble substitute for a round tower ? The
room on corbels seems to be a survival of the room above the barrel vault
under the high pitched stone roof of earlier churches. So we may have
here two old ideas, surviving and influencing a new idea. — H. T. KNOX,
Fellow.
A Note on St. Patrick's Purgatory. — Those who have read the
phantasy of JVickar the Soulless, as sung in vigorous numbers by
Dr. Sebastian Evans, will remember the lines which recount how the
baffled Fiend set out on his quest of a soul : —
" Forth to the green-sodded
Wilds of lerne,
Shiplessly, steedlessly,
Takes he his journey.
" Straight to the Holy Lough
Derg, where the hoary
Patric, the bishop, still
Dwells in his glory ;
Dwells in the cavernous
Islet, to mortals
Where the dread Spirit' world
Opens his portals.
" There the red Hell -river
Bellows and hisses,
Plunging in flame to the
Shrieking ahysses.
There on the brink of the
Dolorous river,
Smoke Purgatorial
for ever : —
" There with a glow, as of
Gold in the coppel,
Glimmers Earth -paradise
Girdled with opal.
There at the gates of the
Weird spirit-haven,
Crosiered St. Patric stands,
Old as a raven."
166 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
Of the interview that then ensued between Saint and Demon, and, of its
outcome, it is not my purpose to speak. But this " cavernous islet" in
Lough Derg (known in modern times as Station Island), and especially
the cavern itself, which was supposed to be an entrance to Purgatory,
invite the consideration of antiquaries.
The earliest description of this island known to me is by Sir
James "Ware, although his reference to " the History of Jorval, Henry
Knighton, and others," points to still earlier investigators. Sir James
Ware calls Station Island " The Island of St. Patrick's Purgatory," and
he gives a map (" Insulse Purgatorii S. Patricii Descriptio") showing
its church and seven minor buildings, as well as the stone circles — six in
number — and the " Purgatory," which appears to have been the raison
d'etre of all the other structures. With regard to the stone circles in his
map, Ware remarks: — "It is to be noted that the circles there mention'd,
commonly call'd Beds \_Lecti vel Circuit], inclos'd with stone-walls
scarce three foot high, were the places where pilgrims performed their
penance." And then he goes on to say: — "As to the Cave itself
[i.e. the "Purgatory," or the entrance to Purgatory], it was built of
freestone, and cover'd with broad flags, and green turf laid over them.
The door being shut, there is no light but what enters at a little window
in the corner. It is in length within the walls 16 foot and a half, and
in breadth 2 and an inch. And as the Cave is small, so likewise is the
Island ; which is scarce three-quarters of an Irish Acre."
Ware's account of this islet, and its cave, is introduced in connexion
with the " Priory in the Island of St. Dabeoc, or Avog, in Lough
Derg," with regard to which Priory he says : — " The Prior of the place
was heretofore called the Prior of St. Patrick's Purgatory; but the
Cave itself, that bears the name of St. Patrick's Purgatory, the finding
whereof is by some ascrib'd to Patrick the Abbot, who flourish'd in the
year 850, by others to St. Patrick, is situate in another island of the
same Logh, where usually some canon of the Priory of St. Duobec [sic]
resided, for the service of the church and pilgrims. Of this Cave strange
and incredible things are related. It was demolish'd, as a fictitious
thing, on St. Patrick's Day, in the year 1497, by authority of Pope
Alexander VI., by the Guardian of the House of Minorits of Donegall
and others, says the author of the Ulster Annals, who then lived. Yet
it was afterwards restored, and frequently visited by pilgrims. Some
ridiculously imagine that Ulisses first made this Den, when he discours'd
the Shades below."
With regard to the Caverna Purgatorii in Ware's map, it may be
observed that if it was drawn by Sir James Ware, or, in his day, from
the actual structure, then it represents what was, at that time, a
restored or even a wholly new building, and not the "cave" that was
demolished in 1497, "as a fictitious thing," by the authority of Pope
Alexander VI. Perhaps Ware's picture is only drawn from a verbal
MISCELLANEA. 167
description ; if so, I should be inclined to suspect that the structure was
really a souterrain — in its earliest form, at any rate. The reference to
Ulysses and the Shades below, the terms "den," "cave," and "caverna,"
applied to it, its dimensions and the character of its roofing, all seem
to point to its having been one of those artificial underground " caves"
so common in Ireland. And if Ware's measurements be correct (16^ feet
long by 25 inches broad), it must have been one of the most restricted
of buildings, whether subterranean or not. The picture shows what
seems to be a little doorway at the hither end. Possibly it is meant for
the "little window in the corner." If a doorway, it would certainly be
the tiniest of doorways, since it only occupies a part of a space about
2 feet square.
The statement that the "Purgatory" was destroyed by the eccle-
siastical authorities in 1497 "as a fictitious thing," seems to indicate
that it was regarded by them as an inheritance from paganism under a
Christian name ; and this assumption is rather strengthened than
weakened by the fact that the place continued to be held in great
reverence during many subsequent generations. There are numberless
instances throughout Europe of the almost invincible persistence of
pagan ideas and customs, although under modern names. But no doubt
many members of this Society will be able to throw light both upon the
present condition and the past history of "St. Patrick's Purgatory," —
DAVID MAC EITCHIE, Fellow.
Inis Clotherann (TEAMPUL MOR). — On reading Mr. Bigger's interest-
ing Paper on Inis Clotherann, which appeared in the Journal of our
Society for the first quarter of the present year, I was a good deal
puzzled by what appears to me to be a discrepancy between the descrip-
tion of the east end of Teampul Mor and the accompanying illustration.
The description says : — " The two graceful lancet lights in the east end
are long, narrow, and well recessed, to all intents similar on the inside,
but somewhat unlike outside, one being severely plain and the other
elaborately moulded. The moulded light is much later than the
original church, and its insertion has evidently been at the expense
of what at one time must have been a beautiful double piscina with an
octagonal column dividing it in the centre, the base of which alone
remains, crushed over, as it were, by the intrusion of the window
jambs." Prom this it would appear that it was the jamb of the later,
or moulded window, which interfered with the piscina ; however, on
looking at the illustration on page 73, I saw that the moulded window
was to the north of the plain one, whereas the piscina was to the south
side of the latter and of the altar. I at first thought that possibly the
illustration of the outside of the windows might have got reversed, either
in the original printing of the photograph or in the reproduction, but,
168 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
on a closer examination, I found that this could not have been the case,
as the shadow of the man thrown on the wall showed that he must have
been standing to the north of the windows, the photograph having been
taken in the forenoon, which proved that the south, or plain window,
was the one which interfered with the original double piscina.
With respect to the lean-to roof of the cloister, in the Franciscan
Friary at Adare, the cloister had such a roof, and that, undoubtedly,
dates from the latter half of the fifteenth century. I think it extremely
probable, in fact almost certain, that at about that time this old church
came into the hands of one of the reformed orders of preaching friars,
as happened, in such numerous instances, in all parts of Ireland, and
that they re-edified it, and added the conventual buildings for their
accommodation.
With respect to the local tradition of the vaulted sacristy having
been a penitential prison, such traditions are very common. The
circular columbarium at the Trinitarian Priory at Adare is locally
believed to have been one ; and so is a similar columbarium at
Monaster-na-Cealagh near Sanagolden, in which latter a wicked abbess
is popularly said to have been confined for life.
TEAMPUL CLOGAS. — The stairs in the north wall of this church
evidently gave access to a croft in the west end, which served as a
dwelling-place for the officiating priest, and from which access was
gained to the tower. Such crofts were common in old churches, and
seem to have been in use for a long time, and to have existed in churches
of very different dates. The corbels on which the beams which supported
the floor rested are generally to be seen in situ ; I cannot, however,
recall an instance of access being gained to one by stairs in the wall;
such stairs, however, often lead to rood lofts similarly supported on
corbels.
It would be very desirable that an examination should be made by
an expert, not only in architecture but also in masonry, of the junction
and general building of the west gable of the church and of the tower.
It is quite possible that the west gable, or that part of it immediately
connected with the tower, may have belonged to an older church, and
the stairs and other parts now existing may have been a later rebuild-
ing. It would be satisfactory if the relative ages of the tower and west
gable of the church could be decided on good authority : with all
respect for Mr. Bigger, I hardly think it can be settled offhand by his
ipse dixit, especially as he does not seem to have had much time for
examining the building thoroughly ; and whatever may be said of
O'Donovan, I do not think that the authority of Petrie, as given in his
" Round Towers," can be set aside without good reason given. — GEORGE
J. HEWSON, M.A., Fellow.
MISCELLANEA.
169
Fassaroe Cross,1 near Bray. — In the Irish Times of a recent date,
Mr. Robert White draws attention to a cross, which stands not far from
the main road from Bray to Enniskerry, near the gateway of Fassaroe,
the residence of Mr. liichard M. Barrington, LL.B., in the laneway
leading from that place to the back entrance to Vallambrosa. Mr. "White
says its site is not indicated on the present 6-inch Ordnance Map, but it
will be found marked on one issued in 1 840. The circle of the cross
FASSAKOE CKOSS, NEAK BKAV.
(Drawn by Mr. E. Crofton Rotherham.)
measures 24 inches in diameter. It rests on a shaft measuring 32 inches
in( height, 10 inches in breadth, and 6 inches in thickness. As Mr.
White mentions, there is a figure of our Saviour rudely carved upon it,
and on one side there is a small projection, and also two projections
upon^the back. The cross is of granite, and roughly chiselled. Mr.
White suggests that it is contemporaneous with the "Druid's Chair" at
Killiney, which Mr. Wakeman has described as " a modern antique,"
1 The illustration of Fassaroe Cross is reproduced from a pencil sketch made some
years ago by Mr. E. Crofton llotherham.
170 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
but I think we should be safer in considering it as contemporaneous
with the crosses at Tully, near Cabiuteely, illustrated at p. 184. Near
the cross there lies, on the ground, a small stone font or basin for holy
water. I understand the cross was removed a few years ago, by a
farmer to his house, but was re-erected at the instance of Mr. Barrington,
as near as possible to its original site. No remains of any building are
now to be seen near it; but one of our members, Mrs. Alfred Hamilton,
tells me that some years ago she traced what she thought were the
remains of a church in an adjoining field. — F. ELRINGTON BALL, Fellow.
Record of the Dublin Gild of Merchants.— In a footnote to my
paper on the Records of the Dublin Gild of Merchants, which appeared in
the last number of the Journal, it is stated that the original grant of
arms to the saddlers' corporation is in possession of John Fox Goodman,
Esq. This is not so, the document in Mr. Goodman's hands being a
grant of arms to the merchants' gild. — H. F. BEERY, Fellow.
The Lancashire and Cheshire Antiquarian Society (Tour in
Ireland). — On Saturday, June 2nd, the members of the Lancashire and
Cheshire Antiquarian Society, on a tour in Ireland, under the leadership
of Mr. F. Scott, Manchester, spent a pleasant time in visiting the many
places of interest in the city, the programme of which had been arranged
by Mr. Robert Cochrane, M.R.I.A., superintendent of national monu-
ments. The party, which comprised twenty-two ladies and gentlemen,
first visited Christ Church Cathedral, where they were received by the
Dean and Sir Thomas Drew, cathedral architect, and conducted over the
building, the history and architecture of which were described by Sir
Thomas Drew. The ancient manuscripts and church plate were also
exhibited. Subsequently the party were conducted to the remains of
the old city walls. St. Patrick's Cathedral and Marsh's Library were
next visited, and later on the party proceeded to Trinity College, where
they were received by Professor E. Perceval Wright, M.D., President
of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland, and introduced to the
librarian, by whose courtesy the Book of Kells, and other illuminated
manuscripts, were shown in the library. The Royal Irish Academy
was subsequently visited, as well as the Science and Art Museum,
where the fine collection of Irish antiquities was seen. The party pro-
ceeded to Galway, for Connemara, where they remained for a few days
visiting the ruins around Lough Corrib, Aran Islands, and Carna. —
Daily Express.
Galway Archaeological and Historical Society. — This Society has
been formed for the study of local antiquities and history.
A preliminary meeting was held at the Railway Hotel, Galway, on
Tuesday, the 20th March, 1900.
MISCELLANEA. 171
The Hon. Kobert E. Dillon was elected President of the Society for
the period ending December 31st, 1901.
The Most Rev. Dr. Healy was elected Yice-President for a like
period.
Messrs. Kichard J. Kelly and W. F. Trench were appointed Hon.
Secretaries, and Mr. T. Dillon Lawson, Bank of Ireland, Hon. Treasurer.
The Rules of the Society, as adopted at the Meeting, are annexed.
Ladies and gentlemen who wish to join should communicate with one of
the Honorary Secretaries.
The first regular meeting of the Society will be held in Gal way at
the July Assizes, 1900.
Members' Subscriptions for the present year should be made payable
to Mr. T. Dillon Lawson, Bank of Ireland, Galway.
The Rules adopted were : —
I. That this Society be called "The Galway Archaeological and
Historical Society."
II. That the purposes of the Society be the study and investigation
of the history, antiquities and folklore of the county and town of Galway
and their surroundings.
III. That the Society consist of a President, Yice-Presidents,
Council, Hon. Treasurer, two Hon. Secretaries, Executive Committee,
Literary and Publication Committee and Members. That ladies be
eligible for election.
IY. That the names of ladies and gentlemen desiring to become
Members of the Society shall be submitted, together with the names of
their Proposers and Seconders to the Executive Committee, and if
approved of by them shall then be elected.
Y. That the business of the Society be managed and controlled by
the President, Yice-President, Executive Committee, Hon. Treasurer
and Hon. Secretaries. That for ordinary business three shall form a
quorum.
YI. That Members pay an annual subscription of ten shillings (due
on 1st January), and that one payment of £5 shall constitute a life
membership.
VII. That a Journal containing the Society's transactions with other
matter of interest, and local notes and queries, subject to approval,
shall be issued periodically.
VIII. That the meetings of the year be fixed by the Executive
Committee, due notice of the dates of the meetings to be given to-
members.
IX. That members be at liberty to introduce visitors at the meetings
of the Society.
X. That no member shall receive the Journal, or remain on the roll
of members, who has not paid his subscription for the year.
172 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OP IRELAND.
Congress of Archaeological Societies in union with the Society of
Antiquaries (Committee on the Preservation of Local Records). — The
following are the replies to No. 2 Schedule presented to the Secretary of
the Local Records Committee. The full text of the letter and Schedules
is published in the Journal for the year 1899, pp. 424, 425.
1. Is it desirable to establish throughout the country local offices,
under public control, for the preservation, arrangement, and study of
documents relating to the history and administration of the district ?
Yes. Provided always that such offices contain sufficient accommo-
dation, with fire and damp proof chambers, suitable for the custody of
records, and that the buildings are subject to the supervision and approval
of a competent Government authority.
Provision should also be made in such offices for the accommodation
of all such documents now in the Public Record Office as in the opinion
of Her Majesty's Public Record Office ought to be preserved in the locali-
ties to which they refer.
It appears also most desirable to do something to remedy the present
chaotic system of storing local records, which tends so much to dis-
courage research, and which should be replaced by a policy of local con-
centration.
Whenever a change is made, it is very desirable to deal systematically
with the custody of wills throughout the country, as the present reposi-
tories are often in an unsatisfactory condition.
2. If so, what local centres should be chosen, and what authorities,
local or central, should be entrusted with the duty of supervision ?
The Congress considers that the foundation and support of offices
could best be entrusted to the County Councils, and has reason to
believe that in the majority of cases these bodies will be ready to under-
take this.
The work might be entrusted to a Standing Joint Record Committee
of Quarter Sessions, the County Council, the Municipal and other authori-
ties, under the Presidency of the Gustos Rotulorum.
Should the carrying out of the Land Transfer Act be entrusted to the
County Councils, the creation of Record Offices will be necessary, and can
well be combined with those now suggested for General Purposes.
The great and striking growth of county feeling inclines the Society to
the hope that offices may be founded and maintained in each county ; but
the Society would prefer thoroughly well organized offices in provincial
centres to county offices imperfectly equipped and conducted.
To render possible the formation of such provincial centres, power
should be given to counties and county boroughs to combine as may be
desirable to form offices in central positions common to two or more
counties.
MISCELLANEA. 173
County, diocesan, or large and important cities and towns appear to
be suitable centres, special regard being paid to general accessibility.
The exact determination of localities must, however, be left to the bodies
undertaking the work.
It is essential that all offices and custodians shall be subject to the
general supervision of Her Majesty's Public Record Office, or of a Com-
mission appointed for the purpose (see further remarks under heading
No. 7).
3. What documents relating to local administration should be con-
tinuously preserved ?
All documents up to the commencement of the present reign may well
be kept for the present. The selection of current records for preservation
must be left to the consideration of the responsible body.
4. "What inducements can be offered to owners of documents of anti-
quarian value, whether general, ecclesiastical, local, or personal in their
character, to place them in public custody ?
The safe custody of their records, and convenience of access, both of
which would be greater than can be obtained from private custody, or
any but the most perfectly fitted muniment rooms. Bishops and other
custodians of ecclesiastical records might in many cases be glad to
deposit their records in safe and skilled custody, such as is proposed. It
might be easily arranged that such collections should be kept distinct, if
preferred.
5. In what manner would it be expedient to deal with documents such
as parish registers, diocesan registers, churchwardens' accounts, old
terriers, old manorial rolls, records of manorial and local courts, old leases,
old enclosure awards, maps, and others ?
Power should be given to receive these on deposit as suggested above,
or to receive them permanently where possible. Every inducement should
be given to bring about the permanent deposit, but it will be more
expedient for the present to dwell upon the power of withdrawal.
Special encouragement should be given to the deposit of court rolls, as
they are no.w ceasing to be of any practical value to their owners, and
are therefore likely to be destroyed.
Parliamentary powers would have to be obtained for the deposit of
parish registers ; precedents are furnished by Scotch and Irish legislation .
It is undesirable to invite the deposit of parish registers subsequent to
1837.
It is doubtless in connexion with the deposit of this class of record
that the greatest difficulties will arise, and any scheme affecting them
must be prepared with the sanction of, and after consultation with the
ecclesiastical authorities.
Tour R S A I I VoK x<- Fifth Ser" I O
Jour. K.b.A.I. j Vol 30< Consec Ser |
174 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
The Congress feels that it would be most unwise to suggest a compul-
sory deposit of the older Parish Registers, but would be glad if such
deposit could be made permissive. It is believed, that in such case, pos-
sible opposition would gradually die away, and the desired object be
effected without friction.
The question of fees for searches in deposited Parish Registers, which
is sure to arise, can be dealt with by keeping accounts of all certified
extracts given from the Local Record Office, or by some system of com-
position.
The fees received in connexion with the ancient Registers are, how-
ever, trivial, and might be dealt with by some such arrangement as the
fees for inspecting wills are now dealt with by the President of the
Probate Division.
Other valuable parochial documents would probably be gladly handed
over to the custody of the Record Offices, and the present is a par-
ticularly favourable time for obtaining possession of these. The Congress
has too much reason to know the extreme danger in which such docu-
ments stand, owing to the absence of knowledge of their interest on the
part of their present custodians, and the changes introduced by the Parish
Councils Acts.
It is most desirable that steps should be taken to secure the deposit
of the records of all public authorities and bodies that may become
extinct.
6. How can local collections be best made available for the student ?
Provision should be made for calendaring all documents deposited ;
this would be part of the work of the custodian. It is important that all
calendars be constructed on a uniform system. Access and facilities for
study should be given to students under careful regulation, and the
offices should contain provision for this purpose.
The officers should be entitled to charge reasonable fees, or to com-
pound for these in cases of lengthened research, or to remit them in cases
of literary research in accordance with the practice of the Probate
Registry.
The offices should also be entitled to supply copies of documents at
reasonable charges, as is done at H.M. Public Record Office ; such copies
should be made evidence in Courts of Law as office copies.
7. What would be the best mode of securing the services of competent
custodians ?
The Congress desires to point out that it will be of the utmost impor-
tance that none but properly qualified custodians should be appointed.
Certificates of competency should be required from some public body, such
as, for instance, H.M. Public Record Office, the British Museum, or some
one of the Universities.
MISCELLANEA. 175
The Universities of Oxford and Cambridge, University College,
Liverpool, and the London School of Economics already give instruction
in Paleography and Diplomatics, and should the demand arise, other
•educational centres will no doubt do the same. The preparation of calen-
dars of the contents of the offices and the making of copies will be part
of the work of the custodian, and a sound knowledge of Palaeography is
therefore essential.
8. To what extent, if any, could local libraries, under public control
•or managed by trustworthy local bodies, be made useful for the purposes
of custody ?
It is most undesirable that there should be any connexion with
Public Libraries. Their scope is different, and the Libraries have rarely
fire-proof accommodation suitable for the custody of Records. The regu-
lations governing the use of Records must necessarily be very different
from those for the use of books, and the most competent of Librarians
may not necessarily possess the qualification of a custodian of Records. —
•STANLEY LEIGHTON (in the Chair"). RALPH NEVILL, Son. Sec. March 28th,
1900.
The Royal Archaeological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland —
(President of the Meetings — THE RIGHT HON. THE EARL OF ROSSE).
Proceedings : —
Wednesday, July 18th. — Reception and Presidential Address in the
Mansion House. Luncheon. Trinity College, the buildings and MSS.
in the Library, among which is the Book of Kells. St. Patrick's
•Cathedral. The Castle. Section Meeting in the evening.
Thursday, July 19th. — Drive to Swords. The Round Tower and
Archbishop's Palace. Drive to Malahide. Luncheon. Malahide Abbey
^-nd Castle. Drive to St. Doulough's. The Church, a two-storied
building with a stone roof. St. Doulough's Well. Drive back to
Dublin. Conversazione in the New Museum in Kildare-street, under
the auspices of the Royal Irish Academy and the Royal Society of
Antiquaries of Ireland.
Friday, July 20th. — By rail to Trim. The Church, Castle, and
Yellow Steeple. The Abbey of St. Peter and St. Paul, Nevvtown Trim.
Luncheon. Drive to the Hill of Tara. Drive to Kilmessan Station,
•and by rail to Dublin. Section Meeting in the evening, and Reception
by the Lord Mayor in the Mansion House.
Saturday, July list. — Annual Business Meeting. Christ Church
Cathedral. Luncheon. Further perambulation of Dublin, including
visits to Kilmainham Hospital, the Four Courts, the Custom House, &c.
Monday, July 23rd.— By rail to Kells. Drive to St. Kieran's (Cairan).
02
176 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRKLAND.
The Holy Well, and Termon Crosses. Luncheon. Kells, the crosses,
and St. Columba's House. By rail to Dublin. Section Meeting in the
evening.
Tuesday, July 24th. — By rail to Drogheda. Drive to Monasterboice.
The Round Tower, ruined churches, and crosses, some of the finest in
Ireland. Drive to Mellifont Abbey. Luncheon. Drive to Dowth.
The Chambered Tumulus. Drive to Drogheda. By rail to Dublin.
Concluding Meeting in the evening.
Wednesday, July 25th. — By rail to Rathdrum. Drive to Glendalough.
Luncheon. The Cathedral, and ruined churches. St. Kevin's Kitchen.
Drive to Rathdrum. By rail to Dublin.
By permission of the Royal Irish Academy, the Sectional Meetings
were held in the rooms of the Academy.
Tara. — The excavations on the Hill of Tara were resumed some time-
ago, and have now extended over nearly the whole of the Rath of the
Synods. As each part was excavated it was filled up again, and as no
competent overseer was present during the operations, it is impossible to-
report any results. It would appear, however, that there are two circu-
lar trenches cut in the rock : the inner one about 8 feet wide, and the-
outer one 18 feet wide. The only " find" was a collection of fifteen
Roman coins of small value, all belonging to the reign of Constantino
the Great. They were discovered about 18 inches below the surface of
the ground, and immediately over the wide trench mentioned above. As
so many Roman coins have been found in Ireland, the only interest
attaching to these arises from the locality. It is interesting also to note-
that from the position in which they were discovered, it would seem
that the trench had been filled up and the surface grass grown at the
time when they were lost. This would agree with the old traditions,
that Tara had fallen into decay in the time of King Cor mac Mac Art,,
and that most of the buildings there were erected by that monarch. —
JOHN HEALY, LL.D.
Crucifix found at Trim. — A small bronze crucifix was found at Trim
some weeks ago. It is said to have been found on the site of what is
known as the Greek Church, and is now in the possession of Mr. Latimer^
of Trim. It is probably of the fifteenth or sixteenth century. I hope to
send a fuller description, with photograph, later on. — JOHN HEALY, LL.D.
A County Kilkenny Centenarian. — At Gowran, county Kilkenny,
there resides an old man, Michael Melia, who is in his 104th year,
having been born Michaelmas Day, 1796, at Talbot Hill, Gowran.
He was twice married, his present wife, who is aged 86, being the
MISCELLANEA. 177
widow of an army pensioner of the 63rd Regiment. Michael Melia left
Gowran as a young man, and lived for many years at Tollougher, near
New Ross. He married there, and reared his family. His sons worked
with him at the Public Works, 1846-1847, in that parish. When the
Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland met at Gowran in October,
1899, Mrs. Shackleton, of Lucan, took a photograph of him, and, later
on, he was again photographed by the Rev. P. S. Weldon, who took a
larger one, bringing in his wife and donkey-cart. The two photographs
were sent to the Private Secretary of Her Majesty the Queen, with the
request that he would kindly place then before Her Majesty, Upon
his doing so, the Queen was very pleased with them, expressed her
wish of keeping both, and sent a donation of £3 to be given to
Mr. Melia. It is needless to say the joy it was to him at Christmas
time. This history has been authenticated by the parish priest.1 —
MARION HARMAN.
1 A reference to the census for the year 1821 shows the following entry for
the parish of Gowran, county Kilkenny, townland of Gowran, and subdivision of
Talbottshill :—
John Millea, aged 60, farmer.
Mary ,, ,,60, wife.
Michael ,, ,,23, son.
These names correspond with the parents of Michael Melia, and there is but little
•doubt that he is the person above described. —En.
178 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUAHIES OF IRELAND.
A GENERAL MEETING of the Society was held in the Society's Rooms, 6,
St. Stephen's-green, Dublin, on Tuesday, 1st May, 1900, at 8 o'clock,
p.m;
PKOFESSOK E. PERCEVAL WKIGHT, M.D., M.A., President, in the Chair.
The following were present at the Meeting, or joined in the Excur-
sion on the following day : —
Vice- Presidents. — Thomas Drew, H.H.A. ; the Rev. Canon J. F. M. ffrenchr
M.R.I.A. ; Richard Langtishe, J.P., F.R.I. A.I.
Hon. General Secretary. — Rohert Cochrane, F.S.A.
Hon. Treasurer. — William C. Stuhhs, M.A.
Fellows.—!?. Ellington Ball, M.R.I.A. ; Henry F. Berry, M.A. ; George D.
Burtchaell, M.A., M.U.I.A. ; John Cooke, M.A. ; George A. P. Kelly, M.A. ; R. S.
Longworth- Dames, J.P., M.R.I.A.; Thomas J. Mellon; W. R. J. Molloy, M.U.I.A.,
J.P. ; J. J. Perceval, J.P. ; the Rev. Canon Stoney, M.A., D.D. ; Sir Henry Thynne,.
C.B., LL.D. ; Robert Lloyd Woollcombe, LL.D.
Members. — C. F. Allen ; Miss Badham ; "W. F. Bailey, M.A. ; Robert Bestick ; John
H. Black ; J. B. Cassin-Bray ; P. J. Bermingham ; Miss Brown ; James Caffrey ; John
Carolan, J.P. ; Miss J. Clark ; W. P. Chapman ; H. A. Cosgrave ; Col.W. C. Dickenson ;
Michael Dunn; George Duncan; William Faren ; the Rev. Canon Fisher; S. A. 0.
Fitzpatrick; Mrs. Greene; Thomas Greene, LL.B., J.P. ; Mrs. Thomas Greene; the
Rev. Canon Hemphill, D.D., M.R.I.A.; Mrs. Holmes; the Rev. F. C. Hayes, M.A. ;
the Rev. Canon Healy, LL.D. ; Bryan Hennessy ; Miss Hynes ; George Kiernan ;
Thomas Kiernan ; R. J. Kelly ; Thomas J. Kelly ; Mrs. Long ; the Rev. Dr. Lucas ;
Miss M. Macken ; Mrs. M'Donnell; Geo. E. Matthe\vs ; Eev. J. R. Meara ; Francis
M'Bride; the Rev. J. M'Inerney, P.P.; John P. M'Knight; the Bishop of Meath ;
Joseph H. Moore, M.A. ; the Rev. Dr. Moffett; A. McCarthy; the Rev. David
Mullan ; Mrs. Murtagh ; the Rev. T. A. O'Morchoe, M.A. ; Thomas Patterson ; Miss
A.Peter; Geo. Peyton LL.D. ; Hugh Pollock; Thomas Plunkett, M.R.I.A. ; J. J.
Purcell ; Miss E. M. Pirn ; Mrs. Shackleton ; Geo. W. Shackleton ; His Honor
Judge Shaw; Mrs. Sheridan ; William Stirling, C.E. ; Dr. Truell, J.P., D.L. ; Frank
Warnock ; the Rev. Dr. White, M.R.I.A. ; R. Blair White ; W. J. Grove White,
LL.B., &C.
The following were elected : —
MEMBERS.
Browne, Charles, M.R.I.A., M.D., 66, Harcourt- street, Dublin : proposed by Thoma*.
J. Westropp, Fellow.
Dunne, Rev. J., c.c., The Presbytery, Rath mines : proposed by Patrick J. O'Reilly,.
Fellow.
PROCEEDINGS. 179
Gore, Mrs., Derrymore, O'Callaghan's Mills, Co. Clare: proposed by Thomas J.
Westropp, Fellow.
Joly, Miss Anna M., 5, Upper Ely-place, Dublin : proposed by William C. Stubbs,
Fellow.
Lambert, Bertrund T., Powerstown House, Goresbridge, Co. Kilkenny : proposed by
tbe Rev. R. A. Burnett.
Librarian, Marsh's Library, St. Patrick's, Dublin : proposed by the Rev. Dr. Newport
White.
Maxwell, Joseph A., 63, Upper Sackville- street, Dublin: proposed by the Rev.
David Mullan.
Peyton, George, LL.D., 4, Prince Arthur-terrace, Leinster-square, Rathmines : pro-
posed by John Moran, LL.D., Fellow.
Pirn, Miss E. M., Newtown Park, Waterford : proposed by M. J. Hurley, Fellow.
Roberts, Rev. William Ralph Westropp, F.T.C.D., Clonlea, Dundrum : proposed by
Tbomas J. Westropp, Fellow.
Wood, Herbert, Public Record Offiee, Four Courts, Dublin : proposed by James
Mills, M.R.I. A., Fellow.
The Treasurer's Statement of the Accounts for the year 1899 were
adopted (see page 180).
The following Papers were read and referred to the Council for
publication : —
" A Corner in the Donegal Highlands," by the Ven. R. JE. Baillie, M.A., Archdeacon
of Raphoe. (Read by Mr. Richard Langrishe.)
"St. Malacby of Armagh." Communicated by Miss E. M. Beeby. (Read by Mr.
F. Ellington Ball.)
The Rev. Canon Healy, LL.D., exhibited some Roman coins found
about 15 inches under the surface of the ground, at the recent excava-
tions, on the Hill of Tara (see page 175).
The Meeting then adjourned.
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PROCEEDINGS. 181
EXCURSION, WEDNESDAY, MAY 2, 1900.
ON Wednesday morning, at 9.30, 2nd May, the party started in
brakes from the Society Rooms, for an excursion to Tully, old Church
and Crosses, Rathmichael Church, Round Tower and Cashel, arriving at
Enniskerry, at 1.30, for lunch at the Hotel; afterwards Kilternan
Church and Cromlech were visited on the return journey; Kilgohbin
Church and Cross, and Dundrum Castle. The party enjoyed a pleasant
day, and returned to St. Stephen's-green, at 6.30 p.m.
The following Descriptive Guide to the places visited was prepared
by Mr. F. E. Ball, Fellow :—
TULLY, RATHMICHAEL, KILTERNAN, AND OTHER PLACES
IN SOUTH COUNTY DUBLIN.
THE objects of interest in the neighbourhood of Dublin which the
Society visited on its Spring Excursion, carry us back to times when
the country, even immediately round the capital, was little cultivated
and thinly populated. The cromlech, which was inspected, dates
from the pagan age, when forest growth alone relieved a dreary
waste of bogs and stony pasture, and some clusters of mud huts, sur-
rounded by earth banks and prickly hedges, were the only dwellings.
The ruined churches show by their diminutive size how few were the
inhabitants at the early Christian period in which they were erected ;
and the castles, characteristic specimens of those built by " the hardy
wurders of the Pale," indicate what small and scattered habitations
sufficed to accommodate the English settlers.
To reach the church of Tully, the first stopping place, the road from
Dublin to Blackrock is followed. Leaving St. Stephen's-green, which the
antiquary will try to picture as it is seen in Malton's print, with a gay
crowd 011 "the beau's walk," and passing Fit zwilliam- street, the site of
Gallow's Hill, where men were formerly hung by the score and women
182 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
not infrequently burned, the Grand Canal is reached. Having crossed
its placid waters by Macartney-bridge, little known by this name, but
so called after a director of the Canal Company at the time of its con-
struction, the site of Baggotrath Castle, on the slope of the hill on the
left-hand side, is observed. Built by the Bagots, the first Anglo-Norman
owners of the soil, the castle became one of the residences of their
successors, the Fitzwilliams, the ancestors of the Earl of Pembroke.
In it one of the first Chief Barons of the Irish Exchequer met a
tragic end, and round it the last struggle between the Royalist and
Parliament forces took place. Such remains of the castle, as the Par-
liament allowed to stand, disappeared at the beginning of the present
century, but a representation of it appears in Grose's "Antiquities of
Ireland."
The river Dodder and Ball's-bridge next meet the view. The
origin of the latter name deserves inquiry, for though apparently but
dating from about 1750, when a bridge at this point first saved a long
detour to more ancient ones at Clonskcagh and Ringsend, its origin is
now not known. The Rock- road, the Slighe Cualann or broad road of the
Cualanni, is then followed. On the right formerly stood the castle of
Simonscourt or Smothescourt, so called from a tenant of the church of
the Holy Trinity, commonly called Christ Church, to which these lands
belonged. On the left, where Sandymount now stands, lay the brick fields
of Viscount Fitzwilliam of Merrion — "Lord Merrion's brickfields" as
they were called — which supplied the bricks to build the houses in
Merrion -square and the adjoining streets, on what was then Lord
Fitz william's, and is now Lord Pembroke's estate. At Merrion the
site, now occupied by the Asylum for the Blind, of the ancestral home
of the Fitzwilliarns, is passed. This castle, which was large and
strongly fortified, was vacated by the family at the beginning of the
eighteenth century for the modern house built by the Yiscount of that
time at Mount Merrion.
Booterstown, or Ballybothair, the town of the road, next appears. It
contained another castle belonging to the Fitzwilliams, where dwelt, in
the reign of Charles I., Mr. Justice Ryves, whose deathbed speech still
remains as a curious example of the manners of his time. Then, on
the right, Willow Park, the seat at the time of the Union of Lord
Carleton, the Chief Justice of the Common Pleas, is passed. On the
left, Lisaniskea, the home in the eighteenth century of the foundress of
the Magdalen Asylum, Lady Arabella Denny, is seen. Next to it stood,
where now lies the People's Park, the villa of Lord Lisle. Then passing,
on the right, Frescati, the favourite residence of Lord Edward Fitz
Gerald, Blackrock is reached. This place, from about the middle of the
eighteenth century, when it superseded the more ancient little town of
Newtown, which lay where Seapoint now stands, until it was in its turn
superseded by Kingstown, was the favourite resort of Dublin citizens,
PROCEEDINGS. 183
and thither used to roll in summer a continuous stream of low-backed
cars laden with pleasure parties.
Leaving Blackrock by Newtown-avenue, on the right, Maretimo, built
by the first Lord Cloncurry, and still occupied by the Lawless family,
is seen. Next to it is Blackrock House, formerly the home of the
Lee family, which afforded a temporary residence in the eighteenth
century for more than one viceroy, and for Lord Clare while he held
the great seal. Further on is Temple-hill, formerly called Keptune.
It was occupied in the eighteenth century by John Dennis, Baron
Tracton, Chief Baron of the Exchequer, and John Scott, first Earl of
Clonmell, Chief Justice of the King's Bench; and there Mr. Fitzpatrick's
hero, Magee, wrought summary vengeance on his judicial persecutor by
organising a pig chase through the well-kept grounds. Passing by
Rockfield, the country residence of that Ion vivant, Lord Townshend,
while Lord Lieutenant, and of the famous Sir Boyle Roche, the mail
coach road is followed. It was made but a hundred years ago, and passes
through what was once the home farm of the Priory of the Holy
Trinity — a farm which has been commemorated for all time in the
account roll of the Priory, edited by the present Deputy Keeper of the
He cords. Dean's Grange was the site of another castle. Close by lie
the ruins of the ancient church of Kill of the Grange, which was a
mother church, having the churches of Dalkey, Killiney, Tully, Stil-
lorgan, and Moukstown appended to it.1 Then passing on to the village
of Cabinteely (whence comes this name), the traveller turns off the main
road to the right, and in a few moments reaches
THE CHUKCH OF TULLY.
A legendary story, which recounts how food was miraculously pro-
vided for eight chorepiscopi, who came from Tolach na n-Escop, the hill
of the bishops, as Tully was anciently called, to see St. Bridget in the
county Kildare, indicates the antiquity of this place as the site of a
church, and points to the possible existence there of an early Celtic
monastery. The church has been said to be of Danish origin, and its
erection has been ascribed to St. Tullock or Olave,2 but Dr. Todd in a
learned note in "The Obits and Martyrology of Christ Church," has
shown that this statement is absolutely baseless. As a matter of fact
the church was dedicated to St. Bridget, and some connexion very
possibly exist between its dedication to that saint and the pilgrimage of
the holy men of Tully to her home. Tully was one of the churches
granted, after the Norman Conquest, to the Priory of the Holy Trinity,
1 See for authorities for the foregoing paragraphs, Papers by F. E. Ball, on " The
Antiquities from Blackrock to Dublin," and "Some Residents of Monkstown in the
Eighteenth Century."
2 See O'Hanlon's " Lives of the Irish Saints," vol. ii., p. 144, and vol. vii., p. 494.
184 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
and, as has been mentioned, was an appendant of Kill of the Grange. In
the time of the Priory this church was a centre of much religious activity,
and was served by a resident chaplain. After the suppression of the
monasteries and establishment of the reformed religion it was little, if
ever, used. At the beginning of the seventeenth century there was not
a single person in the parish who attended Divine service in it, and
probably it was not repaired after it had been damaged by storms which
unroofed at that time many of the neighbouring churches.1 On all sides
it was then surrounded by those who still professed the ancient faith,
and in the Walsh's castle at Carrickraines no less than two priests found
a home, and Mass was regularly celebrated.
The remains of the church which still exist are those of the chancel.
Mr. Wakeman, in his paper on " The Primitive Churches in the Co.
Dublin,"2 says that the ruins exhibit a finely-formed choir arch, and
that the windows which are round-headed and spacious, are probably
twelfth or thirteenth century. He thinks that the chancel was built as
an addition to a primitive nave, all trace of which lias disappeared. In
the churchyard there has been found one of those remarkable stones,
with inscribed concentric circles — the origin of which forms the subject
of one of the late Bishop of Limerick's contributions to the " Trans-
actions of the Royal Irish Academy."3 He is of opinion that they are
sepulchral stones of the early Christian period, and suggests that the
concentric markings were intended to represent the circular building s,
in which those, to whom the stones were erected, had dwelt. Mr.
Parkinson subsequently read a paper before the Academy* in which he
described the stone at Tally. He says that there are on it three
groups of well-defined rings differing in their diameter ; the top group
consists of two rings, and the lower groups of three rings each. The
groups are connected with each other, and with both ends of the stone,
by straight lines which are hardly discernible. Dr. Purefoy Colles, who
contributed a paper on these stones to the Journal* in which he particu-
larly refers to this stone at Tully, says that a small angular projection
at each side gives it a faint resemblance to a cross. This peculiarity
was also noticed by Du Noyer, who has left a fine drawing of the stone
in his collection of sketches, preserved in the Royal Irish Academy.6
He thought the stone was of pagan origin, and was afterwards converted
to Christian uses. Dr. Purefoy Colles also draws attention to another
stone in Tully churchyard, bearing a rudely carved cross, surrounded by
a circle, which, he says, is similar to one at Glendalough.
1 See " Report of the Dublin Diocese in 1630," by Archbishop Bulkeley, printed
in the Irish Ecclesiastical Record, vol. v., p. 145.
2 Journal for 1891, pp. 697-702. 3 Vol. xxiv., Pt. n., p. 421.
4 " Proceedings of Royal Irish Academy," vol. x., p. 340.
6 For 1870-71, p. 209.
6 See description in " Proceedings," vol. viii., p. 61.
1. CROSS ON ROAD AT TULLY. 2. CROSS IN FIELD AT TULLY.
3. STONE WITH CONCENTRIC MARKINGS AT TULLY.
4. STONE WITH CONCENTRIC MARKINGS AT RATHMICHAEL.
(From Sketches by Mr. G. V. Du Noyer in the Royal Irish Academy.)
JOUR. R. S.A.I., vol. x., pt. 2, p. 185.
PROCEEDINGS,
But the most interesting relics at Tully, and perhaps the most re-
markable objects to be inspected on this occasion are the two great
crosses. One stands on the road approaching the church, the other is in
the field opposite to it. Du Noyer has made elaborate sketches of
them, which are also preserved in the Irish Academy, and it may not be
amiss to give his description of them at length.1 Of the cross on the
road, he says, "its type is that of a cross radiating from a circle, the
arms being clearly denned by the stone having been widely pierced
around them at their intersection. The lower arm is prolonged to form
the shaft, and the whole rests on a large squared plinth. This cross is-
possibly eighth or ninth century." Of the one in the field he says,
" its outline is copied from the modified Greek form, but the cross is
decorated by a broad bead or simple moulding, which most probably
passed quite around every portion of its edge. The field— to borrow an
heraldic term — thus enclosed, is occupied by a carving in high relief of
a full-length figure, apparently that of a female. The head of this
effigy is bare, or at least all trace of any head covering is destroyed, if it
was ever present. The figure is robed in a long inner garment, which
reaches to the ankles, just allowing the ends of the feet to appear below
it. The shoulders are covered by a short cape, which is apparently
attached to a long cloak held up in front by both hands, the arms being-
bent across the chest in an easy attitude. It may be regarded as work
of the ninth or tenth century."
Regaining the coach road, and proceeding towards Loughlinstown,
the site of the great encampment of soldiers, formed a few years before
the rebellion of 1798, is passed. Then descending the hill to Loughlins-
town, the house on the right represents the once famous inn of the
renowned Owen Bray, whose sporting achievements are celebrated in
the stanzas of " Kilruddery," which he is said to have assisted the actor
Mozeen to write. The latter also made Owen Bray and his inn the
subject of a song, in which he advised all travellers from England to
seek recovery there from the horrors of the crossing : —
" Were you full of complaints from the crown to the toe,
A visit to Owen's will cure you of woe,
A buck of such spirit you never did know,
For let what will happen they 're always in flow ;
'Tis thither the lads of brisk mettle resort,
For there they are sure that they '11 never fall short
Of good claret and bullan,
The eighty-fourth bumper for me." 2
On the opposite side of the road is the residence of Major Domvile,.
1 •« Proceedings," vol. vii., p. 304.
3 See Croker's " Popular Songs of Ireland" (London, 1839), p. 214, and notice of
Thomas Mozeen in " Dictionary of National Biography."
186 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
at the entrance to which is a large elm, under which James II. is said to
have rested. It is an interesting seventeenth-century house, which was
built by Major Domvile's ancestor, Sir William Domvile, who was
Attorney-General for Ireland during the reign of Charles II., and for
part of that of James II. Sir William was a lawyer of the first
ability, but like Tisdall in later times, he again and again refused the
highest judicial positions, and preferred to remain a law officer. His
grandson, who succeeded him as owner of Louglilinstown, was a well-
known man of fashion in the beginning of the eighteenth century, and
is mentioned more than once by Swift in his correspondence. He
resided much in England and abroad ; and Mrs. Delaney, who stopped at
Bray's inn to have dinner on her return from a visit to the county
Wicklow, mentions l in a letter to her sister, that Mr. Domvile's
house, the situation of which aroused her warmest admiration, was
almost in ruin.
Branching off the main road to the right, the old rectory of Rath-
michael is seen, where lived, when prebendary of Rathmichael, Dr.
Lyon, who is best known as the friend and guardian of Dean Swift, but
who also deserves recollection as a very accurate and intelligent anti-
quary. His successor, Dr. Leland, the author of the history of Ireland,
which bears his name, also resided there. Not far off are the ruins of
RATHMICHAEL,
which -comprise the remains of a church and of a round tower. The
latter bespeaks the antiquity of Rathmichael as the site of a place
of worship, and the fact that it constitutes the second subdiaconal
prebend in St. Patrick's Cathedral, shows its importance when that
establishment was founded. Canon O'Hanlon connects2 the place with
St. Congall, Abbot of Bangor, in the county Down. Although Rath-
michael suffered much by incursions from the mountain foemen, owing
to its situation on the boundary of the Pule, it is evident from references
to the place in the " Liber Niger," that it must have been, in the centu-
ries succeeding the Norman Conquest, comparatively well populated.
The church has probably been but little used since the Reformation ;
in 1630 the nave, although in repair, wanted "decency" for service,
and the chancel was almost a ruin.
The ruins of the church have suffered much in the last fifty years.
Mr. Wakeman says, in his Paper on " The Primitive Churches of the
County Dublin," that in 1840 a semicircular choir arch as well as the
eastern wall of the chancel and portion of the southern nave-wall were
standing. A few yards from the north-west end of the church is the
base of the round tower ; it is only 8 feet in height, and its circum-
1 "Life and Correspondence of Mary Granville," vol. iii., pp. 120, 125.
2 " Lives of the Irish Saints," vol. v., p. 182.
PROCEEDINGS. 187
ference is 52 feet. It has long been in its present condition ; Austin
Cooper mentions in his note-book that he visited the tower in 1778, and
found the dimensions to be those mentioned. From the tower a passage
underground is traditionally reported to lead to the sea, and down it a
piper, discoursing sweet music on his pipes, is said to have descended
and to have disappeared from mortal eye for ever.1 In the churchyard
there were formerly a font and a number of stones with concentric circles
similar to the one found at Tully. Their disappearance formed the
subject of correspondence some years ago in the ** Miscellanea,"2 and as
a result some of the stones were restored. Of one of these stones
which stood near the round tower, Du Noyer has left a drawing
which shows two groups of concentric circles above the level of the
ground.3 Mr. Drew, in a contribution to the Journal*- on inscribed
stones found in this neighbourhood, suggests that the long lintel over
the east window was a sepulchral stone of the same kind, and thinks
that probably, on examination, it would be found to bear circles. In
the lane leading to the church there is the base of a cross. A great
cashel originally surrounded the sacred buildings ; and not far from
them there was a rath of large dimensions.
Close to llathmichael is the castle known as Puck's Tower,5 which
was evidently built on the border of the Pale for its protection. It is
another of the places where King James is said to have rested after the
Battle of the Boyne. Passing on through Old Connaught, where are the
remains of another old church, and where formerly stood a castle, the
home of a branch of the widespreading Walsh clan,
THE CHURCH OF BALLYMAN
is approached. It has certainly not been used for more than three
hundred years, and of its origin nothing is known. The remains are said
to be those of a church of the thirteenth century, but a cashel which
formerly surrounded the place bespoke its greater antiquity us the site
of a sacred edifice. Mr. Drew, in his Paper, has drawn attention to the
lintel of the southern window of the church, which, with professional
acumen, he discovered to be an inscribed stone. It bears three groups
of circles. ]S"ear the church is a well, called after St. Kevin, and
surrounded by trees on which, until lately, the rags hung by pilgrims to
its healing waters were to be seen. Close by stood the Castle of Bally-
man, which originally belonged to the Talbot family, and which passed
from them to the ancestors of Viscount Powerscourt.
1 See article on " Rathmichael, " with woodcut of the ruins, by John S. Sloane,
C.E., in The Irish Literary Gazette, vol. ii., p. 102.
2 Jotirnalfor 1894, pp. 181, 291, &c.
3 See description in "Proceedings," vol. via., p. 61.
* For 1868-69, p. 439.
8 See description of Puck's Tower in articles on " The Lesser Castles of the County
Dublin," by E. E. M'C. Dix, in the Irish Builder for 1897, pp. 115, 129.
188 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
Proceeding OD,
ENNISKERRY
soon appears in sight. It represents the ancient Stagonil, which, although
situated almost in the territory of the hill tribes, was made one of the
prebends of St. Patrick's Cathedral, and was held by Anglo-Norman
owners from the time of the conquest. Tn the centuries succeeding the
invasion the receipts from its taxation were very precarious, but a fair,
afterwards transferred to the more civilized region of Dalkey, was held
there for a time.1
Leaving Enniskerry and passing on the right, the ruined church of
Killegar, which formed the subject of one of Dr. Stokes's most charming
Papers, the road through the Scalp, that sublime chasm, as D'Alton
calls it, is traversed. A little further on, the village of Golden Ball is
reached; and turning off the main road to the right, the traveller
arrives at the ruined church of
KlLTKRNAN,
or the Church of St. Tiernan, a Mayo saint, as Dr. Stokes tells us,2 of
the fifth or sixth century, whose festival is celebrated on April 8. This
church was built, as is evident from the Celtic character of its architecture,
prior to the Norman Conquest, when the surrounding lands, which had
formed portion of the territory of the great chief Mac Gillamocholmog,
were given to the Abbey of the Blessed Virgin Mary, near Dublin.3 It, no
doubt, served as a place of worship for the tenants, and was supplied with
a chaplain by the Abbey. At first the lands cannot have been a source of
much profit. They were situated on the borders of the Pale, and the
adjoining lands of Carrickmines were often the scene of conflicts between
the mountaineers, who poured down through the Scalp, and forces sent
from Dublin to resist their raids. In the fifteenth century, matters
began to improve, and legal steps were then taken to determine the
exact boundaries of the lands. Probably the church was never used
after the dissolution of the religious houses, when it was attached to
Rathmichael and Bray. The lands then came into the possession of the
Fitzwilliams of Merrion, but it was not for more than one hundred
years that any person of importance settled on them.
At the close of the seventeeth century Kilternan became the home of
the Johnson family, which has attained distinction in the military annals
of our country, and on two members of which baronetcies have been
conferred.4 During a minority in the family in the middle of the
1 " Liber Niger" (Bishop Reeves' copy in T. C. D. Library), pp. 241, 554.
2 " Lecture on Parochial History," in Irish Ecclesiastical Gazette for May 22,
1896.
3 See " Chartularies of St. Mary's Abbey," edited by Sir John Gilbert, in Roll's
Series, passim.
4 Johnson of Kilternan, and Johnson of Bath. See Burke's " Peerage and Baron-
etage." Christopher Johnson, of Kilternan, in his will, dated November 23, 1705,
PROCEEDINGS. 1 89
eighteenth century, their house was let to that mighty Nimrod,
Johnny Adair of Kilternan, whose exploits, in days when this neigh-
bourhood was a hunting-centre, have formed the theme of several songs
by Mozeen and others. The actor O'Keefe says he was the prince of
good fellows j1 and his character may be gathered from the concluding
lines of one of Mozeen' s songs, in which Father Time is represented as
saying, after a visit to Kilternan —
" Go on with your bumpers, your beef, and good cheer,
And the darling of Time shall be Johnny Adair."
He was, as O'Keefe tells us, a very large muscular man, with a
tremendous hoarse voice ; and a place at the Scalp, known as Adair's
Leap, exhibits his powers as an equestrian. Though called his leap he
never took it. If he had done so, he would certainly have been killed ;
and the tradition is that, having approached the edge of the precipice in
the heat of the chase, he managed, with consummate skill, to wheel his
hunter round just in time to save his life. Possibly this hunter was the
old bay which he leaves in his will to his brother-in-law, directing him
not to foxhunt his favourite more than once a week, and to feed him
constantly on oats three times a day. Adair was the son of Robert
Adair, of Holybrook, near Bray — a famous wine merchant and M.P. for
Philipstown, who died in 1737, and who must not be confounded with
the hero of the song, "Robin Adair."2 Robert Adair, of Holybrook,
married a sister of the excellent Bishop Forster, of Raphoe, and had, as
well as the famous Johnny who never married, a son Forster, whose
only daughter married the first Sir Robert Hodson. To the descendants
of the latter Holybrook now belongs.3
The ruins of the church are wonderfully perfect, considering their
great antiquity. They show the church to have been a simple rectangu-
lar building, to which a chancel was never added. Mr. "Wakeuian, in
his paper on " The Primitive Churches of the Co. Dublin," draws atten-
leaves the manor house, mill, and demesne lands to his wife, and mentions his son
Christopher, and his daughter Maria. He was succeeded by his son, who died
unmarried, and who, by his will, dated February 17, 1729-30, left his estate to his
uncle, Lieutenant Allen Johnson. The latter, whose will is dated May 29, 1744, was
succeeded by his son, also Allen, who " dy'd about 8 o'clock in ye morning ye 13th of
July, 1747," leaving a widow (who married, secondly, General Edward Pole), and
amongst other children a son, John Allen. This son was created a baronet, and
elected, in 1783, M.P. for Baltinglass. He commanded a corps in the Volunteers,
known as the Rathdown Light Horse, the troopers of which were "elegantly
mounted on fine hunters," and wore a scarlet uniform faced with black, with white
waistcoats, and helmets with red plumes. See " Prerogative and Dublin Consistorial
Wills," Exshaw's Magazine for November 4, 1779, &c.
1 See O'Keefe's "Recollections of His Life," vol. i., p. 178.
2 See The Book World for July, 1898.
3 See Croker's "Popular Songs of Ireland " (London, 1839), pp. 214, 226 ; Fitz-
patrick's " Sham Squire," p. 170 ; and " Prerogative Wills."
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190 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
tion to the original square-headed doorway in the western end, to the
pointed doorway, subsequently added, in the south wall, and to the
round-headed light in the west end. The eastern gahle and portion of
the adjoining side walls he considers to be of more recent date than the
rest of the structure.
Not far from the church is the
KlLTERNAN CfiOMLECH.
It is a particularly fine one, the roof rock measuring 22 feet by 13* feet.
The latter rests on supporting stones which have been pushed out of
position. Borlase thinks this is due to the weight of the incumbent
stone, which must be very great. He also has a theory that the rock
originally formed portion of the hill which arises over the cromlech, and
that it was slid down from its bed to its present position.1 A sketch of
this cromlech was made for Beranger, and is preserved in a collection
of his sketches in the Irish Academy. In his ingenious calculations
with regard to the disturbance of the Mount Venus2 cromlech by an
earthquake, he suggests that the displacement of the one at Kilternan
took place at the same time.
Returning to the high road, and proceeding on a little way,
KlLGOBBIN
is reached. Of St. Gobban, whose festival is celebrated on April 1, and
from whom Canon O'Hanlon3 says the name of this place is derived,
nothing is known. After the Norman Conquest, the lands of Kilgobbin
came into the possession of the Hackets, from whom they passed to a
branch of the Walsh family. The Walshes held them until the troub-
lous times about 1641, when they passed to Sir Adam Loftus, the
grandson of Archbishop Loftus. At the time of the Restoration, the
castle of Kilgobbin was occupied by Dr. John Harding, who, in 1637,
was appointed a Fellow of Trinity College, Dublin, and subsequently
was presented to a prebend in Clonfert Cathedral, and to the Chancellor-
ship of Christ Church Cathedral, Dublin. Of the latter office he was
soon deprived, and no doubt sought retirement at Kilgobbin.4 In the
beginning of the eighteenth century the lands were leased to Richard
Nutley, who was one of the Judges in Queen Anne's reign. The church
was an appendant of the mother church of Taney or Dundrum, and was
included in the corps of the Archdeacon of Dublin.
1 Borlase's " Dolmens of Ireland," vol. ii., p. 388.
2 See the Journal for 1899, p. 106.
3 " Lives of the Irish Saints," vol. iv., p. 8.
* See "Hearth-Money Roll," in Public Record Office, and Cotton's "Fasti
Ecclesiae Hiberniae."
PROCEEDINGS. 191
The ruins of Kilgobbin possess no antiquarian interest, and are those
of a church erected in 1707, during Archbishop King's vigorous adminis-
tration of the Dublin diocese. It is, however, worthy of note that the
walls often resounded with the voice of the eminent Mervyn Archdall,
who began Ids clerical career as curate of Taney and Kilgobbin. Near
to the ruined church is a very fine Celtic cross which has been little
noticed, but which will bear comparison with those at Tully. The ruins
of the castle, which are close by, are those of the ordinary upright castle
of the Pale, two stories high, with walls four feet thick, the only pro-
jection, being a stair tower. Mr. Dix, who has described the ruins in
the Irish Builder,1 is of opinion that the castle was originally sur-
rounded by the usual bawn or enclosure.
Proceeding from Kilgobbin to Dundrum the road passes through the
townlands of Murphystown and Balally. Murphystown was the site of
a small castle, some ruins of which still exist, and in the days of the
Priory of the Holy Trinity formed the western boundary of the demesne
lands of Kill of the Grange. Under the Priory the lands were held suc-
cessively by the Howels and the Cruises, and, subsequently, under the
Cathedral of Christ Church, by some members of the Harold family,
Dr. William Lightburne, Robert Mossom, Master-in-Chancery, and
Christopher Ussher, Secretary to the Linen Board. Balally, a name
which Dr. Stokes thought was of Danish origin, derived from the words
Bally Amalghaidh, the town of Olave, was granted towards the close of
the thirteenth century to John de Walhope, who built a house on it with
wood procured from the royal forest of Glencree. It subsequently came
into the possession of yet another branch of the Walsh family. A castle
was built, and a church which stood upon the lands, and of which until
lately remains existed, was used by the Walshes for the services of their
church. Balally was sold by the Walshes in the middle of the seven-
teenth century to Mr. John Borr, a very leading Dublin merchant of the
time, who we find filling the office of High Sheriff of the county.2
Descending the hill into Dundrum and turning to the right, the ruins of
DUNDKUM CASTLE
are reached. This castle was, no doubt, built by the Fitzwilliams.
The lands of Dundrum were originally granted to the Clahull
family, from which they passed to the Bagots, and from them
to the Fitzwilliams, whose descendant, Lord Pembroke, is now lord of
the soil. The castle was at first occupied by cadets of that house,
by William Fitzwilliam of Dundrum, who slew Chief Baron Corn-
walsh in the castle of Bagotrath, and, later on, by his namesake,
1 For 1887, pp. 86, 95.
2 See "Some Notes on the Townlands of Ballaly and Murphystown," by F. E.
Ball, in the Irish Builder for March 1 and 15, 1898.
192 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
who married the widow of Primate Henry Ussher. It was, how-
ever, leased about the middle of the seventeenth century to Isaac
Dobson, who had been a colonel in the Parliament army, and was
occupied by him and his descendants for more than one hundred years.
His son, Alderman Eliphal Dobson — remarkable as the possessor of
a wooden leg which by its creaking announced his approach — was one
of the best known Dublin booksellers of his day, and his grandson, who,
through the marriage of one of his daughters — ladies of great beauty
and fortune — became an ancestor of Lord Carew, was a six clerk in
Chancery. The castle was still inhabited in 1780 when visited by
Austin Cooper, but was beginning to fall into ruin.1
Mr. Dix has described the castle in a most exhaustive manner in two
articles on it which he contributed to the Irish Builder? and says the
remains are larger and more substantial than are those of most of the lesser
castles of the county Dublin.
Leaving the castle and following the road to Dublin, the old church
of Taney is seen on the right. Canon O'Hanlon mentions Taney in con-
nexion with two saints, St. Ossin, whose festival is on July 18, and St.
Lucan, whose festival is on January 23. 3 Taney is said to have been a
bishopric or chorepiscopacy of the Celtic church, and subsequent to the
Norman Conquest was a rural deanery of very great extent. It was, as
has been mentioned under Kilgobbin, a mother church, forming portion
of the corps of the Archdeacon of Dublin. The old church, as it is
called to distinguish it from the one now in use, is without antiquarian
interest. It only dates from 1760,4 and in its construction all trace of
the ancient church of Taney was completely swept away.
Passing on to Dublin, Casino is seen on the right, where Dr. Emmet
resided, and where Robert Emmet is said to have made hiding-places
under the floors. Then Milltown, a fashionable outlet of Dublin in the
last century, appears, and passing on through Sandf ord and Cullenswood,
the scene of more than one fierce engagement in early times, and crossing
the Grand Canal by Leeson-street Bridge, properly called Eustace Bridge,
St. Stephen's-green is again reached.
1 See article on " Dundrum Castle and its Owners," by F. E. Ball, in the Irish
Builder for August 15, 1897.
2 For December 1 and 15, 1897.
3 Lives of the Irish Saints," vol. i., p. 408 ; vol. vii., p. 271.
4 It was consecrated on Sunday, June 8, 1760, by the munificent Richard
Robinson, then Bishop of Leighlin and Ferns, and afterwards Primate of Ireland,
who was created a peer under the title of Baron Rokeby, and is remarkable as being
one of the first churches in which Dean Kirwan preached after he joined the
Established Church. See Pue's Occurrences for June 7-10, 1760, and Skater's Dublin
Chronicle for July 19, 24, and 26, 1787.
PROCEEDINGS. 193
NOTE ADDED IN THE PRESS.
AN engraving of the ruins of Tully Church appears in Grose's " Anti-
quities of Ireland."
The underground passage at Rathmichael is mentioned by Eugene
Curry in a letter dated August 17th, 1837, preserved amongst the
Ordnance Survey Papers, in the Eoyal Irish Academy. He says that it
runs to the north-west of the tower, that its sides are built of stone,
and that it is roofed with large flags. Its existence was then well
known, but it had never been explored. Curry was told there was a
font at the church, but failed to find it.
The ruined church of Ballyman is also mentioned by Curry in the
same letter. He thinks the name is a corruption of the Irish words
Baile na Manach. He was much struck by a holly tree standing near
the ruins, which he says was the largest he had ever seen. The ruins
now existing are very small. They consist of the east wall, and a frag-
ment of the south wall adjoining it.
The existence, in former times, of a holy well near the church at
Kilgobbin, is mentioned by John O'Donovan in a letter of April 19th,
1837, in the same collection. He says it was called the eye well on
Tobernasool. It could not be marked on the Ordnance Map, as its
waters had been drawn off by drainage.
Some additional information about Dr. Harding will be found in
Dr. Stubbs' "History of the University of Dublin," pp. 69-80. It
appears he was elected a Senior Fellow by mandamus of the Earl of
Strafford, then Lord Deputy, and he seems to have been one of the
Scholars who were sent over from England to fill vacancies in Trinity
College on the advice of that nobleman. Harding became Vice- Provost,
and was entrusted by Stratford, and his friends Radcliffe and Wandes-
ford, with the education of their sons. A living was conferred upon
him by Strafford, and by a special letter from the king he was allowed
to hold it, together with his Fellowship. Provost Chappell, who was
bitterly persecuted by the Irish Parliament, had in Harding his chief
friend and supporter, and Chappell's services to the College are recorded
to have been rendered on " the good advice and assistance of our worthy
learned and pious Yice-Provost, Dr. Harding." In the Rebellion of
1641, Harding was robbed of £1263, and was deprived of land in the
county Armagh worth £100 per annum, and of Church livings in the
diocese of Dublin worth £300 per annum. Archdeacon Cotton thinks
that Harding was deprived of his Chancellorship for preaching a sermon
against Charles ; but that Harding would preach a sermon against
194 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
monarchy seems improbable from, his antecedents. In his will dated
13th November, 1662, which is written in his own handwriting, and is
the composition of a highly educated and religious man, he mentions
his wife, Rebecca, his children, his brother-in-law, Robert Cooper, of
Ramsall, in Staffordshire, and his "dear and tender grandchild, John
Stoughton, bred sometime in house with him." There is also a nun-
cupative codicil attached to the will, which was made in 1665, at
Kilgobbin, on his neighbour, Robert Sisson, of Brenanstown, " minding
him of disposing of his estate at ye time of his decease."
THE JOURNAL
OF
I THE EOYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES
OF IRELAND
FOR THE YEAR 1900.
PAPERS AND PROCEEDINGS-PART III. THIRD QUARTER, 1900.
SIXTEENTH CENTURY NOTICES OF THE CHAPELS AND
CRYPTS OF THE CHURCH OF THE HOLY TRINITY,
DUBLIN.
BY JAMES MILLS, M.R.I. A., FELLOW, DEPUTY KEEPER or THE RECORDS.
[Read FEBRUARY 27, 1900.]
nPms Paper is part of one which I prepared some time ago, as a
contribution to the introductory matter of a then intended
publication of the Diary of Peter Lewys, who was precentor and proctor
of Christ Church in the reign of Queen Elizabeth.
The Paper was intended to give some account of the church and its
conventual buildings as they stood when Lewys worked in them. The
portion of the Paper now submitted deals with the church and crypt ;
but only from the point of view of the antiquary. A study of the old
church's history by an architect, and especially by that one who is now
so much identified with it, would be of deep interest to all.
THE CHURCH.
To trace the details of the church of Lewys' time, it is necessary, so
far at least as the choir is concerned, to put aside the beautiful structure
which the princely munificence of the late Henry Roe enabled George
T» o A T < Vol. x., Fifth Series. » o
Jour. R.S.A.T. j Vol 30j Consec. Ser. J g
196 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
Edmund Street, the architect, to build on part of its site. Whatever
claim the new choir may possess to reproduce the original design of that
which stood here in the thirteenth and part of the fourteenth century, it
has nothing in common with the church, which for so many centuries has
been closely bound up with the history of Dublin and of Ireland. It
may be that from a merely aesthetic point of view the old choir did
not merit preservation. But no antiquary can think without dismay of
its ruthless destruction — a destruction the more complete and wanton in
that no serious attempt appears to have been made by its destroyer to
preserve any sufficient record of the details discovered during the course
of demolition of the historical building. Even the mighty volume1
which contains the story of this audacious "restoration," is filled with
the details of Street's new work, scantily sparing a line or a sketch to
preserve the memory of the building he destroyed.
Happily, we owe to the labour and private enterprise of Mr. William
Butler, a careful architectural study of the church as it stood shortly
before its " restoration." His little known monograph2 cannot be too
highly prized by Dublin antiquaries.3
The CHOIR in Lewys' time, and indeed from the middle of the
fourteenth to the nineteenth century was about the same length as the
nave. Petrie's view, taken before some reckless and tasteless alterations 4
made about 1831, probably shows it very much as it appeared in Lewys'
time, and especially to Lewys himself, for the point of view is just that
on which he must have gazed from the windows of the Precentor's
chamber or residence in the churchyard.
The lengthened choir was the work of Archbishop John de S. Paul
(1349-62), who it is recorded in the Book of Obits "built anew our
choir" (Obits, p. 41). It possessed the peculiar feature that its direction
did not form a right line, but deflected somewhat northwards. Towards
its western end it opened into side aisles by two arches at each side,
springing from irregular oblong piers. East of these, solid walls
separated the choir from the side chapels. On the south side, the broad
but irregular windows of the clerestory admitted a very large amount of
light to the church. In the east gable was a window of large size.
About 100 years after its erection this window was completely destroyed
by a storm, to the great injury of the shrines and muniments which
1 " The Cathedral of the Holy Trinity, commonly called Christ Church Cathedral,
Dublin : an Account of the Restoration of the Fabric." By George Edmund Street,
R.A., &c., 1882.
2 " Christ Church Cathedral, Dublin : Measured Drawings of the Buildings prior
to Restoration." Published by the Author, 1874.
3 The " Report to the Dean and Chapter of Christ Church on the Restoration of
the Cathedral Church," by George Edmund Street, A.R.A., contains plan, drawings,
and interesting information. See also Architect, 6th February, 1869. " Details of
the Restoration of Christ Church Cathedral, Dublin," by Robert B. M'Vittie (Dublin,
1878), has some notes of interest, but without plan or illustration.
4 These included the replacing of several of the choir windows, and the rebuilding
of the south aisle of choir.
^ I
o g
02 3
w o
II
3 -2
w a
198 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
seem to have been preserved here behind the high altar (see extract
from Black Book, Obits, p. xx.). The window, probably ill-constructed,
was still a source of trouble to Lewys, who tells how " a great storme
had brocken the great gabule of the hyge awter, iii. panis."
The chapel at the south side of the choir was dedicated to S.
Laurence (O'Toole). A chantry was endowed in the chapel by John
Estrete in 1485 (Ch. Ch. Deeds, 348-9). As this endowment provided
for the celebration of the Mass of the Holy Ghost here, the chapel was
henceforth known by the latter name. A lengthy description of the
celebration is preserved (Ch. Ch. D. 1091). The statement of Harris in
Ware's "Bishops" (p. 301), that it was first dedicated to the Holy
Ghost, but afterwards to Archbishop Laurence after his canonization, is
quite opposed to the original documents. It was probably in one of the
windows of this chapel that S. Laurence's ''picture" in stained glass
stood, the panes of which became loose, as Lewys tells.
A general view of the portion of the church used in connexion with
divine service is sketched in the account given by Lewys of the
Christmas Eve illumination, when candles were " put about the quere
and the churche, as custom is in every side of the quere, and the rode
lofte, and the Holy Gostis chappel, and the northe side of the quere."
The west end of the choir, at the tower, was closed by the rood
loft. The cross with its famous image was removed by Archbishop
Brown, and if not then destroyed, had probably been finally removed in
1559, as mentioned in Strype's Life of Parker (quoted in Mant's Hist.
Ch. of Ireland, vol. i., p. 256). Above the rood loft was a wooden
screen, and still on this screen, Lewys tells us "the story of the Passion
was peynted," although an order had been sent to the Dean to efface all
pictures from the walls (Mant., p. 265). In Lewys' words : — " All the
painted boards that was in the great arche over the Hood where the
story of the Passion was painted. They was cut and nailed on the
couples under the arch, or set up in the same place again, and there
they be on the frame."
Among Lewys' earliest works, was an effort to preserve the arch
above the loft. This work obliged him to remove the screen, and
unhappily entailed the destruction of the painting. Lewys repeatedly
refers to this screen as a " window." Perhaps the frame of the screen
consisted of carved timbers resembling mullions.
North of the choir was the LADY CHAPKL, on the site now occupied
by the chapter room and robing rooms. Lewys seems to have used
it as a store for his building materials. Thus we find his workmen
employed "to set up the tymbyre, the hurdles, and the emptie caske in
safety in the Mary chapell under locke." He did not, however, neglect
to keep it in repair, for he kept the slaters for some time working at the
repair of its roof. Later Proctor's accounts mention both its glazing and
roofing. The erection of this chapel was antecedent to the prolongation
THE CHURCH OF THE HOLY TRINITY, DUBLIN. 199
of the choir, its windows having been glazed by Thomas, son of Thomas
Smothe (temp, early fourteenth century) (Obits, p. 10). This was the
capella magna Beate Marie of the Obits, and is called by Lewys the
Mary chapel or Our Lady chapel.
There appears to have been a second chapel dedicated to the Yirgin,
and familiarly known as the White Mary chapel, from its image of
Sancta Maria Alba (Obits, p. 33). The position of this chapel is
uncertain. It is generally identified with the great Lady Chapel. One
writer says it was in the north aisle of the choir. Lewys three times
mentions it. Two of his references seem most naturally to belong to the
great Lady chapel; the third allusion would agree best with a place
in the north transept. Perhaps it was an altar there. If so, it may
explain the altar which Bishop John Cely, of Down, in 1414 '' conse-
crated in honour of the Blessed Yirgin Mary, outside the door on the
north side of the choir" (Obits, p. 19). This reference may however,
relate to the altnr of the great Lady chapel, assuming as is probable that
a door existed in the wall between that chapel and the choir.
Passing to the NAVE, a sad scene of ruin appeared. The south wall
or the greater part of it, had fallen in 1562, and as the inscription, still to
be seen, tells, it had been rebuilt, though without almost any architec-
tural feature, in the same year, by the government of the Lord Lieutenant,,
the Earl of Sussex. Though this building work was completed before
Lewys entered on office, he found no attempt made to supply the nave
with a roof. Through his whole year of office, as Proctor, the work on
this roof kept his carpenters and slaters at work, when they could be
spared from yet more pressing work.
In the south aisle of the nave, shut off from it by the new wall, and
itself still in ruins, was the CHAPKL of the HOLY TEINITY. Its position
is distinctly ascertained by a cathedral lease of 2nd October 1667, which
conveys a waste plot in the cloister yard, described as adjoining the
Trinity chapel of the church, on the north, and the north-east corner of
said yard on the east. This chapel had no doubt been much injured
when the nave wall fell. We find Lewys employed his workmen,
" breckyn of the vaut in southe syde of the Trynitie chappell, the arche
was redy to falle and loose"; and again, " to brecke the hede of the
Trinitie chappell was redy to falle, for fear of breckine of the rofl'e
of the cloystyr."
Occasional reference is made to a CHAPEL of S. NICHOLAS, somewhere
north of the church. Ware says, that Bishop Donat, beside the nave and
transepts, "built from the foundation the chapel of S. Nicholas on the
north side of the church." A lease of 1541 contains a more definite
reference to this chapel. It includes the chapel with other premises
leased, and describes it as " a long loft called St. Nicholas Chapel," situ-
ated over a certain cellar, which there cannot be a doubt, was portion
of the crypt under the nave. The unavoidable inference from the
200 ItOYAL SOCIKTY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
description in this lease compared with other leases of the same holding,
referred to below in treating of the crypt, is, that the chapel thus
desecrated to secular uses, must have been the western end of the north
aisle of the nave, screened off, no doubt, from the rest of the church.
Mr. M'Vittie in his " Details of the llestoration " (p. 63), tells that
when the outer face of the old wall here was stripped of the covering
buttress, three built-up doorways were noticed near its western end. Two
of these seem to have entered this aisle one above the other, at 10 and
20 feet respectively above the floor of the crypt. These doors would
have afforded means of access to this aisle from the slightly built houses
or shops, erected against the outside wall. The 10 feet door would
approximate to the level of the floor of the nave. The higher door
(unless a built up window has been mistaken for one) suggests au
inserted floor, such as we find erected in the vault of the Dean's house.
One other chapel, S. EDMUND'S, not infrequently mentioned, remains
to be noticed. Ware notices it as if one of the choir chapels. On the
other hand Lewys does not name it in his comprehensive description of
the choir quoted above. When he does speak of it, he calls it
S. Edmund's aisle. Mos, in his Proctor's account, 1542, also speaks of
having "the glasier on Saint Edmondes ile and on the Whit Mary chapell
v daies." I rather infer from his use of the word aisle that Lewys
used it as equivalent to transept. If so. St. Edmund's altar may have
stood in the south transept. If not there, it was probably in the western
part of the south aisle of the choir.
"The harbors chappell " is mentioned in the Proctor's Account of
1595, locality not denned, but in connexion with " Sheltou's holding" —
one of the cellar holdings at the north side of the nave. It may have
been a chapel endowed, for a time, by the Barbers' Guild, and, if so,
probi.bly dedicated to their patron, St. Mary Magdalene. It may have
been the eastern half of the north aisle of the nave. The leases of the
17th century show that this part of the church was then a vestry.
In the north aisle, at the third bay from the west, was a doorway
facing Win etavern -street. This door is frequently mentioned in the
cathedral leases. It is shown on Harris's view of the church, though «s
the steps had then been removed, it presents there a strange appearance
at some distance above the ground. The steps however, existed in
Lewys' time, and there was probably a porch, as a lessee at a somewhat
later date obtained permission to build over the stairs. The foundation
of this porch furnished Street with the suggestion from which came his
imaginative "restoration" of a Baptistery. He, however, removed
the structure from the third to second bay. This change enabled him
to efface another feature of the early church, the old door which at
this point led into the crypt1 (Ch. Ch. Deeds, 740).
1 The old doorway to crypt is described by M'Vittie (" Details of the Restoration
of Christ Church Cathedral," p. 47), who admits that the remains of the supposed
J3;iptistery were at a different U-vrl — 5.* feet below navt*.
THE CHURCH OF THE HOLY TRINITY, DUBLIN. 201
THE CRYPT.
A practice of leasing for secular purposes portions of the crypt of the
church had arisen by, at any rate, the beginning of the fifteenth century.
The floor of the crypt at the north side of the church was about the
level of the ground outside. Doorways were made in the wall, sheds or
outstalls were erected in front, and, with portions of the vaults behind,
were let for shops, stores, and even taverns, down to the seventeenth
century.
A careful comparison of the numerous leases affecting the vaults
show that those on the north side formed four separate holdings — two
under north aisle of nave, one under north transept, and another under
the choir. The descent of these holdings may be traced in the original
leases from the Christ Church Muniments, now in the Record Office,
and of which, to 1600, a Calendar has been published in the Reports of
the Deputy Keeper of the Records. At a later period the crypt under
the south transept was also let.
The crypt at the north side of the nave is the earliest of which there
is a record of the letting. In 1379 it is mentioned as the cellar called
Paradise (Christ Church Deeds, 740). The earliest recorded lease of it
was in 1423 (Christ Church Deeds, No. 886),
The cellars conveyed under this lease were divided into two by the
north door, or " stairs," of the nave. The western part, the Paradise of
1379, after being occupied by Janico de Marks, was in 14th May,
20 Henry VII., leased to Tho. Bermingham (No. 1284). In 1541 it
was conveyed to Walter Forster of Dublin, clerk (No. 1182), when it
was described as UA sealler with all loftis outestalis easments and
fyttings therto apperteyninge lienge of the westside of the northgate of
the forsaid chirch, whiche sealler with all the premisses Thomas
Bermyngham late cittesent and marchaunt of Dublin had, and also a
longe loft otherwise called Sainct Nicholas is Chappell lienge our the
same sealler."
This lease was still in force in Lewys' time, though in 1562 a re-
versionary lease had been made to Thomas FitzSimon (No. 1284).
In 1649 this cellar, with its outstall, was leased to Raphael Hunt,
alderman, by the name of " the Red Lion, formerly possessed by Mrs.
During the Commonwealth the outbuildings here fell into complete
decay, llth December, 1660, a lease was made to John and Elizabeth
Amos, in consideration of their having built a stone house on a waste
plot no better than a dunghill, in the west side of the north gate of
church. An endorsement on deed No. 1182 identifies this with the
premises in the earlier leases. The lease was renewed to John Amos in
1676. On 3rd March, 1679, the premises were leased to Wm. Scriven,
with a portion of the cellar, but with the condition that the lessee may
possess the entire cellar should any of the cellars under the church be
202 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
disposed of as heretofore. To this lease a map is attached, a care-
fully measured plan of the vault affected. This map covers the two
western bays of the north aisle of the crypt, with passage across the
crypt to what was probably the old entrance to the cloister, which may
still be seen in the west bay of crypt.
The crypt east of the north door of the nave was included in the
lease of 1423 of the western vault already mentioned. It was next
leased to John Whitacres and John Dansey in 1466 (No. 977). These
were succeeded in 1502 by Patrick Herbert (No. 1112). In 1539 Thomas
Stephyns followed (No. 1177). This lease included a " loft," which may
have been the eastern end of the north aisle of the nave. This lease
was still in force in Lewys' time. In 1558, however, a reversionary
lease had been made to John Nangle, mercer (No. 1251), in which it was
described as a wine cellar. The rent, hitherto uniformly £1 6s. 8d., is
now £2 higher. The tenant about 1580 was Henry Shelton (No. 1353).
In 1592 it was conveyed to John Bullocke, one of the vicars of the
church (No. 1403). An endorsement of the following century calls it
"Column's sellar, St. John's lane." In 1598 it was leased to Wm.
Shelton, merchant (No. 1444).
In Raphael Hunt's lease in 1649, already quoted, a second cellar is
included, possessed by Edward Gayton, which is, apparently, that now
dealt with. If so it is the original " Hell," a name which may have
been suggested by the title Paradise, formerly borne by the adjoining
part of the crypt.
3rd July, 1666, a lease was made to Handle Becker, of this vault,
described as —
A cellar under the church (except the portion demised to John
Amos) ; another cellar under vestry adjoining said cellar to the east ; the
outstalls to north of these along the Kings Pavement and east of the
north stairs, with liberty to build over north stairs and break a door out
through one of the windows of cellar under vestry.
The vault under the north transept was leased in 1469 (No. 983) to
James Fox and John Savage, and renewed to the latter in eighteen years
later (No. 1081). In 38° Henry VIII. it was leased to Nicholas Hand-
cock, merchant, when it was described as a cellar or tavern. This lease
was still in force in Lewys' time, but the tenant then was Patrick
Gough. It is frequently mentioned as Master Gough's Cellar by
Lewys, who was obliged to do much work in the foundations here to
support the great piers of the tower. In 1570 it was, on surrender,
released to Gough (No. 1316). John Hatchman appears to have been
tenant or assignee of Gough in 1594, when a reversionary lease was
made to John Bullocke, one of the vicars (No. 1423).
The earliest lease preserved of the crypt under the choir in 1471
describes it as extending the whole breadth of the church, from the
churchyard on the south to S. John's-lane on the north. It was then
THE CHURCH OF THE HOLY TRINITY, DUBLIN. 203
held by the Bennet family, who were prominent benefactors to the
church. In 1471 it was leased to Thomas Bennet (No. 992), whose
father, John Bennet, seems to have held it previously (No. 983).
During the sixteenth century it was in possession of the TJssher family,
and is leased or mentioned in Christ Church Deeds, Nos. 1222, 1316,
and 1408. Its sign was the Half Moon, llth February, 1679, the
house built on the outstall portion without the crypt was leased to Dive
Downes, then a Fellow T.C.D., who afterwards became Bishop of Cork.
An Order in Council of 28th November, 1633 (Christ Church
Deeds, No. 461), forbade the vaults under Christ Church or any house
adjoining to be used as a tavern, tippling house, or tobacco shop. The
abuse, however, crept in again after the Restoration, and was not finally
put an end to until the next century.
20 1 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
AN ACCOUNT OF THE EXCAVATION OF TWO LAKE-
DWELLINGS IN THE NEIGHBOURHOOD OF CLONES.
BY DR. S. A. D'ARCY.
[Submitted JULY 31, 1900.]
O INCE my excavation of the crannog in Killy villa lake, an account of
which, entitled " A Crannog near Clones," appeared in the Journal
of this Society, vol. xxvii., Consec. Series, 1897. I have examined in
the same way two others which were referred to at p. 209 of the same
volume. They constitute two of the four crannogs there mentioned as
lying within a radius of one mile from the crannog in Killyvilla lake.
They are both situated at the present margin of Drumacrittin lake, but
are included now in the townland of Pottiagh. The townland-uame
Drumacrittin is easily interpreted, it signifies the ridge of the little hump.1
Certainly the configuration of the ground hero, a long ridge with two
round-topped hillocks at each end, bears testimony to the accuracy of the
ancient topographer. I did not find it such an easy matter, however,
to arrive at the meaning of the other townland-name, Pottiagh, the
phonetic spelling of which is accurately represented by the words pot-
yea. So, after consulting several Irish- speaking residents, who suggested
various theories, which, even with my slight knowledge of Irish, I
thought unsatisfactory, I applied to Dr. Joyce, who very kindly wrote
to me as follows : — " The word Pottiagh has no reference in meaning to
the craanogs : it merely reflects the quality of the soil. It is a simple
word with the ordinary termination ach, and it means literally, abounding
in pots or pits : but in a secondary sense it is applied to rough, wet, bad
land. In this sense it is used elsewhere in Ireland. Whether the name
now applies to your townland, you are in the best position to know." I
think the secondary sense given by Dr. Joyce applies fairly well to this
townland at the present day, as it contains a good deal of rough, wet,
and bad land. In describing these crannogs and their contents, I shall
refer to the one nearest Killyvilla lake as No. 1, and to the other as
No. 2. No. 1 measures 33 yards in length by 23 in width ; No. 2,
25 yards by 22 yards. Drumacrittin lake seems to have shrunk rather
rapidly of late years; since, though both these structures now lie at its
present margin, I have been informed that they were islands, and that
fish were caught on the site of the marsh which now surrounds them on
all sides but one, within living memory. One can now walk through
the marsh to the crannogs in dry weather, with little difficulty. This
1 Joyce's " Irish Names of Places," vol. i., p. 398.
EXCAVATION OF TWO LAKE-DWELLINGS NEAR CLONES. 205
rendered their excavation a somewhat easier task than was the case at
Killy villa, where I had to use a boat to get to and from work. It also
gave a good opportunity for examining the ground immediately around
them. The construction of both these crannogs was found to be quite
the same as that described in my former Paper before referred to. They
were both fascine-dwellings. No. 1 had its western and north-western
sides very strongly built, no doubt to resist water-force due to gales from
these points, to which it is exposed. I found here a thick hedge of
perpendicular piling, extending from the margin, towards the centre, for
a distance of 24 feet. Some extremely large logs of black oak occurred
in the foundations of this crannog, chopped into convenient len-ths, as
also some trunks of yew trees of considerable size. The black oak and yew
were the only parts of the wood-work which retained their soundness to
the present time ; indeed the splendid state of preservation of the latter
wood brought forcibly to my mind at the time the passage in "Cormac's
Instructions," translated by Dr. O'Donovan in the Dublin Penny Journal
for 1833, vol. i., p. 232: — "Oh! grandson of Con, what are the most
lasting things in the world? Grass, copper, yew." Several hearths,
formed of stiff clay mixed with stones, existed in this crannog ; and
wood-fires were evidently the rule, as could be seen from the nature of
the ashes, which were present in abundance. No mortise and tenon
arrangement was found among the timbers of either oi: these craimogs;
and there were no split or squared logs in No. 1. No. 2 had a few squared
perpendicular piles and cross beams of black oak near its eastern margin.
A few trees — Scotch firs and one large whitethorn — the roots of which
gave considerable trouble, grew at one end of No. 1, and it also, though
just before excavation, covered with grass, showed signs of shallow
tillage (ridges and furrows). In fact I heard that the structure had
been used as a cabbage-plot, but that the ravages of the water-fowl
among the plants had caused this practice to be abandoned. No. 2, also
grass-grown, was considerably more elevated at its north-western end
than elsewhere; and a small mound existed here, which on excavation
proved to be a large hearth, formed of stones and clay, with large
quantities of ashes. The surface of this crannog, unlike No. 1, did not
show signs of tillage, and was rather uneven. This would seem to show
that the statement referred to in my former Paper (vol. xxvii., Consec.
Series, 1897, p. 209) was true, i.e. that stuff had been removed from it
for top-dressing. It has since been pointed out to me, however, that on
account of the softness of the surroundings, it would be almost impos-
sible to get horses and carts to the " island," except in the case of a
severe and prolonged frost, which, on the other hand, would cause great
difficulty in digging and shovelling the stuff. A considerable number
of relics came to light in both these crannogs ; and in endeavouring to
describe them I shall follow the usual custom, and classify them, as
far as possible, according to material.
206 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
STONE MATERIALS.
No. 1 was remarkable for the considerable number of flint imple-
ments which it produced, and which were evidently manufactured there,
as in addition to the perfect articles, chiefly scrapers, some partially
formed objects, and large quantities of chips turned up. I also found a
large core from which several flakes had been removed. Thirty-six
implements and flakes, showing marks of secondary chipping, were found
here. No. 2, although not so rich in flint debris, produced thirty-four
implements, most of them, however, rude or imperfect. The implements
figured at p. 207 are, I think, a fairly typical group of the most perfect
from both crannogs. They consist chiefly of scrapers ; and, in describing
these, I shall use, as far as I can, the method of classification ndoptedby
Mr. Knowles in his Paper entitled "Irish. Flint Scrapers," which appeared
in our Journal, vol. xxviii., Consec. Series, 1898. This method seems to
me to be much the easiest and best.
Fig. 1, from crannog No. 1, represents an oblique-ended end-scraper,
dressed on both sides, as well as at the end ; a strip of chalk has been
allowed to remain on its rounded back : the other surface is flat. The
object is of a light-brown colour.
Fig. 2, from No. 2 crannog, is an arrow-head of opaque light-
grey coloured flint. Adopting Dr. Buick's method of classification to be
found in his Paper on " Irish Flint Arrow-Heads" (Journal, R. S. A. I.,
vol. xxv., Consec. Series, 1895), this specimen may be described as a
stemmed and barbed arrow-head, having the stem longer than the barbs.
As may be seen, the edge has been considerably injured, and the tip of
the barb broken off on one side. This injury may possibly have been
caused by the object having been used as a strike- a-light. A good
example of the mixed nature of crannog trouvaille occurred in connexion
with this arrow-head : an ordinary gun-flint having been found in the
same trench, and at about the same distance from the surface.
Fig. 3, from No. 2 crannog, is an end-scraper, with an elliptical
curve. It is of brownish, opaque flint, dressed at both edges, and is
thickest at the apex.
Fig. 4, of greyish-coloured flint, from No. 1, probably was used as a
lance or small spear-head. It is dressed at the edges ; the upper surface,
as may be seen, shows a ridge running from the base to the point. The
under surface is smooth, and shows no signs of secondary chipping; two
small notches have been chipped in the edge, on each side at the base,
that to the left being the best marked. They show a rude resemblance
to the notches at the base of a stone arrow-head from Ohio, U. S, A., in
my collection, and probably served the same purpose, that of affording a
secure means of attachments for the binding which fastened the object
to its shaft or handle.
EXCAVATION OF TWO LAKE-DWELLINGS NEAR CLONES. 207
Fig. 5, composed of light brown, translucent flint, is from No. 1
crannog. It is a side-scraper, and is dressed only on one edge.
Fig. 6, from No. 2, is an end-scraper, with circular curve.
Fig. 7, from No. 1, is an end-scraper. In addition to the dressing on
the back and at the apex, where the outline is rather flat, it is chipped
all along one edge, and for about the upper third of the other. The
/2
Flint Objects found in Crannogs near Clones, (frds linear.)
under surface, which is very irregular in appearance, shows signs of
some large and bold flaking.
Figs. 8, 9, and 11 are end-scrapers from No. 1.
Fig. 11 is calcined ; and a portion of its " handle " has evidently been
broken off.
Fig. 10, from No. 1, is furnished witli a well-marked tang, which
208 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
shows that it was attached to a handle ; it is chipped along both edges,
which show marks of considerable wear and tear, but not bevelled to
any appreciable extent. It may have been used as a small spear-point,
or perhaps as a knife.
Figs. 12 and 13 are from No. 1. The former is a side-scraper,
dressed all round its margins. The latter, formed of a very translucent
kind of flint, is an implement of rather peculiar shape. Some flakes
have been removed from its base on both sides, forming a kind of tang,
otherwise its under surface is smooth. It is very thin towards the
point. The object has a dressed back, and an edge, shown to the right
in the illustration, chipped and bevelled, and exhibiting some marks of
use. The contour of this implement somewhat resembles that of those
which are usually classed as knives ; but the bevelling of the edge is
scarcely sharp enough to indicate that it was used as such, I think this
implement may be placed among the side -scrapers. The tang shows
that it was attached to a handle. It may also be noted that it is a left-
handed implement, i. e. for cutting from the person.
Some of the scrapers found were very small, one of these, an end-
scraper, measuring only |ths of an inch in length. Of the partially
formed objects mention maybe made of one which resembles a triangular
arrow-head with a circular notch in the base; it is 1-J-th inches in length.
One curious little implement occurred in No. 2 crannog. It is |ths of
and inch in length, roughly square in shape, with a dressed and rounded
back. The under surface is flat, but partially dressed. At one end two
curves have been chipped in both edges, which meet at the apex and
form a short strong point. The other end is somewhat rounded, and the
edges of the object are dressed. It was probably used as an awl for
punching holes in leather, for which purpose it would be very suitable.
All the flints occurred near the surface with few exceptions, one of
which was fig. 6, p. 207, this specimen having been found deep down
in the foundations of No. 2 crannog. The objects formed of flint
found in these lake-dwellings, though most of them are specimens
of types of flint implements, which are common enough, yet have a
special interest from the fact that they were found with other objects
to be afterwards described, and were evidently manufactured and in use
contemporaneously with them. The scrapers throw considerable light
on the materials used for the dress and possibly other coverings of the
inhabitants of these dwellings, since we know that these implements
were chiefly used for skin-curing. These flint " finds " also constitute
another instance of ancient commerce, since, of course, flint proper is not
found in county Fermanagh, in which both these crannogs are situated.
Black chert is, however, tolerably plentiful in this part of the county,
but objects formed of it seem to be rare, in fact I only possess one, a
very perfectly formed lozenge-shaped arrow-head.
Fig. 1, p. 211, formed of dark shale, is, as far as I am aware, a.
EXCAVATION OF TWO LAKE-DWELLINGS NEAR CLONES. 209
unique implement. The sides are flattish, their edges being rounded.
Each end is bevelled and ground to a tolerably sharp cutting edge, which
in neither case shows any notches or other marks of use. The object
has been smoothed or polished as far as the nature of the stone would
admit. It was found at the north-western edge of No. 1, about two
feet below the surface, in a mass of branches and twigs. This tool may
have been fixed across a handle, with each extremity projecting, and
may have been used as an axe : its small size and light weight, however,
together with the perfect state of the cutting edge, would seem to be
against this theory. I think it probable that it was simply held in the
fingers and used as a graver for scoring ornamental designs on leather.
I put the object to a practical test in this way myself, and found that it
was admirably suited to the purpose. In fact I found it easy to repro-
duce on a piece of leather, the lattice design to be seen on the sheath
from Killyvilla crannog, which is figured in the Journal of this Society,
vol. 27, Consecutive Series, 1897, p. 215, fig. 9.
Fig. 2, p. 211, found about two feet below the surface, near the centre
of No. 1, is a stone celt, pear-shaped in outline, and with a semicircular
but slightly oblique cutting-edge, which shows some signs of wear. It
is polished, but several rough depressions may be seen on its surface,
evidently formed when the object was blocked out, which have not been
subjected to this process. Stone celts found in our crannogs have a
special interest, because, belonging to the Stone Age proper, and in such
situations being usually accompanied by objects of metal, the fact of
their occasional occurrence has been cited as an argument in support of
the theory of the late use of stone implements in this country. In this
case the question arises, is it probable that this particular implement
was made and used as a tool by the same people who had arrived at such
a state of culture as to be capable of tracing the beautiful little pieces of
interlaced work on the stone represented by figs. 4 and 6 of this page ?
Of course it may be said that if this people made and used flint imple-
ments, why not stone celts ? But we have unquestionable proof that
they did fashion the former, from the occurrence of the cores from which
they were struck, and the waste chips flaked off in great numbers in the
secondary processes of their manufacture. These facts, together with
the discovery of considerable numbers of the implements themselves,
some of them bearing marks of wear, are also unquestionable proof that
the lake-dwellers used them. No such proof, however, is present in the
case of the celt, the only specimen of the kind found among hundreds of
other objects in the three lake-dwellings which I have excavated. The
fact that a similar paucity of stone celts has been found to exist in Irish
crannogs generally, may be seen by referring to " The Lake-Dwellings
of Ireland," by W. G. Wood-Martin, M.E.I.A. Historical notices of
crannogs go buck to a period of over twelve centuries ago ; and none can
tell how many centuries prior to this these structures may have been
210 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
built and occupied. Taking all these circumstances into consideration,
I am inclined to believe that this celt was an antique in the eyes of the
crannog folk.
Fig. 3, p. 211, from No. 2 cranno'g, represents a flat perforated
whetstone of mica-slate. It is the smallest of four such implements
which turned up, and is but little worn. It was, no doubt, suspended
from the belt.
Figs. 4 and 6, p. 211, represent the two faces of a piece of soft
greenish slate. It is one of the most interesting objects which were
discovered, on account of the very perfect examples of interlaced work
engraved upon it, work which at one time was looked upon as peculiarly
Irish, and therefore styled Opus Hibernicum, but which we now know
travelled westward to our isle. On the surface of the stone represented
by fig. 6, p. 211, a spiral design may be seen, which is also of great
interest. It has been traced either by a less skilful hand or less carefully
than the interlacements.
This spiral design is almost identical with that occurring on the
lower portion of the leather sheath from Killyvilla, previously referred
to in the description of the implement of stone represented by fig. 1,
p. 211. This sheath may be referred to about the end of the twelfth or
beginning of the thirteenth century ; and, of course, it is well known that
interlacements also occur on Irish stone and metal work, &c. of that period.
I believe this engraved stone to be unique, at least as regards material.
In Wilde's " Catalogue of the Museum of the lloyal Irish Academy,"
p. 345, are figured three decorated bones ; two of these are stated to have
been found in Irish crannogs. The third bone, fig. 228, among the
other devices carved upon it, shows two examples of interlaced work
quite similar to those to be seen on this stone. It is stated that very
clear, sharp, and accurate impressions may be printed from the carvings
on one of these bones, in the same way that proofs are taken from a
woodcut. And again: — " In considering the .object or uses of these
decorated bones, we must fall back on conjecture, that earliest resource
in many antiquarian investigations ; and the most probable one is that
they were intended merely as specimens of the designer's and engraver's
art ; although it is possible that these patterns may have been transferred
to parchment by some process with which we are not now acquainted.
Impressions in relief may also have been taken from them by some plastic
or soft putty-like substance, although melted metal could not have been
used for that purpose without injury to the bone." All these remarks
apply to the object under consideration except the last. I tested it my-
self, using sealing-wax for the purpose, and got very good impressions
from the interlacements. Another theory that suggests itself is that this
stone may have served as a pattern, which the artificer kept before him
when at work. Anyone who will try to copy this interlaced work
accurately with pen or pencil will realize how intricate it is, and how
Stone Objects found in Crannogs near Clones, (j linear.
Tour R S A I I Vo1' x" Fifth Series* i
Jour. K.b.A.I. | Vo, 3Qf Consec Ser }
212 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
useful such a pattern would be to a decorator. It is possible also that
the object may have been an amulet, or that some mystic or religious
significance was attached to it. Indeed the Kev. Dr. Buick, to whom I
submitted it, was of opinion that the pair of three-cornered knots on the
surface of the stone represented by fig. 4, p. 211, were emblematic of the
Trinity. It may be remarked that the designs seen on fig. 6 have a more
recent appearance than these knots, inasmuch as the scores which mark
out the former are of a colour somewhat lighter than the surface of the stone,
whereas this is not the case as regards the latter. This stone was found
in No. 1 crannog, at the same distance from the surface and close to the
objects represented by figs. 1 and 8, p. 211.
Fig. 5, p, 21 1, found deep down in No. 1 crannog and formed of exactly
the same kind of stone as the preceding, is a spindle- whorl. The edge of
the aperture is deeply splayed on the side represented ; inspection of the
other side shows that the object has been injured by being split. Like
the scrapers, this whorl is interesting on account of the light which it
throws on the industries, dress, and resources of the lake-dwellers. I
may here state that in my description of Killyvilla crannog I omitted to
mention that considerable quantities of flax-seed occurred there, chiefly
mixed up with leaves and twigs in the foundation. The stone of which
the first five objects figured on this page are composed is foreign to the
district ; and must in each case have been selected for its suitability, and
fetched from a distance in the same way as the flint.
Fig. 7, p. 211, was found about a foot below the surface, near the
centre of No. 1 crannog. It is a mortar, the cup, which is very smooth,
being -fo~ of an inch in depth. The under surface or base of the object
has been roughly rounded by the process technically known as " pecking,"
the marks of which are very distinct. It is composed of hard, fine-grained
sandstone.
Fig. 8, p. 211, is a small slab of soft sandstone on which has been
cut a mould ^ of an inch in depth for casting an ingot. The bottom of
this groove has a blackish, burnt appearance. This object was found in
No. 1 crannog, close to those represented by figs. 1, 4 and 6, p. 211.
The sandstone of which it and the mortar are composed, occurs naturally
in this neighbourhood.
Figs. 14 and 15, p. 225, are fragments of two rings of slate which
were found in No. 2 crannog; they may have been bracelets for a small
person.
Of stone objects found in these crannogs not figured or hitherto
described, there is a large quantity. Perhaps the most interesting are
two grain-rubbers of sandstone, one much less worn than the other, and
a large muller of the same material. The grain -rubber is always
regarded as the most primitive kind of hand-mill. I do not think it
likely, however, that they were in use in No. 1 crannog. They were found
deep down in the foundation, lying with their hollowed surfaces down-
EXCAVATION OF TWO LAKE-DWELLINGS NEAR CLONES. 213
wards. Tt seemed as though they were thrown there along with other
atones to assist in consolidating the structure. The fact, too, that several
perfect querns of the ordinary type, together with many fragments of
•others occurred in both crannogs for the most part superficially, seems
to point to the obsoleteness of the grain-rubbers during the period of
occupation of these dwellings. None of the quern-stones were decorated :
they were all composed of sandstone. The next object of interest is a
small grindstone, which was made to revolve by turning a handle attached
to an axle, which of course moved with the stone. The diameter of the
^tone, which is not perfectly circular, is 6 inches, and that of the axle
hole, which is not placed quite centrally, about 2 j inches. The circum-
ference or grinding surface is If of an inch in breadth, and is smooth in
comparison with the rest of the stone : some scores, however, may bo
seen, due no doubt to the edges of the tools which were applied to it. I
think this object is rather small to be modern, and besides, it was found
at a considerable depth from the surface in No. 1 crannog. A large
quantity of whetstones and some burnishers turned up. Three of the
former, in addition to fig. 3, p. 21 1, are perforated at one end. The largest
of these, from No. 2 crannog, is quadrangular and measures 5£ inches in
length by 1 2 in breadth, and is a little narrower at the centre : it is about
1 inch thick. The next, from the same crannog and also quadrangular,
is 4 inches long and about ^ an inch broad across each face. The third,
from No. 1, is flat and measures 3 inches by 1. Several large blocks of
stone also occurred, having their upper surfaces somewhat concave and
worn : they were probably rubbing-stones, on which whetstones and
-other stone implements got the finishing touches after having been first
blocked out. In connexion with the subject of " tracked stones" it is
interesting to note that at least two fragments of stone were found
marked with a groo\7e. In neither case are they typical specimens of the
•" tracked stone " i.e. rounded, or oval pebbles bearing a diagonal groove :
but that they served the same purpose — that of point-sharpeners, is
pretty evident. As another instance that "tracked stones" have for a
considerable time been regarded as implements for sharpening iron tools,
I may give the following extract from " Flint Chips," l p. 93. After
describing one of these stones the author goes on to say that " similar
stones were in use at a comparatively late date." One was found at
Nydam in Slesvig with objects belonging to the Iron Period. It is
figured by Engelhardt (" Denmark in the Early Iron Age," Plate xm.,
fig. 65, p. 59), and is classed as a whetstone." At p. 153, of " Wildes'
Catalogue," in the list of Scandinavian Antiquities presented to the
Royal Irish Academy, two such stones are enumerated and described.
"Nos. 58 and 59, casts of shuttle-shaped stones, with two marks on
1 " Flint Chips : a Guide to Prehistoric Archaeology, as illustrated by the Collection
in the Blackmore Museum, Salisbury," by Edward T. Stevens, Hon. Curator of the
Blackraore Museum (1870).
214 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
their sides ; the former is 3J inches long, the latter 2f , and more like
those in the Irish Collection (see p. 75)." Numbers of rude hammer-
stones were also found. A curious "find" in No. 1 was six small
pebbles of porphyry. They are rounded and polished as if by the action
of water; and are just such objects as might be picked up by children
on the sea-shore at the present day, and treasured as playthings. A flint
side-scraper turned up in No. 2 crannog, wedged in a piece of iron resem-
bling the link of a chain, with one end broken off. The flint is stained
with iron rust ; and its bevelled edge shows marks of considerable wear
and tear. The iron appears to serve the purpose of a handle for the
scraper. The object measures 3^ inches in length.
The abundance of quern-stones in this group of crannogs seems to-
show that agriculture was carried on pretty extensively.
METALLIC MATERIALS — BRONZE.
Fig. 1, p. 215, found near the margin of No. 2 crannog, represents the
rim of a brass vessel, which measured 6£- inches in diameter at the mouth.
This fragment shows one perforation, and no doubt there was a correspond-
ing one in another part of the rim. They were intended for suspending
the vessel. These perforations, as well as the shape of the rim, show
that this people formed their vessels, whether of metal, wood, or pottery
after the same model. Perforated fragments of rims of earthenware
occurred both in these crannogs and in Killyvilla ; and portion of a rim of
a wooden vessel with two openings was found in the latter dwelling (see
our Journal for 1897, vol. 27, Consec. Series, pp. 389 and 390). An
example in wood was also found in No. 2 crannog, which will be after-
wards described.
Fig. 2, also from No. 2 crannog, is a buckle of bronze -, the pin of
which has been broken off.
Fig. 3 represents a most curious object of bronze, consisting of two
parts : (a) A curved portion, having a square hole at one end, and a
rounded socket, open in front, at the other. This object has been carved
into its present shape; the aperture also has been cut; (b) A straight
tube? tapering to a point, and consisting of a thin piece of rolled bronze.
I also found the other extremity of this tube, which has been broken off.
It is a little over an inch in length, and also tapers to a point. This
tube was not found actually in the socket of the other portion, but was
close to the latter ; and, as it fits the socket very accurately, I think it
is almost certain that the two belonged to each other.
Fig. 7 represents an object also found in the same trench as fig. 3 ;
and it is very probable that it may have formed a part of the latter.
Fig. 7 has also been cut into shape, and shows two perforations. Its
lower extremity is uneven, as though a piece had been broken off. Up
to the present I have obtained no clue as to the probable uso of these
objects. Having formed a theory that fig. 3 might have been part of a
Hrouze Objects found in Crunnogs near Clones. (Full si/e.
216 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRKLAND.
compass for drawing circles, I filled the tube with ink, and found that
it was possible to use the object for this purpose. In view of the fact,
however, that important parts are evidently missing, the result of this*
experiment is hardly convincing enough. These objects, being covered
with the usual green coating, I cleaned small portions of each of them
with acid, and found that, as far as can be judged from the colour, the
metal of which they are composed is antique bronze. Dr. Buick and
Mr. Knowles are of opinion, however, that on account of the square
hole, fig. 3 is comparatively modern. They were found about two feet
below the surface, at the northern side of No. 2 crannog, near the large
hearth.
Fig. 4, p. 215, is an object of the nature of a pendant. It is very thin,,
not thicker than a worn sixpence, and is covered with a greenish incrus-
tation. I cleaned a spot which shows that the bronze is of a golden
colour. On each surface of the lower end is a little boss, very much
corroded. This ornament was found just under the surface sod in No. 1
crannog, close to the flint object represented by fig. 4, p. 207.
Fig. 5, from No. 2 crannog, is the spout of a vessel, very thick and
strongly made. A portion of it has evidently been subjected to intense
heat, as it shows signs of having been partially fused. It was found
near the surface.
Fig. 6 is the bowl of a spoon, also found near the surface in No. 2
erannog. Judging from its shape, the perfect article was probably
similar to the spoon represented by fig. 422 in Wilde's " Catalogue of
the Museum of the Royal Irish Academy," p. 538, where it is stated
that the object "is one of those middle-age spoons with long, slender,
round handles, terminating in decorated knobs or figures, and known a&
"Apostle spoons." A similar spoon is also figured in ".The Lake-
Dwellings of Europe " (by R. Munro, 1890), p. 205, fig. 11. It is from
the torbiera di Bosisio, and is stated so be " probably of much later date
than the other objects."
Fig. 8, p. 215, found in No. 2 crannog, is a curious object, to which
it is not easy to assign a use. It is also doubtful whether it is complete,
or whether a portion is missing from the broad end where the metal i&
thin. A somewhat similar design to that seen on the broad portion of
this object, has been noticed on stone-work in Ireland, an example of
which occurs on a stone at Newgrange : see Wakeman's " Archceologia
Hibernica," 2nd ed., p. 101 ; and another on the shaft of the cross, on a
cross-inscribed stone at St. Brigid's "Well, near ClifEony (Journal, Roy.
Hist, and Arch. Assoc. of Ireland, vol. v., 4th Series, p. 376). The
other surface of the broad decorated portion is concave and destitute of
ornament. The object may possibly have served as some kind of hook or
fastening.
Fig. 1, p. 218, represents a pin of light-yellow bronze. It is in a
fine state of preservation, and very sharp at the point. It has a similar
EXCAVATION OF TWO LAKE-DWELLINGS NEAR CLONES. 217
incised ornament, on the other side of the head, to that shown in the
illustration.
Fig. 2 has the head ornamented. There is also a zig-zag ornamen-
tation down the stem on all sides. The stem becomes quadrangular
towards the point.
Fig. 3 has the head nicely decorated with an emhossed design,
showing great skill in casting. A somewhat similar pin is figured and
described in Wilde's "Catalogue," fig. 460. p, 561. In the case of my
specimen, however, I have not been able to verify the statement to be
found there as to the formation of the heads of such pins, as the head
appears to consist of one piece only. Fig. 3a shows the style of
ornamentation on the top of the head. The stem is much corroded.
Figs. 4, 8, and probably 7, and 70, represent portions of the same object,
which is evidently a fibula. They were found quite close together. The
fragment, both sides of which are represented by figs. 7, and 7 a, consists
of a small square sheet of stout bronze, folded down the centre in such a
way as to give the object a rounded back, and pressed tightly together
at the edges. It is ornamented with incised lines, similar enough to
those sometimes seen on crannog-pottery. From its formation it is
probable that this portion clasped the circular part of the fibula (fig. 8),
which is very thin, at some part of its circumference now lost. There
may have been a similar ornament at the opposite side, the rounded
backs being turned outwards in each case. Fig. 4 shows part of the
tongue of the fibula. It is much corroded, as is also the fragment of the
circular portion (fig. 8), which displays an incised ornamentation consist-
ing of a number of short, radiating lines, arranged in groups of three.
Each group somewhat resembles a bird's-foot or " broad-arrow." The
circular portion of this fibula and the tongue (figs. 8 and 4), when entire,
must have closely resembled certain objects in the Dublin Museum of
Science and Art, labelled, " Silver mediaeval fibulsc."
Pigs. 5 and 6 represent two pins. The former has an ornamented
head, and the stem, like fig. 2, becomes quadrangular towards the point.
The object of this was evidently to prevent the pins from readily
dropping out of any fabric in which they may have been stuck. Fig. 6
is a very short pin, having the head and stem decorated in the same
manner as fig. 2. All the objects figured on this Plate, so far described,
were found in No. 2 ; and all are covered with a greenish incrustation
except No. 1. None of them were found at any great depth from the
surface.
Figs. 9, 10, and 100 represent objects from No. 1 crannog. Fig. 9,
found near the surface, and yellow in colour, is a small bracelet. It is
rounded on the outer, and flat on the inner surface, and has no trace of
ornamentation.
F'igs. 10 and 100 show both sides of a curious object. It was found
at a considerable depth from the surface, and is covered with a thick
/r /<*.*/
Bronze Objects from Crannogs near Clones. (Full size.
EXCAVATION OF TWO LAKE-DWELLINGS NEAR CLONES. 219
green coating. Having cleaned a spot, however, I found the bronze to
be of a light yellow colour. It is not clear what purpose this object
served. It evidently rested on some substance to which the perforated
studs were fastened. It may possibly be part of the catch of a cloak.
There were also found in these crannogs the following bronze items : —
A lozenge-shaped piece of very thin sheet bronze, much torn, secured by
four broad-headed iron rivets to the somewhat concave surface of a
roughly cruciform piece of iron, measuring about 4 inches
in each direction, and so much oxidized as to render it
almost impossible to conjecture its original shape, thick-
ness, or use. The object may possibly have been the
umbo of a shield. The remnants of what was evidently
once a circular object, measuring 1| inches in diameter.
It consists of a thin piece of bronze attached to a similar
piece of iron ; both are much corroded. Probably this
was a personal ornament of some kind. It was found in
No. 1 crannog.
A pin, the counterpart of fig. 5, but much corroded,
and part of the stem of another, 2-iV inches in length.
Both found in No. 2 crannog. Two small nondescript
fragments of bronze from No. 2. A weight quite similar
to an apothecary's weight of the present day, and marked
D 5, G 8 ; the letters being evidently abbreviations for
pennyweights and grains respectively. This weight was
found in No. 2 crannog, but near the surface.
IKON.
The sword illustrated here has rather a curious his-
tory. I heard of its existence for some years before I
excavated any of these crannogs. It was then said to
be sticking in the thatch of an uninhabited cottage, on a
hill overlooking Drumacrittin lake. Search here, how-
ever, was of no avail. After some time I got another clue
as to its whereabouts, and at last ran it to earth in a
cottage in Kosslea. I have been informed by a man in Sword, 28$ inches
the neighbourhood that this sword was found by his
brother, since deceased, in No. 2 crannog, forty or fifty
years ago. I referred to this " find " in my Paper on Killyvilla. (See
our Journal, vol. xxvii., Consecutive Series, 1897, p. 209.) It was
erroneously stated there that it had a wooden handle. This weapon
in no way resembles any type of crannog sword, and is evidently an
importation of comparatively modern date.1
1 The blade is of steel, well tempered, and furnished with a tang : a groove begins
ubout an inch from the guard, and runs up the blade for some distance on both sides.
Tn both these grooves some lettering exists, which seems to have extended for their
long, including
Handle.
220
ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND,
The other object of iron figured is represented by fig. 7, p. 230.
It is a hook, evidently intended for driving into wood-work, for the
purpose of suspension. It is in a very good state of preservation, and
was found near the surface in No. 2 crannog. The following objects of
iron, not figured or hitherto described, were found. The sock of a
plough, about 5£ inches long by 4 broad. Found in No. 1. It is
similar in appearance to a plough-sock figured in " The Lake-Dwellings
of Ireland," Plate xxxm., facing p. 141, fig. 8. A steel ring, measuring
Ath of an inch in the clear and about ith of an inch thick. The junc-
tion where the two ends of the rod which formed it have been welded
together is perceptible. Slight depressions from wear may be seen in
its inner circumference ; and one side is rubbed flat, as though it had
played against a similar ring. It had only a very slight coating of rust
when found, which readily rubbed off, and was found about two feet below
the surface towards the northern end of No. 1 cranuog.
A flat piece of iron, length 5£ inches, greatest width i of an inch.
This object tapers somewhat towards each extremity, and is about lt}\
of an inch thick, the edges being flat. It looks as though it might have
been a file, but is much corroded. A fragment of one end of a similar
object, 2 inches in length, both from No. 2 crannog. An object 2 inches
in length, which in shape is almost a duplicate of the spoon-like bone
implement represented by fig. 7, p. 227. They are both a form of
marrow-scoop, for extracting this substance from the fractured long
bones of cattle, which turned up in great abundance. Found in No. 2.
whole length. This is a little more distinct at one side than at the other, but the only
letters that can now be distinguished, with any certainty, are B. T. s. N. What the
complete inscription may have signified can now only be a matter of conjecture. It
may have been the maker's or owner's name. That swords were sometimes marked
in this manner is indicated by the following portion of a query, which is to be found
in "Notes and Queries," vol. i., February 16, 1850, p. 247: — " Cromwell lielics.—
In Noble's Memorials of the Protectorate House of Cromwell it is stated, in the
Proofs and Illustrations, Letter N, that, in 1784, there were dispersed, in St. Ives,
a great number of swords, bearing the initials of the Protector upon them"; and
in the Society's Journal for 1863, at the Plate facing page 388, is figured a sword
(No. 1) belonging to the Corporation of Londonderry. At this page it is stated that
" It was presented by the city of London to the city of Derry in the year 1616 —
a genuine ' Andrea 1'eraraJ with the maker's name stamped on both sides of the blade.
In addition to the maker's name, the letters ' i. H. s.' are impressed on the blade ; but
frequent cleaning has obliterated ' Andrea ' on the side photographed for the engraver,
where also the sacred monogram reads ' H. i. s.' "
The sword from this crannog is two-edged, and very sharp, and the point is
rounded ; this, together with the lightness and weakness of the blade, would lead one
to think that it was used chiefly for cutting, and not for stabbing. I was infoimed,
however, that the blade was covered with rust when found, and that it had been
" cleaned up." There are signs that it has been filed or rubbed on a stone ; thus the
weapon may originally have been thicker and stronger than at present. The haft is
made of stag-horn, on the surface of which, rough, longitudinal grooves, have been
gouged for the purpose of affording a firmer grip. The guard, judging from its
colour where a spot has been cleaned, seems to be composed of copper, with a slight
admixture of tin. A cap, or pommel, of the same alloy, secures the lower end of the
haft. A groove runs round its circumference, near its junction with the horn ; and
at the top there is a small perforated protuberance, which tightly grips the lower
extremity of the tang.
EXCAVATION OF TWO LAKE-DWELLINGS NKAK CLONKS. 221
A chisel, 8 inches in length, with a narrow semicircular cutting-edge.
It has a strong, round shank, gradually increasing in circumference
towards the butt, which measures a little over 1 inch in diameter, and
a conical socket 3 inches in length, in which I found a fragment of the
ash handle, soft and decayed. This chisel is from No. 1 crannog. A
chisel-like object, also from this crannog, 11 inches in length. It has a
slender round shank, which expands for about an inch from the cutting
.edge into a portion, having one side convex and the other flat. The
other extremity of the shank ends in a tang. A hammer-head of inches
in length. It is lozenge-shaped, measuring nearly an inch in breadth
at the obtuse angles, and is -jj-th of an inch thick. All the surfaces are flat,
and the object is slightly curved longitudinally. Both extremities are
sharply pointed. It resembles the head of a pickaxe in miniature, and a
similar form of hammer is in use among masons of the present day for
dressing stones. The hole in the head is very small, barely i of an incli
in diameter. This shows that it was attached to the handle by means
of a nail. An intelligent man who was standing by when this object
was turned up, and who has some knowledge of milling, informed me
that small picks of the same shape are still in use in corn -mills where
mill-stones composed of sandstone exist. They are employed for the
purpose of occasionally roughening these stones by "pecking," in order
to make them grind better. It struck me that this hammer might have
served the same purpose for the querns. Many quern-stones occurred in
these crannogs, evidently worn very thin from long use, yet still showing
on their grinding surfaces well-marked signs of " pecking." This proves
that querns, like modern mill-stones, were 'occasionally subjected to a
roughening process. This object was found at the western side of
No. 2 crannog, about two feet below the surface. The tang and portion
of the blade of a sickle. A hook with a flat oval point, very similar in
appearance to those used for the attachment of cart traces. A fragment
of a thin, flat piece of iron, with a rounded end, and an oval aperture or
slit. A nail of the kind used for fastening on horse-shoes. A socketed
and barbed object, the point seems to have been blunt. It looks like
the head of some agricultural implement.
The objects of iron described are, with few exceptions, in a very
corroded state. In many instances they crumble away almost with a
touch. Except under certain conditions, iron is such a perishable metal
that the number of implements, &c., formed of it, found in crannogs
and other ancient dwelling- sites, is only partial evidence as to its former
abundance or otherwise in these places, as compared with that obtainable
in the case of the practically imperishable materials, such as stone and
bronze.
LEAD.
A peg-shaped piece from No. 2, 3f inches long, and about as thick
as the little finger. It has been pared into shape and tapers somewhat
222 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
towards both ends. It is covered with a brownish incrustation. Six
round bullets of different sizes, none of them very large, however.
SILVER.
Portion of a coin found about one foot below the surface in No. 2
crannog. It is very much corroded, but a few letters remain ; and the
harp can be distinguished on one side, which was probably the reverse.
By comparing it with similar coins in my possession, and with the help
of Lindsay's work, " A Yiew of the Coinage of Ireland," I am tolerably
sure that it is an Elizabethan sixpence (Irish coinage).
* Up to the present few coins have been found in Irish crannogs, those
of Mary and Elizabeth being the most numerous (" Lake-Dwellings of
Ireland," p. 135).
TIN.
One small fragment occurred in No. 2 crannog.
EARTHEN MATERIALS. — POTTERY.
It is strange that although only one piece of pottery turned up in
No. 1 crannog, enormous quantities were found in No. 2, the fragments
chiefly small and undecorated, weighing several stones. This earthen-
ware is hand-made and unglazed, and as regards the materials of which
it is made, is the same as that from Killyvilla. The twelve fragments
from No. 2, however, shown at p. 223, display other styles of ornamenta-
tion ; though some of the latter have been published before in connexion
with various Irish crannogs. Most of these designs present a very
archaic appearance; but fig. 10 shows the well-known dog-tooth pattern,
which is, as has been frequently pointed out, generally to be seen among
the decorations on Hiberno-Komanesque stone- work of the eleventh and
twelfth centuries. There is, therefore, no reason to believe that any of
the other pottery is of earlier date. A misleading antiquity has been
assigned to this crannog ware ; but when one takes into consideration
the conservative tendencies of the Irish, it seems in no way strange that
very early designs may have been constantly reproduced. In remote
parts of Ulster, which we know was the last part of Ireland to be opened
up, and subjected to external influences, it would not be surprising if
this was the case down even to Elizabethan times, when, as historical
notices inform us, at least some crannogs were still occupied. A detailed
description of each design seen on these fragments is unnecessary. Fig. 5,
p. 223, shows a rare pattern; and figs. 11 and 12 have, perhaps, the
earliest appearance of any. A fragment of an earthenware crucible con-
sisting of the base and portion of the sides, was found in No. 1. There
is a small projection at the base like the heel at the bottom of the bowl
of a clay tobacco-pipe. The object of this may have been to enable the
little vessel to stand upright on the ground into which the knob was
Fragments of Pottery found in Crannogs near Clones. (| linear.)
224 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OP IRELAND.
pressed. Part of the exterior of this fragment is splashed with a red
stain, and there are also traces of this colouring on its inner surface.
This substance is evidently of the nature of enamel, which, no doubt,
the crucible was used for melting.
GLASS.
Fig. 1, p. 225, is a bead of opaque dark -blue glass. Pound in No. 2.
Fig. 2, a very small, opaque bead of a light bluish-green colour, found
among the ashes of one of the hearths in No. 1 crannog.
Fig. 4, also from from No. 1, represents a blue bugle-bead.
Fig. 5, found deep down at the western edge of No. 1, is a ring of
opaque dark -blue glass.
Fig. 6, from No. 1, shows portion of an ornament zoomorphic in
design. It is composed of light-blue opaque glass embellished with some
tine lines of yellow enamel. The eyes consist of iron, round which no
doubt the glass was melted.
Fig. 8, from No. 2, is also part of an ornament of dark-blue glass,
decorated with interlacing lines of white enamel.
Fig. 9, found just under the surface sod at the western side of No. 1,
is a very beautiful bead. I have never seen a similar specimen figured.
It is composed of light-blue translucent glass. The interlacement with
which it is ornamented consists of lines of Avhite enamel ; and the idea of
the design would seem to have been taken from a tangle of thread. As
is the case in the solitary specimen found in Killyvilla, the perforations
in most of these beads are considerably larger than is usual in modern
examples.
Fig. 10, found not far from the surface, near the centre of No. 1, is
an example of the well-known dumbbell bead. It is composed of dark-
blue opaque glass, and is considerably injured on one side.
The best description of these beads which I have seen occurs in a
Paper entitled "Necklaces in Relation to Prehistoric Commerce," by
A. "W. Bucklaud, which appeared in The Antiquary for January, 1896,
p. 10.1
Some fragments of glass occurred in both crannogs. In No. 1 six
small bluish opaque pieces, they are not all matches ; and it can be seen
1 I think it may not be out of place to transcribe it here : — " One of these, known
as the dumb-bell bead, seems to be peculiar to Ireland, and was therefore probably of
native manufacture. Several of these dumb-bell beads, of different sizes and material,
may be seen in the British Museum, generally unperf orated, and usually of greenish
glass, but some of glass, perforated, and one of stone, were exhibited in the Irish
Exhibition. The imperforate beads were probably bound to a necklet by a cord round
the centre, but it is evident that the peculiar form had some significance, and its
affinity is to be found in the sign used for the moon, in Scandinavia, during the later
Bronze Age, which is given by Worsaae — thus 0 = 0. Sir John Lubbock, in
Archccotogia, vol. xlii., describes an object found in the ancient cemetery at Marino,
which bears a strong resemblance to these dumb-bell beads, but I have not met with
anything elsewhere of similar shape."
Ornaments of Glass, Jet, Stone, Amber, and Bone, from Crannogs near Clones.
(Full size.)
226 ROYAL SOCIETY OP ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
that they are portions of at least two objects shaped like little round
plates, with narrow, flat, raised rims. One of them would have measured
about 3 inches in diameter when perfect, and the other perhaps a trifle
more. They were very probably personal ornaments. Two small lumps
of glass which appear to have been partially fused.
In No. 2 the neck of a bottle of very thick greenish glass turned up.
The other fragments found are so small that it is impossible to say to
what they may have belonged.
ANIMAL MATERIALS— BONE, HOKN, AND LEATHER.
Fig. 1, p. 227, shows a large needle, roughly made from the rib of
a small animal.
Fig. 2 is also a needle formed of bone. It is beautifully polished,
and is one of the most perfectly formed objects of the kind which it is
possible to imagine.
Fig. 3 is a pin formed of horn. The stem is well polished, and the
head is perforated and ornamented on the side shown. The other side,
however, is quite plain. A very similar pin formed from a deer's horn
was among the "finds" in the kitchen-midden of a rath in county
Waterford (Journal, Roy. Hist, and Arch. Asso. of Ireland, vol. vii..
4th Series, Plate II., p. 363, fig. 9). In this case, however, the head of
the pin is imperfoiate.
Fig. 4 is a long, slender pin of bone.
Fig. 5, of bone, has a smooth notch at the top, evidently not a second
perforation broken across. It is nicely polished, and may have been
used as a needle and bodkin combined.
Fig. 6 is a bone needle.
Fig. 7 is a marrow-scoop.
Fig. 9 represents a harp-pin of bone. One other was found, which
is slightly shorter and thicker, and has a larger perforation.
Figs. 10 and 11 are bone pins.
Fig. 12 is a small bone awl or piercer. All these objects of bone and
horn are from No. 2.
Fig. 1, p. 229, represents a long rack-comb from No. 2. It consists
of two sides between which are the toothed portions in separate pieces,
the whole being fastened together with iron rivets, some of which still
remain.1
Fig. 2 is a large bone bead from No. 1.
Fig. 3 is a bone knob, one of two found in No. 1. They are evidently
1 The following is an extract from Wilde's " Catalogue," p. 271, relating to such
combs : — " These toothed pmtions *"re in separate pieces on account of the grain of the
bone, as well ns the cavity in its centre : for it is manifest that a durable comb of this
size could not have been cut out of a single bone witdout gieat liability to fracture.
By this ingenious contrivance also, the pectinated portion, if worn or broken, could
easily be repaired by driving out a rivet in the side pieces, withdrawing the injured
part, and inserting a new toothed portion."
Objects of Bone, Horn, and \Vood, from Crannogs near Clones. (Full sixe.)
T«,,^ l? <5 A T
Jour. R.S.A.I.
$ v°l- x-» ^iftl1 Series,
228 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
heads of pins, and portion of the iron stem still exists in one of them.
A similar bone knob, with remains of iron pin is figured in " Ancient
Scottish Lake-Dwellings/' by Kobert Munro (1882), p. 216, fig. 214.
Fig. 4 is portion of a comb from No. 2.
Fig. 5 is from No. 1. It is the side of a small comb, and is beauti-
fully decorated with an interlaced zoomorphic design.
Fig. 7, from No. 1, is a bone implement for forming the meshes of
nets.
Fig. 8, also from No. 1, is a double-toothed comb. All the rivets
are missing.
Fig. 9 is from No. 2. It is a single fine-tooth comb, and bears the
well-known dot-and-circle pattern. A small earthenware lamp brought
from Ephesus by the late J. T. Wood, and now in my possession, is
decorated in the same manner.
Figs. 10, 11, 12, 13 and 14 are all fragments of combs from No. 2.
All these combs were fastened together with iron rivets, some of whicli
still remain.
Fig. 1, p. 230, from No. 2, is a ring mnde from the base of a stag's
horn. The interior is smooth and worn in places, and the side is pierced
with several small holes. What I take to be a similar object is figured
in " The Lake-Dwellings of Ireland," Plate xxxv., fig. 5, p. 143.
Its use is there stated to be unknown. Several of these rings are also
to be seen in the Dublin Museum of Science and Art. They may have
been ornaments, or more probably may have been used for suspending
some object from the person.
Fig. 2 is from No. 2. It has a rivet-hole for the attachment of a
shaft or handle. A similar bone object is figured in "The Lake-
Dwellings of Ireland," Plate vi., p. 58, fig. 8, and is stated to be
probably either a dagger or a spear-head.
Fig. 4, from No. 1, is formed from the tine of a red deer's antler.
Its surface has been scraped smooth, and in the base is a conical socket,
now about 2£ inches in depth. The point has been flattened on both
sides, and given a somewhat barbed shape ; its edge on the convex side
of the object is as sharp as the material will admit. The other edge is
flat. This object may have been the head of a weapon, or possibly like
fig. 7, p. 229, may have been used for net making.
Fig. 5, also from No. 1, is portion of a long bone, and was evidently
once the handle of some implements with a quadrangular tang, as there
is a hole of this shape in the smaller end, which is also pared all round
either to adapt it to a socket or strengthening ring of metal.
Fig. 6, from No. 2, is a bone awl.
Fig. 8, from No. 1, is portion of a stag's tine split and perforated.
Judging from the notches at each end, it seems probable that this object
may have been used for winding skeins of thread used in netting or
weaving. The object of the hole was to allow of the thread being
Objects of Bone and Wood, from Crannogs near Clones. (£ linear.)
Objects of Bone, Wood, and Iron, from Crannogs near Clones. (| linear.)
EXCAVATION OF TWO LAKE-DWELLINGS NEAR CLONES. 231
firmly secured, one end having been first passed through it, and then
fastened by means of a loop and knot, before being wound.
Fig. 3, p. 225, is a small polished bone bead from No. 2.
Fig. 2 (below) is a left single-piece shoe, joined at the heel and
toe, and with slits at each side for the thong which laced it. This
object was found deep down in No. 2. It is not ornamented in any way.
A very similar shoe is figured in lt The Lake-Dwellings of Ireland,''
Plate xxxv., p, 143, fig. 7. I have also a similar but larger specimen
in my collection, from a
hood. Numerous pieces
in these crannogs, evi-
pattern as the specimen
many scraps of leather,
of bone were found in
pins, and a fragment of a
ment showing portion
part of a handle. A
similar in appearance to
jects, evidently in pro-
the one a disc roughly
1£ inches in diameter
thickness, the other a
which was being rounded
Two roughly formed
in length respectively,
turned up. About a
portions of combs. Nine
mentary, and most of
linear.)
bog in this neighbour-
ed shoes turned up
dently of the same
figured ; also a good
Some other objects
No. 1. Two perforated
third. A small flat frag-
of a rivet hole, evidently
small rudely made bead
fig. 2, p. 229. Two ob-
cess of manufacture —
pared into shape, about
by nearly one inch in
splinter off a long bone,
perhaps to form a pin.
awls, 64- and 6 inches
In No. 2 the following
score of the pectinated
pins, some of them frag-
them perforated. A
borer of about the same size and similar to fig. 12, p. 227. Two objects
in process of being formed from splinters of long bones. Two broken
ends of pegs. A small flat fragment. A scoop somewhat similar
to fig. 7, p. 227. Portion of a double fine- tooth comb, 5 inches in
length. Most of the pectinated portions and rivets are missing. Those
of the latter which remain are composed of bone. The only ornamenta-
tion is a series of shallow notches along each edge of the sides ; they
present exactly the same appearance as those on the lower edge of the
side of the comb illustrated by fig. 1, p. 229. -Portion of a long bone
232 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
smoothed, and hollowed out in the interior 3£ inches in length, and £• of
an inch in diameter at the end. It evidently formed the handle of some
implement such as a knife.
VEGETABLE MATERIALS — WOOD.
Fig. 8, p. 227, represents portion of a pin roughly cut out of a
stick, with pieces of the hark still adhering to the head. This object,
when complete, must have resembled the modern long bone knitting-
kneedle, and may have been used for the same purpose ; it is quite
sound, and was found deep in No. 1 crannog.
Fig. 6, p. 229, is composed of yew, and is therefore quite sound.
It was found very deep down in the foundation of No. 1, and looks as
though it may have been used in the manipulation of butter.
Fig. 3, p. 230, was found in the lowest layer of No. 1. It has a
conical socket two inches in depth. The wood was in a state of pulp when
found. I therefore packed the socket with cotton wool, corded the object,
and boiled it in treacle and glue, allowing it then to dry slowly.
This pi an succeeded admirably in preserving the shape. This object
was probably the butt-end of some weapon or implement. One of the
workmen stated that he had seen handles of spades of a somewhat similar
shape.
Fig. 1, p. 231, is a lid with handle found deep in No. 2. The chief
point of interest about it is, that the handle was not made separately and
then attached to the lid ; the whole has been carved in one piece. Some
other objects of wood were — Part of the bowl of a spoon. A fragment
of an object formed of oak 7 inches long by f of an inch broad. It is
shaped like the hoop of a barrel, being convex on one surface and flat on
the other : one end has been carved into a somewhat lozenge-shaped form
by way of ornament. One stave of what must have been a small vessel
of bog-oak : it is 2-f- inches in length, and is curved in this direction, the
concavity being on the external surface, by If inches in width. It is also-
curved in the latter direction, the concavity of course being on the
interior. There are two perforations near the top. A paddle formed of
yew, 27 inches in length by 4f inches in width, across the broadest part of
the blade. A piece of yew shaped like abarrel-hoop. It measures 20 inches-
in length, and the central portion for the length of 4-J- inches, has been
made thicker than the rest. Each extremity, which has also been
strengthened, is flat, and is pierced by a round hole about f of an inch in
diameter. The object somewhat resembles a small long-bow, but is, I
think, too small to have served such a purpose. It may have been a
handle. All these objects are from No. 2 crannog. In No. 1 were
found the following : — A mallet 9 inches long, carved in one piece out of
black oak. The handle is four-sided, and the head is roughly rounded.
Some fragments of a vessel of willow-wood, which measured about
6 inches in diameter at the mouth. The length of the most perfect of
EXCAVATION OF TWO LAKE-DWELLINGS NEAR CLONES. 233
the fragments is 5f inches ; on the inner surface below, is a groove which
held the circular bottom. Externally, it is ornamented by incised
parallel lines, arranged chiefly in threes at regular intervals. A handle
of yew 5 inches long. A cross-shaped object of oak 4 inches long, now
much shrivelled. A peg of yew 4 inches in length, roughly pared into
shape ; in the top is a short split, in which is inserted a small wedge of
wood. The object of this was evidently to tighten the peg in its socket ;
it looks not unlike one of the teeth of a modern wooden rake. A thin
chip of oak 2f inches long by -f of an inch broad, with an oval perfor-
ation at the centre £ an inch long. One side of a knife handle, it is
much shrunk, and now measures 3f inches in length. It is pierced by
four rivet holes. In addition to these, large quantities of barrel-staves
and hoops, planks, some of them of black oak, and fragments of
wooden objects, were found in both crannogs.
AMBEU AND JET.
Fig. 7, p. 225, represents a bead of red amber : it was found in the
mud, in the lowest stratum of No. 1. In connexion with the idea that
the colour of amber is indicative of the region from which it has been
derived, the summary of a Paper on amber may be consulted, which
appeared in The Antiquary for 1898, p. 383. This Paper was read by
Professor T. Me Kenny Hughes, on November 2nd of that year, at the
Meeting of the Royal Archaeological Institute, and, in illustration of his
remarks, he exhibited a collection of amber which he had made chiefly
in the Mediterranean and North Sea.
Figs. 11,12 and 13, p. 225, are fragments of jet bracelets from No. 1.
Fig. 1 1 was found in the lowest stratum, and is considerably scored on
one side, as though it had been constantly rubbing against some rough
or sharp object, possibly a bracelet of some other substance.
Three other objects of jet were found in No. 1 ; they are straight,
rounded pegs !-£-, 1-jV, and 1£ inches long respectively; two of them are
about as thick as pen-handles, the third as a small quill ; one of them
shows traces of a broken perforation at one extremity ; doubtless the
others were also pierced. They were probably pendants for necklaces,
placed between the beads. Pendants were frequently attached to neck-
laces in ancient times, and also at the present day by savage and semi-
savage races. I have a specimen which I obtained from a Kaffir in
Bechuanaland ; it has short, flat perforated pieces of wood strung between
the beads.
MISCELLANEOUS "FINDS."
Two small rough fragments of rock-crystal occurred in No. 1. Some
fragmentary modern objects turned up near the surface in both crannogs,
such as pieces of glazed crockery, and the bowls and stems of clay tobacco-
pipes. A couple of buttons, and a clay marble also came to light. A
234 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
layer of charred oats and barley fully 6 inches in depth in some places,
and extending for a considerable distance, occurred near the surface in
No. 2. I am uncertain as to the origin of this, it may have been a relic
of poteen-making, which I have been informed was carried on at this
crannog ; the store of grain may have been burnt accidentally or other-
wise ; but, on the other hand, in historical notices, there are many
references to the plundering and burning of crannogs ; and this charred
corn may be a sign of some occurrence of the kind. Large quantities of
burnt corn were found at the lake-settlement of Wan gen, " Flint Chips,"
pp. 143 and 144. A large quantity of the antlers and tines of the red
deer (Cervus elaphus] was found in No. 1, some of the former were still
attached to the skulls, many of them had their tines, in some instances,
notched with the saw, and in others sawn off; many of the scattered tines
had also been detached in this manner. No doubt stag horn was very
valuable to the lake-dwellers, especially for making handles for their
tools and weapons. The red deer was evidently once common in this
neighbourhood, as indeed we know it was throughout the country.
Thus " Bede calls Ireland, * Insulam Cervorum Venatu imignem.'1 — An
Island famous for Stagg ' Hunting.' " (Ware, Harris's edition, vol. ii.,
"The Antiquities of Ireland," p. 165.
Five fragments of a human skull were found in No. 2 ; the largest of
them is part of a parietal bone, its dentated superior border for articula-
tion with its fellow of the opposite side being still perfect. Part of a
human inferior maxillary bone was found in Killyvilla, and in my Paper
on that crannog (Journal R.S.A.I.^ vol. 27, Consec. Series, p. 399),
I mentioned some theories with a view of explaining its presence there.
Since then I have read an extract from an article which appeared in our
Journal, vol. 29, Consec. Series, pp. 124 and 125. From this it appears
that there is positive evidence that the ancient Irish sometimes interred
the head separate from the body ; this, however, does not explain the
fractured condition of the skull bones found in these crannogs.1
A good many tusks of the wild boar turned up in No. 1, some of
large size, the largest specimen measuring 7f inches along its convex
border, its greatest width being f of an inch. Tusks of the boar,
sharpened at one end, were used as tools by the Swiss lake-dwellers.
1 In the Society's Journal for 1864, vol. v., pages 133 and 134, there is a short
Paper, by Mr. Edward Benn, on an urn discovered in county Antrim : the contri-
bution ends by stating that " it contained the burned bones of a large-sized person;
no bones of the skull were found, from which it might be inferred that the head had
been otherwise disposed of."
la The Antiquary for 1896, at page 11, a necklace (fig. 11), in use among the
Andamanese, consisting of a human jaw, is shown ; and, at page 6, it is stated that
*' they also wear round the neck the skull and jaw-bones of deceased friends, a custom
which exists also in Australia and New Guinea."
Human bones, along \vith those of animals, have been found in one of the lake-
dwellings near Holderness ; they consist of the remains of at least four persons
(The Antiquary, 1900, p. 81). These English pile structures seem to be of earlier
date than ours.
EXCAVATION OF TWO LAKE-DWELLINGS NEAR CLONES. 235
(" Flint Chips," pp. 167 and 168). The other bones belonged to the
same animals as those found in Killy villa. Most of the marrow-bearing
bones were fractured as is usual in lake-dwellings. By far the greater
quantity of bones was found in No. 1, where they were very numerous ;
in No. 2 they were comparatively few, but some antlers and tines were
also found here.
These crannogs belong to the some period as Killyvilla, and all my
remarks as to the age of the latter dwelling apply to them also. It is
impossible to give exact dates, but there seems little doubt that the lake-
life of Ireland was in its prime during the twelfth century. Of all
ancient structures, the crannogs yield the richest harvest of knowledge
as to the long-forgotten domestic habits of our country ; this is largely
due to the fact that most of them have been undisturbed, situated as they
are in lakes and marshes, which had little attraction for the agriculturist.
The drawings of the objects described have been prepared for me by
Miss M. Knowles, and the skilful manner in which she has drawn the
figures to illustrate this Paper will, in cases where my descriptions of
objects may be considered unsatisfactory, enable those who are interested
in the subject, to form their own opinions.
[ APPENDIX.
236 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
APPENDIX.
It may not, perhaps, be out of place to call attention to some remarks relating to
the subject of lake-dwellings, which have been published lately. From a Paper,
entitled "Roman Ribchester," which appeared in The Antiquary for 1899, it seems
that this great people, during their occupation of England, practised there something
of the nature of crannog- construction where the land was marshy. In the same
volume the following letter .also appeared at page 96 : — " Irish Crannogs. To the
Editor. This term is formed from crann, ' a pole,' it being identical with our ' crane, r
Welsh, garan ; so we have crannag, ' cross-trees,' suitable for a floored pile-dwelling.
"It has been suggested that they were used for fishing-stations, and it will be
interesting to learn, from your obliging contributor, if the site lately explored at
Killucan favours this suggestion ; that it was so, to some extent, is proved by the
following extracts : — ' In 1726 a new cranagh was ordered to bb built near Coleraine ;
in 1739 the cranagli incurred a rent of £15 per annum, and produced several tons of
fish (40 cwt. are recorded at one draught of the net). This cranagh was fixed at that
part of the river [Bann ?] best adapted for net-fishing ; the fish that escaped the net
were speared at the ' salmon -leap ' up or down ihe river.' These extracts are taken
from 'A Concise View of ... the Irish Society,' London, 1832.— A. HALL.
February 2, 1899."
The structure here referred to was of course not a crannog proper at all ; the old
name survived, and, perhaps, also some tradition of the mode of construction. Anyone
who has any practical acquaintance with these dwellings, and who will read page 35
of " The Lake-Dwellings of Ireland," and the " Historical Notices of Crannogs," to
be conveniently found in tbis work, will be pretty firmly convinced that they were
settlements in every sense of the term.
The discovery of lake-dwellings in the South of England is chronicled in The
Antiquary for 1899, p. 314, and it is there stated that " this is the only instance of
pile-dwellings known to exist in the South of England, with the exception of those in
the lake village at Glastonbury."
It is interesting to note that islands are sometimes used in modern warfare for
purposes of defence, as seen from the following newspaper paragraph, describing the
advance to Khartoum in 1898: — "Various islands have been utilized as depots and
hospitals, thus saving the Sirdar the necessity of leaving a strong line of communica-
tion posts."
( 237 )
THE CLOG AN OIK, OR BELL SHRINE OF SCATTERY.
EXHIBITED BY MR. MARCUS KEANE, JULY 31, 1900 ; DESCRIBED AND
ILLUSTRATED BY MR. T. J. WESTROPP, M.A., FELLOW.
rPHE " Clog an oir," or "Clog na neal," a remarkable bell shrine
connected traditionally with St. Senau of Iniscatha (Scattery
Island), has been recently brought under the formal notice of our
Society by Mr. Marcus Keane of Beechpark. As the Committee of
Publication has determined to illustrate it these few notes are collected,
though the subject deserves much more exhaustive study and research
than, amid pressure of urgent business, we have been able to supply.
The old lives of St. Senan (one of which was attributed to his successor
Odran, but which in their present form were at least edited in the
13th or 14th century) tell us how that saint received a bell from heaven,
whence it descended ringing loudly on a hill north of .Kilrush at the
cross between Kildimo and Farighy, when the tongue flew away, so
evidently this was not one of the several marvellous bells whose ringing
on Scattery resounded over all Corcovaskin, enabling the Mass to be
celebrated at the same moment in each of its churches. The heaven-
sent bell was called " Clog na neal," the bell of the clouds, and eventually
" Clog an oir," from the supposed golden adornments of its shrine, and
was, of course, most reverentially preserved at Scattery during the
vicissitudes of many ages by the coarbs of St. Senan. The last of the
recognised lay coarbs was Calvagh, son of Siacus O'Cahan, who died in
1581. The " converbship " had been granted to Donald O'Brien, the
last chief of Clare, as a bribe to win him to the English interest, but the
O'Cahanesdid not fall in with the views of the Saxon Government, and
held the office against him and his son Sir Turlough O'Brien. Even
when the official position ended the prestige clung to the family of
O'Cahane, and one of its members, Nicholas O'Cahane, was coroner in
the later reign of Elizabeth, and took energetic measures to repel the
thirsty crews of the Armada ships which sheltered in the river in 1588,
near Kilrush. We find Charles Cahane, of Lisdeen, in Kilfieragh
parish, and Teige Cahane, of Bally ow en, in the same place in 1641,
who lost their lands in 1652 ; but, in 1690, Brian Cahane w;is still one
of "the chief gentry and ablest persons" near Kilrush. The bell
shrine was kept in the direct line of the O'Keanes till 1730, when it
passed into the present family (traditionally said to be a branch of the
northern O'Cahanes) by the marriage of their ancestor, Robert Keane
of Bally voe, with a daughter of the house of Corcovaskin. In this
238 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
line it has descended to the present owner, to whose kindness and assist-
ance we owe the opportunity of making rubbings and sketches of the
shrine, and the knowledge of some of the traditions connected with it.
vw
BELL SHRINE OF ST. SENAN.
(View of Front. Full size.)
The "bell" seems to have first attracted the attention of students
THE BELL SHRINE OF SCATTERY.
239
in 1826, when it was exhibited before the Society of Antiquaries in
London.1 "We are not told whether the bell was at that time pre-
served in the shrine, and family tradition seems to be ignorant of the loss
BELL SHKINE OF ST. SENAN.
(View of Back. Full size.)
of the bell, which some, indeed, imagined was the inner bronze shrine.
It and a bell belonging to Mr. J. Cooke, and said to have been found at
1 Archccologia, xxi., p. 559.
240 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
Scattery, were exhibited by him and Mr. Francis Keane of Kilrush in
Dublin in 1853.
Mr. Cooke's bell passed to the possession of the British Museum ; it
was of bronzed iron, and opportunity has not offered to learn whether
it would fit the "Clog an oir" shrine. The latter was lent to the
Eoyal Irish Academy in 1864, and remained for some time in its
museum. Lastly, the bell was exhibited at the meeting of our Society
at Lisdoonvarna on July 31st, 1900, which gives occasion for the present
notes.
Tradition has naturally made much of the mystery and miracles told
about this shrine, and a belief grew up that it avenged any oath taken
upon it in falsehood by striking with convulsions and death, or, at
the least, with disfigurement and distortion of the face, the daring
perjurer.
As a consequence of the great awe attached to the relic its use was
frequently sought by persons whose property had been robbed, and not
only those living in Clare, but in the adjacent counties. Many stories
were told of its occult powers and how when it was stolen it returned to
its rightful owner. Once a gentleman from Galway sent his servant
to borrow it, and the latter (who was actually guilty of the crime his
master wanted to detect), fearing the terrible relic, flung it into the sea.
On his return he told his master that the O'Cahanes would not lend it.
" You are a liar, for there it is on the table before you," was the reply,
and the terrified culprit at once confessed his crime.1 It was last asked
for in 1834.
The bibliography of this shrine (so far as I have noted it without
special research) seems to be : " The Life of St. Senan," attributed to
St. Odran, chapter v. ; Mason's " Parochial Survey" (1816), p. 440 ;
" Archa3ologia " (1826), xxi., p. 559 ; " Archaeological Journal " (1853),
vol. v., p. 331 ; " Bells of the Church " (Rev. H. T. Ellacombe, 1872) ;
Dwyer's " Diocese of Killaloe " (1878), p. 538; Frost's "History and
Topography of the County of Clare " (1893), p. 82 ; Journal R.S.A.L
1897), p. 280.
Four beautiful lithographs were made for the Royal Irish Academy,
but never published ; they are marked " Trans. R. I. A., vol. — ,
Antiquities Plate " ; they exhibit each side of the shrine at its actual
size ; but, despite their artistic nature, finish, and the good general
impression they give of the relic, the artist has idealised them and made
the irregularities of the pattern symmetrical — an " artist's license," more
frequent than commendable in archaeological drawings of the period —
some 35 years ago. The interfacings are also conventional ; the artist
apparently failed to appreciate their quaint irregularity. On this
account these drawings have not been now made use of.
1 Our readers will recall the powerful description of the "swearing on the
Donagh" in the tale of "The Horse-stealers."
THE BELL 8HKINE OF SCATTER Y. 241
The only person who has attempted a careful description of the shrine
is the Rev. Canon Dwyer, and he for some unknown reason makes that
•description from the lithographs and not from the original, which lay in
the hands of a friend, a parishioner, at no great distance from his own
home. He tells how " Senan's bell was in great esteem as a sacred
swearing piece " in cases of " cattle stealing, assault, and abduction,"
ho\v it was called " Clog na neal " and " Clog an oir," the latter name from
the gold "with which ithadbeen adorned, as well as with precious stones."1
In the appendix to his history (pp. 538-9) he continues : — " From the plate
of the Bell of Senan (as it is called) it seems to have been about 5 inches
high and 2£ inches at base, and 2 inches at the top on the broad portion
front and rear, but at the sides it runs up into a point of less than half an
inch. . . . The front face exhibits two grotesque winged serpents, stand-
ing erect, back to back, neck interlacing with neck, and with hands (or fins
rather) grasping mutually. The forked tongue of each is protruberant
and falls on the wing. Each supports itself on a broad fish-tail. . . .
Light foliage bordering completes the decoration round these lively
monsters. The back of the bell is divided into well-proportioned compart-
ments or panels, over which a serpentine decoration is elaborately evolved
in intricate coils, reminding one of the tomb decorations of Egypt. The
two ends are taken up with a bold comprehensive panel, having in each
instance a human head, and in one a body draped in diaper robing, and
a beast of the leopard tribe, rampant, as though making a deadly spring
towards the vital parts near the neck of the man. In the other case,
though the head above is human and unornamented, an allegorical fiend,
wearing a crown, like a Roman mural one, seems to have got its death
blow, and to be in the attitude of collapse, head aside, wings drooped,
and legs falling together." He then enters on the symbolism which he
suggests to be " Sin militant but Grace triumphant" ; which does not
bear on the antiquarian aspect of the case.
The above account sufficiently describes the general appearance of
the plates, but misses the two periods shown in the work, and consequently
misunderstands some of the particulars. "We have in the shrine an inner
case of strong bronze plates, beaten out from the inside to form a cruciform
arrangement of panels on the broader faces. These panels on the outer
face exhibit a cross of the type so common in tombstones of the 9th-llth
centuries, a circular socket in the centre from which the " jewel" has
disappeared in the exposed face, and D-shaped sockets at the end of each
arm, one of which retains a piece of green glass, for of the gold and
" precious stones " mentioned above, no trace is apparent. A thin silver
band is set into the bronze, forming the centre of the main lines of the
cross. The panels, so far from being well proportioned are irregular and
somewhat uncouth, but are decorated with quaint and delicate raised
1 "Diocese of Killaloe," p. 501.
242 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
interfacings formed of serpents. These are of three types, one with short
rather trefoil-shaped head such as occurs (besides at many other localities)
in the beautiful doorway reset in the south wall of Killuloe Cathedral,
and usually attributed to King Murchad O'Brien, circa 1080. The next
type is of that long nosed species which occurs on the cross of Dysert
O'Dea (and other places) during the llth and 12th centuries. The third
has large eyes and curving nose. The main part of the older ends are
concealed under the later work, nearly the whole of the cap of the bell
can be seen, owing to the looseness of the later plate. The lower part is
semicircular with a D-shaped socket at the crown and three panels of
interlaced work, the divisions marked both with thin silver bands and
hollows for enamel ; the corresponding part of the opposite face is open
and resembles the first in general design ; it had however no " jewel," and
its lower middle panel was triangular. Above it the shoulders and ends
of the older work are covered with simple interlacings, above this comes a
" crest," with triangular panels. The exposed face exhibits a geometrical
device, a lacertine animal ; a snake knot (trefoil-headed variety) ; a snake
and a nearly effaced knot. Bands of silver and cases for enamel again
mark out the main lines. The opposite face can be seen by pulling out the
silver cover, which is slightly movable ; it is of similar pattern, and seems
to have been worn down before the silver shrine covered it. The whole,
though inferior in finish, recalls the work on the crosier of Dysert O'Dea.
The later shrine has been attributed to the 13th century, and certainly
resembles the carvings of that period.
The silver covers have been removed entirely from one face, and the
central compartment from the other, leaving the older work visible. The
main panel is well described by Canon Dwyer. I need only add that the
monsters' bodies also sprout into several of those fleurs de lys, or pointed
leaved trefoils, with which the silver cover of the shoulders and crest is
also decorated along its salient faces. The arch which surrounded the
lost plate is marked with small chevrons and dots. With regard to the
end panels, we must differ from the above interpretation, for the human
face in each case seems to have nothing to do with the rest of the design.
The " leopard " panel is to the left of the main (" two monster ") plate,
and the " crowned fiend," or rather, monster, is to the right. The
leopard is rampant in front of a conventional tree. A bishop's head
in high relief, and of unusually rude design, projects, above it, but
there is no trace of a human body or diaper robe, nor any evidence
that the beast is making a deadly spring at its neck. The monster
panel was evidently engraved so as to be seen on the side and not
on end. From this position there are no signs of collapse or death
blow about it. It has a female head, crowned with a mural crown,
with a trefoil in the middle. The main lines are marked in some-
dark but shining metallic composition let into the silver. These
end panels have ordinary waving tendrils to three of their sides, and
\9oo
BELL SHRINE OF ST. SENAN.
(View of both ends. Full size.)
Tm,r H «; A T j Vo1' x > Filth Ser" I
Jour. K.S.A.I. j Vo] ^ Consec Ser> ;
24:4 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
(to the right of the "leopard") a modified chevron pattern to the
fourth. The shrine is 5| inches high, and the base 2£ inches by 2
inches with 4 rude legs. It measures 3 inches to the shoulder and has
rounded corner pieces, in one case with a slight notch ornament and a
little indented border-piece on some of the edges. There is no trace of
any substantial ornament other than the "jewels" and three silver
plates, so the name Clog an oir must have been given on account of
gilding, and cannot be taken as implying the existence of a shrine or
even extensive usage of gold in the ornamentation.
The bell shrine was exhibited at a meeting of the Archa3ological
Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, at Norwich, in July, 1847.
The llev. H. T. Ellacombe, in his work, entitled " Bells of the
Church," published in 1872, refers to it in the following manner.
Mr. Keane, mentioned by him, was the late Marcus Keane, author of
"The Towers and Temples of Ireland." In this account there is
evident comparison between the Keanes of Kilrush and the later
settlers of the North.
" The chieftain of the Kean family was dignified in ancient times with the title of
' Carran Bovo,' a term understood to mean arbiter of disputes, from his being the
custodian of this venerated relic ....
' ' The ancient history of the ' Clog Oir ' is involved in obscurity. According to
one account. it \vas brought from Dungiven, in the county of Deny, about four
hundred years since, when a sanguinary contest among tbe sept of the O'Cabans for
the chieftainship having taken place, the elder claimant was defeated, and to save his
life he left with his followers and settled in West Clare, where he married the
daughter of Mac Mahan ... It is said that he brought with him the ' Clog Oir,'
and that his descendants continued to make use of it in their new settlement. His
residence was the castle of Inis Scattery."
" Mr. Keane, to whom I am indebted for this account, tells me that he remembers
the occasion when last the ' Clog Oir ' was brought into requisition. It was about
the year 1834, a tenant farmer had his house broken into and robbed of £20. He
applied for the bell, as he suspected the robbery to have been committed by persons
in the neighbourhood. It was brought with much ceremony to his house, and after
Mass, on the following Sunday, was the time appointed for the whole parish to
assemble to clear themselves from suspicion upon the bell. On the Saturday night
preceding this ordeal, the farmer was frightened by hearing a crash at the window,
which was broken in. He apprehended that his days were numbered, but after
\vaiting some time in great fear, all became quiet. On lighting a candle to see what
had occurred, he found, to his great astonishment, that his £20 — even the identical
notes, tied with the same string — had been thrust in through the broken pane, and
were on the floor."
( 245 )
INSCRIPTIONS AT ST. JOHN'S WELL, KILLONE ABBEY,
COUNTY CLARE.
BY LORD WALTER FITZGERALD, M.R.I.A., FELLOW.
rpHE Abbey of Killone, which has recently come under the care of the
-*- Board of Works, is situated near Killone Lough, in the demesne of
Newhall, the property of the Mac Donnell family. Between the abbey
and the lough, picturesquely situated on the rocky shore, is the Blessed
Well, called " Tobershawn," or St. John's Well, the Pattern at which
takes place on the 24th of June.
The well itself is overshadowed by an ash- tree, to which is fixed an
open cupboard, painted red, and full of statuettes in china, and plaster,
of our Lord, and of the Blessed Virgin Mary, besides little religious
pictures, sets of beads, etc. On the opposite side of the tree are fastened
up a stick and a couple of crutches.
A dry wall encloses the well, which is closed overhead with slabs of
stone ; a semicircular passage formed by another bit of wall leads to the
entrance to the well, and the water is reached, low down in its rocky
bed, by a few rough steps. Pins and buttons lie about, and bits of
worsted-thread are tied to pins stuck into the bark of the ash-tree, but
the usual votive rags are not visible here.
Leaning against the loose stones round the well is a small (eighteenth
century) slab, on which is carved in relief the Crucifixion with an i. N.R.I.
above, and a chalice at the sides ; below, in incised letters, is cut the
following : —
ERECTED TO THE GLORY
OF GOD & IN HONOUR OE
ST. JOHN.
A short distance from the well, is a low square enclosure with a muddy
bottom ; it is about 6 feet square, sunk in the ground and built of dry
walls, which in its present condition hardly rise above the ground level,
and externally are banked up with clay ; a paved track leads from the
well to this enclosure. I was not able to find out what it was formerly
used for.
A short distance from the well is a large altar of loose stones, a couple
of steps ascend to it ; inserted in front of it is a big slab on which is
inscribed : —
THIS ALTER WAS
BVILT BY ANTHONY
ROCH MERCHANT
FROM ENN1S.
1731.
T2
246 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
On the top of the altar were a score of round or flat oval stones from
the lough, which, I was told, were used by persons to keep count of the
prayers repeated when making rounds.1
Among the loose rough stones of which the altar is built, I discovered
two portions of a little inscribed slab ; all that is now decipherable on
it is : —
PATRICK SMI*
HAS BUILT THE
KEEVE OF THIS
. HOLY WELL BY IT.
the remainder of the slab is broken off and lost.
Near the well are the remains of another very small building in ruins.
Owing to this interesting group of religious buildings being in a private
demesne, I was unable, during my visit in July 1899, to meet any old
people who might have given me information about it.
Killone lies about four miles to the south of Ennis.
I hope the short account of this spot may elicit from some of our
county Clare members a fuller description of the remains round the well,
and bring to light any local tradition or legend in connexion with
them.2
1 See pp. 305, 306, infra, for a notice of round stones in the altars at Killeany,
Kinallia, and Temple na neave, near Ross.
2 For an account of the convent of Killone, and a note on the well, see pp. 126,
133, ante.
(247 )
NOTES ON BOUNDARY CROSSES.
BY MICHAEL J. C. BUCKLEY.
[Submitted JULY 31, 1900.]
T^KOM the very earliest times it has been customary to mark the divi-
sions of lands, fields, farms, parks, and warrens by means of fixed
points, which were placed on the edges of the various boundaries. The
records of Babylon and Assyria contain numerous instances of the
erection of limit stones, which were definitely fixed by means of what
might be called " surveys," such as are carried out at the present day,
and are inscribed on the baked earthenware tiles and plaques,1 which
have been recently brought to light and deciphered through the untiring
skill and research of Mr. Flinders Petrie, in his discoveries amongst the
buildings of Nineveh and Babylon. In these ancient records we find
many notices of the distribution of the land amongst civilized com-
munities, as far back as B.C. 3000. Amongst the Romans and Greeks
the "termini" or boundary marks of farms and villas, &c., were sacred
objects under the protection of tutelary divinities whose forms were
often carved on upright blocks of stone, which blocks became in the
course of ages, highly ornamental adjuncts to Roman farms and vine-
yards.
Amongst the ancient Hebrews, in their definite settlement of Pales-
tine, the boundary stones of each man's land were protected by sacred
ordinances, so that the removal of such boundaries was regarded as a
heinous crime. The same religious protection was afforded to all such
delimitations of landed property, in the ancient empires of Mexico and
Peru, and in fact in all countries which had advanced so far in the scale
of civilization as to acknowledge the right of a man to the possession of
portions of the soil.
In our own island the divisions of land were fully recognized by the
Brehon Laws, and there is no doubt that there existed certain boundary
limits round the primitive forts or village duns scattered over the face of
the country, even in the earliest dawn of history amorjgst us. That
the invasion of such reservations and the overturning of boundary marks
often led to serious inter-tribal wars and provincial feuds, our Irish
Annals testify. It was therefore only natural, at the advent of Christianity,
that such marks of the possession of land should have been taken under
1 These tiles, cylinders, and "plaques," are now to be seen, in a special room, in
the British Museum, London.
248
ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
the segis of the Church (as in the case of monastic and other ecclesiastical
properties), and should be invested with a quasi sacred character.
In considering the details of the ancient stone cross of Ui-Fearmaic
in the county Clare (concerning which such an interesting and valuable
article has been recently contributed to this Journal1 by Dr. Macnamara)
we should, I think, turn our regards to " Comparative " archeology,
which may serve to clear up many unexplained circumstances connected
with these crosses.
In the first place, I notice that on the north side of the face of
St. Tolas' cross at Dysert O'Dea a subject is carved in high relief,
in which are seen the figures of four men in long tunics (entirely
different from the short-kilted and belted figures of laics) ; the two
central personages are holding a staff with a "Tau," or crutch hoad,
with a boss and sharp point at its lower end. These two men seem to
be prepared to fix this staff
in the earth beneath, whilst
two other figures, apparently
those of bishops, having
their pastoral staves turned
outwards (a sure sign of
episcopal jurisdiction) are
seemingly spectators of the
taking possession by two
o . . f ,''l'N>- monks of the land allotted
to them (" terres monasti-
St. Tola's Cross, Dysert O'Dea— North side of Base. $ues = ter'-mon') in the terri-
tory of their " Dysert."
I find in the annals of the Abbey of Morimond, in the diocese of
Langres, in France (the mother house of innumerable other monastic
establishments all through Europe, founded circa A.D. 1115), that the
monks took possession of forests and moorlands in the following manner :
"The abbot, holding a wooden crutch or cross staff in his hand, went
forward in front of the brothers, diggers, or wood-cutters, all reciting
the Psalms. Having got to the place in the forest, or on the moorland,
which had been given to them, the abbot planted his "cross" staff
thereon, sprinkling the spot with holy water all around, and taking pos-
session thereof, in the name of Christ. He then, accompanied by the
brethren, went round the territory. If it were a forest, the abbot
first cut down a tree ; if it were uncultivated land, he dug the first spade
of its soil ; his brethren immediately followed his example, and thus
commenced the first essays of agriculture on a regular system, not only in
Ireland, but all through the countries of Europe, even to the confines of
1 See page 249, vol. 29, Consec. Series, 1899. Four of the illustrations in Dr.
Macnamara' s Paper are now reproduced for facility of reference.
NOTES ON BOUNDARY CROSSES.
249
Asia."1 This is the very apposite description of the scene carved on the
north face of St. Tola's cross.
On the occasion of the taking possession of these monastic lands in
such a formal manner,
the bishops of the adjoin-
ing territory were present
as witnesses only, on the
cession of snch lands, as
we find in several instances
of the founding of various
monasteries throughout
France, Spain, and other
countries. The bishops,
therefore, which are figured on the base of St. Tola's cross are simply
witnessing the cession of the uDysert" O'Dea to the abbot of the early
Irish monastic institute which was there established. So this carving,
rude as may be its execution, is a most valuable historical document
bearing on the " social" customs of that age, in regard to such monastic
settlements.
St. Tola's Cross— South side of Base.
St. Tola's Cross— West side of Base.
I remarked that the right arm of one of the bishops was inserted as
an " entail] e " into the stone base whence it has been knocked out ; and
I notice an abrasion where the head of the "cambutta" or the
Episcopal staff (" crook-headed stick ") once stood.
lief ore continuing my notes on these boundary crosses, I wish to
make a few observations on the strange carvings of the southern and
western sides of St. Tola's cross. The carving on the south side
represents the scriptural type of Daniel in the lion's den, his hands
" Histoire de 1'Abbaye de Morimond, par 1' Abbe Dubois." Dijon, 1852.
250
ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
uplifted in prayer ; the fervid imagination of the Celtic carver, and his
evident ignorance of the natural lions, has prompted the extraordinary
and quaintly convoluted serpentine forms of the two animals which
seem to threaten the prophet. This subject is to be found upon other
ancient crosses besides St. Tola's.1 On the west side we see the rudely
carved representation of the " Temptation in the Garden of Eden."
The bearded figure on the right
side, is Adam, whose hand is
extended to take the apple
which Eve presents. Eve's
figure is beardless, and stands
on the " sinister " or left-hand
side of the mysterious tree.
The round bossed forms on this
tree (which are erroneously
described as " wings"), with
the "banjo-shaped" members,
are simply the apples or fruits
of the tree of which a similar
example is to be seen on one of
the capitals of the Church of
Aurona at Milan, of the eighth
century.
The " sickle-shaped object,"
as it is called, is one of the
folds of the serpent, coiled round
the trunk of the tree, but now
too much worn to be clearly
distinguished.2 Two " apples "
of the same tree appear by the
side of Adam. This curious
sculpture is certainly one of
the most archaic renderings of
this subject which I can find on
any of our Irish crosses.
On the east side of the face of this cross is the figure of the abbot,
St. Tola bearing his " cambutta," with the crook turned inwards. He
is habited in the early hooded "cappa" or monastic cloak, his right
hand, most probably in the act of benediction, has been knocked out of
the " entaille •'*• in the stone shaft. The figure of Christ which
i. East face.
3, 5. Panels on north of
Base.
2. Panel on South Base.
4. Ornament on East
Base.
ST. TOLA'S CROSS, DYSERT
1 The same subject is found carved on the basin of the early stone font (circa
1100) in East II addon Church (Notts) ; also the same foliage as on the " Forbidden-
tree " in the other subject.
2 Precisely the same folds of the serpent are seen in the painting of the Temptation,
by Raphael Snnzio, in the Vatican halls in Rom*.
NOTES ON BOUNDARY CROSSES. 251
surmounts that of St. Tola is represented as vested in the " colobium "
or long tunic which always clothed the figure of the Saviour from the
sixth to the twelfth century, as on the cross at Cash el also. The
treatment of this figure is exactly similar to that of a crucifixion of the
year 586 in a Syriac MS., in the Laurentian Library at Florence. The
arms of the Saviour are widely extended, his feet rest on a " sub-
pedaneum" or foot stool, and four nails are used. It is remarkably
like a small metal crucifix, found lately at Leuze, in Brabant, of the
seventh century. I have no doubt that, judging from the various
details of design and workmanship of this cross, that it dates from about
the middle of the eighth century, and that it is one of those boundary
crosses which we find marking the territories belonging to monastic
possessions. (See illustration, p. 24, ante.}
Now, as regards the remarkable cross known as the Cross of Inniwee
in the parish of Kilnaboy, I consider that it is simply a monastic " Ter-
mon " or boundary mark, of the property belonging to the nuns of the
community in this district ; most probably founded by St. Inniwee,
whose name is still attached to it to-day. The form of this so called
" cross " is certainly like that of a unique bronze utau" crozier,1 deposited
in the Museum of the Society in Kilkenny. The two " crutch " ends of
this bronze crozier (of Kilkenny) are terminated by two serpentine heads,
whilst in the centre are the traces of rivets which upheld a small cross,
just like the three bands in the centre of the Kilnaboy cross. The
serpents of the Kilkenny " Tau" staff head, I need scarcely say, are an
allusion to the text governing apostolic conduct, " Prudentes sicut
serpentes," etc. The two heads on the Kilnaboy cross are certainly
those of females, their head-dresses are "coifs" or tight fitting linen
caps, worn over their cropped heads by religious women from the seventh
century onwards. I have myself seen similar heads of nuns carved in
limestone, of the eleventh century, at Bruges in Flanders. They
evidently allude to " conventual" possession of the land on which this
"bourne" stands, and from which the western portion of Ballycasheen
takes its name of " Carrow-na-nuan," even to our day. It is well to
remember in treating of all these monastic boundary marks which were
often protected by the most tremendous imprecations invoked on the
the heads of any intruders (see Note B., p. 252), that they not only
bounded the spiritual rights of such monastic communities, but they
were also the legal limits of the division in which the rights of "High,"
" Middle," or " Low " Justice were carried out, in the " dominions " of
the abbots and abbesses, as temporal Lords and " Barons," over which
they ruled, and of which we have many examples in the history of this
land. Besides these rights of Justiciary, there was also the privilege of
"Sanctuary" for homicides, debtors, etc., which "Sanctuary" was
1 See note C, on " Tau " cross staves, in present monastic use.
252 KOYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
largely availed of, during the troubled times of the Middle Ages, as we
find in numerous examples in our annals.
Many of these crosses, as in Brittany (where several still exist), had
certain " tithes" attached to them, such as offerings of fowls, butter,
milk, fruit, etc. ; as in the case of the boundary cross at Mutchelney in
Somersetshire, where such farm produce was offered on the steps of
the cross, to the abbot of the monastery.
We may see, therefore, by these notes, that many interesting facts
are disclosed in the story of these old and little known crosses, hoary
monuments of long past social conditions, which exerted immense
influence on the peoples in whose midst they were erected ; milestones
of Time's march in this ancient land of ours.
NOTES.
A.— In Brittany, Flanders, and elsewhere, such "boundary" crosses marked
the confines of parishes and dioceses. During the processions on " Rogation " days
those crosses were visited by the parochial clergy and their people, and, on such
occasions, were decorated with flowers, green branches, and lights. I assisted at
a " Rogation" procession, some years ago, in the mountain and moorland of
Houmont, near the famous Monastery of St. Hubert, in the Ardennes, in Belgium
(the " Sylva Arduennse " of Caesar, and "Arden wood" of Shakespere), during the
progress of which procession, the parish boundary crosses, Jill decked with lir
branches, and the yellow-flowered broom (" Plant-a-genet"), were visited by the Cure
and his people, and prayers were said thereat for the good growth of the crops and of
the fruits of the earth. I have no doubt that our Irish "bounds" crosses were
visited in a similar manner, on such days, in olden times.
B. — A most striking instance of thus placing monastic territories under Heavenly
protection is found in the will and testament of Duke William of Aquitaine, by which
lie conferred lands and all rights, emoluments, &c., thereto appertaining, for ever, on
the community of the Abbey of Cluny ; and thereby submits " jugo subjiciantur
iidem Monachi ibidem congreguti ' ; as expressed in the Latin deed, sealed, signed,
delivered, and published in the city of Bourges, in the year 909. — See " Histoire
de Cluny," par 1*. Lorrain (Paris, 1845), p. 16.
C. — I find a very remarkable instance of the use of the monastic " tau " cross
staff, in modern times, in a recent work on the very early monasteries of the
" Deserts" of Egypt, by the Rev. Father R. P. M. Jullien, s.j., of Cairo (published
at Lille, 1889), in which he describes the monks of the Convent of Deir-el-Baiamous,
in the Nitrian Desert, assembling for " Vespers," or evening prayers, in the claustral
enclosure, as leaning en "tau " staves (the "staves of prayer"), whilst praying and
repeating the Kyvie Eleinon together, hundreds of times. This Egjp.iau "Lam a"
is exactly similar to our earliest Irish monasteries, the cells, with their oratories,
surrounded by stcne walls, being built like the ancient monasteries and " Desarts"
in Arran and Kerry. It is evident that the type of the Irish monastic settlements
must have been brought from the East ; from Egypt, the home of the first
"Ascetics" — the "Fathers of the Desert" as they were called — some of whom
came to Erin, and are commemorated on a slab at Clonmacnoise, and in the Litany
of jEngus the Culdee.
( 253 )
Newly discovered Ogam-stones. — A newly discovered Ogam inscrip-
tion is reported from North Wales. It was first observed by the Eev.
Meredith J. Hughes, Yicar of Bryn-y-maen, near Colwyn Bay in June
last. The stone is 2 feet 6 inches in length, 10 inches in width, and
4 inches thick ; it bears two inscriptions in Ogam character.
The Rev. P. Power reports the discovery of two stones bearing
Ogam inscriptions — one in Co. Tipperary, and one in Co. Waterford.
Crannog, Co. Longford.— Attached to a small farm, occupied by
Mrs. Magan, Killashee, Longford, there is a piece of bog, in a part of
which each year as the turf is cut portions of a rough wooden platform,
about 5 or 6 feet below the surface, and covering a wide area, are
exposed. The timber used in its construction is of various kinds — oak,
hazel, red deal, yew, &c. In the centre of the platform the heavier
beams are laid transversely, while over them thinner and smoother are
placed, evidently with a view to combine strength with a smooth surface.
The spaces between the planks seem to have been filled up with a sort
of fine white sand. The timber was very roughly cut (some pieces
burned), and a few have a square hole cut through them, always near
one end. The mark of the cutting is as clear and distinct as if it had
only been cut yesterday. Light stakes, sharply pointed, were driven
downwards, probably to keep the heavy wood in position.
That the structure is very old is evident from the fact that the bog
has grown five or six feet over it. Should any member of the Society
care to examine it every facility will be provided for his doing so. The
bog is situated in Co. Longford, parish of Killashee, townlund of Clon-
fuigh, within four miles of Longford station. — MICIIAKL MAGAN.
Find of Tenth Century Coins in Co. Meath.— Some years ago a
labourer, working in a gravel pit some miles from Oldcastle, on raising
a small flag discovered beneath it a little heap of silver coins. The
greater part seem to have been in fragments or in such a fragmentary
state that they soon went to pieces. So far as I have been able to ascer-
tain, twelve in a tolerably perfect state have survived. Of these two
have been lost : one is in the possession of a resident, who parted with
another, which I have been unable to trace, and the remaining eight I
254 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
obtained from a relative of the finder's wife. The finder himself having
left the neighbourhood, I cannot vouch for the accuracy of some of the
above details, but send a list of the inscriptions on the coins I have
seen. — E. CROFTON ROTH EH AM.
Inscriptions on coins of Eadred, 946-956 : —
Obverse, — EADREDREX. Reverse. — BOIEA.
Reverse. — DETCEN ESMOT
CEMOT.
Reverse. — MANNE Reverse. — HVNR Reverse. — INQEL
ESMOT EDMO. °GAKM°
On coin of Eadwig, 956-959 :—
Obverse. — EAD*(V?)IGREX. Reverse. — HEKIGEBMO.
On coin of Eadmund, 940-946 :—
Obverse. — EADMVNDREX. Reverse. — CVDI
DIIOI.
On coins of Anlaf, 942-945 :
Obverse. — ANLAFC VNVN i: u
Bird (? Haven) in field.
Reverse. — ADELFERDMINETRI
Obverse. — -KEDR* + ANLA*(F)REX
Reverse. — Flowering plant above horizontal line which bisects
the field. Below it *(IN)GELGARMO
An Alleged County Kilkenny Centenarian.— In the Journal (p. 176,
ante), Miss M. Haruuan gave an interesting account of Michael Melia, on
whose behalf the claim was made, and with a view to testing the case,
the Census lleturns of 1821, in the Public llecord Office, were searched,
and before the names of Melia's parents were obtained, the entry, which
was printed, was found.
The llev. Canon Hewson, Rector of Gowran, ascertained the names
of Melia's father and mother, and on his reporting that the old man
himself declared them to be Patrick and Anastatia (or Anty), further
search was made, which resulted in the finding of the following
entry : —
Townland, Gowran. Sub-division, Earlsbog. Parish, Gowran.
Patrick Millea, aged 50, labourer.
Anastatia ,, ,,38, wife.
Michael ,, ,,10, son.
Earlsbog is in the neighbourhood of Talbotshill, and as this is the
* Coin imperfect.
MISCELLANEA. 255
only Return of the family of a Patrick and Anastatia Millea in the
parish of Gowran, it is most probable that their son is the Michael of
Miss Harman's statement.1
Alleged Centenarians in Ireland. — Within the last few years a
number of cases have been put to the test of the Census Returns of
1821, and, in no single instance, in the experience of my colleagues and
myself, has any claim to the honours of a centenarian been substantiated ;
the real ages of claimants have been found to vary from about 82 to 95.
A very remarkable and instructive case of this kind came under my
notice some little time ago, in the person of Mrs. Anne Armstrong, who
resided near Milltown Malbay, county Clare, with regard to whom
quite a crop of mythical stories had grown up, and whose portrait, as a
centenarian, had appeared in several papers. She was commonly
believed to have reached 118 years of nge, though better informed
people professed to know that she was, in reality, only 110! Her
marriage was stated to have taken place soon after the Rebellion, and I
have since satisfied myself that, in many instances, when this term has
been used by old people, it referred to the troubled period about 1822-
1825. Fortunately, Mrs. Armstrong's baptism as Anne, daughter of
Cornelius Bracken, and Mary, his wife, is recorded on 20th April, 1806,
in the Parish Register of Killesher (Florencecourt). As she declared
herself to have been born there to the above-named parents, and the
Census of 1851 states her to have been married in 1825, there can be no
doubt whatever that, at the time of her death, which occurred early in
1898, the old woman was aged nearly 92 !
It is to be hoped that the relation of such cases will cause readers
of the Journal to hesitate before accepting similar claims on mere hear-
say evidence, and that they will feel the necessity of having all such,
coming under their notice, tested in the only possible way — by the
independent documentary evidence afforded by Baptismal Registers and
Census Returns. — HENRY F. BEERY, M.R.I. A. (Fellow].
The origin of the Forfeada. — The five peculiar symbols at the end
of the Ogham alphabet are so diverse in character from the remainder,
and upset the symmetry of the whole to such an extent, that it has
often been said that they are probably of later origin than the remainder
1 Since the above was written, Canon Hewson intimates the death of Michael
Melia, whose name should be spelled " Melea," and pronounced like Malay, with the
accent on the second syllable. He adds that the fact of Talbotshill appearing in the
Census Return as the residence of the Michael Melea who was 23 in 1821, is evidence
that he is not the subject of Miss Harman's notice. Canon He\vson further says :—
" Melea told me he lived in his childhood at Clashwilliam, which could not possibly
he confounded with Talbotshill. * Earlsbog is a sub -division in the middle of that
' Clash,' and would be called by the people Clashwilliam."
256 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
of the alphabet. I do not remember having seen it suggested anywhere
that they are simply modifications of the vowel-signs of the Roman
alphabet. In the case of O . and -r — (o and TJ) the resemblance is
obvious. • ^r is simply an i, differentiated to avoid confusion with
^
the single-stroke letters, B, M, or A : an ornamental \ of this shape is
not improbably the basis of the letter. The double lines I take to be a
manuscript elaboration : on the one example of the use of this character
in Ogham-stones (at Killeenadreena, where, however, it has the value jo),
it is engraved with single lines. ^£ — , on this theory, would be E \
the angle of the stick, or stone, taking the place of the central horizontal
bar, and the two other horizontal bars being made oblique for con-
venience in cutting across the grain of wood — just as in llunes, the
horizontals of sucli letters as r have been made oblique for the same
purpose. The angling of the upright bar would be a final modification
introduced by considerations of symmetry. The chain of modification is
therefore —
the dotted lines denoting the arris, and the asterisk a theoretical form.
There remains the symbol ^ ., the origin of which is not so obvious.
But I think it is derived from an A, with a finial at the top — thus, A —
drawn with double lines, with the oblique lines made upright, and all
made symmetrical. Except in florid MSS. (which not improbably
existed at one time, and, if so, undoubtedly presented many strange cali-
graphic forms), this character can never have had more than a theoretical
existence : the single vowel punch is so much more convenient. —
11. A. STEWABX MACALISTEK.
Inis Chlothrann, Lough Eee (TEAMPUL MOE). — In reply to Mr.
Hewson's remarks on my Paper (page 167, ante), I beg to state that he
does not read the paragraph, which he quotes, correctly. I refer to the
insertion of the later window as causing the destruction of the double
piscina. This insertion caused the removal of the earlier window to the
south, thus bringing about the building over of portion of the beautiful
piscina.
The matter is a small one, as, doubtless, the earlier window had to
be rebuilt, when removed, to make space when the later one was added,
or, to quote from my Paper, " this church . . . enjoyed only the one
unmoulded window to light it from the east, which in time was moved
to one side [over piscina], and the later window added beside it."
Another example of a double east window, of a different character,
however, is given in the Journal (p. 131, ante), by Mr. Westropp, in the
MISCELLANEA. 257
county Clare, and tie assigns its erection to the year 1182. In August
last I examined the old church of Aghowle, in the county Wicklow,
which is undoubtedly pre-Norman, and it has two east windows of
a remarkable type, apparently equal in age, although differing in
detail.
In regard to the " penitential prison tradition," I was most desirous
of pointing out the absurdity of such ''traditions," and, in this case, I
think I have succeeded.
TEAMPUL CLOGAS. — Mr. Hew son seems to doubt my reading of the
time of erection of this building. If he had read my concluding
paragraph, or even examined the drawings carefully, he must have
seen that I was assisted by Mr. W. J. Pennell, Architect, and I doubt
if I could get a better expert opinion on both masonry and architecture.
Mr. Fennell examined the place with me at great length, and most
carefully and thoroughly confirmed my conclusions. "We had ample
time for our examinations. I spent two whole days, " from early
morn to dewy eve," on the island.
O'Donovan did not make a single correct architectural deduction in
the whole of his notes on this island — this I proved conclusively when
reading my Paper.
Of course Petrie backed up O'Donovan, and vice versa, but they had
not then the resources Avhich we now have, and even Petrie only
assigned this tower to the twelfth century, whereas O'Donovan had it
ante-dated several centuries.
Mr. H. T. Knox, in the Journal, page 164, gives an example of a
somewhat similar square tower at Kinlough, which he states to be
post-Norman.
I am quite satisfied that if I had the pleasure of the company of
my friend, Mr. Hewson, on Iniscleraun, 1 could satisfy him that my
deductions were correct, and that the "old masters" were a little too
antiquated in their conclusions. — F. J. BIGGEII, M.E.I. A. (Fellow).
Inis Chlothrann, Lough Ree. — Mr. Bigger having kindly communi-
cated to me some remarks which he intends sending to the Journal on
the subject of my notes on his Paper on "Inis Chlothrann," I wish to say
a few words in rejoinder. With respect to Tearnpul Mor, Mr. Bigger
says that I do not read the paragraph which I quote accurately. I do
not exactly know what he means by this — I certainly quoted it
accurately. He goes on to say, " to quote from my Paper ' this church
enjoyed only the one unmoulded window to light it from the east, which
in time was moved to one side (over piscina}, and the later window
added beside it.' " He had previously said, " this insertion (of the later
window) caused the removal of the earlier window to the south." Those
words which I have put in italics make the whole thing plain, and if
258 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
they had appeared in the original description, would have saved me a
great deal of puzzling, and, in fact, I would not have written a word
about Teampul Mor. I quite agree with Mr. Bigger that the matter is
a small one. Double east windows are not very uncommon, but the
two are generally contemporaneous ; these are peculiar in having been
changed from a single one.
Teampul Clogas is a much more important subject. I can assure
Mr. Bigger that I have read every word of his description attentively
more than once, and examined all the drawings and photographs most
carefully, and can see nothing in either to enable me to form any opinion
of the relative ages of the tower and the west gable, into which it is
said to be bonded, which is the older ; or if they are contemporaneous,
as far as can be gathered from Mr. Biggcr's Paper, it is entirely a
matter of authority.
Now as to O'Donovan, I never knew of anyone, at any time, seriously
setting him up us an authority on architectural subjects. He knew
a great deal about ancient records, manuscripts, and traditions, and,
like many men of his class, was most misleading on architecture. They
know that a certain saint, who lived at such a time, founded a church
at a certain place, and take it for granted that any ancient remains
existing at that site, or, at least, some part of them, date back to the
time of this patron saint. This was, undoubtedly, the case with
O'Donovan and Teampul Clogas. It is exceedingly unfair to class
Petrie with O'Donovan, as Mr. Bigger does. In his original Paper he
says : " O'Donovan considered this a very old tower, as ancient as the
round towers, referring to it as Diarmad's Clogas, and Petrie agrees
with him " ; and still more unfair to say, as he does in his second
article : "Of course Petrie backed up O'Donovan, and vice versa" He
then immediately contradicts both statements by saying that " Petrie
only assigns this tower to the twelfth century, whereas O'Donovan had
it ante-dated several centuries." The tower mentioned by Mr. H. T.
Knox very likely is post-Norman ; it may be so, and still not a genera-
tion later than the date assigned by Petrie to Teampul Clogas. The
Normans had founded many ecclesiastical buildings before the end of the
twelfth century. Petrie and O'Donovan may be classed together as
" Old Masters," but some Old Masters "knew a thing or two," and
should not be sneered at merely, because they are Old Masters, by men
of a later generation, who seem to know so little of how much the
study of Irish antiquities is indebted to Petrie and O'Donovan, as not
to be aware of how different the departments were in which they
chiefly distinguished themselves — Petrie in that of architecture, and
O'Donovan in that of historical and literary research. They revolu-
tionized the study of those subjects, and placed them on a firm and
intelligible basis, each in his own special department. Antiquaries of a
new generation have arisen who knew not Petrie and O'Douovan, but
MISCELLANEA. 259
who are, nevertheless, unwittingly working on the foundations laid by
them, and doing good work, too, in their day and generation.
Mr. Bigger mentions that he and Mr. Fennell spent two whole days
on Inis Chlothrann, and, considering the number of buildings they
examined, and the quantity of measurements, plans, drawings, and
photographs they made, they got through a great deal of good work,
but they could not do everything in that time, and they did not give
any detailed information either in the description, drawings, or photo-
graphs as published, from which an idea could be formed of the manner
in which the junction between the tower and the west gable was made,
which would enable one to form an opinion of their relative ages. I
still hope that my previous remarks in "Miscellanea" may induce
some competent person, who has the time and opportunity, to make a
close examination of those portions of the building with this object in
view, and send a detailed report to the Journal. — GP;OKGE J. HEWSON,
M.A. (Fellow}.
Royal Archaeological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. — The
Annual Meeting was held in Dublin from July 18 to 25. The proceed-
ings opened on the 18th with a reception at the Mansion House, when
Alderman Flanagan, in the unavoidable absence of the Lord Mayor,
welcomed the Institute, and Lord Rosse (the President) and Sir Henry
Howorth addressed the gathering. Afterwards visits were paid to
St. Patrick's Cathedral, where Sir Thomas Drew acted as guide ; to the
Castle, where Mr. Cochrane conducted the party through the State
apartments and the Chapel Eoyal, and Mr. «T. Ribton Garstin described
the banners ; at Trinity College Dr. Perceval Wright acted as guide,
and the visitors were shown in the library the magnificent manu-
scripts, and in the dining-hall and chapel the college-plate, of which
Mr. Garstin gave a detailed account. In the evening Sir Thomas Drew
gave a very able address in the rooms of the Royal Irish Academy,
entitled "Dublin for Archa3ologists," and Mr. G. Coffey, M.K.I.A., read
a Paper on " Optical Illusions in Medieval Architecture."
On the 19th the Members drove to Swords, where they inspected the
tine round tower and the ruins of the Archbishop's Palace, both of
which were described by the Rev. Canon Twigg, D.D. Resuming their
seats in the carriages, they proceeded to Malahide. After luncheon they
visited Malahide Castle, where they were received by Mr. Dillon, agent
to Lord Talbot de Malahide, and by the Rev. Mr. Lindsay, Rector
of Malahide. The fine collection of family and other pictures was
inspected with much interest, as was also the ruined Abbey Church,
which contains the tomb of Maud Plunket, " maid, wife, and widow,"
on the same day. Her husband was killed in one of the engagements of
the time. The visitors then proceeded to St. Doulough's Church, an
interesting vaulted building of two stories, with a stone roof of steep
T™. » <; A T J Vo1- *•• Fifth Series. \ TJ
Jour. R.S.A.I. j Vol 30> Consec> Ser> >
260 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
pitch, and subsequently they had a look at St. Doulough's Well. In
the evening a conversazione, held on the invitation of the Royal Irish
Academy and the Royal Society of Antiquaries, in the Museum of
Science and Art, brought together a large assembly, and an extremely
pleasant evening was passed.
On the next day, July 20, the Members visited Trim, where, under the
guidance of the Rev. Canon Healy, LL.D., they inspected the ruins of the
Abbey of SS. Peter and Paul, of which the Canon gave a brief description.
At the church the Rector, Mr. Goff, described some of the monuments,
and Mr. Garstin also spoke. The archaeologists then proceeded to that
magnificent old ruin known as King John's Castle, which Canon Healy
described. He also made reference to the "yellow tower," all that
remained of a once stately building. He directed attention to the old
house, formerly known as St. Mary's, the Castle of the Talbots, and
which formed the Diocesan School of Meath. There the great Duke of
Wellington obtained his early education. Sir William Rowan Hamilton,
the eminent astronomer, also received his early education in that school.
After lunch the visitors drove to the Hill of Tara, passing, en route,
the fine ruins of the once fortified Bective Abbey. Mr. R. Cochrane,
F.S.A., in the course of an instructive discourse, referred to the excava-
tions lately made in search of the Ark of the Covenant. Sir H. Howorth,
in proposing a vote of thanks to Mr. Cochrane, protested strongly against
the reckless and outrageous way in which the ground had been cut up,
and so gross an " archaBological crime" committed. In the evening a
most successful and enjoyable conversazione was given at the Mansion
House by the Lord Mayor.
In the morning of the next day, July 21, a visit was paid to Christ
Church Cathedral, where Sir Thomas Drew spoke on the history of the
building. After luncheon the party proceeded to the Royal Hospital,
where they were received by Captain Fielding, who afforded them an
opportunity of inspecting the Great Hall, with all its fine historic
pictures, arms, armour, etc., and then conducted them to the chapel, in
which, amongst other things, he pointed to the splendid stained glass
presented by Her Majesty the Queen to commemorate her visit in 1849.
The archa3ologists next drove to the Record Office, where they were
received by Mr. H. F. Berry, who exhibited the fine old manuscripts
and other objects of interest which are treasured there with the greatest
care. Among them was an award in Irish, signed by a brehon, or judge,
which was read aloud, first in the original, and then in translation.
At the Custom House the visitors were received in the Board Room
by the Chairman of the Board of Works, Mr. Robertson, Mr. 11.
O'Shaughnessy, and Mr. Robert Cochrane. The Chairman and Mr
Cochrane then exhibited some fine large volumes, containing splendid
photographs of the national monuments in various parts of Ireland — the
Rock of Cashel, ruins of abbeys, churches, monasteries, round towers.
MISCELLANEA, 261
and also photographs of the Science and Art Museum, built under the
direction of the Board.
In the evening, at the Boyal Irish Academy, Dr. P. W. Joyce
delivered an instructive address on " The Truthfulness of Ancient Irish
Kecords." He said he proposed to prove that the ancient Irish Eecords,
from Christian times at least were absolutely trustworthy, with such
cautions and limitations as were always necessary. Sir H. Ho worth,
Dr. Munro, of Edinburgh, Mr. Coffey, and Mr. O'Neill Russell compli-
mented Dr. Joyce on his Paper, and bore testimony to the truth and
accuracy of Irish annals.
On Monday, July 23, the Members visited Kells, where they examined
the old Celtic crosses in the square and churchyard, and subsequently
the early stone-roofed building known as St. Columkille's House and the
round tower. The party then drove to Cairan, where they saw the
Ogham-stone, the Termon crosses, and the holy well. The Kev. Canon.
Healy described the objects of interest visited during the day. In the
evening a Meeting was held, at which Miss Margaret Stokes read a
Paper on " The signs of the Zodiac on the Base of Muiredeach's Cross at
Monasterboice," and Mr. J. B. Garstin contributed an interesting Paper
on " Some Antiquities at Drogheda."
The Excursion Programme for the next day, July 24, included visits
to Monasterboice, Mellifont Abbey, Townley Hall, and Dovvth, where
the party explored the large tumulus. At the concluding Meeting in
the evening the usual votes of thanks were passed. On the following
morning a large party visited Bathdrum, Glendalough, with its round
towers and seven churches, and St. Kevin's Kitchen. The success of
the Meetings was greatly aided by the splendid weather which prevailed,
— The Antiquary, September, 1900.
1T2
262 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OP IEKLAND.
of
[NoxE. — The ivorks marked thus (*) are by Members of the Society.']
Horm of Honour, and other Studies in the By- Ways of Arch&ology. By
Frederick T. Elworthy, Author of " The Evil Eye," &c. With many
Illustrations. Crown 8vo. 327pp. Price 10s. Qd. (London : John
Murray, Albemarle-street.)
THOSE who have read the " Evil Eye," hy Mr. Elworthy will know what
to expect from the painstaking author, and will not be disappointed in
the present volume, which forms a most interesting contribution to the
history of human customs and superstitions as regards symbol and
ornament.
In it is traced the evolution of the "horn of honour" from the
earliest periods of the Egyptian gods, and the tombs of Mycena?, down
to the spiked helmet of the modern soldier and the crown of the German
Emperor ; the latter shown to be a development of the ancient
horns.
The early chapters discuss the origin of horned ornaments, which are
shown to have been originally symbols of power and authority, and also
that the " horn of salvation " and " horn of exhaltation " referred to in
Scripture are literal and not mere figurative expressions.
A learned and curious chapter is devoted to a consideration of the
" Horns of the Devil," in which is discussed the personal appearance of
the old enemy, as fixed in the popular mind in successive periods down
to the present time. These views are dealt with at length, whether as
the hideous monster, or "an angel of light," the crafty demon, or a
simpleton to be tricked and cheated. The origin of the weathercock on
churches is stated to have arisen from the belief that the cock was the
only creature he dreaded, and the representation of the bird was there-
fore placed in the most conspicuous position, lest he should come prying
around the churches, planning to destroy their towers and belfries with
his lightning and tempests. In connection with the old notions that
great noise will drive away the devil, it is stated that bells were placed
in church towers for that purpose, and that they are the natural
accompaniment of Gargoyles, which are demons in stone — the latter
kind to terrify the eyes and the other the ears of evil spirits lurking
about. The " old notion " that bells were first placed in church towers
NOTICES OF BOOKS. 263
to frighten the devil will probably be new to some, and as regards the
survival of this idea the author says : —
" At the two adjoining parishes (the churches of both can be seen from the
place where this is written), called Langford Budville, and Thome St. Margaret,
the bells of the former are (or used to be) rang on Midsummer night to drive the
devil over to Thorne, and at Thorne the bells were rung on St. Margaret's Day
to drive him back to Langford."
Another interesting chapter is one in which the symbolism connected
with the Hand in early times, and in ecclesiastical usage, is treated of,
with a notice of the ancient origin of the attitude of benediction as
followed in the "Western Church.
The work opens up many new ideas to arcli geologists, and much light
is thrown on subjects regarded as obscure. The author does not advocate
any special theory of his own, but contents himself with bringing
together a singularly interesting collection of evidence dealing with
folk-lore tradition and custom in a manner which indicates great research
and culture. Mr. Elworthy will find few of his readers to quarrel with
the concluding paragraph of the volume, in which he says : — " Lastly,
we venture to submit that we have proved our only assumption, the
one with which we started on page 1, that all ornament or decoration
had originally some distinct signification ; and that we have produced
pictorial as well as literary facts, which throw light upon the life and
manners of the obscure past."
MEETING FOR THE PROVINCE OF MUNSTER.
A GENERAL MEETING OP THE SOCIETY was held at Lisdoonvarna, County
€lare, on Tuesday, 31st July, 1900, at 8 o'clock, p.m. ;
PROFESSOR E. PERCEVAL WRIGHT, M.A., M.D., President, in the Chair.
The following Officers, Fellows, and Members attended : —
nee- Presidents for Munster. — The Rev. Canon ffrench, M.R.I. A. ; James Frost,
M.K.I. A., J.P.
Vice-Presidents for Connattght. — Edward Martyn ; William E. Kelly, J.P., D.L.
Vice- President for Vlater.—S. F. Milligan, M.U.I. A.
Hon. General Secretary. — Robert Cochrane, F.S.A., M.R.I.A.
Hon. Prov. Secretaries for Munster.— P. J. Lynch, M.B.X.A.I. ; the Rev. Canon
Courtenay Moore, M.A.
Hon. Prov. Secretary for Lemster. — Thomas J. Westropp, M.A., M.R.I.A.
264 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
Hon. Local Secretaries, Clare. — Dr. G. U. Macnamara.
,, Dublin. — John Cooke, M.A.
,, Fermanagh. — Thomas Plunkett, M.R.I. A.
,, Limerick. — J. Grene Barry, J.P.
,, Tyrone. — Charles Mullin.
,, Waterford. —Richard J. Ussher, J.P.
,, Wexford.— Dr. G. E. J. Greene, M.A., M.K.I. A., J.P.
Fellows. — George Coffey, M.R.I. A. ; James Mills, M.R.I.A. ; George Norman, M.D. ;
James O'Ryan ; J. J. Perceval ; Joseph Smith, F.L.S., M.R.I.A. ; "William W. Wilson,
M. INST. C.E., M.R.I.A.
Hon. Felloiv. — Robert Munro, M.A., M.D.
Members. — Lieut. -Colonel Biddulph ; John Carolan, J.P. ; Dr. Costello ; Major
Otway Wheeler Cuffe ; Dr. D'Arcy ; the Rev. H. Davidson ; Dr. D'Evelyn ;
Jeremiah Dowling, M.D. ; William A. Fogerty, M.A., M.D. ; J. M. Galwey-Foley,
C.I.,R.I.C. ; Mrs. Greene; Mrs. Alfred Hamilton; James Hayes; Thomas Hayes,
c.i., B.I.C. ; Miss Helen Hughes ; the Rev. Danby Jeffares, M.A. ; Marcus Keane,
J.P. ; Miss K. Knox ; Thomas Laffan, M.D. ; Wm. Ross-Lewin Lowe ; F. J.
Lynam, C.E. ; the Very Rev. Owen Mac Cartan, P.P., V.G. ; the Very Rev. Alexander
Mac Mullen, P.P., V.G. ; the Rev. Daniel Monahan, P.P.; John Morton; M. L.
Murphy ; P. J. Newell, M.A. ; the Rev. Lucius H. O'Brien, M.A. ; Miss Edith
Oldham ; Miss Parkinson ; Miss Richardson ; Miss Redington ; Mrs. Shackleton ;
Mrs. Sheridan ; Mrs. Simpson ; John F. Small ; the Rev. Joseph Stewart, M.A. ;
William N. Strangeways ; J. Tuite, M.P. ; William Webster ; Miss Westropp ; W.
Grove-White, LL.B.
The Minutes of last Meeting were read and confirmed.
The following were elected : —
FELLOW.
Tate-Stoate, the Rev. W. M., M.A. (Dubl.), Broadwell, Stow-on-the-Wold,
Gloucestershire : proposed by Dr. Ed. Perceval Wright, M.A., President.
MEMBERS.
Carmody, the Rev. James, P.P., Milltown, Co. Kerry: proposed by P. J. Lynch,
M.R.I. A.I. , Hon. Provincial Secretary.
Duncan, the Rev. George, B.A., The Manse, Ballycairn, Belfast : proposed by the
Rev. James H. Maconachie, B.A.
Green, T. George H., M.R.I.A., Lisnegar, Temple Gardens, Palmerston Park, Dublin :
proposed by Henry F. Berry, M.A., Fellow.
Gillespie, Edward Acheson, Mount Hulings, Claremount-road, Sandymount, Co.
Dublin : proposed by S. K. Kirker, C.B., Fellow.
Hughes, William, C.E., Victoria Slate Company, Ahenny, Carrick-on-Suir : proposed
by Dr. E. Perceval Wright, M.A., President.
Ledoux, the Rev. Llewellyn P. T., M.A., Rector of St. Peter's, Drogheda : proposed
by John Ribton Garstin, F.S.A., Vice-President.
Magill, the Rev. Robert, M.A., PH. D., The Manse, Maghera, Co. Down: proposed
by the Rev. J. H. Maconachie, B.A.
Marmion, M. J. C., M.D., J.P., Scotch -street, Dungannon, Co. Tyrone : proposed by
the Rev. W. T. Latimer, B.A., Fellow.
PKOCEEDINGS. 265
Miller, the Rev. Richard M., M.A., Monaincha, Roscrea, Co. Tipperary : proposed hy
the Rev. Canon MacLarney, B.A.
Moffett, the Rev. Benjamin, M. A., The Rectory, Carrickmacross : proposed by John
Rihton Garstin, F.S.A., Vice- President.
Ross, Mrs. William, Summerfield, Dalkey, Co. Dublin: proposed hy the Rev. David
Mnllan.
Scott, George, Curraghgower, Limerick: proposed hy P. J. Lynch, M.K. I.A.I. , Hon.
Provincial Secretary.
Yale-Jones-Parry, Miss, Plas-yn-Yale, Corwen, and Madryn Castle, Pwllheli : pro-
posed hy Professor Rhys, LL.D., Hon. Fellow.
The following Papers were read, and referred to the Council for
publication : —
" Inchiquin Castle, County Clare," by Dr. George U. Macnamara, Hon. Local
Secretary.
" Prehistoric Remains near Bally vaughan and Lisdoonvarna," by T. J. Westropp,
M.A., Fellow.
The following Papers were taken as read, and referred to the
Council for publication : —
" Notes on Boundary Crosses," by M. J. C. Buckley.
" An Account of Excavations of two Lake-Dwellings in the neighbourhood of
Clones," by Dr. S. A. D'Arcy.
" Notes on the Diary of David Thomas Powell, 14th Light Dragoons, Downpatrick,
1792," by Richard Linn, Fellow.
The following objects were exhibited and described : —
The Bell-shrine of St. Senan of Iniscatha (Scattery Island), county
Clare, by Mr. Marcus Keane. (For a description of this object, with
illustrations, see the Paper by Mr. Westropp, p. 237, ante.}
Photographs of Antiquities in county Clare, by Mr. T. J. Westropp.
Dr. Macnamara exhibited a Bronze Socketed Celt found at Bool-
tiaghadine, parish of Kilnaboy, lying inside the socket, of which were
also found a small bronze chisel and a bronze razor.
The following were kindly lent to Dr. Macnamara for exhibition at
same Meeting, by Marcus Paterson, Esq., of Clifden, Corofin, and are
said to have been found in the neighbourhood of Inchiquin Lake at the
time of the Fergus drainage : —
A Steel Spear-head, 8% inches long (late Celtic), with fenestrae, in
which are inserted ornamentations of bronze.
A Bronze Snaffle-bit of fine workmanship (late Celtic).
A Bronze Leaf -shaped Skean. Blade, exclusive of haft, being
5£ inches long.
A Bronze Socketed Celt, 4 inches long ; good specimen. Attached
to latter was, some time ago, a piece of paper with the following : —
" Found in the bed of the Kiver Fergus, 80 feet down stream of Poplar
Bridge, nt a depth of near 3 feet of lime [stone] gravel, June, 1858."
266 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
Bronze or Copper Perforated Hammer, found in a bog at Port-
glenone, by Mr. S. F. Milligan.
Large Silver Spanish Coin and small Stone Vessel, found in a bog
in county Monaghan, by Dr. D'Arcy.
Stone Mould for Bronze Swords and Daggers, by Mr. K. Cochrane.
A Polished Stone Hammer ; also a Stone Axe in the original handle,
by Mr. Thomas Plunkett, M.B.I.A. This latter object (a photograph of
which is here reproduced) is 15± inches in length, and was found
in June last in a bog near Maguire's Bridge, county Fermanagh, by
men who were digging turf, at a depth sf 12 feet below the surface.
Both handle and axe are perfect. Mr. Plunkett sent it to Mr. Coffey,
Science and Art Museum, Dublin, who treated it by boiling in a
solution of alum, and afterwards with other solutions, which proved
effective in preserving its original shape without shrinkage.
Stone Axe in "Wooden Handle, 15^ inches long.
The Meeting then adjourned.
PROCEEDINGS. 267
EXCURSIONS IN CONNEXION WITH THE MEETING.
MONDAY, July 30th, 1900.
LEFT Dublin by train from Kingsbridge, 9.45 a.m., e-ia Limerick,
Ennis, and Ennistymon ; thence by cars to Lisdoonvarua, arriving at
5.30 p.m.
TUESDAY, July 31 st, 1900.
The excursion this day lay in Corcomroe Barony (the shale district).
We drove (9.30 a.m.) to the very perfect fifteenth-century peel tower of
Ballinalacken, and thence past the churches of Killilagh and Toomullen,
the alleged Ogam-stone of Knockastoolery hill fort, and the very perfect
circular castle of Doonagore, commanding a line view to Aran and
Connemara. We next reached O'Brien's Tower, whence the noblest views
of the cliffs of Moher can be obtained from a lofty headland. Thence
past the O'Brien mausoleum and St. Bridget's well, and the castle and
village of Liscannor, along the bay of Liscannor, to the interesting late
church of Kilmacreehy, and the castle of Dough. On our return we saw
the great cairn of Cairnconnaughtagh, probably the scene of a battle in
1088, and the church of Kilshanny.
WEDNESDAY, August 1st, 1900.
The excursion lay in Burren Barony. We drove (9.30 a.m.) by the
Corkscrew hill, with fine views of the valley and terraced mountains.
Leaving Ballyvaughan, we passed the mediaeval church of Drom-
creehy, the two castles of Muckinish, but were unable to visit the
268 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
forts and sonterrains of Parkmore and Mortyclough,1 on the well-known
oyster creek of Pouldoody.
"We reached Corcomroe Abbey (" De petra fertili "), founded by King-
Donald O'Brien about 1180, with beautiful early Gothic details in
chancel and chapels, and the tomb of King Conor na Siudaine O'Brien,
slain 1268. The ridge to west of the abbey was the scene of the fierce
battle fought, in 1317, between the rival princes of the O'Briens, which
established the Clan Torlough on the throne.2
The early churches of Oughtmama, and the castle of Gragans, were
also visited.
THURSDAY, August 2nd, 1900.
The excursion this day ran through the more eastern districts of Cor-
comroe Barony into the heart of Inchiquin. We drove (9.30 a.m.) to the
venerable cathedral (twelfth, fourteenth, and fifteenth centuries) of Kil-
fenora, examined its curious monuments and high cross (richly carved, and
of the twelfth century). Thence to the noble stone fort of Bally kinvarga,
with terraced rampart, massive gateway, and chevaux-de-frise, one of the
most remarkable cahers in Ireland.3 Round it lie more than eighteen
forts and ten cromlechs. Time did not permit us to visit the ancient
parish church, crosses, holy tree, and stone forts of Noughaval and
Ballyganner ; 4 but the largest cromlech at the latter place was seen from
the road, as well as the fine rath of Tullagh.
The castle of Lemaneagh was then reached, with its enclosures,
garden, and fish-pond. It was long the seat of the O'Briens (after-
wards Baronets and Barons of Inchiquin). The tower dates from the
later fifteenth century, many of the other buildings from the seventeenth
century. We next visited the unique tau-shaped termon cross of Kilna-
boy, and the stone fort of Cahermore, on Roughan Hill.
Kilnaboy church and round tower lie some distance down the road
to the south. The church has been adapted out of an early structure,
possibly of the tenth centuiy ; a perfect " sheela" appears over its door-
way, and there are some interesting monuments of the seventeenth
century.
1 Journal, vol. i., 1848. * Ibid., 1891, p. 466 ; 1895, p. 279.
3 Ibid., 1897, p. 121. * Ibid., p. 116.
PKOCUE DINGS. 269
Below it lies " De Clare's Court," on the bank of the Fergus ; it is
supposed to have been the residence of the Deans of Kilfenora. The
castle of Inchiquin stands on a rocky headland, which projects into the
beautiful lake of that name, and is seen to great advantage from the
road behind its ivied ruins. ]^ot far away is the small "town" of
Corofin, on the Fergus.
Dysert O'Dea l lies a few miles to the south of Corofin ; we pass the
brook at which commenced this decisive battle May, 1318, between Sir
Richard De Clare and the O'Deas, who were successively reinforced by
the O'Conors, the O'Hehirs, and the O'Briens and Macnamaras, the
combat ending in the annihilation of the Normans, and the flight of
their Irish allies. The place is more easily reached from Ennis.
The church of Dysert O'Dea was founded by St. Tola, who died 735 ;
it is an interesting early building, to which a richly carved doorway was
added in the twelfth century, and an east window in the later thirteenth
or early fourteenth century. The curious round tower (formeiiy one of
the largest in Ireland, and built in contracting stages like Ardmore)
stands close to the north-west corner, and the beautiful high cross
remains in the field to the east.
The O'Dea's Castle is in fair preservation, and still inhabited.
About two miles to the north-west of Kilnaboy a road, with a
beautiful view over Inchiquin Lake, ascends the hill of Glasgeivnagh,
where are the cromlechs at Parknabinnia and Creevagh, the rock fortress
of Cashlaun Gar, and the great triple stone fort of Cahercommaun,
built upon the cliff overhanging the valley of Glencurraun.2
FKIDAY, August 3rd, 1900.
We drove to Black Head through the Caher valley, and examined
the interesting church of Killeany, with its graveyard, altar, and
" cursing" stones, and the large stone fort of Cahercloggaun, contain-
ing the foundations of a later castle of the O'Loughlins. We then
drove round the bluff of Slieve Elva, seeing the forts of Cahermoyle,
Lislarheen, and Caherbullog, the picturesque Khyber Pass, and Black
Head. We made a lengthened stay at the last, enabling our members
to examine the sandhills at the Murroughs for flint implements, to
1 Journal, 1894, p. 150 ; 1899, p. 244. 2 Hid., 1896, p. 151.
270 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
ascend the steep hill to the fine fort of Caherdooneerish, and to collect
maiden -hair ferns and other plants. Then returning by Ballyvaughan,
we visited Gleninagh and Newtown Castles, and Rathborney Church,
reaching Lisdoonvarna later than usual, the afternoon and evening
having been beautifully fine.
Alternative Excursion.* — Some of our members drove to Ennisty-
mon, took train to Ennis, and drove to Quin Franciscan Friary. The
latter is built on and embodies portions of the great castle built by Sir
Thomas De Clare in 1280. The monastery was probably founded
between 1320 and 1350 ; it was largely rebuilt in 1402, and the
beautiful cloister dates from that period ; the transept and belfry
probably were added in 1433, when the monastery was reformed to
the strict observance. The place was a college of some note (1641-
1651), and the monastic historian, " Bruodinus," studied there.
Several battles were fought near the village — one in 1278, in which
Sioda Mac Namara, chief of Clancuilean, fell, one in 1601, and another
in 1652, in which Bishop O'Molony was captured by the Cromwellians.
The church of St. Finghin was very probably extant in 1112, when
Quin was taken as marking the bounds of the Sees of Killaloe and
Limerick. It was probably rebuilt by De Clare, it having been burned
over his soldiers by the Irish in 1278.
Magh Adhair, the place of inauguration of the Dalcassian princes,
lies two miles to the north-east of Quin, but time did not allow us to
visit it on this occasion. It still retains a fine tumulus (traditionally
the tomb of the Firbolg Adar, first century B.C.), a cairn, enclosures,
basin-stone, and pillar. The triple- walled fort of Cahercalla is not far
away.
Leaving Quin, we drove through Clare Castle, seeing the old
tower, probably founded by Robert de Musegros about 1250, but which
lias made no great figure in history.
Driving up the steep " Rockmount-road," which commands a fine
view across the plain of eastern Clare, or round a more gradual ascent
past Barntick, we visited the convent of Killone, in Kewhall, and the
picturesque lake and wooded glen of Edenvale. The former is a ruin of
considerable beauty, and is finely situated on the hill-side above a lake.
It is one of the numerous foundations of King Donaldmore about 1180.
It has a fine Romanesque east window, and the unusual feature of a
PROCEEDINGS. 271
crypt. The holy well of St. John, near the convent, was the centre of
great patterns till the first quarter of the present century.
We visited the Franciscan Friary at Ennis.1 The church and
chapter-house are in good preservation, and fragments remain of the
cloister arcade, and the rich canopy of the " Mac Mahon tomb," made,
about 1460, for Morina ni Brien, wife of Mac Mahon, chief of Corco-
vaskin. The fine east window of five Gothic lights, with airy shafts,
and the flamboyant screen under the belfry, are very noteworthy ; also
the fine carvings representing our Lord and His Apostles, scenes from
the Passion and the Resurrection (these belonged to the Mac Mahon
tomb, which dates from 1460, and are now inserted in the monument of
Creagh of Dangan). The Friary was built by Donchad Cairbreach
O'Brien, King of Thomond, about 1240 ; his greatgrandson, King
Torlough, made extensive restorations between 1287 and 1306. The
cloister dates about 1400, and the transept about 1450, though their
building is unrecorded in our Annals.
SATURDAY, August 4th, 1900.
Leaving Lisdoonvarna, some of our members stopped in Enuis to
see the Franciscan Friary, and the Augustinian Abbey of SS. Peter and
Paul, of the Fergus (Clare Abbey), founded by Donaldmore in 1189,
which possesses some features of interest. The venerable church of
Doora, much of which dates from the eleventh century, lies not far
from the railway station ; others visited the Churches and Bound
Towers of Dysert O'Dea and Droincliff ; and others again remained in
the Lisdoonvarna district for the afternoon, visiting the forts of
Glasha, the churches of Killilagh and Kilshanny, or the sandhills
at Lehinch.
We left Ennis on the mail train for Dublin at 2.40 p.m.
1 Journal, 1895, p. 1?,.').
coo 2
EXCURSIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES
OF IRELAND, SUMMER MEETING, 1900.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PLACES VISITED.1
INTRODUCTORY.
rpiiE ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQTJAKIES OP IRELAND has already visited
districts bordering on county Clare, and has at least on three
occasions examined places within its confines. In 1889 it visited
Killaloe and Holy Island; in 1890, Bunratty and Quin ; in 1895, Corcom-
roe Abbey; and in 1897, Scattery Island ; but it had never, up to the
present time, held an actual meeting in the ancient kingdom of Thomond.
This has certainly not arisen from any lack of objects of antiquarian
interest ; for the county possesses the remains or sites of at least 2300
forts, 130 cromlechs, 190 castles, 150 churches, 3 cathedrals, 8 monas-
teries, 5 round towers, 10 stone crosses,2 besides cairns and lesser antiquities
unnumbered. Before describing the remains on the lines of our intended
excursions, it may be well to give a very brief sketch of the topography
and history of a region that proudly calls itself " historic Clare."
It is a curious wedge-shaped district between the Shannon and the
sea, and is again split up by the island-studded lake which is regarded as
the estuary of the Fergus. The county falls naturally into three
divisions — 1, the eastern, consisting of the four baronies of Tulla and
Bunratty. It may be roughly called the Macnamara's country, or the
old Firbolg state of Magh Adhair. We pass through this between
Limerick and Ennis, and see not a few of its remains from the train ;
2, the south-western, being the baronies of Clonderlaw, Moyarta, and
Ibricane, with which our present tour does not deal ; and 3, the north-
western, the baronies of Islands, Inchiquin, Corcomroe, and Barren, the
scene of our intended excursion.
Thomond does not hold a very prominent place in ancient Irish heroic
legend. It lay, a sort of debatable land (well called "the corner of
contention" in later days) on the border of Connaught. As such it was
apparently held by the prehistoric tribes of Grann, Genann, and Sengan,
1 Note by T. J. Westropp, M.A., M.BTI.A.
2 Kilfenora, 3 ; Kilnaboy ; Noughaval ; Termon ; Skeaghavannoe ; Dysert ; Killaloe
(removed from Kilfenora) ; Kilvoydane.
274 ROYAL SOCIKTY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
whom Ptolemy, in the first century of our era, marked on his map, near
the mouth of the Shannon, under the name Ganganoi. Legend then
asserts that the great mythic Queen Maeve, the heroine of the cattle
foray of Cuailgne, granted the land to an outcast tribe of Firbolgs, the
clan or sons of Huamore, whose names are not yet obliterated from the
map of Clare,1 for Doon Eerish, on Black Head, possibly commemorates
Irgus, who settled on Binn Boirne ; Firivarra (and Kinvarra, just over the
present border), the chief Bearra ; the river Daelach recalls the name of
Duel ; and Moyers2 Park, near Quin (Magh Adhair), the plain of Adar.
This clan was traditionally reduced to servitude by Cuchullain and other
great mythic heroes. The clan of llory (descendants of Fergus, son of
Roi and of Queen Maeve) obtained Burren and Corcomroe ; and the race
of Cairbre Bhascoin ousted the Martini from Corcovaskin, along the
Shannon. Finally (so close to the introduction of Christianity and
writing as to be practically history) the Dalcassians, under their prince,
Lughad Mean (350), his son, Connall Eachluath of the fleet steeds, and
grandson Enna (378-410), reduced Clare from Limerick to the hills of
Burren. From them originated the O'Briens, Macnamaras, O'Deas,
0' Quins, Mac Mahons, and many a lesser tribe, paying no tribute to the
kings of Cashel, and resting content with tribute from Clan Eory who,
entrenched behind the great hills of the Burren, preserved all but abso-
lute independence, and became the O'Conors and O'Loughlins of later days.
By 440 the chiefs of the Dalcassians had received baptism, and by the end of
the century Brecan (480-520), son of King Eochy Bailldearg, had founded
the mission churches of Kilbrecan, Doora (which we see from Ennis
Station), and Clooney, in the heart of the county ; while he and Enda of
Arran, followed by a host of saintly men — including Senan, Maccreehy,
Luchtighern, and Colman Mac Duach — converted the heathen remnant,
till the tribes became known as "the Dalcassians of the Churches."
Then learning and religion all but perished in the Danish wars. From
800 to Brian's reign (nearly two centuries) the fierce Norseman from
Limerick wrought their evil will. The brief sunshine under the hero of
Sulloghod and Clontarf ended with his life in 1014. Then followed 150
years of civil war and misery. Donald More was the last king who
reigned in Limerick ; his son, Donchad Cairbrech, the founder of Ennis
friary, gave up the title of king,3 and removed to Clonroad. His succes-
sors, from 1248 to 1333, were engaged in a fierce struggle of varying
fortune with successive English colonies, especially those under Sir
Thomas de Clare, 1276-1287, and his son, Sir Richard, 1310-1318. The
1 See manuscript quoted, " Manners and Customs," Introduction, p. xxviii; " Tho
seed of the slaves of the sons of Miledh"; " Tuatnu Maca nUmoir in Dalcais and
Aidne ; Tuatha Ua Cathbar in Corca Muichi ; Corca Bascainn in Kilmacduach and
Corcovaskin ; Tuath Ferrudi in Corcmodhruadh, from Corranroe to Roadford (Ath an
roide), and Tuath Ferninais in the Eoganacht of Ros Argait and Arainn."
'•• Moyri, 1584 and 1839, or Moyross, in 1839 ; Moyars, or Moyers, 1891.
3 Wars of Torlough. The English Government, however, continued to call him
and his successors Conor and Turlough, "King" in its State Papers.
PROCEEDINGS. 275
O'Brien princes remained independent of the English, taking tribute
from Limerick, to the time of Henry VIII., and, transformed into Earls
of Thomond, were little less powerful till the civil war of 1641-1652.
The transplantation (1653-55), confiscations (1653-1703), and the war
of James II. were less destructive in Clare than in many other places ; and
many of the older families suhsist in all classes of life ; while the ancient
buildings, beliefs, and traditions have been preserved in unusual vigour
to our own time — the threshold of the twentieth century.
It must be understood that the following pages frequently record the
chief antiquities along our various routes more fully than time could pos-
sibly allow us to visit them ; but it is hoped that this may lead our
readers, whether after this excursion or when staying in the neighbour-
hood on other occasions, to examine, at greater leisure, the remains in this
part of that beautiful fringe of our Island —
"Whose dwelling is the light of the setting sun."
THE JOURNEY THROUGH CLARE.
Leaving Limerick, we see first, on a rising ground, the high
gabled tower of Newcastle, where William III. is said to have
resided during the siege of 1690, next, on a rising ground between us
and the city, a graveyard is said to mark the site of Singland Church
and of the palace of Cairthin Fionn, that early king of the Dalcassians,
whom St. Patrick converted and baptized along with his new-born son,
Eochy Bailldearg, about 440 ; while on the low green island we overlook
" Cromwell's Camp." We cross the Shannon, getting a fine view (i)1 of
the picturesque old town, with Thomond Bridge, whose predecessor was
built by John, afterwards king of England, and which played so tragic a
part in the siege of 1691. Behind rise the bulky towers of the Norman
Castle, the turretted belfry of St. Mary's Cathedral, the graceful spire of
St. John's Cathedral, and, on the other side (B), the many coloured hills
of Killaloe and Ara, with Thountinna, where Pin tan (the alleged recorder
of our legendary history) is said to have slept safely under the waters of
the Deluge. Farther on we see the Shannon (L), with the turret-crowned
rock of Carrigogunnell,2 a stronghold of the O'Briens, and the long ridge
and round dome of Knockfierna (Cnoc firinn), the residence of the puis-
sant fairy king, Donn Firinn. We pass (L) the strong old tower of Cratloe
and the turret of Cratloekeale, important seats of the Macnamaras, and
reach CRATLOE station.
1 L = left, and R = right, facing the engine.
2 An Inquisition, 13th February, 1542, taken at Limerick, states that Mahone
O'Bryen, of Carrigogunnell, imposed a tax of Id. for each harrel of wine, and 2d. for
other barrels from the merchants of Limerick. O'Kahane of Keilruish, in the country
of Corcovaskin, imposed 6*. 6d. on every ship. Fineen and Teig MacNamara C2d. on
every barrel, cow, or horse, and 6s. Sd. on every man wearing a cap. O'Brien took
the same imposts except the cap tax. Donough O'Brien took 20d. on every pack
from Limerick to Waterford, and 5d. on a horse load from Waterford to Limerick.
o c A T J Vol. *., Fifth Series.
Jour. R.S.A.I. j Vol 3Q> Consec. Ser.
276
ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
Beneath a steep embankment (L) we note Croaghane church1 and
cromlech, and from the opposite window (E) the broken vaults of Ballint-
lea Castle on the hill-side ( Baile an tsliabh, Hilltown). In the distance (L)
we see the ivied tower of llossmanagher, and the large Castle of Buuratty,
1 It*
KILMACOUACM
r^«f 4- ~*-A^%
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::, ®MOCHANE !"„ OAN^/'^^i ftOMWWW^H
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IKOUNOTOWCR
A.
• FORT
TT CROMLECH
1 CASTLE
CROSS X BATTLE
Diagram of Antiquities in South-Eastern County Clare.
founded by De Musegros 1249, and long held by the De Clares (1276-
1318), a seat of the earls of Thomond till 1642. "We cross the Owen-na-
1 The inscriptions of several monuments in Croaghane church are published hy
Colonel Vigors in the " Journal of the Association for the Preservation of the
Memorials of the Dead in Ireland," vol. ii., page 447. The abbreviation P. M. D.
will he used here for this Journal.
PROCEEDINGS.
277
-Garna stream, and see (E) the prettily situated SIXMILEBRIDGE, once famous
for cider and oil mills; behind it rise the picturesque hills of Slieve
Bernagh.
Between it and Ballycar (L) we pass the ivied church of Fenagh, the
distant peel tower of Dromline, and, near the line, among the trees (L), the
castle of Ealahine (Rath Laithin), where Prince Dermot O'Brien, in 1317,
held his muster before the battle of Corcomroe,1 and where Dyneley stayed
in 1680 with the Vandeleurs, and made his sketches of Clare. "We are
passing through the old De Clare territory of Tradree, called after the
Druid Trad, the mensal land of the O'Briens, possibly won before 380. To
the other side (E) we see, across the marshes and lakes of Tomfinlough,
the woods of Fenloe (Major Hickman's house). Near it, but not visible,
.are the churches founded by St. Luchtighern mac Cutrito about 540.
To the right of Fenloe is the massive ivied tower of Rosroe.
Bunratty Castle.
Leaving BALLYCAE (Baile Ui Carthaig) station, the old ruined house of
the Colpoys family of Ballycar stands (L) near a lake. A little later we
get a glimpse (L) of the walls of the huge stone fort of Moghane,2 probably
the ancient Cathairkine (1500 ft. by 1100 ft. across), on a wooded hill. The
walls, "the labour of an age in piled stones," are in parts 21 ft. thick,
and enclose an area larger than Trinity College, with its park and the
adjoining streets. In cutting the railway below it was made "the great
•Clare gold find" of prehistoric ornaments in a small cist.3 Many of these
torques, gorgets, and fibulae were fortunately secured for our museums.
1 A view of Ralahine is given in " The Story of an Irish Sept," p. 138-139.
2 Plan on page 35.
3 A similar case occurs in our ancient literature : — " In an adjoining grave was a
<leep mass of rings and bracelets." — " Silva Gadelica," ii., p. 128.
X2
278 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
The curious and interesting stone fort of Langough is not visible from the
train. We cross the Rine or Gissagh on a high bridge, with a pretty
valley and woods, and the towers of Dromoland — the beautiful seat of
the Barons of Inchiquin — to L, and the tower of Quin Friary, seen to K,
and reach ARDSOLLAS station.1
We pass close to Ballyhenon or Castle Fergus tower (L) and get a
more distant view of the venerable church of Killoe (R), probably founded
by Lugad or Molua of Eillaloe in the seventh century. Next we reach
CLARE CASTLE, a small town and port with a strong castle embedded in
the modern barrack. It was probably built by Robert de Musegros, a
Norman knight, about 1250, and was taken by Prince Teige Caoluisge
O'Brien in 1270. A view of it in 1681 appears in Dyneley's " Tour.""
We cross the Fergus, getting an interesting view (R) of Clare Abbey
with the town of Ennis behind it, and in the distance the ivied church
of Doora, founded by Eikin or Brecan about 480.
The abbey of Clare is very well seen (R), as the line curves round it
so as to show three sides and the interior of the church. We reach
ENNIS in a few minutes, and change into the carriages of the West Clare
Railway.
The line curves round Ennis, crossing the Fergus again. We note-
near the bridge the modern house of Clonroad, on the site of the O'Briens'
palace, and (it) the nearly levelled but remarkable castle of the O'Briens-
tit Knockanoura. Clouroad was founded in the time of Donchad Cairbrech
O'Brien before 1240. Conor Roe ("na Siudaine") O'Brien and his grand-
son Torlough enlarged it, the latter having built a tower, of which a sketch
by Dyneley in 1680 is alone extant. It was levelled by the Gores early
in the last century. After passing the asylum we see the church and
round tower of Dromcliff (K), and the castles of Shallee and Magovvna on
the more distant hills to the left. We cross the shallow old bed of the
Fergus and pass close to the very perfect castle of Ballygriffy (K) guarding
the old ford. Farther on can be seen (L) the little road-bridge near which
commenced the battle of Dysert O'Dea in 1318. The custle of Dysert
appears beyond the lake of Ballycullinan (L), but the church and round
tower are hidden by the trees. We pass the tall fragment of Cragmoher
(Cahermoher) Castle (L) and see to the right beyond the village of
Corofin, Ballyportry Castle and the bare rock terraces of Glasgeivnagh and
Mullach, the outposts of the Burren.
The journey from COROFIN is of comparatively little interest. Some
pretty water runnels and wooded scenery occur as we run round the end
of Inchiquin Hill (Keentlae). From the brow next the railway sprang
Finn's brave hound Bran with a deer into the Lake of Tirmicbrain; this
lake and that of Inchiquin are hidden by rising ground. The rest of
the journey is through an uninteresting boggy country, the only objects
] liecte Ath solais, the •' Ford of the Light."
PROCEEDINGS. 279
•of interest being Mount Callan (L) and the shattered castle of Glen1 (B).
Tradition says that a wizard new away from his wife, with half of his
castle, to Glen, the other half being at Shallee. Directly after passing-
its crumbling walls we reach Ennistymon.
ENNISTYMON.
Ennistymon (Inisdiomain) only figures in history2 from 1588 as a
castle of the O'Briens, of whom the present owner, Henry Y. Macnamara,
D.L., is a lineal descendant. In 1582 various members of the O'Conor
family made over their rights to Tuiiough O'Brien of Inishdyman.
Among the places so granted figure Innistymon, Dough Iconor, Liscannor,
and Dunnagoar.3 The purport of this deed is not clear; for we find the
O'Briens in full possession at least three years earlier. Donogh O'Brien
of Inyshtymon died 1599, holding castles at Innyshtymon and Lyskannor,
with the stone fort of Drommore, or Dromfinglas (Cragmoher, Corofin),
his son, Sir Terence O'Brien, succeeded. His son, Murrogh, was aged 8 in
1593.4 We will, in a note on Dough, enumerate the various owners of it
and Ennistymon during the 17th century. The O'Briens were under the
frown of the Government in 1699, " Pursuant to the warrant of Captain
Purdon and Captain Stamers for searching the house and castle of Innis-
diman for arms, I hereby certify to have found ... 1 fowling piece,
1 brass blunderbuss, all which I engage to deliver to Captain Purdon."5
In the gable of the present house, on the north side, may be seen the end
wall of this castle, with plain, three-light windows, having rectangular
hoods and oblong lights, clearly of the Elizabethan period. In the house
are a fine set of portraits, many of persons who helped to make history in
€lare in the seventeenth century.6
An old featureless church of the reign of George III.7 stands on the
hilltop, and has no monuments of general interest. The interest of the
place centres in the beautiful wooded glen and picturesque waterfalls
1 Daniel O'Conor, of Glan o Conor, died 1585, holding in that castle ''the cellar
chamber, middle rooms, and half the porter's lodging and the lands" (Inquisition
taken at Kilfinowrege in 1606).
2 It is mentioned, however, in the medieval life of St. Macreehy.
3 " Diocese of Killaloe,"p. 555.
* Inquisitions, 1588 and 1693. 5 " Diocese of Killaloe," p. 418.
6 Through the kindness of Mr, H. V. Macnamara I am able to note the principal : —
1. Honora, wife of Donough O'Brien of Dough, 1738; 2. Christopher, her son ; 3.
Edward, his son ; 6. Judge Finucane (by Hamilton) ; 7. Daniel, third Viscount Clare,
1691 ; 8. Lord Mountcashel, 1691 ; 11. Sir Donat O'Brien, Bart., 1691, from original
•at Dromoland: 12. Sir Edward O'Brien, Bart., 1765 ; 13. Catherine Keightly, mother
of the last, granddaughter of Lord Clarendon ; 14. Marshal Thomond, sixth Viscount
Clare, succeeded as (titular) Earl of Thomond, 1741 ; 15. Barnabas, sixth Earl of
Thomond, dispossessed of Bunratty in 1641 ; 16. Henry, 7th Earl of Thomond, 1690 ;
17. Henry, eighth Earl, 1701 ; 18. Mary, widow of Conor O'Brien, 1641, the noto-
rious " Mhaire Rhuadh"; 28. Patrick Sarsfield, Earl of Lucan, 1690. I may here
note that when using the colloquial name Maureen Rhue I do not forget that the better
version is " Mhaire Euadh," but this'is less familiar to general readers.
7 Order to change the site of the parish church of Kilmanahan to the town of Ennis-
tymon, 2 Feb., 1776. Patent Rolls.
280 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
falling from ledge to ledge from the bridge in the village to the depth of
the glen.
" A mountain stream, which o'er a bed
Of level rock its waters shed
In one broad sheet below.
Careering swift by crag and stone,
Amid its torrent, random thrown,
With eddies deep and belts of foam,
Its bounding waters go.
Till in the distance, far away,
It glides into Liscannor Bay."
CAIBNCONNATJGHTAGH.
Cairnconnaughtaoh lies a little over two miles north of Ennistymon :
it is a large cairn in a low, swampy tract, near a stream. O'Donovan and
O'Curry, on no quoted authority, consider that it was Cam mic Tail, the
place whereon the chiefs of the Corcomroes were inaugurated, and the
tomb of their tribal ancestor. Legend says it was the tomb of a Con-
nacian army exterminated (except three chiefs) by the men of Corcomroe.
The Annals1 mention an invasion of this district by Ruadri 0' Conor, king
of Connaught, and the loss of three of his chiefs in 1088. If it be retilly
Cam mic Tail we might connect it with the raid of King Aed, of
Connaught, in the Life of Maccrehy. Another legend makes the
Connaught men pursue, kill, and bury under the cairn a huge serpent.
The only certain fact remaining is the great heap of stones said to be
25 feet high, and 100 paces in girth.3
Kilshanny Church — Plan.
KlLSHANNY.
Kilshanny church is up the stream to the east of the road, not far
from the cairn. It is traditionally said to have been founded by St.
Cuana, possibly Mochonna of Feakle and Kilquane, and believed to have
died about 650. The saint's bell is at present preserved in the British
1 " Annals of the Four Masters," 1088.
2 "Ordnance Survey Letters," R.I. A., Clare, 14 B. 23, page 309. Borlase's-
" Dolmens of Ireland," p. 909, alludes to it.
PROCEEDINGS. 281
Museum.1 The well has been rededicated to St. Augustine; its name
suggests that the founder was Seanach, perhaps St. Senan's brother.
The Monasticons assign its foundation to Donaldmore O'Brien before
1194. It was an abbey in 1273, and its abbot, Florence, was advanced
to the see of Kilfenora, but it was used as a parish church in 1302.2 It
was held by Torlough O'Brien, of Ballingown (Smithstown), at his
death, 1584, 3 and by Turlough, son of Teige O'Brien, in 1611. It was
eventually granted, with its mill, to Robert Kinsman, April 7th, 1579.4
It is, as usual, oblong and undivided (75£ feet by 18 feet 10 inches).
The west gable has a pointed door ; it is otherwise blank ; and the storms
from the Atlantic long kept the ivy from covering its nakedness, though
elsewhere on the walls the plant was destructively abundant. Remains of
the older church are found in portions of both side walls ; the northern
containing a neatly made doorway, with a semicircular head, and the
southern a narrow window of similar design, possibly of the llth century.
The remainder is mostly late 15th century ; but the east window seems
still later, having two clumsy shafts interlacing, and with semicircular
heading pieces. The altar (8 feet 8 inches by 3 feet 3 inches) remains ;
also a rude tomb recess to the north, and monuments of the Thynnes —
1717 and 1752. The graveyard is full of shafts, portions of window-
heads, &c., apparently more numerous than would be needed to complete
the windows of the church.
Near Kilshanny dwelt, in the second quarter of the last century, the
well-known antiquary, Andrew Mac Curtin. He was descended from a
line of annalists (of whom we may note Ceallach Mac Curtin, or Mac
Criutin, ollamh of Thomond, who died 1376. Giolladubh Mac Curtin, a
famous harper, who died 1404, Seanchan, a historian, poet, and musician,
died 1435, and Gennan, ollav elect of Thomond, who was drowned
1436. " There Avas not in Leth Mogha in his time a better materies of a
historian than he." Andrew was hereditary historian to the O'Briens of
Corcomroe, and kept a school where English and Latin were taught,
though he hated the former language, and expressed his feelings in a
poem, " Sweet is the Irish tongue." "When, as sometimes happened, the
school was empty, Mac Curtin used to travel through Clare, especially to
the hospitable houses of O'Brien of Ennistymon, and Macdonnell of Kilkee.
He has left us a valuable series of copies of ancient manuscripts, the most
notable perhaps being " Three shafts of death," " The wars of Torlough,"
and "The Life of St. Senan."
CAHERREAGH, Caherkinallia, or Cahercunella, is a much gapped dry
stone ring- wall in a marshy hollow, seen to the east of the road near
Lough Goller, soon after leaving which we see the houses of Lisdoonvarna
under the dark bluff of Slieve Elva.
1 Our Journal, vol. ii., p. 62. ,0'Hanlon's " Lives of the Irish Saints," ii.,
p. 285-287, for legend of St. Cuanria and a bell.
a Papal Taxation. 3 Inquisition, Nos. 8 and 41. MSS. 14. C. 2. R.I.A.
4 MSS. F. 4. 25. T.C.D., not " Hickman," as in Archdall.
282
KOYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
LlSDOONVAKNA.
Lisdoonvarna (earth fort of the gap) prohably takes its name from the
green earthen fort of Lissafeeaun, near the old castle site, and the gap
(barna) in the slope on which it stands; indeed higher up we find a
Caherharnagh (stone fort of the gap). The curious double name Lis-doon
is not an uncommon phenomenon in Clare and elsewhere, as shown by
local names, Caher-lis, Caher-doon (Catherton in Scotland, Caermarthen,
i.e., Caer-mari-dun in Wales) and Lis-doon. The present village does not
stand in the old townland that gave it the name, but in Rathbaun and
GENERAL MAP
OF THE NEIGHBOURHOOD
LISDOONVARNA
•FORT. « CROMLECH . ACAIRN.
1 CASTLE. mCA&TLESITE.
-I- CHURCH IM VILLAGE.
'™iUEVECARRAN
"KIMALLIA
v
- /i ^*~ "**• »
&ft r x~.
PLACES INDICATED BY NUMHERS.
i. Caherdoonfergus.
2. Caherlismacsheedy.
3. Caherbullog.
4. Cahercloggaun.
5. Cahermacnaughten.
6. Lissafeeaun.
7. Knocknacroghera.
8. Knockastoolery.
9. Cahernaturreesha.
10. Ballykinvarga.
ii. Ballyganner.
12. Caherconnell.
13. Caheranardurrish.
14. Cahennacrole.
15. Cahercommane.
16. Cahermore Roughan.
Ballyinshen. The ash trees which gave their name to the latter place
have long disappeared. South from it lie the low ridges called after the
"dog" and the "wolf," Knockaunawaddra and Knockaunvickteerugh.1
The place has no history. It was confirmed to Eoetius Clanchy (not the
1 The name of the wolf appears in not a few place-names in the county, as at
Caher nric Tire (Cahermacateer), Breaghva (several townlands), on the border of Clon-
degad and Kilmaley, near Miltown, near Kilkee, and near Kilmurry MacMahon.
PROCEEDINGS. 283
sheriff of 1588) in 1621 ;J its castle, an old residence of the O'Davorens,2
is scarcely named, and till the spa got into repute Lisdoonvarna was not
even a village. Only eight hearths paid tax in 1748,3 and evidently most
if not all of these were in the house of Mr. Edmond Hogan, from whom
the place passed to the Stacpooles. The deep gorges of the streams have
curious concretions of clay slate and various minerals so highly sugges-
tive of the backs of tortoises that we can scarcely blame the author of
the " Handbook for Lisdoonvarna"4 for enriching science with the state-
ment (eruditely supported by citations from Buckland in the " Bridge-
water Treatise") that they are " fossils of the class reptilia, order
chelonia, or tortoise ; of those seen some are broken, . . . and the yellow
fat and green flesh are plainly indicated." The sulphur and iron springs
are easily found ; lithium has been found in the one and manganese in
the other. The only modern building of note is the curious " Spectacle
Bridge " with a circular ope above its arch, a most picturesque object,
especially as seen from the pretty glen at the late Dr. Westropp's
garden.
1 Patent Roll, 19 Jas. I., pars 3f.
2 The name of O'Davoren appears in the weir Coradh mic Dabhoirenn, north of
Corofin, in "The Wars of Torlough," 1317, and in the "Annals of the Four
Masters" from 1364, when Giolla na naemh O'Davoren, chief Brehoii of Corcomroe,
died.
3 Handbook to Lisdoonvarna," p. 30. 4 Ibid., page 32.
284 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
SECTION I.
FIRST EXCURSION.
BALLINALACKEN.
THE district between Ballinalacken and the cliffs of Holier formed
the ancient district of Tuath Glae, and was chiefly held by the
Clancies or Mac Flanchada, the hereditary brehons of Thomond.1 As
we leave Lisdoonvarna, the most remarkable natural features are the
deep glens cut in the shale ; the road loops round a green hill, and a
beautiful view opens before us. Beyond lies the open sea, and to the
north and west the low Isles of Aran and " the distant mountains that
uprear their giant bastions to the skies " in Connemara. The great
limestone plateau of the Barren falls in abrupt terraces to the north,
near the graveyard, and church fragment of Oughtdarra ; and in the
centre, rising from the valley, is a table-like rock, at one angle of which
is a dark old peel tower. Ballinalacken Castle is a fifteenth- century
building, to which period the great majority of the towers owe their
origin ; and it is a very perfect and typical example of the class.2
These peel towers are nearly always oblong buildings, built in two sections, that
next tbe door being narrower tban the main wing, and as a rule not built in one piece
with it, but bonded into the latter. The "door-section" has usually got a spiral
staircase to the left hand side,3 the steps are very well cut and laid, having often a
circular newel forming a hand " rail," and lit by small slit windows which were un-
glazed, and often have little drains in the sill to let out any rain that might blow
through. At the opposite side of the door was a small guard room, or rather porter's
lodge, and the door was defended by a " murder hole " over the passage, a corbelled
gallery at the battlements, and sometimes a loop hole in the door jamb. The re-
mainder of the "door section " consists of several stories of small bedrooms with one
or more vaulted floors, and it sometimes, as at Ballinalacken, Ballyportrea, &c., rises a
story higher than the main wing, though sometimes only the part above the staircase
rises into a corner turret. In the main section we usually find a gloomy vaulted
1 We also find them building the castles at Urlan, near Bunratty, about 1460. —
" Castle Founders' List."
2 In the appended illustration the reference numbers indicate — 1 and 2. Windows,
Newtown, Clonlara. 3. Window, Moghane. 4. Finial, Cleenagh. 5. Arrow-slit,
Coolistiegue. 6. Ditto, Ballyportrea. 7. Corbel, Lemeneagh. 8. Fireplace, Ballina-
lacken. 9. Ditto, Moyree. 10. Ditto, Lemeneagh. 11. Doorway, Moghane.
12. Fireplace, Tierovannan. 13. Ditto, Ballyportrea. (The block is kindly lent by
the Royal Irish Academy.)
3 The staircase is to the right hand of the door in Ballinalacken.
Typical Details in Castles in County Clare.
(For references, sro second footnote, opposite page.)
286
KOYAL SOCIKTY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
" store " or kitchen on the ground floor, and then three or four stories each consisting
of a single large room ; the top room was usually roofed with shingles or thatch and
rests on a vaulting over the other stories. The vaults usually retain marks of the
wicker hurdles over which they were turned, and the fireplaces, as a rule, are much
later than the castles, as in the present tower, where we find a well-cut example with
the date 1642 ; nor do we see any fireplace in Clare with an earlier date than 157(>,
as at Castlefergus.
The top of the rock at Ballinalacken formed a bawn, and was
defended by a wall, pierced by a late pointed arch under a machicolation.
The castle was held, with others, by Teige M'Murrough O'Brien in
1584,1 and at the earnest peti-
tion of Daniel O'Brien of
Dough in 1654 was spared
from destruction by the Com-
i
missioners for dismantling
castles : — "A little castle
which is already demolished
by the Irish, by name Ballena-
lacken, which hath no bawne
or barbican that stands as yet."
" But, however, your peti-
tioner is afeard that the said
masons out of malice or gain
will fall doune (sic} the said
stearcase of Dough or the ruinous Castle of Ballinalacken." It seems
evident from his petition that the " demolition " was only of its timber-
work, though I find no evidence of its repair or subsequent habitation by
the said Daniel O'Brien.2 The lands were confirmed to Captain W.
Hamilton under the Act of Settlement in 1667.3
KlLLILAGH.
Driving southward we pass few remains of much interest. To the east,
up a cross-road, is a mound, called KNOCKATJNACROGHERA, where, tradition
says, " Bceothius Mac Clanchy hanged the Spanish grandee." The legend
refers to the merciless sheriff of Clare in 1588. We reserve further
notice of him to our account of Liscannor. It lies near the entrance to
St. Catherine's, and is a heap of earth and stones, covered with coarse
grass. Tradition says it is a " Spaniards' grave," where a number of the
dead from the Armada were buried, and among them the scion of a noble
Castilian house, which sent in later years emissaries on the vain errand of
striving to recover the youth's bones for burial in Spain. We pass Knock -
finn cross roads, where Clanchy 's manor is commemorated.4 Between
1 MSS. T.C.D. (Castle List), " Diocese of Killaloe," p. 570.
2 " Diocese of Killaloe," p. 219. 3 Roll 19. and 20. Car. II., pt. 5.
4 See Inquisitions of Hugh Clancy of Tomolyn, 1579 (taken 1588). His son,
Boetius or Uoetagh Clancy, died 1580, and was succeeded hy his nephew, Boetius,
Typical Plan of a Peel Tower.
A. Porch. B. Porter's Room (often opens into A).
t . Staircase, p. Store, a. Windows, b. Ambry.
c. Fireplace, d. Doors, e. Garderobe.
PROCEEDINGS. 287
the road and the sea are several defaced forts. GLASHA, CAHEKMACLANCYT
(evidently the early residence of this family of brehons) and others, and
the fallen cromlech of CAHEKMACRUSHKEN. " S. F.," for some unknown
reason, identifies Doolin1 with the site of the battle of Corcomroe in
1317, i.e. only some fifteen miles astray. KILLILAGH Church, a long,
late 15th century ruin, lies to the right. It is oblong in plan (57 feet
6 inches by 19 feet); the west gable had a square-oped belfry and
window ; the south door is broken, but had a pointed arch. There are
a flat-headed window and an arch in the south wall, beautifully chisel-
dressed ; the latter leads into a small chapel, 17 feet by 22 feet, with
three ogee-headed opes. The east window of the church has a neat
splay, and a tall round-headed light.
TOOMULLIN Church lies to the left of the road, near a stream which
falls over a low shelf of rock near the ruin. It was a parish church in
1302 ; but the present building belongs to the same period as Killilagh. It
is oblong, 33 feet 4 inches by 17 feet 6 inches. The west gable has a
ruined belfry, once square-topped ; a defaced door remains in each side
wall, and a later addition, or priest's room, 10 feet long, was built
outside the old west gable, and communicates with the church by a
pointed door. There is a round-Leaded south window and a trefoil-
headed east window slit, with triquetras in the spandrels of the outer
face under a hood-moulding.
DOONMACFELIM Castle is a mere fragment, quite defaced, and with a
vaulted lower room.
KNOCKASTOOLERY fort contains a stone on which Sir Samuel Ferguson
states that he found a defaced ogain inscription, which, however, only
appears to be weathering. On the beach opposite these remains
" 1*. D."2 states that cocoa-nuts and other tropical fruits have often been
found.
DOONAGORE Castle stands on the hillside above Bealaghaline Bay at
the northern end of the mighty cliffs of Moher. It is a very perfect
specimen of the round turret, and derives its name from a dry stone fort
lying eastward, and quite levelled since before 1839. The name is
understood to mean "fort of the goats"; but the Gore family, its
owners, claim it as bearing their own name. In fact the place was
called Doonagore in the reign of Elizabeth, while the Gores came to
Clare about 1653. Probably the use of the name long preceded "the
spacious times of great Elizabeth," when it was held by Sir Turlough
O'Brien in 1584.3 The castle belongs to a class represented in Clare
son of Hugh (MSS. 14. C. 2. E.I.A., No. S). A short account of Boethius Clancy,
1588, appears in our Journal for 1890, p. 70.
1 Dublin University Magazine, vol. xli., p. 89. Perhaps mistaking it for Dubhglen,
i.e. Deelin and Glennamanagh, past which the army marched.
- " Handbook to Lisdoonvarna," p. 83.
3 Perrot's Deed with the Clare Gentry.
288 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
only by Newtown, Faunaroosca, and itself ; the lower story has a vaulted
dome, and a staircase leads round the thickness of the wall to an upper
room. The present doorway is on the ground ; but some have supposed
that an upper ope represents the older door : this is oblong, 15 feet up,
3 feet high, and 6 feet wide. It has to each side a stone holdfast,
possibly to let down a cover from above. Immediately over its lintel is
another ope of equal length, but only 1 foot high.1 The tower is about
24 feet through and 50 feet high, and has the remains of a surrounding
enclosure, or bawn, now in a very fragmentary condition, and built, like
the turret, of thin flagstones.
MOFER.
The cliffs of Moher have been frequently described and illustrated,
from 1778, not only in tourist's guides, but in works by our French
neighbours, Mme. de Bovet and M. Martel,8 which admirably describe
" les falaises de Moher " and " Le cap de la Sorciere." They also appear
in our ballad poetry in " The Monks of Kilcrea" : —
" Oh, Moher' s cliffs are steep and bare,
The wild gull builds her rude nest there,
The green sea foams below,
And rising sternly o'er the wave
Its rude assault they meet and brave,
As warriors front a foe.
Wbile breaking surge and sheeted foam
Roar round some shattered craglet lone."
We need, in an antiquarian guide, only note that the most prominent
points are Slievenageeragh, 668 feet high, Ailnasharragh, "the foals
cliff," down which a break -neck path leads to a talus of fallen rocks and
the sea-shore, 603 feet below, O'Brien's Tower (named from a modern
tea-house, 587 feet high, and " Hag's Head," called "Kan Kalye"
(Ceann Cailliach) in the 1560 map of Munster, 407 feet high. From
these heights we enjoy a glorious view of sheer and dark ramparts, and
foam-girt pinnacles, and an extensive coast-line.3 Connemara, with its
peaks ; Aran, the middle isle crowned by the walls of Dun Conor, dis-
tinctly visible; Liscannor Bay, the spire of Miltown Malbay behind
Spanish Point, CaHerrush, Mutton Island, the bold head of Baltard,
Loop Head, and, if the day be clear, the vast mountains of Corcaguiney
beyond the Shannon. Inland we note Burren, Elva, Callan, and the dis-
tant peak of the Telegraph Hill (1746 feet high) at the farther end of
1 Dublin University Magazine, vol. xli., p. 89.
2 "Trois mois en Irlande," p. 280 ; " Irlande et les Cavernes Anglaises," pages
125, 126.
aThe "Battle of Magh Leana," p. 99, classes together "a fight with a shadow,
a cast of a spear against a cliff, an eye measurement of the ocean, or an idea of eter-
nity."
PROCEEDINGS. 289
Clare. There are remains of a fort on the edge of the cliff not far south
from O'Brien's Tower.
HAG'S HEAD is the only spot of any actual archaeological interest on
these cliffs. One legend says the " Hag" was named " Mai," and pur-
sued Cuchullin to Loop Head, springing after him to Dermot and
Grrania's rock, and being dashed to pieces in attempting to spring back
again. Her blood reddened the sea to Moher, and gave Malbay its name.
Her shape formed by a natural arch the slope of the cliff, and a great
pinnacle, resembling a grotesque head, can be traced to this day. On the
headland stood the ancient fort called Mothair ui ruis, which gave its
name to these precipices. It was a cliff fort, of the type so common
round our coast, in Cornwall, and even in the Vosges and Switzerland,
consisting of a dry stone wall across a neck of land, and was entirely
demolished to build the telegraph tower early in the present century.
John Lloyd, in 1778, 1 thus describes this " famous old fort":— "This
Moher is on the summit of a very stupendous cliff, surrounded by a stone
wall, part of which is up ; inside of it is a green plain . . . This
wonderful promontory, almost encompassed by devouring seas, and the
opposite wild coast, affords a horrible, tremendous aspect, vastly more to
be dreaded than accounted for." The bridge near Hag's Head is called
Cahermoher, probably from the fort. On the lower terrace the flagstones
are often found marked by curious tracks of worms and annelids, and
ought to be examined by geologists. In other parts fossil plants and true
coal are found.
" KlLSTAPHEEN," OR " KlLSTEPHEN."
Tradition says that a submerged reef off Moher, at the mouth of Lis-
cannor Bay, marks the site of the lost city and church of Kilstapheen,
the key of which lies buried with the hero, Conan, under his ogam
scribed slab on the side of Mount Callan. In Hall's " Ireland "2 this city
is said to lie at the mouth of the Shannon ; and although one tale may
have been transferred to a second place, I am inclined to think both
legends are genuine folk lore, the belief in submerged cities and islands
being very common ; and indeed the inroads of the sea in historic times,
and even in human memory, go far to justify it. The peasantry believe,
or believed, at Moher, that whoever saw the domes and pinnacles of the
lost town — over the waves, or dimly visible under the heaving waters —
was doomed to die within a week.
" And point where high the billows roll
Above lost Kilsafeen.
Its palaces and towers of pride
All buried in the rushing tide,
And deep sea-waters green."
We drive down the long slopes, and passing the fort of Cahernaf urreesha,
1 " Impartial Tour in Clare." 2 Vol. ii., p. 436.
290 ROYAL SOCIKTY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
a horse-shoe on the cliff edge, reach Liscannor, noting the house of
Birchneld, where resided the locally famous "Corny" O'Brien, "who
huilt everything in the place except the cliffs and Liscannor Castle." The
holy well of St. Brigid and the O'Brien's burial place, though a tourist
resort, are of no antiquarian interest.
LISCANNOR AND THE AKMADA.
Liscannor is a little fishing village, with a tiny harbour on the site
of an ancient fort. The castle is a gloomy old tower, 32 feet by 13 feet
8 inches, and 65 feet high, with a residence to the west, 30 feet 7 inches
by 28 feet. It is all built of thin flagstones, and fairly perfect, though a
long patch of wall has fallen. It stands on a bold, though low cliff,
deeply undercut by the sea. It was held by Sir Turlough O'Brien in
1588, and here a great levy of the natives lay encamped to prevent any
landing from the ships of the Armada.
Boetius Clanchy, of Knockfin, was then sheriff of Clare, and seems to have been an
energetic and merciless man, but, in any case, the lust for plunder so prevailed along
the coast that little encouragement was needed to secure a bad reception for the ill-
fated fleet. At last, on September 5th, 1588, at the close of a dark and stormy day,
the watchers on the towering cliffs of Moher fancied that sails were visible beyond
Aran, and next day a huge galliass, the "Sumiga," lay in the bay before Liscannor.
The crew sent out a boat, but the boiling sea prevented it landing, and only some
wreckage and an oil jar lay on the beach. Next the putrone and purser came in a second
boat to beg for water, but their piteous request was refused and they were driven off,
and the purser arrested, and next day the Spanish ship was gone. Two ships, one
being possibly the " Stuniga," drifted down the coast. The one at high water passed
between Mutton Island and the mainland and was wrecked and the crew of 2000 men
massacred at Dunbeg. The second ship struck on a reef near Tromroe Castle, and
met the same fearful fate. O'Brien, Clanchy, and Nicholas Cahane, the coroner, took
care not to encumber the county with prisoners. The government only secured a few
guns, and the rest of the plunder was so eagerly sought for that Cahane had no little
difficulty in persuading a boy to leave the wrecks and take a letter to the Mayor of
Limerick, for there were then no English settlers or soldiers in Western Clare.1
KlLMACKEEHY.
Kilmaereehy church2 lies east of Liscannor, near the shore. It is a
melancholy little place, a long storm-lashed ruin of thin flagstones, the
mortar washed out of their crevices. It consists of a nave (39 feet 7 inches
by 22 feet 5 inches) and a chancel (35 feet by 17 feet), with a southern
porch. There was a bell chamber on the western gable, as is usual in
this district, and, indeed, as far as I know, over all Clare ; for true bell
towers are almost unknown in its churches.3 The chancel arch is pointed,
and 13 feet 9 inches wide, and a plain stoup projects from the southern
iSee our Journal, 1889, pp. 1*1, 132.
2 There is a short description under the name " Kilcready " in our Journal, vol. ii. ,
4th Series, 1872-1873, p. 13. Mr. Frost also notices it, " History," p. 107.
3 One occurs at Kildysert and one at St. Finghin's, Quin.
KlLMACKEEHY, Co. CLAUE.
(From a Photograph by Richa'rJ J. Stacpoole, D.L.)
292 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUAR1KS OF IRELAND.
wall. The interest centres in the chancel. A sedile or tomb recess lay on
each side ; that to the north is entire, and is of very late and clumsy deco-
rated gothic, two cinquefoil arches, with a quatrefoil overhead, and a
heavy hood capped by a mitred head. There is a tombstone near it (bear-
ing a Latin inscription) of O'Heo, 1642. The east window has a neatly
made splay, with a semicircular arch and a double light with pointed heads,
dating from about 1490 at the earliest. The south sedile had also two
arches ; but unfortunately it has collapsed, and the sketch in the
Ordnance Survey Letters is too rude to give us any idea of its appearance.
It was surmounted by a head in a close cap, which (with a curious
serpent's head, with a roll held in the mouth, belonging to the same
sedile) lies in the window.
The graveyard is overgrown and overcrowded, heaped with large
wormtracked and rippled flagstones. The Macdonough tomb (1745) has
a curious epitaph : —
" Here resteth Nick, whose fame no age can blot,
The chief Macdonagh of old Heber's lot,
Who, while on earth, revived the ancient fame
Of his own line, and y* of all his name.
His fixt religion was his actions guide,
And as he lived beloved, lamented died."
The place is called Kilmaccrik in 1302,1 but little trace of the older church
remains. St. Maccreiche, or Maccreehy, is stated in a late mediaeval
"Life" to have been a friend of St. Ailbe, of Emly, with whom he was
living (circa 540) when Aed, son of Eochy Tirmcharna, king of Connaught,
plundered' Corcomroe. The natives accordingly sent to Emly to ask the
saint's advice and help. Ailbe advised him to hold a meeting at Cairn
mic Tail, the place of inauguration of the chiefs of Corcomroe, and,
escorted by his favourite disciple Main chin, Maccreehy came to Tomfin-
lough, and persuaded St. Luchtighern mac Cutrito and another monk to
join him and go as envoys to King Aed at Kathcroghan. Aed at first
refused to see him ; but suffering from fever and thirst the same night,
which he attributed to the saint's prayer, he got alarmed, and restored
the spoil, swearing that he would never again plunder Corcomroe. The
saint (it is said in his 80th year) built Kilmacreehy and two other
churches at Inagh (circa 560-580)'; one of the latter, " Teampul na glas
aigne," left some trace to the present century. He also (probably aiding
Mainchin) founded Kilmanaheen, near the dun, where resided Baoth
Bronach, king of Corcomroe, who had given the site to the church.
Maccreehy left a bell, which he had brought from Home, to his own
church, where for ages it was preserved and venerated.2
Monas-
1 Papal Taxation Exchequer Rolls — " Calendar of State Papers, Ireland."
2 Vita Sancti Maccrecii, quoted in notes to new edition of Archdall's "
ticon" (1873), p. 83. The "Annals of the Four Masters " date the death of King
Aed in 574, which seems to throw doubt on the relations of Maccreehy and Ailbe,
as the latter died thirty years earlier.
PROCEEDINGS. 293
His " bed" lies far out on the strand, to the south of the church, and
there can be no doubt but that the sea has made great inroads on this
stormy coast. Beside the legend of Kilstapheen, we have the record of
the great tidal wave that split Mutton Island into three parts in 902,
and swept away 2000 people. The same story lies with the submerged
bogs and tree stems at Killard, and with the bare little rock of Mattle
(Inismatail) which was worth granting to the Archbishop of Cashel in
1215:—
" No legend needs to tell,
For story's pen must fail to write
What ruin paints so well."
For many acres of land and many miles of coast must the " white toothed
waves" have swallowed, even since the dawn of history, as the centuries
passed by.
LEHINCH.
"We pass two bridges over the Daelach river, which preserves the name
of one of the many brothers of the builder of Dun Aenghus, and note the
lofty side wall of Dough1 (Duinhach or sandhill) castle, pierced with plain
windows. Much of this tower fell in one piece about sixteen years ago,
and lies in masses on the shore. It belonged to Daniel O'Brien, whom
wre noted at Ballinalacken, and who so hospitably and humanely sheltered
many English settlers in 1641, for which even the Cromwellians spared
his " strand hasse " when he " feared the masons would fall down the
staircase." It stands among the sandhills, long the reputed haunt of the
fairy king, Dorm of the sandhills, one of which, " Crughaneer," is still
supposed to be haunted, which does not prevent the tract from being one
of the best golf links in the kingdom. The rising bathing place of
LEHINCH has a good hotel on the railway. We may note of the name
that the ancient form, Leathinnsi, 'half island/ was used even in 1809
as Lehinsi, but most unfortunately, during the latter half of this century,
the tourists, the railway, and the golfers are setting up the crude form
"Lahinch,"2 which every conscientious antiquary and student of Irish
ought to avoid and discourage, " abhor, renounce, and abjure."
1 Dough. As we meet not a few of the O'Briens of this castle and Ennistymon, wu
may note their origin at this place : — 1. Daniel, brother of Donough, second Earl of
Thomond, died 1579; 2. Sir Turlagh, died 1585 ; 3. Domil; 4. Teige ; 5. Donogh,
also resided at Inistymon, married Honora, daughter of Conor O'Brien of Lemeneagh ;
6. Christopher; 7. Edward; 8. Christopher; 9. Edward, his brother Christopher is
said to have survived to 1856. Edward's daughter Anne married Hon. M. Finucane,
Justice of Common Pleas, and their daughter and co-heiress Susanna married Wm.
Nugent M'Namara, of Doolin, 1798, bringing the estates to her descendant, the present
owner.
2 It probably owes its diffusion, if not its origin, to that fertile field of strange
spelling, Lewis' " Topographical Dictionary," which gives'* Lahinch or Lahenzy."
294 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
SECTION II.
SECOND EXCURSION.
BURREN.
BURREN BARONY, with u the ancient hills and the deep that coucheth beneath,"
forms one of the most weirdly fascinating and curious districts of our western
coast. It has, it is true, none of the richly- coloured mountain domes which
glorify the scenery of Kerry and Connaught; its coast is not walled in by shere
precipices like Moher and Kilkee, nor has it the loveliness of lake and forest sceneiy,
but its beauties grow upon the mind and ever freshen and increase as we explore
its valleys and lonely uplands.
" Upon the left was Corcomroe and, next, nor far away
Was Kilfenora's holy shrine and towers of Lemaneagh,
While full in front spread bleak and wild
Grey Burren's rocks all shattered-piled,
Rugged and rough and drear and lone
A weary waste of barren stone."1
The terraced and white hills shining with strange lights, relieved by blue or violet
shadows at high noon, glowing red and orange in the sunset, or turning grey and
corpse-like as the dusk settles on the rocky yet grassy fields and barren crags awful
with a sense of age — long loneliness and desolation. Barren crags they seem to the
distant view, but we find them sheeted with ivy, with the dryad mountain aven, and,
as the season changes, with wild violets and snowy drifts of anemones, with the deep
blue gentian and the cranesbill, and many varieties of the fern. The rock slopes with
filagree of waterfalls and runnels, the rock domes capped with the crumbling walls of
some caher, the cromlech shining on the hillside — white at noon and red at sunset —
and round two sides the "ever complaining sea," beyond which, as the ancient
dwellers in these hills fabled, lay isles of wonder ; all these are felt with a freshness
and fascination unfelt in more favoured places, and " we who labour by the cromlech
on the shore, by the grey cairn on the hill, where the day sinks drowned in dew,"
might wander long in the more picturesque tourist routes and find less of interest
ban we can glean in a few days from the rich harvest of Burren.2
1 " Monks of Kilcrea."
2 CHIEFS OP CORCOMROE. — 704. Celechar. 711. Ailechdai mcThalamnaic (i.).
737. Flan Fearna. 756. Torptha (i.). 760. Rechtabhra (r.). 840. Dubhriop, sou
of last. 871. Flaherty, son of last. 892. Celsus, son of last. 899. Bruaiteach.
902. Flan. 916. Ceat, son of Flaherty. 926. Anirothan (Anrudain),son of Mahjorm.
Argar. Maolechlain ; his son, and chief elect, Lochlan, slain 965, in Brian Bom's-
army in Connaught, and his son, Conor, was mortally wounded 985 fi.). 983. Loch-
Ian (whence O'Loughlin). The Corcomroes divided as at present. 1002. Conor, son
PROCEEDINGS. 295
CROMLECHS AND CAHEKS.
As the districts, which we purpose to examine, are noteworthy for the great num-
ber of their forts and cromlechs, a few general notes on these structures may prove
useful to some of our readers. Neither term is satisfactory, for the " forts " are not
so much fortresses as courtyards, and the word cromlech simply meant a sloping
natural rock, and is applied to leaning pillar stones and even stone circles ; but as in
this country it has an unequivocal meaning, and is more familiar than dolmen (which
can also mean a holed stone) we prefer to use it. The natives call cromlechs " Lobba
yermudh' augus Granya' " (Dermot and Grania's beds) or simply "lobbas" or
" granny's beds," in allusion to the legend which made them the couches or shelters
of those famous fugitives, and they tell how Dermot put seaweed on the top slab of
one, when Finn bit his prophetic thumb ; and, finding theseaweod was over the lovers,
believed they were drowned, and gave up the pursuit. The wider spread tradition
regards them as graves, and in the few instances where they are called "altars," it
is in the Christian sense with legends of the Mass having been celebrated on them in
penal times. The Clare ones are as a rule boxes of five stone slabs, the breadth taper-
ing, and the top sloping eastward ; the tops of the sides frequently have been hammer-
dressed to the required slope ; they have usually been covered by mounds or cairns,
and some contained human skeletons ; while I only know of one find (of a gold fibula)
near the cist on Knockalappa. Though cists are mentioned in Irish Literature, there
is no case, so far as I know, recorded of the erection of an actual cromlech.1
The forts in plan, construction, and even in name ("dun" in Ireland, "duna"
in Bohemia, " dounon" in the Greek geographers) are identical with others of a series
extending across Europe from Bosnia, Bohemia, Thessaly, and Esthonia to Scandi-
navia, and our islands. Had our antiquaries taken this broader view, we would have
been saved from such narrow theories as attrihuted our cabers to the sons of Huamore
(who dwelt in nine raths before coming to Clare, and were nearly exterminated soon
afterwards) to sea rovers (who would never have built them on inaccessible cliffs
several miles from a bay, or on inland crags), to the Danes or the monks; these
theories were made by persons who only thought of a few of the finest, and therefore
most exceptional, out of hundreds of our forts. These enclosures probably date over
a space of two thousand years from the Bronze Period to the eleventh century of our
era, and show traces of rebuilding and repair. Macgrath shows that they were passing
out of use in 1317-1318.* Our oldest records bristle with statements as to their
founders and features, and treat as commonplace present day facts the walls built in
sections, the stone gate-posts, the chipping of the blocks, scaffolds, souterrains, and
excluded water supply, stone huts, triple ramparts, and pillar stones near the wall.3
of Maolechlain; he died 1010 (i.) (whence O'Conor). 1026. Maolechlain O'Conor.
1105. Conor. 1113. Lochlain. 1135. Aed. 1158. — O'Conor slain. 1277. Donall
Mantagh (w. T.). 1283. Donall, or Donchad. 1317 till after 1350. Felim the
Hospitable. 1422. Eory, slain at Dough. 1431. Mortough slain. 1471. Conor,
son of Brian oge O'Conor, slain at Leithinnsi (Lehinch). 1490. Conor, son of
Donall.
CHIEFS or BUKKEN.— 1028. Congalach O'Loughlin (i.). 1060. Annadh. 1105.
(P)Donnall. 1150. —O'Loughlin drowned. 1168. Conor Leathdearg O'Loughlin
slain. 1200. Congalacb. 1267. Conor Carrach (w. T.). 1281. Congalach (w. T.).
1396. Irial slain. 1389. Maolechlain. 1448. — O'Loughlin died. 1503. Conor,
son of Rory.
(i.) Older Annals of Inisfallen. (w. T.) Wars of Turlough.
1 froc.JR.LA., 1897, vol. iv., Ser. m., p. 542.
2 " Euan of the grass-grown hollow cabers." " Even a man in a caber's ' cave.' "
— " Wars of Turlough."
3 Pillar near fort, ''Book of Fenagh" and " Tain bo Cuailgne." Triple fort
(Todd Lecture Series, R.I.A., vol. iii., No. 830), " Book of Lecan"; " Poem of
296 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
Though none of the Clare cahers1 equal Dun Aenghus, Dun Conor, or Dunbeg in
grandeur, we must remember that those fine structures have been so much rebuilt and
tampered with as to be of little evidential value to antiquaries, while the Clare cahers
are untouched by the restorer. The vast majority of the seven hundred forts of
Burren and the adjoining baronies are simple ring walls about 100 feet across, often
without terraces or steps. The walls have two faces and loose filling, they are 6 to
10 feet thick, and about the same height. The gateways usually face the south or
east, and are about 4 feet wide, and 4 to 6 feet high, with long stone lintels, and
sometimes side posts; while in the larger forts walls from 17 to 21 feet thick, some-
times in two or three layers are not unknown ; owing to the supply of timber being
abundant, traces of stone huts are rare, and I do not know a perfect example in any
Clare fort. The largest cahers in Clare are the triple walled forts of Moghane, 1500 by
1100, Langough, Cahercalla, near Quin, and Cahercommane on the Glasgeivnagh
plateau ; the double-walled Cahershaughnessy and Glenqnin, and the caber of
Ballykinvarga, with its chevanx-de-frine.2
BALLVVAUGHAN.
We drive up the plateau to the north of Lisdoonvarna, and getting
distant glimpses of the sea and the churches of Kilmoon and Killeany,
drive down the winding road at the Corkscrew Hill, with a fine view of
a long valley reaching to Galway Bay. We note the O'Loughlin
Castles at Gragan and Newtown (the latter a round turret), and the
church of Ratbborney, an interesting late building.
We soon reach Ballyvaughan village, a quiet little place with hotels,
and occasional steamboat service to Galway, making it a very good centre
for botanists and geologists. Three small forts and the much levelled
ring of a great caher lie near the quay. It takes its name from the family
of O'Beachain, and passed into possession of the O'Briens about 1540, in
consequence of a small act of lawlessness told at some length in an ancient
deed. " The son of the Madra dun " (dun dog) stole a cow and brought
her to Laois O'Lochlain, and the town land became forfeited and subject
to a fine of fourteen cows. The successors of O'Lochlain endeavoured to
alienate the " town " to the O'Briens, a number of whom came to witness
the giving of possession. As might be expected in those rough times and
hostile clans, great lawlessness ensued. The wife and servants of a certain
Mahon Ballagh got killed, other people wounded, and the value of five
suits of clothes plundered by the followers of Teige O'Brien. The
aggrieved survivors "set up three crosses of interdiction" at Bally-
vaughan, and got heavy fines of cows, sheep, goats, eighteen litters of
swine, a woman's gown, a shirt and barread, and three groats for "a
Seanchan." Chipping blocks ; scaffolds used in the building of Grianan Aileach,
" Leabar Breac." Walls built by separate gangs, " Seanchas Mor," vol. iv., p. 123.
Souterrains (" Battle of Magh Leana," p. 7). Wells near forts, Adamnan's " Life of
St. Columba" ; "Colloquy of the Ancients" (" Silva Gadelica," p. 195).
1 In drawing this distinction we must, however, remember that the Aran Isles
belonged to " Clare " in early times. — " Book of Rights."
2 Moghan and Langough (Journal R. S.A.I., 1893, p. 281) ; Cahercalla(/£id., 1896,
p. 150) ; Cahershaughnessy (Ibid., 1893, p. 287) ; Cahercommane (Ibid., 1896, p. 154) ;
Glenquin (Ibid., p. 365) ; Ballykinvarga (Ibid, 1897, p. 121).
PROCEEDINGS. 297
milch cow carried 'off by Teige O'Brien and left dead on the way." But
it would appear all the same that the O'Briens kept the townland.
LOUGH 11 ASK.
The little lake of Lough Eask (Easga) lies on our right after leaving
the village. It is only noteworthy as being the scene of a most circum-
stantial banshee story, written in the lifetime of many contemporaries.1
It is curious to find in a history authenticated even in minute details by
other records such wild tales as Macgrath tells about the " Genius of
Erin." " The Sorrowful Badbh of Burren," and "The Washer at the
Ford," but, as we pointed out on a former visit, the Banshee is still very
real to many in Clare, and we know, and have known, several persons who
assert the reality of such apparitions on their personal knowledge, and
have heard many more such tales at second hand. Macgrath2 revels in a
group of some ninety adjectives and epithets in his endeavour to depict
the loathsome and hideous " apish fool," with every attribute of malignity
and unblessed old age. The loathsome creature was " thatched with elf
locks, foxy grey and rough as heather, long as sea weed, closely matted,"
a bossy, wrinkled forehead, every hair of her eyebrows like a strong fish
hook. As for the other details they scarcely bear translation. We can
almost see her crouching on the bank of Easga, with " cairns " of blood-
stained heads, limbs and weapons, washing them till the lake was stained
with blood, and brains, and hair, as she foretold to Prince Donchad
O'Brien, before the dawn of an August morning in 1317, his impending
doom and that of his army. " I am Bronach and all your heads are in
this slaughter heap." Then the angry soldiers tried to seize and throw
her into the lake, but she rose on the wind and flew away. " Heed her
not, she is a friendly c badbh ' to Clan Tuiiough, and wishes to save them,"
said the ill-fated prince, and he marched on to Corcomroe to rest under
the abbey pavement ere another day had dawned.
DROMCREEHY AND MUCKINISH.
With, better auspices we follow the route of the army round the
foot of the hills and pass DROMCREEHY church, a heavily ivied and
1 " The Wars of Torlough," by John, son of Rory Mac Craith (Magrath). It can
scarcely be too often impressed on our readers that 0' Curry's statement that this
work was written in the fifteenth century is absolutely wrong. It only rests on a
statement of Andrew MacCurtin, in the late (1721) manuscript in Trinity College,
Dublin, which very probably refers to the old manuscript from which he made his
copy. John Mac Grath expressly states that Moi tough. O'Hrien was dead, and
Dermot O'Brien was reigning in prosperity, and that Felimy O'Conor, of Corcomroe,
still lived. Now Dermot was deposed in 1360. Felim O'Conor died 1365; of his
repute in Thomond, it is stated that it "has had no ebb, but he daily and widely
increases it." The " Story of an Irish Sept," p. 143, alleges that Magrath ^died in
1425, " a prosperous and wealthy man," but if we verify this, we find that it refers
to the son of Flann Magrath, not John, son of Rory. So we see that the work is by
a contemporary, and dates between 1343 and 1360.
2 " Wars of Torlough," 1317.
Muckinish Castle.
Newtown Castle.
PROCEEDINGS. 299
"half-fallen ruin. It has a neat eleventh-century south -window,
and a late north door, similar to the west doorways of Q,uin Friary
and Abbeydorney. The building had a nave 45 feet by 21 feet,
and a chancel 36 feet by 18 feet. The name, I know not on what
ancient authority, is rendered ridge of Criothmhaille or Crughwill,
but the townland of that name lies far to the south, and the
1302 Taxation calls the parish Drumcrutli. We pass the village 01
CAHKRLOTJGHLIN; its great fort is now overthrown and partly levelled,
being divided into fields. The plain old tower of SHANMUCKINISH stands
on the neck of the peninsula of Muckinish (Pig Island).1 The tower is
said to have been named in jest as being three years older than the second
Castle of Muckinish, but it seems later than its neighbour. Uaithne
More O'Loughlin lived there till 1740. It measures 28 feet 6 inches by
25 feet 6 inches, and is about 74 feet high, with good limestone chimney-
pieces. The half next the creek slipped down unexpectedly about
sixteen years ago. From the road above it we get a pleasing view of the
tower, seeming to be almost perfect, with the wooded hill of Finnevarra
for a background, and the sea and Pouldoody to either side, for it over-
looks the latter famous oyster bed. About half of the second castle
remains, a picturesque and very characteristic ruin. We soon see the
little turret of Corcomroe Abbey across the creek, and pass round by the
village called Bealaclugga, " the ford of the skulls," from some forgotten
combat.
MORTYCLOUGH FORTS.
Parkmore rath lies down the creek on the eastern side. It is a double
ringed fort 214 feet in diameter, with a most curious double souterrain
26 feet long. At the inner end you creep through an ope in the roof
into an upper chamber, whence you descend into a sloping passage which
leads into a lower gallery 14 feet long, and at right angles to the firsl
passage. Mortyclough has a rath and ruined caher, each with a
souterrain.2 The name has been supposed to be derived from the grave of
Mortough Garbh O'Brien, 1317, who fell, however, on the ridge to the
west of the monastery, and was buried in the chancel, so probably 0' Curry
was right in preferring to derive it from " Moth air tighe cloice," the
enclosure of the stone house, which well describes the fort.
CORCOMROE ABBEY.
" The Abbey of St. Mary of the Fertile Hock " (de petra fertili) or
"of the green rock" (de viridi saxo) has been fully described in our
Journal and Guide for 1895, so we need only study the salient points of
its history and architecture. It was founded about 1182 by Donald
More O'Brien, King of Munster, and was a daughter of Suir Abbey. In
1 The views of Muckinish and Newtbwn were kindly lent by the Royal Irish
Academy.
2 Journal of the Society, vol. i., 1849-51, p. 294.
I
o
PROCEEDINGS.
301
1249, however, it was placed under the rule of Furness Abbey, in
Lancashire, and probably received monks from that place. Conor na
Siudaine O'Brien, grandson of Donald, seems to have been a bene-
factor, and passed for the founder in one local legend, while a second
version said that it was built over the spot where he fell at the camp of
Siudaine in 1267 or 1268. Although there seems no evidence to locate
Siudaine near Newtown Castle, as in the Ordnance Survey maps, it must
have lain some distance from the abbey towards Drunicreehy. However,
the dead prince was brought back to the monastery and laid in the place
of honour at the north side of the chancel, " honorably " interred, nnd
" over his place of rest " the monks " set up his tomb."1
SO FI
Plan of Coicomroe Abbey.
a. Altar.
b. Sedilia.
c. Tomb of King Conor.
d. Recess and Yew-wood
Cross.
e. O'Loughlin Slab.
/. Chapels.
g. Staircase.
h. Sacristy.
The abbey was used as a barrack by Dermot O'Brien and his
forces, in August, 1317, the night before the fierce battle of Drom
Lurgan or Corcomroe was fought on the ridge to the west of the monas-
tery. We read of the " arable land," " stone enclosure, polished stones,
whitewashed walls, and smooth grave-flagged sanctuary," and in its
aisles next evening were buried heaps of the slain, each clan in its grave,
Wars of Turlough."
302 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
while the chiefs of the defeated faction, Prince Donchad and his kinsmen,
Mortough Garbh and Brien Bearra O'Brien, were laid under stones cut
with distinctive marks, but now " their memorial has perished with
them."1 A learned poet, Teige, son of Donough O'Daly, was buried here
in 1514. At the dissolution it was granted to Murrogh, Earl of Thomond,
1544, and twenty years later to Donnell O'Brien, the last native prince,
as a bribe to forego the chief tainry. Donough, brother of Dennot, Baron
Inchiquin, obtained it, 1584, and a certain Richard Harding in 1611.
Yet the monks subsisted in 1628, when Friar John O'Dea, an Irish monk
of Salamanca, was appointed abbot. It now belongs to William Molony,
Esq., of Kiltanon.2
The ruins consist of a church and small cloister, with ranges of
defaced domestic buildings to the east, two detached houses to the south,
and an enclosed park with a gate tower to the west, of which the upper
part has fallen since 1839. A well named Tobersheela gushes out of
the crag in the enclosure to the south-east. The church is cruciform,
and consists of a very plain nave, with pointed arcades and doorway, the
west window and clerestory lights having semicircular heads, as is so
common in our religious edifices of that date. Much of the arcade is now
closed. The arches are spaced unevenly, and at a point 52 feet from the
west a plain massive wall with a low pointed doorway and a plain bell
turret has been built to enlarge the ritual choir by 49 feet, including the
:space between the great round arches leading into the transepts. Up to
this point all is of the plainest work, but the chancel and chapels are of
rich and deeply interesting Norman transition. The older chancel is
nearly square and richly groined, one rib with a fishbone pattern. There
were traces of fresco painting in the groining, red, black, drab, and
perhaps green, when I first saw it in 1878. The altar is complete, and
stands before a triple light Gothic window with a single light overhead.
The plain tomb recess in the north wall is occupied by the effigy of Conor
na Siudaine, a most interesting monument, and, with the O'Conor tomb
in Koscommon, one of the only figures of an Irish chief. Conor is clean-
shaven, with long hair falling in elaborate locks. The features have
been described by a well-known antiquary as "noble and full of repose,"
but are crudely conventional. The crown is greatly defaced, but was deco-
rated either with fleur de lys or trefoils. The left hand holds a sceptre
of similar design, the right some object, probably a reliquary, suspended
round the neck of the figure. The robe falls in long pleats to below the
knee, and the figure seems to lie upon a cloak. The feet are shod with
pointed shoes open on the instep (not, as so often stated, in " pampooties,"
1 They lay across the church from north to south in this order: — 1. Prince
Donough. 2. Brian Bearra. 3. Mortough Garhh. 4. Teige Luimneach. 5. Tor-
lough mac Teige ("Wars of Torlough," Mr. S. H. O'Grady's translation, p. 107).
- Journal It. S.A.I., 1895, pp. 280-283 ; " Triumphalia Chronica S. Crucis," pa
55, 101, 143, 145, &c. Frost, "History and Topography of Clare," p. 22.
DETAILS IN CORCOMROE ABBEY.
1-9. Capitals of Chancel and Side Chapels. 3, 4, 10. South Sedile. u. Tombs of King
Conor O'Brien, 1268, and a Bishop. 12. North Sedilia.
304: ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
such as the islanders still wear) and rest upon what appears to he an
elaborate cushion, covered withjleurs-de-fys, which some assert to be a dog.1
The capitals of the chapels and chancel are elaborately carved with
floral and other designs, except two in the south chapel, which are deco-
rated with most archaic and curious human faces.
Over Conor's tomb a somewhat crude figure of a very smiling bishop
is si't in the wall, and there is a double sedile ; in the opposite wall is a
recess of good transitional work. A slab or wooden coffin lid with a
raised cross is laid in this recess and is said to be of yew wood.2 Some
late tombs with Calvary crosses and the later slab of " O'Louglin, King
of Burren," lie in the chancel.
East of the Abbey the "corker road," the ancient Carcair ua gCleireach
(clerics' prison), over which Hugh O'Donnell twice retired after his suc-
cessful raids into Thomond in 1599 and 1600, runs over the ridge.
OUGHTMAMA.
Up the hillside to the south-east of the abbey are the three very
ancient churches of Oughtmama, which, having been described by Brash,
Duuraven, and in our previous guide,3 need only be noted as being (1) a
large early church with a nave and chancel, a choir arch with a semi-
circular head, a west door with inclined jambs, and a curious font, carved
with two struggling animals.4 (2) Close to the east end is a small oblong
oratory with an arched door, little later than the first church ; (3) while
to the ]ST.E. remain the foundations and east gable of another oratory.
The well is dedicated to Colman, an unknown saint, perhaps MacDuagh
or one of the three Colmans of this place in our martyrologies. The
name Oughtmama means " breast of the puss," and the site is utterly
lonely and deserted, though once occupied by a considerable village.
BALLYVATJGHAN VALLEY.
We return from Corcomroe Abbey by the same road through Bally -
vaughan, and then, keeping along the valley, pass the round castle of
Ballynua or Newtown, where the O'Loughlin, "King of Burren,"
resided till the beginning of this century.6 It differs from Doonagore
and Faunaroosca in being later, and more elaborate, with spiral-stairs and
a square base. KATHBORNEY Church lies to our right, an interesting
1 "Journal P. M. D.," vol. ii., pp. 274-278, gives a careful description of King
Conor's tomb by Lord Walter Fitz Gerald. See also Gentleman s Magazine, 1864,
Part i., "Notes on the Architecture of Ireland," pp. 283, 284.
2 Bishop Pococke, in his "Tour," p. 107 (edition 1891), notes of Corcomroe, that
"On the graves are laid tombs of wood, many of them being of yew, with some
remains of inscriptions on it."
:J Journal; 1895, p. 283. Frost, "History of Clare," p. 25.
the
4 The head of the east window, scooped out of a solid block, lies near the west
door, and is reputed to cure headache, if the patient lies down and places his head in
the opening.
5 Edward, the present " King," resides nearer to Bally vaughan.
PROCEEDINGS. 305
church (56 feet 6 inches by 21 feet), with door and windows of about
the year 1500. A double oped holy water stoup1 occurs in the door
jamb. The rath, which gives it its name, remains in the graveyard.
In the valley behind it occur a cromlech, the ruined cahers of Lis-
macteige and Feenagh, and the fine half -moon rampart of massive masonry
on the edge of a low cliff and called Caheiiismacsheedy, of which I hope
soon to give plans and descriptions in our pages.
At the end of the valley, among thick trees, is GRAGAN Castle, the
chief seat of the O'Loughlin's in late medisBval times. It consists of a
low oblong tower with three vaulted rooms below. A straight staircase
leads up to a large room with a grey marble chimney piece. A baun sur-
rounds the tower. There is a nearly levelled caher with two concentric
rings near which the CORKSCREW HILL is ascended by a boldly-designed
road, from the summit of which we see the whole valley to the sea, with
both ranges of terraced hills, and return again to the uplands near Lisdoon-
varna.
KlLLEANY AND THE CAHER YALLEY.
If time allows, the ancient church of Killeany and the forts of Caher-
cloggaun and Cahermoyle ought to be visited. Killeany is dedicated to
and was probably founded by theevangeliser of Aran, St. Enda or Eany,
living in the late 5th century. It mainly dates from the earlier 15th
century, but the east gable is probably four centuries older, and possesses
a well-built round-headed window adorned with a snake knot on the out-
side. The chuncel arch is pointed, and the west end was walled off,
probably for a priest's residence. The church consists of a chancel 35
feet by 20 feet, and a nave 19 feet long and 19 feet 9 inches wide. The
only tombstones of note are those of Honora Neylan, 1725, and Father
Moriargh Flanagan, priest of the parish, 1772.2 There is an altar in the
graveyard, with numerous round stones laid upon it.
CAQERCLOGGAUN was till recently a fine fort on a knoll to the west of
the church. Its wall abounds in unbroken joints. The grass-grown
masonry of the O'Loughlin's Castle is heaped to the west end, but even
some years ago it and the fort were being destroyed to mend the roads,
and no one was willing to take steps to stop this disgrace (so wanton an
injury in a land of far too abundant stones), so another object of interest
may probably be lost to Lisdoonvarna by the apathy of its inhabitants.
The steep bluff of SLIEVE ELVA rises boldly above its strip of trees at
this point; if we pass round it we go down through a desolate region
of crags and brushwood into the Caher valley, which is traversed by a
stream, and attains considerable grandeur and rugged beauty at the
so-called " Khyber Pass."
1 Similar stoups occur at Kiltinanlea, Canon's Island, Clonlea, Carran, and
Kilfarboy, in this county.
2 "Journal P. M. D.," vol. iii., p. 228. Frost, " History and Topography of
Clare," p. 31. O'Hanlon's " Lives of the Saints," iii., p. 915.
306 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
Near the bluff of Slieve Elva we find a remarkable pit in the lime-
stone which leads to an underground river, a mysterious place like that
in the poet's dream : —
" "Where Alph, the sacred river, ran
Through caverns, measureless to man,
Down to a sunless sea."
The late Dr. William Stacpoole Westropp and several friends once-
explored these extensive caverns with no little risk and difficulty. The
stream falls over a high shelf of rock into a pearly natural dome, whence-
runs a long low passage, which eventually communicates with a lateral
gallery, up which exists a still finer but similar dome, a waterfall burst-
ing through a cranny high up its flank. The caverns down stream lead
towards Killeany church.
The defaced forts of Cahermoyle, built of huge blocks, and Lishee-
neagh, the two ring walls called Caherbullog, the cromlech of Coolea-
more, and many other lesser forts remain near the southern end of the
valley. Slieve Elva was the traditional scene of seven battles fought in
the third century by the great king, Cormac Mac Airt.
A short distance to the west of Cahercloggaun we notice the very old
side wall and crowded tombstones of KILMOON". The ruin is of little
interest save for a mitred head on a corbel. A lofty pillar stone called " the
Cross" stands at some distance to the east. The founder of the church has
been asserted to be St. Muadan, but as the place was Kilmugoun in 1302
and the well was dedicated to Mogua, it was probably founded by the
patron of Koughaval.1
There is, or was, a " cursing stone " at Kilmoon ; whoever wished to^
invoke misfortune on an enemy fasted and u did " certain turns " against
the (course of the) sun," and turning the rounded stone with appropriate
curses you twisted awry the mouth of your victim. Not many years since a
certain farmer appeared at Petty Sessions accused of beating a beggar
woman, and he urged in his defence that " she had threatened to go and
turn the stones of Kilmoon against him."3 After passing Kilmoon we
very soon reach Lisdoonvarna.
(To be continued.}
1 The name Mogua could, however, scarcely evolve into " Moon" by any system,
of corruption.
2 Rounded stones lie on the altars of Kinallia, Killone, and Temple na neave,.
near Ross, but I have never heard of anyone having " turned the maledictive stones " '
at these places.
THE JOURNAL
OF
THE EOYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES
OF IRELAND
FOR THE YEAR 1 900.
PAPERS AND PROCEEDINGS-PART IV. FOURTH QUARTER, 1900.
THE ANTIQUITIES FROM BLACKROCK TO DUBLIN.
BY FRANCIS ELRINGTON BALL, M.R.I.A., FELLOW.
[Read MARCH 29, 1900.]
TT was the late Dr. Stokes's intention, as he indicated in concluding
the Second Part of his Paper on " The Antiquities from Kingstown to
Dublin,"1 to describe in a further contribution to the proceedings of the
Society, the objects of antiquarian interest between Blackrock and the
metropolis. This, owing to other demands on his time, and failure of
health, he was unfortunately not able to do, but he had collected some
material for his purpose, which, kindly placed at my disposal by Mrs.
Stokes, forms the basis of this Paper.
The road from Blackrock to Dublin, familiarly known as the Rock-
road, follows the same line as a highway St. Patrick not improbably trod,
namely, the Slighe Cualann, or great road of the Cualanni, which led
from Tara, the seat of supreme royalty, into the territory of that tribe,
now forming the southern portion of the county Dublin, and the eastern
portion of the county Wicklow.2 At the time of the Anglo-Norman
1 The Journal for 1893, Vol. 23, Consec. Series, pp. 343-356 ; and for 1895,
Vol. 25, Consec. Series, pp. 5-15.
2 See Holiday's " Scandinavian Kingdom of Dublin," p. li ; and Stokes's " Ireland*
and the Celtic Church," p. 52.
n> c A T < Vol. x., Fifth Series. ) 7
Jour. R.S.A.I. ( Vol 30> Consec. Ser. j
308 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
conquest, in the twelfth century, the country through which the Rock-
road passes, was divided under three denominations, Thorncastle, Merrion,
and Donny brook. Thorncastle, a place of which no trace remains, was
the more important of the three, and the others were described as its
appurtenances.
These lands, excepting the portion of Donnybrook, now known as
Sirnmonscourt, which belonged to the Priory of the Holy Trinity, came
immediately after the conquest into the possession of Walter de Rideleford,
Lord of Bray, whose praises are sung in " The Song of Dermot and the
Earl." His successor, probably his son, who bore the same name, is
frequently mentioned in Mr. Sweetman's " Calendar of Documents
relating to Ireland," and we read there of his great park and castle with
its dungeon. He died about 1243. leaving two daughters. One of these
was twice married, first to Hugh, Earl of Ulster, and secondly to a
judge called Stephen de Longspec. The other married Robert de
Mariscis.1
Both Robert de Mariscis and his wife predeceased de Rideleford,
leaving an infant daughter Christiana, who ultimately became the sole
owner of her grandfather's estates near Dublin. As an heiress she
became a ward of the Crown, and the king, as was then customary, gave
the custody of her lands and marriage to one Fulk of Newcastle,
declaring, though she was then but two years old, that it was his
intention she should become the wife of her guardian. The royal decree
was, however, not infallible. Five years later we find her under the
guardianship of Ebulo de Geneve, and described as his wife. Again
man proposed, but Providence disposed, and she escaped from Ebulo's
•care to retain her maiden name through life. She resided in England,
and probably joined some religious community, as \ve find her going
.abroad with Eleanor of Provence, who took the veil on the death of
Henry III. She was possessed of much wealth, and rendered great
services to Edward I. as well as to his mother.2
During her lifetime an arrangement was effected with the Crown,
under which she exchanged her Irish estates for others in England, and
Thorncastle and its appurtenances were then leased by the king to
William le Deveneis, a judge of the Common Pleas, of whom Mr. Le Fanu
lias told us in his Paper on " The Royal Forest of Glencree."3 In 1297,
on the recommendation of a jury, on which inhabitants of Roebuck
and Crumlin served, the fee of these lands was granted to le Deveneis,
by which arrangement the Crown secured the advantage of the ward-
ship of his heir, and of greater security for the rent in event of
war. The fishery rights were valuable, and le Deveneis sought also to
1 See Sweetman's" Calendar of Documents relating to Ireland" for 1171-1251,
:NTos. 1641, 2139.
2 See Ibid, for 1171-1251, 1252-1284, and 1293-1301, passim.
* The Journal, Vol. 23, Consec. Series, for 1893, p. 274.
THE ANTIQUITIES FKOM BLACKROCK TO DUBLIN. 309
-obtain the ownership of the shore from a rivulet called Glaslower, at
the boundary of the lands of Carrickbrennan or Monkstown, to the river
Dodder, but it was proved that Christiana de Mariscis had only owned
the shore from the rivulet of Glaslower to one called Clarade, and that
as she had not parted with her rights, the ownership of that portion of
the shore could not be granted to another without her leave.1
From le Deveneis, Thorncastle and its appurtenances passed to Sir
John Cruise, the distinguished soldier and diplomatist, to whom
Stillorgan at that time belonged. They were then subject, like the
lands of Moukstown, to incursions from the mountain tribes, and were so
frequently laid waste and burnt, that Cruise was exonerated from
paying rent during his life.2
At the beginning of the fifteenth century, probably on the death of
Cruise, Thorncastle and its appurtenances came into the possession
of the Fitz Williams, afterwards ennobled under the title of Yiscount
Fitzwilliam of Merrion, from whom, as I have shown in my Paper
on Mount Merrion,3 their present owner, the Earl of Pembroke
iind Montgomery, inherits them in the female line. The title of the
Fitzwilliams of Merrion became extinct in the beginning of this, the
nineteenth century, and although they claimed descent from common
ancestors, care must be taken not to confound them with the Earls of
Fitz william, to whom they were only remotely related. The first
Fitzwilliam known to have been in possession of Thorncastle was
James Fitzwilliam, and although not mentioned by Lodge, he was no
doubt a descendent of the Fitzwilliam who came over with King John,
and one of whose descendents was Constable of the Castle of Wicklow,
which he is said to have built, and another was Sheriff of the county
Dublin, and Chancellor of the Irish Exchequer. At least one daughter
of the house married into the Cruise family, and this fact may account
for their succession to Thorncastle and its appurtenances.4
Starting for a ramble along the Eock-road, we leave Blackrock by a
narrow and winding road, and pass by Frescati, which belonged at the
«md of the eighteenth century to the Duke of Leinster. There Lord
Edward Fitz Gerald spent a portion of his short married life, occupy-
ing himself in horticultural pursuits, of which he was passionately
fond.5 Merrion-avenue, greatly admired for its noble proportion and fine
timber, next meets the view. It was doubtless made, and planted with
a line of elms, on either side, as an approach to Mount Merrion House,
1 See Sweetman's " Calendar of Documents relating to Ireland" for 1285-1292,
Nos, 422, 618, and 683 ; for 1302-1307, No. 547.
2 See the Journal for 1898, vol. 28, Consec. Series, p. 22 ; and Blacker's " Sketches
of Booterstown," p. 62.
3 The Journal for 1898, Vol. 28, Cqnsec. Series, pp. 329-344.
4 Blacker's " Sketches of Booterstown," p. 398; and Lodge's " Peerage of Ireland,"
edited by Archdall, vol. iv., pp. 306-321.
5 Moore's " Life of Lord Edward Fitz Gerald," vol. i., pp. 226-239.
Z2
310 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
the gates of which stand opposite its termination on the Stillorgan-roacL
On the other side of the Eock-road from Merrion- avenue is Lisaniskea,
which was, at one time, the residence of Lady Arabella Denny, the
foundress of the Magdalen Asylum, described as being a most extra-
ordinary and agreeable old woman. A little further, on the left hand
side, is Willow Park, which was built by Viscount Carleton, Chief
Justice of the Common Pleas at the time of the Union.1
Booterstown is next reached. Its great antiquity is established by no
less an authority than that eminent Irish scholar, the late Rev. Dr. Todd,
who, in a learned note contributed to Notes and Queries, and reprinted
by Mr. Blacker in his charming " Sketches of Booterstown,"2 has shown
that its name is derived from the Irish words, Bally bothair, the town
of the road, a name which it acquired from its situation on the Slighe
Cualann. In the beginning of the fifteenth century, the town was
utterly destroyed, and the inhabitants taken prisoners and killed by the
mountain tribes, and Philip Fitzwilliam, the son and heir of James-
Fitzwilliam, who had died about 1420, petitioned the Crown to grant
him assistance towards rebuilding the town and erecting a castle for
its protection. He describes the town as being parcel of the lands of
Thorncastle, and points out that until it was rebuilt, there would be a
loss, not only to himself, of the profits of the lands, but also to the
Crown, of the services of the tenants for military purposes. The aid
which he sought was given to him, and the castle was built.3 Its site is
indicated on the Ordnance Map, and vaults belonging to it are said to be
incorporated in the modern house which has taken its place.
In the early part of the seventeenth century, Booterstown and its
castle came into the possession of Sir William llyves, who was succes-
sively Attorney-General and a Justice of the King's Bench in Ireland,
through a mortgage which he had from the Fitzwilliams upon the lands.
1 See Blacker's " Sketches of Booterstown," pp. 84, 1.71, 231.
2 Notes and Queries, 2nd Ser., vol. ix., p. 462 ; and Blacker's " Sketches of Booters-
town," p. 217.
3 The folio wing is a translation of the entry in the Patent Koll, 13 Hen. VI. : —
" Philip Fitz William petitioned that whereas lie held of the King 174 acres of
land in Thornecastell by the service of 108 shillings and 4 pence, to be paid yearly at
the feasts of Easter and S. Michael, by equal portions, M'hich lands the tenants at
will, whom said Philip has in Balibothir, hold and occupy, and that parcel of said
town of Balibothir is assessed upon parcel of the said lands in Thornecastell, which
town of Balibothir was now of late destroyed, burned, and devastated by our Irish
enemies, and the said tenants of said Philip of said town were taken and destroyed, as
well in perpetual loss of our said services, as of said Philip of his said lands unless the
said town be very quickly rebuilt and relieved with a castle or fortilace in defence of said
town, and of the whole country around. The king with assent of his council, con-
sidering the circumstances, grants to Philip 20 marcs as his gift to be retained out of
the arrears of the said rent of 108s. 4^. of Thornecastell, and the accruing rent to
build a fortilace in said town upon parcel of the lands of Thornecastell in relief of the
said lands and town and of all the surrounding country. Provided that the iortilace
be built within four years next after the date of these presents, and that it be placed
under the supervision of the Treasurer of Ireland for the time being. Dated at
Drogheda 18 January [1435]."
THE ANTIQUITIES FROM BLACKROCK TO DUBLIN. 311
He was a relative of the well-known Sir John Davis, and, with his
brother, Thomas llyves, an ecclesiastical lawyer of some note, had
€ome to Ireland under Davis's protection. On Davis's resignation of
the Attorney-Generalship in 1619, he made it a condition that William
Eyves should succeed him, and llyves, who was returned in 1634 as
Member for Belturbet, held that office until 1636, when he was promoted
to the Bench.1 Booterstown Castle, which is described in his time as
being in good repair, and as being surrounded by " a garden plot and a
grove of ash trees set for ornament," was, no doubt, a handsome country
seat of that day.2 It was probably there that his neighbour, Mr.
"Wolverston of Stillorgan, was brought in 1642 for examination before
him, concerning the murder of Mrs. Smithson, the wife of the curate of
Kill of the Grange, when, according to a deposition made by the Judge's
servant, Mr. "Wolverston used threatening words, and saicTtre would be
"quitt tanto" with Mr. Smithson.3 The Judge died in 1648, and a
curious memorandum which is attached to his will — a nuncupative
one — and whicli has been printed in a pedigree of the family from
the pen of Mr. Burtchaell, gives an extraordinary picture of his
death-bed from which, addressing his family and friends as gentlemen
and gentlewomen, he declared his last wishes in a forensic speech.4 His
legal talents were inherited by his grandson, Richard Eyves, who was
successively a serjeant-at-law, Recorder of Dublin, and a Baron of the
Exchequer.
After the Restoration the castle was occupied by a family called
Reyly. They paid their taxes in goods as did other members of the
same family who settled in Newtown Park, then called Newtown Little.
Dr. Stokes thought they were military colonists who had opened shops
in these places during the Commonwealth, and mentions, in a note
which lie left, that the name is to be found in lists of residents in
Athlone at the same period. Besides the Reylys, who paid tax on three
hearths, there were eight other inhabitants in Booterstown ; one of
them was a smith who paid tax on his forge as well as on his hearth ;
the rest only paid tax on one hearth each.5
About 1740 Booterstown was the home of a mighty farmer called
Isaac Yeates, who grew Avheat of such superlative excellence, that in two
successive years a premium for the best wheat given by the Dublin
Society was paid " down on the nail " to him.6 The lands then began to
be let out in building sites by the Lord Fitzwilliam of that time,7 and
1 See Smyth's "Law Officers of Ireland" ; Return of Members of Parliament;
.and " Dictionary of National Biography," under Davis, John, and Ryves, Thomas.
2 Lodge's " Desiderata Curiosa Hibernica," vol. ii., p. 541.
3 " Depositions of 1641 for the County Dublin," in Trinity College Library.
4 See Irish Builder for 1888, p. 139.
5 "Subsidy and Hearth-Money Rolls," in Irish Public Record Office.
G Blacker's " Sketches of Booterstown," p. 410.
7 Pococke's " Tour in Ireland," edited by G. T. Stokes, p. 163.
ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
amongst the houses erected was Sans Souci, which was huilt hy the Earl
of Lanesborough. It was originally approached through the handsome
gateway which now forms the entrance to St. Helen's, the residence of
Mr. J. G. Nutting, and its gardens, which were laid out hy a landscape
gardener called Gabriel Griffin, contained a wonderful fire-wall for
fruit trees and roses.1 Amongst the residents of Booterstown during
the latter half of the eighteenth century were the Venerable Edward
Wright, Archdeacon of Limerick, the Countess of Brandon, a peeress in
her own right, much admired for her wit, taste, dignity of manners, and
superior understanding, Sir Samuel Bradstreet, a judge of the King's
Bench, who entertained the Viceroy of his time at his villa, Thomas-
Cooley, M.P. for Duleek, and Lady Anne Doyne.2
The Hock-road at this point was in the eighteenth century in a most
dangerous state, owing to the absence of a protecting wall on the sea
side, and here Mr. Heany, the curate of Monkstown, narrowly escaped
meeting his death when his horse fell over what was then a precipice on
the edge of the road.3 It had also an unenviable reputation for high-
waymen and footpads, and horse races which were held near Booterstown
were a source of great annoyance to the inhabitants, and were stopped, on,
at any rate one occasion by the Lord Mayor, who sent the sheriffs " with
a proper guard " to take down the tents, and to prevent the horses-
running.4
At the corner of the lane, beside Dornden, lies the old graveyard, men-
tioned by Dr. Stokes,5 where are buried a number of the soldiers who
were wrecked in the winter of 1807, on the coast. This graveyard was
doubtless the site of the church of Merrion, to which, in the sixteenth
century, one of the Fitzwilliams bequeathed a gown of chamlet and a
doublet of satin to make vestments.6 It probably was not used as u place
of worship after the Reformation, and the graveyard has been used as a
place of interment during the last two centuries only by the very poorest
people.7
At Merrion, on the site of the Asylum for the Blind, stood the Castle
of Merrion, the ancestral home of the Fitzwilliams, and during the Middle
Ages one of the most important of the fortified dwellings of the county
1 See Pue's Occurrences, July 25-29, 1769, in which there is an advertisement from
Griffin, who says that he lived with the Earl of Lanesborough for two years, and laid
out part of the shrubbery " with a new inverted fire- wall, which draws the heat
at three returns upwards of 74 yards."
2 See Blacker's "Sketches of Booterstown," pp. 178, 181, 414; and Put*
Occurrences, March 25-29, 1766, and July 13-16, 1771.
3 The Journal for 1899, Vol. 29, Consec. Series, p. 235.
4 See Freeman1 s Journal, November 25, 1766, and a cutting from a newspaper
dated July 5, 1781, in a collection of newspaper cuttings relating to Ireland,
preserved in the British Museum.
5 The Journal for 1895, Vol. 29, Consec. Series, p. 12.
6 Blacker's " Sketches of Booterstown," p. 400.
7 See for inscriptions on tombstones,, ibid., pp. 52, 470; and the " Journal of the-
Association for the Preservation of the Memorials of the Dead" for 1898, pp. 38-40.
THE ANTIQUITIES FROM BLACKROCK TO DUBLIN. 313
Dublin. It was probably built by Sir John Cruise, wbo is sometimes
described as of Merrion, and enlarged by Thomas Fitzwilliara, the fourth
in descent from Philip Fitzwilliam, who was sheriff of the county
Dublin in the reign of Henry VIII., and who married a lady possessed
of large estates. In a curious note, Lodge relates that deeds under
which she inherited her estates, and of which she had no knowledge, were
discovered by her step-sisters, who only for their existence had the right
of sharing the property with her, and it was proposed that the step-
sisters should burn them. To this, one of their husbands, Sir Walter
de la Hyde, in whose chamber in the Grey Friars they then were, would
not agree, but, on the chapel bell beginning to ring, he went off, being
a pious man, to Mass, and during his absence the deeds were consigned to
the flames, of which his wife told him on his return much " to his
sorrow and discontent." The next Lent, "being sore moved in their
conscience," de la Hyde and his wife disclosed what had been done
to the Fitzwilliams, who proved their title to the estates, and rewarded
the de la Hydes by giving them a portion of the lands.1
Thomas Fitzwilliam was succeeded, successively, by his eldest son,
Richard, who was a gentleman of the bedchamber to Henry VIII., by
his grandson, Thomas, who was knighted, represented the county Dublin
in Parliament for a quarter of a century, and was for some years Vice-
Treasurer of Ireland, and during whose residence at Merrion Castle Sir
Henry Sidney, the father of Sir Philip Sidney, made from there his solemn
entry as Lord Deputy into Dublin, and by his great grandson Richard,
who was also knighted.
On Sir Richard's death, in 1595, the estates and castle came
into the possession of his eldest son, Thomas Fitzwilliam, who in
1629 was created Baron Fitzwilliam of Thorncastle, and Viscount
Fitzwilliam of Merrion. The patent of his peerage mentions his
descent from the noble English house of Fitzwilliam, the services to the
Crown rendered by his ancestors, both at home and abroad, in peace as
well as in war, and his own merits and high position. He was one of the
most prominent of the Lords of the Pale who tendered their services,
during the rebellion of 1641, to the Lords Justices, and, although his
assistance was not then accepted, he afterwards went into England, and
there rendered such service to Charles I. as to obtain for him from that
monarch a grant of an earldom of that kingdom — the patent for which
was never perfected. He married a daughter of Oliver Plunkett, the
fourth Baron of Louth, and portraits of him and of his wife, which are
attributed to a fashionable artist of the period, called Cornelius Janssen
van Ceulen,2 are preserved in the Museum at Cambridge, founded by his
descendant, the seventh Viscount Fitzwilliam.
His death took place soon after the Commonwealth was established,
1 Lodge's " Peerage of Ireland," edited by Archdall, vol. iv., p. 309.
2 See notice in " Dictionary of National Biography."
FIRST VISCOUXT FITZWILLIAM.
(By C. Janssen van Ceulen.)
FIRST VISCOUNTESS FITZWILLIAM.
(By C. Janssen van Ceulen.)
FOURTH VISCOUNTESS FITZWILLIAM.
(Artist unknown ; dated 1679.)
FOURTH VISCOUNT FITZWILLIAM.
(Artist unknown ; dated 1700.)
THE ANTIQUITIES FROM BLACKROCK TO DUBLIN. 315
and lie was succeeded by his son Oliver. When his father went to
England Oliver Fitzwilliam, who united bravery witli courtier-like
qualities, went to the assistance of the King of France with, it is said,
3000 men, and while abroad became acquainted with Queen Henrietta
Maria, who arranged with him to raise a large force of soldiers in
Ireland on behalf of Charles I. He then came to England and waited
upon the King, who sent him over to Ireland with a cautious letter of
recommendation to the Marquis of Ormond, which left Ormond to deter-
mine Fitz william's capacity and influence. In negotiations which
were carried on by him with the confederate Irish, he is said to have
encouraged them to ask unreasonable terms, but Carte does not think
that this was the case.1 He fought subsequently for the King at
Naseby, and served with success in Ormond' s campaigns in Ireland. In
spite of his prominence in the Royal cause, he ingratiated himself with
Cromwell, and was described in 1655, when a grant of his estates was
given him, as the only man of the Irish nation in request in London.
He then came to Ireland with the approval of Cromwell, and on his
return journey saw Edmund Ludlow at Eeaumaris, where Ludlow was
at that time under arrest, and much to Ludlow's mortification offered
to intercede for him with the Lord Protector.2 Immediately after the
Restoration Charles II. conferred on him the honour of an earldom,
under the title of Earl of Tyrconnell, and his estates, although the Com-
missioners under the Act of Settlement did not find him entirely free
from blame in his negotiations with the Irish, were confirmed to him.
The Castle of Merrion was rebuilt by him ; it had been occupied during
the Civil War by a garrison of the King's forces, whose occupation
did not tend to its preservation, and in 1654 it is described as being
in a decayed condition.3 It was no doubt handsomely furnished, and
the walls were hung with tapestry belonging to the Countess of
Kildare who, in her will made in 1666, leaves it to her Aunt Tyrconnell
as a token of her love.4 The Earl did not live long to enjoy his posses-
sions and honours, and died in 1667 at the castle. He was twice
married, but left no issue. Of his second wife, a daughter of John
Holies, 1st Earl of Clare, a picture by Sir Peter Lely, whose works
Pepys so greatly admired, is in the Fitzwilliam Museum at Cambridge.
The Earl of Tyrconnell was succeeded in the Yiscounty of Fitz-
william and in the estates by his brother William, who had served under
him in France, and had taken part in the Civil War in England. He
Carte's ''Life of Ormond" (Clarendon edition), vol. iii., p. 197, and vol. v.,
p. 14.
2 Ludlow's " Memoirs," edited by Frith, vol. i., p. 487, and vol. ii., p. 544; and
Thurloe's ." State Papers," vol. iii., p. 548.
3 In 1648 forty-seven soldiers were stationed at Merrion: see "Historical MSS.
Commission" Report 8, App., p. 591 ; and Lodge's "Desiderata Curiosa Hibernica,"
vol. ii., p. 541.
4 See Earl of Orrery's " State Letters," vol. ii., p. 79, for copy of tbe Countess
Kildare's will.
316 ROYAL SOCIKTY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRKLAND.
died in December, 1675, in Dublin, in the parish of St. Nicholas Within
the Walls, and was buried in Donnybrook churchyard, as his brother
had been.1 He occupied, doubtless, Merrion Castle as his country resi-
dence, and was followed there by his son Thomas, the fourth viscount,
who, however, owing to the part he took in favour of James II., for
whom he fought with much bravery, was forced to retire from this
country. The latter was twice married, first to a daughter of Sir Philip
Stapleton, who, curiously enough, was a well known Cromwellian, and
secondly to a sister of the first Lord Rivers. Portraits of him and of
his first wife are preserved in the Fitzwilliam Museum.
The castle then fell into complete disrepair, and the fourth Viscount's
son Richard, soon after his succession to the titles and estates, built
Mount Merrion House instead of it, as has been related in my Paper on
that residence. The ruins of the castle were visited by Austin Cooper,
that painstaking antiquary, of whose researches so little is known, in
May, 1780, when the ground floor was used as a cow-house, and part of
the outlying buildings as a stable. He describes the castle as having
been a piece of patchwork, part of it very old, and part of it more
modern, with windows ornamented with limestone casements. Two surly
mastiffs prevented his making then a sketch of the ruins, and on
returning some months later, he found to Ids great surprise that the
castle was thrown down, and was a mass of ruined pieces, the size of
which plainly evinced, he remarks, the excellence of old Irish
masonry.2
On the opposite side of the road from the castle, where part
of Sandymount stands, lay in the eighteenth century what were
known as Lord Merri oil's brickfields. There the bricks were made
with which the houses in Merrion -square, and the adjoining streets
on the Fitzwilliam estate, were built.3
The next place of importance on the Rock-road, in past ages, was the
Castle of Simmonscourt, which derives its name from a former owner.
The lands of Simmonscourt belonged, as has been mentioned, to the
Priory of the Holy Trinity, and after its conversion into the Cathedral
of Christ Church, they were leased by the Dean and Chapter, together
with a castle which stood upon them, to one Gerald Long, who undertook
to build a pigeon-house, of which the cathedral authorities were to have
a key, and agreed that they should have the use of the " syller room,""
or room with a ceiling next the gate of the castle.4 In the seventeenth
century the lands were leased to the Fitzwilliams, and after the
Restoration, William, the fourth Viscount, before his succession to the
1 Blacker's " Sketches of Booterstown," p. 314.
z "Sketch- Book" of Austin Cooper, F.S.A., in possession of the late Mr. Austin
Darner Cooper, J.P.
;! Rocque's Map of the County Dublin.
4 " Calendar of Christ Churc-h Deeds," No. 1309.
THE ANTIQUITIKS FROM BLACKROCK TO DUBLIN. 317
title, resided in the castle, which was provided with four chimneys.
There were only three other householders on the lands, a poor woman, a
carman and another man.1 At the close of that century the castle was
in ruin, and in the beginning of the eighteenth century, was replaced by
a modern house, which was first occupied by Mr. Samuel Adams, who in
1720 was made a Justice of the Peace for the county, and afterwards
by the second Earl of Granard, who died there in August 1734, after a
long illness, during which his death had been announced a month
before it took place.2 In Grose's " Antiquities of Ireland," there is an
engraving of the ruins of the castle, described by Austin Cooper a&
consisting of an arched basement story, with a staircase of thirty- eight
steps.3
When a bridge was first constructed over the Dodder where we now
cross it by Ball's Bridge, is uncertain. Dr. Stokes, in the ingenious
theory which he has put before the Society 4 of the former existence of
a road from the old graveyard at Merrion to Donnybrook, suggests that
the river was usually crossed at Donnybrook, but the only bridges exist-
ing in the seventeenth century were one at Clonskeagh and another at
Kingsend.5 The latter was built about 1650, and Ludlow mentions that
he crossed it in 1659, when coming from Monkstown to Dublin. The
present Ball's Bridge was built in 1835 to replace one of three arches,
which was built in 1791, and which succeeded an earlier one, erected
prior to 1750.6
Proceeding on by Pembroke- road to Upper Baggot- street, we pass
the site of the ancient castle of Baggotrath,7 which originally belonged
to the Bagots, and passed from them to the Fitzwilliams, in the person
of James Fitzwilliam, about the same time as Thorncastle came into hi&
possession. During the minority of his son Philip, the custody of the
castle was entrusted to the Chief Baron of the Exchequer, James
Cornewalsh, who retained possession of it after his ward came of age,
until William Fitzwilliam, of Dundrum, came there with a force of
armed men, and most wickedly slew him.8 From, that time to the
seventeenth century it was occupied by the Fitzwilliams as one of their
residences. Round it the final conflict between the Eoyalist and Parlia-
mentarian forces raged, and it was afterwards demolished, only such
remains being left as are depicted in Grose's " Antiquities of Ireland."
1 " Hearth-Money Returns," in Public Record Office.
2 "Warrants of Magistrates," in Public Record Office; and Dublin Weekly
Journal for 1734, pp. 112, 116, 140.
3 See also description of the ruins, by Mr. E. R. M'C. Dix, in Irish Builder for
1887, p. 65.
4 The Journal for 1895, Vol. 25, Consec. Series, p. 13.
5 Map of the Down Survey, in Public Record Office.
6 See Slacker's " Sketches of Booterstown," pages 67, 82, 95 ; and Dr. M'Cready's
" Street Names of Dublin."
7 On which No. 44, Upper Basgot- street, and the adjoining houses, are built See
" Old Dublin," by Mr. W. F. Wakeman, p. 31 (in Evening Telegraph Reprints).
8 Blacker's " Sketches of Booterstown," p. 399.
318
ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
Austin Cooper, who visited the ruins in 1778, thought the castle had
been of large extent. The ruins consisted of an arched lower story,
some 14 feet high, and of an upper story. One end of the lower story
had been built up with a large window in it, some 12 feet high, but
there were no traces of the other end ever being similarly enclosed,
and Cooper came to the conclusion that the castle had extended out. on
either side.
Then proceeding on by Lower liaggot-strcet, the site of Gallow's-hill is
passed, and we find ourselves on the Beaux Walk in St. Stephen's-green,
where the fashion and beauty of Dublin in the eighteenth century
were wont to display themselves.
COUNTESS OF TYHCONNEL,
SECOND VISCOUNTESS FITZWILLIAM.
(By Sir Peter Lely.)
( 319 )
THE ORIGIN OP THE GRACE FAMILY OF COURTSTOWN,
COUNTY OF KILKENNY, AND OF THEIR TITLE TO THE
TULLAROAN ESTATE.
BY RICHARD LANGRISHE, J.P., F.R.LA.L, VICE-PRESIDENT.
[Read OCTOBER 2, 1900.]
" Memoirs of the Family of Grace," by the late Sheffield Grace,
F.S.A., have been so long before the public without exception having
been taken to the statements contained therein as to the origin of that
family, that it may cause some surprise that this should now be done,
but it is never too late to correct historical mistakes ; and though the
author of those memoirs is deserving of all praise for his efforts to prevent
the early history of his family from being lost in oblivion, it is no slur on
his memory to draw attention to the new light which the various
calendars of the State Papers which have been published since his time,
and the greater facilities which now exist for research, have thrown on
the origin of the Grace family.
It is very probable that in the course of the very long period during
which the Tullaroan estate, or Grace's country, remained in possession
of that family, the traditions which must have formerly existed of its
origin, and the sources from which its lands had been obtained, became
gradually confused and corrupted, and the total extinction of the senior
line, together with the confiscation of the estates, and the utter destruc-
tion of all their muniments, left no source of correct information available
in the place where the family had so long flourished.
The entire demolition of the long-accepted theory that Raymond
Fitz William (always referred to by modern writers as Raymond le Gros)
was the progenitor of the Fitz Maurices, Lords of Kerry, and of the
Graces, Barons Palatine of Courtstown, by the facts brought to light in
the very valuable historical papers on " Ardf ert Friary and the Fitz
Maurices, Lords of Kerry," contributed to our Journal during the years
1895-97, by the late Miss Mary Agnes Hickson, has made it incumbent
on us to endeavour to restore the family of Le Gras, as they called them-
selves in the thirteenth century, to their proper position as members of
a great aristocratic house.
Miss Hickson has placed very clearly before her readers the following
facts : —
1 . That Raymond Fitz William left no issue whatsoever.
2. That all his estates, which lay in Carlo w and West Munster, were
inherited by William de Carriou, the eldest son of Raymond's eldest
320 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
"brother Odo de Carriou. It is therefore established beyond doubt that
the Le Gras family was not of Geraldine origin, and inherited no lands
from Raymond, who had none in the county of Kilkenny. Whence then
came the family of Le Gras, and how did this family acquire lands in the
county of Kilkenny ?
We cannot find any mention of the name in connexion with Richard
Fitz Gilbert, Earl of Pembroke, latterly known as " Strongbow," but
immediately after the marriage of his daughter and heiress, Isabel de
Clare, to William the Earl Mareschal in 1189, William Le Gras, as his
relation and follower, appears upon the scene, and grants a charter of
commonage to his burgesses of Sodbury in Gloucestershire, before 1190,
to which William Mareschal was a witness. Now William le Gras must
have been of full age to be in possession of lands, and to grant charters ;
if he was not of age, the grant must have been made by the person to
whom his wardship had been granted by the king ; but as no reference
is made to such wardship, it must be assumed that he was in full posses-
sion. If we refer to the pedigree of the Grace family in the "Memoirs,"
we shall find this recorded, but the date of the marriage of his supposed
parents, Raymond and Easilia, is omitted. This, it is well known, took
place at Wexford in 1173, so had that date been inserted, the descent
would clearly appear to have been impossible, as in fact it was. The
close connexion between WTilliam Le Gras and William Mareschal is
referred to in the " Memoirs," and a number of deeds mentioned to which
both of their names are appended, and also the enfeofment of Anselni le
Gras with the lauds of Aynesford, in Suffolk, by William Lord Mareschal.
Wre will now turn to the family which had previously adopted the name
of Le Gros or Le Gras. Odo, Earl of Champagne, descended from the
Counts of Blois, married secondly, Adeliza, sister of William the Con-
queror, from whom he obtained large grants of land in England, and
became Earl of Albemarle in Normandy; he died in 1096, leaving a son
Stephen, who succeeded as Earl of Albemarle, and married Hawise,
daughter of Ralph de Mortimer, by whom he had issue three sons,
William, Stephen, and Ingelram ; William, surnamed le Gros, became
third Earl of Albemarle ; he married Cecily, daughter of William Fitz
Duncan of the Royal family of Scotland, by whom he had two daughters,
his co -heirs. Hawise, the elder, married successively, William de Mau-
deville, Earl of Essex, WTilliam de Fortibus, and Baldwin de Betune,
Earl of the Isle of Wight, each of whom in succession became Earl of
Albemarle in right of his wife. William de Mandeville died s.p. in 1190,
when the earldom reverted to his widow, and on her marriage with
William de Fortibus, the earldom was enjoyed by him during his life, and
eventually descended to his only son William on the death of the latter's
mother, so that the earldom of Albemarle passed away entirely from the
heirs male of the first earl, in accordance with the custom which then
prevailed.
ORIGIN OF THE GRACE FAMILY OF COURTSTOWN. 321
We find in Dugdale's " Baronage " that Stephen le Gros married his
cousin, the eldest daughter of Roger de Mortimer, his mother's nephew,
and it was in all probability from this marriage that William le Gras, the
kinsman and follower of the elder William Marshal, Earl of Pembroke,
sprung, and Anselm le Gras, referred to above, was most probably his
brother, or he may have been a son of Stephen's brother Ingelram, of
whom we have no further account.
When the partition of the estates of the Marshal family was made in
1247 between the five sisters and co-heirs of Walter and Anselm, the two
last Earls of Pembroke, William le Gras, a grandson or grandnephew of
the first William, was returned as holding half a knight's fee in
Offerkelan (in Irish Ui Eoircheallain — Joyce), now Offerlane in the
Queen's County, but then said to be in Kilkenny (as the Queen's County
did not become a shire till three hundred years later), and a quarter
knight's fee in Tulachrothan. The original of this deed of partition is
stated by Sheffield Grace to be amongst the Ormonde muniments ; it is
copied in " Sweetman's Calendar of Documents relating to Ireland,"
all of which relating to Kilkenny were published by Mr. G. D. Burtchaell
some years since in the Kilkenny Moderator, and it is also to be found in
•" Gilbert's Chartulary of St. Mary's Abbey, Dublin."
The lands in Offerlane were most probably granted to the first
William le Gras by William Marshal the elder, how his successors had
become possessed of Tullaroan, Mr. Burtchaell's extracts from Sweet-
man's Calendar most clearly show, as follows : —
1283. Final concord made in the King's Court at Westminster in the
quinzaine of St. Martin, anno regis 12, before John deLovetot, Roger of
Leicester, and William de Burnton, justices, between Thomas Welond,
Margery his wife, Richard their son, complainants ; and William le Gras,
deforciant, whereby a plea of agreement was made between them, to wit,
that the said William acknowledged the manor of Sobbir (Sodbury) to be
the right of the said Richard, to hold to the said Thomas, Margery, and
Richard, and the heirs of the body of Richard, of the lords of the fee, for
ever ; with reversion in fee to John, son of Thomas Welond, after Thomas
and Margery's death, if Richard should have no heirs of his body.
Warranty by William ; and for this acknowledgment, warranty, fine, and
concord, the said Thomas granted in exchange to the said William all
the lands, &c., which William previously had of the gift of William
Welond, Thomas's brother, in Tullachrothan, Rathbolgan, Gortneleen,
and Ballydine, Ireland, to hold to the said William le Gras in fee ; paying
\d. at Easter, and rendering to the chief lords of the fee all other services
belonging to the said tenements in Ireland. Warranty of the tenements
in Ireland by Thomas and his heirs to the said William le Gras.
Gloucester — Ireland. [Feet of Fines, divers Counties — Edw. I., No.
1337.]
Dugdale further states that Sodbury was a manor belonging to the
322 ROYAL SOCIKTY OF ANTIQUARIKS OF IRKLAND.
Mortimer family, and records its descent to a younger son who died
s.p., when it reverted to the head of the house, and was probably
conveyed afterwards to Stephen le Gros as his wife's dower.
Their descendants in Ireland having attached themselves so closely to
the Marshal family there, doubtless found it irksome to look after their
property in Gloucester, and therefore exchanged it with the Weionds for
their Irish lands, which were most probably still more difficult of
management by them.
In the meantime a further connexion had taken place with the
Marshal family by the marriage of William Marshal the younger to-
Alice, daughter of Baldwin de Betune, by Hawise, Countess of Albemarle,.
which took place about 1220.
This Earl's youngest sister Eva was married to William de Braose,
Lord of Brecknock, and she was one of the five sisters, who divided the
inheritance of the earldom between them.
Roger de Mortimer, Earl of March, grandson of the Roger de Mor-
timer whose daughter married Stephen le Gros, married Maud, daughter
and co-heir of William de Braose ; and Sheffield Grace relates that William
le Gras was entrusted with the custody of Roger de Mortimer's lands and
castles on the marches of Wales, when the latter was imprisoned in the
Tower of London for his rebellious conduct.
It was most natural that Roger de Mortimer should employ his cousin
to guard his estates, when he could not do so himself, but it would have
been highly improbable that he would have entrusted them to a Geral-
dine, a family with which he had no connexion, had this William
Le Gras sprung from that family as Sheffield Grace supposed.
The fact of the Grace family having borne arms similar to those borne by
the Marshals, Earls of Pembroke, is also touched upon in the "Memoirs,"
and as it was a common thing for the knightly tenants and followers of
a great house to adopt arms modelled on those of their over-lord, it was
most probable that they did so. Furthermore, having been cut off
altogether from succession to the earldom of Albemarle, they may have
considered it as more becoming not to use the coat attributed to Odo, Earl
of Champagne in York's Heraldry, temp. Chas. I., viz. Gules, a crosa
patee vaire, they changed the charge on their shield to " a lion rampant,
per fesse, argent and or " ; the coat of Marshal, Earl of Pembroke, being,
" Party per pale, or and vert, a lion rampant gules." Sheffield Grace
made the egregious mistake in speaking of the Geraldine coat, that it
was " a saltire argent, on a field gules," whereas it is " argent, a saltire
gules," for Fitzgerald of Kildare, and " ermine, a saltire gules," for
Fitzgerald of Desmond, as borne by the Marquis of Ormonde in hia
fourth quarter, for Joan, heiress of the llth Earl of Desmond, who
married the 9th Earl of Ormonde.
If the Grace family had been Geraldines, and had retained the original
tincture of the field of their coat-of-arnis, as Sheffield Grace suggested, it
ORIGIN OF THE GRACE FAMILY OF COURTSTOWN. 323
must have been either argent or ermine, not gules, which was the tincture
of the charge. The Grace family certainly did retain the tincture of the
field of their ancestral coat, but it was that of the Earls of Champagne
and Albemarle, gules.
Having now shown the connexion which existed between the LeGros
family of the 12th century and the Mortimers, and that a manor which
had belonged to the latter family had passed to a man and his descendants,
whose names we find written in many contemporary documents as
" Crassus," which may be translated into French either as le Gros or
le Gras, we may assume, as Sheffield Grace did, that these names were
used indifferently for the same person, and that in the several persons
called William le Gras, Hamon le Gras, Anselm le Gras, and Edmund
le Gras, we have found a younger branch of the illustrious family of
which Stephen, King of England, was the senior representative in his
time ; and that so far from being degraded by the loss of Raymond le Gros
as their supposed progenitor, the Grace family is placed in the very
foremost rank of Norman nobility.
[See next page for Pedigree of " DESCENT OP LE GROS OR LE GRAS
FAMILY PROM COUNTS or BLOIS."
WORKS CONSULTED.
1. The Life and Times of Sir Peter Carew (Sir John Maclean).
2. Calendar of Documents relating to Ireland (Sweetman).
3. Calendar of Documents relating to Kilkenny (Burtchaell).
4. Chartularies of St. Mary's Abbey, Dublin (Gilbert).
5. Register of the Abbey of St. Tbomas, Dublin (Gilbert).
6. Archives of the See of Dublin (Gilbert).
7. Extracts of the Pipe Rolls (Ulster's Office).
8. Calendarium Genealogicum. Hen. III. and Edw. I. Edited by Charles Roberts,
Secretary to the P. R. 0., London.
9. A Descriptive Catalogue of Ancient Deeds in the P. R. 0., London. Prepared
under the direction of the Deputy Keeper.
10. Dugdale's Baronage.
11. Historic Lands of England (Sir J. B. Burke, C.B.).
12. Memoirs of the Family of Grace (Sheffield Grace, P.S.A.).
13. Journals R. S.A.I., 1895-1897, vols. 25, 26, and 27, Consecutive Series — Ardfert
Friary and the Fitzmaurices, Lords of Kerry (Mary Agnes Hickson).
+ T> o A T f Vol. x., Fifth Series.
Jour.R.S.A.I. >Vol .3o;Consec .Ser .
£
s jy °
1 3^
1 =fl
-111-
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( 325 )
ON THREE GOLD MEDALS OP THE IRISH VOLUNTEERS.
BY ROBERT DAY, F.S.A., VICE-PRESIDENT.
[Read NOVEMBER 27, 1900.]
nHHE medals of the Irish Volunteers, when collected and grouped
together, form the best possible condensed historical evidence of
the many local companies that swelled the numbers, and added to the
enthusiasm and prestige of the wonderful movement, that once, like an
electric current, flashed through the country from north to south, and
kindled a flame of patriotic fervour that called up, as it were by a
magician's wand, 100,000 men, who, as the motto upon one of their
medals proclaimed, were ready to die for their country.
Prominent among these were the men of Louth, who are represented
by the following medals in my collection : —
THE DUNDALK LIGHT DEAGOONS, 1780.
DEOGHEDA ASSOCIATION.
BALLYMASCANLON RANGEES.
ANOTHEE MASONIC MEDAL OF THE SAME, and
THE DTJNDALK AETILLEEY COEPS.
The first, second, and third of these have already been published in
"the "Journal" of the Cork Archaeological Society, and the fourth will
be found in vol. xxiii., Consec. Series, of this Journal, p. 335, 1893.
The last named is of fine gold, engraved, with a raised chased border,
and triangular suspender, and measures 2f by 2£ inches.
Obverse. — A siege gun with a pile of round shot ; above, a Royal
crown, that partly covers a monogram of King George III., and
surrounding it, " Dundalk Loyal Artillery" ; in exergue, " The Award
of Merit."
Reverse. — " Won at a trial of firing at Target by Gunner A. Black,
1781 " ; and on two scrolls, " The gift of I. W. Foster, Esq."
During the following year three Corps were merged into the county
Louth Regiment.
" At a meeting of Delegates from the Dundalk Independent Troop of
Light Dragoons, the Ballymascanlon Rangers, the Dundalk Train of
Artillery, and the Ardee Rangers, held at Ardee, March 18th, 1782, it
was unanimously resolved that the above-mentioned Corps do now unite,
and take the name of the County of Louth Regt., and that the Earl of
€harlemont is hereby appointed Colonel thereof." l
In Me Kevin's List of the Volunteers he simply mentions "The
Dundalk Artillery," but does not give either the names of its officers or
" Wilson's "Resolutions of the Volunteers" (Dublin, 1782).
2 A 2
326
ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
their uniform. Here the medal comes in, and records the name of
I. W. Foster, Esq., who was Commandant of the Dundalk Horse, and
probably was also associated with the Artillery Regiment, as among the
Volunteers there are frequent instances of the same officers holding dual
commands, e.g. the Newry Rangers, , and the Kewry Volunteers, 1st
Company — Captain Benson. True Blue Legion, City of Cork, and True
Blue Legion, County of Cork — Lt.-Col. J. Morrison. The Londonderry
Regiment, and the Londonderry Volunteer Company — John Ferguson.
Obverse. Reverse.
Gold Medal of the Dundalk Artillery Corps. (Full size.)
The great majority of these Volunteer medals are the work of skilful
engravers. The designs ' are original, and the work, in many cases, of
first-rate character, reflecting the greatest credit upon the local artists of
the period. They convey faithful representations of the arms, equip-
ments, and the uniforms of the various regiments, which are, in many
cases, of peculiar interest. We know that the lance was not introduced
into the British Army until 1817, and was not known at the Battle of
"Waterloo, yet ' we find more than one Irish Volunteer Corps using not
merely the lance, but the most recent and modern improvements of the
weapon as it is figured in the engraving of the Ballyroom medal,1 where
two cross lances are mounted upon bamboo shafts. A similar lanc&
1 'Journal" of the Cork. Archaeological Society.
ON THREE GOLD MEDALS OP THE IRISH VOLUNTEERS. 327
occurs upon a silver medal of the Great Island Cavalry (Co. Cork),
dated 1782, in Colonel GaskelPs collection. T-hus it is that the pictorial
engraved work upon these medals supplies us with information that
otherwise would not have been obtainable, and adds very much to their
value and interest.
Obverse. Reverse.
Gold Medal of the Dublin Independent Volunteers. (Full size.)
The Volunteer Regiments and Companies formed in Dublin from
1776 to 1780, were very numerous. Among them were —
The Attorneys' Corps.
^Dublin Volunteers — Duke of Leinster.
Dublin County Light Dragoons — Colonel Luke Gardiner.
^Goldsmiths' Corps — Captain Benjamin O'Brien.
^Hibernian Light Dragoons.
Lawyer's Corps — Colonel Filgate.
Lawyer's Artillery — Captain Holt.
^Liberty Volunteers — Captain Edward Newenham.
*Liberty Artillery — Captain Napper Tandy.
Ouzle Gaily Corps — Captain Thompson.
Union Light Dragoons — Captain R. Cornwall, &c. ; and
The Dublin Independent Volunteers — Colonel Henry Grattan.
* The medals marked (*) are in my collection.
.Archseological Society.)
(See "Journal" of the Cork
328 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
They were formed on April 24th, 1780, and their uniform was
scarlet, faced dark-green. A gold engraved oval medal of this dis-
tinguished regiment, made illustrious hy its association with Grattan,
is figured here. It weighs 1 oz. 8 dwt., and measures 2£ by 1|- inches,
and has a protecting raised chased border, that terminates in a loop for
suspension.
Obverse. — In the centre a Volunteer with bayonet fixed, at attention,
before a figure of Hibernia, who holds forth a wreath with her right
hand, while the left supports and rests upon a harp. To the right a
tented field. On the left a cannon, with a pile of round shot, and a
target in the distance. Above, upon a ribbon, " Quis Separabit"; in
exergue, " Independent Dublin Volunteers."
Reverse.—" 1781. The gift of Colonel H. Grattan to Mr. P. Bourke,
as a mark of regard for his devoted services to the glorious cause."
The officers of this regiment were — Colonel, Henry Grattan ; Lieut. -
Col., Et. Hon. H. Flood ; Major, Samuel Canier.
To the Fellows and Members of our Society the name of Henry
Grattan needs no comment, but on this medal we have associated with
him Henry Flood as his Lieut. -Colonel, who, later on, was his most bitter
rival and opponent in Parliament, whose personal attacks and sophistry
for many years he encountered, and in the end triumphantly defeated.
Grattan died on the 14th May, 1820, and is buried in Westminster
Abbey. Sir James Macintosh says: — " He was one as eminent in his
observances of all the duties of private life, as heroic in the discharge of
his public obligations."
THE NEWCASTLE AND DONORE UNION YOLUNTEEES.
This is an engraved gold medal, oval in form, 2^ inches by If inches ;
weight, 1 oz. 7 dwt.
Obverse. — A figure of Hibernia seated, and resting her right arm
against a harp, while the left hand is extended, and holds a cap of
liberty. The title of the regiment is upon a scroll that almost surrounds
the figure, namely —
"THE NEWCASTLE AND DONOKE UNION VOLUNTEERS";
and underneath, upon a ribbon —
(In war and peace prepared.)
The whole surrounded by a border of Pheons, that are continued upon
the loop that surmounts the medal.
Reverse. — "Within a similar border —
" THE GIFT OF COLONEL JOSEPH DEANE TO MAJOR JOHN VERSCHOYLE,.
FOR HIS FIDELITY TO THE CAUSE OF THE VOLUNTEERS OF IRELAND,,
SEPT. 9TH, 1781."
ON THREE GOLD MEDALS OF THE IRISH VOLUNTEERS. 329
The corps must haye been named after the barony of Newcastle, and
the liberty of Donore, Co. Dublin. The only record of the regiment
given by McNevin1 is its title, and the name of its Commander, Captain
Verschoyle, but here the medal adds the information that, in 1781,
Colonel Joseph Deane was its commanding officer, and Major John
VOLUNTEERS
>F IRELAND
Obverse. Reverse.
Gold Medal of the Newcastle and Donore Union Volunteers. (Full size.)
Verschoyle its Major. The date of its formation is not given by
McNevin, but it is probable that it was embodied in or about 1776,
when a large number of the Volunteer Companies and Troops were
formed. This would account for its being registered as having a
Captain for its senior officer, who, some time after its formation,
received his majority, and Colonel Deane became its Commandant.
Joseph Deane of Terenure is described as Colonel of the County Dublin
Volunteers. [See Burke's " Landed Gentry" under " Deane of Berkeley."]
1 " History of the Volunteers," Dublin, 1845.
NOTE. — The Society is indebted to the author of this Paper for the illustrations of
the medals herein described. Mr. Day had them drawn and engraved at his own
expense. — ED.
330 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OP IRELAND.
THE BUTLERS OF DANGAN-SPIDOGUE.
BY GEORGE D. BURTCHAELL, M.A., M.R.I.A., FELLOW.
[Submitted OCTOBER 2, 1900.]
T"\ANGAN-SpiDOGUE is situated in the parish of Kilmacow, barony of
Iverk, county Kilkenny, and now comprises the townlands of
Dangan and Ballydaw. About the year 1410 Sir Geoffrey de la Freign
died seised of the Manor of Dangenspedok, in the county of Kilkenny,
leaving John de la Freign his heir (Pipe Roll 10-14, Hen. IV.) How
the Butler family acquired this estate we have no information, nor as to
the descent of this family from the parent stem. Thomas Carve in his
" Itinerarium," published in 1639, enumerates fourteen main lines of the
Butler family, subdividing most of these again into junior branches.
Under the eleventh head he writes: — " Ad undecim familiam con-
current variae stirpes, scilicit de Cnocraphonno, Antiqua villa nigra,
Racona, Vallum Spideogio et Anaquio." Although this arrangement
would make it appear that these lines were all closely connected with
one another, such is not the case. The house of Knockgraffan (Cnoc-
raphonnum) we know was descended from that of Ardmale, which
Carve himself makes one of the junior branches springing from the line
of Dunboyne ; and the house of Shanballyduff (Antiqua villa nigra)
derived its origin from Sir Thomas Butler (Baccagh) Prior of Kilmain-
ham, a natural son of James, 3rd Earl of Ormond. The last two families,
however, Dangan- Spidogue (Vallum Spideogium) and Annaghs (Ana-
quium) had certainly a common origin in the person of John beghe
Butler, who left two sons, John fitz John beghe, his heir, and Edmund
of Annaghs, ancestor of that family.
John Butler fitz John beghe died seised of the lands of Ballydavy,
Dangenspydoke, Corbally, and half the manor of Kylmiskyllock in the
county of Kilkenny, leaving three sons, Theobald, Richard, and John
oge. Theobald, who succeeded, died without issue, and was succeeded
by his nephew Edmund, son of his brother Richard, who had predeceased
him. The name of this Edmund, of " Dangeinyspedogeyhe," appears as
a juror of the county on Inquisitions taken during the reign of Heny VIII.
He is the gentleman who with his wife erected the monument at their
parish church at Kilmacow in 1552, " Katherine li," as the wife's name
appears on the monument, probably belonged to the family of Ley, of
Waterf ord and Kilkenny. Edmund was succeeded by his son Richard, who
died without issue shortly afterwards. The estate was then claimed by
Edmund Butler of Annaghs, son of Richard, son of Edmund, younger son
THE BUTLERS OF DANGAN-SPIDOGUE. 331
of John beghe, on the ground that Piers Butler, son of John Oge by Joan
Neile fitz Teig, was not born in wedlock. Piers filed a bill in Chancery
complaining that Edmund Butler fitz Richard of Annaghs, accompanied
with a great multitude of company and kern in war arrayed, with force
and arms, entered into possession of the premises and expelled the com-
plainant. Before any decision was given Piers died, leaving by Ellen
Purcell his wife, two sons, James and Richard ; James continued the action
against Edmund Butler of Annaghs, and on 6th November, 1570, an
order was made for James to recover the lands above mentioned as son
and heir to his father, Piers Butler, the son and lawful heir of John Oge.
James Butler died 1st February, 1614, having been seised in fee of
the " manor of Dangenispydogy, otherwise Davidstown, the town, lands,
and hamlet of Danginispydogy, containing 8 acres great measure, and
one water-mill in Danginispydogy," held of the King in capite^j Knight
service, as appears by the Inquisition taken at the Sessions House in
Kilkenny, 12th August, 1619. His wife, Ellen Walsh, died 30th Sep-
tember, 1618. Their eldest son, John Butler, predeceased his father,
leaving a son and heir. Piers, then aged 22, and married to Joan Fitz
Gerald, then aged 18.
This Piers, or Peter, Butler, had a new grant of his estate, under the
Commission for Remedy of Defective Titles, by Patent dated 19th March,
1637, paying a fine of £1 15s., to hold in capite under a quit rent of 10s.
He died on 6th April, 1640, as appears by an Inquisition taken at the
Blackfriars in Kilkenny, 13th A.ugust in the same year. His wife, Joan
Fitz Gerald, was daughter of Rowland Fitz Gerald, baron of Burnchurch,
by Anstace, eldest daughter of Robert Rothe of Kilkenny. His will,
dated 16th March, 1639. was proved 13th November, 1640. He left two
sons, James, and Thomas, and two daughters, Anstace and Margaret. James
Butler had livery of his estate, for a fine of £15 10s. 11^., by Patent dated
29th July, 1641. In the following December, in the rising in Iverk,
ensuing upon the Insurrection in Ulster in October. 1641, he is described
as " one of the actors in the pillaging and robbing of Cloynmore (Clon-
more) " then occupied by Mr. John Jessop, in the deposition of that
gentleman sworn in Dublin, 8th January, 1641-2. He appears to have
been in possession of the Abbey of Kells, and of Black Rath in 1645,
from the following entry in the records of the Kilkenny Confederates
(vol. A, 55):— "The Humble Petition of the Poore Tenants of the
Abey of Kells and Blacke Rathe. To the Right Worshipfull the Resident
Commissioners for the County of Kilkenny. Humbly sheweth unto your
Worships, that your Poore Petitioners are tenants unto James Butler of
Dangin, from yeare to yeare at the fourth sheaf e and other casualties, and
that they have paide the last years rent thereout, and that now they
are charged with the fourth part which they humbly conceave is due of
the said James whoe utterly refuseth to pay the same, by means whereof
the collectors of the said fourth parte have cessed troopers on your peti-
332 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
tioners as delinquents, to their utter undoing, if not by your wisdoms soon
relieved. The premises considered, and forasmuch as they are lyable to
all other cesse and presse without any contribution from their said land-
lord, That your worships may be pleased to compell their said landlord to
pay the same, or to direct your warrant unto the said Collectors to cesse
the said troopers on him, whereby your petitioners may not be further
molested. And they shall ever pray, etc."
By the Commissioners for the Army of the
Countie of Kilkenny.
Kilkenny, 17th July, 1645.
" Wee require the above-named Eutler to appear personally before u&
to-morrow morning, and to make answere to this Petition.
(Signed) MOUNTGARETT.
THO. CANTWELL.
P. BBYAN."
He is described as one of those who by their early repentance
redeemed their former failing by submitting to the Cessation and the
Peace, who constantly and upon all occasions opposed the Nuncio and
his party, and who from the Cessation in '43 lived quietly and inoffensively
at home. (Carte MSS.)
A Transplanter's certificate was signed for him in 1653 with fifteen
others, but it is improbable that he ever went to Connaught, and he seems
like many others of the gentry of the county Kilkenny to have continued
as a tenant of, at least, part of his former estate. Eandolf Manning, the
Down Surveyor of the barony of Iverk, found his estate to consist of
"Dungan," in the parish of " Kilmacooe," containing 62?A. 2R. 16p.
plantation measure, and upon the lands a castle, a house, and divers
cabins. Under the Act of Settlement "Danghane Spedoge, 627A. 2n. 16p.
plant. (1016A. 2n. 18r, statute), was granted to John Ashburnham, Esq.,
at a quit rent of £12 14*. I±d. by Patent dated 27th December,
18 Charles II., inrolled llth January, 1666.
James Butler of Dangin, died sometime before 21st June, 1670. He
married Ellen Den who was living at that date, when administration of
his estate was granted to her and to his son Peter Butler of Dangin, of
whom we have no further account. James Butler left, at least, four
daughters : — Joan married David Rothe, son and heir of Sir Hobert Eothe;
Elinor married Edmund Forstall ; Elizabeth married William Faning, of
Croan ; and Mary married Francis Forstall — as appears by the pedigrees
of those families.
THE BUTLERS OF DANGAN-SPIDOGUE. 333
•-^
THE BUTLERS OF BONCESTO-WN.
BONCESTOWX, called also Wansestown, and Bally wonse, was in the barony of Cranagh,
county Kilkenny, and, according to the Down Survey, in the parish of Tullaroan.
These names have completely disappeared, but a portion of the lands are now
disguised by the Ordnance Survey under the name of Mountgale, in that part of the
parish of Ballycallan adjoining Tullaroan. There is no trace of the origin of the
family of Butler seated at this place. The first of whom there is any record is Peter
Butler, of Boncestown, who died in 1575, and with Helena Grace, his wife, is buried
at Tullaroan. The lands of "Wansestown, alias Bally wonse, were held by a chief rent
of 10 shillings from Grace of Tullaroan. The above Peter Butler was, doubtless,
father of Richard Butler of "Woncestown, whose name appears on the Grand Panel of the
county Kilkenny in 1608 (Carew MSS.), and who, by Patent, dated 10th April, 1639,
had a re-grant, under the Commission for remedy of Defective Titles, for a fine of
18 shillings, of the castle, town, and lands of Wauncestown, alias Wanucestown, in
the barony of Cranagh, to hold of the lords of the fee (i.e. Grace), paying a quit
rent to the Crown of 4 shillings. He was probably father of Piers, or Peter Butler,
of Bouncestown, for whom, with thirteen others, a Transplanter's Certificate was
signed in 1653. The Down Survey gives Pierce Butler as owner of Boncestown,
containing 290 acres. Under the Act of Settlement these lands, under the name
Buncestowne, alias Bunchestown, 290 acres (469A. 3n. statute), were granted to Sir
Francis Gore, Knight, under a quit rent of £5 17s. b\d. But, in this case also, the
original owners seem to have continued in possession, for Eichard Butler, of Kilkenny,
whose will, dated 9th July, 1702, with a codicil, 1st December, 1705, was proved on
the 13th December following, was in possession of the lands of Boncestown and
Rahelty. He married by licence, dated 22nd February, 1703, Elizabeth Grace, of
Inch, but seems to have had no issue. He had three sisters — Margaret, married
Haghern, Mary, and Ellen.
[It is very probable that Elizabeth Grace, of Inch, was a daughter of Robert and
Frances Grace. The latter had her jointure and Inch (more) for life, and died in
1716 (according to Sheffield Grace). There are so few family papers in existence in
which there is any mention of any of the Grace family, that I cannot give any
information about this Elizabeth, I regret to say.— R. LANGUISHED
334 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
THE SITE OF COLUMB'S MONASTERY ON IONA.
BY PATRICK J. O'REILLY, FELLOW.
[Submitted NOVEMBER 27, 1900.]
HHHE site of Columb's monastery on lona has been made the subject of
debate, though there is little doubt that it lay close to Temple
Oran, and between it and the mill-stream : the disert, or hermitage, and
farm-buildings, such as the granary, cow-shed, and dairy, which were
always outside the enclosure of a monastery, being on the north side of
the stream. On this point Dr. Reeves says : — " It is doubtful whether
the cemetery was within the vallum ; probably it was, and, if so, the
position of the Relig Odhrain would help to determine the site of the
monastery, and to assign it to the space now partially occupied by the
cathedral and its appendages."1 That the cemetery of Columb's monas-
tery was as large as the Relig Oran now is, or that the entire of the
latter, as it now exists, was included within the enclosure of that
monastery, is extremely doubtful ; but sufficient evidence exists to show
that the church, round which the Relig Oran grew, was the original
church of Hy, and, consequently, must have been the nucleus round
which the buildings of the monastery clustered.
In vol. ii. of his " Celtic Scotland," Dr. Skene endeavours to prove
that the latter was situated in a different portion of the island.2 He
suggests that Columb's cell was on an elevated piece of level ground, on
which some remnants of a cross were found, and which lies about
250 yards north of the mill-stream, on the west side of that continuation
of the " Street of the Dead," leading from Temple Oran to the north
part of the island, and between it and an embankment, which he
regards as part of the vallum of the ancient monastery.3 This embank-
ment, which extends in an almost straight line, lies east of an arti-
ficially-formed pond or reservoir, called the Lochan Mor, and seems
more likely to have been constructed to retain the water descending from
the high ground at the base of Dun I, the summit of the island, and
increase the catchment area of this reservoir, than to have been the
vallum of a monastery. The monastery he places on the slope between
this embankment and the site of the dt'sert, or hermitage, near the
seashore ;4 his theory being that, after the Norse incursions had begun,
1 "Historians of Scotland," vol. vi., Introduction, cxxi.
2 " Celtic Scotland," by Dr. Skene, vol. ii., pp. 96-101, 297-299.
5 Ibid., vol. ii., p. 98. 4 Ibid., vol. ii., p. 100.
THE SITE OF COLUMBUS MONASTERY ON IONA. 335
the monastery was removed from this site to that now occupied by the
abbey and its church, for its better protection from the Horsemen.
He bases this theory chiefly on deductions drawn from Adamnan's
narrative of the death of Columb's uncle, Ernan,1 in which we are told that
zoo
ago
JT»0 YARDS.
Ernan, having returned, sick to death, from Himba, the Eilean-na-Naoimh
of the Garveloch Islands, to lona, and having attempted to walk from the
1 Adamnan's "Life of St. Colu'mba," by Dr. Reeves, Book i., c. 45, p. 86.
* Historians of Scotland Series," vol. vi., c. 35, p. 33.
336 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
seashore to meet Columb, who had "set out for the harbour to meet
him," fell down dead, when there were hut twenty-four paces between
him and Columb, on a spot " before the door of the kiln where a cross
was afterwards erected": "another cross," according to Adamnan,
being " in like manner put up where the saint resided at the time of his
death." Dr. Skene believes the kiln to have been situated on the north
side of the mill-stream, at the southern end of a strip of elevated ground
which lies between the pathway and the southern portion of the embank-
ment just referred to, and on which the remnants of a cross, that
Dr. Skene believed to be that erected on the spot where Ernan died,
were also found.1 Assuming that Port-na-Muinnter was the harbour
from which Ernan attempted to walk to the monastery, he argues that,
because Columb and Ernan met opposite the kiln, Columb' s residence
must have been as far north of the latter, as Port-na-Muinnter was
south-east of it.8
The theory which places Columb' s monastery north of the mill-
stream contradicts tradition, and seems to me to be inherently
improbable. It could only be upheld by ignoring the tradition which
makes Temple Oran the site of Oran's grave — a tradition as old as the
gloss on the Feilire of Aengus, which describes Oran as "of Relig
Odhrain,"3 the word relig, though now usually applied to cemeteries,
being anciently applied also to a church in which its patron had been
interred : "St. Dermot, his relic," is the way a medieval writer
describes Temple Dermot upon Iniscloriri. If Dr. Skene' s suggestion be
accepted, the evidence afforded by the following passage in an ancient
Irish life of Columb,4 that the Relig Oran was the original church of Hy,
must also be rejected : —
" Columbcille said, then, to his people, it would be well for us that our roots
should pass into the earth here. And he said to them, it is permitted to you that
some one of you go under the earth of this island to consecrate it. Odhrain arose
quickly, and thus spake : ' If you accept me,' said he, ' I am ready for that.'
* 0 Odhrain,' said Columbcille, ' you shall receive the reward of this : no request
shall be granted to anyone at my tomb unless he first ask of thee.' Odhrain
then went to heaven. He (Columb) founded the church of Hy then."5
To understand the bearing of this legend (which, in Pennant's
time survived, in a mutilated form, in the oral tradition of the
islanders)6 on the question, it must be remembered that while, in
the primitive ages of Christianity, churches seem to have been
dedicated by prayer and preaching only, the practice of depositing
therein the relics of departed saints, when consecrating them, ob-
i « Celtic Scotland," by Dr. Skene, vol. ii., p. 98. 2 Ibid., vol. ii., p. 99.
3 See " Feilire of Aengus," October 27.
4 Used by O'Donnell : see Father John Colgan's " Triadis Thaumaturgse "
(Louvain, 1647), Book n., par. 12, p. 411.
5 Adamnan's "Life of St. Columba," by Dr. Reeves, note c, p. 203.
6 " A Tour in Scotland," by Thomas Pennant (London, 1776), pp. 285-286.
THE SITE OF COLUMB's MONASTERY ON IONA. 337
tained in Italy from the fourth century, and probably obtained in
Ireland from the introduction there of Christianity. When con-
secrating it, St. Ambrose deposited the remains of SS. Gervase and
Protase in the basilica which preceded the present church of S. Ambrogio
of Milan ; and he mentions the practice as already existing in Borne.
In most cases small portions only of a saint's remains were placed
beneath the altar ; less frequently the church itself was raised over the
grave in which some saint had already been interred. The statements
of the "Tripartite Life of St. Patrick" seem to indicate the existence
of both practices in Ireland when it describes Palladius as leaving relics
of Peter and Paul at his church of Teadi-na-Roman, and as founding the
church of Domnach Airde, "wherein are Sylvester and Solonius";1
while Patrick is more than once described as leaving "relics of ancient
men" at various churches which he established.2 Mathona, a virgin
saint, who took the veil from St. Patrick and Bishop Rodan at Shankill,
in Roscommon, and for whom St. Patrick founded the church of Taw-
nagh, in Tirirell barony, county Sligo, is said, by the same authority, to
have " made friendship with St. Rodan's relics " at "the church east in
Tawnach," where her and Rodan's successors are described as having
"feasted in turns."3 This curious passage, as to the meaning of which
Dr. Whitley Stokes is doubtful, seems to indicate that Rodan's relics
were interred at Mathona' s church during her lifetime, that she also was
interred there, and that, after her death, two distinct feasts were held
there — one, in Rodan's honour, by a community of monks of which he
he was the founder ; and another in Mathona' s honour, by a community
of nuns of which she was the foundress.
Drs. Petrie, O'Donovan, and Todd believed the "Tripartite" to
be a ninth or tenth century compilation ; 4 while Dr. Whitley Stokes
thinks it was written in the eleventh century, from documents composed
before A.D. 1000.6 The allusion to Rodan's relics can, however, be
referred to a much earlier date, for it also occurs in Tirechan's collection
of miscellaneous notes upon the life of Patrick, which are embodied
in the " Book of Armagh." The latter, which was compiled by
Ferdomnach, who died A.D. 845, is based on documents which were
then ancient ; and, as Tirechan's information was derived from St. Ultan
of Ardbraccan, who died A.D. 653, we have, in his mention of these
relics and feasts, a record dating from little less than half a century
after Columb's time, which states that relics of the dead were honoured
in an Irish church in the first ages of Irish Christianity, and shows
certainly that they were honoured in Irish churches in St. Ultan' s time.
Columb, therefore, probably complied with existing custom when he
1 "The Tripartite Life of St. Patrick," by Dr. Whitley Stokes, vol. i., p. 30.
2 Ibid., vol. i., p. 195. 3 Ibid., vol. i., p. 97 and note.
* Ibid., vol. i., Introduction, pp. Ixii-lxiii.
5 Ibid., vol. i., Introduction, pp. Ixiii-lxiv.
338 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
availed himself of the interment of Oran's body, to sanctify the site he
had selected for the church of Hy.
Apart from these considerations, there are flaws in the argument by
which Dr. Skene supports his theory, which seem to vitiate his argu-
ment. Clear identification of the landing-place, from which Ernan
endeavoured to reach the monastery, is essential to the validity of that
argument, yet, as Adamnan gives no name to the harbour, nor other
clue to its identity, Dr. Skene' s assumption that Port-na-Muinnter was
the place where Ernan landed must rest on the fact that, as its name
implies, it was the harbour of the mumnter, or family, or community,
and, consequently, the landing-place usually used by the latter.1 This
fact tells strongly against his theory. While Port-na-Muinnter would
be the natural landing-place for the community of a monastery located
beside Temple Oran, it would be inconveniently distant from a monastery
lying eastward of Dun I, for which Port-an-Disert would be the
natural landing-place, and that at which a sick man, anxious to reach
a monastery situated there, would probably be landed. Adamnan's
narrative also leaves us without knowledge of the identity of the spot
from which Columb set out to meet Ernan — a fact which seems to have
been overlooked by Dr. Skene when he places the site of the kiln
between the landing-place and Columb' s cell. No mention is made by
Adamnan of Columb's whereabouts when he Became aware that Ernan
had arrived ; there is consequently no evidence that he set out to meet
the latter from his own cell rather than from some other place, a
contingency by no means unlikely, as Columb is constantly represented
by Adamnan as visiting brethren at work in various portions of the
island, and as often retiring into unfrequented parts of its interior to
pray. Save for the statement that a cross was erected where the saint
resided, the narrative relied upon by Dr. Skene seems practically useless
for the purpose of identifying the site of Columb's cell or monastery.
A passage in that chapter, in which Adamnan so vividly describes
the events of Columb's last day upon earth, shows that the latter's cell
was near the barn, for it relates how, on that day, Columb "went to
bless the barn which was near at hand."2 Pennant's description,
written in A.D. 1772, seems to fix the barn's situation. He describes
the ruins of lona "in the order in which they lay from the village," 3
that is from south to north, and, after dealing with Tor Abb, the
"Abbot's Mound," a little eminence opposite the west front of the
abbey church, and pointed out as the site of Columb's cell, says,
" beyond the mount," that is north of it, " are the ruins of a kiln and
granary, and near it was the mill." 4 The ruins which Pennant saw
1 "Celtic Scotland," by Dr. Skene, vol. ii., p. 98.
2 Adamnan's " Life of St. Columba," by Dr. Reeves, Book in., c. 23, p. 230.
3 "A Tour in Scotland, and Voyage to the Hebrides," by Thomas Pennant
(London, 1776), vol. i., p. 281.
4 Ibid., vol. i., p. 295.
THE SITE OF COLUMB7S MONASTERY ON IONA. 339
were certainly those of Benedictine structures ; but it is more than likely
that these occupied the sites, or were situated near the sites of buildings
which fulfilled the same offices in Columb's and Adamnan's times. He
also gives this further valuable indication of the position of the barn : —
11 North from the granary extends a narrow flat, with a double dyke and
foss on one side, and a single dyke upon the other; at the end is a
square containing a cairn, and surrounded by a stone dyke." l
This strip of enclosed ground, at whose south end Pennant locates
the granary and kiln, and Dr. Skene locates the kiln, is an ancient
church site. That portion at the north end of it, which, in Pennant's
time, was surrounded by a stone dyke, and contained a cairn, but which
is now unenclosed, and reputed to have been a burial-place, and
where, in Martin's time, the bodies of murderers, and of children un-
baptised, were buried, and where the cross, which Dr. Skene considers
was that erected to mark the spot where Ernan died, was found, is the
site of an ancient church, called Cill-na-Neachdain. Two stones, 7 feet
high, with a third laid across their tops, which stood there when Bishop
Pocock visited the place,2 were probably the jambs and lintel of the
doorway of this church, which is also called Cill-na-Gobhannain by the
islanders. One of these names is evidently misapplied, and belonged to
some other of the chapels of the island ; possibly to either of the two
nameless chapels near the abbey church, or to a chapel which may
have stood on the piece of ground beside the roadway eastwards of
Dun I, upon which Dr. Skene considers Columb's cell was situated, and
which seems to be an ancient church site. Cill-na-Neachdain probably
derives its name from St. Neachtain, who died A.D. 677 or 678, is
commemorated in the Irish calendars on January 8th, and is said, by the
Feilire of Aengus, to have come to Ireland from Alba. He spent part
of his life at Dungiven, county Derry, but returned, in his old age, to
his native country, where he is known as Nachlan, Naughlan, and
Nathalan, among the people of Deeside, and founded churches at
Tullicht, Meldrum, and Cowle, and probably also at Kilnaughtan, in
Kildaltou parish, upon Islay, and here upon lona.
The site of the granary is but a short distance from the point where
the roadway crosses the mill-stream, about 175 yards north of Temple
Oran, and half that distance north of Tor Alb. That Tor Abb, which
Dr. Keeves confounds with a rocky eminence west of it, called Dun-na-
Jfanach,* was the site of Columb's house, seems unlikely from Adamnan's
14'A Tour in Scotland, and Voyage to the Hebrides," by Thomas Pennaui
(London, 1776), vol. i., p. 295. - Ibid.
bastion.' The artificial part does not now exist." In this Dr. Eeeves seems to be
mistaken, Dun-na-Manach being probably the name of a structure on the rock west
of the roadway above it and Tor Abb, the latter lying east of the roadway between it
and the abbey church.
T i? c A T ( Vol. x., Fifth Series. \ , R
Jour. R.S.A.T. ( VQ] ,Q> ConseCt Ser ]
340 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
narrative of the events of the day of Columb's death. He tells us that
after the latter had blessed the barn, and two heaps of winnowed corn
that were in it, he proceeded to return to the monastery — " and, in going
back to the monastery, rested half-way at a place where a cross, which was
afterwards erected, and is standing to this day, fixed into a millstone, may
be observed by the roadside."1 Here, as he sat, Columb blessed an old,
white pack-horse, which carried the milk-vessels daily from the dairy to
the monastery, and which came up and laid its head upon his bosom :
" then leaving this spot, he ascended the hill above the monastery, and
blessed it." There is no remnant of any cross beside the ninety yards or
so of roadway which lies between the site of the granary and Tor Abb, nor
is there any record of the existence of such, save that of which the socket
remained upon Tor Abb itself in Pennant's time — a fact which tells
against the theory that Tor Abb was the site of Columb's house, for
Adamnan's statement shows that a cross existed on or close to the
roadside, half way between the granary and Columb's cell. Another
difficulty in accepting Tor Abb as the site of Columb's cell is that it is
distant nearly 300 feet from Temple Oran ; and as church and cell must
both have been within the cashel of the monastery, the latter would, in
that case, occupy an area measuring upwards of 300 feet across, and the
description, " small and mean," that Adamnan tells us was applied to it
}>y Columb when, ascending the hill above it on the day he died, he
blessed it and predicted its future greatness, would not be justified.
In his edition of Adamnan's " Life of St. Columba," Dr. Reeves
points out2 that Tor Abb is too far north, and does not command the
probable site of the monastery as well as the hill called Cnoc nan-
Carnan, which lies west of the Relig Oran.3
All difficulties, however, disappear, if Tor Abb, on which Pennant
saw the socket of a cross, be taken as the site at which Columb
blessed the old, white pack-horse, and Columb's house be looked
for in what should be its natural position — the immediate neigh-
bourhood of the first church of Hy. Adamnan, as already men-
tioned, states that a cross was afterwards erected on the spot were
Columb had resided. In another passage he tells us that Columb's
house, which was built of timber, was on an eminence that overlooked
1 Adamnan's "Life of St. Columba," by Dr. Reeves, Book in., c. 23, p. 231 ;
and " Historians of Scotland," vol. vi., p. 96. In note /of his edition of Adamnan's
" Life of St. Columba," Dr. Reeves, speaking of this passage, says " Maclean's Cross
is the only one remaining on the island whose position answers this description."
Maclean's Cross (Crois Mic Gillaeoin), however, being considerably south of Temple
Oran, close to which Dr. Reeves believed the ancient monastery to have been situated
(see note /*, p. 232, of his Adamnan's "Life of St. Coltimba"), could not stand half-
way between a monastery located beside Temple Oran and a granary lying north
of it.
2 Adamnan's " Life of St. Columba," by Dr. Reeves, p. 232, note /*.
3 On the map given by Dr. Skene at page 100, vol. ii., of his " Celtic Scotland,"
this name is applied to the hill west of Tor Abb, called Cnoc net Cridhe by Dr. Reeves.
< 8
a t
342 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
the monastery ; while his description of the dying saint rising from
his couch at midnight, and rushing through the darkness to the church,
leaves little doubt that the latter was not far distant from his cell. He
thus indicates, as the site of Columb's cell, an eminence on which an
ancient cross had been erected, and that would overlook the monastery,
and would be not far distant from its church. Pennant, who visited
the place in 1772, says, when describing Temple Oran, " a little north-
Tvest of the door is the pedestal of a cross, and on it are certain
stones," of which, he says, " numbers who visit the island think it
incumbent on them to turn each of these thrice round according to the
course of the sun." l Martin, whose description of the place was
published in 1703, makes no mention of a cross, but seems to refer to
the same place when, describing the lielig Oran, he says, " there is a
heap of stones, on which they used to lay the corpse while they dug the
grave."2 The only spot in the cemetery to which this description could be
applied is a little eminence, now covered with a carpet of green sod,
from which some odd stones project, west of the door of Temple Oran,
and close beside the roadway. This, probably, was the spot on which
the dead were laid before interment, and towards its northern end must
have stood the cross upon whose pedestal were laid the praying-stones,
that pilgrims to the island turned three times round. As this eminence
would overlook a monastery clustering round the church which Columb
raised above the grave of Oran, and is near that church's site, and as
Tor Abb, upon which stood the only other cross " beside the roadway,"
on that portion of it between the church and granary, is situated
almost exactly half way between the latter and this little knoll, the
conditions indicated by these passages in Adamnan's narrative point to
Tor Abb as the place beside the roadway, half way between the granary
and monastery, where Columb, " bowed down with age," as Adamnan
pictures him, sate him down to rest upon the day he died, and blessed
the old, white pack-horse ; and point to this little mound, in front of
Temple Oran, as the site where stood the house of the founder of lona,
and before which lay the timber church, and wattle cells, of the premier
monastery of Scotland.
REFERENCE TO GENERAL VIEW ON p. 341.
(A) Hillock fronting doorway of Temple Oran on which Columb's cell was
probably situated. (B) Cnoc na nCarnan, the Hill of the liitle earn, probably
that from which Columb blessed his monastery on the day he died, (c) Torr
Abb, which in 1688 was " a ruinous heap of stones," lies between the nameless
chapel marked (c), and the continuation of the roadway seen in the foreground.
(D) Site on which Dr. Skene believes Columb's monastery to have been situated.
(K) Port Deseart, the harbour of the disert, or house of retreat.
1 "A Tour in Scotland, and Voyage to the Hebrides," by Thomas Pennant,
pp. 287-288.
2 " A Description of the "Western Islands," by M. Martin (London, 1703), p. 262.
These stones probably replaced the " three noble globes of white marble placed on
three stone basins " seen in the Relig Oran by Sauherevel, who visited it in 1688, and
which were afterwards thrown into the sea by order of the Synod.
( 343 )
THE EARLY TRIBES OF CONNAUGHT.
BY H. T. KXOX, M.R.I. A., FELLOW.
[Submitted MARCH 27, 1900.]
PART T.
SECTION 1. — CONMAICNK, CIARRAIGE, AND CORCAMOGA.
rPHE tribes of Coninaicne, Ciarraige, and Corcamoga are admitted to be
connected by a descent from three sons of Fergus Mac Roig. The
tradition of common tribal origin is not to be set aside lightly, though the
descent from an Ulster exile and Queen Meav deserves no credit. Tt
denotes a recognition that these tribes were closely connected in orijiin,
and that such tribes as Hy Many and Calry were not so closely connected
with them. The sons of an exiled chieftain by a queen who was not
herself of a local reigning family could not acquire such rich and exten-
sive territories close to the chief fortress of the province ; they rather
occupy the positions likely to be held by the descendants of kings of the
ruling clan of central Connaught. Their position is paralleled by that
of the Silmurray. They originated between the time of Queen Meav and
that of St. Patrick, when Conmaicne and Kerry were in their historical
positions, and probably after the Calry and Gregry, or perhaps about the
same time, if the latter, as is probable, are offshoots of the kings of Irrus-
donmonn, or independent tribes under their general supremacy.
The Conmaicne and Kerry and Corcamoe (if really of the same
descent) occupy such a position and appear at such a period that they
should be branches of the dynasty which immediately preceded the Hy
Uriuin, or of ancestors of that dynasty. Fergus mac Roig was, I sup-
pose, adopted as their ancestor when the Milesian genealogies were
made up, or was confused, with another Fergus who was not so great a
figure in legend. Their ancestor is a very uncertain person ; the
common account is that lie was King of Ulster, and was expelled by
Conor Mac Nessa. His mother Roeg was a daughter of a descendant of
Arec son of Miled according to O'Flaherty's " Ogygia," p. 274.
Though the Kerry of Connaught and Minister are supposed to have a
common origin, the latter descend from Arec son of Miled according to
the Book of Lecan,1 while the Conmaicne descend and take their name
from Fergus's son Conmac, also called Lugaid Conmac and Cu, according
to the Coir Anmann.8
1 Battle of Magh Leana, App. i., p. 169. 2 " Jrische Texte," 3rd Series, p. 407.
344
ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
O'Flaherty1 calls Ankel Caech O'Conmaic, Dekeli and Darttul,
murderers of Conairc L, descendants either of Arec, son of Milesius, or
of the Domnonians of Connaught. In the "Rennes Dindsenchas"2 they
are called "three sons of Oonmenn son of Conmac, three descendants of
Bonn Desach." Thus we find O'Conmaics in Connaught before and
after Fergus Mac Roig. Hy Conmaic and Conmaicne seem to have the
same meaning. The Conmaicne Rein are but transformed Glasry, and
have no real connexion with the western Conmaicne.
*\v<
Q \m
THE
ATTACOTTIC TRIBES
ACCORD INC TO
MACFIRBIS.
The Conmaicne occupy exactly the territory assigned to the Tuatli
Resent Umoir in the Attacottic List;3 whether they are a transfor-
mation of that tribe or have suppressed them is not quite clear. Probably
they suppressed the Clan Umoir tribes, as the clann Maelruanaid sup-
pressed the Calry in Moylurg and the Kerry in Artech.
" Ogygia," p. 274. 2 4' Revue Celtique," vol. xv., p. 331.
3 O'Curry, " Manners and Customs of the Ancient Irish," Introduction, p. xxvii.
THE EARLY TRIBES OF CONNAUGHT. 345
The Kerry extended eastwards to Baslick in St. Patrick's time,1 that
is close to Croghan, and they held some country about Ballaghaderreen
and Castlemore-costello, then included in Artech. Though their presence
so early is well proved, a tradition grew up that the Kerry Ai came from
Munster in the sixth century.2 They seem to have been settled at the
expense of the Gamanry and their relatives, or of other clans subordinate
to the Gamanry Kings of Irrusdomnonn. In the Attacottic List their
territory is occupied by tribes called by the general description Tuath
Cniithnech.
The Corcamoga are classed with the Conmaicne and Ciarraige by des-
cent from Fergus, but they take their name from Mog Ruith, a druid of
Minister, or because Tigernach, son of Fergus, was fostered by the Druid
Roth and was also called Mogh Ruith. ;3 this tribe was so insignificant in
later times that very few notices exist about it. Whatever may be
their trae descent they seem to be, according to tradition, of much the
same origin as the Conmaicne and the Sodans, and of different origin
from that of the Hy Many, or at least not so closely related to them as
to the other tribes. They are probably the Corca of the "Book of Rights"
who must have occupied a very great territory in early times, judging
from a comparison of the tributes paid by them and by the Delbna and
tlieHyMany; for these three tribes cover the whole territory of the
Kingdom of Hy Many in its largest extent. The territory of the Delbna
Nuadat is well known, as is that of the Hy Maine ; the Sodaus and the
Corcamoe comprise the rest. The Sodans do not appear in the " Book oi
Rights." The legendary tributes of that Book come from such an early
date that the Corcamoe must have been the principal tribe of the kingdom,
for comparison of tributes and territories justifies a belief in some rough
proportion between land and tribute. Yet the Corcamoe never come into
the Annals. I infer that the Hy Maine occupied a comparatively small
area, and by degrees when they became the dominant clan spread their
clans over the Corcamoe or Corca.
The Corca are called " of the Wood " in the " Book of Rights," p. 1 14
— this* may be the "Woods" near Athlone — but they were called " Feda,"
not "Coill," the word used in the "Book of Rights." Another fact
shows some connexion between the parishes of Drum and Moore, and the
country of the Corcamoe and the Sodans. These parishes belonged to
the Diocese of Tuarn ; in the taxation of 1306 they seem to be covered by
Clancarnan, a name which survives in Moycarne or Moycarnan ; that
church was attached to the Deanery of Tuam and is the last on the list.
This tract is far from any other part of the diocese.
I take Corca or Corcamoga and Sodan to be the representatives of th«
Sencheneoil of the Attacottic List who were in northern Hy Many and
divided it with the Cathry in the south. The Gabry of the Suck if not
extinct, would be covered by that general terra of " Old Tribes."
1 See note at end, p. 356. 2 " Book of Rights," p. 100.
3 " Irische Texte," 3rd Series (Coir Anmann), p. 407.
346 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
SECTION 2. — DOMNONIANS AND EREMONTANS.
After the murder of Conaire I. (who is called King of Tara) Cairbre
Nia Fer takes his place. Cairbre' s brothers Finn File and Ailill Mor
are Kings of Leinster and Connaught ; though according to the History
of the cemeteries,1 Connaught was the peculinr inheritance of the race of
Cobhthach, yet at this time Connaught, Tara, and Leinster are in the
hands of the line of Laegaire Lore.
These legends do not show the race of Cobhthach, or any Eromonian
family, in possession of such a tract in Connaught as would enable it
to seize and hold the kingdom. Eochy Feidhlech and Eochy Airemh 2
are represented as having begged building sites at Croghan and at Frewin
in Teffa. The statement that Eochy Feidhlech, having been given a
site by Tinni, son of Curaidh, ordered the Gamanry to build him a fort,
is but a Milesian rendering of a probable fact, that the Gamanry having
acquired supremacy in Magh Ai, built themselves a fort, which became
the " Crown Fortress " of the King of Connaught.
By killing Eot-hy Allat, Tinni and the Tuatha Taiden became domi-
nant ;3 the period of Ailill Mor and of his son Maine in Connaught covers
the expulsion of the Ultonians from Tailte. The Attacottic wars and the
reign of Sanb cover a period in which Tuathal Teehtraar's ancestors dis-
appear and the Gamanry take the place of the Tuatha Taiden. Tuathal
rises in Meath and Ailill's grandson Eochy in Connaught.4 O'Flaherty
does not treat the changes in Connaught as between Milesian and Firbolg
clans, nor does Keating. As sons of Donn Desach cleared Conaire I. out
of the way of Cairbre Nia Fer and his brothers, so other sons of Donn
Desach joined Tuathai in Connaught, and helped to establish his
kingdom.5 The Maines appear frequently in these legends ; seven or
eight Maines, descendants of Donn Desach, are concerned in the murder
of Conaire I.6 Seven Maines of Ulster invade the four-fifths of Ireland
when Ere, son of Cairbre Nia Fer, dies.7 Ailill and Meav had seven
sons called Maine.8
A result of this obscure period is an immense tribute upon the
Domnonian King of Leinster for the benefit of Tuathal and the other
provincial kings. I can see nothing to account for it unless the settle-
ment of powerful British tribes such as the Tuath Fidga and Tuath
Aithechda, who occupied the greater part of Leinster. This tribute is
exacted from the Domnonian Kings of Leinster down to the time of Conn
Cedcathach. The Domnonian Kings then disappear from the Annals,
but the tribute is levied, for many generations, from the Eremonian
1 Trans. R.I. A., vol. xxx., p. 74.
2 Keating (O'Mahony's edition, p. 265) ; and O'Curry, " Manners and Customs,"
p. 285.
3 Keating, p. 265. 4 " Ogygia," p. 305.
5 Keating (O'Mahony's edition), pp. 287 and 298.
6 "Togail Bruidne Da Derga" (Revue Celtiqite, vol. xii.).
7 Tigernach (Kerne CeUigne, vol. xiv., p. 407). 8 Keating, p. 266.
THE EARLY TRIBES OF CONNAUGHT. 347
Kings. Can Crimhthann Nia Nair be an alias of Crimhthann Sciathbhel,
who, before Tuathal's time, had to subdue tbe Tuath Fidga, and who
was of the Doranonians of Connaught ?*
O'Flaherty notices the uncertainty of tbe Lagenian genealogy.3 Finn
Mac Cumal illustrates it and the connexion between Eremonians and
Domnonians. Cairbre Lifeachair destroyed Finn's Fianna by help of the
Doranonians of Connaught. Maelmura says tbat the Ui Tairrsigh of
Offaley were one of the tribes of landholders who were not of the clan
Breogain. Finn is said to have been of tbat tribe.3 If the Eremonian
descent has been made by annexing Domnonians, such a statement
consists with a real or reputed descent from Nuada Necht.
The Attacottic List gives the Brecraige as the occupants of Ossory.
The name is in curiously close relation with that of Bresal Brec, common
ancestor of Ossorians and Lagenians.
In spite of alleged conquest by Muredach Tirech, the Domnonian
Olnegmacht were the bulk of the force by which the Collas drove the
Ultonians from Emain.4
It is doubtful whether the O'Conmaic murderers of Conaire I. were
descendants of Arec son of Miled, or of the Domnonians, and whether
0' Conor Kerry was of the race of Arec or of Ir.
The tradition of the conquest of the Sencheneoil, by Maine Mor and
his father, embodied in the "Life of St. Grellan,"5 leaves no room for
doubt that the historical Hv Many are the ancient inhabitants of that
territory with a Milesian descent. The army of the Ulstermen being
face to face with that of the Sencheneoil, the latter, by the miracle of
St. Grellan, are swallowed up in the earth, and disappear for ever. Thus
without the agency of human warfare one dynasty disappears and
another reigns in its stead.
O'Flaherty6 says that Maine Aithreamhuil was set up as King of
Connaught after his father Ailill Mor by the men of Croghan, the
Tuatha Taiden, the Gabry, the Fircraibe, the Cathry, and the men of
Badgna. An examination of localities of these tribes show that, with
the exception of the Fircraibe, and men of Croghan, they comprise the
territories of the kingdom of Hy Many in its greatest extent.
Further to be considered is the list of Sanb's adherents, namely, the
posterity of Magach, the clan TJnioir, the posterity of Sengann and
Genann, and other Domnonians. The clan Unioir here mentioned
means the tribes of it north of Galway. The posterity of Magach are
the Gamanry. His adherents seem to be the kings of Irrusdomnonn.
The men of Croghan seem to be the Cruithne of Croghan, who were
descendants of Genann and who are distinguished from the Tuatha
Taiden in the Dindsenchas of Cam Fraich ; the Gabry were on the
1 " Ogygia," p. 186. - 2 Ibid., pp. 118, 130, 273.
3 " Irish Nennius," pp. 268, 269. * O'Flaherty, " Ogygia," pp. 358 and 360.
5 O'Donovan, " Hy Many," p. 8. 6 " Ogygia," p. 277.
348
ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
Suck, and therefore must have been in Hy Many. The old tribes of
Badgna, the Bolg Tuath, were among the ancient dependants of the Hy
Many.1
O'Flaherty2 says that Tinni, son of Conry, King of the Tuatlia
Taiden, came from the septs of Sliahh Furri, which is the country about
Castle Kelly ; as he was king of the Tuatha Taiden, this sufficiently
identifies their country. It is to be noted that Tuatha is in the plural,
denoting a group of allied tribes.
OEIBNA. c
~ ~ ~ 7TEANMOY MORE ,' *
CORCA'OELBN ? 1 tJ'V Sf
DISTRIBUTION
or THE
tUtGNE ,DELBNA
XI
The Cathry occupied the original territory of the Hy Many. The
septs of Sliabh Furri seem to have covered the lands of the Sodans and
Corcamoe of later days, and with Gabry to have been the Sencheneoil
of later times.
The Hy Many of history had no direct possessions in the countries
of the Sodans, the Corcamoe and the Delbna, until the English con-
quest in the thirteenth century turned them out of nearly all their
original possessions, which were the country of the Cathry and Cruffon.
In the thirteenth century that original territory was all parcelled out
1 " Hy Many," p. 91.
Ogygia," p. 175.
THE EARLY TRIBES OF CONNAUGHT. 349
among their clans, and the Hy Many kings may have been living
amongst the northern tribes who were more subject to them, as the
O'Conor kings left Croghan, and went to Tuani and Cong when the Hy
Briuin tribal land was parcelled out among the Silmurray.
O'Flaherty says1 that Cairbre Cinnchait was a Domnonian, or
Daiiuniun, or Luagnian of Tara, or of other descent. The Coir Anmann 2
says he was called Cinncait because he was head of the Catraigi who
reared him, or was of the Luaigni or Firbolg. This Cairbre Cinnchait
Mac Main seems to me to be the same as Cairbre, son of Maine, son of
Ailill Mor.
The Hy Many seem to have been in this territory from the beginning
of history, and to have been given a false Milesian descent, cutting
them off from their true ancestry from the middle of the fifth century.
They are the Tuatha Taiden kings with new tribe names, or at least
have sprung from one of the tribes of that race.
The Hy Fiachrach of the Moy also furnish a traditional connexion
with the kingdom of Irrusdomnonn. The proper kingdom of the
O'Dowdas was supposed to extend to Duff and Drowse. The Calry
did certainly extend so far. Yet, as far back as we can go, the
descendants of Fiachra, son of Eochy Moyvane, never had anything to
do with Carbury : it was always in the possession of the Ulster kings,
or a subject of dispute between them and the kings of Connaught. The
tradition can only have arisen by taking over the tradition of the
kingdom of Irrusdomnonn, for the Hy Fiachrach never got beyond
Tireragh, unless the O'Fiachrachs of St. Patrick's time (who were in
the peninsula of Coolerra) were of that race, of which there is no
evidence. The Hy Fiachrach seem to be a transformation of Gamanry
and Clan Morna, like that of the Hy Many, into Milesians.
Cormac Mac Art and his successors relied on Connaught in their wars
with Ulster, Leinster, and Minister, as Tuathal had relied on it for the
acquisition of his kingdom of Meath ; the latter was not a very stable
kingdom at first; the larger part of the territory of Oriel acquired by
the Collas was included in Meath, according to K eating's boundaries.
Down to the time of Muredach Tirech, the Milesian kings of Tuathal's
line are consistently supported by the Domnonian clan Morna, that is by
the descendants of Get Mac Magach, the kings of Irrusdomnonn.
O'Flaherty 3 gives a succession of kings of Connaught from Meav's
time downwards. The historical views of his time required that some
one should be recognized as King of Connaught and some one as King of
Ireland. The succession is reasonable. O'Flaherty takes the line of
Fiac as the principal family, and recognizes five generations in succession
as provincial kings down to the time of Aid, grandson of Conall Cruachna,
when he says that Cormac Mac Art set up Nia Mor, son of Lugni Firtri,
1 "Ogygia," p. 300. '•: " Irische Texte," 3rd Series, p. 387-
3 " Osygia," pp. 267-358.
350 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
against Aid, and after Aid's death set up Nia Mor's brother Lugad.
Next he recognizes Aid, son of Garad, who supported Cairbre Lifeachair,
and destroyed the Fianna of Leinster. This is the last Domnonian
recognized as provincial King of Connaught. Condy of the Corcofirtri is
next, and after him Muredach Tirech is called King of Connaught. No
fighting is mentioned in connexion with these last successions. The
kings of the race of Fiac and of the clan Moma drop out of sight.
Muredach and his son, Eochy Moyvane, are in quiet possession of the
kingdom when the historical period opens. We then come on the Ui
Briuin and Ui Fiachrach instead of the races of Fiach and Morfui, and
the old Tuatha Taiden are Milesian TJi Maine. In the fourth century
Thomond is taken from Connaught and annexed to Munster, being the
greater part of the Fircraibe Kingdom.
The distribution of territory among the sons of Eochy Moyvane is
significant. The kingdom of the Tuatha Taiden remains intact ; the
Gregry, the Kerry, and the Conmaicne with their own sub-kings are
under the King of Connachta ; only the territories of the Fircraibe and
of Irrusdomnonn are divided.1
Brian Orbsen, King of Connaught, is the head of the Connachta
branch of the Fircraibe race, as I understand these legends. Whether
the Hy Briuin of Seola and Umall derive from him or not is doubtful.
They probably did not, for they appear lute in the annals, and seem to
be but a transformation of the local tribes into Milesians. The early
Hy Briuin pedigree is suspicious in the fifth century. Duach Galach
and Duach Tenguma are two well-authenticated kings of Connaught ;
Eogan Sreim seems also fairly authentic, and to have come in after Ailill
Molt ; but the pedigrees give Muredach Mai and Fergus between Eogan
and Duach Tenguma, and there is not time for those two generations.
I suspect them to have come into it in the process of working the kings
of Seola and of Brefne into the genealogy. As this Hy Briuin genealogy
errs by excess, so the pedigree of the Hy Fiachrach of the Moy errs by
omitting several generations in the fifth and sixth centuries. The pedi-
gree of the Hy Fiachrach of Aidne is least objectionable as regards the
number of generations.
Fiachra originally got the territory in the south from Cam Feradaig
to Mag Mu crime,2 the Kingdom of the Fircraibe, with a part of the
county of Limerick which in the Attacottic List is occupied by the
Tuath Ua Cathbarr and Tuath Ua Corra, who also held the south-
western part of Thomond.
The kingdom of Irrusdomnonn is not mentioned as being divided
among the sons of Eochy. The parts of it held by Clan TJmoir, whom I
suppose to have remained, as there is nothiug to account for their
disappearance, and no other occupants are mentioned until the descen-
" Ogygia," p. 374. 2 O'Donovan, " Hy Fiaclirach," p. 344.
THK EARLY TR1BUS OF CONNAUGHT. 351
<lants of Brian appear, are found under the Hy Briuin. The rest of the
kingdom seems to have come to the possession of Dathi, son of Fiachra.
Dathi' s descendants certainly had Carra and Tirawley.1 Why the descen-
dants of that Fiachra, who could not hold his own kingdom in Thomond,
should dispossess the Clan Morna itself, the ruling family of Irrus-
dornnoim, does not appear. It seems to me that the men of Aidne are the
true descendants of that Fiachra, and that another body of Hy Fiachrach
of the north has been worked into their genealogy. This great transfer
of land from Connaught to Munster is attributed to a conquest by
Lugaid Meann or to one by Conall Eachluath, as an eric for the death of
Crimthann, son of Fidach, in the time of Muredach Tirech, or in that of
Fiachra. The Tuath Ua Cathbarr and Ua Corra drop out of sight, and
the Dalcais appear. The traditions seem to represent the rise of the Ua
Cathbarr and Ua Corra section, who at last confined the Clann Umoir
kings of the race of Fiac to Aidne, where they survived as Hy Fiachrach.2
Graves of the race of Fiac at the Brugh of the Boyne and at the great
cairns near Cong, connect the Domnonians with an Eremonian cemetery.
Carnfree, the inauguration mound of the kings of Connaught, as long
as they existed, lying three miles S.-E. of Croghan, is another connexion,
being attributed to Fraoch, son of Fidach, or of Conall Cruachna; the
earlier Fraoch coincides with the alleged date of Hath Croghan.3 This
connects Fircraibe and Croghan. The Releg of the kings is supposed to
lo far earlier.
The tradition of origin of the race of Cobhthach in Connaught
deserves far more consideration than traditions of actual line of descent.
It is likely to be in substance correct.
No statements show where the race of Fiac buried usually. Therefore
I take the Ferta of Tir Feic * and the Ferta Fer Feic to be their burying
grounds in Connaught and Meath. Though Croghan Releg is not given
as the family burying-place, they are associated with Croghan until they
disappear.
In accordance with the tradition that Croghan was built by the
Gamanry, it is recorded that Ailill and his brothers, Get, Anluan, etc.,
are buried there.6 It seems to denote for Rathcroghan an origin in a
temporary supremacy of the Gamanry ; whether by burial or by posses-
sion the Olnegmacht are all associated with Rathcroghan and its Releg.
1 O'Donovan, " Hy Fiachrach." Carra and Tirawley were under kings of race of
Dathi after death of Ainalgaid, son of Fiachra. .Reasons are too long for a note, but
1 am satisfied that Ere Culbuidhe was really an Ere, son of Oilliol Molt. O'Dowda
kings certainly descended from Dathi.
- The Tract on Athach tuatha gives a different distribution of the tribes, and
pLioes the T. Ua Cathbar and Ua Corra, on Aidne, ignoring the Dalcais country. I
infer that they held all the kingdom of the Fircraibe at some time. (Revue Celtique,
vol. xx., p. 335, where Cairbre Cinnchait is a descendant of Oilioll MacMaghach.)
3 Revue Celtique, vol. xvi., p. 136 ; " Rennes Dindsenchas."
4 " Book of Lecan," quoted by O'Donovan ; Wilde's " Lough Corrib," p. 138.
6 " History of the Cemeteries "—Trans. R. I.A., vol. xxx., Ft. i., p. 74, as quoted
by Mr.
352 ROYAL SOCIKTY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRKLAND.
The connexion of the race of Fiuc with the Brugh supports the
tradition of temporary occupation of land in Meath by the clan Umoir.
The entanglement of families seems to me explicable if the Eremonian
clan was a family of the Domnonians who reigned in Connaught, which
rose above the others not very long before the fourth century, and made
itself a kingdom of Meath out of a small territory about Ushnagh.1 In
making for it a long and illustrious pedigree, such names ,-is were
available have been utilized, and other eminent families grafted on
here and there. The process is not so clear as in the case of the Hy
Many and Conmaicne Kein, but seems to have been the method of
construction of Milesian genealogy to bring all the eminent families,
which survived to the period when history was systematized, into
subordinate relation with the race of Tuathal Techtmar.
SECTION 3. — THE CONNACIITA.
An eleventh century manuscript contains a note that the Connaught-
men " are of the seed of Fergus Mac Roigh."2 They must be then
the Conmaicne or their relatives. The kings of Connachta then bore
to the Connachta the relation that the kings of the Silmurray bore
to them, and we must, taking all facts into consideration, take them
to be the dynasty that reigned in Croghan immediately before that
of the Hy Briuin, that is to say the race of Fiac. The other great
tribes of the Olnegmacht held the chief sovereignty only at intervals
after the Attacottic wars. It may then be taken that the Connachta or
Conmaicne came over the Tuath Resent Umoir much as Silmurray came
over other tribes. The term Connachta would include Ciarraige and
other minor tribes of the same descent. It is in accordance with this
origin that as far back as we can go these Conmaicne have been completely
under the control of the Hy Briuin kings and do not appear playing an
independent part like the Conmaicne Kein, who were not really connected
with them.
The Tuath llesent Umoir were originally under the Kings of Irrus-
domnonn. The decline of that kingdom is marked by the occupation of
part of its territory by Kerry and Conmaicne, and later on by the removal
of the Kings of Umall and Gregry and Luigne from dependence on that
kingdom ; thus by degrees the race of Dathi became permanently excluded
from competition for sovereignty of Connaught.
It is, of course, quite possible that Conmaicne are but a branch of
the Tuath llesent Umoir, which as usual in such cases conferred its own
clan name on the whole territory in which it was dominant. Whatever
the true origin of the name may be, I think that the Connachta must be
looked upon as branches of the Fircraibe kings of Croghaii.
1 South Teft'a was in Connaught originally. Hostel of Da choca. — Revue Celtiqtie>
vol. xxi., p. 313 ; and " Ogygia," p. 3»2.
a Quoted by Mr. Nutt in the " Voynge of Bran," vol. ii., p. 61.
THE EARLY TRIBES OF CONNAUGHT.
353
There are several indications of connexion between Fircraibe and
Clan Umoir. The tradition l that Cical was in Ireland before Partholan
seems to mark a "Mac Umoir," King of Irrusdomnonn, as the earliest
name appearing in legend according to some historians. Irrusdomnonn
certainly included the northern Clan Umoirs.
The discredited legend of the migration of the clan Umoir from
Breg has a bearing on this point. The name of Fiac, ancestor of the
Fircraibe, appears in that of a burying-place at the Brugh and in that
of one among the Tuath Resent Umoir, near Ballinchalla,2 where the
UNMUIRCEAR- ^GAIieNGA ! £ £
'^-k >L. . r'~ " • _ 3
re?
early kings had a dun. As we find traces of the Clan Umoir about Tara,
so we find them about Usnagh and Frewin in the names of the Lakes of
Uair and Ainninn.
These Connaught clans are probably the Connaught which is called,
in the "History of the Cemeteries,"3 the peculiar inheritance of the race
of Cobhthach. They appear with Tuathal, who seems to be the first
real Milesian king. He formed a great kingdom of .Meath out of a
nucleus around Frewin. Those whom O'Flaherty4 recognizes as Milesian
kings after Tuathal seem to have been kings of the Connachta. At this
1 Keating (O'Mahony's edition), p. 116).
3 Trans. R.I.A., vol. xxx., Pt. IM p. 74
2 Ferta of Tir Feic.
4 " Ogygia," pp. 267-358.
354
ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
period he and Keating carry on the Olnegmacht as comprising all
Connaught. But in fact these Milesian kings sprung from the Connachta
seem to have held Teffa and Meath and Breg as the centre of their
power, and to have had constant support from Connaught. The Con-
naught clans conquered the tribes of the Kingdom of Meath, and there
set up a branch of their family.
The pedigree in the "Book of Fenagh " 1 supports the view that there
were early O'Conmaics as well as late Conmaicne, for it deduces the
latter from Lugaid Conmac and goes back thirteen generations between
him and Conmac, son of Fergus. Fergus Mac lioig and Queen Meav
should be intermediate between them in point of time. Of course these
pedigrees in themselves are of no great value except as indicating earlier
traditions. The importance of the " Book of Fenagh " is that the writer
collected traditions and poems and did not attempt to edit them into
accordance with a scheme of chronology.
The Cruithne of Leinster, and the Tuatha de Danann, and the
Firgaileoin appeared to be the same race. The Danonians are a branch
from the Firgaileoin ; as Firgaileoin are certainly Firbolg, and ap-
parently Domnonian, the Danonians are also really Domnonian in
origin. This agrees with the alleged common descent from Nenied.
The tribal relations run thus : —
NEMED, OF THE FIK BOLG.
De Domnu, Fir Bolg.
I
Firdo
Olneg
mnonn. Firbolg.
macht. Bolgtuath.
Firga
.leoin.
Firgaileoin.
Gailenga.
Delbna. CianacLta.
1
Cianachta.
Luigne.
Firdomnonn.
Tuatha Taiden.
Gtimanry.
II y Fiachrach, North.
Fircraibe.
I
Hy Many.
Fircraibe.
Conuachta.
11 y Fiachrach Aidlme.
Hy Briuin.
Hy Neill.
The origin of the clans is so remote, that we get no glimpse of the
Be Donmu and De Danu, from whom they take their names.
The kingdoms of Connaught Leinster and Tara are those where
1 Hennessy and Kelly's edition, p. 383.
THK EARLY TRIBES OF CONNAUGHT,
355
Domnonians and Danonians ruled, and all those tribes are distributed
as we might expect after a long period in which various tribes got the
upper hand from to time, and in accordance with such tribal relations
as are sketched above.
For instance, Cairbre Kia Fer, King of the Luigne of Tara, and Finn
File, King of the Gailian of Leinster, may be otherwise described as the
kings of the Tuatha De Danann and of the Firgaileoin, who turned the
Claim Umoir or race of Fiac out of Magh Breg.
The Domnonian Kings of Leinster have been adopted by the Ere-
monians as the race of Laegaire Lore.
Historical parallels run thus : —
A. — 1. The Domnonians are a short time in Tara.
The Danonians expel them.
2. The Clan Umoir are a short time in Breg.
The Luigne of Tara expel them.
B. — 1. The Danonians are conquered by Eremon.
2. The Luigne of Tara are conquered by Tuathal.
The pairs of events seem to be in each case forms of the same
tribal event, and represent incidents in the contest between Domnonians
and Danonians in different aspects.
O'FLAHERTY'S PEDIGREE OF KINGS OF CONNAUGHT AS GIVEN
IN "OGYGIA."^
Fir Craibe. Gamanraige.
1. Fiach, 269. Cairbre Firdaloch, 269.
2. Fidach, K., p. 269.
3 Ailill Dubh.
I
Ross Ruadh of Leinster, 269 . Ailill = Maga, 269.
Ailill Mor, 269.
I
4. Donmali. Flidas, p. 270. Maine, K., 277.
5. Oengus Finn, K., 305. Cairbre, 305.
6. Oengus Fert, K., 305. Eochaidh, K., 305.
7. Conall Cruacbna, K., 315.
Get, 269.
Sanb, K.,278.
Garad.
Morna, 341.
Neraand, 341.
8. Eochaidb.. Feradach, K., 315. Cetgen, K., 334.
Aid, K., 334. Forgna, K., 315.
Gamanry
Eocby Allat, K., 269.
Garad, 341.
Aid, K., 341.
Tuatba Taedhen.
Conry.
Tinni, K., p. 261.
1 Where the page of " Ogygia " is not given, name is supplied from other sources.
Ailill Mor, I believe to have been of T.uatha Taedhen. (D. Mac Firbis, quoted by
Sheaiman, " Loca Patriciana," from p. 256 of "Book of Genealogies," gives Tinni
and Ailill, sons of Conra Cais son of Cuirrech, King of Firbolgs of Connaught in
middle of second century.)
T««, i? Q A T } Vo1- »•• Fiftb Series. ) r
Jour. R.S.A.I. | Vol 30> ConseCt Ser. | 2 C
356
ROYAL SOCIETY OB" ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
KINGS OF CONNAUGHT (" OGYOIA ").
1. Tinne,
2. Medb,
AilillMor,
3. Medb,
4. Maine,
5. Sanb,
6. Eochaidli.
PAGE
i
PAGE
PAGB
269
7.
Oengus Finn, .
305
14.
Niamor,
334
269
8.
Oengus Fert, .
305
15.
Lugad,
.
.
335
9.
Conall Cruachna,
315
16.
Aid, son of Garad,
341
269
10.
Feradach,
315
17.
Condy,
.
.
358
277
11.
Forgna, .
315
18.
Muredaeh Tirech,
358
278
12.
Cetgen, .
334
30.'
13.
Aid, son of Eochy,
334
NOTES ADDED IN THE PRESS.
1. " Ciarraige." Bishop Sachell worked in Mag Ai, and was apparently himself of
the Ciarraige (Stokes's edition of "Tripartite Life," p. 301). Baslick certainly was
his church, and it was in Ciarraige, " Baslec Mor in Ciarraige" (" Tripartite Life,"
p. 109). He was undoubtedly bishop among the Ciarraige. He and the four others
named with him (" Tripartite Life," p. 337) seem to have represented the heads of
the clergy of four great divisions of the Ciarraige.
2. " Gregraige." The " Tripartite Life" confuses two, perhaps three events, in
pp. 137-9. St. P. crossed the Moy at Bartrach, landing between Enniscrone and
Scurmore, a place exposed to the sea (p. 251). He crossed the strand at Bally sadare
to get into the country of the O'Fiachrachs, in the Coolerra peninsula, near Raith
Rigbairt. Here again he was in danger from a flood in the Ballysadare river, and
this is the spot evidently where the Gregraige attacked bim. The throwing of stones,
and the meeting with the wizards, I take to be the same incident. No Booleypatrick
is known in Coolerra. Bald's map of Mayo does show a Boulyfadrick to east of a
killeen on high ground on the east of the Moy, half way between Ardnarea and
Breaghwy, on tbe road to Foxford.
The Calry of Coolcarney, and of Innse Nisc, occupied this western part of
Tireragh. The Calry of Murrisk had the eastern part. The tribe was superseded
in the following century, or close of the fifth, by the descendants of Dathi, the Hy
Fiachrach Muaide. I incline therefore to hold that three crossings of rivers have
been more or less mixed up in these notes.
3. " Corca of the Wood." The connexion of Clancarnan with Tuam is of little
value as evidence in absence of knowledge of period, or circumstances, under which
Tuam acquired jurisdiction.
Stronger evidence is in the fact that the Earl's cousin, who was killed at Athan-
chip in 1270, is called Richard na Caille ("Annals of Ulster") ; he was uncle or
father of Sir David, ancestor of Mac David Burke. Richard was a son of William
the sheriff, killed in 1247, who was a son of William FitzAldhelm. Mac David's
country, the present baronies of Ballymoe, included the country of the Corcamce,
lying to the west of Clanconway, which did not come to Sir David until some time
after the death of Sir William de Oddingeseles, who had a grant from the king. The
Caille I take to be the name of this territory of the Corcamoe, which was in Richard
de Burgo's part of Connaught, and to have been held from him.
( 357 )
THE CHURCH OF ST. PATRICK ON CAHER ISLAND,
COUNTY MAYO.
BY T. W. ROLLESTON, M.A., MEMBER.
[Read NOVEMBER 27, 1900.]
OILLEAN, or Caher Island, is a small uninhabited islet lying
about five miles off the Mayo coast, in the parish of Kilgeever, and
a little south of Clare Island. While staying at Reuvyle, Connemara,
in the summer of 1900, the account I heard of the sanctity of Caher
Island (which is clearly seen from Renvyle, about eight miles to the
north), and of the antiquarian remains to be found on it, led me to visit
the place. I took with me a camera, and the results of the investigations
conducted with the aid of this instrument are now laid before the
Society.
I may begin by observing that the antiquities of Caher Island have
never, so far as I know, been hitherto described. O'Donovan in one
of his Ordnance Survey letters (dated from Westport, July 13thr
1838) has much to say of the folk-lore connected with the island,
but he did not visit it. He mentions the " small church in the
rude, primitive style," called Teamputt na naomh by some, and Teampull
Phadraig by others, and also the various "penitential leachtas"
or stations, and the stone inscribed with a cross below the east
gable of the church, called " leabaidh Phadruig, lectus Patricii" but
gives no further architectural or antiquarian details, nor was he
indeed in a position to do so. He observes, however, that "with the
exception of Inis Gluaire, this island is by far the most esteemed for
sanctity in this part of Connaught," and describes the manner in which
a certain stone which reposes on the altar, called Leach na naomh — the
Stone of the Saints — is used for the vindication of truth and justice.
Whenever any person thinks himself wronged or slandered by another,
he repairs to the island, after fasting and prayer, and turns round this
stone. A storm then arises, and in the course of the storm some event
happens, such as a calamity falling upon the guilty person, which
demonstrates the innocence of the suppliant. The stone is a large piece
of conglomerate, such as are common on that coast. It is with no less a
person than St. Patrick that the island and its church are traditionally
associated, and stations are occasionally performed there. Fishing boats
in passing by it dip their sails, and, according to O'Donovan, the following
invocation is repeated : — " UmluigmibboDia m6p nah-uile cumacca,
"1 Do phabpuis TTiiojibuilceac." " We make reverence to the Great God
of all the powers, and to St. Patrick, the wonder-worker." There is a
2C 2
358 KOYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
holy well upon the island, named Tobermurray or the Well of Mary.
The stone known as the " Bed of Patrick," is supposed to cure of epilepsy
anyone who sleeps on it, a property indeed extended by some to the
whole island. The soil of the island is supposed, even when carried
away from it, to be fatal to rats and mice, but I may add, though this
detail is not mentioned by O'Donovan, that to carry away any object from
the island is regarded as " not right." In recent times, it is said that
one visitor attempted to remove a large piece of pumice stone, about the
size of a football, which lies on one of the leachtas, but an accident
which happened to his boat on the homeward journey convinced him
that he was transgressing a sacred prohibition, and he returned and
replaced the stone. As regards the name of the island, O'Donovan
remarks on the authority of his informant (a Mr. Toole, the then
proprietor), that there is no cathair or stone fort upon it, and that the
natives of the adjacent coasts understand it to mean " the city of the
saints," or "the city of Patrick," the word "city" or cathair being
used " in the same way as Armagh, and Leighlin, and other distinguished
ecclesiastical places." Finally, to complete O'Donovan's account of the
matter, he observes that " a kind of cloghaun or road is shown under the
waves leading from the Blessed Island in the direction of the Reek. It
is called " Boher na Neeve, via Sanctorum" because it was passed by
St. Patrick, by his charioteer, Bionnan the widow's son (who was buried
on the Reek), by St. Brigid and other saints who were along with the
apostle."
Since the time of O'Donovan, I can find no account of the island till
we come to 1897, when Dr. Charles Browne visited it in the course of his
most interesting and valuable researches in the anthropology and
ethnology of the Western Islands. The antiquities did not of course
come within the scope of Dr. Browne's work, and he has merely some
casual references to them, but he gives the folk-lore connected with the
island, quoting O'Donovan's letter in full. His observations will be
found in the Proceedings, RJ.A., vol. v., Series in.
I now come to a detailed description of the ecclesiastical remains of
Caher Oillean, and I think they will be found to present some curious
and unusual features.
The coast line, it must be understood, is fringed with reefs of
rock, pushing far into and under the sea, and making the island
extremely difficult of access. Except in the calmest weather it is
impossible for a boat to land anywhere, save in the little bay called
Port na Teampull on the north-east side, and even there it is not easy. On
the easterly side the island is low, and a small lake is to be found near its
extremity. It rises gradually towards the west, and then drops in
a sheer, or in places overhanging cliff, about 200 feet high — a most
impressive bit of cliff scenery. It is possible to trace the remains of
a stone wall .cutting off this portion of the island, the portion bordered
THE CHURCH OF ST. PATRICK ON CAHKlt ISLAND. 359
by the sea-cliff, from the rest, in the manner of some of the stone
forts on the Aran Islands and elsewhere ; hut whether this was an
ancient erection like those, or merely the remains of a wall intended
to keep sheep and cattle from straying into dangerous places, I do
not feel able to decide. The island, though I found on it only three
black cattle and one sheep, has been inhabited and tilled, and there are
remains of sheep pens and rude huts of modern erection as well as the
ancient buildings. The little church and its singular enclosure, as
well as some of the monumental leaclitas or stations, lie in a little
hollow among grassy knolls, close to the landing-place.
llemains of Church of St. Patrick, on Caher Island, Co. Mayo.
The first thing that strikes one about the ruin is the curious symmetry
of all the arrangements. The cashel, or enclosure, is a regular rect-
angular structure, about five feet high where it has not been disturbed,
and well built of uncemented stone. In each of three angles of it there is a
sculptured cross. In the fourth, the north-west angle, I could discover
no cross, but there is a great debris of fallen stones at this spot, and I
have little doubt that under this, possibly in fragments, a fourth cross
lies concealed. Under the east window of the church, is the flag-
stone called the Bed of Patrick, about 3 feet 6 im-hcsin length, by 1 foot
360 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
6 inches broad, on which a cross with splayed-out ends is rudely cut.
It lies between two long flags, set upright on edge, and is supported by
them, so that it does not touch the ground, and a receptacle is formed
beneath it. At the head, and at each side, is a small sculptured cross.
At the time of my visit this group of remains was so thickly overgrown
with long grass and weeds that it was only by accident I discovered
that there was anything of the kind there. Between the Bed of
Patrick and the east wall of the cashel, is a large square altar, or rather
Itacht, carefully built of dry stones, with two or three upright flagstones
on the top which bear traces of sculpture. On this structure lies the
large piece of water- worn pumice stone which I have referred to. The
east wall of the cashel presents a curious feature. It is about five feet in
thickness, and contains a large hollow chamber, running nearly the
whole length of the wall, and entered by a small opening on the ground
behind the JeacJit. Higher up in the wall are two small niches, which
do not communicate with this chamber. Similar chambers are to bo
found in the walls of pagan forts, as at Dun ^Engus.
The little church is in good preservation, the two gables and sid(j
walls being practically intact, though there are no remains of a roof.
Its inside measurements are about 17 by 14 feet. It had no side windows,
the only openings being the east window and the door. Externally
the door is constructed with a rude pointed arch, made with small
flagstones, but behind the arch is a large flat slab, making a square
opening on the inner side. On the altar I found the large piece of
conglomerate mentioned by O'Donovan, the leach na naomh, together,
with a portion of a human skull, and numerous small offerings consisting
of fish-hooks, grains of shot, pence and half-pence, a boot-lace, and
similar small votive offerings, which it is customary for visitors to the
island to deposit there. At the foot of the altar, near the north-west
corner, was a remarkable holy-water stoup of oval form, very well
wrought in stone, with a groove or moulding running all round it, in
which two small holes were bored at opposite sides. Some of the votive
offerings were in this vessel, and others were laid on the top of the altar.
So much for the general character of the remains. I now present
a general view of the whole structure, the church with its cashel, as
it appeared in a photograph taken from a little hill above the north-
west angle of the cashel (see page 359).
The photograph requires little explanation beyond the details which
have been given above. Behind the church will be seen the large leacht,
and to the left of this one of the corner crosses. In the distance
is the little cove which forms the natural landing-place of the island.
The church, though primitive and rude enough in construction, is
evidently not primitive in point of date. A peculiarity in the for-
mation of the arched doorway may be noticed. The stones composing
the arch are not radiated in the ordinary fashion, nor are they laid
THE CHURCH OF ST. PATRICK ON CAHER ISLAND. 361
horizontally, overlapping in each course till they meet, but are set almost
vertically.
I have next a photograph of the east window, and the top of the
altar.
Part of the leach na naomh is to be seen to the front at the
bottom of the picture. 1 would have brought in the whole of this
interesting object, but at the time of my visit I had not consulted
O'Donovan or any other authority, and none of those who were with me
Interior vie\v. East wiiidow aiid altar.
had told me of the superstition connected with this stone, though they
did mention most of the other matters related by O'Donovan. They
were not Kilgeever but Bally nakill men, much further away from the
island, and may possibly have been unaware of all the traditions
connected with it. The holy water stoup will be seen placed on edge
on the ledge of the window. I put it there so as to bring it into the
picture, but afterwards laid it in its original position, or at least the
position in which I found it, on the ground.
I now come to the sculptured crosses. There are no less than six of
362
ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
these at present standing erect within the chapel, and easily identifiable,
a seventh on the horizontal flag called the Bed of Patrick, and one large
and important one on a knoll outside the cashel, besides others which
are much obliterated by weathering.
The next illustration shows two crosses. That to the right-hand is
the cross which stands to the south-east angle of the cashel. The other
is the cross at the south side of the Bed of Patrick. I removed it from its
place — it was a wedge of stone about 2 feet 6 inches long- — and placed
it beside the other to be photographed, replacing it afterwards carefully
in its original position. It may be noted that nearly all the crosses on
Caher Island are of the same character, with splay ed-out ends to the
limbs, and decorated with circles.
Crosses at South-East angle of Enclosure.
I have finally to show the tallest of the crosses on the island, which
stands against a leacht on a knoll overlooking the landing place. This
cross differs in design from the others. A face and rudimentary figure
are discernible on it, as well as some ornamentation which is not very
distinctly shown in the photograph, but which, if a squeeze could be
made, or if one were able to photograph the cross in different lights,
would probably reveal its character. (See illustration, p. 363).
Owing to bad weather I was not able to spend a long enough time
on the island to make more extensive and detailed investigations than
those which I lay before the Society, and moreover, my stock of plates
was limited to four. I endeavoured to record in my limited time, what
seemed to me the most interesting features of these singular relics, and
trust that a fuller account of them may yet be forthcoming from some
one better circumstanced and equipped than myself. Every observation
THE CHURCH OF ST. PATRICK OX CAHER ISLAND. 363
must be of value which tends to make us better acquainted with the
centres of ancient religion and art in the West of Ireland. Would that,
with the religion, any trace of the artistic feeling that accompanied it
had been preserved, or could be revived ! For the latter object a careful
High Cross on Knoll near lauding- place.
study of the national art of the past is certainly one of the most neces-
sary conditions ; and, towards that study, Caher Oillean, like many
another desolate islet on the Atlantic coast, can furnish material wthat
should not be overlooked.
NOTE ADDED IN THE PRESS.
FROM a letter I have recently received from Mr. Robert Cochrane, F.S.A., Honorary
Secretary of the Society, I quote the following remarks on the remains on Caher
Island : —
" The history of the place, judging from what remained there when I saw it in the
seventies, may, in a word or two, be described as — (1) A pagan or pre-Christian religious
settlement, which remained until long after the introduction of Christianity in the
mainland, perhaps, for several centuries. (2) A primitive monastic settlement for
several centuries. (3) A sort of revival after the introduction of the ' new ' monastery,
or religious foundation, on Clare Island, at which period Caher Island, and the new
church, were dedicated to St. Patrick. (4) The reconstruction later of the present
church, and the erection of a two-roomed clergy house beside it, the latter now in
ruins, and the foundations alone are visible."
364 ROYAL SOCIKi'Y OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
THE EFFIGY OF KING FELIM O'CONOR IN ROSCOMMON
ABBEY, AND THE ALTAR-TOMB IT RESTS ON.
BY LORD WALTER FITZGERALD, M.R.I.A., VICE-PRESIDENT.
[Read NOVEMBER 27, 1900.]
the Battalion of Irish Guards was being raised in commemora-
tion of the splendid services performed by the Irish regiments at
the front in South Africa during the years 1899 and 1900, suggestions
appeared in the daily papers as to the most suitable " National" costume
for the uniform. One correspondent seriously suggested that they
should be dressed like the Galloglasses of ancient times, i.e. principally
in a saffron-coloured kilt, and in illustration he referred to the figures of
the warriors on the sides of the altar-tomb now supporting the effigy of
Felim 0' Conor, King of Connaught, in Roscommon Abbey. This
brings me to the matter I wish to point out, which is that the effigy and
altar-tomb do not belong to one another, as is generally supposed. The
effigy, which is in a very fair state of preservation considering its age —
over six hundred years — belongs to a much earlier period ; J besides
which the effigy rests on a coffin- shaped slab, whereas the altar-tomb ori-
ginally had an ollong covering slab fitted to it. I examined both portions
carefully in the month of August, 1893, and then noted the following
particulars, before giving which I will quote a couple of extracts from
the " Annals of the Four Masters " : —
" The age of Christ, 1257. The Monastery of the Virgin Mary
at Roscommon was consecrated by Bishop Tomaltagh 0' Conor for
Dominican Friars.
" The age of Christ, 1265. Felim, son of Cathal Crovderg (i.e.
the red-handed) 0' Conor, the defender and supporter of his own
province, and of his friends on every side, the expeller and plunderer
of his foes, a man full of hospitality, prowess, and renown; the
exalter of the clerical orders and men of science ; a worthy materies
of a king of Ireland for his nobility, personal shape, heroism, wisdom,
clemency, and truth, died after the victory of Extreme Unction and
1 In Thomas O'Gorman's notes on this tomb, published in 1864-1866, in Consec.
Volume, viii. of our Journal, he, too, notices the great difference in age between the
effigy and the altar-tomb sides (vide page 549), and it is a great misfortune that the
proper covering slab of the later is not now in existence. A very good illustration of
the tomb, in its present condition, is given at page 111 of 0' Conor Don's great work
on " The O'Conors of Connaught."
:FFIGY or KING FELIM O'CONOR. ROSCOMMON ABBEY. 365
Penance in the Monastery of the Dominican Friars at Boscommon,
which he himself had granted to God and that order. Hugh O1 Conor,
his own son, was inaugurated king over the Connacians as his
successor."
The effigy slab is 7 feet in length ; at the broadest part of the top
end it is about 34 inches in breadth, and 23 inches at the foot end; at
both ends the corners have been cut off.
The king's figure is clothed in a long loose robe, reaching from the
neck to the ankles ; the sleeves fit close, and only reach to just below the
elbows ; over this robe is a mantle reaching
from the shoulders to near the feet.
The head rests on a square block or cushion,
and is in a very battered condition ; the fea-
tures of the face have quite disappeared. The
hair is worn long and falls down around the
neck. Round the head is worn a crown, not of
the traditional Irish pattern, but bearing fleur-
de-lys; the hair at the top of the head is
visible.
The right hand is placed at arm's length
by the side, and holds a fleur-de-lys-headed
sceptre, which lies parallel with the body
with its head resting on the king's shoulder.
The left arm is doubled up from the elbow,
and the hand clasps a crucifix or reliquary
suspended from the neck by a band.
The feet are shod in pointed-toed shoes,
having an oval opening over the instep, and
secured to the foot by a strap running round
the ankle ; they rest on a dog-like animal
curled up in a sleeping position : it greatly
resembles a French poodle, as rows of curls
descend from the top of the head to half-way down the body.
There is little doubt that this effigy slab formed the lid of a stone
coffin.
The front side of the altar-tomb is placed across, and extends beyond,
the arched recess in which the effigy is placed. It is 33 inches in height,
and is divided into two separate halves. Each half is sub-divided into four
compartments, each of which contains the figure of a standing Galloglass,
or heavy-armed foot-soldier (as distinguished from the kern or light-armed
infantry). These two halves differ considerably in details ; in one por-
tion the arched niches are " Ogee " in shape, in the other they are more
pointed ; in the former the space above the arches is filled in with angels
in various attitudes, in the other it is ornamental foliage designs ; in the
The Effigy Slab.
366
ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
former the Galloglasses all (with one exception) hold their sheathed
swords almost horizontally, and in the latter almost perpendicularly.
1'roiit feide oi' Aiuu-tomb.
The figures (with the one exception holding a battle-axe) are all dressed
and armed alike. On the head is a plain high conical helmet, open at
the face, hut covering the ears and neck behind, the neck and body are
covered with ring-armour to about the knees, with sleeves coming down
to the elbows; an extra "tippet" of chain-mail adds further protection
to the shoulders. Just below the chain-armour appears a
kilt-like garment descending a little below the knees;
from the elbows to the wrist is
seen a close-fitting under-gar-
ment. The legs appear to be
bare, but on the feet are worn
shoes with a rib down the in-
step.
The weapon they are armed
with is a two-handed sword, with
a long guard inclined down-
wards ; it is grasped in the
right hand by the hilt, and the
Battle-axe and shield. scabbard by the left. The attitude
of each figure is the same, they stand facing the observer, and appear
to be all clean-shaven.
EFFIGY OF KING FELIM O'CONOR, ROSCOMMON ABBEY. 367
One of the angels, mentioned above, holds a kite-shaped shield with
a device on it, but whether it is intended for a Coat of Arms or not, is
hard to say.
An engraving of this tomb is given in Walker's "Irish Dress,"
p. 29 (1788), but it is very inaccurate. A fairly truthful illustration of
it appears at p. 546 (Consecutive), vol. viii., 1864-6, of our Journal.
The only other Irish king's effigy, that of Conor "roe" O'Brien,
King of Thomond, slain in 1267, at Corcomroe Abbey, very closely
resembles the Koscommon effigy, except that the slab is not coffin-
shaped.
[See also the "Journal of the Society for the Preservation of the
Memorials of the Dead," vol. 2, p. 355.]
368
ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
Cabinteely. — On page 183, ante, a writer mentions the name of
the village of Cabinteely, and adds in brackets " whence comes this
name?"
I have always taken the derivation of this name to come from Cab-
han (Cavan) a hollow or cavity, a hollow field; Welsh, Cabane ; English,
Cabin. Add this to Tully, and we get Cabhan-Tully, or the hollow of
Tully ; and as the village does lie in a hollow the name seems to fit
pretty well.
This would easily come to Cabintully and Cabinteely. — F. BLAKE
KNOX.
Cabinteely. — I think Cabinteely is Cabdn-t Sighile, Celia's, or
Sighile's, or Sheela's cabin. Caban, with the b fully sounded — the full
sound = Cabbawn or cabban — is now an Irish word for a cabin or booth ;
but whether lately borrowed into the language I will not undertake to
say. It is a different word from Cabhan, a hollow — pronounced Cavaun
or Cavan ; though both words are probably cognate. It is very unlikely
that Tully would be changed to teely, whereas teely well represents the
sound of t-Sigliile: the S eclipsed in the usual way: as in Kilteel, in
Kildare (Gill t-Siadhail}. Si'ghile, or Sheela, is a woman's name very
usual in Ireland. — P. W. Joyce.
Interesting Find at Ballygawley.— Under the above heading the
following appears in the Belfast News Letter of 11th September: —
" The Rev. Joseph Rapmond and Mr. John F. S. Devlin, Tully glush
House, Ballygawley, unearthed a Pagan sepulchre in the townland of
Shantavney, a short distance from Ballygawley, Co. Tyrone. Locally,
the spot is known as Bunagonla, and lies on the top of a mountain over
700 feet above the level of the sea. About a dozen stones surround
the sepulchre, which contains two chambers. In the tomb of the outer
chamber, bones in a perfect state of preservation, a rare urn beautifully
carved and bearing line marks, with upwards of thirty fragments of
urns were also found. The sepulchre is 15 feet long, and 4 feet wide,
and the discovery should prove interesting from an antiquarian point of
view." — W. T. LATIMEE, Hon. Local Secretary, East Tyrone.
Cross of Kilnaboy. — The following extract from the diary of Mr.
Edward William Burton, of Clifden, parish of Kilnaboy, which only
MISCELLANEA. 369
recently has come to my knowledge, is " confirmation strong" of the
genuineness of the termon cross replaced some years ago by me : —
1809. " 6th May, Wlm. [his son] and I rode to Mehoveagh, examined
several of the farmes. I began to indulge the thoughts of settling on
one of them. I viewed the monument noticed by Button in his survey,
and found it very different from his design, as the annexed drawing
shows."
Unfortunately, Mr. Burton never made the drawing intended ; but,
in any case, it is plain that, if he had done so, it would be very different
from Mr. Button's. The entry from this diary is all the more valuable,
because it was written the next year after the publication of Button's
most inaccurate illustration. Taken with Eugene O'Curry's 0. S. letter
of 1839, and the vivid recollection of people still alive, it forms one of a
series of proofs from 1809, the year after the myth of the interlocked
hands first saw light, down to the present day, which are simply irrefra-
gible, and must command, I think, the assent of any sane mind. —
Gr. U. MACNAMARA.
Congress of Archaeological Societies, July, 1900. — The twelfth
Congress of Archaeological Societies in Union with the Society of
Antiquaries, was held on Wednesday, July llth, at Burlington House,
under the Presidency of Sir John Evans, K.C.B.
The Chairman introduced the subject of the Law of Treasure-trove,
and explained the new, and, as he contended, improper extension of it
by the Treasury.
" The law as laid down by all the authorities, and recently confirmed
by an opinion of Sir R,. B. Finlay (now Attorney-General), is that such
precious metals as have been deliberately hidden away, and are found,
are treasure-trove, but that such as have been lost or abandoned are not
treasure-trove. The law is, that an inquest, under the coroner, must be
held on the spot, to determine if the articles are treasure-trove, but the
practice of the Treasury is to seize the trove, and leave the onus of
obtaining the inquest to the aggrieved finders. The Treasury has, in
several cases, insisted on claiming articles found in ancient burials,
although such have clearly been deliberately abandoned, and cannot be
treasure-trove. The bullion value of the articles found is all that is
given to the finder, and that is subjected to 20 per cent, deduction ; the
full archgeological value of the find is, however, charged by the Treasury
to the British or other Museum to which the articles are handed over.
" The consequences are most disastrous in several ways. In the first
place the finder of a treasure is tempted to conceal the circumstances and
locality of the find, which are of the utmost importance archseologically.
" In the second place private collectors are deterred from the purchase
of articles of value, since the Treasury may, at any interval of time,
claim the articles. Thirdly, the interests of the public collections of
370 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
the country are sacrificed, since articles found are naturally sent abroad,
where they can be disposed of at their full value.
" Sir John Evans pointed out that private collectors are the best
friends of museums, since they are able to acquire, with the necessary
promptitude, articles of great value, and not only are the collections
often presented or bequeathed to the public, but they are, in any case,
subject to dispersal sooner or later, when the museums are able to
acquire what they need.
"Mr. Stanley Leighton, M.P., pointed out the extreme dangers of the
law, instancing the case of the gold treasure discovered on the shores of
Ireland, the inquest on which would have to be held by a petty jury,
composed of peasants, who would have to determine whether the pre-
sumption was in favour of these articles having been deliberately hidden
1700 years ago, or accidentally adandoned, and whether the place of
finding was at the time sea or land.
" Considerable surprise was expressed at the action of Mr. Balfour in
now claiming, on behalf of the Crown, this Irish-found treasure, the
acquisition of which by the British Museum he had four years previously
sanctioned, as First Lord of the Treasury, and it was pointed out that
such retrospective action entirely unsettled the whole proprietorship of
the public and private collections in the country.
"Mr. Willis-Bund pointed out that the Treasury exposed themselves
by such actions to the gravest difficulties, since, in all parts of the
country, treasure-trove often belonged to the lords of the manors, who
would be able to enforce unforeseen claims against the Treasury."
On the motion of Mr. Stanley Leighton, M.P., seconded by Mr.
Willis-Bund, it was resolved : —
"That, in the opinion of this Congress, any attempt strictly to enforce tlie
Law of Treasure-trove M-ould have an injurious effect, not only on Archaeological
Science, but on all collections of Antiquities both public and private."
Mr. J. H. Round read a Paper on the systematic treatment of
Place-names, in which he showed the great necessity for an immediate
treatment of the subject, owing to the corruption and destruction that
were now so prevalent. He gave some account of what was being done
in France, and suggested steps should be taken by the Congress to
organize study of the subject. It was decided to print and circulate
the Paper to all Societies in Union.
It was resolved —
" That this Congress recognizes the need for the treatment of English Place-
names on a uniform and scientific system, and believes that it would be directly
conducive to the advancement of historical knowledge on important and disputed
questions. It recommends that this work should be undertaken, county by
county, in accordance with rules to be drawn up, for the purpose of uniformity,
by a central Committee, and it hopes that Archaeological and other local Societies
will co-operate for their several districts in this national work."
MISCELLANEA. 371
Bronze Brooch, Burrow. — I send an illustration of a bronze brooch
that was found in this parish some years ago, and which is at present in
my possession. It will, I think, interest antiquaries not only from its
connexion with Durrow, but because it undoubtedly possesses several
interesting features of an archaic character. It is probably an example
of the bronze-smiths' art in this neighbourhood which existed long before
Christianity had made its inhabitants make their art illustrative of their
faith, when stone-sculptors fashioned their stones into Celtic crosses or
tombstones ; and their scribes show how they loved the Gospels, and
appreciated the beauty of the Sacred Writings by the manner in which
they wrote and illuminated them. The metal-workers covered the staff of
some celebrated founder with skilled and curious workmanship, fashioned
it into a crozier, which, from generation to generation, should be handed
down as a precious heirloom ; probably centuries before this the bronze-
smith showed his skill in the brooch which I have the good fortune
to possess. The ornamental bosses which
it bears still retain traces of the ancient
r ed enamel, which is in itself apparently
indestructible, but which became de-
tached by the oxidation of the bronze.
A large piece of enamel, found some
years ago near Kilmessan (Co. Meath),
is now in the Museum of the Royal Irish
Academy, but the art of working it is
lost, and it has (I understand) defied the
best enamellers of the present day, to
whom samples of it were submitted for
experiment (Transactions, Royal Irish
Academy, vol. xxx., page 277).
Another interesting feature in this
brooch, to which my attention has been Bronze Brooch, Durrow.
drawn, is that it furnishes an example
of a repaired bronze article. It was for a long time thought that
bronze could not be soldered or otherwise joined, but this has proved
to be a mistake, and the present example shows that having been
broken almost opposite the opening, it has been joined together, as is
evident from close inspection, so that the longitudinal and transverse
lines are intercepted for a considerable portion of the length of the
brooch. I was told that when found it was broken, that it was brought
to a local dealer, who, for this reason, would not purchase it, as he said
it could not be mended, and that it was then brought to a country
smith, who welded it together in the way I now describe. — (REV.)
STEELING DE COUKCY WILLIAMS.
Sir John Travers. — In writing of this distinguished occupant of
Monkstown Castle, I expressed doubt (ante, page 113, note 1) as
T o c A T I Vo1- *•> Fifth Series. { 2 D
Jour. R.S.A.I. | Vol 3<)j ConseCt Ser. j
372 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
to the accuracy of the statement that Henry Travers, the father of
the Viscountess Baltir glass, was his son. Mr. G. D. Burtchaell has,
however, most kindly written to tell me that the statement is well
founded, and he has sent me copies of two Funeral Entries in Ulster's
Office, which prove it conclusively. As regards the fact that Sir John
Travers was returned, in 1536, as unmarried, Mr. Burtchaell says that
he always suspected that Sir John was twice married, and that, in all
probability, he was then a widower. The Funeral Entries show that
Gennet, daughter of Jenico Preston, third Viscount Gormanstown, who
married, first, Henry Travers, and secondly, Robert Pipho, was buried
on 30th December, 1599. She had by the latter a son, Travers, and
two daughters, Frances and Cicily. Travers married Elenor, daughter
of Thomas Aylrner, " of ye Lions," and had children, who died
young. Frances, according to the Funeral Entry, married David, son
and heir of Gerald Sutton, of " Castleton Kildraught," but possibly
she had been previously married, as stated, in Burke's " Extinct
Peerage," to the brother of Viscount Baltinglass (see ante, page 113,
note 2). Cicily married the brother of her sister-in-law, Bartholomew,
son and heir of Thomas Aylmer. Robert Pipho married, secondly,
Kinborough Valentine, who died " aged, by certain computation, one
hundred and eighteen years," on 17th May, 1669, and was buried with
her husband in St. Michan's Church. It was by her that Pipho had his
daughter and heiress, Ruth, from whom the Marquis of Waterford is
descended. — F. ELRINGTON BALL (Fellow).
The Badge of St. John. — A short account of the " Badge of
St. John," or the " Badge of John," found in the precincts of Christ
Church Cathedral, Dublin, by Sir Thomas Drew, architect, in 1884,
may be of interest to Members. It was exhibited at the Cathedral,
with other very interesting books, documents, and plate, in the Vestry,
when the members of the Royal Archseological Institute of Great
Britain, under their President (Sir Henry H. Howorth, M.P., F.S.A.),
were assembled in Dublin, and visited the Cathedral on the 21st July,
1900.
I accompanied them (as a member of the Congress), and was much
struck with this badge. I went to Messrs. Johnson, jewellers, Dublin,
where everybody was buying Tara brooches and other remembrances of
Ireland, and asked him if he had any fac-similes of this badge. They
got permission to copy it, and had fac-similes made in silver, and the
account printed on slips of card, herewith attached.
I should be very glad to know if other similar badges have been
found in Ireland ? and if anyone can put a date to them ? who wore
them ? and if they were connected with Hospital Badges, Knight
Templars, or other orders ? — 0. WHEELER CUFFE (Major).
MISCELLANEA. 373
THE BADGE OF ST. JOHN, OR THE BADGE OF JOHN.
Fac-simile made in silver by Messrs. Edmund Johnson, jewellers,
Dublin. Pound in the precincts of Christ Church Cathedral, Dublin, in
1884. Sir Thomas Drew, architect.
BADGE. — The badge is about 2 inches long, a circle with a star 1 inch
broad in it, and a pendant crescent attached to the circle.
Memo, attached printed : — " Richard I., to commemorate his victories
over the Turks, assumed a star (said to represent the Star of Bethlehem)
issuing from between the horns of a crescent, the emblem of Islam.
John and Henry III. used a similar badge." — 0. W. CUFFE.
Antiquities near Glanworth. — The village of Glanworth and its
immediate neighbourhood are remarkable for a rich collection of anti-
quities— historic and prehistoric. Glanworth is a railway station — the
only one on the Mitchelstown and Eermoy line. Some years ago I
induced the late Father Denis Murphy to make an excursion thither,
and he explored portion of the district with great interest. It is not
my intention in this note to describe the several antiquities at any
length, but rather to give a list of them. They comprise an old castle,
built on a splendid foundation of natural rock, close to the river
"Puncheon, a Dominican abbey church, and a remarkable long, narrow
bridge, with thirteen arches. About a mile and a-half from the village,
on the south side, is a very fine cromlech called Labacally, or the
" Hag's Bed." l
About two English miles from Glanworth, on the eastern side, in the
townland of Manning, on a farm in the occupation of Mr. Matt llialli,
there is a veiy remarkable souterrain. I went to see it in company
with a friend on "Wednesday, 3rd October. It is close to the roadside,
and easy of access. The plan of it is very like the plan of one dis-
covered in the grounds of Mr. Metge, of Navan,2 but the Glanworth
chamber is on a larger scale, and is in a better state of preservation.
The first passage has a roof about 7 feet in height, and the roof and
walls are still in excellent order. The length and breadth of this
gallery are, roughly speaking, 15 feet by 3£ feet. At the further
(western) end, where it penetrates the inner oval, or circular chamber,
the entrance is very low indeed, and has to be crept through on one's
hands and knees. The roof of this portion is higher than that of the
gallery, and its elevation may probably be 10 feet; its breadth is also
much in excess of that of the gallery.
Mr. Rialli informed me that another souterrain, similar to this one,
was closed because a cow had been killed by thrusting herself into the
entrance, and could not be extricated alive. He considers that his farm
1 See Borlase's "Dolmens," vol. i., p. 8.
2 Described in Mr. Wakemun's " Archseologia Hibernica," p. 137.
2 D2
374 ROYAL SOCIETY QF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
is rich in antiquities, and added that, in ploughing a certain field, he
had struck on a large stone coffin, which he helieved contained the
remains of several skeletons. Altogether the place seems to ahound in
objects of interest considering its area. I do not know whether any
notice of the souterrain now briefly described, and which might be
called the Manning souterrain, has ever appeared before in this or any
other Archa3ological Journal. — COFRTENAY MOORE, M.A. (Canon], Hon.
Prov. Secretary for Munster.
Eeport from the Hon. Secretary, East County Limerick : ORDNANCE
SURVEY. — I have been in constant communication with the local Sur-
veyors, and have, with the assistance of the Rev. Mr. Lynch, identified
and located many objects of great antiquarian interest in this district.
In 1833, Crofton Croker wrote some articles in the Gentleman's
Magazine on Lough Gur and its Antiquities, and published also an
interesting map, on which everything of interest then existing is
marked.
Many of these objects are omitted in the marking of the six-inch
Ordnance Survey of the district. Most of them have, however, been now
identified, and located accurately, i.e. the four groups of three stone circles,
not correctly marked on Ordnance Survey ; a cromleac near Cloghabhile ;
Leaba na Muice-dubhe, marked on Ordnance Survey as " Giant's Grave."
Another monument in Bally nag aillech (Monaster-na-Caillighe), and " Red
log " (the ancient Loch Ceann\ to the east ; also a remarkable rock called
Carriganaffrain, and identified by Crofton Croker as the site of Uillcan
Eatan, one of the Royal forts. It is marked on the Ordnance Survey
as " Carrig alia fort"
East of New Church, and close to the lake are the remains of three
stone circles not marked on the Ordnance Survey. East of these circles
there is a large rock called Carriganeithig (the rock of the lie) not
marked.
There are the remains of two stone forts on Carrigagalla hill, but
only one is marked on the Ordnance Survey. The site of a second church
on Bally nag aillech is omitted. The remarkable group of three stone forts
on Knockroe, east of the lake, is not marked on the Ordnance Survey.
At present there are only two, but Crofton Croker's map shows a third
east of the existing ones. Two liagam, north-west of the Knockroe
circles, on Ardacolleagh hill, are not marked. Close to the road on
Knocksentry, the ancient cemetery remembered by the old people of the
district, is not marked on the Ordnance Survey. John Hynes, aged
80 years, who says he was at the reclaiming of this field, which is now
a rich pasture field, describes the digging up of some thirty stone-lined
graves from six to seven feet in length, full of large human bones,
and pointed out some of the stone slabs. A remarkable bullan called
MISCELLANEA. 375
41 Desmond's spring,'* is not marked, neither is a rock called Carrig-mar-
gadh (rock of the market) close by. In Knockadoon only two of three
stone circles are marked ; and the site of Dungair, on the highest point
of Knockadoon, is omitted. The sites of the gate-house and causeway,
leading to the "Black Castle," are not marked. The liagan line from
Lough Gur to Ludden hill, and on towards the river Shannon, is not
marked, although most of the liagans are in situ, and the line Boherliagan
is marked on all the ancient maps, and noted in the Down Survey. On
the top of Ludden hill there are the remains of a stone circle and a
pillar-stone (Bouchall Breagha], not marked, and adjoining is Ledba
na Muice, marked in the Down Survey, is omitted, also several sites of
churches which no longer exist, except in the memory of the old people
of the locality, and which have been now located.
The moat, Brughfidh, marked in the Down Survey as Grenanbeg,
parish of Inch St. Lawrance, omitted, is now marked. The site of
Cahir ciarmhaic, from which the parish of Cahircorney takes its name,
has been located and marked.
I may add that the local surveyors took a most intelligent interest in
locating the antiquities of this district ; and, Mr. Johnson in particular,
spared no pains or trouble in collecting information and recording the
history of places and objects of antiquarian interest in this neighbour-
hood.— JAMES GREJTE BARRY.
P. S. — The old people of the district call the valley bounded on
the east by the liagan line, extending from Lough Gur, near Ledba
Muice dubhe to Ludden hill, where the Down Survey locates another
Ledba Muice as the valley of the " black pig." — J. G. B.
The Cross of Dysert O'Dea.— Mr. Buckley, in his most interesting
article in our Journal (ante, page 251), dates the High Cross of Dysert
O'Dea, county Clare, as about the middle of the eighth century,
i.e. practically in the life time of the founder of the neighbouring
church. The only definite reason assigned is the occurrence of the
colobium, though he confesses that that vestment remained in use till
the twelfth century, and that at least one example exists in Continental
art of that period. It is indeed rather doubtful that the garment is a
colobium, as that vestment was short sleeved, as its derivation from
"Kolobos" (curtailed) implies.
In this date of the cross I am unable to coincide, for the following
reasons : — 1. Even if (as some authorities say) the colobium went out of
use on the Continent some centuries earlier, the great conservatism of
Irish art may well have continued its representation down to the first
Norman invasion. In local architecture we find, for example, early
types of foliage and interlacing in fifteenth -century carvings, and round-
376 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
headed splays and angular-headed windows, closely resembling those of
three or four centuries earlier.
2. The outline of the cross differs from that of the dated crosses of
the ninth or tenth century, but resembles that of Tuam and other
twelfth-century crosses.
3. The Dysert ornaments also occur on crosses of the later date, but
the trumpet pattern, and divergent spiral, are absent. Miss Stokes
(whose lamented death has left unfinished a work on Celtic iconography
of untold value to antiquaries) has worked out the subject of these
ornaments in illuminations, metal-work, and sculpture in the most
exhaustive manner, arriving at the conclusion that they were disused
early in the eleventh century.
4. The occurrence of " roundels," or large bead work, under the
extended arms of the figure of Christ on this cross, and on the carved
window of Bathblathmaic church, equates the cross with an undoubted
twelfth- century carving. The rath sill displays the beading, foliage,
"Scandinavian" characteristics, and large-eared wolf or dragon,
characteristic of the latest eleventh or early twelfth century. The
" dragon " resembles that on the cross of Cong.
5. The non-continuous knots of the interlacings are a decidedly late
feature, so are the rosettes on the western face. Both occur on the
door of Dysert church, of which the dog-toothed work, and other
details, imply a date in the twelfth century.
6. Miss Stokes considered the crosier in Tola's hand as decidedly
late, and after the beginning of the twelfth century.
7. The cross much more probably belongs to the period of elaborate
art which adorned the churches of Scattery, Kilcredaun, Tomgraney,
Iniscaltra, Killaloe, Bath, and Dysert, than to the earlier period which,
even about the year 1000, produced only such simple ornament as
appears in the work of King Brian.
For these reasons I must adhere to the later date. As for Mr.
Buckley's interpretation of the base, I closely coincide with his views.
I suggested the " Adam and Eve " theory to Dr. Macnamara when I
made the drawings, but he did not accept it owing to certain incon-
sistencies of the sculpture. These I was inclined to attribute to want
of skill, and even Adam's attire, before the Fall, has occasionally been
represented, by early artists, as more elaborate than the strict text of
Genesis would authorise. Some late artists adopt this view, for Adam
is clad in a textile fabric when accepting the apple, in at least one
nineteenth-century Bible. The "working up" from the Fall, at the
base of the western side, to the Bedemption on the head-stone of the
eastern, would be certainly both suggestive and characteristic of Irish
symbolism on other crosses. The panels on other crosses, supposed
to refer to events in the lives of the patrons, are (to the best of my
recollection) relegated to the sides.
MISCELLANEA. 377
The question of the ornament of the cross is bound up with that
of the two neighbouring churches, the date of which is nearly certainly
after 1100.— T. J. WESTROPP.
The Cross of Dysert O'Dea. — I desire to make a few remarks on
Mr. M. J. C. Buckley's learned article — " Notes on Boundary Crosses" —
which appeared in this Journal, p. 247, ante, and to thank him for his
complimentary allusion to my Paper on " Ancient Stone Crosses of
Ui-Fearmaic." With his interpretation of the groups on the north and
south faces of the sloping base of the Dysert cross I am in perfect
accord, except to state that there is not the slightest trace of entaille or
crosier-head now to be seen in connexion with the right-hand figure on
the former, nor do I think, from the appearance of the stone, that such
entaille ever existed. With regard to Mr. Buckley's ingenious explana-
tion of the group on west side, viz. that it is a representation of the
Temptation in the Garden of Eden (an idea suggested to me by Mr.
Westropp before my Paper had gone to press), I regret to say I am
still unconvinced of its accuracy, and for the following reasons : —
The so-called wings start from a shoulder of each figure, and the
most extravagant fancy, I think, could hardly have been capable of
inventing such a stock for an apple-tree, in Eden or anywhere else.
Then, under Avhat circumstance can one imagine two apples growing from
between the legs of the figures ? These objects I take to be a repre-
sentation of one of the wings of the supposed dragon, or monster, the
remaining part of same being the " sickle-shaped object." The bearded
figure to the right, moreover, does not extend the hand to receive an
apple from the unbearded one on the left, but both unmistakably
have firm hold of a staff, which, if the stone had not been so worn
with age, I have no doubt we should see striking the piast under-
neath. On the figure to the right can still be distinguished traces
of the lower edge of a tunic — rather an unusual adornment, I should
think, for such remote presartorial days. I am still inclined to
the belief that this group is an attempt to delineate the killing by
St. MacCreiche, of Ennistymon, by the instrumentality of two angels, of
the badger-monster which ancient tradition says at one time infested
the neighbourhood of Kath, quite close to Dysert O'Dea.1 I think that
this is a subject more likely to have been chosen by a local artist than
that of the Temptation in Eden, and, if I am right, makes this group,
rude and worn as it is, of very great interest indeed.
I hardly think that the garment on the Saviour can, strictly speaking,
be called a coloUum, as the sleeves reach the wrists, and a colobium had
either no sleeves at all, or extremely short ones.
1 The reference given (p. 249 of Journal, vol. 29, Consec. Series) for this legend
should be O'Curry's " Manners and Customs," p. 332 (not p. 322).
378 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
Concerning the Kilnaboy cross, I need only remark that the townland
name of Carrownanuan has nothing whatever to do with nuns, or a
nunnery, and simply means the Quarter of the Cave (Ceathramh-na-
nUdmhain), which is quite an appropriate appellation.
I do not pretend to be an architectural expert, but yet I have strong
belief that the stone which forms the arms and upper part of shaft of
the Dysert cross, from its very irregular lines and inferior execution as
compared with the rest of the shaft, is but a copy of a much older and
better work, possibly injured in Cromwellian times, and may, for aught
anybody knows to the contrary, be part of the restoration of Michael
O'Dea during the comparative peace of 1683. This would explain the
more or less anomalous character of the ornamentation. — GEORGE TJ.
MACNAMARA, Hon. Secretary for North Clare.
( 379 )
JAMES GEORGE ROBERTSON.
JAMES G. ROBERTSON died on the 30th of November last ; he was the only
Member of the Society who reached his jubilee year. He was elected
a Member in the year 1850, from which time he took an active interest
in the work of the Society, and it was through his efforts that the local
Museum at Kilkenny was first established. By his untiring exer-
tions, the collection rapidly increased to considerable proportions.
During the time he was Curator, he classified and kept the objects
with a degree of care and assiduity which none but a lover of
ArchaBological pursuits could devote to the undertaking. He took a
special interest in the Kavanagh Collection, which had been presented,
in 1885, by Lady Harriette Kavanagh, to the Society, through his
influence — a collection consisting of valuable Egyptian, Grecian, and
Italian antiquities. Mr. Robertson always looked forward to the
placing of these objects in the National Museum, as more suitable for
their custody than a Museum in Kilkenny. He spent a considerable time
in preparing a Catalogue of the objects in the Museum, illustrating the
most interesting with sketches, but his removal from Kilkenny, in
1888 (he had resided there for sixty years), prevented his fully
completing this important work. In addition to the office of Honorary
Curator, he acted as Treasurer from the death of the Rev. James
Graves in March, 1886, until April, 1888, and, on his resignation of the
dual oifices at the latter date, on his removal to Dublin, he was
presented with an illuminated Address at the Annual Meeting of the
Society in January, 1889. After his resignation as Treasurer, he acted
as one of the Auditors of the Society until last year.
James G. Robertson was born at Peterhead, N. B., 2nd April, 1816 ;
he was an architect by profession, and joined his relative, William
Robertson, of Rose Hill, Kilkenny ; the latter had collected material
and drawings for a work on " The Antiquities and Scenery of the
County Kilkenny," which, in 1851, after his death, was edited and
published by the subject of this Memoir. He was afterwards employed
as Diocesan Architect for the United Diocese of Ossory, Ferns, and
Leighlin, and held this appointment until the Disestablishment of the
Irish Church in 1869. In the Journal of this Society there are several
interesting communications and drawings made by him. Amongst
others may be mentioned, "Architectural Remains of the Priory of
St. John, Kilkenny," " Architectural Notes on Kilkenny Castle,"
" Ancient Lead Work," " Discoveries at Christ Church, Dublin," and
" The Archer Chalice of the Franciscan Church, Kilkenny." He was
a man of refined taste, and highly cultivated mind, a keen naturalist,
and an ardent florist ; albeit of a retiring nature, his charm of manner
and sympathetic disposition endeared him to all who knew him. He
was elected an Honorary Fellow of the Society in 1888, in recognition
of his labours in the cause of Archeology.
JAMES GEORGE ROBERTSON.
(Honorary Fellow of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland.)
Born, 18x6; died, 1900.
B»
WILLIAM FREDERICK WAKEMAN.
(Honorary Fellow of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland.)
Born, 1822 ; died, 1900.
382 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRKLAND,
WILLIAM FREDERICK WAKEMAN.
WILLIAM F. WAKEMAN was born about the year 1822, and, in his
fifteenth year, he was a pupil in drawing under Dr. Petrie. Through
Petrie's influence with the then Director of the Ordnance Survey in
Ireland (Lieutenant, afterwards General Sir Thomas Larcom), he
obtained a position as Draughtsman in the Topographical Department
of the Survey. Here he was under the orders and guidance of both
Petrie and O'Donovan, and, for several years, he accompanied O'Donovan
over the districts then being examined, drawing, measuring, and
describing the various subjects of Antiquarian interest met with.
Happy in an employment congenial to his taste, and in company of
officials whom he fully appreciated, and, indeed, revered, these few
years of work were, perhaps, the brightest, and freest from care, of
Wakeman's life ; but they came all too soon to an end, when the work
of the Survey was contracted, and nearly all the Antiquarian investiga-
tions, so happily begun, were stopped.
Mr. Wakeman, for some time, found employment in drawing on the
wood, and by pupils, and four years were spent in London, which
city was left on his receiving the appointment of Art Teacher to
St. Columba's College at Stackallen. While here he published, in
1848, "The Handbook of Irish Antiquities," with illustrations from
his own pencil. Of this useful little work a second edition was
published in 1891. When the College was translated to the neigh-
bourhood of Ratlifarnham, Wakeman resigned his post, but, in a short
time, he received the appointment of Drawing-master to the Royal
School at Porto ra. Here he passed nearly twenty years, years which
he regarded as " golden ones," for he had both time and opportunity
to investigate the Antiquities of the district, and our Journal contains
over fifty contributions about them from his pen. One of our Annual
Volumes contains his ''Monograph of Inismurray." On the breaking
up of the Art Class at Portora, Wakeman came once more to Dublin,
and for years continued to read Papers on Irish Antiquities before our
Society and the Academy, but for the best of art-work there was but a
feeble demand; the evolution of the " process-block " destroyed the
wood-cutter's art, and the photo-grarure lessened the demand for hand-
drawings, and so while our Journals were even more lavishly illus-
trated than before, work for Wakeman was wanting. Almost to the
very last he attended our meetings, and he always helped the student
from his long accumulated stores of knowledge. He was elected a
Member of the Society in 1868, a Fellow in 1876, and an Honorary
Fellow in 1888, and died (at the residence of his daughter in Cole-
raine) on the 14th of October. 1900, aged 78 years.
( 383 )
of l?ooft$.
History of Corn Milling. Vol. III. — Feudal Laics and Customs. By
Richard Bennett and John Elton. With Appendix upon Steam and
Roller Milling. (London: Simpkin, Marshall, & Co., Limited.
Liverpool : Edward Howell, Church-street.) 1900.
WE have, on two previous occasions, noticed the earlier volumes of this
valuable work, and are glad to find that the third volume gives
evidence of the continuance of wide and careful research, with the
result of giving to the antiquarian world a mine of interest, and a
valuable collection of the laws and customs which laid their heavy, and
at times merciless, hands upon the miller and his customers for many
centuries. So strong was even the dying tyrant of feudalism, that we
have found in a deed, relating to certain lands in county Clare, so late
as 1852, a clause inserted that the tenants were to use the manorial mill
of O'Brien's Bridge. Well might the old laws hold out to the last in
Ireland, for (one regrets to read in the volume under review) the most
ruthless law, which overshadowed the medieval miller, was in force in
Ancient Dublin in 1309 : — " If a miller take corn to grind, . . . and if
he be guilty of larceny of corn or flour to the value of four pence, he
shall be hanged in the mill, on the beam." The bailiffs were to " seize
all who were in the mill, little and big, and put them in prison for forty
days"; they were then to " forswear the city" if they could not find
security that they (the presumably innocent persons) should not commit
further damage. Then comes one little gleam of mercy looking up
from this draconian statute like a daisy on a battle-field. Such a small
gleam of mercy, too. "If the offence be such that he (the miller) is
worthy to be hanged, he shall be hanged hastily, unless" (this is the
"mercy") he be pardoned by the Mayor and Bailiffs, "and even
though he be reprieved from hanging, the Mayor and Bailiffs shall
seize all his goods." Such ruin to be wrought about four pence! such
blessed security under the " law," which was so impotent to safeguard
the weightier matters of security of life and property for anyone outside
the city gates in that year of grace 1309, after Christ! Well may the
writers pause to depict that " short shrift, an improvised halter, a
gathering of all in the mill, great and small, including the family of
the hapless wretch, and the miller, with the sack (short by a miserable
four pennyworth of flour) before his eyes, is hastily swung up to the
384 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
beam" — "hangs ever a warning wraith, bidding all future millers to
honesty, and attesting the watchful care exercised over the public
interest by the Mayor and Corporation." There is, however, no record
of any Dublin miller having been hanged, so the punishment was not
made to "fit the crime," but as a deterrent, or else the millers were
very honest, or the Corporation very merciful. Greater mercy was
shown in other cities — the London miller and baker who failed in
honesty, about the year 1280, were only drawn on sledges with the
"false bread" hung round their necks. Of this scene a quaint con-
temporary drawing is reproduced. The Corporation were, however,
scrupulous to guard the criminal from bodily harm, and were careful
to build the pillory and other instruments of disgrace strongly and
securely. The " rampant" horses of the early sketch, prancing on their
hind legs beside the humiliated baker, suggest, however, that a sledge
drive, under the circumstances, was as risky as it was shameful. The
goods, and even the mill -house of a culprit, could also be impounded, or
heavy fines imposed. In 1468 the laws were still milder in London,
but, if anything, were more meddlesome and irritating — " he shall have
no hoggis, gees, nor duckes at his niylle dore, . . . nor no maner of
pultre, but three hennys and a cok. And if he will not beware of two
warnings, then the third tyme he to be juged unto the pillory." The
French were even milder in their treatment of the millers' deficiencies ;
but all the western nations, in fable, riddle, and proverb, agreed in
maligning that most necessary trade, as, for example, " AYhat is the
boldest thing in the world? A miller's shirt, for it clasps a thief by the
throat"; and legends, more profane than witty, regarded the miller's
salvation as a doubtful and difficult process.
To Irish readers, of course, the notes on the millers of Ardee and
Dublin have most home interest. We were familiar with them among
our published municipal records, and would have gladly seen more
about the manorial customs of the other districts of Ireland, but are
none the less interested to see them given, and compared with the
broader aspects of the subject, and only hope that some of our members
may supplement the brief notes on Irish milling.
The mills of Dublin Castle, about 1316, were let to persons who
entered a heavy claim against King Edward II., their landlord; they
claimed compensation for toll unpaid on the grain, ground for the
Viceroy, Roger de Mortimer, and for the Justiciary and Treasurer;
also for horses seized, and loss of multure, owing to the mills being
damaged, and the work obstructed, by the wars of the Irish and Scotch
(Bruce). The following year the mills lay broken and prostrate, and
they only made 40/-. They therefore claimed £6 13s. 4d., which was
allowed them by the Irish Exchequer, less their casual profits for the
period.
Ten years earlier we have a list of the articles handed over to
NOTICES OF BOOKS. 385
the millers of Ardee : — three copper measures, one tub with a lock,
one chest or bin with a lock, an iron pipe, and other mill iron. At
Dublin, in 1320, millers got "two tubs for custody of corn and flour,
four bills or millstone picks, one hoop measure, a half hoop measure for
taking toll, and one tribulous measure or scoop" — all found by the king.
It is interesting to note that the Dublin millers had the good sense
and enterprise, in 1225, to form themselves into a guild with the
bakers ; this seems nearly, if not quite, unique in the annals of milling.
The two trades were represented by over two dozen members, who
subscribed the then large sums of from 9 to 4 shillings each towards the
fund of the guild. In the following year the Archbishop's baker was
admitted a member, so the body must have been a well recognised
institution. One name on the roll suggests the presence of a native
Irishman, " Gillafinean pistor." lloger, of Trum (Trim), was of the
Pale, and others came from Worcester, Bologne, and Derby. The
names Toci, Edric, and Iggelram, suggest the older inhabitants of
Dublin.
So large a subject, covering over 300 pages, can, of course, be only
noted here in a most superficial manner, and almost at random.
Name-lore gets many a fact of interest; " knave " was as common
a term in the milling fraternity of those early days, and as little con-
temptuous, as "servant" is now, and the surname " Godnave," found
both at Ardee, and at York, suggests "Paul, the knave of Christ," in a
certain venerable translation of the New Testament.
Mill customs find a place in the work. St. Catherine, as patroness
of the wheel, was specially honoured by the Uelgian millers ; St.
Gertrude, however, took her place at Liege. The idle sails were set
" as a trefoil " (Y) on the patron's day. In France they were set as a
Latin cross when the miller died. In Yendome bouquets were fastened
on the sails when their owner married. At Autun the mills were
stopped on St. Martin's Day, though that saint had reflected on the
honesty of the trade by working a mill of ice so honestly and cheaply,
as to undersell and ruin the Devil, who had set up an iron mill worked
by fire (" 1'Igeraie," the river of fire) — perhaps an early steam mill!
"Setting the Thames on fire" is explained by the energetic miller,
" setting his temes (or sieve) on fire " by hard work. The folk-lore of
the miller's thumb is given, both the fish and that " golden thumb,"
that has made its impression on our literature from the time of Chaucer
downward.
Pew works bring one into more familiar contact with the past, all is
so homely and (to one who remembers the querns at work in Aran, and
rude and simple water-mills in Western Ireland) so modern, that, when
one meets among the mill-owners " King Stephen, his queen, Matilda,
his son, Eustace, and his uncle, King Henry," and the truculent later
Henry, who, while he permitted her to live, endowed Anne Jioleyn
386 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
with a mill, and secured part of the dower of his better loved and
cherished queens — Jane Seymour and Catherine Parr — on other mills,
one feels much nearer to these "makers of history," than by reading
statelier records of their public life.
All periods of British history seem to come before us in these simple
records — the fierce Norman conqueror's grants in Doomsday, the estab-
lishment of the House of Plantagenet, the great Scottish "War of
Independence, Edward's conquests in France, the rabble of Tyler and
Straw, the Wars of the Roses, the spoliation of the monasteries, the
securing of popular liberties, the outburst of free trading, and the age
of steam.
A darker side of the subject is not excluded ; the system of pay-
ment was radically wrong and unjust — the poorest paid most for the
use of the mill, the great landowners went scot free. The miller
and his workers were ground down by their thankless, severe, and
mechanical toil, their profits were assessed, and added to the rent, and
if they, in their sore and unfriended poverty and toil, kept back some
portion of the meal, their punishment was swift, and their neighbours
applauded it. The miller's wife, with shame, took the lowest seat in
church, and popular legend and opinion excluded the worker from his
well-earned rest in another world. On the other hand, the miller's
dues were irregular and variant, the law was ready enough to tie his
hands, but it enforced no standard, or even local measure, for taking
the multure, and so, varying " single" and "double handfuls," varying
"fats" and vessels, must have made the mill a place for much bad
blood and worse talk. Even the wholesome rule, "first come, first
served," did not, for some centuries, prevail at the mill : for if the lord
of the manor sent his grain to be ground, the customers' corn had to be
at once thrown out of the hopper, and the manorial work done. This
bad rule prevailed till the early fifteenth century, and then the rational
rule, allowing the completion of the grinding of any grain then in the
hopper, before the owner's grain was dealt with, came into use.
We can scarcely touch on all the annoyance and hardness of the
various imposts. " Pesage," or compulsory weighing of the grain, was
imposed on the millers of London in 1281, and, after a short, sharp
struggle, was abolished (about 1321) by King Edward II. A genera-
tion later a simpler, and less unpopular system, was introduced into
Paris by the Prefect of that city.
The "soke" on the mills survived for a much longer period; this
" milling privilege " was a familiar thing to our forefathers. Hamon de
Massy, ancestor of the Cheshire (and county Limerick) family, in 1290,
in his Charter to Altringham, decreed : — " I will that my burgesses
grind all their corn, grown on the lands of Altringham, or stored
(herlurgata = l entowned ') within the said town, at my mill, at a toll
of the eighteenth vessel." Edward, the Black Prince, in 1359, granted
NOTICES OF BOOKS. 387
a pension to his miller on the mills and bakehouses of Macclesfield.
"We have noted queens' dowers secured on the " soke" profits; we find
Edward IV. thus securing a pension to one of his troopers, disabled in
the battle of Wakefield; we find a grammar school, and a charitable
fund for the souls of the donors and their parents, secured on the mill
"soke"; and this privilege of the mills of Ardee formed part of the
martial resources of Henry III. and Edward I. The " banal privileges"
were those proclaimed (" banned ") by the lord of the manor.
The buildings, machinery, and appendages of mills form, of course,
a large item of these notes. Ardee mills had an eel fishery attached.
These three mills were repaired, at considerable cost, in 1305. The
items are interesting, as showing wages and workmen a generation
before the " Christ Church Rolls," published by our Society under the
editorship of Mr. Mills. Three men, who opened up the mill-pond and
conduits, got 2/- ; one cart, carrying stones for eight days, cost 2/4 ;
twenty loads of twigs, for enclosing the mills and mill houses, cost
10 pence; a plasterer relaid ten pole's length of the pool with stones
for 10/-.
The repaired mills were leased for twelve years, for £10 13s. 4d. —
a goodly rent in those days ; the king to provide timber from his forests
for the repairs. Erom this grant we learn that two of the mills were
in the town of Ardee, and one outside it. They were called, respec-
tively, the "Ley mill," the " Malt mill," and the "Corn mill," and
their furniture and machinery were, respectively, worth 137 shillings
and 8 pence, 58 shillings and 4 pence, and 16 shillings and 2 pence, for
the corn mill was "old and fractured." The value of the mills was
almost exactly that of their annual rent, being £10 12s. 2d. ; the
machinery was assessed at 100/- ; the millstones varied from 2/6 to 20/-.
The good influence of the well worked and carefully watched
monastic mills is strikingly apparent ; and an old Somerset ballad laments
those good times before the suppression of the monasteries when a bushel
of wheat sold for 14^., and 40 eggs a penny. Down to the present cen-
tury houses survived marked with crosses which implied their connexion
with mill privileges belonging to one of their remote predecessors at some
"Templar's" or "Hospitaller's Mill."
The authors give the interesting fact of King James I. having
organised and inquired into the long list of Crown mills, but we have
lingered too long among these records, and must close with noticing the
extinction or purchase of soke privileges during this century down to
the year 1859, and that the closing chapters relate to steam and roller
mills which have not yet existed long enough to fall within the scope of
the researches of a Society of Antiquaries.
i r> c n 1 I v°l- *•» Fifth Series. » „
Jour. R.S.A.T. VQ, Consec. Ser. }
388 ROYAL, SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
A MEETING OF THE SOCIETY was held in the Tholsel, Kilkenny (by
permission of the Mayor), on Tuesday, 2nd October, 1900, at 2 o'clock,
p.m.;
PROFESSOR E. PERCEVAL WRIGHT, M.A., M.D., President, in the Chair.
The following Fellows and Members attended : —
Vice- President for Leinster. — John Ribton Garstin, D.L., M.R.I. A., F.S.A.
Vice- President for Mumter. — The Rev. Canon ffrench, M.R.I. A.
Vice- Presidents for Conmniglit. — William E. Kelly, n.L. ; Richard Liingrishe,.
J.P.; Edward Martyn.
Hon. Secretary. — Robert Cochrane, M.R.I. A., F.S.A.
Fellows. — The Right Rev. Dr. Crozier, Bishop of Ossory; the Rev. A. V. Hogg,
M.A. ; M. M. Murphy, M.R.I. A. ; Colonel P. D. Vigors, J.P.
Members. — M. J. C. Buckley ; Michael Buggy ; the Rev. Richard Burnett, M.A. ;
P. Chalmers Cowan, M. INST. C.E. ; Major Otway Wheeler Cuffe ; the Rev. William
Falkiner, M.K.I.A. ; Edward Fennessy ; T. Kirkwood Hackett ; Miss Marion Hnrman ;
the Rev. Canon Hewson, B.A. ; the Very Rev. Thomas Hare, D.D., Dean of Ossory ;
the Rev. William Healy, P.P. ; Charles T. Keatinge ; Thomas Laffan, M.D. ; Bertrand
F. Lambert ; James H. F. Nixon, F.K.C.S., j.p. ; T. W. O'Hanrahan, J.P. ; Goddard
H. Orpen, B.A. ; Laurence John Power, J.P. ; T. W. Rolleston, B.A. ; the Rev. James
J. Ryan, Vice- Pres., St. Patrick's, Thurles ; George Shackleton ; Mrs. Shackleton;
Edmond Smithwick, J.P. ; Miss K. E. Younge.
The Minutes of last Meeting were read and confirmed.
The following Candidates were elected : —
As FELLOWS.
Carbray, Felix, M.M.P., M.R.I. A., Benbuib-place, Quebec, Canada : proposed by
S. F. Milligan, M.R.I. A., Vice- President.
Fitzmaurice, Arthur, Johnstown House, Carlow : proposed by Colonel P. D. Vigors,
J.P., Fellow.
Hogg, the Rev. A. V., M.A., The Parade, Kilkenny: proposed by E. Perceval
Wright, M.A., M.D., President.
As MEMBERS.
Bleakley, John Y., Avenue-road, Lurgan : proposed by the Rev. Samuel Carmody,
B.A.
Clarke, Miss Mary, Belmont, Lifford, Co. Donegal : proposed by Robert Cochrane,,
F.S.A., Fellow.
Cooper, Joseph A., Hibernian Bank, Swinford: proposed by O'Meara Conyngham.
PROCEEDINGS. 389
Davids, Miss Eosa, Plas Llanwnda, Carnarvon, North Wales : proposed by John
Cooke, M.A., Fellow.
Hamilton, the Rev. James, M.A., Mayne Rectory, Coole, Co. Westmeath : proposed by
John Cooke, M.A., Fellow.
Hill, Miss Emily, 7, Brighton -road, Rathgar: proposed by Robert Cochrane, F.S.A.
Hynes, the Rev. John, St. Mary's, Sligo : proposed by John Smyth, M.A.
Mac Clancy, James, Milltown Malbay, Co. Clare : proposed by Henry B. Harris, J.P.
Mason, J. J. B., 6, Ely-place, Dublin; and 1, Winton -avenue, Rathgar: proposed
by Captain Fielding, J.P., Fellow.
Murphy, James, Collector of Inland Revenue, Limerick : proposed by M. M.
Murphy, M.R.I.A., Fellow.
O'Brien, Mrs., South Hill, Limerick: proposed by the Rev. Canon Moore, M.A.
O'Duffy, Kevin E., 85, Harcourt -street, Dublin : proposed by George D. Burtchaell,
M.A., LL.B., Fellow.
Palmer, Miss, Dtmkerron, Kenmare, Co. Kerry : proposed by Miss Frances Keane.
Rochfort, William, J.P., Cahir Abbey, Cahir, Co. Tipperary ; and Kildare- street
Club, Dublin : proposed by Miss Frances Keane.
Shea, William A skin, J.P., 8, Westland-row, Dublin ; and 27, Belgrave-road,
Rathmines : proposed by Captain Fielding, J.P., Fellow.
Sinclair, Miss F. E., Hopefield House, Belfast: proposed by T. J. Westropp, M.A.^
Fellow.
Smyth, Captain B. W., Adjutant, Royal Hibernian Military School, Phoenix Park,
Dublin : proposed by Captain J. Fielding, J.P., Fellow.
Stourton, Miss, South Gate, Castlebellingham, Co. Louth : proposed by John R.
Garstin, Vice- President.
Tibbs, the Rev. P. G., B.A., Oxmantown Mall, Parsonstown : proposed by E. S.
Cromie, M.A.
Vandeleur, Captain Hector, Lord Lieutenant of Co. Clare, Cahercon, Co. Clare:
proposed by Colonel William Keily Westropp.
Wilkinson, W. J., Newton Park, Trim : proposed by the Rev. Canon Healy.
Mr. M. J. C. Buckley exhibited some antique Florentine panels in
alabaster, the property of Mr. Edmond Smithwick, J.P.
The panels, which were submitted to inspection, are carved in white
Florentine alabaster, surrounded by borders of gilt plaster, executed in
what is called " Gesso-work," of early Renaissance type, framed in
wood mouldings. These panels, representing scenes in the life of
Christ, were executed, most probably, circa 1520. They composed,
very likely, the surbase, or "predella," of the re-table of an altar.
Judging by their type of design and carving, they belong to the school
of Holbein, and are evidently taken from a series of designs by that
artist, which were produced by him in Basle (Switzerland). The
architectural portions belong to the German and not to the Italian
interpretation of classical art. All the scenes depicted are strikingly
like the series of Holbein's drawings, which, in themselves, were derived
from the famous ones of the Passion of Christ by the earlier artist,
Durer. A panel of the same character is said to be in our National
Museum in Dublin. They are beautiful examples of marble carving,
and the "Gesso" borders form the subject of remarks on the revival
390 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
of this art work in England at the present day, showing how the
antique treatment is now being introduced again, not only into
church but also into domestic work. In thus describing these
panels, Mr. Buckley showed how the talent for plaster work could
easily be developed amongst Irish artisans by practical and judicious
instruction in the technical art schools of this country. When one sees
the numerous exquisite creations in plaster and " Gesso " still remaining
in our land, not only in the derelict mansions of Dublin, but even on the
ceilings and walls of many houses in Kilkenny city (as, for example, in
the ceilings of the present Club House Hotel, and on the "reveals"
and ceiling of the church at Tullow, which have been lately metalled
and coloured in true " Gesso " type under Mr. Buckley's direction), one
must regret the little care, and want of technical training, which have
been so manifest in this country up to the present time, as far as regards
the art of the plasterer.
Mr. Langrishe read a Paper on " The Grace Family of Courtstown,
and their title to the Tullaroan Estate, Co. Kilkenny," which was
referred to the Council for publication.
A Paper by Mr. Burtchaell, on the " Butlers of Dangan-Spidogue,"
was taken as read, and referred to the Council for publication.
The Sword and Maces of the Corporation of Kilkenny were exhibited,
and Mr. Garstin described their characteristic features.
Mr. Egan exhibited several ancient records and Charters of the
Corporation.
The President announced that Mr. Buckley (with the permission of
the Dean) would, in the Cathedral, describe the stalls, lately carved in
Danube oak at Bruges. The carvings were taken from figure subjects
connected with the history of the Cathedral.
The Meeting then adjourned.
After visiting the Cathedral, the party (at the invitation of the
Bishop of Ossory and Mrs. Crozier) visited the Palace, where they
were entertained to afternoon tea.
On the return from the Palace, the members (on the invitation of
The Marquis of Ormonde) visited Kilkenny Castle, and inspected the
ancient tapestry and picture-gallery.
In the evening the members dined at the Club House Hotel, and
afterwards Colonel Vigors read a Paper on "The Old Corporation
Books of New Ross," which was referred to the Council for publi-
cation.
PROCEEDINGS. 391
On "Wednesday, 3rd October, there was an Excursion to Kilcooley
Abbey. The party left at 9.20 a.m., in carriages, and arrived at
10.30 a.m. at Freshford Church, where the beautiful eleventh -century
doorway and porch was described by the Rev. William Healy, P.P. At
1.30 p.m. the party arrived at Kilcooley, where lunch was served in the
Abbey at 2 p.m. ; l and, at 6 p.m., the party arrived in Kilkenny, in
time for the 7.20 p.m. train to Dublin.
EVENING MEETING, November 27, 1900.
An Evening Meeting of the Society was held in the Society's Rooms,
6, St. Stephen' s-green, Dublin, on Tuesday, 27th November, 1900, at
8 o'clock (the President, PROFESSOR E. PERCEVAL WRIGHT, M.A., M.D., in
the Chair), when the following Papers were read :—
1. "On a Gold Medal presented to the Dublin Independent Volunteers, 1781, by
Colonel Henry Grattan, and another of the same character, connected with
the Dundalk Artillery ; also another Volunteer Gold Medal," by Robert Day,
J.P., F.S.A., Vice- President. (Read by the President.)
2. " The Effigy of King Felim 0' Conor in Roscommon Abbey, and the Altar Tomb it
rests on," by Lord Walter Fitz Gerald, M.R.I.A., Vice- President.
3. "The Antiquities of Caher Island, Co. Mayo," by T. W. Rolleston, M.A.,
Member. (Illustrated with Lantern Views.)
The Papers were referred to the Council for publication, and the
Meeting adjourned.
1 A Paper was read on the Abbey by the Rev. William Healy, P.P. (see p. 216,
vol. 21 ; Consec. Series, of this Journal).
WEST
HIGH CROSS AT KILFENORA, COUNTY CLARE.
1887-
1900
EXCURSIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES
OF IRELAND, SUMMER MEETING, 1900.
(Continued from page 306.)
DESCRIPTION OF THE PLACES VISITED.'
SECTION 111.
T HIS, I) E X C UR S 1 0 JT.
KlLFENOHA .
WE pass southward through a boggy moorland, the only objects of
antiquarian importance being the distant rock-cut fort of Doon, at
the eastern end of a bold ridge, and the shattered castle of Bally -
slianny, and reach the now insignificant cathedral town of Kilfenora.
Kilfenora Cathedral — Chancel.
The name, in Irish Gill fhionnabrach, probably means " the church of the
1 By T. J. Westropp, M.A., M.R.I. A.
2 The Latinised form is often vague, for example, Finnahrensis and Funhranensis
in 1273 ("Cal. State Papers, Ireland," Nos. 979, 993), when Florence, late Abbot of
Kilseing (Kilshanny) was elected. The other pro -reformation bishops were, so far as
recorded, " A" in 1189. Christian d. 1254. Maurice, 1265-1273. Florence, 1273-
1281. Charles, Dean of Kilfenora, 1281. Congal O'Loughlin d. 1300. Simon
O'Currind. 1303. Maurice ()' Brien d. 1321. Richard O'Loughlin d. 1359. Patrick
swore fealty to Richard II., 1394. Felim O'Loughlin d. 1434. Denis O'Cahan
resigned 1491. Maurice O'Brien, 1491-1523. John O'Malan, 1523-1570. 157V
Mortough, son of Sir Don n ell O'Brien (Bishop-elect). After his successor Daniel,
the See was united to Limerick, and, in 1660, to Clonfert. It was finally united to
Killaloe in the Protestant, and to Galway in the Roman Catholic episcopate.
394
ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
white brow," or " meadow " ; but the Rev. Dr. Lanigan,1 in endeavouring
to prove that its patron is not St. Fechin of Ross, but " Fechnan deRia,"
disciple of St. Finn-Barr, renders it " cil," the church, " Fen" (of Fen,
a contradiction for Fechin), o (de or from) Ra or Ria (Ria) ! : the name
first appears as that of a fort named in the Book of Rights, perhaps as
early as the 5th century. The vagueness extends to the identity of the
patron, St. Fachtnan, whom some suppose to have been the patron of
Ross (his day was the same as that of the latter, August 14th) ; and the
Martyrology of Donegal under that date gives Fachna, Bishop and Abbot
of Dairinis Maelanfaidh, in Ui Cinnseaeigh ; 46 years was his age, and
he was of the race of Lughaidh, son of Ith. The town and abbey first
Kilfenora Cathedral— Plan.
a. Doors and Corbel, b. Macdonough Monument, c. Cross, d. Tomb of early Bishop.
e. Tomb of later Bishop. /. Late Window, g. Blood Monument, h. Monument.
/'. Mac Encharni Monument, k. Corbel, m. Staircase.
appear in secular history in 1055, when they were burned by Murtough
O'Brien. Strange to say, it seems to have been ignored as a bishopric by
the Synod of Rathbreasail in 1116 ; and its first bishops seem to com-
mence only in the 12th century, though there was evidently a "bishop
of the Corcomodruad " in earlier times. The bishopric was worth only
£5 6s. Sd. in 1302, and even in 1615 it is given as £5. It has since the
Reformation been invariably united to other Sees : to Limerick, 1606-
1617 ; to Tuam, 1617-1742 ; to Clonfert, 1742-1752 ; and since then (at
least in the Church of Ireland) to Killaloe. Its record, in short, is a
record of poverty and obscurity.
1 "Ecclesiastical History of Ireland," vol. ii., p. 197.
PROCEEDINGS. 395
The cathedral is, externally, an ugly building, with an uglier tower,
suggestive of a heap of shapeless boxes.1 On the top are four ancient
pinnacles, adorned with flutings. The church consists of a chancel,
mainly dating from the 12th century, with a side wing, and a gothic
nave, with side aisles separated from it by five plain pointed arches on
either side. The nave measures 67 feet by 20 feet 9 inches ; the western
end, 14 feet long, has been walled off as a porch and vestry, the aisles
demolished, and the arcades closed. A straight staircase, through a two-
light window, and a barrel stair in the south-west angle lead up to the
belfry, in which lies, or lay, an old bell, with the words : " Is Doyle
Limerick." In the most eastern arch of the north arcade is a pretentious
monument, with elaborate armorial bearings, and the somewhat gruesome
inscription in capitals:2 — "DONALDUS MACDONOUGH ET UXOR EJUS MARIA
O'CON | OR SIBI ET STJIS AMBOBrS POSTERIS HUNC TUMULUM FIERI | FECERU
AN DNI 1685 | MEMENTO MORI | FORMA, FAVOR POPTTLI, FERVOR JUVENILIS,
OPESQUE | SUBRIPUEUE TIBT, NOSCERE QUID SIT HOMO | POST HOMINEM VEKMIS
POST VERMEM F^ETOR ET HORROR | SIC IN NON HOMINEM VERTITIJR OMNIS
HOMO. | SIC TRANSIT GLORIA MUNDI. | QUISQUIS ERIS QUI TRANSIERIS STA PER-
LEGE FLORA | SUM QUOD ERIS FUERAMQUE QUOD ES PRO ME PRECOR OKA."
Underneath is an inscription to his son, Dr. Patrick M'Donough, in
which, with more worldly pride, the deceased is described as " a dignitary
of the Church of France." " He was intimately acquainted with men of
the first rank." 1752. In the opposite arch is a corbel, carved with a
man's head, with a somewhat smug face and long hair: the mitred head
of a bishop is over the door.
The chancel (35 feet 9 inches by 20 feet 9 inches) is said to have
retained its oaken roof, painted blue in parts, and with golden stars, till
the last century. The door and south windows belong to the later fifteenth
century, but the east window is earlier than the Norman invasion.
It consists of three round-headed lights, divided by piers, with hand-
some capitals, one consisting of a quaint group of little monks; the
plastered head of the splay is weather-worn into curious patterns, and
the splay has shallow mouldings continued under the sill. In the north
wall of the chancel is a handsome triple sedile, with decorated Gothic
tracery ; above it appears a bishop's head; opposite this a double recess
with " Norman " capitals and pointed arches. On the floor lie many frag-
ments, with rich incised crosses, and two crudely-sculptured eifigies ; one
of an ecclesiastic, supposed to wear the Irish tonsure, and carrying a book
or (as some think) a chalice ; the other a later bishop in full pontificals.
Like the effigy of King Conor, they are devoid of expression and unskil-
1 P. D., in his " Handbook to Lisdoonvarna," p. 59, is severely accurate. " The
attempt at a tower is conspicuously mean and hideous. A pile of emigrants' luggage,
with a rahbit-hutch or bird-cage overhead, would look equally imposing."
2 " P. M. D.," vol. ii., pp. 38-40, gives copies of the monuments in this cathedral.
See also Frost's "History," p. 98, and "Smaller Cathedral Churches " by T. M.
Fallow, F.S.A., p. 53.
396 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
fully executed. In the north wall is also a large tablet, with a long
Latin inscription, commemorating the children of Dean Neptune Blood ;
it is chiefly noteworthy for its wealth of laudatory epithets, but might
have been much more pathetic in less inflated language: — "Homo
quasi | flos egreditur et | fugit velut umbra | sic tacite fugerant hsec |
pignora chara parentum | Pectora quod cruciat ma3s | ta dolore sua. |
Nomina si quaeris horum si tempora mortis j ecce notse subsunt qua3 tibi
curicta notant | videlicet Neptunus qui f uit films Hevercndi Nept : Blood |
Decani Fineborensis eiusque | uxoris Isabella Blood | alias Pullein,"
and seven children are commemorated ; their ages range from five to
sixteen, the dates from 1683 to 1700.
In the south-west corner lie the tombs of Dean Hygate Lowe and
William Maclnerney, with these inscriptions : — " Here lyeth the body
of Hygate Lowe, who lived 21 yeares dean of | this church, and died in
September, 1638," and "William MacEncharne, and his wife Eliz. ni
Dea, made this tonibe Anno Dni 1650." l
Kilfenora — East Window (Interior).
The south wall has two late windows, one with an ogee head and
angular hood is closed by a monument, the other has two trefoil headed
lights and a cross bar and hood.
The north wing (31 feet 3 inches by 19 feet) seems to have opened
into the chancel by two plain pointed arches, closed when the sedile was
made. The east windows are long, plain slits, one still entire. A rude
late cross, displaying a bishop, on whose shoulders perch two beetle-like
angels, lies in this wing. Passing out by a door, which must have once
led into the north aisle, we find another cross, with plain mouldings, one
1 The Deans here commemorated were Hygate Lowe, who was ordained a deacon
in 1615, and priest in 1617, and installed as dean November 11, the same year. We
might conjecture that Bishop James Hygate, a Scotchman, enthroned bishop in 1636,
was his relation. In his time, Archbishop Laud wrote to Thomas Wentworth, Earl
Strafford, lamenting the poverty of the See, worth only £80. Neptune Blood was son
and namesake of his predecessor in the Deanery, and grandson of Edmond Blood of
Macknay, in Derbyshire, who settled in Ireland about 1595, and was M.P. for Ennis
in 1613. He is said to have adopted the god Neptune as his crest, and named his son
alter him because the cbild was born at sea.
KILVENOKA CATHEDRAL — MOXUMKXT.
398 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
arm now broken. A third cross, with interlaced patterns, much weather-
beaten, stands not far off. The noble high cross, with rich frets and
interfacings, and a long-robed figure of our Lord crucified, stands in the
fields to the west of the cathedral. The site of a fifth cross is shown to
the north-east of the village. It, or a sixth cross, was moved to Killaloe
in the time of Bishop Mant. It was sent by the Rev. Mr. Brew, of
Tulla, and was at first set up on the bank of the Shannon, opposite
Friars Island ; but now stands in the Garden of Clarisford. It also has
a long-robed figure of the crucifixion, and certain Celtic knots. In the
graveyard round the cathedral may be found this quaint epitaph : —
" Non quemqam defraudavi : me saepe fefelli
Et Marti et Baccho saepe tributa dedi
Patritius Lysaght obiit Anno Dmni 1741 setate sua 85."
A local wit translated the second line : — " I paid my respects to
faction fights and pottheen." About a mile westward from the cathedral
were some slight remains of the hospital and church of Kilcarragh, the
site of the fort of Caheremon, and, nearer the village, some massive
walls, called Cashlaunwogga, " the sham castle," regarding which
history is absolutely silent, and tradition practically so.
BALLYKINVAKGA.
Leaving Kilfenora, we reach a district so abounding in pre-historic
remains as to form a veritable "happy hunting-ground " for antiquaries.
It has been already so very fully described in our Journal and the Pro-
ceedings of the Royal Irish Academy x that we need only very briefly
describe its leading features, with the exception of the noble Caher of
Ballykinvarga, which we propose to visit. We have already seen Bally-
shanny Castle, which stands on the site of an ancient fort ; and if we
turn eastward, along the side road between it and Kilfenora, we pass to
the left the large but defaced caher of Ballyshanny. It has traces of two
" caves" ; the gateway faced the south, and is noteworthy for the very
unusual feature of steps leading up to it from the outside.
CAHERLAHERTAGH, "Flaherty's Fort," lies close to the right of the
road; it was of fine cyclopean masonry, and had a hut and T-shaped
enclosure, now quite defaced. Beyond it lies another caher, probably
the Caheryline of 1655. 2 It is finely built, and some years ago possessed
a gateway with stone-posts at the corners and long lintels, now hopelessly
defaced. Some traces remain of steps up the wall. Two nearly levelled
stone forts, one enclosing the graveyard of Kilcameen and a curious
double cist, the other with hut sites, lie between the last and Ballykin-
varga, in Caherminane. In this townland are the remains of a cromlech
figured by Borlase,3 and lying north of the road.
1 This Journal, vol. xxvii., pp. 116-120 ; Proc. It.I.A., vol. iv., Set. in., p. 544.
2 " Book of Distribution," p. 189. 3 « Dolmens of Ireland," vol. i., pp. 69-70.
PROCEEDINGS. 399
BALLYKINVARGA Caher ('fort of the town of the head of the market ')
was probably the " Cathair Fhionnabhrach " ('Caher of the white brow'),
in the "Book of Rights," and the Fort in East Ballykenuarga, called Caher
Loglin, in 1655.1 As seen from the new road it is a conspicuous object,
standing on a gently rising ground. It is one of the most noteworthy
forts of Ireland ; for, though much injured, it retains much of its terraced
rampart, and the massive gateway, with a lintel nearly 7 feet long, is
intact ; the numerous inner enclosures, recalling Chun Castle in Cornwall,
still remain. We note that the walls are built in three sections, and with
upright joints. A curious sunken passage leads to the gateway through
the well-preserved abattis, or cJtevaux-de-frise. 2 The latter extends in
places for 100 feet out from the walls ; most of its pillars are a few feet
high, but some of the outer ones, taller than a man, remain. Between
the pillars are set low spikes, still so efficient in their jagged sharpness
that in making the plan here given (see p. 400), I cut through one of my
boots between the spikes.
The inner ring is oval, 130 to 155 feet ; the rampart is in places 12
to 16 feet high ; a spring wells up in the abattis near the entrance, and
the slabs of a fallen cromlech lie in the field to the south-east. The caher
is untouched by any recent restorer, and up to this is free from the fate
that has rendered the noble forts in Aran of comparatively little value to
the student ; but even in the last few years the inner features have
been greatly altered.
To the east a little caher, all but levelled, lies on a knoll, and from
it the best view of its more fortunate neighbour is obtained. The curious
fact is apparent that these forts are in line with the hill fort of Boon, and
also with Cahernaspekee and another caher in the opposite direction.
This linear arrangement is not uncommon in Ireland and Great Britain.
XOUGHAVAL.
The group of forts extends beyond the scene of our visit ; for about a mile away
lies the hamlet of Noughaval (Nua Conghabhaile, new monastery).3 This is the
now inappropriate name of the townlands in which stand two of Clare's oldest
churches, Kilbrecan and St. Mogua's church. The latter venerable church exhibits
masonry and window slits, possibly of the tenth or eleventh century. It consists of a
chancel and nave (28 feet by 20 feet 9 inches, and 53 feet by 21 feet 6 inches). The
plain semicircular headed chancel arch belongs to the earlier period, the south door
probably to the period (1180-90), in which was built Corcomroe chancel, though
there is no foundation for the belief4 that it was brought from the latter monastery :
it is pointed, with deep mouldings crossed by curious bars in relief. There are
1 "Book of Distribution," p. 189.
2 This feature only occurs in Dun Aenghus and Dubh Caher, in Aran ; in Bally -
kinvarga, county date ; Dunnamoe, in Mayo ; a nameless fort in county Kerry ; two
forts in Scotland ; one in "Wales ; Castle Coz, in Brittany ; and (a somewhat similar
ring) at Mohne, on the Baltic. (See this Journal, vol. xxvii., p. 123.)
3 This Journal, vol. xxvii., pp. 116-121. " Conghabhaile" equals " Monastery "
in the " Tripartite Life."
4 "Towers and Temples of Ancient Ireland," p. 368.
400
ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
features of the fifteenth and seventeenth centuries apparent in the church, the west
gahle has fallen, and the^ rest is much decayed. To the south-east stands the little
mortuary chapel (20 feet hy 12 feet) of the O'Davorens, which once hore the inscrip-
tion : — " This chapel was built by James O'Davoren, of Lisdoonvarna, who died the
31st July, 1725, aged 59 years "—and had a heavy vaulted roof. Two crosses stood
respectively to the north and south of the church, the northern stood on a strong
octagonal pier, and formed a market cross showing that this obscure little place was
PLANS OF FOHTS, COUNTY CLARE.
i. Cahermacnaughten. 2. Glenquin. 3. Ballykinvarga. 4. Doon.
of importance in mediaeval times ; the second cross is plain and has a circle, it is set
in an altar, the slab of which is pierced to hold it.1 The curious holy tree and well
of St. Mogua lie to the east of the church ; a venerable ash tree,|having fallen and
broken, rooted itself in various directions round the well and has foimed a giove.
Farther east, a row of forts runs in a straight line from the square CAHEKXYLETAAN
(Cahermare, in 1655) to the great cromlech on Ballyganner hill. The second of the
1 Full description in " P. M. D.," vol. iii., p. 238.
Fort and fallen Cromlech, Cuhereuttiue.
L U A^ /
CHURCH
Group of Antiquities, Noughaval.
Caher and Chevaux de frise, Bally kiuvarga, County Clare.
402
ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
series CAHERCUTTINE (fort of the commonage) is a fine example, 137 feet across, with
walls of large blocks, 12 feet 6 inches thick, and 10 feet high ; there is a plinth or
very narrow terrace, whence three flights of massive steps run up the wall ; the gate-
way faced the south, and had corner posts and large lintels now thrown down ; they
were in place twenty -four years ago. The fort has in its immediate vicinity two
cromlechs, a cairn, a lesser ringwall enclosing a " cave " and another small fort. The
third caher on the ridge is CAHERWALSH, a straight- sided fort with a confused mass
of foundations of enclosures and huts inside, and with hut sites and cairns near it.
CAHERNASPEKEE, a small circular fort, 105 feet across, with a terrace "veneered"
with great slabs, and lastly a coarsely built oblong garth, several cairns, and a
"cave."
.bully ganner — The North-western Cromlech.
Eastward from the last are several enclosures, one M'ith a slab hut. In a shallow
valley is a fine cromlech of most unusual design, three compartments with pillars
rising at the divisions 2 feet and 12 inches higher than the roof ; it was over 25 feet long,
and the taller pillars rise 5 feet over the debris, and supported a long lintel now fallen.
The fort of CAHERANEDEN, as its name implies, stands on a low ridge ; it has a slab
hut. On the hill east of this are a large and fantastic rock, several forts, and three
Ballygauner — 1'lan of the North-western Cromlech.
cromlechs, one partly embedded in the rampart of a strong caher, while southward on
Ballyganner hill are three cromlechs, one of great size, and having several little basins
on its top slab like the "Elf mills" in Swedish dolmens; it is visible from the
road to Lemaneagh.1 Several cahers, one containing the ivied angle of the old castlt-
of the O'Conors, and all much ruined, lie on the southern hills.
To complete our list of the chief forts of this once most populous district, we must
1 ?orla*p*s "Dolmens," vol. i., p. 67.
PROCEEDINGS.
403
notice two. Tully, called Tully O'Cuirc in the 15th century, a fine earth fort with
high rampart and well-marked fosse, is well seen to the south of the road, and Boon
fort. BOON is a conspicuous feature in the landscape in all directions, heing partly
cut out of the shale rock at the end of a hold ridge to the S.W. of Kilfenora, and
rising 12 feet above the field. It is pear-shaped in plan, 300 feet across, and sur-
rounded by a neatly-cut fosse 25 feet wide and six feet deep, in which curious projec-
tions of rock, square-cut and opposite to gaps in the rampart, suggest that the fortress
was reached by rude drawbridges. A flight of rock-cut steps leads up the eastern side.
The earthworks had a stone facing, and the summit commands a fine view of Liscannor
Bay, Lisdoonvarna, Kilfenora, and the limestone flats from Lemaneagh to Lissylisheen.
" On lonely hills, where the rabbits burrow,
Are forts of kings men name not now.
On mountain tops I have tracked the furrow,
And found in forests the buried plough.
For one man living the strong land then
Gave kindly food and raiment for ten."
Doon may possibly represent the Tech n'ennach of the legend of the Firbolgs,
which was on the Daelach, two of whose sources are in the hill northward from the
fort.1
Lemaneagh Castle. (From the S.E.)
LEMANEAGH CASTLE.
Passing some dilapidated forts and through a treeless and unpictu-
resque country we come in sight of an ugly end wall and a curious
enclosure with a low square tower to the north-western angle, and
See Plan, page 400, fig. 4.
T K <z * 1
Jour. R.S.A.I.
Vo1- *•• Fifth
Vol 3Q Consec. Ser.
2 F
404
KOYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IKELAND.
passing the piers of an old gateway stop before the interesting old house of
Lemaneagh (horse-leap) with its numerous gables and many shafted
windows. It consists of a tall peel tower dating from about 1480, with
a large " Tudor " house about a century later. The larger portion of
the tower has been replaced by the house, but the spiral stairs, vaulted
rooms, with a fine fireplace, and a neat doorway with a cross "stippled"
on the arch remain in good preservation. Some of the corbels which
supported the floors have neat decorations, and leaves and triquetras are
carved on the heads of the windows. The house is three stories high
with a triple attic ; the lower windows and round-headed door are built
up. The second story windows are divided by stone mullions and
Map of Lemaneagh Castle and Grounds.
transoms into eight lights, those in the third story into six, and the ones
in the attic gables into three ; all the windows have flat hoods. A small
machicholated turret projects to the south-west, and a "return" wing
extends from the back. A small court lay before the house ; its interest-
ing gateway remains with a round arch and heavy corbels ; also two rich
coats of arms, one the quartered bearings of Conor O'Brien, 1643, the
other with the baronet's hand, those of his son Sir Donat O'Brien about
1690. Under them, in worn letters, are the words : " This was built in
the year of our Lord 1643 by Conor O'Brien and by Mary ni Mahon,1
wife of the said Connor." From the summit of the castle, if Hely
1 Daughter of Sir Tirlough Mac Mahon, and known as Maire Ruadh, Maureen
Rhue, or Red Mary.
PROCEEDINGS.
405
Dutton heard the truth, a girl once fell (before 1809), but landing on a
pig escaped with the fright and shock, while the pig was killed.1
A long large garden, with an oblong fish pond once filled by a little
stream that still flows through it, lies to the east. It had a turret at the
north-east angle and high walls; in the northern is a brick summer
house with niches to each side of the door. In this, say the people,
Mary O'Brien used once to keep a famous " blind stallion." So fierce
was this horse that when his grooms let him out they had to stand in the
niches while they opened the door.
Lemaneagh— Courtyard Gate, 1643 and 1690.
Lemaneagh abounds in historic legends of the O'Briens. Murrogh,
first Earl of Thomond, granted Lemaneagh and Dromoland to his third
son Donough about 1550. Donough O'Brien was hanged under martial
law at Limerick in 1582, but the English in so doing overreached them-
selves, as it is said there could be no forfeiture under military sentence,
and the estates passed uninjured to his little son. When Conor O'Brien
of Dromoland died at Lemaneagh in 1603 Lord Inchiquin claimed the
castle under the composition of title made with Perrot in 1584-5, but his
claim does not seem to have been pressed at any rate till 1622, and
then unsuccessfully. Of Mary O'Brien and her husband Conor many a
strange tale is told, especially of her raids on the English settlers in
1641, and these are borne out by the depositions of Gregory Hickman of
Barntick in the following year. " Conor O'Brien, gentleman, in a most
1 " Statistical Survey of Co. Clare," p. 310.
2F2
406 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
rebellious manner seized upon the deponent's corn," and " about the-
12th of February last, Conor O'Brien, of Lemanagh, accompanied by
Mary Brien " and others " with force of arms came to the deponent's
house and took away fourteen English swine and a parcel of his house-
hold stuff, also 400 sheep."1 There was a story of her attempt to close
her avenue to the people of Burren, and how Terence O'Loughlin broke
down the gates, and a legend of her hanging her men servants by the
necks and her maids by the hair on the corbels of Lemaneagh.
When Conor fell mortally wounded, in his skirmish with General
Ludlow,2 his nearly lifeless body was brought home. His wife was of
somewhat different fibre to the lady in Tennyson's poem. She " neither
spoke nor wept," but looked out of the window and shouted " we need
no dead men here." When she found he was still alive she nursed him
till nightfall, when he died. The widow promptly put on a magnificent
dress of blue velvet and silver braid and drove to Limerick. She asked
to see Ireton and offered to surrender. He doubted her bona fides,
especially as to the death of her husband, and asked for some proof. " I
will marry any of your officers that asks me," replied the strong-minded
widow. A certain Cornet Cooper, a brave soldier, proposed to her, and
she married him the same day, and thus saved the lands for her son Sir
Donat O'Brien.3 Tradition says she killed Cooper with a kick, while he
was shaving, on account of some remark he made about Conor O'Brien.
Less credible legends made her a female "Blue Beard," giving her
twenty-five husbands, few of whom escaped her by divorce or natural
death, while a still less reliable legend (if such be possible) said she was
fastened up alive in a hollow tree at Carnelly and left to starve, and that
her perturbed spirit still walked the long tree shaded avenue at that
house some thirty years ago.4
Her portrait, as already noted, remains at Ennistymon and a copy at
Dromoland. It exhibits a strong, plain, red-haired woman, with rather
coarse, sensual features and fierce mouth. The jewellery worn by her
is very curious, especially a pendant in the shape of a mermaid very
suggestive both of the carving at Clonfert and an Italian jewel in a
picture published not many years ago in the Magazine of Art.6
On the ridge behind the castle lies CAHEBSCKEBEEN fort. It has
traces of two souterrains, and tradition says it is the richest fort in
Ireland, with three cellars respectively filled with deer's tallow, Dane's
beer and silver.6 [A fine cromlech, figured by Borlase,7 remains in
Poulquillica in the Deerpark of Lemaneagh. The long-walled avenue,
1 "Deposition," T.C.D. Library.
2 Ludlow's " Memoirs," i., p. 360.
3 See this Journal, vol. xxi., p. 76 ; Lady Chatterton's "Rambles," vol. ii., p. 194.
4 As the late Duchess de Rovigo (a Stamer of Carnelly) told me when I was a boy
in 1869.
5 Magazine of Art, 1894, p. 197 ; Marcus Keane's " Towers and Temples," p. 126.
6 See this Journal, vol. xxvi., p. 368. 7 " Dolmens of Ireland," vol. i., p. 70.
PROCEEDINGS. 407
with the piers of two other gateways, is seen as we drive towards
€orofin, and a long old road leads thence for many miles eastward, and
bears in several places the name of " Sir Donat's-road."
After leaving Lemaneagh gate we pass the fallen cromlech of Bally-
casheen, the great fort of Cahermore with a closed souterrain, and the
curious T-shaped termon cross of Kilnaboy, called the cross of Inghean
Baoith, which has been recently fully described in our Journal by
.Dr. George Macnamara.1 It has two female faces carved on the top, and
three raised "welts" or round mouldings between them, not as Hely
Dutton stated and others repeated, bearded faces and clasped hands.
Farther down the hill we reach the large rock by the roadside called
cloch an airgid, "the stone of the silver," from some forgotten legend,
and behind it in the crag is the seat of Inghean Baoith, the patroness of
Kilnaboy parish, a sure cure for lumbago and rheumatism, but requiring
three pilgrimages to obtain relief, and so of no service to our party on
this occasion.
GLASGEIVNAGH HiLL.2
At the foot of Roughan Hill we come into line with a bold ridge falling into steep
precipices and called Glasgeivnagh Hill. If time allows we ought to turn up the side
road and see some of its noteworthy prehistoric remains. The zig-zag road brings us
up to a lovely view of Inchiquin Lake and hill and the central plains of Clare and
Galway out to the Shannon and towards Loughrea. Down the slope lie some carved
blocks and bullauns, the last remains of Kil mic Ui donain, or "The Ascetic's
Church."3
About a dozen cromlechs stand in Leanna and Parknabinnia. Two in the latter
townland are close to the road and very perfect. We then see the double cist of
•Commons,4 which long formed the bedroom and pigsty of a cabin, and ci-ossing a
regular lake of stone, reach the very curious cromlech of CKEEVAGH in an ancient ring
wall. It has several side structures, and had a western enclosure of slabs over 6 feet
high.*
A short distance to the north the road drops abruptly into the weird valley of Glen-
curraun, probably the Caechan Boirne of the " Book of Rights." The cliff fort of
CASHLAUN GAB towers above the road on top of its dome of rock, " like the acropolis of
some lost city." It is noteworthy for its massive rampart, with strange salient angles
clinging to the edges of the cliff, and for its hut sites and well-built gate, which opens
on the edge of a high crag, and must have been reached by a ladder. Farther up the
valley the great triple fort of CAHERCOMMANE is seen, a lesser Dun Aenghus, on the
«dge of a cliff, with a central wall 22 feet thick, and traces of huts, steps, and a curious
slab passage described at some length in our Journal.*
The lake fort or stone crannoge of Cahersavaun, the forts and cromlechs of Tully-
•commaun (not Tully Common, as on our maps) the splendid cromlech of Cappagh-
: This Journal, pp. 22-33, ante.
2 Dr. G. Macnamara points out that more properly the hill is Slievenaglasha, " Glas-
geivnagh" being the legendary cow.
3 Identified by Dr. G. Macnamara in 1896. See this Journal, vol. xxvii., pages
77-79.
4 Borlase, vol. i., p, 76. 5 This Journal, vol. xxviii., p. 359.
6 This Journal, vol. xxvi.. p. 154.
408
ROYAL SOCIETY QF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
kennedy, and the traditionally famous fort of Mohernacartan lie close to us, but would
require an entire day to visit, even in the most hurried manner.1
Glasgeivnagh Hill is noted in folklore for the legend of the smith, Lon Mac Leefa
and his famous cow.2 He was of the Tuatha De Dannann, but instead of sulking in
the fairy hills he was anxious to get on friendly terms with the warriors of Finn Mac
Cumhal. He was of very singular appearance, for he had a third arm in the middle of
his chest, with which he held the iron on the anvil, and had only one leg, with which
he could spring over a valley and a ridge at one bound. He and his seven sons had
come from Spain, bringing with them a wonderful "green gray" cow, called the
Glas or Glasgeivnagh, whose supply of milk was so great that she could fill to over-
flowing the largest vessel in the world. Each day of the week one of the sons
«u,rjr" J<if^^r^^(rT^P^l"r JT~
" - ,& 0 ^b4^^£~^~^Lr^
mi:--
Plan of Cahercommane.
would lead the Glas out to graze over the rocks, which are still marked in every
direction by her hoofs, and when she had gone far enough would pull her round
by her tail and let her graze home to her master's fort, Mohernacartan. This is
a massive caher, with a "cave" and hut sites, overlooking the long grassy depres-
sion in which the bare patches which mark the labbas of the Glas and her calf are
still to be seen. Legend tells how Lon sprang across Ireland to Howth, and dared
the warriors of Finn to pursue him, how he was overtaken by Caeilte and made
seven magic swords, Finn's being the most famous, and even in Macpherson's "Ossian"
being called "the blade of dark brown Luno." The Tuatha De Danann mean-
while lay in wait at the three ford-weirs of the Fergus (at Corofin, Cora Neill, and
1 This Journal, vol. xxvi., pp. 363-364. * Ibid., vol. xxv., pp. 227-229.
PROCEEDINGS. 409
Cora Vicburrin, but were dislodged, driven up Keentlae hill, and defeated at " Seefin "
(Finn's Seat), where human bones have often been found. The fate of the cow is
not certain. One tale says, " an Ulsterman stole her," another relates how she died
of chagrin at being unable to fill a sieve, while the milk that ran through formed the
pretty waterfall called the seven streams of Teeskagh, near Glencurraun.1
KlLNABOY.
Crossing another ridge we come in sight of this most venerable
church and broken round tower, the foundation of Inniwee (Inghean
Baoith), the holy, hut unnamed, "daughter of Boethius." The church
having been fully described we need only note that it is an oblong build-
ing (63 feet by 20 feet 3 inches); the west gable and north wall probably
dating from, at least, the eleventh century ; over the south door is a
perfect Sheelanagig, and in the building will be found several curious
mural tombs, one, with a carving of the crucifixion, dated 1644, with
the verse —
" Under these carved marbell stones
Lyeth Conor O'Flanagain's body and bones."
Nearer the east end the curious epitaph, " The Atchivement of
O'Nellanes,"1 refers, of course, to the defaced coat-of-arms : it dates
1645. We must notice also the arcaded slab of the altar, the low arch
called the O'Quin's tomb, and the stump of a well-built round tower,
52 feet 6 inches in diameter, and the same distance north of the church,
and 13 feet high. It is said to have been battered by " Cromwell,"
possibly Ludlow, in 1651 — a most doubtful legend.3 Kilnaboy was the
scene of Hugh O'Donnell's camp in 1599 ; and Sir Conyers Clifford passed
it, on his way, to attack Cahirminane. The O'Briens plundered its altar-
plate in 1573, to their disaster, for the wrath of Inniwee pursued them
to Beal an-chip, and led to their repulse in storming a hill; " and the
wolves of the forest, the ravens, carrion crows, and ravenous birds were
noisy over the bodies of the nobles slain in battle that day," as the Four
Masters homerically sum up the reward of sacrilege.
In the fields, near the Fergus, west of the church is seen a strong
courtyard, with ivied turrets, called " De Clare's House" on the maps;
but the legend connecting it with the " Claragh more " (as Eichard de
Clare is still called) does not now exist, nor is it probable that that
dreaded warrior was ever nearer Kilnaboy than when he fell at Dysert-
odea in 1318. It was more probably said to be the residence of the Deans
of Kilfenora. The road from this place to Corofin is called Bothar na
mic riogh by Magrath in 1317, and the stone-road of Coradh fionn in the
" Annals of the Four Masters," 1573.
*For full legend, and its Scotch and Irish equivalents, see this Journal, vol. xxv.,
pp. 227-229.
2 Not "The Achievements of Fonella Ne," "Diocese of Killaloe," p. 493.
3 This Journal, vol. xxiv., pp. 26-29.
410 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
COAD.
We pass a small ruined church on the rising fields east of the castle.
It is a simple little oratory (54 feet 3 inches by 22 feet) of the latest
fifteenth, or earliest sixteenth, century,1 with a well-moulded pointed
south door, a double ogee-headed east window, and a few tombstones,
notably those of the daughters of Conor O'Brien, 1642; Ellenor Creagh,
wife of Dominick Power, 1673; Patrick Foster, 1764; John, grandson2
of Michael M'Namara, buried in Quin, 1723, and The Mac Gorman of
Cahirmoroghue (Cahermurphy), 1735, whose house produced the indus-
trious antiquary and genealogist, Chevalier 0' Gorman, in the early
eighteenth century. The Foster tablet has the curious verse— -
" Eemember, mortal, who this flag may see,
As I am now you shall hereafter he,
Since Eve's sons must nature's tribute pay,
And mankind, soon or late, must come this way ;
Let true compassion thy kind mind compose,
To pray for my immortal parts repose." 3
Goad is traditionally said to have been built by " Maureen Rhue," in
consequence of a quarrel with the rector of Kilnaboy ; but as we find it
in existence in the reign of Henry VIII., and the architecture is still
earlier, tradition errs considerably.
The name seems doubtful, Comhad or Comfhod, rendered " grave-
yard " or " equal height " ; tradition asserts the last, and that the great
rude stone pillar in the fields east of the ruin was of equal height, with
Teige an Chomhaid O'Brien who took his name from the place. Not far
from the pillar a large fort, CAHERMORE in Killeen, called Caherdru-
massan, or Cahragheeduva in 1655, stands in a craggy grove of hazel; the
terraced walls are fairly complete but featureless.
GLENQUIN.
Glenquin lies between Glasgeivnagh Hill and the curious pyramidal
hill of Mullachmoyle, girt with curving rock ten-aces ; it is a picturesque
spot, and possesses a fine fort, Cahermore in Lackareagh, with two circles
of wall, a terrace, and a " cave" on a noble site high above the plain,
but under the lofty cliffs of Slievenaglasha.* Further north lies Glen-
columbcill, not rich in antiquities, but pretty and leading up to the most
interesting hermitage of St. Colman mac Duach under the great precipice
at Kin all ia.
1 Lewis says it is "apparently of vast antiquity." — "Topography," vol. ii.,
page 195.
2 fiecte, great-grandson.
3 " P. M. D.," vol. iii., pp. 229-237. The above inscription is on p. 235, and the
coat- of -arms on p. 397.
4 See Plan on page 400, fig. 2.
DIAGRAM OF ANTIQUITIES NEAR COROFIN.
JOUR. R.S.A.I., vol. x., pt. 4, p. 410.
PROCEEDINGS. 411
INCHIQUIN.
Inchiquin Lake now becomes the main object of interest — a noble
sheet of water, harp-shaped on the map, and with the richly-wooded
great ridge of Keentlea (Ceanntsleibhe, the ancient Ceanathrach, or
" serpent's hill") rising on the farther shore. The prettily wooded
islet was the site of a castle built by Turlough, Prince of Thomond,
between 1287 and 1306; its remains were unearthed and identified by
Dr. G. Macnamara in 1894. It has also some traces of piling, and may
have been partly a crannoge and partly natural.
On the nearer shore a long ivied house with lofty chimneys and
gable and a taller turret are all that remains of INCHIQUIN CASTLE.: It
rests on a rocky headland ; the turret contains a partly fallen spiral
staircase, and is part of a peel-tower.
' ' And high above a piece of turret stair,
Worn by the feet that now were silent, turned
Bare to the sun, and monstrous ivy stems,
Claspt the gray walls with hairy-fibred arms."
The lake and district are a centre of most interesting legends. On
Keentlae stood the " House of Chonain," famous in the legends of Finn.3
The latter warrior kept " two hounds at the Lake of Inchiquin " and two
at Formoyle towards Kilfenora.3 From its southern brow sprang his
good hound Bran after a stag into Tirmacbrain Lough, and another
summit was known as "Finn's seat" in 1839. In more historic times
Cuvea Macnamara drove back Prince Donagh O'Brien from " Kenslieve"
(1278-1283).*
The islet which gives the lake and barony their name is called after
the clan known as O'Quin or Muinter Iffernain. They were a Dalcassian
tribe of some note, and their chief Nial took part in the Battle of
Clontarf in 1014 as standard-bearer to King Brian.5 At an early date
(tradition says 1200) they fell from their high estate, and became so
subordinate to the O'Briens, that John Macgrath barely names them in
1317, whilst he thrice alludes to this place as held by Mahon O'Brien,
nor do they appear in the wars of that period. Nevertheless they
subsisted as landowners ; and we find many records of them from the
times of Elizabeth to those of Cromwell, while they still figure among
the peasantry. The Earls of Dunraven claim to represent them, but as
they only state (without satisfactory proof) a pedigree from O'Quin of
1 Henry VIII. granted the manor of Inchiquin a castle, and the great Lough
called Inchiquin, with an Island in the same, to Murrough, first Earl of Thomond. —
Letters Patent at Greenwich, July 1, 1544.
2 Feis Tigh Chonain. 4 " Qssianic Society," vol. iv., p. 51.
3 Dirge of Cuvea in " Wars of Torlough." I must thank Mr. S. H. O'Grady for
this and other extracts.
6 " Wars of the Gaedhil and the Gaill."
412 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
Kilmallock (1490 to 1670), while there were at that period other families
of O'Quin claiming no ties with Clare, in Dublin, "Wlcklow, Westmeath,
and Limerick, we must put these claims along with those numerous
popular genealogies which do not seem to have a particle of conclusive
evidence in their favour.1
The fact that the Ulster King of Arms granted to Thady Quin the
arms of the Ulster family, and not those of the Clare O'Quins, although
the latter were on record in his office, shows that two centuries ago
there was no clear tradition or claim of descent in the Quins of Adare
from those of Inchiquin.
To account for the phenomenon of a tribe so suddenly reduced to
obscurity, popular legends were evolved : the first, though demonstrably
false, is probably very old, and has a weird pathos to redeem it. In the
fifteenth century the young chieftain O'Quin, wandering by the lake one
morning, saw a flock of swans of singular beauty, and determined to
capture one without injuring it. After failing to accomplish his purpose,
on several occasions, he, at last, captured one of the birds, but to his
astonishment it turned into a most lovely woman, for whom he was
seized with most violent love, and entreated her to become his wife.
She consented on three conditions: that the marriage should be concealed;
that no O'Brien should be asked to enter the castle, and that her husband
should avoid gambling. After several happy years and the births of two
children, the O'Briens held races at Goad, and O'Quin got into their
company, and, warmed by wine and merrymaking, asked "Tige Ahood"
O'Brien (Teige an Chomhaid, 1459-1466, chief of Thomond) to feast at the
castle. The swan -wife prepared the banquet, and then putting on her
feathered skin swam away with a cygnet under each wing, so her
husband saw neither her nor his children again. The doomed man,
unconscious of his loss, gambled with O'Brien, and lost his castle and
lands to his guest, rising from the table a bereaved and ruined man.
Some have fancied that a substratum of fact underlies the legend, that
the wife was inferior in rank to O'Quin, and that his clan repudiated
him for his lowly love (like the Lord of Desmond) ; but twelve chiefs
held sway in Thomond before Teige an Comhaid O'Brien, during whose
reigns no O'Quin ruled at Inchiquin.
Another legend (not recognised, so far as I know, by the present
inhabitants) tells how JRory O'Quin, helping a " wild hunter " to take a
stag, the stranger gave him a 4< butterfly clasp " which, while it was
1 Lady Dunraven, in "Memorials of Adare," is singularly unfortunate in her
attempts to elucidate the O'Quin history, e.g. pp. 162, 163. Commenting on the slaying
of Conor O'Quin in 1197, ''this commenced the wars of De Clare, which lasted a
century," and "it seems to have been this time, or rather later, that the O'Quins,
O'Gradies, and other clans were driven out of Clare, and settled in Limerick."
De Clare first came to Clare in 1275, and the O'Quins and O'Gradys held lands in the
county at any rate to the middle of the seventeenth century. This is on a par with
the claim in the same book, that the beautiful tombstone, "on t)O chunn," from
Iniscaltrn, is an ancestral monument.
TOUR. R.S.A.I., vol. x., pt. 4, p. 413.
PROCEEDINGS. 413
worn by a just and kind man, gave light in the dark. Rory, soon after-
wards saved from drowning the daughter of a wood kern, and falling in
love with her, married her secretly. His father, however, arranged a
marriage between him and O'Brien's daughter ; the youth refused, and
was imprisoned, till at last he consented to the forced marriage. Imme-
diately the clasp lost its light, and, conscience- stricken, Rory owned his
humble marriage, and was driven from Thomond.1
A third legend in " The Monks of Kilcrea " bears no mark of being
genuine local tradition, though it abounds with beautiful descriptive
passages relating to several places in this district, some of which are
quoted in these pages.
COEOFIN.
Leaving Goad we pass the site of Terry Alt's house ; the owner is
said to have been so good and peaceable a man, that his humorous
neighbours laid all undetected crimes to his account, whence came that
word of terror to our fathers, "Terryalt" — a secret association which
achieved its highest triumph in Clare by digging up the lawn before
Carrigoran, under the windows within which slumbered no less a person
than His Majesty's Lieutenant-General and General-Governor of Ireland
in!830.2
COEOFIN (clear weir),3 "the festive Corofin" of O'Huidhrin's poem,"
is a small market-town on the Fergus ; the only antiquities near it are a
curious carving of St. Sebastian pierced with arrows. It was probably
brought from the neighbouring graveyard of Kilvoydane to the Roman
Catholic Church. Kilvoydane lies north of Corofin ; it is a graveyard,
with the socket and part of the head of a plain and very ancient cross,
the water in which cures warts. Hugh Mac Curtin, the antiquary, was
buried there, but his grave is not known. North of the village lies the
very perfect tower of Bally portry.4 It has a turret the whole width of
the building ; the main part has two vaulted floors and fine fireplaces ;
the whole is surrounded by a double enclosure ; the inner with side-
turrets and loopholes. Near it is the enchanted lake of Shandangan ; and
along the same road lie the important stone forts of Mullach and Cahera-
hoagh, while, much nearer Corofin, we find the large but defaced Caher-
oisin, where the poet Ossian is said to have lived, and which still bears
his name.
BATTLEFIELD OF DYSEET O'DEA, 1318.
After crossing the railway, we soon reach the bridges called Maccon Bridge and
Drehidavaddaroe (bridge of the red dog). Near this spot, at the old ford over the now
insignificant stream at the east end of Ballycullinan Lake, commenced one of the most
decisive battles of Irish history.
1 "Memorials of Adare."
z " Recollections of an Irish Police Magistrate," pp. 100-101.
3 Or some say " Finne's Weir."
4 "The Story of an Irish Sept," p. 228, and Proc. E.I. A., vol. 5, 3rd Series,
p. 353, give sections of Ballyportrea.
414 ROYAL .SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
To tell it briefly, we must premise that, after the O'Briens of Clan Turlough had
slain nearly all the opposition chiefs and the flower of the northern army in 1317 at
Corcomroe, Richard De Clare in vain endeavoured to re-establish in Inchiquin his prin-
cipal ally, Mahon O'Brien, who had been driven out by Prince Murchad. After an
abortive attempt of the English of Limerick to patch up a truce between the comba-
tants, O'Brien and the Macnamaras plundered De Clare's lands, and fled with the
cattle to Slieve Aughty. Then De Clare sent for aid to the De Burgos at Ardrahin, but
as they delayed he got impatient, and on May 8th, 1318, set off, camping in Quin
church for one night, till his forces mustered, and marched to Euan and Tully O'Dea
the following day. That evening scouts brought the news to Conor O'Dea of Dysert, a
loyal supporter of Murchad, that the dreaded " Claraghmore " was in full force in his
neighbourhood. O'Dea sent messengers to beg aid from Felim O'Conor, chief of
Corcomroe, and Loughlin O'Hehir, of Hycormaic, and despatched Thomas O'Giiffy to
bribe the English to give him a truce, but De Clare gave a stern refusal.
Our authorities give us no notion of the strength of the armies. Eighty-four
knights and Norman soldiers fell ; but no bard has celebrated the losses or numbers of
the Irish, while the fate of two of De Clare's detachments is not recorded in any
history.
On the edge of Dysert and Ruan, at Dromcavan, a causeway crossed the stream,
and on the higher ground towards Dysert was a wood. In this shelter O'Dea placed
an ambuscade. At early da\vn of May 10th (being the feast of Saints Epimachus and
Gordian, and a Thursday) De Clare sent off two detachments, one southward along the
Fergus towards Magowna, possibly to hold back O'Hebir, the other to Rath, to take
O'Dea in the rear. The main force, including probably all the English, was marching
over the ridge to the east of the ford, when O'Dea drew them into his trap. A number
of Irish, both horse and foot, were seen driving cattle across the stream westward, and
the English assailed and routed these kerne, slaying many ; however, as soon as the
survivors were over the ford, they turned and made so bold a defence, that De Clare
and his cavalry spurred to the front. The Irish retreated fighting, and were pursued
past the wood, when the ambuscade rushed out behind them and seized the pass, hold-
ing back the English infantry. De Clare fell (legend1 says by the axe of a kerne who
was hidden under a plank bridge which he overturned as De Clare rode over it), and
several English knights and horsemen shared his fate.
Too late to save their leaders, the main body forced their way over, and hemmed the
O'Deas into the wood, where they would soon have been overpowered, had not 0' Conor's
force appeared on the bluff of Scool (Scamhal) to the north-west, in sight of the battle-
field ; they charged down hill, past Dysert, and through the English, joining O'Dea.
Then commenced a fierce, confused combat, which may have raged far towards Dysert,
it being clear from the Irish account that the English knit themselves ' ' like a fortress,"
and repelled, and sorely pressed on the Irish. It was a death struggle ; for neither side
could escape from the other, like that battle of the Maccabees : " The enemy rose up
against them from the place where they lay in ambush, and made slaughter of them,
and the battle was before and behind them ; the water on this side and on that,
the marsh likewise and the wood, neither was there place for them to turn aside."
De Clare's son2 charged at O'Conor, receiving three wounds, and dying (as became
the last scion of such a race of warriors) facing his enemy ; but even still the result
was doubtful, when Murchad O'Brien's army came up from the east.
Murchad and the Macnamaras were in Aughty when news reached them that
De Clare was on the march beyond the Fergus ; they at once started, passing Spancil
Hill, and got on the track of the Normans. Then they found burned houses and wasted
1 In 1839 : " Ordnance Survey Letters."
2 Not his son Thomas, who survived, at $
any rate, to 1320.
SOUTH DOORWAY — DYSERT
JOUR. R.S.A.I., vol. x., pt. 4, p. 415.
PROCEEDINGS. 415
lands ; then fugitives ; then rumours of great slaughter ; upon which the wildly excited
men threw aside their cloaks, and even their heavy spears and armour, and hastened on.
O'Conor thought it was a reinforcement for the English (perhaps De Burgo), and
making a strong effort, swept aside De Clare's men, to find himself face to face with
friends. They gave three great shouts, and, joining forces, fell on the English. Just
then (a suspicious coincidence) O'Hehir joined them. Brian O'Brien, last surviving
chief of Clan Brian Eoe, deserted the Normans, and fled to Northern Tipperary ; and the
English, not knowing that they were defeated — then as now so characteristic of their
armies — rallied, and for the most part fell where they stood. The few who escaped
fled to Bunratty, pursued by Murchad ; but as he came in sight of that place, the town
and castle burst into flames. Lady Johan De Clare, hearing of the deaths of her
husband and son, and of the destruction of their army, placed her treasures and the
inhabitants in barges, and escaped to Limerick, leaving only ashes and blackened walls
to the victors.
De Clare's body was found hewn into small pieces — possibly by some followers of
those Macnamara chiefs who had met like treatment from De Clare's party five years
before — the mangled remains, and the body of his son, were buried in the Franciscan
Friary in Limerick. Thus, in one morning, was wrecked the power and life of the
great De Clares, and the Norman colony in Thomond ; for although the Government
repaired Bunratty, and held it in the defence of the River, it was taken in 1332 by
Murchad O'Brien and the Macnamaras, and the O'Brien power extended without a rival
from the gates of Limerick to the Cliffs of Moher.1
DrsEKT O'DEA.
In thick trees under the slopes of bluff green hills we find the
venerable monastery of Tola, who died in 737, and under the name of
Manawla, or Banawla, is remembered as patron of the site and owner of
the beautiful bronze crosier, once adorned with golden plaques and silver
and enamel, now in the collection of the Eoyal Irish Academy. He was
founder of Clonard and of Dysert Tola, in the King's County.
The church is a long, low building, consisting of a nave and chancel
(71 feet by 23 feet 9 inches, and 25 feet 3 inches by 21 feet). It has
been fully described by several writers,2 so we need only note that the
plain semicircular chancel arch and portions of the adjoining walls date
from the eleventh century, and the beautiful romanesque door, with its
row of curious heads and its rich adornment of flowers, leaves, and inter-
lacings, is probably of the first half of the twelfth century ; the triple
gothic lights of the east window are about a century later, and the west
end was entirely rebuilt, and a belfry made on the central gable in still
later times. Apart from its architectural features the only objects of
interest connected with it are the tomb of Joan Butler, wife of Conor
Crone O'Dea, 1684, in the chancel, and a plain font and a small rude
cross in the graveyard. THE KOUND TOWEE, one of the thickest in
Ireland, 61 feet in girth, stands close to the north-west angle of the
1 For the full authorities on this battle see this Journal, vol. xxi., pages 469-
472.
2 Brash's " Ecclesiastical Architecture of Ireland," p. 58 ; Dunraven's " Notes on
Irish Architecture," vol. ii., p. 3 ; this Journal, vol. xxiv., pp. 150-159; vol. xxix.,
pp. 244-256 ; Dwyer's " Diocese of Killaloe," p. 495.
416
ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OV IRELAND.
church ; the doorway is well preserved and the tower is built with a
receding external offset like those at Ardmore ; the battlements and
DYSERT O'DEA
NAVE
DYSEHT O'DEA — PLAN OF ST. TOLA'S CHURCH.
upper window are gothic of the fourteenth or even fifteenth century, and
the tower seems to have suffered from lightning.
CARVED SILL AND SLAH, RATH BLAITHMAIC CHURCH.
(The small figure is only for comparison. It is from a Saxon Manuscript.)
The beautiful HIGH CROSS, " The White Cross of Tola," stands in the
DYSERT O'DEA — HIGH CROSS.
418 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
field to the east of the church. It has been described l and fully illus-
trated in our pages, and is 8 feet 4 inches high, on a plain base, 4 feet
4 inches high. The east face exhibits carvings of the crucifixion and of
St. Tola, while the other sides are covered with delicate leaf -work, inter-
lacings, very classic frets, and groups of fighting monsters.3 It probably
dates from the twelfth century, and was twice restored — by Michael, son
of Conor Crone O'Dea, in 1683, and by the late Colonel Francis Hutchin-
son Synge, in 1871.
The CASTLE of the O'Deas is a square " peel house," with three
vaulted floors and a perfect staircase of ninety -nine steps ; it has large
marble chimney-pieces and a bawn or outwork, and is still inhabited.3
RATH BLATHMAIC.
On the ridge to the north of Dysert, and close to Scool hill, is the
very interesting church of Eath. It consists of a south wall of the
eleventh or early twelfth century, the rest dating from the fourteenth
and fifteenth centuries. The building had a nave and chancel (42 feet
10 inches by 24 feet 8 inches, and 18 feet 4 inches by 20 feet), the latter
is nearly demolished, and the west gable has met a like fate. The
chancel arch is plain and pointed. The church wall has the ancient
round angle shaft to the south-east. In its inner face we find a holy-
water basin and a curious fragment of interlaced work in the jamb of the
south door. A most remarkable sill, with a great-eared dragon's head
and elaborate masses of foliage, very Scandinavian in character.4 Beside
it is carved a quaint little sheela struggling with two dragons ; the whole
in wonderful preservation. A defaced sill of another old window is set
under its fifteenth century successor.
A stump of a round tower stood in the graveyard in 1838, but was
taken down to build the wall. There is a fine view of the steep hill and
lofty ivied Castle of Scool and the Lough of Rath. Here St. Maccreehy,
after the failure of several other saints, overcame, bound, and cast into the
lake the horrible demon -badger, who dwelt in the cave of Poul-na-
brocagh on yonder steep slope, and who now lies —
" Deep in that forgotten mere
Among the tumbled fragments of the hills."
In its dark waters, legend also says, that the twenty -four banshees of
Thomond sat washing blood-stained robes the day before the battle of
Dysert. Another bit of genuine old folk-lore tells how Manawla of
Dysert, a poor weak woman, but a saint, coveted a second round tower
at this place. She pulled it up and ran away with it one night, pursued
by St. Blawfugh,8 who was on the point of overtaking her, when she
1 This Journal, vol. xxix., pp. 246-253, by Dr. George U. Macnamara.
2 The curious carving on the west base may represent Adam and Eve.
3 View in this Journal, vol. xxi., p. 292.
4 Bloxam's " Gothic Ecclesiastical Architecture " gives interesting survivals from
Viking Art, vol. i., pp. 87-92.
5 The strangely corrupt traditional name for St. Blathmac.
PROCEEDINGS.
419
flung the tower over to Dysert, and, falling on her knees, dinted a rock
into what sceptics regarded as a double bullaun, but which unfortunately
has got covered up and forgotten since 1839. The identity of Blathmae
is very uncertain, and St. Blathmacus appears in some legends among
the contemporaries of Maccreehy, circa 540, while others think he was
the St. Blathmet, a contemporary of St. Flannan in the following century.
The fine and massive crosier and a little bronze bell, formerly belong-
iug to Rath Church, are preserved in the collection of the Royal Irish
Academy, and the former has been figured in our Journal (vol. xxiv.),
along with the crosier of Dysert O'Dea.
ljp[
.* " °E
Dysert O'Dea— High Cross. North, South, and West Sides.
T~ i? c A T J Vo1- *•» Fifth Series.
Jour. R.S.A.I. | Vol 3Q» Consec> Ser.
2G
420 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
SECTION IV.
FOURTH EXCURSION
CAHEKMACNAUGHTEN.
LEAVING Lisdoonvarna we drive nearly to the Corkscrew hill, and
then turn southward towards Noughaval. We reach a caher built
with massive blocks, with a late medieval gateway, and named
Cahermaenaughten. It formed the centre of a once famous school
of Brehon Law, of which the O'Davorens were hereditary professors.
Here our well-known scholar Duald Mac Eirbis studied under Donald
O'Davoren, who was himself (in the end of Elizabeth's reign) author of
an Irish dictionary. The ring wall is about 130 feet in diameter and
6 to 8 feet high and 10 feet thick. It was crowded with buildings of
which the foundations alone remain. The deed of partition and will of
Gillananaeve O'Davoren in 1675 fortunately describes the place at some
length. They name the large house of the caher within, the kitchen
house, the house of the churchyard, the gardens, the house site between
the large house and the door of the caher, the large house outside the
door of the caher, the green of the booley, and the water supply, several
of which can still be identified.1 (See plan on page 400, ante,}
The very dilapidated Caheryhoolagh (O'Doulan's fort?), the Caher
Idula or Caherwooly of 1641, is seen across the fields to the east of
the road. We then turn off the main road at Lissylisheen, where the
high peak of grass-grown masonry and a large baun mark a castle site.
From its summit on a clear day the peaks of the Galtees and Mount
Brandon are visible sixty miles away, with a pretty glimpse of Liscannor
Bay.
KlLCOHNEY.
We pass down a long and narrow glen, the crags of which are sheeted
with mountain avens, and find ourselves in the valley of Kilcorney.
Bold bluffs, and in places perpendicular cliffs, at one point projecting
like a bird's beak, at another dark and cave pierced, hem us in on either
side. The curious cromlechs of Baur,2 one with an inner cist or shelf,
1 See this Journal, vol. xxvii., p. 120 ; and Frost's "History and Topography,"
p. 17.
2 This Journal, vol. xxix., p. 369.
PROCEEDINGS.
421
and several cairns and forts, lie up a steep road on our left along the
northern plateau.
" On the other side is the straight-up rock,
And a path is kept twixt the gorge and it ;
By boulder stones, where lichens mock,
The marks of a moth, and small ferns tit
Their teeth in the polished hlock."
The southern cliffs contain that remarkable cave1 whence floods of
water, mud, and dead fish have often issued, and, if tradition errs not,
fairy horses, which have left descendants in the Barony. There is a low
tumulus in the fields near it, and beyond the road the scarcely apparent
site of Kilcolmanvara.
Kilcorney — Head of East Window.
KILCORNEY church is worth a short visit, for though only a few ivied
fragments remain, they enclose a curious font cut out of a single square
block, traces of early windows, and a remarkable romanesque window
head of the eleventh century, with a boldly projecting human head and
curious foliage. The church consisted of a nave and chancel, respectively
measuring 17 feet by 15 feet 6 inches, and 38 feet by 21 feet. Farther
on we pass the nearly levelled cliff fort of CAHERLISNANROUM on the edge
of a rock terrace, and pass out of the valley under the bold cairn of
Poulawack.
CAHERCONNELL AND GLENSLEADE.
We enter the valley of Eanty and see in the distance the ridge of
Poulcaragharush, crowned by two forts, one retaining its massive gate-
way. At the foot of this ridge are the three great forts of Cahermacrole
or Cahermackirilla, Cahergrillaun and Moheramoylan, and behind it the
most interesting valley of Poulacarran, and the ridge on which stand the
three cromlechs, pillars and tumulus of FANYGALVAN and numerous stone
1 Gough's " Camden's Britannia," vol. iii., p. 579.
tGa
422 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
forts, together with .the fifteenth century church of CARBAN, near an
ancient cairn.1
To the left of the road as we turn northward lies a large massive ring
wall named CAHEKCONNELL. It is now featureless, and measures 140 feet
across the wall, which is 14 feet high and 12 feet thick.* A short distance
farther north, in a craggy field to the right of the road, is the handsome
cromlech of PouLNABRONE,8 noteworthy for the airy poise of its great top
slab, 13 feet long, and from 6 feet to 10 feet wide, resting on three stones
from 5 feet to 7 feet high, and, contrary to the usual practice, it slopes
towards the west. We next reach the Glensleade valley, a deep cup-
like hollow ; the old grass-grown stump of the O'Loughlins' castle rises
Cahercashlauu Tort.
beside the modern house to the left of the road. To our right is a
veritable wilderness of rocks ; few save herdsmen have ever cared to cross
it. A long valley like the dry bed of a river penetrates it, and at a con-
siderable distance up this gorge lies a very curious fort, CAHKB, CASHLAUN,
a dry stone wall girding the summit of a dome of regularly stratified
limestone, with a large "cave," or rather a rock cleft, roofed by long
slabs, and a side enclosure measuring 240 feet across. Along the gorge-
are three lesser ring walls ; the most western is named Cahernamweela.4
1 See this Journal, vol. xxviii., p. 359, 362.
3 Ibid., vol. xxix., p. 375, 378.
4 For these forts, see this Journal, vol. xxix., pp. 377-379.
2 Ibid, 1899, 374.
Gateway of the Fort, Caheranardurrish.
The Cromlech, Poulnahrono.
424 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
is a well built ring wall, 110 to 116 feet in
diameter, not far from the road and to the right. The name means
" fort of the high door," and is probably an archaic sarcasm, for the well
preserved ancient gateway is only 5 feet 3 inches high, with little, if
any, fallen rubbish about it. One of the lintels is over 8 feet long. The
wall is 8 feet thick and high ; it encloses a long narrow cist, now nearly
destroyed. A lesser fort and cattle enclosure lie not far to the south.
The ridge of Cragballyconoal seen to the east is crowned with nearly
a dozen forts and five cromlechs ; the most eastern cist on a summit in
PouLAPHUcA2 is perfect, and commands a beautiful view of the valley and
cairn-topped hill of Turlough, the Abbey of Corcomroe and Galway Bay.
We pass several dilapidated forts and a group of three cromlechs ; the
most perfect is close to the road in Gleninshen ; 3 the others have partly
fallen and lie in Bemeens. In short, we have noted some ninety forts
and fifteen cromlechs and cists on these plateaux and valleys between
Ballyallaban and Lemeneagh alone.
BALLYALLABAN.
The road winds in long sweeps down the hillside, till finally we see
below us on a rocky terrace in Ballyallaban three forts, two being
nearly levelled to the foundations. Behind them is a fine view down
the valley to Ballyvaughan, the great rounded bastions of the terraced
hills, the castle of Newtown, the old church of Rathborney, and, seen
through the mouth of the valley, the blue sea and distant houses of
Galway. The larger fort, Cahermore, is a ring 168 feet across; the
gateway has been rebuilt in later days; there are foundations of houses
and some traces of steps, and of what Lord Dunraven and others have
supposed to have been a boat-shaped oratory, though the walls seem too
slight for such a structure. There seems to have been no terrace in this
caher, so the later occupants removed the inner face and filling of the
wall, leaving the outer facing to form a parapet. At the foot of the hill
is the fine rath of Ballyallaban, a circular earthwork girt by a deep moat.
It measures about 100 feet on top and 200 feet over all.
GLENINAGH.
Driving through Ballyvaughan westward, between the steep lime-
stone hills and Galway Bay, we reach the church and castle of Gleninagh.
The place was called Glaniednagh in 1302, and as the well nearest the
castle is now named after the Holy Cross, the patron of the parish seems
to have been forgotten. There is, however, a second well, Tobercornan,
covered by a picturesque modern gothic structure beside the road which
perhaps preserves the patron's name. The church is a plain little build-
1 This Journal, vol. xxix., p. 379. 2 Ibid, vol. xxix., p. 374.
3 It is the one called Berneens by Borlase (" Dolmens," vol. i., p. 66).
PROCEEDINGS. 425
ing, scarcely worth a visit. It measures about 38 feet by 13 feet, and
has round arched windows and a pointed door. The castle of Gleninagh
belonged to the O'Loughlins, and can scarcely date as early as 1500. It
was till recently inhabited, and is a plain rudely-built structure. The two
lower stories are under a pointed vaulting, while the spiral staircase of
forty-seven steps, unlike most of the peel houses of Clare, is in a project-
ing turret. A stone can be raised in the top landing, disclosing a slit
for the defence of the staircase. The well of the Holy Cross, Toberna-
crohaneeve, is a picturesque building with a Gothic door, close to the
castle, and is overshadowed and indeed overgrown by low trees.
BLACK HEAD.
The road passes round the bold bluff of Mack Head, on the edge of
low cliffs, and with a beautiful view of the rounded hills at Finnevarra
and the distant shores of Galway, with the mountains of Connemara and
the Isles of Aran. A steep and difficult, though short, ascent up the
head brings us to the fort called CAHERDOONFERGUS on the map, but
Doonirias and Caherdooneerish by the older peasantry. The Ordnance
Survey letters of 1839 say it was reputed to be "enchanted," i.e.,
haunted, by the great mythic hero Fergus, son of Roigh, but it more
probably retains the name of the legendary Firbolg chieftain, Irgus, who
is stated in the Dindsenchas to have established himself at Rind Boirne —
the point or head of Burren — in Thomond. It is a massive structure,
but is for the most part rudely built ; D- shaped in plan, with a terrace
and steps ; the gateway is defaced. Above it on the summit of the
Head is the place called Seefin (Finn's Seat) and the cairn of Dough-
branneen, 1041 -feet above the sea. The Head is described in 1655 as
** the wast rock or mount called Caneborney."1 South of the Head is the
broken fort called Caherdoonteigusha, overlooking the district of sand-
hills called the Murroughs.2
KlLLONAGHA]ST.
Passing the entrance of the Caher valley, we reach the shattered
church of Killonaghan (48' x 21'); it has a neatly arched and moulded
east window, and probably derives its name from St. Onchu, son of the
poet (and possibly saint) Blathmac. Of the other windows only the
sills remain.
On the hillside, a short distance eastward from the ruin, is a large
and massive caher, called from the townland BALLING. Though the
gateway is defaced, it is worth notice as being still inhabited, a small
hamlet having existed in and around its circle " so far back as tradition
1 "Book of Distribution."
2 Not far to the south an artificial cave under a great rock is called " Dermot and
•Grama's bed." Caherdoonfergus is described in Lord Dunraven's " Notes on Irish
Architecture," vol. i.
426 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
goes." The road behind it leads to a group of four stone forts in Bally-
elly and the circular turret of FAUNABOOSCA (The slope of the contest).
This castle resembles Newtown and Doonagore ; it has a beehive vault,
with a staircase turning towards the right, entered by a door high above
the ground. The tower forms the angle of a large dry stone bawn, with
walls 5 feet thick. A large group of over sixty defaced (and in many
cases nearly levelled) cahers lies along the slopes of this parish ; a few
have retained their names as Cahernagree (of the herds), in Killonaghan,
and Cakeradoon and Cdhernagrian, on the edge of Killilagh.
At the southern end of the parish we find a large oblong fort and
rude little church at CRUMLIN, Crom Glaon in 1302, the winding glen.
Only the east end remains with two venerable round-headed windows
with rudely arched splays in the south and east walls. Tradition says
it was built by St. Columba, the founder of lona, after he left Aran.
Driving past a picturesque low range of cliffs we find ourselves again
under Ballinalacken Castle, and return to Lisdoonvarna.
FORT NAMES.
I may be permitted, before leaving the Burren, to give my reasons for adopting
the phonetic names of the cahers as used among the peasantry. O'Donovan and
O' Curry, on more than one occasion, revise such names into "correct Irish" — their
less qualified successors are anxious to do it in many cases. The result would be
lamentable for topography and archaeology, for it frequently means the loss of the
instructive form, and the substitution of one purely theoretical : this I have striven
to avoid, to the annoyance of some of our Irish speakers. To give a few examples of
the danger attending " revision," I may mention the substitution of " Fergus" for
" Irgus," in Caherdooneerish ; that of the "rocky ford" (sgairbh) for "Maccon.
garuff" (Killmaccongarub, 1302 — "Calendar of State Papers, Ireland"); the
founder, in Kilnagarriff, of the O'Douloughtys, for the (probable) O'Doulam (who
held land in the district) at Caheryhoolagh ; and recently, in the attempt of an Irish
scholar to reduce " Rathmines" to " pure Irish," to the obliteration of the family of
Meonis. oommemorated in its name.
PROCEEDINGS.
427
SECTION IV.
ALTERNATIVE EXCURSION,
QUIN.
THE ancient name was (and is among the peasantry) " Quinhy,"
Cuinche, the arbutus grove. This beautiful shrub must have abounded
here, for we find another townland, Feaghquin, in the same parish.
The village stands at the apex of the ancient district of Tradree. This
was the mensal land of the old Dalcassian chiefs, probably as having
been first won from Connaught in the wars of Lugad Meann in the latter
Quin Friary — Section looking Eastward.
half of the fourth century. Probably on this account Tradree was
included in the diocese of Limerick, and the Synod of Rathbreasil, 1112,
fixed Cuinche as one of the bound-marks of the sees of Killaloe and
Limerick; however, by 1302, the whole district, except three parishes
adjoining the city of Limerick, had been given to Killaloe, and Chinchi
church (Clonchi as published) was named in the Papal taxation. The
statement in the Calendar, that Quin Abbey then existed, in 1302, is quite
428
ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
incorrect.1 The more definite history begins with the burning of the
church, by the Irish, over Thomas de Clare's soldiers, in 1278,2 De Clare
barely escaping. This probably led the Norman to commence to build
a formidable castle there in 1280.3 While the work was in progress,
I'llary — West Door.
(From a Photograph by Mr. T. J. Westropp.)
Prince Donald O'Brien came to the town to buy wine. As the Irish
prepared to leave, and the prince stood near his horse, one of the English
1" State Papers, Ireland," 1302-1306. The editor seems to have made up his
mind to insert the Friary, at any cost, on the list of churches in the Taxation, so he
suggests that Mayo (Moynoe, near Scariff) is "either Quin, or Ennis, or Monaster,
county Limerick " (latter not in See of Killaloe). Enaghbeg, near Nenagh, is also
identified as Quin, and, in face of this, "Clonchi" is recognised as Quin church.
However, many of the other identifications are equally ahsurd, as e.g. "Ahbotof
Custod de Thome in Thomond" as Ennis (which being, like Quin, a Franciscan
house, had, of course, no abbot). Thome is evidently Thorn, in county Tipperary.
2 " Annals of the Four Masters." 3 " Annals of Inisfallen."
JOUR. R.S.A.I., vol. x., pt. 4, p. 429.
PROCEEDINGS.
429
(a mason, according to the Annals — a soldier, according to Magrath)
stabbed him in the back. Donald killed the man, and was carried off
mortally wounded by his followers.1 About 1286, the garrison, by a
similar act of treachery, slew a chief, O'Liddy, and the terrible Cuvea
Macnamara, chief of Clancuilean, assailed the stronghold, battered in the
great gate, slew the garrison, and, setting the place on fire, left it " a
hideous blackened cave." Magrath's mention of the "round towery".
fortress sufficiently marks it as the great ruin on which the friary was
built. The De Clares' title-deeds perished in the flames, which occasioned
legal proceedings, so even the Norman Rolls record the valiant act of the
Macnainaras and the fall of "Castle Conewy." In 1318 it must have
been still a ruin, for Richard De Clare sheltered in St. Finghin's church
on his way to Dysert.
1885"
Q,uin Friary — North -Eastern Bastion of De Clare's Castle.
The friary now for the first time appears in history : — "Exstructus
est totius ex marmore polito in Clancoilin, loco amceno, ad ripam prseter-
labentis rivuli." So Wadding2 describes it under the date 1350 ; the friary
had been founded in an unknown period before that year. Portions of
the present church evidently date from the first half of the fourteenth
century, so, very probably, when the English colony perished, the
Macnamaras (perhaps their chief Maccon) gave the dismantled fortress to
the Franciscans.
The place was largely rebuilt, about 1402, by Sioda Cam Macnamara,
chief of Clancuilen ; to this period it owes its beautiful cloister and
many other details. Maccon Macnamara, in 1433, got license from Pope
Eugenius IV. to place friars of the strict observance in Quin, and he
1 Magrath's " Wars of Torlough."
2 " Annales Minorum," vol. iii., p. 574 ; of the larger edition, vol. viii., p. 47 ;
vol. x., p. 218. The Pope to " nobili viro Maccon Macna Marra duci Clandcullyen,"
v. Id. Oct. 1433.
430 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
probably added the lofty belfry and the south transept which belong to
that time.
Quin became the burial place of the Macnamaras, whose chiefs are
said to have been formerly buried at Croghane, and some at Ennis.
In 1547 Quin was granted by Henry VIII. to Conor O'Brien, Lord
Ibricken, it having been formally dissolved in 1641. Conor seems to have
protected the monks, nor probably were they worse off in 1548, when it
Quin Friary — Macnamara Monument in Chancel.
and its lands were granted to Teige and Tirlagh O'Brien of Dough. At
this time it consisted of " the precinct of the late house of Queyne in
Thomond, containing one acre, in which are one great church, now
ruinous, covered with slate, and a steeple, greatly decayed, a church-
yard and cloister, one great hall, four chambers, two cellars, a ruinous
PROCEEDINGS. 431
dortor (dormitory), with an orchard and other edifices, also one water-
mill, ruinous and prostrate, and ten cottages in Quin village."
In 1578 Queen Elizabeth directed Sir Henry Sydney to confirm the
Earl of Thomond in the friaries of Ince and Cohenny. In 1584 the friars
were still in possession,1 but the same year a further grant was made to
Tirlough O'Brien and his heirs, ''provided they do not conspire with
rebels." As if to impress this clause on the grantees a most horrible legal
murder was perpetrated at Quin. Sir John Perrot had stopped there for
a night on his way from Galway, when Cruise, the sheriff, met him with
a prisoner, Donaldbeg O'Brien. " demagogue of the plunderers of Con-
naught." Perrot ordered O'Brien's immediate execution, and the
wretched man was half hanged from a cart, his bones broken with the
back of an axe, and he was hung, still alive, on the steeple of Quin,
"under the talons of the birds and fowls of the air."2 The Irish
annalists, strange to say, show no pity when telling of this horror, while
even the author of the "History of Perrot's Government" is moved.
' ' He showed as much resolution in suffering as before he had manifested
cruelty in his bloody actions," says the writer. "Wadding tells us that
about that time Donat O'Brien gathered a band, attacked the English
in the Abbey, and destroyed, in one conflagration, the holy house and
its heretical defenders. Then only the massive and blackened walls
remained in the solitude that was called peace.3
Father Donat Mooney's visit is not dated, but he tells us4 in 1617
that he found the choir and transept of Quin roofed and two or three
friars dwelling there, " old, helpless men who scarcely retain a memory
of the state of the convent before the suppression." They had sent their
church plate of silver and gold to Macriamara of Knappogue, but his
widow denied its possession when questioned by Mooney.
In 1601 Captain Flower defeated and slew Teige, son of Sir Tirlough
O'Brien, in a skirmish near the Abbey,6 and in 1604 the monks, hopeful
at the accession of James I., repaired the convent. They must have been
expelled, for they returned again in 1626 under their rector, Teige
MacGorman,6 and in 1622 the Protestant Bishop complained that Donnell
O'Haigshy used to say Mass in the Abbey. They were expelled in 1637.
The Kev. Joseph Everard was elected Provincial in the Chapter held at
Quin, under the presidency of Bernard Connius, Friar Barnewall, Pro-
fessor of Theology at Louvain, being the Eeader, August 15th, 1638.7
In 1641, when the Confederate Catholics rose to power, Eugene
O'Cahan opened a college at Quin Abbey. It soon had 800 students,
1 MSS., T.C.D.— Castles in Clare, 1584.
2 " Annals of the Four Masters."
3 Wadding's " Annales Minorum" (1637), vol. iii., p. 574.
4 MSS. " Bibliotheque Royale Brussels," No. 3195.
5 " Pacata Hibernia," vol. L, p. 223.
6 Bruodinus' " Propugnaculum Catholicae Veritatis."
7 " Historical MSS. Commission on Louvain Records," 1873, p. 608.
432 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
among the rest the well-known monastic historian, Anthony Bruodin,1
from whom we learn much about this centre of learning, which possessed
half as many more students as Trinity College had a century later. In
ten years the school was broken up by the Commonwealth and three of
Quin Friary — Plan of Upper Story.
a. Ambreys.
b. Fireplace and Chimneys.
c. Belfry.
d. Sacristy.
e. Garderobe.
f. Bastions.
the monks executed. Eugene O'Cahan and Roger Macnamara were shot,
and Daniel Clanchy hanged. About this time (1651) Bishop John
Molony and his soldiers were routed by Edward Wogan, and the Bishop
1 "Propugnaculum Catholicae Veritatis, " lib. iv., c. 15.
PROCEEDINGS.
433
captured, but his life was spared. Moriertagh Ogrypha was " guardian "
in 1670, and figures in the excommunication of certain refractory monks.1
In 1681 Dyneley notes that the friary was "lately harbouring some
friars of the order .of Seynt Francis." The huge metal crosses still
capped the gables. A cavalry camp of the Irish army was formed under
its walls in 1691 while they awaited removal to France. Of the period
of James II. we know very little. We find a few legacies such as — Thady
O'Brien of Coolreagh, " 5s. to the friers of the Abbey of Quin " ;2 Daniel
Viscount Clare, 1690,3 £20 apiece to the friars of Quin and Limerick" ;
£50 to Ennis, and £6 apiece to Askeaton and Adare ; but they tell us
nothing definite. The monks were expelled and the roofs burned by
Quin Friary — East Elevation.
Colonels William and Henry Stamer of Carnelly and Latoon, and accord-
ing to the tradition* one of the monks cursed William Stamer, praying
that his descendants might only have one son in each generation, and in
the third generation that his name might die out. One monk still dwelt
in the ruin in about 1760, and wrote a moral poem on death for Lady
O'Brien of Dromoland.5 The other brethren resided in a little cottage
at Drim, not far from the monastery. There the last monk, Father John
Hogan, died in 1820, aged 80 years.6 His tombstone, with a pathetic
inscription, exists in ths north-east corner of the cloister — " Here lies
1 Original MSS., T.C.D., F. 4. 14, April 7, 1670.
2 Will of Thady O'Brien, November 18th, 1689, lent by Colonel George O'Callaghan
Westropp (Member), original at Coolreagh.
3 Frost's "History and Topography of Clare," p. 611.
4 Told by William's grand-daughter to the late Mrs. Stamer.
5 Lady Chattertou's " Rambles," vol. ii., p. 187.
6 I have spoken with two old people who remembered him well.
CASTLE" 1180 E3 11+02.
-T CENTURA HI 1A33
DOUBTFUL. 11 MODERN.
'.0 10 30 kO SO FI
QUIN FKIAKY — PLAN.
a. Altars.
A. Piscinae.
c. Sedilia.
<£. Monuments.
Macnarnara, 1761.
Stone with Axe.
Macnamara, 1768.
Macnamara, c. 1750.
John Macnamara, 1601.
e, Garderobe Tower.
/. Gate of Castle.
^T. Bastions of Castle.
MONUMENTS.
6. Priest's Vault.
7. Macnamara, 1722.
8. Canopied Tomb of Oid
Macnamara, c. 1500.
h. Stucco Work.
t. Fireplaces.
/. Broken Arch.
9. Macnamara of Kanna.
10. John Hogan, the last
Monk, 1820.
PROCEEDINGS.
435
the body of the Eev. John Hogan of Drim | who departed this life anno
domini 1820, aged 80 years, the last of the Franciscan | Friars who had
their residents (sic] \ at Drim, the place of their refuge when driven from
the Abbey | of Quin. He was supported by the pious donations of the
faithful | and served as an auxiliary to his neighbouring parish priests
in the vineyard of the Lord. He knew how to abound and how to
suffer | want as the Lord was pleased to send. He died in holy poverty |
respected for his strictness in religious discipling (sic] \ and venerated by
all. ' Qui seminat in lachrymis | exultatione metet.' Eequiescat in
pace. Amen."1
Quin Friary — Window in "Western Dormitory.
Very briefly, indeed, must we note the principal features of the ruin.
On entering the graveyard we see the lower part of a great round turret
of De Clare's Castle, but the two others to the eastern angles are much
more perfect and have been excavated, and the nearer^ south-eastern) one
should be visited ; the other is more easily seen from the upper rooms.
1 See this Journal, vol. xxiv., p. 82; quoted also by Dr. N. C. Macnamara in
a " Story of an Irish Sept."
T«.,^ i? Q A T J v°l- *•. r>fth Series. }
Jour. R.S.A.I. j Vol 30- CoBXC> 5^ J 2 H
2H2
438 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
The west door, at the head of a flight of steps, has been already noted
for its likeness to those at Dromcreehy and Abbeydorney. "When we
enter we see no less than five perfect altars, the high altar, two in the
nave, and two in the transept. The south transept, with its bold arch and
neat windows, its double piscina and several tombs, should be next
visited. Note the rude slab with an axe cut on it, said to be the tomb
of a carpenter killed by a fall from the roof in medieval times. A spiral
stair, near a neatly groined piscina, runs through the massive wall of the
castle, 9 feet thick, to the summit of the west gable. The long range of
gutters is accessible from it and from the belfry.
Quin Friary — Windows in Eastern Wing (Upper Room).
The space between the arches of the belfry is neatly groined. To the
left a small chapel has been formed out of the gateway of the older castle.
In it are fragments of the Macnamara's tombs, one dated 1601, with
the epitaph, "Hie jacet Johannes Capit(an)us MacNemara] Anina filia
Mc | I Brien Ara (t alias Macne) marra me fieri fecit," in capitals round
the edge. In the chancel we see the curious stucco work in the south
wall; we have a rough sketch by Dyneley in 1681, so it dates at least
PROCEEDINGS. 439
irom the time of the great civil war. It displays at the top the sacred
heart, and below is the crucifixion with an angel and the holy women.
The high altar is intact ; there is a large sedile covered by a vault, and to
the north the pretty tomb of the Macnamaras of the later fifteenth or
earlier sixteenth century, with these words on the edge, " Hie jacet Odo
filius Laurentii filii Mathi M Conmara et Coustina1 ni mic Con mara uxor
ej q me fieri fcerunt." The slab of Teige Macnamara of Ranna (for whom
the most perfect copy of the " Wars of Torlough " was made by MacCurtin)
is set in the recess under the trefoil arched canopy. It dates 1714. The
sacristy has a curious press with traces of a rail on which vestments were
probably hung. The cloister lies west from this and north of the church.
It is in excellent preservation, and is surrounded by a beautiful arcade
with a rich variety of mouldings. The eastern arch of the south walk,
being large and pointed, has saved the arcade from the damage done (as
at Adare and Askeaton) to allow coffins to enter the garth. Like the
other vaults of the friary, the cloister vaults show traces of having been
turned over wicker. The fine kitchen and offices occupy the north and
east sides of the cloister ; to the west is a narrow vaulted room, partly
walled up for the burial place of the Lords Dunboyne. Overhead are
corresponding ranges of rooms ; the eastern, with its fine end window,
was probably a day room or chapter room ; a passage leads over an arch
to a garderobe in a tower. Prom this arch the north-east bastion of De
Clare's Castle is well seen, and in the distance the Castle of Dangan-
brack. A spiral stair in the north-east angle of the belfry gives access
to the summit, and an extensive view of the central plain of Clare. The
Keeper (Slieve Kimalta) is seen through a gap in Slieve Bernagh. The
field around the friary is full of foundations.2
ST. FINGHIN'S CHUECH.
Across the river, near the ugly Protestant church, stands the church,
probably as rebuilt by Thomas de Clare after the destruction of its pre-
decessor in 1278. It has a plain triple-light east widow, and remains of
a more ornate south light ; the north wall has fallen, and there is a tall
small turret (with faces on its corbels) at the south-west angle. The
church is not divided into nave and chancel ; it measures 79 feet by 27
feet. I feThe neighbouring well is dedicated to Inghean Baoith, and some
have imagined that the unknown patron's name, Finghin. is a corruption
of that of the patroness of Kilnaboy ; but it occurs in its present form in
the " Wars of Torlough," 1318.
1 Or Covlina. A modern (and incorrect) inscription has been very improperly cut
on the plinth of this beautiful monument.
2 Modern newspaper archaeology and guide-books repeat after each other ot late
" Quin Ahbey was built in the year 402, and is entirely covered with ivy. News-
paper articles do little harm, hut when such absurdities get even into pamphlet-torm,
they deserve to be noted.
440 KOYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
MAGH ADHAIR.
About two miles north-east from Quin village lies the spot where,
from "the twilight waste where pale tradition sits by memory's grave,""
the princes of Thomond, including the illustrious Brian Boru, were
inaugurated at the oak, pillar, and mound of Magh Adhair, traditionally
the burial place of Adair the Pirbolg, brother of the builder of Dun
Aenghus. A fierce battle was fought between Lorcan, King of Thomond,
and the Ard Righ Flan Sunagh in 877. The supreme king to show his
superiority invaded the district and commenced a game of chess, at the
very place of inauguration, when Lorcan, with Sioda and Essida
(ancestors of the Macnamaras) routed him, got him entangled in the
woody districts, where he and his starving army surrendered after three
days, and were sent home without further injury.1 The moated tumulus,
a cairn, a banked enclosure with a basin ground in a large block of con-
glomerate and a pillar stone mark the spot.2 Not far away the great
triple fort of Cahercalla, the perfect stone fort of Creevagh (Cahermine
in 1655), and the cromlechs of Hazelwood and Caherloghan show how
important the site was before the dawn of history.3
ENNIS.
Innis cluain ramhfodha, "Ennis-Clonroad" (the Isle of the mead of
long rowing) seems to have first come into the light of history about the
middle of the thirteenth century. Deprived of Limerick, and considering
Killaloe too open to the English, who had recently built a fort and estab-
lished an English bishop at the place, the Dalcassian kings left their
older seats and moved into the centre of the river-girt Thomond. There
Donchad Cairbrech established a residence, and before his death founded
(1240-1242) a monastery for Franciscans, on a spot called Inis an laoigh,
or "Calf Island," but afterwards Inisclonroad. King Torlough, after
his victory over Thomas de Clare in Tradree (1287), built a stone tower on
the west rampart of the fortress. In 1278 and 131 1 the place was ravaged,
and on the latter occasion burned. It is described as " the wide streeted,
wealthy, and fruitful town," "the metropolis of every Irishman."
Magrath, however, probably saw facts "with larger, other eyes than
ours." The place was a mere village in the closing years of Elizabeth's
reign, Clare Castle being reckoned of much more importance. At last the
convenient accommodation afforded for sessions by the Chapter House of
the Abbey4 turned the scale ; and in 1612 Ennis was incorporated, and the
1 " Story of an Irish Sept," pp. 71-83, gives a contemporary poem, p. 82 ; " Book
of Munster," and " Wars of the G. G."
2 Proc. &.I.A., vol. iv., Ser. in., p. 55.
3 This Journal, vol. xxi., pp. 262, 463 ; vol. xxiii., p. 432 ; vol. xxvi., p. 150.
4 " Waddiug's " Annales Minorum," vol. iii. ; and " Annals of the Four Masters, "
1571.
JOUR. R.S.A.I., vol. x., pt. 4, p. 441
PROCEEDINGS. 441
Abbey adapted as a parish church for Doora and Dromcliif, which vene-
rable places of worship were then closed. In 1681, Dyneley's view
shows Ennis to have then been a small village ; while fourteen years later,
it had 120 houses and 12 English families. Its chief mark in modern
history was as the scene of Daniel O'Connell's election ; and the lofty
pillar, with the statue of the Liberator, marks the site of the old Court-
house. Of late years prosperity has again returned to the town ; and
despite its strangely narrow streets, it possesses several handsome modern
buildings, the most notable being the fine Courthouse, built 1852 ; the
Roman Catholic Cathedral, dedicated to SS. Peter and Paul, 26th Feb.,
1843, with a graceful and lofty spire, visible from the distant mountains
of Burren and from Slieve Bernagh ; the new Protestant Episcopalian
Church, consecrated 30th Nov., 1871 ; the Presbyterian Church, 16th
May, 1856; and the Franciscan Church, 14th December, 1884. l Of
old houses, we note one in Jail-street, on which appears a tablet, with
a square and castles ; an old house in Church-street, with an inscription
in raised capitals: — "This Hovse was built in the yeare of our Lord
God, 1658, by John Crvce." A third house of more pretensions stood
in Mill-street; but the cut-stone copings and stone "mellons" alone
remain, removed to Eden vale, along with a tablet recording: — "This
house and the front was bvilt andfinisedby Geoarge Stacpole, mearchant,
1687." In the bed of the river is seen a rock, on which a lion rampant
was carved by order of Tom Steele to commemorate the insignia of his
then lady love.
THE FRANCISCAN FRIARY.
This beautiful building and its history having been treated in recent
volumes of our Journal,2 we can only deal with it very briefly. It stands
near the bridge and a pretty bend of the clear, brown Fergus, surrounded
by handsome trees, the most picturesque view being that from the field
before Stamer Park, or from the garden of that villa. It was founded
about 1240 by King Donchad Cairbrech O'Brien, and was probably in
course of construction at his death. The south wall of the chancel and
north wall of the church belong to this period. The east window was
probably built by Prince Torlough after 1287, and before his death in
1306 ; it was filled with rich coloured glass, and is very lofty and grace-
ful. The vaulted chapter room to the north of the chancel was built by
" Math Ceig" (Caech) Macnamara, who died 1314. A beautiful cloister,
closely similar to Quin, and part of the south transept, were probably
built by Prince Brian Catha an Eanaigh O'Brien about 1390. The rest
of the south transept was evidently built in the latter half of the 15th
century, to which period belongs the fine tomb, erected by More, wife of
MacMahon, of Corcovaskin, and daughter of O'Brien, circa 1470, and the
lower part of the belfry, with its rich flamboyant screen. The convent was
1 The convent was built 1876, ifsolder chapel 1855. 2Vol.xix.,p. 44; vol.xxv.,p.!35.
442 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
nominally suppressed in 1543 ; and the last monk of the old community,
Dermot Bruodin, died in 1617. A new colony was introduced in 1628;
destroyed 1651 ; re-established by 1663 ; and finally expelled in 1692.
Macgrath describes the place in 1306 as " the delightful, beautified
convent of Inis an laoigh, on the fish-abounding stream, with lofty arches,
white walls sweet bells, well-kept graves, homes of the noble dead ; with
furniture, crucifixes, illuminated missals, embroidered vestments, veils
and cowls, glass windows, and chalices of rare workmanship."1
In about 1580 Father Donat Mooney found it " sufficiently beautiful,"
kept in repair by the Earl of Thomond, who retained possession of its
gold and silver plate. In 1621 it is described in a grant as consisting of
a church and belfry, with graveyard, mill, salmon and eel weir, and two
messuages and cottages. The Earl of Thomond fitted it up for Protestant
worship at his own cost about that time. In 1643 Father Anthony
Bruodin describes its monuments : the " descendants of Bernard O'Brien
(Brian Catha an Eanaigh) held the MacMahon one (to the north) ; it was
a beautiful monument, in the form of an altar, with marble pillars and
statues. That of King Turlough (Terentius) and the Lords Inchiquin
(to the south), and that of the Bruodins, were also in the choir. Lower
down the church were those of the Clancys, Nellans, and Gilriaghs,
while the sepulchre of the Earls of Thomond stood under a canopy in a
chapel, probably the transept.8
In 1681 Dyneley sketched the convent; the choir and nave were un-
roofed, and the transept alone used for worship. In 1695 Hugh Brigdale
describes the monument of grey marble, on which is engraved the story
of Our Saviour's Passion. This belonged to the Mac Mahons.3 The ruin
was granted by the Church Representative Body to be a " national
monument," and conserved as such in 1893, the arches, sedilia, figures of
St. Francis, and the " Ecce Homo" and one altar coming to light under
the plaster and flooring of the decayed church.
In the chancel we should examine the remarkable carvings of our Lord
and the apostles, and the slabs representing the Arrest in Gethsemane,
the flagellation, the crucifixion, the entombment, and the resurrection,
with the figures of a bishop and a lady (probably More ni Brien) ; these,
with a delicately- carved pillar, and much of the canopy, now lying in
the nave, belong to the MacMahon tomb, 1470. Opposite, in the south
wall, we note the double piscina and the rich canopy over the graves of
King Torlough O'Brien and Cuvea MacNamara, 1306. It probably dates
from about 1500, and has realistic carvings of leaves of ivy, ranunculus,
cranesbill, and mallow — with flowers of the latter, the wild rose, and
the pink flowering rush.
The tombs remain of Thomas Hickman and his wife, Elizabeth
1 Extract given me by Mr. Standish H. O'Grady.
2 " Propugnaculum," Lib. v., c. 17. 3 MSS.T.C.D., 1. 1. 2, pp. 234, 235.
FRIAUY CHURCH, ENNIS — INTERIOR FROM WEST BOOK.
N
FRANCISCAN PRIORY
ENNIS
124-0-1314-
1350-1470
LATCR
ED ANCIENT FOUNDATIONS
D LATE. D2 & TOMBS
PLAN. (For references, see page 00.) 445.)
PROCEEDINGS. 443
Colpoys, 1677; James Macnamara of Ennis, 1686; James Woulfe,
1697 ; and Lieutenant Henry Banks, 1728-1773, with others.
Under the Belfry is a fine screen, with statuettes of the Blessed Virgin,
and our Lord, and a bishop. Note the corbels with a ram's head, a
king's head, and a bishop's head (the last supported by angels), and the
brackets for a rood screen.
In the Nave note the statue and altar of St. Francis in belfry pier ;
stigmata shown in the side, hand, and foot of the saint. " The Man of
Sorrows" in the transept arch, note the cock crowing out of the pot.
Sedilia, and the tablets of Teige O'Kerin of Glean, 1685, Lawrence
O'Hehir of Dromkarhin, 1622 (?), Dermitius Considine, 1631, and an
interesting inscription of Eugenius Considine, 1686, recording the
destruction of an earlier tomb, " Cromvelli marte furentis." A number
of fragments of the cloister, windows, and Mac Mahon tomb lie on the
floor.
In the Transept note the fine double south window and a smaller one,
of decorated Gothic, also the arrangement of plaster groining over the
chapels, and the double piscina. The fragmentary inscription probably
relates to Teig O'Brien, of Ballingown, and his father-in-law, Daniel
O'Brien, 1578.
The Chapter JRoom, with a vaulted barrel roof. Off it is a " prison"
and garderobe; it lies north of the chancel. Steps lead to the rooms above
it, whence the belfry can be reached by a walk along the chancel wall.
Note a corbel, with a face in the tower, and that the belfry closes up
older windows in the clerestory. There are holes for four bell-ropes.
In the Chapter Room, as "Wadding informs us, in his oft-quoted account
of Ennis,1 sessions were held "in refectorio fornice" by the dreaded Sir
Richard Bingham (Bengam), Governor of Connaught, whose statue still
stands among those of leading heretics and persecutors in the Yatican.
The gentler Sir John Perrot probably held here his great meeting of the
Clare gentry in 1584, in which their rights were ascertained and con-
firmed by the Government.
DOOBA..2
If time allows on Saturday, this venerable church, whose ivied mass
is seen not far from the railway station, may be visited. It is oblong in
plan, 58 feet 6 inches, tapering westward from 23 feet 10 inches to
21 feet 10 inches. The north wall is of good "cyclopean" masonry,
2 feet 6 inches thick, and has a lintelled doorway, 2 feet 4 inches by
4 feet 10 inches high, of well dressed blue limestone, with a slight mould-
ing on the inner jambs, which do not incline. Stones project from the
1 " Annales Minorum," vol. iii., p. 574.
2 Previous accounts in Keane's "Towers and Temples," p. 361; Dwyer's
"Diocese of Killaloe," p. 648.
444
ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
outer face near this doorway, which evidently led to a small sacristy*
The west gable had fallen in 1839; it was from 3 feet 8 inches to
2 feet 7 inches thick, with a great buttress at the northern corner,
9 feet by 1 1 feet 6 inches. The south wall has a defaced door ; and two
very early windows remain in fair preservation. Their jambs are boldly
splayed and inclined, well constructed with close jointed blocks of sand-
stone. They splay and incline from 4 feet 9 inches to 4 feet 4 inches,
and have lights 5 inches wide ; the heads are semicircular ; the outer
head of the western light remains, cut in a single block. A sort of
DOOIIA. CHURCH — DETAILS.
1. Ornament over South Door.
2. East Window.
3. North Door.
4, 5, 6. Windows of South Wall.
poppy-head finial projects above the door, and the large head of a sort of
dog stares with stony eyes from above the window. The eastern gable
is much later, and has been rebuilt, abutting against the south wall as if
the church had been longer. There are two rude ambreys in the south-
east angle. The east window is double, the lower part much broken
and ivied. The heads are interesting. That of the south wall is of fine
gritstone, like the older features of the south wall ; it is adorned with a
chamfer and roll moulding, and a recess. The north light has an exactly
similar head, cut out of limestone, like the north door. It seems
PROCEEDINGS. 445
probable that the "limestone period" of this church is later than the
"sandstone period." Doora, in 1189, was known as Durynierekin, the
watery spot of Kekin, or Brecan, the first church founder in Clare. It
was called Dubdery in the Papal taxation of 1302. A well near it bore
the name of Toberdooran. The Patron's day is November 3rd. O'Curry1
tells how the famous St. Brendan macPinloga "was at his church at
Dubhdoire in Thomond," near the O'Liddies, and of his blighting curse
on certain offenders.
1 Citing " Betham MSS." vol. v., in the Royal Irish Academy, note " Duhdery,"
1302, and " Duhhdoire " as agreeing, while " Dury," 1 189, supports the present form,
"Dooran."
446 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
OTHER ANTIQUARIAN EXCURSIONS IN COUNTY CLARE.
FROM LIMERICK.
1. Train to KILL ALOE. St. Flannan's Cathedral; note corbels and fine Roman-
esque door (c. 1080-1100), Celtic cross on slab ; font. Roan, 1692 ; Purdon, 1718 ; and
Browne, 1719 — monuments. St. Flannan's Oratory, repaired 1002, by Brian Boru.
High Cross from Kilfenora, in Clarisford garden ; Ballina Church ; stone-roofed
Oratory of St. Molua, on Friar's Island. Bealboruma and Grianan Lachtna, forts
and palaces of the Dalcassians (the latter on Craglea, and dating c. 840) ; also Tober-
eevul, the Banshee's well.1
2. Train to Killaloe, car past Tinneranna, with fine lake scenery, to TOMORANEY.
Cburch of St. Colman and Cronan (present structure commenced by Cormac Ua
Cilleen before 968, restored 1002, with Romanesque decorated windows),2 site of
Round Tower and Castle of the O'Gradys and Bradys. Boat to HOLY ISLAND, or
INISCALTRA, Round Tower, St. Caimin's (c. 1002), with oratories and Irish inscrip-
tions of eighth to tenth century, and slab of O'Grady, 1703. Baptism Church, with
Romanesque door. St. Mary's, with tomb of Sir Tirlagh, the Mac Ibrien Arra, 1626.
A curious altar.3
3. Drive to the two castles of the Macnamaras at CRATLOE, and Cratloe Church.
CROAGHANE Church and cromlech,4 tombs of Nugent, 1770; Maghlen, 1751 ; Blood,
1799, &c. ROSSMANAGHER Castle. BUNRATTY Castle, founded by De Musegros,
1250 ; rebuilt by Thomas de Clare, 1276 ; burned 1318 and 1333 ;5 rebuilt c. 1440 ;
sieges, 1558 and 1641. Note fine stucco work of Donat, lt the great Earl" of
Thomond (c. 1610-20). Bunratty Church, with Dawson monuments. MOUNT CASHEL
Castle, the beautifully situated cromlech and Castle at ROSROE, and the Cloghmore at
Ballysheen.
4. Train to Ballycar (car must be engaged in advance). Church of KILNASOOLA,
with fine monument of Sir Donough O'Brien, Bart., 1717. 6 Great triple cahers of
MOGHANE and LANGOuon,7 Castles of MOGHANE and DUOMLINE. If time allows, QUIN
Friary and Church, and DANGANBRACK. and BALLYMARKAHAN Castles can also be
visited, or (as an alternative) TOMFJNLOUGH Churches, and ROSROE.
5. Drive to BROADFORD. Note fine cromlech of FORMOYLE, near road at head of
pass,8 and earth fort of Lisnagree. Cromlechs at CLOONYCONRYMORE, on hill south of
Kilbane.9 Church and cromlech of KILLOKENNEDY ; picturesque valleys at Kilbane
and Glenomra; or to KILSEILY Church, holy well, monument of Bridgemans, 1714, &c.,
with fine view of Doon Lake. DRUMMIN cromlech, on hill behind church.10
1 This Journal, vols. xxii., xxiii.
2 Lord Dunraven's "Notes," vol. i. ; Proc. R.I. A., vol. vi., Series in.
3 This Journal, vol. xix. 4 Borlase's " Dolmens," vol. i., p. 86.
5 This Journal, vol. xxi. 6 Ibid., vol. xxi.
' Ibid., vol. xxiii. 8 Borlase, vol.i., p. 98.
9 Borlase, vol. i., pp. 99, 100. 10 Ibid., vol. i., p. 97.
PROCEEDINGS. 447
6. Drive to CLONLAKA, pretty modern churches, monuments of Massy and Vincent
families. Castles of NEWTOWN, COOLISTIEGUE, with perfect stairs, and ELMHILL ;
church and well of KILTINANLEA ; note bullaun and holy tree. Falls of the Shannon
at DOONASS.
FKOM ENNIS.
1. Drive to DROMCLIFF Church," Cemetery, and Round Tower.1 KILRAGHTIS
Church and two cromlechs, fort, and " cave" of Cahereiny, heside road near church.
CAHERAPHUCA cromlech,2 near road to CKUSHEEN. "Walk one mile and a-half to
INCHICRONAN FRIARY, on peninsula in lake past castle. Note carved head of east
window (c. 1100), and Butler's monument, 1735.
2. Train to Gort. Car to KILMACDUACH, Co. Galway, Round Tower, Cathedral,
St. Michael's, O'Heyne's Church, noting rich capitals, St. Mary's, and residence ;3 also
Castles of FIDDAUN, Co. Galway, and DERRYOWEN, ROCKVALE, and KILKEEDY, in
Clare, with Kilkeedy Church.
3. Drive to Spancil Hill (battle 1559), double- walled stone fort of CAHERSHAUGH-
NESSY4 near it, a rath and pillar on hill top. Castle and church and two "giant's
graves" at CLOONEY. Castles and cromlechs of TYREDAGH and MILTOWN — the
Toomeens, or underground river, near last. Old Church of TULLA, monuments of
Molonys, 1702; Mac Mahons, 1711; Hartes, Brownes, 1717; Westropps, 1764;
and O'Callaghans, 1792. Cromlech of MARYFORT, Castle of ROSSLARA, Castle and
lakes at BALLINAHINCH, and, on return, LISOFFIN Castle, and MOYMORE Bridge
cromlechs.
4. Drive to Killadysert. Boat to CANON'S ISLAND, Augustinian Abbey,5 and, on
return, Church of KILCHRIST, near Ballynecally, and Castle of DANGAN. If time
allows the Convent of Killone can also be visited.
5. Car to Dysert O'Dea, Rath, Inchiquin, Kilnaboy, and Lemaneagh or Glas-
geivnagh.
PEOM MILTOWN MALBAY.
1. Drive to KILMURRY IBRICANE Church. Note broken figure of the Virgin
holding the dead body of our Saviour. TROMRA Castle, scene of the O'Flaherties
fatal raid, 1641. 6 Boat from Quilty to MUTTON ISLAND, rude pillars and fragments
of St. Senan'a Church ; fine caves and cliffs. Holy well of St. Laughteen, near
Stacpoole's Bridge.
2. Drive to Mount Callan, cromlech near road,7 and Ogam-inscribed slab — " FAN
LIA DO LIQA CONAF (or COLLAS) coLGAc cos OBMDO," on slope north of Boulynagreena
Lake.8
3. Drive to KILFARBOY Church. Note Fitz Gerald's monument, 1778, MOY
Castle, and Church.
4. Drive to Doonbeg (or this may be combined with Kilmurry and Tromroe), see
Castles of DOONBEG and DOONMORE, Church of KILLARD, and (if not considered too
far) Church of KILMACDUAN, with early window, and curious " village" of vaults.
1 This Journal, vol. xxiv. 2 Borlase, vol. i., p. 82.
3 Rev. Mr. Fahy's " Diocese of Killmacduach." 4 This Journal, vol. xxiii.
5 Ibid., vol. xxvii. 6See " fl'Tar Connaught."— Appendix.
7 Borlase, vol. i., p. 79. 8 Proc. E.I. A., vol. i., 2 Ser., P.L. & A., p. 265.
448 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
FEOM KILKEE.
1. Drive along cliffs southward. Note fallen cromlech in field behind Moore's
Hotel ; hut and oratory on sea-rock of BISHOP'S ISLAND. Remains of cliff forts at
DOONAUNROB (Foohagh Head) and ILLAUNADOON, and Castle of DuNLECKY.1
2. Drive to Carrigaholt Castle, KILCREDAUN Church (with early twelfth-century
window), TEMPLE AN AIRD Church, KILCRONY Church and forts, and LISCKONEEN
forts and KILFIERAGH late Church.
3. This drive may be combined with either of preceding, or with No. 1, Kilcredaun
and Carrigaholt. KILBALLYONE Church, TULLY cliffs, and great cliff fort of DUN-
DOILLROE, TEAMPULL NA NAEVE, near Natural Bridges of Ross, Loop Head, with
remains of ..CAHERCROCHAUN and DUNDALHEN, and fine cliff fort, shell middens and
huts at DOONMORE, or Horse Island.2
4. Train to Kilrush. Boat to SCATTERY Island, or Iniscatha, Round Tower,
Cathedral, Oratory, Well, and Cashel ; Kilnamarve, Temple Knockanangel, Temple
Senan, cross-inscribed slab, and early Irish inscriptions, supposed Ogam inscription,
castle stump, &c.3
5. Train to Kilrush. KILRUSH Church, early building, the door with inclined
jambs, stone fort of CAHERNAGAT, Churches of MOYLOUGH (birth place of St. Senan),
KILLTMER Church, and burial-place of " Colleen Bawn."
This Journal, vol. xv. 2 Ibid., vol. xxviii. :? Ibid., vol. xxvii.
PROCEEDINGS. 449
PRINCIPAL BOOKS AND PAPERS RELATING TO CLARE.
HISTOKY — BOOKS.
Wars of the Gaedhil with the Gaill (e. 1016). PMortough Mac Liag. Edited
by Dr. Todd.
Wars of Torlough (e. 1350). By John Mac Craith.
Historical Memoirs of the O'Briens, 1860. By J. O'Donoghue.
Diocese of Killaloe, 1878. By the Eev. Canon P. Dwyer.
History and Topography of Clare, 1893. By J. Frost.
History of Clare and the Dalcassian Clans, 1893. By the Eev. Canon White.
Story of an Irish Sept, 1896. By Dr. Nottidge C. Macnamara.
HISTOEY — PAPERS IN THIS JOTTKNAL.
Bishopric of Iniscatha. By the Rev. S. Malone. Vol. xiii., p. 106.
Quin " Abbey" : its History. By T. J. Westropp. Vol. xviii., p. 334.
Ennis " Abbey ": its History. Same. Vol. xix., p. 44.
The Armada Wrecks, 1588. Same. Vol. xix., p. 131.
The High Sheriffs of Clare. Same. Vol. xxi., p. 68.
The Normans in Thomond (1250-1333). Same. Vol. xxi., p. 284.
Donaldmore O'Brien (1169-1194). Same. Vol. xxii., p. 74.
Killaloe — Early Kings of Clare. Same. Vol. xxii., p. 399.
The Last Friars of Quin. Same. Vol. xxiv., p. 82.
TOPOGKAPHY BOOKS.
The Book of Rights (e. 450-900). Edited by J. O'Donovan.
Topographical Poem (c. 1440). By Giolla na Naomh O'Huidhrin. Edited
by J. O'Donovan.
Satirical Poem on the Tribes of Ireland (1617). By Aenghus O'Daly.
Tour in Ireland (1680). By T. Dyneley. This Journal, vol. iv., p. 143.
Tour in Ireland (1752). By Bishop Pococke.
Impartial Tour in Clare (1778). By John Lloyd.
Tour in Ireland (1790). By Sir Jerome Fitzpatrick.
Parochial Survey of Ireland, vol. iii. (1818). By W. Shawe Mason.
Statistical Survey of Ireland — Co. Clare (1821). By Hely Dutton.
Topographical Dictionary of Ireland (1837). By Samuel Lewis.
Rambles in the South of Ireland (1839). By Lady Chatterton.
Memorials of Adare (1865). By Caroline, Countess of Dunraven.
Towers and Temples of Ancient Ireland (1867). By Marcus Keane.
Notes on Irish Architecture (1875). By Lord Dunraven. Edited by Miss Stokes.
Ecclesiastical Architecture of Ireland (1875). By Richard R. Brash.
A Handbook to Lisdoonvarna (1876). By P. D.
Trois mois en Irlande (1891). By Mme. de Bovet.
Irlande et Cavemes Anglaises (1897). By M. E. A. Martel.
Cathedral Churches of Ireland (1890). By T. M. Fallow.
Dolmens of Ireland (1897). By William Chambers Borlase.
450 ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.
TOPOGKAPHY.
KOYAL IRISH ACADEMY TRANSACTIONS.
Ogam ou Mount Callan, vol. i. (1780). By Theophilus O'Flanagan.
Rentals and Deeds (1380-1610), vol. xv. By John Hardiman.
ROYAL IEISH ACADEMY PROCEEDINGS.
Ogam on Mount Callan. Vol. i., 2 Ser., p. 315. By Sir Samuel Ferguson.
vol. i., 2 Ser., p. 269. By Brian O'Looney.
Remains at Dromandoora. Vol. x., p. 440. By M. Brogan.
Quin Abbey. Vol. ii., P.L. & A., 2 Ser., p. 201. By Sir Thomas N. Deane.
Place of Inauguration, Magh Adhair. Vol. iv., 3 Ser., p. 55. By T. J. Westropp.
Distribution of Cromlechs. Vol. iv., 3 Ser., p 542. Same.
Round Towers. Vol. v., 3 Ser., p. 294. Same.
Lesser Castles, or Peel Towers. Vol. v., 3 Ser., p. 346. Same.
Dolmens of Bally croum. Vol. vi., 3 Ser., p. 85. Same.
The Churches of County Clare. Vol. vi., 3 Ser., p. 100. Same.
THIS JOURNAL.
Forts and Souterrains in Abbey Parish. By T. Cooke. Vol. i., p. 294.
Churches near Lisdoonvarna (1872). By Dr. Martin.
Cairn at Shallee. By John Hill. Vol. xiv., p. 12.
Dunlecky Castle. By George Hewson. Vol. xv., p. 266.
Iniscaltra, Lough Derg. By Maurice Lenihan. Vol. xix., p. 162.
Bunratty, Quin, &c. By T. J. Westropp. Vol. xxi., p. 284.
Killowen Convent. Same. Vol. xxi., p. 409.
Killaloe : its Palaces and Cathedrals. Same. Vol. xxii., p. 398.
Prehistoric Forts in Central Clare. Same. Vol. xxiii., p. 281.
,, ,, in Northern Clare. Same. Vol. xxvi., p. 363; vol. xxvii., p. 116.
,, ,, on Loop Head. Same. Vol. xxviii., p. 409.
,, ,, in Kilcorney and Carran. Same. Vol. xxviii., p. 353 ; vol.
xxix., p. 367.
Churches with Round Towers. Same. Vol. xxiv., p. 25.
Crosiers of Dysert and Rath. Same. Vol. xxiv., p. 337.
Aran, the Burren, and Corcomroe. Same. Vol. xxv., p. 250.
Scattery, Canon's Island, and Coast. Same. Vol. xxvii., p. 273.
Augustinian Houses. Same. Vol. xxx., p. — .
The Ascetic's Church, Leana. By Dr. G. U. Macnamara. Vol. xxvii., p. 77.
The Stone Crosses of Ui-Fermaic. Same. Vol. xxix., p. 244 ; vol. xxx., p. — .
OTHER JOURNALS.
Notes on Ancient Architecture of Ireland: Gentleman's Magazine, 1864, vol. i.,
p. 275.
Corcomroe, Kilfenora, Doolin, Doonagore, &c.: Dublin University Magazine, 1853,
vol. xli., p. 89.
INDEX TO VOLUME FOR 1900.
Abbeys : see Monasteries.
Academy, Royal Irish, collection, 13,
371.
Aenghus Cinnaitin (c. 420), 28.
Altars, ancient, 438, 443.
Altar tombs, 366, 442.
Amber, 224, 233.
Apprentices in Dublin (1574), 57.
"Arabian" gold, 11.
Ardee, mills at (1300), 384-387.
"Ark of the Covenant," search for, 8, 260.
Armada, off the Clare coast, 286, 290 ;
relics of, 92.
Armagh, 38.
Ashburnham family (1666), 332.
Atha buidhe, or the "Yellow Ford"
battle, 36.
Attacottic tribes, map of, 344.
Audoen's, St., Arch, 137.
Augustinians of county Clare, 118.
Axe, prehistoric, with handle, 266 ;
gallowglasses' axe (fifteenth century),
366.
Aylmer, Gerald (1585), 114; Thomas,
372.
Badge of St. John, 372.
Baggotrath Castle, Dublin, 317.
Bagnal, Marshal (1598), 35.
Baillie, Yen. Archdeacon, Paper by, 148.
Baldwin, Richard (Provost, T.C.D), 139.
Ball, F. Elrington, Paper by, 109, 307,
372.
Ballinalacken, Clare, 284.
Balliny, Clare, inhabited cuher, 425.
Ball's Bridge, Dublin, 317.
Ballyallaban, Clare, 424.
Ballyganner, Clare, 399-402.
Ballygawley, primitive sepulchre at, 368.
Ballykinvarga, Clare, stone fort, 398,
399.
Ballyman Church, Dublin, 187.
Bally mascanlon, Louth, 325.
BaUyportry, Clare, castle, 413.
Ballyvaughan, Clare, 296.
Baltinglas, Viscount, 372.
Banshee, 297.
Barry, J. Grene, 374.
Battlefields, Clare, 120 ; Dysert, Yellow
Ford, Spansil Hill, q. v.
Baur, Clare, cromlechs, 420.
Tour K S A T J VoL *•' Fifth Se$- I
Jour. R.S.A.I. j Vol 3Q) Consec/ser. \
Beeby, Miss, Paper by, 151.
Bell of St. Conn ell, 148 ; shrine of Senan's
bell, 237 ; of Kilmainham, 40.
Bennett, Richard, on mills and milling,
383.
Bermingham, De, family of, 47.
Berneens, Clare, 424.
Berry, Henry, Fellow, 100 ; Paper by,
44.
Bigger, Francis J., Paper by, 69, 257.
Black Head, Clare, 425.
Blood, Dean Neptune (1690), 396.
Boncestown, Kilkenny, 333.
Books, Reviews of, 98, 262, 383; pub-
lished in Dublin, 139, 161 ; on Clare,
449, 450.
Booltiaghdine, Clare, "finds" at, 265.
Booterstown, Dublin, 310, 311.
Brecraige tribe, in Ossory, 347.
Broadford, Clare, cromlechs, 446.
Bronze antiquities, 214 ; brooch, 371.
Brooch found at Durrow, 371.
Browne, Dr. Charles, 358.
Bruodin, the historian, 432.
Buckley, M., Paper by, 247, 375, 377,
389.
Bullauns, 374.
Bunratty, Clare, castle, 276, 277, 446.
Burgo, De, Rev. Dr., Abbot of Clare,
122.
Barren, Clare, visited, 267, 269, 294.
Burtchaell, George D., Paper by, 330,
372.
Butler family, 135; of Dangan-Spidogue,
330, 390 ; Clare, 447.
Buttei'fly, legend of magic, 412.
Cabinteely, Dublin, name of, 368.
Cahers, or stone forts, notes on, 295,
398, 400. In Clare— Caheranardur-
rish, 423, 424 ; Cahercashlaun, 422 ;
Cahercloggaun, 305 ; Cahercommane,
407, 408; Caherconnell, 422; Caher-
cuttine, 401 ; Caherdooneerish, 425 ;
Cahermacnaughten, 400, 420 ; Caher-
reagh, 281 ; Caherscrebeen, 406 ;
Caheryhoolagha, 420. In Limerick —
Cabir Ciarmhaic, 375.
Caber Island, the Church of St. Patrick,
Mayo, 357, 381.
452
INDEX.
Cairbre Kinncait, 348.
Cairbre Nia Fer, King of Tara. 346.
Cairns, 280,402, 421,422.
Cairnconnachtagh, Clare, 280.
Carbray, Felix, elected Fellow, 388.
Carnfree, prehistoric site, 351.
Carran, Clare, church and forts, 421,
422.
Carrickbrennan, Dublin, 110.
Carrigogunnell, Limerick, 275.
Cashlaungar, Clare, fort, 407.
Castle, Peel Towers, 284 ; Norman,
under Quin Friary, 429, 435.
Cathedrals, Holy Trinity, Dublin, 107 ;
Kilfenora, 395 ; Kilkenny, 389 ; Kil-
laloe, 446.
Centenarians, alleged, 43, 130, 154, 176,
255.
Cheevers family of, 114.
Chests, alleged Spanish, 95 ; saddlers,
45.
Chevaux-de-frise in forts : see Ballykin-
yarga, 399.
Churches (principal described), Caber
Island, 357; Doora, 443; Dysert
O'Dea, 413 ; Inischlothran, 69 ; Kil-
leany, 305; Killilagh, 287; Kilma-
creehy, 290 ; Kilshanny, 280 ; Lough
Curraun, 159; Noughaval, 399;
Toomullin, 287.
Ciarraighe tribes, 343, 356.
Circles of stones, Lough Gur, 374.
Cistercians, abbeys, Corcomroe, 299 ;
Kilcooley, visited, 391.
Clanchy family, 93.
Clare Abbey (De Forgio), Clare, 118.
Castle, 278, 440.
County of, antiquities found in,
13, 265; " History of Augustinian
Houses," 118 ; visit of Society, and
descriptions, 273 ; meeting, 263 ; ex-
cursions, 257, 391 ; crosses, 22, 248 ;
Franciscan houses, 427, 441; "gold
finds," 13 ; prehistoric remains, 265.
Clare, De, family, 409 ; Richard, killed,
414, 428, 435, 446.
Clog-an-oir shrine, 237.
Clones, crannoge near, 204.
Clonlara, Clare, castles, 447.
Clonroad, Clare, 440.
Goad, Clare, 410.
Cobhthach, clan of, 346.
Coins found in Meath, 253.
Columba, St., his monastery, 334.
Columbaria, monastic, 168.
Comacini, Guilds of Masons, 107.
Combs, early, 229.
Congress of Archaeological Societies, 1 72 ;
369.
Conmaicne tribes, 108, 343, 352.
Connaught, early tribes of, 343-355 ;
kings of, 355.
Cooper, Austin, the antiquary (1780),
316, 318.
Copley, Very Rev., Dean of Kilfenora.
23.
Corcamoga tribes, 345.
Corcomroe, Clare, Cistercian Abbey,
299.
Barony, excursion of Society,
284.
Corofin, Clare, 413.
Cow, legend of the Glasgeivnagh, 408.
Cragballyconoal, Clare, prehistoric re-
mains, 424.
Crannoge, stone, 149, 407 ; Clones, 204 ;
Kilashee, 253.
Creevagh, Clare, cromlech, 407.
Crescent and star badge, 372.
Crimthann Nia Ner, King, 347.
Croaghane, Clare, cromlech and church,
446.
Cromlechs, 149, 295, 373, 374, 402, 406,
407.
Crosses, High, 247, 392, 417 ; on slabs,
80 ; termon, 22, 29, 247 ; Fassaroe,
169; Caher Island, 362, 363; metal,
176.
Crossley, an heraldic painter (1704),
139.
Crucifix found at Trim, 176.
Cruise family, 309, 310, 441.
Cruithneach tribes, 343, 347, 354.
Crumlin, Clare, 426.
Crypt, Christ Church, Dublin, 107, 201
Killone, Clare, 132.
Cursing-stones, 306, 357.
Dangan-Spidogue, Kilkenny, 330.
D'Arcy, Dr., Paper by, 204.
Day, Robert, Paper by, 325.
Deane, Sir Thomas N., f>.
De Burgo : see Burgo.
De Clare : see Clare.
De Clare's house, 409.
De La Freign : see Freyn.
Delbna tribes, map of, 348.
Deveneis, Walter (1243), 308.
Diarmaid, St., of Iniscleraun, 69.
Dix, E. R. M'C., Book by, 161.
Domnonian tribes, 344-355.
Donaghpatrick, Mayo, 165.
Donegal, Co., gold finds, 17; Portnoo,
148.
Doon Fort, Clare, 403.
Doonagore Round Castle, Clare, 287.
Doora Church, Clare, 443.
Dough, O'Brien of, 430.
Drew, Sir Thomas, 163, 259.
Drogheda Association (Volunteers), 325.
Dromcreehy, Clare, 299.
Drumacrittan Lake, Clones, 104.
Dublin, Co., antiquities in, 107 ; excur-
sions in, 181.
INDEX.
453
Dublin, Books printed in, 161 ; cathedrals,
63, 107 ; chapels and crypts of the
Church of the Holy Trinity, 107, 195,
372 ; bounds of city ridden, 135.
Guilds, 44, 136 ; meetings,
R. S.A.I., 100, 175, 391 ; Mills (1310),
384; Painters', 138.
Duff, Nicholas (1582), his portrait, 50.
Dunbeg, Kerry, 5.
Dundalk Light Dragoons, 325.
Dundrum, Dublin, 191.
Dunraven, Earls of, alleged descent,
412.
Durrow, King's County, brooch, 371.
Dysert O'Dea, Clare, ruins, 413; battle
of (1318), 414 ; High Cross, 248, 375,
377.
Edenvale, Clare, 127, 270.
"Elf mills," small bullauns, 402.
Elworthy, J. F., 262.
Enamel, red, 371.
Ennis, town of, 440; Friary, 441 ; anti-
quities near, 447.
Enniskerry, Wicklow, 188.
Ennistymon, Clare, 279.
Eremonians, 346.
Fassaroe Cross, Wicklow, 169.
Faunaroosca Round Castle, Clare,
426.
Felim, King of Connaught, his tomb,
364.
Fenagh, Clare, forts, 305.
Fennell, W. J., 90.
Fergus mac Roi, 343, 354.
Ferta Fir Feic, 351.
Fiachrach tribes, 351.
Fielding, Captain J., Fellow, 100.
Finn mac Cumhal, 346, 408.
Fitz Gerald family, of Burnchurch, 331 ;
Clare, 447 ; George, and Kilnaboy
cross, 22, 24 ; Lord Edward, 309.
Lord Walter, Papers by, 92, 245,
364.
Fitzmaurice, Arthur, elected Fellow,
388.
Fitz william, family of, 313.
Flax found in crannoges, 212.
Flint implements, 206.
Fonts, ancient, 130, 421.
" Forfeada" signs in Ogam, 255.
"Forgio, SS. Petri et Pauli de": see
Clare Abbey.
Forts : see Caher, Rath ; also p. 359 ; at
Lough Gur, 374 ; cliff forts, 359,
448.
Foster family, Clare, 410.
Franciscan monasteries : see Ennis, Quin ;
legacies to, 433.
Freign, De (1410), 430.
Gallowglasses, costume in fifteenth cen-
tury, 365, 367 ; axe used by, 366.
Galway Archaeological and Historical
Society, 170.
Gamanry tribes in Connaught, 343, 347,
351.
Garstin, John Ribton, 259.
Geashill, tomb at, 92.
Gesso work, panels, 389.
Glanworth, Cork, antiquities, 373.
Glasgeivnagh Hill, 407.
Glaslower, Dublin, rivulet, 309.
Glass beads, ancient, 234.
Glen Castle, Clare, 279.
Gleninagh, Clare, castle, 424.
Glenquin, Clare, fort, 400, 410.
Gold-finds, 10-21 ; law relating to, 9 ;
fibula found near cromlech, 295.
Grace, family of, or Le Gras, 46 ; of
Courtown, 319, 323, 333, 390.
Grace at meals, ancient, 46.
Gruttan, Henry, medal, 327, 328.
Gregraige tribe, 344.
Grenanbeg, Limerick, mote, 375.
Guards, Irish, raised, 358.
Guilds, 44, 136.
Harding, Dr. (1640), 193.
Healy, Most Rev. Dr., 161.
Rev. John, 176.
Hevvson, G. J., 258.
Hickman, G. (1641), 405 ; Thomas,
tomb (1677), 443.
Hogan, John, last Friar of Quin, 433.
Hogg, Rev. A. V., elected Fellow,
388.
" Horns of Honour," 262.
Hy Fiachra (Aidne), 350.
Hy Maine, 348.
Inchicronan, Clare, 133.
Inchiquin, Clare, 265, 411.
Inghean Baoith, St., 28, 407.
Iniscaltra, Lough Derg, 446.
Iniscatha : see Scattery.
Inischlothran, or Iniscleraun (Quaker's
Island), 69, 164, 167, 256, 257.
Inniskee, Donegal, 148.
Institute, Royal Archaeological, visits
Dublin, 175, 259.
lona, Columba's monastery, 334.
Irish names, traditional forms, 426.
Iron antiquities, 219, 220.
Irnisdonmann, early kingdom of, 351.
Iveragh, Kerry, 158.
Jewellery (1640), 40 G.
Joyce, Dr. P. W., 368.
Keaue, Marcus, Paper by, 237.
Keating, Charles T., Paper by, 130.
454
INDEX,
Kells, Clare, 31.
Kelly, Richard J., 91.
Kerry, Co., Church Island, Valentia,
151, 155 ; Ciarraige tribes, so-called,
in Kerry and Connaught, 343, 356.
Kilclooney, Donegal, cromlech, 145.
Kilcomey, Clare, 420.
Kilfenora, Clare, Bishops of, 119; ruins
at, 268, 392; cross removed to Kil-
laloe, 446.
Kilgobbin, Dublin, 90.
Kilkee, Clare, antiquities near, 448.
Kilkenny City, meeting, 388.
- Museum of 11. S.A.I., 107; ex-
cursion, 388.
Kilfaloe, Clare, 246.
Killashee, Longford, crannoge, 253.
Killeany, Clare, 305.
Killilagh, Clare, 287.
Killonaghan, Clare, 425,
Killone Convent, Clare, 126, 245.
Kilmacduach, Gal way, 447.
Kilmacreehy, Clare, 290.
Kilmainliam, Dublin, bell of, 40.
Kilmanaheen, Clare, 279.
Kilmoon, Clare, 306.
Kilnaboy, Clare, 22 ; visited, 268, 409 ;
cross, 368.
Kilraghtis, Clare, cromlechs, &c., 447.
Kilrush, Clare, antiquities near, 448.
Kilshanny, Clare, 280.
" Kilstapheen," submerged church, 289.
Kilternan, Dublin, 188.
Kilvoydan, Clare, cross and carving, 29.
Kings, early, of Connaught, 355 ; effigy
of King Conor O'Brien, 302 ; of King
Felim 0' Conor, 365.
Kinlough, Mayo, 164.
Knockastoolery, Clare, supposed Ogam,
287.
Knockaunacroghera, Clare, " Spaniards'
grave," 286.
Knox, Dr. F. Blake, 368.
H. T., Paper by, 165, 343.
Lake-dwellings, 148, 204.
Lancashire and Cheshire Antiquarian
Society, 170.
Langrishe, Eichard, Paper by, 319.
Latimer, Kev. W. T., 34.
La Touche, Dr., dies, 102.
Lawlor, Rev. Dr. II. J., 99.
Lead antiquities, 22 1 .
Leagauns : see Pillars.
Leanna, Clare, prehistoric remains, 407.
Legends, 108, 279, 289, 297, 408, 411,
412, 418.
Le Gras : see Grace.
Lehincb, Clare, 293.
Lemaneugh Castle, Clare, 403.
Letter, threatening, 43.
Lewys, Sir Peter (1560), 195.
Library, additions to, 105.
Liscannor, Clare, 290.
Lisdoonvarna, Clare, 263, 282.
Lismacsheedy Fort, Clare, 305.
Limerick City, 275; County, autiquities
in, 374, 375.
Lon mac Liomtha, the smith, 408. .
Longford, Co. , crannoges, 253.
Loop Head, Clare, forts, 448.
Lorcan, King of Thomond (870), 440.
Loughadoon Crannoge, Donegal, 148.
Lough Curraun, Kerry, 159.
Lough Gur, Limerick, 374.
Loughlinstown, Dublin, 185.
Lough Rask, Clare, 297.
Louth, Co., Volunteers, 325.
Lowe, Dean Hygate (1615), 396.
Ludlow, General, at Monkstown, 115 ;
at Lemaneagh, 406.
Lugad Meann, King of Minister, 274,
351, 427.
Luigne, of Tara, 348.
Lynch, P. J., 155.
Lysaght monument, 398.
Macalister, R. A. S., 256.
Mac Creiche, St. (540), 292.
MacCurtin, Andrew, 287, 413, 439.
Mac Donnell, of Clare, 132.
Mac Donough, of Clare, 292, 395.
Mac Firbis, Duald, 420.
Mac Gillamocholmoc, 110.
Mac Grath, John (1350), 297.
Mac Inerney (1650), 396.
Macnamara family, 279, 414, 429, 438,
441 ; Cuvea, 429 ; Odo, 430 ; Dr.
George, 22, 265, 369 ; Henry V., 279,
377.
MacNaughten, John, 12.
Mac Ritchie, David, 167.
Magan, Michael, 253.
Magh Adhair, Clare, 440.
Maines, the Seven, 346.
Malachy, St., 151, 169, 179.
Maps, 272, 276, 282, 344, 353, 358.
Mareschal family (1170-1250), 320, 321.
Masonic Medal, 325.
Massy family, 386, 447.
Mayo, Co., Ogam, 164 ; Caher Island, 357.
Meath, Co., 254 ; coins found in, 254 ;
excursions, 260 ; gold find, 13 ; Tara
defaced, 8.
Meave, Queen, 83, 343, 354.
Medals of Irish Volunteers, 323, 329.
Melia : see Centenarian.
Mermaid in Irish Art, 406.
Merrion, Dublin, 312.
Milligan, Seaton F., 266.
Mills, James, Paper by, 195.
Mills, History of, and Milling, 38 -S.
Miltowu Malbay, Clare, antiquities near,
447.
INDEX.
455
Moghane Fort, Clare, 277, 446.
Molier, cliffs of, Clare, 288.
Molony family, in Clare, 447 ; Laughlin,
10.
Monasteries : see Caber Island, Clare
Abbey, Corcomroe, Dysert, Dublin,
Ennis, Inohicronan, Iniscleraun, Kil-
lone, Quin.
Monkstown Castle, Dublin, 108, 371.
Monuments, National, 3 ; sepulchral,
391, 397, 438, 439, 442, 443.
Mooney, Friar Dermot, 431.
Moore, Canon Courtenay, 373.
Mortyclough Forts, Clare, 299.
Mountgarrett, Lord (1645), 322.
Muckinish Castles, Clare, 299.
Musicians' salary, 146.
Xeuchtain, St., of lona, 339.
JSTemed, tribes sprung from, 354.
Ne\v Ross, Books of, 390.
Noughaval, Clare, 399, 401.
O'Brien family, 299, 301, 428 ; of Ara,
446 ; portraits of, 287 ; King Conor,
302, 303 ; Conor (1641), 404 ; Donald-
more, 118 ; Donchad (1240), 440 ;
Donougb, Sir, 446 ; Honora elopes,
126 ; Mary (Maureen Rhue), 404, 410 ;
Mortough plunders Iniscleraun, 89 ;
burns Kilfenora, 394 ; Slaney, Ab-
bess of Killone, 126.; Teige plunders
church, 22.
O'Cahan (Keane) family, 237 ; Friar
Eugene, of Quin, 431.
0' Conor family, 274 ; King Felim, 364,
391 ; Felim, of Corcomroe (1318), 414,
415.
()' Curry, Eugene, 25.
O'Davoren family, 283, 400 ; law school,
420.
O'Dea family, 414.
O'Dempsy family, 10.
O'Donoghue, Rev. Denis, 159.
O'Donovan, John, 84, 357.
O'Dowd family, 349.
O'Ferall, 89.
Offerlane, Queen's County, 321.
O'Flanagan, Conor (1640), 409.
Ogam-stones, 255 ; Mayo, 164 ; "Wales,
253 ; Clare, 447 ; supposed, 287.
O'Grady family, 446.
O'Griffa, Friar, 433.
O'Hanlon, Very Rev. Canon, 157.
Olnegmachta, tribe of Domnonians, 347.
O'Loughlin, 274, 406.
O'Meara, Barry, and Napoleon, 91.
O'Neill, Hugh, 34.
O'Nellane, Abbot of Clare, 122.
0' Quin family, 411.
Oran, St., and his " relig " at lona, 334.
O'Reilly, Patrick J., Paper by, 334.
O'Shaughnessy, of Gort, 126.
Ougbtmama, Clare, 304.
Painters of Dublin, 138.
Parliament at Drogheda, 49.
Passion, ancient painting, 198 ; carvings,
Ennis, 442 ; stucco at Quin, 439.
Paterson, Marcus, 265.
Patrick's Purgatory, 108, 165 ; church
on Caber Island, 357.
Peel Towers, notes on, 284.
Perrot, Sir John, at Quin, 431.
Photographic Survey Report, 95.
Picts : see Cruithneach.
Pillar-stones, Lough Gur, 375 ; Clare,
374, 375.
Pins, early, 217; bone, 226.
Place-names, organised collection of,
370 ; corrupted by " restoration," 426.
Plans, 71, 72, 76, 79, 81, 123, 129, 134,
280, 286, 301, 394, 400,401, 404,408,
416, 432, 434.
Plate of monks, 431, 442.
Plunkett, Thomas, 256.
Pococke, Bishop, 11, 304.
1'ortnoo, Donegal, 148, 176.
Pottery, crannoge, 222.
Poulnabrone cromlech, Clare, 422, 423.
Proceedings, 100, 175, 265, 388.
Quaker's Island : see Iniscleraun.
Queen's County, gold find (1670), 10.
Quin Friary, Clare, 271 ; description and
history, 427 ; church, 439.
Raths and moats, 403.
Rathblathmaic, Clare, 416, 418.
Rathborney, Clare, 304.
Rathmichael, Dublin, 186.
Ridelford, W. (1243), 308.
Roads, ancient, 409 ; under sea, 358.
Robertson, James G., 379, 380.
Roche family, 133, 245.
Rock-road, near Dublin, 312.
Rolleston, T. W., 357.
Roman coins, 176.
Roscommon Abbey, tomb in, 364.
Roughan fort and cross, Clare, 407.
Round Towers, 409, 410, 415, 418.
Ryves, Sir William (1600), 310.
Saddlers, Guild of (1670), 4-3.
St. Leger, Sir A. (1520), 112.
St. Paul, Archbishop John de, 196.
Salazar, Signer L., Paper by, 92.
Scattery, or Iniscatha, Clare, 237, 448.
Scrapers, flint, 208.
Sea, inroads of, 289, 293, 358.
Seals, ancient, 62.
Sebastian, St., carving, 30, 413.
Senan, St., of Scatter}7, his shrine, 237
265.
456
INDEX.
Sencheneoil tribe, 345.
Sengan and Geimnn, 273, 347.
Sheela-na-gig, 409, 416.
Shoe, ancient, 231.
Simmonscourt, Dublin, 316.
Skeaghavannoo Cross, Clare, 31.
Slighe Cualann road, 182, 307.
Sodan tribe, once important, 345.
Souterrains, or " caves," Cork, 373 ;
Clare, 398, 400, 406.
Spanish Armada, q. v., table, 93.
Stacpoole family, 128, [441.
Stamer family, 433.
Strangwych, of Dunsogbly (1512), 47.
Street, Mr. Edmond, restoration of Chi i^t
Church, 196.
Stokes, Rev. Dr. G. T., 98.
Stoups for holy water, 360.
Stubbs, W. Cotter, elected Fellow, 102.
Sutton, Gerald, of Castletoii Kildraught,
372.
Swan-maiden legend, 412.
Swift, Dean, 91.
Sword, ancient, 219.
Table, Spanish (1568), 93.
Tailors, Guild of, 48.
Tandy, Captain Napper, 327.
Tara, forts defaced, 8 ; torques, 13 ; Hill,
176.
Tate Stoate, Rev. "W. M., Fellow, 264.
Tau cross, 251.
Taverns in crypt of Christ Church
Cathedral, 203.
Taylor, Robert, of Clare Abbey (1630),
121.
Termon lands, 27 ; cross, 33, 407.
Terry Alt's House, Clare, 413.
Thomond, land of, and history, 273 ;
taken from Connaught, 274, 351.
Earls of, 121.
Thorncastle, Dublin, 310.
Tipperary, Co., gold finds, 15.
Tombstones, 124, 410, 433, 435, 446,
447, 448 ; tombs canopied, 397, 430 :
see Altar tombs.
Toomullin, Clare, 287.
Travers, Right Hon. John (1520), 111;
family (1510), 371.
Treasure trove, 9, 369.
Trinity, Guild of, Dublin, 44.
Tulla, Clare, antiquities near, 447.
Tullaroan, title of Grace family to, 319.
Tulloghane Ogam, Mayo, 164.
Tully, Clare, rath, 403.
Tully, Dublin, 183, 193.
Tullycommune, Clare, forts, 407, 408.
Ua Cathharr and Ua Corra, driven out of
Thomond by Dalcais, 351.
Ui Fermaic, Clare, crosses of, 22.
Umoir, sons of, 347, 353.
Umoir, Tuath Resent, 344, 353.
Urn, sepulchral, 368.
Verschoyle, Major John, 329.
Victoria, Address to Queen, 162.
Volunteers, Irish, 325, 329, 391.
Wakeman, W. F., his death, 381, 382.
Walls, Ogam-stone found in, 253.
Wallop, SirH., 114.
Weavers' Guild, 44.
Wells, holy, 133, 245.
Westropp family, 447 ; Tl.omas J.,
Papers by, 118, 237, 273, 375, 392;
Dr. William H. Stacpoole, 306.
Will, nuncupative, 311.
Williams, Rev. Sterling de Courcy, 371.
Captain, besieged by O'Neill, 34.
Witchcraft, 117.
Wolf, names of places, 282.
Wolverston family, 311.
"Worthies of the Irish Church," 98.
Wright, Dr. Edward P., Presidential
Address, 1 ; Paper by, 40.
Yeates, Isaac (1740), 311.
Yellow Ford, Battle of the (1598), 34.
END OF VOL. X., FIFTH 8EUIKS.
Printed at THE UNIVERSITY PRESS, Dublin,
LIST OF FELLOWS AND MEMBERS
WITH
LIST OF OFFICERS
FOR THE YEAR 1900,
AND
GENERAL RULES OF THE SOCIETY.
THE
EOYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUAEIES OF IEELAND.
THIS Society, instituted to preserve, examine, and illustrate all
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THE KILKENNY ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY in 1849. Her Majesty the
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THE
ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND,
100O.
PATEONS AND OFFICERS OF THE SOCIETY,
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JAMES MILLS, M.R.I.A., .. FELLOW.
MISS S. MOORE,
6, ST. STEPHEN'S GREEN, DUBLIN.
HUM* Curate axtfr ^ibnnm, §uWw.
THOMAS J. WESTROPP, M.A., M.R.I.A.,
6, ST. STEPHEN'S GREEN, DUBLIN.
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RICHARD LANGRISHE, F.R.I.A.I.
S. A. 0. FITZPATRICK. | JOHN COOKE,'M.A.
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THE REV. S. A. BRENAN, M.A.
W. J. KNOWLKS, M.R.I.A.
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JOHN BURGESS, J.P.
R. M. YOUNG, J.P., B.A., M.R.I.A.
COLONEL P. D. VIGORS, J.P.
* * # # *
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DR. GEORGE U. MACNAMARA.
THE 0' DONOVAN, M.A., J.P., D.L.
THE REV. PATRICK HURLEY, P.P.
W. H. HILL, F.R.I.B.A.
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SAMUEL KERR KIRKEU, C.E.
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JOHN COOKE, M.A.
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M. M. MURPHY, M.R.I.A., Solicitor.
P. M. EGAN, J.P.
MRS. TARLETON.
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J. ENNIS MAYLER.
THE REV. CANON FFRENCH, M.R.I.A.
FELLOWS OF THE SOCIETY.
(Revised 31st December, 1900.)
The Names of those who have paid the Life Composition, and are Life Fellows, are
printed in heavy-faced type. (See Rides 3 and 7, page 41.)
DATB OF ELECTION.
1886
1872
1885
1896
1880
1889
1896
1888
1884
1876
1885
1882
1882
1865
1891
1889
1888
1888
1889
1898
1899
1879
1893
1898
1900
1898
1896
1899
1898
1888
1877
1887
1888
1887
1890
1889
1900
1871
1898
1892
1897
Abercorn, His Grace the Duke of, M.A. (Oxon.), E.G., C.B.
Baronscourt, Newtownstewart. (Honorary President, 1896.)
Agnew, Hon. Sir James Wilson, K.C.M.G. Hobart, Tasmania.
ARMSTRONG, Robert Bruce, F.S.A. (Scot.), 6, Randolph Cliff,
Edinburgh.
Balfour, Blayney Reynell Townley, M.A. (Cantab.), M.R.I.A.,
J.P., D.L. Townley Hall, Drogheda.
BALL, Francis Elrington, M.R.I. A., J.P., Mopoon, Dundrum.
BARTER, Rev. John Berkeley, M.R.I. A., F.R.G. S. I.,
F.R.Z.S.I. 21, Via Assietta, Corso Re Umberto, Turin,.
Italy.
Beattie, Rev. A. Hamilton. Portglenone, Co. Antrim.
Bellingham, Sir Henry, Bart., M.A. (Oxon.), J.P., D.L.,
Bellingham Castle, Castlebellingham.
Berry, Henry F., M.A., M.R.I. A., Barrister-at-Law. Public
Record Office, Dublin.
Berry, Captain Robert G. J. J. Army Service Corps, Dundalk.
Bigger* Francis Joseph, M.R.I. A. Ardrie, Belfast.
Black, Charles Herbert, Dunedin, Otago, New Zealand.
Brooke, Rev. Stopford A., M.A. 1 , Manchester-square, London,W.
Browne, Most Rev. James, D.D., Bishop of Ferns. St. Peter's
College, Wexford.
Browne, John Blair. Brownstown House, Kilkenny.
BROWNE, William James, M.A. (Lond.), M.R.I.A., Inspector
of Schools. 5, Crawford-square, Londonderry.
Brownrigg, Most Rev. Abraham, D.D., Bishop of Ossory.
St. Kieran's, Kilkenny. (Vice- President, 1896-1900.)
Buiek, Rev. Geo. Raphael, M.A., LL.D., M.R.I.A. The
Manse, CuUybackey. (Vice President, 1892-97, 1898.)
BURTCHAELL, Geo. Dames, M.A., LL.B. (Dubl.), M.R.I.A.,
Barrister -at -Law. 44, Morehampton-road, Dublin.
Cane, Major R. Claude, J.P. St. Wolstan's, Celbridge.
Carbray, Felix, M.P.P., M.R.I.A. Benburb Place, Quebec,
Canada.
Castletown, Right Hon. Lord, J.P., D.L. Grantston Manor,
Abbeyleix. (Vice- President, 1885-89.)
Chestnutt, John, B.A., L.R.C.P. & L.R.C.S. (Edin.). Derw-ent
House, Howden, East Yorks.
Clark, Stewart, J.P. Kilnside, Paisley.
Clarke, William Usher, Bridge House, Teddington, Middlesex.
DATE OF ELECTION.
MEMBER
1869
FELLOW.
1871
1864
1891
1882
1891
1894
1896
1896
189L
1888
1865
1894
1871
1889
1890
1853
1897
1870
1893
1894
1897
1891
1893
1866
1870
1863
1888
1891
1872
1892
1891
1894
1894
1890
1888
1895
1895
1889
1891
1893
1864
1888
1872
1889
1889
FELLOWS OF THE SOCIETY.
CLOSE, Rev. Maxwell H., M.A., M.R.I.A., F.G.S. 38, Lower
Baggot-street, Dublin.
Cochrane, Sir Henry, J.P., D.L. Woodbrook, Bray, Co. Dublin.
COCHEANE, Robert, F.S.A., F.R.I. B.A., M.R.I.A., Vice-
Pres. Inst. C.E.I. 6, St. Stephen' s-green, Dublin. (Hon.
Gen. Secretary, 1888.)
Coffey, George, B.A.I., M.R.I.A., Barrister-at-Law. 5, Har-
court-terrace, Dublin.
Colles, Ramsay, M.R.I. A., J.P. 1, Wilton-terrace, Dublin.
COLLES, Richard, B.A., J.P. Millmount, Kilkenny.
Colvill, Robert Frederick Stewart, B. A. (Cantab.), J.P. Coolock
House, Coolock.
Cooke, John, M.A. 66, Morehampton-road, Dublin.
Cooper, The Right Hon. Edward Henry, M.R.I.A., H.M.L.,
Co. Sligo. Markree Castle, Co. Sligo ; and 42, Portnmn-
square, London. (Vice-President, 1896-1900.)
Copinger, Walter Arthur, LL.D., F.S.A. Timperly, Cheshire ;
Cockerell's Hall, Buxhall, Suffolk.
Costley, Thomas. 300, Lower Broughton, Manchester.
Corn-town, Right Hon. the Earl of, J.P., D.L. Courtown
House, Gorey. (Vice- President, 1886-87.)
COWAN, Samuel Win. Percy, M.A., M.R.I. A. Craigavad,
Co. Down.
Crawley, W. J. Chetwode, LL.D., D.C.L., F.R.G.S., F.G.S. ,
F.R. Hist. S. 3, Ely-place, Dublin.
Crozier, Right Rev. John Baptist, D.D., Bishop of Ossory, Ferns,
and Leighlin. The Palace, Kilkenny.
Cullinan; Henry Cooke, LL.B., Barrister-at-Law. 7, St.
Stephen' s-green, Dublin.
Dames, Robert Staples Longworth, B.A. (Dubl.), M.R.I.A., J.P.,
Barrister-at-Law. 21, Herbert- street, Dublin.
Day, Robert, F.S.A., M.R.I. A., J.P. Myrtle Hill House, Cork.
(Vice- President, 1887-97.)
Dease, Edmund, M.A., J.P., D.L. Rath, Ballybrittas, Queen's
County.
Devonshire, His Grace the Duke of, M.A. (Cantab.), D.C.L.;
K.G. Devonshire House, Piccadilly, London, W. (Ron.
President, 1897).
Dixon, Sir Daniel, J.P., D.L. Ballymenoch House, Holywood,
Co. Down.
Donnelly, Most Rev. Nicholas, D.D., M.R.I.A., Bishop of
Canea. St. Cronans, Bray.
DONNELLY, Patrick J. 134, Capel-street, Dublin.
Doyle, Charles F., M.A., F.R. ILL 56, George -street, Limerick.
Drew, Sir Thomas, R.H.A., F.R.I.B.A., P.R.I.A.I. Gortna-
drew, Alma-road, Monkstown, Co. Dublin. ( Vice-President ,
1889-94, 1897 ; President, 1894-97.)
Duignan, William Henry. Gorway, Walsall.
Eden, Rev. Arthur, M.A. (Oxon.). Ticehurst, Hawkhurat,
Sussex.
EVANS, Sir John, K.C.B., D.C.L. (Oxon.), LL.D. (Dublin),
D.Sc., F.R.S.,F.S.A., Hon. M.R.I.A. Nash Mills, Hemel
Hempsted.
EWART, Sir William Quartns, Bart., M.A., J.P. Schomberg,
Strandtown, Belfast.
10
DATE OP ELECTION.
1876
1878
1890
1871
1866
1891
1867
1889
1893
1887
1868
1894
1897
1886
1892
1882
1890
1889
1900
1894
1889
1888
1900
1898
1877
1875
1894
1899
1895
1891
1888
1895
1895
1898
1896
1890
1893
1897
1898
1888
1900
1892
1890
1888
1893
1899
FELLOWS OF THE SOCIETY.
FFRENCH, Eev. James F. M., Canon, M.R.I.A. Ballyredmond
House, Clonegal. (Vice- President, 1897).
Fielding, Captain Joshua, J.P. Eoyal Hospital, Kilmainham.
Finlay, Ven. George, D.D., Archdeacon of Clogher. The
Rectory, Clones.
FITZGERALD, Lord Frederick. Carton, Maynooth.
FITZGERALD, Lord Walter, M.R.I.A., J.P. Kilkea Castle,
Mageney. (Vice- President, 1895-1898.)
FITZMAUEICE, Arthur, Johnstown House, Carlow.
Fogerty, William A., M.A., M.D. 61, George -street,
Limerick.
Frost, James, M.R.I.A., J.P. 54, George-street, Limerick
(Vice-President, 1898).
GARSTIN, John Ribton, LL.B., M.A., B.D.,F.S.A., M.R.I.A.,
F.R.H.S., J.P., D.L. Bragganstown, Castlebellingham.
(Vice-President, 1885-95.)
Geoghegan, Charles, Assoc. INST. C.E.I. 89, Pembroke-road,
Dublin.
Gibson, Andrew, 49, Queen's-square, Belfast.
Goff, William G. D., J.P. Glenville, Waterford.
Gordon, John W. Mullingar.
Gray, William, M.R.I.A. Auburn Villa, Glenburn Park, Belfast.
(Vice- President, 1889-96.)
Greene, George E. J., M.A., D.Sc., M.R.I.A., F.L.S., J.P.
Ferns.
Greer, Thomas, M.R.I.A., F.R.G.S., J.P. Sea Park, Belfast,
and Grove House, Regent's Park, London, N.W.
GREGG, Huband George, J.P., Oldtown, Edgeworths-
town.
Handcock, Gustavus F. Public Record Office, Chancery-lane,
London, W.C.
Healy, Most Rev. John, D.D., LL.D., M.R.I.A., Bishop of
Clonfert. Mount St. Bernard, Ballymacward, Ballinasloe.
(Vice- President, 1890-98.) .
HEWSON, George James, M.A. Hollywood, Adare.
Hickey, Rev. Michael P., D.D., M.R.I.A., Professor of Gaelic
and Lecturer on Irish Archaeology. St. Patrick's College,
Maynooth.
Higgins, Patrick. Town Clerk's Office, Waterford.
Hill, Right Hon. Lord Arthur Wm., M.P. 74, Eaton-place,
London, S.W. ; and Bigshotte, Rayles, Wokingham, Berks.
(Vice- President, 1888-95.)
Hogg, Rev. A. V., M.A. The Parade, Kilkenny.
Holmes, Emra, F.R.H.S. Dovercourt, Essex.
Houston, Thomas G., M.A. Academical Institution, Cole-
raine.
Humphreys, Very Rev. Robert, M.A., Dean of Killaloe. The
Glebe, Ballinaclough, Nenagh.
KANE, His Honor Robert Romney, LL.D., M.R.I.A., County
Court Judge. 4, Fitzwilliam-place, Dublin.
Kearney, Francis Edgar, LL.D., George-street, Limerick.
FELLOWS OF THE SOCIETY.
11
DATE OF ELECTION.
1893
1890
1889
1887
1872
1872
1892
1891
1883
1889
1891
1864
1891
1863
1893
1884
1889
1870
1869
1888
1892
1889
FELLOW
1898
1894
1894
1888
1890
1888
1886
1896
1879
1896
1888
1892
1895
1896
1889
1899
1893
1893
1870
1898
1896
1871
1893
1896
1896
1897
1897
1888
1892
1871
1888
1895
1894
1897
1889
Keating, Miss Geraldine, Cannon Mills Cottage, Chesham,
Bucks.
KELLY, Edward Festus. 15, Palace-court, London, W.
Kelly, George A. P., M.A., Barrister-at-Law. 129, Lower
Baggot-street, Dublin; and Cloonglasnymore, Strokes-
town.
Kelly, William Edward, C.E., J.P. St. Helen's, Westport.
Kelly, William P., Solicitor. Shannonview Park, Athlone.
Kirker, Samuel Kerr, C.E. Board of Works, Belfast.
Knowles, AVilliam James, M.E.I. A. Flixton-place, Ballymena.
(Vice- President, 1897.)
Knox, Hubert Thomas, M.E.I. A. Westover, Bilton, Bristol.
Langrishe, Eichard, F.E.I. A. I., J.P. Dundrum House, Co.
Dublin. (rice-President, 1879-95.)
Latimer, Eev. William Thomas, B.A. The Manse, Eglish,
Dungannon.
Lawrence, Eev. Charles, M.A. Lisreaghan, Lawrencetown, Co.
Gal way.
LEWIS CROSBY, Eev. Ernest H. C., B.D. 36, Rutland- square.
Dublin.
Lillis, T. Barry. Janeville, Ballintemple, Cork.
Linn, Eichard. 229, Hereford- st., Christchurch, New Zealand.
Lynch, Patrick J., C.E., M.E.I.A.I. 8, Mallow-street,
Limerick.
Macan, Arthur, M.B. 53, Merrion -square, Dublin.
Mac Ritchie, David, F.S.A. (Scot.) 4, Archibald-place, Edin-
burgh.
Mains, John, J.P. Eastbourne, Coleraine.
Malone, Very Eev. Sylvester, P.P., V.G., M.E.I.A. Kilrush.
Manning, Percy, M.A., F.S.A. 6, St. Aldates, Oxford.
MARTYN, Edward, J.P., D.L. Tillyra Castle, Ardrahan.
(Vice- President, 1897).
Mayler, James Ennis. Harristown, Ballymitty, Co. Wexford.
M'Cahan, Eobert. Ballycastle, Co. Antrim.
McCREA, Rev. Daniel F., M.E.I.A. (Eome.)
M'DONNELL, Daniel, M.A., M.D. 17, Cherrymount, Crumlin-
road, Belfast.
McGeeney, Very Eev. Patrick, Canon, P.P., V.F. Parochial
House, Crossmaglen.
Mellon, Thos. J., Architect. Eydal Mount, Milltown, Co. Dubl.
MILLIGAN, Seaton Forrest, M.E.I.A. Bank Buildings, Belfast.
(Vice- President, 1895-99.)
Mills, James, M.R.I. A. Public Eecord Office, Dublin.
MOLLOY, William Robert, M.E.I.A., J.P. 78, Kenilworth-
square, Dublin.
Moran, His Eminence Cardinal, D.D., M.E.I.A. Archbishop
of Sydney, New South Wales. (Vice- President, 1888-
1896.)
Moran, John, M.A., LL.D., M.E.I.A. Board of National
Education, Marlborough- street, Dublin.
Mullen, Ben. H., M.A. (Dub.), F.A.I., Curator, &c., Royal
Museum. Peel Park, Salford.
Murphy, J. H. Burke. The Agency, Cultra, Holywood, Co.
Down.
MURPHY, Michael M., M.E.I.A. Troyes Wood, Kilkenny.
12
DATE OF ELECTION.
MBMRBR.
1888
FELLOW.
1890
1877
1897
1892
1889
1898
1893
1869
1888
1887
1897
1890
1869
1895
1891
1890
1890
1895
1894
1885
1898
1888
1889
18P9
1894
1889
1867
1875
1888
1892
1873
1888
1889
1896
1890
1889
1893
1872
1894
1894
1894
1880
1888
FKLLOWS OF THE SOCIETY.
Norman. George, M.D., F.R.M.S. 12, Brock-street. Bath.
O'BRIEN, William, M.A., LL.D. 4, Kildare-street, Dublin.
O'Connell, Rev. Daniel, B.D. 81, Quay, Waterford.
O'Connell, John Robert, M.A., LL.D. 10, Mountjoy-square,.
Dublin.
O'Conor Don, The Right Hon. LL.D., M.R.I.A., H.M.L.
Clonalis, Castlerea. (Vice- President, 1886-97; President,.
1897-99 ; Honorary President, 1900.)
O'Donoghue, Charles, J.P. Ballynahown Court, Athlone.
O'Donovan, The, M.A. (Oxon.), J.P., D.L. Liss Ard, Skibbe-
reen. {Vice -President, 1890-94.)
O'Laverty, Rev. James, P.P., M.R.I. A. Holywood, Co. Down.
(Vice-president, 1896-1900.)
O'Loughlin, Rev. Robert Stuart, M.A., D.D. Rectory,
Lurgan.
O'NEILL, Jorge, His Excellency, Comte de Tyrone, (Grand
Officier de la maison du Roi). Pair du Royaume, 59, Rua
das Flores, Lisbon.
O'NEILL, Hon. Robert Torrens, M.A. (Oxon.), J.P., D.L.,
M.P. Tullymore Lodge, Bailymena, Co. Antrim.
O'REILLY, Rev. Hugh, M.R.I. A. St. Colman's Seminary,
Newry.
O'Reilly, 1'atrick J. 7, North Earl-street, Dublin.
O'Rorke, Very Rev. Terence, D.D., M.R.I.A., P.P.,
Archdeacon of Achonry. Church of the Assumption,
Collooney.
ORMSBY, Charles C., A.I.C.E.I. Ballinamore House, Kil-
timagh, Co. Mayo.
O'Ryan, James, Provincial Bank, Kilrush.
O'Shaughnessy, Richard, B.A., Burrister-at-Law, Commissioner
of Public Works. 3, Wilton-place, Dublin.
OWEN, Edward. India Office, Whitehall, London, S.W.
Palmer, Charles Colley, J.P., D.L. Rahan, Edenderry.
Perceval, John James. Slaney View, Wexford.
Perceval -Max well, Robert, J.P., D.L. Finnebrogue, Down-
patrick.
Phene, John S., LL.D., F.S.A., F.G.S. 5, Caiiton-terrace,
Oakley-street, London, S.W.
Plunkett, George Noble, Count, M.R.I. A., Barrister-at-Law.
26, Upper Fitzwilliam-street, Dublin.
Plunkett, Countess. 26, Upper Fitzwilliam-street, Dublin.
Poison, Thomas R. J., M.R.I. A. Wellington-place, Ennis-
killen.
Pope, Peter A. New Ross.
Prichard, Rev. Hugh, M.A., F.S.A. (Scot.) Diiiam, Gaerwen,
Anglesey.
Robinson, Andrew, C.E., Board of Works. 116, St. Laurence-
road, Clontarf.
Robinson, Rev. Stanford F. H., M.A. 17, Lower Leeson-
street.
Rushe, Denis Carolan, B.A., Solicitor. Far-Meehul, Monaghan*
FELLOWS OF THE SOCIETY.
DATE or ELECTION.
1875
1897
1890
1885
1890
1892
1892
1865
1896
1885
1884
1864
1874
FELLOW.
1898
1891
1896
1892
1892
1889
1875
1873
1899
1894
1890
1888
1900
1893
SAUNDERSON, Rev. Robert de Bedick, M.A. (Dubl.). 260,
Annefield-road, Liverpool.
Scott, William Robert, M.A. (Dubl.). 4, Murray-place, St.
Andrew's N.B., and Lisnamallurd, Omagh.
Shaw, Sir Frederick W., Bart., J.P., D.L. Bushy Park,
Terenure.
Sheehan, Most Eev. Richard Alphonsus, D.D., Bishop of Water-
ford and Lismore. Bishop's House, John's Hill, Waterford
(Vice- President, 1896-99.)
Smiley, Hugh Houston, J.P. Drumalis, Lame.
SMITH-BARRY, The Right Hon. Arthur H., J.P., D.L., M.P.
Fota Island, Cork, and Carlton Club, London. ( Vice-
President, 1897-1900.)
Smith, Joseph, M.R.I. A. The Limes, Latchford, Warring-
ton.
Smith, Worthington G., F.L.S., M.A. I. 121, High-street,
D unstable, Beds.
Speth, George William, F.R.Hist.S., La Tuya, Edward-road,
Bromley, Kent.
Stevenson, George A., Commissioner of Public Works, Custom
House, Dublin.
Stoney, Rev. Robert Baker, M.A., D.D., Canon. Holy Trinity
Rectory, Killiney, Co. Dublin.
Stubbs, Major- General Francis William, J.P. 2, Clarence-
terrace, St. Luke's, Cork.
Stubbs, William Cotter, M.A., Barrister-at-Law. 28 Hatch-
street, Dublin.
Swan, Joseph Percival. 22, Charleville-road, N.C.R., Dublin.
1898 Tallon, Daniel. Leinster-road, Rathmines.
1900 Tate-Stoate, Rev. W. M., M.A. Broadwell, Stow-on-the-Wold,
Gloucestershire.
1892 Taylor, Rev. John Wallace, LL.D. Errigal Glebe, Emyvale.
1893 Tenison, Charles Mac Carthy, M.R.I. A. Barrister-at-Law,
J.P. Hobart, Tasmania.
1892 | Tighe, Edward Kenrick Bunbury, J.P., D.L. Woodstock,
Inistioge.
1888 Trench, Thomas F. Cooke, M.R.I. A., J.P., D.L. MiUicent,
Sallins.
1894 Thynne, Sir Henry, M.A., LL.D., C.B. Plantation, Donnybrook.
1893
1899
1888
1890
1870
1888
1891
Uniacke, R. G. Fitz Gerald, B.A. (Oxon.). Chelsham Lodge,
Whyteleafe, Surrey.
Upton, Henry Arthur Shuckburgh, J.P. Coolatore, Moate, Co.
Westmeath.
Vigors, Colonel Philip Doyne, J.P. Holloden, Bagenalstown.
(Vice-President, 1895-99.)
Vinycomb, John, M.R.I.A. Riverside, Holywood, Co. Down.
WALES, H. R. H. the Prince of, E.G., K.P., &c. Sandringham.
WARD, Francis Davis, M.R.I.A., J.P. Ivy Dene, Malone
Park, Belfast.
Ward, John, F.S.A., J.P. Lenox Vale, Belfast.
14
DATE OP ELECTION.
MHMHKR.
1890
1871
1890
1886
1879
1889
1887
1891
FELLOW.
1897
1871
1898
1893
1892
1894
1896
1890
1890
1887
1891
FELLOWS OF THE SOCIETY.
Warren, the Rev. Thomas. Belmont, 29, Gipsey Hill, London,
S.E.
Watson, Thomas. Ship Quay Gate, Londonderry.
Westropp, Ralph Hugh, B.A. Springfort, Patrick's Well,
Co. Limerick.
WESTROPP, Thomas Johnson, M.A., M.R.I.A. 77, Lower
Leeson- street, Dublin.
Wigham, John R., M.R.I.A., J.P. Albany House, Monks-
town.
WILSON, William W., M.R.I.A., M. INST. C.E. Ardgaragh,
Ball's-bridge.
Windle, Bertram C. A., M.A., M.D., D.Sc. (Dubl.), F.R.S.,
Dean of the Medical Faculty, Mason College, Birmingham.
Woods, Cecil Crawford. 21, Dyke-parade, Cork.
WOOLLCOMBE, Robert Lloyd, M.A., LL.D. (Dubl.) ; LL.D.
(Royal Univ.); F.I.Inst., F.S.S., M.R.I.A., Barrister-
at-Law. 14, Waterloo -road, Dublin.
WRIGHT, Edward Perceval, M.D., M.A. (Dubl.) ; M.A.
(Oxon.); M.R.I.A., F.L.S., F.It. C.S.I., J.P., Professor of
Botany. 5, Trinity College, Dublin. ( Vice-President, 1898 ;
President, 1900.)
Young, Robert Magill, B.A., C.E., M.R.I.A., J.P.
Belfast. (Vice- President, 1898.)
Rathvarna,
FELLOWS OF THE SOCIETY.
15
Elected
1891
1891
1891
1891
1891
1891
1891
HONORARY FELLOWS.
D'Arbois de Jubainville, H., Editor of Revue Celtique. 84, Boulevard
Mont Parnasse, Paris.
Hoffman, William J., M.D., c/o Herbert M. Sternberg, Reading, Penn.,
U.S.A.
Right Hon. Lord Avebury, D.C.L., LL.D., F.R.S., M.P. Higb Elms,
Farnborough, Kent.
Munro, Robert, M.A., M.D. (Hon. M.R.I. A.), Secretary of the Society
of Antiquaries of Scotland. 48, Manor-place, Edinburgh.
Pigorini, Professor Luigi, Director of the Museo Preistorico-Etnografico
Kircheriano, Rome.
Rhys, John, M.A., Professor of Celtic, Principal of Jesus College,
Oxford.
Soderberg, Professor Sven, Ph. D., Director of the Museum of Antiquities,
University of Lund, Sweden.
Life Fellows, 43
Honorary Fellows, . . . . . . . . . . 7
Annual Fellows, . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
Total 31st December, 19CO, 194
MEMBERS OF THE SOCIETY.
(Revised 31st December, 1900.)
The Names of those who have paid the Life Composition, and are Life Members, are
printed in heavy-faced type. (See Rules 4, 8, and 9, page 41.)
Elected
1893
1896
1898
1890
1892
1887
1900
1898
1899
1890
1894
1898
1891
1890
1894
1891
1896
1897
1891
1890
1894
1868
1900
1863
1896
1880
1890
1894
1895
1878
1890
1893
1894
1890
1897
1897
1898
Abbott, Rev. Canon, M.A. The Rectory, Tullow, Co. Carlow.
Acheson, John, J.P. Dunavon, Portadown.
Adams, Rev. William Alexander, B.A. The Manse, Antrim.
Agnew, Rev. J. Tweedie. 18, Claremount- street, Belfast.
Alcorn, James Gunning, Barrister-at-Law, J.P. 2, Kildare -place, Dublin.
Alexander, Thomas John, M.A., LL D. 1, Bellevue Park, Military-rd., Cork.
Allen, C. F., 2 Newtown- villas, Rathfarnham.
Allen, Henry J. 14, Ailesbury-road, Dublin.
Allen, Mrs. W. J. Liniwinny, Lurgan.
Ailing-ham, Hugh, M.R.I. A. The Mall, Ballyshannon, Co. Donegal.
Allworthy, Edward. Ardgreenan, Cavehill-road, Belfast.
Allworthy, Samuel William, M.A., M.D. The Manor House, Antrim-road,
Belfast.
Alment, Rev. William F., B.D. Drakestown Rectory, Navan.
Alton, J. Poe (Fellow, Inst. of Bankers}. Elim, Grosvenor-road, Dublin.
Anderson, William, J .P. Glenarvon, Merrion, Co. Dublin.
Andrews, James Thomas, M.A., Barrister-at-Law. 36, St. Stephen's-green,
Dublin.
Annaly, The Lady. Holdenby House, Northamptonshire.
Archdall, Right Rev. Mervyn, D.D., Bishop of Killaloe, &c. Claresford,
Killaloe.
Archer, Rev. James Edward, B.D. 2, Gyrene Villas, Clifton Park-avenue,
Belfast.
Archer, Mrs. St. Mary's Rectory, Drogheda.
Ardagh, Rev. Arthur W., M.A. The Vicarage, Finglas.
Ardilaun, Rt. Hon. Lord, M.A., M.R.I.A. St. Anne's, Clontarf.
Armstrong, Geo. Temple, Solicitor. 35 Victoria-street, Belfast.
Ashbourne, Rigbt Hon. Lord, LL.D. 12, Merrion-square, Dublin.
Ashby, Newton B., United States Consul. 6, Sandycove, Kingstown.
Atkins, W. Ringrose. 39, South Mall, Cork.
Atkinson, Rev. E. Dupre, LL.B. (Cantab.). Donaghcloney, "Waringstown.
Babington, Rev. Richard, M.A. Rectory, Moville.
Badham, Miss. St. Margaret's Hall, Mespil-road, Dublin.
Bagwell, Richard, M.A. (Oxon.), J.P., D.L. Marlfield, Clonmel.
Baile, Robert, M.A. Ranelagh School, Athlone.
Bailey, William F., M.A., Barrister-at-Law. 62, Harcourt-street, Dublin.
Baillie, Major John R., J.P. Strabane, Co. Tyrone.
Baillie, Ven, Richard JE., M.A., Archdeacon of Raphoe. Glendooen,
Letterkenny.
Bain, Andrew, D.L, R.I.C. Newcastle West, Co. Limerick.
Baker, Samuel. The Knowle, Howth.
Ball, H. Houston. 23, Richmond-Mansions, South Kensington, London,
S.W.
MEMBERS OF THE SOCIETY. 17
Elected
1885 Ballard, Rev. John Woods. Kilbrogan Hill, Bandon.
1888 Ballintine, Joseph, J.P. Strand, Londonderry.
1890 Banirn, Miss Mary. Greenfield, Dalkey.
1896 Bannan, E. T., B.A., District Inspector of Schools. Letterkenny.
1890 Bardan, Patrick. Coralstown, Killucan.
1896 Barr, John, Tyrone Constitution. Omagh.
1893 Barrett, John, B.A. Mount Massey House, Macroom.
1889 Barrington, Sir^ Charles Burton, Bart, M. A. (Uubl.), J.P., D.L. Glenstal
Castle, Co. Limerick.
1868 BARRINGTON-WARD, Mark James, M.A., S.C.L. (Oxon.), F.R.G.S.,
F.L.S. Thomeloe Lodge, Worcester.
1890 Barry, Rev. Michael, P.P. Ballyknders, Knocklong, Co. Limerick.
1877 Barry, James Grene, D.L. Sandville House, Ballynuty, Co. Limerick.
1894 Battley, Colonel D'Oyly, J.P. Belvedere Hall, Bray, Co. Wicklow.
1891 Beardwood, Right Rev. J. Camillus, Abbot of Mount St. Joseph, Roscrea.
1898 Beater, George Palmer. Minore, St. Kevin's Park, Upper Rathmines.
1883 BEATTY, Samuel, M. A., M.B., M.Ch. Craigatin, Pitlochrie, N.B.
1888 Beaumont, Thos., M.D., Dep. Surg.-Gen. Palmerston House, Palmerston
Park, Upper Rathmines.
1892 Beazley, Rev. James, P.P. Tuosist, Kenmare.
1891 Beere, D. M., M. INST. C.E. Auckland, New Zealand.
1893 Begley, Rev. John, C.C. St. Munchins, Co. Limerick.
1898 Bell, Thomas William, M.A., Bardster-at-Law. 2, Herbert -street,
Dublin.
1891 Bence-Jones, Reginald, J.P. Liselan, Clonakilty.
1890 Bennett, Joseph Henry. Blair Castle, Cork.
1889 Beresford, Denis R. Pack, J.P., D.L. Fenagh House, Bagenalstown.
1884 Beresford, George De La Poer, J.P., D.L. Ovenden, Sundridge, Seven-
oaks.
1895 Beresford, Rev. Canon, M.A. Inistioge Rectory, Co. Kilkenny.
1895 Bergin, William, M.A., Professor of Natural Philosophy. Queen's College,
Cork.
1897 Bermingham, Patrick Thomas. Glengariff House, Adelaide-roud,
Kingstown.
1888 Bernard, Walter, F.R.C.P. 14, Queen-street, Derry.
1897 Bestick, Robert. 5, Frankfort-avenue, Rathgar.
1890 Bewley, Joseph. 8, Anglesea-street, Dublin.
1897 Biddulph, Lieut.-Col., Middleton W., J.P. Rathrobin, Tullamore, King s Co.
1896 Bigger, Frederic Charles. Ardrie, Antrim-road, Belfast.
1900 Black, John H., of Benburb. George's -street, Dungannon.
1896 Blake, Mrs. Temple Hill, Blackrock, Co. Dublin.
1900 Bleakley, John V. Avenue-road, Lurgan.
1893 Bolton, Charles Perceval, J.P. Brook Lodge, Halfway House, Water-
ford.
1899 Bolton, Miss Anna. Rathenny, Cloughjordan.
1894 Bourchier, Henry James, C.I. , R.I. C. Melbrooke, Clontnel.
1889 Bourke, Rev. John Hamilton, M.A. The Parade, Kilkenny.
1889 Bowen, Henry Cole, M.A., J.P., Barrister-at-Law. Boweu's Court,
Mallow.
1858 Bowers, Thomas. Cloncunny House, Piltown.
1895 Bowman, Davys. Holyrood, Malone-road, Belfast.
1894 Boyd, J. St. Glair, M.D. 27, Victoria-place, Belfast.
1897 Boyle, Rev. Joseph, C.C. Rossnakill, Letterkenny.
1889 Braddell, Octavius H. Sarnia, Eglinton-road, Donnybrook.
1889 Brady, Rev. John Westropp, M.A. Rectory, Slane, Co. Meath.
1891 Bray, John B. Cassin. St. Germains, Terenure-road, Dublin.
1889 Brenan, James, R.H.A., M.R.I. A., School of Art. Leinster Hous ;, Kildare-
street, Dublin.
1883 Brenan, Rev. Samuel Arthur, B.A. Knocknacarry, Co. Antrim.
1892 Brereton, Fleet- Surgeon R. W. St. Nicholas' Rectory, Carrickfergus.
1888 Brett, Henry Charles, B.E. 19, Wellington-road, Dublin.
1893 Brew, Thomas Foley, F.R.C.S.I. The Cottage, Ennistyinon.
1891 Bridge, William, M.A., Solicitor. Roscrea.
B
18 MEMBERS OF THE SOCIETY.
Elected
1892
1895
1891
1893
1888
1894
1900
1894
1892
1884
1890
1891
1894
1866
1896
1888
1890
1884
1890
1890
1895
1894
1897
1897
1899
1892
1891
1891
1898
1896
1897
1891
1894
1896
1896
1897
1895
1891
1890
1890
1895
1898
1893
1895
1893
1899
1900
1895
1894
1900
1893
1888
Brien, Mrs. C. H. 4, Palmerston Park, Upper Rathmines.
Briscoe, Algernon Fetherstonhaugh, J.P. Curristown, Killucan.
BRODIGAN, Mrs. Piltown House, Drogheda.
Brophy, Michael M. 48, Gordon-square, London, "W.C.
Brophy, Nicholas A. 6, Alphonsus-terrace, Limerick.
Brown, Miss. 66, Highfield-road, Rathgar.
Browne, Charles R., M.D., M.R.I.A. 66, Harcourt-street, Dublin.
Browne, Daniel F., B.A., Barrister-at-Law. 28, Upper Mount-street,
Dublin.
Browne, Geo. Burrowes. Beechville, Knockbreda Park, Belfast.
Browne, James J. F., C.E., Architect. 23, Glentworth-street,
Limerick.
Browne, Very Rev. R. L., O.S.F. Franciscan Convent, 4, Merchant's-
quay, Dublin.
Brownlow, Rev. Duncan John, M.A. Donoghpatrick Rectory, Navan.
Brunskill, Rev. K. C., M.A. Carrickmore, Co. Tyrone.
Brunskill, Rev. North Richardson, M.A. Kenure Vicarage, Rush.
Buckley, James. 154, Portsdowne-road, London, W.
Buckley, Michael J. C. Montmorenci, Youghal, Co. Cork.
Budds, William Frederick, J.P. Courtstown, Tullaroan, Freshford.
Buggy, Michael, Solicitor. Parliament-street, Kilkenny.
Burgess, Rev. Henry W., M.A., LL.D. 20, Alma-road, Monkstown.
Burgess, John, J.P. Oldcourt, Athlone.
Burke, John, J.P., Consul for Mexico and Uruguay. Corporation -street,
Belfast.
Burke, E. W. Sandy Mount, Abbeyleix.
Burke, Rev. Thomas, P.P. Kinvara, Co. Galway.
Burke, Rev. W. P. 33, Catherine-street, Waterford.
Burnard, Robert, F.S.A. 3, Hillsborough, Plymouth.
Burnell, William. Dean's Grange, Monkstown.
Burnett, Rev. Richard A., M.A. Rectory, Graignamanagh, Co. Kil-
kenny.
Butler, Cecil, M.A., Barrister-at-Law. Milestown, Castle Bellingham.
Butler, William F., M.A., F. R.U.I., Professor of Modern Languages.
Mount Verdon House, Cork.
Byrne, Edward A. 21, Lower Water-street, Newry.
Byrne, Miss. 19, Main-street, Blackrock.
Cadic de la Champignonnerie, M. Edward, F. R.U.I. 76B, Upper Leeson-
street, Dublin.
Caffrey, James. 3, Brighton-terrace, Brighton-road, Rathgar, Dublin.
Caldwell, Charles Sproule, Solicitor. Castle-street, Londonderry.
Callary, Very Rev. Philip, P.P., V.F. St. Brigid's, Tullamore, King's
County.
Campbell, A. Albert, Solicitor. 6, Lawrence -street, Belfast.
Campbell, Frederick Ogle. Main-street, Bangor, Co. Down.
Campbell, Rev. Joseph W. R., M.A. 44, Harcourt-street, Dublin.
Campbell, Rev. Richard S. D., M.A., D.D. The Rectory, Athlone.
Campbell, Rev. William W., M.A., R.N. Maplebury, Monkstown.
Campbell, William Marshall. 12, Bedford-street, Belfast.
Carden, Lady. Templemore Abbey, Templemore.
Carey, William, Solicitor. 47, Grosvenor-square, Dublin.
Carlisle, David. Howe Avenue, Passaie, New Jersey, U.S.A.
Carmody, Rev. William P., B.A. Connor Rectory, Ballymena.
Carmody, Rev. Samuel, B.A. Craigs, Co. Antrim.
Carmody, Rev. James, P.P. St. Colman's, Milltown, Co. Kerry.
Carney, Thomas. Hibernian Bank, Drogheda.
Carolan, John, J.P. 77, North King-street, Dublin.
Carolin, Geo. 0., J.P. Ivanhoe, Lansdowne-road, Dublin.
Carre, Fenwick, F.R.C.S.I. Letterkenny.
Carrigan, Rev. William, C.C. Durrew, Queen's County.
MEMBERS OF THE SOCIETY. 19
Elected
1893
1889
1893
1890
1897
1895
1893
1898
1894
1895
1894
1896
1889
1900
1896
1890
1892
1874
1892
1893
1885
1900
1898
1888
1893
1895
1888
1894
1891
1898
1897
1897
1898
1876
1893
1894
1892
1893
1889
1898
1896
1893
1898
1900
1894
1894
1899
1896
1896
1894
1890
1899
1892
1890
1895
1897
Carrigan, William, Solicitor. 18, Herbert-street, Dublin.
Carroll, Anthony R., Solicitor. 47, North Great George' s-street, Dublin.
Carroll, Eev. James, C.C. Skerries.
Carroll, William, C.E., M.E.I.A.I. Orchardleigh, West Wickbam
Kent.
Caruth, Norman C., Solicitor. Flixton-place, Ballymena.
Casson, George W., J.P. 25, Clyde-road, Dublin.
Castle Stuart, Eight Hon. the Earl of, J.P., D.L. Drum Manor, Cooks-
town.
Chadwick, John, jun. 30, September-road, Tuebrook, Liverpool.
Chambers, Sir R. Newman. 15, Queen-street, Londonderry.
Christie, Robert William, F.I.B. 21, Elgin-road, Dublin.
Clark, George W. O'Flaherty-, L.R.C.S.E.
Clark, Miss Jane. The Villas, Kilrea, Co. Londonderry.
Clarke, Mrs. Athgoe Park, Hazelhatch.
Clarke, Miss Mary, Belmont, Lifford, Co. Donegal.
Cleary, Rev. Robert, M.A., Canon. Galbally Rectory, Tipperary.
Clements, Henry John Beresford, J.P., D.L. Lough Rynn, Leitrirn.
Clements, William T., Asst. D.I.N.S. 6, Bellevue Park, Stranmillis-road,
Belfast.
Clonbrock, Right Hon. Lord, B.A. (Oxon.), H.M.L. (Vice- President, 1885-
1896.) Clonbrock, Aghascragh.
Coates, William Trelford, J.P. 7, Fountain- street, Belfast.
Coddington, Lieut. -Colonel John N., J.P., D.L. Oldbridge, Drogheda.
Coffey, Most Rev. John, D.D., Bishop of Kerry. The Palace, Killarney.
Colahan, Rev. Richard Fallon, C.C. The Presbytery, Herbert- road,
Bray.
Coleman, Rev. Ambrose, O.P. St. Malachy's, Dundalk.
Coleman, James. Custom-house, Southampton.
Colgan, Nathaniel, M.R.I.A. 15, Breffni- terrace, Sandycove, Co. Dublin
Colgan, Rev. P., P.P. Menlogh, Ballinasloe.
Colhoun, Joseph. 62, Strand-road, Londonderry.
Colles, Alexander. 3, Elgin-road, Dublin.
Collins, E. Tenison, Barrister-at-Law. St. Edmunds, The Burrow,
Howth.
Collis, Rev. Maurice H. Fitzgerald, B.D. The Vicarage, Antrim.
Commins, John. Desart N. S., Cuffe's Grange, Kilkenny.
CONAN, Alexander. Mount Alverno, Dalkey.
Concannon, Thomas. Livermore, Alameda Co., California, U.S.A.
Condon, Very Rev. C. H., Provincial, O.P. St. Saviour's, Dublin.
Condon, Frederick William, L.R. C.P.I., &c. Ballyshannon.
Condon, James E. S., LL.D., Barrister-at-Law. 8, Upper Leeson-street,
Dublin.
Conlan, Very Rev. Robert F., P.P., Canon. St. Michan's, Dublin.
Connell, Rev. John, M.A. 3, Palace-terrace, Drumcondra.
Connellan, Major James H., J.P., D.L. Coolmore, Thomastown.
Conyngham, O'Meara. Gresham Hotel, Sackville- street, Dublin.
Cookman, William, M.D., J.P. Kiltrea House, Enniscorthy.
Cooper, Anderson, J.P. Weston, Queenstown.
Cooper, Mark Bloxham, Barrister-at-Law. 95, Haddington-road, Dublin.
Cooper, Joseph Ed. Hibernian Bank, Swinford.
Coote, Rev. Maxwell H., M.A. Ross, Tullamore.
COEBALLIS, Richard J., M.A., J.P. Rosemount, Roebuck, Clonskeagn.
Corcoran, Miss, The Chestnuts, Mulgrave-road, Sutton, Surrey.
Corcoran, P. Abbey Gate-street, Galway.
Corish, Rev. John, C.C. Kilmyshall, Newtownbarry.
Cosgrave, E. Mac Dowel, M.D. 5, Gardiner' s-row, Dublin.
Cosgrave, Henry Alexander, M.A. 67, Pembroke-road, Dublin.
Costello, Thomas Bodkin, M.D. Bishop-street, Tuam.
Costigan, William. Great Victoria-street, Belfast.
Coulter, Rev. George W. S., M.A. 9, Upper Garville-avenue, Rathgar.
Courtenay, Henry. Hughenden, Grosvenor-road, Rathgar.
Courtney, Charles Marshall. Mount Minnitt, Ballybrood, Pallasgrean.
B2
20 MEMBERS OF THE SOCIETY.
Elected!
1892
1891
1889
1896
1894
1900
1898
1896
1892
1890
1896
1893
1898
1898
1891
1892
1882
1896
1860
1894
1895
1895
1897
1890
1891
1896
1892
1899
1889
1898
1891
1898
1897
1895
1892
1899
1899
1900
1891
1890
1895
1895
1883
1868
1893
1898
1894
1864
1895
1889
1884
1890
1895
COWAN, P. Chalmers, B. Sc., M. INST. C.E. Local Government Board,
Dublin.
Cowell, Very Rev. George Young, M.A., Dean of Kildare. Kildare.
COX, Michael Francis, M.D., F.R.C.P.L, M.R.I.A. 45, Stephen's- green,
Dublin.
Coyne, James Aloysius, B. A.., District Inspector of National Schools. Tralee.
Craig, Ven. Graham, M. A., Archdeacon of Meath. St. Catherine's, Tullamore.
Craig, William Alexander, M.R.I.A., Fellow Inst. Bankers. Frascati,
Blackrock, Co. Dublin.
Cranny, John J., M.D. 17, Merrion-square, Dublin.
Crawford, Robert T. Estate Office, Ballinrobe.
Creagh, Arthur Gethin, J.P. Carrahane, Quin, Co. Clare.
Creaghe, Philip Crampton, M.R.I.A. Hugomont, Ballymena.
Cromie, Edward Stuart, District Inspector of Schools. 12, St. John's Mull,
Parsonstown.
Crone, John S., L.R. C.P.I. Kensal Lodge, Kensal Rise, London, N.W.
Crooke, T. Evans Beamish, J.P. Lettercollum, Timoleague.
Crookshank, Richard R. G. 8, Tivoli- terrace, South, Kingstown.
Crossley, Frederick W. 118, Grafton-street, Dublin.
Crosthwait, Thos. P. Sherard, B.A., M.INST. C.E. 38, Pembroke-rd., Dubl.
Cuffe, Major Otway Wheeler. Woodlands, Waterford.
Cullen, T. W., Manager, National Bank. Dingle.
Cullin, John. Templeshannon, Enniscorthy.
Culverwell, Edward Parnall, M.A., F.T.C.D. The Hut, Howth.
Cummins, Rev. Martin, P.P. Clare Galway, Co. Galway.
Cunningham, Miss Mary E. Glencairn, Belfast.
Cunningham, Miss S. C. Glencairn, Belfast.
Cunningham, Rev. Robert, B.A. Ballyrashane, Coleraine.
Cunningham, Samuel. Fernhill, Belfast.
Curran, James P., Manager, Munster and Leinster Bank. Maryborough.
Cussen, J. S., B.A., D.I.N.S. Killamey.
Cuthbert, David. Ballinskelligs, Co. Kerry.
Dallow, Rev. Wilfrid. Upton Hall, Upton, Birkenhead.
D'Alton, James Joseph. 10, Wellington-place, Dundalk.
Dalton, John P., M.A., D.I.N.S. Green Park, Limerick.
DALY, Rev. Patrick, C.C. The Palace, Mullingar.
Daniell, Robert G., J.P. Newforest, Co. Westmeath.
D'Arcy, S. A., L.R, C.P.I., L.R.C.S.I. Rosslea, Co. Fermanagh.
Dargan, Thomas. 9, Clifton Park-avenue, Belfast.
Darley, Arthur. 15, Pembroke-road, Dublin.
Darley, Henry Warren. 15, Pembroke-road, Dublin.
Davids, Miss Rosa. Greenhall, High Blantyre, N.B.
DAVIDSON, Kev. Henry W., M.A. Abington Rectory, Murroe, Limerick.
Davy, Rev. Humphry, M.A. Kimmage Lodge, Terenure.
Dawkins, Professor W. Boyd-, F.S.A., F.K.S., F.G.S., &c. Woodhurst,
Fallowfield, Manchester.
Dawson, Joseph Francis, Inspector. Munster and Leinster Bank, Dame-
street, Dublin.
Dawson, Very Rev. Abraham, M.A., Dean of Dromore. Seagoe Rectory,
Portadown.
Deady, James P. Hibernian Bank, Navan.
Deane, Mrs. J. William. Longraigue, Foulksmill, Co. Wexford.
de Ferrieres, Frank Rethore, B.A. 11, Willoughby-place, Enniskillen.
Delany, Rt. Rev. John Carthage, Lord Abbot of Mount Melleray, Cappoquia.
DE LA POEB, Edmond, J.P., D.L. Gurteen, Glensheelan, Clonmel.
De Moleyns, The Hon. Edward A., J.P. Dingle, Co. Kerry.
Denny, Francis Mac Gillycuddy. Denny-street, Tralee.
Denvir, Patrick J. National Bank, Limerick.
D'Evelyn, Alexander, M.D. (Dubl.). Ballymena.
Devenish-Meares, Major-General W. L., J.P., D.L. Meares Court,
Bullinacargy, Co. Westmeath.
MEMBERS OF THE SOCIETY. 21
Elected
1896
1899
1893
1891
1892
1897
1889
1896
1899
1890
1887
1898
1890
1889
1891
1887
1889
1897
1894
1899
1896
1897
1870
1898
1898
1894
1893
1890
1885
1891
1900
1899
1893
1892
1900
1894
1893
1872
1890
1882
1887
1890
1892
1894
1895
1896
1884
1890
1899
1894
1893
1890
1889
1895
1889
1896
Diamond, Rev. Patrick J. Port Stanley, Falkland Islands.
Dickenson, Col. Wykeham Corry. Earlsfort Mansions, Dublin.
Dickinson, James A. 8, Crosthwaite Park, Kingstown.
Dickson, Rev. William A. Fahan Rectory, Londonderry.
Dillon, Sir John Fox, Bart., J.P., D.L. Li.smuUen, Navan.
Dixon, Henry, Jun. 5, Cabra-terrace, Dublin.
Dodge, Mrs. Saddle Rock, Great Neck, Long Island, New York, TJ.S.A.
Doherty, George, J.P. Dromore, Co. Tyrone.
Doherty, Rev. William, C.C. St. Columba's Presbytery, Derry.
Donegan, Lieutenant- Colonel Jarnes H., J.P. Alexandra-place, Cork.
Donovan, St. John Henry, J.P. Seafield, The Spa, Tralee.
Doran, George Augustus, J.P., University-road, Belfast.
Doran-Falkiner, Rev. T. 4, Marine -terrace, Bray.
Dorey, Matthew. 8, St. Anne's-terrace, Berkeley-road, Dublin.
Dougherty, James B., M.A., Assistant Under- Secretary, Dublin Castle.
Douglas, M. C. Burren-street, Carlow.
Dowd, Rev. James, M.A. 7, Swansea-terrace, Limerick.
Dowling, Jeremiah, sen., M.D. Nelson-street, Tipperary.
Downes, Thomas. Norton, Skibbereen.
Doyle, Edward. Charleville Lodge, Cabra, Dublin.
Doyle, Rev. Luke, P.P. St. Mary's, Tagoat, Wexford.
Doyle, M. J. N. S., Windgap, Co. Kilkenny.
Doyne, Charles Mervyn, M.A. (Cantab.), J.P., D.L. Wells, Gorey.
Doyne, James, J.P. Earl-street, Mullingar.
Dreaper, Richard H., Physician and Surgeon. Mossley, near Manchester.
Drew, Lady. Gortnadrew, Alma-road, Monkstown, Co. Dublin.
Drought, Rev. Anthony, M.A. Kilmessan Rectory, Navan.
Dugan, Charles Winston, M.A. Oxmantown Mall, Parsonstown.
Duke, Robert Alexander, J.P., D.L. Newpark, Ballymote.
Duncan, George. 82, Ranelagh-road, Dublin.
Duncan, Rev. George, B.A. The Manse, Ballycairn, Lisburn, Co. Down.
Duncan, James Dalrymple, F.S.A., F.S.A. (Scot.), Meiklewood, Stirling,
N.B.
Dunn, Michael J., B.A., Barrister-at-Law. 42, Upper Mount-st., Dublin.
Dunn, Valentine. 3, Raglan-road, Dublin.
Dunne, Rev. E., C.C. Presbytery, Rathmines.
Dunne, Francis Plunkett, J.P. Balivor, Banagher.
Dunne, Robert H. Plunkett, J.P. Brittas, Clonaslie, Queen's Co.
Durham, Dean and Chapter of, per C. Rowlandson. The College, Durham.
Dwan, Rev. John J., Adm. The Presbytery, Thurles.
Egan, Patrick M., J.P. High-street, Kilkenny.
Elcock, Charles. Curator, Museum, Royal-avenue, Belfast.
Elliott, Rev. Anthony L., M.A. Killiney Glebe, Co. Dublin.
Elliott, Charles. 223, Amhurst-road, Stoke-Newington, London, N. E.
Ennis, Edward H., Barrister-at-Law. 41, Fitzwilliam-pluce, Dublin.
Ennis, Michael Andrew, J.P. Ardruadh, Wexford.
Entwistle, Peter. Free Public Museums, Liverpool.
Erne, Right Hon. the Countess of, care of Rev. J. H. Steele, Crom
Castle, Belturbet.
Esmonde, Sir Thomas Henry Grattan, Bart., M.P. Bally nast-agh, Gorey.
Evans, Mrs. 87, Eccleston- square, London, S.W. ; Moville, Co. Donegal.
Everard, Rev. John, C.C. SS. Peter and Paul, Clonmel.
Everard, Lieut.-Col. Nugent Talbot, J.P., D.L. Randlestown, Navan.
Fahey, Very Rev. Jerome, P.P., V.G. St. Colman's, Gort.
Fahy, Rev. John G. Rectory, Waterville, Co. Kerry.
Fair, Richard B. Rosetta House, Rosetta Park, Belfast.
Fairholme, Mrs. 19, Waterloo -road, Dublin.
Falkiner, C. Litton, M.A., M.R.I. A., Barrister-at-Law. 9, Upper Merrion-
street, Dublin.
22 MEMBERS OF THE SOCIETY.
Elected
1888 Falkiner, Eev. William F. T., M.A., M.R.I. A. Killucan Rectory, Co.
Westmeath.
1893 Fallen, Owen, D.I.R.I.C. Ardara, Co. Donegal.
1897 Faren, William. Mount Charles, Belfast.
1891 Fawcett, George. Montevideo, Roscrea.
1892 Fegan, William John, Solicitor. Market Square, Cavan.
1893 Fennell, William J., M.R.I.A.I. Wellington -place, Belfast.
1887 Fennessy, Edward. Ardscradawn House, Kilkenny.
1896 Fenton, Mrs. St. Peter's Vicarage, 90, Westbourne-road, Birken-
head.
1898 Fenton, Rev. Charles E. O'Connor, M.A. Parish Church Vicarage,
Sheffield.
1898 Fenton, Rev. Cornelius O'Connor, M.A. 105, Botanic-road, Liver-
pool.
1898 Fenton, Rev. S. L. O'Connor, M.A., Vicar of St. George's. Newcastle,
Staffordshire.
1898 Fetherstonhaugh, Albany, B.A., Solicitor. 17, Eccles-street, Dublin.
1897 Field, William, M.P. Blackrock, Co. Dublin.
1897 Field, Miss. 6, Main-street, Blackrock, Co. Dublin.
1891 Fielding, Patrick J. D., F.C.S. 8, St. Joseph's-place, Cork.
1894 Fisher, Rev. John Whyte, M.A., Canon. The Rectory, Mountrath.
1890 Fitz Gibbon, Gerald, M. INST. C.E. Cawood, Apperley Bridge,
Leeds.
1892 Fitz Patrick, P., D.I.N.S. Rathkeale.
1898 Fitz Patrick, S. A. 0. Glenpool, Terenure.
1899 Fitz Simon, D. O'Connell. Moreen, Dundrum.
1868 Fitzsimons, John Bingham, M.D. 14, St. Owen-street, Hereford.
1896 Flanagan, James. Model School, Inchicore, Dublin.
1891 Fleming, Hervey de Montmorency, J.P. Barraghcore, Goresbridge.
1895 Fleming, James, Jun. Kilmory, Skelmorlie, Scotland.
1899 Fleming, Miss H. S. G. Pallisade House, Omagh.
1889 Fleming, Very Rev. Horace Townsend, M.A. The Deanery, Cloyne.
1893 Flood, Rev. James. 52, Sterling-place, Brooklyn, New York, U.S.A.
1899 Flood, William H. Grattan. Enniscorthy.
1894 Flynn, Very Rev. Patrick F., P.P. St. Anne's Presbytery, Water-
ford.
1884 Fogerty, Robert, C.E., Architect. Limerick.
1896 Foley, J. M. Galwey, C.I., R.I.C. Ennis.
1877 Forster, Sir Robert, Bart, D.L. 63, Fitzwilliam-square, Dublin.
1893 Fortescue, Hon. Dudley F., J.P., D.L. 9, Hertford-street, Mayfair,
London, W.
1891 Foster, Rev. Frederick, M.A. Ballymacelligott Glebe, Tralee.
1888 Franklin, Frederick, F.R.I.A.I. Westbourne House, Terenure.
1899 Fraser, William. Downsh ire -road, Newry.
1897 Frazer, Henry. Lambeg N. S., Lisburn.
1897 Frewen, William, Solicitor. Nelson-street, Tipperary.
1889 Frizelle, Joseph. Sligo.
1898 Fry, Matthew W. J., M.A., F.T.C. Trinity College, Dublin.
1891 Furlong, Nicholas, L.R.C.P.I., L.R.C.S.I., M.R.I.A. Lymington, Ennis-
corthy.
1890 Gallagher, Edward, J.P. Strabane.
1891 Gallagher, William, Solicitor. English-street, Armagh.
1894 Gamble, Major G. F. Mount Jerome, Harold's -cross, Dublin.
1896 Gait-Gamble, T. E., D.I., R.I.C. Lurgan, Co. Armagh.
1890 Geoghegan, Michael. P. W. Hotel, Athlone.
1891 Geoghegan, Thomaa F. 2, Essex-quay, Dublin.
1894 Geoghegan, William P. Rockfield, Blackrock.
1890 George, William E. Downside, Stoke Bishop, Clifton.
1895 Gerish, W. Blythe. Ivy Lodge, Bishop's Stortford, Herts.
1893 Gerrard, Rev. William J. The Rectory, Rathangan, Co. Kildure.
1899 Gibson, Henry, J.P. Ardnardeen, Clontarf.
MEMBERS OF THE SOCIETY.
Elected
1897
1892
1895
1892
1900
1887
1891
1894
1897
1885
1899
1898
1891
1897
1897
1890
1897
1894
1899
1897
1900
1899
1852
1891
1891
1890
1894
1896
1897
1900
1895
1896
1892
1897
1891
1899
1899
1885
1890
1895
1899
1899
1891
1892
1895
1897
1899
1893
1889
1900
1894
Gibson, Rev. Thomas B., M.A. The Rectory, Ferns.
Gilfoyle, Anthony Thomas, M.A., J.P., D.L. Carrowcullen House, Skreen,
Co. Sligo.
Gill, Michael J., B.A. Roebuck House, Clonskeagh.
Gill, R. P., A.M. INST. C.E. Fattheen, Nenagh.
Gillespie, Ed. Acheson. Mount Hulings, Claremount-road, Sandymount.
Gillespie, James, Surgeon. The Diamond, Clones.
Gleeson, Gerald W. M. Gurthalougha, Borrisokane.
Gleeson, Paul. Kilcolman, Glenageary, Co. Dublin.
Gleesonj Michael, Crown Solicitor. Nenagh.
Glenny, James Swanzy, J.P. Altnaveigh House, Newry.
Gloster, Arthur B., B.A. Education Office, Marlborough-street,
Dublin.
Glover, Edward, M. Inst. C.E., President, Tnst. C. E.I. 19, Prince Patrick-
terrace, North Circular-road, Dublin.
Glynn, Thomas. Meelick Villa, 87, Aden Grove, Clissold Park,
London, N.
Glynn, William, J.P. Kilrush.
Godden, George. Phoenix Park, Dublin.
Goff, Rev. Edward, B.A. Kentstown Rectory, Navan.
Goldsmith, Rev. E. J., M.A. 1, De Vesci-place, Monkstown.
Goodwin, Singleton, B.A., M. INST. C.E. Tralee.
Gordon, R. A. Ulster Bank, Ballymote.
Gore, John. 52, Rutland-square, Dublin.
Gore, Mrs. Derrymore, O'Callaghan's Mills, Co. Clare.
Gorman, James. General Valuation Office, Ely-place, Dublin.
Gorman, Venerable VVm. Chas., M.A., Archdeacon, of Ossory. Rectory,
Thomastown, Co. Kilkenny.
Gosselin, Rev. J. H. Prescott, B.A. Muff Parsonage, Londonderry.
Gough, Joseph. 88, Grosvenor- square, Rathmines.
Grant, Colonel George Fox, J.P. Hilton, Mullinabone.
Gray, Robert, F.R. C.P.I., J.P. 4, Charlemont-place, Armagh.
GBAYDON, Thomas W., M.D. La Fayette Circle, Clifton, Cincinnati,
Ohio, U.S.A.
Greaves, Miss. 12, Rathgar-road, Dublin.
Green, T. Geo., H., M.R.I. A. Lisnagar, Temple Gardens, Palmerston Park,
Dublin.
Greene, Mrs. J. Monte Vista, Ferns.
Greene, Mrs. T. Millbrook, Mageney.
Greene, Thomas, LL.D., J.P. Millbrook, Mageney.
Greer, Thomas MacGregor, Solicitor. Ballymoney.
Grierson, Rev. Frederick J., B.A. St. Bride's, Oldcastle, Co. Meath.
Griffith, John E., F.L.S., F R.A.S. Bryn Dynas, Bangor, N. Wales.
Griffith, Miss Lucy E. Glynmalden, Dolgelly, N. Wales; Arianfryn, Bar-
mouth.
Grubb, J. Ernest. Carrick-on-Suir.
Guilbride, Francis, J.P. Newtownbarry.
Guinness, Howard R. Chesterfield, Blackrock.
Hackett, Rev. Frederick John, M.A. Kildollagh Rectory, Coleraine.
Hackett, T. Kirkwood. General Valuation Office, Ely-place, Dublin.
HADDON, Alfred Cort, M.A., F.R.S., F.Z.S. Inisfail, HilPs-road, Cam-
bridge.
Hade, Arthur, C.E. Carlow.
Hales, Mrs. A. Belvedere, Crystal Palace Park, Sydenham, S.E.
Hall, Rev. Alexander, B.A. Drogheda.
Hall, Ernest Frederick. The Lodge, Westport.
Hall, Thomas. Derrynure House, Baillieborougb .
Hamilton, Everard, B.A. 30, South Frederick -street, Dublin.
Hamilton, Rev. James, M.A. Mayne Rectory, Coole, Co. Westmeath.
Hamilton, Mrs. Alfred. 14, Leeson-park, Dublin.
MEMBERS OF THE SOCIETY.
Elected
1889
1891
1896
1899
1893
1876
1890
1899
1891
1889
1892
1890
1897
1895
1891
1893
1891
1898
1889
1895
1891
1891
1888
1869
1895
1896
1899
1897
1897
1897
1894
1892
1894
1889
1887
1892
1896
1890
1889
1900
1878
1898
1871
1899
1892
1893
1896
1900
1890
1891
1890
1898
1894
1895
1895
1898
Hanan, Rev. Denis, D.D. The Rectory, Tipperary.
Handy, Rev. Leslie Alexander, M.A. Skryne Rectory, Tara, Co.
Meath.
Hannon, P. J. Clifton House, Loughrea.
Harding, Rev. Charles William, M.A.. Canon. Willowfield Parsonage,
Belfast.
Hardy, William J., LL.B., Barrister-at-Law, D.I.R.I.C. Cnoc na Grena,
Ballymena.
Hare, Very Rev. Thomas, D.D., Dean of Ossory. Deanery, Kilkenny.
Harman, Miss Marion. Barrowmount, Goresbridge.
Harington, A. H., M.A. Moorock, Ballycumber, King's Co.
Harrington, Edward. 46, Nelson-street, Tralee.
Harris, Henry B., J.P. Mill view, Ennis.
Harrison, Charles William. 178, Great Brunswick-street, Dublin.
Hart, Henry Chichester, B.A., M.R.I.A., F.L.S., J.P. Carrabeagh, Port-
salon, Letterkenny.
Hartigan, P. Castleconnell, Limerick.
Hartley, Rev. Frederic J., B.A., B.A.I. William-street House, Kilkenny.
Harty, Spencer, M. INST. C.E.I. City Hall, Dublin.
Hastings, Samuel. Church-street, Downpatrick.
Hayes, Rev. Francis Carlile, M.A. Rectory, Raheny.
Hayes, James. Church-street, Ennis.
Hayes, Rev. William A., M.A. 2, Carlisle-terrace, Omagh.
Hayes, Thomas, C.I., R.I.C. 2, Eden-teirace, Limerick.
Headen, W. P., B.A. (Lond.), D.I.N.S. 32, Cabra-parade, Phibs-
borough.
Healy, George, J.P. Glaslyn, Clontarf.
Healy, Rev. John, LL.D., Canon. St. Columba's, Kells, Co. Meath.
Healy, Rev. William, P.P. Johnstown, Co. Kilkenny.
Healy, William, J.P. Donard View, Downpatrick.
Hearne, J. B. Chilcomb, New Ross.
Heathcote, Miss Beatrice. Beechwood, Tolton, Southampton.
HEMPHILL, Rev. Samuel, D.D., M.R.I. A. Birr Rectory, Parsonstown.
Henderson, William A. Belclare, Leinster-road, West, Dublin.
Hennessy, Bryan. 21, South-street, New Ross.
Henry, James, M.D. Swan park, Monaghan.
Heron, James, B.E., J.P. Tullyvery House, Killyleagh, Co. Down.
Heron, James Mathers, M.D. Downpatrick.
Hewat, S. M. F., M.A. (Cantab). Rathlee, Ballina.
Hewson, Rev. Edward F., B.A., Canon. Rectory, Gowran, Co. Kilkenny..
Hibbert, Robert Fiennes, J.P. Woodpark, Scariff.
Hickey, Garrett A., M.D. Priory-place, New Ross.
Higgins, Rev. Michael, Adm. Queenstown.
Higinbotham, Granby. 46, Wellington Park, Belfast.
Hill, Miss Emily. 7, Brighton-road, Rathgar.
Hill, William H., B.E., F.R.I.B.A. Audley House, Cork.
Hillyard, Rev. Henry J., B.A. Charleville, Co. Cork.
Hinch, William A. 22, Elm Grove, Kanelagh, Dublin.
Kingston, George, Collector of H. M. Customs. Custom House, Dublin.
Hitchins, Henry. 2, Crosthwaite Park, S., Kingstown.
Hoare, Most Rev. Joseph, D.D., Bishop of Ardagh and Clonmacnois. St.
Mel's, Longford.
Hobson, C. J. 139, 141, West 125th-street, New York, U.S.A.
Hobson, Rev. Ed. W., M.A. Rectory, Portadown.
Hodgson, Rev. William, M.A. 32, Hoi ford -square, London, W.C.
Hogan, Rev. Henry, B.D., Canon. All Saints' Vicarage, Phibs borough -
road, Dublin.
Hogg, Jonathan, D.L. 12, Cope-street, Dublin.
Hogg, Miss. Craigmore, Blackrock, Co. Dublin.
Hoguet, Mrs. Henry L. Hotel d'Jena, Avenue d'Jena, Paris.
Holding, T. H. Hazeldean. Fulham Park Gardens, London, S.W.
Holland, Joseph. Holland House, Knock, Co. Down.
Holmes, Mrs. 38, Haddington-road, Dublin.
MEMBERS OF THE SOCIETY.
25-
Elected
1889
1893
1899
1896
1895
1888
1895
1895
1900
1895
1889
1890
1890
1898
1858
1899
1900
1896
1893
1898
1893
1891
1890
1896
1890
1893
1893
1889
1895
1889
1892
1900
1894
1895
1892
1865
1896
1891
1893
1891
1900
1895
1898
1889
1889
Horan, John, M.E., M. INST. C.E., County Surveyor. 8, Victoria-terrace,
Limerick.
Hore, Philip Herbert, 'M.R.I. A. Imperial Institute, London, S.W.
Horner, John, Chelsea. Antrim-road, Belfast.
Houston, Rev. J. D. Craig, B.D. Hydepark Manse, Belfast.
Huband, Rev. Hugo R., M.A. (Cantab.). Killiskey Rectory, Ashford, Co.
Wicklow.
Hudson, Robert, M.D. Bridge House, Dingle.
Hughes, Benjamin. Independent Office, Wexford.
Hughes, Miss Helen. 34, Brighton-road, Rath gar, Dublin.
Hughes, Wm. C.E. Ahenny, Carrick-on-Suir.
Humphreys, Rev. John, B.A. The Manse, Tullamore.
Hunt, Edmund Langley. 67, Pembroke-road, Dublin ; and 81, George-st.,
Limerick.
Hunter, Thomas. Post Office, Glenarm.
Hurley, Rev. Patrick, P.P. Inchigeela, Co. Cork.
Hurst, Rev. John, C.C. Ballaghadereen.
Hyde, Henry Barry, F.S.S. 5, Eaton Rise, Baling, London, W.
Hynes, Miss. 105, Haddington-road, Dublin.
Hynes, Rev. John. St. Mary's, Sligo.
Ireland, William. 44, Arthur-street, Belfast.
Irvine, Charles E. R. A. Lisgoole Abbey, Enniskillen.
Irvine, Captain "William Henry (late The Buffs). Vallombrosa, Bray.
Irwin, Rev. Alexander, M.A. 6, Cathedral-terrace, Armagh.
Isaac, Very Rev. Abraham, B.A., Dean of Ardfert. Kilgobbin Rectory,
Camp, R.S.O., Co. Kerry.
Jackman, Richard H. Alverno, Thurles.
Jackson, J. F. S. Holmdale, Seafield-road, Dollymount.
Jeffares, Rev. Danby, M.A. Lusk, Co. Dublin.
Jellett, Very Rev. Henry, D.D., Dean of St. Patrick's. The Deanery,
St. Patrick's, Dublin.
Jellie, Rev. "William, B.A. 44, Burlington-road, Ipswich.
Jennings, Ignatius R. B., C.I.R.I.C. Elysium, Waterford.
Jephson-Norreys, Mrs. Atherton. The Castle, Mallow.
Johnston, James "W., J.P. Newtownbutler.
Johnston, John W. Rossmore Agency Office, Monaghan.
Joly, Miss Anna M. 5, Upper Ely-place, Dublin.
Jones, Bryan John. 1st Leinster Regiment, Liraawilly, Dundalk.
Jones, Rev. David, M.A., Canon of Bangor Cathedral. Llandegai,
N. Wales.
Jordan, Rev. William, M.A. St. Augustine's Moreland, Melbourne,
Australia.
Joyce, Patrick Weston, LL.D., M.R.I. A. Lyre-na-Grena, Leinster- road,
Rathmines.
Kavanagh, Very Rev. Michael, D.D., P.P., V.F. New Ross.
Keane, Lady. Cappoquin House, Cappoquin.
Keane, Marcus, J.P. Beech Park, Ennis.
Keane, Miss Frances. Glenshelane, Cappoquin.
Keatinge, Charles T. 50 Lower Beech wood-avenue. Ranelagh, Dublin.
Keatinge, Rev. P. A., O.S.F. Franciscan Convent, Waterford.
Keelan, Patrick. 13, Greville-street, Mullingar.
Keene, Charles Haines, M.A. 19, Stephen's-green, and University Club,
Dublin.
Keene, Most Rev. James Bennett, D.D., Bishop of Meath. Navan.
26 MEMBERS OF THE SOCIETY.
Elected
1897
1888
1891
1885
1899
1890
1896
1898
1891
1891
1899
1900
1893
1898
1899
1895
1893
1896
1894
1891
1899
1889
1898
1897
1897
1895
1865
1890
1890
1899
1895
1885
1900
1895
1899
1895
1890
1900
1890
1897
1895
1900
1891
1899
1891
1890
1893
1896
1900
1889
1891
1894
1892
1890
Keith, James, B.A., Inspector of Schools. The Mall, Westport.
Kelly, Edmund Walsh. Bella Vista, Tramore.
Kelly, Francis James, J.P. Weston, Duleek.
Kelly, Ignatius S. Provincial Bank House, Cork.
Kelly, Rev. James, C.C. Doonpark, Claddaduff, Clifden, Co. Gal way.
Kelly, Very Rev. James J., P.P., V.F. St. Peter's, Athlone.
Kelly, Rev. John, C.C. Dalkey.
Kelly, Dr. Joseph Dillon, J.P. 31, Earl-street, Mullingar.
Kelly, Richard J., Barrister- at- Law, J.P. 21, Great Charles-street, Dublin.
Kelly, Thomas Aliaga. 64, Upper Leeson-street, Dublin.
Kelly, Thomas J. 41, Kil dare -street, Dublin.
Kempson, Fredk. Robertson, F.R.I. B.A., J.P. Roath House, Cardiff.
Athenaeum Club, London.
Kennan, Williams R. Arcachon, Gironde, France.
Kennedy, Rev. Thomas Waring. Ardamine Glebe, Gorey.
Kenny, Thomas Canice. 5, Brightonvale, Monkstown, Co. Dublin.
Kenny, Thomas Hugh. 55, George-street, Limerick.
Kenny, William F., M.A., Bafrister-at-Law. 69, Fitzwilliam-sq., Dublin.
Kermode, PM. C., F.S.A. (Scot.). Cooil-ny-Freeney, Ramsey, Isle of Man.
Kernan, George. Hamilton, Ailesbury-road, Dublin.
Kernan, Rev. Richard Arthurs, B.D., Canon. The Rectory, Hillsborough.
Kerr, Miss. 15, Clarence-avenue, Londonderry.
Kerr, Rev. Wm. John B. 70, Wharf-road, Grantham, Lincolnshire.
Kerrigan, Dr. Owen P. 35, Greville- street, Mullingar; and Castletown
Geoghegan, Co. Westmeath.
Kiernan, Mrs. Leitrim Lodge, Dalkey.
Kiernan, Thomas. Leitrim Lodge, Dalkey.
Killeen, John W., Solicitor. 32, Waterloo-road, Dublin.
KIMBERLEY, Et. Hon. the Earl of, K.G. Kimberley House, Wymond-
ham, Norfolk.
King, Lucas White, LL.D., F.S.A., M.R.I.A., C.S.I, c/o H. S. King & Co.,
45, Pall Mall, London.
King-Edwards, William, J.P. Dartans House, Castlederg.
Kinloch, Mrs. Kilfane House, Thomastown.
Kinnear, Ernest A. Ballyheigue Castle, Co. Kerry.
Kirkpatrick, Robert. 1, Queen's-square, Strathbungo, Glasgow.
Knox, Francis Blake, L.R.C.P.I., L.R.C.S.I. 10 Summerhill, Kingstown.
Knox, Miss K. Ennis, Co. Clare.
Knox, Miss Mary Butler. Avoca-terrace, Blackrock, Co. Dublin.
Laffan, P. M., L.R.C.P.I. Belper Hill, Tara, Co. Meath.
Laffan, Thomas, M.D. Cashel.
Lambert, Bertrand F. Powerstown House, Goresbridge, Co. Kilkenny.
Langan, Rev. Thomas, D.D. St. Mary's, Athlone.
Langrishe, Mrs. Knocktopher Abbey, Co. Kilkenny.
Latimer, John. 11, Denny-street, Tralee.
Lawless, Rev. Nicholas, C.C. Castlebellingham.
Lawlor, Rev. Hugh Jackson, M.A., D.D. Trinity College, Dublin.
Lawlor, Rev. Thomas, P.P. Killorglin.
Lawson, Thomas Dillon. Bank of Ireland, Galway.
Lecky, Rev. Alexander Gourley, B.A. Feddyglass, Raphoe.
Ledger, Rev. William Cripps, M.A. The Rectory, Lisnaskea.
Ledger, Z. J. 27, George-street, Limerick.
Ledoux, Rev. Llewelyn, P.T., M.A., B.D. St. Peter's Rectory, Drogheda.
Lee, Rev. Timothy, C.C. St. John's, Limerick.
Leech, Henry Brougham, LL.D., Regius Professor of Laws, Dublin. Yew
Park, Castle-avenue, Clontarf.
Leeson-Marshall, M. R., Barrister-at-Law. 6, King's Bench Walk, Temple,
London, E.G.
Le Fanu, Thomas Philip, B.A. (Cantab.). Chief Secretary's Office, Dublin
Castle.
Leonard, John. Lisahally, Londonderry.
brickland.
Lewis, Professor Bunnell, M.A., F.S.A. Queen's College, Cork.
Lewis, Thomas White, M.D. Kingscliffe, Wansford, Northamptonshire.
Librarian. Public Library, Armagh.
Librarian. Belfast Library, Linen Hall, Belfast.
Librarian. Belfast Free Public Library, Belfast.
Librarian. Free Public Library, Liverpool.
Librarian. Public Library, Boston, 0". S .
Librarian. Detroit Public Library, Michigan, U. S., c/o B. F. Stevens,
4, Trafalgar-square, London.
Librarian. Astor Library, New York, U.S., c/o B. F. Stevens, 4, Trafalgar.
square, London.
Librarian. King's Inns Library, Henrietta- street, Dublin.
Librarian. Library of Advocates, Edinburgh.
Librarian. Limerick Institution. 99, George -street, Limerick.
Librarian. Limerick Protestant Young Men's Association. 97, George-street,
Limerick.
Librarian. Marsh's Library, St. Patrick's, Dublin.
Librarian. Natural History and Philosophical Society, Armagh.
Librarian. Public Library, Melbourne, per Agent-General for Victoria.
15, Victoria-street, Westminster, S.W.
Librarian. Queen's College, Belfast.
Librarian. Queen's College, Cork.
Librarian. Queen's College, Galway.
Librarian. Berlin Royal Library, per Messrs. Asher & Co., 13, Bedford- st.,
Covent Garden, London.
Librarian. St. Patrick's College, Maynooth.
Librarian. Board of Education, South Kensington, London, S.W.
Lindesay, Eev. William O'Neill, M.A. Alia, Claudy, Co. Derry.
Lindsay, Dr. David Moore, L.E. C.P.I., &c. 373, Main-street, Salt Lake
City! Utah, U.S.A.
Lindsay, James A., M.D., M.Ch. 13, College-square, E., Belfast.
Lindsay, Rev. John Woodley, D.D. Athnowen Rectory, Ovens, Co.
Cork.
Lindsay, Rev. Samuel, B.A. Prospect House, Dungannon.
Lipscomb, W. H. Church-road, Malahide.
Livingstone, Rev. Robert George, M.A. Brinkworth Rectory, Chippenham,
Wilts.
Lloyd, William. 1, Pery-square, Limerick.
Long, Mrs. 16, Appian-way, Dublin.
Longfield, Mrs. R. Curraglass Rectory, Tallow, Co. Cork.
Longfield, Robert 0. 19. Harcourt-street, Dublin.
Longfield, Thomas H., F.S.A., M.R.I. A. Science and Art Museum, Leinster
House, Dublin.
Longford, Right Hon. Selina, Countess of. Pakenham Hall, Castle-
pollard.
Lopdell, John. Stamer Park, Ennis.
Lough, Thomas, M.P. 49, Ashley Gardens, London, S.W.
Loughnan, Henry James, Barrister-at-Law. 39, Belvidere-place, Dublin.
Lovegrove, E. W., M.A., M.R.I. A. Trent College, Long Eaton, Derby-
shire.
Lowe, William Ross Lewin. Church Crescent, St. Alban's, Herts.
Lowndes, Thomas F., D.I.R.I.C. Woodford, Co. Galway.
Lowry, Henry. 71, Great George's- street, Belfast.
Lowry, Thomas. 2, Clarinda Park, East, Kingstown.
Lucas, Rev. Frederick John, D.D. 2, Cliff-terrace, Kingstown.
Lunham, Colonel Thomas Ainslie, M.A., M.R.I. A., J.P. Ardfallm,
Douglas, Cork.
28 MEMBEKS Otf THE SOCIETY.
Elected
1894 Lyle, Rev. Thomas, M.A. Dalriada, Howth-road, Dublin.
1896 Lynam, F. J., County Surveyor. Omagh.
1893 LYNCH, J. J. Towanda, Pa., U.S.A.
1893 Lynch, Patrick. Inland Revenue Office, Athy.
1888 Lynch, Rev. Patrick. St. Wilfrid's, Hulme, Manchester.
1891 Lyster, Rev. H. Cameron, B.D. Rectory, Enniscorthy.
1895 Macalister, R. Alexander Stewart, M.A. Torrisdale, Cambridge.
1890 Macauley, Joseph, J.P., Solicitor. Donegall Chambers, Royal-avenue,
Belfast.
1892 MacCartan, Very Rev. Owen, P.P., V.G. Larne.
1900 MacClancy, James. Milltown Malbay, Co. Clare.
1900 MacCorkeU, The Rev. Joseph. The Manse, Moville.
1899 MacEiierny, Rev. Francis, C.C. Westland-row, Dublin.
1891 Mac Gilly cuddy, Daniel de Courcy, Solicitor. Day-place, Tralee.
1891 Mac Gillycuddy, John, J.P. Aghadoe House, Killarney.
1891 Mack, Rev. A. William Bradshaw, B.A. St. Finian's, Swords.
1900 Macken, Miss Mary. Shamrock Hill, Dalkey.
1892 Mackenzie, John, C.E. Scottish Provident Buildings, Belfast.
1892 MacMahon-Creagh, Mrs. Dangan, Kilkishen, Co. Clare.
1894 Macrnillan, Rev. John, M.A. 76, South Parade, Belfast.
1890 Mac Mullan, Very Rev. Alexander, P.P., V.G. Bally mena.
1894 Macnamara, George Unthank, L.R.C. S.I. Bankyle House, Corofin.
1892 MacNeill, John Gordon Swift, M.A. (Oxon.), Q.C., M.P. 14, Blackball-
street, Dublin.
1894 Maconachie, Rev. James H., B.A. 20, Cliftonville-avenue, Belfast.
1852 Macray, Rev. Wm. Dunn, M.A., F.S.A. Ducklington, Witney, Oxon.
1891 Mac William, Rev. John W. A. Glenavy viaLurgan.
1895 M'Aleer, H. K. X. L. Bar, Sixmilecross, Co. Tyrone.
1892 M'Alister, James, B.A., D.I.N.S. Scoby House, Enniscorthy
1887 M 'Arthur, Alexander, J.P. Knox's-street, Sligo.
1894 M'Bride, Francis, J.P. 39, Grovesnor-square, Rathmines.
1892 M'Bride, John. Granville House, Belfast.
1894 M'Bride, Joseph M. Harbour Office, Westport.
1893 M'Burney, James. Loughconnolly, N.S., Broughshane.
1897 M'Call, Patrick J., T.C. 25, Patrick-street, Dublin.
1897 M'Cann, David. National Bank, Kilkenny.
1899 M'Cann, James. Simmonscourt Castle, Donny brook.
1888 M'Carte, James. 51, St. George's Hill, Everton, Liverpool.
1893 M'Carthy, Alexander, Solicitor. Town Clerk, Cork.
1898 M'Carthy, Charles. 41, Paul-street, Cork.
1892 M'Carthy, Samuel Trant, J.P. Srugrena, Cahirciveen.
1891 M'Carthy, William P. Trant, Solicitor. Inch House, Killarney.
1891 M'Clelland, William John, M.A. Santry School, Portarlington.
1890 M'Clintock, Rev. Francis G. Le Poer, M.A. (Cantab.), Canon. Drumcar
Rectory, Dunleer.
1899 M'Clintock, Miss Gertrude. Kilwarlin House, Hillsborough.
1897 M'Connell, James. 48, Lower Sackville-street, Dublin.
1899 M'Connell, John, J.P. College-green House, Belfast; Rathmona,
Donaghadee.
1897 M'Cormick, William, M.A. Ardnaree, Monkstown, Co. Dublin.
1891 M'Cormick, H. M'Neile. Oranmore, Craigavad, Belfast.
1892 M'Creery, Alexander John. John-street, Kilkenny.
1884 M'Crum, Robert G., J.P. Milford, Armagh.
1896 M< Cully, Rev. William J., B.A. The Manse, Carlingford.
1887 M'Cutchan, Rev. George, M.A. Rectory, Kenmare.
1897 M'Donnell, Mrs. 68, Rathgar-road, DubHn.
1893 M'Donnell, Rev. Patrick, P.P. Graignamanagh, Co. Kilkenny.
1895 M'Elhatton, Rev. John, C.C. Strabane.
1892 M'Enery, D. T., M.A., D.I.N.S. The Terrace, Ennis.
1890 M'Enery, M. J., B.A. Public Record Office, Dublin.
MEMBERS OF THE SOCIETY.
29
Elected
1893
1890
1892
1891
1896
1893
1891
1898
1892
1893
1895
1882
1890
1894
1898
1900
1890
1897
1890
1890
1895
1898
1898
1894
1900
1898
1900
1896
1892
1890
1890
1890
1891
1898
1887
1895
1862
1899
1899
1891
1899
1889
1891
1895
1900
1898
1894
1900
1887
1879
1898
1892
1889
M'Entire, Alexander Knox, Barrister-at-Law., J.P. 75, Merrion -square
Dublin.
M'Fadden, Right Rev. Monsignor Hugh, P.P., V.G. Parochial House.
Donegal.
M'Gee, Rev. Samuel Russell, M.A. The Rectory, Dunlavin.
M'Gee, William, J.P. 18, Nassau-street, Dublin.
M'Glone, Rev. Michael, P.P. Rosslea, Clones.
M'llwaine, Robert. Secretary's Office, Downpatrick.
M'Inerney, Rev. John, P.P. Shinrone, King's Co.
M'Kean, Rev. William. The Manse, Strandtown, Belfast.
M<Kee, Robert, M.A. Harlesden College, Branshill-ioad, London, N.W.
M'Keefry, Rev. Joseph, C.C., M.R.I. A. Waterside, Dorry.
M'Kenna, Rev. James E., C.C., M.R.I. A. St. Michael's
Enniskillen.
Presbyter}',
M'Kenna, Very Rev. James, P.P., Canon. Osier Hill, Brookeborough.
M 'Knight, John P. Nevara, Chichester Park, Belfast.
M'Larney, Rev. Robert, B.A., Canon. Banagher, King's Co.
M'Laughlin, Edward C. Cart Hall, Coleraine.
M'Mahon, Rev. John, P.P. Clare Castle, Co. Clare.
M'Manus, Very Rev. Canon, P.P. St. Catherine's, Menth- street, Dublin.
M'Nally, Charles F., J.P. Grange, Tullow, Co. Carlow.
M'Neill, Charles. Hazelbrook, Malahide.
M'jSeill, John. Chancery Accounting Office, Dublin.
M'Redmond, Most Rev. Thomas J., D.D., Bishop of Killaloe. Bishop's
House, Ashline, Ennis.
M'Watters, Morgan J. Bank of Ireland, Omagh.
M' William, William. Corlatt House, Monaghan.
Madden, Right Rev. James, P.P., V.G. St. Lawrence, Tynagh, Co.
Gal way.
Maffett, Rev. R. S., B.A. 17 Herbert-road, Sandymount.
Magill, Charles. 15A, Donegall-place, Belfast.
Magill, Rev. Robert, M.A., PH.D. The Manse, Maghera.
Magrath, Redmond. 53, Clanbrassil-street, Dundalk.
Mahon, George Arthur, LL.B. Local Government Board, Dublin.
Mahon, Thomas George Stacpoole, B.A. (Oxon.), J.P., D.L. Corbally,
Quin, Co. Clare.
Mahony, Bernard P. J., M.R.C.V.S. Annefield, Maryborough.
Mahony, Daniel, M.A., Barrister-at-Law. 8, Mount- street, Crescent,
Dublin.
Mahony. Denis McCarthy, B.A., Barrister-at-Law. 1, Herbert- street,
Dublin.
Mahony, Rev. Henry. 55, Belgrave-square, Dublin.
Mahony, J. J. Fort Villas, Queenstown.
Mahony, Thomas Henry. Clonard, Blackrock-road, Cork.
Malcomson, John. 47, Pembroke-road, Dublin.
Malone, Laurence. Innismaan, Queen's Park, Monkstown.
Malone, Mrs. Innismaan, Queen's Park, Monkstown.
Mangan, Richard. 5, Brighton Villas, Western-road, Cork.
Manning, John Butler. 134, Capel-street, Dublin.
Mannion, Very Rev. Patrick, P.P., Canon. The Presbytery, Elplun.
Mara, Bernard S. Tullamore, King's County.
March, Henry Colley, M.D. (Lond)., F.S.A. Portesham, Dorchester.
Marmion, M. J. C., M.D., J.P. Scotch-street, Dungannon, Co. Tyron«.
Martin, Rev. Richard D'Olier, M.A. All Saints Vicarage, via Water-
ford.
Martin, R. T. Rosemount, Artane, Co. Dublin.
Mason, J. J. B. 6, Ely-place, Dublin ; and 1, Winton-avenue, Rafhgiir.
Mason, Thomas. 5, Dame-street, Dublin.
Matthews, George. Hollymount, Maguire's-bridge, Co. Fermanagh.
Matthews, George E. 49, Upper Sackville- street, Dublin.
Maturin, Rev. Albert Henry, M.A. The Rectory, Maghera, Co. Deny.
Maunsell, William Pryce, B.A., Barrister-at-Law. 6, Maitello-ienoce.
Kingstown.
30 MEMBERS OP THE SOCIETY.
Elected
1900
1891
1893
1893
1865
1900
1893
1897
1892
1885
1889
1890
1898
1900
1891
1891
1891
1900
1898
1891
1897
1896
1897
1893
1892
1895
1892
1894
1897
1887
1889
1893
1892
1885
1889
1889
1889
1884
1889
1899
1889
1889
1891
1889
1889
1897
1890
1892
1889
1894
1900
1890
1895
1896
1897
1889
1899
Maxwell, Joseph A. 63, Upper Sackville-street, Dublin.
Mayne, Thomas. F.R.G.S.I. 9, Lord Edward-street, Dublin.
Mayo, Right Hon. the Earl of, J.P., D.L. Palmerstown House,
Straffan.
Meade, Right Rev. William Edward, D.D., Bishop of Cork, Cloyne, and
Ross. The Palace, Cork.
Meagher, Very Rev. William, P.P., Canon. Templemore.
Meara, Rev. J. R. Castle Ellis Glebe. Enniscorthy.
Meegan, Right Rev. Monsignor Peter, P.P. Lisnaskea.
Meehan, Rev. Joseph, C.C. Belhavel, Dromahaire.
Meehan, Patrick A. Maryborough.
Melville, Alexander G., M.D. Knockane House, Portlaw.
Middleton, Shireff. 73, Eccles-street, Dublin.
Micks, William L., M.A. Local Government Board, Dublin.
Miller, Mrs. The Manse, Armagh.
Miller, Rev. Richard M., M.A. Monaincha, Roscrea, Co. Tipperary.
MILLNEE, Major Joshua Kearney. Barneageeha, Tartwilliam Park,
Belfast.
Mitchell, William M., R.H.A., F.R.I.A.I. 5, Lemster- street, Dublin.
Moffatt, Rev. John E., M.D. 1, Palmerston Villas, Rathmines.
Moffett, Rev. Benjamin, M.A. Rectory, Carrickmacross.
Moloney, Maurice T. Ottawa, Illinois, U.S.A.
Molony, Alfred. 24, Grey Coat Gardens, Westminster, S.W.
Molony, Henry, M.D. Odellville, Ballingarry, Limerick.
Molony, James Barry. Bindon-street, Ennis.
Monahan, Rev. Daniel, P.P. Tubber, Moate, Co. Westmeath.
Monks, Thomas F., LL.D., Solicitor. 63, Dawson-street, Dublin.
Montgomery, Archibald V., Solicitor. 12, Molesworth-street, Dublin.
Montgomery, James. 5, Carlisle-road, Londonderry.
Montgomery, John Wilson. The Esplanade, Bangor, Co. Down.
Mooney, Morgan. 118, Pembroke-road, Dublin.
Moony, George M. S. Enraght, J.P. The Doon, Athlone.
Moore, Rev. Courtenay, M.A., Canon. Rectory, Mitchelstown.
Moore, Rev. H. Kingsmill, M.A., Principal, Training College, Kildare-
street, Dublin.
Moore, Hugh Stuart, M.A. 7, Fitzwilliam-square, Dublin.
Moore, John Gibson, J.P. Llandaff Hall, Merrion.
Moore, Joseph H., M.A., M. INST. C.E.I. 63, Eccles-street, D.ublin.
Moore, William. Castle Mahon, Blackrock, Co. Cork.
Morgan, Arthur P., B.A. (DubL), D.I.N.S. Trevennen, Tipperary.
Morgan, Very Rev. John, D.D., The Deanery, Waterford.
Morris, Rev. Wm. Bullen. The Oratory, South Kensington, London, S.W.
Morrison, Alexander Kerr. Maghera, Co. Derry.
Morrogh, Henry H. 5, Charlemont-terrace, Cork.
Morton, John. Glenville, Sydney-avenue, Blackrock.
Mull an, Rev. David, M.A. Christian Union Buildings, Lower Abbey-street,
Dublin.
Mullan, Robert A., B.A. Cairn-hill, Newry.
Mullen, Frank. Custom House, Belfast.
Mullin, Charles, Solicitor. Omagh.
Mulqueen, John T., Inspector of Inland Revenue. Roseneath, Nairn, N.B.
Murphy, Rev. Arthur William, P.P. Kilemlagh, Cahirciveen.
Murphy, Rev. James E. H., M.A., M.R.I.A., Professor of Irish, Dublin
University. Rathcore Rectory, Enfield, Co. Meath.
Murphy, Very Rev. Jeremiah, D.D., P.P. Macroom.
Murphy, Henry. Diamond, Clones.
Murphy, James Edward, Collector of Inland Revenue, Limerick.
Murphy, John J. Belvedere, Tramore, Co. Waterford.
Murphy, John J., H.M. Customs. Culgreine, Ballintemple, Cork.
Murphy, M. L. Bally boy, Ferns.
Murphy, Miss. 77, Ulverton-road, Dalkey.
Murray, Archibald. Portland, Limerick.
Murray, Daly, J.P. Beech Hill, Cork.
MEMBERS OF THE SOCIETY.
31
Elected
1897
1895
1897
1889
1889
1895
1897
1896
1892
1890
1891
1899
1893
1889
1890
1896
1898
1898
1894
1898
1893
1900
1889
1871
1890
1894
1890
1898
1893
1897
1890
1895
1896
1890
1890
1892
1874
1894
1897
1900
1895
1856
1889
1890
1896
1889
1898
1895
1891
1888
1892
1884
1870
1896
1899
1897
1894
Murray, J. W. Brady, LL.B., J.P. Northampton House, Kinvara.
Murtagh, Mrs. 116, Pembroke-road, Dublin.
Musgrave, Sir James, Bart., J.P., D.L. Drumglass House, Belfast.
Myles, Rev. Edward A., M.A. Tullylish Rectory, Gilford, Co. Down.
Nash, Lieut. -Colonel Edward, J.P. Beaufort House, Beaufort R.S. 0.,
Kerry.
Nash, Richard G., J.P. Finnstown House, Lucan.
Nason, William H., M.A. 42, Dawson-street, Dublin.
Neeson, Rev. Arthur J., C.C. Lisburn.
Neill, Sharman D. 12, Donegall-place, Belfast.
Nelis, John. Londonderry.
Newell, P., B.A., D.I.N.S. Listowel.
Nichols, Mrs. Kilbrack, Doneraile, Co. Cork.
Nixon, James H. F., F.R.G.S., J.P. Mount Brandon, Graignamanagh.
Nolan, Michael J., M.D. The Asylum, Downpatrick.
Nolan, Pierce L., B.A., Barrister-at-Law. 6, St. Stephen's-green, Dublin.
Nolan, William R., B.A. Brookville, Simmonscourt-aveuue, Donny brook.
Nooney, Patrick J., Solicitor. Mullingar.
Nooney, Thomas F., J.P. Earl-street, Mullingar.
Norman, Alfred, LL.D., Solicitor. 68, Dame-street, Dublin.
O'Brien, Daniel. 2, Belfast-terrace, N. C. Road, Dublin.
O'Brien, James J. 1, Charlemont-terrace, Cork.
O'Brien, Mrs. South Hill, Limerick.
O'Brien, Rev. Lucius H., M.A. The Rectory, Adare, Co. Limerick.
O'Brien, Robert Vere, B.A. (Oxon.), J.P. Ballyalla, Ennis.
O'Callaghan, Mrs. Maryfort, O'Callaghan's Mills, Limerick.
O'Callaghan, Rev. Joseph. 59, Eccles-street, Dublin.
O'Callaghan-Westropp, Lieut. -Col. George, J.P. Coolreagh, Bodyke.
O'Connell, Michael, Alta Villa, Listowel.
O'Connor, Charles A., M.A., Q.C. 50, Upper Mount-street, Dublin.
O'Connor, M. J., Solicitor. 2, George-street, Wexford.
O'Connor, Rev. T. C., M.A., Canon. Donaghmore, Baltinglass.
O'Connor- Morris, Miss L. Gartnamona, Tullamore.
O'Dea, Rev. Denis, C.C. Birr.
O'Doherty, Rev. Philip, C.C., M.R.I.A. St. Columb's Presbytery, Derry.
O'Donnell, Rev. Patrick, P.P. Doon, Pallasgrean.
O'Donoghue, David J. 41, Kildare- street, Dublin.
O'Donoghue, Rev. Denis, P.P., M.R.I.A. Ardfert, Tralee.
O'Donoghue, The. 10, Gardiner's-place, Dublin.
O'Duffy, John, L.D.S., R. C.S.I. 54, Rutland-square, Dublin.
O'Duffy, Kevin E. 85, Harcourt-street, Dublin.
O'Halloran, Patrick M. Corofin, Co. Clare.
O'Hanlon, Very Rev. John, P.P., M.R.I.A., Canon. 3, Leahy-terrace,
Irishtown, Dublin.
O'Hanrahan, Timothy Wm., J.P. Parliament-street, Kilkenny.
O'Hara, Right Rev. John M., Monsignor, P.P., V.F. Crossmolina.
O'Hennessy, Bartholomew. Kilkee.
O'Keefe, Stephen M.,B.A., Barrister-at-Law, J.P. Delville, Glasnevin.
O'Keeffe, John G. War Office, Pall Mall, London, S.W.
Oldham, Miss Edith. 33, Upper Leeson- street, Dublin.
O'LEARY, Rev. Edward, P.P. Balyna, Moyvalley.
O'Leary, John. 17, Temple-street, Dublin.
O'LEARY, Rev. John, P.P. Kilmalchedor, Ballyferriter, Dingle.
O'LEARY, Patrick. Main-street, Graig-na-Managh, Co Kilkenny.
O'Loghlen, John. 188, Burdett-road, London, E.
O'Mahony, Florence M'Carthy. Munster and Leinster Bank, Tralee.
O'Malley, Arthur M. The Quay, Westport.
O'Malley, Joseph, B.E. 10, Glent worth -street, Limerick.
O'Malley, Middleton Moore, J.P. Ross, Westport.
32 MEMBERS OF THE SOCIETY.
Elected
1891 O'Malley, Thomas. 29, Grosvenor-road, Rathgar, Dublin. .
1891 O'Meara, JohnJ., Solicitor, T.C. 211, Great Brunswick-street, Dublin.
1894 O'Morchoe, The. Kerry mount, Foxrock.
1891 O'Morchoe, Rev. Thomas A., M.A. Kilternan Rectory, Golden Ball.
1890 O'Mulrenin, Richard J., M.A. 6, Carlisle-street, S. C. Road, Dublin.
1892 O'Neill, Rev. James, M.A. 5, College-square, E., Belfast.
1889 O'Neill, Michael. Imperial Hotel, Kilkenny.
1863 O'Neill, Very Rev. Archdeacon, P.P., V.F. Clontarf, Dublin.
1898 O'Reilly, Rev. Edward, Adm. The Palace, Mullingar.
1896 O'Riordan, Rev. John, C.C. Cloyne.
1870 Ormonde, Most Hon. the Marquis of, K.P. The Castle, Kilkenny.
1887 Orpen, Goddard H., B.A., Barrister-at-Law. Monksgrange, Euniscorthy.
1890 Orpen, Yen. Raymond d'A., M.A., Archdeacon of Ardfert. Rectory,
Tralee.
1894 Orpin, John. 47, St. Stephen's -green, Dublin.
1891 Orr, Jacob, J.P. Cranagill, Loughgall.
1899 Osborne, Rev. J. Denham, M.A. 27, Belvidere-place, Dublin.
1860 O'Shee, N. Power, J.P., D.L. Garden Morris, Kilmacthomas.
1898 0' Sullivan, Michael. Inland Revenue, Enniscorthy.
1889 0' Sullivan, Right Rev. Monsignor, Archdeacon, P.P., V.G. Holy Cross,
Kenmare.
1898 O'Toole, Arthur. 5, Foster-place, Dublin.
1890 Oulton, Rev. Richard C., M.A., B.D., Glynn Rectory, Glynn, Belfast.
1894 Overend, Trevor T. L., LL.B. 12, Ely-place, Dublin.
1894 Palmer, J. E. Roselawn, Bally brack.
1900 Palmer, Miss. Dunkerrin, Kenmare, Co. Kerry.
1879 Palmer, Mrs. Carrig House, Lower Road, Cork.
1888 Panton, John. 45, St. Andrew-street, Dublin.
1890 Parke, Robert H., LL.B., Solicitor. Monaghan.
1896 Parkinson, Miss. Westbourne, Ennis.
1899 Paterson, Thomas. Tildarg, Merrion-road, Dublin.
1892 Patterson, Mervyn S. Tullyard, Dungannon.
1868 Patterson, William Hugh, M.R.I. A. Garranard, Strandtown, Belfast.
1889 Patton, Alexander, M.D. Farnham House, Finglas, Co. Dublin.
1897 Penny, Rev. James A., M.A. (Cantab.). Wispington Vicarage, Horncastle,
Lincolnshire.
1890 Pentland, George Henry, B.A., J.P. Black Hall, Drogheda.
1895 Perry, James, M.E. M. INST. C.E., County Surveyor. WellPark, Galway.
1895 Persse, Mrs., A. T. Drmonde View, Ballycrissane, Ballinasloe.
1893 Peter, Miss. Cron Bryn, The Hill, Monkstown, Co. Dublin.
1900 Peyton, Geo., LL.D. 4, Prince Arthur- terrace, Leinster- square, Rath-
mines.
1890 Phelps, Ernest James. "Water Park, Castleconnell.
1888 Phillips, James J., C.E., Archt. 61, Royal-avenue, Belfast.
1896 Piatt, Arthur Donn, Vice-Consul, U.S.A. 204, Great Brunswick-street,
Dublin.
1900 Pim, Miss E. M. Newtown Park, Waterford.
1898 Pim, Edward W., J.P. 27 & 29, High-street, Belfast.
1894 Pim, Miss Mary E. Greenbank, Monkstown, Co. Dublin.
1894 Pim, Miss Miriam. 2, Belgrave-square, S., Monkstown, Co. Dublin.
1890 Plummer, Rev. Richard, D.D. Ashfield Glebe, Cootehill.
1887 Plunkett, Thomas, M.R.I.A. Enniskillen.
1891 Poe, Lieut.-Col. Wm. Hutcheson, C.B., J.P., D.L. Hey wood, Bnllinakill.
1899 Pollock, Hugh, Barrister-at-Law. 50, Northumberland-road, Dublin.
1893 Pounder, Festus Kelly, B.A. St. John's-terrace, Enniscorthy.
1894 Powell, Frederick York, M.A. Professor, Christ Church, Oxford.
1892 Powell, Rev. William H., D.D. Rathclarin Rectory, Kilbrittain.
1897 Power, Ambrose William Bushe. Glencairn Abbey, Lismore.
1884 Power, Rev. George Beresford, B.A. Kilfane Glebe, Thomastown.
1876 Power, Rev. John, P.P. Kilteely, Pallasgrean, Co. Limerick.
MEMBERS OF THE SOCIETY.
Elected
1868
1884
1894
1890
1894
1890
1894
1898
1890
1889
1893
1890
1896
1896
1880
1891
1898
1898
1898
1898
1891
1890
1881
1897
1895
1898
1897
1890
1900
1891
1897
1871
1900
1892
1890
1892
1896
1892
1896
1899
1900
1894
1896
1890
1S98
1889
1897
1891
Power, Laurence John, J.P. Parade House, Kilkenny.
Power, Eev. Patrick. St. John's College, Waterford.
Pratt, Rev. Philip, C., R.N. Woodview Cottage, St. Anne's Hill, Co.
Cork.
Preston, Captain John, R.M. The Moorings, Athlone.
Price, J. Spencer, F.R.G.S. 4, Augusta Gardens, Folkestone.
Purdon, Henry Samuel, M.D. 60, Pakenham-place, Belfast.
Purefoy, Rev. Amyrald D., M.A. 3, Park-place, Island Bridge,
Dublin.
Puxley, Rev. Herbert Lavallin, M.A. (Oxon.) Catton Rectory, Stamford-
bridge, York.
Quan- Smith, Samuel A. Bullick Castle, Dalkey, Co. Dublin.
Quin, James, J.P. 70, George -street, Limerick.
Quinn, Rev. Bartholomew, Adm. Tourlistrane, Tubbercurry.
Quinn, Very Rev. Edward T., Canon, P.P. Ballybrack.
Quinn, John A., Solicitor. Dungannon.
Rankin, Rev. R. B., B.A. All Saints, Newtown- Cunningham.
Raphael, George. Galgorm House, Ballymena.
Rapmund, Rev. Joseph, C.C. Lakeland House, Anyalla, Co.
Monaghan.
Rawlence, Mrs. 12, Ovington- square, London, S.W.
Read, Miss. 3, Lower Merrion- street, Dublin.
Redington, Miss Matilda. Kilcornan, Oranmore.
Reid, John Gambell, Solicitor. Castleblaney.
Reynell, Miss. 22, Eccles-street, Dublin.
Rice, Mrs. Grange Erin, Douglas, Cork.
Rice, Lieut. -Colonel Richard Justice, J.P. Bushmount, Lixnaw.
Rice, Thomas. 5, Carlisle-street, Dublin.
Richardson, Miss Anna H. Craigen temple, Portrush.
Richey, Henry A., B.A., Barrister- at-Law, 13, Lower Pembroke-street,
Dublin.
Roberts, Edward, M.A., H.M. Inspector of Schools. Plas Maesincla,
Carnarvon.
Roberts, George C., J.P. Summer Hill, Enniscorthy.
Roberts, Rev. W. R. W., F.T.C.D. Clonlea, Dundrum.
Robinson, Thomas. Drogheda.
Roche, H. J. Borodale, Enniscorthy.
Roche, Patrick J. The Makings, New Ross.
Rochfort, William., J.P. Cahir Abbey, Cahir, Co. Tipperary.
Rock, Thomas Dennis. 62, Leadenhall-street, London, E.C.
Roe, Rev. John, C.C. Thomastown, Co. Kilkenny.
Rogers, William E. Belfast Banking Company, Portaferry.
Roice, Bernard Herron. Churchtown House, Tagoat.
Rolleston, Thomas William, B.A. 104, Pembroke-road, Dublin.
Rooney, Rev. Thomas J., C.C. Banbridge.
Rooney, William. 23, Leinster-£
•avenue, North Strand-road, Dublin.
Ross, Mrs. Summerfield, Dalkey.
EOTHEEAM, Edward Crofton. Belview, Crossakiel, Co. Meath.
Russell, John, C.E. 16, Waring-street, Belfast.
Ryan, Very Rev. Arthur, President, St. Patrick's College, Thurles.
EYAN, Very Eev. Francis M., Canon, P.P. 39, Eccles-street,
Dublin.
Ryan, Rev. James J., V.-P. St. Patrick's CoUege, Thurles.
Ryan, Thomas V., Solicitor. 46, St. Stephen's- green, Dublin.
Ryland, Richard H., B.A., Barrister- at- Law. 9, Mount-street Crescent,
Dublin.
34 MEMBERS OF THE SOCIETY.
Electe
1895
1891
1889
1894
1894
1879
1892
1900
1891
1892
1894
1898
1891
1891
1892
1891
1896
1892
1897
1895
1898
1900
1896
1896
1898
1896
1894
1890
1900
1895
1887
1900
1893
1898
1888
1893
1895
1894
1898
1887
1890
1893
1889
1900
1893
1894
1896
1894
1895
1897
1892
1891
1897
1892
1890
1892
1895
Salazar, The Cavaliere Lorenzo. Director of the Bibliotheca S. Martino,
Naples.
Salmon, John. 122, Ellenborough-terrace, Belfast.
Sankey, Lieut. -General Sir Richard H., K.C.B., M.R.I. A. 32, Grosvenor-
place, London, S.W.
Sayers, Rev. George, Canon. The Glebe, Upper Balliuderry, Co.
Antrim.
Scott, Anthony, Archt. 16, "William- street, Drogheda.
Scott, Rev. Charles, M.A. St. Paul's Parsonage, Belfast.
Scott, Conway, C.E. 15, "Wellington Park, Belfast.
Scott, Geo. Curraghgower, Limerick.
Scott, John "William, J.P. Roslevan, Ennis.
Scott, Samuel. Inland Revenue Office, Elgin, N.B.
Scott, William A., Archt. 16, William- street, Drogheda
Scott, William A. 24, Rathdown-road, Dublin.
Scriven, Rev. Rowland, M.A. (Cantab.), M.R.I. A. Balbriggan.
Scully, Very Rev. Alex. F., Canon, P.P., V.F. Hospital, Co.
Limerick.
Semple, Rev. R. H., M.A. 25, Barrington-street, Limerick.
Sexton, Sir Robert, J.P., D.L. 70, Harcourt-street, Dublin.
Shackleton, George. Anna Liffey House, Lucan.
Shackleton, Mrs. J. F. Anna Liffey House, Lucan.
Shaw, Rev. George Bell. Claggan Manse, Cookstown.
Shaw, His Honor Judge, M.A. 69, Pembroke-road, Dublin.
Shaw, Thomas J., J.P. Mullingar.
Shea, Wm. Askin, J.P. 8, Westland-row ; and 27, Belgrave-roa ',
Rathmines.
Sheridan, Mrs. St. Helen's, Rathgar-road, Dublin.
Sheridan, Rev. N. T., President. St. Peter's College, Wexford.
Sherwin, Rev. James P. 19, Mespil-road, Dublin.
Shore, The Hon. Mrs. Ballyduff, Thomastown, Co. Kilkenny.
Simmons, John, Solicitor. Dungannon.
Simms, James. Abercorn Arms, Strabane.
Simpson, James Knight. 2 Bedford-street, Bolton, Lancashire.
Simpson, Mrs. West Church Manse, Ballymena.
Simpson, William M. Walmer, Bangor.
Sinclair, Miss F. E. Hopefield House, Belfast.
Skeffington, Joseph Bartholomew, M.A., LL.D., D.I.N.S. Waterford.
Sloan, Rev. Isaac, M.A. The Manse, Ballyreagh, Ballygawley.
Sloane, Mrs. Moy Hill, Co. Tyrone.
Small, John F., Solicitor. 37, Hill-street, Newry.
Small, Miss M. J. Hill-street, Newry.
Smith, Rev. George Nuttall, B.A. Enniskerry.
Smith, John, B.E., M. INST. C. E., Co. Surveyor. BaUinasloe.
Smith, Owen. Nobber, Co. Meath.
Smith, Rev. Canon, D.D. St. Bartholomew's, Clyde -road, Dublin.
Smith, William Joseph, J.P. 9, George-street, Waterford.
Smithwick, Edmund, J.P. Kilcrene House, Kilkenny.
Smyth, Capt. B. W., Adjt. Roy. Hib. Military School. Phoenix Park.
Smyth, Edward Weber, J.P. 6, St. Stephen's -green, Dublin.
Smyth, John, B.A. Fernbank, Sligo.
Smyth, Mrs. E. Weber. 73, St. Stephen's -green, Dublin.
Smyth, Richard O'Brien, C. E., Archt. 2, Kenilworth-square,
Dublin.
Smyth, Robert Wolfe, J.P. Portlick Castle, Athlone.
Smyth, Thomas. 2, Lower Ormond-quay, Dublin.
Somerville, Bellingham Arthur. Clermont, Rathnew.
Somerville- Large, Rev. William S., M.A. Carnalway Rectory, Kilcullen.
Spaight, Colonel William F. Union Hall, Leap, Co. Cork.
Sparrow, Robert, D.I.R.I.C. Gort.
Stack, Rev. C. Maurice, M.A. Derryvullan Rectory, Tamlaght, Enniskillen.
Stacpoole, Mrs. Edenvale, Ennis.
Stacpoole, Miss. Edenvale, Ennis.
MEMBERS OF THE SOCIETY. 35
Electe
1893
1890
1894
1895
1892
1891
1894
1893
1898
1893
1889
1890
1898
1899
1900
1892
1895
1893
1887
1899
1889
1879
1891
1881'
1890
1898
1890
1897
1894
1890
1887
1897
1895
1900
1896
1893
1890
1889
1892
1896
1890
1895
1883
1894
1891
1899
1892
1897
1896
1896
1891
Stanley, Rev. William Francis, P.P. St. Vincent's, Altrincham.
Steede, John, LL.D., D.I.N.S. Dundalk.
Steele, Charles W. 18, Crosthwaite Park, Kingstown.
Steele, Rev. William B., B.A. Levally Rectory, Enniskillen.
Stephen, Miss Rosamond. Godmanchester, Huntingdon.
Stephens, Pembroke Scott, Q.C. Plowden Buildings, Temple,
London.
Stephens, Samuel. Martello-terrace, Holywood, Co. Down.
Stewart, Rev. Harvey, M.A. All Saints Rectory, Blackrock.
Stewart, Rev. Joseph Atkinson. Killowen, Lisburn.
Stirling, William, F.R.I. A. I., C.E. 4, College-green, Dublin.
Stirrup, Mark, F.G.S.L. High Thorn, Bowden, Cheshire.
Stoker, Mrs. 72, Rathgar-road, Dublin.
Stokes, Henry J., Barrister-at-Law, Ballynariagh, Howth.
Stoney, Robert Vesey. Rossturk Castle, Westport.
Stourton, Miss. South Gate, Castlebellingham, Co. Loath. .
Stoyte, William James, J.P. Green Hill, Kinsale.
Strangeways, William N. Lismore, 17, Queen's-avenue, M us well Hill,
London, N.
Stubbs, Henry, M.A., J.P., D.L. Danby, Ballyshannon.
Sullivan, Sir Edward, Bart., B. A. 2, Harewood-place, London,
S.W.
Sutherland, William. Provincial Bank, Clogheen, Co. Tipperary.
Swan, Percy S. 2, Garville-a venue, Rathgar.
Swanston, William. 4 A, Cliftonville-avenue, Belfast.
Sweeny, Rev. Patrick, M.A. Ballinacourty Rectory, Annascaul R.S.O.
Co. Kerry.
Synnott, Nicholas J., B.A. (Lond.), Barrister-at-Law. Furness, Naas.
Tarleton, Mrs. The Abbey, Killeigh, Tullamore.
Tarleton, Thomas. 30, Ormond-road, Rathmines.
Tate, Alexander, M. INST. C.E.I. Rantalard, Belfast.
Teague, Bernard. St. Michael's Schools, Enniskillen.
Telford, Rev. William H. Reston Free Church Manse, Berwickshire.
Tempest, William, J.P. Douglas-place, Dundalk.
Ternan, Obadiah, M.D. Enniskillen.
Thomas, W. J. Mullingar.
Thunder, Francis P. Municipal Buildings, Cork-hill, Dublin.
Tibbs, Rev. P. Graydon, B.A. Oxmantown Mall, Parsonstown.
Tivy, Henry L., J.P. Barnstead, Blackrock, Cork.
Tohill, Rev. John, Adm. St. Peter's, Milford-street, Belfast.
Toler-Aylward, Hector J. C., J.P., D.L. Shankill Castle, Whitehall, Co.
Kilkenny.
Toner, Rev. Joseph. Atlantic -avenue, Pittsburg, U.S.A.
TORRENS, Thomas Hughes, J.P. Edenmore, Whiteabbey, Co.
Antrim.
Townsend, George C. Cordangan Manor, Tipperary.
Townsend, Very Rev. William C., D.D. 1, Leeson Park, Dublin.
Townshend, Thomas Courtney, B.A. (Dubl.). 23, South Frederick-street,
Dublin.
Traill, William A., M.A., C.E. Giant's Causeway, Bushmills.
Trench, John Townsend, J.P. Lansdowne Lodge, Kenmare.
Tresilian, Richard S. 9, Upper Sackville-street, Dublin.
Trimble, Andrew, M.B., B.Ch. 2, Violet-terrace, Crumlin-road,
Belfast.
Truell, Henry Pomeroy, M.D., J.P., D.L. Clonmannon, Rathnew, Co.
Wicklow.
Tuite, James, M.P. 14, Greville-street, Mullingar.
Turner, Robert. English -street, Armagh.
Turtle, Frederick Locke. The Villa, Aghalee, Lurgan.
Twigg, Rev. Thomas, D.D., Canon. Vicarage, Swords, Co. Dublin.
36 MEMBERS OF THE SOCIETY.
Elected
1900
1893
1900
1897
1890
1891
1889
1899
1895
1890
1892
1896
1896
1897
1894
1896
1890
1891
1890
1889
1899
1898
1899
1896
1896
1896
1900
1884
1896
1890
1896
1898
1896
1888
1889
1895
1893
1895
1889
1895
1891
1892
1887
1889
1883
1899
1890
1880
Usher, Robert, J.P. Killineer House, Drogheda.
Ussher, Richard John, J.P. Cappagh House, Cappagh R.S.O., Co. "Water-
ford.
Vandeleur, Capt. Hector, Lord Lieutenant of Co. Clare. Cohercon, Co. Clare.
Vanston, George T. B., LL.D., Barrister-at-Law. Hildon Park, Terenure-
road, Rathgar.
Vaughan, Joseph, J.P. Mount View, Athlone.
Venables, "William J. Gortalowry House, Cookstown.
Vincent, Rev. Marshall Clarke, M.A. (Oxon.). South Hill, Nenagh.
Wade, Thomas G. 28, Upper Fitzwilliam-street, Dublin.
"Walby, James, Engineer. Post Office Telegraph Department, Belfast.
"Waldron, Laurence A., M.R.I. A. 10, Anglesea-street, Dublin.
Walkington, Miss, M.A., LL.D. Edenvale, Strandtown, Co. Down.
"Wall, "Walter Saunders, J.P. Errisanan Manor, Clifden, Co. Galway.
Wallace, Charles John, M.A., J.P. Belfield, Booterstown.
Wallace, Colonel Robert H. Downpatrick.
Walpole, Thomas, C.E., M. INST.N.A. Windsor Lodge, Monkstown, Co.
Dublin.
Walsh, John Edward, M.A. (Dubl.), Barrister-at-Law, J.P. BelviUe,
Donny brook.
Walsh, Rev. James H., D.D., Canon. 44, Upper Mount-street, Dublin.
Walsh, Rev. Robert, D.D. St. Mary's Rectory, Donnybrook.
Walsh, Thomas Arnold, Kilmallock.
Walsh, Rev. Tobias R., P.P. Freshford, Co. Kilkenny.
Walsh, V. J. Hussey. 4, Curz on -street, Mayfair, London, W.
Walsh, Captain Walter H. Hussey-, Leicestershire Regt. Mustapha Pacha,
Barracks, Alexandria, Egypt.
Walshe, Richard D. 20, Harrington -street, Dublin.
Ward, Alexander. 35, Upper Mount-street, Dublin.
Ward, H. Somerset. 6, Carlisle-terrace, Malahide.
Wardell, John, B.A., T.C.D. Old Abbey, Shanagolden.
Warnock, Frank H. 64 Tritonville-road, Sandymount.
WEBB, Alfred. Shelmalier, Orwell Park, Rathgar.
Webb, Thomas Henry. 80, Harcourt-street, Dublin.
Webber, William Downes, J.P. Mitchelstown Castle, Co. Cork.
Webster, Henry, M. INST. C.E., Co. Surveyor. Ounavara, Gorey.
Webster, William, Solicitor. 35A, Church-street, St. Helens.
Weir, Henry Crichton, LL.B. (Dubl.), Solicitor. Downpatrick.
Welch, Robert. 49, Lonsdale-street, Belfast.
Weldrick, George. University Press, Trinity College, Dublin.
Welply, W. H., Inspector of National Schools. 1, Devon-place, Galway.
Westmeath, Right Hon. the Earl of, J.P., D.L. Pallas, Tynagh,
Loughrea.
Westropp, Miss. Deer Park, Clonlara, Limerick.
Colonel William Keily, M.R.I.A., J.P. 6, Shorncliffe-
Westropp, Lieut. -(
road, Folkestone.
Wheeler, Francis C. P. 64, Hatton Garden, London, E.G.
Whelan, Rev. Percy Scott, M.A., Warden, St. Columba's CoUege, Rath-
farnham.
White, Very Rev. George Purcell, M.A., B.D., Dean of Cashel. Cashel.
White, Rev. Hill Wilson, D.D., LL.D., M.R.I.A. Wilson's Hospital
Multifarnham, Co. Westmeath.
White, James, L.R.C.P.S.E., J.P. Kilkenny.
White, Lieut. -Colonel J. Grove, J.P. Kilbyrne, Doneraile, Co. Cork.
White, John. Derrybawn, Bushey Park-road, Rathgar.
White, John, M.A. (Oxon.), Q.C. * 3, Paper Buildings, Temple, London.
White, John Newsom, M.R.I.A., J.P. Rocklands, Waterford.
MEMBERS OF THE SOCIETY.
37
Elected
1899
1894
1896
1896
1889
1889
1892
1889
1900
1888
1868
1894
1874
1896
1899
1896
1889
1896
1893
1887
1890
1895
1891
1872
1900
1892
1890
1890
1894
1891
1895
1887
1888
1887
1896
1900
1899
1890
White, Rev. Newport John Davis, D.D. Marsh's Library, St. Patrick's,
Dublin.
White, Very Rev. P., P.P., V.G. , Dean of Killaloe. Nenagh.
WHITE, Rev. Patrick W., B.A. Stonebridge Manse, Clones.
WHITE, Richard Blair. Ashton Park, Monkstown.
White, Robert. Scotch Rath, Dalkey, Co. Dublin.
White, W. Grove, LL.B., Crown Solicitor for Co. Kildare. 18, Elgin-road,
Dublin.
Whyte, Chas. Cecil Beresford, J.P., D.L. Hatley Manor, Carrick-on-
Shannon.
Wilkinson, Arthur B. Berkeley, B.E. Drombroe, Bantry, Co. Cork.
Wilkinson, W. J. Newtown Park, Trim.
Willcocks, Rev. Wm. Smyth, M.A., Canon. Dunleckney Glebe, Bagenals-
town.
Williams, Edward Wilmot, J.P., D.L. Herringston, Dorchester.
Williams, Rev. Sterling de Courcy, M. A. Durrow Rectory, Tullamore.
Williams, Mrs. W. Parkside, Wimbledon.
Williams, W. D., C.E. 4, Bellevue-terrace, Waterford.
Williamson, Rev. Charles Arthur, M.A. 14, Tipper Mount-street, Dublin.
Willis, Rev. J. R., B.A. Moyne Rectory, Rathdrum.
Willoughby, John, High- street, Kilkenny.
Wills, Rev. Percival B., B.D. Durrow, Queen's County.
Wilmot, Henry, C.E. 22, Waltham- terrace, Blackrock.
Wilson, James Mackay, M.A., J.P. Currygrane, Edgeworthstown.
Wilson, John Killen, J.P. 6, Donegall-street, Belfast.
Wilson, R. H. 23, Cromwell Crescent, London, S.W.
Wilson, Walter H., C.E. Cranmore, Malone-road, Belfast.
Windisch, Professor Dr. Ernst, Hon. M.R.I. A. Universitats Strasse, 15,
Leipzig.
Wood, Herbert. Public Record Office, Dublin.
Woodside, William J. 104, Corporation-street, Belfast.
Woodward, Rev. Alfred Sadleir, M.A. St. Mark's Vicarage, Ballysillan,
Belfast.
Woodward, Rev. George Otway, B.A. St. John's Vicarage, Hills-
borough.
Woodward, Mrs. St. Mark's Vicarage, Ballysillan, Belfast.
Workman, Rev. Robert, B.D. Newtownbreda Manse, Belfast.
Wray, Thomas. Hanover-place, Coleraine.
Wright, Rev. Wm. Ball, M.A. East Acklam, Malton, Yorkshire.
Wybrants, W. Geale, M.A., J.P. 55, Pembroke -road, Dublin.
Wynne, Owen, J.P., D.L. Hazelwood, Sligo.
Wyse, Captain L. W. Bonaparte, J.P. Manor of St. John, Waterford.
Yale -Jones-Parry, Miss. Plas-yn-Yale, Corwen; Madryn Castle, Pwllheli.
Yeldham, Charles Cecil, D.L, R.I.C. Sixmilebridge, Co. Clare.
YOUNGE, Miss Katharine E. Upper Oldtown, Rathdowney.
Total number of Fellows, ... 194 (Life and Hon. Fellows, 60.)
,, „ Members, . . . 1135 (Life Members, 26.)
Total, 31st December, 1900, 1329
N.B. — The Fellows and Members of the Society are requested to communicate
to the Honorary Secretary, 6, St. Stephen's -green, Dublin, changes of address,
or other corrections in the foregoing lists which may be needed.
SOCIETIES AND INSTITUTIONS WHICH RECEIVE THE QUARTERLY
JOURNAL
OF THE
0f ^ittiqtrarus 0f
FOR 19O1.
American Antiquarian Society, Worcester, Mass., U. S. A.
Antiquary (Editor of), 62, Paternoster-row, London.
Architect The (Editor of), Imperial Buildings, Ludgate Hill, London, W.C.
Belfast Naturalists' Field Club : The Museum, Belfast.
Bristol and Gloucester Archaeological Society: Rev. William Bazeley, M.A.,
Librarian, The Society's Library, Eastgate, Gloucester.
British Archaeological Association: Hon. Secretary, 32, Sackville-street, London, W.
Byegones (Editor of) : Oswestry, England.
Cambridge Antiquarian Society : T. D. Atkinson, Hon. Sec., St. Mary's Passage,
Cambridge.
Cambrian Archaeological Association : The Hon. Sec., the Rev. Canon Trevor
Owen, M.A., F.S.A., Llangedwyn, Oswestry.
Chester and North "Wales Archaeological and Historic Society: John He\ritt, Hon.
Librarian, Grosvenor Museum, Chester.
Cork Historical and Archaeological Society : care of Messrs. Guy & Co., 70, Patrick -
street, Cork,
Dorset Natural History and Antiquarian Field Club: Rev. 0. P. Cambridge,
Bloxworth Rectory, Wareham.
Folk Lore (Editor of), 270, Strand, London, W.C.
Glasgow Archaeological Society : W. G. Black, Secretary, 88, West Regent-street,
Glasgow.
Historic Society of Lancashire and Cheshire: The Secretary, Royal Institution,
Liverpool.
Her Majesty's Private Library : The Librarian, Windsor Castle, London.
Institution of Civil Engineers of Ireland: Hon. Secretary, 35, Dawson-street,
Dublin.
" Irish Builder," Editor of, Fleet-street, Dublin.
Kent Archaeological Society : The Hon. Secretary, Maidstone, Kent.
National Library of Ireland, Kildare -street, Dublin.
Numismatic Society : The Secretaries, 22, Albemarle-street, London, W.
Numismatic and Antiquarian Society of Philadelphia: S. E. Cor. Twenty-first-
street and Pine-street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U. S. A.
40 SOCIETIES AND INSTITUTIONS.
Palestine Exploration Fund (Secretary of), 38, Conduit-street, London, W.
Paris, Museum of St. Germain.
Revue de Faculte de Midi, Bordeaux.
Royal Institute of British Architects: The Librarian, St. James's Hall, Piccadilly
London, "W.
Royal Institution of Cornwall: The Hon. Secretary, Museum, Truro, Cornwall.
Royal Irish Academy : 19, Dawson- street, Dublin.
Royal Archaeological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland : A. H. Lyell, Esq.,
F.S.A., Hon. Secretary, 20, Hanover -square, London, W.
Societe d'Archeologie de Bruxelles : 63, Rue de Palais, Bruxelles.
Societe des Bollandistes, 14, Rue des Ursulines, Bruxelles.
Societe Royale des Antiquaires du Nord : Messrs. Williams and Norgate, 14,
Henrietta -street, Covent Garden, London.
Society of Antiquaries of London : "W". H. St. John Hope, M.A., Assistant Secretary,
Burlington House, London, "W".
Society of Antiquaries of Scotland: Joseph Anderson, Esq., LL.D., National
Museum of Antiquities, Queen-street, Edinburgh.
Society of Biblical Archaeology: W. Harry Rylands, F.S.A., Secretary, 11, Hart-
street, Bloomsbury, London, "W.C.
Smithsonian Institution: "Washington, D. C., U.S.A., c/o Wm. "Wesley, 28, Essex-
street, Strand, London.
Somersetshire Archaeological and Natural History Society : "William Bidgood, Taunton
Castle, Taunton.
Stockholm, Academy of Antiquities.
Suffolk Institute of Archaeology. The Librarian, Athenaeum, Bury St. Edmunds.
Surrey Archaeological Society : Hon. Secretaries, Castle Arch, Guildford.
Sussex Archaeological Society : Care of Hon. Librarian, The Castle, Lewes, Sussex.
The Copyright Office, British Museum, London.
The Library, Trinity College, Dublin (5 & 6 Viet. c. 45).
The University Library, Cambridge (5 & 6 Viet. c. 45).
The Bodleian Library, Oxford (5 & 6 Viet. c. 45).
Waterford and South-East of Ireland Archaeological Society : Honorary Secretary,
"Waterford.
Wiltshire Archaeological and Natural History Society : The Secretary, Devizes.
Yorkshire Archaeological Society: E. K. Clark, Esq., Hon. Librarian, 10, Park-
street, Leeds.
GENERAL RULES
Revised at the Annual Meeting, 1898.)
OBJECTS.
1. The Society is instituted to preserve, examine, and illustrate all Ancient Monu-
ments and Memorials of the Arts, Manners, and Customs of the past, as connected
with the Antiquities, Language, and Literature of Ireland.
CONSTITUTION.
2. The Society shall consist of FELLOWS, MEMBERS, ASSOCIATES, and HONORARY
FELLOWS.
3. FELLOWS shall he elected at a General Meeting of the Society, each name having
been previously submitted to and approved of hy the Council, with the name of a
Fellow or Member as proposer. Each Fellow shall pay an Entrance Fee of £2, and an
Annual Subscription of £1, or a Life Composition of £14, which includes the Entrance
Fee of £2.
4. MEMBERS shall be similarly elected, on being proposed by a Fellow or Member,
and shall pay an Entrance Fee of 10*. and an Annual Subscription of 10s., or a Life
Composition of £7, which shall include the Entrance Fee of 10*.
5. ASSOCIATES may be elected by the Council, on being proposed by a Fello-w or
Member, for any single Meeting or Excursion of the Society at a Subscription to be
fixed by the Council ; but they shall not vote, or be entitled to any privileges of
the Society except admission to such Meeting or Excursion.
6. All Fees due on joining the Society must be paid either before or within two
months from the date of Election. Fellows and Members failing to pay shall be
reported at the next General Meeting after the expiration of this period.
7. Any Fellow who has paid his full Annual Subscription of £1 for ten consecutive
years may become a LIFE FELLOW on payment of a sum of £8.
8. Any Member who has paid his full Annual Subscription of 10*. for ten conse-
cutive years may become a LIFE MEMBER on payment of £5.
9. Any Member who has paid his Life Composition, on being advanced to the rank
of Fellow, may compound by paying a sum of £7, which sum includes the Entrance
Fee for Fellowship.
D
42 GENERAL RULES, ETC.
10. A Member paying an Annual Subscridtion of 10s., on being elected to Fellow-
ship, shall pay an admission Fee of 30a., instead of the Entrance Fee of £2 provided
for in Rule 3.
11. All Subscriptions shall be payable in advance on 1st day of January in each
year, or on election. The Subscriptions of Fellows and Members elected at the last
Meeting of any year may be placed to their credit for the following year. A List of all
Fellows and Members whose Subscriptions are two years in arrear shall be read out
at the Annual General Meeting, and published in the Quarterly Journal of the Society.
12. Fellows shall be entitled to receive the Journal, and all extra publications
of the Society. Members shall be entitled to receive the Journal, and may obtain
the extra publications on payment of the price fixed by the Council.
13. Fellows and Members whose Subscriptions for the year have not been paid
are not entitled to the Journal; and any Fellow or Member whose Subscription
for the current year remains unpaid, and who receives and retains the Journal,,
shall be held liable for the payment of the full published price of 3*. for each
quarterly part.
14. Fellows and Members whose Subscriptions for the current year have been paid
shall alone have the right of voting at all General Meetings of the Society. Any such
Fellow present at a General Meeting can call for a vote by orders, and, in that caser
no resolution can be passed unless by a majority of both the Fellows and of the Mem-
bers present and voting. Honorary Fellows have not the right of voting, and are
not eligible for any of the Offices mentioned in Rules 15 and 16, nor can they be
elected Members of Council. In cases where a ballot is called for, no Candidate for
Fellowship or Membership can be admitted unless by the votes of two-thirds of th»
Fellows and Members present, and voting.
OFFICE-BEARERS AND COUNCIL.
15. The Officers of the Society, who must be Fellows, shall consist of a
Patron-in-Chief, Patrons, President, four Vice-Presidents for each Province, a
General Secretary, and a Treasurer. All Lieutenants of Counties to be ex-ojficio
Patrons on election as Fellows.
16. The President and Vice-Presidents shall be elected at the Annual General
Meeting in each year. The nominations for these offices must be received at the Rooms
of the Society on or before the first day of December preceding the Annual General
Meeting, addressed to the General Secretary, and endorsed "Nomination of Officers."
Each Nomination Paper must be signed by seven or more Fellows or Members as pro-
posers; and in the case of a Candidate who has not held such office before, his
Nomination Paper must be accompanied by an intimation under his hand that he will
serve in that office if elected. In case the number of persons so nominated shall
exceed the number of vacancies, a printed Balloting Paper, containing the names of
all such Candidates arranged in alphabetical order, distinguishing those recommended
by the Council, shall be sent by post to every Fellow and Member whose name is on
the Roll of the Society, directed to the address entered on the Roll, at least one week
before the day of election. Each person voting shull mark with an asterisk the name
of each Candidate for whom he, or she, votes. The Voter shall then return the
Balloting Paper to the General Secretary, on or before the day preceding the Election,
in an addressed envelope, which will be supplied ; sealed, and marked Balloting Paper,
and signed outside with the name of the Voter : the Balloting Paper itself must not be
signed. In case a Voter signs the Balloting Paper, or votes for more Candidates than
GENERAL RULES, ETC. 43
the number specified thereon, such vote shall be void. The Balloting Papers shall be
scrutinized on the day of election by at least two Scrutineers appointed by the Council,
who shall report the result at the General Meeting held on the evening of that day.
The Treasurer shall furnish the Scrutineers with a List of the Fellows and Members
whose Subscriptions have been paid up to the day preceding the Election, and who are
consequently qualified to vote at such Election. Those Candidates who obtain the
greatest number of votes shall be declared elected, subject to the provisions of Jlule 17,
provided that, when there appears an equality of votes for two or more Candidates, the
Candidate whose name is longest on the books of the Society, shall be declared elected.
The President shall be elected for a term of three years, and the same person shall
not be elected for two consecutive periods. The four senior or longest elected Vice-
Presidents, one in each province, shall retire each year by rotation, and shall not be
eligible for re-election at the General Meeting at which they retire. The Council
may submit to the Annual General Meeting the name of a Fellow, Hon. Fellow, or
Member, who will act as Hon. President, and the Meeting may adopt the name
submitted, or may elect another by a majority of votes, such Hon. President to hold
office for one year, and shall not be elected for two consecutive periods.
17. The management of the business of the Society shall be entrusted to a Council
of Twelve, eight of whom at least must be Fellows (exclusive of the President, Vice-
Presidents, Honorary General Secretary, and Treasurer, who shall be ex-officio Mem-
bers of the Council). The Council shall meet on the last Tuesday of each month,
or on such other days as they may deem necessary. Four Members of Council shall
form a quorum. The three senior or longest elected Members of the Council shall
retire each year by rotation, and shall not be eligible for re-election at the Annual
General Meeting at which they retire. In case of a vacancy occurring for a Member
of Council during the year, the Council shall at its next Meeting co-opt a Fellow or
Member, to retire by rotation. A Member of Council who has failed to attend one-
third of the ordinary Meetings of the Council during the year shall forfeit his seat
at the next Annual General Meeting. The vacancies caused by the retirement by
rotation of Members of Council shall be filled up in the manner prescribed for the
election of President and Vice-Presidents in Rule 16.
18. The Council may appoint Honorary Provincial Secretaries for each Province,
and Honorary Local Secretaries throughout the country, whose duties shall be de-
fined by the Council, and they shall report to the Honorary General Secretary, at least
once a year, on all Antiquarian Remains discovered in their districts, investigate
Local History and Tradition, and give notice of all injury inflicted, or likely to
be inflicted, on Monuments of Antiquity or Ancient Memorials of the Dead, in
order that the influence of the Society may be exerted to restore or preserve them.
19. The Council may appoint Committees to take charge of particular departments
of business, and shall report to the Annual General Meeting the state of the Society's
Funds, and other matters which may have come before them during the preceding year.
They may appoint an Hon. Curator of the Museum, and draw up such rules for its
management as they may think fit. The Hon. General Secretary may, with the
approval of the Council, appoint a paid Assistant Secretary; the salary to be deter-
mined by the Council.
20. The Treasurer's Accounts shall be audited by two Auditors, to be elected at
the Annual General Meeting in each year, who shall present their Report at a
subsequent General Meeting of the Society.
21. All property of the Society shall be vested in the Council, and shall be disposed
of as they shall direct. The Museum of Antiquities cannot be disposed of without the
sanction of the Society being first obtained.
44 GENERAL RULES, ETC.
22. For the purpose of carrying out the arrangements in regard to the Meetings and
Excursions to be held in the respective Provinces, the Honorary Provincial Secretaries
may be summoned to attend the Meetings of Council ex-ojficio. Honorary Local Secre-
taries of the County or Counties in which such Meetings are held shall be similarly
summoned.
MEETINGS OF THE SOCIETY.
23. The Society shall meet four times in each year on such days as the Council
shall ascertain to be the most convenient, when Fellows and Members shall be
elected, Papers on Historical and Archaeological Subjects shall be read and discussed,
and Objects of Antiquarian Interest exhibited. Excursions may be arranged where
practicable.
24. The Annual General Meeting shall be held in Dublin in the month of January ;
one Meeting in the year shall be held in Kilkenny ; the other Meetings to be held
in such places as the Council may recommend. Notice of such General Meetings
shall be forwarded to each Fellow and Member. Evening Meetings for reading
and discussing Papers, and making exhibits, may be held at such times as shall be
arranged by the Council.
PUBLICATIONS.
25. No Paper shall be read to the Society without the permission of the Council
having previously been obtained. The Council shall determine the order in which
Papers shall be read, and the time to be allowed for each. All Papers listed or Com-
munications received shall be the property of the Society. The Council shall deter-
mine whether, and to what extent any Paper or Communication shall be published
26. All matter concerning existing religious and political differences shall be ex-
cluded from the Papers to be read and the discussions held at the Meetings of the
Society.
27. The Proceedings and Papers read at the several Meetings, and where approved
of by the Council, shall be printed in the form of a Journal, and supplied to all Fellows
and Members not in arrear. If the funds of the Society permit, extra publications
may be printed and supplied to all Fellows free, and to such Members as may sub-
scribe specially for them.
GENERAL.
28. These Rules shall not be altered or amended except at an Annual General
Meeting of the Society, and after notice given at the previous General Meeting. All
By-laws and Regulations dealing with the General Rules formerly made are hereby
repealed.
29. The enactment of any new Rule, or the alteration or repeal of any existing
one, must be in the first instance submitted to the Council ; the proposal to be signed by
seven Fellows or Members, and forwarded to the Hon. Secretaiy. Such proposal being
made, the Council shall lay same before a General Meeting, with its opinion thereon ;
and such proposal shall not be ratified unless passed by a majority of the Fellows and
Members present at such General Meeting subject to the provisions of Rule 14.
ROBERT COCHRANE, F.S.A.,
Hon. Secretary,
6, ST. STEPHEN'S-GREEN, DUBLIN.
31st December, 1900. &
DA
920
R68
v.30
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